!;:, -^ 
 
 
 THE 
 
 Bosnian p. SFiomer Cibr^rg 
 
 THIS BOOK IS THE GIFT OF 
 
 AV^ ^^icT^. >il-.-< 
 
COBNELL UNIVERSITY LIBBABV 
 
 3 1924 056 997 194 
 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924056997194 
 
jjjirAKiMKNT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 SPECIAL REPORT— No. 34. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES 
 
 OP 
 
 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 CONTINUATION OF INVESTIGATION 
 
 KIT 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 ftOTEKNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1881. 
 
lo 111 ■ 
 
 \ %4 ^ 
 
 ScsoJi-eil lij the Senate and Souse of I^,; nhiUvrs of llic I'lr'^J. States of America in 
 Cuiiiiress assembled, Tliat there be priatod \\i\;; tliousand copies of special report num- 
 ber thirty-four of the CommiBsiouer of Agriculture, contaiuiug the reports of the veter- 
 inary surgeons appointed to investigate discjises of swine and infectious and contagious 
 diseases incident to other classes of domesticated animals, of which thirty thousand 
 and three hundred copies shall be printed for the use of members of the House, twelve 
 thousand copies for the use of members of the Senate, and seven thousand seven hun- 
 dred copies for the use of tlie Coiumissiouer of Agriculture. 
 
 Approved, 'February 14, 1881. 
 
 (2) ' %\S^<=\ 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introductoky 7 
 
 In^'kstigation of swine plague : 
 
 Report of Dr. D. E. Salmon , l;! 
 
 Report of Dr. James Law 81 
 
 Report of Dr. H. J. Dotmers 15:5 
 
 In-vbstigation of fowl choleka: 
 
 Report of Dr. D. E. Salmon 'i7 
 
 Cojjtagious.pleueo-pneumonia: 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Report of Dr. D. E. Salsiox : 
 
 Plates from I to X inolnsive — Microscopic investigations of swine pl.igne 
 and fowl cholera :. 80 
 
 Report of Dr. James Law: 
 
 Plates from I to IX inolnsive — Lesions of swine plague y. 1.5d 
 
 Microscopic investigations of swine plague I'l'i 
 
 Report of Dr. H. J. Dhtmers : 
 
 Plates from 1 to III inclusive — Lesions of swine plague 194 
 
 Plates from IV to XI inclusive — Microscopic investigations of swine plague. 194 
 Figures II to VIII- inclusive — Microsoox)ic appearances of exudation, &c., 
 in swine plague 194 
 
 Bronchitis in Cattle : By Prof. W. W. Williams : 
 
 Plates from I to V inclusive — Lesious and microscopical appearances iu 
 broncliitis of cattle 230 
 
 Eeport of Charles P. Lyman, F. E. C. V. S. : 
 
 Plates from I to VII inclusive — Lesions and microscoiiical appearances in 
 contagious pleuro-pneujuonia 27G 
 
 Foot-and-Mouth Disease : 
 
 Plate I — Appearance of mouth in epizootic aphtha 282 
 
 Te.vas Cattle Fk^'EK : Report of Dr. H. J. Detjii.:rs. 
 
 Pl.ati' I — Spleen of animal affected with Texas cattle fever 292 
 
 Plates I to III inclusive — Jlicro.scopic investigations of Texas cattle fever.. 29G 
 
 (•'■') 
 
INVESTIGATION OF DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 INTEODUCTORT. 
 
 In presenting this report, which is the third of a series of reports 
 issued by the Department detailing the results of the experiments insti- 
 tuted and conducted for the purpose of determining the nature and 
 cause of some of the more destructive infectious and contagious dis- 
 eases incident to domesticated animals, and, if possible, to discover 
 remedies or preventives for the same, a brief reference to the work 
 accomplished during the year may not be considered out of place. This 
 investigation was commenced four years ago, the first year without any 
 means at my disposal for its proper prosecution. A preliminary exami- 
 nation showed the work to be of such great importance that Congress 
 readily granted means for the inauguration of a thorough scientific 
 investigation of some of the more destructive contagious diseases of 
 farm animals. The ablest veterinary surgeons in the country were em- 
 ployed and have been kept as steadily at work as the means placed at 
 my disposal would permit. Among the more prominent scientific gentle- 
 men thus employed may be named Drs. Law, Detraers, Salmon, Lyman, 
 and McLean. The line of work has recently taken a much wider range 
 than heretofore, and it is gratifying to be able to state that the patient 
 and careful investigations conducted by the gentlemen above named 
 and others employed by the Department, have resulted in many impor- 
 tant discoveries which must eventually result in greatly lessening the 
 heavy annual losses occasioned by some of the more malignant and 
 fatal diseases to which farm animals are subject. From information 
 received from many widely separated localities it would seem that the 
 reports heretofore issued by this Department have already x)roved of 
 great value to the stock raisers of the country. This has been especially 
 so as regards the results of the investigation of the disease now generally 
 known as swine plague. During the past year this malady prevailed 
 to a much less extent than for many years past, and in those localities 
 where it had previously prevailed in its most fatal form it assumed such 
 a mild type that it was often found difficulfc to secure virus of a suffi- 
 ciently malignant character for inoculation purposes. This was especially 
 the case in Illinois and li^orth Carolina, the former being the most north- 
 ern and the latter the most southern State in which the disease has 
 heretofore proved most destructive. Dr. Salmon calls attention to the 
 
 (7) 
 
8 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 mild type of the disease as it prevailed in tlie South during the past 
 year. Dr. Detmers states that the lack of malignant cases often inter- 
 rupted or delayed the investigations conducted by him. Writing under 
 date of the 12th of May last, he says that during all the past winter and 
 up to the date of his letter he had experienced great difficulty in securing 
 virus of a sufficiently malignant type to use in his experiments ; that 
 instead of malignant cases being the rule, as in in-evious years, it was 
 now hard to find a case of really genuine malignant swine plague. In 
 confirmation of this many correspondents of the Department write that 
 since they have adopted and carefully observed the i^reventive measures 
 recommended in these reports the disease has prevailed to a far less 
 extent than formerly, and that the losses have been proportionately less. 
 
 Dr. Salmon has made some investigations of swine plague which 
 appear to throw considerable light on the n ature of the organism, i. e., 
 micrococcus, found in this disease, and its power of resisting the effects 
 of natural agencies and antiseptics. He finds that so powerful an agent 
 as chloride of zinc does not destroy the activity of the virus in solutions 
 of one-fifth per cent, or weaker, evenwhenmixedwithitfor one-half to one 
 hour before it is used for inoculation. Experiments with the cultivated 
 micrococcus indicate that to prevent its multiplication requires a solu- 
 tion containing at least 2 per cent, of carbolic acid, 2 per cent of borax, 
 1 per cent, of benzoic acid, one third per cent, of sulphate of quinine or 
 iodine, one-fifth per cent, of salicylic acid, and one-tenth per cent, of 
 chloride of zinc. In the same way it was found to resist 140° P. for 
 fifteen minutes, but was destroyed by 150° F. for the same length of 
 time. He has confirmed the conclusions of previous observers that the 
 virus is destroyed in a few days by putrefaction, and has made a num- 
 ber of experiments which indicate that thorough desiccation at ordinary 
 temperatures has the same result. 
 
 The remainder of Dr. Salmon's investigations of this disease were 
 devoted to a study of the nature of the organism found in the virus. 
 iThree outbreaks in different sections of the South were studied. Blood 
 was obtained ^by thrusting vacuum tubes into the blood vessels of very 
 sick animals, and breaking the fine points of these by pressure across 
 the vascular walls. When full they were immediately sealed in the 
 flame of a lamp. It was thus obtained free from contamination with 
 atmospheric germs, and might be preserved pure till examined. From 
 a study of this blood he concludes that the bacteria which multiply 
 during the disease, and which are found in the virus, are spherical in 
 form and united in chains and various shaped clusters, and that these 
 never develop into rods or filaments. This bacterium seems to be 
 identical with that observed by Meguin in the mal rouge of France. 
 
 Drs. Klein and Detmers both observed these micrococci, but the former 
 for some reason considered them foreign to the disease and accepted a 
 haoillus which developed in his cultivations as the true pathogenic a"'ent • 
 while the latter believes that the globular bodies are the germs of hacilU 
 
(juiMAUlUUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 9 
 
 and eventually do\eloi) into such rods. Dr. Salmon reviews these the 
 ories and concludes that the bacilli found by these gentlemen were sep- 
 tic forms introduced into the virus from the atmosphere, or from gan- 
 grenous organs of the sick animal. His reasons for this conclusion are: 
 1. The blood of pigs in the three different outbreaks contained no other 
 organism than micrococci. 2. Tliis blood when used for inoculation 
 produced unmistakable cases of swine plague. 3. The blood of the 
 inoculated animals was found to contain the same organism. 4. When 
 preserved a considerable time without contamination with atmospheric 
 germs, the blood of sick animals never contained rods, filaments, or 
 cylindrical spores, as it would if the micrococci developed into such forms. 
 5. The micrococci have been recognized in the virus by all observers, 
 while two out of four have not found the hacilli. 6. So far as known, 
 bacillus spores do not multiply by fission and form zooglcea clusters, 
 as these grannies certainly do. 
 
 Dr. Salmon, in common with other observers, finds the disease pro- 
 duced by inoculation to be milder than the original, and all cultivations 
 after the second lost their activity entirely, or produced very doubtful 
 results. The micrococcus was carried through eight cultivations in test 
 tubes, however, and when inoculated was still able to produce redness 
 of the skin and plain eruption of papulae. He thinks that a sufficiently 
 plain connection has not yet been shown to exist between the bacteria 
 and the pathogenic agent, and believes that inoculation experiments, 
 unless followed by loss of appetite, eruption, and other noticeable symp- 
 toms and lesions. of the disease, cannot be accepted as evidence on a 
 point of such imi^ortance. 
 
 Dr. Salmon devoted a portion of his time to an investigation of fowl 
 cholera. This investigation resulted in the discovery of many important 
 facts touching the natural history of this destructive disease. As early 
 as February last he was enabled to announce, through a circular issued 
 by the Department, which will be found embodied in this report, certain 
 very important discoveries relating to this malady, and to prescribe 
 such rules and preventive measures as his discoveries warranted for 
 the prevention of the disease in non-infected flocks, and for its eradica- 
 tion in flocks in which it existed. His discovery that the virus of this 
 disease remains in a fixed form, and that the disease germs or bacteria 
 are seldom, if ever, taken up by the air and carried to any considerable 
 distance to produce the affection, warrants the belief that the contagion 
 will hereafter be easily controlled. Since closing his report Dr. Salmon 
 writes (April 19) that he has made additional experiments which decide 
 the comparative value of benzoic, salicylic, and carbolic acids in destroy- 
 ing the virus of fowl cholera. These experiments proved that the 
 insusceptibility to the disease is not due to the presence or absence of 
 a chemical substance in the body, as has been supposed by the leading 
 French scientists, and also that the exact degree of heat which destroys 
 t;ie infecting properties of the virus destroys the bacteria; hence he 
 concludes tliat the virus and bacteria are identical. 
 
10 CONTAGIOtJS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Dr. Law's experiinents with swine plague were vTiiclertaken with the 
 view of determining how far the virus can be mitigated by artificial 
 means, so that the disease may be made to assume a mild or harmless 
 form, and how far such mitigated type of the malady will jirove pro- 
 tection against the effect of a second exposure to infection. While the 
 results of his experiments in the earliest stages of his investigation were 
 not entirely satisfactory, yet they seemed to show that inoculation Avith 
 the virus cultivated in certain organic solutions is attended with little 
 danger to the animal, and produces a condition of the system which is 
 protective against the dangers of a renewed exposure and also against 
 the perils usually attending inoculation with a moderate amount of the 
 ordinary or native virus. It was clearly shown in these experiments 
 that the poison as cultivated in certain other organic mixtures becomes 
 very deadly, that the virus that has been shut up for some time with a 
 limited amount of air is no less so, and that the introduction into the 
 system of a maximum dose of the more potent forms of the poison will 
 defy all protective measures. Later experiments in inoculation were of 
 a more decided character, and were of such a nature as to warrant Dr. 
 Law in stating with much positiveness, first, that the virulence and 
 fatality of the swine-plague germ is increased when grown in a very 
 limited amount of air, and is decreased when cultivated in free air ; 
 second, that by placing the system of the animal under the influence of 
 the chemical products of the growing swine-plague germ, though the 
 germ itself is not introduced into the economy, the animal is rendered 
 insusceptible to a future attack of the disease. 
 
 Dr. Detmers undertook a number of experiments for the pur^Dose 
 of determining the value of certain chemical compounds heretofore 
 regarded as of some value as preventives of swine plague. In many 
 of these experiments inoculations were made with malignant virus, fol- 
 lowed by active treatment with such antiseptics as carbolic acid, ben- 
 zoate and hyposulphite of soda, iodine, &c., with a view to the destruc- 
 tion of the injected poison. Of the various chemical compounds used 
 Dr. Detmers gives his preference to that of carbolic acid. He is satis- 
 fied that the disease may be arrested, where no morbid changes have 
 occurred, by the timely and proper use of this drug. The hygienic 
 measures proposed by Dr. Detmers are worthy the careful study of 
 those interested in the rearing of this class of farm animals. 
 
 The second and third reports of Dr. Oharles P. Lyman, on the sub- 
 ject of contagious pleuro-pneumonia or bovine lung plague will be read 
 with interest by those engaged in the rearing of neat cattle for expor- 
 tation. His second report gives a brief statement of his proceedin"-s 
 during his recent visit to England, to which is appended the conta "ions- 
 diseases (animals) act of Great Britain, the orders of the privy council 
 relating to the embargo of American cattle, and many other matters 
 bearing upon this siibject of interest to the general reader. In his third 
 report will be found a detailed statement of the results of his invest i"-a- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. Tl 
 
 tions, wliicli sliow that the American cattle condemned at Li\^erpool by 
 order of the veterinary inspector of the privy council of Great Britain 
 during his stay in that country were not affected with contagious pleuro- 
 2)neumonia, but were swffering ivith a form of chronic interstitial pneti- 
 vionia. 
 
 Among additional important papers contained in this volume, to which 
 the attention of the reader is directed, are the following: "Aphthous 
 Fever or Poot-and-Mouth Disease "j Investigation of an outbreak of 
 Texas Fever of cattle"; "The Etiology of Oharbon" ; reports of Drs. 
 McLean, Detmers, and Law, on the character of an outbreak of disease 
 among cattle in the States of Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, and 'Sew York ; 
 the report of Dr. McLean as to the condition of a number of herds of 
 cattle examined by him in the West and Southwest, and the recent cir- 
 cular letter of Dr. Salmon on the subjeat of fowl cholera. 
 
 WM. G. Le duo, 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 

 INVESTIGATIONS OF SWINE PLAGUE AND FOWL CHOLERA. 
 
 Second Report of D. E. Salmon, D. V. HI. 
 
 Hod. Wm. G-. Le Due, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 Sir : I Lave the honor to submit tlie following report of investigations, 
 undertaken by your authority, of the diseases kuowu as the swiue 
 X)lague and fowl cholera. 
 
 Part I.'—INVESTIGATIONS OP SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 By the investigations carried out under your direction in 1878, luaiiy 
 important and long-contested questions respecting this disease must 
 be regarded as definitely settleiT. Among the more important of these 
 I particularize the following, which had a controlling effect on my work 
 during the past year. 1. The great epizootics among swine in the West 
 and South are the result of one and the same disease. 2. The symptoms 
 and more apparent lesions of this are definitely ascertained. 3. This 
 disease is contagious, and the great majority of cases may be traced to 
 contagion. 4. It may be communicated by inoculation to other species 
 of animals. 
 
 There were some other points, however, which still needed much inves- 
 tigation. Most important of all, from a practical stand-])oint, seemed 
 the necessity of determining the comparative activity of different disin- 
 fectants in destroying the virus, in order that an intelligent selection of 
 these might be made in freeing infected premises from the disease and 
 possibly in the treatment of sick animals. It was, also, exceedingly 
 desirable that further microscopic observations should be made with a 
 view of obtaining more substantial evidence in regard to the nature of 
 the contagious principle which constitutes the essential cause of the 
 disease. For, if this disease could be traced to the effects of a micro- 
 sco])ic organism with the same certainty as anthrax fever has been 
 traced to the Bactericlie or Bacillus anthracis, we miglit be able to dis- 
 cover points in the development history of this which would haA'e as 
 great influence on our sanitary measures as the recent discoveries of 
 Pasteur must have on the prevention of anthrax. 
 
 FJ.RST SERIES OF EXPERIM!ENTS. 
 
 The virus for these inoculations was obtained at Pickens, S. C, De- 
 cember 29, 1879, by killing a sick animal belonging to Mr. Hagood. 
 The disease had prevailed for seveiul weeks, and a few hogs from this 
 gentleman's herd were already dead. Two were siclv at tiic time of my 
 visit. The one selected had been improving for about a week, had a 
 
 13 
 
14 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATKD ANIMALS. 
 
 fnir appetite, but still went with arclied back, tucked-up abdomen, and 
 staggering- walk. Tem])eratare 103^ F. Traces of peteoliiiB and erup- 
 tion on skin of abdomen and inner ""side of tbighs. The abdomen was 
 distended witb a transparent yellowi.sb effusion, in which coagulte 
 rapidly formed on exposure to the air. Small Intestines slightly con- 
 gested ; peritoneum thickened ; li\er congested ; small j)atches of hep- 
 atization in both lungs, and bronchial tubes filled with reddish froth. 
 Mucous membrane of stomach considerably reddened in places; lym- 
 phatic glands congested; blood dark colored, but formed a tirmcoagulum. 
 Vacuum tubes were filled with blood and abdominal effusion and hermet- 
 ically sealed ; pieces of lung, stomach, spleen, and lymphatic glands 
 secured. 
 
 EFFECT OP SOLUTION OF CHLOKIDE OF ZINC ON THE TIRUS. 
 
 In Professor Law's experiments, but one of the agents which he used 
 seemed to be ait efficient di&infectant, in solutions of one-fifth of 1 per 
 cent, after a contact of five minutes. This was chloride of zinc* To 
 make a thorough test of the activity of this agent, and to discover the 
 weakest solution that would prove a safe disinfectant, seven j}igs were 
 inocidated, January 3, 1880, as follows : 
 
 Experiment No. 1. — One pig inoculated with peritoneal effusion, blood 
 and dried froth from trachea. * 
 
 Experiment No. 2. — One pig inoculated with one drop of effusion in 
 four of distilled water. 
 
 Experiment No. 3. — One pig inoculated mth one drop of effusion in 
 four of a solution of chloride of zinc 1 : 600. 
 
 Experiment No. 4. — One pig inoculated with one drop of effusion in 
 four of a solution of chloride of zinc 1 : 1,000. 
 
 Experiment No. 5.— One pig inoculated with one drop of effusion iu 
 four of a solution of chloride of zinc 1 : 3,000. 
 
 Experiment No. 6.— One pig inoculated with one drop of effusion iu 
 four of a solution of chloride of zinc 1 : 4,000. 
 
 Experiment No. 7.— One pig inoculated with one drop of effusion iu 
 four of a solution of chloride of zinc 1:5,000. 
 
 3IetJiod of preparing the virus.— Fmm one-half to one hour before 
 using, four drops of the solution of chloride of zinc of the required 
 strength were placed in a watch glass ; to this was added and thoroughly 
 mixed a single drop of peritoneal effusion. It was then covered with 
 a small bell glass, and allowed to stand till used. In each case the 
 solution had sufficient strength to coagulate the albuminoid constituents 
 ol the effusion, and thus produce a white liquid resembling milk. With 
 the solution of 1 : 5,000 this was less marked than with the o'thers, but still 
 <iuite noticeable, and it was hoped from this demonstration of the 
 activity of the diluted solution, that it might prove effective in destroy- 
 ing the virus when in contact with it for a considerable time. As we 
 shall soon see, this hope was not realized. v 
 
 Metlwd of mooulatlon.—To prevent constant disinfection of the lancet, 
 Airus treated with the stronger solutions was first used, and the i)ure 
 virus inoculated last; that is, the inoculations were made in the follow- 
 ing^ order, according to the numbers of the above experiments- No 3 
 4, a, 0, t, ;. 1 Of course if the virus were destroyed at all this would 
 happen with the strongest solution, and the contamination of the lancet 
 would, therefore, have no effect on the results. In each case th(> -rooved 
 lancet was used, one drop of virus being inserted in each of two nunct- 
 tures lu the car , and one drop in a single puncture on inside of thigh. 
 
 * Eeport of Commissiouer of Agriculture, 1878,~p^~378i " ' 
 
lJUJMAUiuue uiHJiAHKK 01<' DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 15 
 
 Distribution of animals. — The animals, numbered to correspond with 
 experiments, Avere, for convenience in feeding, with one exception, 
 placed two in each pen. Thus, ISTos. 1 and 2 were placed in pen No. 2; 
 ISTos. 3 and 4 in pen IJ'o. 1; N'os. 5 and C in pen Ko. 3; and No. 7 in pen 
 No. 4. The pens were at least 100 feet apart, and it was helicved that, 
 in case one of the inmates of a pen should contract the disease from the 
 other, the difiereiice in the time of appearance of the first symptoms 
 would make this apparent. 
 
 ^Results. — Not one of these pigs (>scaped the infection. January 12, 
 No. 1 had eruption; No. 2 was conghiDg; No. 4 coughing, with high 
 temperature. January 15, all have a plain eruption, most noticeable on 
 the inner sides of thighs and fore-legs. Temperature of No. 4 still high 
 (104|o), but that of No. 7, though covered with eruption, is but 'dSp. 
 
 Jarmary n.—'So. i killed for examination. The skin covered with 
 elevations of considerable size, and very apparent; granular melanotic 
 deposits in the areolar tissue beneath abdomen; mesentery thickened, 
 and intestines unite<l as the result of peritonitis ; elevations on mucous 
 surface of duodenum ; congested patch on raucous membrane of stomach ; 
 liver congested and softened; spleen reddened along its border, and 
 somewliat mottled; lungs almost completely hepatized; bronchi filled 
 with white froth; hyxierajmia of nearly all the lymphatic glands. 
 
 These lesions can leave no doubt of the nature of the disease produced 
 by the inoculation. 
 
 January 23. — No. 7 was killed, and presented equallj- i)lain lesions of 
 swine plague. 
 
 January 31. — No. 1 was killed, and found to have lesions much less 
 satisfactory than either of the otliers.* 
 
 The remaining animals were allowed to recover. 
 
 Coiivlmions. —ThevG can be little doubt from the period of incubation 
 and lesions, especially with Nos. 4 and 7, that the disease produced 
 was a mild form of s\\'ine plague. "We must conclude, theicfore, that 
 chloride of zinc in solutions of one-- fifth pei' cent, and weaker, e\on when 
 mixed with a small quantity of virus in liquid form for half an hour 
 before inoculating does not destroy tlie disease-]3roducing properties 
 of this virus, and is, consequently, in no sense a disinfectant in solu- 
 tions of such strengths. 
 
 SECOND SERIES OF EXFEPaMENTS. — EFFECT OF PUTIIEFACTION ON 
 
 VIKUS. 
 
 Everything pertaining to the destruction of the virus of contagious 
 diseases by natural agencies is of great interest, since from such facts 
 we are enabled to judge as to the time infected premises are unsafe, 
 and also as to the state in which the virus is preserved, as seems 
 to be the case for considerable periods of time even when ex^josed to 
 the ordinary atmospheric changes. A number of experiments bearing 
 on this i)oint were, therefore, made as follows : 
 
 Experiment No. 8. — One 'pig was inoculated March 31, 1880, bj^ two 
 lancet punctures in the ear, in each of which was placed a single drop 
 of the peritoneal effusion from the ijig killed at Pickens, S. C, December 
 29, 1879, or 93 days before. This had been preserved in a loosely-corked 
 bottle in a warm" room, and had an exceedingly unpleasant odor. It 
 ])roduced no effect. May 3, this pig \vas reiuoculated with the same 
 liquid, now preser\'ed 126 days. No effect, either local or general, fol- 
 lowed the inoculation. Animal preserved for several months. 
 
 * Teipperatuie record and fuller partieulara are given in apxjcndix to this reiiort. 
 
16 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Experiment No. 9.— One pig was inoculated April 12, 1880, with pleural 
 effusion frOm pig ISo. 7, killed January 23. This had been preserved in 
 a hermetically-sealed capillary tube, but was considerably decomposed. 
 It is to be remarked here that hermetically sealing vn^us m capillary 
 tubes does not prevent its decomposition unless unusual precautions are 
 taken to prevent the germs of bacteria from gaining access to it, either 
 before or during the process of filling and sealing. Three lancet punct- 
 ures were made in the ear and one in thigh, in each of which a drop was 
 placed by paeans of the grooved lancet. ISTot the least effect either local 
 or general followed. 
 
 Experiment No. 10.— April 6, 1880, Dr. Detmers mailed to me some 
 pulmonal exudation of a pig that had died that morning. It was re- 
 ceived April 12. Two quills had been filled with the liquid, and the ends 
 closed with wax. It had a dark purple color, a plain odor of putre- 
 faction and swarmed with Bacterium termo, but besides this organism 
 there were many Bacillus rods about j ro o o of an inch in diameter, and 
 of various lengths, and spherical and oval granules of a similar diameter, 
 both single and in chains. Two hogs were at once inoculated by means 
 of the grooved lancet, punctirres being made both in the thigh and ear, 
 and a drop inserted under the skin at each point. The animals were 
 carefuUy watched for a month without observing the least symptom of 
 disease. 
 
 Experiment No. 11. — May 4, Dr. Detmers maUed me cotton wool which 
 had been previously saturated with pleural effusion and partly dried. 
 It was received May 10, still moist and with a slight odor of decomposi- 
 tion. Two pigs were immediately inoculated, by forcing small pellets of 
 this cotton under the skin with a lancet. The pellets were selected from 
 different parts of the mass, some being from the driest parts while others 
 were selected because still moist. One pig had six of these pellets in- 
 serted beneath the skin of the inside of the thighs ; the other had two 
 pellets in the ear, two at inside of fore legs, and one under abdomen. No 
 sign of disease within the next six weeks. 
 
 Experiment No. 12. — The cotton remaining from above experiment was 
 placed in a beaker and moistened with a weak solution of salt (three- 
 fourths per cent.), and allowed to stand four hours, when the liquid was 
 separated hy pressure. This was of a reddish color, had a slightly un- 
 pleasant odor, and contained vast numbers of bacteria, among which 
 could be plainly distinguished Bacterium termo and Bacilli, as in Experi- 
 ment No. 10, with many globular elements singly and in both clusters 
 and chains. One pig was inoculated by hypodermic injection of three 
 cubic centimeters of this liquid .at the inside of thigh. Remained in the 
 best of health for the next six weeks. 
 
 Experiment No. 13.— June 3, 1 received from the same gentleman an 
 hermetically-sealed glass tube containing virus in a liquid form. It 
 had been on the way eiglit days, and was in an advanced stage of decom- 
 position. One pig was inoculated by inserting three or four drops in a 
 number of punctures with the lancet. No symptoms of disease could 
 ever be detected, though the animal was preserved for two months. 
 
 OoMcZttsww.- Putrefaction entirely destroys the virus of swine plague 
 and this may occur within six days in ordinary spring weather. ' 
 
 THIRD SEEIES OP EXPEEIMENTS.— EFFECT OF DRYING THE VIRUS. 
 
 Experiment No. 14.— Pour pigs were inoculated Ma-v 3, with virus which 
 had adhered to outside of capillary tubes when these were filled Decem 
 ber 29. This, being in an extremely thin layer, dried rapidly and re- 
 
v.oir-j.a.TcfHjUib UiKJiASlliS Ui' DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 17 
 
 mained in a thoroughly dried condition. It was scraped off, slightly 
 moistened with three-fourths per cent, salt solution, and inserted under 
 the skin of ear and thigh with lancet. The pigs remained in good health 
 for months afterwards. 
 
 Uxperiments No. 15.— One pig was inoculated May 5, 1880, with dried 
 lung and intestine from pig killed in South Carolina, December 29. 
 Small pieces of these organs had been thoroughly dried in the sun and 
 preserved in a dry room ; six small particles were pared from different 
 parts and inserted hypodermically. No effect whatever was produced. 
 
 Experiment ¥0. 16.— A single pig was inoculated June 3, by inserting 
 a section of quill and three small pellets of cotton beneath the skin ; both 
 quill and cotton had been dipped into perfectly fresh virus, by Dr. 
 Detmers, nine days before, and carefully dried. 
 
 June 15.— This pig has an eruption of pustules, one-fourth to three- 
 fourths of an inch in diameter, under the abdomen and on inner side of 
 legs. Some of the elevations have a small opening at the summit, from 
 which pus escapes. Appetite good ; temperature 103^° P. 
 
 June 22.— The animal killed by bleeding. There has been little change 
 in appearance from that noted seven days ago. The elevations still 
 exist, but are healing and few are discharging. 
 
 Post-mortem examination. — The peritoneal cavity contains about one- 
 half pint of transparent, colorless liquid ; the pleura and pericardium 
 each contain one gill of a fluid of similar appearance. The intestines 
 adhere quite firmly by newly formed tissue. The lungs have many 
 small indurated points throughout, probably the result of a former mild 
 attack of the disease which this animal had in January. No other 
 lesions were to be observed, except those plainly associated with the 
 parasitic worms so common in this section, viz. : JEoMnoryncJius gigas, 
 Stephanurus dentatus and Strongylus elongatus. 
 
 Experiment No. 17. — The virus for this was obtained in Guilford 
 county. North Carolina, from a hog killed the 1st of June. The outbreak 
 of the disease in this county had extended over a section four or five 
 miles square — a very large proportion of the hogs dying. There was 
 effusion into the peritoneal and pleural cavities and also into the peri- 
 cardium of the animal killed. The left lung was almost entirely 
 hepatized. A small quantity of cotton wool was dipped into the pleural 
 effusion and thoroughly dried in the airj this did not occupy one-half 
 hour, and, consfequently, there was no time for putrefaction. One pig 
 was inoculated June 3 by forcing pellets of this cotton wool under the 
 skin with a lancet. No effect whatever resulted. 
 
 A pig inoculated for comparison with pleural effusion preserved in a 
 tube had dull appearance, cough, eruption of pustules and elevated 
 temperature (104^° F.) the twelfth day, but soon recovered. 
 
 Experiment No. 18. — Two pigs were inoculated July 12, 1880, by 
 inserting two small pellets of cotton under the skin on inside of thigh. 
 This cotton was prepared July 2, by moistening in the liquid which 
 exuded from a section through the hepatized portion of a lung taken 
 from a pig killed near Charlotte. It was immediately dried by spread- 
 ing in a thin layer and exposing to a current of air. No effect whatever 
 followed the inoculation. 
 
 In addition to these experiments, I sent virus to Professor James Lav,r 
 about the 1st of October, 1878. It was the liquid obtained by section of 
 the hepatized lung of a pig in the first stages of the disease; qiiills were 
 dipped into this and dried in the air. Professor Law succeeded in pro- 
 ducing the disease with this virus five days later. 
 
 These experiments indicate that the virus thoroughly dried and jire- 
 2 C D 
 
18 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 served in this condition loses its activity in a few days. Professor Axe 
 has published experiments which show that the dried virus may remain 
 active for twenty-six days, and Professor Law has prodiiced the disease 
 ^vith dried virus six days old. It is possible that in the moist climate ot 
 England the virus may retain its activity much longer than m America, 
 lu the above experiments the disease was induced in one case with vims 
 nine days after drying, but it failed with one animal two days alter 
 drying, with two after ten days, and with five animals one hundred and 
 twenty-five days after drying. It has been recently ascertained, also, 
 that complete desiccation destroys the virus of glanders in fifteen days.* 
 These facts lead ns to believe that the well-known disinfecting efiects 
 of free ventilation are due to the thorough desiccation of tlie virus; and 
 they make it plain that this, the cheapest of all means of disinfection, 
 should never bo neglected in dealing with this class of diseases. 
 
 FOURTH SEEIES 0¥ EXrEKIMBNTS— INOCULATIONS WITH CULTIVATED 
 
 VIRUS. 
 
 Experiment No. 19. — Virus which had been preserved ten weeks in a 
 capillary tube hermetically sealed was cultivated for eight generations 
 in urine. The method of cultivation was to fill a previously-heated test- 
 tube half full of fresh urine, to this was added a few drops of the pre- 
 served liquid (peritoneal eifusion), and the tube covered with sheet 
 caoutchouc well tied down. The tube was kept in an incubator at 95° 
 to 100° P., and in about twenty-four hours would become cloudy by mul- 
 tiplication of microscopic organisms, when another tube would be 
 ]3repared in the same manner and inoculated from it. 
 
 April 7 the eighth generation was obtained and a single pig inocu- 
 lated by hypodermic injection of twenty minims. 
 
 May 3 this animal had a plain eruption of papules with reddening of 
 skin under the belly and on inner side of legs. Tbe appetite was good 
 and temperature but 101|o P. The eruj)tion and discoloration disap- 
 peared in a lew days. 
 
 JExperiment No. 20. — In a certain number of test-tubes, containing 
 infusion of beef, which were placed in the incubator without addition 
 of any kind, and merely for comparison with those to which virus had 
 been added, spherical granules appeared which in size and appearance 
 resembled the micrococci that I had observed in cultivations of virus. 
 To test their pathogenic properties two pigs were inoculated, April 1, 
 by hypodermic injection of fifteen drops each, of the infusion containing 
 them. May 3 they presented considerable discoloration of skin and 
 slight eruption very similar to that noted in the preceding experiment. 
 There was at no time loss of appetite or any other symptom of illness. 
 Conclusions. — Though in the two experiments of this series the 
 symptoms of swine plague were as plain as some investigators have 
 considered necessary to determine the success of an experiment, I shoidd 
 certainly hesitate to conclude that this disease had really been induced 
 in either case. A discoloration of the skin, a slight eruption, a little 
 coughing or sneezing are symptoms which are frequeutlv met with when 
 swine plague cannot be suspicioued ; and in matters of such great impor- 
 tance, which indeed influence our whole theory of the disease it seems 
 to mc something more definite should be required. There can only be 
 certainty when real sickness, with loss of appetite and the characteristic 
 iutciiuil lesions, aie produced. 
 
 (Ju 
 
 uiptus Reudus, xci (Ir'dO), p. 47(3. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 19 
 
 MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS IN EBGAED TO THE NA- 
 TUEE OF THE VIRUS. 
 
 The great iaterest that is at present attached to the microscopic char- 
 acters of the virus of contagious diseases as a class, and particularly to 
 that of swine plague since the publication of the investigations of 
 Doctors Klein and Detmers, led me to devote as much time and care to 
 this method of research as could possibly be bestowed upon it without 
 interfering with other duties. The lenses used were generally the one- 
 tenth and one-fifteenth immersion of ToUes, combined with a IJ-inch 
 eye-piece and giving 600 and 1,000 diameters respectively. A f-inch 
 eye-piece which doubled these powers w^as occasionally used, but what 
 was gained in amplification was lost in definition, so that as a rule the 
 lower-power eye-piece gave the most satisfactory results. 
 
 As it is impossible to give a detailed account of all the observations 
 inade, since a dozen or more preparations were often examined in a 
 single day, in each of which would be several hundred microscopic 
 fields, I select those which combine the most important features. I have 
 had no preconceived theory to bolster up by reporting such observations 
 as supported it and rejecting those opposed; but, on the contrary, I 
 have endeavored to present an unbiased resume of what I have seen 
 without regard to its influence on this or that particular theory. 
 
 While the pigs of the first series of experiments were sick, aconsider- 
 able number of preparations of blood were made and examined. The 
 blood was generally taken from the ear; the slides and cover glasses 
 were always cleaned with great care and often passed through the 
 flame of an alcohol lamp. 
 
 January 15 the blood of the pig in Experiment No. 4 was fgund to 
 contain a vastly increased number of white globules (leucocytes), and 
 besides these there were many granules varying in size from a mere 
 point, as seen when magnified 1,000 diameters, to the size of the blood 
 globules. They were apparently structureless, of irregular form, and 
 motionless. They were, as near as could be ascertained, identical with 
 granules frequently found in normal blood, and doubtless consist of 
 fibrin. * 
 
 The blood of No. 1 was examined the next day (January 16), and was 
 found to contain the same increase of the irregularly-formed granules, 
 but without notable increase of leucocytes. Fig. 1 is a drawing made 
 with a camera lucida of a part of a field in one of these preparations. 
 
 In the blood of the animal killed January 17 there were very many 
 granules of a difierent character ; they were of uniform size, spherical, 
 3ooo(jtli of an inch, or less, in diameter, and without motion. When 
 perfectly fresh there were no Bacilli or other 'bacterial filaments to be 
 found ; but in a preparation kept a few days for further examination, a 
 certain number of these appeared. Fig. 2 shows some of the forms 
 which were thus developed ; it also shows the multiplication of some 
 of the Bacillus filaments by a process which has been overlooked by 
 many investigators, viz : The formation of spherical granules from fil- 
 aments by fission. Similar observations have also been made by Dr. 
 T. R. Lewis, t The few filaments shown were the only ones in the prep- 
 aration, and the short rods were by no means numerous. The spherical 
 granules, however, existed in large number, as seen in Fig. 3. 
 
 * Ranvier, Traits Teohuique d'Histologie, p. 217. 
 
 tThe Microphytes which have been found iu the Blood and their Kelatiou to Dis- 
 ease. Quart, Jour. Mio. Science, 1879, p. 393, 
 
« 
 
 20 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 As soon as the pig killed January 31 ^vas dead, I prepared several 
 slides with the greatest care, and, after placing upon them some of the 
 contents of the smaller bronchi, cemented down the cover glass with 
 Canada balsam. One of these preparations still (October 15) presents 
 the same appearance as when first examined. It contains great num- 
 bers of leucocytes of various sizes ; some of these are breaking up into 
 bright granules of similar appearance, but differing widely as to size, 
 and which evidently consist of fat (Fig. 4, a.) ; but others are filled with 
 uniform, apparently spherical, granules about au^ootti of an inch in 
 diameter. In many cases the homogeneous connecting substance seems 
 to have disappeared and the position of the leucocyte is only marked 
 by a cluster of granules still near together and exactly resembling, in 
 size, shape, form of cluster and general appearance, those in the still 
 intact cells. In other cases the retrogression has gone still farther, and 
 the granules are more or less scattered and now would be considered as 
 micrococci (Fig. 4, e,f). Besides the globules and granules mentioned 
 there was only a small number of cells from the mucous membrane 
 lining the air-passages, and some globules varying in size, the nature of 
 which could not be determined, but which were thought to be a form of 
 oil. Though carefully examined with the one-fifteenth objective as 
 soon as prepared, and several times since, I have never been able to 
 find either a cylindrical Bacillus spore, a Bacillus filament, or anything 
 resembling bacteria, with the exception of the granules already noted, 
 which many would call micrococci. 
 
 Granules of similar size, and staining deeply with carmine, were ob- 
 served in the inflammatory new formation on surface of kidney of the 
 pig killed January 23 (Experiment ~So. 7). 
 
 At the time the Guilford county pig was slaughtered (see Experiment 
 !No. 17 *bove), four capillary vacuum tubes were filled with virus, as fol- 
 lows : The finely-drawn-out end of a tube was forced through the walls 
 of the jugular vein, the extremity broken within the vessel, and the tube 
 allowed to fill completely, when it was withdrawn and immediately 
 sealed with the blow-pipe. Three other tubes were filled with pleural 
 and peritoneal effusion, care being observed to plunge them deeply into 
 the liquid before breaking the point, in order to avoid introduction of 
 germs which might have fallen on the surface o-f the liquid. 
 
 Wlien examined with the microscope two days later (June 3), these 
 liquids were perfectly fresh — there was no escape of gas on breaking 
 the tubes, no unpleasant odor, and the liquor sanguinis of the blood 
 and the transparent effusions were free from any cloudiness, with the 
 exception of one tube that had filled imperfectly. Putrefaction had, 
 therefore, not commenced, and two days had been allowed for the de- 
 velopment of such germs or organisms as were peculiar to the virus ; 
 if, then, the disease is caused by Bacilli or their germs, the developed 
 filaments should be present in these tubes in much larger number than 
 other bacteria forms. 
 
 Results of microscopic examination. — Tube No. 1, pleural effusion, con- 
 tained many very small spherical granules (monococci) ; many couples 
 of these (diplococci) ; a few chains of three to ten elements similar in 
 appearance to the single granules (streptococci) ; a few chains and couples 
 of oval elements 4 oTooth of an inch in short diameter by 2-Tooth of an 
 inch 111 long diameter. A few Bacilli were present mostly as°singie rods 
 though one chain of these made up of six rods was seen, each of which was 
 20T) (jtli of an inch in length ; but not more than three or four of these 
 filaments could be found in a preparation, and the majority of the fields 
 contained none, though swarming with the mono and diplococci Fi- 
 
wuiMAuious, JJlKJ^ASJiS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 21 
 
 iiUiUy, many gliacoccus masses were Lo bo seen made up of the splierical 
 granules, the size of these ehisteis Ijeiag sometimes twice the diameter 
 of the red globules. 
 
 Tube No. 2 ; pleura,! eifusiou : This tube did not fdl entirely, and had 
 commenced to decompose. It contained many monococci and diplo- 
 cocci ; a few Bacterium termo and some oval granules having the appear- 
 ance of spores, but no rods. 
 
 TulDe No. 3 ; peritoneal effusion : Many granules single and in couples 
 as above, a few in chains ; no Bacilli. 
 
 Tube No. 4 ; blood : This being the only tube that could be filled with 
 absolute certainty of excluding atmospheric germs, much more weight 
 should be placed upon the results of its examination than upon either 
 of the others. It contained a considerable number of spherical granules, 
 similar to those found in the other tubes, and something less than 
 sTJTo^t^ of an inch in diameter ; also some white particles 20^00*^*0 
 TTo'oflt'i of ^^ inch in diameter, irregularly round or elliptical — i)robably 
 fibrin. No Bacilli nor cylindrical granules resembling their spores. 
 
 In the account of Experiment No. 16, the virus for which was ob- 
 tained from Dr. Detmers, mention is made of an eruption of pustules 
 occurring on the thinner parts of the skin of the inoculated animal. 
 The pus from one of those was examined under the one-fifteenth object- 
 ive, June 18. It contained, besides the pus globules, spherical gran- 
 ules about sowffth of an inch in diameter, existing both singly and in 
 couples, very uniform in size and appearance, and having a very lively 
 molecular or Brownian motion. No other figured elements could be 
 discovered. 
 
 When this animal was killed (June 22), capillary tubes were filled 
 with the peritoneal effusion, and also with blood, by breaking the fine 
 extremity within a vein. They were then immediately sealed and laid 
 aside till convenient to examine. The effusion preserved in this man- 
 ner and examined within two hours seemed to contain no definite fig- 
 ured elements. After two days a few spherical granules, similar to 
 those found in the pus, were observed. 
 
 The blood, preserved two days, contained a considerable number of 
 spherical granules of identical appearance. But here was noticed for the 
 first time a phenomenon which seemed to merit particular attention. 
 The granules existed for the most part near the chisters of leucocytes — 
 some were upon or even within these ; while surrounding the leucocytes 
 and often embracing the granules could be made out a finely granular 
 matter, which was evidently the protoplasm freed by partial disinte- 
 gration of the corpuscle. Many of the leucocytes, indeed, had become 
 so indistinct that it was difficult to make out their outline, and in other 
 cases there was only the finely granular matter containing the larger 
 granules, the corpuscles having entirely disappeared. Fig. 5 is a draw- 
 ing made from a preparation of this blood. 
 
 Taking into consideration the gradations of disintegration observed, 
 the presence of the granules near the clusters of leucocytes and even 
 within them, and it seemed very probable that these granules were orig- 
 inally a constituent of the leucocytes, and that they escaped from these 
 as a result of vital modifications occurring either before or after the 
 death of the animal. 
 
 Such granules might, however, consist entirely of fat, and therefore 
 be lifeless and incapable of reproduction ; or they might be protoplas- 
 mic granules endowed with life, and capable of indefinite multiplication. 
 Their uniform size indicates that they are not oil globules, and the fact, 
 that they are not dissolved by ether corroborates this view; but the 
 
22 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 ether test as generally applied by microscopists is not entirely reliable 
 with particles of such small dimensions, and it is probable that their 
 behavior towards the different staining agents will be found a more 
 satisfactory method of determining their nature. My own investiga- 
 tions in this direction have been too few to give any safe basis for a 
 decision; but the fact that granules that could not be distinguished 
 &om these in appearance multiplied enormously in some of my tubes 
 of blood led me to consider these as living and capable of reproducing 
 themselves indefinitely under favorable conditions. 
 
 I>ro Bacilli or other bacterial iilaments could be found either in the 
 pus, in the peritoneal effusion, or in the blood; nor did any develop in ' 
 these liquids while preserved from contact with the air. 
 
 While at Charlotte, July 2, 1880, Mr. Wadsworth informed me that 
 hogs were dying of cholera on his farm near the city, and kindly gave 
 me" permission to kill any animals that I might wish to examine. I 
 found about fifty hogs running in a large wood lot through which flowed 
 a small stream of water. A walk through the lot disclosed three dead 
 animals already in an advanced stage of decomposition. A number 
 of others were plainly sick, some of which had abscesses one-half inch 
 to three inches in diameter scattered over the surface of the body. 
 The one showing most marked symptoms was selected and slaugh- 
 tered. This animal had a large abscess in the flank fully six inches in 
 diameter with very thick fibrous walls. Similar though smaller ones ex- 
 isted beneath the thorax. The abdomen was distended with a colorless, 
 transparent peritoneal effusion, the intestines adhered closely from the 
 formation of false niemltranes, and in the duodenum were many small 
 erosions. The spleen was enlarged and the lymphatic glands engorged 
 with blood. The pericardium contained one-half ounce of clear liquid; 
 the lungs were mottled with lobular pneumonia, but there was nopleural 
 eft'iision. In the intestine were found in large number the parasitic 
 worms, kuoAvn as UoMnori/nclms gigas and Sclerosfoma clentatuin; the 
 Bteplmnurus dentatus abounded in the fat about the kidneys, and the 
 Strongylus elongatus existed in considerable numbers in the bronchi. 
 
 Two vacuum tubes were filled with blood by forcing the finely-drawn- 
 out end, previously ]iassed through the flame of an alcohol lamp, into 
 a small vein, then breaking across the walls of the vessel and allowing 
 them to fill. They were then immediately withdrawn and sealed. Two 
 other tubes were filled with peritoneal ejfusiou by plunging deeply be- 
 neath the surface, to avoid germs from the atmosphere, before breaking 
 the points. One tube containing blood and one with peritoneal effusion 
 were sent to Professor Law, with a request that he make a careful micro- 
 scopical examination of tlieir contents as soon as they were opened. The 
 remaining t«o were kept for my own examination. 
 
 Just here it seems advisable to call attention to the capillary vacuum 
 tnl)(\s made and used by me for these investigations. A ]neee of glass 
 tiibiiig, witii an internal diameter of about one-eighth of an inch and 
 two inches in lengili, is drawn out to a flue tube about one-twentieth of 
 ni! inch in diameter at each extremity. After cooling, a few drops of 
 water iwc forced into the body of the tube, and boiled in the flame of 
 llie lani]! tlllcutirely vaporized; the tube is not vet withdrawn, however 
 but IS lu'ld III the flame till nearly rod, v.'lien the two extremities are 
 quickly sealed. Mailo in this way, the tube wheu sealed contains super- 
 heated steam, and the temperature is so high that no germs can possi- 
 bly withstand it: on cooling, the steam condenses and Ibru's a scarcely 
 visible globule of i)ure distilled water, h-aviug the cavity almost a per- 
 fect vacuum, if, now, ^\■c pass such a tube^thrunoh the flame of ■m 
 
^juiMAWiuus DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 23 
 
 alcohol lainp to destroy any germs adhering to its surface, then force 
 one of the ends through the wall of a freshly-laid-bare vein, break the 
 oxtremil y within the vein by pressure across its walls, allowing the tube 
 to fill with blood never for an instant exposed to the air, and then iin- 
 jnediately seal the broken end in the flame of a lamp, we may keep such 
 a tube for an indefinite time for the germs contained in the blood to 
 multiply and develop, and still feel reasonably certain that what we 
 see, when examining its contents, was in the blood while circulating in 
 the veins. But if we allow the blood to come into contact with the air 
 for a single second, loaded as the atmosphere is with the germs of every 
 variety of bacteria, there is no longer any safety in concluding that the 
 Bacilli and other septic organisms, which develop after a few hours or 
 days, really existed in the blood during the life of the animal. Con- 
 sequently we cannot lay great stress upon the organisms found in the 
 tubes containing the effusion, because this necessarily comes in contact 
 with the air when the cavity containing it is opened, but it was believed 
 that most of the atmospheric germs would float on tlie surface, and that 
 by plunging the extremity of the tube to be broken well into the liquid 
 most of these would be avoided. 
 
 With this in advance as to the method employed, I will now give the 
 results of the examination of the contents of the tubes July 12, or ten 
 days after filling. 
 
 The clot formed in the tube containing blood was partly dissolved, 
 and, on breaking, a small quantity of gas escaped. The liquid swarmed 
 with micrococci, some existing as single spherical granules (monococci), 
 others united by twos or threes, many in long chains (streptococci), while 
 still others were in zooglwa masses (gliacocci). In whatever form they 
 existed they were of uniform size and spherical, and had the Brownian 
 movement in a very marked degree. Eig. G shows a part of a field in 
 one of these preparations. There were \w Bacilli whatever to be found, 
 nor indeed could any other organism be discovered with the exception 
 of a single oval fungus spore X200-0 ^y spVoth of an inch in size, which 
 liossibly gained entrance after the blood was placed on the slide and 
 before it could be covered with the thin glass. . 
 
 The tube that contained' the peritoneal effusion showed from its ap- 
 jiearaiice that decomposition had advanced to a considerable extent; 
 on breaking there was a marked escape of gas with a very offensive 
 odor. The same micrococcus forms as were found in the blood existed 
 in vast number, and in addition there were Bacterium terino, some mem- 
 bers of a broad Bacillus ^-q oo^th of an inch in diameter, containing oval 
 spores, and also a fine Bacillus -^j^wo^^^ of an inch in diameter. 
 
 Professor Law wrote me that he examined the tubes sent to him on 
 the 8th of July, or four days earlier than I was able to examine mine. 
 For this he used a Hartnack No. 10 immersion objective, which is of 
 about the same power as the lens used by me. In the blood he found 
 no Bacilli^ and no active organisms of any kind; besides the blood 
 globules there were a verj' few crystals and isolated granules. 
 
 In the peritoneal effusion, on slides not passed through the flame of 
 a lamp, he found x&vy many Bacillus forms, but on flamed slides there 
 was an organism somewhat like Bacterium termo and minute granules, 
 with a single non-motile filament. With this virus he succeeded in pro- 
 ducing a case of swine plague with characteristic intestinal lesions. 
 
 I inoculated two pigs from each of the tubes which I retained, as soon 
 as they were opened and their contents examined. Those inoculated 
 with tiie peritoneal efl'usion showed no signs of ill health, but those in- 
 oculated with the blood both sickened. July 19, or seven days after 
 
24 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 inociilatiou, tlLey liad (liiiiimsliea appetite, ad all appearance, witli a tem- 
 perature of 1030 and 104ao ^ l■e,specti^■el.v. July 21, no '^Pl^^^t't^' ' '//' 
 Sighth- ,stag«eriug gait ; temperature 103^° and 10;jO F. Tlic "cxt '''^ 
 they bad diarrhea, which was foJloAved in a few days by ccmstipatiou. 
 
 August 6 there was signs of iinprovement, when one of the animals 
 was killed. The whole intestinal tract was found reddened, and tne 
 mucous surface of the large intestines was studded with small ulcera- 
 tions, the ciKCum being most involved. The liver was mottled, aiid 
 the lungs extensively hepatized. The blood, before and after death, 
 contained the spherical granules ; In the latter case a few chains and zoo- 
 gloea masses were observed. In the blood drawn from the ear and in 
 blood caught in a bottle at the time of slaughter, a number of oval gran- 
 ules soiooth of an inch in short diameter or smaller were observed— they 
 resembled Bacillus spores, but as no precautions to prevent access of 
 air had been taken they probably gained entrance after the blood was 
 drawn ; indeed, I have frequently seen such granules m blood from my 
 own finger placed on a slide and immediately examined. 
 
 What I wish to insist upon, by way of conclusions from this series of 
 observations, is as follows : 
 
 1st. The pig killed at Charlotte July 2, 1880, was affected with swine 
 plague, as is proved not only by its lesions but by Inoculations made by 
 Professor Law and myself. 
 
 2d. The blood of this animal had not developed Bacilli, even when 
 preserved for six and ten days after the slaughter. 
 
 3d. The microscope with a power of one thousand diameters revealed 
 in the blood thus preserved vast numbers of spherical granules, not aU 
 isolated, as is seen in the case of spore formation by the disintegration 
 ot Bacillus TQds, but united in chains and clusters of every conceivable 
 form, as occurs with micrococci in active multiplication ; and in this 
 blood could be discovered neither Bacillus rods nor oval or cylindrical 
 spores of these. * 
 
 4th. This blood was still virulent, as was shown by inoculation on two 
 animals, both of which sickened in seven days, with the characteristic 
 symptoms of swine plague, and one of which, when slaughtered, pre- 
 sented typical lesions of this disease. 
 
 CULTIVATION OF THE VIEXJS. i 
 
 1. Cultivation on slides. — March 10, five slides were prepared by putting 
 a drop of fresh aqueous humor of a rabbit on the thin cover; this was 
 then inoculated with the smallest possible particle of coagulum taken 
 from a capillary tube filled at Pickens, S. C, December 29, 1879, with 
 effused liquid found in the peritoneal cavity of a pig suffering from swine 
 plague. The cover thus prepared was then inverted over a Brunswick 
 black cell painted on an ordinary glass slide. As a moist chamber, in 
 which to keep these free from evaporation, an ordinary soup-plate was 
 half filled with sand ijreviously dried at a high temperature and now 
 moistened ; across this wet sand glass tubes were laid to keep the slides 
 from coming in contact with it, and the slides placed thereon, when the 
 whole was covered with a square of glass to retain the moisture. The 
 whole was kept in an incubator at 95° to 100° P. 
 
 Five hours later the drops of aqueous humor were swarming with 
 single granules and aggregations of these— nearly all with molecidar 
 motion. 
 
 Twenty-four hours after inoculation the preparations were filled with 
 the aggregations of granules; no movement in any, and but few single 
 granules to be seen. No Bacilli. 
 
uuiNiAiJiUUH DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 25 
 
 A slide prepared iu tlie same wa.v but inocidated from another tube 
 ■vvas examined immediately after iuoculatiou aud tlie inoculating parti- 
 cle found to be filled with, the mycelium uiid s])ores of a. fungus. As 
 other preparations were entirely free from such organisms the presence 
 of this was not considered as having any connection with the subject 
 under investigation. The granules were also present in vast numbers 
 singly and in clusters. 
 
 March 18. No Bacilli have developed in any of these preparations ; 
 they have been examined carefully every day. In only one of them is 
 there any activity ; this swarms with single granules and small aggre- 
 gations as in a freshly-inoculated cell. Most of the clusters are of con- 
 siderable size, held together by a gelatinous matrix. A very few short 
 rods T2Vo-o-tti of an inch in length have been found. Nearly the whole 
 space to be seen is occupied by the granules. 
 
 Pinal examination, March 25. No material change since the last ex- 
 amination. All activity has ceased ; the granules have not developed 
 into filaments. 
 
 March. 12, four slides were prepared, using urine as a cultivating me- 
 dium, and inverting the thin cover directly on the slide to favor the ac- 
 cess of air. In other respects the cultivation did not differ from the 
 preceding one. 
 
 March 13 and 14, the micrococci alone are seen in various-sized clus- 
 ters as before. 
 
 March 15, filaments have grown from a few of the clusters (Fig. 8), 
 but whether the granules of such clusters were identical with the others 
 could not be ascertained; certainly the vast majority of clusters showed 
 no sign of producing filaments. A considerable number of fungus cells 
 exist in some of the preparations, and mycelium from these has grown 
 luxuriantly. In these preparations the granules were first observed in 
 the form of a chain, made up at times of thirty or more elements. 
 
 March 23, all of the slides are crowded with the micrococci ; on three 
 of the slides are to be seen a considerable number of fine rods sTrjooth 
 of an inch or less in diameter, and goVoth of an inch in length. In two 
 a few fungus spores and mycelium. 
 
 2. Cultivation in test-tubes. — ^March 9, six test-tubes were partly filled 
 with infusion of beef and sterilized by heat. They were closed by rub- 
 ber corks, through which passed a glass tube packed with cotton wool 
 for ventilation. They were inoculated with one drop each from a capil- 
 lary tube containing virus. March 16, but two of the tubes were found 
 to contain a pure growth of the granules, the others contained consider- 
 able numbers of a Bacillus, resembling Bacillus suhtilis, another with a 
 much finer filament, and also Bacterium termo. 
 
 Six tubes of the same infusion were placed in the incubator at the 
 same time to determine what organisms would develop spontaneously. 
 In all of these could be found the broad and the fine rods already men- 
 tioned, and in two were observed clusters of granules with exactly the 
 same appearance as those whieh developed from the virus. Inocula- 
 tions made from these were followed with a slight eruption and redden- 
 ing of the skin, but without other signs of sickness. 
 
 JEffect of disinfectants on this micrococcus, — So constantly were the 
 granules which I have just described and figured found in the blood 
 and liquid inflammatory products of the sick pigs which I had the oppor- 
 tunity to examine, that it was deemed advisable to test its powers of 
 resistance to various agents supposed to have disinfecting properties. 
 It was hoped that by comparing the effects of such agents upon this or- ■ 
 ganism, as shown by direct microscopical observation, with the effect 
 
26 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 of the same agents on tlie activity of the virus, ns proved by inocula- 
 tion, a safer couchision could be reached as to whether this orgamsui 
 really constituted the active principle of the virus. For some unknown 
 reason it has been impossible for me to obtain a form of swine-plague 
 sufficiently virulent to allow me to carry out the second part of this pro- 
 gramme. I have several times succeeded in producing by inoculation 
 very severe cases, though no fatal ones ; but when a second inoculation 
 was made with blood or inflammatory effusions of such sick animals, 
 even when two or three cubic centimeters were injected hypodermically, 
 the disease produced would be so mild as to be scarcely noticeable. 
 Conclusions from such experiments are evidently so unsafe that I finally 
 relinquished the idea of accomplishing anything in this direction until 
 more favorable conditions should prevail. 
 
 The experiments were made with the micrococcus by adding a drop 
 or two of the liquid in which it existed to a test-tube half tilled with 
 fresh urine, which seems to be a very favorable mediiun for its develop- 
 ment; a measured quantity of the disinfectant was then added and the 
 tube covered wdth sheet caoutchouc closely tied on. The tubes were 
 kept in an incubator at a temperature of 90° to 100° P. for a few days, 
 when a microscopical examination determined if there had been any 
 multiplication of the organism in question. It was thus determined 
 that it would multiply in a solution containing 1 per cent, of carbolic 
 acid, but not in one containing 2 per cent. ; and that a 2 jjer cent, solu- 
 tion even destroyed the life of the granules. To prevent its multipli- 
 cation required 2 ijer cent, of borax, 1 per cent, of benzoic acid, one- 
 third ])er cent, of either sulphate of quinine or iodine, one-fifth per cent, of 
 salicyMc acid, and one-tenth per cent, of chloride of zinc. Quassia, even 
 in a 4 per cent, solution of the extract, had no effect upon it. It was 
 destroyed bj;- a heat of 150° P. for fifteen minutes, but resisted 140<^ for 
 the same lengtli of time. 
 
 Of course the fact that an organism will not develop in a 1 per cent, 
 solution of carbolic acid is no proof that it is destroyed by a solution of 
 this strength; the solution may be simply unsuitable for the develop- 
 ment of the germs, these remaining in a dormant condition. The de- 
 structive effect of a disinfectant may be learned bj- slightly varying the 
 experiment ; thus, we place two drops of the virus in a watch-glass and 
 add to it two drops of a 2 per cent, solution of the disinfect iiri it, making 
 the mixture equal to a 1 per cent, solution. After mixing and leaving 
 in contact for an hour or two the whole maybe added to a test-tube 
 containing a solution favorable for the development of the organism. 
 Its multiplication is then the criterion by which to judge of the effect 
 of the disinfectant. In all such cases the greatest care must be exer- 
 cised to prevent the addition of atmospheric germs. The tubes, &c., 
 must be boiled for several hours or heated nearly to redness before 
 using. Even then, it is generally im])ossible, withoiit more complicated 
 apparatus, to prevent the introduction of the septic bacteria ; but the 
 germs used for inoculation are in so much the greater number that as a 
 rule they obtain the advantage in the struggle for existence. 
 
 It occurred to me that there might be septic organisms having the 
 same appearance as the one I was cultivating, and that the introduction 
 of such might vitiate the experiments. To decide this point a large 
 number of tubes containing nutritive solutions exposed for several days 
 to the contact of the air w-ere examined to determine the Ibrms then 
 present in the atmosphere. In two instances an organism similar to the 
 one I was cultivating thus appeared spontaneously, and, when inocu- 
 lated, in one case produced a slight eruption, as already reported. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 27 
 
 Tliere were three or four kinds of Bacilli tliat Avere present in nearly 
 every putrefying liquid. One of these was less than the 3^000*11 of an incii 
 in diameter, another was about 3~o-J;^u^th of an inch, and the largest 
 about ^o^yyth. These, with Helobactcria and the Bacterium tervio, Avere 
 the forms most commonly met with. 
 
 A more extended consideration of the theory of the swine-plague 
 contagium will be found in Part III of this report. 
 
 Paet II.— mVESTIGATIONS OP FOWL CHOLEEA. 
 
 It has long been evident that an exceedingly fatal contagious disease 
 of fowls has become distributed over the whole country, and that it 
 causes enormous annual losses. This disease is popularly knoAvn as 
 chicken cholera. 
 
 A similar if not identical malady causes extensive losses among the 
 poultry of Europe; in Franco this is also called cholera, {choUra des 
 ponies). Some inA'estigations of its nature were made some years ago 
 by M. Eeynal, and quite recently it has been more carefully studied by 
 MM. Toussaint and Pasteur. 
 
 As long ago as December, 1879, 1 commenced iuA^estigating the epi- 
 zootic diseases from which fowls were dying. At first I was unfortunate 
 in fixing my attention on enzootics evidently due to local causes. Of 
 three separate outbreaks thus investigated not one proved to be the 
 result of inoculable disease; and it was not until July, 1880, that I suc- 
 ceeded in obtaining virus of what is undoubtedly the true chicken 
 cholera, by Avhich so many fowls are swept away. This disease existed 
 at the house Mr. K. M. Miller, of Charlotte, Avho informed me that he 
 had lost on his farm nearly 500 chickens from it during the year. At 
 the time of my visit, his Plymouth Eocks, which he kept at his house 
 in the city, were suffering. I at once inoculated two spring chickens 
 with excrement from living sick birds and with blood, bile, and pieces 
 of liver from those recently dead. After five days they were still per- 
 fectly well. The French inA'estigators haAing determined that death 
 occurs within tAvo or three days after inoculation, and most frequently 
 within twenty-four hours, I had nearly concluded that our chicken cholera 
 was not an inoculable disease ; but in order to be absolutely certain I 
 requested Mr. Miller to allow me to bring a hen in the first stages of 
 the disease to my own farm, more than one hundred miles away, and on 
 which no contagious disease of towls had ever existed. This he kindly 
 consented to, and it was Avith virus obtained from this bird that my 
 experiments Avere made. 
 
 The disease proved to be inoculable,. and the period of incubation so 
 much longer than with the affection as it exists in France as to explain 
 why the chickens inoculated at Charlotte did not sicken. I have not 
 learned if they contracted the malady later, as I was unable to bring 
 them with me'; but this matters little, as I have now the most complete 
 evidence of the transmissibility of tbe disease. 
 
 For convenience of examination and to avoid repetitions, the inocula- 
 tion experiments will be related first, then the symptoms and post- 
 mortem appearances, and, finally, my microscopic investigations. 
 
 Experimental study of the disease.— 1. Is it communicable? 
 
 Experiment No. 1, July 10.— The Charlotte hen was placed in an in- 
 closure rather less than 6 feet square, with three other hens, and, to 
 make infection more certain, a large double-sheet newspaper that had 
 
28 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 lieeii ill the boUoiii of the basket used ibr transporting the lieu, anil 
 Aviiicli was saturated with the exeretions, was thrown into the iuelosui'c. 
 
 July 13.— 1:he Charlotte hen found dead this mornuig. Two of the 
 hens inoculated by placing under the skin and into the muscular masses 
 beneath the wing by means of a grooved lancet, bowel contents, blood, 
 liquid pressed from liver, and even small particles of this organ, three 
 or four punctures being made in each case. The liver and parts of 
 muscle were then cut into small pieces and fed to these hens. It was 
 believed that this would decide the question of communicability. 
 
 July 17. — One of the inoculated hens appears less lively than usual, 
 and the comb is losing its bright healthy hue. 
 
 July 18. — This hen has diarrhea, and is plainly sick. 
 
 Jiily 19. — She sits sleeping, and is only startled with difficulty. Tem- 
 perature at 7 a. m., 104° F. Died at 7.40 a. m., or six days after inocu- 
 lation. The second hen has diarrhea, and a temperature of 108|o F. 
 The third hen not inoculated but kept in the same inclosure is appar- 
 ently well. Temperature 107° F. 
 
 July 22. — The second hen inoculated is very sick; does not notice 
 what is occurring about her ; sleeps continually, and is only roused by 
 a touch. She is very weak, and has great difficulty in walking. Tem- 
 perature 108JO F. 
 
 July 23. — This hen is dead, ten days after inoculation. The remain- 
 ing hen still well. 
 
 The disease is, then, certainly -commuiiicable; but in what way has 
 this infection occurred? Several different substances have been used 
 for inoculation; the birds affected were even fed portions of the liver 
 and muscles of a dead hen ; they cohabited with her. Evidently the 
 next point to be determined was as to whether the malady had been 
 contracted from the inoculations, through the food, or by inspiring 
 infected air. It is true the Mil not inoculated remained well, but the 
 period of incubation may be longer with her, or she may be insuscepti- 
 ble. Before commencing a series of investigations, it "is necessary to 
 know what parts of the body or which of its liquids contain the virus 
 and are to be depended upon as a means of inoculation. 
 
 2.— The liquids or oegaws containing- the vietjs. 
 
 Experiment No. 2, July 19.— A hen inoculated by two lancet punct- 
 ures with fluid pressed from liver. 
 
 July 23. — Diarrhea and dullness. 
 
 July 24.— Very sick ; temperature at 7 a. m., 1091°. Dies at 3 p m 
 
 Bxperiment No. 3, July 23.— One hen inoculated by two punctures 
 with excrement from the cloaca of a hen just dead 
 
 This bird was kept under observation Ibr six weeks but no effect fol- 
 lowed the inoculation. She was probably insusceptible 
 
 Expermient No 4, July 23.-One hen inoculated by two lancet punct- 
 ures with blood from the heart of a hen just dead 
 
 July 29. — Diarrhea. 
 
 August 7. — Very sick. 
 
 August 8.— Died during the night. 
 
 hJL^^L*^^''''''''^^*^'""^"^*''''''^ ^"^ ^^'"^ ^epo^t the lancet was disinfected 
 
 co'ncluS ""' ''"'' '^'•^'•^ precaution taken to prevent mfftaken 
 
 Experiments I^os. 2 and 4 prove, then, that the liquid pressed from 
 
 the hver and the blood contain the vim's. ExperimSVo 3 ,esuS 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 29 
 
 negatively; it does not prove .that the excrement is free from the virus, 
 for the hen may have been insusceptible to the disease. At the time of 
 writing I have not been able to repeat the experiment. 
 
 3. — Effect of taking the virus vtith the food. 
 
 Experiment No. 5, July 23.— The hen placed with the sick one from 
 Charlotte July 10, but not inoculated, has remained well, though four 
 birds have now died in the same inclosure. A large Plymouth Eock 
 cock is placed with her, and the two fed with the liver and muscles from 
 the breast of a hen that died the preceding night. A third hen inocu- 
 lated with liquid from the liver for comparison. 
 
 July 27. — Both have diarrhea; temperature of hen 109°, of cock 107° 
 F. ; temperature of hen for comparison 107^° F. 
 
 jM^y 28.— Hen has a temperature of 1094° P.; comb 'and gills pale, 
 cold, and bloodless. Cock has a temperature of lOSp F. The hen 
 inoculated for comparison has also pale comb and gills; temperature 
 lOT^oF. ' 
 
 July 31 — Hen dead. 
 
 August 2. — Cock found dead this morning. 
 
 The hen inoculated for comparison has little appearance of the disease. 
 She was again inoculated to test her susceptibility; sickened August 7; 
 began to improve August 13, and was well by the 20th. 
 
 Considering that the hen had been in this inclosure for thirteeu days 
 without contracting the disease, and that both she and the cock sickened 
 in four days, I think we have here sufficient proof that the disease was 
 contracted through the food. This is also the conclusion of the French 
 investigators, and is confirmed by other facts in regard to the contagion. 
 
 4. — Are the g-erms transported by the atmosphere? 
 
 Experiment No. 6, July 29. — Two hens were placed in a coop within 4 
 feet of the one ia which most of the deaths already reported had oc- 
 curred, and iu which sick fowls have been continually kept to prevent 
 loss of virus. The coop in which the two hens were placed was occa- 
 sionally moved its width to keep on fresh ground, but was never farther 
 than 10 feet from the one in which were the sick ones. It remained thus 
 till October 6, or sixty-nine days, both hens being stiU in the best of 
 health. ^ 
 
 In my other experiments I have had as many as fifty fowls within a 
 few yards of sick ones, some having remained this near for one or two 
 months, and in only one case has the disease appeared except from my 
 inoculations. 
 
 Major Cox, of Atlanta, informed me that he had not been able to raise 
 fowls at his i)lace in that city for years on account of the cholera. But 
 his neighbor, whose lot is only separated from his own by a stone-wall, 
 was never troubled with the disease till the past year. 
 
 Here, then, appears to be good evidence that the germs of the disease 
 are not transported through the atmosphere. In one case, however, a 
 chicken in one of my experimental coops did take the disease spontane- 
 ously and die with it; but, more remarkable than this, two hens and one 
 half-grown chicken of my home flock, kept at a distance of more than 200 
 yards from the coops of the sick ones, have contracted the disease and 
 died. And the periods between tlieir sickness were so long as to make 
 it certain they did not contract the trouble from each other. One of 
 these was just weaning a brood of chickens, and as she sickened no 
 
30 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 longer drove tbem from her ; as a consequence they crowded about her, 
 perched upon her back, and even sheltered themselves beneath her 
 wings. Only one of these chickens ever sickened, and that so long 
 (five weeks) afterwards as to make it certain the disease was not con- 
 tracted from the mother. 
 
 I have concluded, therefore, that the disease is not contracted from 
 germs carried through the atmosphere, in the strict sense of the term, 
 but that we owe such occasional transportation of the disease to flies or 
 other insects which eat the blood during dissection, or which feed upon 
 the other juices of the body, or upon the excretions. A fly, for instance, 
 will eat sufficient blood to inoculate twenty or thirty fowls, and if cap- 
 tured soon after such a meal by a susceptible bird would almost cer- 
 tainly convey the disease, since the germs taken with the food have the 
 same' effect as when inserted under the skin with a lancet. 
 
 6.— Is THE DISEASE CONTRACTED FEOM INFECTED HABITATIONS? 
 
 Experiment No. 7, October 6. — A Plymouth Eock cokerel placed in' a 
 coop in which there have been sick fowls almosfcontinually since July 
 10, the last one affected having died September 27, or nine days earlier. 
 
 October 20.— Plainly sick. 
 
 October 21. — Dead. 
 
 This, then, is a positive experiment; the bird contracted the disease 
 after being fourteen days in the infected coop and died on the fifteenth 
 day. 
 
 6. — Eppect op putkefagtion on yieus. 
 
 Experiment JVb. S, July 30. — One hen inoculated with fluid pressed from 
 the liver, July 24, and which has a strong odor of putrefaction. This 
 hen has remained weU to the present, and has been proved insusceptible 
 by two subsequent inoculations. The experiment is, therefore, without 
 result. 
 
 7.— Eppect op drying the virus. 
 
 Experiment Ifo. 9, July 30. — A cock affected with cancer of the comb 
 inoculated with pieces of dried liver, prepared by cutting a thin slice 
 and drying at ordinary atmospheric teoiperature for seven days. iSTo 
 effect resulting, he was reinoculated with active virus September -1 to 
 test his susceptibility, but he died September S from the effect of the 
 cancer before any signs of cholera had appeared. 
 
 8. — Effect op diluting virus. 
 
 Experiment No. 10, Jtily 31. — One hen inoculated with a mixture made 
 by diluting one drop of fluid pressed from the liver with twenty-five 
 drops of diluted glycerine (glycerine one part, distilled water eight 
 parts), having about the specific gravity of blood. Two punctures were 
 made into the muscular masses beneath the wiug with the grooved lan- 
 cet charged with this virus. 
 
 August 20.— Has drooped for several days, voids large quantities of 
 excrements of a normal consistency, the urates of which are deeply col- 
 ored with yellow. 
 
 August 24. — Has diarrhea; very sick. 
 
 August 27. — Much better. 
 
 August 29. — Entirely recovered. 
 
 Experiment No. 11, July 31.— Om hen inoculated by two lancet punct- 
 
^.uisxinjrujuo uiejiiAHJKS UF JJUMESTICATED ANIMALS. 31 
 
 ures Tvith virus diluted as above witli one hundred parts of glycerine 
 mixture. 'So effect. Has siiice been inoculated and proved insuscep- 
 tible. 
 
 It would apxiear from these experiaients that diluting the virus pro- 
 longs the period of incubation and produces a disease of a milder form. 
 The hen in experiment No. H may have had so mild a form of the disease 
 that it was not noticed, and may thus have acquired her insusceptibility. 
 It would be unsafe to reach any conclusion, however, without more 
 experiments. 
 
 9. — The blood in the body retains its virulence thirty-six 
 hours aeter the death of the bird. 
 
 Experiment No. 12, August 9. — Two chickens inoculated with liquid 
 pressed from liver of a hen found dead yesterday morning (thirty-six 
 hours ago) and which was not examined until to-day. 
 
 August 20. — One has diarrhea, sleeps, temperature 109° F. 
 
 August 23. — Both now very sick. 
 
 August 25. — One dead. • 
 
 Septemher 10. — The second dead. 
 
 10. — The ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF BLOOD NOT VIRULENT. 
 
 Experiment No. 13, Atigust 11. — Two spring chickens inoculated with 
 alcoholic extract prepared by treating blood and liuid, pressed from 
 liver with an equal volume of 95 per cent., alcohol, allowing it to stand 
 thirty-six hours, and then iiltering and drying the residue. No effect 
 produced. The birds afterwards proved susceptible when inoculated 
 with active virus. 
 
 11. — Effect of salicylic acid on virus. 
 
 Experiment No. 14, August 25. — Virus prepared by intimately mixing 
 with an equal volume of a 2 per cent, solution of salicylic acid contain- 
 ing suifLcient borax to cause the acid to dissolve. The mixture, which 
 consequently equaled a 1 per cent, solution, then allowed to stand three 
 hours, when two chickens were inoculated by means of four lancet 
 punctures each, two under each wing. No effect produced. The activ- 
 ity of the virus and susceptibility of the birds both proved by other 
 inoculations. 
 
 12. — Effect of benzoic acid on virus. 
 
 Experiment No. 15, August 25. — Virus prepared by mixing with an 
 equal volume of a 2 per cent, solution of benzoic acid, containing suffi- 
 cient borax to cause the acid to dissolve. The mixture thus equal to a 
 1 per cent, solution of the acid, allowed to stand two and one-half hours, 
 and inoculated by two lancet punctures under each wing of two chickens. 
 No effect. The virus, before treatment with the acid, was proved active 
 by inoculation. 
 
 Experiment No. 16, September 17.— Four chickens, inoculated by hypo- 
 dermic injection, of one cubic centimeter each of virus, containing 1 
 per cent, of benzoic acid and IJ per cent, of borax, aud allowed to stand 
 four hours after preparation before using. 
 
 September 26. — These chickens received a second hypodermic injection 
 of two cubic centimeters each of virus, treated with same proportion of 
 benzoic acid and borax as above. Have remained ia good health. 
 
32 contagious diseases of domesticated animals. 
 13. — Effect op sulphuric acid on virus. 
 
 Experiment No. 17, August 25. — Two chickens inoculated, by four 
 punctures, with virus that hart been treated with an equal volume of 
 1 per cent, solution of sulphuric acid, making the whole contain one- 
 half per cent, of acid, and allowed to stand four hours before using 
 The coagulum andfluid parts both carefully inserted into the punctures. 
 The chickens did not contract the disease. The activity of the virus 
 and susceptibility of the birds both proved by other inoculations. 
 
 JExperiment No. 18, September 17. — Four chickens receive a hypoder- 
 mic injection of one cubic centimeter each of virus that had been made 
 into a one-half per cent, solution of sulphuric acid, and allowed to stand 
 four hours before using. 
 
 September 18. — Yellow coloration of urates. 
 
 September 22. — Two have little appetite, droop, urates still yellow. 
 
 September 30. — All are well. 
 
 October 14. — Still well ; used for other experiments. 
 
 In this experiment the slight sickness was believed to be due to the 
 irritating effects of the sulphuric acid. 
 
 Experiment No. 19, September 6.— Two chickens inoculated by four 
 lancet punctures with virus, made into a one-eighth of 1 per cent, 
 solution of sulphuric acid, and allowed to stand four hours before using! 
 
 September 13. — One sick. 
 
 September 15. — One dead. 
 
 September 26. — The second dies. 
 
 A solution of sulphuric acid of 1 : 800 is consequently too weak to 
 destroy the virus, but a solution of 1 : 200 is perfectly reliable. 
 
 14.— Effect op alcohol on the virus. 
 
 Experiment No. 20, Augtist 25.— Two chickens inoculated with virus 
 that had been treated with an equal volume of a 40 per cent, solution 
 of absolute alcohol. This was allowed to stand five hours before usiu" 
 
 August 30.— Urates tinged with yellow. "" 
 
 September 1. — One dead. 
 
 September 4. — Second dead. 
 
 15.— Effect op boraoic acid and sulphate of potassium on 
 
 VIRUS. 
 
 Experiment No. 21 August 25.-Two chickens inoculated with virus 
 that had been mixed for live hours with an equal volume of a 4 per 
 
 of potSum'! ^ °''"^*"'' °^ "^•'''^ P^'*' ""^ ^°'"^'*^ ^<^i^ ^^d s^^lpli^to 
 
 lof urates.' ^-^^^ ^'^^'^ ^'^"^^ ^^^^^ quantities of excrement with yel- 
 
 September 6.— One dead. 
 
 wi?h1.trrvSur"''' ''^^^^^^•^l^tible, and has since resisted inoculations 
 
 Dr. De Kleuze, of Munich, is said to have recommended this mi^hirp 
 as being better adapted to preserve milk, butter me if fi«hV;f.T^^ 
 any other antiseptic. One gTamme (15 orain.rhAin^ n I'l , ; ^''■' ^^^'^ 
 of milk or one-fourth pouiuf of buttl t"he fonner llil f ^,?''^ ^'^''' 
 tenth per cent, and the latter less than 1 pS- "1m t T^^^ "°"; 
 
 this virus to a 2 per cent, solution indicates a fhmi;, J, ^.iii- *'''''''' °^ 
 the nature of this virus and the septic oi^-aniSs '^^tterence in 
 
uujNlAliUJUS m«EASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 33 
 
 IG. — Effect of boracic acid on virus. 
 
 Experiment No. 22, August 25. — Two chickens inoculated with virus 
 miide into a 1 per cent, sokition of boracic acid, and allowed to stand 
 six hours before using. 
 
 September 1.— Urates tinged with yellow. 
 
 September 2. — Both sick. 
 
 September 3. — One dead. 
 
 September 6. — Second dead. 
 
 17. — Effect of carbolic acid on virus. 
 
 Experiment No. 23, -August 25. — Two chickens inoculated Avith virus 
 made into a 1 per cent, solution of carbolic acid and allowed to stand 
 six hours before using. Both remained healthy up to October 21, when 
 one contracted the disease " spontaneously." 
 
 Experiment No. 24, September 17. — Four chickens inoculated, by hypo- 
 dermic injection, with one cubic centimeter each of virus, that had been 
 made into a 1 per cent, solution of carbolic acid five and one-half hours 
 before using. 
 
 September 26.-r-Eeceive a second hypodermic injection of the same 
 quantity of virus, containing the same proportion of carbolic acid. 
 
 October 14. — All are still well. 
 
 18.— Effect op cakbolated camphor on virus. 
 
 Experiment No. 25, August 25. — A solution of carbolated camphor was 
 made by dissolving camphor gum to saturation in a 90 per cent, solution 
 of carbolic acid. This was then added to sufficient water to make a 2 
 per cent, solution; and a portion of this was mixed with an equal vol- 
 ume of virus, so that the resulting mixture contained 1 per cent, of 
 the carbolated camphor. After standing six hours, two hens were in- 
 oculated by four lancet punctures each. 
 
 September 1. — One hen sick; has diarrhea; voids mostly iirates tinted 
 yellow. 
 
 September 2. — Both sick. 
 
 September 4. — One dead. 
 
 September 6. — Second dead. 
 
 The camphor, therefore, instead of proving an advantage, has en- 
 abled the virus to resist the action of the carbolic acid. 
 
 19.— Effect of iodine on virus. 
 
 Experiment No. 26, September 6. — Two chickens inoculated with virus 
 which had been treated four hours before with -j-gVo P^rt of iodine and 5 Po- 
 part of iodide of potassium. 
 
 September 13. — One dead. 
 
 The other proved insusceptible, and has resisted subsequent inocula- 
 tions and exposure in an infected coop. 
 
 20.— Effect of heat on virus. 
 
 . Experiment No. 27, August 25.— Two chickens inoculated with virulent 
 bloodj'that had been hermetically sealed in a glass capillary tube, and 
 placed in boiling water for five minutes. These remained perfectly 
 
 3 C D 
 
34 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 healthy till September 30, when they were inoculated with active virus. 
 One died and the other proved insusceptible. 
 
 Experiment No. 28, September 1. — One hen and one chicken inoculated 
 by four lancet punctures, with blood that had been heated to 160° F. 
 for fifteen minutes, have remained in perfect health, and prove insus- 
 ceptible to subsequent inoculations with active virus. 
 
 Experiment No. 29, September 1. — Two chickens inoculated by four 
 lancet punctures, with virulent blood that had been heated to 150° F. for 
 fifteen minutes, remained in perfect health till September 17, when 
 they were inoculated with active virus to test susceptibility. Both 
 contracted the disease and died — one September 20, the other two days 
 later. 
 
 Uocperiment No. 30, September 1. — Two chickens inoculated by four 
 lancet i^unctures each, with blood tliat had beeu heated to 140° F, for 
 fifteen minutes. Both remained in good health till September 17, when 
 they were inoculated with active virus. One died Seiitember 26, the 
 other proved insusceptible. 
 
 .Uxperiment No. 31, September 1. — Two chifckeus inoculated with viru- 
 lent blood that had been heated to 133° F. for fifteen minutes, four 
 punctures each, remained in good health till September 17, when they 
 were inoculated with active virus. One died Septembjsr 27, the other 
 had the disease in a mild form and recovered. 
 
 Experiment No. 32, September 6. — Two chickens, inoculated by hypo- 
 dermic injection, of one cubic centimeter each of virus, that had been 
 :heated to 140° to 148° F. for two hours. No result. 
 
 Experiment No. 33, September 26.— Four chickens inoculated with vir- 
 ulent blood that had been he ted to 145° F. for one hour. Hypodermic 
 injection of one cubic centimeter each. 
 
 September 30.— They receive a second injection of 1^ cubic centimeters 
 each of virulent blood that had beeu heated to 145° F. for two hours. 
 All remained in good health. 
 
 Experiment No. 34, September 17.— Four chickens each receive a hypo- 
 dermic injection of one cubic centimeter of virus that had been heated 
 to 135° to 138° F. for one-half hour. 
 
 September 23.— Two chickens dull, little appetite, some diarrhea. No 
 other symptoms noticed and September 30 all were in perfect health 
 
 Experiment No. 35, October 25.— Tiiree chickens inoculated, by four 
 lancet punctures each, with virulent blood that had beeu heated to 130° 
 F. for fifteen minutes. 
 November 1.— Yellow urates. 
 November 2.— Plainly sick. 
 November 6.— One dead. 
 November 8.— Eomainiu;;- two dead. 
 
 Experiment No.ZQ, October 25.-Two chickens inoculated bv four lan- 
 cet punctures each, with virus that had been heated to 1"S° F for fif- 
 teen minutes. Neither contracted the disease 
 
 Experiment No. 37, October 25._Two chickens inocuLited by four la.i- 
 for K?mfnutes.' "^'"'''"'"' ""^""^^ '^^'* ""'"'^ ^•^'^" Ideated to Sf. 
 
 October 27.— Yellow urates. 
 November 2.— One dead. 
 The other did not contract the disease 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 35 
 
 October 27. — Yellow urates. 
 November 6. — Plainly siuk. 
 November 7. — Two dead. 
 The third insusceptible. 
 
 21. — One attack of the disease protects against the effect 
 of subsequent inoculations. 
 
 Experiment No. 39. — Three fowls used : one was the heil pronounced 
 entirely recovered August 29 (experiment No. 11) ; the second was a 
 hen that had entirely recovered August 20; the third wag a cockerel 
 that had a mild attack and recovered about September 25. The two 
 hens had a very severe attack. 
 
 October 14. — Inoculated by four lancet punctures each, with virulent 
 blood. All remain in perfect health. 
 
 22. — A CERTAIN NUMBER OP FOWLS RESIST INOCULATION. 
 
 Since beginning my experiments with this disease, I have inoculated 
 in all about ninety-five fowls (up to November 1). Of these, two had 
 the disease severely and recovered ; three have had it mildly and recov- 
 ered; and twenty-five others now resist both inoculation and exjiosure 
 in an infected coop. Whether any of the twenty-five have had the 
 disease in a form so mild as to escape observation, or whether they all 
 have had from the first a natural insusceptibility, it is, of course, im- 
 possible to say. Fowls are frequently quite sick when the first symj)- 
 toms are noticed. The yellow coloration of the urates in the excrement 
 has, in all cases, been the earliest symj^tom observed ; at this time the 
 temperature may be one or two degrees higher than normal, or it may 
 not be appreciably affected. But I find this coloration is not an infalli- 
 ble sign of the malady; in some cases a slight yellow tinge or even a 
 distinct coloration may occur when no exposure has taken i^lace ; while 
 often it occnrs within a day or two of inoculation and before the disease 
 has had time to develop, disappearing again till the incubation is fin- 
 ished. Hence, this is a somewhat uncertain criterion as to the mild 
 cases. 
 
 Again, drooping, sleepiness, and loss of appetite frequently do not 
 occur until the disease is considerably advanced. 
 
 With these explanations, the following statement is made as the 
 result of my observations on this point : Of the ninety-five fowls inocu- 
 lated the result is not yet (November 1) known in regard to fifteen. Of 
 the eighty remaining, six have recovered, twenty-five have not been visi- 
 bly affected, and forty-nine have died. Prom these experiments, then, 
 we might conclude that if one hundred fowls were inoculated with the 
 ordinary virus, sixty-nine would take the disease, and of these sixty- 
 two would die and seven recover ; while thirty-one would not be visibly 
 ajfected. This result may be more or less misleading, however, since, 
 in one lot of twenty, fourteen proved insusceptible, two wei-e slightly 
 affected and recovered, and only four died ; it is evident, therefore, they 
 had, before coming into my hands, been subjected to conditions which 
 enabled them to resist the effects of the virus in a most remarkable 
 manner. Leaving this lot out of consideration, and of sixty fowls inocu- 
 lated forty-five have died, four have been aifected and recovered, and 
 eleven only have proved insusceptible. Erom this we might conclude 
 that by inoculating one hundred ordinary fowls, we would have seventy- 
 five deaths, seven recoveries, and eighteen that would prove insusceptible. 
 
36 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 23.— Devitalized vieus as a peeventivb. 
 
 One of tlie most important advances in our knowledge of tlio plienom- 
 eua of coutagia, is tke discovery of Toussaint,* made during the present 
 year, that inoculation of susceptible animals with anthrax blood pre- 
 viously heated to 55° C. (131° F.) for ten minutes, enabled such animals 
 to resist subsequent inoculations witli active virus. Of course, such, au 
 important fact at once led to theories as to how such an effect could be 
 produced, and suggested that the discovery might be extended to other 
 contagious fevers. Chauveau, who t had just discovered that the inocu- 
 lation of Algerian sheep with anthrax virus during the latter part of the 
 period of gestation, conferred immunity on the lambs subsequently 
 produced, supposed this was due to some substance formed in the body 
 by the multiplication of the parasite rather than to something being 
 subtracted from it by the same means. 
 
 The discovery of Davaine that the Bacillus mithracis did not penetrate 
 into the blood or tissues of the foetus, though swarming in the blood of 
 the mother, seenied to indicate that the immunity conferred upon the 
 lambs was due to a soluble substance capable of liassing by osmosis 
 from the blood of the mother into that of the fcetus. 
 
 Pasteur| believed that the non-recurrence of contagious fevers was 
 rather due to something taken from the tissues by a first attack. Tous- 
 saint § believed at this time that he entirely destroyed the parasite by 
 the heat, and even recommended that one-half per cent, of carbolic 
 acid be added to the blood, after being raised to the required tenipera- 
 ture, and this allowed to stand two or three days, to make the destruc- 
 tion certain. This view seemed the more reasonable, as Davaine 1| had 
 found several years before that the virus of anthrax was entirely de- 
 stroyed by being kept at 55° G. for only five minutes, and that it was 
 destroyed in ten minutes at 50° 0. I at once determined to test the 
 effects of inoculation with virus devitalized by heat as a preventive of 
 fowl cholera, and for this purpose the following experiments were 
 made : 
 
 Experiment No. 40, Septemler 3. — It being difficult to obtain sufficient 
 blood, an enlarged liver from a bird found dead this morning was tritu- 
 rated with one ounce of distilled water, and to this was added what blood 
 could be gathered from the body. The whole, strained through a linen 
 cloth, produced a muddy, brownish liquid, which was boiled over a 
 water-bath for ten minutes, and resulted in a clear straw-colored liquid 
 and a brown coagulum. A second straining produced a slightly turbid 
 fluid, which was heated to 180° F., at 9 p. m., to prevent putrefaction. 
 
 Septeniber 4. — Four chickens received a hypodermic injection of one 
 cubic centimeter each of the fluid described above. 
 
 September 6.— A second injection of one cubic centimeter each of same 
 liquid, which had twice been heated to 180° to preserve it. 
 
 September 17.— Inoculated by four lancet punctures each with active 
 
 VU'llS. 
 
 September 23. — One or more sick. 
 September 24. — One dead. 
 September 27. — Another sick. 
 
 September 28.— One nearly dead was killed for examination. The two 
 lemainmg proved insusceptible. 
 
 t Bill, de I'Acad. de M&lccine, 1880, p. 131. 
 
 * TliG Veterinary Joiirna.1, 1880, vol. xi, p. 152 
 
 II Quoted by Boulcy iu Kecueil de Med. Vet., 1874 p 063 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 37 
 
 Experiment No. 41, September 1. — Eight cliickcn.s iuoculated with fonr 
 lancet punctures each. Two with virus that had been heated to 160° 
 F. ; two with that heated to 150° ; two with that heated to 140° ; and 
 two with that heated to 132° ; in each case the heat was applied for fif- 
 teen minutes. 
 
 September 17. — The eight inoculated by four lancet punctures each 
 with active virus. 
 
 September 2G. — Two die. 
 
 September 27. — One di£s, and one that has been sick has recovered. 
 
 September 28. — One dies. Three prove to be insusceptible. 
 
 Experiment No. 42, September 6. — Two chickens receive a hypodermic 
 injection of one cubic centimeter of virus that had been heated to 140° 
 to 148° P. for two hours. One of these unfortunately disappeared from 
 its coop before the experiment was concluded. 
 
 September 17. — The one remaining inoculated by four j)unctures with 
 fresh virus. 
 
 September 19. — Urates deeply tinted with yellow, though excrement 
 is still solid. 
 
 September 23. — Yellow coloration has disappeared, appetite and aj)- 
 pearance good. From this time it remained well. 
 
 Experiment No. 43, September 17. — Four chickens receive a hypoder- 
 mic injection of one cubic centimeter each of virus that had been heated 
 to 135° to 138° F. for one-half hour. 
 
 September 23. — Two seemed dull, with little appetite and some diar- 
 rhea; by September 30 they were all in perfect health. 
 
 October l4 — Inoculated by four lancet punctures each with active 
 virus. 
 
 October 22. — Yellow urates noticed. 
 
 October 24. — One dead. 
 
 November 1. — The remaining three well. 
 
 In view of the fact that 132° has been sufficient to entirely destroy 
 the activity of the virus, it may be doubted if the two that were ailing, 
 after the hypodermic injection, really had a mild form of cholera. This 
 lot belonged to the twenty that were found so insusceptible, and of which 
 one lot of four kept for comparison have been three times inoculated 
 with active virus without showing any signs of disease. 
 
 Experiment No. 44, September 26. — Fonr chickens receive a hypoder- 
 mic injection of one cubic centimeter of virus that had been lieated to 
 145° F. for an hour. 
 
 September oG. — Have a second injection of one and one-half cubic centi- ' 
 meters of blood that had been heated two hours to 145° F. 
 
 October C. — One killed by its fellows. 
 
 October 14.— Inoculated the three remaining by foiu? lancet punctures 
 each with active virus. 
 
 October 20.— Two sick. 
 
 October 22. — One dead. 
 
 October 23. — One dead. 
 
 The third had a mild attack, with yellow urates and loss of appetite 
 for two or three days, tyid recovered. 
 
 Experiment No. 45. — Four chickens receive a hypodermic injection of 
 one cubic centimeter of virus made into a one-half per cent, solution of 
 sulphuric acid and allowed to stand four hours before using. 
 
 September 22.— Two have yellow urates and droop, with little appetite. 
 
 September 30. — All are well. 
 
 The sickness believed to be due to the irritating effects of the sul- 
 phuric acid. 
 
38 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Octoher 14.— Inoculated with active A'irus. 
 
 October 25.— One dies ; one killed by a wild animal. 
 
 October 28.— Yellow urates still noticed. 
 
 November 1.— The two remaining are well. i • i .. 
 
 This lot was also part of the twenty insusceptible birds, of which lour 
 inoculated for comparison all remained well. 
 
 Experiment No. 46, September 17.— Four chickens have each a hypo- 
 dermic injection of one cubic centimeter of virus to which had been 
 added four hours before one per cent, of benzoic acid and one and one- 
 half per cent, of borax. 
 
 September 26.— Eeceive a second injection of two cubic centimeters 
 each of virus prepared as before. 
 
 October 14.— Inoculated by four lancet punctures each with fresh 
 virus. 
 
 All remained in the best of health. 
 
 This lot again was part of the twenty insusceptible birds, and conse- 
 quently the experiment has only a negative signification. 
 
 Experiment No. 47, September 17. — Four cliickens receive a hypoder- 
 mic injection of one cubic centimeter each of virus to which 1 per cent, 
 of carbolic acid had been added five and one-half hours before using. 
 
 September 26. — Have, an injection of one cubic centimeter each of virus 
 prepared as before. 
 
 October 14.— Inoculated by four lancet punctures each with active 
 virus. 
 
 October 22. — Yellow urates noticed. 
 
 October 28. — One dead. 
 
 November 2. — ^Yellow urates still observed. 
 
 November 5. — All are well. 
 
 These were also a part of the insusceptible lot. 
 
 This series of experiments is one of the most difficult from which to 
 draw conclusions of any I have made; and to assist in this I have pre- 
 pared the following table showing results : 
 
 ITTnnber of Gxporiment. 
 
 1= 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 s 
 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 8 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 i 
 4 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 ...... 
 
 1 
 
 " i 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 '""a 
 ...... 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 42 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 4G 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 34 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 Deduct experiment Nos. 43, 45, 46, and 47, tlie birds of which 
 
 1 
 
 
 Eeflults with susceptible birds 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Almost any one who had not followed these experiments from day to 
 day would be likely to arrive at conclusions from them which I am sat- 
 isfied are not in accordance with the actual facts. Taking the first 
 totals and of thirty-one birds with Avhich the results of inoculation are 
 kno^ra, we find that only half as many died as Ave should expect from 
 the average number of deaths already shown to follow inoculations, 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 39 
 
 while twice the expected number recovered, and fifty per cent, over the 
 expected number proved insusceptible. But, fortunately, it was shown 
 by direct experiment that sixteen of these birds were for some reason 
 particularly insusceptible ; since, when the original lot of twenty was 
 purchased, four taken at random were at once inoculated with active 
 virus and not one of them sickened; they were subsequently inoculated 
 at two different times, with very active virus, and still they remained in 
 perfect health. They were not all so entirely insusceptible as this re- 
 sult indicated, however, since three of the sixteen in these experiments 
 died and two sickened and recovered in spite of the supposed protec- 
 tive inoculation. The result with this sixteen, then, cannot be con- 
 strued as favoring the supposition that any degree of immunity was con- 
 ferred by the previous treatment. 
 
 With the remaining sixteen, of which we know the results, there is 
 still a much smaller death rate (eight instead of twelve) than we should 
 expect, and twice the number of recoveries and insusceptible birds. It 
 must be remembered, however, that with so small a number we should 
 not expect our results to be exactly in accordance with the average. 
 Exiseriment No. 44 is more reliable than auy or all of the others, for two 
 reasons : the birds were from a lot known to be susceptible to the dis- 
 ease, and they received two injections, with four day's interval, of rela- 
 tively large quantities of devitalized virus (pure blood). ISTot one of 
 these escaped the disease, and two died from exceedingly acute attacks. 
 
 I conclude, therefore, that perfectly devitalized virus when injected 
 in considerable quantity, at different times, and for two weeks before 
 inoculation, does not increase the natural ability to resist this disease. 
 
 About the time these results were attained I learned that M. Tous- 
 saint had reached a similar decision in regard to anthrax ; and that of 
 twenty sheep inoculated at Alfort with his prepared virus, four had died 
 and the remaining sixteen were sick but recovered.* His virris was not 
 devitalized then, but its activity was diminished by subjecting it to the 
 high temperature, and its protective influence depended upon the immu- 
 nity conferred by a mild attack of the disease. 
 
 M. Pasteur maintains that he has obtained a mitigated virus of the 
 cholera des poules, though at the time of making these experiments he 
 had not yet made public the method by which this result was accom- 
 plished. We were encouraged, therefore, to continue our experiments 
 in regard to the effect of temperature on the virus when the former was 
 not quite suflicient to destroy the vitality of the latter. 
 
 24. — Attempts to obtain a mitigated yieus. 
 
 Experiments Fos. 35, 36, 37, and 38 were instituted with a view of 
 determining the effect of as high a temperature as the virus can bear 
 without destruction upon its properties. The result was not what was 
 hoped in view of the effect of such a temperature on the virus of an- 
 thrax ; indeed, not one of three inoculated with the virus heated to 130° 
 P. for fifteen minutes was able to resist the disease thus induced, and 
 all perished. Of the ten inoculated with virus heated to 124° to 130° 
 P. but four survived, and these were insusceptible to the disease. 
 
 25. — Pkeservation op cultivated viKrs. 
 
 September 9 a flask of sterilized infusion of chicken muscle was in- 
 oculated by the process described further on in this report, by which 
 
 * H. Bouley. Inoculations preventives du Charbon, Bui. Acad, de Med. 1880, p. 943. 
 
40 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 means a pure cultivcatiou of the granules of the virus -n^as obtained; 
 these multiplied and formed a very delicate membrane on the surface. 
 October 20 this flask was opened and examined ; it had almost exactly 
 tlie same odor as when hrst filled, and there was no trace of putrefac- 
 tion. To test the activity of the granules after being preserved for over 
 six weeks, I made — 
 
 Experiment JSTo. 48, October 26.— Two chickens inoculated by four lan- 
 cet punctures each with liquid and particles of membrane from the 
 culti\'atioH flask. 
 
 November 1. — ^Yellow urates. 
 
 November 6. — One dies. 
 
 November 13. — The one remaining dies. 
 
 Three facts are very apparent from this experiment, viz : (1) the sep- 
 tic bacteria of the atmosphere had not been introduced or the solution 
 would have become putrid, since it was kept for apart of the time in an 
 incubator at 100° P. ; (2) the granules seen in the blood had reproduced, 
 themselves; (3) they retained their vitality for a period of over six 
 Aveeks. 
 
 Since the above was written the number of the Gomptes Bendus des 
 seances de V Academic des Sciences for October 26, 1880, has come to hand, 
 in which M. Pasteur details his process for obtaining a mitigated virus, 
 and states that cultivations in contact with pure air do not entirely lose 
 their activity in six or eight months, or even more, and that cultivations 
 preserved from access of air retain their original virulence for certainly 
 ten months, which is as far as his experiments go. 
 
 20. — Susceptibility inceeased by cold vpeathee. 
 
 For about three weeks we have been having quite cold weather, the' 
 thermometer marking from 14° to 30° F. before sunrise, and I have 
 noticed that during this time the period of incubation seems shorter,, 
 and the disease has a more acute form. One of the hens that had a • 
 severe attack of the disease and recovered, and which was still kept in 
 an infected coop, died after a day or two of drooping and loss of appe- 
 tite. Two chickens that had resisted two inoculations with, very active 
 virus, have also sickened, one dying IS'ovember 20, and the other being 
 still sick (November 32). It would seem, therefore, that for some rea- 
 son tlie birds become more susceptible as the weather gets colder. 
 
 27.— Ei&sxjmE of eesults attained by these experiments. 
 
 It is demonstrated by these experiments that we have in the United 
 States a contagious and in oculable disease of fowls, popularly known as 
 chicken cholera ; that this disease is characterized by a yellow or even 
 greenish coloration of that part of the excrement which is separated 
 from the blood by the kidneys ; by elevation of temperature, enlaro-ement 
 and softening of the liver, congestion or inflammation of the intestines 
 and mesentery; by diarrhea, drooping, sleepiness, and early death.* 
 The germs of this disease are probably spread through the excrement t ' 
 and are taken into the body with the food and drink, and seldom if ever 
 witli the inspired air The blood and tissue juices convey the disease 
 e.tlier w heu inoculated or taken with the food ; the bodies do not putrefy 
 as rapidly as those which die from other diseases, and they cerSy 
 retain tlieir v i rulence for thirty-six hours after death-probably miS 
 
 "See section.s devotprt to symptoms etc ~ ' 
 
 t This-poiiit Tvaa not clemoiistrateih' 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 41 
 
 longer. The effect of putrefaction aud drying on the activity of the 
 virus was not determined, as the birds inoculated afterwards proved 
 insusceptible to virus known to be active. Infected habitations convey 
 the disease nine days, at least, after the last case of sickness. The pe- 
 riod of incubation is much greater than with the disease known by the 
 same name in France, averaging, with forty cases, fully eight days, as 
 will be seen further on. The virus is not destroyed by a 20 per cent, 
 solution of alcohol, by 2 per cent, of boracio acid and sulphate of potas- 
 sium, by 1 per cent, of boracic acid, by 1 per cent, of carbolated cam- 
 phor, nor by one-tenth per cent, of iodine. It is destroyed by 1 per cent, 
 of salicylic, benzoic, or carbolic acids, and by one-half pef cent, of sul- 
 phuric acid ; and it is also destroyed by a temperature of about 132o F. 
 maintained for; fifteen minutes. One attack protects against the effects 
 of subsequent inoculations ; about one-third of the fowls inoculated prove 
 insusceptible to the disease ; hypodermic injection of considerable quan- 
 tities of devitalized virus affords no protection, and, finally, heating to 
 130° F. or less for fifteen minutes has not modified the acti\aty of the 
 virus. 
 
 SYMPTOMS. 
 
 The first symptom of fowl cholera is, in the great majority of cases, a 
 yellow coloration of that part of the excrement which is excreted by the 
 kidneys, and which is normally of a pure white; it is this part of the 
 excrement that I have already, frequently, mentioned as the urates. 
 This yellow coloring matter appears while the excrement is yet solid,- 
 while the bird presents a ijerfectly normal appearance, while the appe- 
 tite is good, and before there is any elevation of temperature. Indeed^ 
 it, is frequently seen the second or third day after inoculation, and then 
 may disappear for a week or more, to return one or two days before the 
 other symptoms of disease. 
 
 In a very few cases the first symptom is a diarrhea, the excrement 
 being passed frequently and in large quantity, and consisting almost 
 entirely of perfectly white urates. 
 
 In all cases the diarrhea soon becomes a prominent symptom, the ex- 
 crement is voided frequently, consists largely of urates suspended in a 
 thin, transparent mucus, and having a deep yellow coloration which 
 may in the later stages of the tlisease change to a greenish or even deep 
 green color. 
 
 With the beginning of the diarrhea the temperature rises, reaching 
 109° to 110° F., or two to four degrees above the normal ; the comb 
 loses its bright hue and becomes pale and bloodless ; the apijetite is les- 
 sened ; the wings droop ; the bird becomes inactive. Frequently a good 
 appetite Is retained to the last, but often the bird is overcome by stupor 
 and sleeps away the last day or two of the disease ; in such cases they 
 are only aroused with difficulty, a touch or blow being required. 
 
 In the last stages of the disease they have lost greatly in weight, are 
 exceedinglj'- weak, fall over by a touch, and walk with the greatest diffi- 
 cultj^ 
 
 Death frequently occurs without a struggle, but in the majority of 
 cases there are convulsions and cries. 
 
 The duration of the disease A'aries greatly. Sometimes the bird dies 
 within twenty-four hours after the first yeUoAv coloration of the urates 
 and when but one or two liquid dejections have occurred ; in other cases 
 life is prolonged for three, four, or five days, and occasionally for one or 
 even two weeks. 
 
 The crop is generally distended with food and loses the ability to force 
 
42 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALiS. 
 
 this onwards to be disested; in aU cases except those of the shortest 
 duration the feathers about the anus become soiled with the discharges. 
 If the birds are aroused from their sleep and mvide to walk, there is at 
 first an abundant evacuation, followed at short intervals by scanty dis- 
 charges, which, with the frequent contractions of the spincter am, are 
 evidence of considerable irritation of the posterior part of the intestinal 
 canal. 
 
 In most cases the affected birds are very thirsty throughout the whole , 
 period of the disease ; frequently, however, the thirst is not exaggerated, 
 and in exceptional cases they scarcely drink at all. 
 
 When a bifd is inoculated with devitalized virus, or when the subject 
 proves insusceptible, a crust forms over the puncture and there is 
 sUght hyperfemia of the adjoining parts ; bu.t in a few days (four to 
 eight) the redness disappears, the crusts fall off, and no trace of the 
 puncture remains. This may also occur in exceptional instances, when 
 a susceptible bird is inoculated with active virus. Usually, however, 
 in the successful inoculations the crusts are larger and thicker, the red- 
 ness of surrounding parts is more marked, the blood-vessels are more 
 prominent ; and this appearance may be retained for two or three weeks. 
 Often the crusts fall off, leaving a slight elevation, which gives a sensa- 
 tion to the touch of a nodule more firm and resistant than the muscles 
 in which it is situated. 
 
 PEEIOD OP INCUBATION AND DURATION OP THE DISEASE. 
 
 In order to show at a glance the length of the period of incubation 
 and the duration of the disease in indi-\adual cases as well as the aver- 
 age, 1 have prepared the following tables : 
 
 Incutation of 40 cases. 
 
 Death or recovery (2) of 45 cases. 
 
 Days incnbation. 
 
 Number of 
 fowls. 
 
 Days after 
 inoculation. 
 
 Nnmber of 
 fowls. 
 
 Days after 
 inoculation. 
 
 Kum^jer of 
 fowls. 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 2 
 7 
 6 
 9 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 C 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 15 
 lit 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 7 
 7 
 3 
 5 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 21 
 23 
 27 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 11 
 
 Average 11 days. 
 Average duration of 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 Average 8 days. 
 
 
 
 The average duration of the disease in the above table is found by 
 deducting the average period of incubation from the average time elaps- 
 ing between the inoculation and either death or recovery. As there 
 were but two recoveries recorded they do not modify the average of the 
 fatal cases, particularly as one recovered in eighteen days and the other 
 in twenty seven days after inoculation. 
 
 POST-MOETBM APPEAEAKCES. 
 
 The comb is pale and bloodless, but neither dark nor dark blue, as 
 seems to be the case m France. The superficial blood-vessels generaUy 
 contain but little blood, and there are in most cases soiled feathers about 
 the anus to which the excrement may adhere in considerable quantity. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 43 
 
 _ On openini;- the body the first organ to attract the attention is tlie 
 liver, which in nearly every case is enormously enlarged, softened, with 
 blood vessels very apparent; often of a very dark or dark-gxeen color, 
 frequently attached to surrounding parts by false membranes, and as often 
 surrounded by a transparent colorless effusion. In exceptional cases its 
 appearance is nearly or qujte normal. The gall-bladder is generally 
 greatly distended with thick, dark bile, which has frequently passed 
 ^through its walls in sufficient quantity to stain all of the organs m its 
 vicinity. 
 
 The crop is generally distended with food^ though no special lesions 
 have been noticed here. The proventriculus, ventriculus, srfcceuturiatus, 
 or true stomach, viewed externally often presents a number of circular 
 ■ discoloration s about one-tenth of an inch in diameter, which on section 
 are found to be a small clot of extravasated blood. 'So lesions have 
 been noticed in the gizzard. The small intestines are usually congested, 
 often the mucous membrane is nearly black from engorgement of the 
 blood-vessels, and occasionally the internal surface is the seat of ulcera- 
 tions of various size and number. In one case a fibrinous plug had 
 formed about midway of the small intestine completely obstructing the 
 passage of the bowel contents ; this plug was three inches long and 
 very firm. 
 
 The rectum and cloaca generally present deep red lines upon their 
 mucous membrane, evidently the first stage of inflammation, which re- 
 sults in chronic cases in thickening of the walls, especially of the rectum, 
 the desquamation of the mucous membrane and the formation of large 
 ulcerous surfaces. In some cases this thickening and ulceration extends 
 into the colon ; and it is generally seen in the chronic or sub-acute forms 
 of the disease in the cseca, the walls of these being thickened, denuded 
 of their mucous membrane and the cavity flUed with a plug of coagulated 
 lymph. 
 
 The mesentery is generally congested, often greatly thickened and 
 rendered opaque by inflammation. The ureters are distended with yellow 
 urates ; the kidneys seem engorged, and on section accumulations of 
 the tenacious, yellow urates are frequently seen. The spleen is gen- 
 erally normal in size and appearance, though frequently enlarged and 
 softened. 
 
 The pericardium is sometimes distended with effusion, in which cases 
 there is noticeable hyperfemia of the surface of the heart. 
 
 The lungs are often, though not generally, engorged with dark blood; 
 they are seldom if ever hepatized. 
 
 The blood-vessels are sometimes filled with a firm olot, and contain 
 but little liquid; at other times the blood does not coagulate at all. It 
 seems to be those cases where the duration of the disease has been long- 
 est in which the blood loses its property of coagulation. 
 
 In the few cases examined by me in which the disease was contracted 
 from infected premises, &c., the lymphatic glands along the neck ap- 
 peared much more congested than in cases which resulted from inocula- 
 tion, indicating, as suggested by Toussaint, that the virus had been 
 taken with the food and absorbed from the mouth or pharynx. 
 
 The brain, in the cases examined, has been either normial or not very 
 perceptibly altered. 
 
 The muscles at the seat of inoculation are generally reddened, though 
 sometimes perfectly normal ; in a few cases, at the point of inoculation, 
 the tissue has been transformed into a whitish, rather firm substance, 
 without definite outline, but disappearing imperceptibly into the sub- 
 stance of the muscle; exceptionally, this has divided from the muscular 
 tissue, and exists as a clearly circumscribed sequestrum. 
 
44 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED AINIMaj^d. 
 
 MIOEOSOOPIGAL H^TVESTIGATIOl^S. 
 
 When the Mood from a fowl just dead of cholera, or on the point of 
 dying, is placed under a one-tenth objective or better under a one- 
 fifteenth, a number of peculiarities are observed. The red globules 
 which should be provided with nuclei are mostly without these ; and 
 such nuclei are found free, either singly or in clusters, in various parts, 
 of the field. There are many globules resembling the red corpuscles in 
 color and appearance, but which are smaller, circular or irregular m 
 form. There'are aggregations of spherical, oval, audrod-shaped gxanules, 
 both clusters and granules varying somewhat in size ; there are free 
 granules, spherical in form, of exceedingly small size {Tohm^^ of ^n inch 
 in diameter), and without motion or in certain cases with simply a mole- 
 cular (Brownian) motion, and finally there are bodies of a larger, but 
 varying, size, not numerous, transparent and apt to be overlooked ; they 
 may be seen apparently in various stages of division. Figure 9 is a 
 drawing from the blood taken from a vein just before the death of the 
 bird and examined as soon as possible ; the different changes already 
 mentioned may be observed. 
 
 With the exception of the bodies last mentioned, the appearance of 
 the blood in this disease was accurately described by Professor Perroncito, 
 of the -Veterinary School of Turin, in a paper presented to the Eoyal 
 Academy of Agriculture of Turin, in February, 1878 ; also by M. M6guin, 
 in a communication to the Becueil de Medecine Veterinaire, in January, 
 1880. 
 
 In the present state of uncertainty regarding the nature of the con- 
 tagion in such diseases, a careful study of the condition of the blood, 
 especially when as virulent as in the disease under consideration, becomes 
 a matter of primary importance, and for this reason I shall enter into 
 seme detail regarding the phenomena mentioned. 
 
 1. The free nuclei. — These are mentioned by Perroncito, without com- 
 ment as to the cause of the phenomenon; Meguin does not so much as 
 mention them, but figures each of the red corpuscles with its nucles. 
 JSevertheless, in nearly every ordinary preparation of blood I have made, 
 the majority of the red corpuscles were without nuclei, and these were 
 to be found free in various parts of the preparation as seen in Fig. 9. 
 
 By the use of osmic acid, however, I was able to demonstrate that the 
 escape of the nuclei occurred either after the death of the bird or after 
 the blood was taken from the veins. Osmic acid has been found of the 
 very greatest service in these investigations ; if a drop of blood is placed 
 on a thin cover and immediately inverted for a minute or two over a 
 two or three per cent, solution of this acid, the fumes destroy every 
 vestige of life, and no changes take place for an indefinite time. 
 
 Figure 14 is a drawing from such a preparation ; here there are no 
 free nuclei, and every red corpuscle has its nucleus in its proper position. 
 By delaying a minute or two before exposing the blood to the influence 
 of this agent, examples may be found illustrating the escape of the 
 nucleus as is shown in Fig. 13. 
 
 The escape of the nucleus is evidently, then, what we might call a 
 post-mortem change ; at least it does not occur until the vital influences 
 of the hvmg body are no longer exerted upon it, but within a few min- 
 utes after the blood is taken from the veins or after the death of the bird. 
 This phenomenon, however, is not pecuKar to chicken cholera, but occurs 
 to the same degree and under the same circumstances in the blood from 
 healthy fowls, as I have assured myself by numerous observations. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 45 
 
 2. The so-called hematoblasts. — Both Perroncito and M^giiin speak of 
 the globules, which are generally irregularly round or oval, and smaller 
 than the red corpuscles, and which resemble these in color, as young or 
 proliferating globules (hematoblasts). On the contrary, I think my obser- 
 vations prove them to be the Mhris of red corpuscles destroyed by 
 leucocytes. In watching the movements of the clusters of granules 
 ^hown in the figures, I found that they were, evidently, leucocytes, 
 though the homogeneous bioplasm was so transparent as to be generally 
 invisible. These leucocytes would move from one red globule to another, 
 and the latter, soon after coming into contact with them, would become 
 distorted in form and break up into globular particles. The leucocyte 
 could be plainly seen in many instances, passing entirely through the red 
 globule and severing it into two or more particles, which assumed the 
 round or oval form. Figure 16 is an exact reproduction of the ajp- 
 pearance of this phenomenon. It would seem that the leucocytes feed 
 upon some of the constituents of the red globules ; but, as far as I have 
 observed, this, too, occurs after the blood is taken from the veins or after 
 the death of the bird. I know of no evidence leading to the belief that 
 such particles of red globules are living, or that they could in any way 
 grow and again form perfect globules. 
 
 3. The granular bioplasm. — Early in my investigations my attention 
 was called to the large number of clusters of granules to be seen in the 
 blood; sometimes these granules were spherical, sometimes oval, and 
 often rod-shaped. In the last form they resembled diminutive Bacilli. 
 At first I did not suspect that the granules of these clusters were in any 
 way connected with each other; the -^ ToUes objective with excellent 
 illumination did not enable me to make out any homogeneous connecting 
 substance. I wish to insist upon this fact, because recent investigators, 
 in their zeal to establish a particular theory, have declared that, because 
 they did not see particles of bioplasm, these did not exist; and in thisir 
 cultivations, because they only saw a particular form, no other could be 
 present. When the whole medical world is divided over the question 
 concerning the nature of contagia, as is now the case, such assertions, 
 no matter by whom made, cannot be received as evidence; on the other 
 hand, they must be regarded by thinking men as an attempt to impose 
 upon the confidence or credulity of the reader. 
 
 But to return to our clusters of granules. The granules did not move 
 individually, but the whole cluster could at times be seen to change 
 form (Fig. 11). They would assume an, oval, round, or dumb-bell shape, 
 then a projection like an arm would be seen to extend itself in a certain 
 direction; at the extremity of this an enlargement would form, which 
 would increase in size until it would become the body of the cluster, 
 and only a narrow arm would extend in the direction of the original 
 cluster. In this way the clusters not only changed form, but they 
 shifted their position, and in a few miautes would move nearly across 
 the field of vision. Coming in contact with a red globule, this would 
 quickly become deformed; the granules would pass through it in vari- 
 ous directions, dividing it into two, three, four, or even more parts, 
 which would generally assume a globular form, and become the hema- 
 toblasts already mentioned. 
 
 These movements of the clusters, plainly amceboid, led to the con- 
 clusion that the granules were connected by a homogeneous, invisible 
 bioplasm, that in fact they were the granules of leucocytes; fortunately, 
 I was able to prove this. By exposing portions of the blood on the thin 
 cover-glass to the fumes of osmic acid, these leucocytes were not only 
 killed, but they became visible, and then presented the appearance seen 
 
46 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 
 
 iD Fiff 14. There were now many leucocytes visible where their presence 
 was not before suspected; their outline had become plain, and withm 
 the homgeneous bioplasm could be seen the granules. j. f 
 
 A more careful examination led me to observe that at the center ot 
 the preparation the granules were round or oval, while nearer to the 
 edges of the cover-glass, where there was a better supply of atmospheric 
 oxygen, they had the rod form, and the movements of the leucocytes 
 were more pronounced. The rods were -gr^oo to 25 o ootli of an inch in 
 length, by Fo-oTroth or less in diameter. j.. ■, . t, 
 
 4. The free granules.— The presence of these was first noticed by Ter- 
 roucito, in the paper already referred to, and they have since been 
 studied by both Toussaint and Pasteur. These granules are much more 
 numerous in blood taken from the body after death than in that ex- 
 amined during the life of the bird; and, again, they seem less numerous 
 the sooner the blood is examined after being taken from the veins dur- 
 ing life. I have noticed that in my best osmic-acid preparations of 
 blood, from the living bird, free granules could scarcely be found. 
 
 The granules are extremely small, 35-^1^^ to so^th of an inch m 
 diameter. Some are perfectly spherical ; many others show all grada- 
 tions of a division by fission— first a slight constriction, then advanc- 
 ing more and more toward the dumb-bell form, and, finally, existing as 
 two granules just touching at a point of their circumference. 
 
 Granules exactly the same in appearance are seen either on the sur- 
 face or within the red globules and surrounding the nuclei ; they are, 
 also, seen within the leucocytes. Again, one frequently meets granules 
 of the same appearance and in equal number in the blood of fowls sup- 
 posed to be healthy. 
 
 Toussaint and Pasteur have each succeeded in cultivating these 
 granules in suitable solutions. I have also cultivated them by two 
 methods, as follows : 
 
 a. Cultivation on slides.— A rather deep glass cell is cemented on an 
 ordinary slide and a drop of distilled water run around within it, next 
 to the wall, to furnish moisture. An ordinary thin cover-glass is care- 
 fully flamed and a drop of infusion of chicken muscle well filtered and 
 sterilized by heat is placed on its center ; the drop of infusion is next 
 inoculated by touching with the point of a recently heated needle Just 
 dipped into the blood. Finally, the thin glass- cover is inverted over 
 the cell and a ring of parafiiu, or, what is better, the paraffin-imbedding 
 mixture, is run around it. The slide is then kept in an incubator at 
 IO60 F. 
 
 If the blood used for the inoculation has been properly obtained, the preji- 
 arations are seldom invaded by septic organisms. An excellent method of 
 obtaining pure blood is to kill a bird in the last stages of the disease by 
 strangulation, then expose the heart by removing the breast bone, select 
 a capillary vacuum tube with a finely drawn out extremity, and, after 
 flaming it, force through the walls of one of the large vessels near the 
 auricle; break the point across the walls of the vessel, and when en- 
 tirely filled seal quickly in the flame of a lamp. When to be used for 
 inoculation as above, the tube is again flamed, the point broken, and the 
 needle touched to the blood still within the tube. 
 
 In such cultivations the granules multiply rapidly, form zooglcea 
 masses, and, finally, a delicate membrane on the lower surface of the 
 drop. Preparations thus made may be kept under observation one or 
 two weeks without difficulty. 
 
 I prefer this arrangement of the slide for such cultivations, but there 
 are two objections to it: 1. The thickness of the di-op and the multi- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 47 
 
 plication of the granules at its lower surface prevents examination Avith 
 the highest powers except at its border. 2. The drop of water forming 
 a plano-convex lens, the rays of light are broken and a distorted image 
 is liable to result. For this investigation I have concluded from ob- 
 servation that the second objection is not valid, and that the former is 
 not a serious drawback. Both may be overcome, however, either by 
 using Eaurier's cultivation slide, or, as suggested to me by Mr. Charles 
 Stodder, by laying a smaller piece of thin glass on the drop after inocu- 
 lation ; this cuts off the access of air to a certain extent, and, conse- 
 quently, I have preferred the uncovered drop in practice. 
 
 CultivatiouH on slides are, after all, open to the grave objection that 
 they cannot be prepared without contact with the atmospheric air, aud 
 the possible if not probable admission of some of the germs continually 
 floating in it in such vast numbers. Nearly every investigator has been 
 so troubled in this way that the results of his work Lave been unrelia- 
 ble, if not positively worthless. Is there not some method, then, by 
 which a cultivation may be made withoiit the possible admission of such 
 germs? After a long consideration of this question, I believe I have 
 succeeded in producing an apparatus, by modifying aud combining cer- 
 tain points iu the methods of other investigators, that answers the con- 
 ditions as well as could be expected, and that can be arranged from the 
 materials found in any laboratory. It is described in the next paragraph. 
 
 b. Cultivation in flasks. — A small German flask, Fig. 19, A, of two to 
 four ounces capacity, is fitted with a soft rubber cork pierced with two 
 holes ; through one of these passes a glass tube, e, -1^^ inch in diameter, 
 bent twice at right angles, and packed loosely near its outer extremity, 
 /, with cotton-wool ; through the second hole j)asses a tube bent once 
 at a right angle, and just beyond at d drawn down to about half its 
 previous diameter, and, again, just beyond this constriction, drawn to a 
 sealed point, c. One end of a piece of caoutchouc tubing fits, over the 
 point c, which .is here shown in section, while into the other end is placed 
 a fine aspirator needle, b; and, finally, a short piece of glass tubing, a, 
 sealed at one end and packed with cotton wool is slijiped over the needle. 
 In using, the infusion for the cultivating medium is introduced into the 
 flask, the cork is tightly replaced, and the whole apparatus is placed in 
 a dry chamber that can be kept for several hours at 212° F. ; after cool- 
 ing it is allowed to stand for three or four hours, and again heated for 
 one or two hours, and this may be repeated the third time, as is my prac- 
 iice. By this intermittent heating not only the germs in the liquid but 
 iu the tubes as well are destroyed. 
 
 To charge the infusion thus prepared with virus, a pair of aspirator 
 jars — such as were used by Cohn* in his investigations of bacteria — are 
 attached by caoutchouc tubing g to the open tube at /; then a large 
 vein in a very sick fowl is laid bare, and a thread passed around it, the 
 glass cap a is removed from the needle and this is quickly forced into 
 the vein and the thread well tied around it; finally, the point of the 
 glass tube c is broken within the caoutchouc tube by pressure across its 
 walls, and the clip h on the tube between the aspirator jars is opened. 
 As soon as a few drops of blood have reached the flask the clip h is 
 closed, and the glass tube is severed at the constriction d, and at the 
 same time hermetically sealed. ZsTow, removing the aspirator, we have a 
 flask that contains the sterilized infusion inoculated with perfectly pure 
 blood, and this is supplied with pure air which enters through the ven- 
 tilator e, packed with cotton-wool, to filter out all atmospheric germs. 
 
 *Beitrage zur Biologie ds Pflanzen B. I., H. Ill, p. 148. 
 
48 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 The whole may be placed in an incubator at the desired temperature 
 for any length of time before examining. 
 
 By means of this apparatus I have succeeded in obtaining the gran- 
 ules of chicken cholera in large quantity. They multiply rapidly, ren- 
 der the liquid turbid, and finally form an exceedingly delicate membrane 
 on the surface which consists entirely of granules. The membrane on 
 the surface of a flask prepared September 3 was used for the inocula- 
 tion of two birds October 20, and produced unmistakable cases of the 
 disease, ending in death November G and 13. 
 
 Any number of generations of pure virus may be cultivated in these 
 flasks without the slightest difiliculty ; to accomplish this other flasks 
 are prepared as directed for the first generation, with a single exception ; 
 in place of the aspirator needle h is inserted a short section of glass 
 tubing, sealed at both ends to close the orifice. To inoculate this new 
 flask the point d of the original one is well flamed, the point b of the 
 new flask is also flamed, the glass tube removed, and the point d in- 
 serted in its stead ; the aspirator jars are now connected with the new 
 flask, the sealed points broken within the caoutchouc tube, the clip h 
 opened, and the second infusion receives the virus with the same purity 
 as the first. 
 
 I believe the apparatus just described, and which is not so complicated 
 as would appear from the long description, will prove of very great use 
 in investigating other contagious diseases, and may settle points which 
 up to this time have been disputed. 
 
 5. Bodies of undetermined nature. — These were first noticed in the 
 liquid part of the excrement, in which they existed in immense numbers 
 and of all sizes, from m o^ooo to sobo of an inch in diameter, Fig. 17; 
 bodies of similar appearance have since been found in the blood. Fig. 18, 
 and I think I have also made them out in my cultivations, but not with 
 the same certainty. They are not easily discovered, and it was not till 
 within the last few weeks that my attention was directed to them. I 
 have not yet been able to determine their nature or their relation to the 
 disease. 
 
 Pabt in.— influence of EECENT INVESTiaATIONS ON 
 THE THEORIES OF CONTAGIA. 
 
 In the two preceding parts I have endeavored to give a detailed re- 
 port of my most important researches without drawing other than the 
 plamest conclusions from them ; but the duty of the investigator does 
 not stop here— others have studied these and similar diseases, andthev 
 have constructed theories, some of which oppose while others confirm 
 my own results. And in a time when scientific methods are so lustlv 
 rehed upon m our search for the truth, as at present, no one who really 
 desires the speedy success of those doctrines which are in accordance 
 with the facts, can ignore the work of his predecessors. There is con- 
 sequent y, a duty clevolving upon the writer of such a report, which any 
 one, reahzmg the difficult nature of the subject, would rather defer untfl 
 more definite investigations had marked out 'a plainer course But f 
 the field IS not yet clear, it is, nevertheless, a matter of great importance 
 for us to review the more important evidence, and to ?eacli do uMdSas 
 as to what IS known, what is yet doubtful, and what seems to be co^^ 
 traryto well ascertained facts. ' ™ ^^ ^^^ 
 
.CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 49 
 
 I THEORIES OP CONTAGION AND WHAT IS REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH 
 
 THEM. 
 
 There are three priucipal theories in regard to.the nature of tliat sul> 
 stauce which, transferred from the body of an animal safferiiig from a 
 contagious disease to the body of a healthy one, produces the same 
 malady in the latter as affects tlie former. 
 
 1. It is considered by some as an unorganized ferment, allied perhai)s 
 to diastase, which, has the power of producing zymotic changes in the 
 blood and other liquids of the healthy body. 
 
 2. By others it is looked upon as a modified form of the living mat- 
 ter — the bioplasm or protoplasm, as it is called, of the body. There 
 are two forms of this theory : a. The virus is in the form of naked par- 
 ticles of bioplasm of various sizes and forms, identical in all but vital 
 powers with, the leucocytes or -wandering cells of the healthy body. b. 
 The virus consists of granules of bioplasm, endowed with peculiar vital 
 powers, which leave the wandering cells, and perhaps the protoplasmic 
 contents of other cells, and multiply in the blood and other fluids, con- 
 stituting the micrococci so frequently, I might say generally, seen in 
 these affections. 
 
 3. According to the third theory the virus is a parasitic organism 
 originating outside of the body but capable of growth and multiplica- 
 tion within it. It probably consists of the lowest forms of vegetable 
 life known as the scMzomycetes, scMzophytw, baoteriacece, or more simply 
 as bacteria. There is also a second form of this theory which considers 
 the bacteria as the developed granules or plastids formed in the bioplasm 
 of the higher orders of fungi. 
 
 1. The theory of unorganized ferments. — The first step toward estab- 
 lishing this theory evidently consists in showing that the conditions of 
 existence of the contagia are different from those of living matter in 
 any form. Panum's* experiments with putrid substances are still ac- 
 cepted by somet as proof that contagia are not living matters, since he 
 proved that a putrid infusion might be boiled eleven hours without 
 losing its activity. Von Eaison even found that it resisted several hours' 
 heating to 130° 1. M.Paul Bert observed that compressed oxygen, 
 which he supposed would kill all living things, did not destroy the virus 
 of glanders and vaccine, even when the pressure was equal to fifty at- 
 mospheres for a week§. He sui^posed that he had proved the same'true 
 of anthrax virus, II but Pasteur convinced him that he had mistaken 
 septicaemia for anthrax and that the germs of the septic vibrio remained 
 unharmed even after subjection to the action of compressed oxygen and 
 absolute alcohol.^ 
 
 The only successful attempts at isolating such unorganized ferments, 
 that I am acquainted with, have been made with septicaemia and putrid 
 poisoning. Panum isolated a putrid extract and a narcotic substance. 
 Dr. Eichardson, in 1865, showed that the sero-sanguineous fluid from 
 the peritoneal cavity of a person suffering from pyfemia would commu- 
 nicate fatal disease from one animal to another in a direct series, and 
 that the poison (designated " septine"), which effected this, could be 
 made to combine with acids so as to form salts, which retained the 
 
 * Panum, Das putride Gift. Virchow's Arcliiv., B. 60 (1874), p. 334. 
 tT. R. Lewis, Quarterly Journal Mic. Scieuce, 1879, pp. 402-3. 
 + Hiller, Lehre vou der Faulniss, Berlin, 1879, p. 1b2. 
 (j Eecueil de Mddecine V^t^rinaire, 1877, p. 546. 
 IILoc. oit., p. 547. 
 II Loo. clt., p. 919. 
 
 4 D 
 
50 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 poisonous qualities of tlie original substance.* In 1868, Bergmann and 
 Sctimieclebergt isolated a substance called sulphate of scpsiu; in 18G9, 
 Zuelzer and Bonuenscbein obtained a septic alcaloid similar to atropinf, 
 while Hiller§ discovered a septic ferment. 
 
 I pass over in silence the many other experiments by filtration, diffu- 
 sion, dialysis, etc., which establish the same fact, viz., that there exists 
 in putrid substances a poison of complex nature, allied to the alcaloids, 
 and not having the properties of a living substance. The bearing of 
 this fact on the doctrine of contagimn vivum (and in this term I include 
 both the remaining theories) will be discussed when we come to consider 
 the nature of septiceemia. 
 
 Notwithstanding the experiments of M. Bert in regard to glanders 
 and vaccine virus, this theory is at this time quite generally deemed 
 insufficient, because an unorganized ferment is incapable of multiplying 
 itself icdeflnitelyj such a substance may cause the decomposition of a 
 definite quantity of matter, but we have no proof that it can reproduce 
 itself, and thus, like the living ferments, produce the decomposition of an 
 indefinite amount of the substance to which it is added, and no fact is 
 better known than that the true contagia have the power to reproduce 
 themselves indefinitely, if placed in a suitable medium. 
 
 Agftin, it would seem that such a ferment ought certainly to resist a 
 temperature of 140° F. (which destroys both chicken cholera and fresh 
 anthrax virus), as, also, one-half per cent, of sulphuric acid, or one per 
 cent, of carbolic, salicylic, or benzoic acids, which destroy fowl cholera 
 virus. 
 
 Finally, M. Chauveau || has shown with several diseases that the ac- 
 tivity of the contagion resides in elementary corpuscles, which are sus- 
 pended in virulent liquids ; that these corpuscles may be washed with- 
 out losing their specific properties, and that they do not communicate 
 virulence to water by remaining in it for prolonged periods. These facts 
 are in direct opposition to the theory of a soluble poison or unorganized 
 ferment. 
 
 2. The tJteoyy of hioplasm or its granules.— In all contagious fevers there 
 are local mflammations, and in inflammation, no matter how produced, 
 there is an abnormal increase of tlie bioplasm of the part, both by the 
 influx of vast numbers of wandering cells and by the multiplication of 
 the nuclei of the tissues. 
 
 The physiological existence of granules capable of reproduction was 
 assumed by Darwin in order to explain the facts of inheritance. He 
 supposed the living cells of the body throw off minute granules or atoms 
 which circulate freely through the system, multiply by self-division, 
 and are subsequently developed into cells like those from which they 
 
 hvinf Z?;^ ,^''^T' ??^^n ^f'f '^ '''^«* Tiumh^y^ of small particles of 
 living matter (bioplasts) which he supposed constituted the virus of 
 
 "1 W S'fTf '''''f' 1f-= J'^^.*' ^^'^"te contagious bioplast," he says, 
 VZ^^u-^Z^l xWcnjotli of an inch in diameter and often soVervclea; 
 and stiuctureless as to be scarcely distinguishable from the fluid in 
 
 Ss of eX^'fw ''• " 1 "^''^^ ^■^^""^^ ^* ^^« ^<^«^ shown that certain 
 ^0 tSn r>hvilwv P^'"'''^^-!' ""^ P^toplasm to wander from them under 
 certain physiological conditions, anj ^tha^^thesegranules are not to be 
 
 * Rcferredto by Di-. Lewis, Quart. Jom-. Mic. Sc. 1879 v 403 " 
 
 Ccutralblattliu-diomedicin. AVissenschaften, 18G8, p 397 
 
 t Berliner klm. Wocheuschr. 1869 p. 121 
 
 * Lcliro von ilcr Fliulniss, p. 188 ' 
 IIRccueilcleM^decine V(5t(Srjnakr, 1872 pyi 898-0 
 
 ir Ammals and Plants under Domestication; IL p. '448 
 "'Disease Germs, p. 243. ' ^' ■!'• ^'°' 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 51 
 
 distinnnif^lied in appearance ai:d reaction to coloring- matters, at least 
 from those found in contagious diseases, and termed micrococci.* In 
 both swine plague and fowl cholera I have obser\-ed what api)eared 
 to be similar swarming of granules, but 1 ha^'e not yet been able to 
 determine if such granules are identical with those which multiply in 
 the cultivation liquids, or if eithei' constitute the virus of these diseases. 
 We may, by filtering experiments, decide that the contagion consists of 
 solid pai tides, but to deteruiine the nature of these is a much more difli- 
 cult question. 
 
 There is a different line of experimenting which seems t<f support the 
 view: that the contagious particles are formed from the normal constit- 
 uents of the living body. Hiller,! in 1872, showed that the products of 
 inflammations produced by chemical agents were of a contagious nature, 
 and might be successfully inoculated. BurdonSandersou has shown 
 that exudation liquids, even in extremely small quantity, when mixed 
 with the blood stream produce pyrexia,! and, also, that acute inflam- 
 mations produced by physical or chemical means are transmissible. § 
 Lewis and Cunningham have, also, shown " that the living tissues of the 
 body will, under certain conditions, when irritated bymeans of purely 
 chemical irritants — such for example as a strong solution of iodine or 
 liquor ammonia — secrete a fluid which, transferred from animal to animal, 
 proves not one whit less virulent in its properties than an exudation 
 which has resulted primarily from the introduction into the system of 
 material which has swarmed with bacilli." || 
 
 ■ 3. The bacteria theory. — In this section I shall confine myself to the 
 forms, distribution, and peculiarities of the schizomycetes, and to cer- 
 tain general facts bearing on the question, in order to show what kind 
 of e^ridence is necessary to demonstrate their pathogenic action. The 
 observations in regard to their relation to contagious diseases will be more 
 conveniently considered in the study of certain virulent diseases. 
 
 a. The nature, form, and classification of the bacteriacece. — Comparatively 
 recent investigations have shown that in all putrefying animal and 
 vegetable matters are to be found vast numbers of exceedingly minute 
 organisms, existing either in the form of filaments (threads), or granules 
 (spherical or oval), and that if these are excluded such matters may be 
 preserved indefinitely. These organisms are emphatically the lowest 
 forms of Ufe, and are probably of a vegetable nature, though in many 
 cases capable of the most active movements. When we examine with 
 the microscope an infusion ot meat that has commenced to give off of- 
 fensive gases, we find that there are a variety of forms to be observed 
 under powers of 500 to 1,000 diameters ; there are spherical and oval 
 granules, frequently of different sizes ; plain stiff rods, jointed or single, 
 varying in diameter from ^oiou^^ to TTrD^Firtli "f ^^ inch, some moving 
 and others perfectly motionless ; other rods containing very apparent 
 round or oval granules; filaments, short or long, flexible and moving by 
 an undulating, wavy, vibratory or screw-like motion, and even filaments 
 coiled in a spiral form. These are the schizomycetes of ISTageli, the schiz- 
 ophytw of Cohn and the bacteriacece or bacteria of most writers ; they 
 are the active agents of putrefaction, and without them no decomposi- 
 tion of this nature can occur ; fl putrefaction in reality consists in the 
 
 * G. & F. E. Hossan, Jour. Roy. Mio. Soc, 1879, pp. 375 to 380. 
 
 tLehre von der Fiiuluiss, p. 165. 
 
 t Veterinarian, 1873, pp. 719-20. 
 
 § On the Infective Product of luflammafiou. Lancet, 1873, No. 21. 
 
 II T. E. Lewis, Quart. Jour. Mic. Science, 1S79, p. 403. 
 
 ijF. Cohn, Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen, II, 1872, p. 203, 
 
52 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 assimilation of certain substances which are proper for the food of these 
 organisms, and its decomposition by the living matter within them ; it 
 is exactly analogous to the assimilation of food by the higher animals, 
 and the decomposition of this into both gaseous and solid parts which 
 occurs in the animal body, as a consequence of the activity and growth 
 of its living constituents. 
 
 This much understood, any one is prepared from personal observation 
 to appreciate the immense number and wide distribution of these organ- 
 isms, for all know how soon an animal body, a piece of meat, or even 
 vegetable matters become putrid if kept in certain conditions of heat 
 and moisture. 
 
 With the exact place of these organisms in nature we have not much 
 to do ; such studies are the work of the naturalist, not of the patholo- 
 gist, but it is well for us to know the widely different opinions that have 
 been entertained in regard to them. They were formerly thought to be 
 of an animal nature, but now most authorities consider their place to 
 be in the vegetable kingdom, though some go so far as to create a new 
 kingdom between the animal and vegetable to which they are consigned.* 
 Hallier t has long taught that they are simply the developed granules 
 of protoplasm or plastids of different varieties of fiingi; Karstenf and 
 Grimm § believed they may be formed from the granules of animal pro- 
 toplasm hj the breaking up of the ceUs containing this. 
 
 When we come to consider the classification of bacteria we are again 
 confronted by the same unsatisfactory state of the knowledge concerning 
 them. Billroth 1 1 maintains that all of the different kinds of bacteria 
 are simply vegetation forms of the same organism; the granules he calls 
 coccos and the filaments bacteria. According to the diameter the former 
 are divided into micro-, meso- and mega-coccos, and the latter into micro-, 
 meso- and mega-bacteria. These elements may exist singly, in pairs, or in 
 chains, and for these he proposes the terms monococcos, di;plococcos, and , 
 streptococcos, and monohacteria, diplohacteria, and streptobacteria. During 
 multiplication a mucus-like matter (glia) is secreted, and as the growth 
 occurs particularly on the surface of liquids, a thin, cohesive membrane 
 is the result ; this, when formed of granules, is called jpetalococcos, and 
 when of filaments, petalobaoteria. The granules multiply to a certain 
 depth in the hquid, by which means flocculent, cloudy masses are pro- 
 duced, which he calls ghacoccos ; this term being synonymous with the 
 zooglcea of F. Oohn. Sow these different forms, though growing either 
 as coccos or bacteria for a number of generations, are looked upon as 
 capable of changing or developing from one to the other, and the several 
 forms specified are considered as constituting but a single organism, 
 which he calls Goccobacteria septica. 
 
 Nageh'sfl vieAvs in regard to the classification of bacteria approach some- 
 what those entertained by Billroth; while he holds it still necessary to 
 speak of the different forms as micrococcus, vibrio, bacterium, and spir- 
 illum, he says he cannot assert that there is any necessity for dividing 
 them into even two specifically different forms. 
 
 * Ant. Maguin, Les Bact^ries. Paris, 1878, p. 42. 
 
 t Hallier, Die Pflanzlicheii Parasiten des Menschliclien Korpers, Leipzia, 1866. Also 
 Die Plastidendermederen Pflanzen, etc., 1878. j- o' 
 
 t Die Plastiden der niederen Pflanzen, Leipzig, 1878 b 79 
 § Veterinarian, 1874, p. 163. ^' ' ^- ''• 
 
 tica^ete ^'l^r™*'"' U"°**'^^^'''^™ge° iil^er Vegetations Formen von Cocoljacteria Sep- 
 cli!i'\^877riT2o'to^24"^^'''''''^'''^'''^""^°" ^" "^^"^ Infectionski-anklaeiten, etc. Mun- 
 
LHJNXAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 53 
 
 Davaiiie's* classificatiou as a meun.s of diHtn)gui>sLiiig' (lie (liifciciit 
 forms has been quite widely adopted in practice and is perhaps tlie sim- 
 plest of all; it is as follows: 
 
 1. Filaments straight or bent, but not 2. Filaments twisted in 
 
 twisted into a spiral. a spiral fofln. 
 
 A. Moving spontaneously. B. Immovable, 
 a. 6, 
 
 Rigidi Flexible. 
 
 Bacterium. Vibrio. Baoteridium. Spirillum. 
 
 The views of Cohn are very different from those of Billroth and 
 Njigeli. He says : " I consider myself authorized, where to a certain 
 bacteria-form peculiar physiological phenomena are constantly bound, 
 particularly if this is a speciiic fermentation, to look upon the same as a 
 substantial species, even if under the microscoiie I am able to perceive 
 no other distinguishing mark." t Pasteur also regards as a particular 
 species such, forms as constantly arise in a special medium or which 
 cause a certain specific fermentation. | 
 
 The objections of Nageli to such views are founded upon the follow- 
 ing observations : In the first place, he has noticed, in the same decom- 
 position, the presence of several diiferent forms of schizomycetes ; again, 
 in decompositions entirely different' one may observe schizomycetes ex- 
 actly alike according to their external form, and, finally, the physiologi- 
 cal action of a particular form may be changed liy causing it to undergo 
 certain treatment. For this author and investigator, who certainly 
 ranks among the highest authorities, the form and action of bacteria are 
 probably due to a sort of acclimatization, and these change with differ- 
 ent conditions of life. Not only may each species assume the forms of 
 micrococcus, bacterium, vibrio, and spirillum, but each is also capable 
 , of causing lacteal acid formation, putrefaction, and different forms of 
 disease. § 
 
 Most pathologists, however, seem inclined to adopt the views of 
 Cohn. This is especially true of Koch, || whose great ability in this class 
 of investigations is now universally admitted.' He concludes that there 
 is an internal difference in the pathogenic bacteria, and that the par- 
 ticular forms of the different kinds are constant. Each variety of septic 
 disease represented a particular bacteria-form, which always remained 
 the same no matter how many times inoculated. These forms are well 
 characterized by their size and shape, as well as by their physiological 
 effects and manner of growth. There are, consequently, bacteria which 
 are pathogenic and those which are not pathogenic. 
 
 The tendency of the most recent investigations seems to favor the 
 views of Cohn and Koch. Thus, the contagium of charbon — the Bacil- 
 lus anthracis — always exists in the blood and tissues during life in the 
 form of rods, while after death these rods grow to long filaments and 
 form spores ; but these spores are very different from micrococci. They 
 do not multiply by fission and form gliacoccus masses, and they resist 
 external contlitions (temperature, &c.) that would be fatal to true 
 micrococci. In other words, this organism has fixed vegetation -forms, 
 through which it develops, and in which alone it exists. Chicken- 
 
 * Quoted by Eicbardson in Handbook of Medical Microscopy, 1871, p. 104. 
 t Beitriige zur Biologic der Pllanzen, H. Ill, 1875, p. 142. 
 tMaguin, Les Bact^ries, p. 49. 
 ^ Die niederen Pilze, etc., pp. 22-24. 
 
 II Dr. Robert Koch, Untersuobungen iiber die Aetiologie der WundiufectionskraDk- 
 heiten, Leipzig, 1876. 
 
54 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 cholera vims also exists in a particular form— tliat of granules or 
 mifrococci — and it has never been seen to develop into any other form. 
 The septic vibrio of Pasteur and the different pathogenic organisms 
 studied by Koch each have a definite method of reproduction and de- 
 velopment, from which they do not depart. The idea that septic bacteria 
 may be transformed into the contagious germs of other diseases than 
 septifemia— that is, that such maladies may arise spontaneously by ex- 
 posure to filth and to the products of organic decomposition— may be 
 said to be losing ground, and the view now most generally adopted by 
 leading thinners is that every case of such disease arises from germs 
 that have been produced by a previous case of the same disease. 
 
 Among this great variety of conflicting opinions it is impossible at 
 present to make a satisfactory choice. This is the first difficulty in our pres- 
 ent study. Admitting the bacteria theory of contagion to be correct, are 
 we to expect to find a particular bacteria-form in each contagious dis- 
 ease, or may the contagion exist under. the various forms of micrococ- 
 cus, bacillus, vibrio, or spirillum 1 
 
 Even if we find the virus is always constituted by a particular form 
 of organism, it seems impossible to leave entirely out of consideration 
 the physiological peculiarities ; for the classification by form alone must 
 of necessity be extremely unsatisfactory. For instance, the spherical 
 bacteria may exist all the way from j^Jooth of an inch, or even less, up 
 to 2oOTotli of an inch in diameter, and supposing we could accurately 
 measure eadh 5^0-0 ot^Ii of an inch (which we cannot), at what points are 
 we going to make our limits for each variety ? The same argument ap- 
 plies with the same force to the Bacilli. We will take an example. 
 Dr. Detmers, in his investigations of swine-plague, found a particular 
 Bacillus, which he describes, and which he has gone so far as to classify 
 into a separate variety, that he calls Bacillus suis.* It is about irsijFotii 
 of an inch in diameter and -g-^j-jyth to ToWth of an inch in length. In ' 
 examining specimens of dew and well water, which had an opportunity, 
 he thinks, to become infected through the air, he found what he sup- 
 posed was the same Baqillus. ISTow, the question is, can the dimen- 
 sions of these Bacillus rods be taken as always indicating this variety? 
 
 "Within the last thirteen months I have carefully examined over one 
 hundred putrefying solutions and I have found in the great majority of 
 them, at some period of putrefaction, a Bacillus of exactly these dimen- 
 sions, and that in a section of the country entirely free from swine 
 plague ; I have gone farther and inoculated pigs with one or two cubic 
 centimeters of the liquids swarming with such Bacilli without produ- 
 cing the least results. We must conclude, therefore, that there is a 
 septic bacterium having these dimensions, and we may ask what cer- 
 tainty can there be that the dew or water did not contain this and not 
 the swine plague contagium ? 
 
 Again,^iti may be asked, who would undertake to distinguish by ap- 
 pearance and measurements alone between Bacillus suhtilis, Bacillus 
 antliracis, and Bacillus amylolacter ? Even so good an authority as M. 
 Pasteur, who has made a specialty of such studies for more than twenty 
 years, recognizes to such an extent the difficulty of determining the 
 species of bacteria that he writes : '' I have generally abstained from 
 giving specific names to such of these organisms as I had reason to be- 
 lieve were new."t 
 
 Taking into considertion then the confusion which still exists in 
 regard to the classification of the scliizom ycetcs, and the difficulty of de- 
 • Dei)artment of Agrloultui-e Eeport, 1878. t Comptes Eendus Ixxsviii, 1879, p. 1214. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 55 
 
 termining between many of those varieties wliicli have been best studied, 
 we can appreciate the importance of knowing- something of the distribu- 
 tion of these organisms in nature, and of learning to just Avhafc extent 
 we are liable to meet with them outside of the tissues and fluids of ani- 
 mals affected with contagious diseases. 
 
 Since writing the above, one of the most satisfactory classifications of 
 the genera of the Bacteriacete that I have yet seen has come under my 
 eye, and I insert it as the latest contribution to the subject.* 
 
 I. Cells not united into filaments, separating immediately after division, or in couples, 
 
 free or united into colonies (Zooglaa) by a gelatinous sulsstance. 
 
 A. Cells dividing in one direction onlj% 
 a. Cells globular : Miarocoecus. 
 
 B. Cells elliptical or shortly cylindrical : Bacterium. 
 
 B. Colls dividing regularly in three directions and thus forming cubical families, 
 
 having the form of pockets strung crosswise and consisting of 4, 8, IG, or more 
 cells : Sareina. 
 
 II. Cells united into cylindrical filaments. 
 
 A. Filaments straight, imperfectly segmented. 
 
 a. Filaments very fine and short, forming rods : HaciUus. 
 B. Filaments very fine and very long: Lcptothrix. 
 y. Filaments thick and long : Becjgluloa. 
 
 B. Filaments wavy or spiral. 
 a. Filaments short and stiff. 
 
 a. Filaments slightly wavy, often forming woolly flocks : T'dirlo. 
 J). Filaments spiral, stiff, moving only forward or backward: SpU-illum. 
 B. Filaments long, flexible, with rapid undulations, spiral through their whole 
 length, aaid endowed with great mobility : Spiroehcvte. 
 
 1). Distrihution of sclikomycetes in nature. — Dr. Burdon-Sander.son has 
 shown that the spores or germinal matter of bacteria are universally 
 present in water, t. and with the assistance of Professor Tyndall he dem- 
 onstrated their presence in the heart of the clearest blocks of Norway 
 ice. X The presence of bacteria in distilled water was pointed out by 
 Tyndall, § and in my own investigations I have had occasion to confirm 
 this only too often; indeed, it has been almost impossible for me to 
 keeji such water free from them for more than an hour or two after dis- 
 tillation. 
 
 In regard to the presence of bacteria or their germs in the air, there 
 has been a greater difference of opinion, but the later investigations 
 have removed all doubts. Tyndall, from his experiments, concludes 
 that the air contains vast numbers of them. "There are billions of 
 them," he says, "in every ordinary London room." || Beale 1| and Hiller ** 
 also insist upon this fact, while Miguel,tt the most recent investigator, 
 has succeeded in counting such germs, and has frequently found as 
 many as one thousand in a cubic meter of air ; but the number varies 
 greatly with the season of the year, the moisture of the atmosphere, &c. 
 
 It is j)lain from the above observations that the food and drink, and 
 
 even the air inspired, are bearers of bacteria into the bodies of every 
 
 . living animal. Tyndall|t has even shown that the lungs retain these 
 
 ■germs, and that the expired air is perfectly free from them ; while jnany 
 
 observers have met with bacteria in immense numbers in the mouth and 
 
 *Dr. Luerssen, IJev. Internat. Sci., iii, p. 242, (luoted in Jour. Epy. Mio. Soc, 
 1880, p. 837. 
 t John Tyndall, Fragments of Sbience, p. 23. 
 tLoo. cit., p. 2i. 
 § Loo. cit., p. 23. 
 II Loc. cit., p. 21. 
 
 If Microscope in Jledicine, 1878, pp. 317, 318. 
 ** Lchre von der Fiiulniss, p. 145. 
 tt Comptes Eendns. xci, 1880, p. 64. 
 It Loc. cit,, pp. 3, 3. 
 
50 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMAT.S. 
 
 aliincutary caual in health as well as in disease. H. T. Butlin* has 
 lately found in the mouth micrococcus, Bacillus subtilis, Bactevinm tcrmo, 
 ,S<(i-aiii. rentriculi, iiipirocluvfe plicatilis, and a larger form of Hpir ilium. 
 In addition to these I have found in the mouth in health a Bacillus about 
 3 fooflth of an inch in diameter, or much finer than Bacillus subtilis. 
 
 c. Effect of inoculation toith, and of injecting bacteria solutions into, the 
 tissues and vessels. — Kocht inoculated animals with decomposing vitreous 
 humor, in which a variety of Bacillus had developed, which in size and 
 appearance exactly resembled Bacillus anthracis, but anthrax was not 
 produced in any case ; other animals inoculated with Bacillus subtilis 
 remained sound. Hiller | has taken bacteria in the most different forms, 
 and at different stages of development, that were produced in blood- 
 serum, albumen solution, meat infusion, urine, and cultivation fluids, 
 and separated them by filtration, diffusion, freezing, and skimming 
 from the surface, and placed in distilled water. Their vitality was then 
 tested by adding a drop to some of Pasteur's solution, sterilized by heat, 
 and in all cases produced a luxuriant growth. Dogs, rabbits, and frogs 
 were inoculated in over one hundred experiments with 0.5, 4, and even 
 8 cubic centimeters in one or several doses, without producing inflam- 
 mation, fever, or other symptoms. The same author § injected bacteria 
 cultivated in Pasteur's solution, and in some cases produced inflamma- 
 tion, abscess, or fever ; while in others they were entirely without result. 
 In the positive cases a much larger dose was required to produce the 
 effect than with putrid blood or pus. Hiller thinks the experiments of 
 Lewitzky and Andus show the toxic effect of these solutions to be in- 
 dependent of the bacteria ; but the experiments of Chauveau|| certainly 
 demonstrate that the inflammatory effects of putrid pus is due to the bac- 
 teria, since when filtered the serum was inactive, but regained its prop- 
 erties with a new development of these organism^. Hiller 17 did not 
 succeed in causing suppuration in wounds of rabbits by covering them 
 with milliards of bacteria, nor were suppurating wounds on dogs aggra- 
 vated by irrigating daily with isolation solutions rich in bacteria. 
 
 I have many times injected one or two cubic centimeters of various 
 solutions, swarming with the different bacteria forms, beneath the skin 
 of pigs without producing any appreciable result. 
 
 We must, therefore, conclude that the ordinary septic bacteria, either 
 in the form of micrococcus, bacillus, vibrio, or spirillum are not injurious 
 to the health when taken with the food and drink, when inspired with 
 the air we breath, and, in most cases at least when inoculated or in- 
 jected into the tissues. 
 
 > d. Hotv bacteria injections may be rendered injurious. — If bacteria do 
 not multiply in the tissues when introduced under ordinary circum- 
 stances, it is because the living matter of the tissues exercise an influ- 
 ence over them which keeps them in abeyance. Thus we have seen 
 that so long as Hiller inoculated with pure bacteria no effect was pro- 
 duced, but when he injected with them the solution in which they were • 
 produced, and which also contained their decomposition products, in- 
 flammation, abscess, and fever were, at times, produced. Chanveau** 
 has shown that the serum of putrid pus has toxic qualities which, 
 tliough It does not produce irritating effects itself, greatly increase the 
 
 * Jonrnal Eoy. Microscopical Society; 1879, p. 756 
 tBeitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzeu, B. ii, H. ii p 298 
 t Lehre you der Fiiulniss, pp. 176-7-8 
 
 * Loc. cit., pp. 172, 173. 
 
 II Reciieil de M^^decine V(St6rinaire, 1872 n 912 
 IT Loc. cit, p. 178. ; l i^- 
 
 "*EeoueiI de M^decines V^t^rinaire, 1872, p. 917. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 57 
 
 effects of the solid particles when injected with tlieni. .Zuelzer and 
 Eicuischneider* found that though bacteria cultivated artiticially and 
 introduced in considerable quantity into the mouth, under the skin, and 
 into the vessels of different auimais never appeared to provoke septic 
 accidents, the result was different when two to five centigrammes of 
 neutral sulphate of atropin was added to the matters injected. Hence 
 it would appear that when the vitality of the ti,ssues is overcome by the 
 action of a toxic agent, the bacteria find these, as well as the alimentary 
 canal, in health, a suitable place and medium for their development and 
 multii)lication. 
 
 If, then, the septic bacteria may multiply in parts of the body where 
 the vitality has been impaired by such toxic matters, it becomes an 
 important question to know if they may not also be developed in other 
 than contagious diseases or in diseases in which their pathogenic 
 action could not be suspected. The first step in this inquiry is to learn 
 if the germs of these organisms find their way into the blood and tissues 
 during health ; and the question is so important, that I devote the next 
 section to its consideration. 
 
 e. Do bacteria germs penetrate into the Mood and tissues during health. — 
 Pasteur insists that the liquids of the healthy animal body, the blood 
 and urine for example, do not contain either bacteria or their spores ; 
 that the body is closed against the introduction of these external germs, t 
 Koch| also considers the view untenable that the bacteria found in the 
 blood and tissues of living animals sick with septicsemia are the riper 
 forms, which develop from germs continually present, as the result of 
 destructive changes in this fluid ; for h,e, as well as Pasteur, Burdon- 
 Sanderson, and Klebs, has never succeeded in finding bacteria in the 
 blood or tissues of healthy animals or men. 
 
 In examining blood from my own finger I have frequently found a 
 cousiderable number of rotating spherical and oval granules, the latter 
 exactly resembling the spores of Bacillus subtilis. There may be two 
 objections brought against these observations : 1. The granules gained 
 entrance from the air. 2. They were not spores, but lifeless particles, 
 perhaps of fibrin. In reply to the first, I will simply give my method 
 of making the observation. A slide and cover glass are first well flamed, 
 then the finger and needle used are passed several times slowly through 
 the flame, and the puncture immediately made ; the drop of blood that 
 issues is at once touched to the cover glass, which is handled with 
 flamed forceps, and this is inverted on the slide and immediately exam- 
 ined. In regard to the second objection, I do not consider any test of 
 value except a direct cultivation experiment, made with suitable precau- 
 tions, and here I can only offer the researches of others. 
 
 J. B6champ§ coagulated the surface of pieces of horse-meat by boil- 
 ing for ten minutes ; he then wrapped them in closely- woven cloth, and 
 a.fter eight days found them in an advanced stage of decomposition, 
 while bacteria' and vibrios abounded. Dr. Lewis || found that when or- 
 gans of chloroformed animals were separated by ligature before death 
 and immediately removed and dipped into melted paraffin or wax, by 
 means of the attached string, bacteri a developed almost, if not quite, 
 
 * Quoted by Magnin, Les Bact&ies, p. 130. 
 
 +L Pasten'r, fitudes sur la Bifere, aes Maladies, Causes qui les provoque, proo6dg 
 ponr la rendre inalterable, aveo uue Tbeorie Nouvelle de la Fermentation, Pans, 
 
 tViroliow's Jaliresberiolituber die Leistungen und Fortschritte in der Gesammten 
 Medicine, 1878, B. I, Ab. II, p. 288. . r^o 
 
 § Jour. Eoy. Mic. Soc., 1880, p. 411, from Comptes Rendus, Ixxxix, 573. 
 II Quarterly Journal Micros. Science, 1879, p. 388. 
 
58 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 as soon as in the bodies of animals ■wliich had been simply set aside 
 nnder like conditions. Professor Tiegel* made many experiments with 
 different organs of freshly-killed animals, by dipping them, as soon as 
 they could be removed, into parafBn heated to 110° to 150° C, and pre'- 
 serving with a coating of this. He found in most instances that bacte- 
 ria developed in the unheated center. Dr. Burdon-Sanderson repeated 
 these experiments, always finding bacteria.f Ohiene and Cossar Ewart,| 
 by using, in addition, an antiseptic spray, came to a different conclusion, 
 and thus threw doubts on all preceding experiments. Finally, ISTencki 
 and Giacosa § extracted slices of organs of rabbits with great -care, 
 under a spray of carbolic acid, and dipped them into a bath of molten 
 Wood's metal (m. p. 75° 0.) until the metal solidified around the fiber. 
 In other cases they collected the organs in tubes filled with mercury, 
 placed in bath at 120° and allowed to stand some days at 40°. The 
 metals were previously heated sufficient to destroy all germs, and the 
 baths were covered with a layer of carbolic acid solution. In both cases 
 putrefaction set in after a few days. 
 
 The weight of experiment is, consequently, very much in favor of the 
 view that bacteria germs do gain entrance into the blood and tissues of 
 healthy animals, and that they are only kept from developing by the 
 vital influence of the bioplasm of the body. This is the view long taught 
 byDr.Beale.il 
 
 Now, if the conclusions we have reached are correct, we should 
 expect to find bacteria developing within the body in cases where the 
 vitality of an organ, or of the whole body, is greatly diminished by 
 injuries or disease. Some evidence on this point will now be advanced. 
 
 /. Development ofhacteria in injyfries and nori-contagioiis diseases. — Bur- 
 don-Sanderson Ij was first to demonstrate that the exudation fluids of 
 nearly all acute inflammations, including arthritis, iileuritis, and perito- 
 nitis, might contain large numbers of micrococci and bacteria, even 
 when these inflammations were produced by agents with "which no 
 organisms were introduced. Billroth** found in fluids of an intense 
 inflammation, produced by injection of alcohol, vast numbers of living 
 bacteria in the rod form . Steiner and Is. Neumann ft foun d them equally 
 numerous in abscesses following the hypodermic injection of carbolic 
 acid; Eavitsch found what he believed to be Bacilhis anthracis which 
 developed abundantly in a liquid collection which followed the injection 
 of a 10 per cent, solution of sulphide of ammonium with a dog ; t| and I 
 have found vast numbers of sti-eptococci in the peritoneal effusion of a 
 rat that died three or four hours before examination from peritonitis 
 caused by injuries in catching. 
 
 In 1875 Bergeron found micrococci and bacteria in the pus of six 
 warm abscesses which had no connection with the air.§§ The next year 
 Billroth nil found micrococci and streptococci in four cases as follows: 
 one abscess, one subcutaneous inflammation from crushing, and two 
 pre-patellar infla mmatory swellings in scrubbing women. NepveuHfl 
 
 * Lelire von der Fiinlniss, p. 146, from Vircliow's Archiv. B. 60 p 453 
 tJour. Roy. Mic. Soc, 1880, p. 312. t Jour. Eoy. Mio. Soc, 1880, pp. 135 312 
 § .Tour. Eoy. Mic. Soc, 1880, p. 135, from Jour. Prakt. Cliem. xx p 34 ' 
 II The Microscope in Medicine, 1878, p. 317. 
 IT Quoted Ijy Hiller in Lehre von der Fiinlniss, p. 148. 
 ** CoGcobaoteria Septica, p. 87. 
 1870'^^^''^ ^°" der Fiiulniss, p. 148, fcom Ueber die Wirkung der Carbolsaure, &c., Wien, 
 
 ii^""" ".*• ^''•S'^ ?'"^,^??3'f 7<»i "J-^r putriden Infection, Berlin, 1872, pp. 106-115, 
 §§ Comptes Rendus (1S75), Ixxx, p. 40. ' ' ^^ 
 
 nil Quoted by Hiller in Leliro Ton dor Fiiulniss p 147 
 UU Quoted by Hiller, Loo. cifc., p. 147. 
 
COKTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 59 
 
 found micrococci in three internal cysts and an aneurism. Dr. Bastian * 
 observed tbat there were bacteria in the fluid of a blister-bleb of af(ib- 
 rile patient so long as the bleb remained intact for forty-eight hours, 
 whereas in the fluid of a blister from a healthy person no sucli appear- 
 ances would be seen. Hiller t has examined a whole series of such col- 
 lections of serum, due to friction of boots, crushing, application of can- 
 tharides, &c., and he finds that these lower organisms are nearly con- 
 stant, and that they generally consist of mono- diplo-, and streptococci, 
 and less often of bacteria filaments. Friedberger | found, one day be- 
 fore death, in the pleural effusion of a horse sniftering from pleuro-pneu- 
 monia, a considerable*number of streptococci. 
 
 In regard to the development of bacteria in the blood, in cases where 
 their pathogenic action could not be suspected, I have not been able to 
 collect so many observations. Cunninghani and Lewis § found a large 
 number of bacteria in the blood of a dog immediately after death, from 
 the irritating effect of liquor ammonia injected into the peritoneal cavity ; 
 and Semmer || found innumerable micrococci and rods in the blood only 
 twenty-four hours after tbe injection of sulphate of sepsin. 
 
 Any one in a large medical library would, undoubtedly, multiply the 
 record of such observations, but these are sufficient for my present pur- 
 pose. What I wish to insist upon is that bacteria, in the various forms, 
 frequently exist in large numbers in the blood, and are nearly constant 
 in local iaflammatory lesions, both before and immediately after death, 
 in cases where they could have nothing whatever to do towards produc- 
 ing the disease. It is not my object to offer this as a i^roof that bacte- 
 ria do not constitute the contagion of various diseases, but rather to 
 show that tlie mere discovery of bacteria in a certain lesion, or in the 
 blood, with a particular disease, is not sufficient proof of the pathogenic 
 action of that bacteria form. Even if filaments of a particular size are 
 always found, this is still not proof, because with the same disease the 
 blood may undergo a certaiia modification that makes it more favorable 
 to the growth of one variety. Thus, Nageli 1] has shown that if spores 
 of the different varieties of fungi are allowed to fall into a neutral solu- 
 tion which contains sugar, bacteria alone will multiply and cause lactic 
 acid fermentation ; but if one-half per cent, of vinous acid be added to 
 such a solution, the sprouting fungi alone grow and cause alcoholic 
 fermentation ; while if 4 or 5 per cent, of such acid be added the molds, 
 alone, are developed. But this is not because the bacteria will not grow 
 in the second solution or the sprouting fungi in the third, for the bacte- 
 ria will develop in a solution containing one and one-half per cent, of 
 the acid, if they are not destroyed by the other fungi. 
 
 Again, cultivation experiments are not such reliable evidence as many 
 seem to suppose. It is true that when the eighth or tenth generation 
 of a cultivation proves virulent, we have ample evidence that the con- 
 tagium has multiplied, but does this consist of the organism to which 
 our attention has been directed ? With iacilli, for instance, I have never 
 succeeded in causing all the spores to germinate at once, and in all cul- 
 tivations containing rods there would at the same time be many gran- 
 ules supposed to be spores. But, in such a case, can one be certain that 
 these girjiules are all the spores of our particular bacillus, or even that 
 some, of them are not granules of an entirely different nature ? It is 
 
 * T. E. Lewis in Quart. Jour. Mio. Soi., 1879, p. 400. 
 
 tLelire von der Fiiulniss, p. 149. 
 
 t Quoted by Zundel in Recueil de M€d. Y6t., 1874, -p. 149. 
 
 j T. R. Lewis, iu Loc. cit., p. 403. 
 
 II Quoted by Killer in Loc. cit., p. 149. 
 
 i Die niederen Pilze, &c., p. 31. 
 
60 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 evideut, to any one who has practically studied the question, that many 
 granules essentially different, such as granules of bioijlasm, micrococci, 
 &c., cannot be distinguished from si^ores in such cultivations. Then, as 
 I have learned in my investigations of fowl cholera, bioplasm may have 
 exactly the same index of refraction as the liquid in which it lives, and, 
 hence," if it happens to be without granules it is entirely invisible under 
 the very best microscoi>e. Finally, in nearly all of my cultivations, when 
 examined under the -jijs-th-iiu'h Tolles objective, I have seen particles so 
 small that their presence could barely be made out, and their nature was, 
 of course, beyond investigation ; and the same observation was made 
 by Beale when examining contagious liquids with a one-fiftieth object- 
 ive. There are, consequently, several sources of error to which we are 
 liable, even in this method of research. An example will not be out of 
 place. Pasteur has probably made more cultivations of fungi and bac- 
 teria than any other living man ; and speaking of the choice of brew- 
 er's yeast, he says : " For this choice the microscope is the best guide, 
 but it is insufficient. One would be wonderfully mistaken if he believed 
 in the purity of a yeast simply because it seemed to contain no foreign 
 matters when submitted to an examination with this instrument."* 
 
 There are still objections to the bacteria theory which it seems diffl- 
 cult to explain, when we consider the phenomena of many contagious dis- 
 eases. Such affections do not spread with sufiScient rapidity, nor leap 
 over sufficient distances, to make it probable that they result from such 
 organisms. Sand from the great Sahara has been carried in tte atmos- 
 phere even to Eome, and South American diatoms have found their 
 way by the same means to France; but though the spores of bacteria 
 are much smaller, the contagium of diseases seldom leaps over a distance 
 exceeding half a mile, and most frequently such leaps are confined to 
 a few yards. Pleuropneumonia has been forty years advancing a few 
 hundred miles in the United States; swine plague and fowl cholera may 
 exist within the confines of a single township for a whole yeaj- and not 
 pass beyond, and the same is true of anthrax. How different with a 
 disease demonstrably due to even the larger spores of fungi, like the 
 cofiee-leaf disease of Ceylon ! This was first seen at Madulsima in 1869, 
 and showed itself at widely separated points, a,nd over considerable 
 areas the two following years. It speedily found its way to Southern 
 India, and in 1876 appeared in Sumatra, and in 1879 in Java, Bencoolen, 
 and Fiji.f 
 
 Again, thorough ventilation of infected apartments very often frees 
 them of contagion in the course of a few weeks, while bacteria germs are 
 perhaps the most indestructible of all living things, resisting alike the 
 most intense cold and a temperature superior to boiling water. The 
 various forms of bacteria, also, abound in all inhabitated parts of the 
 world, but many contagious dieases, particularly of animals, ate con- 
 fined to certain countries and never exist elsewhere, unless by direct im- 
 portation of virus; and there is now good reason to believe that the 
 greater part of these maladies never occur, except as produced by virus 
 originating in the body of an affected animal. But if the bacteria 
 theory were true and especially the form advocated by Nageli, we 
 should expect to find spontaneous cases continually occurring. 
 
 These points are not mentioned, however, as insuperable objections— 
 they should not discourage us in our investigation of the bacteria the- 
 ory, but they should warn us against carrying this theory to extremes, 
 
 * Etudes sur la Bifere, &c., p. 227. 
 
 ♦ Quart. Jour. Mic. Soi., April, 1880. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. ' 61 
 
 in the present state of our knowledge, and convince us that such a the- 
 ory is not to be accepted because of a few superficial observations. I 
 am led to these remarks because it is quite the fashion in this country, 
 even among scientific men, to accept everydiscovery of a bacterium in the 
 blood of an animal or man, that had died of a contagious disease, as a 
 demonstration of the pathogenic action of that organism, no matter how 
 long a time elapsed between the death and the microscopic examination, 
 or how few precautions were observed to prevent the admission of at- 
 mospheric germs. 
 
 To establish this theory, an unmistakable connection must be demon- 
 strated between the bacteria found and the contagium of the disease. 
 If the virus is destroyed by certain extremes of tentperature, the bacte- 
 ria must be killed at exactly the same point ; if the bacteria are destroyed 
 by a solution containing a certain proportion of a given antise^jtic, the 
 activity of the virus must disappear under the same circumstances. Both 
 must be overcome at precisely the same degree of putrefaction, and 
 throughout every condition of life there must be a perfect correspondence. 
 
 Finally, when the contagium of a certain disease has been decided to 
 be identical with a peculiar bacterium, while this makes the general 
 tiieory more probable, we cannot accept it at once as a proof that other 
 contagia consist of bacteria, since the qualities of the virus of different 
 diseases varies to such an extent as to make it probable that they are of 
 essentially different natures. This difference may, it is true, be owing 
 to the different powers of distinct varieties of these organisms, but it 
 would be exceedingly unscientific to accept this as a fact without dem- 
 onstration. 
 
 II. — THE CONTAGIXJM OF ANTHRAX. 
 
 As I have already stated in my report on the Southern Cattle Fever, 
 the connection between the survival of the Bacilhis anthracis by the pro- 
 duction of spores and the retention of activity in the virus of anthrax 
 so exactly correspond and may be so clearly demonstrated, that it is no 
 longer possible to doubt the pathogenic action of this Bacillus. 
 
 The interest in this organism is so great and the importance of know- 
 ing the stages of development of Bacilli so evident, that I have repro- 
 duced drawings showing the spore formation, the appearance of the 
 spores after the disintegration of the rods, and the germination of the 
 spores according to Toussaint, Ewart, and Cohn. Toussaint's figures 
 are excellent, but they appear to be magnified about twice the number 
 of diameters indicated in the description. In the blood, during life, the 
 organism exists in the form of rods alone, like those shown at d and e, 
 Fig. 25, and spores are only exceptionally formed before death in local 
 inflammatory lesions where the vitality of the tissues has been overcome. 
 After death, however, or in suitable cultivation liquids, with a proper 
 temperature and access of air, the filaments lengthen and form spores as 
 in Fig. 23 ; the spores are afterwards freed by disintegration of the fila- 
 ments, and become isolated as in Pig. 24, but they do not form zooglcea 
 masses or present the appearance of division by fission, as is th6 case 
 with micrococci. Ewart believes Ihajjf, the spore may divide into four 
 sporules before germinating, as shown in Fig. 26, but his observations 
 are so different ttom those of other equally competent investigators, that 
 they require confirmation. The production of sporangial forms, Fig. 23, 
 by cultivation in the serum of dog's blood, as observed by Toussaint, is 
 a very interesting fact, and suggests that Halher may not be so far 
 from the truth, after all, in supposing that these organisms arise from 
 the higher forms of fungi, and may develop into such again if cultivated 
 
62 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ATs^IMALS. 
 
 under suitable conditions. So far all obson^ations confirm tl.e^^^^^^ 
 
 SorVrhave fc^^oLcl th virus is not destroyed by cold, dein-ivation of 
 Sgen, putrStio^ dilution, &c.; that, in other .'ords, the condition 
 of elistence of the 'BcwiUus and of the Tirus are identical. 
 ''Du^'gthe'lastyear a nunaber of obsexvations have been mad^^^^^^^ 
 advance our Iniowledge very considerably m regard to this particular 
 oSsm Professor Greenfield* has shown that by cultivating the 
 Srin aqueous humor, its activity as a virus decreases ^vl^^^^^^^^^^ 
 generation, aud that in no case were any symptoms or a fatal result pro- 
 duced by inoculation with a later generation than the twelfth. The 
 cultivations were continued to the nineteenth genexation each success- 
 ive generation presenting identical morphological characters at the van- 
 ousltages of it^ growth, and showing no dimmution in the capacity for 
 gTOwthf nor marked variation in the time and temperature relations of 
 its termination. „ .. , , , 
 
 Colin t while investigating tke characters of malignant pustule 
 caused by inoculating dogs with anthrax fluids, found that m many 
 cases the pustule loses its virulence and the serum from it no longer 
 produces the disease in rabbits. In three cases these fluids still con- 
 tained the Bacillus, and granules having the character of its spores, 
 but they no longer produced anthrax. -^ -.^ . , 
 
 Another most interesting observation was made by Feltzt who 
 found in the blood of a pueiTDcral-fever patient, two days before death, 
 bacteria filaments, the nature of which he investigated and found that 
 they multipUed in the rabbit. Corresponding with Pasteur, he was 
 convinced by this gentleman that his new leptothrix was the BaeilM 
 ff'n'flivfjchS 5 
 
 These facts would seem to indicate that ISTageli's views in regard to 
 tlie pathogenic bacteria are correct; for liere we have two cases m 
 which a pathogenic form loses its virulence though it does not cease to 
 exist, and another case in which it may be at least suspected that a 
 septic bacterium has been transformed into a pathogenic one. At 
 least it seems difficult to explain the presence of this parasite m puer- 
 peral fever on any other hypothesis. 
 
 Chauveau, Toussaint, Pasteur, and Greenfield have all published ex- 
 periments to show that one attack preserves from a second. A miti- 
 gated form of virus is obtained by Toussaint by heating for ten minutes 
 to 550 0., and the same result is reached by Greenfield by successive 
 cultivations in aqueous humor. 
 
 Pasteur II has demonstrated that the spores are carried to the surface 
 by earth-worms, even when animals are buried at a considerable depth, 
 and that these may produce anthrax in animals pasturing over such 
 grounds. Only a few yards from such infected spots, however, sheep 
 were pastured with impunity. In an outbreak of anthrax near Nancy, 
 Tisserand and Poincar6 suspected the water which moistened the 
 pasture to be the bearer of the contagion. It was found to contain 
 Bacilli similar to those in the blood of the dead animals, and when 
 inoculated hypodermically on a guinea-pig caused death in three days ; 
 a second, inoculated with the blood of the first, died in two days of 
 
 * Jour. Eoy. Mic. Soc, 1880, p. 839; Proo. Eoy. Soc, xxx, p. 557. 
 
 tBul. de I'A&ad. de Med., 1880, p. 657. 
 
 ^ Jour. Eoy. Jlis., Soc. 1879, p. 454, from Comptes Eendus, 83. p. 610. 
 
 § Jour. Koy. Mis. Soc, 1879, p. 928, from loo. cit., 88, p. 1214. 
 
 jl Comptes Eendus, sci (1880), p. 86, 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 63 
 
 cliarbon.* Cliauveaut has demonstrated that Algerian sheep do not 
 readily contract charbon; that this immunity is inherited, and that 
 the resistance to the disease may be overcome by increasing the amount 
 of virus used in the inoculation when the animals contract the disease. 
 
 III.— THE CONTAGIUjM OF SEPTICAEMIA. 
 
 Two widely different views have long been maintained iu regard to 
 the nature of the septicaimio poison. The first is based upon the ex- 
 periments of Panum, Bergmann, Zlilzer, Hiller, &c., in Germany; 
 Davaine (1864) and Eobin in Prance, and Eichardson and Cunningham 
 and Lewis in England ; by these investigations it has been shown that 
 putrid blood, &c., may be boiled for even eleven hours without destroy- 
 ing its poisonous properties, that this poison may be made to combine 
 wath acids and form definite chemical compounds; that there is no period 
 of incubation to the disease produced. These experiments are certainly 
 definite enough to carry conviction, and to allow of clear conclusions 
 being drawn from them ; but it is equally evident that they apply only 
 to a certain definite condition, and that their influence on the theory of 
 contagion must be very limited. Nevertheless, these experiments have 
 been cited, no longer ago than July, 1879, by Dr. Lewis as evidence 
 that septicaemia is not the result of a living virus ;| and for this reason 
 it has seemed best to devote a few i)aragraphs to the subject in this 
 place. 
 
 In 1874, Colin § demonstrated that there was a wide difference in the 
 appearance and effects of putrid and septicsemic blood. The former 
 had a fetid odor and the globules were no longer intact; the latter pre- 
 sented no evidence of putrefaction, and the globules were in perfect 
 condition ; the former only acted in large dose and in an uncertain man- 
 ner, failing in three-fourths, or sometimes in nine-tenths, of the cases; 
 the latter was certain in its action even in an infinitesimal dose ; the 
 former produces, at times, septictemia, but often a peculiar poisoning ; 
 the latter constantly causes septicemia. The difference in the symp- 
 toms of septicaemia and the septic poisoning was very marked; the 
 former had a period of incubation, and the effect produced was inde- 
 pendent of the amount of virus inoculated ; the latter is produced im- 
 mediately after absorption of the poison, and the effect is in proportion 
 to the quantity absorbed. Davaine |1 had shown in 1864 that the effects 
 of putrefied substances do not go beyond the animal into which they 
 are inoculated, and that the toxic agent of such substances cannot re- 
 produce itself. In 1878, Koch confirmed these conclusions by his in- 
 vestigations with mice ; he found that when these animals were inocu- 
 lated with five drops of decomposing blood they die in from four to eight 
 hours, but their blood does not communicate disease to others ; but 
 when inoculated with one-twentieth of a drop to one drop, many remain 
 well, but others die in from forty to sixty hours, and the blood and tis- 
 sue juices of these convey a disease, even when inoculated in small 
 quantity. The former disease was sepsin poisoning; the latterwas sep- 
 ticajmia. ^ 
 
 In regard to the nature of the virulent agent in true septicaemia, there 
 is still a difference of opinion. Hiller believes it to be an intese chem- 
 
 »Comptes Eendus, sci (1881), p. 179. t Comptes Kendas, sci (1880), pp. 33, 1396, 1526. 
 tMicropliytcs of the Blood, &o., Quart. Jour Mic. Sci., 1879, p. 403. 
 § Eeoueil de Med. V6t., 1674, pp. 361 and 687. 
 
 II Comptes Keudus, Ivii, 1864, pp. 230 and 386, quoted m LesBacterioa, p. 128; 
 UUntcrauoliuugcn liber die Aotiologie der Wundinfeotionskranktieiten, Leipzig, 
 1878. 
 
64 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 ical iwison.* Pasteur maintains that it is identical withhis septic vibrio, 
 wliicli consists of moving filaments of various lengths, some of which 
 may surpass the field of the microscope, but which may exist in the 
 form of very small lenticular bodies or even as extremely short and 
 thin rods, t Toussaint considers the disease and parasite to be identical 
 with chicken cholera and its granules. | Orth, Klebs, and Biish-Hirsch- 
 feld believe the disease to be due to micrococci, and the latter does not 
 admit the presence of any other parasite.§ Koch found Bacilli one 
 micromilliuieter long (^Jj^th of an inch) in the septiciEmia of mice, and 
 in the septicaemia of rabbits oval micrococci 0.8 to 1 micromillimeter in 
 diameter. || 
 
 With these widely different views as to the nature of the septicaemic 
 poison, we cannot at present come to a satisfactory conclusion ; but of 
 one thing we are assured, and that is of the extremely small size of the 
 particles which constitute the virus. Davaine has shown that the activity 
 of the virus increases with each generation, until with the twenty -fifth 
 generation one-trillionth of a drop constantly produces the disease in 
 rabbits. There must, consequently, be at least one trillion separate 
 particles in a drop of blood, and probably many more, or they could not 
 be so thoroughly distributed in the dilution of this as to have each drop 
 of the resulting mixture become ^^rulent. But If we-take this number 
 for our consideration, we find it so large as to make it seem impossible 
 that the micrococci of Koch can be the cause of the disease, unless they 
 exist also in a form very much more minute, for an average drop w^ould 
 not exceed fifty cubic millimeters in capacity, or fifty billion cubic micro- 
 milhmeters, and two of the micrococci would equal one cubic micro- 
 millimeter ; hence, a drop could only contain one hundred billion of 
 these micrococci if packed solidly with them, which is far from being the 
 case even when we include the blood corpuscles. But this number is 
 ten times too small, and if we consider that there should be viore than 
 one trillion particles, and that the blood drops only contain a small part 
 of their capacity of micrococci, it seems impossible to accept these as 
 the only cause of the disease.^ 
 
 IV. — THE CONTAaiUM OF FOWL CHOLEEA. 
 
 Toussaint and Pasteur succeeded in cultivating the granules of this 
 disease. The latter found it to develop with extraordinary rapidity in 
 an infusion of chicken muscle, neutralized with potash and sterilized 
 by a heat of llQo to 115° 0. Although the most diverse micro-organ- 
 isms, including the Bacillus anthraeis, grow readily in yeast water H. 
 c, decoction of beer yeast, filtered and sterilized by heat), the- microbe 
 of chicken cholera not only does not multiply in it but perishes in less 
 than forty-eight hours.** This suggests that there is a wide difference 
 between the granules of fowl cholera and anv form of bacteria and it 
 indirectly confirms the view that the contagia of different diseases may 
 be of widely different origin and nature. I have cultivated the granules 
 up to this time in infusion of chicken muscle alone, and I find that they 
 form an exceedingly delicate membrane (petalococcus of Billroth) ou 
 the surface of the hqu id after the manne r of bacteria, and that this 
 
 * Lelire von der Faulniss, p. 167. ' 
 
 t La Theoiie des Germes, Recueil de M^d. V6t. 1878 p 513 
 
 X Comptes Rcndus, xci (1880), 301 to 303. 
 
 » RefeiTed to by Meguiu iu Les Baot&ies, p. 133 
 
 II Jour. Roy. Mic. Soc. 1879, p. 7.55. 
 
 II This calculatiou is raoditied from one by Hiller in Lelire v. d Faulniss 1f.7 
 
 "' Bui. de I'Acad. de Mod., 1880, pp. 121 to 134. >«iiiiiss, IW. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. G5 
 
 membrane is made up of the granules liaviug the same appearance as 
 in the blood. 
 
 My observations that the blood in this disease contains few if any 
 free granules immediately after being drawn from the vein during life, 
 and that these apparently wander from the nuclei and leucocytes in 
 the same manner as the former wander from the red corpuscles, is still 
 further evidence that they may be granules of animal protoplasm in- 
 stead of being of a vegetable nature. 
 
 Toussaint* says : " Two animals of the same sjiecies inoculated with 
 blood from chioken cholera and acute septicajmla present the same 
 symptoms, die in the same time, and have exactly the same lesions. 
 The parasite in each case is the same." He has produced exactly the 
 lesions of cholera by feeding blood, &c., of septictemic animals. 
 
 On the other hand, Pasteur, who has studied both diseases for a long 
 time, says : " I am not in accord with M. Toussaint in regard to the 
 identity whjch he affirms to exist between acute septicaemia and the 
 cholera of fowls. These two diseases are entirely different." t 
 
 The virus, according to Toussaint, Mils rabbits in twelve to fifteen 
 hours, and injected under the skin of the horse, ass, dog, and sheep 
 causes formation of a tumor, which is resolved into an abscess with 
 very grave general symptoms, but without the blood becoming virulent. 
 
 Pasteur finds that guinea pigs are not killed by such inoculations as 
 certainly as fowls, but that the formation of an abscess is often the 
 only result. This would seem to oppose the idea of its being identical 
 with septicaemia, since guinea pigs are extremely sensitive to this virus. 
 
 The same gentleman has succeeded in obtaining a mitigated form of 
 the virus by allowing his cultivations of the granules in infusion of 
 chicken muscle to stand three to eight months in contact with atmos- 
 pheric oxygen. In successive cultivations made within a few days of 
 each other there was no dimunition of the virulence after an indefinite 
 number of generations ; but when a cultivation was allowed to stand 
 several months before another generation was started, the virulence 
 was found to be remarkably diminished, and this diminution might be 
 carried to any point desired, up to the death of the granules. Now, if 
 this attenuated virus is cultivated with short intervals between the 
 generations, it is found to remain in its mitigated condition ; and if the 
 intervals between the generations are increased, it perishes at a point 
 which a more active virus would survive. Finally, Pasteur has proved 
 that this attenuation is caused by exposure to the oxygen of the atmos- 
 phere, for if the cultivations are made in sealed tubes nearly filled with' 
 the cultivation liquid, the oxygen is exhausted by the growth of the 
 microbe, and, being no longer subjected to its iniiuence, the virulence 
 is retained an indefinite time in its original condition.! 
 
 All observations, then, point to these granules as the active agents of 
 the disease, but as to their exact nature and origin there is still reason 
 for doubt. 
 
 V. — THE CONTAG-imM OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 In regard to the parasite of swine plague, or, more correctly speaking, 
 the form of organi.sm found in the virus, there is far from being the same 
 unanimity of opiniiju. Dr. Klein § and Dr. Detmers|i believe it to be 
 
 'Comptes Eendus, x<;i (1880), p. 301. 
 t Comptes Eendus, sci (1880), p. 457. 
 iComptes Keudua scl (ISSO), pp.673 to G80. 
 \^ Quart. Join-. Mic. &ci., April, 1878. 
 
 II Keport of Department of Agriculture, ISTd, also, cout.igious diseases of STvine and 
 other animals. Department of Agriculture, 1880. 
 
 5 C D 
 
66 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 a Bacillus, wbilo SIcguin* and myself t liave found granules whicU 
 form clusters and chains but not rods. Klein found in the virus gran- 
 ules which he at first took for micrococci, and only after a number of 
 cultivations succeeded in obtaining what he believed to bo a pure crop 
 oi Bacilli; inoculations with this cultivated virus are said to have pro- 
 duced the disease, but unfortunately the number of animals inoculated 
 or the symptons or post-mortem appearances of the affected ones have 
 not been made public. The Bacilli are described as growing to long 
 rods, with a swarming stage, rapid multiplication by division, growth 
 into long apparently smooth filaments, and, with sufficient access of air, 
 tlie formation of bright cylindrical spores. 
 
 Now, in viev/ of the other investigations noted, it would be interest- 
 ing to knoAV if the gxanides observed in the virus were cylindrical, and 
 if in the cultivations the whole or any considerable part of these existed 
 at any one time in the condition of filaments. Meguin and the writer 
 have found only spherical granules in the virus, and Detmers speaks of 
 the granules as globular and figures them by small circles ; hence the 
 pertinent question, were the original granules observed by Klein spher- 
 ical or cylindrical ? Figs. 20 and 21 show the granules observed by Me- 
 guin in the blood and bronchial mucus, and it is evident the organism 
 there figured is identical with the one observed by me. 
 
 Again, Dr Klein could not have found Bacilli filaments in the virus, 
 or he would not have considered the organism at first as a micrococcus; 
 Dr. Detmers maintains that the rods exist in the blood and tis>'nes even 
 during life ; while blood which I obtained by breaking capillary tubes 
 within the blood-vessels and immediately sealing, and which conse- 
 quently was not exposed to the air at all, developed chains of spherical 
 granules alone and never Bacilli. Even when such virus was culti- 
 vated on slides with access of air in aqueous humor, wMte of egg and 
 urine, I have only obtained the granules singly in clusters and chains. 
 Dr. Detmers has not, as I understand, taken any precautions to prevent 
 access of atmospheric germs, and in most cases his observations seem 
 to have been made some hours after death ; hence, it is at least possi- 
 ble that the Bacilli filaments found in the blood and exudation liquids 
 developed from septic germs admitted from the air, or even from such 
 germs contained in these liquids before death. 
 
 Dr. Klein states that his Bacillus had the same stages of growth as 
 the Bacillus subtilis, and consequently as the Bacillus anthrads, and 
 like it requires the admission of oxygen to enable it to form spores. 
 Now, the Bacillus anthrads only exists in the blood as filaments during 
 the life of the animal, and only forms spores after the death of the host. 
 It is the filaments, not the spores, that develop in the blood, block up 
 the capillaries, and by their vital activity cause the formation' of poison- 
 ous matters, which completes their pathogenic influence. It is difBcult 
 to see how such comparatively dormant bodies as spores can have any 
 influence on the health of animals, or even how they can reproduce 
 themselves in the fluids of the body if these do not contain filaments as 
 well. 
 
 We are, consequently, forced back upon the observations of Dr. Det- 
 mers, who has found filaments as well as granules ; but these granules, 
 at least, do not correspond with those of Dr. Klein, since they are globu- 
 lar instead of cylindrical, form zooglcea masses, and multiply by fission; 
 nor do the filaments of Detmers form cylindrical spores. It would seem, 
 
 *Kecueil de Med. V^t., 1880, pp. 36 and 37. ' 
 
 tPart I of tliis report. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 67 
 
 therefore, that the observations of this gentleman do not confirm thoso 
 of Klein any more than they do those of M6guin aud myself. In each 
 case there is an important discrepancy. 
 
 There are only four suppositions which I can admit in explanation of 
 this variation of observation, considering that in each of three outbreaks 
 in different sections studied by me I constantly found the same organ- 
 ism : 1. The diseases studied by Klein, Detmers, and myself may not have 
 been identical. 2 The same organism may assume diilferent 'forms un- 
 der different conditions. 3. The filaments of Klein and Detmers may 
 have developed from septic spores different in nature, but resembling 
 the pathogenic granules. 4. The virus may consist of transparent bio- 
 plasm or of granules so small as to have escaped the attention of all ob- 
 servers. The first supposition is doubtful because of the similarity of 
 symptoms and lesions ; the second and fourth are more probable but 
 still doubtful ; the third I must at present regard as most probable, for 
 reasons to be given immediately. 
 
 In the outbreaks of swine plague studied by me iu 1878, there were 
 frequently found gangrenous patches of the skin and intestines, aud the 
 animals had a i)lain odor of j)utrefaction even before death ; aud this 
 could only occur from one cause, viz., the multiplication of the septic 
 bacteria in the gangrenous parts, probably in the Sxudation liquids as 
 well, and possibly also in the blood. At any rate, within an hour or 
 two after death, these animals had such an extremely offensive odor as 
 to make it nearly certain that a microscopic examination would have 
 revealed not only micrococci but Bacilli aud Vibrios ; at least, I have 
 almost always found these different organisms in liquids studied by me 
 during the last year, which had reached a similar state of decomposi- 
 tion. 
 
 In the disease as studied by me during the present "year, howevei-, 
 these phenomena were not present ; the attacks were mild ; there were 
 no gangrenous patches and no offensive odor ; several of the animals 
 would have recovered, and there was no reason to believe that any mid- 
 tiplication of septic bacteria had occurred. The blood of these was 
 gathered at slaughter, sealed in glass tubes without coming in contact 
 with the air, and those germs which existed in the blood, aud no others, 
 had an opportunity to develop. 
 
 Finally, I have made microscopic sections of the lung, ulcerated intes- 
 tine, and papules of skin. In some cases the tissues were fresh and cut 
 by means of the freezing microtome; at other times they were preserved 
 in glycerine, chromic-acid solution, or alcohol ; the sections have been 
 examined in the natural condition, and also stained with carmine, hsema- 
 toxylon, or aniline violet. I have particularly used the method recom- 
 mended by Bberth*, by which he demonstrated Bacilli in the liver of a 
 badger. It consists in placing thin sections in a tolerably strong solu- 
 tion of methyl violet for one to six hours, then washing in water con- 
 taining one-half per cent, of strong acetic acid, in which they remained 
 from one to four hours, until no more coloring matter was dissolved out. 
 The sections are then placed in alcohol, which removes still more of the 
 coloring matter, and they are then either mounted in glycerine or clari- 
 fied with oil of cloves and mounted in balsam. By this treatment the 
 tissues remain nearly colorless, while the nuclei and bacteria, if any ex- 
 ist, retain the coloring matter. In none of these sections have I been 
 able to demonstrate the presence of Bacilli. 
 
 Virus sent me by Dr. Detmers in a liquid form still contained manyi 
 such Bacilli as he has described, and also a considerable number of | 
 
 * Journal of Eoy. Mic. See, 1880, p. 133. 
 
68 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 both oval and splierical particles, wMcli I considered as bacteria spores. 
 But inoculation proved that this liquid was no longer a virus, that it 
 had lost its activity by putrefaction, though the septic rods supposed to 
 be peculiar to the virus were still retained, and by their active move- 
 ments demonstrated their vitality. Again, cotton saturated with pleu- 
 ral eflfusiou and dried by the same gentleman was placed in a clean 
 bealier and moistened with distilled water; in less tban an hour this 
 water swarmed with Bacilli of the same dimensions, viz., about one thirty- 
 five thousandth of an inch in diameter, and from one eight thousandth of 
 an inch to several times this in length. There were also oval bacteria 
 spores and globular bacteria in both clusters (zoogloea) and chains, as 
 well as singly. In this case there was no odor of putrefaction. Still, 
 three cubic centimeters, injected hypodermically, did not in the least 
 affect the health of the animal. 
 
 The only conclusion I care to draw from these experiments is that the 
 Bacilli and globular micrococci described as peculiar to swine plague 
 exist as well in decomposing liquids, and may be injected in vast num- 
 ber without producing the disease. Indeed, rods of the dimensions 
 given are frequently found in the human mouth. 
 
 There is one other objection to the view that the granules of the blood 
 in this disease are Bacillus germs or spores. All observers agree that 
 such spores are indestructible by prolonged drying, putrefaction, or 
 other natural agencies ; the spores of Bacillus anthracis resist such con- 
 ditions for years; but putrefaction destroys the virus of swine plague in 
 a few days, and virus dried before such granules could have possibly, 
 germinated to rods may lose its activity as soon, and generally does in 
 a few months. 
 
 In his last report, Dr. Detmers* thinks he may have misnamed his bac- 
 terium in calling it the Bacillus suis, because (1) in the germ or globular 
 form it developes in zooglcea clusters, and because (2) it undergoes a 
 change from the globular to the rod shape — characteristics not recog- 
 nized in regard to the genus Bacillus. I see no reason to doubt, how- 
 ever, that the rods are Bacilli, for the characteristics of this genus, as 
 given by Cohn,t in 1875, and very recently by Luersseu,|: do not in- 
 clude the method of reproduction. It is not admitted by Cohn that bac- 
 teria rods of any kind (except Bactm-ium termo, which can scarcely be 
 considered as rods) form zooglcea masses, though Eay Lunkester and 
 Klein believe they have observed such forms with certain varieties of 
 Binrillum, § and Prazmowski has observed the same with Bacillus amy- 
 lobacter. \ \ What is more to the point, it is not admitted by the best au- 
 thorities that Bacilli have any other vegetation forms than spore, rod, 
 and filament. The spores of this genus have never been observed to 
 multiply by fission and form zooglcea clusters, but always to germi- 
 nate mto rods either immediately, as maintained by Cohn, Koch, and 
 Toussamt, or after division into four sporules, as believed by Ewart. 
 
 The fact, then, that Dr. Detmers's globules multiply by fission and 
 form gliacoccus clusters, as was the case with those I observed, is not 
 ■evidence to me that the organism seen by him is entirely different from 
 any other bacteria form yet discovered, but it seems more reasonable to 
 believe that the globules and rods are distinct organisms, and that the 
 
 1880^5? 6^0°''*''^''°"' ^'^''^^'^^ °f Swine and Other Animals, Dopartii^nt of Agriculture, 
 tlieitrage znr Biologie der Pflanzen, B. I. H. Ill p "03 
 i Quoted in Jonrnal Roy. Mic. Soc, 1^80 p. 837. "■ ' " ' 
 ^IKgnin, Lea Bact&ics, p. .13. 
 II Journal Eoy. Mic. Soc, 1879, p. 927. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOME.STICATED ANIMALS. 69 
 
 ])articular granule Avliicli. lie saw devc'Iop iuto a, rod was different from 
 those granules which form gliacocci. To watch the germination and 
 development of a spore into a rod is a more delicate and difficult matter 
 than is generally supposed. Some of our best microscopists have spent 
 hours and days watching such germs without being able to satisfy them- 
 selves that they germinate;* and it would not be very remarkable if a 
 mistake had been made in such an observation. 
 
 If we add to this reasoning the fact that in a very considerable num- 
 ber of cultivations, made with, great care, I was never able to obtain 
 rods from the granules which I found in the virus, it seems to me the 
 probabilities are entirely against the view that they are Bacillus germs, 
 or that they develop into a rod form. 
 
 These are the results of my investigations of the virus of swine plague. 
 I had hoped by cultivation experiments to prove that the granules ob- 
 served either were the cause of the disease or that they are an epi- 
 phenomenon ; but owing to the fact that the virus in every case lost its 
 activity after the first generation, or became too mild to afford satisfac- 
 tory results, such evidence could not be obtained. It was impossible for 
 me to carry the virus beyond a second generation, even by inoculating 
 on pigs that had never before been exposed to the contagium. 
 
 If, in conclusion, we admit the presence of a particular bacteria form 
 in the effusions, or even in the blood, in this disease, the facts already 
 referred to in regard to the presence of such organisms in non-contagious 
 maladies, often before death, renders it necessary that a connection be 
 established between such bacteria and the contagium; and certainly 
 no satisfactory connection or identity has been shown to exist between 
 the bacteria and virus in this disease up to the present time. 
 
 Part IV.— INFLUEKOB OP EEOBNT INVESTIGATIONS ON 
 OUE MEANS OF PEEVENTING CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 
 
 Medical treatment. — Although Davainet has recently proved that a 
 solution of iodine containing but one seventy thousanth part of this 
 substance was sufficiently strong to destroy the virus of anthrax, it has 
 not succeeded so well in the treatment of the affection as this fact had 
 led us to expect. There has, consequently, been little real advance* in 
 the medical treatment of this class of diseases. 
 
 Vaccination. — At present the attention of investigators is still turned 
 for the most part to methods of prevention, and chief among these is 
 inoculation by means of a mitigated virus. This has been obtained in 
 the case of anthrax by two methods ; that of Toussaint, which consists 
 in heating the virus to a temperature of 55° G. for ten minutes, and that 
 of Greenfield, by successive cultivations in aqueous humor. 
 
 Pasteur has obtained a similar form of virus for fowl cholera by allow- 
 ing cultivations of the ordinary virus to remain in contact with the air 
 for a number of months before starting a new generation. 
 
 The advisability of using such a virus can only be determined by an; 
 extended series of experiments, for objections of considerable weight' 
 might develop themselves in practice. The fact that the disease is com- 
 municated by the digestive tract would favor the process of inoculation, 
 for it wordd only be necessary to mix the virus with the food, and thus 
 inoculate by wholesale. ^ 
 
 *Dr. T. E. Lewis, Quarti. Jour. Mio. Sci., 1879, p. 389. 
 tBiil. Acid, de Mi5d., 1880, p. 757. 
 
70 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 BrccdiiK! fivni, iiisnsccplil/lG animals. — Ohain'cau* has stown tliat tlio 
 insusceptibility of Al^(;ri;iu sbccpto clmrbou is au inherited power, and 
 hci)ro])Oses to confer this upon other breeds by crossing. Of course, 
 the practicability of this is yet to be tested, but the idea is one worthy 
 of careful consideration. But if insusceptibility to charbon is inherited 
 bv a certain breed of sheep, may not fowls insusceptible to cholera be 
 capable of conferring the same power of resistance upon their offspring? 
 I have found that a very considerable proportion of fowls are capable of 
 resisting repeated Inoculations with very active virus, some showing 
 only the mildest symptoms of the disease, and others remaining entirely 
 free from any appreciable results, either in general health or at the 
 point of inoculation. It would be a matter of the very greatest impor- 
 tance to breed from such birds, and then determine the proportion in- 
 susceptible among their progeny. It is possible that this might prove 
 tlie most practicable method of dealing with this destructive epizootic. 
 
 Freventmi of fowl cholera.— This disease can only be introduced on a 
 place by direct importation of the virus, either with fowls, or by birds, 
 rabbits, or insects carrying it from neighboring farms. An outbreak 
 is generally caused by fowls from infected premises being added to the 
 flock. The virus is never carried through the atmosphere. 
 
 When more than one fowl dies within a short time, cholera should be 
 suspected, and a careful investigation of the case made. If the urates 
 of the excrement are stained yellow or yellowish green, especially if 
 there is diarrhea with excrement of this color: if the liver is enlarged, 
 and the birds sleep most of the time before death, no time should be 
 lost in adopting measures to check the disease. 
 
 For this purpose, the fowls should be separated as much as possible, 
 and given restricted quarters where they may be observed, and where 
 disinfectants can be freely used. As soon as the peculiar diarrhea is 
 noticed with any of the fowls, the birds of that lot should be changed 
 to fresh ground, and the sick ones killed. The infected excrement should 
 be carefuUy scraped up and burned, and the inclosure in which it has 
 been thoroughly disinfected with a one-half per cent, solution of sul- 
 phuric acid, or a one per cent, solution of carbolic acid, which may be 
 applied with an ordinary watering-pot. 
 
 Dead birds should be burned, or deeply buried at a distance from 
 tlite grounds frequented by the fowls. 
 
 The germs of the disease are taken into the system only by the month, 
 and for this reason the watering troughs and feeding places must be 
 kept thoroughly free from them by frequent disinfection with one of 
 tlie solutions mentioned. 
 
 Sulphuric acid is very much the cheaper disinfectant, and is equally 
 efficient with carbolic acid, even in solutions of half the strength ; indeed, 
 so far as expense is concerned, it would seem impossible to find a dis- 
 infectant that will compare with the sulphuric acid solution.f The one 
 objection to recommending the indiscriminate use of sulphuric acid as 
 a disinfectant is its great corrosive powers when in the concentrated 
 form, which makes it unsafe for those not acquainted with its nature to 
 handle it. The same is true to a less extent of carbolic acid, however, 
 and it is possible tliat dealers could furnish a suJSEiciently diluted solu- 
 tion of the former to be handled with safety, and still at a price very 
 much below other disinfectants, or that plain directions for use accom- 
 panying each package wonkl render even the commercial acid safe in 
 the hands of the great majority of people. 
 
 *Comptes Rpudns, xci (1880), p. 33. 
 tTJiis solutioa was lirst recommended bj M. Pasteur. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATE J) ANIMALS. 71 
 
 T1iv<h; Aveoks after tlie last case of sickness, tlie fowls may be a.uaiu 
 placed together iu a disinfected run, or in one wliere the sick birds had 
 not been admitted. They should be kept here under observation fen- 
 at least two or three months before being allowed to roam over grounds 
 that had been infected by the discharges of those affected with the dis- 
 ease. 
 
 If the disease breaks out afresh, it is evidence that the disinfection 
 has not been thorough, or that the fowls have gained access to in- 
 fected places that have not been treated with the solutions. My ex- 
 periments demonstrate beyond a doubt that either of the solutions men- 
 tioned destroys the virus of the disease in a few minutes ; and as there 
 is no reason to believe that the disease ever originates except from the 
 introduction of virus produced in the body of a previously sick bird, we 
 have here a reliable means of freeing any farm or any section of the 
 country from the ravages of this fatal plague. 
 
 The one doubt that still remains is in regard to the time that the vi- 
 rus may exist in open grounds where disinfection is difficult if not im- 
 possible, owing to the extent of surface to be gone over. Whether such 
 grounds are safe after a few months, or whether this time must be ex- 
 tended to a year or more, it is impossible at present to say. Until this 
 point is decided by direct experiment, however, the only safe plan is to 
 keep the fowls in a restricted run, which has been previously well disin- 
 fected, and not to allow them on infected grounds for a year or more 
 after the infection has occurred. 
 
 As the disinfecting solution may be made by adding one pound of 
 sulphuric acid to twenty-four gallons of water, or one ounce of acid to 
 six quarts of water, and as the acid costs but 15 to 20 cents per pound 
 at retail and only 3 to 6 cents at wholesale, the expense of disinfecting 
 a very considerable space would be slight. 
 
 Medical treatment. — Treatment of sick birds is not to be recommended 
 under any circumstances. The malady runs its course, as a rule, in one, 
 two, or three days, and it can only be checked with great difficulty. As 
 the appetite is very poor, medicine can only be administered regularly 
 by taking each bird by itself and forcing it to swallow. But this re- 
 quires too much time to make it advisable, if there were no other objec- 
 tion to the jjractice. Even in those cases in which I have succeeded in 
 prolonging the life for two to three weeks death has finally occurred 
 from profound changes in the liver and intestines. The great reason, 
 however, for not treating sick birds is that the excrement is probably 
 filled with the contagion, and it is much better to destroy them at the 
 start than to keep them to multiply the contagious germs and infect 
 the grounds and remaining fowls. 
 
 The only preventive treatment needed is the disinfection and isolation 
 already described at length. 
 Eespectfully submitted. 
 
 D. E. SALMON^, D. V. M. 
 
 ASHEVILLE, N. C, December 1, ISSO. 
 
72 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 APPENDIX TO DR. SALMON'S EEPORT, 
 
 RECORD OF EXPERIMENTS NOT DETAILED IN BODY OF REPORT. 
 
 Experiments io deierm ine the effect of soXiiiioitK of chloride ofsinoon Vie viriis of sxvine plague. 
 Inoculations, January ',), IS'^0. 
 
 Pig No. 1. — Inoculated with pure virus. 
 
 
 
 .9 a; 
 as 
 
 rt 
 
 Pi . 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 
 5 o 
 
 Hemarts. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <i^ 
 
 (§ 
 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 o "Jp 
 
 o 57, 
 
 
 
 Jan. r> 
 
 8.30 
 
 43 
 
 1021 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 9.00 
 
 60 
 
 102i 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 10.00 
 
 68 
 
 103i 
 
 Two small pieces of dried inflamed lung, 
 
 cally. 
 Coughs. 
 
 introduced liypodermi- 
 
 8 
 
 8.00 
 
 53 
 
 103 
 
 
 9 
 
 9.00 
 
 50 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 8.30 
 
 52 
 
 102i 
 
 
 
 ■ 12 
 
 8.1,5 
 
 00 
 
 102 
 
 Has eruption. 
 
 
 13 
 
 9.30 
 
 34 
 
 lOlJ 
 
 Eruption mucli plainer. 
 
 
 14 
 
 8.30 
 
 28 
 
 lOOJ 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 9.15 
 
 32 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 9.00 
 
 S2 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 10.30 
 
 
 102i 
 
 Coughs Tory mnoli. 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 1012- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This aiiimal was kept till January 31, and was tlien killed by bleeding. It had im- 
 proved sUghtly duiing the last few days. 
 
 Post-mortem examination.— SUn : The eruption still very plain , and consists of papules 
 flat on summit and one-third inch in diameter and less. 
 
 Areolar tissue : Has several deposits of dark pigment. 
 
 Digestive organs : No lesions except adhesions of large intestines by inflammatory 
 new formations. Parasites : In large intestine, considerable number of Tricoceplialus 
 cn-enatus ; in small intestine, very many of the Hchinorhtinclms fiiqas from 12 to 18 inches 
 in length. 
 
 Kidneys: These organs were normal, but the tisanes about them were thickened, 
 hardened, and completely fiUed with the worm known as Steplianurns dentatus. 
 
 lAings : In color nearly normal, but large portions did not collapse and give a hard, 
 solid sensation to the touch. Bronchi "flUed with wliite froth, with considerable 
 thick tenacious mucus ; following the ramifications of these, a small number of the 
 AfrfMiffi/faseion^aiMs or lung worm were found; some were even in the smaUest tabes 
 that could be traced. 
 
 Mxeroscopio examination of contents of hronoU: This was found to consist of large 
 granular leucocytes, with a few small ones, a considerable amount of dibris from the 
 mucous membrane hning these passages; some bodies resembling the torula form 
 °^^'i^Si,.and vast numbers of small spherical granules, i. e., micrococci. 
 
 ihis pig had been affected with the most troublesome cough of any in this series of 
 
 toCZntU *^« «^Ptl°^ ^^ ^1«° l>?«ii among the plaine^st, and it was a siS^ 
 to tmd so few of the ordinary lesions of swine plague. ^ 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 73 
 
 Pig No. 2.- 
 
 -Inoculated with pure virus diluted with four parts distilled water, Januarti 3, 
 1880. 
 
 
 
 .2o 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 B ^ 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 -2 a 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 
 
 aa 
 
 r3 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 <is 
 
 m 
 
 
 ISSO. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 °F. 
 
 OF. 
 
 
 JjlB. 5 
 
 8.30 
 
 43 
 
 1021 
 
 
 (i 
 
 i) 
 
 CO 
 
 103 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 68 
 
 104 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 53 
 
 102J 
 
 
 1) 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 104i 
 
 
 10 
 
 8.30 
 
 52 
 
 103J 
 
 
 12 
 
 8.15 
 
 60 
 
 102J- 
 
 
 13 
 
 9.30 
 
 34 
 
 103J 
 
 
 14 
 
 8.30 
 
 28 
 
 103 
 
 
 15 
 
 9.15 
 
 32 
 
 102i 
 
 Has eruption. 
 
 IB 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 102^ 
 
 
 17 
 
 10.30 
 
 
 102 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 102i 
 
 
 But for the ernption, 'wliioli was very plain, it would have been impossible to have 
 detected the disease in this animal. She was preserved and afterwards used in other 
 experiments. 
 
 Pig No. 3. — Inoculated witJi virus that had heen mixed one-half hour lief ore using with four 
 parts of solution of chloride of zinc 1 to 500. 
 
 
 
 %6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^i-S 
 
 as. 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 m E;^ 
 
 ^S 
 
 Bemarks. 
 
 
 t4 
 
 i^ 
 
 >i'c3 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 t3 
 
 ^1 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 "F. 
 
 °F. 
 
 
 
 Jan. 5 
 
 8.30 
 
 43 
 
 102J 
 
 Inoonlated January 3, 
 
 
 G 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 58 
 
 lOSJ 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 53 
 
 103i 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 104J 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 8.30 
 
 52 
 
 103i 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 8.15 
 
 60 
 
 102i 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 9.30 
 
 34 
 
 102i 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 8.30 
 
 28 
 
 lOli 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 9.15 
 
 32 
 
 lOOJ 
 
 Has eruption. 
 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 102i 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 10.30 
 
 
 102 
 
 Coughs. 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 lOOi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The disease was so mild that the animal was preserved for future experiments. 
 
 Pia No. 4. — Inoculated with virus that had hem mixed one-half hour lefore iming with four 
 parts of solution of chloride of zinc 1 to 1000. 
 
 
 
 .1.6 
 
 >:. 
 
 
 
 
 Stl 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 •^1? ' 
 
 E» 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 p<2 
 
 ^S 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 
 F^ 
 
 2»- 
 
 >i<A 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 3 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 <^ 
 
 fq 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 OF. 
 
 °F. 
 
 
 Jan. 5 
 
 8.30 
 
 43 
 
 103J- 
 
 Inoculated January 3. 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 GO 
 
 104i 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 58 
 
 105 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 53 
 
 103 ■ 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 104 
 
 
 10 
 
 8.30 
 
 .12 
 
 104 
 
 
 12 
 
 8. 13 
 
 CO 
 
 104 
 
 Conghiti?. 
 
 33 
 
 9.30 
 
 34 
 
 103J 
 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 8.30 
 9.15 
 
 23 
 32 
 
 103i 
 104i 
 
 Has ernption. Vast increase of leucocytes and granules In 'blood. 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 103| 
 
 
 17 
 
 10.30 
 
 
 103* 
 
 Covered with eruption. 
 
74 
 
 CONTACIIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Killed by bleeding at 2 ]i. m., January 17. 
 
 'i'bis animal bad never apiieared quite well ; sbe did not tlirivc, and was dull and 
 languid. Her appciito -was always good, bnt she bad a cbronic affection of the skin, 
 and'bad lost flesh rapidly for the few last days. Although inoculated with virus, 
 treated with chloride of zinc solution of 1 : lOUO, which made a cloudy mixture by 
 coagulation as soon as the contagious effusion touched it, she was one of the first to 
 present symptoms of the disease (cough and eruption). 
 
 Fost-mortem examination.— Skin : Covered with papules, particularly plain on inside 
 of thighs, over the belly, and between the fore-legs. 
 
 Areolar tissue : A number of deposits, an inch or more in diameter, of a dark bluish 
 pigment, were found in the subcutaneous tissue ; it was most abundant about the 
 mammary glands. 
 
 Digestive organs : Were closely united, and the mesentery much thickened, as the 
 result of inflammation. The newly-formed tissue about the intestines contained con- 
 siderable numbers of the StepMmirus deniatus, or lard worm. The large intestine 
 showed no trace of thickening, ulceration, nor even of congestion; the small intes- 
 tines were blocked completely, as it seemed, with large numbers of the Ascaria suilla, 
 from ten inches to one foot in length ; there were also many of the Echinorliyndhm gigas 
 a foot or more long. The duodenum was the seat of a few elevations one-eighth inch 
 in diameter, and having a red, inflamed appearance. The mucous membr.ane of the 
 stomach had a patch two Qr three inches in diameter, corresponding to the greater 
 curvature, of a deep red hue, and evidently the result of congestion. 
 
 Liver : Somewhat congested and softened. 
 
 Spleen : Had a deep red border, and was mottled over its surface. 
 
 Lungs: The greater part of the tissue hepatized, and many of the bronchial tilbes 
 entirely blocked with lung worms (<Sirore^i/?MS elongatus). Bronchi filled with white 
 froth. 
 
 Hypercemia of nearly all the lympliatic glands. 
 
 Pig No. 5. — Inoculated witli virus mixed one-half liour liefore using ivith four jiarts of a 
 solution of chloride of zine 1 to 4000. 
 
 
 
 
 cj 
 
 
 
 
 Is 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 -C-e 
 
 a 9 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 11 
 
 f 
 
 Eetnarlia. 
 
 
 
 -^S 
 
 (§ 
 
 -- 
 
 1880. 
 
 A. M. 
 
 °F. 
 
 ° F. 
 
 
 Jan, 5 
 
 8.30 
 
 43 
 
 1001 
 
 Inoculatefl January 3. 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 lOOi 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 58 
 
 102J 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 63 
 
 102i 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 102i 
 
 
 10 
 
 8.30 
 
 52 
 
 103 
 
 
 12 
 
 8.15 
 
 60 
 
 102 
 
 
 13 
 
 9.30 
 
 34 
 
 99 
 
 
 14 
 
 8.30 
 
 28 
 
 97i 
 
 
 15 
 
 9.15 
 
 32 
 
 96=- 
 
 Scarcely perceptible"; discoloration of slsin. 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 97 
 
 
 17 
 
 10.30 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 lOOJ 
 
 Eedness of skin more marked j sHglit eruption. 
 
 
 
 
 No other symptom of disease observed. Animal preserved. 
 
CONTAGIOtrS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 75 
 
 Pig No. Ck—Iiw. 
 
 ciiJulcd with virus mixed one-lialf hour hrfurc imiiy wilh four i)arls of a 
 siilulion of cliloridc of ziiw I to yOOO. 
 
 
 1 
 
 .S5 
 
 i 
 
 ft . 
 
 
 Diito. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 II 
 
 ^5 
 
 o 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 1880. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 °F. 
 
 °F. 
 
 
 Jan. 5 
 
 8.30 
 
 43 
 
 102i 
 
 Inoculated January 3. 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 CO 
 
 103i 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 58 
 
 103i 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 53 
 
 103i 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 104 
 
 
 10 
 
 8.30 
 
 52 
 
 103J 
 
 
 13 
 
 8.15 
 
 60 
 
 103 
 
 
 13 
 
 9.30 
 
 84 
 
 103 
 
 
 14 
 
 8.30 
 
 28 
 
 102 
 
 
 15 
 
 9.15 
 
 32 
 
 lOOJ 
 
 Slifclit refluess of sldn. 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 lOQl 
 
 Dull purple patclies on skin. 
 
 17 
 
 10.30 
 
 
 1001 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 99i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No additiotial development of disease. Animal preserved. 
 
 Pig No. 7. — Inoculated with virus treated with four parts of a solution of chloride of zino 
 1 to 50C0, one-half hour iefore using. 
 
 
 
 .So 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 •«■§ 
 
 B <o 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 If 
 
 o 
 
 Eemarka. 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 °F. 
 
 "F. 
 
 
 
 Jan. 5 
 
 8.30 
 
 43 
 
 1011 
 
 Inoculated January 3. 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 101 J 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 58 
 
 103i 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 63 
 
 ]03£- 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 8.30 
 
 52 
 
 lOOJ 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 8.15 
 
 CO 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 9.30 
 
 34 
 
 98J 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 8.30 
 
 28 
 
 99i 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 9.15 
 
 32 
 
 98J 
 
 Very tlairsty i covered Tvitli eruption. 
 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 97J 
 
 Increase of eruption. 
 
 
 17 
 
 10.30 
 
 
 100 
 
 DulL 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 101£- 
 
 Very red on inner side of thighs and on .alidomen 
 
 ears lopped; 
 
 
 
 
 
 dullness marked. 
 
 
 • Killed by Weeding, January 23. 
 
 A peculiarity of tliis, as well as of tlie other animals of thi.s scries, was tliat none 
 had tlie appearance, to tlie casual observer, of being sick. All had good appetites ; in- 
 deed, -would squeal lustily at feeding time till they received their share. The ema- 
 ciated appearance, the arched back, the tuoked-up abdomen, the staggering gait, the 
 tendency to hide in the litter and keep quiet, the continued elevated temperature 
 which are generally observed, were nearly or entirely absent. This animal had a very 
 ■profuse ei-uption, a few petechial spots, the ears were slightly lopped, and from a very 
 fierce, aggressive animal, she became more gentle and tractable. These were the only 
 external signs of the disease. 
 
 Post-mortem examination. — Aidominal organs : On incising the walls of the abdomen 
 a considerable number of spots of extravasated blood were noticed in the areolar tissue ; 
 there were two or three ounces of clear effusion in the abdominal cavity ; patches of 
 congestion in both large and small intestines ; enlarged and hypera;mic lymphatic 
 glands ; slight congestion of kidneys and liver, but less than usual of the inflamma- 
 tory; now formation uniting the intestines. The Stcjolianurus dentatus abounded about 
 the kidneys and had caused the formation of a false membrane on their surface ; there 
 were, also, many of the Echinorynohus gigas in the small intestines. 
 
 Tlioradc organs: On opening the thorax there could no longer be doubt of the pres- 
 ence of the disease. Nearly the entire tissue of both lungs was of a deep red color 
 
76 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 and liepatizeJ. The light lung was adherent to the thoracic wall, about midway he- 
 tweeu spine and sternum, by a delicate, transparent, though very resisting false mem- 
 brane. Greatly distended blood-vessela were to be traced on the surface of the lung. 
 On following the bronchi nearly to their termination, a few very small, evidently 
 young, worms {Sirongylua elongatus) were found. 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS OF BACTERIA, PAETICULARLY OF THE MICROCOCCUS FOUND IX 
 SWINE ri^GUE VIRUS, AND THE EFFECT OF DISINFECTANTS UPON THEM. 
 
 Experiment No. 1. — Forms arising spontaneously in urine. — In each of six test tubes 
 was placed 20 cubic centimeters of fresh urine ; the tubes were then closed by tying a 
 •piece of sheet caoutchouc tightly over the top. They were then heated to 87.8° C. 
 (190° F.) for fifteen minutes— the highest point that could be reached without danger 
 of explosion. The covers of Nos. 1, 2, and 3 were then removed for one minute and 
 again replaced as before ; all Avero now placed in an incubator at 90° F. for live days. 
 A seventh tube, containing the same liquid, was allowed to stand loosely corked in 
 the laboratory for comparison. 
 
 ItesuUs of examination, March 2i, 1880. 
 
 All examinations made with a Tolles one-fifteenth objective. 
 
 Tube No. \: Liquifl clear; neither membrane nor deposit. Contained moving bacilli 
 answering the description of Bacillus suitilas ; elliptical granules, which I shall here- 
 after speak of as bacillus spores — having traced their origin so often as to dispel all 
 doubts ; and a considerable number of small aggregations of spherical granules, but 
 no chains of these — the individual granules were ^uuth of an inch, or somewhat less, 
 in diameter. 
 
 Tube No. 2 : Membrane on surface ; liquid clear ; no deposit. Contains vast num- 
 bers of the bacillus spores and a few of the rods. 
 
 Tube No. Z: Liquid clear; no membrane; slight flocculent deposit. Containshaoilli 
 and spores as in Nos. 1 and 2 ; also, rods Tro'trath to ^oVrrth of an inch in length, and 
 ■jsshsvi^ of an inch in diameter, with an elliptical granule at one end, the long diam- 
 eter of which was apparently at right angles to the rod (helobacteria). 
 
 Tube No. 4 : No membrane on surface ; liquid clear ; slight floconlent deposit. Con- 
 tains bacilli and spores ; also, many motionless spherical granules, just visible, having 
 the appearance otcUbris rather than of living bacteria. 
 
 Tube No. 5 : Grayish-brown membrane on surface ; liquid clear ; no deposit. Bacilli 
 of two distinct sizes, one being of the diameter of B. subtilis (.-^shmi^ inch), the other 
 much finer (TuiTnyth inch), both existing as short moving rods and as matted masses 
 of filaments, some of which were forming spores ; many free spores of the former; a 
 single aggregation of spherical granules, having the characters of the swine plague 
 micrococci. 
 
 Tube No. 6 : Grayish-brown membrane on surface ; liquid clear ; no deposit. Many 
 hacilli as rods and filaments, some containing spores and immense number of free 
 spores. 
 
 Tube No. 7 :_ Surface covered with a membrane; liquid turbid; slight deposit. 
 Myriads of flexible rods in movement having the characters of Pasteur's butyric vibrio. 
 A few isolated spherical granules and one small aggregation. 
 
 From this experiment we may con elude that there exists in the air the spores of bacilli 
 of different varieties, the diameter of some not being over itj-inrBth of an inch, and that 
 some of these multiply by forming elliptical spores ; also, that helobacteria and 
 spherical micrococci may be found under similar conditions. A temperature of 190° 
 F. for fifteen miniites is plainly iusufiicient to destroy the germs of these organisms. 
 
 Experiment No. 2. — Effects of inoculating urine in tubes with micrococci of sivim 
 plague.— S,i:si test tubes were prepared as in experiment No. 1, and after being heated 
 to the same degree for the same time, the covers were removed and four drops of an 
 infusion of beef, in which the swine plague micrococci had been cultivated, were 
 added to the contents of each tube. The infusion was swarming with clusters of thi^ 
 organism. 
 
 Besults of examination after ten days. 
 
 Tube No. 8: No membrane on surface; liquid turbid; slight deposit. Contains 
 nothing but spherical granules existing in vast numbers, singly, in couples, and clus- 
 ters. 
 
 Tube No. 9 : No membrane ; liquid turbid ; slight deposit. Contains immense num- 
 bers of micrococci as in the preceding and a few bacillus rods. 
 
 Tube No. 10 : No membrane ; liquid turbid ; slight deposit. Swarms with the mi- 
 crococci, single, m couples, chains, and clusters. 
 
 Tube No. 11 : Liquid covered with a membrane ; turbid with a flocculent deposit, A 
 few mioroooci and bacilli have gained possession of the liquid, and it swarms with the 
 rods and elliptical spores. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 77 
 
 Tube No 12 : Membrane ; liquid clear ; no deposit. Contain so many bacillus rods 
 that the few micrococci could only he found ivith difficulty. 
 
 Tiibe No. 13 : Membrane ; lictuid clear ; no deposit. Swarms with 'bacilli and 
 spores. 
 
 It was concluded from this experiment that by adding the micrococci in consiil- 
 erable quantity to the cultivation liquid, and by closing the tube so that but a few 
 spores could gain entrance from the air, a nearly pure growth of these could be ob- 
 tainedin a sufficient number of cases to admit of the following experiments being made. 
 
 It is also to be noticed that the liquids presented a diiferent appearance to the naked 
 eye, according as they were the growth of the micrococci or the bacilli. The former 
 organism commenced its multiplication at the bottom of the tube, and the turbidity 
 caused by its increase gradually extended towards the surface, while a whitish deposit, ' 
 composed of the clusters, accumulated at the bottom. It is only after longer periods 
 that I have noticed a delicate membrane form on the surface of what I believe to be 
 pure cultivations of this organism. The bacilli, on the contrary, have such a pressing 
 need for oxygen that they multiply mostly on the surface, very soon forming a mem- 
 brane, while the .liquid remains clear and in some cases a flocculent deposit is formed. 
 Of course, I only apply these remarks to the bacilli arising spontaneously in these cul- 
 tivations, since other varieties of this genus are sometimes met with having different 
 characteristics. 
 
 ExPEEiMENT No. 3. — Effect of carbolic acid on develoxjment. — Six Jest tubes were pre- 
 pared March 19, 1880, as In the preceding experiments, and sufficient carbolic acid so- 
 lution added to make their entire contents of the strength indicated below. Two 
 tubes contained 2 per cent, of the acid, because a 90 per cent, solution was added to 
 the first, and as it would not diffuse itself, a second tube was prex)ared with a more 
 dilute solution ; the former mixed perfectly after a few hours, however. To each of 
 these tubes was added four drops of infusions containing the cultivated micrococci ; 
 they were then covered as before, and placed in an incubator heated to 90°-100° 1\ 
 
 Results of examination after six dai/s. 
 
 Tube No. 14 : 1 part carbolic acid to 400 of liquid. No membrane ; considerable de- 
 posit a.nd turbidity. Swarms with the micrococci throughout, though they are most 
 numerous at the bottom. 
 
 Tube No. 15 : 1 to 300. No membrane ; turbid, with deposit. It is perfectly crowded 
 with micrococci. 
 
 Tube No. Vo: 1 to 200. No membrane ; turbid, with deposit. Micrococci as above; 
 a few bacilli. 
 
 Tube No. 17 : 1 to 100. Membrane and turbidity ; no deposit. Near the surface 
 there are mostly bacilli and spores with a few micrococci ; at the bottom the condi- 
 tions are reversed and the micrococci are found iu great numbers. 
 
 Tube No.iSi: 1 to 50. Slight cloudiness of liquid; no membrane or deposit. Swarms 
 "with the micrococci in chains and various shaped aggregations — there are also some 
 vibrios. 
 
 Tube No. 19 : 1 to 50. Perfectly transparent and clear as when first placed in the in- 
 cubator. Contains no sign of life. This was the tube in which the carbolic acid did 
 not mix as soon as added ; and it is probable that the micrococci when added descended 
 to the bottom, and here came in contact with a solution of the acid much more con- 
 centrated than is indicated by the proportion used, and were thus destroyed. 
 
 A 1 per cent, solution of carbolic acid is not suflicient, therefore, either to destroy 
 this organism or prevent its multiplication. 
 
 ExPEUiMBNT No. 4. — Effect of carbolic acid on. vltaliiij. — In experiment No. 3 we have 
 seen that in one case the micrococci were able to multiplj' themselves iu a solution 
 containing even 2 per cent, of carbolic acid ; iu another case containing the same pro- 
 portion of the disinfectant they did not multiply; were they simply hindered from 
 developing while retaining their vitality, or were they destroyed ? To answer this 
 question, six watch-glasses were well flamed and in each was placed a few droi>s of a 
 solution contataing tlj^e micrococci, then sufficient of a strong solution of carbolic acid 
 was added to make the whole of the strength indicated below. After standing one 
 hour under a bell-glass the contents of each watch-glass were uspd for inoculating a 
 tube prepared as in the other experiments, and this was kept at 90° F. for ten days. 
 
 BesuUs of examination, Aiwil 1, 18s0. 
 
 Tube No. 20: 1 to 400. Liquid turbid; very thin membrane and some deposit. 
 Contains some bacilli and spores at the surface, but the micrococci abound and are 
 particularly numerous at the boitom. 
 
 Tube No. '21: 1 to 300. Liquid slightly turbid ; no membrane; some deposit. Many 
 microeocci and some bacilli and spores. 
 
 Tube No. 22: 1 to 200. Liquid slightly turbid; no membrane; scanty deposit. 
 Many clusters of mierocooei mostly at the bottom. 
 
78 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Tuhe Ko.2S: 1 to 100. Liquid sligMly turbid; no membrane; scanty deposit. 
 .Swarms with micrococci ; there are also a few bacillus filaments. 
 
 Ttiie jVb. 24 : 1 to 50. Liquid turbid ; covered with a membrane ; no_ deposit. At 
 the surface were found afew micrococci, single and in chains, but deeperin the liquid ; 
 they could scarcely be discovered. My impression was that there were no more in the 
 tube than were placed there by inoculation, and that consequently those found were 
 incapable of multiplication, aud, therefore, dead. There were many bacilli and their 
 spores and some helobaoteria (.sprouting bacilU'l). 
 
 Tithe No. 25 : 1 to 25. Slightly turbid ; no membrane ; scanty transparent deposit. 
 A very few micrococci were found, but probably they were the ones added. 
 
 In this experiment there is a confirmation of the results of the preceding one, and 
 it is proved that the micrococci are not affected by solutions containing I per cent, or 
 less of carbolic acid. Two per cent, of the acid, however, seemed to destroy this 
 organism, as in one of the tubes in the preceding experiment. If these micrococci, 
 then, are the pathogenic agent, we cannot expect a weaker solution than 2 per cent. 
 of carbolic acid to be of any value as a disinfectant. 
 
 Experiment No. 5. — Effects of borate of soda on development. — In each of five test 
 tubes was placed 20='= of fresh urine, then five drops of a solution swarming with the 
 micrococci, and, finally, sufficient of a 10 per cent, solution of borax to make the whole 
 contain the proportion of the salt indicated below. The tubes were then covered with 
 sheet caoutchouc and placed in an incubator at 95° for four days. 
 
 Besulis of examination, March 31, 1880. 
 
 T%ibeNo.Z&: 1 to 1,000. Liquid turbid; no membrane; slight deposit. Containa 
 many micrococci. 
 
 Tube No. 27 : 1 to 500. Liquid tuibid ; delicate membrane ; slight deposit. Many 
 micrococci and baoilll. 
 
 Tuhe Jfo. 28: 1 to 300. Liquid cloudy with floating flooculi; no membrane; no 
 deposit. Swarms wi th micrococci and bacilli. 
 
 Tube No. 29 : 1 to 100. Liquid turbid ; covered with a thin membrane ; no deposit. 
 Contains many clusters of micrococci, also bacilli and their spores — some of the rods 
 show spore formation. 
 
 Tube No. 30 : 1 to 50. Liquid clear with a slight transparent deposit. Only two 
 small clusters of micrococci could be found, aud no other bacteria forms were present. 
 There had, consequently, been no multiplication of the organism. 
 
 A 2 iier cent, solution of borax, therefore, prevents the growth of this micrococcus, 
 having the same effect as a carbolic acid solution of the same strength. We have here 
 an illustration of what may be expected of such studies as indications of treatment; 
 these two substances ha^ang the same effect, borax would of course be preferable for 
 internal use, since it can be given in twenty to thirty times the quantity. 
 
 Experiment No. 6. — Effect of benzoic acid on development. — The experiment was con- 
 ducted exactly as No. 5, with the exception that benzoic acid solution was used, con- 
 taining IJ parts of borax to each part of acid to effect the solution of the latter, and 
 the tubes remained five days in the incubator. 
 
 Results of examination, April 3, 1880. 
 
 Tube No. Z\: 1 to 1,000. No membrane; liquid turbid; gelatinous deposit. Con- 
 tains numbers of micrococci and a very few bacilli. 
 
 Tube No. 32: 1 to 500. Same appearance as No. 31. Cont.iins clusters of micrococci 
 and a very few bacillus spores. 
 
 Tube No. 33 ; 1 to 300. Same appearance as No. 31. Large numbers of micrococci, 
 with a few vibrios and bacillus spores. 
 
 Tube No. 34 : 1 to 100. Liquid perfectly clear, -with the exception of a very trans- 
 parent cloud near the bottom having the appearance of crystals. Under the micro- 
 scope there could only be discovered a very few bacillus spiares and a single rod. No 
 micrococci. 
 
 Tube No. 35 ; 1 to 50. Appearance same as No. 34. One or two bacillus spores were 
 the only organisms discovered. ■• 
 
 A 1 per cent, solution of benzoic acid with borax, therefore, prevents the multipli- 
 cation of these micrococci, and is, consequently, much more efficacious than carbolio 
 acid. 
 
 ExpeeimbntNo.7— i?/ecfo/eiiZp;i,a(eo/2«mi)!6 on (ZeiieZopment.—Experimentconduoted 
 same as No. 5. 
 
 Sesults of examination. 
 
 Tube No. 36: 1 to 1,000. Liquid turbid, with a gelatinous cloud at the bottom. 
 Contains micrococci, hacdli ,is rods and filaments, some of which are forminn- snores 
 ana vibrios. ° '■ 
 
 Tube No. 37 : 1 to 500. Appraranc'c and contents same as No. 30. 
 
 Tube No. 38 : 1 to 300 Liquid clear; a cloud of transparent substance resembling 
 crystals floating near the bottom. A very few micrococci were found, but probably 
 not more than were added. ' ^ '■""""v 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 79 
 
 Tuhe A'o. 39 : 1 to 100. Liquid slightly turbid ; scanty flooculent deposit. A ■very 
 few micrococci and bacilli wore found. 
 
 Tuie No. 40 : 1 to 50. Liquid perfectly cleiir. A very few micrococci. 
 
 Fi'om this experiment I have concluded that tlio one-third-of-a-per-oent. solution 
 prevented the multiplication of the organism. 
 
 Experiment No. 8. — Effect of quassia. — Solid extract of quassia, dissolved and added 
 to the tubes prepared as before, in the proportion named. 
 
 Tubes Nos. 41 to 45: 1 to 500; 1 to 300; 1 to 100; 1 to 50; 1 to 2,",. Liquid turbid; 
 membrane and abundant dejiosit. All swarmed with the micrococci and considerable 
 numbers of bacilli and baoillus spores. 
 
 ExpEKiMEXT No. O.-^Effeot of aaUcyUo acid. — Tubes prepared ps before, to which 
 were added salicylic acid containing IJ parts of borax to each x'art of acid to cause 
 solution. 
 
 JExamination, April 3, 1880. 
 
 Tube No. 46 : 1 to 1,000. Liquid turbid, with gelatinous-looking cloud near the bot- 
 tom. Contains micrococci single and in couples, clusters and chains ; also bacilli- 
 Tube No. 47 : 1 to 500. Decidedly turbid. Contains Ijacilli and spores in consider- 
 able number, and only a very few micrococci. 
 
 Tube No. 48 : 1 to 300. Appearance and contents same as in No. 47, except there are 
 no micrococci. 
 
 Tube No. 49 : 1 to 100. Liquid nearly clear. Contains many bacillus spores and 
 rods, but no micrococci. 
 
 Tube No. 50 : 1 to 50. Liquid perfectly clear. No organisms. 
 
 Experiment No. 10. — Effect of chloride of zinc. — Tubes prepared as before. 
 
 Tube No. bl: 1 to 3,000. Liquid turbid; abundant white deposit. Swarms with 
 micrococci, with a few hacilli and vibrios. 
 
 Tube No. 52 : 1 to' 1,000. Liquid clear ; white deposit. A few bacilli and spores 
 were found, as also some dumb-bell bacteria, but none of the clusters or chains of 
 micrococci. 
 
 Tube No. .53 : 1 to 500. Liquid clear ; no deposit. A very few bacillus spores were 
 observed actively rotating, but no other sigu of life. 
 
 Tubes Nos. 54, 55, and 56 : 1 to dOO ; 1 to 100 ; 1 to 50. Liquid clear, with a brownish 
 deposit and a little brownish matter floating on surface ; under the microscope this 
 seems to be of a crystalline nature. There had been no multiplication of micrococci. 
 
 ExPEKlMENT No. 11. — Effect of iodine. — A 10 per cent, solution of iodine was made 
 in distilled water, by first dissolving 20 jjer cent of iodide of potassium, and sufficient 
 of this was added to tlie tubes prepared as before to make them contain the required 
 quantity of iodine. These remained in the incubator four days at 95° F. 
 
 BesuUs of examination. 
 
 Tube No. 57 : 1 to 6,000. Liquid turbid. Contains micrococci in large numbers, 
 mostly in chains ; also, bacilli and spores. 
 
 Tube No. 58 : 1 to 3,000. Liquid turbid. Micrococci in clusters and chains, but in 
 email number ; many bacilli and spores. 
 
 Tube No. 59 : 1 to 1,000. Liquid clear, with a transparent cloud near the bottom of 
 tube. Contains many bacilli, some of which seem to be breaking up into dumb-bell 
 forms, elliptical spores, and a few micrococci. 
 
 Tube No. 60 : 1 to 500. Liquid contains a transparent flocoulent deposit. There 
 are many bacilli and a few micrococci. 
 
 Tube No. 61; 1 to 300. Liquid transparent. No sign of living organisms. 
 
 Tube No. 62 : 1 to 100. Liquid transparent and free from organisms. 
 
 EXPEKIMENT No. 12. — Effect of heat. — In this experiment the contents of the tubes 
 had the addition of two to three drops of a cultivation swarming with micrococci ; 
 the tubes were then closed and placed in a water bath at the temperature and for the 
 time noted in the description of each tube. The tubes were then placed in an incu- 
 bator, and kept at 95° F. for two days before examination. 
 
 Jlesults of examination, April 10, 1880. 
 
 Tube No. 63 : 130° F. for 15 minutes. Liquid turbid. Swarms with micrococci, 
 and also contains a few bacilli. 
 
 Tube No. 64: 140° F. for 15 minutes. Liquid turbid; a gelatinous cloud near the 
 bottom. Contains vast numbers of micrococci, with bacilli, elliptical spores, and 
 vibrios. 
 
 Tube No. 65: 150° F. for 15 minutes. Liquid turbid; whitish deposit. No micro- 
 cocci ; contains only rod forms of bacteria. 
 
 Tube No. 66 : 160° F. for 15 minutes. Appearance and contents of liquid sunilar to 
 that in No. 65. 
 
 Tube No. 67 : 208° F. for 5 minutes. Appearance of liquid and organisms found do 
 not differ materially from No. 65. 
 
80 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 OBSERVATIOSr ON THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS OP THE ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE 
 ON THE BODY TEMPERATURE IN HEALTH. 
 
 The temperature of animals is regarded witli reason as a most important symptom in 
 various contagious diseases ; but it soon becomes evident to tbe observer that the 
 temperature during health is subject to very considerable fluctuations. These are 
 evidently due to what we may term internal and external causes. The most important 
 o.f the former is probably the amount of liquid passed through the organism, and of 
 the latter the variations of temperature of the atmospheric air and the amount of 
 humidity which it contains. The following observations made on a healthy calf wiU, 
 it is hoped, throw some light on the effect of atmospheric temperature. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1879. 
 Deo. 1 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 Hoar. 
 
 45 a. m.. 
 .10 p,. m . 
 
 a. ni 
 
 ,50 p. m.. 
 
 a. m 
 
 p. m 
 
 10 a. m.. 
 
 p.m 
 
 15 a. m.. 
 p. m — 
 15 a. m.. 
 p.m .... 
 50 a. m.. 
 
 p. m 
 
 .25 a. m.. 
 p. m .... 
 
 a. m 
 
 p. m. 
 
 45 a. m.. 
 
 p. m 
 
 45 a. m.. 
 
 a. m — 
 a. m — 
 05 p. m. 
 15 a. m.. 
 
 p. m 
 
 20 a. m. . 
 45 p.m., 
 45 a. m.. 
 
 p. m 
 
 45 a. m.. 
 
 p. m 
 
 45 a. iQ.. 
 
 Atmospheric 
 temperature, 
 
 °F. 
 Si 
 40 
 20 
 64 
 42 
 58 
 52 
 56 
 64 
 58 
 55 
 54 
 
 54 
 42 
 58 
 54 
 62 
 58 
 38 
 28 
 34 
 28 
 40 
 40 
 50 
 44 
 40 
 32 
 45 
 46 
 
 Body temper- 
 ature. 
 
 °F. 
 
 99.75 
 103. 
 
 98.75 
 103. 25 
 101.5 
 103. 
 101.5 
 102.75 
 101. 75 
 103.5 
 102. 5 
 102. 75 
 101.25 
 101. 
 100.5 
 102. 
 l0L75 
 102. 75 
 102. 25 
 103.5 
 102. 75 
 103.25 
 102. 
 102. 
 101. 
 101. 25 
 10. 25 
 103.25 
 102. 25 
 102. 25 
 100.25 
 103. 75 
 101.5 
 
 This gives an average morning body temperature of 101°.4, and an average even- 
 ing temperature of 102O.7 ; being an average difference of 1°.3 between about seven 
 m the morning and about five in the evening. The lowest temperature was 98° 75 
 and the highest 103°.75, a difference of five degrees, the animal bein" the whole time 
 in good health. The lowest temperature of the body corresponded with the lowest 
 ot the atniosphere ; and, m general, a considerable change in atmospheric temperar 
 ture was followed by a change of body temperature in the same sense, thou t^h this 
 did not always take place, and when it did there was no definite relation betwlentho 
 extent of the two chang-cs. The eight mornings on which the atmospheric tempera- 
 o^o^^^^T ^^ •*"■■ '"^^^^'^■' ^^'^ average body temperature was lOOs.72 and that of the air 
 S1"A; tlie nine mornings on which the atmospheric temperature was above 40° the 
 average body teniperature was 101O.97, and that of the air 49^.7 ; thus an average 
 increase ot 18°.3 in the atmosphere caused an average increase of 10.25 in bodv tem- 
 peratiire. Again, the five evenings on which the atmospheric temperature was 40^ 
 ?l^^'}^^'i^t^ •«o?Sfi^°''7 temperature was 102O.35, and the average atmospheric 
 nK^^fA^S^'^+i,"^ '^ ' the eleven evenings on which the temperature of the air was 
 above 40°, the average body temperature was 102°.8C, and the average of the air 
 55". 2 ; an average increase of 16°. 8 in evening temperature of the air causinc an 
 average increase of 0°.51 in body temperature ^^-^""o oi . me air, causing an 
 
RepoTt CoTn_Tix-LSsioTi.eT? of Aiixie-LcltTcre foT 1880. 
 
 SWINE PLAGUE A^D FOA\n:. CHOLERA. 
 
 Mlcxoscopic Ixr\restiQa,tio]-Ls 1iy X)."E . Sa,l3ii.oTu,D.A^.Ar. PhiU-I. 
 
 /? 
 
 S aliiLOii., Del. 
 
 n^.l. SwlxLe - PI a 6 "ice •. Blood ti'OTix li-s'iTi.d aTiinTci-al 
 30TvtaiT\irL^ paTticles of fil)rin. x 1200 diam. 
 
 A]Toen.8:Co.LthDcani.sLic.T3iiltimOTft 
 
Repoxt Co3ii.Tn.issio3i.eT of AgxiCTjilt-irre fox 1880. 
 
 SM71NE PLAGUE A^D FCWL CHOLERA. 
 
 Micxoscopic lTi.-\^esti^ atioTLs "bj^ D.E. SalTn_o:rv.X).V.M. Plate H. 
 
 
 % 
 
 ,;-■■•■■" ■'-^O,,' 
 
 
 Zj 
 
 '0 o ■-■ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 '3 1 
 
 
 
 %. 
 
 I] 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ^fe 
 
 
 fj 
 
 1 
 
 
 /% 
 
 
 Salm.oTi.,Del. 
 
 Fi^. 2 . SwixLe 
 
 -Pla'Sxce OrearLisTTLS i^^pxe^jaxa- 
 
 tioxL of "bloocL fxo]i"L jxcditlax 4 days old.. BaciXLi foa-- 
 
 ^ni-iTLfi giaxL-Lcles lay fissioxL. x 1000 dia-aix. 
 
 
 A.Hoen& Co lithccaiistic.BaLtmijr* 
 
ireepoTt UonxTTLissioTLeT of AgTic-irlt-uixe foT- 1880. 
 
 SWINE PLAGUE a^d YOWl. CHOLERA. 
 
 MlcToscopic iTwesti^atioxLs by D.E . SalTO.OTt.D.V.AI. Plate HI. 
 
 @ 
 
 O O o 
 
 © 
 
 
 ° "3 
 
 «S\. 
 
 SalTO-OTi, Del. 
 
 Fid. 3. S"wlrLe - Pla^xce . Relative TLxtTn.l>epr of ^TarLixles 
 aTLd blood coxpicscles . rrojn. paTt of a field- irt tKe sam.e p-re- 
 paratioTL Itl "wliicK -vv^exe foixTLcL Oxe ox'?; anisTii-s of fig. 2. 
 
 xlOOO diaTTL. 
 
 OOo 
 
 
 SaljaoTL, Del. 
 
 ng. 4. S-wiji-e Pla^Tjie rorTruatioxL of graTvuiles or 
 plastids by -K^aTLdeTiTLg cells (leijccocy-tes ) iT>. brorucKial 
 Tn.-u:c-u:s . a, fat gramrle s ; b , c , d, e , f , coTLsecixtive stages 
 in. tKe dispexsioTL of tKe uirLiforni. graxLixles (plastids). 
 
 X 100 diam. 
 
 ABoeiuS: CoIaflioca-ustic.BaltimDre 
 
Repoxt CoTaTrLissioTi.e-r of Agxic-Lcltirre for 1880. 
 
 SWINE PLAGUE Ai^D FOWL CHOLERA. 
 
 Ml 
 
 Macroscopic l7westi^>atioi,.s "by B.E . SalTixoTL.D.A',]^. PlateB^. 
 
 W 
 
 
 -HC^i-"^'' 
 
 rrvr:;:, 
 
 S alm-OTL, D el . 
 
 w>^ 
 
 
 -^-%: 
 
 
 
 
 Pi^.5. S"wiTi_e - Plagixe : Clixstexs of leixcocytes 
 artd. ^TaTLixles Itl "blood.. xlOOOdiEon.. 
 
 rn 
 
 cP' =. 
 
 ^ '^o^^o '^'^ 
 
 
 
 #^' 'I 
 
 
 (O^j 
 
 SalirLOTL, Del. 
 
 a-.-<:^r<.^--'^\„,^jX(KncP" 
 
 Fig. 6. STvane -Plagxce ; Blood of Xog TiillecL 
 TveaT ah.ai-lotte.lsr. C. JiTcly 2 , 1880. Vac-un-cxi^ tvcbe fOled 
 froTTL vein. axLd >Lexin.e tic ally sealedteTL days before ex:- 
 ajivirLatioxL. x. 1000 diaia. 
 
 AHoenA Co lalhflcanKtic B aTtnnore . 
 
tlepoxt (Jom-Tn-issioTLeT o± A^Tic-ixlt-icre £ot 1880. 
 
 S^^VINE PLAGUE A^D FOAVL CHOLERA, 
 
 MT-croscopic iTivesti^ atioTLs lay D.E . SalnaoTu.DA^.M, Plate V". 
 
 rf^-' 
 
 k:'''^: 
 
 "" »»«»• 
 
 cS 
 
 t*»c, 1^ 
 
 ssiwoa, 
 
 ^u:c^^-,%<*»f>M=<»°*'=°=" 
 
 S alTROTL, T) el . 
 
 Fig. 7. S-wirte -Plagxce ; ViTxcs afteir seveTL days 
 cii:lt±^atloTL Itl iJiTirLe . " 1000 diam.. 
 
 SalTTLOTL.Del. 
 
 Pitf. 8. S-WTLTLe -Pla^Txe ExceptioTtal foxTtx 
 de-s^elopei Itl c-iiltivati otl s o£ vixixs in. -irrlTLe 
 
 xlOOO diam. 
 
 AHoenA Co-iLfliDca-ustic.BjLLtiinare 
 
Repoxt CoTn.Tn.ls si oTLei:- of AgxiCTxlt-Lcre foT 1880. 
 
 SWINE PLAGUE ^^d FO^WL CHOLERA. 
 
 Mlcxoscopic lTwresti^a,tioji.s by D.E. SalTn.orL.D.A'.]M, Plate"VI. 
 
 i. f^N 
 
 O -ioO^o 
 
 ri-' 
 
 r\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 IPgiS:' 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 'c; -.7 
 
 
 SalnLOTi., Del. 
 
 Fig. 9. Fowl- CKolera . Blood from. CliickeTL n-early dead; 
 dra-WTL froTO. vein, arti iTain.ediatly e^zam-iTLed Aixg. 28, 1880. 
 
 V 1000 diaTtL. 
 
RepoTt CoTn-TTLlssioTLex of A^xic-u:lt-un?e foT 1880. 
 
 SWINE PLAGUE A^D rOWX CHOLERA, 
 
 Microscopic lTi.-\resti^^ atiorLs "by D.E. Salxti-OTL DA'.M Plate"Vir. 
 
 Fig. 10. Fowl-CKoleTa; 
 MoviTLg gxararles. x 1000. 
 
 r 
 
 fin I 
 iiii 
 
 Fig . 11 . Fowl - CKolexa : 
 rMo-pirL^ clTxstexs of xocL- slLaped jSxartules, 
 a. . 1) , & c, s'u:ccessi\^e foxms xapidlj^ assTcjixecl 
 \iy tKe saxae clTxstex. x 1000. 
 
 Fig. 12. Fowl-CKolera: 
 GxaTLTxles al)OT^ct tKe xoxclei of red §iol)\rles. 
 
 X 1000. 
 
 (iiii 
 
 Fig . 13 . Fowl - CKolexa : 
 Osiaic acid 3:)TepaxatioTL, sKo-iviTL^ escape of 
 tKe rLTCclei. x 1000. 
 
 AHben.& Co lailuicauslK, Balcmmre. 
 
Report CoTn.Tn.is si OTLeT of A^TicxrltTXTe fox 1880. 
 
 SWI^E PLAGUE i^^D CHICKEN CHOLERA. 
 
 Microscopic iTL^resti^ atioixs by D.E . Salin.oaT-.ID.A".M. PlateVlH. 
 
 SahrLOTL.'Del 
 
 Pig.l4. Fo-wl- Ch-olera ; Osmic 
 acid prepaxatioTL from, same "blood 
 as fig. 9. SKo-w^s tKe large TLTxmbex 
 of leircocytes and aliseruce of free 
 fixaTLTrles aixd free Tticclei. xlOOO aiaon.. 
 
 StdiiKJitDtl 
 
 Fig. 15. To^N-l- CKolera . 
 AppearaTLce of cxtltivatioTi. in. 
 Tivoist chamljeT otl slide 201i.oTirs 
 in tKe iTLCiibatox. x 600 diaTix. 
 
 # 
 
 ■ © 
 
 ' J) ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 Salm-OTL.Del. 
 
 Tig. 17. 'Fowi- CKolera: Oigaji.- 
 
 ism-s esistiTLg in. -s^ast n-unxbex in 
 
 xlOOO diam- 
 
 tKe excrement . 
 
 a 
 
 SabTLOTiL , T) el . 
 
 m 
 
 / "Bo, 
 
 V 
 
 ^/ 
 
 Fi g . 18 . Fmvi - CKolera . 
 Organisms iii blood similax to 
 those of excrement . Prom, prepa- 
 ration ntade Sept. 26. 1880. 
 
 X 1000 diam. 
 
 Saliaon.Del 
 
 Fig 16 FoAvl - Cholera : Destrtcction of xed coxp-u:s cle s by 
 leircocytes. »., Soon after contact; b , tKe same coxpnscl^ ten 
 
 ^ -, ^ X 1000 diajn. 
 
 Tii.in.ij:tes latex. 
 
 AHrimA Cu LLfim-austir Baltiiiiyi-'- 
 
TriepoTt CoTci-irLls sioTLex of A^TiCTxlt-uiT-e Cox 1880. 
 
 savhste plague ^^^d chicken cholera. 
 
 Microscopic lTU\^esti6 atiOTi.s "by D.E. SalTcvoii^.D.V.M. Plate K. 
 
 Saliivoii., Del: 
 
 "Fig. 19. Apparatiis for iii_tTodTxeTJLg bloocL directly from tKe 
 veins to a cTrlti-ratioTi. lig-u:ia to aToid contamirLatioix -nitli- atmos - 
 pl-Leric geT-ms. A, cixltivatioTi. flas"k:; "b, aspirator needle; a, glass 
 oiqD ]Dacked witK cottoTLi c , poijit to lie broteTL witMxL tKe cao-uitch.o-LCC 
 txLt)ei d.part drawi- tMrL to divide and seal -iv-itK lamp after 
 mood is introd^LCed, e , ventilating tiz"be p acted viih. cotton at f ; 
 B ajxd C , aspirator jars. 
 
 
 
 ©,' 
 
 'W^rCc^ 
 
 4it'' 
 
 '.9/ 
 
 
 Fig. 20. S^vTjTe-pla^-ire: 
 Bronchial mnicrcs (after Meg-mn). 
 X 600 to 700 diam. 
 
 Fio. 21. - Swme-pla^Tce : 
 Bio o d ( after ile gxdn ) . 
 
 X 600 to 700 diam. 
 
 AHoHii Co latocaiBW Baltmore 
 
Repoxt CoTn.Tn.is si OTLeT of AgT-ic-irltTXT-e fox 1880. 
 
 SAVI^ E PLAGU E A^D CH I CKE N C HOLE RA. 
 
 Microscopic iTivestigatloTLS 1>t D.E . SaljLT.oji .DA'.M. Plate X. 
 
 Fi^ . 2 2 . - B aciTLixs axLtlxTacis : 
 Spore foxmation. airtex 16 Kq-uxs cirl- 
 tlvatioTi ( aftex To-uis sadTLt . ) x 500 . 
 
 Fi^. 23. " Bacillus aTLthxacis; 
 SpoxaxL^ial foTTiLS o'btain.ecL ti\.ser- 
 Txxx of cLo^'s l)loo(l ( after Tous s airxt ) 
 
 X 500 
 
 «o ' Ji 
 
 o'%o„. 
 
 (J3 CO CO 
 
 Fig.24'rBacill"u:s ajLthxacis; 
 Isolated spores(afterToTXSsaiji±) 
 x500. 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 Fig 2 5-13acillT[s aTLt]\xacis ; De-\^plop - 
 Tn.en.t of spoxes ^tl cTcltivatioxL Ligixids — 
 ( a ), -srhexL plant e d ; ( b ) , in. Kalf lioxcr ; ( c ) , in 
 one Ko-mr 1 ( d 1 , in t-v\-o Iiotxts , I e), in tliree 
 Ilq-uxs, ( at'tex Touss aint .) x 5 00 
 
 
 Fi^. 26.-BaciLlTxs antKracis • 
 Spoxe dividing into spoxixles and 
 one of tihesp de^v^elopin^ into a rod 
 ( after E-vs^art.) x '? 
 
 ft fl ff'^^ft, 
 
 Fig. 27r Bacill\LS airtliTacis - 
 GemxiTLatioTL of spox-es ( after Co}\j\.) 
 
 K 16 50, 
 
 AHoeiLiS io Lithocairstit.BaLtunnre 
 
INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 Tliiid Kciioi-t of Dr. Jajaics l,aw. 
 
 Hon. Wm. G. Le Dug, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 
 Sir : I have the honor to submit a report of experiments on swine 
 plague, undertaken with the view of determining how far the virus can 
 Ije mitigated by artificial means, so that the disease may be made to 
 assume a mild or harmless form, and how far such mitigated type of the 
 malady will prove protection against the effect of a second exposure to 
 infection. That I have succeeded in securing such protection it is per- 
 haps as yet too much to assert, yet observation seems to show that inoc- 
 ulation with the virus which has been cultivated in certain organic 
 solutions is attended by little danger to the animal, and yet produces 
 a condition of the system which is protection against the dangers of 
 a renewed exposure to infection, and also against the perils usually 
 attending inoculation with a moderate amount of the ordinary or native 
 virus. It has shown none the less clearly that the poison as cultivated 
 in certain other organic mixtures becomes very deadly; that the virus 
 that has been shut up for some time, with a limited amount of air, is no 
 less so, and that the introduction into the system of a maximum dose 
 of the more potent forms of the poison will put all protective measures 
 to naught. 
 
 The work has necessarily been slow because of the delay needful to 
 allow of the action of the poison on the animal system and the full 
 recovery from the same, and afterward by reason of the time necessary 
 to submit the convalescent animals to the tests required to ascertain the 
 existence and measure of the acquired insusceptibility, and also be- 
 cause the number of subjects was limited, so that each might be kept 
 apart from dangerous infection during the early stages of the experi- 
 ment. Further delay necessarily occurred when an experiment turned 
 out adversely to our hopes, and necessitated a change of base and a 
 new and different line of investigation. 
 
 In submitting thfe results of this work I have furnished the record of 
 each experiment separately, with comments, and wound up by a sum- 
 mary of deductions, which will serve as a basis for experiments on a 
 
 larger scale. 
 
 Pig ^0. 1. 
 
 Small Berkshire pig, obtained from Mr. Frear, is out of a small herd, 
 of which three have died of swine plague, introduced by a purchase 
 from New Jersey. This and another, the only survivors of the herd, I 
 6 D ^^ 
 
82 
 
 CONTAGIOUS JJlSEA.SES OF DOJIESTIOATED ANIMALS. 
 
 secured for experimeut. It had uot been tliougiit seriously ill. but 
 looked emaciated and scoured on arrival. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 Iiemarts. 
 
 1880. 
 Juiie 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 211 
 23 
 
 9 a. m — 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 9 a.m 
 
 111 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 ...do 
 
 ...do 
 
 ...do 
 
 ...do 
 
 ...do.... 
 
 ...do 
 
 ...do 
 
 ...do 
 
 6.30 p.m. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 ....do .. 
 ,...do .. 
 ...do.. 
 ...do.. 
 ...do.. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. UL. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 ...do.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a.m.. 
 C p. m.. 
 9 a. m. 
 p. m. 
 9 a. m.. 
 G p. m. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 X). m., 
 9 a. m. . 
 G p. m. 
 9 a.m.. 
 do. 
 
 G p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 
 G p, m., 
 9 a. ]ai. . 
 G p. m.. 
 9 a, m.. 
 ...do.. 
 ...do .. 
 
 6 p. m.- 
 ...do ... 
 9 a. m - . 
 13 uoon . 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 101. 75 
 
 101. 75 
 
 101. 75 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 101. 75 
 
 102.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 101. 75 
 
 102.5 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 301.5 
 
 102 
 
 101. 75 
 
 101.5 
 
 103 
 
 101. 5 
 
 101.5 
 
 101 
 
 101. 5 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 300 
 102 
 103. 
 103. 
 100 
 99 
 105 
 lOO 
 
 ]n3 
 
 ]IB 
 
 100 
 
 101.5 
 
 101 
 
 300 
 
 99 
 
 98 
 
 100.5 
 
 Fed green Tc^etaUes, corn meal, and bread. 
 ScourB ; looks ill. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Scours ; looks ill; fed aliorts. 
 
 Do. 
 Hearty; hungry; bowels settled. 
 
 Do.' 
 
 Do. 
 
 Inoculated ■witli lung Tiiiuids of sictpig. Killed 
 to.day at Hor.seheads. See microscopic draw, 
 ijigs, flgs. 1, 2, 3. 
 
 Swelling where Inoculated. Weak grunt. 
 
 Inoculation siNeUing persists. 
 Purging, but good appetite. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Purging badly digested matter; greenish water 
 with floating solids. 
 
 Purging; scurfy; skin exudation. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Purgiug; scurfy; very feverish grunt. 
 Purging; looks much worse. 
 
 Do. 
 Inoculated with peritoneal exudate of a pig killed 
 8 days ago in North Carolina, by Dr. Salmon. 
 Kept in vacuum tube till 30 hours ago. Smells 
 of hog, but not putrid. 
 
 Very dull and prodlrate, 
 
 Very sick; likes to be rolled over. Stands drawn 
 together, with back arched and nose extended. 
 Very prostrate, weak grunt, purges. 
 Very weak ; has to be raised. 
 Unable to rise. Seems just breathing. 
 Found dead. 
 
 PO.Sl-.MOUTliM EXAMINATION SAMU AFTERNOON. 
 
 Ligormorhs slujld. Skiii llim and bloodless, covered with a thict black exudation 
 dried at most points and scaling otf. The left ear, where it had been punctnred two 
 weeks ago for a drop of blood, presents a small slongh about a Une in diameter, and 
 ■when pressed exudes a di'op of white pus-like matter. 
 
 The seat of the first inoculation in the flank exudes a few drops of a red gnunous 
 fluid, and contains a ycllo\vish white slough inclosed in a sac with thick bluiSh white 
 walla. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 83 
 
 Tlie seat of tlio sooond inoculation, situated in front of tlio last and close to the 
 costal cartilagesj presents an abscess with i drachm of a whitish purulent fluid, and 
 inclosed by thickened whitish fibroid walls. Immediately below this the muscular 
 walls o± the abdomen by the span of au inch long by half an inch broad have under- 
 gone extensive thickening and fibroid degeneration. 
 
 Superficial inguinal glands ai-e deeply pigmented, presenting a dark blue tiuce. 
 Lulargemeut very slight. 
 
 The suhlunibar, gastric, and mesmtmc glands are similarly pigmented Tho irrescapxilar 
 glands are deeply pigmented The prethoracio glands congested, of a deep red color. 
 The pliai-yngeal subnuuiUari/ glands pigmented. Mouth and pharynx normal. 
 
 Stomach : Great curvature has the mucous membrane red and congested. 
 
 Small intestine shows partial congestion. 
 
 Caoum shows a number of sloughing ulcers. The sloughs are of a yellowish white 
 color, and do not project much above the adjacent mucous membrane. 
 
 Colon has fewer tod smaller sloughs of the same general character. 
 
 The c;ooum and anterior part of the colon contain many whipworms (Trkocenhalus 
 dispar). 
 
 Lungs normal or nearly so. The right is of a dark red color, from a congestion 
 which is manifestly hypostatic and post-mortem. 
 
 Right heart contains a small clot. Left heart empty. 
 
 Spleen normal. 
 
 Kidneys and Wolffian lodies congested and red. There a is great deficiency of fat 
 throughout the body. 
 
 E'emaeks on Pig No, 1. 
 
 This pig came into my possession as a sick auimal, aud was besides 
 small and badly nom-idlied. Fourteen days later, when it had been 
 manifestly improving for a week, it was inoculated by injecting under 
 the skin a drachm of the fresh pulmonary exudate of a sick (swine plague) 
 pig killed the same day at Horseheads. It seemed important to test 
 the insusceptibility of the animal at this early stage of recovery, as the 
 companion i^ig No. 2 being now in a more advanced state of convales- 
 cence (by about ten days), furnished the opportunity for a comparison. 
 The immunity or insusceptibility acquired by swine that had passed 
 through the disease and fully recovered we took for granted on the tes- 
 timony of men of experience, so that the question with us, and which 
 those pigs seemed to offer a chance of determining, was at how early a 
 date after the attack could this immunity be counted on. 
 
 In inoculating as stated, with such a large amount of the virulent 
 liquid, we made the test one of the most severe possible, and one much 
 more exacting than if we had simply placed the experimental pig in the 
 same pen with a sick one, or inserted a single drop of the virulent 
 liquid under the skin. In his experiments with anthrax, Chauveaii has 
 shown that the probability of a fatal result is far greater if the virus is 
 introduced, as in this case, in a large quantity at a time, than after even 
 a succession of inoculations of a limited amount. 
 
 By a parity of reasoning, it is probable that the swine plague, which 
 is presumed to be caused, like anthrax, by bacteridian infection, will 
 show itself to be subject to the same laws of development and prophy- 
 laxis, and therefore the sudden saturation of the blood with a drachm 
 of virulent fluid was much more likely to bear down all protective oppo- 
 sition than if the poison had gained access to the system through the 
 natural channels as infinitesimal particles floating in the air, or as viru- 
 lent liquids that might come in contact with any chance sore on the sur- 
 face. ' 
 
 The ease No. 1, which terminated unfavorably, clearly established two 
 points : 1st. That the protection furnished to an animal by a first attack 
 of the disease, even when that is contracted in the natural manner, is 
 not yet secured so long as the system is still suffering from the active 
 effects of such first attack. 2d. That a very large dose of the virus of 
 
81 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 swine plague mauifestly acts on the system with greater jioteucy than a 
 small one. 
 
 Both of these conclusions were still further strengthened by the results 
 of a second inoculation practiced seventeen days aftfer the first, and 
 while the system was still profoundly affected by the latter. The patient 
 sank rapidly after the second inoculation, and died on the seventh day, 
 presenting at the necropsy the characteristic lesions of the plague. 
 
 Large Bebkshibe Pig, No. 3. 
 
 Sent me from Mr. Frear's, June ?), 1880, from a herd that was infected 
 with hog cholera by a i)urchase of some hogs from New Jersey. This 
 pig has been sick but is recovering. This and No. 1 are the sole sur- 
 vivors of the herd. Ou arrival it ^ras still plumj:* and hearty, the main 
 .signs of disorder being an extra exudation from the skin and a very 
 slight irregularity of the bowels. 
 
 Bate. 
 
 1880. 
 Jnna 9 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 IS 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 
 July 
 
 Time 
 
 9 n. m — 
 6 p. ni — 
 9 a. m — 
 
 M 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 ....Ao.... 
 
 ilo 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....cIo 
 
 ....do.-.. 
 ....rto.... 
 
 ....ilo 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 C.30p. m. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 ....do... 
 
 .do... 
 
 .do... 
 
 .do... 
 ....do... 
 G p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. in.. 
 9 a. ni.. 
 ...do... 
 C p. m.. 
 9 a. iR.. 
 G p. m,, 
 a. m., 
 G p. m.. 
 9 a. in.. 
 
 6 p. lu... 
 9 a. 111... 
 G p. in... 
 a. m . . . 
 fi p. m... 
 9 a. m... 
 ...do.... 
 G p. m... 
 9 a. m... 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 lO-t 
 
 103. .5 
 
 103.2 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 101. 5 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 101. 5 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 103 
 
 101. 5 
 
 101. 5 
 
 101.5 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 103 
 
 101. 5 
 
 102 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 101 
 
 103. 73 
 
 103 
 
 ]03 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 104.5 
 
 103 
 
 lilt. 9 
 lot. 9 
 
 103 
 104. 73 
 104 
 103 
 
 Koniarlcs. 
 
 Bowels sliglitly irritalile. 
 
 Bowels settled. I"cd shorts. 
 
 ( 
 
 Inoculated wifcli diseased limf; of pig Itilletl at 1 
 p. m. llio same day at fioraelieads; ^ draclim 
 of the Ugiiid injected under the alciu. 
 
 Slight swelling in seat of inoculation. 
 
 Swellino' in seat of inoculation haid antl IJiucli- 
 cs in diameter. 
 
 Inoculation swellini:;- red ; its bristles shed. 
 Ahra-sion on swelliuy;, with oozing of serum. 
 Exri.'Uent,appetito. " 
 
 Wound dry. Swelling h>s3 hut very itchy. Skin 
 harsh, scaly. 
 
 Coughs. 
 
 Coughs. Unctuous, lilackish skin exudation. 
 
 Inoculated with peritoneal exudate from sick 
 pig in North Carolina: virus kept 8 days in 
 vacuum tuhe and anielle strongly of pig, hut 
 not fffitid ; i drachm injected hypodermically. 
 
 Swelliug whore inooiih-vted 
 jection. 
 
 hours after the in. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 Labge BEiuisiiinK Pig, No. 2— Contiuucd. 
 
 85 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 1880. 
 July in 
 10 
 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 IS 
 19 
 19 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 
 2:! 
 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 25 
 25 
 20 
 26 
 '27 
 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 31 
 31 
 Aug. 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 "3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 C 
 7 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 
 14 
 13 
 15 
 10 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 - 23 
 23 
 24 
 
 13, m. 
 ...do.. 
 
 ' a. 311. . 
 I p. la.. 
 I LL. m.. 
 ' I), ni.. 
 t a. lu.. 
 i y. m.. 
 i a. m.. 
 ...do... 
 
 i p. lU- 
 
 * a. m. 
 i p. m.. 
 I a. m.. 
 1 p. m. 
 a. m.. 
 ip. 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 p. m. 
 a, Di. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 G p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.- 
 G p. m.- 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m... 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. ra-- 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m-- 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m. - 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 p. m-- 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.- 
 
 9 a. m . . 
 
 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m-. 
 
 6 p. in.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. ra.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. ju.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m. . 
 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 fi p. m. 
 9 a. in. 
 6 p. m- 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. in. 
 9 a. m. 
 p. m. 
 9 a. m- 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 C p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m- 
 9 a. m- 
 C p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m- 
 9 a. m. 
 
 Hotly tom- 
 perat\ire. 
 
 °F. 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 101.1 
 
 101 
 
 104.' 
 
 103.' 
 
 100. 
 
 104 
 
 102. 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 101 
 
 103. 
 
 102. 
 
 105 
 
 103 
 
 105. 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 102. 
 
 103 
 
 101. 
 
 103. 
 
 101 
 
 103. 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 105 
 
 103 
 
 105 
 
 102. 
 
 103. 
 
 101. 
 
 103 
 
 100 
 
 103. 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 101. 
 
 103. 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 105 
 
 104. 
 
 102 
 
 104. 
 
 102. 
 
 103. 
 
 102 
 
 103. 
 
 102. 
 
 103. 
 
 102. 
 
 102. 
 100. 
 103. 
 . 100 
 103. 
 101 
 104 
 102. 
 103. 
 102. 
 103 
 102 
 102. 
 102. 
 103 
 102 
 104 
 102 
 104 
 102. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Loolvs Iieavty. Only slight swolliug "wlieie last 
 inoculated. Skin scuivy, itchy. 
 
 25 
 
 After supper. 
 Do. 
 
 Liquids taken from inoculation swelling. See 
 microscopic drawing, fig. 4.. 
 
 Had several fits of coughing. 
 
 "Weather set in cold. 
 Cold and wet. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Purges. 
 
 Pus from inoculation swelling has rods (l).\cinas) 
 
 without motion. 
 Inoculated on No. 3. 
 Cold and showery. 
 
 Cold and dry. 
 
 Cold. 
 
 Cold, threatening. 
 
 ■Wet and warm. 
 
 ■Wet — warm. 
 
 ■Warm— muggy. 
 
 Clear. 
 
86 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OV DOMESTirATEO ANIMALS. 
 
 Lakge Bkkkshiiie i'Ji.i, Ko. 2— Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Hemarke. 
 
 1880. 
 Atiff. 24 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 27 
 2S 
 28 
 20 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 31 
 31 
 Sent. 2 
 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 G p. m., 
 9 a. m., 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m., 
 9 a. m-. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 G p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. in., 
 9 a. m . , 
 G p. ro.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m., 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p, m. , 
 9 a. m. . 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. ra.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m,. 
 6 p. m> 
 9 a. m, 
 6 p. m., 
 9 a.ya. 
 6 p. m. 
 6 p>. m., 
 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m., 
 9 fl. m . , 
 G p. ra.. 
 9 a. in., 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m., 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. ra.. 
 9 a. ra.. 
 6 p. ra.. 
 9 a. ra.. 
 6 p. in., 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m... 
 6 p. ni.. 
 9 a. in.. 
 6 p. m., 
 9 a. m.. 
 G p. m.. 
 9 a. m. , 
 6 p. m . 
 9 n. m.. 
 G p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 p. m. . 
 
 4 
 
 9 a 
 
 ni 
 
 4 
 
 (i p 
 
 ra 
 
 1) 
 
 n a 
 
 HI 
 
 5 
 
 li i> 
 
 ni 
 
 « 
 
 n a 
 
 111 
 
 U 
 
 lip. 
 
 m 
 
 '/ 
 
 U a. 
 
 m 
 
 'l 
 
 (J p. 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 1) a. 
 
 111 
 
 X 
 
 U p. 
 
 m 
 
 C p. m. 
 
 °F. 
 104 
 102 
 
 103. .^ 
 
 101. 75 
 102.75 
 102 
 102.J5 
 102.6 
 
 104. 75 
 
 102. 75 
 104 
 103.5 
 104 
 102 
 103.5 
 102. 25 
 
 103.5 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 102. 25 
 
 103.5 
 
 103 
 
 102.5 
 
 102 
 
 102. 75 
 
 102. 25 
 103 
 103 
 103 
 103 
 
 103. 25 
 102. 25 
 102. 75 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 103.5 
 
 104. 25 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 101.5 
 
 103 
 
 lOL 
 
 102 
 
 100. 5 
 
 102. 75 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 100.5 
 
 102 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 100. 25 
 101 
 101 
 103 
 102. 5 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100,05 
 
 10). 75 
 
 101 
 
 101. 75 
 
 Inocnlatecl with virus from slot pig in North 
 Carolina; kept tliree days in wlieat uraa. 
 
 Sliglit awelling wliere inoculated. 
 
 Dull. Has pnrged and been irritable daring the 
 last week. Inoculated right ear with Arop of 
 virus, partly septic, from Camden, N. J, 
 
 Slight swelling where inoculated. 
 
 Slight oozing where last inoculated. 
 Feeila less than before inoculation. 
 
 Appetite fails. 
 
 Black circular spots inside the thighsj leave 
 slight abrasions where scraped off. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DIREASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 
 Lariik I5ei;kshirk Pkj, No. 2— Coniiuueci. 
 
 87 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Eemsirka. 
 
 1880. 
 Oct. 10 
 10 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 10 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 18 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 25 
 25 
 26 
 26 
 27 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 31 
 31 
 Not. 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m. . 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m . . 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. Dl.. 
 9 a. m.; 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m. . 
 C p. m.- 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m. . 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.- 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.- 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p.m.. 
 9 a, m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. lu.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. ni.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m., 
 9 a. m-. 
 6 p. ra., 
 9 a. m., 
 6 p. m., 
 9 a. m-, 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m., 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 C p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. jn 
 9 a. m. 
 C p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 pm. 
 9 a, m. 
 
 °F. 
 lOl' 
 102.5 
 100 
 101 
 100 
 100 
 99 
 99.5 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 102 
 100 
 101 
 100 
 100 
 90.5 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 99 
 99.5 
 100 
 101 
 100 
 100.5 
 100 
 
 100. 75 
 101 
 101 
 100 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 
 101.75 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 100. 25 
 100 
 101 
 99.5 
 100 
 99 
 100 
 99 
 100 
 99.6 
 100.5 
 100 
 101 
 100 
 100.5 
 100 
 100 
 
 99.5 
 100 
 100 
 300.5 
 100.5 
 101 
 100 
 100.5 
 99.5 
 100 
 99 
 100 
 98.5 
 99.75 
 98 
 98 
 97 
 98 
 9.5 
 95 
 95 
 98 
 95 
 
 Eayenoua. 
 
 CostiTe. 
 
 Medicine has opened bowels. 
 
 Very cold. Teeda very poorly. 
 
88 CONTAGIOUS - DISEASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Large Bekksuike Pig No. 2 — Coutiiiuod. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Remarks, 
 
 1R80. 
 Not. 38 
 
 
 93 
 95 
 95 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 ''3 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 6 p. TO. 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lakge Berkshire Pig, No. 2. 
 
 Before liis death, on the morning of November 24, this pig manifested symptoms 
 of aonte delirium, screaming in the most violent manner when approached, and at- 
 tempting to bite. The eyes were congested and the muscular control very imx^erfect, 
 the animal lying on its side and struggling. 
 
 The body is well nourished and tlie subcutaneous fat is in many places one inch to 
 one inch and a half thick. 
 
 The sUn has dark brown spots of the usual exudate, but no well marked purple 
 patches. The tips of the ears are stiff, as if they had been bloodless and frozen be- 
 fore death. 
 
 Tongue and pharynx natural ; the latter contains some white, tenacious, stringy 
 mucus. 
 
 Gvttural lympltatio r/lands moderately pigmented, and of a darkish gray. 
 
 Lungs healthy. The right lung is the seat of hypostatic congestion, evidently post- 
 , mortem.. 
 
 Heart normal. 
 
 Stomach full, with its contents baked and closely adherent to the mucous membrane 
 as if the organ had been inactive and digestion suspended for some time. The acidity 
 of the contents is strongly marked. Tlie gastric mucous membrane has bright red 
 spots from one to two lines in diameter, especially on the great curvature and near 
 the pylorus, but no distinct abrasions or ulcers. 
 
 Small intestines empty ; slightly congested ; what little Ingosta is present is abnor- 
 mally dry and adherent to the mucous membrane. At the commencement of the du- 
 odenum is a dark green mass of biliary matter, solid in consistency, but not dry. 
 
 Large inteslines : Caecum filled witli hard, round pellets, lirmly adherent to the mu- 
 cous membrane, which is black on the surface, but not thickened, corrugated, nor 
 ulcerated. 
 
 Colon in its anterior part has its contents somewhat softer and more natural. These 
 are not formed into balls. Evidently this visous has been recently functionally act- 
 ive, while the c.-ecnm has been quite torpid or struck with atomy. 
 
 The terminal part of the colon and the rectum have firmer contents formed into 
 balls, but not firmly adherent to the mucous membrane as in the ciooum. Spots of 
 congestion appear along the whole length of the large intestine, but no thickening, 
 corrugation, ulceration, nor other sign of long-continued disease. 
 
 The mesenteric and suUumbar lymphatic glands are of a pale bro svnish yellow hue, nei- 
 ther enlarged nor visibly pigmented. 
 
 Liver sofr, rather friable, and of a dark purple brown. 
 
 The gall-Madder is full of a liquid bile of a dark greeii color. 
 
 Spleen full, well developed, and not excessively gorged with blood 
 
 Kidneys normal. 
 
 Brain: Coverings deeply congested, especially at the base, but with little or no ex- 
 udation. 1 he gray mat1,er of the brain seems abnormally red, and the puncta vascu- 
 losa are numerous and well marked. No indication of softening could be detected. 
 
 EEMARKS. 
 
 Altliongli tliis pig finally died of plireuites, its case is one of deep in- 
 terest m conectiou wi th the swine plag-uc. It had contracted tlie plague 
 before coming into my possession, and was already recovering wlien 
 
UOiNTAGIOITS DISEASES OF BOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 89 
 
 seut to me. Tor five mouths mid a half I kept it exposed lo the con- 
 tagion of hog cholera, first by a cohabitation for six weeks with a 
 Kick and dying pig, then by continual confinement in the infected pen, and 
 hnally by four successive inoculations with the most potent virus I 
 could obtain. Counting an exposure of a fortnight in the original dis- 
 eased herd before he came into my hands, this pig was constantly ex])osed 
 to the infection in a concentrated form for a period of six months. Of 
 the inoculations in the course of this experiment, the two first were of a 
 large and therefore specially dangerous amount of the virulent fiuid in- 
 jected under the skin ; the third was a similar injection of the liquid 
 virus which had been cultivated in wheat bran— a cultivation which, in 
 my former experiments upon unprotected pigs, has always acted with 
 deadly effect ; and the fourth and last inoculation was with a slightly 
 septic liquid, so that the pig was subjected to the risk of septiciemia as 
 well as the genuine s\vine plague. 
 
 Chauveau has shown, as already stated, that in the related bacterid- 
 iau disease, anthrax, while an animal can be protected by a first attack 
 against the effects of an ordinary exposure to infection, and against in- 
 oculation with smaU quantities of the virus, that this immunity does not 
 usually stand the test of a subcutaneous injection with a large amount 
 of the liquid virus. Chauveau's experiments are so conclusive that they 
 may be quoted : 
 
 1st. In a first series of experiments he made several small punctnres on the inside 
 of the ear with the point of a lancet charged with the virns. In this manner but a 
 minimum quantity of virus was introduced. Six robust European sheep inoculated 
 in this way all perished, whereas seven Algerian sheep showed not the slightest ill 
 results from the operation. 
 
 2d. A second lot of iowr Algerian sheep were inoculated in the ear by a lancet 
 charged with the fresh pulp of glands extremely rich in bacteria, and at the same 
 time by injection under the skin of the thigh of a cultivated liquid rich in the iacillus 
 anthracis. Three days later they were again inoculated by the hypodermic injection 
 of five or six drops of a similar infecting cultivation liquid. Three of those subjects 
 became distinctly though slightly ill. The fourth, a pregnant owe, died early on the 
 seventh day after the iirst inoculation. 
 
 3d. The third lot consisted of eight sheep (four ewes and their lambs). They were 
 inoculated with a cultivation liquid very rich in the spores and mycelium of haeilhis 
 anthracis, to which was added the liquid extracted from diseased lymphatic glands, 
 and literally saturated with bacillus rods. It was injected under the skin of the ears 
 in doses of live or six drops for the ewes and three or four for the lambs. One lamb 
 showed no symptom of illness, but all the others suffered considerably, and one ewe 
 died of anthrax eight days after the inoculation. 
 
 4th. A fourth lot, eight animals, were each inoculated by injecting under tlioslciu a 
 cubic centimeter of a cultivation liquid rich in anthrax, spores, mixed with gland 
 juices rich in anthrax bacilli, and the remaining eight with half the amount of the 
 same fluid. Of these, six died of anthrax, but only one of the six belonged to the eight 
 that had been inoculated with the small dose. The others suffered from slight dull- 
 ness and inappetense, but this speedily passed, and all were fully restored to health by 
 the sixth day. 
 
 5th. Atthesametime that the second lot were subjected to experiment, Chauveau 
 submitted to the same test the seven survivors of the first experiment. It caused a 
 slight indisposition only. A thii-d time he inoculated these seven in the same way as 
 the third lot, and produced again but slight iUuess. 
 
 This shows conclusively that animals which are proof against an 
 ordinary dose of the anthrax poison are still unable to resist a much 
 larger dose or a succession of large doses. If we add to this that in 
 chicken cholera (and the bacteridian diseases), Pasteur has found that 
 the dilution of the virus can be so conducted as to produce a mild in 
 place of a fatal form of the affection, it is altogether reasonable to sup- 
 pose that in a third bacteridian disease, as swine plague is supposed to 
 be, the same should hold equally true. 
 
 Wemay assume that this pig was fortified against asecond attack of the 
 
90 
 
 CONTAGIOUS PTSEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 
 
 diseiiKe by his iirsl illness while witli Mr. Frear, siuce a sfecond attack, 
 duBing the same season, at least, rarely occurs by reason of exposure to 
 ;infection. In further proof of this we have the three inoculations with 
 a large amount of virulent liquid, and a fourth with a more limited 
 quantity, yet at no time did he show anything more than a slight indis- 
 position,, and he survived the last inoculation sixty-seven days, and 
 finally died in fine condition from, an accidental illness, for before 
 death he showed mainly torpor of the liver and bowels, and finally, in 
 iconuection with the sudden onset of extremely cold weather, congestion 
 of the brain and delirium. The post-mortem appearances did not present 
 the lesions of swine plague ; the lymphatic glands were not enlarged 
 nor pigmented (a very slight discoloration of the guttural excepted) ; 
 the skin had none of the usual purple or leaden congestion, and the 
 bowels showed no thickening, corrugation, erosions, nor ulcers. That 
 the system had suffered from the action of the disease and the effects 
 of the succession of test inoculations, added to the constant exposure in 
 the infected pen, is strongly probable, and with the onset of winter the 
 digestion became languid, the bowels torpid, and the final cold period 
 which set in about November 15, and during which the temperature 
 reached zero, brought about congestion of the brain and the fatal result. 
 We may assume from this case that the protection furnished by a first 
 attack of hog cholera is relative and not absolute ; that the system suf- 
 fers permanently from such first attack, and even from successive ex- 
 posures and inoculations, so that, although proof against any ordinary 
 exposure to hog cholera, it is impaired in vigor, and for a time at least 
 is more rather than less easily affected by other diseases ; and, therefore, 
 that animals so treated require increased protection against the weather 
 or other health depressing conditions. 
 
 Poland China Pig, No. 3. 
 
 This was a small unthrifty pig, the smallest of the litter, and the sole 
 survivor, all the others having died of a disease supposed to have been 
 hog cholera. It suffered besides from a nervous trouble and carried its 
 head to one side and the neck partly twisted, so that one eye looked 
 upward. It was also terribly infested with lice {EcBmatopinus suis). 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 1880. 
 .Tnne 26 
 
 gam 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.8 
 
 100.8 
 
 100.7 
 
 101 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 102 
 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 
 98 
 102.5 
 
 98 
 102 
 102 
 
 98 
 
 
 27 
 
 do 
 
 
 28 
 
 ...do 
 
 Had passage of hardened faeces. 
 
 Castor oil repeated. 
 
 No passage ; took a third dose of castor oil. 
 
 Eowels move freelj. 
 
 29 
 
 ....do 
 
 30 
 
 do 
 
 July 1 
 2 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 3 
 
 . .do 
 
 Pm-gins;; inoculated with a cultivation of virus 
 in milk; second generation; kept seveJldays 
 in ,1 cool room. 
 
 4 
 
 ....do 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 9am . . 
 
 Bowels inactive. 
 
 Was Tonsed from a deep sleep. 
 
 Bowels act freely. 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 T3. m 
 
 Do 
 
 8 
 
 
 Do 
 
 9 
 
 ...do 
 
 Do 
 
 9 
 
 5 p. m ,,, 
 
 SS 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 11 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Do 
 
 11 
 
 C p. m 
 
 Do. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 91 
 
 P0J.Aisi> China Pig, No. 3--C'oufciuued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Xime. 
 
 Body tern, 
 perature. 
 
 liemarks, 
 
 1880. 
 July K 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 °F. 
 102. 75 
 102 
 
 99.75 
 103 
 
 99 
 100.5 
 
 99.5 
 100 
 
 Purges. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Dying; toeatliing in gaepa. 
 Dead. 
 
 13 
 
 ....do ■ "■■ 
 
 14 
 
 -...do 
 
 15 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 16 
 
 ...do 
 
 17 
 
 9 a.m 
 
 17 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 18 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 18 
 
 Noon 
 
 
 
 
 Post-mortem examination, July 19, 1880. 
 
 The day being cold the hody was left till next day (Monday), at which time it 
 snowed lew traces of decomposition. The hody waa considerably emaciated, the skin 
 turn and bloodless, without observable peteohiae, and with little of the black exuda- 
 tion. Blood dropped from the nostrils. There was no swelling or slough in the seat 
 01 inoculation. 
 
 The blood formed a loose clot. 
 
 The inguinal glands were small and nearly natural. 
 
 The prethoracio and guttural lympliatic glands were pigmented of a dark gray color. 
 
 The right lung was deeply reddened and gorged with blood, evidently a hypostatic 
 congestion, and mostly post-mortem. 
 
 The left lung natural. 
 
 The aortio lymphatic glands were congested of a very deep red. 
 
 Stomach : The muoons membrane on the great curvature was of a deep red, with 
 several black spots on blood extravasation, from one-half to one line in diameter, on 
 the margins of the fold. 
 
 Spleen and liver seemed normal. 
 
 Intestines : Slightly congested. No ulcers were detected. 
 
 The mesentei-ic glands were enlarged, and, like the aortic, of a deep red color. 
 
 KEMAEKS. 
 
 The deatli of this pig serves to corroborate the conclusions deduced 
 from the results in No. 1, that the introduction of new, virus into a sys- 
 tem at the time under the influence of swine-plagiie only serves to 
 hasten a fatal result. It affords strong presumptive ' evidence that a 
 fii'st attack is only protection against a second, if the active effects of 
 the first illness have completely subsided and convalescence completed. 
 
 Laroe White Pig, No. 4. 
 
 _ This pig was only four weeks old, it having been found difficult at the 
 time to procure subjects of a more suitable age. Together with its 
 fellow, it suffered seriously from the sudden change from the milk of its 
 dam to other food, and from the complaint. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 °F. 
 103 
 104 
 103 
 101.5 
 102 
 102 
 101.5 
 
 
 28 
 
 do 
 
 
 29 
 
 flo 
 
 
 30 
 
 do 
 
 
 July 1 
 2 
 
 ....do 
 
 
 ....do 
 
 
 3 
 
 ....do 
 
 InocTilated witli cultivation of virus in eg^-albu. 
 
 
 
 men ; second generation ; had been seven days 
 in tie apparatus. See mioroscopio drawing, 
 Fig. 5. 
 
92 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Lakge White Pig, No. 4 — Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Eody tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 1880. 
 July 4 
 
 ....do , 
 
 101 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 103.5 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 105 
 
 103 
 
 105.4 
 
 105.4 
 
 105 
 
 103.5 
 
 103 
 
 102. 75 
 
 104.3 
 
 104 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 101. 75 
 
 102. 75 
 102 
 104 
 102 
 104 
 102 
 102 
 
 103. 75 
 103.5 
 104 
 101. 75 
 
 104.5 
 
 102 
 
 103.5 
 
 102.5 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 101.75 
 
 10.3.5 
 
 102 
 
 104 
 
 101 
 
 105 
 
 103 
 
 .102.75 
 
 101 
 
 101.5 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 100 
 
 102.5 
 
 101 
 
 10J.75 
 
 99.5 
 104 
 100.5 
 
 104. 75 
 
 103. 5 
 
 104. 75 
 100 
 104. 7.J 
 
 W3.r, 
 
 104 
 101.7", 
 103. 7.-. 
 101 
 
 104 
 101 
 104 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Do 
 
 5 
 
 G p. in 
 
 Do. 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 7 
 
 (i p.m 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 ...do 
 
 
 9 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 luoculated wifcli peritoneal exudation from Nortli 
 Carolina ; kept in vacuum tube for eiglit days. ' 
 See microacopio drawing, Kg. 6. 
 
 10 
 
 6 V. TO. 
 
 11 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 ....do 
 
 
 14 
 
 ....do .' 
 
 
 15 
 
 ....do 
 
 
 16 
 
 ....do 
 
 
 17 
 
 ....do 
 
 !Fs3ces fojtid. 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 9 a. m.. . 
 
 
 IS 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 9 a.m 
 
 
 21 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 22 
 
 ...do 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 9 a. m . 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 9 a.m . .. ... 
 
 Anus tender; tliermometer perhaps not long 
 enougli inserted. 
 
 2.5 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 26 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Eectum irritable and contracted. 
 Do 
 
 26 
 
 
 27 
 
 9 a. m , 
 
 Do 
 
 27 
 
 G p. m 
 
 Do 
 
 28 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Skin and bristles barsb. 
 
 28 
 
 
 29 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 9 a. m ' 
 
 
 30 
 
 C p. m 
 
 Skin Iiarsb, itcby. 
 
 Ang. 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 C p. Til 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 C p. Ill 
 
 "We.atber very cold. 
 Cold and wet. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 3 
 
 9 a. in 
 
 3 
 
 C p. m 
 
 4 
 
 9 a.m 
 
 4 
 
 6 p. Ill 
 
 5 
 
 
 .5 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 e 
 
 9 a.m 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 p. m 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 p. m 
 
 Placed in pen witb conT.ilescent pig, ITo. 2. 
 
 11 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 p. m 
 
 neturued to its former pen. 
 iDoc.ulated with dried virus, sent on qnill from 
 Noi-tb Carolina, July 2. 
 
 13 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 13 
 
 p. m 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 9 a. 711 
 
 •W-entber cold, sbowery; slight swelling where: 
 last inoculated. " " » 
 
 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 93 
 
 Lakge White Pig, No. 4 — Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1880. 
 Aug. 15 
 10 
 16 
 ]7 
 17 
 18 
 IS 
 19 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 25 
 25 
 26 
 26 
 27 
 27 
 
 Time. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 6 p. m... 
 
 9 a. m... 
 
 6 p. 111... 
 
 9 a. m-- 
 
 6 I), m... 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.- 
 
 9 a. m . - 
 
 C p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 ii. m . . 
 
 (i p. m-- 
 
 9 a. m-- 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. lu.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.- 
 
 6 p. m.- 
 
 9 a. m-- 
 
 6 p. m-- 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. lu.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m... 
 
 6 p. m-. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m- 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 p. m. 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 IS 
 
 19 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 9 a. ra... 
 6 p. m.- 
 9 a. m. . 
 6 p.m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.- 
 9 a.m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m-- 
 6 p. m.- 
 9 a. m-- 
 6 p. m.- 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 do .- 
 
 9 a. m.- 
 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m-- 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m-. 
 9 a.m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p.m. 
 9 a.m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 p. m. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Kcmarks. 
 
 °F. 
 
 102. 3 
 100 
 102.5 
 101 
 104. 5 
 1(12. 5 
 104 
 
 103. 5 
 103. 75 
 101 
 103.5 
 103 
 103. 7;-! 
 
 101. 75 
 
 103. 75 
 102 
 
 104. 75 
 
 102. 75 
 104 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 103 
 101.5 
 
 103. 75 
 101 
 103 
 101.5 
 102.5 
 101 
 102 
 101 
 102 
 101 
 103 
 103 
 104 
 
 103. 5 
 
 104. 75 
 102.5 
 104 
 
 102. 73 
 104 
 
 102. 5 
 
 103. 75 
 102 
 104 
 
 102. 33 
 
 103. 75 
 102 
 104 
 103 
 
 102 
 103.5 
 
 101. 5 
 
 102. 75 
 101.5 
 102.5 
 101 
 102 
 101 
 102.5 
 100 
 101 
 101 
 102 
 100 
 101 
 100.5 
 101 
 100 
 
 99 
 
 Cold, dry. 
 
 Cold. 
 
 Wet, warm. 
 "Warm, "Wct. 
 "Warm, muggy. 
 
 Cold, -wet. 
 
 Inoculated with matter from North Carolrna, 
 that lad been cultiTated tliiee days ia wheat 
 loran. 
 
 Inoculated witb virus from New Jersey, sent in 
 liquid form and sligMly putrid. 
 
 Will not rise ; lias convulsive jerMngs. 
 Fouud dead tliis morning. 
 
94 C0XTAGI0U8 DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 POST-MORTEM EXAJIINATIOIS'. 
 
 Dissection made on the forenoon of September 29. 
 
 Condition of tody .-—Emaciated, skin tbin, bloodless, deficient in subcutaneous fat, 
 and covered with mnoli dark scurf. Dark purple blotcbes appear on the ears, sub- 
 maxillary space, neck, breast, abdomen, and inner sides of the limbs. Pressiu-e causes 
 the momentary disappearance of each plaque, but leaves a number of iuefi'aoeable 
 purple points. There are hard subcutaneous swellings in the seat of the successive 
 inoculations. One of these in the right iiank has an outer layer of a dark blue fibroid 
 appearance, within which is a firm layer of a dirty yellow aspect, and in the center a 
 brownish- white creamy liquid. The latter appears to have resulted from the breaking 
 down of the primary hard induration, while the inner yellow layer of the wall is in 
 XJrogress towards such disintegration. The liquid, jwhen placed under the microscope 
 with a magnifying power of 250 diameters, shows the object figured in microscopic 
 drawing, Fig. 7, none of them magnifying automatic movements. 
 
 The lymphatio glands, superficial, inguinal, and pharyngeal, were of a deex") red; the 
 internal, inguinal, and sutlumhar pigmented of a dark gray. 
 
 The tonsils contain yellowish cheesy products distending their follicles. 
 
 The lungs are natural, the hidneys sound ; spleen normal. 
 
 The liver has, at intervals, purple plaques and patches. The liile is glutinous, of a 
 dark orange-green color. The common bile duct is blocked by a large worm (Ascaris 
 suilla), twelve inches long and bent upon itself. The bile duct leading into the right 
 lobe contains a smaller ascaris. 
 
 Stomach : — The mucous membrane on the great curvature is of a deep brownish-red, 
 more or less mottled. At intervals are minute depressions as if from dilated glands 
 or loss of substance. Close in front of the pylorus are several ulcers, with bright yel-. 
 low base and ragged non-projecting edges, surrounded by a pink areola. These are 
 mostly under a line in diameter, but one has an extent of an inch and a half by one- 
 sixth of an inch, evidently caused by the confluence of several smaller ones. 
 
 The small intestines and mesentery are deeply congested throughout. The ilium is 
 filled with dark liquid blood, and its mucous membrane is much thickened and soft- 
 ened. , (See Plate I.) A portion of the ilium is greatly distended by ascarides, and an . 
 adjacent portion has become invaginated to the extent of two inches into the end of 
 the dilated portion, completely blocking its channel. (See Plate II.) 
 
 The large intestines are congested, and at intervals blood has been effused into their 
 lumen. 
 
 The bowels contain twenty-four ascarides, varying in length from nine inches to a 
 foot. The csBoum and colon contain a few whip- worms {Tricocephaltis d/ispar). 
 
 EEMABKS. 
 
 This pig had a specially hard experience, having been removed from 
 its dam at an early age and at once subjected to a new, unwonted diet, 
 and the action of the swine plague. As judged by the final result, it 
 appears to show that the virus, as modified by cultivation in egg albu- 
 men, is no protection against a subsequent inoculation with a large 
 amount of the native virus, or that which has had its potency increased 
 by cultivation in wheat bran. Yet the early results were quite en- 
 couraging. The subject successfully resisted ' an inoculation with the 
 viruleut peritoneal exudate, though made only seven days after the first 
 with a cultivation in egg albumen ; also exposure to an infected pen, and 
 inoculated from a quill smeared with the dried virus, and only perished 
 forty-six days after, and when it had been reinoculated two more times 
 with a drachm of a cultivation of the virus in bran, and two weeks later 
 with a drachm of slightly putrid virus from a bad case of the plague. 
 The question of using this septic virus was a delicate one, but consider- 
 ing that I could rarely secure fresh virus from sources outside my own 
 experiments, and as hogs kept in the usual way must be constantly 
 subjected to the risk of septic infection from sores on their bodies, I de- 
 cided to put this to the test. The fatal result arrived after the use of 
 three large injections of virulent matter, which I have since learned are 
 often sufacient to overcome the power of resistance acquired from a first 
 attack, and which are therefore to be avoided in future experiments. 
 Another important point is that in this case the direct cause of death 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 95 
 
 was tlie invagination of the intestine, and as this was a mere accidental 
 result of the irritation of the bowels, it is possible that but for this the 
 patient might have survived even the later and more severe inoculations. 
 
 Small White Pig, No. 5. 
 
 This pig was from the same litter with No. 4, and had all its disad- 
 vantages, together with the fact of its smaller size and somewhat less 
 thrift. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1880. 
 
 June 27 
 2£ 
 29 
 30 
 
 July 1 
 
 Time. 
 
 Au; 
 
 .ao., 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m . 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m . 
 
 ...do.. 
 ....do.. 
 
 6 p. m. 
 do.. 
 
 9 a. m . 
 
 > p. m.. 
 I a. lu . 
 
 i p. m. 
 I a, m . 
 i p. m.. 
 I a. m . 
 i p. m. 
 
 > a. ui . 
 ...do... 
 t p. Ul- 
 
 6 p. in.. 
 9 a. ni . . 
 Bp. m.- 
 9 a. m .. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m . . 
 ...do... 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. nJ .■ 
 6 p. ni.. 
 9 a. HI . . 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m . . 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m . . 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m . . 
 6 p. ni ■ . 
 9 a. ui . . 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m . 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 6 p. m. 
 8 a. in . 
 
 lioclytem. 
 perature. 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 op. 
 102. 5 
 103 
 102 
 103 
 102 
 101 
 101.5 
 
 lO.T 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 103.5 
 
 104 
 
 103.7 
 
 103. 6 
 102 
 102 
 
 104. 5 
 103 
 
 104.9 
 
 104.9 
 
 103 
 
 103. 73 
 
 103 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 102.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 102.5 
 
 103.5 
 
 103 
 
 101. 75 
 
 104 
 
 100 
 
 104 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 101. 25 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 104.5 
 
 101. 3 
 104 
 101.5 
 104 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 102. 75 
 102.3 
 102 
 102. 5 
 101. 23 
 103 
 101 
 104 
 102 
 
 Lively, "well. 
 
 Inoculated witli vii-us (lung exudate from sick 
 pig at Horaelieads) cultivated in human uxine 
 to second f^eueratiou. Has been in apparatus 
 7 dayis. (See Microscopic Drawings, Fig. 8.) 
 
 Puv5;e3. 
 I5u. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 Inoculated Ijypodcvmically § drachm peritoneal 
 exudate of sick pig, kept 8 days in a vacuum 
 tube, and sent from North Carolina. (See Mi- 
 croscopic Drawings, I'ig. 6.) 
 
 Skin oovered with a black, greasy exudation, 
 and itchy. 
 
 Eectam has been irritable and contracted for 
 several days. ,, ■ ii 
 
 Skin covered with a black exudation; bustleo 
 h.irsh. 
 
96 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOJIESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 SiMALL White Pig, No. 5— Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 BoGy tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 K Cp. m. 
 14 9 a. m . 
 
 14 : G p. m. 
 
 15 i 9 a. m . 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p. ju. 
 i 9 a. m . 
 j 6 p. m. 
 ! 9 a. m ., 
 I 6 p.m.. 
 I 9 a. m . 
 j 6 p. m.. 
 i 9 a. m . 
 
 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. HI .. 
 
 6 p.m.. 
 
 9 a. m - . 
 
 p.m.. 
 
 9 a. m . . 
 
 6 p.m.. 
 
 9 a. ra . . 
 
 C p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m - , 
 
 6 p. m. . 
 
 9 a. m . . 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m . . 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m - . 
 
 6 p. 1U-. 
 
 9 a. ni . . 
 
 G p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m . . 
 
 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m . . 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m . . 
 
 (> p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m - . 
 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 6 p. ra. 
 9 a. m - 
 G p. m, 
 9 a. m . 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 G p. m. 
 9 a. m ., 
 6 p. m. 
 
 °F. 
 303 
 ]01 
 101.5 
 101 
 lU-J. 5 
 100 
 J 02. 5 
 102 
 
 104.75 
 99.5 
 104 
 101 
 
 104. 25 
 103 
 104.5 
 100.5 
 104. 5 
 103.5 
 103.5 
 103. 25 
 103. 75 
 100 
 
 103. 7.'5 
 102.5 
 103. 75 
 103 
 
 102 
 100 
 
 103. 5 
 99 
 
 103.75 
 
 103 
 
 103.5 
 
 103 
 
 103.75 
 
 102 
 
 103.5 
 
 103 
 
 103.75 
 
 101.5 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 104. 25 
 103. 5 
 104 
 101 
 101.75 
 101 
 102 
 101.5 
 103.5 
 102 
 103 
 101 
 102.5 
 101 
 102.5 
 101 
 102. 25 
 101 
 103 
 102.5 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 104.5 
 
 102 
 
 103. 25 
 
 102 
 
 103. ir, 
 
 101..1 
 
 103. 5 
 
 102 
 
 103. 75 
 
 Set in cokl. 
 Cold ami wet. 
 
 Do. 
 
 D(i. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Placed in infeotefl pen witli No. 2 
 
 Ileturned to its former pen. 
 
 Inoculated with dried virus on quill sent from 
 Worth Carolina. July 2. Also, with 1 drachm 
 of infusion of decomposing maize, the latter 
 hypodermically. 
 
 "Weather cold, showery. Swelling an inch in 
 diameter where iuocolated with the corn solu- 
 tion. 
 
 Cold, dry. 
 
 Cold. 
 
 Cold, threatening. 
 
 "Warm, wet. 
 Maggy, warm. 
 Clear. 
 
 Hot. 
 
 Cold, wet 
 
 Inoculated with virus cultivation inwleat.hran 
 1 drachm of infusion injected under the sliin. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 Small White Pig, No. 5— Continued. 
 
 97 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Eemarlis. 
 
 1380. 
 
 Sept. 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 19 
 20 
 
 ;;o 
 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 25 
 25 
 26 
 26 
 27 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 9 a. m . . 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m . 
 6 p. m. 
 
 do.. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 9 a. m . 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. lu . 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m ■ 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. 
 6p, 
 9 a. 
 Cp. 
 9 a. 
 Op. 
 9 a. 
 6 p. 
 9 a. 
 6 p. 
 9 a. 
 6 p. 
 
 . m. 
 
 101 
 103. .5 
 101. 75 
 103 
 102 
 
 101 
 
 103. 25 
 101.5 
 102 
 1M.75 
 103 
 101.5 
 102 
 101. 5 
 102.5 
 100 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 lOO 
 101 
 101 
 101.5 
 101 
 102 
 101 
 101.5 
 09 
 100 
 
 Inoculated -with Tinileut peritoneal exudation 
 slightly putrid. One drachm iujccted under 
 the skiu. 
 
 Died tliis morning. 
 
 Post-mortem examination, October 2— afternoon. 
 Body -badly emaciated, sldn tliiu and liloodless, bluisli discoloration Ixsneath the 
 
 ImvhatUalalds not inucli aifeoted. a-ultural lymphatic glands congested a,nd of a deep 
 S ParStmphat^ gland pign.ented gray. Abscess m tlie right .flank m the seat 
 of the last inoculation, with fetid contents. 
 • Sr^i'hfs congfsfei lobulettes of a dark red (almost black) color. The anterior 
 
 ^°mimmi^hfs the anterior lobe consolidated, and a section shows a deep red sur- 
 face studded with white points. 
 
 Miliarij tuhercle. (See Plate III, Fig. 1. ) 
 
 JJver large, black, very soft and friable. 
 
 Itomacft contains a fair amount of ingesta and the mucous membra,ue covering- the 
 oTeitcnrvature presents considerable thickening with dark brown discoloration. 
 FSee Plate III, Fig. 2.) 
 
 Small intestine is almost empty, but little altered. „,.e,^,iisli black color 
 
 roTiim has its mucous membrane thickened, corrugated, and ot a gie uisii biac K coioi, 
 wi^h red points atTntervals. It contains many whipworms (Tncoc.i./.ai«s d,spar) with 
 tlieir heads burrowed in the mucous membrane. 
 
 Tlie kidneys are normal. 
 
 REMAEKS. 
 
 Tliis Di"- tliOiiolL originally young and weak, and tlioiigli subjected to 
 a 4 ere cha,7.ve of re|imeu at the conimencement of the experiments, 
 stn^^ved three suecesslve inoculations and only -ecu-bed m^^^^^ 
 under the excessive hypodermic injections of infusion of viiulentwhe.^^^^ 
 bran and of slightly putrid virus. It failed m flesh from the his,. 
 7 c D ■ -^ 
 
98 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 fact whicli may be largely .accounted for by the pulmonary tuberculosis 
 found after death. At the same time it is not impossible that this was 
 a recent development from the last inoculation with semi-putrid mat- 
 ter, as happened repeatedly to Burdon-Sanderson in his experiments on 
 Septicaemia. 
 
 The case seems to show that while a cultivation of the virus in acid 
 urine may protect against a moderate exposure to infection, it is power- 
 less to prevent untoward results in case of large injections of specially 
 virulent matter, and above all if to such matter the septic poison is 
 added. , , 
 
 '■\.: ' •^; ' Berkshire Pig No. 6. 
 
 Bate. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 .•' 1880. 
 t,Iidy 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 ]3 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 18 
 ID 
 
 in 
 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 25 
 25 
 26 
 26 
 27 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 31 
 31 
 :• 1 
 
 10 a. ra. 
 
 Au{ 
 
 7p, m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 ...do... 
 
 ...do... 
 
 6p. m.. 
 
 ...do... 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6p.m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 ....do... 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p.m. 
 
 9 a. m., 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m . 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p. m. . 
 
 9 a. ra.. 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m., 
 
 6 p. m. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 I C p. Di. 
 I 9 a. m. 
 
 G p. m. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p. 1 
 9 il. 1 
 6 p. J 
 9 a. 1 
 B p. 1 
 9 a. I 
 6 p. ] 
 9 a. 1 
 
 6 p. 1 
 
 » a. ] 
 Op. I 
 
 105.2 
 
 103.2 
 
 103 
 
 102. 75 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 104.2 
 
 105 
 
 101.5 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 103.5 
 
 102. 75 
 103.5 
 102 
 103.5 
 102 
 102 
 
 102. 75 
 101 
 103 
 103 
 103 
 lOi 
 102 
 102.5 
 105 
 102 
 102.25 
 102 
 104 
 
 103. 7.5 
 103. 2.J 
 101.75 
 104 
 10O5 
 104.25 
 lil'J 
 !u:j 
 
 102, 25 
 101,5 
 101 
 103 
 101 
 102,5 
 101,5 
 
 103, 
 
 1(11 
 
 103 
 
 101 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 104 
 
 09.5 
 104 ■ 
 101 
 103 
 
 Inociilated with virulent peritoneal exudation of 
 sick pig, sent from North Carolina, in a vaca. 
 um tubewhich hasheen opeu36ho^^^^. Strong 
 odor of hog, but not putrid. 
 
 Swelling in seat of inoculation. 
 Purges. Dejection fceted. 
 
 Eecliim irritahle, contracted. 
 
 Eectum irritable, contracted. 
 
 Kectum irritable, contracted. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 Do. / 
 
 Do. 
 
 Set in cold weather. 
 Cold and i\ it. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Inoculated with culliv.ition of the virus in milk 
 wliioh -(xas .'^ceiled wjth the vims July 29, 
 ;uul has stood in a cold room. One drachm in- 
 jected. 
 
 Swcllin:; in seat of inoculation. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 99 
 
 Beekshirb Pig, No. 6— Continued. 
 
 Sate. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Eemarka. 
 
 1880. 
 Aug. 12 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 18 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 25 
 25 
 26 
 26 
 27 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 31 
 31 
 Sept. 2 
 2 
 3 
 
 9 a. m..- 
 
 6 p. m... 
 
 9 a. m... 
 
 6 p. m... 
 
 9 a. m... 
 
 6 p. m... 
 
 9 a. m... 
 
 6 p. m... 
 
 9 a. m... 
 
 6 p. m.., 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m . . 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.- 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.- 
 
 9 a. m . . 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m . - 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. ra.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m- 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 6 p. m.. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p. in . 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p. m . 
 
 9 a. m. 
 
 p. ui 
 
 a. m 
 
 p. m 
 
 a. m 
 
 p. m 
 
 a. m 
 
 p. m 
 
 a. m 
 
 p. m 
 
 a. ro 
 
 a. m. 
 p. IQ. 
 
 i p. m- 
 ..do... 
 
 101 
 103.5 
 101 
 104 
 101 
 103 
 101.5 
 103.5 
 • 101.75 
 103.5 
 102.5 
 102.75 
 
 101. 25 
 
 102. 75 
 103.5 
 103 
 101 
 101 
 103.5 
 102 
 103.5 
 103.5 
 102. 5 
 104 
 101 
 104.5 
 102 
 102. 25 
 101. 75 
 103 
 101. 5 
 103 
 101. 75 
 103 
 101.75 
 103 
 101.5 
 102.5 
 101.5 
 103 
 
 101. 25 
 
 102. 75 
 102 
 
 104.5 
 
 102.5 
 
 104. 75 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 103.5 
 
 103. 25 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 103.5 
 
 102. 25 
 
 103. 25 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 Placed in infected pen Tvitli No. i 
 Removed to old pen. 
 
 Cold, sliowery. 
 Cold, dry. 
 
 Cold. 
 
 Cold, threatening. 
 
 "Warm, rain. 
 
 "Warm, rain. CougliS 
 
 Muggy. 
 
 Clear. 
 
 Hot. 
 Hot. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m- 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m, 
 9 a. m 
 6 p. m 
 9 a. m 
 6 p. m 
 9 a. m 
 6 p. m 
 9 ii. ra 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 102.5 
 
 103.5 
 
 102.5 
 
 103. 75 
 
 102. 25 
 
 103. 75 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 101 
 
 Cold, wet. 
 
 Inoculated by typodermio irtjection of one 
 draclim of infuaion of bran, iuoonlated mtn 
 virus three days before. 
 
 Hot. 
 
 Thunderstorm. 
 
 Cooler. 
 
 Has been very sick for the past weei, but aeems 
 improving,tbough purging. Inoculated with 
 viralent peritoneal exudation from sick pig m 
 Ifew Jersey, sent as a liquid and slightly pu- 
 trid. 
 
 Dnll. Skin very unthrifty ; scurfy. 
 
 Is stiff behind and very lame m the near hind leg. 
 
 Very dull. Crouches with back raised, scours, 
 faices liquid with solid floating particles. Eeo 
 turn irritable, contracted. 
 
100 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 Berkshire Pig, No. 6 — CoDtinued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1880. 
 Sept. 25 
 2G 
 2I> 
 27 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Time. 
 
 p. m. 
 9 a, m. 
 6 p. III. 
 9 :i. ra . 
 t'y p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 G p. m. 
 9 a. lu. 
 (i p. m. 
 a. m. 
 n p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 (i p. ni- 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m . 
 G p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 fi p. m. 
 9 a. in. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. ra. 
 6 p. m. 
 a. ui. 
 6 p. lu. 
 9 a. Di. 
 6 p. la. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. in. 
 9 a. m. 
 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. lu- 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perattire. 
 
 102.! 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 101.1 
 
 103 
 
 101 
 
 102.1 
 
 102 
 
 103. ; 
 
 ]02 
 
 103 
 
 102.1 
 
 103. ; 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 102. 1 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 103.1 
 
 102.1 
 
 103 
 
 101- 
 
 102.1 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 99 
 100 
 
 99 
 100 
 
 99 
 100 
 100 
 101 
 
 98 
 
 Reraarts. 
 
 Dull, crouches ; rectum tender, purges. 
 
 Dull; purges. 
 
 Purges. 
 
 Does not rise. Ears cold and bine. 
 
 Found dead this morning. Still warm. 
 
 POST-MOETEM EXAMINATION", 3 P. M. SAME DAY. 
 
 SJcin on the snout, lips, ears, forearm, thighs, and to a less extent on the abdomen, 
 of a deep red, marked even on the hlack skin. These discolored portions are found on 
 section to be of a dark red throughout the whole thickness, the result of a capillary 
 engorgemet, stasis, and extravasation, as shown on microscopic examination. In the 
 right flank, in the seat of inoculations, are two firm, rounded masses, each about i 
 inch in diameter, situated in the subcutaneous counective tissue, and oonsistino- of a 
 pus-like fluid, inclosed in thick fibroid walls. The liquid is not fcetid. " 
 
 The superficial inguinal glands are greatly enlarged and of a deep red throuo-hout. 
 
 The tonque has its papillse enlarged, and on the margins near its anterior elctremity 
 spots slightly raised and abraded in the center. 
 
 The guttural and prepectoral glands are enlarged and congested, of a very dark red. 
 
 The heart on the right side contains a firm clot, mostly bully. That in the auricle 
 and venaj cavro may be said to bo almost destitute of red globules. 
 
 The left side of the heart contains a similar but smaller clot. The septum ventricu- 
 lorum on this side b(;.irs several dark rod petechia?. 
 
 Ltmgs normal. 
 
 Internal inguinal sudlumiar and mescn/eric lymphatic glands are enlarn-ed and of a deep 
 rod color. " 
 
 Kidneys and spleen normal. 
 
 Stomach contains a considerable amount of undigested food. The mucous membrane 
 is in a natural condition. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 101 
 
 Small intestine little altered; contains twelve large worms (Ascaris suilla). 
 
 Large intestine is slightly congested, with petechiai and enlarged follicles. 
 
 Liveries variously colored. Parts are of a light browuish-vellow and parts of a dark 
 purplish-red. All very friable. The gall bladder is partly filled with dark-oreen bile 
 Ihe common bile duct is iilled by a large ascan's, which proiects into the duodenum 
 and extends beyond the cystic duct into the biliary duct and liver. These distended 
 ducts are somewhat red and congested. 
 
 KEMARICS. 
 
 This pig was first employed as a test case of the virulence of the 
 ^Torth Carolina virus sent in a vacuum tube. The inoculation with this 
 material pToduced a moderate though distinct attack of swme plague, 
 from which the animal recovered so that it ought to have been as well 
 fortifled against a second attack as if it had contracted the disease in 
 the ordinary way. Four weeks after the first inoculation the patient 
 was again inoculated, this time with milk, on which the virus had been 
 sown and cultivated for eight days. Though a drachm of this liquid 
 had been injected, there seemed to be little effect beyond the occurrence 
 of a swelling in the seat of inoculation. Six days later it was placed 
 over night in an infected pen along with a convalescent pig. These 
 having proved apparently harmless, the patient was injected with a 
 drachm of virulent liquid from an inoculated bran infusion. As in the 
 case of other pigs, this produced a smart attack of the disease, but in 
 two weeks it seemed improving and was again injected with J drachm 
 of virulent and slightly putrid peritoneal exudation. Prom this time 
 onward its illness was continuous, and it steadily sank, though it sur- 
 vived the last inoculation four weeks in all. 
 
 The case is interesting as showing the power of resistance of the 
 convalescent animal to inoculation with a large amount of infected milk, 
 and also to the confinement in an infected pen, but it is none the less so 
 as corroborating the other cases in showing that this acquired insus- 
 ceptibility was broken down before a large injection of virulent infusion 
 of wheat bran, and of th6 same amount of peritoneal exudation of a 
 bad case of hog cholera. 
 
 Female Berkshire Pig, No. 7. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1880, 
 July 27 
 28 
 
 
 OF. 
 105 
 103. 25 
 103 
 104 
 
 103.75 
 
 104 
 
 104.5 
 
 103.75 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 101! 
 
 103 
 
 105 
 
 103 
 
 103. 25 
 
 102. 75 
 
 103.5 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 102.75 
 
 
 9 a Di 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 9 a. m - 
 
 Inoculated -witli milk tbat haA been charged with 
 
 29 
 
 
 Tirus two day.s previous, but by accident had 
 been'raiaed to at least 120° i'. See Microacopic 
 Drawings, Fig. 9. 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 Aw. 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 Set in cold. 
 
 3 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Cold and wet. 
 
 3 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 4 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 4 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 5 
 
 9 ,1. m .......... 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 p. m . ,,, 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 Inoculated with one drachm human unne that 
 
 
 
 had been Infected with virnlent matter July 29. 
 
102 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 
 Fjemalb Berk'shire Pig, No. 7— Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 BodJ- tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Eemarka. 
 
 1880. 
 Aug. 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 °F. 
 103. 25 
 100. 75 
 103 
 
 101.75 
 105 
 103 
 104.5 
 302.5 
 104.5 
 102.5 
 103. 75 
 103 
 104 
 101.5 
 104 
 103 
 104 
 100. 75 
 103 
 
 100. 75 
 104.6 
 100.5 
 103. 25 
 101 
 103.5 
 101 
 105 
 103 
 102.5 
 103.5 
 103 
 101.75 
 104 
 102 
 104.5 
 
 101. 75 
 104.25 
 
 101. 5 
 
 102. 75 
 102 
 
 103. 25 
 102 
 103.5 
 101.5 
 103. 5 
 301.75 
 103.5 
 102 
 103.5 
 302 
 103 
 102 
 103.5 
 103 
 104.5 
 102.5 
 104 
 103 
 103 
 102.3 
 104 
 102.5 
 103. 75 
 
 102. 75 
 104 
 
 103. 25 
 103. 75 
 102 
 
 103. 75 
 103. 75 
 
 103 
 
 103. 75 
 
 102.75 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 103.75 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 a. m . :.,, 
 
 
 8 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 lo 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 11 
 
 6 T). m . . 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 ]2 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 9 a. m L 
 
 Before fed. 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 * 
 
 ir. 
 
 
 Cold, showery. 
 
 15 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 10 
 
 9a. m,. 
 
 Cola, dry. 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 Cold. 
 
 17 
 
 6p. m , 
 
 
 18 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 18 
 
 Cp. m 
 
 
 19 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 ■Warm, wet. 
 
 20 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 21 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Muggy. 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Clear. 
 
 t)i> 
 
 6p. nx ... 
 
 
 23 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 6 p. tn ...... 
 
 Hot, 
 
 25 
 
 9a. m 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 Cp. ni 
 
 
 27 
 
 9 a. in 
 
 
 
 
 
 2S 
 
 
 
 28 
 29 
 
 6p. Ill ^ 
 
 9 ;i. Ill 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 9 a. m... ... 
 
 Cold, wet. 
 
 SO 
 
 Op. HI....' 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 Sept. 2 
 
 2 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 Cp. ni 
 
 Hot. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 G p. m 
 
 Do. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 C p. Ill . . ..... 
 
 Do. 
 
 5 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 ."j 
 
 
 Cooler. 
 
 6 
 
 9 a. m.... 
 
 
 6 
 
 G p. m 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 6p. in 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 6p.m... .,.-- 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 Inociilated-wItliOTicaraclim peritoneal emdation 
 sligbtly putrU, liom asick pigat Camdeu, N. J, 
 
 ]9 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 22 
 
 Op. m 
 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 103 
 J'ejiale Bbdkshire Pig, No. 7— Gonthmod. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tern- 
 peratare. 
 
 Kemarlis. 
 
 1880. 
 Sept. 23 
 23 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 ° F. 
 103 
 104.5 
 102 
 102.5 
 103 
 103.75 
 
 102,5 
 
 102. 75 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 103.5 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 102 
 
 103. 75 
 
 102 
 
 103. 5 
 102. 75 
 104 
 103 
 105.5 
 102.5 
 103 
 102 
 103 
 102. 5 
 104.5 
 102 
 103 
 103 
 105 
 103 
 104 
 103 
 104 
 103 
 104.5 
 103.5 
 103 
 103 
 104 
 103 
 104.5 
 
 104. 5 
 104. 75 
 
 lot 
 
 105 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 99 
 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 90 
 
 Cool. 
 
 Day -warm. Patient dull, slnggisli; anus 
 contracted. 
 
 Tliiraty ; feeds sparingly. 
 
 Dull; careless of food. 
 
 Abscess in seat of inoculation open. 
 "Warm. 
 
 Purges. 
 
 Dull, purges. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 1 
 
 Do. Very low. 
 Very low. 
 Dull, purges. 
 
 Found dead tliis morning. 
 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 24 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 9 a. m. . 
 
 
 26 
 
 Gp. ni 
 
 
 27 
 
 9 a, m 
 
 
 27 
 
 6 T>. m 
 
 
 28 
 
 9 a, m 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 * 
 
 29 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 29 
 
 Gp. m.... 
 
 
 30 
 
 9, a. m 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 Oct. 1 
 
 9 a. m , 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 \ I 
 
 
 
 6 p. HI . 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 Cp.m ,. . 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 9a m ........ 
 
 
 14? 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 9 a m 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Post-mortem examination, October 21, 2 p. m. 
 
 8Un, snout, ears, throat, abdomen, inside of fore and ^^j^^l^Sf^^^f "^^i'^^f,^^"'^'!^ 
 red or mottled, the discoloration exteudins through the Y^o^^, *^^<'^'^.«^ ^.""^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 such parts. There is engorgement, capillary stasis, and rupture. Suhcut.aneous l.it 
 
 ''fn the ri^M Znt are two abscesses ^ith inspissated and almost caseous contents, 
 
 "^"^^^^^t^^^^TS^S^-al ly,n,nano .lan^s are enlarged and congested of a 
 
 '"n'tt right border of the mgue, at the base and ^^Zf^^tfy "" IZmo 
 each having a central yellow slough, and measuring about 3 lines by .. Ai 
 margin of each ulcer the tissues are of a dark red, almost black. 
 
 Lungs, sound. 
 
 Heart, right side, contains dart fluid blood. 
 
104 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF UUMESllUAUiu ivssiLua.ua. 
 
 Left side aud large arteries inclose a clot of fibriue almost devoid of reel globules. _ 
 
 The left Udnexj lias a large cyst ou its convex aspect iilled wltli a limpid yellowisli 
 mine. This caused such au indentation that it gave the appearance of a hilus on the 
 outer border as well as ou the inner. The pelvis was also fully distended with uriue, 
 lint no obstructing calculus was found. The organ showed some dark red placines ou 
 ils surface. Th-driglit Icidneii -was large, but apparently healthy. The bladder was 
 filled with a limpid vello wish lu-ine. 
 
 Tlie liver was a very dark purple aud unnaturally friable ; the bile dark green, thick, 
 aud tenacious. 
 
 The siomaeh had the mucous membrane covering the great curvature of a brownish 
 red, with small black clots of extravagated blood on the summits of the mucous folds 
 aud even elsewhere, so that the surface had a maculated aspect. 
 
 The small intestines show patches of congestion at intervals. 
 
 The ececiim and colon liave their mucous membrane congested, so that the cut surface 
 appears dark and bloody like the black portions of the skin. No ulcers are found. 
 
 The mcsentcrio lymphatic glands are of a dark red, especially those belonging to the 
 small intestines. 
 
 KEMARKS. 
 
 In this case tlie inoculation in urine produced a certain amount of 
 fibrile reaction, but this did not protect the system from the deadly 
 effects of a hypodermic injection of a drachm of the slightly overkept 
 virulent peritoneal exudation obtained from Kew Jersey. This case un- 
 fortunately was not subjected to simple exposure to iufection to ascer- 
 tain whether the inoculated urine would prove protective against that 
 mainly because on the 18th September I was not sufficiently alive to 
 the dangers of a great overdose of poison administered hypodermically. 
 
 Female Bekkshirb Pig, No. 8. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 3880. 
 
 
 OF. 
 
 
 July 27 
 
 C p, m . 
 
 105. 25 
 
 The liigli temperature caused by a cbase. 
 
 28 
 
 
 102. 75 
 
 103 
 
 102.5 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 day.s in incubator and accidently exposed to 
 
 
 
 
 120° F., or even more. 
 
 29 
 
 
 103. 25 
 
 102.5 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 
 oO 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 »1 
 
 
 
 'Jl 
 
 
 
 Aug. 1 
 
 9 a. in 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 105 
 
 
 
 J> a. m 
 
 102.5 
 
 103.5 
 
 101. 75 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 101. 75 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.75 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 Cold. 
 
 .1 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 3 
 
 G p. m 
 
 Do. 
 
 4 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 4 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 5 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 Inociilaled with milk infected .July 29. 
 
 (> 
 
 
 102. 75 
 101.5 
 
 7 
 
 9 .1. m _ 
 
 
 7 
 
 p. Ill » 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 S 
 
 9 a. in . _ 
 
 101.75 
 104. 75 
 103 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 i) 
 
 .1. m 
 
 
 n 
 
 G p. m ^ 
 
 104.25 
 
 
 ]0 
 
 9 a. m ^ 
 
 102 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 p. ra .^- 
 
 104. 25 
 
 
 11 
 
 9 a. m ^ 
 
 101.5 
 
 
 11 
 
 C p.m ^ 
 
 103 
 
 
 12 
 
 9 a. m ^ 
 
 102 
 
 
 12 
 
 6 p.m ^ 
 
 103 
 
 
 lU 
 
 9 a.m .„ 
 
 101.5 
 
 Inoculated Tviih pna from inoculation swelling 
 
 13 
 
 C p. m .^ 
 
 103 
 
 of No. 2. See microscopic drawings, ]?i£. 4. 
 
 14 
 
 9 a.m 
 
 103 
 
 
 14 
 
 6 p. m.„ „ 
 
 101 
 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 Female Beuksiiiee Pig, No. 8— Coiilinuecl. 
 
 105 
 
 n.ite. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 XJeiiiture. 
 
 Eeiuavks. 
 
 ]8?0. 
 Aii'4. l.j 
 ]", 
 IG 
 10 
 37 
 37 
 3S 
 
 18 
 39 
 39 
 •20 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 25 
 25 
 26 
 20 
 27 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 31 
 31 
 Sept. 2 
 2 
 3 
 
 9 n. m . . 
 n p.m.. 
 ii. m.. 
 6 p. 111.. 
 a. m. - 
 t) ]). m.. 
 9 u. Hi.. 
 
 G p. m.. 
 ;i. m.. 
 G p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. in.. 
 C p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 G p. m.. 
 9 a. 111,. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m . . 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m.. 
 9 a. m.. 
 p. m. 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. m., 
 9 a. m.. 
 6 p. ni.. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m., 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 G p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m. 
 
 p. m. 
 a.m.. 
 p. in. 
 a.,in. 
 p. m. 
 a. m. 
 p. m. 
 a. ni . 
 p.m. 
 a. m. 
 p.m.. 
 a. III.. 
 ]>. m. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. m. 
 
 p. m. 
 a. m.. 
 p.m. 
 a. m. . 
 p. m.. 
 a. m.. 
 p. m.. 
 9 a. m. 
 
 6 p.m. 
 9 a. m. 
 Gp.m. 
 
 9 a. m. 
 6 p. ID. 
 9 a. m. 
 Cp. m. 
 
 O J?, 
 
 100 
 103 
 
 99.7 
 102.5 
 100 
 
 302.75 
 301 
 
 102.5 
 
 101 
 
 103.5 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 102. 75 
 
 103. 75 
 102.5 
 103. 75 
 101.75 
 104.5 
 101 
 
 102. 25 
 301 
 102 
 102 
 104 
 101.75 
 
 103. 75 
 101. 5 
 103.5 
 101.5 
 103 
 101 
 102 
 101 
 103 
 102 
 
 103. 
 102 
 103. 
 101. 
 102. 
 101. 
 102 
 102. 
 103. 
 101. 
 103. 
 102 
 103 
 102 
 102. 
 103 
 
 Cold, sliowery. 
 
 Cold. 
 
 Cold, tlireaiening. A nodule like a bean where 
 last inoculated. 
 
 ■Warm, wet. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Muggy. 
 
 Hot. 
 
 75 
 
 102.5 
 103 
 102 
 103 
 
 101. 75 
 
 102. 75 
 101.5 
 102.5 
 101 
 102 
 101 
 
 103 
 102 
 102. 25 
 
 101 
 102 
 101.5 
 102 
 
 Cold, "wot. 
 
 luooiilatod Tvitli infusion of bran inoenlatedwitli 
 Tirus from Nortli Carolina and cultlyated three 
 days. 
 
 Hot. 
 
 Has been side during (be past weolc. ^ 
 Inocnlated by injecting liypodennicalls; one 
 dram of vii-iilont peritoneal exudation sliglitiy 
 septic, from sick pig, in New Jersey. 
 
 A diffuse swelliifg in tbe seat of inocnlation. 
 
 Snuffles in breathing. 4.„n,„ 
 
 Snuffling breathing continued more or less to tlie 
 end. 
 
 Skin scurfy and unhealthy, but bright, and hit 
 a good appetite. 
 
106 COXTAOTOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 
 
 FiojiAT.K BicitKhifUKK I'll.:, No. 8. — CoiHmuecl. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. , 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 • 
 Bemarks. 
 
 1880. 
 Sept. 28 
 28 
 
 
 F^ 
 101 
 102 
 100 
 101 
 101 
 102.75 
 101 
 102.5 
 101.25 
 
 102. 75 
 101 
 102.5 
 101 
 102.5 
 100 
 101 
 100 
 101.5 
 
 100. 75 
 102.5 
 101 
 102 
 101 
 102 
 101 
 102.5 
 101 
 101.5 
 100 
 101.5 
 101 
 103.5 
 100 
 
 ]01.73 
 102 
 102.5 
 102.0 
 104 
 100 
 100 
 
 99.5 
 100 
 
 98 
 
 08 
 
 99 
 102 
 100 
 102 
 101 
 102.5 
 101 
 
 102.75 
 104 
 104 
 103.25 
 
 103. 5 
 103. 25 
 103.5 
 101.5 
 
 101. 75 
 101.5 
 102.5 
 1U2. 75 
 
 103. 75 
 102.5 
 104.5 
 104 
 104.5 
 104 
 
 104. 25 
 103 
 104 
 10S.5 
 104 
 104 
 104.5 
 104 
 104 
 103 
 103 
 
 
 
 
 ^9 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 9a.iii - 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 Oct. 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 a. iti 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 a. m.... 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 9a. m 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 11 
 
 6p, m 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 13 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 13 
 
 fip.m 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 6p.m.. 
 
 
 15 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 15 
 
 6 p.m.-.. . 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 18 
 
 6 p. m.. . . . - 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 nan to be lifted to drink from tWs ^ime onward. 
 
 20 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 9 a. m . . . . ... 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 Pnrge.q .and ia very weak. 
 Pnrf^ing constant from tlu's time 
 
 23 
 
 6p.iii.. 
 
 23 
 
 9q. m 
 
 
 23 
 
 6 p. TO 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 
 25 
 
 6p.iii 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 27 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 27 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 28 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 * 
 
 30 
 
 9 a. m ... .. . . 
 
 30 
 
 Gp, in ;.. 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 Nov. 1 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Oa. m 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 4 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 4 
 
 6]i. m 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 S 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Up. m 
 
 
U.UMAUJUUW JJJ.SBASES OF DOMKSTIf'ATETI ANIMALS. 107 
 Feji.\le iiuRKfciiiiKE Pici, No. 8.— Coutiuuod. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 1880. 
 KoT. 7 
 
 9 a. m." 
 
 "F. 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 102.5 
 
 102.25 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 101.5 
 
 101 
 92 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 9a. m 
 
 
 9 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 10 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 11 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 The body is voTy mncli emaciated, tie Mnd lega 
 cold and rigid, and blue from the thighs down 
 ward. Snout blue. A frothy discharge flows 
 from the noBtrUs. 
 
 
 
 The pig was uow killed by bleeding. Yery little blood flowed, but 
 this was quite red, clotted firmly without buffy coat, and was long iu 
 showing signs of active putrefaction. 
 
 POST-MOKTEM BXAMIN-ATrON. 
 
 A wonnd made sis days ago on tile tiaot of the ear, to obtain a drop of blood, is still 
 open and supx)urating. 
 
 The tongue has a yellow fur on the dorsum. The nglit tonsil has enlarged follicles, 
 •with yellowish, cheesy, granular contents. 
 
 The guttural lymphatic glands enlarged and pigmented, of a dark gray color. The pre- 
 pectoralanA subdoi-sal glands are in the same condition. 
 
 The lungs are of a pale pink, with spots of blood-red exti'avasatioii, probably from 
 the inhalation of blood in dying. 
 
 The heart is soft, flaccid, a'nd pale, as if parboiled, and empty. 
 
 The inguinal sublumhar and iliac lymphatic glands are enlarged and pigmeute<l. I'lie 
 rectal lymphatic glands are black. 
 
 The mesenteric, gastric, and hepatic lymphaiie glands are of a dark gray, with patches 
 of deep red. 
 
 The towels show patches of congestion, bnt no abrasion nor nicer is fonnd. 
 
 The Tcidneys have their cortical part of a yellowish brown and friable, the medullary 
 portion, and especially the papillte, of a deep red. 
 
 The liver is of a deep red color with darker purple patches. It is gorged with blood 
 and bleeds freely on section. The iile in the gall bladder is small in quantity and in- 
 spissated to the consistency of a tenacious semi-solid dark green mass. 
 
 Brain and spinal cm-d : Subarachnoid fluid in excess. The coverings of the brain are 
 deeply congested, and the puncta vasculosa very numerous and Jarge. The whole of 
 tlie gray matter seems to have a slightly pink tinge. 
 
 The internal and middle ear on the left side is the seat of a deposit of a dark gray 
 cheesy matter, the surface of the bone is in great part denuded of perio&tiura, and ulcer- 
 ation has progressed to a considerable extent. 
 
 EEMARKS. 
 
 The two first inoculations of this pig with the culti^^^tion of the virus 
 in the milk produced a very slight constitutional reaction. The subject 
 appeared to resist an inoculation with a minimum amount of virus from 
 Ho. 2, yet, like all its predecessors, it sickened under the influence of a 
 large hypodermic injection of the virus as cultivated in bran, and suc- 
 cumbed to the hypodermic injection of a drachm of the peritoneal exu- 
 dation from a sick pig in IsTew Jersey. This test, as I have now learned, 
 is far too severe, and out of all proportion to a simple exposure in an 
 infected place, or cohabitation with diseased animals, yet the recent 
 lesions in the skin, lymphatic glands, lungs, and bowels were so incon- 
 siderable that it is not at all improbable this animal would have sur- 
 vived but for the accidental implication of the internal ear and the brain. 
 These last accounted for the persistent snuffling breathing, the increas- 
 ing lethargy and paralysis, and the utter inability to rally. 
 
108 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 White Pig, No. 9. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Eody tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 1880. 
 ^iig. 23 
 
 
 °F. 
 
 103 
 104 
 102 
 103 
 101.. T 
 
 102. 75 
 102 
 104 
 101.5 
 103 
 101 
 
 103.75 
 102 
 
 103. 75 
 102 
 104 
 102 
 
 103. 5 
 102.5 
 
 105 
 103 
 
 104. 75 
 102.5 
 103. 75 
 102 
 103.5 
 102 
 103.5 
 102.5 
 103.5 
 102. 25 
 103.75 
 102.5 
 104 
 
 102. 25 
 103.75 
 103.5 
 102 
 104 
 302 
 103.5 
 101.75 
 
 103. 25 
 101.5 
 102.5 
 101.5 
 102.3 
 102.5 
 103 
 103. 5 
 103.2 
 
 103. 5 
 
 104. 75 
 104 
 
 104. 70 
 104 
 104.5 
 103. 75 
 105.5 
 103 
 103. 75 
 103 
 104 
 103. 5 
 
 105. 5 
 104 
 107 
 104.5 
 107.5 
 104 
 106 
 104.5 
 107 
 
 Placed in infected pen Tvitli No. 2, and inoculated 
 
 24 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 from dried Tirus on quill from North CaroUns. 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 Do 
 
 26 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 20 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 27 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Do 
 
 27 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 Do. 
 
 28 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Do. 
 
 28 
 
 G p. m 
 
 Do 
 
 29 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Do. 
 
 29 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 30 
 
 9 a. m.... 
 
 Do 
 
 30 
 
 
 Scours ; placed in infected pen witli Jfo. 6. 
 
 31 
 
 
 31 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 Sept. 1 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 1 
 
 p. m 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 Inoculated by liypodermio injection of 1 diaclini 
 virulent liquid cultivated in wheat hran for 
 three days. 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Swelling one-half inch in diameter where inoco 
 lated. 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Op. m 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 p. in 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 19 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 9 a. m.. 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 24 
 
 p. m 
 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 9 .1. m 
 
 p. Ill 
 
 Day ■n-ami. Scours and is very dull. 
 
 Scour.'! and is yery dull. 
 Do 
 
 26 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 20 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 Do 
 
 , 27 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Do. 
 
 27 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 28 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 28 
 
 6 p. HI 
 
 Do 
 
 20 
 
 
 Do 
 
 29 
 
 
 Do 1 
 
 30 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Do '' 
 
 30 
 
 6 p. ni...... \ 
 
 Do.' 
 Do 
 
 Oct, 1 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 1 
 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do 
 
 2 
 
 9 a, m. 
 
 2 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 3 
 
 
 Do 
 
 3 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 Do. 
 
 Scours. Ptetid iiart of tail separating. 
 Scours. Ears blue throughout. 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 6 p. m ,,. 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 5 
 
 
 Scours. iDguiual glands enlarged. 
 
 6 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 C 
 
 e p. m.., 
 
 Do. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 109 
 White Pig, No. 9— Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Eemarts. 
 
 1880. 
 Oct. 7 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 op. 
 103 
 104.5 
 102 
 102.5 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 Do 
 
 g 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 Scours. AVeat; staggers; trembles. 
 
 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 Died to-day. Necropsy at once. 
 
 
 
 
 Post-mortem observations, 4 p. m. 
 
 Body still warm. Rigor mortis setting iu. 
 
 Skin : Snout has its upper third very dark red, lower two-thirds blact. Lower jaw 
 and intermaxillary space of a dark red. Ears of a dark bluish red, except at the base 
 of the.concha, where it is spotted, the dark red spots being unchanged by pressure. 
 The right eye has a sore on the lower lid at the inner angle, two lines in length by one 
 in. breadth, presenting a dark scab or slough with white scaly margins and a dark red 
 or livid areola. A smaller slough exists in the middle of the upper lid with white 
 scaly crust. Apart from the sores the lids are pale, but the surrounding skin is of a 
 dark bluish red. Both lids and conjunctiva of the left eye are of a deep bluish red, 
 with a slough about a line in length on the mucous membrane inside the middle of 
 the upper lid. The breast, sheath, and adjacent parts of the abdomen, the perineum, 
 rump, tail, and iusides of the fore and hind limbs are of a deep bluish red. Half of 
 the tail is in a sloughing condition. No swelling remains in the seat of inoculation. 
 
 The guttural and parotid lymphatic glands are two or tlitee times their natural size, 
 and of a very deep red color. 
 
 The tongue has on its right margin three yellow ulcers, each from one line to one and 
 a half lines, and becoming confluent. Another smaller ulcer is opposite the circum- 
 vallate papillfe. 
 
 The prepeotoral glands are enlarged and of a very dark red. 
 
 The branchial lymphatic glands are of a deexJ red, but not so dark. 
 
 The right heart and large veins contain large clots of a very dark color. 
 
 The left heart holds a smaller clot, also very dark. 
 
 Lungs : A wedge-shaped mass in the posterior portion of the right lung is hepatized 
 and almost black, the hepatization being circumscribed by the lobulettes. The whole 
 posterior portion of the left lung is solfd from hepatization and almost black. The 
 lower portion of the entire lung is of a deep dark red, and mostly carnified. (See 
 Plate IV.) 
 
 The superficial inguinal glands are greatly enlarged and of a dark red. 
 
 A small abscess with fo?,tid puriform contents exists beneath the peritoneum on the 
 right side near the seat of inoculation. 
 
 The live)- is dark bluish red and friable. The gall lladdm- is full, but not over-dis- 
 tended, with dark green, thick, tenacious bile. 
 
 The spleen is blue mottled, normal in size and Qonsistency. 
 
 Lower surface of both kidneys thickly studded with black petechia- about the size 
 of pins' heads. (See Plate V, Fig. 1.) On section the cortical substance appears of a 
 yellowish brown, the medullary of a pink hue. „ , , -, i , , 
 
 The sublumbar, emulgent, and rectal lymphatic glands are of a dark red hue ; the 
 mesenteric glands mottled, red, and dirty white. 
 
 The stomach has the mucous membrane of its greater curvature o± a deep dark red, 
 excepting on the summits of the rugte, which are pale or pinkish yellow, according to 
 the congestion. There are several sores with yellowish sloughs near the margin ot 
 the congested area. Also an extensive yellow fur like a diphtheritic membrane some- 
 what nearer to the pylorus. (Seeillustration,Plate V, Fig. a.) 
 
 The qasiric himphaiic glands are of a very deep red and considerably enlarged. 
 
 ^oth small and large intestines are congested at intervals. The rectum is congested, 
 of a very deep red. The mucous membrane is softened and presents several spots, 
 each from one to two lines in diameter, evidently due to extravasa,tion of blood. (.See 
 Plate VI ) 'Peyer's patches on the ilio-csecal valve has its follicles greatly enlarged 
 and filled with a yellowish cheesy material. (See Plate VII, Fig. 1. ) 
 
110 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 Small White Pig, No. 10. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Eody tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Eemarka. 
 
 1880. 
 All". 23 
 
 
 ° F. 
 104.5 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 103.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 104 
 
 102. 75 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 104 
 
 102. 5 
 
 103. 75 
 103 
 
 105 • 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 102.5 
 
 104 
 
 102.5 
 
 103. 75 
 
 103. 75 
 104 
 103 
 
 104. 25 
 103 
 104 
 
 102. 25 
 
 103. 75 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 103.5 
 
 102 
 
 103. 75 
 102 
 103 
 102 
 103.5 
 103 
 
 104. 75 
 103 
 104 
 103 
 104. 75 
 103.5 
 106 
 103.5 
 
 104. 75 
 104.5 
 105.5 
 104.5 
 106 
 104 
 
 105. 75 
 104 
 
 105. 75 
 104.5 
 106 
 105 
 108. 25 
 10.) 
 106.5 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 104 
 
 lO.'i. 25 
 
 103 
 
 104.5 
 
 103 
 
 Inoculated with YU'us from !N"ortb Carolina tlriotl 
 oil a ijuill. Placed ia iut'eoted pea witli No. 2. 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 Scours. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Hot. 
 Hot. 
 Cool. 
 Cold, wot. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ''7 
 
 
 ''7 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 "9 
 
 
 2tJ 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 * 
 
 Sept. 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Inoculated Ijy hypodermic injection of one. 
 half drachm infusion of bran, infected tlareo 
 days hefore. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 9 a. m... , 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 Has been improvin" and looks bopefnl. Inocii- 
 lated with one-half drachm of Tirulent peri- 
 toneal exudation partly septic. 
 
 19 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 19 
 
 6 T), m 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 Costive^ 
 
 21 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 22 
 
 6 p. m ,. 
 
 
 a 23 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 Costirc. FsBcea lave a mucous coating. 
 
 24 
 
 
 24 
 
 6 p. m... 
 
 Costive. Trembles at times. 
 
 Bowels easy without purging. Ears livid. 
 
 25 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 26 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 26 
 
 6p. ra -- 
 
 
 27 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 27 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 ft 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 Oct, 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 Purfces ; very dull. Purple skin on ears, teeast, 
 abdomen, and legs. 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 p. lu 
 
 
 C 
 
 9a. m 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 9 a. IQ 
 
 6 p, m 
 
 
 « 
 
 9a. m 
 
 Inguinal glands very large. 
 
 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. lU 
 
 Small White Pig, No. lO-Conthmed. 
 
 Date. 
 
 ISSO. 
 Out. ! 
 
 Time. 
 
 6 p. m . 
 
 a. Ill,, 
 6 p. m. 
 9 a. m., 
 6 p. in., 
 a. in.. 
 
 Body tem- 
 perature. 
 
 o p_ 
 103.5 
 
 103 
 102. 75 
 101 
 102. 75 
 100 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 ■Ver.v dull, ivcak. Tail aud ears dark blue aud 
 oold. 
 
 Found dead. Ucorop.'iy tte sanio forenoon. 
 
 Lesions observed after death. 
 
 _ Skin is generally of a dark bluish red, the color heing especially deep on tlie umier 
 
 jaw, snout. l0"Wer IfliW. llTtArmQ.YTllQl.TT cvinrt^ ^-liT.^r.*- l.^..„-Tj, ,. t, „1 , i. i ^ ■*■ 
 
 inner 
 
 neum. 
 
 lout, lower jaw, intermaxillary space, throat, breast, abdomen, eyeli.ls, ears 
 sides of the fore and hind limbs, the outer side of the shoulder, and the peri- 
 Where the color is lightest (of a dark crimson) it can be partially whitened 
 by pressure ; but the white surface remains sprinkled with red spots, and the whole 
 crimsons again instantly on the removal of the pressure. 
 
 The superficial inguinal glands are enormously enlarged and of a deep red, and at 
 points almost black. The suhmaxillary and guttural lymphatic glands are in the same 
 condition ; the lyrepcetoral are not so much enlarged, but of an intensely dark red. 
 
 The margin of tho anterior half of the tongue has eleven sores with yellow sloughs 
 averaging about a line in diameter, and each surrounded by a dark bluish red areola 
 A still larger ulcer of the same kind exists on the lower surface of the tongue in front 
 of the frennm. (See illustration, Plate VII, Fig. 2. ) 
 
 Several of the follicles of the tonsils are overdistended with a yellow granular ma- 
 terial which can be squeezed out in a vermiform mass. 
 
 The left lung has nearly the whole anterior lobe hepatized with friable whitish- 
 yellow false membrane on the surface binding it loosely to the pericardium and costal 
 pleura. The lower border of the middle lobe is .also covered with false membrane, and 
 is slightly adherent to the ribs; but the lung itself is on]y to a very slight extent in- 
 volved. 
 
 The right hmg has a few lobules in each of the anterior and middle lobes hepatized. 
 One hepatized lobule near the posterior margin of the posterior lobe stands out dark, 
 red, aud firm ; but the lesion is .sharply circumscri)jed by the margin of the lobule iu 
 question, and those adjacent to it are quite natural. 
 
 The heart is normal. A large clot in the right venlricle is slightly buJfed. 
 
 The liver is of a dark purxile, and firm in texture. The lile of a rich orange color 
 and glutinous. 
 
 The spleen is apparently normal; there is neither engorgement nor shrinking. 
 
 Abdomen. — The colon is adherent to the parietal peritoneum at two xJoiuts near tbe 
 umbilicus, and at such points there are circumscribed abscesses in the walls of the colon. 
 
 The stomach has the mucous membrane of its great curvature of a very dark red, at 
 points almost black. The rugaj are very prominent. Near the left cul de sac is a cir- 
 cular projecting sloughing ulcer, about IJ- lines in diameter with a dark center, yellow 
 margin, and very dark red areola. This has the general character of the ulcers usually 
 found iu the ciecum and colon in this disease. Close to the cardiac are two more 
 similar ulcers with depressed center, encircled by a raised yellow ring of sloughing 
 materi.al, and around this another dark red ling gradually shading off into the hue of 
 the adjacent mucous membrane. The last two ulcers are ou the margin of a patch 
 1 inch'long by |- inch broad, covered by a thick bright yellow concretion. (See Plate 
 VIII.) 
 
 The duodenum is conjested, with dark red petechial patches at intervals. Limited 
 portions of the small intestines have the mucous membrane thickened, softened, and 
 of a deep red, and considerable blood has been effused into the lumen of the gut. 
 
 Tho ileo ccecal valve has a few of its glandular follicles distended with a firm yel- 
 lowish material. 
 
 The oaicum has one prominent circular sloughing ulcer with dirty yellow center and 
 dark margin ; also several black petechial xilaqnes, some of which are already abraded 
 ou the surface, and commencing to ulcerate. (See Plate IX.) 
 
 The colon presents similar ulcers, also iilaques of extravasation, and small abscesses 
 under the peritoneal coat, where it was found adherent to the lower wall of the abdo- 
 men. 
 
 The rectvm is congested and mottled with dark spots of extravasation and, at one 
 point on the peritoneal surface of the bowel, a thick yellow mass like altered blood. 
 
 The suUumhar, mesenteric and gastric glands are enlarged and congested of a very 
 deep red. 
 
112 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 "fc. 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 a '^ <^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u o S 
 
 
 
 
 
 over 
 Lpati 
 over 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 43 . o 
 
 
 
 
 
 « . ai m '» . 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^g-J'^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 5*l"iS^I 
 
 
 
 
 
 p-t^f ,£3 fl-M 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^rt'gp.v.cJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 iLj^W « H43 
 
 
 
 
 
 OJ m^ o <& 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ fn'^ fl t- ^ 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 IZi fi t2i 
 
 
 
 
 
 t- _J1 00 C) d 
 
 o 
 
 iHO 0> CI 
 
 
 
 rt S S CI 
 
 1-4 
 
 <Mr-l rH 
 
 
 •p9ia 
 
 ■3^-3 £•« 
 
 ^ 
 
 o O o o 
 
 
 
 hi 1^ h) MO 
 
 o 
 
 O^ O O 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 oo 
 
 
 ; ; 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 T-H 
 
 
 
 r-^ 
 
 
 •pTj^nd jCtmSixe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 9:j'Bprix9 piubt[ TT^TM. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1^ 
 
 .§ 
 
 o o 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 TJl 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 « i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <r» 
 
 
 no pOTJp sniTA II^T^ 
 
 
 
 
 MO 
 
 
 
 
 p 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 <j 
 
 
 
 
 Cl 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 m ; 
 
 
 
 •nciq A'jp HI 
 
 
 _i^ 
 
 -^ o 
 
 
 
 -^^ o o 
 
 
 pa:jBApxno sanATi;tj\\_ 
 
 
 S* 
 
 g<T: 
 
 n 
 
 
 ft -O 13 
 
 
 
 
 02 
 
 «} 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •Ttainnq^'B 2S9 at 
 
 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 p9^BAii^[rL0 STijrA TiiiM. 
 
 
 
 
 '3 
 
 1-3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0- 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 •oinjTi HI 
 p^:^'BATc^xu6 6n.TLATTaiA\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 t» 
 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 
 -< 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 •3[XTDI HI 
 
 poi^'BAt^ino eilJTA T{%1M. 
 
 
 
 CO 
 1-3 
 
 
 CD 
 < 
 
 July 29 
 Aug. 6 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •S9qni. Tunno'BA ut 
 
 p9A19S0.Ifl SIUtA THi'a\ 
 
 9 '3 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1-: 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d ^=0 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^3 
 
 
 
 
 •StlJlA TIS9JJ tt^tljii^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S o 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■§■3 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 << 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 .£ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 .g 
 
 
 
 =3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : _; 
 
 \ 
 
 
 _a 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 ® 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 -■' S " 
 
 
 
 CM ft 
 
 
 
 ■-^ 
 
 m 
 
 _^ 
 
 jf— ^ 
 
 a -a 
 
 
 -•^'^ ^ 1 
 
 
 Oj 
 
 1 -2 = 
 
 
 - ^ ! 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 SS^ 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 jijjE 
 
 »g 
 
 
 &S 
 
 
 
 
 ot 
 
 
 
 
 3'+H : 
 
 3^ 
 
 
 ;3fl 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 r-1 
 
 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 : ^ 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 '• O I- 
 
 1 c 
 
 3 I- 
 
 ' CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 CI CI 
 
 
 ■( cq 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 •p9Aiooo,i tioti;a\. O^llQ 
 
 
 ? ' 
 
 -. t^o to o 
 
 
 
 Fj ; ^^ H^ 
 
 ; F 
 
 ; h^ ; -i : 
 
 r " 
 
 •jgqwiTiJsi: 
 
 •• 
 
 H C 
 
 a c 
 
 T 
 
 Uli 
 
 ■5 « 
 
 5 C 
 
 -o 
 
 D C 
 
 a c 
 
 5 1 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 113 
 
 Tabic showing the results of inoculations of variahle qawitUics of primary and culiivalcd 
 
 virus. 
 
 
 rd 
 
 
 
 ■sa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '3 ^ 
 
 
 
 3? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 |3 
 
 
 --i 
 
 
 
 
 "-■iH 
 
 rz: 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B ^ 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 •^3 
 
 .3^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■3 
 
 s 
 
 
 'A 
 
 f^ 
 
 1=' 
 
 t^ 
 
 i=H 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 m 
 
 /• PRIMARY VIRUS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JTresli vinis 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 CULTIVATED VIRUS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In Milk 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 '0 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 *6 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 In albumen 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 In urine 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 In Tjran 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 11 or 16 
 
 9 
 
 * All very slot, perhaps fatally. 
 SXJMMAKY OF KBSULTS. 
 
 As yet my experiments have been conducted on a limited number of 
 subjects, and therefore cannot be advanced as absolutely conclusive, 
 yet they furnish hopeful indications that by pursuing- certain lines of 
 experiments still further we may arrive at a satisfactory means of pre- 
 vention. So far I have been largely feeling my way so as to discover 
 the channels that promise success, and those that are to be at once 
 discarded as not only useless but dangerous. The avoidance of paths 
 that are known to be perilous serve but to more and more narrow our 
 sphere of acting to those that give the brightest promises. In the fol- 
 lowing summary I have therefore noted what methods have proved con- 
 stantly and hopelessly bad, as well as those that have given good prom- 
 ise of success. 
 
 1st. Tlie inoculation of a pig with an excess in quantity of disease-germs 
 is always highly dangerous and often fatal in its results. — In tew successive 
 experiments fatal results followed the inoculation by injection under the 
 skin of one drachm of the virulent fluid. While in the tenth case the 
 death was deferred more than two months and the lesions (constipation 
 and phrenitis) were not such as to warrant the conclusion that the 
 patient died of swine plague, yet the victim drooped after the two last ex- 
 cessive inoculations as he had never done before, and the system was 
 so reduced that he became an easy prey to the last fatal illness. 
 
 2d. Inoculation icith a minimum quantity of virus produces relatively^ 
 less dangerous results.— In five subjects inoculated with a drop or less of 
 fresh virus, all except one survived long enough to show that death was 
 in no way due to that inoculation. The fifth and fatal case Avas mocu- 
 lated eleven days later with a maximum quantity of virus cultivated lu 
 wheat-bran, and it is doubtless to this that its death, thirty-six days 
 later, was due. , . . ,, 
 
 3d. Exposure to infection is comparable to inoculation unth a minimum 
 amount of virus.— This is practically shown in the results of exposing 
 tte experimental pigs in infected p£ns, and, cohabitation with the sick. 
 
 8cn 
 
114 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Three subjects thus exposed after tliey had been protected by a previ- 
 ous inoculation bore the ordeal successfully, and only sickened seriously 
 months later when they had been subjected to the hypodermic injection 
 of a maximum amount of the virulent fluid. Two others tha.t had been 
 placed in infected pens before they had been subjected to any protective 
 inoculation survived such exposure, respectively, for forty-seven and 
 fifty days ; and each had been inoculated with a maximum amount of 
 virns, thirty-six and thirty-nine days respectively before death, and 
 finally one bad been reinoculated with a maximum quantity twenty-four 
 days before death. The record shows that these two died of the later 
 inoculations and not of the exposure in infected pens. In estimating 
 the worth of the results obtained, therefore, we must not jud^e in any 
 case by the impotence of any one method to protect against the injec- 
 tion of a maximum dose of very virulent material, but rather by its 
 power to ward off evil results when the subject is simply exposed in an 
 infected building or inoculated with a minimum quantity of virus. The 
 fatal results of the excessive doses served one good result in giving the 
 assurance that it was virulent and not non- virulent matter that was be- 
 ing used. 
 
 4th. Beinoculation icitli fresh virus during the progress of the disease in 
 a patient does not mitigate the illness nor protect against a further attack, 
 hut rather insures and hastens a fatal issue. — Seven cases (Ifos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 
 6, 8, and 10) show this very distinctly. The conclusion might have 
 been arrived at a priori from the fact that such second inoculation was 
 but an addition made to the disease germs which were sapping the 
 springs of life. On the other hand there was the doctrine maintained 
 by Neucki, Bauman, and Wernich that the bacteria are destroyed by 
 the products of the putrefaction they cause, and that the immunity 
 acquired after a first attack is probably due to the presence of such 
 products in the system. Were this the case the greater the numbers of 
 the bacteria and of their products, the earlier should be the recovery. 
 But the undoubted fact that an excessive dose of the poison will over- 
 come the acquired protective influence, and the no less certain fact that 
 the further introduction of diseased germs into the body of a sick sub- 
 ject aggravates the illness, tend to invalidate the position, and to send 
 us elsewhere for a rational explanation of the immunitj^ The first 
 practical deduction from the result is, that in seeking immunity or pro- 
 tection by STibjecting an animal to a mild or mitigated attack of the dis- 
 ease, we must carefully seclude it from all exposure to infection until 
 recovery from the first attack is complete. 
 
 5th. Virulent matter ichich has been packed firmly in dry wheat Iran has 
 its potency increased. — This I had found to be the case when experi- 
 menting on this subject in 1878, and I now made a similar cultivation 
 of the virus to serve as a crucial test of the degree of immunity acquired 
 by an animal in passing through the disease, as contracted in the usual 
 way, and as produced by inoculations with modified virus. Experi- 
 ment showed, however, that inoculation with a maximum quantity of 
 the bran culture was dangerous in all cases, and that even immunity 
 which resisted an ordinary exposure was comparatively powerless 
 against this. Of seven pigs inoculated with the bran cul ti vation si x were 
 severely ill, one died, and the others were reinoculated with a virulent 
 peritoneal exudate sbghtly putrid, befoie they had fully recovered. It 
 is noticeable that this culture in bran, like the preservation of the virus 
 in a corked bottle to be noticed next, determined a growth with a lim- 
 ited supply of air, and the question may well arise whether it is not this 
 culture of the virus without a free access of air which enhances its 
 
(-■UiNXAUlOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 115 
 
 potency. The solution of tbis question would Lave a direct bearing 
 upon tlie preservation of the poison in infected buildings under tight 
 floors, in wood work, in manure, litter, straw stacks, fodder, &c. 
 
 6th. Partial putrefaction grotcth of the virulent products in a limited 
 amount of air increases their potency. — This seemed to occur in a bottle 
 of virulent matter sent me from Illinois in 1878 (see No. 5 of my report 
 for 1879), and now it is fully confirmed by the results of inoculations 
 with peritoneal exudate, and diseased lungs sent me in bottles from New 
 Jersey, and slightly putrid on arrival. 
 
 Of seven pigs inoculated with a drachm of this fluid all perished ex- 
 cept one (No. 2), which fell off in health and died later of constipation 
 and phrenitis. Experiments conducted in 1878 seemed to show that pu- 
 trefaction in free air finally destroyed the virus of swine plague, as it is 
 known to do that of malignant anthrax ; but in view of the excessive 
 virulence of the liquid that has become slightly putrid with a limited 
 supply of air, it may well be questioned whether swine plague may not 
 be but a modified form of septic infection. I have in progress some ex- 
 periments which may throw more light on this subject. One pig inocu- 
 lated with infusion of pork filled with bacteria from inoculation with an 
 infusion of maize was afterward inoculated with fresh virus and placed 
 in an infected pen. He had a sharp attack, but now seems in a fair way 
 to recover. Other experiments on the same subject are in progress. 
 
 7th. Inoculation with a culture of the virus in egg albumen seemed to pro- 
 tect against the effects of a subsequent inoculation with fresh peritoneal eocu- 
 date, and with virus dried on a quill. — Subsequent inoculations with a 
 maximum quantity of a culture in wheat bran, and of slightly putrid 
 peritoneal exudate, proved fatal. 
 
 8th. Inoculation with a culture of the virus in human urine protected 
 against the effects of subsequent inoculations tcith virus that had been pre- 
 served in a vacuum tube, and tcith virus dried on a quill. — Subsequent in- 
 oculations with the culture of the virus in bran, and with the putrid 
 peritoneal exudate, in maximum quantity, proved fatal in both cases. 
 
 9th. Inoculation with the virus cultivated in cold's milk produced a mild 
 attack and an immunity against the effects of exposure in an infected pen, 
 and of inoculation from an infected wound, and secured a mild attack of 
 the inoculation with cultivation in wheat bran. — Subsequent inoculations 
 with the slightly putrid peritoneal exudate proved fatal in these as in 
 other cases. 
 
 ESPEEIMENTS NO"VT IN PKOGKESS. 
 
 Three pigs are now under experiment to ascertain the protective 
 effect of introducing into the system the products of the fermentation 
 caused by bacteria, while the live bacteria are themselves excluded. 
 One was subjected to the products formed in an infusion of pork which 
 had swarmed with bacteria developed from an inoculation with the 
 liquid of decomposing Indian corn. The bacteria was destroyed by 
 heat and the non-vital liquid only was used. Exposed to infection and 
 inoculated, this pig has had a smart attack of illness, but at present 
 seems in a fair way to recover. A second was treated with the blood of 
 a sick pig after it had been similarly heated to destroy any existing 
 bacteria, and this was once repeated after the effects of the first inocu- 
 lation had passed off. A third was similarly subjected to devitalized 
 solution of the dung of a sick pig, on one occasion only. These last 
 were in due time placed in an infected pen in company with a sick pig^ 
 but so far they have shown no sig-n of illness. 
 
 Should experiments in this line furnish an available method of pro- 
 
116 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 tectiou, it must supersede all other modes in wliicli tlie living disease 
 germs, in however mitigated a form, is introduced into the system. 
 The living germ is always liable to increase from small beginnings to 
 infinite quantities. It is further liable in favorable states of the system 
 to part with its milder characteristics and resume the more virulent and 
 deadly. But if the products of the bacteridian fermentation already 
 elaborated in another system, or in an organic liquid, will so afi'ect the 
 system that it shall become intolerant of the existence and growth of 
 the bacteria within it, we are at once furnished with a mode of preven- 
 tion which is likely to be as safe in its application as it may be efficient 
 in its results. Toussaint claims that he has in this manner rendered a 
 number of animals insusceptible to the contagion of anthrax, and if 
 hog cholera is, like anthrax, a truly bacteridian disease, there is every 
 reason to hope that it, too, may be prevented in this way. My first 
 subject treated with the products of septic bacteria has not shown an 
 absolute insusceptibility to the infection of hog cholera, yet even she 
 appears likely to make a good recovery. The two thus treated with the 
 products of the bacteria of swine plague have so far ai^peared to escape 
 all the perils of infection. 
 
 Another line of experiment has been adopted to ascertain what re- 
 lation the propagation of virulent bacteria in the circulating blood 
 which has been deprived of most of its oxygen bears to the generation 
 of swine plague. In my experiments the most fatal type of the poison 
 was that which had undergone a slight putrefactive fermentation in a 
 limited supply of air. In connection with this is the fact that in ani- 
 mals that die of siiffocation not only have bacteria entered from the 
 bowels into the blood of the portal vein, but they have become so viru- 
 lent that a small quantity of such blood inoculated on healthy animals 
 produced fatal results. {8ig7iol.) Hogs with their naturally high tem- 
 perature demand more air in proportion to their body weight than the 
 larger domestic animals, and yet as pigs are now reared and fattened 
 this is usually the Jast consideration of the owners. I hope soon to be 
 able to show what connection there is, if any, between the deficiency of 
 pure air for the pig and the tlevelopment de novo of hog cholera. 
 
 Kespectfully submitted, 
 
 JAMES LAW. 
 
 SUPPLEME:NTAL EBPOET on SWIIifE PLAGUE. 
 
 Hon. William G. Le Due, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 Sik: In continuance of my report already sent, I now submit the 
 following further results of my observations and the deductions to be 
 drawn from them. The continuation of my experiments enables me to 
 speak with greater confidence as to results, and the comparison of my 
 own observations with those of others made on aUied diseases has served 
 to set certain views in a clearer light, and to establish principles which, 
 I venture to hope, will form the basis of great and invaluable new de- 
 partures m the field of sanitation. In view of the comparatively Umited 
 number of my own experiments on the prevailing plague of swine, I 
 have ventured to introduce illustrative examples from other affections 
 of man and ammals, so as to show something of the breadth and solidity 
 of the basis on which stand the principles enunciated. While at first 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 117 
 
 glance this may be thought a deviation from the immediate subject of 
 inyestigation, I thinlj no one can follow me through without seeing that 
 this apparent digression is of the most vital importance to our study, 
 and to the due substantiation of our results. 
 
 EESXJLTS OBTAINED. 
 
 The final results of my investigations may be su.mmed up under two 
 heads : 1st. The virulence and fatality of the swine-plague germ is increased 
 lohen grown in a very limited amount of air, and decreases as cultivated in 
 free air, 2d. By placing the system of the pig under the influence of the chem- 
 ical products of the growing swine-plague germ, though the germ itself is 
 not introduced into the economy, the subject is rendered insusceptiUe to a 
 future attack of the disease. 
 
 1st. Fokce oe the tiktjs lessened by cultivation in peee aie. 
 
 In my last report I had al^'eady indicated that the germ of this disease 
 had in my hands proved much more virulent and deadly if it had been 
 preserved for some days in a sealed bottle, or tightly packed in dry 
 bran. Also, that the same germ as grown in different organic solutions 
 (egg albumen, milk, urine, &c.), with free access to the air through a 
 pledget of cotton wool, had constantly produced mUd types of the affec- 
 tion. After my report had been sent I saw for the first time Pasteur's 
 account of his method of mitigating the poison of chicken cholera, and 
 Buchner's account of his experiments in the same direction with tlie 
 poison of malignant anthrax. These so fully coiToborated my conclu- 
 sions that I felt more than ever confident in their truth, and as subse- 
 quent experiment only tended to further substantiate them, the observa- 
 tion appears now to be warranted that it is a principle for diseases caused 
 by bacteria, and not recurring a second time in the same system, that the 
 cultivation of the germ in free air mitigates its viruleiice and fatality. 
 
 To ventilate the question the results of Pasteur and Buchner arc 
 given below, together with observations on other diseases pointing to a 
 similar conclusion, and finally my own results with the virus of swine 
 plague. 
 
 a. PASTEUK'S method with chicken CHOLERA. 
 
 Led by his extended observations and long experience in the cultiva- 
 tions of mycrophytes in viuous and other fermentations, Pasteur under- 
 took to produce a variation from the common germ of chicken cholera 
 by cultivating it artificially in infusion of chicken flesh with long inter- 
 vals of time between the successive cultures. He found that after four 
 months and upwards the products of culture became less deadly to 
 chickens inoculated with it. At first the inoculated chickens would 
 survive a day or two longer, though all finally died. Then with the prod- 
 uct of other cultivations of the germ, with still longer intervals, the 
 inoculations did not all prove fatal ; first one out of ten would recover, 
 then two, three, four, five, and by and by nine in ten recovered. One 
 step further and no deaths at all took place, the germs, instead of enter- 
 ing the blood and acting destructively there, having confined their rav-. 
 ages to the seat of inoculation, when they led to gangrene of a limited 
 extent of the tissue, which in time sloughed off, leaving a healthy wound 
 that soon healed. The system, however, was affected, and chickens 
 that had been inoculated with this attenuated virus proved to be insus- 
 ceptible to a further attack of chicken-cliolei'a by exposui-e to infection. 
 
118 cjo;s"rAaious S'Iseasks oi<^ domesticated animals. 
 
 <>u I'lio ylhcr iiaiiil, llio rbickeu-cholei'a virus which bad becu inclosed 
 j» lieriiieticiilh -.scaled slass tubes, contaiiiiiLu' two-thirdy of the fluid and 
 oiie-thiid of air, though set asidu for six, eight, and ovcu ten inoiiths, 
 lost none of its virulence, and chicken infusion inoculated with the con- 
 tained germs at the end of this long period became as virulent and as 
 deadly as if it had been inoculated with the virus direct from the chicken. 
 Pasteur logically concluded that the difference was due to the exclusion 
 of the oxygen of the air, which slowly but surely robbed the germ of 
 its fatal power. This was still further supported by the observation 
 that in certain cases, in which the virulence in the cultivated virus had 
 not been materially affected by lapse of time, the layers of the germs 
 developed in the ifquid had been so thick that the deeper strata had 
 been to a large extent shut out from the action of the air and conse- 
 quently remained unchanged. 
 
 BTJCHNER'S OBSBRVATIOIN'S ON BACILLUS ANTHRACIS AND B. SUBTILIS. 
 
 It had long been noticed that the microphyte found in infusions of 
 old hay {Bacillus subtilis) was practically indistinguishable from the 
 gum of malignant anthrax {Bacillus anthracis) as seen under the micro- 
 scope. The most appreciable distinction was that the Badlhis subtilis 
 of old hay could be inoculated on the animal system without any evil 
 result, while inoculation with the Bacillus anthracis produced the 
 deadly malignant anthrax or malignant j)ustule. The api)arent identity 
 of the two, except in their effects, naturally roused the suspicion that 
 the one was but a modified form of the other, though no proof was 
 forthcoming as to the reality of the dimly-suspected transformation, 
 nor the conditions under which it might occur. Finally Dr. Green- 
 field, of London, found that the cultivation of Bacillus anthracis for six 
 generations in aqueous humor robbed it of its virulence and restored it 
 to a condition in which it was indistinguishable from the Bacillus sub- 
 tilis. The true reason of this loss of infective properties did not appear. 
 
 Buchner started in the same field, and has not only succeeded in 
 effecting the transformation in both directions, but in demonstrating 
 the cause of the variation. By means of an ingenious apparatus he suc- 
 ceeded in furnishing a fresh supply of boiled infusion of muscle to a 
 vessel in which a culture had just been completed, and without the pos- 
 sibility of the introduction of germs from the atmosphere. In this appa- 
 ratus he cultivated the Bacillus awf/wacis for several hundred successive 
 generations of the germs. These cultivations, like Dr. Greenfield's, 
 were made with free access of air, filtered from all aerial germs by pass- 
 ing through cotton wool. After a few generations he found that the 
 cultivated fluid was no longer infecting when inoculated on animals. 
 Next he found that instead of the product of cultivation being confined 
 like a white cloud at the bottom of the liquid, a gradually -increasing 
 amount rose to the surface. This scum was at first a thin greasy-look- 
 ing layer, but this gradually thickened and became dried in successive 
 generations, until it was found to grow readily in an acid hay infusion, 
 and to present all the characters of Bacillus subtilis. Here the demon- 
 ■ stration is most satisfactory. The virulent germ grown in free air not 
 only loses it infecting qualities, but shows an increasing demand for 
 oxygen by rising to the surface of the cultivation liquid, and ends by 
 acquiring the power of growth in acid hay infusion in place of alkaline 
 blood and animal fluids, as heretofore. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 119 
 
 TLecouvcrsc traiisfomuitiou from tlie Bnrillan siihtiUs of hay to tliG 
 hacilhis anfhrach- was more difflcult, but was linully ;n;comi)lislied. 
 ijuchner obtained a supply of delibrinated blood, under autiseptic pre- 
 cautions, moculated with Bacillm subtilis, and kept it iu constant motion, 
 so that the scum on the surface should be broken up and the germs 
 mostly beneath the surface of the liquid, a limited amount of oxygen 
 being meanwhile conveyed to them by the constantly-moving red glob- 
 ules. A transitional form soon appeared, which collected in a cloud at 
 the bottom of the liquid after the manner of Bacillus anthracis, but the 
 transformation proceeded no further, and the product never became in- 
 fecting. Nothing discouraged by the failure, and attributing it to the 
 absence of spores, which could not be induced to appear in the blood, 
 Buchner substituted for the latter the extract of meat, with which he 
 was entirely successful. In this the spores formed, virulence was ac- 
 quired, rabbits and mice were successfully inoculated, and their blood 
 in its turn produced malignant anthrax in the animals inoculated with it. 
 
 Here we not only find Pasteur's observations confirmed in principle, 
 but that principle carried a step further. The influence of an excess of 
 air or oxygen on the successive generations of the virulent germ robs it 
 of its infecting qualities, but on the other hand the growth of the non- 
 virulent germ for a series of generations with a very restricted supply 
 of air finally endows it with properties the most deadly. 
 
 PEESEUVATION OP THE ANTHKAS GERMS IN GRAVES, &C. 
 
 Under certain conditions the exposure of the Bacillus anthracis to 
 excess of oxygen determines its death. Feltz found that compressed 
 oxygen (15 atmospheres) killed the bacillus, but not the spores. Bert 
 showed that compressed oxygen killed the bacillus, without affecting 
 the qualities of the attendant organic (chemical) poisons. Davainehad 
 shown long previously that the process of putrefaction in the open air 
 led to destruction of bacillus and the loss of infecting power. Later 
 observers have conclusively shown that when the bacillus has formed 
 spores that these can survive the exposure to air and do not break down 
 into an indistinguishable and inert debris under the action of oxygen. 
 It has further been shown that the development of spores does not take 
 place in the living animal system, but may take place in suitable con- 
 ditions after death. The conditions of such growth and of the main- 
 tenance of infecting properties may be deduced f ; om the experiments 
 of Buchner recorded above. A free exposure to air and a prompt putre- 
 faction before spores have had time to develop destroys the virus. A 
 very limited supply of air and the retardation of putrefaction afford 
 time for the production of the spores, and is, besides, the precise condi- 
 tion which favors the preservation and increase of their virulence. It 
 will be observed that it is not the entire exclusion of air. Toussaint 
 found that the entire exclusion of the virus from the air in hermetically- 
 sealed glass tubes destroyed its potency in eight or nine days. The 
 condition requisite to its preservation is a restricted supply of air com- 
 parable to that met with in the circulating blood or the nutrition liquids 
 of the animal body, or to the flesh infusion in which Buchner trans- 
 formed the harmless Bacilhis of hay into the deadly Bacillus of anthrax. 
 It will now be understood why the anthrax poison is preserved in certain 
 soils and graves and destroyed in others. In open, dry, sandy, or grav- 
 elly soil, with perfect underdrainage, the bodies of anthrax victims may 
 
120 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 be buried with comparative safety. The free permeation of such soils 
 by air insures speedy and perfect putrefaction of the animal product, 
 and the anthrax bacillus is at once destroyed, while if spores have been 
 already formed they perish in their turn when transformed by develop- 
 ment into the bacillus or chain-forms. In close, impervious, or damp 
 soils, on the other hand, on the heavy clays or even porous soils with an 
 impervious subsoil, in the basins of partially-dried ponds and lakes, on 
 the flat alluvial banks of rivers, on deltas, &c., the poison is preserved 
 for years, and the graves of the victims are especially dangerous. In 
 one sach case in Ltvingston County, Kew York, on a sandy soil over a 
 heavy clay subsoil, the graves were carefully fenced in by my direction, 
 but nearly a year after, during a rainy period, the liquid oozing out on 
 the river bank between the clay and sand, and opposite one of the fenced 
 graves, was licked by six cattle, all of which promptly perished by 
 anthrax. The grave was now fenced in down to the water and no further 
 deaths occurred. Pasteur has shown the virulence of the soil over such 
 graves a year after interment, the germs being most abundant in the 
 earth casts excreted by the worms which bring the spores from the 
 infecting remains of the carcase beneath. Such soils, it will be seen, 
 furnish the condition of a very limited supply of oxygen dissolved in 
 the water with which they are saturated, or in specially dry seasons 
 admitted between the closely packed particles of the soil, which we 
 have already seen to be essential to the preservation and increase of 
 the infecting properties. Hence it is that some such soils in which the 
 anthrax germ has been once implanted become thenceforth dead lots, 
 fatal to any herbivora that may be turned upon them. Every fact con- 
 nected with the life of the anthrax germ strengthens our confidence in 
 the principle to be deduced from the cultivation experiments of Pasteur 
 on the germ of chicken cholera. 
 
 ARGUMENT FROM YELLOW FEVER. 
 
 While yellow fever differs from the diseases already named in being 
 less of a contagious affection transmissible from man to man, and more 
 a disease of locality or ships, yet it has some points of resemblance 
 which are not without an instructive bearing on the principle (underly- 
 ing the potency of certain disease germs) that has occupied our atten- 
 tion. It must be acknowledged at the outset that no disease germ has 
 been demonstrated as causative of yellow fever. Yet the history of 
 each epidemic almost of necessity implies the existence of such a germ. 
 The disease is introdoced into a foul tropical seaport by an infected ves- 
 sel, and the sufferers from the fever, and the infected clothing, cargo, 
 or ballast when landed establish so many centers of infection wherever 
 they may be carried, and from which the poison is spread over one or 
 many cities so long as the conditions are favorable to its development. 
 A mere chemical element cannot multiply in this way, and the propa- 
 gation of yellow fever through a foul city from a single infected victim 
 demands for its explanation that we assume the existence of a living, 
 self-multiplying organism. It does not affect this position though it is 
 shown that the disease is not transferable indefinitely from man to man, 
 or that the poison cannot undergo increase in the human body ; it sufBces 
 that it can be carried in or about the human body to multiply and grow 
 indefinitely under the combined influence of damp, heat, and foulness 
 outside the diseased economy. The point I wish to make is that we 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 121 
 
 have in connection with this disease and causation of it a germ which 
 demfc™^ increase out of the body and enlarge the area of the epi- 
 
 That yellow fever can originate on board ship is proved by a large 
 mass of testimonyby La Roche, Faget, Anderson, Potter, Hargis, Gamgee, 
 and others (see Hargis' "Yellow Fever," Gamgee's "Yellow Fevlr a 
 JN autical Disease," &c.). Take one example from Potter : The Busbridge 
 sailed from England for Madras April 15, 1792, and passing through the 
 tropics far west of the Cape de Verde Isles, and in the yellow-fever 
 zone, developed yellow fever on board, though she had touched at no 
 port since leaving England. A still more striking instance is that of 
 i^nn 1? ^^ ^^^ ^ healthy port sent into Philadelphia as a prize in 
 1799. Her cargo was removed, the decks washed, and the hatches and 
 ports shut down without accident to any one employed on her. In this 
 closed state she lay during three weeks'of extremelv hot weather, when 
 a very offensive smell of bilge water was traced to the ship. Her ports 
 and hatches were thrown open, torrents of foul air rushed out, spreading 
 a suffocating stench for a considerable distance, and a number of cases 
 of yellow fever, the first in the city, developed in persons exposed to the 
 noxious emanations (Caldwell). Here we find the hitherto harmless 
 contents of the hold developing virulent properties under the combined 
 influence of heat, moisture, and a limited supply of oxygen. The fer- 
 mentation which went on harmlessly so long as the bilge water and 
 other products were exposed to free air developed a deadly product 
 when that air was partially excluded. Many such cases are on record, 
 and show that the living germ, which must be assumed to exist in an 
 innoxious form in the waters of the western tropical Atlantic, acquires its 
 virulence by propagation in a confined area like a closed ship's hold 
 where it can meet with but a limited amount of air. The converse holds 
 equally true, that free exposure to air puts a limit to the virulence of 
 the yellow-fever germs. This is testified by the board of experts ap- 
 pointed by Congress in 1878, by Dr. Vanderpoel, and by all quarantine 
 surgeons. 
 
 In yellow fever, therefore, as in the other diseases named, we find 
 further testimony to the truth of the principle that in diseases due to 
 microphytes, virulence is often connected with propagation of the germ 
 in a limited supply of oxygen. 
 
 EXAMPLE IN ASIATIC CHOLERA. 
 
 It is needless here to enter on the question of the true nature of the 
 cholera contagium. Suffice it to say, that in the permanence of this disease 
 on certain rich tropical soils (Asiatic), in its conveyance during the sum- 
 mer season to the remotest parts of the world within the tropics and 
 the temperate zones, in the communication of the disease from man to 
 man in a constantly increasing ratio, and in the preservation of the 
 poison with a successive increase and decrease of its virulence after it 
 has passed out of the animal body, we have ample proof of the existence 
 of some kind of disease-germ which increases by a continuous genera- 
 tion. To render this still clearer the annexed table, by Burdon-San- 
 dersoQ, may be given, setting forth the virulence of the cholera dis- 
 charges on given days after they have been passed from the bowels and 
 exposed to the free action of tlie au\ The method was this : Pieces of 
 blotting-paper, dipped in the bowel discharges of the cholera patients, 
 
122 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 were dried ill a free currcut of air aud fed to a giveu mniibcr of mice on 
 each of the iirst six (Uiy« after the liquid luid beeu discharged. 
 
 Per 100 mice employed in exper- 
 iment. 
 
 Period of decomposition. 
 
 rirat day... 
 Second day. 
 Tliird day . . 
 ITonrtli day 
 Fiftliday... 
 Sixth day... 
 
 Here, then, is a manifest increase of virulence for the first three days, 
 showing the capacity of the germ for development outside the animal 
 body, as in the case of yellow fever. The exhaustion of the virulence 
 on the sixth day of development to the action of the air shows the ac- 
 tion of the same law that we have seen to hold uniformly in the case of 
 the other poisons examined. 
 
 The opposite result of preservation of the cholera ]>oison in a limited 
 amount of air is well shown by tlie observations of Pettenkofer of Mu- 
 nich. He showed that the following conditions favor the diffusion of 
 the poison and the development of a cholera epidemic, if, iudced, they 
 are not essential to its production. A soil pervious and permeable to 
 water and air, charged with a certain amount of moisture, determined 
 by the presence of stagnant water in the subsoil, and finally with de- 
 composing organic, especially exerementitious, matter. Here, then, we 
 have in the typical soil, favorable to the projiagation of the cholera poi- 
 son, the precise condition found necessary to the preservation of the 
 other disease-germs, namely, growth in an impure and partially deoxy- 
 genated atmosphere. In the open air, in Burden-Sanderson's experi- 
 ments, the \'irulenc6 was lost after the fifth day, but in the confined in- 
 terstices of this impure soil it is preserved indefinitely during hot 
 weather, and increases instead of diminishing its infecting properties. 
 
 But independently of the condition of soil the deposit of the poison in 
 a confined impure area tends to concentrate and increase its vkulence. 
 Thus Orton, Greenboro, Pettenkofer, Barton, and many others have 
 showed that cholera is especially severe and fatal in those infected houses 
 in which a privy odor prevails. The close atmosphere of the sewer 
 serves to secure the preservation of the poison as surely as the inter- 
 stices of the hot, damp, putrid soil. 
 
 EXAIVIPLE ER03I TYPHOID FEVER. 
 
 What has just been remarked of cholera and its persistence when the 
 poisonous excreta are thrown into a confined and foul space, is still 
 more characteristic of typhoid fever. Like the germs of cholera, those of 
 typhoid are mainly thrown off by the bowels. If those infecting bowel 
 discharges are exposed on ,the surface of the soil to the free action of 
 the air, they soon become inocuous. But if they are thrown into a close 
 privy vault, or above all into an nnventilated sewer, their virulence in- 
 creases to a most dangerous extent, and the emanations from such 
 sewers or vaults become incomparably more pestilential than the living 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 123 
 
 ])atieut or kia excreUi as just pixssed IVom the l)owels. Of the itifrotiou 
 from ycwers ;ut(l ])ils, Atkins says : 
 
 The specific \'irus ui' typhoid fever may Ijc proiuig.ited auiuiig- ]iealiliy persons in 
 one of three ways, namely : 1st, by percolation through the soil into wells that snpply 
 drinking water to the inhabitants; 2d, by issnins through defects in the sewers into 
 the air of the inhabited area ; or, 3d, by exhalation through the apertures of small ill- 
 trapped water-closets or privies, which are at once the receptacles for the discharges of 
 the sick and the daily resort of the healthy. When the specific poison thus issues into the 
 air, the cttmosjyhere generated is immeasurabhj more likely to communicate the disease than thai 
 which immediateli/ surrounds tlie fever patients. 
 
 It may be added tliat typoid fever was actually increased by the con- 
 struction in towns of unventilated sewers from which the pent up gases 
 forced themselves back into the houses as the most available means of 
 escape, carrying with them the fever germs in an intensely virulent 
 form. This has now been done away with to a large extent by the ven- 
 tilation of the sewers, which at once tends to reduce the virulence of the 
 inclosed poison and to do away with the pressure which forced it back 
 into the houses. 
 
 That the production of typhoid fever by such sewer emanations is due 
 to the specific poison turnedjnto the sewers from a tyj)hoid fever patient 
 and propagated there, and not alone to the gaseous products of ordinary 
 putrefaction, is clearly shown by the observations of Barlow, that while 
 such simple putrid emanations induce fever and ill health, they do not 
 cause a disease which is transmissable from system to system by conta- 
 giouw In order to do this it is requisite that the virulent excreta of a 
 typhoid fever patient should be turned into the channel containing the 
 decomposing sewage, but when the virus has been introduced it becomes 
 at once more abundant and more potent, and the whole sewer becomes 
 a prolific generator of disease ; the ordinary contents of the sewer in a 
 state of decomposition do not generate the typhoid fever poison, but the 
 sewer serves as the most prolific field for its reproduction whenever the 
 poison is introduced into such putrid masses in the confined space. 
 
 In typhoid fever, therefore, we have a most potent illustration of a 
 disease germ which increases its potency for evil as it is grown in a 
 suitable material with a partial supply of air. 
 
 SWINE PLAGUE VIKUS MOKE YIKULENT WHEN GROWN IN A PAETXALLT 
 
 AEBATED MEDIUM. 
 
 The examples furnished above, and which might be materially ex- 
 tended, tend to show that it is a rale with disease-poisons of particular 
 type tha,t a certain limitation in the supply of oxygen to the liquids in 
 which they grow intensifies their infecting qualities and renders them 
 more deadly. It will not be surprising, therefore, if we find that the 
 same principle holds in the case of the specific virus of swine plague, 
 or that the converse is true that growth of this disease-germ with free 
 access to air tends to a steady reduction of the infecting power. In 
 illustrating this subject I must draw upon the cases I have given in the 
 two last reports of the Commissiouer of Agriculture (1879 and 1880), 
 
124 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 INOCULATION WITH VIEUS MODIFIED BY GROWTH IN 
 FEES AIR AND OTHERWISE. 
 
 INOCULATIONS WITH VIRUS CULTIVATED IN COW'S MILK WITH ACCESS 
 
 TO AIK. 
 
 1st. A pig (No. 7, present report) was inoculated witli milk -wMch 
 had been infected with swine-plague virus twenty-four hours before, 
 and kept at 100° to 120° F., with free access to air through cotton wool. 
 The effects were very slight, consisting of moderate fever and general 
 but temporary ill health. This pig was subsequently inoculated with 
 infected urine without harm, but succumbed to a virulent liquid that had 
 been kept for five days in a sealed bottle with a limited supply of air. 
 
 2d. A pig (No. 8, present report) was inoculated with infected milk 
 which had been kept ttvo days in an incubator with access to air as 
 before at a temperature of 100° to 120° F. 
 
 The effect consisted in a slight fever only. 
 
 3d. On the eighth day this pig was inoculated with infected milk 
 which had been kept eight days in the incubator at a temperature of 
 100° F., with free access of air through cotton wool. 
 
 Again there resulted a slight fever. 
 
 The animal was subsequently inoculated with virulent pus, without 
 effect, but suffered severely from inoculation with virulent material that 
 had been preserved closely packed in bran, and perished from the in- 
 jection of an excess of virus kept in a closely sealed bottle with a lim- 
 ited supply of air. 
 
 4th. A pig (No. 6, present report) previously inoculated from a vacuum 
 tube, in which virus had been shut up for four days, and which had 
 recovered from the effects, was reinoculated with infected milk which 
 had been kept eight days in an incubator with free access to air. 
 
 The health was scarcely affected. 
 
 This subject afterward suffered severely from inoculation with virus 
 which had been kept three days in wheat bran, and perished from inocu- 
 lation with excess of virus which had been kept in a sealed bottle with 
 little air. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Here, two separate animals inoculated with virus modified by growth 
 in milk with free air, resist the second inoculation with the less virulent 
 matter, but fall victims when the more virulent products are introduced 
 into their systems in excess. A third pig, protected in the same way, 
 suffered fatally from two inoculations with very virulent material. The 
 main point made in these experiments is the material reduction of the 
 virulence of the poison which had been cultivated in milk and air. No 
 evil whatever came from four inoculations with it. The minor point is 
 the resistance of the inoculated system to the minor infections. Inocu- 
 lation with the more virulent products in excessive amount still proved 
 dangerous or fatal. 
 
 INOCULATIONS WITH VIRUS CULTIVATED IN EGG-ALBUMEN WITH FREE 
 
 ACCESS OP AIR. 
 
 5th. A pig (No. 4, present report) was inocula,ted with infected egg- 
 albumen, the virus having been cultivated in this medium for two gen- 
 erations, for two and seven days respectively, at an ordinary July 
 temperature. 
 
(JUNTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 125 
 
 The result was a very slight and temj/yorary fever. 
 
 It was afterwards unsuccessfully inoculated on three separate occa- 
 sions with xarus from a vacuum tube, with virus from a quill, and with 
 virus preserved three days in bran, but perished from an inoculation with 
 virus that had been live days in a sealed bottle with one-fifth its volume 
 of air. 
 
 6th. A Suffolk pig (Ko. 8, report 1880) was inoculated with infected 
 albumen, of the fourth generation, that had stood six days in an incu- 
 bator at a temperature of 98° F., with free access to air through cotton 
 wool. 
 
 The result on the health was scarcely perceptible. 
 
 The same pig resisted all subsequent inoculations with more virulent 
 products. 
 
 STJMMAKY. 
 
 The first pig, protected by inoculation with a culture of the virus in 
 egg-albumen in free air, resisted repeated inoculations with virulent 
 matter, and perished only when injected with an excessive amount of 
 the most deadly product I have been able to procure. The second pig 
 showed from first to last no susceptibility to inoculation, so that it may 
 have had a native immunity, and therefore we can deduce nothing cer- 
 tain from its record. 
 
 INOCULATIONS WITH VIKUS CULTIVATED IN HUMAN UEINE WITH FBEE 
 
 ACCESS OF AIR. 
 
 7th. A pig (Ko 5, present report) was inoculated with infected urine 
 of the second generation, the cultivation having extended over nine 
 days in all, and the last over se«era days, attheordinary July temperature. 
 
 The result was slight fever only. 
 
 This pig was afterward inoculated on three successive occasions with 
 virulent matter without visible harm, but finally succumbed to an inocu- 
 lation with an excess of infecting peritoneal exudation which had been 
 kept five days in a sealed bottle with one-fifth its volume of air. 
 
 8th. A pig (No. 7, present report) formerly inoculated with infected 
 milk was, on the eighth day, reinocnlated, this time with infected urine 
 that had been cultivated eight days in an apparatus allowing the tree 
 access of air through cotton wool. 
 
 The result was only slight fever. 
 
 Torty-three days thereafter this pig was injected with an excess of 
 peritoneal exudate which had stood three days in a sealed bottle with 
 one-fifth its bulk of air. It perished on the thirtieth day. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Here we have results identical with those of the egg-albumen virus, 
 perfect resistance of the lighter infections, but prostration by an excess 
 of the most virulent products. 
 
 INOCULATIONS WITH VIRUS DRIED ON A QUILL. 
 
 9th. A pig (So. 4, 1879) was inoculated with the lung exudate from a 
 case that had died suddenly ; one day only on the quill. 
 
 The result was a violent attach of swine plague. The patient was 
 killed on the 18th day when already xevj low. 
 
 10th. A pig (So, 6, 1879) inoculated with lung exudate from a pig 
 
126 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 that had been sick a week or two ; the virus was dried on a quill for one 
 day only. 
 
 Kesult, a, fatal attaclc, death occurring on the 27th day. 
 
 11th. A pig (No. 2, 1879) inoculated with imlmouary exudate from 
 sick pig ; two days dried on the quill. 
 
 Eesult, a subacute attack with death on the 26th day. 
 
 12th. A pig (No. 3, 1879) was inoculated with lung exudate which had 
 been dried on a quill five days since the death of the sick pig. 
 
 The result was a limited fever only and recovery. 
 
 The same pig afterward survived inoculation with the matter of an 
 intestinal ulcer, but contracted a chronic form of the illness after inocu- 
 lation with dried infect«d intestine five days after the death of the pig 
 which furnished it. 
 
 13th. A pig (No. 9, present report) was inoculated April 23, 1880, with 
 virulent matter (from North Carolina) which had been four days dried 
 on a quill. 
 
 The result was very slight other than some diarrhea. 
 
 On the eleventh day thereafter the same pig was inoculated with 
 virus (from North Carolina) which had been closely pacTced in wheat-bran 
 for three days. It became seriously ill and died on the thirty- sixth day. 
 
 14th. A pig (No. 10, present report) inoculated with virus (from North 
 Carolina) which had been dried on a quill for four days. There was 
 scarcely any appreciable derangement of health. 
 
 An inoculation on the eleventh day with virus preserved for three days 
 in bran produced slight fever only, but on the fifteenth day thereafter 
 with peritoneal fluid kept five days in a sealed bottle caused seve^-e illness, 
 and death on the twenty-fourth day. 
 
 15th. A pig (No. 7, 1879) inoculated with lung exudate (from New 
 Jersey) which had been dried on a quill for six days. 
 
 The result was a severe form of the plague and death on the twenty- 
 fifth day. 
 
 SUMMAEY. 
 
 Two animals inoculated with virus on quill one day old and one with 
 virus two days old suffer a severe attack; two inoculated with virus 
 four days old and one with matter five days old have mild attacks, and 
 finally one animal inoculated with virus six days old suffers a fatal at- 
 tack. One hundred per cent, perish from dried virus but one and two 
 days old, while 75 per cent, recover from the effects of virus from four to 
 six days old. The virus from New Jersey used when six days old was 
 shown by other cases to be especially virulent, and while it is idle to spec- 
 ulate further in the absence of exact knowledge, there is the strongest 
 presumption that it was present on the quill in a thick layer, and better 
 wrapped up from contact with the atmosphere than in other cases. On 
 the whole, therefore, the inoculation from quiUs snpi)orts the general 
 principle already seen to hold in the case of cultures in difierent fields. 
 
 IWOCTJLATIOlSrS OP SWINE-PLAGTJE VIRUS WHICH HAD BEEN PKE- 
 SEEVED WITH A LIMITED SUPPLY OP OXYGEN. 
 
 The two forms in which I have tested this experimentally, were (1) by 
 setting aside a small portion of the diseased intestine, lung,' or lymphatic 
 gland in a close vessel packed as firmly as possible with dry wheat-braiD, 
 and (2) by placing the virulent liquids direct from the diseased animal 
 with one-fifth their volume of air in a sealed bottle, or, by placing the 
 same products in a glass bulb having its outlet tube drawn out to form 
 a narrow orifice (J- line) and tightly packed with cotton wool. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 127 
 INOCULATIONS "WITH VIRUS TRESERVED IN DRY WHEAT-BBAN. 
 
 15th. A pig 0^0. 4, Suppkmeotal Eeport, 1879) unprotected, Avas in- 
 oculated with a portion of diseased intestinal contents that had been 
 closely packed in bran for one month. 
 
 The result was a high fever, great disorder of the bowels, with bloody 
 faeces, and death on the eighteenth day. 
 
 16th. A pig (liTo. 5, Supplemental Report, 1879), unprotected, was 
 inoculated with a portion of diseased intestine and contents that had 
 been closely packed in bran for one month. 
 
 The result was a high fever, great disorder of the bowels, petechia), 
 and discolored skin. Was killed the twenty seventh day. 
 
 17th. A pig (So. 13, present list) that had been inoculated from a 
 quill, and made to cohabit with a sick pig without much effect, was re- 
 inoculated September 3, 1880, with virlueut intestine that had been 
 packed three days in dry wheat-bran. 
 
 The result was a severe attack of illness and death on the thirty-sixth 
 day. 
 
 18th. A pig (No. 2, Supplemental Eeport, December 19, 1879), fed 
 a portion of intestinal mucous membrane that had been preserved a 
 month in dry bran. 
 
 No evil result was observable. The same pig suffered severely from 
 inoculation Avith fresh infected intestine. 
 
 19th. A pig (B"o. 10, present report) that had been inoculated from a 
 quill and suffered from slight fe\"er only was reinoculated September 3, 
 1880, with infected intestine which had been packed three days in bran. 
 
 The result was some amount of fever and ill health, which still existed 
 when it was reinoculated fifteen days later with peritoneal exudate pre- 
 served five days in a sealed bottle. After this the sickness increased 
 and death resulted on the twenty-fourth day (October 12). 
 
 20th. A pig (So. 8, present report) had been inoculated twice with 
 infected milk and once with pus from an inoculation nodule, but with- 
 out serious illness; was reinoculated September 3 with diseased intes- 
 tine which had been packed three days in wheat-bran. 
 
 The result was only moderate illness. 
 
 Was again inoculated September 18 with iieritoueal exudate from New 
 Jersey, which proved fatal November 10. 
 
 21st. A pig (No. 5, present report) inoculated July 3 with infected 
 urine, July 10 with a pulmonary exudate preserved in a vacuum tube, 
 and August 13 with virulent matter dried on a quill, and had, August 
 10, been placed in an infected pen, was, September 3, inoculated with 
 infecting intestine that had been kept three days in bran. 
 
 The result was exceedingly slight fever if any. 
 
 The same subject was inoculated September 18 with excess of peri- 
 toneal fluid kei)t five days in a closely sealed bottle. 
 
 22d. A pig (No. 4, present report) inoculated July 3 with infected egg- 
 albumen, July 10 with liquid from a vacuum tube, and August 13 with 
 virus dried on quill, was, September 3, reinoculated with matter which 
 had been closely packed for three days in dry bran. 
 
 Eesult, a moderate fever after the two first inoculations, and about the 
 same amount, or rather a higher fever, after the third. 
 
 The same pig was, September 18, inoculated with infecting peritoneal 
 fluid which had been five days in a closely-sealed bottle, and died 11 days 
 after. 
 
128 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 INOCULATIONS WITH VIRUS KEPT IN CLOSED VESSELS WITH ONE- 
 FLPTH THEIR VOLUME OF AIE. 
 
 The experiments under tliis head were conducted, as stated above, in 
 sealed bottles and in glass bulbs with small outlet closely plugged with 
 cotton wool. 
 
 It is needless to specify cases, as all animals inoculated with this cul- 
 ture, without exception, suffered severely and even fatally. It is only 
 necessary to refer to ISTos. 1, 3, i, 5, 7, and li in the foregoing list. 
 
 GENERAL KBSULTS. 
 
 My cultivation experiments on the virus were commenced in 1878, 
 with the view of ascertaining what organic liquids modified the viru- 
 lence of the specific poison. As the exxieriments progressed, it became 
 evident that there was another element affecting the virulence, namely, 
 the free action of the atmosphere on the preserved or cultivated virus. 
 This was indicated in my report for the present year. Since that was 
 written, subsequent facts have lent themselves to strengthen the evi- 
 dence; and a review of my entire experience with this disease, together 
 with a comparison of this with analogous results observed in the case 
 of the specific poisons of other diseases more or less closely allied to 
 this, have given to tbe conclusions all the force of a principle dominating 
 widely in this class of affections. 
 
 The following table will give a "bird's-eye view" of results more 
 striking than any similar amount of writing : 
 
 Preservation or culture 
 medium. 
 
 Cow'amilk 
 
 Egg-albumen 
 
 B!uman urine 
 
 Virus dried on quill . 
 
 Dry wlieat bran ... 
 Blood and exudate. 
 
 No. of 
 generations. 
 
 lto2. 
 2to4 . 
 lto2. 
 
 Period of cul- 
 ture. 
 
 1 to 8 days.. 
 9 to 19 days . 
 8 to 9 days.. 
 
 1 day 
 
 2 days 
 
 4 days 
 
 5 days 
 
 6 days 
 
 30 days 
 
 3 days 
 
 5 to 11 days . 
 
 Air admitted. 
 
 Freely . 
 ...do .. 
 ...do.. 
 
 Very limited 
 
 ....do 
 
 One-fifth volume. 
 
 Besnlts. 
 
 With infected organic liquids kept in free air eight subjects were inoc- 
 ulated, and eight survived, with only slight illness. With infected organic 
 liquids v/ith a very limited access to air six subjects were inoculated and 
 0,11 died. With virus dried on quills, so that it can undergo slow changes, 
 only seven sttbjeots are inoculated, of which /ozw are severely attaclced and 
 three slightly. With fresh diseased organ packed tightly in dry bran, 
 and by reason of its moisture more subject to change, eight subjects were 
 inoculated, of which four suffered severely and four slightly. Three fifths 
 had slight attacks when the infecting material had been in the bran but 
 three days, and one-third only when it had been packed for thirty days. 
 
 DEDUCTIONS— HYGIENIC AND PROPHYLACTIC. 
 
 The above facts and conclusions are pregnant with important sugges,- 
 tions in the field of hygiene and prophylactics. 
 
CONTAGXOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 129 
 
 Dmigers of storing up the virus and increasing its potency. — 1st. It is 
 evident that we must guard more sedulously than ever against the pos- 
 sible storing up of the virus of swine-plague in coniined spaces Avhen it 
 has little access to air, and above all when there is superadded organic 
 matter and moisture which may serve to maintain the vitality and assist 
 in the proliferation of the poison. 
 
 Herds crowding in straio-staclcs and manure-heaps. — We cannot too se- 
 verely condemn tho current practice of allowing pigs to crowd together 
 by scores and hundreds in the debris of rotten straw-stacks and dung- 
 heaps, where they lie like sardines in a box, and even piled above each 
 other ; the whole, closely enveloped in the masses of decomposing dung 
 or litter, not only shuts out the pure and wholesome air, but generates 
 an abundance of noxious gases to take its place and weaken the system. 
 This doubtless contributes much toward laying the system open to the 
 attack of whatever germ is imported into the herd ; it probably does not 
 generate it, otherwise the plague Avould be even more prevalent than it 
 is. Yet the resulting condition of the blood of the pig, the lack of oxy- 
 gen, and the growth of the virus in this state of the fluid, in harmony 
 with the principle we have been considering, must enhance its virulence 
 and increase the mortality. 
 
 But it is the intensifying of the poison which has passed out of the 
 body which is especially to be feared. Deposits from the breath, skin- 
 exhalations, urine, or dung of the pig, the germs must find in the damp 
 and more firmly-packed lower layers of suck refuse, and in the damp, 
 close Soil beneath, saturated with decomposing organic matter, the best 
 field for its preservation and for the conservation or increase of its vir- 
 ulence. If the pressure of liquid charged with organic matter could be 
 done away with, the virus would lack for food and would be more readily 
 destroyed. If the air could be freely admitted to all parts of the mass 
 and soil, the virus would soon i^erish or be transformed into a harmless 
 material. But as it is, this warm bed of the herd supplies the conditions 
 which we have found to be essential to the preservation of the plague- 
 germs and to the increase of its potency. 
 
 In connection with this question , it is no manifest consideration that 
 among our domestic quadrupeds the pig requires the very largest 
 amount of oxygen in proportion to its body-weight. The following- 
 table, condensed from a large one by Colin {Physiologic Compiaree des 
 Animaux), will illustrate this : 
 
 Animals. 
 
 Oxygen consumed in 
 24 lionrs per liilo- 
 grammo of body- 
 weight. 
 
 Carlson l>umed in 24 
 hours per kilo- 
 grammo of body- 
 weight. 
 
 fall 
 •Sill 
 
 w M 3 o 
 O 
 
 
 Grammes. 
 13. 272 
 11. 040 
 13. 577 
 29. 098 
 29. 314 
 28. 392 
 28. 475 
 21. 192 
 
 Grammes. 
 5.080 
 4.129 
 5.080 
 11. 166 
 7.638 
 7.631 
 7.748 
 7.200 
 
 Litres. 
 0. 30.3 
 
 f<^.^ 
 
 0. 320 
 
 A cj<a ' 
 
 0. 393 
 
 
 0.867 
 
 
 0.593 
 
 
 0.607 
 
 Cat* 
 
 0.605 
 
 
 0.563 
 
 
 
 From this it appears that to every pound of his body-weight the pig 
 consumes more than double the amount of oxygen used up by the horse 
 
 9CD 
 
130 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF UOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 or COW, and of course reduces a coiresporidingly greater amount of air 
 to a coudition that will not support respiration. If, therefore, the pig 
 is compelled to breathe impure air, as in the conditions above referred 
 to, tis blood must sooner be deprived of the oxygen contained in it, and 
 be reduced to that condition which we have seen is most favorable to 
 the virulence and ))oteucy of the disease-germ. But the owner should 
 consider that in the conditions named the virus finds the most appro- 
 priate media for its propagation and ^'irulence within and without the 
 body alike, and should carefully seclude his stock from exposure to such 
 insalubrious conditions. 
 
 OEOWDINa IN CONFINED SPACES UNDEE. BARNS. 
 
 Hardly less suggestive of the intensifying of the poison is the herd- 
 ing of pigs, and especially in large numbers, in a confined space under 
 barns occupied by other animals. Here the solid and liquid excretions 
 of the stock above pass, to a certain extent, through the floor, and thus 
 mixing with the excretions and exhalations of the pigs, accumulate in 
 the confined area, saturate the ground, and determine constant emana- 
 tions that deteriorate the air and undermine the health of the animals 
 that crowd together in the close and stagnant atmosphere. The soil 
 under such barns, charged with decomposing organic matter, presents 
 the means for the preservation and germination of the virus, and the 
 paucity of air driven out of the soil by the gaseous products is that best 
 calculated to secure an increase of virulence. Such sleeping-places 
 may, therefore, be set down with manure-heaps and rotten straw stacks 
 as propagators^ though they may not be germinators of the plague. In 
 the present state of the swine industry in the Western States, the swine 
 plague is so wide-spread that the chances are always favorable to the 
 extension of the contagion, and no herd, however well cared for, can be 
 looked upon as safe; yet the danger must be greatly enhanced by that 
 management which so surely contributes to the multiplication and po- 
 tency of the germ. 
 
 CLOSED SPACES BENEATH THE FLOORS. 
 
 One of the worst conceivable arrangements in a pig-pen is a wooden 
 floor covering a dark, closed space all but impervious to air. Into such 
 a closed space the liquid excretions will sooner or later penetrate, car- 
 rying with them the infecting matter of any diseased animal above. 
 There, over a putrid soil, in a close, foul atmosphere, it has every oppor- 
 tunity of maintaining and increasing its virulence, and of surviving for 
 weeks, months, or years to prove the center of frequent and disastrous 
 outbreaks. The conditions are sufliciently like those connected with 
 the generation of yellow fever and typhus, and of the conservation of 
 these together with cholera and typhoid, to deter any one from con- 
 structing or preserving such an incubator of poison. 
 
 OBJECTION TO WOODEN FLOORS AND WALLS. 
 
 In the light of our facts and observations, every one must perceive 
 the objection to wooden floors and walls in pig-pens, likely to receive 
 the germs of swine plague. The joints and cracks in wooden buildings, 
 and the rotten wood, become filled up with dry or moist excretions, 
 ready to receive and even to propagate the disease germs. Then, above 
 uU; in the case of the floors, the wood becomes saturated throughout 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 131 
 
 with suck products, aud as it is kept moist the gciui once introduced- 
 and developing must make increase with a miuinnim of air, and -will 
 tliereby retain or strengtlicn its potency. 
 
 To obviate this something might be secured by thoroughly soaking 
 the timbers with oil before constructing the building; but au'ideal floor 
 would be an impermeable one — paA'cd with glazed brick, Hags, or cob- 
 blestones and jointed with Eoman cement. Tlie walls constructed of 
 hard burned brick, stone, or cement, could, with such a floor, be Ixc- 
 queutly flushed with Avater and kept perfectly pure. 
 
 OBJECTION TO CLOSE DRAINS AND LIQUID mAnUEE PITS. 
 
 So-called improvements are often fraught with unseen dangers. Un- 
 ventilated sewers serve to spread typhoid fever, diphtheria, aud cholera; 
 warm, air-tight barns propagate consumption and glanders, and so close 
 covered drains and cesspools, or liquid manure tanks, are liable to spread 
 hog cholera. If these last are indulged in they should be properly ven- 
 tilated by inlets for fresh air at their lower ends and outlets at their 
 upper, and the latter should on no account be allowed to open into a 
 close pig-pen to befoul its atmosphere. Emanations from such close, 
 confined drains and pits are always unsanitary and injurious to animals 
 requiring such abundance of pure air as do swine, but they must be- 
 come pre-eminently plague-pits and passages once the hog cholera germ 
 has been introduced into them. 
 
 DANGBKS FKOJVI EAILROAD CARS AND FROM VESSELS. 
 
 It must be apparent that many of the objections to wooden piggeries 
 apply no less to railroad cars. The joints and crevices, the accumula- 
 tions of filth, and the absence of all systematic disinfection, the con- 
 stant use of the cars for successive loads of swine, and the impossibiUty 
 of obtaining perfect drying and aeration in the intervals, all combine to 
 make these vehicles the bearers and disseminators of contagion. The 
 absence.of air in the masses of accumulated manure, and in the inter- 
 stices of the wooden floor or wall will even go far towards adding a new 
 force and malignancy to the poison that may be introduced. In ships 
 and boats there is the additional danger of the close atmosphere between 
 decks and the bilge water in the hold. 
 
 Much may be done to obviate the danger by thoroughly soaking the 
 wood-work of the cars and ships, but especially the floors, in oil, which 
 will prevent the imbibition of other liquids. But in an infected country 
 nothing can replace the thorough cleansing and disinfection of these 
 cars and ships before they are to be used on any occasion for the con- 
 veyance of store animals. 
 
 RAILROAD AND MARKET YARDS AND BUILDINGS. 
 
 As the rendezvous for great herds of swine these are surrounded by 
 all the dangers of wooden piggeries and the additional risks of infec- 
 tion attended on the railroad cars. The virulent droppings from one 
 herd remain in the wood-work, joints, and cracks, in the intervals be- 
 tween the paving stones, in the closed spaces beneath the floors, and in 
 drains, &c., to infect other herds which pass through the same place in 
 rapid succession. In the accumulated refuse, and especially in the 
 closed buildings and drains, there is the special danger of the specific 
 poison attaining increased virulence and malignity and spreading; a more 
 
132 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 inveterate type of the malady than that from which it was derived. 
 The minute precautions advised for cars and boats are equally demanded 
 for public yards and buildings to be used for store swine. 
 
 VAKYINGr SEASONS WILL PAVOK A VARYING MORTALITY. 
 
 It is not our purpose now to estimate the influence of electrical dis- 
 tiu'bances on the growth and quality of the poison, as that has not en- 
 tered into our premises. In passing over these, however, we must not 
 be held to ignore the great influence exerted on fermentations by vary- 
 ing states of electrical tension, and the strong presumption that a poi- 
 son, such as that of hog cholera, is similarly affected, and especially 
 where outside the body. What we would especially call attention to is 
 the varying condition of the soil as serving to preserve or modify the 
 gTOwth of the disease poison. 
 
 WHY SUMMER IS THE MOST DANGEROTJS SEASON. 
 
 Various considerations will show the especial danger of summer. In 
 winter the soil is bound up in frost, and even though the disease germ 
 may be present in the earth, it is closely sealed and usually harmless. 
 The hard surface cannot be broken up by rooting, and therefore the 
 germ cannot be set free until the occurrence of the thaw. The germ 
 cannot multiply in the soil, being laid up, not dead, but inactive like the 
 dried and stored seed, ready to start a new growth and increase when 
 subjected to the warmth and moisture of spring and summer. Thus it 
 is that the disease often disappears during the winter months but breaks 
 out anew on the return of genial weather. 
 
 In summer, on the other hand, the frozen germ in the soil, building, 
 or other place, is free to grow and multiply, and though buried more or 
 less deeply it is constantly liable to be set free by the rooting of the hog. 
 The germs thus rooted up from a depth in the soil are likely to be far 
 more dangerous than those that may have been left on the siu'face, hav- 
 ing met with little air to determine a salutary modification. In sum- 
 mer, too, the hog exposed to the scorching rays of the sun is rendered 
 feverish and more susceptible to the action of disease poisons. The air 
 that he breathes is much more rarefied, contains far less oxygen in a 
 given volume, and thus the aeration of the blood is likely to be less 
 perfect than in colder weather, and the blood to prove more conducive 
 to the production of a malignant germ. If the hogs are fed, as is too 
 often the case, even in the extreme heat of summer, almost exclusively 
 on Indian corn of the preceding year's crop, this adds its quota of cos- 
 tiveness, intestinal irritation, and fever, to favor the disease in its worst 
 type. Finally, it need not be overlooked that summer is the season of 
 the greatest number of hogs, and especially of young hogs that have 
 never had the plague, and are therefore especially susceptible to its 
 ravages. 
 
 DRY SEASONS ON PARTICULAR SOILS. 
 
 In dry, hot seasons not only are clay and other soils covered by a 
 hard beaten crust comparatively impervious to air, but the soil beneath, 
 also dry, is filled with the gaseous products of organic decay, which 
 drive out the wholesoiue atmospheric air and prevent its entrance. The 
 germs lodged in such a soil at a sufficient depth to bring them in con- 
 tact with some moisture are in precisely those conditions of a limited 
 amount of oxygen in which they can develop their most redoubtable 
 
v..jniAijluU« DlHJiASES OF DOMESTICjVTED ANIMALS. 133 
 
 qualities. If tlae soil in question is naturally x'uih in organic matter, or 
 if, as is usually the case in piggeries, it has been thoroughly charged 
 with the secretions of the animals, the conditions are at their worst', as 
 the organic matter furnishes food for the growth of the germ and the 
 comparative absence of air tends to its more malignant development. 
 
 The drying up of drains, pools, and pits during summer and autumn 
 further favors the escape of germs that may have remained in the soil 
 beneath harmless, until they could rise on the air in the gaseous emana- 
 tions or be grubbed up by the snout of the pig. So with the viru- 
 lent germs in the wood-work and beneath the floors. These may easily 
 escape in infinitessimal particles from the open and cracking wood or 
 the dry area beneath, though they had been hitherto bound up by the 
 moisture. 
 
 EFFECT OP WET SEASONS ON CERTAIN SOILS. 
 
 Specially wet seasons operate in another way. By the heavy rainfall 
 the soil is filled with water. If both soil and subsoil is gravelly or sandy, 
 and if the fall is sufficient for good drainage, this soon passes off, and 
 the germs are washed away, or, if not, are early disinfected by the action 
 of the air. But in the rich alluvial soil, and clay which is more reten- 
 tive of moisture, and in even the sandy and gravelly surface soils that 
 have a subsoil of clay or other impervious material, or that are so low 
 or so level that natural drainage is impossible, there is a water-logged 
 condition approaching more or less near to the surface, and just so far 
 as the soil is charged with water it is to a large extent emptied of air. 
 The water-logged soil can only retain as much oxygen as the water wiU 
 dissolve, and while at the best this must be limited, it must be dimin- 
 ished in exact ratio with the pressure of the gases derived from the 
 earth. It must be manifest, therefore, that soils that are at once rich 
 In organic matter and from any cause retentive of water, wet seasons 
 must often add to the potency of the swine-plague germ by determining 
 its growth in a limited supply of air. 
 
 VALUE OP LOOSE DRY EABTH AS A DISINFECTANT. 
 
 This appears to depend largely on its antiseptic and deodorizing 
 properties. Finely-powdered dry loam or clay is a direct antiseptic, 
 and has the power of absorbing the noxious gases produced by organic 
 decomposition and the growth of bacteria. It is besides . porous in an 
 eminent degree, and this transmits through its substance a large amount 
 of atmospheric air and determines the less obnoxious fermentation. 
 Hence in earth closets the disagreeable odor may be entirely suppressed ; 
 in the case of anthrax carcasses the virulence may in time disapi^ear ; 
 and in hog cholera the same good result may finally be attained. But 
 it must be observed it is the dry, pulverulent, porous earth alone that 
 will act in this way. Moisten it and pack it firmly and its good quali- 
 ties may be at once exchanged for evil ones, and it may become a dan- 
 gerous propagator in place of a destroyer of infection. Dry earth is 
 not a potent and speedy disinfectant like chloride of zinc or lime ; it will 
 act slowly in this way if perfectly dry, open, and porous, but satm^ated 
 with moisture or closely compressed, its good qualities are in the main 
 lost. It may be used in certain cases as an auxiliary to other disinfect- 
 ants, and its action is- mainly valuable as showing how the porous dry 
 soils are slowly but permanently destructive to such poisons as those of 
 anthrax, chicken cholera, and swine plague. 
 
134 coNTAorous diseases of domesticated animals. 
 
 rUi.tTKCTlON ];Y INOUULATION ■\VITII 'i'lIE IMITIGATED VXUUtJ. 
 
 "What liaw bL-ou said uiiiuoculutious with the two forms of vh'us grown 
 respectively in luuscle and little air seems to establish the fact that the 
 lirst-namcd' form produces a mild type of the disease, rarely or never 
 fatal, and that this protects to a reasonable extent against any subse- 
 quent attack from exposure to infection. In short, we seem to have 
 hero placed in our hands a means of protecting individual hogs and 
 herds against heavy mortality from swine plague, which yearly claims its 
 tens of thousands of victims. We have something apparently as valua- 
 ble as the protective iaoculation against small-pox, or lung plague, or 
 even chicken cholera. It is not enough, however, to set forth the bene- 
 fits; the drawbacks also must be advanced. 
 
 ■DRAWBACKS TO PKOTECTIVE mOCULATION "WITH MITIGATED VIRUS. 
 
 1st. The protective inoeulation retards growth and thriving. — Just how 
 far this will affect the animal I am not yet prepared to say, yet in my 
 cases it kept back the subject for one or several weeks. In a short- 
 lived animal like the pig this is of some consequence, though admit- 
 itedly of in comparably less than the present losses from hog cholera. 
 
 2d. The method is a cause of the 'preservation of the ilisease-germ. — ThiS 
 is a much more weighty objection. To i)rotect a herd that is hable to 
 ibe exxjosed to infection we must transmit to each animal the germ of the 
 ;plague itself. The germ it is true will prove all but harmless to the ani- 
 mals inoculated, but it will propagate in their systems and be deposited 
 in their dwellings and yards, and if in either it meets Avith those condi- 
 tions, which will serve to increase its virulence, it will be liable to speed- 
 ily assume its deadly form and type. Let the living germ be put up in 
 wood- work, or beneath it in drain or pit, in litter or manure, in puddled 
 or water-logged soil, as above described, and it may soon be transformed 
 from a benignant to a malignant poison. Let this once take place, and 
 every new pig introduced by birth or otherwise is liable to contract the 
 fatal form of the malady and to become the starting point for a new and 
 disastrous outbreak. The same transformation to a virulent type may 
 take place spontaneously in the bodies of certain animals on account of 
 coexistent fever or other bodily disorder. 
 
 J 'rotective inoculation with this mitigated virus is too closely allied 
 to the inoculation of flocks with sheep-pox or of human beings with 
 small-pox. There can bo no doubt that the habitual high mortality of 
 these diseases may be almost entirely obviated in this way, but the 
 disease-germ is reproduced to an indetinite extent, and there "is ever the 
 danger of uainoculated and susceptible subjects from outside or bom 
 in the place contracting the malady in its most deadly form. So of the 
 inoculation for swine plague M'ith 'even mitigated virus. To render it 
 peifectly safe it must be done under disinfecting precautions. The sub- 
 jects should be kept in a building with paved or cement floors and lower 
 wall;!, so that there may be no opportunity for the storingup of the dis- 
 case-genn; their excretions must be regularly and thoroughly disiiifected; 
 all drains nmst be carefully attended to in the same w'ay, a'lul finally, on 
 full jvcovery, the place must be subjected to a tliorough disinfection. It 
 might doubtless be often safely accomplished on open porous soils 
 natnrally well drained, wliere the germs of the disease would be early 
 destroyed, and where tliero was no wet spot, pond, stream, building, or 
 other place where the virus could be shut up and preserved or intensi- 
 fied. The greatest care, too, would be needful to prevent the escape of 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISKASES OF DOJIES TICATED ANIMALS. 135 
 
 the infected or t!ic appi();ichoL"ot)u'i'auimiils, ;uid to .seclude the gjoitiid 
 fi-oiii pigs, Kliee]), ral)l)it>i, ixud other susceptible eroatures for alougth 
 of tiiue aftei' a full recovery. 
 
 INOCULATION OP HERDS THAT ARE ALREADY INPEOTED. 
 
 It caa rarely be desirable to inoculate herds, unless they already have 
 the infection in their midst, or are so much exposed that they can scarcely 
 fail to contract the malady if left to themselves. But in these conditions 
 it may evidently be adopted with decided advantage if intelligently 
 carried ont. 
 
 The first measure -would be to remove the whole herd from the build- 
 ings and'inclosures in which the more virulent germ had been deposited, 
 excepting only such pigs as show by their elevated temperature, enlarged 
 glands, cough, disturbed digestion, discolored skin, or other symptom, 
 that they were already infected. They should be placed in a building 
 or place as above indicated, where a subsequent thorough disinfection 
 could be applied. They should be carefally watched after inoculation, 
 and if any one has developed the malignant type of the disease it should 
 be at once removed from the herd and destroyed or otherwise safely 
 taken care of. 
 
 Pains should be taken to supply pure air and surroundings, to avoid 
 extremes of heat and cold, to give gently-laxative and easily-digested 
 food, and to correct any unhealthy condition of the functions, above 
 all of digestion. Finally, when all have recovered, disinfection of the 
 premises should be conducted in a very thorough manner. 
 
 2. — PKOTECTIVE INFLUENCE OP THE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS OP THE 
 
 SWINE-PLAGUE GERM. 
 
 Bacteria intoxicatio7i and bacteria infection. — In all diseases caused by 
 microphytes, there are two associated but distinct deleterious agents to 
 be taken into account: 1st, the organism which is introduced from 
 without and multiplies in the body of the patient ; 2d, the chemical 
 liroduots elaborated by the growth and increase of the imported organism 
 at the expense of the vital liquids. The two liave been aptly named 
 bacteria infection and bacteria intoxication. Each may be injurious, 
 and even fatal, yet each has its special mode of action and its limitations, 
 so that we can estimate with a reasonable amount of certainty the 
 probable results in the two cases. 
 
 In bacteria infection the self-multiplying organism is introduced into 
 the body, and if it finds a suitable field for its growth it undergoes an 
 indefinite increase, and may undermine the health or destroy life in one 
 of various ways ; for example, by accumnlatiug in the capillaries, arrest- 
 ing the flow of blood and abolishing the functions of vital organs, or 
 leading to local abscess or gangrene; by abstracting oxygon and other 
 essential elements from the blood, and resolving this vital fluid into a 
 poisonous in place of a life-giving stream; or by reproducing itself in 
 myriads, elaborating a vast amount of noxious chemical products and 
 killing by poisoning. The bacteria intoxication or poisoning, on the 
 other" hand, is affected directly by the products of the growth of the 
 bacteria, or in other words, by a chemical compound incapable in itself 
 of re])roducing or increasing its substance. The respective powers 
 a,nd limitations of the two poisons may thus be mapped out with great 
 clearness. 
 
 It is manifest that from bacteria infection may be derived nearly all 
 
136 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the evil results of hacteria intoxication, in addition to certain pernicious 
 actions peculiarly its own. The germ being a Mving organism, with 
 limitless powers of growth, it is manifest that apart from the power of 
 the system to support it, there can be no bound to the amount of chem- 
 ical poisonous product it may generate, and thus to its own special 
 work of destruction of the essential constituents of the blood, deoxida- 
 tion of the vital iluid, plugging of vessels, local abscess and gangrene, 
 it must ever add the poisonous iniiuences of its purely chemical products. 
 But it has its limitations as well, which do not belong to its products. 
 In several bacteridian diseases the system will not sustain nor nourish 
 the bacteria with the same readiness a second time if at aU. The sys- 
 tem that has once sustained an attack does not readily succumb to the 
 same again. An incompatibility or antagonism has been established 
 between the system thus protected and the 'bacterium, and henceforth 
 the system may be repeatedly inoculated with the bacterium with the 
 most perfect impunity. This cannot be said of the chemical products of the 
 bacteria growth. These, like all chemical poisons, will act again and again 
 upon the same system with little difference in effect, and if a partial tol- 
 erance of their presence is acquired it can only be to a limited extent 
 and after long exposure to their action, as tipplers acquire a tolerance 
 of alcohol, or opium or arsenic eaters of these respective poisons. KiU 
 the mycrophytes in the infecting bacteria liquids, and the chemical pro- 
 ducts will act in exact ratio with the dose administered, and no amount 
 of experience with the poison will prevent an excessive dose proving 
 fatal. The action moreover will be prompt, and if it does not produce 
 fatal results at an early stage it wUl gradually subside, for since the 
 poison cannot multiply itself its effects must steadily decrease with its 
 elimination from the system. With bacteria infection, on the other hand, 
 the evil effects must be somewhat delayed to allow of the reproduction 
 of the germ and the production of the chemical poison, and thus the 
 disorder of the system will undergo a progressive development. In an- 
 other respect we may conceive of the bacteria infection being limited in 
 its evil results. If the bacteria increase slowly the system will be likely 
 to become somewhat habituated to the influence of the poison and in- 
 susceptible to it, so that by the time the disease reaches its height the 
 system may be able to bear with impunity a quantity of the poison which 
 at could not have tolerated had the same amount been introduced sud- 
 denly and before the economy had become inured to its influence. 
 
 In illustration of the separate action of the bacteria and their chemi- 
 cal products, Koch's experiments on mice with putrid fluids are most 
 instructive. These were made with putrid liquid, but serve none the 
 less to illustrate bacteridian poisoning. Koch injected putrid liquids un- 
 der the skin of the mouse, and found when the amount used had been 
 excessive that the mouse died in a few hours from the effects of the 
 chemical poison, and that not a bacillus could be found in the blood 
 within the vessels. If, on the other hand, a minimum amount of the 
 putrid liquid was used, as by making a slight scratch with a lancet, the 
 tip of which had been dipped in the liquid, and if the mouse survived 
 the primary danger of death by the chemical poison it died in the course 
 of about two days of bacteridian infection, and the blood was found 
 swarming with bacteria. Similarly, Ohauveau found tliat Algerian 
 sheep, that are naturally insusceptible to anthrax, and which had suc- 
 cessfully resisted inoculation with a minimum amount of the virus, 
 fell victims to the disease if an excess of the poison were injected un- 
 der the skin, or if a second and third inoculation were practiced before 
 the effects of the first had passed off. Finally, Cossar, Ewart, and Bur- 
 
^•^^■,± ^<J,JL^J^Jll jL»iojli.Aii)i!;ib UJJ ' DOM ESTICATED ANIMALS. 137 
 
 don- Sanderson found that when anthrax liquids had been devitalized 
 by exposure for some time to compressed oxygen (12 atmospheres), and 
 when the germs (bacillus, and spores) had lost their power of propaga- 
 tion and increase, the fluid still proved injurious, and even fatal to 
 animals on which it was inoculated. With the vital germ destroyed, 
 these evil effects could only come of the remaining chemical poisonous 
 products, which retained their original potency. 
 
 My own experiments on the virus of hog-cholera tend to establish the 
 same fact in that disease. When I had subjected the virulent fluids for 
 an hour to a temperature oscillating between 130° and 140° F., and then 
 inoculated them on the pig, I found that the result was a certain amount 
 of constitutional disorder and ill health, which did not, however, go on 
 to a fatal issue. Here I presume, though I cannot prove, that the dis- 
 ease germ had perished, and that the effects were due to the chemical 
 products alone. Similarly, when I injected into the system large quan- 
 tities of the virulent fluids, I found that death took place almost with- 
 out exception, even in animals that had resisted ordinary inoculations. 
 Of this mortality we may find an explanation in the febrile state of the 
 system, induced by the presence of the chemical poison. Davaine found 
 that Guinea pigs died in summer from the inoculation with —o(To of the 
 amount of putrid blood found necessary to kOl the same animals in win- 
 ter. This may be partly due to the excess of bacteria present in the air 
 in summer, and introduced into the putrefying fluid, but was doubtless 
 further influenced by the relaxed and susceptible condition of the sys- 
 tem of the animals operated on. The observations of Chauveau and my 
 own, that the inoculation with an excess of the virulent bacteria fluid 
 will overcome the resisting power of a comparatively insusceptible ani- 
 mal and induce a fatal result, tend to establish the same conclusion. 
 The organic poison in such cases would undoubtedly induce fever, and 
 the derangement of functions and assimilation attendant on the fever 
 would break down the vital barriers and cause the blood globules and 
 tissues to succumb to the attacks of the bacteria. The deduction is fur- 
 ther corroborated by the morbid and even fatal results obtained by re- 
 peated inoculations at short intervals with virulent bacteria fluids. 
 Ohauveau's experiments on Algerian sheep with anthrax fluids and my 
 own on pigs with swine-plague virus show clearly that the introduction 
 into the system of fresh virulent bacteria flxiids before a former inocula- 
 tion had spent itself and had its products eliminated, enhanced the vio- 
 lence of the attack and often induced a fatal result. Here it is not the 
 increase in the number of the bacteria alone, nor the access of fresh, and 
 therefore more potent, germs that have the evil effects, for in the in- 
 fected system there is practically no limit to the multiplication of the 
 bacteria, and these, in place of being weakened, are often rendered more 
 potent by passing through a succession of animal systems. It is proba- 
 bly largely due to a sudden access of the irritating chemical products 
 along with the fresh bacteria. 
 
 Is future protection secured hy the action of the chemical products alone, 
 or is the presence in the system of the iacteria essential? — If we knew posi- 
 tively on what the protection from a second attack of the same infec- 
 tious disease immediately depends, we could give a scientific answer to 
 this question, but while our views of the mode of such protection are 
 merely hypothetical we can only indulge in inferences which may be 
 more or less reasonable. Some have supposed that there is eliminated 
 from the system during the first attack some element, the presence of 
 which is necessary to the maintenance and i^ropagation of the disease 
 germ, but they fail to show why this particular element is not in itself 
 
138 CONTAfilOUS DISEASES OV DOMESTICATED AIN'IMALS. 
 
 rci»'aducpd iu ;it'ter lilii ;is it wa.s in time iiuhL Olliers Iiold tluit the 
 cliciui<:;il products oi' (lie growth of tiio bacteria arc, left iji the system 
 aud prove fatal to the bacteria germs if again intiodiiced. 13ut this 
 is negatived by the fact that these same viruleut bacteria continue to 
 grow in the same vessel, and in spite of the i)resence of their chemical 
 products, if fresh infusion of meat is introduced. Moreover, both of 
 these assumptions appear to be disproved by the fact that a large dose 
 of the virulent bacteria fluid in a refractory system will overcome the 
 apparent immunity and lay the animal under the sway of the disease. 
 If the immunity were due, either to the abstraction of an element essen- 
 tial to the bacteria or the presence of a product inimical to them, the 
 results would be of an entirely opposite Mnd, and the subject would be 
 as much proof against a large dose as a small one. A third hypothesis, 
 at one time supported by Toussaint iu the cage of anthrax, was that, by 
 the earlier attack, inflammation of the lymphatic glands was induced 
 and an amount of condensation, which in the future enabled them to 
 filter the bacteria out of the liquids passing through them, and thus to 
 prevent the infection of the general system. This view was thought to 
 receive strong confirmation from the fact that bacteria, thrown into the 
 blood, are usually filtered out of it by the capillaries in the course of a 
 few hours, and that the blood of the foetus in the womb of a pregnant 
 animal has never been found to contain the bacillus anthracis, though 
 the dam may have perished with that disease and though her blood 
 may have swarmed with the germs. But the advocates of this hypoth- 
 esis overlooked the facts that the occurrence of inflammation, conden- 
 sation, enlargement, and other structural changes of the lymphatic 
 glands (as from tuberculosis, cancer, lymphadenoma, &c.,) offered no 
 protection against a subsequent attack of anthrax ; and that though the 
 bacteria thrown into the blood disappeared within a few hours, they 
 reappeared later in countless numbers when they had had time for 
 reproduction in the circulatory system. 
 
 Then with regard to the foetus in titer o there is another influence which 
 curiously enough has hitherto escaped recognition by all observers and 
 writers on this subject. The fostiis is essentially a carnivorous animal; 
 it lives solely on the products elaborated for it in the maternal system, 
 and thus has a claim to the comparative immunity from anthrax which 
 appears to pertain to all animals that feed on flesh alone. This un- 
 munity has been shown to belong less to the ge?ms than to the kind of 
 food furnished. Thus foxes and rats were alike refractory to anthrax 
 when their diet was restricted to flesh, but both fell easy victims if first 
 fed for some time on vegetable food. Like the carnivorous animal the 
 foetus in utero is sustained exclusively by the products of the animal 
 economy, and it is much more reasonable to suppose that in this lies the 
 secret of its immunity from anthrax, than that the foetal membranes 
 form a filter more efficient than the mucous membranes and skin show 
 themselves to be in the case of the mother. The only other hypothesis 
 that need be mentioned maintains that the organized elements of the 
 body— blood globules, nuclei, &c.— by reason of their first exposure to 
 the poison become physiologically msusceptible to its pernicious effects, 
 just as a drunkard becomes proof agaiust large doses of alcohol, an 
 opmm eater against morphia, or a smoker against tobacco. In each of 
 these cases the susceptibility to the poison is not altogether lost, but a 
 large dose may still prove fatal, and this is precisely what holds also iu 
 the bacteridian diseases. It may be opposed to this view that the blood 
 globules, nuclei, and other living and assimilating elements of the body 
 are not permanent but arc continually changing, new generations con- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 13!) 
 
 .sLantly taking tlie place of (Lc old, and (lial IL is iixalioiial to .suppose 
 that this refrarfcory habit towards a particular j)oiso)i canbe trausitiitted 
 through ten, twenty, fifty, or one hundred generations without being 
 exhausted, and that if this can be the case in the individual system it 
 should be equally true for the family, for as the offspring results from the 
 growthof two vital elements of the parents, it should inherit the ac- 
 quired immunity to a particular disease as it inherits the other personal 
 attributes of the parent. But the cases are not exactly parallel. The 
 germs supplied by the parents as the starting point of the future animal, 
 though they have within them all the powers of nutrition, growth, and 
 development which should issue in a new being, the counterpart of its 
 parents, are yet susceptible of changes and peculiarities of development 
 that do not belong to the nuclei which preside over the nutrition and 
 growth of the tissues of the fully-formed animal body. 
 
 The embryonic cell at first grows and multiplies only without any 
 manifest tendency to differentiation. Later, when the different organs 
 of the new being are to be formed, the cells take on powers according 
 to their location ; one set of cells build up vessels, another set produce 
 ' nervous tissue, a third set cartilage, a fourth, muscle, a fifth, tendon, and 
 so on until the entire body is completed in all its harmony and symmetry. 
 But with the formation of the diiferent tissues the cells that preside over 
 their formation have their functions narrowly restricted to certain well- 
 defined limits. At an earlier stage anything that interferes with the 
 growth and nutrition of the embryonic cell will cause an arrest, redun- 
 dancy, or modification of the future animal ; thus distortions, malforma- 
 tions, and monstrosities of the chick may be determined by varnishing 
 in various ways the Shell of an egg. But when the body has once been 
 formed out of these plastic and unstable embryonic cells, their descend- 
 ants can only, in health, produce the tissue in the midst of which they 
 lie and that only to a limited extent and in a definite form. The nuclei 
 of muscle, nerve, and bone can respectively build up but muscle, nerve, 
 and bone, and the form of the particular muscle, nerve, or bone in which 
 the lot of each has been cast. When we thus see the progeny of the 
 germ cell or. the embryonic cell losing all the powers of varied gTowth 
 and development which were inherent in their parents and limited for 
 the future to one definite and invariable process in nutrition and growth, 
 we can well imagine how the same germ cells in developing into the 
 animal body should part also with tliat refractory attitude toward a 
 specific disease which was the prerogative of the parent organism. 
 
 This view is further strengthened by the fact that though an animal 
 that has acquired an immunity from a specific disease afterward pro- 
 duces offspring which are susceptible to the disease in question, yet it 
 has been shown in the case of anthrax, that if such immunity on the 
 part of the parent has been acquu'ed by a non- fatal attack of the affection 
 during advanced pregnancy, the preservative effect is extended to the 
 foetus as well. Here the foetus has advanced beyond the condition of 
 an ovum, or of simple embryonic cells or tissue, and is already well 
 formed, with all its differentiated bones, muscles, tendons, brain, nerves, 
 vessels, and viscera. The nuclei iiresiding over the growth of these 
 different structures are henceforth fixed in their powers, and any habi- 
 tude impressed upon them may now be permanently preserved just as. 
 it is in the adult animal. 
 
 This consideration serves to fortify the doctrine that the immunity 
 from a contagious disease acquired by a first attack is due to a habit, 
 or acquired power of endurance or resistance on the jiart of the living 
 cells or nuclei of the animal body. The doctrine it is true is not abso- 
 
140 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 lutely proved — it must remain as a hypothetical proposition ; but it 
 better accords with and explains observed facts, and is liable to fewer 
 objections than any theory on the subject that has come under our 
 notice. We may accept it therefore as a working theory subject to 
 revision at any future time, should farther developments demand 
 this. 
 
 To return to our question. Do the observed facts accord best with 
 the idea that protection is acquired by the action of the chemical prod- 
 ucts of the bacteria alone, or is the presence in the system of the bacteria 
 essential ? As the question appears to us everything serves to support 
 the iirst conclusion. A priori, a dead bacterium can no more render the 
 system or the tissue non-receptive of the live bacterium than can any 
 other similar infinitesimal particle of dead matter. Again, if it were 
 merely the mechanical effects of the bacteria in the capillary blood-ves- 
 sels and tissues that secured the protection, one bacterium should be 
 absolutely protective against the attack of another — the animal that ■ 
 has suffered &om anthrax should be insusceptible to septicaemia and 
 "^dce versa. But excepting in the case of anthrax and chicken cholera 
 no such mutual vicarious action has been shown to exist. 
 
 The facts attending the acquired immunity of the advanced but un- 
 born offepring of an anthrax mother seem to be almost conclusive on 
 this question. The blood of the dam may be swarming with bacteria, 
 but these have never been found in the blood of the foetus. It is only 
 reasonable to conclude that they have never entered the body of the 
 foetus, or if otherwise that they have perished very soon after they en- 
 tered. The chemical products, on the other hand, being soluble in the 
 vital fluids presumably enter the foetal system along with the ma- 
 ternal secretions. The offspring when born proves refractory to an- 
 thrax, so that there is the strongest presumption that it has been forti- 
 fied by the action of the chemical products of the anthrax upon its 
 System before birth. In this case immunity cannot well have resulted 
 from any action of the growing and multiplying bacteria on the blood 
 or living tissues, for the evidence is aU opposed to the idea of their 
 presence, at any time, in the foetal system, much more to their growth 
 and propagation there. Yet here unquestionably the disease In the 
 mother has produced an insusceptibility in the foetus, such as would 
 occur had it been itself the subject of the disease. It follows almost of 
 necessity that the introduction into the system of the chemical products 
 of the bacteria is equivalent in a protective sense to the introduction of 
 the bacteria themselves. But the mere chemical products cannot un- 
 dergo increase in the system ; therefore, we can graduate the dose of 
 these as safely as we can a dose of opium or rhubarb. 
 
 With this presumptive evidence we are prepared to study the direct 
 results of the introduction into the system of the chemical products of 
 anthrax and swine plague made with the view of securing an insuscepti- 
 bility to these respective diseases in the future. 
 
 Toiissainfs results. — Toussaint employed two different methods for the 
 removal and destruction of the bacteria from his anthrax liquids. First, 
 he filtered the anthrax blood through a linen cloth and ten or twelve 
 folds of filter-paper, having first defibrinated it to secure readier filtra- 
 .tion. But the method mostly successful sometimes failed on account of 
 the escape of bacteria through the filter, and was always diflQcult to 
 manipulate by reason of the clogging of the filter. Second, he sought 
 to destroy the vitality of the bacteria Ijy heating the anthrax liquid for 
 fifteen minutes to a temperature of 65° centigrade f 131° P.). To prevent 
 
cointagious diseases of domesticated animals. 141 
 
 further change he then added carbolic acid at the rate of a drop or two 
 to each ounce of the heated liquid. 
 
 Whether Toussaint succeeded in destroying the vitality of all the bac- 
 teria by this last method may well be questioned. Yet the results 
 showed that he had at least so far reduced their vitality and virulence 
 that they could as a rule be thrown into the system of an animal with- 
 out producing fatal results, but with the effect of rendering that system 
 refractory to the disease lor the future. In his first experiment five 
 sheep were inoculated with the supposed devitalized anthrax tilood. Later 
 these were inoculated with the fresh anthrax blood of a rabbit. One died 
 and four survived. The four sheep were now again injected -ndth the devi- 
 talized blood of the dead sheep, and though they have been twice since 
 inoculated with fresh virulent blood they have shown no evil results. 
 Instructed by his partial insuccess, Toussaint extended his method by 
 injecting, not once, but on two successive occasions, the supposed devi- 
 talized anthrax blood, and he found that this increased the certainty of 
 protection, and by late accounts he had at the veterinary school of Tou- 
 louse ten animals, sheep and dogs, which he had in this way rendered 
 insusceptible to inoculation with the most virulent anthrax fluids. In 
 carrying out his method, Toussaint found that not only was a repetition 
 of the injection with the devitalized blood necessary, but that it was 
 needful to allow a certain period (twelve to fifteen days) to elapse be- 
 tween the last injection and the inoculation with anthrax liquids ; other- 
 wise the ijrotection was not attained. In short, it was with these injec- 
 tions of devitalized blood as it had been with the inoculations with viru- 
 lent anthrax liquids practiced by Ohauveau. If a new inoculation with 
 virulent anthrax liquids were made while the system was still disordered 
 with the results of the former operation, it only insured a severe or fatal 
 result. To secure good results the febrile condition caused by the injec- 
 tion of the supposed devitalized anthrax liquid must have quite disaj)- 
 peared, and time must have been allowed for the elimination of the 
 chemical products of the anthrax, and for producing the full obtainable 
 impression on the living elements of the tissues, before the protecting 
 influence could be relied upon. 
 
 A partial failiu'e which befell Toussaint at Alfort deserves to be men- 
 tioned. Twenty sheep were injected with the supposed devitalized an- 
 thrax blood, and within four days four of them died of anthrax, their 
 blood swarming with haeilli. Here, unquestionably, there was some 
 lapse. Either the heat had not been sufficient to kill the bacteria in 
 . the anthrax liquid, and some active haeilli had been injected with the 
 ' supposed harmless blood, or the anthrax germs had been introduced 
 from some other source and produced the fatal results recorded. Prop- 
 erly viewed, the occurrence does not militate against Toussaint's method. 
 It showed merely that he had employed too low a temperature or for too 
 short a time in devitalizing the anthrax liquids, or that the experiment 
 was so far vitiated by the accidental introduction of other anthrax germs. 
 This will be evident when it is told that of the sixteen remaining sheep 
 of the experimental lot a number have been inoculated with anthrax 
 liquids, but all have resisted their evil influence. 
 
 The desideratum in Toussaint's method appears to be the exposure of 
 the virulent liquid to be used for protective purposes to a higher tem- 
 perature and for a longer time than he has practiced. If the protecting 
 agent is a mere chemical product, as there is reason to believe, there is 
 little danger of its destruction by exposure to 55° C. for a longer period, 
 or even to a considerably higher temperature. 
 
 My results. — A pig was injected with one drachm of virulent swine- 
 
142 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 plague blood wLicli liad been repeatedly heated to 130o, 150°, and 200° 
 ¥., and a luoutli later with an equal amount of virulent blood -which 
 had been raised to 130° P. for thirty minutes, and the day following for 
 three hoars. This caused some loss of appetite and appearance of ill 
 health, but no very appreciable fever. Thirteen days after the last 
 operation this pig was placed in a small pen with a pig suffering from 
 swine plague, and at intervals of a month was twice inoculated with the 
 virus of swine plague, but all without evil consequence. 
 
 Another pig was injected with a drachm of infusion of the mucus- 
 covered fcGces of a j)ig suffering from swine plague, the infusion having 
 first been filtered and heated for one-half an hour to 130° F., until all 
 movement of the contained bacteria had ceased. As in the other case 
 there was some evidence of ill health, but no material fever, and on the 
 thirty-eighth day the subject was placed in a small pen with a sick 
 pig. Afterward, with intervals of a month, it was twice inoculated with 
 virulent (swine plague) virus, but successfully resisted, and maintained 
 good general health. 
 
 A third pig was injected with one drachm of pork infusion which had 
 swarmed with bacteria, resulting from an inoculation with infusion of 
 putrid maize. Before inoculating it on the pig the pork infusion was 
 heated to 140° F. for three hours in succession. There resulted some 
 derangement of health, slight fever, and a local swelling in the seat of 
 injection. When these had subsided, on the fourteenth day, the pig 
 was placed in a small j^en in company with a diseased one. Mne days 
 after she had a sharp attackof swine plague, which lasted eighteen days, 
 and led to much loss of condition. Later, at intervals of one month, 
 she was twice inoculated with active virus of swine plague, but on each 
 occasion without any further ill result. 
 
 On the last occasion of the inoculation of these three pigs a fresh pig 
 was inoculated with the same virulent matter, which caused consider- 
 able fever with a temperature varying from 104° to 106° F., but from 
 which the subject finally recovered. 
 
 Here, then, we have two pigs protected from the noxious action of the 
 swine-plague virus by being first brought under the influence of the chem- 
 ical products resulting from the growth of this virus in the system. We 
 have further a third pig treated in the same way with the products of an 
 ordinary putrefaction fermentation in a pork infusion which had been 
 similarly devitalized by heat, but this fails to secure the same immunity, 
 and this pig suffers severely from swine plague when made to cohabit 
 with a victim of that disease. Later, this pig and the two others suc- 
 cessfully resist two successive inoculations with swioe-plague virus, ' 
 while a fourth pig inoculated with this same virus sustains a consider- 
 able but not a fatal attack. 
 
 The experiments, it is true, are limited in number and liable to the 
 objection that the results may have been accidental coincidences, yet so 
 far as they go they support the theory that the chemical product of the 
 swme-plague germ when deprived of its living microphytes affects the 
 system so as to render it, for the future, insusceptible to the attacks of 
 such germs. When taken in connection with the fact that swine plague 
 rarely recurs m the same individual, that, as in the case of other diseases 
 that attack the same animal but once, the most rational explanation 
 appears to be that it is the deleterious chemical products of the disease 
 germ and not the germ itself that affects thesystem so as to secure this 
 immunity, and finally that in the closely-allied disease of anthrax Tous- 
 saiiit has secured a .similar insusceptibiiity by an identical process, it is 
 altogether reasonable to suppose that we are here furnished with a 
 
COKTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 143 
 
 system of prevention which, if carried into general practice, would re- 
 duce our present losses from hog cholera to a comparatively insignificant 
 figure. 
 
 It is not without hesitancy that I announce this couchision, but this 
 hesitation arises not so much from uncertainty as to the results as irom 
 the fear that if extensively resorted to it will be liable to be widely mis- 
 applied and to fall into unmerited discredit. 
 
 When it is considered that the terra hog cholera is applied to every 
 fatal disease of swine, it is at once seen how this method of preventing 
 hog cholera would be applied to a large class of disorders to which it is 
 in no sense adapted and would soon gain the most unqualified and most 
 undeserved condemnation. One or two examples of the confounding of 
 other affections with the genuine hog cholera may be quoted to illus- 
 trate this danger. In the report of the Department of Agriculture for 
 1877, Dr. Healey describes a so-called hog cholera which i^revailed in 
 Princess Anne county, Virginia, but which was due to minute worms 
 embedded in the mucous coats of the stomach and bowels. From the 
 cuts of some of these worms I would judge them to have been the em- 
 bryos of the whipworms ( Tricooeplialus dispar). Long before Dr. Fletcher, 
 of Indiana, found an epizootic of so-called hog cholera caused by the 
 l>resence of the lard worm {Stephannrus dentatus) in great numbers in 
 the liver. Mr. Hatch, chairman of the Congressional House Committee 
 on Agriculture, recently told me that in his district a Dr. Johnson found 
 the hog cholera (?) to be caused by worms in the lungs and bowels, and 
 has virtually cleansed the district of this disease by the free use of 
 tobacco. I have repeatedly seen a high mortality among pigs from 
 the ravages of the large round worm [Ascaris suilla) which crowd the 
 intestines and even block the gall ducts with the most serious and even 
 fatal results. In other cases the presence in numbers of the small 
 round-mouthed worm {Sclerosionnm dentatum), or of the hook-headed 
 worm [IjcMnorynchus gigas) gives rise to a similar widespread mortality, 
 preceded by intestinal suffering and disorder and emaciation, which is 
 readily mistaken for the genuine hog cholera. 
 
 Again, the presence in the bowels of myriads of trichina sjnralis, and 
 the irritation caused by them in boring through the walls of the intes- 
 tines, may easily give rise to sjTuptoms that may be taken for those of 
 hog cholera, l^ow, nothing can be clearer than that our system of pre- 
 vention applied to those verminous diseases would be utterly futile, apd 
 as all of them are spoken of as hog cholera, any general resort to the 
 method would inevitably embrace such cases, and as surely bring con- 
 demnation on the measure. 
 
 Again, so-called hog cholera is sometimes found on investigation to 
 be simple malignant or bacteridian anthrax, freely intercommunicable 
 between different animals, and between these animals and man. In 
 cases of this kind our method would probably protect against the an- 
 thrax, but we have as yet no evidence to show that the chemical pro- 
 ducts of anthrax would prove protective against the genuine hog cholera. 
 
 In other cases still we find a great mortality among hogs, and espe- 
 cially high-bred hogs, from tuberculosis. Here thedisease usually attacks 
 the bowels, and the attendant ulcers of their walls, and the enlargement 
 of the mesenteric glands, with the consequent disorder of the digestive 
 organs, abdominal pain, and emaciation, easily lead to the confounding 
 of this disease with the sub-acute types of hog cholera. But there is no 
 reason to suppose that the application of the suggested method of pre- 
 vention to this disease would be of the slightest avail. 
 
 We might go on to enumerate nearly all the fatal diseases of swine, 
 
14-4 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 but these examples will suffice to show how the method proposed is 
 liable to the gTOSsest abuse in ordinary hands. If fully confirmed by 
 further experiment, and reduced to safety by all necessary precautions, 
 it gives promise of proving a measure of the most beneficent kind, but 
 if applied recklessly, and without due knowledge of the true nature of 
 the existini^- disease, or due judgment as to method, it may prove far 
 more hurtful than beneficial. From observations already made the fol- 
 lowing may be set down as among the necessary 
 
 PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED: 
 
 1st. See that it is the genuine hog cholera or swine plague that is being 
 dealt with. This is equally necessary as to the disease to be prevented, 
 and as to the virus which is to be devitalized for preventive inoculation. 
 
 2d. The virulent fluid to be devitahzed may be the blood of a diseased 
 animal, or the hquid exudation into a diseased organ, including the 
 lumen of the bowel. In such cases it is best taken at the height of the 
 disease rather than from a partially convalescent animal in which the 
 virus may have disappeared, and the structural changes only may have 
 been left. If from a cultivation in pork infusion, that should have been 
 prepared with all due precaution against the introduction of air bacteria, " 
 and with access to air, but which air should not much exceed one-fifth 
 of its bulk. 
 
 3d. In exposing this fluid to heat, that should be carried to 140° T. 
 and retained at this temperature for an hour or more, untU, in short, 
 aU indications of life in the contained mycrophytes has ceased. 
 
 4th. Swine to be operated on must be removed from all diseased 
 hogs and infected places and objects, for with the presence of the liv- 
 ing germ in the system the injection of the devitalized chemical pro- 
 ducts will only tend to aggravate the attack. For the 'same reason all 
 inocidated animals showing symptoms of a severe attack and presuma- 
 bly suffering from bacteridian infection, in place of the simple intoxica- 
 tion with the chemical products, should be at once removed from the 
 herd operated on. 
 
 5th. In inoculating the devitalized chemical products, the injection of 
 a small quantity at a time and its repetition at intervals of three days 
 or a week promises to be safer and more effectual than one large injec- 
 tion. The injection of 10 to 20 drops at a time and its repetition once 
 or twice would probably secure a greater immunity with less loss of 
 condition and progress than if a larger amount were introduced at once. 
 
 6th. The animals operated on should be carefully guarded against 
 infection for three weeks after the last injection of the devitalized virus. 
 The presence of the chemical poison in the blood and the attendant 
 constitutional disturbance invites rather than debars the growth of the 
 plague germ ; hence the latter must be excluded until the former has 
 been entirely eliminated. For the same reason the free use of disinfect- 
 tants (chloride of lime, chloride of zinc, sulphate of iron, or carbolic acid) 
 in the operating yards and buildings will be of the utmost value.' So 
 will every conceivable precaution against the introduction of disease 
 germs through accidental channels, as by other animals, by the pork 
 stolen by dogs, carried by men, &c. 
 
 ADVANTAGES PROMISED BY THIS METHOD. 
 
 1st. It offers immunity from a fatal disease by a method which does 
 not entail the propagation of the lining germ in the system of the ani 
 mal to be protected, 
 
T-!erpoTt CoTn.TrLlssioTi.ei- of A^ricTdtTO-e foT- 1880. 
 
 SAVI^K PLAGUE. 
 
 Ijwe sti^ atio3T.s "by T)t . Jaxn_e s L sc\\^. Plate I, 
 
 AHotia&Co.Lithocauatic.BaltijniJrt 
 
RopoT't Consuls sioiiex of AgricMill art' i'or 1880. 
 
 SAriX E I^L AGUE . 
 
 lTU\-(^si LP atioTis by Dt. J^lti-lc^ n L n\\ . 
 
 P]nl(- IL. 
 
 IiLVii^matioTi of small Intestine m^date piQ No.4,wlvioK rbeil Sept, 20. 1880. Show^s 
 wliolo intestine and mesenteiv violently intlaTiied anil blood eiiicsed Into tlie Innien. 
 
 A^GTLftCo.LuhocaustLc .Baltuiwre. 
 
Pejjort CoTivn\issionieT of A^-iioTxlHcre iVn- 1880. 
 
 PI ate m. 
 
 Fid.l. ^ 
 
 Portion, of Bi^Kt Li^nxo of STuall wliite^jio "No. ^.-vvJucTi died Oct. 12, 1880. 
 Bark part of parei\(-hyii\a is coiLSolidated arid stTcdded -ivitli Tniliaij- 
 
 ti£bercles 
 
 Tig.2. 
 PortioTL of mvcooTxs irLerobT aixe fx-om. tKe Great Ctrrvatxn'e of tKe stomacK 
 of tKe sa]H.e])iri. General eoTi^estioTL.-vvitK patdies of blood 
 ex^rava s alio]\ and erosi6TL. 
 
 .\ilMTlfi (V, Ltfll 
 
TJepoi-t C fninii1.ssioTi.ea- of A^x-icirlticre for 1880. 
 
 SAriKE PLAGUE. 
 
 i;>Uit<. ry". 
 
 L-imiJs nf lardo ^^-^v^te ,.16 "No. 0, ^s-liidi died Oct 9, 188(1. Hej^rtfi.sed 
 poTtioTis v,lnJi(l out clenTV ^?«" iiiaroiTLS of Tolndes. 
 
 AJL-sen&Co.Litlwcaustic , Bsiltiinprf' . 
 
-M 
 
RepoTt Co7i\in,issioiLeT of A^iricultixre foT "1880. 
 
 SW^IKE PLAGltt:. 
 
 lTL-v-eatiga-tioTT.s "by Dt. JajiLes Ltor. Plate V. 
 
 Fi(i.l. 
 
 Mucous sicrffice of GToat CxQvatiire of pi^ So.9,,f],ipd Oct 9,lB80.Tlie dark 
 
 coTiopstfd ricdpe coiTespond to t}ie nin-ature; i]\e cirnilai'inlcers luiH 
 
 yellOTvisK false TL\p:iL'bra]xe avp otl tjife ])yloi'ir side 
 
 Ti6.2. 
 
 Kidney of same ])iQ * 
 
 AJHoeiL&Co.LirtinwjiiitiL Baliir 
 
Report C'oTt\TnissiojLcr of A^i i(^ vnltxof foi- 1880. 
 
 SAriXE T^LACrTJE. 
 
 IiL\-estio ations h\' DT.JaiiLcs L iwv . 
 
 Plai<- M 
 
Report CoimTaissioitex' o£ A^TicT^tltiaTe fox 188 0. 
 
 SArilSTE PLACVUK. 
 
 I:nrv-esti^ atio^-Ls "b^s- Dt . JaTLve s L n-^v- 
 
 PlMtcVn. 
 
 Tlio i r.t»iril valve ai 
 
 Fie 1 
 id porlion of (-ft^ciiiii of ^n^ Xo.O,wlncT\ (hcd Oct. 'X 1880. 
 
 R^ 2. 
 To-RQiLe of small wh.te v^ TJo.lO, wlucK died Oct. 12, IBSO. Shows ^mxerou.s 
 
 ulcers and potecM;s>. 
 
 ABDen.5.Co.Lit]iDcausik,EaItuu0Le. 
 
RepoLt t ■om.nnissioiLeT of AoTioirltin't' t'ov 18H(). 
 
 s\ri^^E pi.AcvrB; 
 
 IjLA-('sli<JatioTis by Di- . .1 tt.ULe s L a-w- 
 
 
 PJiiUATIL. 
 
 Portion of stomach of small white px^ Is'o, 10, wWdi died O.t .12, 1880. 
 
 The dark cojL^estfd pordoji on tlie Great rui'\-aturei the itlceTs and 
 
 false jiieiuhiaiips near the ^lyloi-iis. 
 
 AHoHLi;. Co. UUiot-AiLst u . BaltmLOi-c? 
 
■ "^.oi-. Cmnniissicc.x. of Ao, ,<.,d,nrao for UUU). 
 
 swixE i>lagi;e, 
 
 IMal<-K 
 
 
 '?» 
 
 
l^ejjOTt Conn^missioTLex- of AgTicxclt-tcre fox 1880. 
 
 S-WIKE PLAGUE. 
 
 TSd^lcToscop io ijyyestlgatioTLs lay Dt. Jairtes Law. 
 
 BacteT-ia ir-oirt tKe laoa.^ e^oxdate of sick 
 pi^ IdlLecL J^urve 23,1880, at HorseKeads 
 HaxtTiaok.ifo 10. ImjnersioTL. Tube lengthened 
 
 ng.i. 
 
 'ceca 
 
 
 ,# 
 
 //,y 
 
 U ^' 
 
 
 Pi'Onv tj\.e nYLllLtank for the pxt^dex'yrwhjere 
 iHe siclc pig's w-nr-e tept , 
 HartnadklSro. 10 . Tixlie drawn, ouit . 
 
 li/liUxLi-w^e^-^, &c,±Toni. feeding trcru^K of 
 tKe pi^^ery. TKe l>acteria Ita^-e lively inove 
 ments.I3acteTT.a and Oil ^lol>atle8. 
 Hartnack l^Jo.lO. lTnm.ersioTL. 
 
 HglV. 
 
 /" 
 
 ■© 
 
 Bacteria cell artd ^raTLixles from 11 = 
 qmdsF of inocTXlation. s-H^ellin.^ of l^o.2, 
 AMg.13,1880. 
 Hartn-aokUo 10, l3ion.ersiOTL. 
 
 ¥i§.Y 
 
 //<= 
 
 ->' 
 
 Bacteria in egg albiimeiv, inoculated sis: 
 days Ijefore, and Icept at ordinary tempera 
 ture in. .luly. 
 Hartnack- Nolo tnunersion. 
 
 FigA^, 
 
 ^i. 
 
 i© 
 
 Blood 61ol5ules "and "bacteria ttom. viru- 
 lent Mood sent in vacxcum tu^e from. 
 NortK Carolin_a , 
 
 HartnactlJo.lO Inunersion. 
 
 Fl§.W. 
 
 ^.^'- Oil) 
 
 / 
 
 Objects seert in. "tKe pxts of irLociilatiorL 
 al>scess of >«^o 4 x:2r>0. 
 
 Fi§:vni. 
 
 ^^r 
 
 IBaoteriaiTiTrriTLe ofinmiTiiociilated'wifKTirus 
 of S^vin.e T^a^te, seven, dfrys Ijefore, an.dlrej)t 
 in. cTpparatus closed l?y cotien ^vool at ordi- 
 naxy temperature in. Jxtlx- Motions lively. 
 Hartnack NclO. I^irrrLeTsloTL. 
 
 Fi§.K. 
 
 Bacteria frojir Tn.ilk: iTi.ocTilated.%vitKlio^ 
 cKolera -48 Koiirs l)e£ore. Second genera 
 tioTL. Haxtnack iTo.lO. imiTLeraion.. 
 
 Yx%^ 
 
 o 
 
 ^> df 
 
 Bacteria, &:C. from, e^^ albumen, inocidated 
 three days before -with. S-wuie Plagite vxr 
 ITS and Itept in apparatits at ordinary Jitly 
 tempexaticre . 'No motion. 
 Hartnack No. 10. iTrunersioTL. 
 
 Fi^.XI. 
 
 ^ p 
 
 Bacteria found in the urine of JDi^ l^Tol 
 just after death, July 17, 1880. Lively 
 moveTO-en.ts . 
 Hartnack No. 10 Invn^eTs^on. 
 
 Fi§xn. 
 
 i"'? g^ 
 
 Bacteria from, the Tjlood of dead pig 
 No 9. Lively movements 
 Hartnack No 10 immersion. 
 
 ,\.H0L.lLACollfllC 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 145 
 
 , 2(1. It avoids the risk of tlie iireservatiou, ami^Mcation, diffusion, or 
 increase of TJotencj- of tlie disease germ, all of whick contingencies are 
 possible in inoculations with a mitigated virus. 
 
 3d. It does away with the necessity for an exhaustive disinfection 
 after the animals have been inocculated and have recovered from its 
 results. 
 
 4th. The dose of the devitalized chemical products can be so gradu- 
 ated to the strengtij. of the animal that there will be no risk of a fatal re- 
 sult. When even che mitigated living germ is introduced there can no 
 longer be any certainty that it will not reproduce itself to a dangerous 
 extent, or that owiag to the special condition of the system or of its sur- 
 roundings it may not suddenly assume its fatal type, but with the devi- 
 talized chemical products we can graduate the dose so as to secure as 
 great a certainty in result as in the case of a dose of castor oil or Epsom 
 salts. 
 
 5th. The system can be habituated to the poison and fortified against 
 it by a succession of small doses, no one of which is at all dangerous in 
 itself, whereas if a germ were once introduced, though of mitigated 
 power, it may increase so as to develop a power that is altogether unex- 
 pected. 
 
 DISADVANTAGES AND DKAWBAOKS. 
 
 These are few, apart from the certainty above noticed, that if largely 
 resorted to it will be misapplied by many to other diseases than the 
 genuine swine plague, and will thus fall into disrepute. 
 
 It can do no good but only harm to animals that are already infected, 
 as it can only add to the deleterious products with ,which the germ is 
 charging the system. 
 
 Its effect can only be evil if the subjects are allowed to become in- 
 fected before the chemical products of the bacteria have had time to 
 fully affect the system and to have become eliminated. If this is ne- 
 glected, and early infection is allowed, it can only add to the mortality. 
 
 There is the additional disadvantage that to secure the protective 
 products the production of the virulent germ must be kept up, either 
 in the bodies of a successive series of diseased pigs or in an infusion of 
 pork. The slightest carelessness with regard to the seclusion of these 
 fields of poison, or as to the disposal of their products, may easily be- 
 come the occasion of a spread of the worst type of the plague among 
 unprotected animals. 
 
 On the whole these drawbacks can easily be guarded against, and it 
 may well be hoped that in the hands of scientific men, who will not 
 blunder at the outset as to the nature of the disease in hand, this 
 method of protection may be availed of to reduce to the minimum our 
 losses from hog cholera. 
 
 EXPEKIMENTS IN INOCULATION WITH THE BLOOD OF A SUFFOCATED 
 
 PIGr. 
 
 lu view of the observation of Siguol that the blood of the portal vein 
 of a suffocated horse was virulent when inoculated on other horses, and 
 produced a disease that could be conveyed indefinitely from horse to 
 horse, and the physiological fact that the hog demands an unusual 
 amount of air in proportion to his si^e, I sought to resolve the question 
 as to whether the swine plague could be produced by the modification 
 of intestinal bacteria grown in the circulating blood, which had been 
 largely deprived of air. 
 10 CD 
 
146 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 A four-weeks old Berksliire pig was taken from its dam aud fed for 
 two days ou Indian corn meal and wheat bran. It was then killed by 
 siiftbcation, and one hour later ten drops of blood from the rete inirahilc 
 of the small intestines were mixed with a drachm of river water and 
 iujeclfced into the right ilank of a four-months old Berkshire pig. This 
 liig lad on the fifth day a material rise of temperature, which continued 
 for seven days, but there was no manifest dullness, loss of appetite, 
 nor other very marked sign of illness. Three weeks after this pig was 
 inoculated with the virulent intestinal contents of a sick pig, and agaiu 
 after six weeks more with virus cultivated in pork infusion with a hm- 
 ited supply of air, but suffered no marked impairment of health from 
 either operation. It was also kept in an infected pen without any evil 
 result. 
 
 A second four-mouths old Berkshke was inoculated with the portal 
 blood of the suffocated pig — in this case ten hours after the death of 
 the latter. The same amount of blood was used, having been mixed 
 with half a drachm of water and thrown into the subcutaneous tissue 
 of the left flauk. In this pig also the temperature was elevated on the 
 fifth day, aud the high temperature lasted for five days, but as in the 
 other case there was no serious evidence of ill health. As in the other 
 case, this pig was twice thereafter inoculated with virulent matter 
 without any evident harm. 
 
 I hardly dare to attach any importance to these results. The very 
 slight impairment of health caused by inoculation with the blood of 
 the suffocated pig, and the absence of all specific swine-plague lesions 
 in the animals operated on, militates against the idea that they suffered 
 from this disease. On the other hand, the fact that the second and 
 thnd inoculations made with virulent matter had no apparent effect 
 upon them, but that the last (February — ) had a decided effect on a 
 fresh and unprotected pig, might be held to imply that the first inocula- 
 tion — that, namely, with the blood of the suffocated iiig — had protected 
 them against the inroads of the swine-plague poison. Such a protec- 
 tion would not be altogether unprecedented, as Pasteur found that his 
 chickens inoculated with the mitigated virus of chicken cholera, were 
 fortified not against that disease only, but against anthrax as well — a 
 bacteridian affection, but one which seems to depend on an altogether 
 different germ from that of chicken cholera. That the result thus ob- 
 tained by Pasteur is not a princii)le capable of general application is 
 shown by the result of my inoculation with the products of a fermenta- 
 tion in pork infusion inoculated from a fermenting infusion of maize, the 
 pig thus inoculated having afterward had a sharp attack of swine plague 
 when subjected to that infection. 
 
 We see that in certain cases the chemical products of the growth of 
 one bacterium will affect an animal system so as to fortify it against 
 the attacks of another bacterium, but also that this does not hold 
 as between all the different bacteria fermentations, the products of one 
 having no protective effect on the system against the attacks of certain 
 others. It seems preferable, therefore, to leave the bare facts stated as 
 they have been observed. They may serve as a suggestion for further 
 experiment in this direction until the present indications shall have 
 been otherwise explained, or, if they really bear out the theory I set out 
 to test, until the protective action shall have been placed on a solid 
 foundation. 
 
 Eespectfully submitted. 
 
 JAMBS LAW. 
 
 ITHACA, N. T., March 14, 1881. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 147 
 
 EECOED OF DR. LAW'S LATER EXPERIMENTS. 
 Small White Pig No. 11. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Morn- 
 
 1880. 
 
 Oct. 11 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 15 
 IB 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 31 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 36 
 27 
 3S 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 Nov. 1 
 2 
 
 Eveii- 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 102. 5 
 
 101. 5 
 
 10]. 5 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 101 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 102.5 
 
 102 
 
 103.5 
 
 101 
 
 101. 2." 
 101.5 
 103 
 102 
 
 102. 7! 
 102 
 102 
 102 
 101.5 
 10L5 
 101.5 
 101 
 101 
 100.5 
 100 
 100.5 
 101 
 101.5 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 101. 25 
 100 
 100 
 
 Komarks. 
 
 103 
 
 102. 5 
 
 102. 5 
 
 10L5 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 103. 75 
 
 103 
 
 102.5 
 
 102. 75 
 
 103 
 
 103. 5 
 
 101.5 
 
 10.1.5 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 102. 75 
 
 103 
 
 102. 75 
 
 102 
 
 102. 5 
 
 103 
 
 102. 75 
 
 102 
 
 101.5 
 
 101.5 
 
 101 
 
 101 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 103.5 
 
 101 
 
 100 
 
 103 
 
 101. 25 
 
 103 
 
 ]00 
 
 101 
 
 luociilated by injectiug 
 oue drauliKi ot' tlie 
 Mood of No. 9, whicli 
 liad beeu first heated 
 to 130°, 150°, and 200° 
 IT., on successive oc- 
 Ciisious, audtwo drops 
 of carljoUc acid added. 
 
 1880. 
 Bee. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Morn- 
 ing. 
 
 ■,n 
 
 100 
 
 101. r. 
 
 23 
 
 101 
 
 101. 7.-I 
 
 2i 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 ?,-. 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 ?,fi 
 
 101 
 
 101 
 
 27 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 28 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 29 
 
 101 
 
 10]..''> 
 
 30 
 
 101 
 
 101.7.5 
 
 . 1 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 S 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 3 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 Iniecled one draclim 
 'hlood sci um 'lom No 
 8. Blooil bas stood as 
 a firm dot since No- 
 vember 11, and was 
 heated to 130° F., for 
 thirty minutes, No- 
 veinber 19, and again 
 for three hours No- 
 vemljer 20. 
 
 No local swelling where 
 injected. 
 
 Keeps U^ ely, well, and 
 fat. 
 
 Placed in small pen 
 with aick pig No. 13. 
 
 31 
 25 
 20 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 1881. 
 Jan. 1 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 103. 75 
 
 102 
 
 101.3 
 
 102 
 
 101. 75 
 
 101. 75 
 
 101.5 
 
 101. 75 
 lOL 75 
 102 
 103.5 
 102 
 102 
 103 
 103 
 100 
 101 
 101.5 
 10L5 
 
 102. 25 
 100 
 
 100.75 
 101 
 100. 75 
 101 
 100.5 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 100.5 
 101 
 103 
 
 Even- 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Feb. 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 103.5 
 
 102. 75 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 102.5 
 
 102. 75 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 102.5 
 
 102. 5 
 100 
 102.5 
 
 103. 25 
 102.5 
 102 
 101 
 
 101. 75 
 103.5 
 102. 75 
 101 
 103 
 
 102. 25 
 103.5 
 102 
 
 102. 25 
 101.5 
 101 
 101 
 
 101 
 102 
 102. 25 
 102. 25 
 
 101 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100.5 
 
 100 
 
 100. 3 
 
 100. 2 
 
 100 
 
 100.5 
 
 100 
 
 100.5 
 
 100.3 
 
 101 
 
 101 
 
 101 
 
 101 
 
 100.5 
 
 100. 75 
 
 100. 5 
 
 100. 25 
 
 101 
 
 100.5 
 
 101. 5 
 
 101 
 
 101.5 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100.2 
 
 100.2 
 
 100 
 
 100. 21 
 
 100. 5 
 
 101 
 
 101 
 
 100.5 
 
 101 
 
 100.5 
 
 101 
 
 100 
 
 101.5 
 
 101 
 
 101 
 
 100. 2 
 
 101 
 
 Inoculated in tail with 
 viruleut matter from 
 intestine of sick pig 
 sent from Michigan, 
 in a quill with ends 
 waxed. 
 
 Off feed ; gets thin. 
 
 1)0. 
 
 Feeds well. 
 
148 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 KECORD OF DR. LAW'S LATER EXPERIMENTS— Continued. 
 Small White Pig No. 11 — Continued. 
 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 
 Temperatnro. 
 
 
 
 Morn- 
 iiig. 
 
 Even- 
 
 Mora- 
 ing. 
 
 Even- 
 ing. 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 1881. 
 Dec. 7 
 
 o 
 lOO. 25 
 100.5 
 100. 25 
 100 
 101 
 101 
 101.5 
 
 o 
 
 
 1881. 
 Peb. 14 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Inoculated with pork 
 infutiion inoculated 
 ■with virus sent Iroiu 
 Michigan, and culti- 
 vated with a very lim- 
 ited amount of air. 
 
 8 
 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 
 
 
 From this time up to March 9 the temperature varied from 101° to 
 103° ; the appetite remained excellent and the subject gained rapidly 
 in condition. 
 
 Small White Pig No. 13. 
 
 
 Body tempera- 
 
 
 
 Body tempera- 
 
 
 
 ture. 
 
 
 
 ture. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Morn- 
 
 Even- 
 
 
 
 Morn- 
 
 Even- 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 ° 
 
 
 
 
 Oct. 18 
 
 
 103 
 
 
 Nov.26 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 
 19 
 
 '102'""' 
 
 103 
 
 
 27 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 
 20 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 
 28 
 
 102. 75 
 
 103 
 
 
 21 
 
 102. 75 
 
 103. 75 
 
 
 29 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 
 22 
 
 102 
 
 102.75 
 
 
 30 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 
 23 
 
 101 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 Deo. 1 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 24 
 
 101. 75 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 2 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 
 25 
 
 101.75 
 
 102.75 
 
 
 3 
 
 103.5 
 
 104 
 
 
 26 
 
 102.75 
 
 103 
 
 
 4 
 
 104. 25 
 
 103. 75 
 
 Placed in pen with sick 
 
 27 
 
 103 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 pig No. 13. 
 
 28 
 
 100 
 
 100.5 
 
 
 5 
 
 103.5 
 
 104.5 
 
 
 2D 
 
 101 
 
 103. 25 
 
 Injectedhypodormically 
 
 6 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 
 
 one drachm of infusion 
 
 7 
 
 102.5 
 
 103. 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 of hard mucous feces 
 
 8 
 
 102. 25 
 
 103.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 from sick pig N"o. 8, 
 
 9 
 
 102.5 
 
 103. 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 having first' filtered 
 
 10 
 
 102 
 
 102. 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 the liquid and heated 
 
 11 
 
 103 
 
 103. 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 131" P. for thirty 
 
 13 
 
 102. 25 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 
 
 minutes. 
 
 13 
 
 102.5 
 
 103. 5 
 
 
 30 
 
 102 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 14 
 
 103. 25 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 31 
 
 101. 75 
 
 103 
 
 
 15 
 
 103. 5 
 
 103 
 
 
 U"ov. 1 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 
 16 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 
 2' 
 
 102 
 
 102. 75 
 
 
 17 
 
 103.5 
 
 102. 75 
 
 
 ,3 
 
 10L5 
 
 102 
 
 
 IS 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 
 4 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 
 19 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 
 r; 
 
 102 
 
 103. 5 
 
 
 20 
 
 102.5 
 
 103.25 
 
 
 
 
 103 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 21 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 
 7 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 ''3 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 S 
 
 10L5 
 
 102 
 
 
 23 
 
 100 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 9 
 
 10L5 
 
 101. 75 
 
 
 24 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 10 
 
 101 
 
 10L5 
 
 
 25 
 
 102 
 
 102.75 
 
 
 11 
 
 101 
 
 101.75 
 
 
 26 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 12 
 
 10L5 
 
 10L75 
 
 
 27 
 
 103.25 
 
 103 
 
 
 13 
 
 101.5 
 
 103 
 
 
 28 
 
 lOL 75 
 
 103 
 
 
 14 
 
 101.5 
 
 103 
 
 
 29 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 
 15 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 
 30 
 
 100 
 
 100.5 
 
 
 10 
 
 100.5 
 
 101 
 
 
 31 
 
 100 
 
 100.5 
 
 
 17 
 
 101. 
 
 103 
 
 
 1881. 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 10L5 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 
 19 
 
 102. 25 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 2 
 
 10L5 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 20 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 
 J} 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 
 21 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 
 4 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 Inoculated with matter 
 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 
 
 from intestine of dis- 
 
 2.3 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 Appears in lut. 
 
 
 
 
 eased pig, sent from 
 
 24 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 
 
 Michigan in quill with 
 
 25 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 ends waxed. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 149 
 SMAI.L White Tig No. 1:;— Continued. 
 
 
 Body tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 
 Body temi)eia- 
 tui-e. 
 
 
 
 Morn- 
 ing. 
 
 Even- 
 ing. 
 
 Morn- 
 ing. 
 
 Even- 
 ing. 
 
 Eemarka. 
 
 1881. 
 
 Jan. 5 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 IG 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 101 
 
 101 
 
 o 
 102.5 
 102 
 102.5 
 102.5 
 102 
 
 102. 25 
 102. 25 
 102 
 102 
 102.25 
 102 
 102.5 
 102 
 102. 25 
 102 
 102 
 102. 25 
 102 
 102.25 
 102 
 101.5 
 101. 75 
 102 
 102 
 102.2 
 101. 75 
 
 
 1881. 
 Jan. 31 
 I'ol). 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 o 
 ioi.'75" 
 
 
 
 102 
 102 
 
 102. 25 
 102.5 
 102 
 
 no2 
 
 102. 25 
 
 102 
 
 101.75 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 101. 75 
 
 102 
 
 Inocnlatea-witliporkin- 
 fasion which had been 
 inoculated witli in- 
 fecting matter from 
 sick pig. Prom thi.s 
 time up to March 9 it 
 maintained the same 
 average temperature 
 as above, and fed well 
 and improved in con- 
 dition. 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 
 
 
 Small White Pig, No. 13. 
 
 
 Body tempera- 
 
 
 
 Body tempera- 
 
 
 
 
 ture. 
 
 
 
 ture. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Morn- 
 
 Even- 
 
 
 
 Morn- 
 
 Even- 
 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oct. 18 
 
 
 102 
 
 
 Dec. 
 
 102. 73 
 
 103.5 
 
 Freezing. 
 
 
 19 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 7 
 
 102. 5 
 
 103 
 
 Cold. 
 
 
 20 
 
 100 
 
 10L5 
 
 
 a 
 
 102. 75 
 
 103. 25 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 . 21 
 
 102 
 
 103. 75 
 
 
 9 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 Very cold. 
 
 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 Inoculated with one 
 draclim pork inf asion , 
 
 10 
 
 102. 75 
 
 103. 25 
 
 Below zero. Appel 
 gains. 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 filled with bacteria, 
 
 11 
 
 101.75 
 
 102, 75 
 
 Very cold. 
 
 
 
 
 
 from having been in- 
 
 12 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 Thaw — rain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 fected from infusion 
 
 ]:; 
 
 101.5 
 
 102. 73 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 
 
 of putrid maize. In- 
 
 14 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 Mild. 
 
 
 
 
 
 fasion heated to 140° 
 
 ir, 
 
 103 
 
 103. 25 
 
 Freezing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 for 45 minutes before 
 
 10 
 
 103 
 
 103.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 it was inoculated. 
 
 17 
 
 102.75 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 18 
 
 99 
 
 101 
 
 Cohl intense. Appolilo 
 
 24 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 Slight swelling in the 
 
 
 
 
 good. 
 
 
 
 
 
 seat of inoculation. 
 
 19 
 
 100 
 
 102. 5 
 
 Cold intense. 
 
 
 25 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 20 
 
 101.75 
 
 102. 23 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 103. 5 
 
 103.5 
 
 Swelling has disap- 
 
 21 
 
 102 
 
 102. 75 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 101 
 
 101.5 
 
 peared. 
 
 22 
 
 102 
 100.5 
 
 102. 5 
 102. 75 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 101. 5 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 24 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 25 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Nov. 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 102.5 
 
 100 
 
 100. 23 
 
 101 
 
 101.5 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 101 
 
 101.5 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 
 102. 25 
 102. r, 
 102. 5 
 103.5 
 100 
 
 103 
 103. 25 
 103. 5 
 103.5 
 102 
 
 Temperature ll*^. 
 
 
 Placed in pen with sick 
 
 31 
 
 100 
 
 102. 73 
 
 Still below zero. 
 
 
 
 
 
 pig Ko. 10. Present 
 Itepoi't. 
 
 1881. 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 102. 5 
 102.5 
 
 103. .5 
 102. 75 
 
 Jan. 1 
 3 
 
 102. 73 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 104 
 
 103.5 
 
 103 
 
 Mild. 
 
 
150 OONTAGIOUS DISKASES OF rtOJiESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 (small WuiTB Pig No. 13— Coutiuued. 
 
 
 Body tempera- 
 
 
 
 Body tempera- 
 
 
 
 ture. 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 
 ture. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eemarka, 
 
 
 Morn- 
 
 Even- 
 
 
 
 Morn- 
 
 Even- 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 -1880. 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 1881. 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 
 Jan. i 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 Inoculated with infect- 
 
 8 
 
 102 
 
 102.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing howel products 
 
 » 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 
 
 from Michigan, sent 
 in a sealed quiJl; ^ 
 
 10 
 
 103 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 102.5 
 102 
 
 10.3. 5 
 103. 25 
 
 
 5 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 grains used. 
 
 M 
 
 103 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 6 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 
 14 
 
 103. 25 
 
 104 
 
 
 7 
 
 102 
 
 108.5 
 
 Thriving. 
 
 15 
 
 103 
 
 103.6 
 
 Feed!) poorly; black 
 
 8 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 unctuous exudation 
 
 9 
 
 101,5 
 
 102 
 
 Eaw— cold. 
 
 
 
 
 on ekin. 
 
 10 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 Snow-storm. 
 
 16 
 
 103.5 
 
 104 
 
 
 11 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 
 12 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 103.5 
 
 103. 75 
 
 
 13 
 
 102. 75 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 103 
 
 103. 25 
 
 An incli of the margin 
 of each ear blue. 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 102. 25 
 102 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 
 16 
 
 102.25 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 
 17 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 18 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 2!! 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 
 19 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 
 20 
 
 102. 25 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 
 21 
 
 102. 25 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 
 22 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 llorolivcly. Focesstill 
 fetid. 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 102 
 102 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 102.5 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 25 
 
 102.25 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 103.75 
 
 105 
 
 
 26 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 
 27 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 Deo. 1 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 28 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 102.5 
 
 104 
 
 
 29 
 
 102. 25 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 105 
 
 105 
 
 
 30 
 
 102. 35 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 103.5 
 
 102 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 Thaw with rain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 From this time the liealth continued excellent, ttougli tlie subject Tvas 
 again inoculated February 14 with virus cultivated in pork infusion with 
 a limited amount of air. 
 
 Small Male Berksiure Pig, No. 14. 
 
 This subject I acquired a fortnight after I had, by your instructions, 
 suspended work for the Department of Agriculture, but as it was em- 
 ployed as a test case it is important to my conclusions that it should be 
 introduced into this report. 
 
 February 14, 1881, it was inoculated with virus that had been culti- 
 vated in pork infusion with a very limited supply of air (the same virus 
 used on Nos. 11, 12, 13, 15, and 16). The result was a very material rise 
 of temperature which stood at 104° F. February 18, 105.25° February 
 21, and 106° for nearly a week thereafter. The appetite fell off' some- 
 what, the inguinal glands were enlarged, the skin became scurfy and 
 slightly unctuous, and he fell off slightly in condition. 
 
 The attack terminated in recovery, but was very valuable as showing 
 the marked effect on an unprotected system of the poison which proved 
 utterly harmless to the four protected pigs mentioned above. 
 
1880. 
 
 Deo. 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 1881. 
 Jan. 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 CONTACIOns DISEASES OP POMESTTC \TEi) ANIMALS. 151 
 FkiMalb Bk,kkmui;io Pic, rouR mon'iii.s olp, Ni;. I.'>. 
 
 Temperature 
 of body. 
 
 Morn- 
 iug. 
 
 103 
 103 
 103 
 
 104 5 
 
 103.5 
 
 103.5 
 
 103.5 
 
 :04 
 
 104.5 
 
 104.5 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 
 103. 25 
 
 102.5 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 103. 75 
 
 103.5 
 
 103.5 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 102 
 102.5 
 103.5 
 
 Even- 
 ing. 
 
 103.5 
 
 103.73 
 
 103.5 
 
 104.5 
 
 103.5 
 
 103. 75 
 
 104 
 
 104.5 
 
 105.5 
 
 105 
 
 104.5 
 
 104.5 
 
 103. 25 
 
 103.5 
 
 105.5 
 
 105 
 
 105 
 
 104.5 
 
 103. 75 
 
 103.5 
 
 103.5 
 
 ]03 
 
 103.5 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 Injnctea into tlie left 
 liank ten drops of tlie 
 blood of the portal 
 vein of a pig suflocated 
 one hour before. The 
 iniected blood "^as 
 diluted in one drachm 
 of water. 
 
 Cold. 
 Very cold. 
 
 Temperature, 14°. 
 Still below zero. 
 
 Inoculated vrith viru- 
 lent intestinal con- 
 tents sent from Michi- 
 gan in a sealed quill. 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 ot body. 
 
 Morn- 
 
 Even- 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 ing. 
 
 1881. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 5 
 
 103 
 
 103.5 
 
 6 
 
 103.5 
 
 104 
 
 7 
 
 103.5 
 
 104 
 
 8 
 
 103.5 
 
 103. 5 
 
 9 
 
 102. 75 
 
 102, 7;-, 
 
 10 
 
 103.75 
 
 103. 25 
 
 11 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 12 
 
 103 
 
 
 13 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 14 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 15 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 16 
 
 103: 25 
 
 
 17 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 18 
 
 103 
 
 
 19 
 
 103 
 
 
 20 
 
 103.25 
 
 
 21 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 22 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 23 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 24 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 25 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 26 
 
 103 
 
 
 27 
 
 103. 75 
 
 
 28 
 
 102. 75 
 
 - 
 
 29 
 
 102. 5 
 
 
 30 
 
 102. 75 
 
 
 31 
 
 103.75 
 
 
 Eeniflrka. 
 
 Slightly off feed. 
 
 Eebruary 14, this pig was inoculated with virulent pork infusion cultivated wiih a very limited sup- 
 ply of air, but alike before and after the inoculation tiie temperature maint.iined about the average of 
 the last few weeks above recorded. 
 
 Fbhiale Berkshire Pro, rour. montii.s oi,i), No. 1G. 
 
 
 Body tempera- 
 
 
 
 Body tempera- 
 
 
 ) 
 
 ture. 
 
 Eemaiks. 
 
 
 ture. 
 
 Kemarka. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Morn- 
 
 Even- 
 
 
 
 Morn- 
 
 Even- 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 1881. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 Deo. 11 
 
 103 
 
 103. 5 
 
 
 Jan. 7 
 
 103.5 
 
 104 
 
 
 12 
 
 103 
 
 103. 75 
 
 
 8 
 
 103. S 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 13 
 
 103.5 
 
 103.75 
 
 Inoculated with blood of 
 
 9 
 
 103.5 
 
 103. 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 the portal vein of a pig 
 
 10 
 
 103 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 suffocated ten hours 
 
 11 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ago, About ten 
 
 12 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 drops of blood were 
 
 13 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mixed with one-half 
 
 14 
 
 103.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 drachm of water and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 injected. 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 104.5 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 103 
 
 103. 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 103. 25 
 
 103-5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 103 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 103 
 
 104.5 
 
 Very cold. 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 Calm. 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 10-1.5 
 
 105 
 
 
 
 
 
 
152 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 
 Female Bekkshike Pig, I'ovii jiomths old, No. 16— Coutinucd. 
 
 
 Body tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 EemarkH. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Morn- 
 
 Even- 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 Dec. 22 
 
 104. 25 
 
 104. 75 
 
 
 23 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 
 24 
 
 103 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 25 
 
 103. 75 
 
 10,'-, 
 
 
 20 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 
 27 
 
 103. 75 
 
 104. 75 
 
 I 
 
 28 
 
 103.75 
 
 10.-. 
 
 
 29 
 
 104.5 
 
 105 
 
 
 30 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 
 Temperatnre ] 4 . 
 
 .SI 
 
 103.5 
 
 104 
 
 Still below 7,eio. 
 
 1881. 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 102 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 t 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 
 3 
 
 103.5 
 
 104.5 
 
 
 4 
 
 104.5 
 
 104.5 
 
 
 f) 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 
 103.75 
 
 104 
 
 Inoculated with infect- 
 ing contents of bowel 
 sent from Micliigan 
 in a sealed quill. 
 
 1881. 
 
 o 
 
 Jan. 16 
 
 103 
 
 10 
 
 103. 25 
 
 17 
 
 103.75 
 
 38 
 
 103. 25 
 
 , 19 
 
 103.5 
 
 20 
 
 103. 5 
 
 21 
 
 103. 75 
 
 22 
 
 103. 5 
 
 23 
 
 103. 25 
 
 24 
 
 103. 25 
 
 25 
 
 103. 25 
 
 26 
 
 103.5 
 
 27 
 
 103. 25 
 
 28 
 
 103 
 
 29 
 
 103.25 
 
 30 
 
 303 
 
 31 
 
 103 
 
 Body tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 Morn- 
 ing. 
 
 Even- 
 
 Eemarkg. 
 
 Eebmary 14, this pig was again inoculated with a cultivation of swine-plague vims in pork infusion 
 •wth a limited amount of air, but the health continued unaffected, and the temperature as in the last 
 few "Weeks recorded above. 
 
INVESTIGATION OF SWINE-PLAGUE. 
 
 Third Report of Dr. 11. J. Dctincrs. 
 
 Hou. William G. Le Duo, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 
 SiE : lu presenting- to you the present report and the results of my 
 investigation of swine-plague from April, 1880, till date, permit me to 
 make a tevf remarks, by way of preface, before I enter into my subject. 
 In my previous investigations, commencing in August, 1878, and con- 
 tinuing with some interruptions tiU March, 1880, I endeavored first to 
 ascertain the nature and the cause or causes of the disease, the means 
 and manner of its spreading, and the working of its morbid process; 
 and, secondly, to discover the means necessary to check its spreading 
 and to prevent its outbreak. In my present investigation, which may 
 be considered as a continuation of my former work, I made it a special 
 object, first, to verify the results of my former experiments ; secondly, 
 to learn the most practical means of prevention, that i:s, such as would 
 most likely be the least objectionable to the farmer, and i^rove both 
 effective and easy of application ; thirdly, to ascertain whether and to 
 what extent an attack of swine-plague terminating in recovery is able 
 to destroy further predisposition or to produce immunity from the effect 
 of a subsequent infection ; fourthly, to stifdy as much as ]>ossible the 
 nature, characteristic proi)erties, or features and workings of those schi- 
 zomycetes (jSTaegeli) or schizophytfe (micrococci and bacteria) which 
 constitute the infectious principle and the cause of swine-plague ; and, 
 fifthly, to ascertain, if possible, the influences or causes which made the 
 disease more lenient or less malignant in 1879 and 1880 than in 1878; iu 
 other words, to discover the agencies or conditions which cause the 
 disease to be more lenient in its single attacks, and in its epizootic 
 spreading in one season ^ud in one locality than in another. Whether 
 and how far I have succeeded in solving these problems is not for me to 
 say. 
 
 The following pages will show what has been accomplished, and what 
 yet remains to be done. That more might have been done, if circum- 
 stances had been favorable, I admit. When I commenced my first 
 investigation, in the fall of 1878 and in the winter of lS78-'79, 1 had 
 clear sailing, because an abundance of material was always available. 
 The disease presented itself aloiost everywhere, in its most malignant 
 form. This last year it was not so ; material, that is, material from a 
 malignant case, was -of teii wanting when needed, and usually had to be 
 obtained from a great distance. Sporadic outbreaks of swne-plague 
 were numerous enough, but the cases, being invariably veiy mild, couM 
 not be relied up(.>n to fnruish material for experimentation, because it 
 was found tliis season us well as last year, tliat an inocuiation with 
 ' » ■ 1&3 
 
154 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF nOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 iufectious material from a very mild case produces, as a rule, only a 
 mild attack. Hence, as it Avas my intention to find reliable means of 
 prevention, and to subject the preventives used last year to a severe 
 test, it was not advisable to inoculate from any case of swine-plague 
 that presented itself or was convenient. I had to make my selections, 
 and very often was- obliged to travel a considerable distance to obtain 
 suitable inoculation-matter from a really malignant and typical case of 
 swine-plague. Whenever it was possible to get material from a malig- 
 nant and typical case, any other was rejected; and so some time was 
 lost in finding malignant cases ; but the results of my experiments have 
 gained in reliability. I preferred to lose some time rather than to make 
 experiments which cannot be relied upon and are apt to mislead or to 
 conceal the truth which we endeavor to ascertain. I have also been 
 very careful never to use any material for purposes of inoculation that 
 was tainted with putrefaction, and, consequently, am sure that I have 
 never mistaken septicaemia or pyaemia for swine-plague ; neither do I 
 consider any morbid changes as those of genuine swine-plague, unless 
 the peculiar changes (hepatization) in the lungs, characteristic of that 
 disease, are fully and unmistakably developed. For purposes of inocu- 
 lation I have always chosen material, whenever I had a choice, from 
 animals in which not only the lungs, but also the intestines, the csecum 
 and colon, or oneof them, exhibitedinafully-developedformthecharacter- 
 istic morbid changes — the lungs the peculiar hepatization, and the caecum 
 and colon the ulcerous tumors. Further, I never used material except 
 from animals of which I myself made the post-mortem examination, and, 
 whenever obtainable, took it from pigs killed by bleeding while in an 
 advanced stage of swine-plague. Whenever such an animal was not 
 available, and I was therefore obliged to take the material from a dead 
 pig, it was always taken from one that had been dead but a very short 
 time — an hour or two — and in which putrefaction was not noticeable. 
 Further, no material was used for inoculation that had not been sub- 
 jected to a thorouglx microscopical examination, and found free from 
 bacterium termo at the time the inoculation was made. So I am confi- 
 dent that no mistake, confounding the morbid changes of septicaemia 
 or of other diseases with those of swine-plague, has occurred. 
 
 As this report is to be considered as a continuation, or rather comple- 
 tion, of my former reports, published in your Special Eeport 'No. 12, in 
 your Annual Eeport for 1878, in your Special Eeport No. 22, and in 
 your Annual Eeport for 1879, it will be best, in order to avoid as much 
 as possible unnecessary repetitions, to adopt the same headings, and 
 to arrange the material on hand in the same order as in the previous 
 reports. 
 
 1. Definition of swine-plague. 
 
 But little needs to be added under this head to what has been pre- 
 viously said. The following will suffice: 
 
 Shrine-plague, though a disease peculiar to swine, can, under favor- 
 able circumstances, be communicated to other mammals, and under very 
 favorable circumstances probably also to human beings, but very likely 
 not to baxnyard fowls. It can and may attack one and the same animal 
 tT^'ice, and even three times, but if it does, the second and third attacks 
 are always mild ones and not apt to become fatal unless complicated 
 with other diseases. As a rule, however, the first attack, provided the 
 animal recovers, produces immunity from the effect of a subsequent 
 infection, at any rate for soipe time and it may ^e for life. The same 
 
<-.vJiN TAUIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 155 
 
 seems to destroy fully or j)artially tlie eonditiou.s necessary to the devel- 
 opment of the swiue-x)lague schixophytiu or schizomycetes. Eveu an 
 interrupted attack, or, in other words, an infection that has been i^re- 
 Tented from causing serious morbid changes, either by medical treat- 
 ment or otherwise, as a tule, seems to produce immunity from the effect 
 of a subsequent infection, the same as a fully developed attack. Fur- 
 ther, wherever the morbid process of swine-plague has become suffi- 
 ciently developed to produce morbid changes, serious enough to mani- 
 fest their existence by a rapid emaciation, but particularly a permanent 
 enlargement of the mesenteric lymphatic glands, and of other lymphatic 
 glands in general, the animal, if surviving, may regain its appetite and 
 consume as much food as any healthy hog of the same age, but will 
 never show adequate growth and thrift, and will be a source of loss to 
 its owner as long as it lives. Growth and thrift, it seems, remain more 
 or less unimx)aired only in such cases in which the morbid process does 
 not sufficiently develop to produce permanent morbid changes in the 
 lymphatic system, or more particularly, permanent swelling and obstruc- 
 tion in the lymphatic glands. 
 
 Although the morbid process of swine plague can have its seat in al- 
 most any organ or part of the body, it must be considered as character- 
 istic of the disease that the lungs invariably are more or less affected, 
 and constitute in a large number of cases the principal seat of the 
 morbid process. At any rate, in over two hundred post-mortem exami- 
 nations I found, in every case, more or less of that peculiar hepatiza- 
 tion characterized by its distinct limits, by its different appearance and 
 color, according to its age, in different parts of the lungs, and sometimes 
 even in adjoining lobules, and by the small red, or red-brown specks 
 of extravasated blood, usually exceedingly numerous in those parts of 
 the lungs not yet fully hepatized, or in the first stage of hepatization. 
 So I have come to the conclusion that hepatization of at least some por- 
 tion of the lung- tissue must be considered as a never absent morbid 
 change, characteristic of the disease, and that no swine-plague is exist- 
 ing where the lungs are not morbidly affected, or where they are found 
 to be in a normal condition. If other parts were not also frequently af- 
 fected, and in some cases even more than the lungs, swine plague might 
 be called a "bacteritic" pneumonia. 
 
 2. Symptoms. 
 
 The disease, on a whole, was this year of a much milder type and less 
 complicated than in 1878 and in the early part of 1879, and the symptoms, 
 therefore, were less varied, but otherwise exactly the same as those 
 dveu iu my first report, and so nothing needs to be added. Moreover, 
 the symptoms of swine plague are sufficiently known to most farmers 
 to enable them to recognize the disease when it makes its appearance. 
 Great dumpishness and total indifference to surroundings observed 
 this yearin some cases, proved to be the efiect of serious morbid changes 
 ?n the Uver, caused, however, more by the presence of numeiwsentozoa 
 in the hepatic ducts than by the morbid process of swine-pla,gue. 
 
 3. PEOaNOSIS. 
 
 In mv last reiDort I said, in regard to prognosis, that the same, though 
 always unftoSe^ as'a rule, not quite so ^<>lf^l?l-'^^Z^Z"^ 
 sTirinp- as in the summer and early autumn, probably becai^e m tue 
 tovmiv seasons the se^t of the morbid process is limited more frequently 
 £ tTerespSry organs and to the pulmonary tissue, and is not found 
 
156 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 SO often iu the iutestiues. Still this difference, partially due, no doubt, 
 to some other causes and conditions to be explained below, is not a very 
 great one, esi)ecially if it is taken into consideration that swine plague 
 is always more fatal to very young pigs than to older animals or full- 
 grown hogs, and that more pigs are born in the spring than at any other 
 season of the year. 
 
 The above observation concerning the prognosis, although undoubt- 
 edly correct, needs a slight modification. The death rate in a herd of 
 swine affected with swine-plague is also increased or decreased respect-, 
 ively by the comparative malignancy or leniency of the epii;ooty, which, 
 it seems, depends largely, on the one hand, upon the rapidity with which 
 the swine-plague schizophytse change, develop, and propagate, and, on 
 the other hand, upon the size of the herd, the condition of the premises 
 on which they are kept, the number of diseased animals in the herd, and 
 the mode and manner in which the animals are attended to. Every- 
 thing else being equal, the mortality, as a rule, will be the greater the 
 more rapidly the disease is spreading from one animal to another, and 
 the more abundant the infectious principle, the swine-plague schizo- 
 phytee. This is easily explained. The larger the herd and the greater 
 the number of animals diseased at the same time, the greater is also the 
 quantity of the excretions containing the swine-plague schizomycetes or 
 schizophytte, consequently the more abundant the means of infection, 
 and the more rapid the spreading of the disease within the herd. 
 Again, a rapid spreading causes many animals to become affected at . 
 the same time and thus increases not only the sum total of the number 
 of schizophytfe discharged with the excretions of the diseased animals, 
 but also the quantity of the infectious principle taken up by each indi- 
 vidual pig. As a consequence the single attacks become the more 
 malignant and the more fatal the more rapidly the disease is spreading; 
 and vice versa, the more malignant the single cases the more rapid will 
 be the dissemination of the infectioiis principle and the spreading of 
 the disease. That such is the case becomes yet more apparent if it is 
 taken into consideration that ulcerous tumors in the cseccum and colon 
 are, according to experience, a more frequent occurrence — are found in 
 about 90 per cent, of all cases if the epizooty is malignant and occurs 
 less frequently — are found only in about 40 or 25 per cent, of all cases 
 if swine-plague presents itself in a comparatively mild form; and that 
 wherever ulcerous tumors are existing much more infectious material 
 (schizophytse) is discharged witli the excrements than in cases in which 
 ulcerous tumors are wanting, or in which the intestinal canal is not 
 seriously affected. 
 
 3I0REID CHANftES. 
 
 On the whole the morbid changes found at the post-moriem examina- 
 tions in 1880 do not essentially differ from those observed in 1878 and 
 1879. Qualitatively they are exactly the same. In the fall of 1878, and 
 in the winter of 187S-'79, swine plague presented itself in a very malig- 
 •nant form almost everywhere where it made its appearance, and besides 
 the never-absent morbid changes in the lungs, consisting in a peculiar 
 hepatization of a larger or smaller portion of the pulmonary tissue, and 
 in a deposit of fluid exudation and numerous small extravasations of 
 blood in the non-hepatized parts of the lungs, other important and 
 characteristic morbid changes, especially iu the ceecum and colon, and 
 presenting themselves as ulcerous tumors, projecting like knobs or but- 
 tons over the surface of tlie mucous membrane, were found in about 90 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 157 
 
 per cent, of all cases examiued. lu tlie winter of 1879-'S0 the disease 
 on a wnole, was milch milder, and those ulcerous tumors presented 
 themselves m about 50 per cent, of the cases examined, while in the 
 spring summer, and fall of 1880 the disease prevailed in' a still more 
 lenient lorm, and the morbid changes in the ctecum and colon, the ulcer- 
 ous tumors, were not found in more than 25 or 30 per cent, o^ the cases 
 examined. The morbid changes in the lungs, however, iiroved to be 
 , exactly the same in 1880 as in 1878, at any rate presented in both years 
 the same pathological features. 
 
 Bntozoa, such as Strongylus paradoxus in the bronchial tubes, Ascaris 
 liimincoides m tne stomach and duodenum, and TrioJiocepJialm crenatus 
 m the caecum, but especially the two former, have been found in quite 
 a number of cases, but it will hardly be necessary to say once more that 
 these worms do not constitute the cause of swine plague, and that their 
 presence is merely an accidental complication, well calculated, though, 
 to increase the malignancy of the morbid process, because their presence 
 necessarily weakens the constitution of the animal, and thus facilitates 
 the operations of the schizophytse. On the other hand, worms always 
 thrive better in a diseased or declining organism than in a healthy 
 animal. The two last-named entozoa have been found in several cases, 
 in which their presence was not attended with any conspicuous morbid 
 changes in those parts— stomach and intestines— in which the worms 
 were found. The same, of course, cannot be said of Strongyltis paradoxus 
 in the bronchial tubes, because in every case of swine plague the lungs 
 are more or less diseased, and it is exceedingly difficult to determine 
 how much or how little the presence of those worms may have con- 
 tributed in bringing about those changes. In parts of the lungs but 
 little affected by the morbid process of swine plague, but infected with 
 lung-worms {Strongyhis paradoxus) the mucous membrane of the bron- 
 chial tubes presented a little swelling or what may be called a catarrhal 
 condition. 
 
 In my last report I advanced reasons for the less frequent occurrence 
 of the ulcerous tumors in the large intestines in the summer and faU of 
 1879 and in the winter of 1879-'80 than in the fall of 1878. The same 
 undoubtedly are well founded, and have contributed in bringing about 
 the above result, but I find that the causes assigned are not the only 
 ones. The occurrence of those ulcerous tumors is the more frequent the 
 more virulent the morbid process, and the comparative malignancy or 
 leniency of the latter depends largely upon the rapidity or slowness 
 respectively with which the schizophytfe propagate and undergo trans- 
 formation, as will be more fully explained under another heading. 
 
 Professor Dr. Eoloff, director of the Eoyal Veterinary School at Ber- 
 lin, states in a private letter of recent date that ulcerous tumors in the 
 csecum and colon are not found at the post-mortem examinations of pigs 
 affected with swine plague (Sehioeine-Seiiche) in Germany, and hints at 
 the possibility of those ulcerous tumors being foreign to the morbid 
 process of swine plague, and previously existing complications, or 
 morbid changes of longer standing than those produced by the morbid 
 process of swine plague. That such is not the case — that, on the con- 
 trary, those ulcerous tumors, though not present in every case, consti- 
 tute one of the most characteristic morbid changes of swine plague, and 
 are the product of the morbid process of that disease, is proved beyond 
 a doubt, 1, by the frequency of their occurrence in such experimental 
 pigs as were perfectly free from any scrofulous or tuberculous affection, 
 and in every respect in good health when inoculated with swine-plague 
 material. If those ulcerous tumors were previously existing complica- 
 
158 CONTAGIOUS UlSKAfciES OF IJOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 tious tliey would not have been met with iu any of my experimental 
 pigs, because I have been very car-eful and very particular, especially iu 
 1878-'79, when ulcerous tumors wer* more fre(juently met with than in 
 1880, in selecting none but perfectly healthy animals for experimental 
 purposes, unless experimental pigs ]S"os. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, bought this 
 year of Mr. Lawrence, are exceptions. They were, as is stated below, 
 coughing some when I received them, because they had lung-worms, 
 but were otherwise healthy and perfectly free from any scrofulous or 
 tuberculous a.ffection. But neither No. 4 nor No. 5, the only ones of 
 that lot which died of swine-plague, had any ulcerous tumors in the 
 CH'cum or colon (o/. account of post-mortem examination below). 2, by 
 the fact that the morbid process of swine plague, wherever it causes 
 sloughing or ulceration on the external surface of the body, for in- 
 stance, in the eyelids, in the noses of pigs that have been ringed, in the 
 lips and faces of small suckling pigs that have been fighting for a teat, 
 iu the scrotum of pigs recently castrated, and in any _ other sore or 
 wound that' may happen to exist, produces almost precisely the same 
 jnorbid changes — a proliferous growth of morbid cells and granular 
 detritus — as in the ulcerous tumors in the ceecum and colon. 
 
 In other respects, no essential differences have been observed. The 
 disease of 1880 is exactly the same swine- plague that prevailed in 1878- 
 '79 ; it is only less malignant, and spreads with less rapidity. A rapid 
 spreading and a frequent occurrence of ulcerous tumors go together, 
 because the schizophytfe, which are voided with the excrements, are, 
 for reasons explained before, better calculated to spread the disease 
 from animal to animal and from herd to herd, than those discharged 
 by, or emanating from, the body of a diseased hog in any other way or 
 manner ; and the more developed the morbid process in the intestinal 
 canal, the greater the number of swine-plague schizophytse discharged 
 Avith the excrements. As said before, the disease in all other respects 
 proved to be exactly the same as in 1878-'79, and presented essentially 
 the same features in different localities. A comparison of the morbid 
 changes found at the post-mortem examinations, made at different places, 
 will show that such is the case. In order to avoid too much repetition, 
 I shall only give an account of abou.t a dozen post-mortem examinations 
 which, covering the whole time from April till date, in the central, 
 eastern, southern, and western parts of the State of Illinois, will prob- 
 ably suffice. It may be remarked here that in the following accounts 
 all such parts and organs as did not present auy visible morbid changes 
 are, as a rule, not mentioned. So, for instance, where no external mor- 
 bid changes, such as redness of the skin, petechia, &c., were found, 
 nothing is said about external appearances. Wherever entozoa (worjns) 
 were present it wiU be mentioned. 
 
 POSTOIOETEM EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 1. Mr. Dillonhpig No. 1. — Autopsy in forenoon of April 6. The pig, 
 about five or six weeks old, had died in the morning. Lymphatic glands 
 diseased and swelled ; lungs but slightly affected ; morbid changes 
 (hepatization) restricted to lower parts of anterior lobes; numerous 
 ulceious tumors in caecum and colon. 
 
 2. Mr.Billon^s pig Wo. 2 (belonging to tlie same Utter as No, 1). — It had 
 died during the night. Autopsy in the forenoon of Ai)ril 6. Lymphatic 
 glands enlarged ; about one-half of the whole lung-tissue degenerated ; 
 red, brown, and gray hepatization ; considerable serum in the pericar- 
 dium, and auricles of heart congested, that is, the smaller blood- 
 
v.'JiM lAUlOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 159 
 tumoS. """'^ '^apiJlaries turgid with dark-colored blood. No ulcerous 
 
 3. mion'spig No. 3.— Of the same age as Kos. 1 and 2, iu a dviue- 
 conditiou, and killed by bleeding in forenoon of April 9 AutoDSv two 
 
 ^Hndf bnt^if ^^^^^^sta'i^e of the. lungs hepatized; all lymphatic 
 glands, but particularly those situated iu the large cavities of the bodv 
 enlarged; some serum in the pericardium, and a small portion of the 
 liver congested ; 110 other morbid changes. 
 
 4. Experimental ])ig No. i—a black hoar pig, about six mmiths old.— It 
 was inoculated with material lung exudation from Dillon's pig IsTo 2 
 on April 7, showed first symptoms of disease on April 10, and died 'oil 
 the mght of April 23-24. Autopsy at 8 a. m. of April 24. Morbid 
 changes: eyes closed and eyelids ulcerating; nose— the pig had been 
 ringed before I bought it— swelled, sore, and ulcerating; skin on scro- 
 tum and between the legs reddish-purple. Internally, all lymphatic 
 glands enlarged ; the lungs very extensively degenerated ; the left lobe 
 about half hepatized, and the non-hepatized parts, that is those in 
 which the normal structure was yet preserved, containing innumerable 
 small extravasations of blood, and a large quantity of recent and yet 
 fluid exudation ; in the middle of the external surface of the lobe a por- 
 tion of the pleura, of the size of a silver dollar, adhering to the costal 
 pleura, and the pulmonary tissue beneath very hard and solid. The 
 right lobe of the lungs almost entirely hepatized, very solid, of an al- 
 most uniform brown color, and adhering nearly with its Avhole external 
 surface (lung-pleura) to the costal pleura or to the wall of the chest. 
 Both lobes appeared very much enlarged and completely occupied the 
 whole space in the chest, pressing even the diaphragm backward. The 
 bronchial tubes contained some lung-Avorms [Strongylus paradoxus). 
 About three or four drams of serum in the pericardium; the heart 
 very large, and its blood vessels and capillaries, not only in the walls of 
 the auricles but also iii the walls' of the ventricles, gorged with dark- 
 colored blood. The blood in the veins and in some arteries coagulated 
 of a brownish or carbonized red color, but was apparently very much 
 diminished in quantity. In the abdominal cavity, the spleen slightly 
 enlarged ; all mesenteric glands very large, and the blood vessels of the 
 mesenterium turgid with dark-colored blood. Ko developed ulcerous 
 tumors in large intestines, but the mucous membrane of the caecum 
 swelled, and ol; a granular appearance. (As to the morbid changes in 
 the lungs cf. microphotograph, Plate 1.) 
 
 5. Experimental pig No, 5. — This animal was about six months old, 
 and was inoculated with lung-exudation of Dillon's pig ISTo. 1 on April 
 7, was taken sick on April 11, and died late in the evening of AprU 30. 
 The autopsy was made early in the morning of May 1. Morbid changes : 
 Externally, the skin on snout, between fore legs under the abdomen, 
 and between hind legs, purplish red. Internally, the blood vessels 
 (veins) almost destitute of blood, and the little blood that was found of 
 a very dark (carbonized) color, till it had been exposed to the air for 
 some time. The larger veins (vena cava, posterior and anterior) con- 
 tained firm and solid white-yellowish strands of coagulated fibrine. All 
 lymphatic glands very much enlarged. The lungs, which entirely filled 
 the space of the thoracic cavity, very extensively degenerated. In the 
 left lobe hepatization most developed in the anterior and lower portions, 
 and extending to about half of the whole pulmonary tissue. In the 
 center of the hepatized parts some whitish or straw-colored (about the 
 color of old cheese) consolidation presenting the appearance of a dense 
 
160 CONTAOIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 aud hard fibrous tissue. The non-hepatized portions of the left lohe 
 (jedemic, and containing a large quantity of fluid exudation. The hep- 
 atized portions everywhere distinctly limited. Adhesion between lung- 
 pleura and costal pleura at several places. In the right lobe of the • 
 lungs still more extensive hepatization, extending to about three-fourths 
 of the whole tissue. The lung-pleura also at several places adhering to 
 the costal i:ileura, and the union firm enough to require a knife to effect 
 a separation. In the hepatized portions several straw-colored or dirty 
 white-yellowish spots caused by incipient detritus. The non-hepatized 
 l)ortions of the lung-tissue cedemic, and, like those of the left lobe, full 
 of iiuid exudation, and of minute red spots consisting of extravasated 
 blood. A considerable quantity of straw-colored serum in the thoracic 
 cavity, and an ounce or more in the pericardium. As to the morbid 
 changes presented by the heart, all blood vessels in the walls of the 
 auricles, and many of those in the walls of the ventricles, turgid with 
 dark-colored blood. (Plate I is a photograph, considerably reduced, of 
 the lungs of experimental pig ISTo. 5.) In the abdominal ca^dty, the liver 
 dark c(dored, and twice or more its normal size, but presenting no other 
 morbid changes, except congestion. All mesenteric glands very much 
 enlarged, and the blood vessels of the mesenterium turgid, with dark- 
 colored blood, giving them the appearance of having been arciiicially 
 injected with some dark- colored injecting fluid. S"o other morbid 
 changes, except some swelling of the ileum, or thickening of the walls 
 of that intestine, caused probably by the presence of some ascaricles, of 
 which one large specimen (a female) was found in the stomach. All 
 intestines empty, that is, containing no food whatever, but a little yel- 
 lowish-colored mucus. 
 
 6. Mr. Phillipi's pig, an animal about five weelis old, and sick for some 
 time. — It was killed by bleeding on May 24. Autopsy immediately 
 after death. Morbid changes : Externally, a big slough on the right 
 side of the head, where, it seems, it had been bitten by another pig. 
 Internally, all lymphatic glands enlarged ; nearly everywhere adhesion 
 between the pulmonary and costal pleuras ; fully one-half of the whole 
 lung substance, but mostly iu the posterior i)ortions of the lobes, and 
 more in the right lobe than in the left, degenerated by the usual and 
 characteristic hepatization, and the non-hepatized parts presenting in- 
 numerable small red specks of extravasated blood, and containing a 
 considerable quantity of recent fluid exudation. The blood everywhere 
 carbonized or dark-colored till it had been for some time in contact with 
 the air, when its color changed to a brighter red. Heart and pericar- 
 dium firmly united with each other, and not separable. On the pleura 
 of the left half of the chest, not far from the posterior aorta, a whitish 
 nodule of the size of a pea, and of a soft, somewhat pulpy consistency 
 (c/. microphotograph 'So. 2). ]N'o morbid changes in the abdominal 
 cavity, except enlargement of the mesenteric glands. 
 
 7. Mr. William Garson^imj No. 7.— Mr. Carson lives five miles southeast 
 of Tolono, and has lost a bout 25 head of swine out of a herd of 50, The 
 pig examined died June 16, and had been dead but one or two hours 
 when the autopsy was made. Morbid changes : Externally, the skin 
 of the lower surface of the body covered with small scurfs (eruptions) of 
 the size of half a pea. Internally, a portion of the lung-pleura of the 
 left lobe of the lungs, at one place about the size of a quarter of a dol- 
 lar, adhering to the costal pleura; about one-fourth of the pulmoaarv 
 tissue of the left lobe, mostly in its posterior and inferior parts, hepa- 
 tized and diseased, and about three-fourths of the tissue yet healthy. 
 The lung-pleura of the right lobe adhering with more than one-fourth of 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 161 
 
 its wliole external surface to the costal pleura, and at one place also to 
 the diaphragm. The lung-tissue of the right lobe almost entirely, or 
 more than three-fourths of it, diseased and hepatized ; the hepatization 
 in both lobes variegated (marbled) in appearance, and evidently of dif- 
 ferent age, and in different stages of development, in different parts of 
 the lung-tissue, and even in adjoining lobules, showing plainly that the 
 morbid process had been subject to remissions and exacerbations. 
 Nearly an ounce of serum in the pericardium, the heart large and flabby, 
 and the blood vessels in the walls of the auricles full of blood, presenting 
 the usual dark color. All lymphatic glands swelled. In the abdominal 
 cavity numerous ulcerous tumors in the caecum and in the colon; those 
 in the latter larger, and those in the former a good deal smaller, but 
 more numerous [cf. photograph of ulcerous tumors in colon, Plate II). 
 
 8. Mr. Postlewhaite's pig No. 1.— Mr. P. lives five or six miles south 
 of Philo, on the Embra Eiver, in Champaign county, Illinois. The pig 
 examined was a suckUng pig, about three or four weeks old, and was 
 killed by bleeding on June 27. Autopsy immediately after death. Mor- 
 bid changes : Externally, a large slough or sore in the left corner of 
 the mouth (see microphotograph Ifo. 3), and another one on the chin. 
 Internally, swelled lymphatic glands and hepatization of a small portion 
 of the lung-tissue of the size of half a cubic inch or a trifle more, where 
 the left anterior lobe joins the left lobe (see mici'ophotograph l^o. 4). 
 No other morbid changes. 
 
 ^. Experimental pig No. 11. — This animal was about four months old 
 at its death, and was inoculated with lung-exudation of Mr. Carson's 
 pig at 6 o'clock, p. m., June 10. Was taken sick, or showed the first 
 symptoms of disease on Juue 21, and was killed by bleeding, when al- 
 ready in a dying condition, on July 20. Autopsy immediately after 
 death. Morbid changes : The carcass emaciated to the utmost;, the blood 
 thin and watery, and the, adipose tissue almost entirely wasted away, 
 notwithstanding that the pig was in an excellent condition and a very 
 fine animal when inoculated on June IG, Internally, all muscles pale 
 and atrophic ; lymphatic glands enlarged ; lungs partially hepatized ; 
 hepatization extending to about one-fourth of the tissue of the left lobe, 
 and to two-fifths to one-half of the tissue of the right lobe; hepatized 
 or degenerated parts presenting everywhere a somewhat whitish or dirty- 
 whitish appearance ; no inflammation or fresh exudation in the lungs, 
 the diseased parts evidently undergoing a retrogressive process. On a 
 cut the hepatized parts exuded a whitish, somewhat grumous or sticky 
 and semi-fluid substance, altogether dissimilar to fresh exudation as well 
 ill color as in consistency. In the finer bronchial tubes some rather 
 large lung-worms {Strongyli paradoxi). (See microphotograph No. 5.) 
 Most of the hepatization in the posterior parts of the lobes. All other 
 parts, such as liver, spleen, stomach, intestiues, kidneys, pancreas, 
 spinal cord, &c., without any morbid changes ; only in the csecuiu a 
 little swelling of the mucous membrane, and in some places congestion. 
 All intestines nearly empty, except the stomach, which contained a lit- 
 tle food mixed with coal dust and particles of hay from the bedding. 
 No intestinal worms. 
 
 10. Experimental pig No. 10.— This animal belonged to the same litter 
 as No. 11, and was a very fine pig when I received it. It was inoculated 
 witli same material as tl'iat of ]\lr. Carson's pig on June IC ; was taken 
 sick, or showed the first symptoms of disease on June 21, and die^l iu 
 the forenoon of July 21. Autopsy immediately- after noon the same da.y . 
 Morbid changes : Externally, the carcass, to the utmost, emaciated; the 
 skin of nose, mouth, and lower surface of the body bluish purple; r-t 
 11 a T) 
 
162 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 beueath the sternum a blackish slough, presenting a mortified surface, 
 and extending to the bone, caused probably by decubitus. Internally, 
 all lymphatic glands enlarged ; the external surface of the lungs (lung- 
 pleura) almost everywhere, but especially with its lower or inferior por- 
 tions, adhering to the costal pleura or the wall of the chest. On the 
 external surface of the pleura of the left lobe a layer of cheesy detritus 
 (old plastic exudation) of about one-fourth to one-half of an inch in thick- 
 ness, one and a half inches in width, and six or seven inches in length, 
 extending and coating the pleura like a shred from the anterior part of 
 the lower border to the posterior upper angle of the left lobe, and form- 
 ing the means of adhesion between the lung-pleura and the costal pleura, 
 but sticking to the former after a separation had been effected. About 
 one-third of the substance of the left lobe completely hepatized, but 
 . most of the hepatized lobules in the lower and posterior parts of the 
 lobe. The right lobe of the lungs affected in a similar manner, and pre- 
 senting a similar appearance as the left ; but the layer of detritus (old 
 plastic exudation) of less thickness and extension. The pericardium 
 very much congested, and showing incipient gangrene where attached 
 to the sternum. The bronchial, tubes contain some, but not many, lung- 
 ■worms (Strongylus paradoxus). In the abdominal cavity, the liver three 
 to four times its normal size, and full of cavities, containing worms 
 and lime-deposits in the bile-ducts. In the stomach numerous ascarides, 
 and in the small intestines, but especially in the duodenum, numerous 
 calcareous deposits, the same as in the bile-ducts. No ulcerous tumors 
 in the cajcum and colon. All intestines contained some fluid, but no 
 food whatever. 
 
 11. Hxperimental pig No. 13. — Of the same litter as N"os. 10 and 11, 
 and a very fine animal, and in first-class condition when received. It 
 was also inoculated on June 16 with lung-exudation of Mr. Carson's 
 pig, showed first symptoms of disease on June 21, and died July 27, 
 three days later than ISo. 10, and seven days later than Ko. 11. Au- 
 topsy immediately after death. Morbid changes : Partial adhesion be- 
 tween pulmonary and costal pleuras ; hepatization (see microphotograph 
 No. 6) in both lobes of the lungs, extending in the left lobe to about one- 
 half and in the right lobe to about one-third of the pulmonary tissue. 
 Heart and pericardium firmly united with each other by a layer of old 
 plastic exudation of a dirty white-yellowish color, and pericardium very 
 much inflanied. In the abdominal cavity the liver about three times its 
 normal size, presenting on its surface a knotty and in its interior a 
 honey-combed appearance, caused by numerous cavities or enlargements 
 of the bile-ducts, occupied by entozoa. The choledochus inflamed and 
 distended to such an extent as to admit the introduction of a finger; 
 the contents of the gall-bladder a watery fluid, mixed with coagulations 
 of a flaky appearance. Entozoa, or worms: some, but not very many, 
 lung- worms {Strongylus paradoxus) iu the bronchial tubes, and numerous 
 ascarides in the bile-ducts, in the stomach and in the duodenum. 
 
 12. Mr. Bailey^spig No. 1.— A four-months old boar-pig of the Berkshire 
 breed, which was killed by bleeding on August 25. Autopsy imme- 
 diately. Morbid changes: Externally, three ulcers or sloughs on the 
 nose and in the face (see niicrophotogriiph No. 7). Internally, over 
 two-thirds of tlie lung- tissue hepatized; some serum in the chest and in 
 the pericardium; and all lymphatic, and particulai'ly tlie mesenteric, 
 glands morbidly enlarged. No other morbid changes." 
 
 13. Sir. Bailey's pig No. 2.— This animal was two montlis old, and was 
 killed and examined the same day as No. 1. Morbid changes: Ex- 
 ternally, a hard swelling in the lower ja\r, affecting the bone, and ulcera- 
 
UUJ(TAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 163 
 
 tion (sloughing) m the mouth, luternally, the blood dark colored (Mr. 
 B. killed the pig by striking it on the forehead with a club), and about 
 one-fourth of the lung-tissue hepatized. No other morbid changes of 
 any importance, except enlargement of some lymphatic glands. 
 
 14.. Mr Isaac Martinis pig. — This animal, about foiir months old and 
 in the last stage of a malignant form of swine plague, was killed by 
 bleeding on September 18. Autopsy immediately after death. Morbid 
 changes : Externally, considerable swelling of the sheath. Internally, the 
 blood dark colored ; all lymphatic glands very much enlarged. In the 
 lungs about two-fifths of the tissue of the left "lobe and about three-fifths 
 of the tissue of the right lobe diseased, and in some parts hepatized to 
 such an extent as to be perfectly solid. The other non-hepatized portions, 
 that is, those in which the structure of the lung-tissue was yet normal, 
 or nearlj'^ normal, full of fresh and yet fluid exudation, and presenting 
 innumerable small red specks of extravasated blood, each speck or spot 
 of the size of a pin's head or smaller, and situated not only near the 
 surface, but everywhere, the same as in other cases, in the interior of the 
 lung-substance. The pleura coated with exudation, and rough at several 
 places ; some serum in the pericardium, but the heart and its auricles 
 without any conspicuous morbid changes. In the abdominal cavity 
 numerous and exceedingly large, thick, and well-developed ulcerous 
 tumors, presenting a black surface, in the csecum and in the colon — 
 those in the c£ecum — (see microphotograph Ko. 9) being the largest — 
 several (about a dozen) small entozoa (Trichoceplmlus crenatus) in the 
 ctecum ; and mesenteric glands very much enlarged. No other morbid 
 changes of any importance. 
 
 15. Mr. Munday's pig. — This animal, about five or six months old, was 
 killed by bleeding on October 13. Mr. M. lives in Effingham county, 
 between Watson and Effingham. Autopsy immediately after death. 
 Morbid changes : About half of the lung-tissue hepatized ; in the non- 
 hepatized parts considerable fluid exudation and numerous extravsa- 
 tions of blood, presenting themseh/es to the naked eye as minute red 
 spots ; hepatization and other morbid changes more developed in the 
 right than in the left lobe of the lungs ; a small quantity of serum in the 
 pericardium, and a comparatively large quantity (over a pint) in the 
 abdominal cavity ; all lymphatic glands, but particularly those of the 
 mesenterium, considerably enlarged ; a number of worms {Trioliocephalus 
 crenattis) in the csecum (see microphotograph No. 11) ; the mucous mem- 
 brane of the caecum and in some parts of the colon slightly swelled, 
 and the contents (feces) of both intestines, but especially of tte colon, 
 hard and lumpy. No other morbid changes. 
 
 16. Mr Beatifs pig.— A. small animal, about four or five months old, 
 was killed by bleeding on November 6. Mr. B. lives in Henderson 
 county, about four miles from Oquawka. Autopsy immediately after 
 death. Morbid changes : Externally, swelling and ulceration in the nose 
 and in the scrotum (the pig had been ringed and castrated a few weeks 
 before it was taken sick, but at a time when swine plague was prevailing 
 in Mr. Olson's herd, about a mile and a half from Mr. Beaty's place). 
 Internally, the blood of normal appearance ; all lymphatic glands, but 
 especially the inguinal glands, very much enlarged ; the lungs completely 
 filling the space in the thoracic cavity in the left lobe, about half of the 
 lung substance hepatized, and the non-hepatized tissue containing a con- 
 siderable quantity of fresh and fluid exudation and numerous small red 
 spots of extravasated blood (see photograph, Plate III); in Ihe right lobe 
 similar morbid changes, only a little less extensive; in the pericardium 
 over an ounce of straw-colored serum. In the abdumiual cavity some 
 
164 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 serum ; the mesenteric glands enlarged ; a number of dead ascarides {the 
 pig had been treated with carbolic acid for a few days) and small lumps 
 of slate-colored feces in the posterior part of the colon ; and a yellowish 
 fluid largely composed of bile, but no food, in the stomach and small 
 intestines. ISTo other morbid changes of any importance. 
 
 The results of these sixteen post mortem examinations are probably 
 sufficient to show that the morbid changes observed in 1880 are essen- 
 tially the same as those found in 1878-'79, only, on an average, a little 
 less complicated, because the morbid process, upon the whole, was less 
 acute and less malignant. The cases given have been chosen because 
 they cover the whole time from April to November, and all of them have 
 furnished material for special examination, and most of them also for 
 inoculation. Others might be added, but as no morbid changes not met 
 with before, or not found at one or another of those post mortem exami- 
 nations the results of whi i have been given, have come to light, to do 
 so would simply be repeating the same thing over and over again. 
 
 EXPEEIMBNTS. 
 
 The experiments made since the first days of April at my experimental 
 station, located till September on the grounds of the Illinois Industrial 
 University, at Urbana, Champaign county, Illinois, and afterwards on 
 private grounds near my boarding place in Urbana, have been made 
 with several objects in view. 
 
 1. My former experiments and observations proved that swine plague 
 can be, and is, communicated through the digestive canal, and through 
 sores, wounds, and scratches, even of the smallest character, in the skin 
 and mucous membranes, but they did not show that the infectious prin- 
 ciple was able to enter the organism of a healthy animal through the 
 unwounded and perfectly uninjured skin and respiratory mucous mem- 
 branes, and produce disease by simply being inhaled where healthy 
 and diseased swine were compelled to breathe the same atmosphere. Not- 
 withstanding an infection or a communication of swine plague by mere 
 inhalation may be possible, I made it an object to ascertain whether the 
 disease can be communicated not only by an absorption of the infectious 
 principle through the digestive canal and through external sores, wounds, 
 and lesions, but also by an absorption of the same through the uninjured 
 sMn and whole and healthy respiratory organs, because if such should 
 prove to be the case, even a strict separation of healthy swine from dis- 
 eased ones would not be of much avail as a measure of prevention, and, 
 contrary to my former observations, could not be relied upon. On a 
 farm a- separation can seldom be carried so far as to prevent the inhala- 
 tion of an infectious principle that is carried through the air, and evi- 
 dently attracted and absorbed by wounds and sc'ratohes, even if the 
 source of the infection, that is, the diseased herd of swine from which 
 the infectious principle emanates, is over a mile off. 
 
 2. In my former experiments, but especially those conducted during 
 the fall of 1879 and the winter of lS79-'80, I 'had very good success in 
 preventing a development of the morbid process of swine plague in ani- 
 mals which had been exposed to infection, and very lil^ely had become 
 infected, and thus, in arresting the progress of the disease within infected 
 herds by treating those animals not yet plainly diseased with antiseptic 
 medicines, such as carbolic acid and hyposul|')hite of soda, &o. {{■/'. my 
 former reports). I therefore concluded to subject tlic satne mediciui'S and 
 a few others to a thorough test as to their pra(?l ieal value as preventives. 
 
 3. In the fall of 1878 and in the winter of l;57S-'79 comparatively few 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 165 
 
 recoyerks from swiue plague were observed— the disease was very fatal— 
 -but m the sprmg, summer, and fall of 1879 and in the winter of 1879-'S0 
 recoveries were more numerous, but it was very seldom noticed that an 
 animal, once recovered, contracted the disease a second time, and only 
 once that one and the same animal contracted the disease three times, but 
 each time befo]?e it fully recovered from the previous attack. In every 
 case, however, the second attack proved to be a comparatively mild one 
 and did not become fatal, at least not in those cases which came under my 
 observation. It was therefore another obj ect to ascertain more positively 
 whether an animal once recovered from an attack of the plague will con- 
 tract it again if inoculated or exposed to infection, or will, as a rule, 
 resist the iniiuence of the infectious principle and possess immunity. 
 Further, if such should prove to be the case, I considered it as important 
 to determine by experiments whether a very mild attack of swine plague, 
 such a one as leaves hardly any morbid changes behind, will produce 
 just as much immunity from infection as a severe one, or whether it is 
 only the permanent morbid changes left behind by the latter that pro- 
 tect the animal in the future. 
 
 4. My former experiments seemed to indicate that an inoculation with 
 cultivated material (cultivated swine-plague schizophytae) produces a 
 milder form of disease than a natural infection or an inoculation with 
 unadulterated material taken directly from the body of a diseased or 
 dead animal. Hence, if it should be found that a mild attack, one that 
 does not leave any serious morbid changes behind, protects an animal 
 against subsequent infection, and if an inoculation with cultivated schiz- 
 ophytae produces invariably, or, as a rule, a comparatively mild form of 
 disease, such inoculations might be made use of as a means of preven- 
 tion, or rather of reducing the losses caused by swine plague. It was 
 therefore deemed of imx>ortance to contribute as much as possible to the 
 solution of that question. 
 
 5. As it is claimed by some people, misled probably by the two mis- 
 nomers "hog cholera" and " chicken cholera," that the disease known 
 by the latter name is identical to swine plague, I have endeavored to 
 dispose of that question. 
 
 I will, as heretofore, first relate my experiments and then state the 
 conclusions arrived at. In order to avoid too much repetition I shall 
 omit a daily record of all pigs not showing any disease. Hence, all 
 those experimental pigs not mentioned every day either did not show 
 any morbid symptoms and appeared healthy, or did not present any 
 changes since the date at which they were last mentioned. 
 
 My experimental pig-pen, a frame building 16 feet long and 20 feet 
 wide, and divided into eight pig-pens, a place for corn and a chicken- 
 pen, or ten apartments each 4 feet wide and 8 feet long, was finished on 
 April 6. 
 
 On the morning of April 7 I received five pigs from Mr. Lawrence, 
 head farmer of the Illinois Industrial University, and put them respect- 
 ively in pens Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The pigs, for convenience sake, re- 
 ceived the same numbers as the pens which they occupied. Pens Nos. 
 1, 2, and 8 remained empty. Pigs Nos. 4 and 5 were inoculated at 1.30 
 p. m., with lung exudation of Mr. Dillon's pigs Nos. 1 and 2 (c/. account 
 of post-mortem examination of those pigs). 
 
 April 8. — Pig ISTo. 4 eats and drinks well ; the others do not seem to 
 feel at home, being confined one by one in a small pen. They have 
 therefore not consumed aU the food given them. They also cough some, 
 like pigs infected with lung-worms {Strongylus paradoxus), but the 
 cough is decidedly different from that usually heard in s^ine plague. 
 
16(5 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 All the animals came from the herd of the University farm, in which no 
 swine plague had existed for over a year, and which remained exempt 
 up to this date. Further, no swine plague had existed in the neighbor- 
 hood for a year, so the cough could not have been the result of that dis- 
 ease. In tiie evening pigs Nos. 4 and 5 appeared to be feverish and 
 were shivering, but it was not plain whether on account of the chilly 
 night air, or already in consequence of the inoculation. 
 
 April 9. — It having been asserted that so-called chicken cholera and 
 swine plague were identical diseases, I fed some chickens which I had 
 procured, with half of the lungs, the heart, and the liver of DiUon's pig 
 No. 3 (see account of post-mortem examination of that pig). Com- 
 menced cultivating swine-plague schizophytse, and charged 2 ounces 
 of fresh milk, 2 ounces of water, and the albumen of an egg, each with 
 two drops of the pulmonary exudation of Dillon's pig No. 3. In the 
 evening experimental pig No. 5 is shivering and appears to be cold. 
 
 April 10. — Pig No. 4 appears to be indisposed, and shivers. All the 
 pigs, Nos. 4 and 5 included, eat and drink well. 
 
 April 11. — ^No. 5 seems to be indisposed, is loath to get up, and shivers. 
 One of the chickens does not go to roost, and does not seem to be well ; 
 on. examination it is found that it is affected with what is known as 
 "scaly legs." Took scabs and examined them under the microscope for 
 mites, but did not find any. 
 
 A2}ril 12.— Pig No. 4 does not eat well, and pig No. 5 is shivering, 
 apparently cold. All other pigs are doing well. Fed to pig No. 7, a 
 large sow pig six or seven months old, the infected albumen, and put 
 the albumen of another egg into the vessel, a quinine bottle, which still 
 contained a drop or two of the infected albumen. 
 
 April 13. — Pigs Nos. 4 and 5 show insufficient appetite ; the former' 
 shivers. 
 
 Eeceived six more pigs of the Berkshire breed, each about three and 
 a half or four months old, from Mr. Dallenbach, and placed and num- 
 bered them as follows : Two in pen No. 1, to be known as No. 1 A and 
 No. 1 B ; two iu No. 2, and designated as No. 2 A and No. 2 B; and 
 two in pen No. 8, to be called No. 8 A and No. 8 B. 
 
 April 14. — Pig No. 5 decidedly sick and feverish ; seems to be weak 
 in the hind quarters. No visible change in pig No. 4. Inoculated pig 
 No. 2 A with swine-plague schizophytse cultivated in milk, and pig No. 
 2 B with schizophytse cultivated in water. All inoculations, unless 
 otherwise stated, have been made on the outside of an ear and with a_ 
 small spoon-shaped, but sharp inoculation needle, made originally for 
 the iiurpose of inoculating sheep with the virus of sheep-pox. 
 
 A])ril 15. — Pig No. 5 very sick, and does not like to rise when called 
 upon ; pig No. 4, though still lively, is also evidently ailing. Pig No. 
 7 received in its trough the albumen infected on April 12, and the 
 albumen of another fresh egg was put in the bottle, which, as before, still 
 contained a few infected drops. 
 
 April 16. — Pig No. 5 is very sick, but takes a little food in the even- 
 ing. Is nearly always lying in a corner of its pen during the day, and 
 does not like to get up when asked to do so. When on its legs walks 
 to the trough to get a swallow of water, and then returns to its comer 
 and lies down again. It shows considerable weakness in its hind quar- 
 ters, and shivers when lying down. Its cough (as has been stated, all 
 five pigs received from Mr. Lawrence cough some, and very likely have 
 lung-worms) has changed, sounds hollow, is weak, and characteristic of 
 swine plague. Pig No. 4 is yet active, and eats and drinks some, but 
 not near as much as any of the other pigs. Its cough, tooj is getting 
 
CONTAGIOriS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 167 
 
 hollow and weak, and sounds like swine plague. Both pigs, Nos. 4 and 
 5, have sore noses. (It may be stated here that all five pigs received 
 from Mr. Lawrence had rings in their noses when I received them.) 
 
 April 17. — Pig ]<ro. 4 has suddenly become worse, and is even worse 
 than S"o. 5. It hardly touches its food, is thin, gaunt, and emaciated, 
 and coughs that peculiar weak cough characteristic of an advanced stage 
 of swine plague. Pig 'Ho. 5, though lying most of the time shivering in a 
 corner, has eaten a little, and consumed about one ear of corn during 
 the day. Both pigs exhibit a thumping motion of the flanks. All other 
 pigs apparently healthy. Pigs Nos. 2 A and 2 B have a ravenous ap- 
 petite, and though the smallest of all, eat fully as much as any. ISTos. 
 1 A and 1 B seem to be healthy, but one of them has commenced to cough; 
 has not coughed before, neither have any of the six pigs received from 
 Dallehbach. 
 
 Dillon's pig !N"o. 3 (see account of post-mortem esamination) was killed 
 on the 9th of April at 10.30 a. m. at Mr. Dillon's place, a few miles north 
 of Champaign, and about 3^ miles from my experimental pig-pen. The 
 carcass was then thrown into the buggy, and taken to the experimental 
 station for dissection. Arriving there a little before noon, having to 
 dispose of horse and buggy, and finding the dissecting-room of the vet- 
 erinary building locked — the latter and my experimental pig-pen were 
 only a few rods apart — I put the dead pig in the trough of pen No. 1, then 
 not occupied, till I would be able to make the autopsy. When the car- 
 cass was removed to the dissecting-room, immediately after noon, I found 
 that the trough had become soiled with a few drops of blood, which 
 were left there on purpose, because I expected to get more pigs, 
 and wished to see whether so small an amount of blood, after exposing 
 it to the influence of the atmosphere for a few (four) days, would be 
 able to cause an infection, if left where it was to become dissolved by 
 and mixed with the water for drinking. On April 12, as already stated, 
 pen Fo. 1 became occupied by pigs No. 1 A and No. 1 B. 
 
 April 18. — Pig No. 1 B is coughing and does not eat well ; pig No. 4 
 snu:faes, and its nose is much swollen, very sore, and ulcerating; pig No. 
 5 eats and drinks a little; pigs Nos. 2 A and 2 B do not show any 
 symptoms. All others apparently healthy. 
 
 April 19.— Both pigs, Nos. 4 and 5, very low, but No. 4 especially so; 
 the latter does not eat anything ; breathes very hard ; its nose is much 
 swelled, and every respiration causes a snuffling sound. No. 5 eats a 
 trifle, but lies most of the time shivering in a comer. Its nose is not sore, 
 but looks very pale. Both pigs are emaciated. The other pigs exhibit 
 no change, and all those not inoculated appear to be perfectly healthy. 
 Pig No. 7 received again a dose of infected albumen, charged on April, 
 15, and once more the albumen of a fresh egg was put into the empty 
 bottle, the same as on April 15. 
 
 April 20.— Pig No. 4 apparently in a dying condition ; cannot live 
 much longer ; does not stir as formerly when urged to get up. No. 5 
 and all others the same as yesterday. (After about a week of dry 
 weather a pouring rain; hail, thunder-storm, hurricane during the night, 
 followed during the day by bright .and clear weather.) .,, ^ , 
 
 ^«r87 21.— Hardly any change; pig No. 4 has touched neither food 
 nor water for four days ; lies in a corner in a soporous condition, and 
 does not stir when urged to get up ; it breathes with great difflculty and 
 with a pumping motion of the flanks ; emaciation is very great ; m the 
 afternoon a very fetid diarrhea sets in (diarrhea, but not so fetid, has ex- 
 isted for the last twenty-four hours). No. 5 is neither worse nor better; 
 drinks a great deal, and eats a small ear of corn in about 24 hours. Its nose 
 
168 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 is exceediugly pale, and the animal, when lying down, is almost con- 
 stantly shivering, is if suffering from ague chills. No 7. shows swelling 
 and ulceration of the nose, and is coughing a good deal ; it received 
 three times (April 12, 15, and 19) infected albumen. No. 1 B has not 
 shown any change ; is coughing, but eats and drinks. Nos. 2 A and 2 B 
 eat vigorously. Nos. 8 A, 8 B, and Nos. 6 and 3 to all appearances are 
 perfectly healthy. 
 
 April 22. — No. 4 still alive, but has not touched any food: neither 
 has No. 5. Like No. 4, it lies in a corner in a soporous condition, and 
 neither eats nor drinks. No. 4 seems to have great difficulty in exhal- 
 ing — expelling the air from the lungs ; the fetid diarrhea continues. The 
 other pigs do not present any change. 
 
 April 23. — No. 4 still lies in its corner and cannot be induced to get 
 up. No. 5 is weaker than yesterday. No. 1 B coughs a good deal, and 
 No. 7 is indisposed, mopish, and does not eat well ; both pigs are evi- 
 dently affected. All others are well. 
 
 April 24. — Last night a tremendous rain and hurricane. Pig No. 4 
 found dead in its pen. It was dying in the evening of April 23, and 
 probably died early in the night, before the rain and hurricane com- 
 menced. (For changes see account of post-mortem examination No 4.) 
 Pig No. 5 lies in its corner, shivering as usual, and shows no change. 
 Pigs Nos. 2 A and 2 B do not eat their food ; seem to feel chilly, and are 
 shiveriag. No change in the others. At 9 o'clock a. m., fed left lobe of 
 the lungs and the liver of pig No. 4 to the 'chickens. 
 
 A2}ril 26. — Pigs Nos. 2 A and 2 B lack appetite, and do not eat their 
 food. B, especially, droops its ears, seems to feel chilly,' and coughs. 
 No change in No. 5. 
 
 Ajjril 27. — Pigs Nos. 2 A and 2 B evidently affected ; both droop their 
 ears and are shivering. No. 2 B is quite sick and coughs considerably; 
 it is mopish, and does not like to move. No. 5 staggered from its cor- 
 ner to its trough to drink, but did not eat anything. 
 
 April 28. — Pig No. 2 A presents no change; No. 2 B does not eat, 
 and lies nearly all day in a corner shivering and shaking. No. 5 is ap- 
 parently no worse; seems to be more inclined to move, but cannot be 
 induced to take any food. 
 
 A^ml 29.— No essential change in any of the pigs. No. 2 B seems to 
 be a little worse, and is undoubtedly a sick pig. No. 5 is about the same 
 as yesterday, perhaps weaker. Nos. 7 and 6 are coughing. 
 
 April 30. — No essential change. Pig No. 2 A eats about half a meal, 
 and No. 2 B eats hardly anything at all. No. 5 is exceedingly weak, 
 and collapsing ; its temperature at noon was found to be 95° F. It died 
 at 7 p. m. (For morbid changes see account of post-mortem examination 
 No. 5.) 
 
 May 1. — Inoculated in the morning pigs Nos. 2 A and 3 with the fresh 
 pulmonary exudation of pig No. 5. The operation was performed as 
 soon as the exudation could be obtained after the chest had been opened. 
 As every inoculation made with the exudation of the lungs proved to be 
 successful, that is, productive of an attack of swine-plague, in my for- 
 mer experiments as well as in the present (c/. account of pigs Nos. 4 and 
 5), I concluded to try preventives. Pig No. 3 had never been inocu- 
 lated, neither had it ever been sick, notwithstanding its pen (No. 3) is 
 separated from pen No. 4 only by a board partition about 3 feet 10 
 inches high, in which pig No. 4 became sick and died. 
 
 Pig No. 2 A was inoculated on April 14 with swine-plague schizophytfe, 
 cultivated in milk, and appai'ently had a very slight attack, but could 
 hardly at any time be considered as a sick animal. It is a boar-pig and 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 169 
 
 weiglis about sixty youuds, while its coBipauion, No. 2 B, is a sow-pi"- 
 weigiiing about 40 pounds. Commenciug at uoou May 1, both pigt 
 together received three tiuies a day iu their water for driuking about 
 ten drops of carbolic acid, or rather of a solution of carbolic acid 
 composed of 95 per cent, of the pure crystallized acid and 5 per cent of 
 water. For pig ]S[o. 3 1 prepared an iodine solution, composed of 10 
 grains of iodine, 12 grains of iodide of potassium in half an ounce of 
 water, and commencing at noon of May 1 gave it three times a day, in 
 Its water for drinking, a quantity sufaoient to contain each time about 
 
 1 gram of iodide of potassium and a little less than a grain of iodine. 
 As each time some water remained in the trough which had to be poured 
 out again, only about half of that quantity was actually consumed. 
 Pig No. 3 is a sow-pig, and weighed on May 1 about 60 pounds, or 
 perhaps a little more. The carbolic acid and iodine treatment was com- 
 menced within five and a half hours after the inoculations had been 
 made. In the morning the albumen of a fresh, egg was put in a clean 
 vial with a glass stopper, and charged with two drops of the pulmon- 
 ary exudation of pig E"o. 5. 
 
 May 2.—K0 change for the worse in any of the pigs. Pigs Nos. 2 A and 
 
 2 B have better appetite. No. 2 A coughed a few times. 
 
 May 3. — Inoculated pigs Nos. 1 A and 1 B with the albumen charged 
 with 2 drops of pulmonary exudation on May 1; transferred pig No. 2 B 
 to pen No. 5, wMoh had been left in exactly the same condition in which 
 it was found when the carcass of pig No. 5 was removed. Pig No. 2 B 
 is henceforth pig No. 9, and No. 2 A is simply No. 2. No essential 
 change observable in any of the pigs. 
 
 May 4. — Pig No. 9 (old No. 2 B), which had a mild attack of swine plague 
 after an inoculation with cultivated material, seems to be improving, 
 and, though not entirely well, is not very sick. The carbolic acid treat- 
 ment is continued. Pig No. 6 (a large sow and never inoculated, but 
 ringed before I received her) has shown some symptoms of sickness for 
 several days (since April 29), and is now evidently diseased. It is in- 
 clined to mope, eats very little, and its nose is ulcerating. No. 7 seems 
 to be improving ; all other pigs are doing well. 
 
 May 5. — Pig No. 6 is worse; has no appetite ; don't eat anything. No 
 other changes. 
 
 May 6. — No changes. 
 
 May 7. — Pig No. 6 is worse; lies almost always in its corner, and does 
 Hot touch its food. Pig No. 9 shows again more indisposition, and does 
 not eat well, but takes some food and water. No further changes. 
 
 May 8. — All pigs about the same as yesterday, except No. 7, which is 
 mopish, less lively than during the last few days, and is eating very 
 little. None of the inoculated pigs (Nos. 2, 3, and Nos. 1 A and 1 B) 
 show any symptoms of disease. 
 
 May 9. — Pig No. 6 is decidedly worse, rises now and then from its corner 
 to get a swallow of water, and then lies down again. It does not eat 
 anything, and emaciation is apparent. Pig No. 7, which, so far, has re- 
 ceived every three or four days a dosis of albumen, infected with culti- 
 vated schizophytse, is evidently diseased; still, it eats and drinks some, 
 but never more than about half an ordinary meal. Its nose, too, is very 
 sore and ulcerating. 
 
 The chickens, which have been fed repeatedly with highly infectious 
 parts of dead pigs, are all healthy, that is, free from any disease resem- 
 bling swine plague ; but the effect of being confined in a narrow pen, of 
 being deprived of exercise, -and of not receiving enough silica and lime 
 in their food, commences to become apparent; one or more of them com- 
 
170 CONTAGIOTIS DTSEA.SES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 nienced to eat the featliers of tlieir compaiiioDS, aud tlierefore were given 
 their liberty. 
 
 May 10. — ISTo essential changes, except as to pig K'o. 6, which is improv- 
 ing, and though yet very sick, has again commenced to eat. 
 
 May 11. — Pig Fo. 3, it seems, does not like its iodine, and for the last 
 two or three days has not been eating and drinking as much as before, 
 but shows no symptoms of swine plague. 'No. 9 appears to be slightly- 
 improving, but coughs now and then. No. 7 is moping, has poor appe- 
 tite, and coughs. No. 2 is very vigorous, and greedy for its food aud 
 drink ; it seems to like the carbolic acid. 
 
 May 12. — No change. 
 
 May 13.— The iodine treatment does not seem to agree with No. 3 ; 
 it is, however, continued. The pig has not very good ajipetite, and 
 drinks very little. No. 6 is improving and eats about half as much as 
 a pig of its age and size ought to eat. No. 7 has less appetite. 
 
 May 14. — No. 2 is as well aud as vigorous as ever. No. 3, which has 
 coughed a few times during the last few days, drinks very little, aud, 
 though not eating enough, has a fair appetite, and is very lively. The 
 pig is evidently not sick, at least does not show symjitoms sufficient to 
 justify one in pronouncing it diseased with swine j^lague. The iodine 
 does not agree with it. No. 6 is slightly better ; No. 7 is worse. 
 
 May 15. — Pig No. 7 does not touch its food, and is evidently worse ; 
 emaciation is visible. No change in any of the others. 
 
 3Iay 16. — Pig No. 7 is still getting worse; does not eat anything; is 
 very indifferent to its surroundings, and it takes some coaxing to induce 
 it to get up. 
 
 May 17, — Pig No. 6 is improving. No. 7 accepts an egg, but does not 
 take any other food. (As the chickens laid some eggs, I used the latter 
 for experimental purposes, and also to tempt the a]3petite of some very 
 sick pigs.) 
 
 May 18. — Pig No. 7 is slightly improving ; it accepts another egg, 
 eats some corn, and comes to the trough when water is poured in. No 
 other changes. 
 
 May 19. — Pig No. 7 is improving ; eats some, and is more lively. No. 
 G can be considered as convalesce]! t, and has fair ap]>etite. No other 
 pigs are ailing. 
 
 May 20. — Big rain and thunder storm during the night. Pig No. 7 is 
 improving, and all other pigs are doing well, and are ready for another 
 experiment, but no material of sufficient malignancy is available. One 
 other chicken has scaly legs, but the mites, said to constitute the cause, 
 are not found. 
 
 May 21. — All pigs are doing well. Nos. 6 and 7 are eating again, but 
 their appetite is not yet fully restored. The carbolic acid and iodine 
 treatment of pigs Nos. 2, 9, and 3, continued till date, is dispensed with. 
 
 May 22. — Pigs Nos. 2 and 9, not receiving any more carbolic acid, seem 
 to miss its taste in their water for drinking, aud do not seem to be sat- 
 isfied. Pig No. 3, however, drinks more, and does not care for its dosis 
 of iodine. 
 
 May 23.— No change. Pig No. 3, not getting any iodine, eats and 
 drinks as well as any of the other pigs. One chickeu with scaly legs, 
 the one affected first, and for some time confined in pig pen No. 4, got 
 into pen No. C, and was killed by pig of the same number. 
 
 ilfrt!/ 24. — Obtained new material at Mr. Philippi's place (cf. account of 
 post-mortem examination No. G), and inoculated at 5 o'clock p. m., pigs 
 Nos. 2, 3, 9, G, 7, 8 A and 8 B. Pigs Nos-. 2, 3, and 7 receive three 
 times a day a dosis of carbolic acid in their water for diinking ; pigs 
 
CONTAGTOTTS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 171 
 
 Kos. 8 A and 8 B are treated with benzoate of soda, while Kos. 9 and 
 
 receive no medicines whatever. Ko. 9 is the smallest, and I^o. 6 is 
 the largest, of the pigs. 
 
 ^o'!!'^^ 25.— Eain all day. All pigs seem to be doing weU, and no ap- 
 parent reaction has occurred from the inoculation. Nos. 6 7 and 9 
 however, have not yet completely recovered. I«ro. 9 especiaUv has been 
 coughing now and then since first affected, and does not seem to get 
 "^"^^^ ; neither has it grown any, and is therefore small and runty 
 
 Jifl,?/ 26.— Again a heavy rain. l^Tone of the pigs ailing, except those 
 which have not fully recovered. 
 
 May 27. — No change. 
 
 May 28.— Kone of the pigs show any symptoms of active disease, and 
 all are doing well, except Nos. 9, 6, and 7. 
 
 May 29. — ^o change. 
 
 May 30.— Kos. 6, 7, and 9 cough some, and do not eat quite enough. 
 The others are apparently healthy, and doing well. 
 
 May 31.— Ifo. 9 is evidently worse, is coughing a good deal, and eats 
 very little. The other pigs are doing well. 
 
 June 1. — 'Eo essential change in any of the pigs. No. 9 coughs con- 
 siderably, and eats very little, but is otherwise lively. 
 
 June 2.— No. 9 again shows plain symptoms of active disease, is mop- 
 ing, coughs a good deal, and has very poor appetite, but is yet moving 
 about. The other pigs are apparently healthy, at least are without any 
 noticeable symptoms of active disease. 
 
 Jmie 3. — No. 9 does not eat anything, and is very sick again. All 
 others are doing well. • 
 
 June 4. — No. 9 commences to eat a little. 
 
 June 5. — No. 9 improving, is more lively, and eats more than yester- 
 day. No change in the others. 
 
 June 6. — ^No. 9 improving ; eats more than on any one day during the 
 last ten days, and is more lively, but is lean and coughs quite often. 
 Other pigs doing well. 
 
 June 7. — All pigs eat well, and with the exception of No. 9, which is 
 yet coughing, none of them exhibit any symptoms of disease. 
 
 The medicines, carbolic acid to Nos. 2, 3, and 7, and benzoate of soda 
 to Nos. 8 A and 8B, are dispensed with. Pigs Nos. 8A and 8B, which 
 received the benzoate of soda, did not seem to object to it, and do not 
 show any bad effect, excei)t a slight diarrhea, which made its appearance 
 soon after the treatment was commenced, and 'continued as long as the 
 medicine was given. 
 
 June 8. — No changes. 
 
 June 9. — As it becomes apparent that a pig which once had swine 
 plague does not easily take it again, or, if it does, only in a mild form, 
 
 1 found it necessary to procure new pigs, and bought four nice Berk- 
 shires, all sow pigs', belonging to the same litter, and nearly three 
 months old, of the Hon. James R. Scott, of Champaign. 
 
 June 10. — No change ; one of the chickens, the best one, is missing, 
 and was probably stolen. 
 
 June 11 to 14. — No changes worth mentioning, except that pig No. 9 
 has diarrhea and coughs a good deal. 
 
 June 15. — Eeceived my pigs from Mr. -Scott ; designated the same as 
 Nos. 10, 11, 12, and 13, and put them all four t6gether in a box-stall of 
 the Veterinary Infirmary of the Illinois Industrial University. 
 
 June 16. — Succeeded m procuring fresh material for inoculation in 
 Mr. Carson's herd, five miles southeast of Tolono (c/. account of post 
 mortem examination No. 7), and inoculated at 6 o'clock p. m. pigs Nos. 
 
172 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 2, 3, 9, 6, 7, 8 A, 8 B, 10, 11, and 12. Pigs Nos. 1 A, 1 B, and No. 13, the 
 latter being one of tlie new pigs, were not inocula.ted. All pigs, with 
 the exception of No. 9, which is yet ailing, are apparently well. 
 
 June 17.— All pigs seem to be well, except No. 9, which is yet cough- 
 ing considerably, but has a fair appetite. No. 6, too, appears to be not 
 very lively; the same struggled hard while held for inoculation and got 
 slightly hiirt. 
 
 June 18.— No change; No. 6 is a little dull, and acts as if not feeling 
 well. 
 
 June 19. — No change. 
 
 June 20.— All pigs eat well, and none of them show any symptoms of 
 disease, except No. 9, which has never fully recovered, and No. 6, which 
 is yet lame and less lively than usual. 
 
 June 21.— Nos. 10, 11, and 12 seem to be slightly indisposed ; have 
 lost the curl out of the tail, but eat and drink some. 
 
 June 22. — All pigs — partly due, perhaps, to exceedingly hot weather — 
 eat less than usual, but Nos. 9, 10, 11, and 12 eat very little ; the last 
 three especially do not seem to care for food (their principal food consists 
 of ground corn and ground oats mixed), and prefer to lie down and rest. 
 
 June 23. — Nos. 10 and 11 have not eaten anything since last night ; 
 No. 12 has been at the trough, but has eaten very little, if any. The 
 other Inoculated pigs, Nos. 2, 3, 9, 6, 7, 8 A, and 8 B, also seem to 
 lack appetite ; at any rate, they do not consume more than about half 
 their usual quantity of food. Whether the want of appetite is caused 
 by the inoculation having been effective or merely by the high tem- 
 perature is difficult to decide. 
 
 June 24. — Pigs Nos. 10, 11, and 12 have not eaten anything, and No, 
 13 commences to show poor appetite. (No. 13 was not inoculated, but 
 occupied the same pen — the box-stall in the infirmary building — as Nos. 
 10, 11, and 12, and eats and drinks out of the same trough and par- 
 takes of the same food and water.) All four commence to huddle to- 
 gether in a corner and to hide their noses in the bedding, in sick-pig 
 fashion. Some of the dung found in their pen is in shape of small, 
 hard, irregular lumps, and very dark colored. As to the other pigs no 
 conspicuous changes are observable. No. 9, which never fully recovered, 
 is coughing some, and eats very little. The others, too, with the excep- 
 tion of Nos. 1 A and 1 B, which have not been inoculated, show dimin- 
 ished appetite. 
 
 June 25. — Pigs Nos. 10, 11, and 12 have not touched their food ; have 
 commenced to emaciate and are getting thin. No. 13, too, has poor 
 appetite and eats very little. Eemoved pig No. 10 to the empty pen 
 No. 4 in the experimental pig-pen, which was first thoroughly scrubbed 
 and cleaned. Commenced treating pigs Nos. 11, 12, and 13 with carbolic 
 acid by giving it to them in their water for drinking. It may here be 
 remarked that Nos. 11 and 12 have shown symptoms of sickness for at 
 least four or five days (since the 21st), and are undoubtedly diseased 
 with swine plague. No. 13, although not inoculated, was also ailing for 
 two days and suffering from the same disease. In giving the carbolic 
 acid it was my object to try that medicine on a few well-established 
 cases of swine plague. No. 10 does not receive any medicine whatever. 
 As to the other pigs, they do not eat much, but seem to be perfectly 
 healthy, except Nos. 1 A and 1 B, but none of them, except No. 9, ex- 
 hibit any plain symptoms of swine plague. No. 9 is about the same as 
 it has been for some time, and is neither worse nor better. The symj)- 
 toms exhibited seem to be the product of old morbid changes, and not 
 of any>active morbid process. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 173 
 
 June 26.— Pigs ISTos. 10, 11, and 12 are very fcMn, and do not touch 
 tlieir food. No. 10, which occupies by itself pen ISo. 4, is the thinnest, 
 and shows considerable weakness in its movements. No. 13 has poor 
 ap])etite and eats but little. 
 
 June 27.— Pigs Nos. 10, 11, 12, and 13 take a little shelled corn, but 
 do not eat their chopped food. JSTos. 11, 12, and 13 accept and consume 
 an &gg. 
 
 June 28. — Heavy rain during the night. Pig No. 10 is very low, coughs 
 a great deal, and is apparently in distress. Nos. 11, 12, and 13 have 
 eaten a little, and again consume an egg. Another egg offered to No. 
 10 is refused. The other pigs about the same, only Nos. 8 A and 8 B 
 eat less than any of the rest. No. 9 is coughing ; have heard no cough 
 from Nos. 11, 12, and 13. 
 
 June 29. — ^Pigs Nos. 1 A and 1 B all right in every respect. Nos. 2, 
 3, 6, 7, 8 A, and 8 B without any plain symptoms of disease, and appe- 
 tite improved. Pig No. 10 worse and coughing, and does not eat any- 
 thing whatever, and Nos. 11, 12, and 13 hardly touch their food. 
 
 June 30. — No. 10 has diarrhea, and lies all day almost motionless in 
 its favorite corner. An egg put in the pen has disappeared, and must 
 have been eaten. Nos. 11, 12, and 13 hide in tlieir bedding, as usual, 
 and it takes considerable coaxing to indu.ce them to get up. All others 
 the same as before. 
 
 July 1. — No. 10 very low; has much diarrhea, and does not get up 
 unless compelled. Nos. 11, 12, and 13 eat a trifle. No. 11 has diarrhea, 
 and all have a tendency to hide their heads in the bedding; none of 
 them cough. All other pigs without any change. During the night 
 another heavy rainfall. 
 
 July 2. — No. 10 eats a little shelled corn, and seems to be more lively. 
 Nos. ll, 12, and 13 also appear to be a little better and eat some chopped 
 food (a small handful) and a little young clover. AU seem to be slightly 
 better and more lively ; at least none are worse. At noon No. 12 was 
 licking the floor (vitiated appetite, a frequent symptom), and a few 
 drops of carbolic acid poured down were greetUly licked up. 
 
 July 3. — All the smaller pigs — Nos. 10, 11, 12, and 13 — have diarrhea. 
 No. 10 coughs, but not often. Have heard none oi> the others cough. 
 No. 9 has somewhat better appetite, but is otherwise the same as 
 before. 
 
 Jtily 4.— No perceptible change. 
 
 July 5. — All of the small pigs eat just a mere trifle. No change. 
 
 July 6. — No change whatever. 
 
 July 7. — No. 10 eats a little, but is very dumpish and weak. Nos. 11, 
 12, and 13 have a bad diarrhea, and the first two are very much emaci- 
 ated. All three eat just a mere trifle, but do not seem to be thirsty, 
 while No. 10 commences to drink a good deal. No. 13, too, begins to 
 act a little dumpish, but less so than No. 10; whUe No. 11, apparently 
 the sickest pig in the lot and surely the most emaciated, is the liveliest, 
 and not dumpish at aU. 
 
 July 8.— No change since yesterday. No. 10, is very thirsty and eats 
 a little shelled corn. Nos. 11, 12, and 13 have not touched their food, 
 except in the evening^ when the three together consumed half a hand- 
 ful of corn-meal and ground oats mixed with water. 
 
 July 9. — No change. At 11 o'clock a. m. a tremendous storm. 
 
 July 10.— Pig No." 1 has diarrliea and is very weak. Nos. 1 1, 12, and 
 13 are also getting very wealc. No. 10 is thirsty and eats some shcUed 
 corn. 
 
 July 11.— No. 10- appears to be blind; it is ^'ery thirsty; its apiietite 
 
174 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 is rather increased, at least not diminished, but its excrements are 
 almost as thin as water. iSTo. 11, although the most emaciated, eats, per- 
 haps, more than either Nos. 12 or 13, which eat next to nothing. All 
 have diarrhea. 
 
 July 12. — No. 10 about the same as yesterday, perhaps more dumpish. 
 INos. 11, 12, and 13 emaciate rabidly and hardly touch their food. All 
 have diarrhea, but the discharges have yet a white yeUowis color. All 
 other pigs without any change. 
 
 July 13. — jSTo. 10 the same as yesterday, but more loath to get up, and 
 slower and more undecided in its movements. I^Tos. 11, 12, and 13 more 
 emaciated, and more diarrhea. All four pigs exceedingly weak, and 
 scarcely able to stand upon their legs. The others are unchanged and 
 apparently well, except 'So. 9, which is coughing, as usual. 
 
 July 14. — ISo. 10 very weak and trembling to and fro when rising. 
 No. 12, which was originally the best and strongest pig of the four, and 
 is less emaciated than any of the others, appears to-day to be the worst 
 of all ; it had a bad sneezing fit. No. 11 is exceedingly poor, but more 
 active than any of the others. Nos. 11 and 13 eat a little in my pres- 
 ence, but No. 12 cannot be prevailed upon to touch the choicest food — 
 an &gg and some young and juicy clover. Nos. 10, 12, and 13 have been 
 dumpish for several days and act as if their livers were affected. The 
 weather is very hot and sultry, and the thermometer shows 100° F. in 
 the shade. 
 
 July 15. — ^No visible changes in Nos. 10, 11, and 13, except that the 
 two latter — due, probably, to the cooler weather — show a little more 
 liveliness and eat a trifle. No. 12, though the least emaciated, and 
 originally the best and strongest pig, is to-day decidedly the sickest; 
 it reels and staggers and is scarcely able to stand. It has again had a 
 violent sneezing fit. No. 11, too, is very weak and can hardly stand, 
 but acts more lively than yesterday. 
 
 July 16. — Nos. 10 and 12 exceedingly weak, and can rise and stand 
 only with difSculty. Neither of them touch their food. No. 10 drinks 
 some. No. 12 had another severe sneezing and coughing fit, and has 
 undoubtedly lung worms [Strongylus paradoxus). No. 13 eats a little and 
 drinks a good deal! The urine of No. 12 is of a yellowish-brown color. 
 
 July 17. — Pigs Nos. 11 and 13 a trifle livelier, and eat and drink some. 
 No. 12 evidently still worse, and perfectly blind ; one eye is closed en- 
 tirely, and the other nearly so. No. 10 is very thirsty, and otherwise 
 the same as before. Pig No. 3 is unusually quiet ; but eats and drinks 
 well. 
 
 July 18.— Pigs'Nos. 11 and 12 more lively, but to the utmost emaci- 
 ated, especially No. 11, which is nothing but skin and bones. No. 12 
 drinks a little, but takes no food, and cannot rise without assistance. 
 No. 10 is .declining more and more, and its diarrhea is getting fetid. Of 
 late it has been drinking considerably, but has not taken any food, and 
 cannot be prevailed upon to get up. No. 9 is still coughing, but eats 
 its food ; and No. 3, formerly a noisy pig, remains unusually quiet, but 
 has good appetite, and shows no symptoms of disease. All others 
 apparently healthy. 
 
 July 19.— Pig No. 10 discharges a large number' of worms {Ascariden) ; 
 No. 11 is exceedingly weak, No. 12 has violent coughing fits, and No. 13 
 is improving. 
 
 July 20.— No. 10 is very weak; has eaten very Utile, if anything, since 
 last night, and don't Keem to have as much desire to drink. ' No. 11 is so 
 weak as to fall down wlien slightly pushed while .standing. No. 12 is 
 exceedingly dumpish, emaciates very fast, and has no appetite what- 
 
^.-UiMAUluus JJlHJiAHJiiS OF JJOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 175 
 
 ever. No. 13 is improving. Killed IsTo. 11 by bleediug at 8 o'clock a. m. 
 [cr. account of post mortem examination E"o. 9). Inoculated at noon pigs 
 IN OS. 1 a, J, and 3 with tlie pulmonary exudation of pig 'No. 11. 
 
 Juhj 21._Pig No. 10 exceedingly Aveak and very dull, but eat« and 
 arinks some. Pig No. 12 is very low ; will rise only if helped on its legs, 
 and then immediately lies down again. Pig No. 13 decidedly imjirov- 
 lug, is getting frisky, eats some, and drinks a good deal. All other nios 
 as usual. '- " 
 
 July 23 and 23.— Hatdly any change in any. of the pigs, except No. 13, 
 which IS getting better, and gaining strength and appetite. 
 
 July 24.— Pig No. 10 died in the forenoon {cf. account of post mortem 
 examination No. 10). Pig No. 12 is very low, and hardly able to mo\e, 
 when helped on its legs. No. 13 is improving. 
 
 July 25.— Pig No. 12 very low. No. 13 eats and drinks well, and 
 although very lean, hardly anything but skin and bones, is Uvely and 
 even playful. All other pigs are doing well. 
 
 July 26.— No essential changes. Pig No. 12 cannot walk, but took 
 some water when carried to the trough. All other pigs doing weU. 
 
 July 27. — Pig No. 12 dead at noon (for morbid changes see account of 
 post mortem examination No. 11). No changes visible in any of the other 
 pigs. 
 
 At this date my experiments became interrupted by sickness, and my 
 experunental pigs, Nos. 1 A, IB, 2, 3, 9, 6, 7, 8 A, 8 B, and 13, were 
 taken care of by Mr. Seymour, a student of the Illinois Industrial Uni- 
 versity, till August 4, and after that date by Mr. Lawrence, head farmer 
 of the same University. According to Mr. Seymour none of the pigs 
 showed any symptoms of active disease on August 4 ; so it must be sup- 
 posed that the inoculation of pigs Nos. 1 A, 2, and 3, made July 20, was 
 not followed by any new attack. In the afternoon of August 4, a very 
 hot day, the pigs, with the exception of No. 13, were removed from the 
 experimental pig-pen to the University farm. Pigs Nos. 6 and 7, two 
 large sows, both in good condition, but weak and very much damaged 
 by swine plague — both of them had a severe attack, and I have reason 
 to suppose that nearly half of the tissue of their lungs was degenerated 
 (hepatized) — it seems have been roughly handled by Mr. Lawrence's 
 hired man, who removed them ; at any rate, one of the sows died the 
 same day, and the other one next morning. A post mortem examina- 
 tion was not made. 
 
 Pig No. 13 was cared for by Mr. Leal during my sickness, and kept 
 on his premises, where it was fed with kitehen offal and corn. 
 
 On August 21 I was able to resume my work, engaged new pigs, 
 looked about for suitable material for inoculation, and made arrange- 
 ments to have my exi^erimental pig-pen moved away from the Univer- 
 sity grounds to a private lot belonging to Mr. Leal, who gave me per- 
 mission to do so. The moving of the pig-pen had become necessary, 
 because during my sickness the Veterinary Infirmary building, in which 
 I had to get the water for my pigs, had been moved to another place, 
 which dei">rived me of water. 
 
 Aiic/iist 23. — Bought four very nice and perfectly healthy Berkshire 
 pigs, belonging to the same litter, about 3 months old, of Hon. J. E. 
 Scott, of Champaign. 
 
 August 25. — Ecceived my pigs from Mv. Scott, and, as my pig-pen had 
 not yet been moved, put them teuiiiorarily in Mr. Leal's cow-shed. They 
 ^vrve then numbered 14, 15, 10, and 17. After se\'eral fruitless attempts 
 to obtain umterial, I visited diseased herds of swine on August 22, 23, 
 and 24j but found the disease everywhere of such a mild character that 
 
176 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 I did not deem it expedient to take any material for inoculation and 
 other experimental purposes. I succeeded in getting material at Mr. 
 Bailey's farm (c/. account of post mortem examination Kos. 12 and 13). 
 Inoculated at 5 o'clock p. m., in the usual way and with material (lung- 
 exudatiou) of Mr. Bailey's pig No. 1 (old experimental pig), 'So. 13, and 
 new pigs Nos. 14, 15, and IC. Pig No. 17, the smallest of the lot, had 
 escaped from the cow-shed, and was not inoculated. 
 
 August 26 and 27. — No reaction. 
 
 August 28. — Succeeded in getting the experimental pig-pen moved to 
 Mr. Leal's grounds, and disposed the pigs as follows : No. 13 in pen No. 
 6, No. 14 in pen No. 3, No. 15 and No. 16 in pen No. 4, and No. 17, the 
 one not inoculated, in pen No. 7. No change. and no reaction in any of 
 the pigs. 
 
 August 29. — Commenced carbolic acid treatment with pigs Nos. 15 and 
 16, and gave three times a day, each time about 9 or 10 drops of a 95 
 per cent, solution to the two pigs. Pigs Nos. 13 and 14 received no 
 medicines. All pigs apparently healthy, except No. 13, which is yet thin, 
 has not grown any, and is still suiferiug from the morbid changes left 
 behind by its severe attack of swine plague in July. It has, however, 
 a good appetite, and is lively and active. 
 
 A'ttgust 30. — No changes. 
 
 August 31. — Eeceived back fi'om Mr. Lawrence the old experimental 
 pigs Nos. 1 A, 1 B, 2, 3, 9, 8 A, and 8 B. Nos. 6 and 7 had died on his 
 hands on August 4, 5, respectively, as mentioned before. All pigs are 
 doing well, but have grown very little, if any. No. 9 is still coughing 
 occasionally, and suffering from the morbid changes left behind by its 
 continued attack of swine plague. It is small and runty. After a very 
 droughty season of several weeks' duration the first rain occurred to- 
 day. 
 
 September 1. — All pigs doing well; heard Nos. 14 and 15 cough. It is 
 raining. 
 
 September 2. — More rain. No change observable in the pigs. 
 
 September 3. — Very big rain. Pigs Nos. 14 and 13 do not seem to have 
 as good appetite as usual — do not eat much. All other pigs are well. 
 
 September 4. — No change in any of the pigs. 
 
 September 5. — Hea^'y dew in the morning . None of the pigs show any 
 plain symptoms of active disease ; No. 14, though, does not eat well — 
 eats about half a meal. 
 
 September 6 and 7. — No essential change. 
 
 September 8. — Pigs all right, except No. 14, which has poor appetite, 
 and is not as lively as the others. It was at first slightly the largest and 
 heaviest, but is not noAV. 
 
 September 9. — No essential change. The weather is cold and clear. 
 Carbolic acid treatment of pigs Nos. 15 and 16, which are doing well in 
 every respect, and always hungry, is discontinued. 
 
 September 10. — All pigs doing well, except No. 14, which every day 
 eats some, but has a very unsatisfactory appetite, and is not near as 
 active and lively as any of the others of the same litter. It is somewhat 
 emaciated, and is now the smallest of the young pigs. No. 13 is active 
 and has good appetite, but on account of the old morbid changes does 
 not grow and in^prove in flesh. Pound a small abscess on the right ear 
 of pig No. 13, at tlie point at which the inoculation was uuule. The al)- 
 scess— about as large as a siunll luxzel-juif — contained thick, whitisli 
 matter. Pigs Nos. 13 and 14 cough occasionally. 
 
 Septciiiber 18.— Not being able to obtain suitable material for inocula- 
 tion and other expermreutal purposes in the neighborhood of Cham- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMEST^v ^riiD ANIMALS. 
 
 I i 
 
 
 
 paigu, I went to Effingham county, where swine plague was reiioited to 
 be existing in a malignant form, and obtained some at I. Martin's ])lace 
 near Mason (sea post-mortem examination No. 14), and inoculated, on ' 
 
 M^^ember 19, Pigs ITos. 1 A, 1 B, 2, 3, 8 A, 8 B, 9, 13, 14, 15, and 10. 
 J. ig JN 0. 17 was not inoculated. Performed the operations in the follow- 
 ing manner: The tip of the pig's ear was taken in the left hand, and 
 the point of a narrow-bladed knife, pointing toward the root of the ear 
 was inserted about half an inch deep, between the external skin and the 
 cartilage of the ear, so as to form a small pocket. The knife withdrawn 
 a pipette, containing lung- exudation, was inserted in the pocket, the 
 latter a little deepened by slight pressure upon the pipette, and a few 
 drops of exudation dropped in by withdrawing the pipette. Commenced 
 again at noon to give three times a day, each time about 9 or 10 drops 
 of carbolic acid to pigs Nos. 15 and 16. The other pigs do not receive 
 any medicine. No. 14 has very poor appetite, and is thin in the flanks 
 and somewhat emaciated, yet eats a little at every meal, and, thougli 
 evidently diseased, does not seem to be very sick. 
 
 September 20. — 'Eo change. 
 
 September 21 to 30. — ^No essential change in any of the pigs. All the 
 older pigs especially do not seem to react in the least upon the inocula- 
 tion. Pigs Nos. 14, 15, and 16, but particularly the first (No. 14), show 
 somewhat diminished appetite. No. 14 has considerably emaciated, and 
 is thin, but No. 15 and 16 are in very good condition and have not lost 
 any flesh; they are as round and chubby as before, but have not grown 
 much. The carbolic acid treatment was continued till September 30, at 
 which date it was stopped. 
 
 October 1 to 12. — ^No change. All pigs are doing well, and none of 
 them show any symptoms indicating the existence of acute disease. 
 
 October 13. — Again had to go to Effingham county for fresh material, 
 and obtained some at the farm of Mr. Munday, who lives between Bfdng- 
 ham and Watson {of. account of post-mortem examination No. 15), and 
 inoculated, on arriving at my experimental station at 4 o'clock p. m., 
 pigs Nos. 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 in the old manner, by means of a small 
 inoculation needle. No. 17 had never been inoculated before. 
 
 October 14. — Fed the lungs, some lymphatic glands, and other tissues 
 of Mr. Munday's pig, to pigs Nos. 1 A, 1 B, 2, 3, 8 A, 8 B, and 9. 
 
 November 3. — As none of the experimental pigs have shown any symp- 
 toms of active disease, I concluded to obtain fresh material from some 
 other place, and went to Oquawka, Henderson county, Illinois, where, 
 according to information received, swine plague was prevailing in a ma- 
 lignant form. 
 
 November 4, 5, and 6. — Yisited several herds, and finally procured 
 material at Mr. Beaty's farm {of. account of post-mortem examination 
 No. 16), on November 6. Starting for Champaign, of rather Urbana, 
 immediately, I arrived there in the night. 
 
 November 7. — Inoculated in the usual manner pigs Nos. 13, 14, 15, 10, 
 and 17, giving each pig four punctures. The right lobe of the lungs 
 and some other morbid tissues of Mr. Munday's pig were fed to the 
 older experimental pigs, and the left lobe was photographed (see photo- 
 graph, Plate III). Nest day I had to leave for Chicago, and left the 
 pigs under the superintendence of my friend, Prof. F. W. Prentice, M. 
 D., of the Illinois Industrial University. On November 17 I received 
 notice of one of the pigs being sick, and went to Champaign on Novem- 
 ber 20, when I found pig No. 17 coughing, short of breath— each respi- 
 ration causing a slight pumping motion of the flanks — and shivering. 
 Pig No. 13 had died. This pig, as has been related, had a severe attack 
 13 c D 
 
■178 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 of swine plague in July, and since that time Lad been inoculated four 
 times (August 25, September 19, October 13, and November 7) without 
 eifect, but the morbid changes left behind by the first attack caused it 
 to be very weak, and evidently interfered with the process of nutrition. 
 Tlic pig remained poor and did not grow. By the very cold weather of 
 tlie last few days one of its feet, it seems, became frozen, and its pen- 
 lunte, pig Ko. 14 (it must be mentioned that pig 'No. 13 had to give up 
 its pen to one of the older pigs, when the latter was retui'ned by Mr. 
 Liiwreuce, and was put together with No. 14), though a younger pig, 
 but heavier and stronger, probably attacked and wounded the frozcu 
 foot. The frost did the rest. On the morning of the 18th of November 
 ])ig No. 13 was found dead, frozen stiff, and the toes of one foot par- 
 tially eaten off. The pont-mortem examination, which Avas made Novem- 
 ber liO, was very difficult on account of the ftozen condition of the car- 
 cass. The morbid changes found consisted, besides considerable swell- 
 ing, of congestion and inliammation in one foot and leg, and other effects 
 of freezing, exclusively of such as were left behind by the attack of 
 swine plague in July, and were as follows : 
 
 In the chest evidences of old hepatization in both lobes of the lungs, 
 extending in the right lobe to about one-fifth or one-sixth, and in the left 
 one to about one-third of the whole lung tissue, and some serum in the 
 chest and in the pericardium. In the abdominal cavity considerable 
 , enlargement of the liver, and in the interior of that organ in several 
 places cavities (dilatations) in the hepatic ducts. These dilatations 
 : presented themselves as roundish and oval cavities of the size of a 
 hazelnut, and, it must be presumed, have been caused and been occu- 
 ; pied by worms {cf. post-mortem examination of two of the mates of this 
 ipig — experimental pigs Nos. 10 and 12). 
 
 AU other experimental pigs appeared to be healthy. Nos. 1 A, 1 B, 
 2, 3, 8 A, 8 B, and 9, being of no more use as experimental pigs, were 
 sold on November 20, and taken away on November 24. 
 
 Visited my experimental pigs again on December 1, and found pig 
 No. 17 very thin, though not very much emaciated, and yet ailing ; No. 
 14 was still poor, and Nos. 15 and 16 all right in every respect. 
 
 Summary.— Pig No. 1 A. 
 
 Jpril 12. — Eeceivpd a few drops of dried blood (of Mr. Dillon's pig) in its 'n-ater for 
 drinking. 
 
 May 3. — Inoculated witli swine plague scliizophytsB, cultivated in albumen. 
 
 Julti 20. — Inoculated witb. lung-exudation. 
 
 Septeniber 19. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 
 Octoier 14. — Fed witb morbid tissues. 
 
 Novcniber 7. — ^Fed witb. morbid tissues. (This pig never showed ia\jplai7i sj'mptouis 
 of swine plague, and it is doubtfiil whether it had a slight attack in April or not.) 
 
 Pig No. 1 B. 
 
 April 12.— Received, together with 1 A, a few drops of dried blood (of Dillon's pig) in' 
 its water for drinking. 
 
 JpHl 18. — Showed first symptoms of a mild attack of swino plague, from whicli it 
 soon recovered. 
 
 May 2. — Inoculated with swino plague, schizophytas cultivated in albumen. 
 
 September 19. — Inoculated with lung exudation. 
 
 October 14. — Fed with morbid tissues. 
 
 November 7. — Fed with morbid tissues. 
 
 Pig No. 2 A (afterwards No. 2). 
 
 Jpril 14. — Inoculated with SAvine-plague schizophytse, cultivated in fresh milk. 
 April 24.— Fir.st symptoms of a mild attack, from which it soon recovered. 
 May 1. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 May 7-21.— Treated with carbolic acid. 
 
CONTAGIOUS BISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 179 
 
 May 24.— Inoculated with lung-exndatlon. 
 May 24 to Juvs 8.— Treated -witli cirliolic acul. 
 Juno 16.— Inoculated -with luiig-c.xiuliitiou. 
 July 20. — Inoculated frith lung-exudation. 
 bepiemier 19.— Inoculated with Uiug-oxudatiou. 
 Ooloher 14.— Fed with morbid tissuo.s. 
 November 7.— Fed with morbid tissues. 
 
 Pig No. 2 B (altcrjvards No. 'J). 
 
 Jpril 14.— Inoculated with swinc-plague schizophytx, cultivated in water. 
 
 April 24.— First symptoms of a mild attack of swino nlaguo. 
 
 May 1-21. — Treated with carholic acid. 
 _ May 3.— Transferred to pen No. 5, in which pig No. 5 had died, and thus exposed to 
 infection. ^ 
 
 May 7. — Increased symptoms of disease. 
 
 May 24. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 
 May 31. — Increased symptoms of swine plague; the disease assumes a chronic form. 
 
 June 16. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 
 September 19. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 
 October 14. — Fed with morbid tissues. 
 
 November 7. — Fed with morbid tissues. (This pig uevov fully recovered, but had no 
 plain relapse after June 1.) 
 
 Pig No. 3. 
 
 May 1. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 May 1-21. — Treated with iodino-solntion. 
 May 24. — Inocuhvted with lung-exucTation. 
 June 16. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 July 30. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 September 19. — Inoculated with lung-exudatjon. 
 October 14. — Fed with morbid tissues. 
 
 November 7.— Fed with morbid tissues. (Pig never showed any plain symptoms of 
 Bwiue plague.) 
 
 ^ Pig No. 4. 
 
 April 7. — Inoculated with lung-exndation. 
 A2Jril 12. — First plain symptoms of swine plague. 
 Ajjril 24. — Death. 
 
 Pig No. 5. 
 
 April 7. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 April 11. — First plain symptoms of swine plague. 
 April 30. — Death. 
 
 Pig No. 6. 
 
 April 29. — First plain symptoms of swine x'lagno. 
 3Iay 24. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 June 16. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 August 4. — Death from over-exertion in hot weather. 
 
 Pig No. 7. 
 
 April 12, 15, 19, 22.— Fed with swine-plague schizophytEe, cultivated in albumen. 
 
 April 25. — First plain symptoms of swine plague. 
 
 May 24. — Inoculated with lung-esudatiori. 
 
 Jwie 16. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 
 August 5. — Death from over-exertion in hot weather. 
 
 Pig No. 8 A and Pig No. 8 B. 
 
 May 2 1.— Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 
 Maij 24 to June 8.— Treated with benzoato of soda. 
 
 June 16. — Tiiooulated with lung-exudation. 
 
 September 19.^nooulated with lung-exudation. 
 
 October 14. — Fed with infectious materiidl (morbid tissue). 
 
 November 7.— Fed with morbid tissue. 
 
 Pig No. 10. 
 
 June 16.— Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 June 21.— First plain symptoms of swine plague 
 July 24.— Death". 
 
180 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ASflMALS, 
 
 Pig No. 11. 
 
 June 16.— Inoculated with lung-exudatiou. 
 Jmie 21.— First plain symptoms of swine plaRue. . 
 jn„e 25.— Commenced treatment with carbolic acid. 
 July 'iO. — Deatli. 
 
 Pig No. 12. 
 
 June 16.— Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 June 21.— First i)lain symptoms of swine plague. 
 June 2.^.— Treatment with carbolic acid commenced. 
 July 27.— Death. 
 
 Pig No. 13. 
 
 June 24.— First plain symptoms of swine plague. 
 June 25. — Treatment with carbolic acid commenced. 
 August 25.— Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 Septemier 19.— Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 Octoier 13.— Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 Novenibet- 7.— Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 Novemler 18.— Death caused by frost. 
 
 Pig No. 14. 
 
 August 25. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 
 Sexiteniber 8.— First symptoms of a mild attack of swine plague. 
 
 September 19.— Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 
 Octoier 13. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 
 Noveniber 7. — Inoculated with hmg-exudation. 
 
 Pig No. 15 and Pig No. 16. 
 
 August 25. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 August 29 to September 9.— Carbolic-acid treatment. 
 Sept&riber 19.— Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 September 19-30.— Carbolic-acid treatment. 
 Octoier 13. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 
 Novcmier 7.— Inoculated with lung-exudation. (The two pigs never exhibited any 
 lilain symptoms of swine plague.) 
 
 Pig No. 17. 
 
 Octoier 13.— Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 November 7. — Inoculated with lung-exudation. 
 
 November 20. — Plain symptoms, but probably not the first, of a mild attack of swine 
 plague. 
 
 KESTJLTS OF EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 Tlie results of these experiments are in perfect accord "witli my former 
 observations, and do not sliow that swine plague is or will be commu- 
 nicated through the whole (not lesioued) skin, or through the uninjured 
 respiratory mucous membranes of a healthy animal, even if it is sur- 
 rounded by and has to breathe the same atmosphere in which an ani- 
 mal diseased with swine plague is breathing. As early as April 12 I 
 had two genuine and malignant cases of swine plague (both had a fatal 
 termination) in my experimental pig-i)en in which all pigs, eleven in 
 number on that date, were under one roof, separated only by rough 
 board partitions, none too tight, and not more than 3 feet 10 inches high. 
 Moreover, I inoculated iirst those pigs which occupied the two south 
 pens, Nos. 4and 5, knowing thatinthe spring and summer morewindmust 
 be expected from the south and from the southwest than from any other 
 direction. The effluvia from the sick pigs, therefore, was driven almost 
 constantly into the other pens. Afterwards pigs Kos. 4 and 5 died, and 
 both pens were again occupied by two very sick pigs; pen No. 4 by i)ig 
 Ifo. 10, which died after about a month's illness, and i^en ISTo. 5 by pig 
 ITo. 9, in which the disease became clironic. IS'otwithstandiug all this, 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 181 
 
 iioueor the pigs not inoculated or otlicrwiKO purposely iufecte<l ■.xudfrce 
 jrom external aores or wounds beciuue infected. It is true ])i"' No. G cdu- 
 tracteu SAvme plague before it had bceu iuoculated by occupying peu 
 JNo. 6 ^vhicU joins No. 5, but pig No. G liad a sore nose; it I'laib been 
 ringed, and external sores, as bas before been shown, are liable to at- 
 tract and absorb the swine-plague schizophyta), which may happoi to 
 be tloatmg in the air, even if the diseased animals from which they come 
 are quite a distance off. Pig No. 13, too, became infected by associa- 
 tion with pigs Nos. 10, 11, and 12 (all three inoculated and diseased) in 
 the same pen, but all four pigs had to eat and to drink out of the same 
 trough, and all, pig-fasMon, not only soiled their noses with their own 
 excretions and those of their companions, but also put their dirty feet iuto 
 the trough at every meal. Hence, it is more than probable that pig No. 
 13 consumed food and water contaminated, with an abundance of swine- 
 plague schizophytae, voided or discharged with the excrements and urine 
 of the inoculated and diseased pigs, and may be also with their saUva 
 and mucus discharges from the nose. The case of pig No. 13 proves also 
 another thing, viz., that swine plague can be communicated, and that 
 swine-plague schizophytae are already discharged during the stage of 
 colonization (period of incubation), or before plain morbid symptoms 
 can be observed, because, as appears from the accounts of pigs Nos. 10, 
 11, 12, and 13, the latter must have become infected before the others 
 showed any plain symptoms of disease, or the stage of colonization must 
 have been an uncommonly short one in pig No. 13. All four pigs, as 
 has been mentioned, were raised by the Hon. J. E. Scott, president of 
 the Illinois State Board of Agriculture, and the rest of the litter, five 
 pigs, are yet, at any rate a few weeks ago, in his possession, and have 
 never been ailing. Neither has Mr. Scott had any disease among his 
 swine for over a year, and may be for over two years. So the animal 
 cannot have been infected when I received it. 
 
 2. The value of carbolic acid and of other antiseptics as preventives of 
 swine plague, if used in time, immediately after an infection has taken 
 place, and before any morbid changes have developed, has been con- 
 firmed by the results of my experiments {cf. account of experimental 
 pigs Nos. 2 A, 2 B, 3, 7, 8 «, 8 B, 15, and 16). It is true, Nos. 2 A and 
 2 B (the latter not fully) had recovered from a mild attack of swine 
 plague, brought on by an inoculation with cultivated schizophytte, when 
 the second inoculation was made and the carbolic-acid treatment com- 
 menced with, and if such a mild attack is, in a majority of cases, sufti- 
 cient to produce immunity, as seems to be the case, it is possible that 
 pig No. 2 A might not have contracted the disease after the second inoc- 
 ulation if no carbolic acid had been tised. Pig No. 2 B had not fully 
 recovered. The morbid process was yet active, and morbid changes 
 were existing when subjected to the carbolic-acid treatment, and the 
 carbolic acid, it seems, had the effect of checking the impetus which the 
 morbid process received when the animal was transferred to the thor- 
 oughly infected pen No. 5, and compelled to eat the food left there, 
 which had been contaminated by pig No. 5. Pig No. 2 B was thus exposed 
 to a very severe infection, which, due undoubtedly to the carbolic acid 
 treatment, had very little effect, although the animal evidently had not 
 lost its predisposition, because, after a third far less severe and lasting 
 infection inoculation on May 24, an exacerbation became visible May 31. 
 Pig No. 7 had recovered from a rather severe attack, when it was inoc- 
 ulated with lung-exudation on May 24, and subjected to the carbolic- 
 acid treatment; it is therefore possible, and even probable, that the 
 inoculation, on account of the previous attack, would have remained. 
 
182 CONTACIOUS DISKASES OF DOMESTICATED AlmiALS. 
 
 incliective, if jio cavbolic aciil Ijad been used. The same, after auotlicr 
 iiiociilatioii, made .luiie JO, liad its a]))ietite disturbed, and may have 
 Lad a \'ery .sligiit attack, but tlie latter is doul)tiul. Tliere exists, Iioav- 
 ever, no uiiceitaiuty in regard to pigs IsTos. 15 and 16. They were treated 
 with. carboKc acid soon after the first inoculation, and neither the first 
 nor any of the three subsequent inoculations (c/. account of those pigs) 
 produced auy morbid changes. I saw those pigs again on December 
 1, and found them thrifty, healthy, and in a good condition, which 
 proves that they never suflered from swine plague, because every attack, 
 no matter how mild, always leaves some traces behind, and more or less 
 retards the growth and development of the animal. Every other one of 
 the experimental pigs that contracted the disease and recovered, even 
 pig No. 1 A, of which it is not certain whether it had a mild attack or 
 not, but probably had after the first infection, has become more or less 
 stunted, and is not near as thrifty as a healthy pig. 
 
 The carbolic-acid treatment, however, is of not much use it not com- 
 menced with before i^lain symptoms of swine plague have made their 
 appearance, or, what is the same, before serious morbid changes have 
 been produced {cf. account of experimental i)igs ISTos. 11, 13, and 1.3), be- 
 cause the cavbolic acid cannot repair those morbid changes which, in 
 many cases at least, very soon develop sufficiently to make a continua- 
 tion of life impossible, or to cause death by exhaustion, even if the ac- 
 tivity of the morbid process is iuterrupted, or its cause removed or 
 neutralized before the disease has reached its acme or greatest violence 
 {cf. account of post-mortem examination No. 9 of pig No. 11). It must 
 "be mentioned, however, that pigs Nos. 11, 13, and 13 were very irregu- 
 lar in driuking, and took but very little food while sick, therefore tliey 
 did not regularly consume their allotted doses of carbolic acid, and on 
 several days took next to nothing, or not anything at all. 
 
 Benzoate of soda was tried, and proved to be a good preventive {cf. 
 account of jJigs Nos. 8 A and 8 IJ), but its hiftli price forbids its use in a 
 large herd of swine. 
 
 The iodine treatment of ])i8' No. 3 has also given very good results, 
 but experimenting with iodine was not continued, because it was found 
 that a continued use of iodine interferes with tlie organic change of 
 matter, decreases the secretions and excretions, and seriously diminishes 
 the appetite and the desire to drink ; consequently a continued use of 
 iodine, it must be supposed, will materially reduce the growth and thrif- 
 tiness of the animal. 
 
 More experiments with preventives might have been made, and those 
 made might have been repeated, but to do so would have required a 
 large number of experimental pigs, and besides that, it was nearly al- 
 ways, and particularly in the latter part of the season, very difficult to 
 procure reliable material (from a malignant case) when wanted. Those 
 places where the disease, according to the best information obtainable, 
 was existing in a malignant form — the central part of Northern Iowa, 
 for instance— were too far off, and to move the experimental station 
 would not only have been expensive, but would also have caused nuich 
 loss of time. Besides that, the first symptoms of the disease are well 
 known by nearly every one, and wherever it makes its appearance the 
 farmers, as a rule, hasten to sell off every pig they have on the place; 
 hence a great scarcity of reliable material even in badly infected districts. 
 
 3. The results of my experiments corroborate the correctness of my 
 former observations, th at a healthy pig, one that never had swine plague, 
 will almost invariably contract that disease if inoculated with the lung- 
 exudation of a pig affected with swine plague, provided no measures of 
 
COXTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. ' 183 
 
 preTGiition are a])i)licd. I say " almost" iu\'arial)ly, because experimen- 
 tal j)ig- No. 17 ajipareiitly iiiakes an exception ; it did not take the disease 
 atter tlie iirst iuoculatiou with material from Mr. Mimday's pig, and it 
 seems that several circumstances combined to make that inoculation in- 
 eifective. In the first place, pig No. 17 seemed to possess an uncommon 
 resistibility, or very little predisposition, because it took the disease 
 only in a very mild form after the second inoculation with material from 
 Mr. Beaty's pig. Secondly, the material used for the first inoculation, 
 although the best I was able to obtain, was from a pig which had a com- 
 paratively mild attack, had been aihng for some time, had passed the 
 height of the disease, had regained more or less appetite, and was al- 
 ready recovering, or, at least, was better than it had been. The mate- 
 rial (lung-exudation), therefore, may have lacked sufBcientvigor, although 
 swine-plague schizophytse were present. Other schizophytte, dacteria 
 ternio and bacteria Uneola, however, also made their appearance in an 
 uncommonly short time (see drawings), and although not found in the 
 lung-exudation when the inoculation was made, it is not certain, judg- 
 ing by later developnaents, that their germs did not erast, and it is not 
 impossible that the same, if existing, may have interfered with a proper 
 development of the swine-plague schizmoycetes. In explan ation it must 
 be stated that I had a new, large, and perfectly clean salt-mouthed bot- 
 tle with a new rubber stopper when I went to Mr. Munday's place, but 
 when ready to make the 2>ost-mortem examination, I found that the bot- 
 tle, which was in a satchel, had become broken in the wagon on the 
 rough roads. I was therefore obliged to procure from Mr. Munday 
 another bottle for the morbid tissues I wished to take with me, and ob- 
 tained one which had been used for preserves, and, although carefully 
 rinsed with water, may have contained, hidden in the cork perhaps, 
 some termo and Uneola germs. 
 
 The results of my exiieriments show further that an attack of swine 
 plague of which the animal recovers produces immunity from the effect 
 of subsequent infections in most cases, but not in all. Some pigs will 
 contract the disease a second and even a third time, especially if inocu- 
 lated, or exposed to an infection before they have fully recovered {ef. 
 account of experimental ijig No. 2 B, afterwards No. 9), but the second 
 or third affection, it seems, is always a comparatively mild one, and 
 does not become fatal. Hence the first affection with swine plague 
 gives the animal, after its recovery, always some protection against a 
 subsequent infection by mitigating the morbid process, and in many, 
 perhaps a large majority of cases, produces an almost complete immu- 
 nity. I say- "an almost complete immunity," because a pig that has re- 
 covered from an attack of swine plague wiU usually show some slight 
 reaction if again inoculated or otherwise infected, although no morbid 
 changes may be produced {ef. the summary of experiments which shows 
 how often, and at what times each one of the experimental pigs was in- 
 oculated and fed with infectious material, and that only one of the pigs 
 which survived the first attack contracted the disease often er than 
 once, and each time before it had fully recovered). 
 
 4. The two inoculations with cultivated material, swine plague schi- 
 zophytae cultivated in milk and in water respectively, proved to be effec- 
 tive, and, the same as in former cases, were followed by a mild attack. 
 Such, therefore, seems to be the rule, and as there can be no doubt that 
 an affection with swine plague, resulting from an inoculation with culti- 
 vated material, will afford just as much protection against subsequent 
 infection as any other attack of swine plague caused by an inoculation 
 with material directly from the body of a sick hog, or by natural infec- 
 
184 COXTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 tion; iuoculatious with cultivated material miglit be made iise of for the 
 purpose of lesseuiug the losses caused by the plague. But whether 
 such iuoculatious can be recommended from a practical standpoint is 
 quite another question. If a large herd of swine is inoculated with cul- 
 tivated swine plague schizophytte, cultivated, for instance, in milk, it 
 may be expected "that most of the animals will take the disease in a 
 mild form, and that the direct losses by death will be very few; but on 
 the other hand it is also possible that such a simultaneous outbreak of 
 swine plague in a whole herd, as would result from such a wholesale 
 inoculation, no matter how mild the cases originally may be, will cause 
 a considerable accumulation of the infectious principle (the swine- 
 plague schizophytse, and their germs) within the herd and on the 
 premises; and such being the case, it may be expected that many ani- 
 mals, whUe affected, will get a sufficient influx of the swine plague 
 schizophytse, with their food, their water for drinking, and sores or 
 wounds that may happen to exist, to make their case a lirotracted and 
 malignant, or even fatal one. Further, experience teaches that nearly 
 every pig that recovers from an attack of the plague, even if the same 
 is very mild, and only the result of an inoculation with cultivated ma- 
 terial, will become a runt or be stunted in its growth, and will never 
 pay its owner a full price for the food it consumes. The lymphatic 
 glands, or at least a great many of them, it seems, undergo more or less 
 permanent changes, which disqualify them to perform their functions as 
 fully as those of a perfectly healthy animal, and this alone is suflScient 
 to account for the disordered nutrition, even if the morbid changes, in- 
 variably produced in the lungs, are comparatively unimportant. 
 
 C. Swine plague in other animals. 
 
 By last year's investigation (c/. special report K"o. 22) it was found 
 that swine j)laguecan, under favorable circumstances, be communicated 
 to other mammals. Two years ago (c/. special report No. 12) I tried to 
 infect chickens with the disease by feeding them with morbid tissues of 
 a dead pig, but did not succeed. Last summer I repeated the same 
 experiment on a larger scale, and repeatedly fed large quantities of 
 very infectious morbid tissues, such as lungs, liver, heart, lymphatic 
 glands, intestines, blood, pieces of meat, &c., to quite a number of chick- 
 ens ; besides this the chickens consumed considerable corn refused and 
 made dirty by the experimental pigs, but not one of them contracted 
 the disease or exhibited any symptom of disease resembling swine plague. 
 So it may be safely concluded that chickens possess very little, if any, 
 predisposition to the disease, and are not likely to become infected ; 
 further, that the latter and so-called chicken cholera are entirely differ- 
 ent diseases, which have no causal connection whatever to each other. 
 
 7. The infectious peinciple. 
 
 To determine the true nature, and to learn as much as possible about 
 the characteristics and peculiarities of the infectious principle, the swine- 
 plague schizophytse has been one of my principal endeavors, because 
 any advance gained in that direction I considered as of the greatest 
 importance, not only to science, but also for practical purposes. If we 
 want to fight and to conquer an enemy, we must first know the same ; 
 consequently, if we want to fight swine plague we must know as much as 
 possible about its nature and cause. I have, therefore, endeavored to 
 procure the best objectives obtainable. Those principally used are a -pV 
 homogeneous immersion of Tolles, and a -jV also homogeneous immer- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 185 
 
 siou, uiadc a moutli ago wpecially lor my Avork by tlic Kaujo reiiOAVuecI 
 maker. 
 
 As to a proper generic name of the swine-plague scliizopliytai, I am 
 at at loss. The principal authorities on such low forms of life, Cohn, 
 Klebs, and others, who have attempted a classification/ do not agree as 
 to where the generic lines ought to be drawn. At any rate, the schizo- 
 phytiB of swine plague do not fit into any of the genera proposed. 
 They are not bacteria, because the single cells are round; they can 
 hardly be considered as micrococci, because in their developed form they 
 are bispherical ; and they cannot be classed among the bacilli, on ac- 
 count of their forming zooglcea masses. 1 have, therefore, preferred to 
 use that name which, without any serious contradiction, is given to the 
 whole family, viz : schizophytse, or the older but less appropriate name, 
 introduced by ISTaegeli, schizomycetes. 
 
 As farther proof that the swine-plague schizophytae and nothing else 
 constitute the infectious principle of SAvine plague, I can offer the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 1. Inoculations with swine-plague schizophytae cultivated in water 
 and in fresh milk (c/. account of esperimental pigs ITos. 3 A and 2 B), 
 though productive only of a mild attack, proved to be effective, and 
 feeding swine-i)lague schizophytse cultivated in albumen to a healthy 
 pig produced in due time a comparatively severe attack of swine plague 
 {cf. account of experimental piglsTo. 7). 
 
 2. Open sores, wounds, and scratches attract and absorb the infectious 
 princij)le if floating in the air [of. account of experimental pig IsTo. 7, and 
 of Mr. Beaty's herd, visited in ISTovember). 
 
 3. Certain antiseptics or medicinnes which i^ossess the property of 
 being either directly poisonous to low forms of organic life (schizo- 
 phytfe), or destructive to those conditions which are necessary to the 
 existence, growth, and development of those minute forms, and among 
 them jiarticularly carbolic acid, iodine, hyposulphite of soda, benzoate 
 of soda, &c., have proved almost sure preventives. As the chemical 
 properties and affinities of those antiseptics are very dissimilar and en- 
 tirely different, but as they all possess properties which are inimical and 
 more or less destructive to the growth and development of schizophytae 
 (micrococci, bacteria, and bacilli), it cannot very well be claimed that 
 those antiseptics have proved to be eificient preventives, because the 
 same have decomposed or neutralized a chemical xixxxs, and not poisoned 
 or ];irevented from developing something endowed with vitality and 
 power of propagation. 
 
 4. The condition of the blood which, with the exception of containing 
 schizophytte mostly in shape of micrococci, is never essentially changed 
 or presents anything abnormal until the morbid changes in the affected 
 parts or tissues have become very extensive, and by interfering with the 
 processes of nuitrition and respii'ation have produced an abnormal com- 
 position of the blood. Consequently it cannot be a chemical virus or 
 mysterious chemical something, which one would suppose would first 
 act upon the blood. Further, the morbid changes in the lungs, in the 
 skin, and in other parts, if closely examined, will show that they are the 
 results primarily, at least, of obstructions in the capillaries, and as 
 nothing else capable of causing obstruction in the capillaries has been 
 found than the schizophytae and their zooglcea masses, it cannot be 
 presumed that the latter, but something that is invisible, absent, or 
 spirit-like, and never yet shown, has caused the mischief and brought 
 about the obstructions. Besides, the zooglcea masses or coccoglia ar6 
 never absent in the affected tissues. 
 
186 ■ CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 
 
 5. Tlio oppuuexil.s of tiic .so-calle<I "sorin theory" of diseases, well 
 kuowiiig that a. comi)]etc .separation of the schizophyta'. (micrococci, 
 bacteria, or bacilli, as the case may be) fiom the animal tissues aucl 
 fluids is impossible, demand absolute i^roof, without offering any evi- 
 dence whatever' in support of their own "theories," or even demonstrat- 
 ing the existence of anything akin to what they claim constitutes the 
 cause and infectious principle of infectious diseases. If conclusions 
 may be drawn from an analogy between infectious diseases of plants 
 and animals. Prof. T. J. Burrill, of the Illinois Industrial University, 
 Champaign, 111., being more favored by the nature of the objects of 
 his investigations — apple-trees, pear trees, &c. — has furnished almost 
 absolute proof in support of the so called " germ theory," when he found 
 and proved that the so-called " blight" of apple and pear trees and the 
 so-called "yellows" of peaches are caused and si^read by schizophytse 
 somewhat similar in size and superficial appearance, but not identical, 
 to those schizophytae which produce swine plague (c/. the transactions 
 of the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science in Boston, 1880). 
 
 C. If the infectious principle were a chemical something — a chemical 
 poison or virus — one would suppose that its action would be the same 
 under all circumstances, and that the malignancy of the disease and 
 the time required for its development (the so-called period of incuba- 
 tion) would not be subject to changes dependent upon the season of the 
 year and upon other partially unknown external influences, but such 
 is the case. In the same localities, in the same yards and pig-pens, and 
 in the same breeds of swine in which the disease was exceedingly malig- 
 nant in 1878, it was, as a rule, very mild in the latter part of 1879 and 
 1880, while at other places where it did not exist in 1878 it was rather 
 more malignant in 1880. As what has just been stated are undisputa- 
 ble facts, nothing but what is able to grow and develop is subject to 
 changes and acquires vigor and propagates rapidly under favorable and 
 is weakened and multiplied slowly under unfavorable circumstances — in 
 other words, nothing but what is endowed with life — can constitute the 
 cause and the infectious principle of the disease. 
 
 7. If the cause and infections principle of the plague consisted in 
 some chemical poison, the fact that the first attack, if not fatal, pro- 
 duces, as a rule, immunity from subsequent infection, and that some 
 animals possess more predisposition than others, or that an animal 
 while continually under the influence of the infectious principle can 
 recover, can never be explained ; but the whole case presents an en- 
 tirely different aspect, and admits of explanation, if low forms of or- 
 ganic life (schizophytiB) constitute the cause and the infectious principle, 
 forms which, by developing and multiplying, finally destroy the condi- 
 tions necessary to their own existence in the animal body (e/. an article 
 entitled "The Destruction of G-erms" in the Popular Science Monthly, 
 communicated in extract in E. Hitchcock's Monthly Microscopical Jour- 
 nal for November, 1880). 
 
 Finally, with very superior objectives and a fair ability to handle the 
 microscope and to prepare objects for examination, I have never been 
 able to find any schizophytse in the blood and tissues of other healthy 
 animals identical to those of swine plague. In my last drawings, those 
 in which the swine-plague schizophytnj" are represented, as seen with the 
 1^5 homogeneous immersion objective of Tolles, and the Beck No. 2 
 eye-piece— amplification a little over 1,500 diameters— the difference 
 1t>etween the same and other bacteria will be apparent at the first glance. 
 If lower powers, objectives of less superior and accurate construction 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 187 
 
 and of lower anj^de of aperture, arc riwofl, iliose differences, T adinii-, cau 
 be seen only with difliculty or not at all. 
 
 Tbe s\viiic-])Iagiie .sehizopliytie present themselves in diftcreut sliape 
 and Ibrm. The simplest form, it seems, is that of a micrococcus, a 
 small, round body (globule), wMch strongly refracts the light, of about 
 0.7""'^ to 0.8'"'^ in diameter. It occurs in the blood and the morbid 
 exudations in the tissues, &c., of the diseased swine, andis never absent, 
 but is found in some cases and under some conditions in much larger 
 numbers than in others. The second form is bispherical — the globular 
 cell (micrococcus) has duplicated itself. The globular or spherical cell, 
 or micrococcus, grows and becomes somewhat oval in shape, but becomes 
 indented or contracted in the middle, and Jteeps on growing while the 
 indentation becomes deeper, till its length is about twice its width and 
 its shape bispherical. For some time, however, the bilateral indention does 
 not effect a complete separation, a connection between the two spheri- 
 cal cells remains, sometimes only for a short time, and sometimes longer — 
 may be, for hours. These bispherical schizophytte are always more 
 or less numerous, are either at rest or moving, and usually provided at 
 one end with a flagellum, a post-flagellum, which, however, is so exceed- 
 ingly line that I have never seen it except with the iV homogeneous 
 immersion objective of Tolies, and an ampMcation of over 1,500 diame- 
 ters, and then only while the scbizophytse was moving {cf. drawings). 
 These double micrococci, or bispherical schizophytas, soon multiply 
 under favorable conditions. The bilateral indentation becomes deeper, 
 while at the same time the single cells commence to grow and assume a 
 somcAvhat oval shape, and in both another bilateral indentation becomes, 
 visible. Meanwhile the separation in the middle becomes more perfect, 
 and soon one bispherical cell has developed into two bispherical ceUs 
 or micrococci, which are yet slightly connected, at any rate they remain 
 together, although the separation appears to be perfect, as each cell 
 presents its own outlines. The division thus goes on, and it often hap- 
 pens (see drawings) that a whole chain of such bispherical schizophytse 
 adhering endways to each other, comes into the field. If powers of 900 
 or 1,000 diameters are used, such a chain very often appears like a thin, 
 moniliform bacterium. Under higher powers the appearance is not 
 dissimilar to that of a piece of a chain out of a watch. Sometimes the 
 dividing process is a rapid one,, and I have repeatedly observed that the 
 number of bispherical schizophytse contained in such a chain doubled 
 in less than five minutes. 
 
 , Thus it will be seen that the propagation is a rapid one. If circum- 
 stances are favorable, and especially if the temperature is not too low, 
 these chains break up into smaller ones, consisting each of one, two, or 
 more bispherical micrococci or schizophytos, which, in separating from 
 their neighbors, spin or draw out a very slender thread — a flagellum 
 or a cilia. But before all these changes and this multiplying by fission 
 take place the spherical and bispherical micrococci or schizophytse — 
 the bispherical, probably such as have developed from the spherical 
 micrococci, and do Jiot owe their existence to the fission process — 
 form those clusters (zooglcea masses or coccoglia), which obstruct the 
 capillaries, and, according to my observations, constitute the imme- 
 diate cause of the morbid process of swine plague. In these zooglcea 
 masses the spherical or single micrococci, and the bispherical schiz- 
 ophytre are imbedded in and held together by a viscous substance, the 
 glia, and the spherical or single micrococci undergo their first change, 
 and develop into bispherical bodies, till the glia breaks or opens, 
 when a great many bispherical schizophytaj, and also some of the 
 
188 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 spherical bodies become free. The former, thus freed, A'cry soon com- 
 mence to multiply by fission, but as this process results in a production 
 of bispherical, and not of spherical cells or micrococci, the latter must 
 have another origin. In swine-plague material, for instance, in the 
 blood and in the exudation from the lungs, if a day or two old, and 
 sometimes while yet fresh, bacteria of a peculiar shape can be observed. 
 They are rod-shaped, about as long-, or perhaps a little longer than two 
 bispherical schizophytre connected endwise, but not moniliform, and 
 have on one end, or in some cases toward the middle, a bright and 
 light-refracting globule of fully as much, or a trifle more, diameter than 
 the width of the bacterium, and surrounded by a substance, as a thin 
 envelope, which apparently is of less density because less light-refract- 
 ing. If this globule is situated at one end the bacterium presents the 
 appearance of a short stick with a knot at one end [cf. drawing Xc. 5). 
 Billroth calls this form a helobacterium and the globule a lasting spore 
 (Dauerspore). This lasting spore, according to Billroth and Cohn, re- 
 sists almost any degree of heat and cold, is very prolific, and produces 
 a large number of germs, which develop into micrococci. As such 
 helobacteria are sometimes found in swine-plague material (blood, exu- 
 dations, &c.), while yet fresh, and almost always when a few days old, 
 it appears probable that the same constitute another form of the swine- 
 plague schizophytfe, develop from a bispherical cell produced by the 
 fission process, and constitute the source of the spherical micrococci. 
 I say it appears probable because I have seen the same cycle of changes 
 complete itself in somewhat larger schizophytoe, belonging to the genus 
 Bacillus and found in the blood of cattle which had died of Texas fever, 
 but so far have not succeeded in watching and observing every one of 
 those changes in the swine-plague schizophyta?, because the exceed- 
 ingly small size of the latter requires for accurate observation a higher 
 amphfication than I was able to apply without loss of definition before 
 I received, about a month ago, the new -^g objective of Tolles. 
 
 If these helobacteria, which occur ih the blood, exudation, &c., of pigs 
 affected with swine plagae, constitute a form of swine-plague schizophy- 
 tse, and are the lasting spores of the latter, as is very probably the 
 case, their extraordinary tenacity of bfe, or great resistibility against 
 adverse influences, probably explains the ability of the infectious prin- 
 ciple of swine plague to remain effective for a whole year, if j)rotected 
 by adhering to, or by being imbedded in, a moist and porous substance, 
 such as an old strawstack or other porous body of a similar character. 
 Whether or not the swine-plague schizophytre are able to multiply by 
 any other means, or in any other manner than stated, I have not been 
 able to observe. One observation, repeatedly made before, has found 
 new confirmation, viz: 
 
 Wherever, or as soon, as dacterium termo makes its appearance, the 
 swine-plague schizophytoe commence to disappear, and disappear in 
 about the ratio in which the putrefaction bacteria increase in numbers. 
 In blood kept in a vial the swine-plague schizophytte cannot be found 
 after the blood commences to exhibit a purplish color, or when the blood 
 corpuscles are destroyed. Further, the swine-plague schizophytfe, al- 
 though presenting the same general characteristics when cultivated in 
 fluids foreign to the animal organism of a hog, show diflerences in so far 
 as the same develop and multiply less rapidly and with less regularity, 
 and show less uniformity or more diflerence as to size. It seems the 
 cultivated schizophyta are slower in their changes, and, therefore, 
 probably less vigorous in producing disease ; at any rate an inoculation 
 with cultivated schizophytie, although effective in producing swine 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 189 
 
 plague, is always followed by a comparatively milder form of that 
 disease thau a natural infection or an inoculation with, material directly 
 from the body of a diseased hog. This, however, does not prove that 
 every inoculation with cxdtivated material necessarily produces a milder 
 form of swine plague than any natural infection or direct inoculation, 
 for such is not the case. The difference may be stated thus : A natural 
 infection, or an inoculation with material directly from a diseased ani- 
 mal, as a rale, produces a malignant attack, and as an exception a mild 
 case of swine-plague, the frequency of the exceptions, it seems, de- 
 pending to a great extent upon the x)revailing character of tlio disease, 
 while an inoculation with cultivated schizophytse, as a rule, is followed 
 by a mild attack, and as an exception, or in rare cases oyly, by swine 
 plague in a malignant form. 
 
 External influences proceeding from the weather, temperature, and 
 condition of the atmosphere, seem to further, or as the case may be, to 
 retard the development and propagation of the swine-plaguc schizophytae, 
 and may thus contribute in causing one epizooty to be more malignant 
 than another, and thereby somewhat retard or accelerate its spreading. 
 At any rate the malignancy of the morbid process and the rapidity with 
 which swine plague is spread is by no means the same in different sea- 
 sons and at different localities. As has already been mentioned, swine- 
 plague was very malignant in Champaign Countyin 1878, while in 1880 
 the deaths have been comparatively few, and the spreading has been 
 very slow. Still, the disease has not died out ; isolated cases of infected 
 herds can always be found, especially at the borders of the timber ; but 
 in many of those herds the disease exists in such a mild form and causes 
 so few deaths that in some cases even the owner, unless he is attentive 
 and looks alter his pigs, remains sometimes ignorant of its existence till 
 the death-rate increases. This difference in the malignancy, however, 
 seems to be due to a small extent only to the weather and the condition 
 of the atmosphere, &c., because other influences, proceeding from the 
 peculiarities of the locality, and especially the degree of predisposition 
 possessed by the individual animals contribute considerably. As has 
 been observed before, the offspring or immediate descendants of swine 
 previously affected with the plague and which had recovered before the 
 offspring was born, seem to possess less predisposition than the parent. 
 
 Still, the following facts which can be observed everywhere have 
 probably more influence upon the malignancy of the morbid process, and 
 upon the rapidity with which swine plague is spreading, than all othSr 
 causes and influences combined. 
 
 It is always found that the more general the prevalence of swine 
 plague the more violent the individual attacks, and the more malignant 
 the latter the more rapid is the spreading of the disease. If the plague 
 is compelled to siibside for want of material, because nearly every pig 
 has died, it will lack a good start when, after some time, the number of 
 swine has increased. Its prevalence must first become extensive before 
 it can regain its old malignancy, and as long as the latter has not been 
 obtained the spreading will be comparatively slow. Cases with intes- 
 tinal lesions (ulcerous tumors in the caecum and colon) must become 
 numerous before the epizooty will get a good start. The severe winter 
 of 1878-'79, the continued snow, and the scarcity of swine toward 
 spring — neariy all the SAvine had died or been butchered— came near 
 stamping out swine plague in all those parts of this State in which it 
 was extensively prevailing in the fall of 1878, and till now it has not been 
 able to get its old foothold, but is making very good progress in some 
 parts of the State, and unless we get a hard winter it may be as bad in 
 1881 as it was in 1878. 
 
190 contagious diseases op domeisticated animals, 
 
 8. The moebib pkocess. 
 
 The morbid process, as stated in my former reports, seems to be 
 brought about by the sehizophytse clusters (zoogloea-masses or coccoglia) 
 obstructing the finest capillaries in the atected tissues^ and thus inter- 
 rupting in a large number of the smallest vessels the circulation of the 
 blood." As a necessary consequence, the fluid parts of the blood (seruui 
 and fluid fibrin) transude through the walls of the blood-vessels into 
 the tissues, and if those walls are not able to withstand the pressure, 
 and rupture, numerous but small extravasations of blood will take place. 
 That such is the case is very plain in the affected parts of the lungs be- 
 fore perfect hepatization — an organization of the, at first, fluid exuda- 
 tion — has been eflected [cf. photograph, Plate III, lower part), and also 
 in the skin. Afterwards the exudation becomes organized, that is, a 
 cell-formation takes place, but the newly-formed cells are morbid — dif- 
 ferent from the cells of which the normal tissue is composed — and show 
 a great tendency to decay or to collapse into detritus ; they lack vitality. 
 This, process is especially very plain in the ulcerous tumors in the cae- 
 cum and colon, and in the sloughs in the skin, but can be observed also 
 in the lungs. The ulcerous tumors, superficially examined, appear to 
 be an excrescence of the mucous membrane of the intestine, but the 
 microscope shows that such is not the case, for not only the mucous, but 
 also the muscular and the serous coats of the intestine, and particularly 
 the connective tissue between them show considerable thickening, and 
 an abundance of neoplastic productions. On the whole, however, the 
 structural arrangement of those membranes is not essentially changed, 
 as long as a decay or collapse of tlie newly -formed cells into detritus has 
 not taken place, because the morbid process, it seems, consists princi- 
 pally in a deposit of exudation which becomes organized or changed 
 into new but morbid tissue. As soon as the process of decay sets in, 
 and that, it seems, is very soon, at least in the intestines and in the skin, 
 and also at all other places where the morbid surface is exposed, loss of 
 substance can be observed, because the process of decay does not re- 
 main limited to the morbid products, but attacks also the original or 
 normal tissue. Whether in the intestines, in the skin, or in a mucous 
 membrane (conjunctiva, and mucous membrane of mouth and nose, &c.), 
 the process is essentially the same [cf. microphotographs of sloughs in 
 skin and of ulcerous tumors in cfecum and colon). If an animal re- 
 covers, a retrogressive process takes place ; the morbid cells melt, and 
 the material is gradually absorbed, provided the original tissue (lung- 
 tissue, for instance), has not undergone essential changes. If it has, 
 the changed or degenerated parts wiU also be affected by the retrogres- 
 sive process, melting and absorption. If the structure of the original 
 or normal tissue is not changed, and if no loss of substance is occurring, 
 the affected part or organ may be restored nearly or fully to its normal 
 condition, but where loss of substance occurs, or where the neoplastic 
 process has been extensive, permanent changes remain. In the latter 
 case parts or portions of the original tissue, especially if changed in 
 structure, will melt and be absorbed the same as the morbid products 
 and so more or less loss of substance will take place. Where substance 
 of tissue is lost, three different processes, it seems, can take place. In 
 the lungs, for instance, a partial loss of normal tissue may result in a 
 shrinking of the affected part, or if the loss is not partial, but not very 
 extensive, a cicatrix may be formed the same as in other tissues, in the 
 skin and in the mucous membranes, for instance. An extensive loss of 
 tissue in an ulcerous tumor in the intestines, in which the morbid change 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 191 
 
 extends to all three meinbraues, and especially if caused by decay into 
 detritus, and not by melting and absorption, seems to be irreparable and 
 fatal. A less extensive loss, involving only the mucous membrane, can 
 be repaired by cicatrization. What other changes are taking place, 
 and of what other processes nature avails herself to restore partial 
 health after a severe attack of swine plague — a restoration to perfect 
 health probably never occurs — I am unable to state ; the number of 
 post-mortem examinations of animals that recovered are yet too limited. 
 During my present investigation I have not been able to observe any 
 chemical action, or any directly poisoning effect of the swine schizo- 
 phytiB ui)on the animal organism, that can be at all compared with the 
 virulent properties of certain schizophytce of the genus bacillus, ba- 
 cillus antliracis for instance, which effects a decomposition of the blood 
 in the living animal. The blood of animals, affected with swine plague, 
 of course, undergoes changes in its composition, and diminishes in 
 quantity as soon as the morbid changes become important and extensive 
 enough to interfere seriously with the process of respiration and nutri- 
 tion, because material is constantly wasted and the supply with new 
 material is very insufficient ; but a decomposition or fermentation does 
 not take place, at least not as long as the animal is alive, and cannot be 
 observed in the fresh blood immediately after death. The blood cor- 
 puscles, if examined under the microscope, show very often, but not 
 always, a crenated appearance, but healthy blood frequently does the 
 same. The white blood corpuscles, on the whole, seem to be more numer- 
 ous in swine-plague blood than in healthy blood, but are never numer- 
 ous enough, unless the animal has been sick for a long time, and is 
 very much emaciated, to justify one to consider their increase as an im- 
 portant and characteristic feature of the disease. The color of the 
 blood is usually dark and appears carbonized wherever the affection 
 of the lilEgs is extensive, but is of a normal red if the morbid changes 
 in the lungs are limited, say to less than one-third of the pulmonary 
 tissue ; consequently the darker color often met with does not need any 
 explanation, and is simply the result of the lungs being unable to effect 
 sufficient decarbonization. The coagulation of the blood proceeds the 
 same as in the blood of healthy animals, and neither perceptibly faster 
 nor slower ; and the qiiantity of serum contained in the blood is only 
 abnormally increased, or, more correctlj', the amount of solid constitu- 
 ents is only abnormally diminished if the morbid changes are extensive, 
 and if the animal has beeU'Sick for some time and is considerably ema- 
 ciated. In animals which die before much emaciation has taken place 
 the blood invariably presents a normal appearance and is of a normal 
 composition, with the exception that it contains swine-plague schizo- 
 phyt£e, mostly in shape of micrococci, and is of a darker color, or car- 
 bonized. 
 
 9. Stage of colonization. 
 
 In my former reports I gave the average time at about six to seven 
 days. This year, however, I have met with more cases than formerly in 
 which what I consider as the extremes have been reached. Pigs Kos. 
 4, 5, 10, 11, and 12 (in all, five in which the disease had a fatal termination) 
 were taken sick within five days after the inoculation, while pig No. 17 
 had been inoculated nearly fourteen days before it showed plain symp- 
 toms of disease. I say " nearly " fourteen days, for it may have shown 
 symptoms a day or two before my visit on November 20, which were 
 overlooked, but when I saw it on that day it evidently had not been sick 
 
192 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 longer than a day or two. The duration of the stage of colonization 
 (period of incubation), it seems, does not so much depend upon the in- 
 dividuality of the animal — experimental pigs inoculated on the same 
 day with the same material commenced to show symptoms of sickness 
 never more than a day apart, and usually on the same day— as upon the 
 intensit/of the infectious principle, or, in other words, upon the number 
 of swine-plague schizophytae transferred, and upon the stage of devel- 
 opment in which the same happen to be when the inoculation is made. 
 When pig No. 17 was inoculated the second time, the weather was cold, 
 and the material had been cai-ried over 200 miles in a bottle sealed air- 
 tight. The material used for the inoculation of pigs Nos. 4 and 5 — pig 
 No. 5 showed the shortest stage of colonization, and showed plain symp- 
 toms after four days — was obtained in the neighborhood, and that used 
 for pigs Nos. 10, 11, and 12 was from a malignant case and contained 
 innumerable schizophytre. Hence probably its more rapid action. The 
 stage of colonization in the pigs inoculated with cultivated schizophytie 
 (pigs Nos. 3 A, and 2 B) was a long one, ten days in both animals. To 
 sum up, two weelis or iifteen days seem to be the utmost limit, and six 
 or seven days the medium time. The shortest possible time I am not 
 prepared to state ; it may be two days or even less, as has been asserted. 
 It seems that the stage of colonization is usually shorter in the summer 
 than in the winter. If in my experiments the stage of colonization has 
 proved to be of longer duration than in those of others, the difference 
 is probably accounted for by the manner in which I inoculated. I in- 
 oculated invariably, in the external surface of the ear, an organ that 
 carries but little blood and is remote from the heart, and as nearly all 
 my inoculations have been made with a very small inoculation needle, 
 and usually without drawing any blood, only a very small quantity of 
 the irrfectious principle has been transferred at each inoculation. 
 
 10. Measures op prevention. 
 
 To devise effective measures and means of prevention, easy and con- 
 venient of application by every one, has been the princii)al aim and ob- 
 ject of my present investigation. Last year certain antiseptics, such as 
 carbolic acid, hyposulphite of soda, and a few others, but the latter not 
 extensively, were used in several large herds with very satisfactory re- 
 sults ; for this year it remained to subject the same to a critical test. 
 Last year, when whole herds were treated, it could not be ascertained 
 with certainty whether all the animals treated with the antiseptics, and 
 to all appearances protected and saved by their use, had really become 
 infected or not. That they had was probable, because all had been ex- 
 posed, but it was not absolutely certain. This year I determined to 
 make the infection a certainty, and inoculated the animals (experimental 
 pigs) to be treated in a manner which had never failed to produce the 
 disease until it failed once in October lastiu pig jSTo. 17 when inoculated 
 the first time, as lias been stated and explained in another place. In 
 all other cases special i)ains were taken, and neither time nor expense 
 spared to obtain reliable material and to keep it pure at least till the 
 inoculations had been made. Hence, as heretofore an inoculation with 
 swine-plague material (lung-exudation), provided the animal never had 
 an attack before and was left to its Me by not interfering with the 
 action of the infectious principle, lias never failed to produce the disease 
 in due time, it must be supposed that at least every first inoculation 
 made this year, except that of pig No. 17, would'have produced the dis- 
 ease if no medicines had been used.. But, as the record of the exp^erir 
 
RefpoTt CoTn.Tn.is si oner of AgxicTclt-itre foT 1880. 
 
 SAVHNE PLAGUE. 
 
 lTt\resti^ atioTLs h-y T)x . H. J. DetTm_ex 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 iLHoen.&C'o Lithonaiistir, Baltimore, 
 
"Report CoimxvisaioTier of AgTic-iflt^cre for 1880. 
 
 SA\nNE PLAGUE. 
 
 IrLvesti^atioTis bx Dr. H. J.DetTO.eTa . Plate H. 
 
 Ulceroacs t-uiivoa-s in coloii. of Mr.Carsoixs pig 
 ( "Post moTteitL txcc.!No.7. ) 
 
 AHoMvKCo LilhocaiEjtLc , ts jlttmuro 
 
TJepoxt CojiiTnissioii.ei- of Aj^xicT-dtTtrt- fox- 1880. 
 
 SAV^NE PLAGUE. 
 
 iTtvestijS atioxLS lix Dx. H. .T.DptiiiPxs . 
 
 Pliite m. 
 
 Lefl lolie of Lutlq of Mx. Beaty's Piji. 
 
 AJIoen.&Co LitJiocausticBsltiniore. 
 
TRepoTt CormnissiOTLei' of A^Tlc-ultixre foT 1880. 
 
 SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 Iirv^esti^ atioTLS h-y Dr . H. J.Detxiaexs . 
 
 Plate W. 
 
 i - > 
 
 -^^^l^"^ 
 
 ^'V" 
 
 i\'.'l >? Pnj-| (if cloii^rd blond vessel find hepalized limi^ li?sue of 
 tiTiii,' oT P^Yfierimental pio ,\ r).4. '.tin. objective, x 100. 
 
 SoJV Extravasation of Wood and clcioed blood vessel in hRpatized 
 Imio of Experimental pi^.No.i.'iin.objective.x 100. 
 
 AHopn &Cn LiEhocaiLstic , Baltniuire 
 
TlerpoTt ComTniasioTLer of AgTicTxlt-irre for 1880. 
 
 SAATINE PLAGUE. 
 
 IxEV-e stig atioTLS b-y^ Dr . H. .J.X)etTi:i.e-rs . Plate V. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 *■) ' 
 
 No. 3 SJouoh in skill ot lipul jii^' disn.ised ivith swine plai^ne. 
 ]i 11. Objective, x 22. 
 
 s-.*" - J?^t"^ 
 
 >>- 
 
 
 t 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 »I 
 
 
 i>4 
 
 I 
 
 •1 
 
 k-- 
 
 > 
 
 ?C^o.4 Pai-tiallA^ diseased Inn^ (incipient liepalization, or exudation 
 unorganized and sLill fluid) of yoim^ pi^. > tin.objectire.xlOO. 
 
 AJIoen&Ci-i Ll^]^i-lr■a\Ii^^l' .BaltuiK 
 
KepoTt CoTn.Tn.is si oixer of Agric-ultTcre f ot 18 8 . 
 
 SA\riNE PLAGUE. 
 
 Irrv-esti^atiorLS Ta-j^ Dr . H. J.DetTixexs . Plate YL. 
 
 .>!■;'* 
 
 Ko..? ■? Slroii'^yliii' pai'adoxii.i. Tail end of Jemale tleposihrni fioos. 
 ^■1. in.objeclh'e. x 100. 
 
 Xo..5^ Head of Sti-nnovlus paradoxus, nrlimo innTii, '-un.Objprlive.xlOO. 
 
 AHm..,,;: ( n l.iiJ-Lu.-ausii. I1,.u.n 
 
SIA^INE PLAGUE. 
 
 Ijrvestig atioTLs b-jr X)r . H. J.TDetTixexs . Plate^s/H. 
 
 
 .^n» 
 
 No.6a Hepabzed liin^i tissue of yourii^ pi^, showing almost intacl. 
 bronchial tubes. 1 inch.objechre X22. 
 
 ^^^^■^f'?::A;-r-,- 
 
 ^^l^ 
 
 Jto.6 ii One small and a porlion uf a larger bronchial tulie.both alniosl normal in 
 
 perfectly hepatized lung tissue of young pig.Aportion of same I'ieJd as ffo.6 ^birt 
 
 inorehiohly magnified, tiin.ohjecliTeX 100. 
 
 A-HoeiL&Co Li&iocaTistic.BaLtaJii.ore 
 
Tle]DOTt CoTn.Tnission.er of AgTicTiit-iire £ot-1880. 
 
 SA\^INE PLAGUE. 
 
 iTcv^esti^ atioTLS h-y T)r . H. J.DetTn.exs . Plate VIll, 
 
 ^^*pi'^»5»» 
 
 Ko.ia Portion of diseased skin of Nose of pig. i in. objective, x 22 
 
 No. 7 !' Slou(ili Jn slfiii of nose of pig. . lin.objective. x 2-'. 
 
 AJToctv&Cq LithDca^ticBaltmiijre 
 
Tr?e])OTt ('(mnivissioTvei- of A9ricitlUi.re fovTBSO. 
 
 SAVIXE PTvACtUE. 
 
 Iirv-esti^ atioivs hy Dr . H. .T."De+ii\eTS . PlaleK. 
 
 No. 9^ riceroiis Mimoj- ol" flreriim . ' i-iii . ob.jec Urfi x 
 
 l/jcvja^ ^, ^< 
 
 iNo-O" Ulcerous hunor of Ca-cimi ofJ.iJarhn's pi^.lm.objeclive.xlOO. 
 
 AKoen&i-O LilhocausticBaltimDr?. 
 
Report CoTninissiorLex of Agxic-uit-itre foT 1880. 
 
 S^V^INE PLAGUE. 
 
 IxL-yestig atiorLs b^ T)i? . H. J.BetxrLeTS . Plate X. 
 
 No. I (I. I'l ccrou.-i liimoj' nV colon. 1 iii.' oliit'ilii-f;, x-'O. 
 
 So. II':' Tail of Trichorojihaln.s ni'enatiis. I in. objective . x 21.'. 
 
 AJIoen.&''o LithDcaustic.BaltiniDre 
 
xxcjjuiL ^jUxtLTnissioTLer oi Agric"Lclt-Lcre foT 1880. 
 
 S^VV^INE PLAGUE. 
 
 rrvesti^atioTLS "b-y T)r. H. J.TDetaTLexs . 
 
 Plate Ja. 
 
 i 
 
 JJo.U^ Head of Trichocephalus crenatus, lui. objective, x 22. 
 
 ^^S}cy!vOtWS^^ 
 
 No. 13. UlceroTis , colon of small Pi<^. lin. olijective. X 2'. 
 
 AJioerL&Co Lithocaxtstic , Baltinujre 
 
TtepoTt CoTii^anissiOTLeT" of Agxic^Ltltorre foT 1880. 
 
 sSA\n[:N E PL AGU E . 
 
 MicTosco^aic lTc^esti6 atioTi-S Xiy Dr. H. JDetan-eTS . 
 
 n. 
 
 o: 
 
 fSS 
 
 •i\ 
 
 O 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 J 
 
 C? 
 
 5^ 
 
 b-> 
 
 Blood- Semrmt fe-ojti. tKe l-u3i-t> s of 
 DilloxLS pid >ro.l. 
 1,1,1, Blootl coxpTXS nle N . 
 
 2, Z o6dloea-3]n.aB s . 
 
 3, Helolia.o'teT'i^rrcL (lastiTi.6' spoTe ) 
 4.4,4, S"wi7i.e-plia.\3axe Scliizopliyt se . 
 
 X 92 5 , Olijeotive ; ToUe'a Mo Xoiruo^. rnx- 
 T-L-nve : 8, 4. 80. 
 
 T\"a. 
 
 ^> ° J^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 0^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 S-w-ixLi? - Pla-igure -ScKizop>i;^ee as 3eem_ 
 i^T. tKe pTxljuoTLal eixnxdatioTL of Esrpe- 
 T^TiBTi-tal Pi|g l^o.S. SoTne of tKeTii. TiLoxe 
 f irlly - ae-^^eloped-, arLd. all lively ttlo-vtut-i^ . 
 E:3c\ca.atioTL treated- -witK Caotatic Potash-. 
 E^caixuLJi-ed. 26 Ko-uics after (LeatKi ex- 
 -ircLatiOTL free froTiu a-jvy p-iztrif actioxL 
 axLd. -vritlvo-u:t STn.ell. 
 
 jt 925. Tolle's "^ TT.o-nxo^eT\.eo-u:H im.- 
 TTxersioTi. arud. B Eyepiece . 
 
 I. V. 80 . 9 p.:m. 
 
 A^"b. 
 
 -< ^ 2 
 
 \ 
 
 W ''fc: 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 
 Swin.e-33la.«^e SoHiioplxv-t «■ xn. blood 
 seTTtjn. of seim-e pio • 
 1,1, Zoo^loea. Mi-a-saea. 
 2, 2. Blood coa-jrusclea a.m.pli£Lcatio3i_ 
 a-TLi ua-nue olijeeti^-e as ui.A'a. 
 
 Itt. 
 
 ^2 .6 
 
 ".3 
 
 ,-a'Xi !■ 
 
 ^«, ^^^ 
 
 ,^Hi>' 
 
 lMa 
 
 "%. 
 
 AlTairm-eTL fronxv a IxexLS p^C ; 
 cl-Lair^ei -witlLinfectecl -u'-ater Ajjx-il ,12^'^ 
 K 92 5 Oljjectxve: ToTles ^. 
 Tinn-e ■ 17 4- 80 . 8 P. "it CKaTn.pai.^Ti.ni. 
 
 1, 1, 1, Zoo dloea - ixT.asses - 
 2, 2, 2, 2,1103. sli-aped. SeKiz opJ\ytse of 
 S-v\T.Ti.e -pla^ice . 
 
 3 , 3 ,3 , S-vv-LTLe -pla^"Lce -Ttiicirococci. 
 
 iy"b. 
 
 THe saTTLe ri-ot treated, -witli. caTcstio 
 potas>i.. a, t-ixTn.'bliji.'^ , a.ji.cL partially 
 
 OTXt of foCTXS . 
 
 'V a. 
 
 \'- 
 
 
 
 SAvirue -7>ltiQai:e SoXiz oplny-tse in. p^^L- 
 TTLOji-al esrxLaa-tioTL of "NIt . X^uli.p[pi's iri^ ■ 
 1,1, Zo o^loe a -jiL.i H se s (paxt of) 
 2, 2, CKaiiLS of S-t%rbt-e -Pla^ire - Sohizo- 
 plir^t se . 
 4, Blootl COT^JT.cs nles . 
 3. 71,5, Swift 3i.i.o\T-]-L^ "baotevia . JTxat 
 
 appeaTin-^ . 
 X 925, 01)jecti-(-e : Tolle's ^uj 3i.ojao ^.im- 
 Eyepiece : Bee Its So.2 . 2 5.S.80. 
 
 AHoenJt Co lailiuCiiustio. Baltiianre- 
 
T;-(epoTt C6ii\n\is sion-CT of .VriaiCT-clt-m-e €ot 1880. 
 
 Mloxoscojilc lTv\^esHd atio'ji_s hy Dr . H. J.Detiiic^i-s . 
 
 VI. 
 
 4.. ) ' 
 
 pio . K 925 OTDJec'tive : ToILe's Mo Kottlo- 
 6e"rLeo^i.s ^,^^Y■I^LeJ■.sioTv,- E-;y-epiece iBecVsB 
 Ttm.e : 19.9.80. 
 
 1 , 1, T, S^WTTi-e -pla^Txe Sc>in.aopl"tytse ; 
 
 2.2.2, Bacte I'iixrti. t eTTixo ■ 
 
 3.3.3, BloocL coxpTJis clea . 
 
 4 , C'lliatecL epitJvelii-crrL. 
 
 5, ZoopT-oea Tn.ii s ss . 
 
 Ylla. 
 
 no 
 
 o 
 
 Pi-esTn. THclTn-OTual T]3ncda,taOTi of 
 ivlr . 3vd:xo-i-a-ay's pi^ < 'kilLefL "b^ lileecl- 
 ±^^.^ at 9 30 A.TVI. 13.10. 80. 
 X 9 2 5 ToUe's ^lo l"i.o-3rLo (5 .iin.. OlDJective 
 Beclc's NO: 2 E^yspi®"^©- 
 1,1. 131oocL ooTpxtBcTes . 
 
 1 ^ "W]T±i e 31o o a. c oxpixs ole s . 
 2,2,2, Siiv^le a:i\.A cLotxIjI© l^fici-ococcl 
 3, Zoo^oea. Kiass 7 I>.lyr. 13 .10. 80 
 
 XlT-e s a,3ii.e a s a"b o^v^e , "bu^-t eixrarrn.- 
 ij-Led -Ln_ aa->--lx6Kt at 11,A,M 14,10, 80. 
 
 Mlv 
 
 BT-Ood. sem,izn:i_ from. Caa^otis of ^I-im6^a,-y-'s jyii 
 E2ca3iLi3i.e a. 11, ^.:m:. 14-. 10. 80. ^ 925. 
 1 , Zoo ^lo»a XLxa s s . 
 2 , Bloc cL corp-LCS cle s . 
 3, r-cy-stal. 
 
 ym. 
 
 ^=^ O^ 
 
 l-'-ufLaii-OTLal ExrucAatioTL of MTXTi.d_axs ^Pig ( sliG^LtlTr p-uitr-icL ) 
 ic 9 2 5 E^LajiLiTLe d. at 7 3o P". :Nf . 14 10 . 8 . 
 1, 1. 1, Bacillixs c>LaijT-s . 
 
 A.Ebeii.&Co,Li3iDca.iistic, Baltimore. 
 
IRepoTt CoTn.Tn.lssiOT\eT of A^TicTxlt-urre fox 1880. 
 
 S^Wl^E PLAGUE. 
 
 Micrroscoj^ic Ixcvesti^ atloxLs bx Dt. H. J.Detm-exs . 
 
 Bnotex'i-Lcm terrrLO iat Blood, serura 
 fram. caxotis ( rM!ij=n.a.a.Y's T'itf ) -v-ex-y 
 pnttn-id. x92!>. 
 
 Exfi-iiviji.ea at 8^,1*1.14.10.80. 
 1, STni.al.1 [poT-tiojT- of aii. ejcteoT-sive 
 
 Zoogloea. -tlibss. aSZh-erirLd to tlije 
 
 c over ^la s s . 
 2 , SpeciTTLeTLs of Ijactenna x-esttn.!^ Oji. 
 
 tl"it^ Rldd-e aTud. ■m.o-\riin-j5 . 
 
 ^o IjIoocL c orpiis ole s . 
 
 XT). 
 
 
 Bl-Ood of saoxLe aTtinxal, eauarrL- 
 irLei a.t -flxe sam.© tim.© ^witli. tDxe 
 aajrve a.pplia.TLcea aixd saxLve axn.- 
 plifxcatio:ix . 
 
 1,1, Blood. coxjxTiaoles . 
 .i)2,2, S-%viTLe -Pla^xte ^Micrococci- 
 
 ; 
 
 THe saxn.© Pi.clxn_oixa,l Ejcixd-atxcTv 
 etx^ainixLed. "wxtli. tHe saxn.e Ap]jliaTx- 
 ces OTi© cLa>^ later, !N'ov-.8?'-at 8 P.M 
 
 1, Blood. cox7>\csole of alioxct 'i',^ 
 in. dx axixetex 
 
 2, S ■vvxxLriixLi^ .BacterixtJTi attaal\erl to 
 '■1 'by a glexLd-eT, aliivost xn.visible 
 cHoxd-. its lexL^tK is 3,3 
 
 4, JlJ:.s^ d-ivid-ed. MicTococcT. 
 
 5. Helolja ct eria . 
 
 2. 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 O® .i!>^ 
 
 
 ^ o : 
 
 O'- 
 
 
 cS 
 
 o ,4^-^'' ' 
 
 2. 
 
 PixlsixoTLal ExnxaratioxL of Beaty'a T*ig . 
 EaraTTxixLecl freslx "N'ov. 7^ 3 P.'NI. 
 0"bjectiv« : Tolle'a l\ojruo^y . iTi-oTLexsioxi_ V15 
 OcTxlax : Beolc's Ifo . 2 ; 
 AiiLplific atioTx : a"boTct 150 . 
 
 1.1.1, Blood_ ccoTpTXScles . 
 
 2.2.2, S-irtTXi^e- ■piadT.ce Schiz opJuy-ta? . 
 
 3 a a^xd. "b , T>l© aanxe ■ 1) , 5 mxTLXctes latex- than a 
 
 4 , Zo6 61o©a rixa s s . 
 
 5 , Crystal . 
 
 6 , "WKxte Blood. coa-jji-Lscle . 
 
 Xc 
 
 <f\ 
 
 ^, 
 
 Tlie sanLe Bxcliixoixal "E3cxcd.ation , esemixxixed. 
 ^ov. 13^- S aTxie 01)jectx\-e a-n_ci sai^xe Bj-epiece. 
 ^ alDoxrt 1500. 
 
 1 , Blood, coi-pxtsole , collapsiixd . 
 2,2,2 , "B ac+erixtTin. teixixo is xnalsxTV^ its apjieaxtaxixie 
 
 3. A cKaxXL of SrwxxLe-Pla^xte S ohxz opKyi: ee . 
 
 4?, Helo'ba.cteTT.xiTix. 
 
 <:.^* 
 
 Xd. 
 
 S^Viixe-Pla;gT^c© Scltiz oplxytse iix tl-L© 
 LxcTH? - E^iHiflatioTL of "Mx- . Beaty's pig 
 ~D-ra~vn\ fxoTiv 'S'atxcxe.x aljoxtt 150 0. 
 ObieotiA^e : Tolle's ^ i& IxoTixoi^erteo-LCK 
 iiXLTL^ex- sxoxL . Eyepiece ;Beclc's No. 2. 
 Nov. \2^. X) ■ 
 
 3 
 
 ■■Y 
 
 Blood seT-uLTTi. of IvTr-Beatys pi*^ ■ 
 jc al>OXi:t IfiOO. 
 
 01)j©ctive -. Tolle's ^ Is I1.0TIX0 ^ em.© oira xm.. 
 IByepxece ■ Beclc's No. 2. TiTixe Nov. 14f . 
 1, Blood. coxpTxacle , collapsin.^ . 
 2 , 2 . B aotex'aa - clxaixus 
 3, 3, 3,rapxely xn-oviixg aji.d t\i.jixTDliTug 
 B actex-ia. . 
 
 AHoeiLi 1^0 lithocaiLiU' BalOitmre 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 193 
 
 luoutal pigs shows, none of tlie pigs treated witli antiseptics (car- 
 bolic acid, iodine, or benzoate of soda), soon, or immediately after having 
 been inoculated, contracted tlie disease, and every one of them resisted 
 the effects of subsequent inoculations. No. 9 perhaps excepted, which 
 never fully recovered from its first attack. Some of the pigs, it is true, 
 exhibited symptoms of a very mild reaction, but none of them became 
 diseased, and it is evident that the continued use of the antiseptics pre- 
 vented the development of the morbid process. While all three anti- 
 septics used (carbolic acid, iodine, and benzoate of soda) proved to be 
 equally effective, carbolic acid, for reasons already stated, deserves 
 lireference. It is true a pound of the best crystallized carbolic acid — 
 and I have used no other — is not very cheap, but the small doses re- 
 quired (about 10 drops of a 95 per cent, solution, three times a day, for 
 every hundred pounds of live weight) do not make it an expensive med- 
 icine. Thymol, or thymic acid, is probably just as effective, and as the 
 doses required are very small the very high price of that drug might 
 not forbid its use, but not being able to obtain a pure article when I 
 had use for it I did not test its efficiency this year. 
 
 According to the results of my experiments and observations, carbolic 
 acid is the preventive which I can most recommend ; it proved to be 
 effective in every case, except where its use was not commenced before 
 serious morbid changes had taken place. Still, in the diluted form in 
 which I gave it to the pigs it is not a direct or killing poison to the 
 swine-plagTie schizophytse. Its effect in the animal organism seems to 
 be an accumulating one, changing or destroying the conditions neces- 
 sary to the development and propagation of the schizophyt*, and espe- 
 cially preventing the formation of zoogiose-m asses or coccoglia. Its 
 continued use, say for two or three weeks, seems to place the animal in 
 the same or in a similar condition as that of a pig which has recovered 
 from an attack of swine plague, that is, as far as the infectious princi- 
 ple of that disease is concerned. It probably destroys the conditions 
 necessary to a glia-formation, and, maybe, nothing else. The other an- 
 tiseptics used seemed to have a similar effect. If no glia (coccoglia or 
 zooglose-masses) can be formed, the swine-plague schizophytte are prob- 
 ably not able to produce any morbid changes, because they are suffi- 
 ciently small to pass through the whole vascular system— through the 
 finest capillaries— tiU they reach a part or an organ which can eUmi- 
 nate them again. One thing, however, must not be lost sight of, as it 
 may have contributed a great deal to the favorable results of the treat- 
 ment with carbolic acid and the other antiseptics. In all my experiments 
 the inoculated animals, while treated with carbolic acid, iodine, or ben- 
 zoate of soda, were kept by themselves in clean pens, and separated 
 from other diseased animals, at any rate by a board partition ; their 
 food was not contaminated with the infectious principle, except once in 
 the case of pig No. 9, as has been stated, and their water for drmking 
 was drawn three times a day from a good well, and therefore always 
 fresh, especially as the troughs were always emptied before any water 
 was poured in.' I consider this as important, because if the pigs treated 
 are confined with other diseased pigs, or have to consume food or to drmk 
 water repeatedly contaminated with swine-plague sohizophytse., which 
 are constantly discharged with the excretions (dung, urine, &c.) of the 
 diseased pigs, the effect of carboUc acid or of any other antiseptic may 
 not be sufficient to overcome the continued influx, unless the doses are 
 much increased, which probably would be otherwise injurious to the 
 animal A strict separation of the animals to be protected from those 
 evidently diseased, clean water, and clean food I look upon as very 
 13 C D 
 
194 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 essential to an effective preveution. lu making sucTi a separation care 
 must be observed to take the animals to be protected to a place wliicli 
 is, if possible, on higher ground than the lot occupied by the diseased 
 animals, or at any rate on ground which does not receive any drainage 
 or water coming from a place (lot, pen, or pasture) occupied or fre- 
 quented by diseased swine. Neither must the same contain a straw- 
 stack or anything of a similar character calculated to catch, to harbor, 
 and to protect the swine-plague schizophytse, and to constitute thus a 
 constant source of infection. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS WITH CARBOLIC ACID IN HERDS. 
 
 A carbolic-acid treatment for the x>urpose of prevention has been 
 instituted in several infected herds, and the result, as far as I have been 
 able to learn, has been invariably the same. In no case did any deaths 
 occur among those animals which received regular doses of carbolic 
 acid before they exhibited plain symptoms of swine plague, or before 
 serious morbid changes had been produced. Among the infected herds 
 thus treated I wUl mention : Mr. PhiUppi's visited May 2i ; Mr. William 
 Carson's, visited June 16; Mr. Postlewhaite's, visited June 27; Mr. 
 Lytle's, visited August 23 and September 7, and Mr. Bailey's, visited 
 August 24, August 25, and September 6. Still, as the treatment in 
 those herds had to be left to the owners, and as most of them live a con- 
 siderable distance from Champaign, I cannot give any detailed accounts 
 and have to rely as to the results of the treatment, &c., on the reports 
 received, except in regard to the two last-named herds, which I visited 
 and examined again. In both the losses had ceased at my last visit. 
 
 Inoculations ivith cultivated soldzophytw as vieans of prevention. — Hav- 
 ing observed in my former investigations that an animal which has once 
 recovered from an attack of swine plague does not easily contract the 
 disease again, and if it does only in a comparatively mild form, and hav- 
 ing also observed that an inoculation with cultivated material (swine- 
 plagLie schizophytiB cultivated in innocent fluids foreign to the organ- 
 ism of a hog) is usually followed by a much milder form of the disease 
 than a natural infection, or an inoculation with material directly from 
 the body of a diseased animal, I thought it worth while to extend my 
 researches in regard to measures of prevention also in that direction. 
 vi.s before stated I inoculated pigs Kos. 2 A and 2 B with cultivated 
 swine-plagne schizophytre, cultivated for the former in milk and for the 
 latter in water (April U). In about ten days (April 24) both pigs 
 showed symptoms of having become affected, but the attack proved to 
 be a light one (c/. account of experiments and their results). Pig ISo. 7 
 was fed repeatedly with cixltivated material (swine-plague schizophytse 
 cultivated in the white of fresh eggs, first, second, third, and fourth 
 cultivated generation) and took the disease in a rather more severe form 
 than desirable, but recovered and appeared to be protected against sub- 
 sequent inoculations, which, at any rate, remained without eliect. The 
 animal {cf. its record) died afterward from other causes. An inocula- 
 tion of pig No. 1 A with schizophytte cultivated in albumen (May 3) 
 lemained without effect, probably because the animal had a very slight 
 attack before. 
 
 I might have made more experiments in the same direction, but do 
 not consider an inoculation with cultivated, and thereby mitigated, 
 material (swine plague schizophytse) as easy and practical a means of 
 prevention against losses by swine ];)Iague as the carbolic-acid treat- 
 ment. The latter, at any rate in the hands of the farmer, has several 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 195 
 
 advantages, and cau be applied by every one -without any difficulty 
 whatever. On the other hand, a cultivation of swine-plague schiz- 
 ophyt;e cannot be controlled without the aid of a microscope and the 
 very best objectives, which are expensive and cannot be handled by 
 everybody. Secondly, by adopting inoculations with cultivated ma- 
 terial and by using the same extensively as means of prevention, the 
 disease, most assuredly, will be perpetuated the same as pleuro-pneu- 
 monia in those countries in which inoculations are resorted to as a meas- 
 ure of i)rotectiou against that disease, and we never shall get rid of it, 
 although the losses by death may possibly be reduced to very few. 
 Thirdly, an animal that has had an attack of swine plague, no matter, 
 how mild, is never again what it was before, because its growth, thrift,, 
 and develoijment are more or less impaired by such morbid changes as, 
 are left behind. 
 
 With the carbolic-acid treatment it is different. In some of the ani-; 
 mals that showed a slight reaction a few days after inoculation slight! 
 morbid changes may have been produced, but others did not show any 
 visible reaction whatever, and their growth and development did not 
 seem to be injured. Still, the same animals seem to have acquired im- 
 munity from the effect of subsequent inoculations or infections. This 
 latter fact has led me to think that it may be possible to produce future 
 immunity, that is, to destroy the conditions necessary to the formation 
 of glia and the development of swine-plague schizophytse, by treating 
 an animal not inoculated or otherwise infected, for some time, say about 
 three weeks, with regular doses of carbolic acid. At any late, I intend 
 to experiment in that direction. If it should prove to be the case that 
 a contimied treatment with carbolic acid without any preceding inocu- 
 lation or infection is productive of immunity, even if lasting only a few 
 months and not for life, swine plague may be considered conquered. 
 
 As to sweeping and general measures of prevention, I have nothing 
 to add to what has been said in my former reports. 
 
 11. Tkeatmbnt. 
 
 As to a treatment of swine diseased with swine plague I have but very 
 little to say, except that my observations related in my former reports 
 have found ample confirmation. The morbid process is such that med- 
 icines, at least, can have but little effect. They cannot remove the 
 obstructions in the capillaries, and cannot repair the morbid changes. 
 Three diseased pigs, Nos. 11, 12, and 13, were treated with carbolic acid, 
 while No. 10, their mate, received no medicine whatever. ISTos. 11 and 
 12 both died in about the same time as 'So. 10, and only No. 13 recov- 
 ered, but was never of any account and succumbed to the fii'st cold spell 
 for lack of vitality Of inability to produce in its body sufficient animal 
 heat. Even if a treatment could be devised that would save the life of 
 a diseased hog not much benefit would be derived therefrom, because a 
 pig affected with swine plague is very seldom of any account after it 
 has recovered unless the attack is an exceptionally mild one. Such an 
 animal, as a rule, does not pay for its food and is a soui-ce of loss to its 
 owner. 
 
 Eespectfully submitted. 
 
 n. J. DETMEES, 
 
 Chicago, III., December 4, 1880, 
 
 ■ ^-v<i»»..-!l^lrt(^«fti,;'. 
 
CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 SecoMd Bepost «f Charles F. ILyaBnao, F. K. C V. S. 
 
 Hon. William G. Le Due, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 Sir : In my last report to you uxion contagious pleuro-pneumouia, 1 
 pointed out, as thoroughly as any means for investigation which I then 
 had would enable me to do, the States and counties wherein animals 
 affected with this disease could ho found. It was thought at that time, 
 and no investigation since then has been able to show differently, that 
 these counties, or those lying very close to them, contained all the cases 
 that could be found in, the IJnited States. Supposing I had succeeded 
 in thus mapping out the whole of our infected district, I began pushing 
 inquiries in a new direction, and for this purpose the following letter 
 was written to one of the most prominent veterinary surgeons and 
 authors in England : 
 
 SpErsGFiELD, Mass., Maij 10, 1880. 
 
 Deae Sir: I mail you lierewitli a copy of my report to tlie Commission or of Agri- 
 culture on pleuro-pnoumoni.'i contagiosa. From it you Trill be able to see exactly to 
 wbat extent we are infected. The facts to wHcli I esjpeoially call your attention are 
 these : 
 
 1st. That our porta of Portland, in the State of Maine, and Boston, in the State of 
 Massachusetts, are not in or anywhere near the infected districts ; no nearer in fact, 
 I believe, than are some of the free continental ports or provinces to some of the in- 
 fected ones. 
 
 2d. That the cattle coming to those ports for shipment, and indeed for all uses, come 
 entirely from the West — one, two, and even more thousands of miles away from our 
 infected districts. 
 
 3d. That the lines of rail over which these cattle are carried going to these ports do 
 not pass through or go anywhere near the infected districts. 
 
 4th. That our Western States are free, luckily for us, and always have been, of this 
 scourge. 
 
 Now, under these circumstances, is there any method which suggests itself to you 
 by which the Government of Great Britain can be induced to raise the embargo against 
 our cattle coming to her from these free districts, and through these free ports ? If 
 you think there is any chance for the matter being arr.anged the Commissioner of 
 Agriculture will, I think, be very glad to outer into negotiations upon the subject. 
 Very trul^, 
 
 C. P. LYMAN. 
 George Fleming, F. E. C. V. S., 
 
 Veterinary Surrjeon, Seoond Life Guards, London, England. 
 
 To which, in due time, the following answer was received : 
 
 London, Jime 24, ISSO. 
 Dr. Chakles P. Ltmax: 
 
 Please excuse my delay in replying to your two letters. I have been av.ray on a tour 
 of army inspection, and only returned yesterday. Very many thanks for your report 
 oji contagious pleirro-pneumonia. I very nmcli fear tliere is ]iot the slightest ohauco 
 of the embargo on American cattle Ijeing raised in this country until the States arc 
 entirely free from the malady, notwithstanding the fact you point out that there is 
 an immense extent of country uninfected. So long as only one State, or one portion 
 of a State, is contaminated, so long, depend upon it, will the i^resent law continue. 
 Even the ijresent government, which when not in offloe, strenuously opposed the law, 
 196 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 19? 
 
 brouglit into office, mth regard to United States cattle, is ucj-wmost dotermmed to 
 carry it oiit. If it were relaxed in the case of the United States it would Lavo to Im 
 so also in the case of Russia and Germany, -svitli respect to cattle plague, and then this 
 country -would certainly not he safe. Comraerce spreads these diseases. The feelini; 
 here is to keep this country free from infectious animal diseases, after we have 
 stamped them out at an awful cost and trouhle ; and to allow live stock to enter from any- 
 where where these diseases exist would not ho heard of. Whenever the United Stales 
 is certiiied to he a, clean country, the emhargo will be raised. Your government is not 
 taking active steps to free the States from pleuro-pneumonia, aud there is no know- 
 ing how far it may spread. So long as the government is indifferent to this matter, 
 BO long will your people suffer from the emhargo. The losses from contagious diseases 
 here have heen so terrihle, through a similar apathy, that the authorities are now 
 fnlly aroused. 
 
 With regard to the transit of American cattle, I cannot say anything which would 
 bo of much value to you; hut I would recommend you to write to Professor Brown, 
 veterinary department, privy council offioe, London. He knows everything pertaining 
 to the shipment and carriage of cattle, and wUl, I have no douht, aflbrd you every 
 information. 
 
 As for myself, I shall only he too glad to assist you all I c.nn, and in offering to do so 
 I take once more the opportunity of renewing a paper friendship, which I trust will 
 be converted into something more substantial should you visit England. 
 Believe me to he, yours, very truly, 
 
 GEORGE FLEMING. 
 
 Before this answer was received, however, the department was in re- 
 ceipt of the report of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council of 
 Great Britain for 1879 (see appendix), when, as you will rememher, I 
 addressed to you the following communication: 
 
 Washixgtox, D. C, June 12, 1880. 
 
 Sir : In the report of the veterinary department of the privy council of Great Brit- 
 ain for the year 1879, which report has just heen received, on page 7 appears the fol- 
 lowing: "The most notahle event of the past year in connection with the trade in 
 foreign animals was the removal of the United States of America from the list of 
 countries from which cattle could he imported as healthy, owing to the landing .at dif- 
 ferent times during the year of animals affected with pleuro-pneumonia." _ The first 
 known such importation is said to have heen made from the steamship Dominion from 
 Portland, Me., about January 14. Next, the detection of tbo same disease in the cargo 
 of the Ontario afforded further evidence of its existence among cattle in the United 
 States; " Cargoes of cattle, among which pleuro-pneumonia was detected, continued 
 to arrive," Tmtil finally an order was passed (February 10) the effect of which was to 
 cause the slaughter of all cattle from the States at the place of landing in Great Brit- 
 ain. It is perhaps worth noticing in passing that Prof. W. Williams, of Edmbiirgh, 
 one of those called upon hy the authorities to examine the Ontario lungs, says : " Since 
 fa-st arrival of Ontario with cattle others have arrived at Liverpool, and I 'h.ave ex- 
 amined the lungs said hy privy council inspectors to have pleuro-pneumonia, and sat- 
 isfied all who have seen them that no i^leuro-pueumonia lias arrived here from America ; 
 indeed, every one is surprised that such a gross mistake should have heen made." 
 (Same report, p. 9.) ,^, ., , , 
 
 As you will rememher, my recent investigation into this matter shows that our ports 
 of Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City, and New York are the only ones that are m 
 our infected districts. In this report of the privy council the only ports referred to 
 hy n.ame as having sent diseased cattle are Portland aud Boston. This is most strange, 
 and if true means that we have pleuro-pneumonia among our western herds, as the 
 animals shipped from the two ports come in every case from the West, not passing 
 throuo-h or anywhere near the district which we know is infected. ^ 
 
 Dimu"- my recent investigation every means at command was used to ascertain if 
 this disease had an existence among our western herds. Every mquiry possible was 
 made, and hundreds of lungs from slaughtered animals coming from all parts of the 
 West were examined, and the result seemed to show that there was not, nor never had 
 been, anv pleuro-pneumonia in that part of our country. 
 
 Here, then, are two seeming facts which are in direct antagonism. TheLnglish ex- 
 aminations show, hevond doubt, that oui western cattle, upon heing landed there, ex- 
 hibit unmist.akalde signs that pleuro-pneumonia exists among them. Jly own inves- 
 tigation on the other hand, conducted with the greatest thoroughness, shows that 
 pleuro-pneumonia does not exist west. , ,, ■ n. e 
 
 And now, as the determination of tliis question, one way or the other, is a matter ot 
 ffi-cat importance to the ioimeuso rattle interests of our country, it would seem to ho 
 riolit that the investigation already commenced should he carried to the ot.ier side, 
 and an American inspection ho made of the cattle coming into Liverpool; then, hav- 
 
398 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 ing found tliero a few of these mimorously ropijioed cases, to trace them hack hy means 
 of the way-bills, &o., over,theiT course of travel, to their original starting point in 
 the West, or as near to it as possible. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 CHARLES P, LYMAN. 
 Hon. William G. Le Due, 
 
 Commissioner of AgriculUire. 
 
 The result of tMs communication was tiat, at your direction, on the 
 23d of June last, I left l^ew York for Liveri)ooI, and arrived there 
 on the 4th day of July ; proceeded at once to Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 and culled upon Prof. W. Williams, F. E. S. E., and principal of the 
 new veterinary college, who, you will remember, was one of the three 
 experts originally selected to examine the diseased lungs taken from 
 the American cattle which had been landed from the Ontario on Jan- 
 uary 26, 1879, and the only one of them who positively declared in 
 public that the affection was not contagious pleuropneumonia. Pro- 
 fessor Williams stated that during the six months succeeding the arrival 
 of the Ontario he had examined portions of the lungs of fully three- 
 fourths of aU the animals that had been found diseased, and that he has 
 still not the slightest hesitation in saying that in no case has he found 
 them to exhibit the characteristic lesions of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. 
 He said that Mr. Welsby, a veterinary surgeon living in Derby, near 
 Liverpool, was employed by the steamer people, Messrs. Warren & Co., 
 to examine these animals, in company with Mr. Moore, veterinary sur- 
 geon to the privy council and inspector of the port of Liverpool, whose 
 procedure was, as soon as an affected lung was found to make a section 
 of the most diseased portion which was sent up to London for the in- 
 spection of the chief of his department. Mr. Welsby would at the same 
 time secure a similar piece and send to Professor Williams ; therefore he 
 believed that he had an equal chance with the London authorities for a 
 good examination. He also made several trips to Liverpool and examined 
 the beasts and their lungs while they were being slaughtered. The cor- 
 respondence with Mr. Welsby was then shown me. A letter of March 
 16, 1879, accompanied portions of lungs from three different animals, 
 which were condemned by the port inspector as showing the lesions of 
 pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa. These pieces were shown to me and pre- 
 sented simply the lesions of bronchitis with collapse. In a letter of 
 March 17, he writes : 
 
 West Derby, Liverpool, England. 
 Deae Me. Williams : By the time you receive this the portions of lung I am for- 
 warding will have come to your hand, and which I fear you will declare true cases. 
 Each piece is from a separate animal, and these have arrived per the Ontario, the ves- 
 sel that brought the cattle you were in Liverpool about a short time since. In exam- 
 ining fifty-five luugs to-day ; twelve were found similarly aifected (some a little more) 
 to the specimens sent you. I should be glad if you will wire me by 10.30 a. m. to-mor- 
 row » * * what your opinion is * * * 
 In haste, yours faithfully, 
 
 .1. WELSBY. 
 
 These portions of lungs were shown me, and exhibited, as did the others, 
 simply the lesions of bronchitis with collapse. On March 18, he writes: 
 " I have not agreed with the opinion expressed here about any of them, 
 but am doubtful about a piece of the last lot sent you. In London they 
 have no douhtP On March 24 : " With regard to the animals when 
 living, I had opportunities of seeing them daily; they appeared well; no 
 cough; breathing and temperature normal, and eating well." On April 
 21 : "No more specimens are wanted in London.^' On May 19 : " Have 
 sent to Professor Walley also specimens from cattle received by steam- 
 ship Minnesota; he agrees witli us in tliis, but says that it was zymotic 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 199 
 
 pleuro-pneiimoiiia on Ontario." On June 7 he writes : "I ain commenc- 
 ing to direct attention to the Canadian battle instead of Western States. 
 Mr. Moore sent a piece of lung from a Canadian ox to London on Thurs- 
 day, and informed me it was typical of contagious pleuropneumonia, and 
 expected Professor Duguid down, but instead, a telegram came, order- 
 ing their release if no further disease was found ; two others were then 
 slaughtered, and I was requested to be present; they were perfectly 
 healthy. I was sorry that I could not send you a piece of the lung that 
 went to London, but no doubt shall have an opportunity of doing so 
 before long." Here I was given a piece of lung which certainly showed 
 lesions resembling those of contagious pleuro-pneumonia more than did 
 any other specimen that I saw in the professor's possession; it was said 
 to be from the Canadian case above referred to, but had been in spirits 
 so long that a satisfactory examination could not be made. Professor 
 Williams, however, declared that in his opinion even it was not the dis- 
 ease, but that it looked more like it than did anything else he had seen 
 from our side of the water. 
 
 In the new edition of his book on Veterinary Medicine Professor 
 Williams has gone into the matter thoroughly, not only in the text but 
 by colored lithographic plates, which are said by all who saw the pieces 
 of lung which were sent to Edinburgh to be remarkably like them. In 
 the appendix the whole of this matter wiU be found reproduced. 
 
 I next saw Professor Walley, principal of the Edinburgh Veterinary 
 College, who holds an appointment in Edinburgh under the Veterinary 
 Privy Council, and was one of those who went to Liverpool and exam- 
 ined as an expert the lungs from some of the Ontario cattle. He said : 
 "I was called to Liverpool, and there shown animals together in a 
 building, which I was told came per steamship Ontario from America; 
 a few of them were coughing, I should judge giving the pathognomonic 
 cough of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I examined them ; they gave 
 no elevation of temperature that amounted to anything as a sign ; they 
 varied a little; some would be a degree higher than others, but nothing 
 remarkable in any. While this examination was going on, and before 
 we had finished to my entu'e satisfaction, a man came to say that we 
 were wanted in the slaughter-house, where we went at once, and found 
 two animals, that we were told had been taken haphazard from this 
 cargo of the Ontario, hanging partially dressed, and irom these I saw 
 lungs taken that exhibited to me, without any doubt, the well-known 
 lesions of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I was not at the place for 
 more than an hour, and Professor McCall, principal of the Glasgow 
 Veterinary College, was the only veterinarian with me. Mr. Hall, the 
 consignee, or his agent, was there, and said that there was no doubt about 
 this ; " that it really was pleuro." In answer to questions, the professor 
 said the animals w'^re in as good a coutUtion as any of the others, i. e., 
 about half fat; that there were several diseased spots in their lungs, 
 and that the largest was about the size of the crown of a Derby hat; 
 that the diseased portions were "marbled," and the parenchyma varied 
 in color from deep red to pink, but it was mostly of a pinkish shade ; 
 that there was no attempt towards the formation of a cyst-waU around 
 any of the diseased portions, because the disease had not been of suffi- 
 cient standing. 
 
 Being asked if he did not think it strange that contagious pleuro- 
 pneumonia should exist to so great an extent and the animal be as fat 
 as any of the rest, and still have no elevation of temperature, and no 
 encysted portion of lungs, he answered that he had had no opportunity 
 of examining iJwse animals before death as to temperature or anything 
 
200 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 else, and could ghe uo idea as to how they looked Avhen alive. He 
 regretted that no one had saved a piece of these lungs — ^it ought to have 
 been done. Since that, which was the only time he had been in Liv- 
 erpool on this business, he had examined several pieces of lungs said 
 to be from American cattle, and they had not exhibited to him lesions 
 of contagious pleuro -pneumonia, butof broncho-pneumonia, and the col- 
 ored plate in Professor Williams's book was a fairly good representation 
 of their appearance, but it did not represent at all the appearance of the 
 lungs that he had examined in Liverpool said to be from the Ontario 
 cargo. He was told that these two cattle that he saw in the Liverpool 
 slaughter-house had been drafted at random from the cargo of the Ontario 
 by Mr. Hall. 
 
 From Edinburg I proceeded to London and the office of the veterinary 
 department of the Privy Council. In the absence of Professor Brown, 
 the chief of the department, I saw Mr. Cope, the chief inspector, who 
 kindly showed me what specimens they had of "American pleuro." They 
 were few in number and very small in size, and had been in preservative 
 fluid so long that they were very much altered. They were very differ- 
 ent from those I had been shown in Edinburg — said to be the same (see 
 Mr. Wellsby's proceedings) — having very much more the appearance 
 of the contagious pleuro-pneumonia, of which the former showed noth- 
 ing. "Animals affected with pleuro-pneumonia," said Mr. Cope, " come 
 to us irom the ports of Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and 
 Portland, and we ase now (July 12) receiving more than ever of it. You 
 can see it for yourself by going either to Deptford or Liverpool, but Liv- 
 erpool would be the best place." I was informed by this gentleman that 
 formerly the Privy Council had power to release from the restriction a 
 part of any country that they saw fit, but now it must be a whole coun- 
 try, if any, and that could not be until the whole of that country was 
 absolutely free from disease. Anything else would need the action of 
 Parliament. There is absolutely no option in the matter — the rule or 
 law must govern. (See appendix.) In answer to a question, Mr. Cope 
 said that they had never had a suspicion of Canadian cattle. Subse- 
 quently I was fortunate enough to see Professor Brown, vet«rinarian- 
 in-chief to the department. 
 
 I asked him, supposing drafts of cattle were made from our healthy 
 Western districts, transported over lines of rail which were entirely away 
 from our infected districts, in cars used for these and no other cattle, if 
 inspectors could g-uarantee that they had not been in the same yard, or 
 mixed with any other cattle on the route or at the port of embarkation, 
 and were healthy at time of shipment, and inspection at the port of 
 debarkation should show that cargo after cargo coming under these regu- 
 lations could be landed free irom pleuro-pneumonia, would the embargo 
 be raised in favor of cattle so inspected from sucha jjort '? To this Pro- 
 fessor Brown answered that even if England were disposed to remove 
 the restrictions from any one port under certain methods of inspection, as 
 he understood it, the United States were not, as matters now stood, 
 able to prevent cattle coming to said port from any point that peo^ile 
 chose to send them. I told him that I ttiought the matter could undoubt- 
 edly be arranged with the State authorities and railroad companies so 
 as to be perfectly safe. He intimated that this would be too loose an 
 arrangement to give England much confidence, and further said that he 
 did not know what there was to prevent a diseased or infected animal 
 from being sent at anytime from the infected Eastern district directly to 
 the parts in the West from which these drafts were being made. The 
 Government of the United States, as a government, Lad not as yet shown 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 201 
 
 the slightest interest in the matter, and that, iu the absence of imy na- 
 tional laws relating to the movements of animals exposed to or infected 
 with contagious diseases, he should not advise any change from their 
 present methods. Here a representation was made setting forth the 
 sovereignty of States and their powers— that a State could malce any 
 laws vipon the subject that she thought proper, providing it did not con- 
 flict with the Constitution of the Unfted States. In answer to this the 
 opinion given was that decidedly, in this matter, these could not take 
 the place of national laws ; that it would be highly impracticable for 
 Great Britain to recognize independent State governments while dealing 
 with the United States. 
 
 Following is a list, which was kindly furnished me by the veterinary 
 department, giving the cargoes of cattle among which pleuns- pneumonia 
 had been detected, and which had arrived from our porta of Boston and 
 Portland (thought to be free from disease) since January 1, 1880. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Steamer. 
 
 From — 
 
 To— 
 
 Number of 
 cases of 
 pleuro- 
 pneumo- 
 nia. 
 
 Jan. H 
 
 
 
 
 *12 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 Feb. 4 
 
 Palestine - ■ 
 
 do 
 
 (To 
 
 o 
 
 7 
 
 
 ....do 
 
 do ... 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 ....tlo 
 
 
 12 
 
 Brazilian 
 
 
 do 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 
 ....do 
 
 do 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 .do ' 
 
 do 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 Salerno 
 
 do ^L. 
 
 Hull . . . 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 ....do , 
 
 
 n 
 
 26 
 
 
 Portland., w 
 
 do . ... 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 ....do 
 
 J 
 
 March 4 
 
 
 do ...<-, 
 
 do 
 
 *7 
 
 4 
 
 nivrian 
 
 ....do 
 
 ...do 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 
 do .. 
 
 do . 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 
 do . 
 
 . ..do 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 E'^Ypfc . .... 
 
 "UO ''') 
 
 do 
 
 1 
 
 SO 
 
 Glamorgan 
 
 do 
 
 ...do 
 
 3 
 
 AprU18 
 30 
 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 5 
 
 Iberian 
 
 ■ . .do 
 
 .do 
 
 ] 
 
 May 5 
 
 Lalco Nepigon ^.. 
 
 Portland 
 
 London 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 
 iJoston 
 
 ..do 
 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Two died. 
 
 At Deptford, which is the foreign animals' wharf for London, I at this 
 time saw some twenty-seven hundred head of American bullocks tied up 
 waiting slaughter 5 they had been received mostly from l>rew York, a 
 few from Baltimore. From the ocean steamers these beasts are landed 
 some distance down the river, and from there reshipped in a transport 
 which brings tliem directly to the landing-stages for this wharf. This 
 transport boa^i is thoroughly disinfected after each, cargo. 
 
 From Lon'jfon I proceeded to Liverpool, arriving there on the 13th of 
 July. CatVle from the United States arriving in this port are allowed 
 to land Pjt three different places, namelj', the Huskissou Branch Docks 
 ISTo. 2, Oil the Liverpool side of the river, at Woodside and Wallasey 
 landin '^-stages on the Birkenhead side, and at these places only. For 
 their reception, and the accommodation of the trade, under the iiresent 
 rest>.ictions, the dock company have fitted up on the wharves fine build- 
 in '^s to serve as stables for the cattle while alive, also slaughter-houses 
 ajid cooling rooms. 
 
 The law allows the animal to remain alive not longer than fourteen 
 
202 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 days after debarkation, during wliich time he must remain in this build- 
 ing, subject to a certaiu daily charge, payable to the dock company. 
 After each cargo has been disposed of, the whole of the premises are 
 most thoroughly cleaned before being again filled, and if any such con- 
 tagious malady as foot-and-mouth disease has been found they are thor- 
 oiTghly disinfected, and if thought necessary all the manure and other 
 litter with which they may have been in contact is destroyed, under the 
 direction of the Veterinary Department, but at the expense of the dock 
 company. 
 
 Withtlve credentials furnished me from the Privy Council ofiice I called 
 upon the Vsrterinary Inspector of the port, Mr. J. W. T. Moore, P. E. 0. V. 
 S., and requfiSted to be allowed to accompany him for a time in his daily 
 inspections. To this he kindly assented, and during the whole of my stay 
 showed me evOTy attention and rendered me every assistance within his 
 power. His method of inspection is to make an examination of the live 
 animals within as nearly as possible twelve hours after the landing of a 
 cargo. For this purpose the beasts are driven into the stables and tied 
 up facing a passage way. Down this the inspector passes, noticing care- 
 fully each beast. If anything unusual is observed in any one case, the 
 animal is made th(! subject of a minute examination, when, if found par- 
 ticularly diseased, he is either put by himself or slaughtered at once. 
 This examination being completed and the cargo "passed," the owners 
 are at liberty to commencs slaughtering as soon as they wish. In the 
 slaughter-house the men hsve orders not to allow any lung ov portion of 
 it to be taken away until it bas been inspected by Mr. Moore. For the 
 purposes of this lung inspection the product of the whole day's killing 
 is hung up, and once each day every slaughter-house where killing is 
 going on is. visited by the inspector, and every lung carefully examined 
 bj^ him. If any one is found which he considers exhibits the lesions of 
 pleuropneumonia it is destroyed, fCud an inquiry made which soon shows 
 beyond a doubt exactly to what carsTO the aifected animals belonged. 
 
 On July 14, 210 bullocks, the cargo of the steamship Carolina from 
 Baltimore, were examined, and four of these were condemned by the in- 
 spector as being " suspicious " of pleuro'pneumonia. However, upon 
 post-mortem examination nothing of the so~rt was found. 
 
 On July 15, the steamship Federico, from K"orfolk, Ya., landed 128 
 bullocks and a carcass. A post-mortem ex-amination of this carcass 
 showed that the animal had been trampled to death ; seven of the ribs 
 were broken. During the lung examination to-<day two pairs were found 
 that were condemned as showing the lesions of pleuropneumonia. One 
 pair showed plainly and plentifully the peculiar lesions of tuberculosis, 
 and in addition contained several small spots in which the changes sup- 
 posed to be peculiar to pleuro-pneumonia could be plainly seen, and upon 
 which they were condemned. The history of these animals, so far as it 
 could be procured in Liverpool, was, that Mr. Smith boirght of Mr. Eod- 
 dick 194 bullocks ex steamship Brazilian, from Boston, July 7. These 
 were consigned to the seller by J. & C. Coughlin, of London, Canada, 
 but were from the United States ; there were two hundred oi' them ; five 
 died on the passage. The inspector here saw the lungs of som.^ of these 
 that were landed dead, and found death to have occurred frooJ. causes 
 other than pleuro-pneumonia. 
 
 July 16. — A case of pleuro-pneumonia was reported by Mr. Moo\e as 
 coming on the Iberian from Boston, but the lung lesion was so very sinall 
 (scarcely as large as a filbert) and its appearance was such that it seem sd 
 to me very doubtful if even the semblance of the disease was present. 
 
 Jtily 17.— Examined ex steamship Malta, from Boston, 397 laullocks. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 203 
 
 Five were landed dead, and one was killed on landing. One of the 
 five landed dead was so much decomposed as to prevent a satisfactory 
 examination. The kings of the other four were emphysematous only. 
 
 July 19. — Two lungs from beasts which came on the steamship Vic- 
 toria, from Boston, were reported as showing pleuro-pneumonia, the 
 largest " spot" being about l\ inches in its largest diameter, and situated 
 exactly at the root of the lung, indurated to the touch, and upon beiug 
 cut into exhibited the usual "marbled" appearance of pleuro-pneu- 
 monia, but in the center of tlie "spot" appeared a small, rounded body 
 not larger than one-fourth inch in diameter, the exact nature of which 
 future microscopic examination will probably determine. This was 
 surrounded by a layer scarcely a line wide of what seemed to tlie naked 
 eye to be a thin pus of a grayish color ; this, in its turn, by a thin mem- 
 branous wall; tl)is, again, by the "marbled" appearance already re- 
 ferred to, the interlobular effusion and thickening being well marked. 
 The lungs of one of these beasts had one, the other three, of these 
 " spots." These animals were sent by Timothy Ooughlin, London, Can- 
 ada, but were animals from the United States. 
 
 July 20. — At Canada docks were examined 222 cattle, ex steamship 
 Texas, from Montreal. One of tbese animals, a fat cow, was breathing 
 raj)idly and had a temperature of 104° P. She wis killed and the 
 lungs examined, but no indication of pleuro-pneumonia was found. In- 
 spector Moore assured me that he had repeatedly had this done, always 
 with the same result. 
 
 July 23. — To-day was found a good specimen of what the port in- 
 spector regards as showing the lesions of pleuro-pneumonia in the lung 
 of a beast from the cargo of the Aleppo, from Kew York. These animals 
 were shipped by Charles Kalm, of iJew York, and by their look did not 
 seem to be " westerners." . 
 
 I liave thought best to make these few extracts from my diary, as 
 they refer to all the cases that were condemned during my stay, and 
 also as they help to show the manner in which the work is done. I have 
 also prepared a table which will show the number of animals landed in 
 Liverpool from the United States from the 2d of July to the 13th of 
 August, most of which I had the privilege of examining alive and dead 
 during my stay. You will observe that the percentage reported by Mr. 
 Moore as affected with pleuro-pneumonia is very small indeed, there 
 being only six such out of 10,670 animals examined. 
 
 The animals coming from Canada are landed at wharves entirely sep- 
 arate from those used for the trade with the United States. The ani- 
 mals coming off ship- board are tied up in houses furnished for the pur- 
 pose, and after a twelve hours' rest and quarantine are subjected to a 
 not very close inspection by the veterinary officer of the port, when, if 
 no contagious disease is found — and there never has been as yet — they 
 are allowed to go inland on the hoof without any further restriction. In 
 this way they become scattered to such an extent before being slaugh- 
 tered that it was impossible for me to see the limgs as I did those of our 
 own cattle; and, indeed, no officer gives them any examination except 
 In so far as has already been stated. 
 
204 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Tal'lc ahowiiij/ nnmier of aniinah landed in Liverpool from the Unilcd Stales, from June " to 
 
 August ]o. 
 
 J? 
 
 GO 
 
 ,1 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 Q 
 
 O 
 
 391 
 392 
 290 
 434 
 210 
 434 
 
 3C0 
 
 129 
 597 
 
 98 
 398 
 
 519 
 410 
 306 
 441 
 294 
 433 
 224 
 437 
 438 
 805 
 
 122 
 lii) 
 444 
 
 427 
 
 Cou 
 
 2S2 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 t—< 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 Olviiipi'^ 
 
 Boston 
 
 New ri;ik.... 
 
 ..-.rlo 
 
 Eo.ston 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Bo.ston 
 
 ... do 
 
 ,Tuly 2 
 July 
 July 13 
 July 7 
 July 13 
 July U 
 
 July 7 
 
 July 14 
 July 15 
 
 July 13 
 .July le 
 July 18 
 
 -July 19 
 July 21 
 July 20 
 July 2.5 
 July 28 
 July 30 
 July SO 
 Aug. 1 
 Aug. 5 
 Aug. 5 
 
 Aug. G 
 Aug. 8 
 Aug. n 
 Aug. lu 
 Aug. 13 
 Aug. 13 
 
 
 
 
 Haint Albans.... 
 
 Palmyra 
 
 Bulgarian 
 
 Carolina 
 
 239 
 
 288 
 
 "122' 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 case condemned as pleuro-pncumo- 
 nia; very small centers of disease. 
 
 2 cases condemned as pleuro-pneumo- 
 nla J centers very small. 
 
 
 1,314 
 
 
 
 ITorfolk 
 
 liostoii 
 
 New York 
 
 Eoaton 
 
 New York.... 
 
 Victoria 
 
 
 
 2 cases condemned as pleuro-pneamo- 
 nia ; very small centers. 
 
 Colla 
 
 300 
 
 375 
 
 Malta 
 
 
 Aleppo 
 
 719 
 
 230 
 800 
 815 
 
 483 
 
 
 1 case condemned as pleuro-pneumo- 
 nia, and by far the best lesion found. 
 
 MfiBsn.p.lmsptt.ci 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 ...do 
 
 
 
 ....do 
 
 
 Bavarian 
 
 do .. . 
 
 
 
 ....do 
 
 5C1 
 
 287 
 
 
 Bohemian 
 
 do 
 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Ulyrian 
 
 Pbiladelphia.. 
 
 Boston 
 
 ....do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iowa 
 
 do 
 
 
 207 
 
 13 cases resembling splenic apoplexy ; 
 5 cases swine feTcv. 
 
 EnriciTie 
 
 Gracia 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Boston 
 
 . do - 
 
 
 
 
 Canopus 
 
 
 
 
 Bnlgarian 
 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 CIS 
 
 363 
 
 10 cases aliecp-scab. 
 
 Sicily 
 
 Philadclpbia.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total num'ber of animals landed : 
 
 Cattle 10,670. 
 
 Sheep 5,960 
 
 Hogs ■ 2,237 
 
 Nnmber condemned as having plenro-pueunionia cattle.. 6 
 
 Number condemned as liaring tbot-and-moiitli disease do... :J 
 
 Number condemned as liavin;;- scab sbeep.. 10 
 
 Number condemned as having- swiuo fever ...hogs.. 23 
 
 RESUME. 
 
 About February 1, 1880, the Department of Agriculture, under tlie 
 act pro^^ding for an inquiry into the contagious diseases of domesticated 
 animals, commenced an investigation, the result of which should declare, 
 if possible, the exact extent of territory in which there existed any cat- 
 tle affected with contagious pleuro- pneumonia, on account of which the 
 Government of Great Britain had placed a restriction upon all cattle 
 coming from the United States. 
 
 After due time and a thoroughly-conducted investigation, this terri- 
 tory was defined to be one extending (at that time) from Fairfield County, 
 in Connecticut, over New York City and portions of the State of iSTew 
 York lying just north of it; Brooklyn, Long Island, and parts of the 
 island Ijaug just east of it; .!< rsvy City, and over a considerable portion 
 of the State of Ifew Jersey; Pliiladeljjhia, and some of the more south- 
 easterly counties of Pennsylvania to Baltimore, and over portions of the 
 more northeasterly counties of Maryland. Further than this, in any 
 locality it was impossible to find a case of the disease, although efforts 
 were made in all directions, and especially among the cattle coming from 
 the same parts of the West as did most of the cattle going to Europe. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP BOMESTJCATBD AKL'JALS. 205 
 
 Eeports were coustautly beiug received, however, from Euglaiid tliat 
 cattle affected witli pleuro-pneumonia were being frequently landed 
 there. A very short investigaition on this side demonstrated clearly that 
 these animals came directly, in nearly all cases, froiii the West, and often- 
 times over lines of rail that were entir-ely away from any point at whicli 
 the disease could be located. The next step, therefore, seemed to be to. 
 cany the investigation to the other side, to see the diseased cattle as 
 landed there, and, by means of manifests, way-bills, &c., to trace theirn 
 back to their origintll starting points in the West, and thus establish tAic 
 object of the investigation, namely, to find all the infected territory. 
 
 This was done, and out of nearly eleven thousand beasts landed, f.ud 
 examined in Liverpool during parts of July and August, in no &ae of 
 whicli could plenro-pneumonia be detected in the living animal, Ifhe in- 
 spector of the veterinary department of the privy council condemned, 
 after post-mortem examination of the lungs, six cases. These stx cases 
 have been traced back, and in all except one it has been found that the 
 animals undoubtedly came from the West, and over lines of Tail which 
 are entirely north of any localities that are known to be contaminated, 
 the fact being that a part of their journey eastward was generally made 
 through portions of Canada. This of course means thp.t we have this 
 dreaded cattle scourge established among our Western herds; that 
 Chicago, Buffalo, Albany, Boston, or Portland are dijseased centers, or 
 else the disease is not pleuro-pneumonia at all. 
 
 If pleuro-pneumonia exists in the West, or there s.ve diseased centers 
 in or about the points named through which the cattle pass on their 
 journey eastward, the information now in ijossession of this department 
 will insure its exact location after a little farther time for examination. 
 
 In relation to the last phase of the matter, all that can at present be 
 said is, that the i)articular lungs exhibited pre'sent, in their fresh state 
 and to the naked eye, all the lesions of the contagious disease, but on 
 a VERT SMALL SCALE, and in addition there is another lesion that is 
 constantly present in these condemned bings which has never been 
 described by any authority or noticed by 'any of our veterinarians to be 
 a constant or even a known accompanimont of the disease in question. 
 What bearing this fact may have upon thvs part of the question a further 
 and more minute investigation of the subject alone can decide. Professor 
 WiUiam Williams, of Edinburgh, a comparative pathologist of world- 
 wide celebrity, asserts that the lungf j examined by him previous to my 
 visit did not show the lesions of the Uisease, but that the changes noticed 
 were caused by bronchitis.* 
 
 Whether these cases are or ar.c not due to true contagious pleuro- 
 pneumonia is a matter which doefi not in the mean time have much bear- 
 ing upon the question of the ren? oval of the English embargo upon our 
 cattle. While we have pleuro-p neumonia in any part of our country, 
 and certainly while we have no, national legislation looking in any way 
 towards restricting its sprea'd, and its eventual total suppression, just 
 so long the embargo muat »"jnd will continue to operate against one of 
 our best commercial interejsts, and to lay that portion of our agrictdtur- 
 ists in the A\^est who a ro engaged in the raising and feeding of line beef 
 bullocks under a A'ery Es-evere and unmerited tax, one which, in the esti- 
 mation of a very good judge of the matter, has reached, during the 
 present year, a su?;a raising $2,250,000.t What are the actual losses sus- 
 tained from the presence of the disease, by the farmers and dairymen 
 
 * See Appendix. Also conversation -n-iti Professor Williams. 
 
 t See Special V:eport No. 23, page 179, Department of Agriculture, for argument in 
 fayor of natioaj'i legislation. 
 
206 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 of the East who are uufortunate enougli to be located in the midst of a 
 contaminated center, it is very liard to say ; but that the annual losses 
 by fleath alone can be no very light tax to them is a safe conclusion. 
 
 Then, again, while it is still possible to exterminate this ruinous for- 
 (^ign plague, because it is, we most certainly believe, confined to animals 
 that are kept upon fenced farms, should it once, by any misfortune, be 
 'larried among the great herds tliat breed, grow, and feed upon the un- 
 f^nced rnnges of the West, its extirpation would become imposslblb. 
 ISie whole AVestern country, from Texas northward, would become in- 
 fected ; notwithstanding all efforts that then might be made to remedy 
 the evil, this great and growing national interest would be perpetually 
 mortgaged, and there would be an almost incalculable annual loss from 
 deathki alone. 
 
 The one remedy oiow for all of this is plain, and of comparatively easy 
 accompUshment, viz : Let Congress enact such measures, and authorize 
 sxich an e.vecution of them, as shall immediately restrict the movements 
 of cattle out from and within infected districts, and in time eradicate 
 every case uf lung plague. 
 
 SOUTHERN CATTLE PEVE3R. 
 
 This disease,'''' widely known as " the Texas cattle fever," although 
 it has never as y&t reached Great Britain, and, therefore, has never been 
 put upon the schedule as one of the contagious diseases coming from 
 the United States, ind requiring restriction, is one that, for a short time 
 in each year, causes ..such immense losses among the animals belonging 
 to Western, i^orthern, and Eastern cattle growers, dealers, and shippers, 
 that its mention in connection with this report seems to be quite in place. 
 
 Beginning, generally, towards the last of July, and extending, with 
 increasing destructivenefc.'S, until the time of frost, Western and Northern 
 cattle that have been in contact, in certain ways, witli some of the cat- 
 tle coming from several vH the more southerly portions of the country 
 (these seeming perhaps to be in perfect health), contract this fever, 
 Avhich, to them, is much more fatal than it seems to be among the South- 
 ern animals, often killing a pi'oportion as high as 90 per cent, of those 
 afl'ected. 
 
 A very curious, but still undoubtedly true, feature of the malady is, 
 that these sick Xorthern animal /s are not able in any way to communi- 
 cate the disease to other animals. Its incubation may be from fifteen 
 to forty days. During this period the beast may be shipped from the 
 West, and slaughtered in the East I'lr human fooci; t or it may be placed 
 on board ship and started for the Eri^glish market, where it is destined 
 seldom, if u^er, to arrive, for dying ixi mid-ocean its carcass is thrown 
 overboard and becomes a total loss to the owner or those insuring its 
 .safe arrival. J 
 
 * See report of Dr. D. E. Salmon, page 98, Specvil Beport No. 22, Department of 
 Agriculttirr. 
 
 t lu 18ljb, the Metropolitan Board of Health found th-.tt the use of meat from animals 
 atl'octed with Southern fever eaused an enormous iucrej ie in the death-rate by diar- 
 rhe.ol diseases, and especially was there developed an uttC-Vly obstinate and inenrable 
 class of cholaric diarrheas.^Dr. D. E. Salmon, .Special Ee).i«rt No. 22, Department of 
 Agriculture, page 117.) 
 
 t For additional particulars relating to this fever, see repon'^ of Professor Gamgee to 
 the Commissioner of Agriculture, on the diseases of cattle in ti;e^ United States, 1871 ; 
 Report of the New York State Cattle Commissioners for 1868, ma<lfc^ in connection with 
 the Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health, in relation to the Ti ''Sas cattle disease, 
 1869; also, the proceedings and debates of the American ConventiiA^ of Cattle Com- 
 missioners, held at Springfield, III., December 1, 2, and 3, 1868. Publ"-«liecl at Spring- 
 field (111.), Jouinal Printing Office, 1869. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 207 
 
 Heavy losses from this cause are also sustained each season by the 
 farmers and dealers in all parts of the North, West, and East; but perhaps 
 the. greatest sufferers of all are the breeders and growers of cattle who 
 are so unfortunate as to be located in the States through which the 
 Texans pass on their journey to market, and the States suffering more 
 particularly in this way this past season have undoubtedly beeu Mis- 
 souri* and Illinois, although nearly every other State into which the 
 Texans were shipped, from Kansas to Massachusetts, have suffered to 
 a greater or less extent. 
 
 How these losses in connection with the foreign trade occur and how 
 they are divided up can readily be seen from the following : t 
 
 In June 10,642 animals were shipped to Liverpool; 114 died — loss 
 about 1 per cent. 
 
 In July 12,137 animals were shipped to Liverpool; 110 died— loss 
 less than 1 per cent. 
 
 In August 9,464 animals were shipped to Liverpool ; 272 died— loss 
 over 2 per cent. . 
 
 In September 10,826 animals were shipped to Liverpool ; 619 died— 
 loss over 5 per cent. 
 
 This shows a loss in September over June of, say, $67,662.50, which 
 excess of loss is considered by the insurance people to be due entirely 
 to Texas fever, and to verify this we have the following quotations of 
 the rates of insurance : 
 
 In August, 1880, the Canadian and English companies charged 2| 
 to 2^ per cent, from Montreal. At the same time the rates on Ameri- 
 can cattle from Boston were from 3 to 6 per cent., the highest rates 
 obtaining against Missouri and lUtnois beasts. 
 
 During September the Canadian and English rates were 2f to 3 per 
 cent, from Montreal. The rates on American cattle during the first half 
 of this same month were '5 to 7 per cent.; during the second half, from 
 5J to 10 per cent. ; that is, Ohio cattle could be insureil at from 5 to 6J- 
 per cent., Missouri from 6J to 10 per cent. These differences in insur- 
 ance make a total on a cargo of, say, 300 beasts, of $2,635 against Mis- 
 souri, $1,312 against Ohio, as the extreme Canadian cost of such insur- 
 ance is but $1,125, This, on the September shipment to Liveri)ool alone^ 
 
 * As tending to show what the feeling among these farmers has been, I copy the fol- 
 lowing &om Professor Gamgee's Eeport, page 82. It is an extract from a letter of ilr. 
 S. Morgan Welsh, contained in the Prairie Farmer of 26tli .September, 1868: "Talk," 
 he writes, " to a Missouriau ahont moderation when a drove of Texas cattle is coming, 
 and he will call you a fool, while he coolly loads his gun and joins his neighbors ; and 
 they intend no scare either. They mean to kill, do kill, and will keep killing nnti] 
 the drove takes the back track ; and the drovers must be careful not to get between, 
 their cattle and the citizens, either, unless they are bullet-proof. No doubt this lookj, 
 a good deal like border-ruffianism to you, but it is the way we keep clear of the Texaa 
 fever, and, my word for it, Illinois will have to do the same thiug yet. Congress oughfr 
 to do something in regard to this stock." 
 
 In this same connection, but on the other side, I may say that I refceiitly' met a gen- 
 tleman who says that with two others he went South and bought a large drove of 
 Texans and started North with them. They got alou^- very well until a certain point 
 was reached, when they were met by these self-appointed offlcers of " the shot-gun 
 quarantine," and obliged to turn back, and they were reiieatedly obliged to go back 
 and around until most of their cattle had died and their resources used up, when they 
 came North alone, losers of every cent they had invested in the enterprise, which, in 
 the case of my informant, was all that he had in the world. 
 
 1 1 have only had opportunity as yet to personally investigate this one branch of the 
 subject, and that even imperfectly and, as it were, unsystcmatioally, while carryiug on 
 the work on contagious pleuro-pneumonia. 
 
208 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED AXIJIALS. 
 
 gives a loss of from $45,000 to $85,000, wliicli loss, iu tlie ciul, comes 
 probably out of tlie agriculturists. * 
 
 Of course these "rates" are based upon the actual results of experience. 
 This being so, the question at once suggests itself. What is the cause for 
 this gTeat difference of experience between Boston and Montreal ? To 
 this the unqualified answer is that it is due to a properly maintained 
 veterinary inspection carried on systematically, under proper laws and 
 upheld by the Canadian Government, while we have nothing of the 
 sort. To substantiate this it will perhaps be well to quote here from a 
 letter recently received from Messrs. Endicott & Macomber, insurance 
 agents, of Boston, Mass., who have this year employed an inspector, 
 and who would accept no "risks" on cattle unless they had bee, ) "passed"' 
 by this examiner. Oil October 27, 1880, they write: "We Lave made 
 this list of ours to include the whole sicltly season. It showf a loss of 
 IJ per cent., and would sho\^' much less had we not taken a >mall line 
 on Brazilian, which ran into a gale on first day out. The los i on unin- 
 spected cattle during the same time has been ux^ward of 6 per cent." 
 When it is remembered that this inspection is only undertaken during 
 the "sickly season," and to prevent the ill results arising fuom Texas 
 fever alone, the facts are full of significance. 
 
 As affecting the breeders of Missouri and Illinois, it may be said that 
 in Boston, October 5, 1880, ciittle for shipment were selling a ; the fol- 
 lowing prices : Ohio cattle, among which there is considered to be no 
 risk of Texan contamination, G cents to 6 J cents ; Illinois steers, 5f cents; 
 Missouri steers, -5^ cents. That is, the Missouri farmer, besides having 
 to pay more freight, loses about $15 per head on his steers, and he has 
 to stand not only this severe loss, but in addition, during these months, 
 the constant risit of having his herd contaminated, which invariably 
 results in a heavy death loss. 
 
 The absolute remedy for this is plain, and, in view of the facts as re- 
 lated, suggests itself, viz: Let there be enacted proper laws, with a pro- 
 vision for their proper execution by properly-qualified persons, which can 
 be done without injustice to the Southern breeders, and the Western, 
 Iforthern, and Eastern breeders, traders, and shippers will be protected 
 from this source of danger to the very large commercial interests which 
 they together represent, t 
 
 * It is also said to be a fact that wliile, even at these ruinous rates, tlie American com- 
 X)auies have "been losing money the Canadian and English companies have been making 
 something. 
 
 t In a communication from Messrs. Endicott & Macomber, Boston, dated November 
 8, 1880, they write: "Inclosed please find report from the Allan line, * * * -jjjjf. 
 shows what inspection will do." The "report, " which is printed on a postal card, is 
 as follows : 
 
 Allas" LlXE.— The cargo shipments of this line, which have arrived at the port of 
 Liverpool and Glasgow \\\t till this date, this season, took out 10,179 oxen ; 18 )iorsi;s; 
 11,;!00 sheep, which were all landed alive and in good order, with the exception of 24 
 iixeii and 159 sheep. 
 
 JIijXTREAL, October 19, 1880. 
 
 I aui perfectly willing and even anxious to give inspection its full value, ut I 
 lioncstly think that good management, and good ventilation on boardsliip, mo,' J.ave 
 had something to do with the siilendid results attp^iued by this company. Ho rcver, 
 what one company can do in this direction, another .should be .ililc to approach. I 
 liavc seen no public st.atement of this kind made by any other of the steamship com- 
 panies. 
 
 After all, it may be that inspection deserves all the credit these gentlemen have 
 given it, for I find by taking the figures given in Vaughau Brothers' monthly state- 
 ineuts of the number of animitls shipped to Liverpool and the number dyino' on the 
 passage, that we have the following results : 
 
 In June were shipped from Boston, 5,849 ; of these 18 died. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 209 
 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 
 
 Has been landed in Great Britain in several instances among cargoes of 
 sheep, and once in a cargo of bullocks from the United States. This is 
 a scheduled contagious disease, and our animals are now under restric- 
 tions because of it, which, of course, as long as the contagious pleuro- 
 pneumonia restriction remains, does not really make any difference, and 
 probably any measure that will provide for a properly conducted inspec- 
 tion of our cattle previous to shipment will prevent further trouble from 
 this cause. 
 
 SHEEP SCAB 
 
 Has also been landed from the United States, A proper inspection be- 
 fore shipment will stop this, and thus prevent future trouble. 
 
 SWINE PETBE. 
 
 Hogs arriving from the United States are restricted on account of this 
 disease. To devise a perfect method for preventing this needs further 
 time and consideration. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 CHAELES P. LYMAN, F. E. C. V. S. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 [Extract from annual report of tlie Veterinary Department of the Privy Council Offlce of Great Britain 
 
 1879.] 
 
 The most notaljle event of the past year in connection -with the trade in foreign 
 animals was the removal of the United States of America from the list of oountriea 
 mentioned in Part IV of the Foreign Animal Orders, owing to the lauding at diiferent 
 times during the year of animals affected with pleuro-pneiimonia, foot-and-mouth 
 disease, and swine-fevei. 
 
 My attention was first called to the existence of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle 
 which had heen landed at Liverpool from the steamship Dominion from Portland, 
 State of Maine. It is somewhat remarkahle that a mistake was made by the police- 
 man who reported the case to the inspector of the local authority in recording the 
 name of the port of shipment as Quebec instead of Portland. The inquiry which was 
 immediately instituted was commenced under the impression th at the diseased animals 
 had come from Canada instead of the United States of America. 
 
 The circumstances were, shortly, as follows : 
 
 On January 14 I received a letter from the Veterinary Inspector of the Local Author- 
 ity of Liverpool, informing me that he had forwarded for my inspection the lungs of 
 a Canadian hullock (ex-ship Dominion from Quebec). 
 
 The bullock had been dressed in the abattoirs at Liverpool, and the Veterinary In- 
 spector's attention had been called to the lungs, one portion of which he found to 
 Xireseut appearances '' so nearly allied to those of pleuro-pneumonia as to warrant 
 suspicion." 
 
 My own convi.ction at the time was that an examination of the lungs would suffice 
 
 In June were shipped from Montreal, 3,938 ; of these 20 died. 
 
 In j'uly were shipped from Boston, 5,404 ; of these 39 died. 
 
 In July were shipped from Montreal, 3,985 ; of these 21 died. 
 
 In August were shipped from Boston, 5,488 ; of these 97 died. 
 
 In August were shipped from Montreal, 2,781 ; of these 3 died. 
 
 In September were shipped from Boston, 5,987 ; of these 181 died. 
 
 In September wero shipped from Montreal, 4,059 ; of these 12 died. 
 
 It would seem from this that the steamers running from Boston have as good man- 
 agement and ventilation as those from Montreal, on the whole, and that given an 
 equally healthy stock to ship from, that they are as able Jo show goodresults. F'lirther, 
 that the ratio of loss increases iuexplainably, beginning slightly in July and running- 
 through SepI ember, unless some theory of special cause is accepted. 
 
 14 D 
 
210 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 to jliow tlat tliiro was no grouud for any suspicion. It was almost impossible tliat 
 pleuro-pneumonia could have existed iu Cauada v,itlioiit having been detected, and 
 lip to the moment of receiving tlio letter referred to not a shadow of suspicion had 
 been tlu'own upon Canadian cattle. 
 
 "When the lungs were seen, however, it was at once apparent that something more 
 than suspicion was justified. All tlie unmistakable marks of pleuro-pneiunonia were 
 evident, and had the aaimal from which tlie lungs had been removed been an English 
 bullock instead of a Canadian animal, as it was then believed to be, no more trouble 
 "^^'o^ld have been taken in the matter. But there could be no doubt that the assertion 
 of the existence of the disease in a bullock from Canada would be sternly denied by 
 the Canadian authorities, who would point to the fact that no case of the disease 
 could be found iu their country. It was therefore necessary to place the matter beyond 
 all doubt before any action could be taken. Meanwhile the diseased lungs were sub- 
 mitted to the inspection of all the authorities within immediate reach, and all whij 
 examined them, including Professors Simonds, Pritchard, and Axe, Jlcssrs. Priestman, 
 Eayment, Holmaus, besides the inspectors attached to the department, unhesitatingly 
 stated their opinion that the disease was nleuro-pneumonia. Dr. Yeo, of King's Col- 
 lege, who had recently been engaged on behalf of the Agricultural Society iii investi- 
 gating the morbid anatomy of the disease, was next appealed to, not without a lin- 
 geiing hope that he would find on minute examination some microscopic differences 
 between the diseased structures and the similar tissues which he had examined from 
 English animals affected with pleuro-pneumouia, and so relieve me from a difficulty 
 which threatened to assume considerable proportions. Before Dr. Yeo replied the 
 difficulty had been removed by the discovery of the fact that the diseased animal 
 formed part of a cargo from the United States, where pleuro-pneumonia waS' known 
 to exist. Dr. Yeo, after a careful examination of the lungs which were sent to him, 
 wi-oto : 
 
 " I regard the lung as a beautiful example of the contagious pleuro-pneumonia." 
 
 The detection of disease in the cargo brought by the Ontario afforded further evi- 
 dence of its existence among cattle iu the Unit-ed States 
 
 Cargoes of cattle among which pleuro-pneumonia was detected continued to an-ive, 
 and, after careful deliberation, the Lords of the Council passed an order, on February 
 10, to come into force on March 4, the effect of which was to cause the slaughter of 
 cattle from the States at the place of landing in this country. 
 
 It was probably to be expected that the importers of animals from the United States 
 would hesitate to accept as final the opinion of the inspectors of the Privy Council when 
 that opinion was quite adverse to their interests. Accordingly, they sought the advice 
 of three gentlemen of undoubted authority in veterinary science, the three principals 
 of the veterinary colleges in Scotland. Two of these experts promptly decided that 
 the disease among the cattle from the Ontario was pleuro-pneumonia; the third formed 
 the opinion that the disease was not pleuro-pneumonia. The matter would not be re- 
 J'erred to iu this report but for the circumstance that the difference of oijinion led to a 
 question being raised in the House of Commons. 
 
 On May 12 Mr. Mundella asked the vice-president of the council if he was aware 
 that Prol'. W. Williams, of the Ediuburg Veterinary College, had written a letter 
 to Dr. Liiidlaw, veterinary pathologist, of jUbauy, N". Y., denying in the most emphatic 
 terms that plenro-pncirmouia had existed in any cattle hitherto imported from the 
 United States; whether his attention had been called to a letter of Professor WiUiams, 
 dated 29th March, in which the following passage occurred: "Since first arrival of 
 Ontario with cattle, others have arrived at Liverpool, and I have examined the lungs 
 said by Privy-Council inspectors to have pleuro-pneumouia, and satisfied all who have 
 seen them that no pleuro-pneumonia has arrived here from America ; indeed, everv- 
 body is surprised that such a gross mistake should have been made. The last lot, 
 seven in number, examined by me had bronchitis, with collapse of the lung, butnota 
 trace of p leurisy nor of pneumonia, yet they were declared by the authorities in London 
 to have typical pleuro-pneumonia. I have the specimens most carefully preserved, 
 .and am ready to show them to the whole world if necessary " ; and what steps ho 
 proposed to take to satisfy himself of the correctness of those statements. 
 
 Lord George Hamilton replied that a statement of Professor AA'iUiams ^wls forwarded 
 to the Privy Council office by the Canadian Government last month, and upon receiv- 
 ing it the Privy Council requested Professor Bro-\vn, theheadof the Veterinary Depart- 
 ment, to investigate the subject. He would read the memorandum which he had 
 drawn up, and which was sent in reply to the Cauadiau Government: 
 
 "On January 26 the steamship Ontario arrived at Liverpool, having on board 195 
 cattle aud two carcasses; 87 head of cattle had been thrown overboard, makino- the 
 total number shi])ped 284. On examining one of the carcasses, the inspector at fiver- 
 pool found evidence of pleuro-pneumonia, and forwarded portions of the lung to the 
 A'oterinary Department. This specimen \\as found to represent the characteristic iu- 
 <licati()ns of the contagious ple'uro-pneumonia of cattle so well known iu this country 
 By direofcioLS of the Lord i>rcsideut, I immediately iusti-uotcd Mr. Duguid, one of the 
 
CONTAGLOtlS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 211 
 
 inspectors of tliisdcpartnient, to proocod to Liverpool and report as to the condition 
 of tlio animals wliioli had Ijcon Jotained tliorc. Mr. Dugu id remained at Liverpool 
 and superintended tlie slanfrlitev of the cattle, and in the course of the ;)ost-))wrten, es- 
 amination he detected thirteen cafies of plcuro-pneumonia in various stages. Since 
 the landing of the cattle from the Ontario, in January, cases of the disease liave been 
 detected among cattle from the United States by the inspector at Liverpotd iu three 
 other cargoes, and in one cargo hy the inspector at the foreign cattle-market, Dept- 
 ford. Portions of the lungs taken from the diseased cattle Tvere forwarded by the in- 
 spectors to the Voterinary Depai-tment, and I tookthe opportunity of submitting some 
 of the specimens to the inspection of several experts Tvho have made plcuro-pneumonia 
 of cattle a subject of special inquiry, and they were unanimous iu their expression of 
 opinion that the morbid changes were indicative of contagious pleuro-piieumonia. I 
 may add that the alterations which are apparent in the lung structure in contagious 
 lUeuro-pneumonia, even in the earliest stages, are so difierent from those which occur 
 in. any other affection of the lungs of the ox that no competent pathologist would 
 experience any difficulty in arriving at a correct conclusion as to the nature of the 
 disease." 
 
 In the appendix an account is given of the number of cattle affected with pleuro- 
 pneumonia which were landed in this country from the United States during the year. 
 The number is considerable, and far in excess of the total number of oases of the dis- 
 ease which have been detected among cattle imported in the same period from the 
 continent of Europe. This circumstance ceases to be remarkable when the wide- 
 spread existence of the disease in the States is considered in connection with the fact 
 that the extraordinary development of the cattle-trade with this country has allordod 
 owners of infected herds an opportunity of disposing of the animals expeditiously, 
 and in a manner much, more effective than any system of isolation would be. 
 
 Further restrictions on imports from America were soon rendered necessary, in con- 
 sequence of the landing in this country from the States of several cargoes of swine, 
 among Avhioh swine-fever was detected. The existence of this disease iu America, 
 under the name of hog cholera, was too well known to admit of any discussion, and 
 as diseased animals continued to be landed at Liverpool and Deptford, an Order of 
 Conneilwaspassed, onMayS, to come into effect on June 2, placing swine from America 
 in the same position as cattle. It was subsequently found necessary, in consequence 
 of numerous cargoes of diseased swine being sent to this country during May, to bring 
 the Order into operation at an earlier date than that originally fixed. 
 
 The slaughter of large numbers of American swine at the port of landing on account 
 of swine-fever afforded an opportunity of obtaining specimens of flesh for examina- 
 tiou, with the view to ascertain what proportion of the animals were infected wiflt 
 trichina;. The inspectors of the Veterinary Department examined 279 separate por- 
 tions of swines' flesh which were sent from Liverpool, and detected living trichiuaj in 
 three specimens. 
 
 Portions of trichinized flesh were given to two young pigs, and also to cats and rats, 
 and the mature worm and also the encysted embryos were in this way cultivated. No 
 doubt, "therefore, existed as to the dangerous character of American porii, and a con- 
 sultation on the subject took place with the medical officer's of the Local Government 
 Board ; the matter was also discussed in the House of Commons, but it was not deemed 
 expedient to prohibit the introduction of American rork into this country, for the 
 reason that such a measure would have damaged the trade without' producing any 
 satisfactory results. A large proportion of the objectionable meat would have been 
 sent to this country by a cii'cuitous route, and thus the object of the restriction would 
 have been defeated ; besides which trichinosis among swine is known to exist in Ger- 
 many, and it probably exists in other exporting countries, so that nothing short of 
 total prohibition of swine flesh in all forms from all foreign sources would have been 
 effectual. The possibility of our own swine being to some extent infected with trichina 
 has been sirggested; the result, however, of many examinations has, up to this time, 
 been negative. 
 
 Auiericau sheep were the nex i animals to be brought within the provisions of a spe- 
 cial Order of Council. On July 4, the Inspector of the Privy Council at Liverjiool 
 reported that he had detected foot-and-mouth disease in a cargo of sheep brought 
 from Boston and landed at Li»'erpool on July 3. 
 
 The Chief Inspector was instructed to proceed to Liverpool and examine the dis- 
 eased animals, and in the course of his inspection he detected ten cases of the disease 
 iu various stages. 
 
 Air Order of Council was accordingly passed, on November 4, to come into operation 
 on November 24, placing sheep in the same position as cattle and swine from the 
 United States. 
 
 No iufornuition of the existence of foot-and-mouth disease among animals in the 
 United States of America had been communicated to the Veterinary Department, but 
 it is worthy of remark that in the report of the Minister of Agriculture, at Washington, 
 in answer "to a Senate resolution of February 21, 1878, requiring iuformation respect- 
 
212 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OV DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 iiig the preYalence of diseases among swine and other domestic animals in the States, 
 one or the writers describes a disease, which he calls "murrain," in the folio wiug 
 terms : 
 
 "The disease most prevalent among cattle is murrain. It is characterized by small 
 vesicles in the mouth, on lips, gums, and tongue, with drivelings of saliva, often caus- 
 ing inability to eat or drink. These symptoms are accompanied with fever, swelling 
 of the udder, and lameness." 
 
 The writer is not a veterinary surgeon, and lie evidently describes iuhis letter more 
 than one disease under the term murrain ; but the above record of symptjms might 
 be copied literally in describing an ordinary case of toot-and-mouth disease in tihis 
 country. 
 
 The Order of Council which provided for the slaughter of American sheep at aforeigu- 
 animals' wharf practically completed the exclusion of American animals from I'art 
 ■ IV of the foreign animals order. No injury, however, aiipears to have been done to 
 the trade by this action, and, indeed, so far as the consumer is concerned, it does not 
 appear to be of much consequence whether foreign animals were imported under the 
 provisions of Part II or Part IV of the Order, The object of their introduction into 
 tlie country is that of adding to the food supply ; and experience tends 1o show that 
 slaughter at the place of laiiding has not seriously int-erfered with this object. 
 
 In the last report reference was made to tlie enormous losses which were caused by 
 the hardships of the trans-Atlantic passage, and it is, p'erhaps, not surprising, consid- 
 ering the extraordinary weather of 1879, that the number of animals lost in transit 
 was considerably larger than in the jirevious year, as the following analysis of the 
 returns will show : 
 
 From Canada there were landed in 1879 at the ports of Bristol, Glasgow, Liverpool, 
 and London 157 cargoes of animals, consisting of 25,185 cattle, 73,913 sheep, 3,663 swine, 
 of which, 154 cattle, 1,623 sheep, and 249 swine were thrown overboard during the 
 voyage ; 21 cattle, 226 sheep, and o swine wei'e landed dead, and 4 cattle and 61 sheep 
 had to-be slaughtered at the place of landing, owing to injuries received in transit. 
 
 From the United States there were landed in 1879 at the ports of Bristol, Cardiff, Glas- 
 gow, Grimsby, Hartlepool, Hull, Leith, Liverpool, London, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, South 
 Shields, and Southampton 535 cargoes of animals, consisting of 76,117 cattle, 119,350 
 sbeep, and 15,180 s^yine, of which 3,140 cattle, 5,915 sheep, and 2,943 swine were thrown 
 overboard on the voyage ; 221 cattle, 386 sheep, and 392 swiue were landed dead ; and 
 93 cattle, 167 sheep, and 130 swine were so much injured that it was necessary to 
 slaughter them at the place of landing. 
 
 Thus it appears that 14,024 animals were thrown overboard, 1,249 were landed dead, 
 and 455 were so much injured or exhausted that they were killed at the place of land- 
 ing ; making a total number of 15,728 animals which were either lost on the passage 
 or so much injured that it was necessary to slaughter them immediately on landing. 
 
 Notwithstanding the increased restrictions on importations, the number of foreign 
 animals imported was larger in 1879 than in the previous year, the total from all 
 countries out of the United Kingdom being 1,241,847 as against 1,200,323 in 1878. 
 From European countries we received 143,187 cattle, 750,469 sheep, 32,591 swine; from 
 Canada, 25,185 cattle, 79,913 sheep, 3,663 swine; from the United States of America, 
 76,117 cattle, 119,350 sheep, 15,180 swine ; from the Channel Islands, 2,151 cattle only; 
 from other countries, 12 cattle, 22 sheep, 7 swine. 
 
 Fi-om Ireland v.'e received 641,370 cattle, 673,371 sheep, 429,663 swine. 
 
 The total from all sources was 2,986,251 animals in 1879, against 3,043,090 in 1878. 
 
 There were landed in Great Britain during 1879, from places out of the United 
 Kingdom, exclusive of the Channel Islands, 2,671 cargoes of animals, consisting of 
 244,501 cattle, 973.754 sheep. 51,441 swine. In 122 cargoes the inspectors detected dis- 
 ease among the animals on landing in this country. The diseased cargoes came from 
 the following countries : Belgium, 46 cargoes, of which six cargoes, consisting of 3,141 
 sheep, contained 8 sheep affected with foot-and-mouth disease and 68 sheep affected 
 with sheep-scab. France, 27 cargoes, of which 2 cargoes, consisting of 25 cattle, 30 
 swine, contaiued 1 cattle affected with pleuro-pneuniouia and 20 swine affected with 
 foot-and-mouth disease. Geimany, 496 cargoes, of which 21 cargoes, consisting of 312 
 cattle, 28,277 sheep, contained 29 sheep affected with foot-and-mouth disease and 496 
 sheep affected with sheep-scab. The Netherlands, 659 cargoes, of which 21 cargoes 
 consisting of 1,830 cattle, 11,076 sheep, 1,079 swine, contained 9 cattle affected witli 
 pleuro-pneumonia, 1 head of cattle, 7 sheep, and 64 swine affected with foot-and-mouth 
 disease, and 83 sheep affected with sheep-scab. Canada, 157 cargoes, of which 3 car- 
 goes, consisting of 3 V.) cattle, 1,746 sheep, 180 swine, contained 13 sheep affected with 
 sheep-scab. The United States of America, 535 cargoes, of which 69 cargoes consistiuo- 
 of 13,301 cattle, 8,553 sheep, contained 137 cattle affected with pleuro-pneumonia, 33 
 sheep afl'ected with foot-and-mouth disease, and 37 sheep affected with sheep-scab. 
 
 In addition to the Orders which were in force on January 1, 1879, it was found 
 necessary to pa.ss several Orders in Iho course of the vear, cither for the purpose of 
 amending certain provisions in existing Orders or dealing with new conditions 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 213 
 
 On tlie 1st of January, 1879, tlie new vegulations relating^ to the importation of 
 foreign animals, wliich had been enacted by tlie Contagious Diseases' (animals) Act, 
 1878, and contained in the Foreign Animals' Order (dated the 6tli of December, 1878, 
 and numbered 422), came into operation. As stated in the report for tlie year 1878, 
 the act of 1878 provides that the foreign animals are to be landed only at a foreign- 
 animals' -wharf, and are to be there slaughtered, except such animals from such coun- 
 tries as may be from time to time specially prohibited or excepted by order of council. 
 The principal features of the provisions of the Foreign Animals' Order will bo treated 
 hereafter nudor the heading orders relaling to importation. 
 
 Orders relating to importation. — Before noticing the Orders that were issued during 
 1879 on this subject, it would be well to notice the more salient points of the provisions 
 of the Foreign Animals' Order No. 459, which, as before stated, came into operation 
 on the 1st of January, 1879. 
 
 The act of 1878 provided that foreign animals should only be lauded in a jiart of a 
 port, to be called a foreign animals' wharf, out of which wharf they were not to be 
 ■moved alive, unless the Privy Council by Order absolutely prohibited their being- 
 landed, or specially exempted them from the operation of those pro-^nsious of the act. 
 
 The Foreign Animals' Order, first, prohibited the landing of animals brought from 
 the following countries : The Austrian-Hungarian Empire, The Dominions of the King 
 of the Hellenes, The Dominions of the King of Italy, The Principality of Montenegro, 
 The Principality of Eoumania, The Dominions of the Emperor of Russia, The Domin- 
 ions of the Sultan, including the Provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 
 
 Secondly, sets forth the ports which had parts defined as foreign animals' wharves, 
 namely, Goole, Grimsby, Hartlepool, London, Plymouth, Sunderland, and laid down 
 regulations as to the time of the slaughter of anknals landed in those wharves. 
 
 Thirdly, provided for the quarantine of foreign animals at a. part of the port of 
 Southampton defined as a foreign animals' quarantine station . 
 
 Fourthly, exempted animals from compulsory slaughter if brought from the fol- 
 lowing countries : Her Majesty's Possessions in North America, the United States of 
 America, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Spain, Portugal. Animals from these countries 
 were to be landed at a place of landing approved by the Pri-vy Council within one of 
 the following ports: Bristol, Cardiff, Falmouth, Glasgow, Goole, Granton, Grimsby, 
 Hartlepool, Leith, Liverpool, London, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Plymouth, Portsmouth, 
 Southampton, Sunderland, Weymouth. And general regulations were framed as to 
 the slaughter and disposal of such animals if found diseased, and as to their ceasing 
 to be deemed foreign animals if, after detention for not less than twelve hours, the 
 whole cargo was certified by an inspector of the Privy Council to be free from disease. 
 
 Fifthly. Animals brought from the Channel Islands were exempted from compulsory 
 slaughter, and subjected to the regulations last mentioned. 
 
 Sixthly. Animals brought from the Isle of Man were exempted from all restrictions 
 relating to importation. 
 
 The first Order passed during the year 1879, relating to importations, was that dated 
 the 10th of February, which ordered that from and after the 3d day of March, then 
 next, cattle brought ftom the United States of America should cease to be exempted 
 from the regulations regarding slaughter ; or, in other words, provided that they should 
 be landed in a foreign animals' wharf for slaughter. 
 
 On the 13th of February an Order was passed providing that cows or goats taken on 
 board a vessel in Great Britain, for the purpose of supplying the passengers or crew 
 with milk on a voyage were not, on being landed in Great Britain at the end of .tho 
 voyage, to be deemed foreign animals, if the Customs were, before the same were 
 landed, satisfied that they had been taken from Great Britain and had not been landed 
 in a foreign country, and had not been in contact with any foreign animal. 
 
 On the 28th of February a foreign animals' wharf was defined at the "Wallasey 
 landing-stage at Birkenhead in the port of Liverpool. This became necessary in con- 
 sequence of the passing of the beforementioned order No. 467, relating to cattle from 
 . the United States of America. 
 
 Middlesbrough was opened for the landing of foreign animals for slaughter by hav- 
 ing a foreign animals' wharf on the south side of the river Tees, near Commercial 
 street, defined by Order dated the 25th of March. Hull was also opened for animals 
 for slaughter by having a foreign animals' wharf defined by Order dated March 25, 
 and subsequently for animals not subject to slaughter or to quarantine, by Order dated 
 the 28th of March. 
 
 Owing to the difficulty of carrying on the London-American cattle-trade in conse- 
 quence of the only foreign-animals' wharf (The foreign-cattle market at Deptford) 
 being situate high up the river, a temporary Order, to continue in force for two months, 
 was passed on the 3d of April, permitting, from and after the 4th of that month, cat- 
 tle brought from the United States of America to the port of London to be trans- 
 shipped in the Victoria docks for conveyance to that market. This privilege was ex- 
 tended to American cattle transshipped in the Millwall docks by Order of Council 
 dated the 8th of May. Just before the two last-mentioned Orders expired, another 
 
214 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Ordpi- Tvas passed on the 2t)lli of May, to take effect on tlie 4t]i of Juno, permitting 
 animals (this Order did not conline tbe transsliipment to cattle, as at tliat time Ameri- 
 can swine were also obliged to be slaughtered on landing) brought from the United 
 States of America to the port of London to be transshipped in the river Thames, or 
 in any dock -wifchin the port of London approved by the Privy Council, for convey- 
 ance to Deptford. The latter Order remained in force at the end of the year. 
 
 At the same time another Order was passed, also to take effect on the 4th of June, 
 formally revoking the temporary Orders Nos. 475 and 481. 
 
 Difficulty having also been experienced at the ports of Hull aud Glasgow in carry- 
 ing on the trade in animals from America, owina; to the great depth of water drawn 
 by the vessels engaged in the trade. Orders were passed, on the 14th of May, permit- 
 ting from and after that date, animals brought to the port of Hull from the United 
 States to be transshipped in the river Humbcr or in the Albert dock for conveyance 
 to the foreign animals' wharf at Citadel estate, and, on the 1.5th of August, permit- 
 ting, from aud after the 16th of that month, the transshipment of such animals brought 
 to the port of Glasgow, in the Firth of Clyde or in the river Clyde for conveyance to 
 the foreign animals' wharf at Yorkhill Wharf. 
 
 Owing to the accommodation at the "Wallasey landing-stage at Birkenhead being 
 found inadequate for the trade, the wharf was enlarged. It therefore became neces- 
 sary to revoke the former defining Order, No. 470, and to redefine the wharf. Two 
 Orders were accordingly passed, on the 8tli of April, to effect that object. 
 
 Although Goole was inserted in the foreign animals' Order No. 452 as a port having 
 a foreign animals' wharf, it wa.s not, in consequence of the inadequate accommodation 
 provided, until the 8th of April that the wharf was finally approved and the Order 
 defining it was passed. 
 
 Several cargoes of swine affected with swine-fever having arrived from America, an 
 Order of Council was issued on the 8th of May, providing, in effect, that swine 
 brought from the United States of America should be subject to the same restrictions 
 as cattle, namely, that they should be landed in a foreign animals' wharf for slaugh- 
 ter. The Order was to have come into force from the 1st of June, but owing to other 
 ; diseased cargoes arriving, that date was, by a subsequent Order passed on the 13th of 
 ' May, altered to the 16th of May. 
 
 ; The authorities at the ports of Bristol and Cardiff desiring to import American cat- 
 'tle and swine applied to have parts defined as foreign animals' wharves. Accord- 
 ingly, on the 13th of May, two Orders of Council were passed, one defining a wharf at 
 Avonmouth Dock, in the port of Bristol, the other defining a wharf at the Roath Ba- 
 ' sin of the Bute Docks, in the port of Cardiff, as foreign animals' wharves. 
 
 The American trade increasing at Liverpool, it was again found necessary to provide 
 further a ccommodation. This necessitated the issuing of the following Orders : On the 
 16th of May the order of the 8th of April, No. 477, was revoked, and another defining 
 Order was passed redefining the wharf as again enlarged at the Wallasey landing- 
 stage at Birkenhead, and defining also a second foreign animals' wharf at the Woodside 
 landing-stage at Birkenhead. On the 4th of July another foreign animals' wharf was 
 defined on the Liverpool side of t)ie Jlersey, kno'wn as Huskisson Branch Dock No. 2; 
 and, finally, on the 28th of July, still further accommodation having been found neces- 
 sary, tlie two Orders then in force, Nos. 488 and 498, were rescinded, and the Order 
 which renuiined in force to the end of the year, defining .ill three wharves, was passed. 
 
 On the 23d of Jlayan Order was issued extending the time from ten days to fourteen 
 days within which animals in foreign animals' wharves must be slaughtered. This 
 regulation came into operation on the 25th of May. 
 
 On the 29th of May the usual Annual Order was passed providing for the landing, 
 from the lilst of May to the end of the year, of cattle from the provinces of Schleswig 
 .and Holstein, in Germany, at a foreign animals' wharf for .slaughter. This was neces- 
 sary in consequence of cattle from the German Empire beina' otherwise still nro- 
 hibited. " ^ 
 
 South Shields had a foreign animals' wharf defined at Tyno Dock by Order dated the 
 inth of Juni\ The whisri', Iiowever, not proving .sufficiently la.rge for the trade, that 
 Order was revoked, .and a ni-w Order issued rodefming the same wharf with a further 
 area on the 15th of August. 
 
 Glasgow had a foreign animals' wharf defined at Yorkhill Wharf by Order on the 23d 
 of June, but which was revoked on the 27th of October, and the wharf was redefined 
 on the latter date. 
 
 It having been decided by the admiralty that the Roy.al William Victualliu"- Yard 
 at riymoutli, which had been defined as a foreign aninials' wharf by Order No. 459, 
 should be iifwd exclusively for naval purposes, that Order wiis revoked on the 2ist of 
 July, ami cm the same day another Order was passed defining as foreiTn animals' 
 wharves, for nav.al purposes o)ily, the Rov.al AVilliara Victualling Y.ard at Plymouth 
 and the Royal Clarence Victualling Yard .at Portsmouth. 
 
 On the 17th of September a second foreign-animals' wharf for the iiort of Bristol 
 was defined at the Cumberland Tidal Basin in the town of Ihisl ol. 
 
CONTRGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 2"l5 
 
 Tho port of Huiwioh was opened for tlio importation of foreign animals not sulijecfc 
 to slaughter or to quarantine on the 11th of October. 
 
 Barrow-in-Fnrncss had a foreign animals' wharf defined at Kamsden Dock ou the 
 11th of Octohor. 
 
 On the 4th of November an Order of Council was passed ordering sheep to be landed 
 in aforeign animals' wharf for slaughter if brought from the United States of Ameriua. 
 The order took effect from the 23d of November, and was issued in consequence of 
 sheep from that country having been found on landing to be affected with foot-and- 
 mouth disease. 
 
 A foreign animals' wharf was defined at Southampton on the Southampton Dock 
 Company's premises, known as the Extension Quay, on the 7th of November; and 
 
 The Order of Council defining a foreign animals' wharf at Middlebrongh, passed on 
 the 25th of March, No. 473, was revoked, and that port was opened for the importation 
 of foreign animals not subject to slaughter or to quarantine, by Order dated the 29th 
 of November. 
 
 The only other Orders affecting importation passed during the year 1879 were the 
 revocation Order, No. ,522 (revoking all former Orders except such local Orders as it was 
 intended should remain in force, and the general Order relating to dairies and cow- 
 sheds), and the Animals' Order, No. 523, consolidating all General Orders in force (ex- 
 cept the General Order relating to dairies and cow-sheds). Both these Orders are 
 further noticed under the heading consolidating orders. 
 
 The following statement will show the places where foreign animals could be landed 
 on the 31st of December, 1879 : 
 
 Barrotv-in-Furness. — Barrow-in-Furness has one foreign animals' wharf: (n) Rams- 
 den Dock (O. C. 514) ; but is not open for animals not for slaughter. 
 
 Bristol. — Bristol Has two foreign animals' wharves: (n) AvonmouthDock(0. C.484) ; 
 (6) Cumberland Tidal Basin (O. C. 512); and has two landing places for animals not 
 for slaughter: (1) Railway Dock, (2) Avonmouth Dock. 
 
 Cardiff. — Cardiff has one foreign animals' wharf: (a) Roath Basin (0. C. 485); but 
 is not open for animals not for slaughter. 
 
 Falmouth. — Falmouth has not a foreign animals' wharf, but has one landing-place 
 for animals not for slaughter, (1) Penryn Wharf. 
 
 Glasgow. — Glasgow has one foreign animals' wharf: (a) Yorkhill "Wharf (0. C. 510); 
 and has one landing-place for animals not for slaughter, (1) Plantation Quay. 
 
 Goole. — Goole has one foreign-animals' wharf : (a) Railway Dock (0. C. 478); but 
 is not open for animals not for slaughter. 
 
 Granton. — Granton has not a foreign-animals' wharf, but has two landing-places for 
 animals not for slaughter : (1) Granton Harbor, (2) Granton Quay. 
 
 Grimsiy. — Grimsby has one foreig-n-animals' wharf: (a) the 70-foot lock of the 
 Royal Dock (0. C. 456) ; and has one landing-place for animals not for slaughter: (1) 
 Royal Dock. 
 
 SartUpool . — Hartlepool has one foreign-animals' wharf: (a) west side of the Jack- 
 son Dock (0. C. 457): and has one landing-place for animals not for slaughter : (1) 
 Southeaft corner of the Jackson Dock. 
 
 Sarioich. — Harwich has not a foreign-animals' wharf, but has one landing-iilace for 
 animals not for slaughter: (1) Great Eastern R.ailway Company's Pier. 
 
 Sull. — Hull has one foreign-animals' wh.arf: (o) Citadel Estate (O. C. 472); and has 
 two landiug-xilaces for animals not for slaughter: (1) Albert Dock; (2) Quay- wall of 
 Albert Dock. 
 
 ZeUh. — Leith has not a foreign-animals' wh.arf, but has two landing-places for aui- 
 mals not for slaughter : (1) Albert Dock ; (2) Victoria Dock. 
 
 ZiverjpnoJ. — Liverpool has three foreign-animals' wharves (0. C. 505): (a) Ilnslcisson 
 Branch Dock No. 2, Liverpool; (6) Wallasey landing-stage, Birkenliead; (c) 'Wood- 
 side landing-stage, Birkenhead; and has six landing-places for animals not for slaugh- 
 ter. (For all animals:) (1) Canada Dock, Liverpool; (2) shod ou the north side of 
 the Alfred Dock, Birkenhead ; (3) inclosed .space on the east of the bcfore-mentioneil 
 shed, Birlcenhead : (4) inclosed space ou the northeast corner of the Great Float, Bir- 
 kenhead. (For aiiioials other than cattle:) (5) Southern enil ot the Wallasey landing- 
 stage, Birkenhead ; (C) sheds No. 4, No. C, and No. 8, on the south side of tlie Wallasey 
 Dock, Birkenhead. 
 
 London. — London has one foreign-animals' wharf :_ (a) Foreign Cattle Market, Dopt- 
 ford (0. C. 458), and has three landing-places for animals not for slaughter: (1) 
 Brown's Wharf; (2) Victoria Docks ; (3) Thames Haven. 
 
 Middleslrougli. — Middlesbrough has not a foreign-animals' wharf, but has one land- 
 ing-place for animals not for slaughter : (1) T.aylor's Wharf. 
 
 Newcaslle-upon-Tiine. — Newcastle-upon-Tyne has not a foreign-animals' wharf, but 
 haK oue Landing-place for animals not for slaughter : (1) Legal Quay. 
 
 J'Jifliwiith. — I'iymontli has one foreign animals' wharf, for naval jrarposes only: (a) 
 Royal ^\'illiam Victualling Yard (0. C. 502) ; and has four landing-places for auiraals 
 
216 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 not for slaughter: (1) Commercial Wharf ; (2) Keyham Dock Yard; (3) Mill Bay; 
 (4) Sutton Wharf. 
 
 Po?-/s»iOtt«/i,— Portsmouth has one foreign-animals' wharf, for naval purposes only ; 
 (a) Eoyal Clarence Victualling Yard (0. C. 503) ; and has one landing-place for ani- 
 mals not for slaughter : (1) Chamber Dock. 
 
 Southampton. — Southampton has one foreign-animals' -wharf: (a) Extension Quay 
 (O. C.518); and has a foreign animals' quarantine station: (7*) Southern side of the 
 Close Dock (O. C. 461) ; and has one landing-place for animals not for slaughter: (1) 
 Southampton Docks. 
 
 South Shields.— Souih Shields has one foreign-animals' wharf: (o) Tyno Dock (0. C. 
 509) ; but is not open for animals not for slaughter. 
 
 Sunderland. — Sunderland has one foreign-animals' wharf: (a) North Half Tide Ba- 
 sin (O. C. 460) ; and has one landing-place for animals not for slaughter: (1) Hudson 
 Dock North. 
 
 Weymouth. — Weymouth has not a foreign-animals' wharf, but has one landing-place 
 for animals not for slaughter : (1) Harbour Quay. 
 
 DISEASES AMONG FOREIGN ANIMALS LANDED IN GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 The diseases which were detected by the Inspectors of the Privy Council stationed 
 at the ports in Great Britain among foreign animals landed in this country during 
 1879 were pleuro-pneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, sheep-scab, and swine-fever. 
 
 The diseased animals came from Canada, the United States of America, Belgium, 
 France, Germany, and the Netherlands. 
 
 Plenro-pneumonia. — The first cases of pleuro-pneumonia among foreign stock were 
 detected by the inspector at Liverpool, in the latter part of January. The ship On- 
 tario, from Portland, State of Maine, landed 197 cattle at Liverpool in January; two 
 dead cattle were also landed; and on making a post-mortem of one of the carcasses the 
 inspector detected the marked appearance indicative of pleuro-pneumonia. He for- 
 warded portions of the lungs to this department, and an examination of the parts sent 
 up was made by the officers of the department, when all the post-mortem appearances 
 of pleuro-pneumonia, as observed in animals afflicted with that disease in thjs country, 
 were found to exist. The cargo was therefore detained, and the assistant inspector of 
 the department was instructed to proceed to Liverpool to assist the inspector at that 
 port in his inspection of the living animals, and to report fully on the subject. 
 
 At this period no proper accommodation existed at the port of Liverpool for either 
 the lairage or slaughter of foreign animals ; these cattle had been placed in one of the 
 sheds at the Huskisson Dock, where it would have been practically impossible to have 
 slaughtered them ; permission was therefore given for the removal of the apparently 
 healthy cattle to the abattoir, where a further examination of them was made and the 
 post-mortem appearances of all their lungs carefully noted, when it was found that a 
 large number of the animals were suffering from interlobular emphysema, and the or- 
 dinary inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs, viz., bronchitis, pneumonia, 
 and pleurisy, the results of cold and exposure. 
 
 In twelve of the cattle the distinctive appearances of pleuro-pneumonia were ob- 
 served. 
 
 On February 9 the disease was detected in a cargo of cattle which arrived in the 
 Istrian from Boston, and on the following day an Order of Council was passed, which 
 came into force on March 4, subjecting cattle from the United States to slaughter at 
 the ports of landing. 
 
 With a view, however, to assist in the detection of any cases of pleuro-pneumonia 
 wMch might arrive prior to this Order coming into operation the assistant inspector 
 remained at Liverpool. 
 
 It occasionally happened that only one animal in a cargo was found diseased, but on 
 the 16th of December the Illyrian arrived at Liverpool from Boston having 69 cattle 
 on board; these animals were all slaughtered in the foreign-animals' wharf, and their 
 lungs were examined by the inspector at the port, when pleuro-pneumonia was detected 
 in no less than twelve cases. From the date of the detection of the first cases of pleuro- 
 pneumonia among American cattle on January 26 to December .31, 137 cases of the 
 disease have been reported among cattle forming part of 57 cargoes. 
 
 Foot-and-mouth-disease. — A noticeable fact in regard to this disease is that it appears 
 to have prevailed to a very small extent on the continent of Europe. During the past 
 year animals affected with foot-and-mouth disease have been received from Belgium, 
 . Holland, France, Germany, and the United States of America, and it appears to have 
 chiefly manifested itself among sheep and swine, only one head of cattle which arrived 
 from Harlingen having been found to be affected with that disease. The most im- 
 portant point in connection with this affection is the fact of its detection among sheep 
 which arrived at the port of Liverpool from the United States of America, a country 
 in which the existence of that disease,,does not appear to liave been generally reeo<r- 
 nized. ' " 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 217 
 
 On July 3 the steamsliip Bulgarian, fi-om Boston, arrived at Liverpool witli 1,307 
 slieep ; on tlie following day they were examined by the inspector at that port, who 
 detained the whole cargo on the suspicion that a certain nnraber of them were affected 
 with foot-and-mouth disease, and immediately communicated with the department. 
 The chief inspector' was instructed to proceed to Liverpool and report on the condi- 
 tion of these animals. An examination was made of the whole of the sheep, which 
 resulted in the detection of 10 oases of foot-and-mouth disease. Some of the animals 
 had evidently heen affected in their feet for many days, while others had the disease 
 in the early stage, recently ruptured vesicles between the claws hetng observable, and 
 one which was in this condition was also affected in the mouth. As this was the first 
 cargo of animals from America among which foot-and-mouth disease had been de- 
 tected, it was considered desirable, in order to establish the true nature of the disease, 
 to communicate it, if possible, to a healthy sheep in this country. For this purpose 
 the feet of those animals which had vesicles upon them were sent to Professor Sim- 
 monds, the principal of the Royal Veterinary College, who succeeded in producing 
 the disease by inoculation in a healthy sheep which had been in the college for many 
 weeks, a fact which was communicated by Professor Simmonds to the Eoyal Agricul- 
 tural Society at a meeting held in the following month. 
 
 Other cargoes of sheep containing affected animals were landed in Liverpool in the 
 months of September and October, the feet of which were sent to the department by 
 the inspector at the port, and in every instance there was abundant evidence of their 
 having been affected with foot-and-mouth disease, in consequence of which all the 
 sheep in these several cargoes were slaughtered at the port of landing. 
 
 In all, six cargoes of sheep in which cases of foot-and-mouth disease were detected 
 arrived fron the United States. An Order of Council was passed on November 4 and 
 came into operation on November 23, which subjected sheep from that country to 
 slaughter on landing. 
 
 Altogether during the past year 162 foreign animals, namely, 1 head of cattle, 77 
 sheep, and 84 swine, were found by the inspectors of the Privy Council at the various 
 ports to be affected with foot-and-mouth disease. The number is the smallest which 
 has been recorded since the year 1871. 
 
 Sheep-scab. — Cases of this disease have been detected in animals brought from Bel- 
 gium, Germany, the Netherlands, the United States, and Canada. All the diseased 
 sheep and those brought in the same vessel were slaughtered at the ports of landing. 
 
 The total number of cases of scab which were detected among foreign sheep during 
 the year 1879 was 697. Of these, 13 came from Canada and 37 from the United States ; 
 the remainder from Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. 
 
 Swine-fever. — Some affected with this disease have occasionally been lancled in this 
 country from the continent of Europe, and when detected the diseased animals have 
 been slaughtered and destroyed at the place of landing, under the supervision of the 
 inspectors of the Privy Council. The number of cases has, however, been compara- 
 tively few, and it was not until this year that the necessity has arisen for ordering 
 the slaughter of swine on account of this disease. 
 
 Swine-fever, which is generally recognized under the name of "hog cholera" in 
 America, has been known to exist in that country for many years; and in a paper 
 . which was issued by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, dated February 26, 
 1878, it was stated that out of 2,447 counties in the States and Territories of the United 
 States, returns had been received from 1,125 counties, which showed that out of 
 18,987,342 swine in those counties, 2,599,542 had become affected with "hog cholera,'' 
 and that the money value of the losses amounted to no less a sum than |10,091,483 
 annually. With a disease so extensively prevalent among swine in the United States, 
 it Vas only to be expected that .at sotne early date animals, affected with that disease 
 would arrive in this country. Accordingly, as soon as a trade in swine between that 
 country and the United Kingdom became established, it was found that diseased swine 
 were being exported to this country. 
 
 On April 30, the steamship Antonio, from Philadelphia, having on board 334 swine, 
 arrived in the port of Liverpool ; she had originally shipped 444, of which 110 had 
 died and had been thrown overboard, and 59 others which were dying presented all 
 the symptoms of swine-fever; the whole cargo was therefore detained by the in- 
 spector of the port. On the following day the assistant inspector of the department 
 proceeded to Liverpool and made an inspection of the living diseased animals and a 
 postmortem, examination of several others, and ascertained that they had been suf- 
 fering from swine-fever in a most severe form. The swine had been landed at Wood- 
 side, Birkenhead, where no proper arrangements had at that time been provided for 
 their slaughter and dressing ; and it having been j^epresented to the Privy Council 
 that under these circumstances great delay must necessarily arise if the slaughter 
 was carried out at the landing-place, permission was given for the removal of those 
 which the inspector at the port pronounced to be healthy to the abattoir at Birken- 
 head. This was carried out under the immediate supervision of an officer of the Local 
 
218 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES 0¥ DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Autliority, while the cai .jassCK of aU tlie diseased aiiimals -svcre destroyed at a bone- 
 boiling vard. 
 
 Othi3r'cai-goes of diseased American swine liavin;;- arrived in rapid succession, an 
 Order of Conucil was passed on May 8, subjectini;' swine from the United States to 
 slaughter on landing, after June 1. Meanwhile farther cargoes of diseased animals 
 having arrived, article 1 of that Order was re\-oked by an Order of Council passed 
 May i'-i, by which the date of Iheir compulsory slaughter vi^as altered from June 9 to 
 May 17. 
 
 A cargo of swine, consisting of 567 animals, arrived in the steamship Viking at the 
 Victoria Docks, from Canada, on November 14 ; 4-2 of them were found to be affected 
 with swine-fever. The inspector brought portions of the intestines of some of the 
 animals which had heen slaughtered to the department for examination, and it was 
 apparent that the parts had been taken from animals affected with swine-fever. 
 
 The assistant inspector of the department subsequently examined the animals, and 
 found confirmatory evidence of the existence of the diseiise. 
 
 The diseased swine were all slaughtered at the landing-place, and those apparently 
 healtliy were removed to Deptford for slaughter in the foreign-animal wharf. 
 
 On December 1:;, a cargo of swine, among which swine-fever was detected, arrived 
 from Montreal, Canada, at Glasgow ; all these aniiuals were slaughtered at the landing- 
 islace. No eases 'of this disease have been detected among swine received from the 
 continent during the past year. 
 
 Altogether tliero have iieen landed during the year 1,044 animals affected with 
 swiue-fover. Of these, 974 came from the United States and 70 fi-om Canada. 
 
 DISEASES Vv'IIICH HAVE EXISTED AMONG ANIMALS IN FOREIGN COUN- 
 TRIES IN 1878. 
 
 AMEKICA. 
 
 HER MAJESTY'S TOSSESSIONS IX NOETH AMERICA, AKD THE UNITED STATES OP 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 No information of the existence of diseases among animals in Canada has been re- 
 ceived during the year li:-79, but the inspectors at English ports detected 13 shoep 
 affected with sheep-scab, and 70 swine affected with swine-fever, on being landed ia 
 this country from Canadian ports. 
 
 Animals imported from Canada, if healthy, are not subject to slaughter at the port 
 of landing. During 1679 there were landed 2,'>,185 cattle, 73,913 sheep, and3,663 swine 
 from Canada. In 1878 the number was 17,989 cattle, 40,182 sheep, and 1,614 swine. 
 
 The Canadian Government has prohibited the importation of cattlefrom the United 
 States into the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. 
 This order remained in force at the end of the year. 
 
 Since the United States cattle have been slaughtered at the ports of debarkation in 
 this country a consideiablo amiinnt of interest has been aroused in the States in refer- 
 ence to the extent of the pre^aliucc of pleuro-pneumonia among American cattle^ and 
 the veterinary department has received numerous pajiers from time to time from Her 
 Majesty's minister at Washington, giving a detailed description of several outbreaks 
 of that disease, and among the papers received is a report issued by the Commissioner 
 of Agriculture, dated Xo^■ember, 1878, in which are the following statements : 
 
 "One of the most dreaded contagious diseases known among cattle is that of pleuro- 
 pneumonia, or lung-fever. It was brought to this country as early as the year 1843, 
 and has since prevailed to a greater or less extent in several of the Eastern and a few 
 of the Southern States. It made its appearance about a century ago in Central 
 Europe, .and has since spread to most European countries. AVith the exception of 
 rinderpest, it is the most dreaded and destructive disease known among cattle. Un- 
 like Texas cattle-fever, which is controlled in oTir more northern latitudes by tlie ap- 
 pearance of frost, t]iis disease knows no limitation by winterer summer, cold or heat, 
 rain or drought, high or low latitudes. It is tlie most insidious of all plagues, for the 
 poison may be rctaincMl in a system for a period of one or two months, or oven for a 
 longer period, in a latent form, and the infected animal in the meari time may be trans- 
 ported from one end of the continent to the other in ajjpareut, good health, yet all the 
 while carryina; and scattering tlie seeds of this dreaded pestileiwie. Since the appear- 
 ance of this affection on our shores it lias prevailed at drffcront times in the States of 
 Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Dela- 
 ware, Virginia, and in the District of Columbia. It has recently shown itself at two 
 points in Virginia (Alexandria and Lynchburg), where it was recently x^revailing in a 
 virulent form. * * 
 
 "The interests iuvolved in this case are of so vast a cl'.aracter. audof such overshadow- 
 ing importance hoi h to the farming and commercial interests of the countrv, as to 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 219 
 
 require tlie active intervention of the Federal (iovernment for tlieir protection. And 
 for this reason the considerate attention of Conaress is respcctfLillv aslicd to this im- 
 portant niattfT." 
 
 In addition to this statement on the part of the Minister of Agriculture, accounts of 
 the_ appearance of the disease in several of those Slates have been received from IT(;r 
 Majesty's minister at Washington, and outhroalts of a very fatal character have heen 
 referred to, more particularly in the States of New York, New Ji.rsey, Pennsylvania, 
 and Virginia. It also appears that several of these States have issued through their 
 legislatures most stringent rcsulatious for suppressing this disease, iiiclndiug the 
 slaughter of diseased cattle and the inspection and quarantine of cattle imported from 
 a neighboring State. 
 
 The power, however, to stop importation from a neighboring State has been disputed, 
 and a decision has been rendered by the supreme court of the State of Illinois, as to 
 the right of a State to protect itself from contagious diseases, that all State laws in- 
 terfering with the free interchange of commerce between the different States are con- 
 trary to the Constitution of the United States, and show that any legislation for the 
 purpose of suppressing any contagious diseases among cattle, to be eflective, must 
 emanate from the Congress of the United States. 
 
 On February 1, the American Government issued a circ^^lar to the collectors of cus- 
 toms in the United States, ordering that all cattle should be inspected before embarka- 
 tion to Great Britain. A notice was also issued to the collectors of customs on March?, 
 ordering that neat cattle from England should not be landed until otherwise ordered ; 
 this prohibition was, however, modified in a circular which was issued on July 19, 
 which stated that neat cattle from Europe would be admitted after a quarantine of 
 ninety days. 
 
 A circular was issued on November 3, 1879, which came into effect on December 1, 
 1879, prohibiting the importation of neat cattle from Canada. 
 
 At the commencement of the year 1879 animals from the United States were not 
 subject to slaughter on landing, but owing to the detection of pleuro-pneumonia among 
 cattle, foot-and-mouth disease in sheep, and swine-fever in pigs, all animals from that 
 country are now subject to slaughter at the port of landing. During 1879 there were 
 imported from the' United States 76,117 cattle, 119,350 sheep, and' 15,180 swine, of 
 which 137 cattle were affected with pleuro-pneumonia, 33 sheep with foot-and-mouth 
 disease, 37 with sheep-scab, and 974 pigs with swine-fever. In lb7S the imports from 
 the United States were 68,450 cattle, 43,940 sheep, and 16,321 swine. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE CONNECTED WITH THE DETECTION OF PLEURO- 
 PNEUMONIA AMONG CATTLE LANDED IN GREAT BRITAIN FROM THE 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 ItU'tjram from tlie Marquis of Salisiury 1o ffcr Majesty's minister at TfasMnyton, 30Ut 
 
 January, 1879. 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia having been detected in a cargo of cattle on board the ship On- 
 tario, from Portland, Her Majesty's Government is consequently considering whether 
 it can retain the United States under the exemxition of Pait IV of the fifth schedule 
 of the act of 1878. 
 
 No. 3. 
 Li-Ucr from Sir J!. Thornton to the Martpus of Salislury. 
 
 Wasiiixgtos", Fehriiary 3, 1879. 
 My Lop.d : On the receipt of your lordship's telegram of tlie 30th ultimo, inforinin l; 
 me that pleuro-pnenmoiiia had been detected in a cargo of cattle on board tic Hlii;> 
 Ontario, from P.irtlnnd, and that Her Mdjesly's Government was coiiscqueutly coiisiil- 
 ering whelluu- i1 could rehiin the United Stales U]idertlie exemption of PartlV oltlie 
 fifth schedule of the act of 1S78, 1 called upon Mr. Evarts and communicated (o him 
 the contents of your telegram. He had also received one to the same effect from the 
 United States minister in London. He said that tin- information had taken him by 
 surprise, and that he had not yet made complete inquiries upon the subject. With 
 
220 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 regar.l to the cases of pleuro-pueuiiiouia wHcli had been discovered on hoard the On- 
 tario, he thought it very probable that the animals had contracted the disease daring 
 the voyage, and that it had been caused by bad ventilation and exposure to rough 
 weather. He believed that there were some cases of it in d ififerent parts of the United 
 States, but that a few always existed. They were, however, isolated cases, and there 
 was no ground whatever for supposing that the disease was epidemic. He added that 
 measures had now been taken for the inspection of cattle for export at the different 
 ports of the United States, and, as it was not in the interest of the owners to ship 
 diseased cattle, they would certainly be careful to avoid.doing so. Nothing, however, 
 could prevent isolated cases of disease contracted onboard of ship ; but inspection on 
 arrival at the port of destination, and slaughter in case of need, would preclude any 
 danger of the spreading of the disease. He expressed his opinion that it would be 
 hardly justifiable to stop so great a trade and to prevent the supply of food from reach- 
 ing Great Britain on account of a few isolated cases of pleuro-pneumonia, which in 
 this country was not considered contagious. 
 
 Before I saw Mr. Evarts he had sent me a short note, a copy of which I have the 
 honor to inclose, informing me that an agent of the British Government had been for 
 some days past at New York and Alexandria, and had reported to the Canadian Gov- 
 ernment the existence of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle. I had not then received 
 his note, but he told me its contents, and asked me whether I could give him any 
 information vrith regard to the agent in question. I was obliged to acknowledge that 
 I had neither seen nor heard of him. 
 
 The next morning I addressed an official note to Mr. Evarts, transmitting Mm a copy 
 of your lordship's telegram of 30th ultimo. 
 
 I also received on that morning a private letter from the acting consul at Philadel- 
 phia, of which, and of its inclosure, I have the honor to inclose a copy. From this it 
 appears that Prof. D. McEachran, Veterinary Inspector of Canada, had been sent 
 by the Government of the Dominion to inspect cattle in this country, and was doubt- 
 less the person to whom Mr. Evarts had alluded. It would appear that he ascertained 
 that there had been many cases of the disease in Virginia and that he discovered that 
 it prevailed to a great and severe extent in a large cow-house near Brooklyn, Long 
 Island. 
 
 On the Ist instant I again called upon Mr. Evarts and read to him the greater part 
 of Mr. Crump's and Dr. Gadsden's letters. He still, however, expressed his opinion 
 that these cases did not affect the general cattle of the country, and particularly those 
 which were exported. 
 
 Mr. Evarts informed me that ho had made Inquiries with regard to the cargo of the 
 Ontario. It appeared that the bulk of the cargo were American cattle, but a few, 
 about twenty-two, were Canadian. He did not know among which of these the cases 
 of pleuro-pneumonia had been discovered. When these cattle were about to be shipped 
 the collector of customs had oifered to order an inspection of them and provide them 
 with a certificate, but their owner declined an inspection, on the ground that a cer- 
 tificate would not be required in England. 
 
 It is probable that should Her Majesty's Government still allow cattle to be imported 
 from this country, a very strict supervision will be exercised over them at the ports 
 of embarkation, and care will be taken to prevent the shipment of diseased cattle. 
 
 Mr. Evarts sent me a copy of a telegram which he forwarded on the 1st instant to 
 Mr. Welsh, a copy of which I have the honor to inclose. 
 
 I have made inquiries of several persons in and about Washington as to the prevalence 
 of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in the neighborhood. I find that there are isolated 
 cases of the disease here and there, but many less than in June last, when there "were 
 several deaths on account of it. The cases seem to be confined to milch cows, and 
 more particularly to those kept in stables. 
 
 In the latter case the disease will attack a good many cows, but will not spread out- 
 ., side the stable, and seems to be due to local causes. 
 
 Dr. Fairfax, a gentleman of English descent, who has lived for many years on a 
 farm in Maryland, nine or ten miles from here, who is thoroughly acquainted with 
 such matters, and whose statements can be entirely relied upon, says that the disease 
 in this country is not the same as in England ; that it is not considered to be contagious, 
 and that it has not become epidemic, although it will spread in a stable where the 
 animals are subjected to the same local circumstances. 
 
 I have this afternoon received a telegram from the Governor-General of Canada, in- 
 forming me of the Order of the Privy Council of the Dominion, prohibiting, for three 
 months from the 1st instant, the introduction of cattle from the United States into 
 the different provinces of the Dominion. 
 I have, &c., 
 
 EDWARD THORNTON. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 221 
 
 [Inclosuro 1 in No. 2.J 
 Letter from Mr. Evarts to Sir Edward Thornlon. 
 
 Depaetsient of State, WciHliimjton, January 30, 1879. 
 
 My Dear Sie Edwaed: I have received information tliat au inspector of the Brit- 
 isli Government has been in New York and Alexandria for some daysiiast, and lias re- 
 ported to tlie Canadian Government the existence of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle. 
 
 I presume that information to the same effect may have been communicated to you 
 by him. I am not myself aware of the existence of the disease, but as the cattle trade 
 between this country and Great Britain is of so great importance, and as any inter- 
 ruption of it is likely to have such serious results, I shall be very glad, indeed, to bo 
 informed of any intelligence which you may have received upon the subject, or to 
 confer with you. 
 
 I am, &o., 
 
 WM. M. EVAKTS. 
 
 [Incloauro 2 in No. 2.] 
 Letter from Mr. Crump to Sir Edward Thornlon. 
 
 BKITISH CONSHLATJi, PHILADELPHIA, UNITED STATES. (No date.) 
 
 I think I ought to write you with reference to the latest development' in the cattle 
 disease. You may not be aware that Prof. D. McEachran, Veterinary Inspector of 
 Canada, who, I am told, was introduced to you in Canada, has been thi-ough some 
 of the cities of the United States on a confidential mission inspecting cattle, particu- 
 larly with reference to the existence of pleuro-pneumonia. He was in this city, Wash- 
 iun-ton, and Virginia last week, and returned to Canada a few days ago, after making 
 inspections on Long Island that resulted in painful developments. I am informed that 
 he did not desire to visit any official of the Imperial Government, as he was not in- 
 structed to do so ; that he did not call upon you while he was in Washington, and 
 declined a pressing invitation to confer with me while in this city. He discovered in 
 "Williamsburg, near Brooklyn, a shocking state of things. There is a byre, a cow- 
 house, connected with a distillery, where cows are housed to the number of 800 at a 
 time, and fed with hot swill running along the troughs in front of the cattle con- 
 nected with the distillery. The object to be attained is to increase the production of 
 milk, which is obtained to an extraordinary extent. The cattle never ^et out of this 
 place in a healthy condition, and but few alive, the pleuro-pneumonia killiug them off, 
 several per day, or rather they are sold for a small sum before death to Jew dealers, 
 who kill and dress the meat for New York, to he retailed, not to Jews, but only to the 
 Christian consumers. A few young cattle, when first infected, are returned to the 
 country, there, in all probability, to spread the disease. The milk and meat of these 
 animals are dangerous to the human system. They are not allowed to be sold in Brook- 
 lyn, but can be passed through that city to New York. The temperature of the numer- 
 ous cases of pleuro-pneumonia examined by Dr. McEachran was as high as 105°, and in 
 some cases 107°, showing the most virulent type of the complaint. The animals get 
 no exercise whatever, leaving their stalls, to which they are chained, for slaughter 
 when attacked by the contagion. The filth, heat, and fetid steam of the place, it is 
 reported, are of the most revolting character. Dr. McEachran's entrance into this place 
 was clandestine, and, upon being discovered, he narrowly escaped personal violence. 
 I have requested my informant, a veterinary surgeon of this city, of ability, and the 
 highest character in the city, Dr. Gadsden, to write me a letter. He has done so, and 
 I beg to forward it to you. 
 
 I should also state that Dr. McEachran found much pleuro-pneumonia m Alexandria, 
 Va where two or three hundred cases terminated fatally last year. He says the 
 complaint extends all over the State of Virginia. Dr. McEachran has returned to 
 Canada with a determination to have steps taken for the protection of the Canadian 
 stock-yards from this infection and the stigma that vpill followthe disclosure of these 
 
 To-day cable news has been received in this, city that a cargo of live cattle from 
 Portland had been found afflicted with pleuro-pneumonia on arrival at Liverpool, and 
 the animals were all killed. This news came to Eastman, of New York, the largest 
 shipper in the country, and who is said to be carrying out the plans of Vanderbilt and 
 the New York Centra'l Railway. Other cable news has been received that steps are 
 about to be taken to forbid the landing of cattle from American ports. Samuel AUer- 
 tou &. Co., of Chicago, the largest shippers of dead meat, and from this port, as weU 
 as others engaged in this fast-becoming most important trade, are much exercised. 
 
 A certificate of inspection of a cargo of live cattle per steamship Lord Clive, sailed 
 
222 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 to-day from Pliiladclpliia to Liverpool, -n-as presenteil to me for antlieutioation, but as 
 I did not know tlie character of the inspector I declined to certify to it. Subse- 
 quently, however, when it was returned attested by the collector of the port, that the 
 inspector was appointed by him to perform the duty, I certified lo the official act of 
 the collector. 
 
 The merchants here engaged in the trade are willing to adopt any plan that I may 
 suggest to them, regardless of the expense, to insure the shipment of healthy animals 
 and meat to England. 
 
 Dr. McEachrau made no discoveries in this district unfavorable to the general 
 healthy condition of the cattle. 
 
 P. S.— Dr. McEachran had a long interview with tlie Commissioner of Agriculture 
 in your city. I believe he did not visit Boston. Large numbers of live cattle axe 
 shipped from Boston in the winter, which come originally from Canada, and are on 
 Canadian account. 
 
 [Inclosure 3, 'No ~.] 
 Lclterfrom Mr. Gadsden, M. E. C. V. 8., to Georrje Crump, Esq. 
 
 134 NOKTH Tejsith Street, Philadelphia, January 28, 1879. 
 
 Knowing you wish all the information respecting contagious diseases of cattle, I 
 send you a itjiovt of my examination of some with IProf. D. McEachran, the Veteri- 
 nary Inspector of Canada, who was sent by his government to investigate it and report 
 at once. 
 
 The inspector called on me first on his way to Washington (18th instant); again on 
 the 23d of this month, when he reported to me he had examined several oases of 
 contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle at Alexandria, Va. 
 
 I started with Mm on the 24th to New York to find out the truth of the report that 
 a contagious disease was prevalent on Long Island. We found very many cases of 
 contagious pleuro-pneumonia in a large byre, or cow-house, containing about 800 cows 
 (all in a filthy condition), at Williamsburg,* near Brooklyn. This large cow-house 
 adjoins the distillery of Gaff, Fleishman & Co., where they are fed on hot swill and 
 hay, to force the milk. This place is a regular pest house for the disease ; the cows 
 belong to a large number of milkmen, who pay a small sum (77 cents per cow a week) 
 for the stall and swill. It is quite impossible for me to inform you ho w many of these 
 800 cows have the disease at the present time, but I should think from what I saw 
 that several hundred have it now, and it is only a question of time for all the others 
 to take it. The men would not allow us to examine many of them in one part ; wo 
 found very few healthy cows there. We made a post-mortem examination of the lungs 
 of one of the cows that had this disease in the last stage, which leaves no doubt of its 
 character, as all the pathological anatomy of this malady was present (one lung was 
 very heavy and quite solid). Just before tlio cows die they are killed and sent into 
 New York market as good Ijeef (at night). 
 
 From inquiry made by us li'om cattlemen and veterinary surgeons at Brooklyn, we 
 have no doubt that this disease is prevalent in many parts of Long Island, as these 
 diseased cows from Williamsburg .ire often sent away alive to other parts of the island. 
 
 I have made inquiry from sevpial vuteriiiary-surgeons in Pennsylvania, but cannot 
 hear of any contagious diseases in cattle in that State. 
 
 [Inclosure 4 in No. 2. J 
 
 Telegram from Jfr. Evarts to 2£r. Welsh, United Stales Ministir, London. 
 
 February 1, 187'J. 
 Cattle by Ontario, part Canadian, part Y/estern. Inspection offered by government 
 was declined by shippers on their v;ew that British regulations did not require it. 
 There is no evidence of any dist'ase in the cattle of this country that affects domestic 
 or foreign trade in Ihem. This government would regard any proscription of our 
 trade iu live cattle as wholly unjustified by any condition of things known or sus- 
 pected hero. The appearance of ydeuro-pucnraonia in a cartvo at the end of a voyage 
 can scarcely warrant a restriction of this trade witli a country free from any ci-idrmic 
 among cattle. Cominunicato to ynlisbury. 
 
 * BUssville is no doubt meant. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 223 
 
 K(i. 3. 
 Letter from ihe Vnilecl Stales MiiiUlcr, London, to Ike Marquis of Salwhury. 
 
 Leg.vhox of the Uxited StaieS, London, Fcbruari) 4, 1879. 
 
 ilv Loi'vD : TUc ai'rivaloftlie Dominion stcaiuor "Ontario" from Poitl^md lust vcrk 
 at Liverpool, witli a number of cattle, a few of wliieli ■sv<'.re said to luive lunl tliu 
 plenro pneumonia, has been tlie occasion of mucb anxiety to those wlio liave nsccutly 
 I'uibarkod ^ery laigely in the importation of cattle from the United States. 
 
 It lias bfiju asserted in tJu; newspapers that these cattle were brought from CLiica);o 
 and Buffalo, in the United States, and further, that an expert, having been employed 
 by the Canadian authorities for tho purpose, had visited the United States and found 
 in Washiugton and elsewhere some cattle affected by the disease. 
 
 These circumstances have caused mo to make such inquiries as were essential to an 
 understanding of the facts of the case, the results of which I beg to place before your 
 Lordship. 
 
 From reliable parties in Liverpool I learn that while a part of the cattle by the On- 
 tario came from Chicago and a part from Buffalo, at least 45 head of them came from 
 Toronto, and were so mixed with the others that the Canadian and the United States 
 cattle could not be distinguished. It is also beyond, dispute that those which came 
 from the United States passed for several hundred miles over the Grand Trunk road 
 through the Dominion of Canada ; that all the cattle were exposed to weather of un- 
 usual severity ; that they remained for a considerable tilne in Portland without food 
 or water ; and that they had undergone an exceptional amount of hardship and bad 
 usage before entering upon a voyage which was made at an inclement season and dur- 
 ing excessively rough weather. Under these circumstances it is strange that so few 
 were found whose lungs were diseased. In fact, the fact that so few were found dis- 
 eased is almost a conclusive proof that they were healthy when they left their several 
 places of departure, for had they been then affected by a contagious or infectious mal- 
 ady, as the pleuro-pncumonia is asserted to be, would it not have been communicated 
 tio most, if not to all, of the herd' ? 
 
 Wliat I have just narrated is the result of my inquiry on this side. So soon as the 
 report reached me I telegraxjhed to the Department of State at Washington for the 
 facts, both in regard to this special case and to the existence of pleuro-xmoumonia 
 among the cattle in the United States. Mr. Evarts replied as follows : 
 
 "Cattle by Ontario, part Canadian, part Western. Inspection offered by govern- 
 ment was declined by shippers on their view that British regulations did not require 
 it. There is no evidence of any disease in the cattle of this country that affects domcs- 
 tio or foreign trade in them. 
 
 " This government woirld regard any proscription of our trade in live cattle as wholly 
 unjustified by any condition of thing's known or suspected here. The appearance of 
 pleuro-pneumonia in the cargo at the end of a voyage can scarcely warrant a restric- 
 tion of this trade with a country free from any epidemic among cattle." 
 
 The accounts fr-om both sides, so far as this cargo is concerned, seem to me not to 
 warrant the inference that the pleuro-pneumonia exists either in Canada or tho 
 United States ; but if the few cattle which were diseased really had it, the hardships 
 and exposure which they underwent are sirfficient to account for it. 
 
 Your lordship should not lose sight of the fact that our laws exclude the importation 
 of all cattle from Europe into the United States on account of the fear of disease, un- 
 less under the special permission of the Secretary of State, and then only of such kinds 
 as are needed for breeding purposes. 
 
 Since the arrival of the Ontario several vessels have reached here from the United 
 States with cattle which were entirely healthy. 
 
 I trust it will prove that the alarm which has arisen from this sinnle case has been 
 quite nnnecessary, and that nothing fui-ther will occur to check the development of a 
 trade which promises such large employment for the tonnage of Great Britain, and an 
 advantageous market for the abundant herds of America. I am quite sure, however, 
 that in no event will yonr lordship allow of hasty and inconsiderate action unfavor- 
 able to tho interests of the United States. 
 
 It will come to the knowledge of your lordship from authoritative sources that the 
 representatives of about one-third of the entire steam tonnage of the United Kingdom, 
 the Ship-owners' Association of Liverpool, believe that the true interests of the people 
 of Great Britain are to be promoted, not by a greater restriction in existing rules, but ^ 
 by their enlargement, so that the cattle coming from North America shall be subject 
 to the same regulations wliich control cattle coming from Ireland, and from one port 
 in the Kingdom to another. 
 I have, &c., 
 
 ' ' JOHN WELSH. 
 
224 con'tagious diseases of domesticated animals. 
 
 No. 4. 
 Letter from the United States Minister, London, to the Marqwis of Salisiury. 
 
 Legation of United States of Amekica, London, February 7, 1879. 
 
 My Lord : Since I wrote you on the subject of tlie transit of cattle from America, 
 and the alarm which the few cases of disease on the Ontario had occasioned, the fol- 
 lowing vessels, viz., the Victoria, England, State of Alabama, lUyrian, Pembroke, 
 and Iberian have arrived at Liverpool, and discharged their several parcels of cattle 
 without a single case of disease, all having passed after a most critical inspection. 
 Notwithstanding this, rumors exist in Liverpool that the Privy Council will, at an 
 early day, put the United States on the schedule, and subject all cattle coming thence 
 to slaughter on arrival. This has created the greatest alarm, because of the large 
 interests involved, and, as it is claimed, of the great injustice to which the parties 
 ■will be subjected without any adequate notice. 
 
 The freedom from disease in the cattle from the United States which have hitherto 
 befen brought to England, and among recent arrivals, seem to me to forbid any action 
 which would be so serious in its consequences, or even any interruption in the trade 
 now existing, and I shall be glad to be authorized by you to say that the present 
 apprehensions are imfounded. 
 I have, &c., 
 
 JOHN WELSH. 
 
 No. 5. 
 Letter from the Clerk of the Council to the Under Secretary of State, Foreign Office. 
 
 Vetbkinaky Department, Pkivy Council Oeeice, 
 44 Parliament Street, Wbstminstbr, S. W., February 12, 1879. 
 
 Sir : I have submitted to the Lords of the Council your letter of the 8th instant, 
 inclosing copies of two notes from the United States Minister respecting the cases ot 
 pleuro-pneumonia recently detected at Liverpool among cattle, ex-Ontario, from the 
 United States, and deprecating any increase of the restrictions in the cattle trade with 
 America. 
 
 In reply, I am directed to state, for the information of Lord Salisbury, that in con- 
 sequence of the reports which have reached the Lords of the Council of the existence 
 of pleuro-pneumonia in the United States of America, coupled with the fact that ani- 
 mals affected with that disease have been landed at Liverpool, their lordships have no 
 option under the terms of the contagious diseases (animals) act, 1878, but to revote 
 that portion of the Order of Council by which the United States were exempted from 
 the provisions of that act. 
 
 I beg to inclose a copy of the Order of Council which the Lords of the Council have 
 considered it necessary to pass, and which comes into operation on the 4th proximo. 
 I am, &c., 
 
 C. L. PEEL. 
 
 [Incloffare in Ko. 5.] 
 
 At the Council Chamber, 467 Whitehall, the 10th of February, 1879. 
 
 By the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honorable Privy Council. 
 
 Present : Lord President, Lord John Manners. 
 
 The Lords and others of Her Majesty's Most Honorable Privy Couucil, by virtue and 
 in exercise of the powers m them vested under the contagions diseases (animals') act 
 lfe7b (in this order referred to as the act of 1878), and of every other power enablin<^ 
 them m this behalf, do order, and it is hereby ordered, as follows : " 
 
 1. This Order shaU take effect from and immediately after the 3d day of March 1879 
 and words in this order have the same meaning as in the act of 1878 ' ' 
 
 » 2. This Order extends to Great Britain only. 
 
 3 Article 13 of the Foreign Animals Order is hereby revoked, as far as it relates to 
 cattle brought from the United States of America, and declares that the same may be 
 landed without being subject under the act of 1878, or under that Order, to slaughter or 
 to quarantine. ' "^'""b'^ci ui 
 
 C. L. PEEL. 
 
UONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 225 
 
 [So. 6. J 
 Letter from the British Conml-General at New York to the Marqius of Saliahury. 
 
 British Consulate-General, Neio YorTc, January 30, 1879. 
 
 My Lord : I have the honor to report to your lordship that in order to ohtain the 
 latest and most authentic information in regard to the sanitaxy condition of animals 
 in this consular district, I addressed on the ^4th instant a circular letter to the secre- 
 taries of the respective State governments of New Yorli, New Jersey, Connecticut, 
 Delaware, and Rhode Island, in this consular district, calling attention to the state- 
 ments of a professor of veterinary science that cases of pleuro-pneumonia are not 
 infrequent in these States, and requesting to he furnished with any information in 
 their possession on this subject ; requesting also that my communication might he 
 referred to the State agricultural department or society, and asliing that the desired 
 information slionld be furnished to me as speedily as possible. 
 
 In case of the known existence of any cases, requesting further that, with regard to 
 the nature of the disease, it might he stated whether or not it is regarded as contagious, 
 had become epidemic, to what extent it had proved fatal, the treatment adopted for 
 its cure, and what, if any, provision had been made for arresting its extension. 
 
 I received from the secretary of state of tlie State of New York a reply, of which 
 I inclose a copy, informing me tliat that department has no knowledge relative to 
 pleuro-pneumonia existing among animals in this State. From the secretary of the 
 State agricultural society, with whom 1 also communicated, I received replies, of 
 which I inclose extracts, from which it will be seen that ho questions the existence of 
 contagious pleuro-pneumonia in this country. 
 
 I inclose also copies of the last annual report of the society, recently adopted, in 
 which, while reference is made to the act of the legislature of last year respecting in- 
 fectious and contagious diseases of animals (copies of which I transmitted to Her 
 Majesty's legation at Washington in September last), no allusion whatever is made 
 to the existence of contagious diseases among live stock in this State. 
 
 From the State of Connecticut, however, I have received a letter from Mr. T. S, 
 Gold, one of the commissioners ou diseases of domestic animals, of which I inclose a 
 copy, reporting the outbreak of contagious iileuro-pucumonia in one herd of cows in 
 the town of Watertown, in tliat State. He adds that the disease is not epidemic, but 
 is confined to this one herd, which is strictly quarantined ; that the commissioners 
 know of no other cases in the Strtte, and are quite sure that none others exist. 
 
 In regard to the State of New Jersey, I have received from a member of the State 
 board of health a letter, of which I inclose a copy, informing me that he has recently 
 investigated the sanitary condition of live stock in that State, and linds that con- 
 tagious pleuro-pneumonia has existed, and at the present time does exist, to a more or 
 less degree. That so far as he can learn it has never assumed the epizootic form. That 
 at the present time it is found in isolated cases, which might be the means of superin- 
 ducing an outbreak. 
 
 From the States of Delaware and Ehode Island I have as yet received no replies to 
 my inquiries. 
 
 On receipt of the communication from Connecticut and the statement therein of 
 the supposition that the disease had been impoi'ted from New York in August last, and 
 upon a report made to me that pleuro-pneumonia among cows was supposed to lurk in 
 some of the dairies in the suburbs of New York and Brooklyn, more especially in dai- 
 ries in connection with large breweries, I addressed a letter to the respective mayors of 
 the two cities, calling their attention to the matter, and requesting that an investiga- 
 tion might be made, and that I might be informed of the result. 
 
 I think it well to inclose a copy of a letter from the agricultural editor of the 
 American Agriculturist, supposed to be well informed in such matters, stating that 
 among grazing cattle there is now no disease reported in any part of the country ; 
 that occasionally a few cases of pneumonia occur in ill-conducted dairies, but that if 
 is not of an epizootic character, and remains in the States where it originated. 1 (e 
 concludes by stating that there now is none of this existing, a conclusion, howe\ci-, 
 which is at variance with the positive reports from Connecticut and New Jersey. 
 
 I have to-day seen and conversed with Mr. Eastman, who is the principal sliijipi i 
 of fresh meat from this port, and who in the summer time has exported livestock 
 from hence to Great Britain. He largely supplies this market, and handles abour- 
 2,000 head of cattle every week. He assures me that in the AVestern States, i\\m\ 
 whence he draws his supplies, there are absolutely no diseases — certainly no coiila- 
 gious diseases — among cattle. 
 
 In pursuance of the information which I had received, I yesterday transmitted to 
 J iiur lordship the followin"- telegram : 
 
 "A few isolated cases of plonro-pneumoiila amou"' homed cattle have appeared 
 within this consular district. Fuller report by post." 
 
 E. M. ARCHIBALD. 
 15 C D 
 
'226 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 [Inclosure 1 in No. 6.] 
 
 Letter from Mr. Allen C. Beach to E. M. ArcUhaU, Esq., Her Britannic Majesty's Consul- 
 
 General, New Torlc. 
 
 State of New Yoek, Office of the Secretary of State, 
 
 Albanij, January 28, 1879. 
 
 In answer to your favor of tlie 24tli instant, I have tlio honor to state that this de- 
 partment lias no knowledge relative to pleuro-xmemuoni.i existing among animals in 
 tliis State. 
 
 I liavo applied to tlie secretary of the State agrioultnral society, wlio I thoHght 
 wiiuUl 1)0 most Uliiely to give you the information desired, and am iut'ornicd that ho 
 has written you in full ui)on the suhjeot. 
 
 (Incloanre 2 in No. 6.] 
 
 '■ Letter from Secretary New Torlc Agricultural Society to E. M. Arclithuld, Esq., Ser Britan- 
 nic Majesty's Consul- General,' New TorJc. 
 
 January 34, 1879. 
 
 I am in receipt of your letter of yesterday, and have much pleasure in sending a 
 copy of the report made by the executive committee to the general meeting of the 
 society on Wednesday last. The society's report to the legislature has not yet heen 
 presented. 
 
 I am not in possession of any other information on the subject of the disease among 
 eowa near Washington other than that given in the New York Tribune, and I very 
 much distrust the diagnosis given in thatpaper, and based upon report only. Itwould 
 seem that had the disease been the contagious lung plague (pleuro-pueumonia) of 
 Europe, we should have heard of larger losses and of continued mortality. 
 
 We have never been called upon to investigate a case of pleuro-pneumonia. We 
 "have frequeutly had to send to investigate mysterious outbreaks of disease reported 
 in the newspapers, but they have invariably turned out to be splenic apoplexy (an- 
 thrax.) The only diseases of cattle that have ever occurred as epidemics in our cattle 
 markets are Texan fever and the foot-aud-mouth disease. The former has given no 
 cause for alarm since 1868, except locally, and in one town and on only one farm in 
 1877, where it disappeared almost before we had time to be sure of its identity. The 
 latter did not survive the first winter after its importation, and if it occurs again it 
 ■will be from a new importation. 
 
 As to pleuro-pneumonia, -which in one form is of course contagious (and probably 
 the hardest of all diseases to get rid of), opinions differ as to whether it exists in this 
 country or not. Professor Law, in the paper which he read at our anmial meeting in 
 1876 (see our Transactions, volume xxxii), probably puts the ease for the affirmative 
 as strongly as i)0ssible. On the other hand, there is the fact that we hear of no cases 
 in recent years of disease supposed to be pleuro-pneumonia, or pronounced to be by 
 any competent authority. The last report of it that I know of was by Professor 
 Cressy to the Connecticut Board of Agriculture, in 1874, and in that case the identili- 
 cation of the disease with the contagions pleuro-pneumonia of Europe seems to be 
 doubtful, because the animals were purchased in the autumn and remained sound 
 until the spring ; whereas three months is the longest period of incubation claimed 
 for the disease by Professor Law and two months by Gamgee (Domestic Animals in 
 Health and Disease, vol. 1, page 602). I am, therefore, inclined to believe the Con- 
 necticut disease to have bijon the sporadic pleuro-pneumonia described by Gamgee 
 (in the work cited) rather than the contasioiis form. It seems hard to believe that .sn 
 fatal a disease should be lurking, as some niaiutain that it is, among the dairies of the 
 lower class in the neighborhood of our large. Atlantic cities without spreading and 
 without causing such loss as to attract attention ; but if surli be the fact, the silna- 
 tiuuof our important cattle markets and the way in which the nrovemeut of cattle is 
 carried on render it almost inijmssible that the disease can become epidemic. 
 
 [Inclosure 3 in "So. 6.] 
 
 Letter from Secretary New Yorlc Ar/rkuUnral Society to E. .V, JrcMMld, Esq., Her Britaniiie 
 Majesty's Consul-General, New York. 
 
 January 25, 1879. 
 In reply to your note of yesterday, I have to say that if it was Professor Law whi 
 >vrote the article in the Tribune of 27th of November, it accounts for the very de- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISERSES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 227 
 
 oided tone in -wliicli the WasMngtou disease -was pronotinced to he contagious pleuro- 
 imeumonia. 
 
 As to tlie disease wliicli under the name of pleuro-pneuiuouia has ooourred, or has 
 been reported occasionally of late years in the United States, being identical with 
 the contagious pleuro-pneumonia of Europe I very much doubt for the reasons given 
 m my letter of yesterday. 
 
 _ It is generally admitted, and supposed to be established, that the disease imported 
 in Mr. Chenery's Holland cattle at Boston in 1859, and in Mi-. Richardson's shorthorns 
 in 1847, was contagious pleuro-pnoumonia. In both these cases the disease is bcUe> cd 
 to have been extirpated. 
 
 The foundation for the statement that the same disease came to this country in 1843 
 and in 1850 I do not know. Writing in 1860 on the subject of the disease then pre- 
 vailing in Massachusetts, the late Mr. B. B. Johnson, the secretary of this society, used 
 the following language : 
 
 "At the same time it may be proper to note that, according to evidence too full and 
 ■well authenticated to be rejected, pleuro-pneumonia has in several instances made its 
 appearance in this country previous to its introduction by Mr. Chenery's importations. 
 Cases in past years in the vicinity of several of oui' cities, of its attacks, and subse- 
 quent entire extirpation, have been brought to our notice in detail," &o.— (Transac- 
 tions New York Slate Ag. Soc, 1859, p. 783.) 
 
 I think it may properly be inferred from this language that in 1859 we supposed the 
 country to be free from pleuro-pneumonia of the contagious form, and we know that 
 the authorities of Massachusetts considered that in 1861 they had completely rid that 
 State of the contagion imported in 1859. I am not in a position to assert that there 
 has been no later importation. I can only say that I have never heard of any. 
 
 [Inclosure 4 in TSo. 6.] ^ 
 
 Letter from T. S. Gold, Esq., to E. M. Archibald, Esq., Her JBrilamiic Majesty's Consul- 
 
 Geueral, Nexo York. 
 
 January 29, 1879. 
 
 Youis of 24th instant has been referred to me by the Honorable Secretary of State, 
 and in reply would say that one herd of cows in Watertown is suffering at present 
 with pleuro-pneumonia. Of 19 head, four have died, one sick cow has been killed, and 
 most of the others are affected. It is plainly contagious, and we attribute the disease 
 to two cows brought from New York in August. It is not epidemic, but is coniined to 
 this one herd, which is strictly quarantined. We know of no other cases in this State, 
 and we are quite sure that none exist. 
 
 One or two similar outbreaks have been controlled by slaughter and quarantine. 
 
 Dr. Noah Cressy, V. S., is treating this herd, principally relying upon alcoholic stim- 
 ulants, but it is too early to speak of results. 
 
 [Inclosure 5 in No. 6.] 
 
 Letter from Henry C. Kelsey, Esq., to E. M. Archibald, Esq. , Her Britannic Majesty's Consul- 
 General, New York. 
 
 January 9, 1879. 
 Your favor of the 24th instant is this day referred to William M. Force, Esq., Newark, 
 N. J., Secretary of the State Agricultural Society, for answer. 
 
 [InclosnTO 6 in Xo. 6. J 
 
 Letter from Mr. J. C. Corlies, D. V. S., to E. M. ArcMbald, Esq., Her Britannic Majesty's 
 
 Consul-General, New York. 
 
 Newark, N. 3., January 28, 1879. 
 My esteemed friend, Mr. W. M. Force, has requested mo to answer a communication 
 conveyed to him through the State Department from yourself in reference to pleuro- 
 pneumonia as existing in the Atlantic coast States. I have the honor to say that, as 
 a member of the State board of health, it has recently been my duty to look into and 
 investigate the sanitary condition of the live stock of our State (New .Jersey), and in 
 so doing I find that pleuro-pneumonia has and does exist to a more or less degree at 
 the present time ; and, so far as we can learn, it has never assumed the epizootic form, 
 while on several occasions it may be said to have presented an enzootic form. But 
 usually, and at the present time, it is found in isolated cases, which may be the means 
 of at any time superinducing an outbreak. 
 
228 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 It is always of a contagious character, and entails a mortality of about fifty per cent, 
 of the affected oases, &c., &c. 
 
 The preventive measures consist of quarantining, inoculation, and, in radical oases, 
 Decision. There have been three special acts enacted by the State legislature for the 
 parpoBO of arresting its progress on the appearance of an outbrealc, the substance of 
 Avhich is conferring power upon tov^uship authorities to employ competent medical 
 advice, and, if it should be found necessary, to resort to oocision, and the owner to be 
 compeusated by the State. 
 
 [InclosTire 7 in No. C] 
 
 Letlo-from the editor of the American Agriculturist to E. M. ArcliibaU, Esq., Her Eriiannio 
 Majesty's Consul-Gemral, JS^ew York. 
 
 Januaby 21, 1879. 
 
 Your inquiriy about diseases of cattle has been referred to me. In reply I beg to say 
 that I know of no disease that is now prevalent among cattle in any part of the 
 country. We have occasioually a few scattered cases of pneumonia occurring in ill- 
 conducted dairies, but it is not of an epizootic character and remains in the stables 
 where it originated. Amongst grazing cattle there is now no disease reported in any 
 part of the country. Our climate fortunately forbids the occurrence of those diseases 
 which prevail in some European countries, and past experience has shown th at the 
 cases of pleuro-pneumonia which have occurred at times a few years ago were neither 
 virulent nor difficult to deal with, and that ordinary sanitary precautions now prac- 
 ticed are suflicient to keep it in check. Just now there is none of this existing. 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 Telegram from Consnl-General Archibald to tJie Marquis of Salisbury. 
 
 February 8, 1879. 
 The cattle disease near Brooklyn, Long Island, is decidedly contagious; pleuro- 
 pneumonia extensively prevalent. There is possibility of contagion affecting Western 
 cattle shipped from this port. 
 
 No. 8. 
 Telegram from Consul-General Archibald to the Marquis of Salisbury. 
 
 February 9, 1878. 
 My telegram y estei-day meant extensively prevalent in a large stable near Brooklyn, 
 in which are about 800 cows, and from whence diseased cows are said to have been 
 sent to other parts of Long Island. 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 Telegram from Foreign Office to Consul-G eneral Archibald. 
 
 February 12, .3.50 p. ra. 
 Reference to your telegram of 8th instant. Report by telei^vam name and owner oi 
 stable and address where disease is situated ; also the veterinary evidence that it is 
 contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Write full particulars by next x)ost. 
 
 No. 10. 
 
 Letter from Consiil-General Archibald to Hie Marquis of Salisbury. 
 
 January 30, 1879. 
 
 My Lord: With reference to my dispatch (No. 8) of 21st instant, I hare the honor 
 
 to transmit herewith inclosed, for your Lordship's information, copy of a dispatch, 
 
 and of its inolosurps, received by me from Sir Edw.ard Thornton, commnnioating the 
 
 report of an investigation made by the health officer of tlie District of Columbia, in 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 229 
 
 regard to tlie real nature of the disease reported to exist among cows in the vicinity 
 of Washington, and referred to in the inolosure of your Lordship's dispatch No. 1, of 
 the 2d instant, from which report it appears that the disease is pleuro-pneumonia. 
 
 Tlie author of the observations in the Tribune newspaper, of the 27th November 
 last, on the reported "plague" at Washington, is Dr. James Law, professor oi' veteri- 
 nary science in the Cornell University, at Ithaca, in this State, and one whose opinions 
 are well deserving of consideration. ' 
 
 ^ I have not as yet received from the president of the New York College of Vetorinaiy 
 Surgeons liis promised report upon this subject. 
 
 Referring your Lordship for further information to my dispatch (Consular No. 10) 
 of this date, 
 
 I have, etc., 
 
 E. M. AECHIBALD. 
 
 [Incloatire 1 in No. 10.] 
 
 Letter from Sir Edward Thornton to IS. M. Archibald, Esq., Her Britannic Majesty's Consul- 
 
 General, New York. 
 
 Washington, January 30, 1879. 
 I have the honor to transmit herewith copy of a note, and of its iuclosures, which I 
 have received from Mr. Evarts, from which you will perceive that it is admitted that 
 there have been cases of pleuro-pneumonia, or lung fever, among the cows in the 
 neighborhood of Washington. As it would appear from the Order in Council of the 
 6th ultimo that the above-mentioned disease is considered to be contagious, I have 
 addressed a further note to Sir. Evarts, inquiring as to the extent of the disease and 
 what steps have been taken to prevent its spreading. 
 
 [Inclosure 2 in Ko. 10,] 
 
 Letter from Mr. Evarts to Sir Edward Thornton. 
 
 Department of State, Washington, January 27, 1879. 
 Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of Mr. Drummond's note of the 
 16th instant, in which, on behalf of Her Majesty's Government, inquiry is made in ref- 
 erence to the existence among the cows in the vicinity of Washington of a disease sim- 
 ilar to the rinderpest, and also as to whether any such or other form of disease has 
 lately prevailed among the cows in or about this city. 
 
 In reply, I have to state that the matter has been referred to the Board of Commis- 
 sioners of the District of Columbia, and that a reply thereto has been received from 
 the president of that body, dated the 24th instant, accompanied l)y a report on the sub- 
 ject from the health ofScer of the District, copies 'of both of which are herewith in- 
 closed for your information. 
 I have, &c., 
 
 WM. M. EVAKTS. 
 
 [Xnclosnre 3 in No. 10.] 
 
 Letter from President of the Commissioners, District of CohmMa, to Son TV. M. Eraris, in- 
 closing a rexiortfrom the Medical Officer of Health. 
 
 Office of tiie Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 
 
 Washington, January 24, 1879. 
 
 Sir : In response to your request of the 22d instant, that the Commissioners tak<^ 
 measures to ascestain whether the rinderpest or any other form of disease has lately 
 prevailed among the cows in or about the city of Washington, the Commissioners hav(> 
 the honor to say that they referred the matter to the health officer of the District im- 
 mediately upon the receipt of your communication for investigation, and herewith 
 submit a copy of liis report in the premises. 
 By order of the board. 
 
 S. L, PHELPS, President. 
 
230 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 [Inclosure 4 iu Nu. 10 1 
 
 OirFiCJi: 01' Health Ofjticek, January 'Jl, 1879. 
 Eespeotfully returned to tlie Coramissiouors, District of Columbia, -witli the follow- 
 ing information : 
 
 About tbe 17tli of October, 1878, a gentleman residing in the county of "Washington, 
 near this city, called at this office and requested the examination of some cattle then 
 ill on his farm. An inspector having considerable experience with diseases of cattle 
 was sent; he made careful and thorough examination of the animals on this and ad- 
 joining farms, and reported them suffering from pleuro-pneumonia, or lung fever. 
 
 A morning paper in this city made a sensational report of this matter, heading the 
 same "Rinderpest," and from this probably sprung the reports which are said to have 
 appeared in certain New York papers. I have been called upon several times to deny 
 the story, and would again state that careful inspection of the dairy farms in this 
 vicinity has failed to reveal the existence of any disease similar to the rinderpest or 
 cattle plague. 
 
 SMITH TOWNSHEND, M. D., Health Officer. 
 Official copy : 
 
 WILLIAM TINDALL, Sea-etary. 
 
 No. 11. 
 
 Leilcr from JJnUed States Minister, London, to tie Marquis of Salisbury. 
 
 Legation of the United States, London, Fehruary 19, 1879. 
 My Lord : I have the honor to acquaint you that I have just received from Mr. 
 Evarts a circular, of which I inclose copy, and which has been addressed by the Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury of the United States to collectors of customs and otliers. 
 
 Youi- lordship will observe that by this document collectors of customs are instructed 
 not to permit shipments of live animals from their respective ports until after an inspec- 
 tion of such animals with reference to their freedom from disease, and the issuance of 
 a certificate showing that they are free from the class of maladies mentioned. 
 
 I beg to express the hope that these precautionary measures may have some influence 
 in Inducing Her Majesty's Privy Council to rescind or modify their order in relation to 
 this matter of the 10th instant. 
 I have, &c., 
 
 • JOHN WELSH. 
 
 [Inclosure in TSo. 11.] 
 
 Copy of a circular in relation to cattle disease, issued hy the Secretary of the Treasury 
 
 February 1, 1879. 
 
 [Circular.] 
 
 information in regard to cattle disease. 
 
 Treasury Department, Washington, D. C, February 1, 1879. 
 
 By department's circular of December 18, 1878, it was directed that live cattle 
 shi])ped from the various ports of the United States might be examined with reference 
 to the question whether they were free from contagious diseases, and that if found to 
 be free from such diseases a certilicate to that effect should be given. By that circular 
 such inspection was not made compulsory, but the certificate was to be issued only 
 upon the apj)lication of parties interested. 
 
 As the export trade in live cattle from the United States is of vital importance to 
 large interests, every precaution should be taken to guard against the shipment o£ 
 diseased animals abroad, and such a guarantee given as will satisfy foreign countries, 
 especially Great Britain, that no risk will ensue from such shipments of communicating 
 contagious or infectious diseases to the animals in foreign countries by shipments from 
 the United States. 
 
 Collectors of customs are therefore iustruoted that in no case will live animals be 
 permitted to be shipped from their respective ports until after an inspection of the 
 animals with reference to their freedom from disease, and the issuance of a certificate 
 showing that they are free from the class of diseases mentioned. 
 
 Notice of rejected cattle should be proiuiitly given to this department. 
 
 In order that this department may be liiliy informed in regard to such diseases in 
 any part of the United States, collectors of customs are requested to promptly forward 
 to this department auy information which they may be able to obtain of the presence 
 of contagious or infectious diseases prevailing among live animals in their vicinity. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 231 
 
 _ It is protaljle tliat if tlie disease piovailB to any cuiisulorable extent it will Le no- 
 ticed in the local press, and collectors are requested to send copies of any notices to 
 tlio department for its information. 
 
 JOHN SHERMAN, Seorelary. 
 To CoLLBCTOKS 01? Customs and Oxhbks. 
 
 No. 12. 
 
 Letter from the GlerTi of fhe Council to tlie Under Secretary of State, Foreign Office. 
 
 Veteeinaet Department, Privy Council Office, 
 44 Parliament Street, Westminster, S. W., February 27, 1879. 
 
 Sir : I have submitted to the lords of the council your letter of the 22d instant 
 transmitting a dispatch, with inclosure, from the United States minister at this court 
 on the subject of the export of cattle from the United States of America to Great 
 Britain. 
 
 In reply I am directed to state for the information of Lord Salisbury that the lords 
 of the council have carefully considered the orders given by the American Govern- 
 ment for the inspection of cattle previous to exportation. Their lordships are, how- 
 ever, aware ftom their own experience that no system of inspection at the port, how- 
 ever perfect, affords complete security against the introduction of pleuro-pneumonia. 
 So long, therefore, as that disease exists in the United States, their lordships regret 
 that, looking to the provisions of the contagious diseases animals act, 1878, relative to 
 importation of foreign animals, they are unable to modify the order of the 10th of 
 February, 1879, which prohibits the introduction into Great Britain, except for slaugh- 
 ter, of cattle from the United States of America. 
 
 I beg to return the dispatch and inclosure as requested. 
 
 I am, &c., 0. L. PEEL. 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 Extract from a message from the President of the United States, commmiicating, in answer 
 to a Senate resolution of 20(78 February, 1878, information in relation to the disease pre- 
 vailing among s^iiiTie and other domestic animals. 
 
 Executive Mansion, February 27, 1878. 
 To the Senate of the United States : 
 
 I transmit herewith, for the information of the Senate, the reply of the Commis- 
 Bioner of Agriculture to a resolution of the Senate of the 20th instant, "relative to 
 the disease prevailing among swine," &o. 
 
 E. B. HAYES. 
 
 Department of Ageicultueb, Washington, D. C, February W, 1878. 
 
 Sir : In compliance with a resolution ot the Senate, adopted on the 20th instant, 
 calling upon me for such information as may be in my possession relative to the disease 
 prevailing among swine commonly known as "hog cholera," with such suggestions as 
 I may deem pertinent in this connection, I have the honor to herewith transmit a lai'go 
 number of letters from almost every section of the country relating to this and the 
 many diseases to which all other classes of domestic animals are subject. For some 
 years past the local press, and especially the agricultural journals of the country, have 
 been calling attention to the increase of diseases among farm stock, and the consequent 
 heavy losses annually sustained by our farmers and stock breeders and growers. 
 
 Our wide extent of country, and its great diversity of temperature and variation of 
 climate, the severity of frosts in some sections, and the Intensity of heat in other local- 
 ities, render farm stock liable to the attacks and ravages of almost every disease knoM ii 
 in the history of domestic animals. So general and fatal have many of these mala- 
 dies grown, that stock breeding and rearing has to some extent become a precarions 
 calling, instead of the profitable business of former years. This would seem to hi-, 
 especially true as it relates to swine. Year by year new diseases, heretofore unknown 
 in our country, make their appearance among thi^ class of farm animals, while older 
 ones become permanently localized, and much more fatal in their results. Farmers, 
 as a general thing, are neglectful of their stock, and pay but little attention to spo- 
 radic'cases of sickness amon^ their flocks and herds. It is only when diseases become 
 general, and consequently of an epidemic and contagious character, that active meas- 
 ures are taken for the relief of the animals afflicted. It is then generally too late, as 
 remedies have ceased to have their usual benciicial effects, and the disease is only 
 stayed when it has no more victims to prey upon. 
 
232 COKTAGIOUS EISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 BRONCHITIS. 
 
 Prof. \V. Williams, of the New Veterinary Col lege of Edinljui'gli, Scotland, has, dur- 
 ing the past few years, jiaid muoli attention to the stndy of diseases affecting the air- 
 passages and lungs of domesticated animals. In the second edition of his work, which 
 seems to h.ave heen revised with great c.ire, he treats at considerable length of the 
 diseases known as plenro-puenmonia contagiosa and bronchitis in horned cattle, and 
 points out with tlistinctness the difference between those diseases. His conclusions 
 are of great importance in the present controversy. In the preface to the second edi- 
 tion of his work, Professor Williams says : 
 
 " The existence and characteristics of pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa and bronchitis 
 in horned cattle were lately the subject of differences of opinion between the veter- 
 inary officers of the privy council and the author, in connection with the alleged 
 existence of plenro among American cattle imported into this country, and slaugh- 
 tered at Liverpool to prevent contagion. The author has very carefully studied the 
 post-mortem appearances of both diseases, and submits his conclusions to the profes- 
 sion. The opportunity of studying the post-mortem appearances of bronchitis in its 
 earlier stages but seldom occurs ; and had it not been for the slaughter of the cattle 
 referred to, the lesions induced by the initial stages of inflammation of the bronchial 
 tubes could not have been so minutely demonstrated. 
 
 "The author does not deny the existence of pleuro in some of the Eastern States of 
 America, but it has not yet been proved that this contagious malady prevails in the 
 Western States, from whence cattle are brought to this country. Of this, however, 
 he is confident, that in none of the diseased lungs of the cattle referred to did he 
 find the characteristics of contagious pleuro ; but, in all, those of bronchitis. In 
 this investigation he has received much valuable assistance from Dr. Hamilton, path- 
 ologist to the Koyal Infirmary, and demonstrator of morbid anatomy in the University 
 of Edinburgh. 
 
 BRONCHITIS. 
 
 Tho following is the full text of Professor Williams' article on this subject: 
 
 i^ii:(sfe)i.^This disease may, according to its seat, be arranged under four headS) 
 namely, " tracheo-brouohitis," where the lower part of the trachea and larger tubes are 
 the main seat of the inflammation; "bronchitis proper," where the medium-sized 
 bronchi are the chief seats of the disease ; "capillary bronchitis," where the smaller 
 bronchi are chiefly implicated; and " catarrhal, lobular, or broncho pneumonia," where 
 the smallest bronchi and alveolar walls are involved in the inflammatory process. For 
 simplicity of description I shall retain the generic term bronchitis, dividing it into 
 acute and chronic. 
 
 Tlie character of the inflammation, whatever part of the respiratory tract may be 
 affected, is what is understood as catarrhal — that is, an inflammation in which, instead 
 of .Tu exudation rich in fibrin, there is a fluid secretion containing a large quantity of 
 mucus and cellular elements. In this particular it differs most essentially from inflam- 
 mation of the lungs, originating in the parenchyma, and trom pleuro-pneumonia, in 
 which the pleural surface, as well as the lung structure, is involved. The exudate in 
 these is termed " croupous" or fibrinous. 
 
 ( nises. — Bronchitis, wherever its seat, is generally due to exposure to cold ; it may 
 supervene on an attack of ordinary catarrh, particularly if the animal be neglected, 
 exposed to wet and cold, or kept in ill-ventilated stables. It may also arise without 
 any premonitory catarrhal symptoms in both horses and cattle during voyages by sea, 
 particularly if tbe weather be rough and stormy, and the animals battened down. 
 During 1877 the author had the opportunity of seeing bronchitis in its purest form, and 
 whicl 1 proved fatal to many amongst forei gn horses imported at Letth. An instructive 
 fact iu connection with these cases was that it appeared only after rough and stormy 
 passages ; when the weather was fine no cases were observed. 
 
 Among cattle shipped to this country from America during the earlier and spring 
 months of 1879, bronchitis was. observed almost identical with that seen among the 
 foreign horses already alluded to ; as the season advanced, and the weather became 
 warm and less stormy, the disease disappeared. 
 
 Bronchitis, lilse laryngitis, may be caused by the inhalation of irritant matters, and 
 by the accidental entrance of foreign materials, as medicines or food, into the bronchial 
 tubes. Inflammation of the bronchial tubes arising from the latter cause usually 
 occurs in horned cattle, often as a sequel to parturient apoplexy, in which affection 
 the power of deglutition is in a great measure lost, and where the sensibility of the 
 glottis is, during the comatose stage, greatly diminished or entirely absent. In such 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 233 
 
 cases fluid medicines incautiously administered enter tlie tracliea and bronchi, and 
 these may cause immediate death by suffocation, or, if not immediately fatal, induce 
 a severe and perhaps fatal inflammation. 
 
 Again, during the state of coma, serai-fluid ingesta are apt to flow into the month 
 through the flaccid oesophagus, particularly if the cow lies with its head and anterior 
 extremities lower than the posterior ones. In parturient fever there is also very often 
 durmg the earlier stages some extent of antiperistaltic action of the (esophagus, with 
 eructations of gases from tlie rumen ; along witli such gases semi-fl.uid ingesta gain 
 entrance into the fanc<!,s, and, owing to the paralyzed state of tlie glottis, fall into the 
 larynx and trachea. 
 
 Catarrh or bronchitis, from other than mechanical causes, may, particularly in cattle, 
 if the accompanying cough be long and powerful, cause some degree of vomition. 
 The food thus vomited, or, in other words, coughed up, sometimes gains entrance into 
 the trachea and causes a fatal issue. 
 
 Along with Mr. Borthwick, Kirkiston, I saw cases of this kind in a herd of Irish 
 cattle brought to Scotland, and which were suffering from bronchitis and gastric irri- 
 tation from neglect and exposure. Four of the herd became much worse than the rest, 
 one died, and the other three were slaughtered. In all of them the bronchial tubes 
 were filled with ingesta, ejected into the fauces during violent fits of coughing. Again, 
 in several specimens of the lungs of American cattle slaughtered at Liverpool, sup- 
 posed to be aifected with plenro-pneumonia, food was found in the bronchi. Is it not 
 possible that during a rough voyage cattle may suffer to some extent from sea-sickuess, 
 and even vomition, and that the vomited matters may gain access into the trachea and 
 bronchi ? In others of the condemned American cattle the irritation was associated 
 with the presence of filaria in the bronchi. Both the ingesta and the parasites were 
 present only ia a minority of the diseased lungs examined, and could therefore be only 
 looked upon as accidental concomitants. 
 
 Food sometimes gains access into the trachea in the course of dissolution, or even 
 after death, particularly if the rumen be rather full of moist food ; it will then be 
 found in the greatest abundance in the trachea and larger bronchi, whereas in those 
 instances in which it has been in the tubes for some time before death the food will 
 often have disappeared from the larger into the smaller tubes and air cells. 
 
 I have witnessed one case of fatal bronchitis in the horse, due to the entrance of 
 vomited ingesta into the bronchi. Some days prior to its death fifteen minims of 
 Fleming's tincture of aconite had been administered; this brought on attempts at 
 vomition and great distress. The animal's respiration continued very highly accel- 
 erated after the effects of the aconite had passed off, and continued until the animal 
 died. A post-mortem examination revealed the fact that vomition had occurred, and 
 that the small quantity of food thus expelled had entered the larynx and gained access 
 to the bronchi. 
 
 ACUTE BKONCHITIS. 
 
 Symptoms. — Bronchitis consists of congestion of the bronchial tissues, associated at 
 first with dryness, narrowing, and rigidity, and subsequently moisture, dilatation, and 
 relaxation of the tubes. 
 
 Owing to these changes, the vibrating sounds caused by the passage of air through 
 the inflamed bronchi undergo variations, which indicate pretty clearly the dry or moist 
 condition of the parts, or, as some term it, the dry or moist catarrh. 
 
 As the symptoms are developed, the cough becomes hoarse, ringing, loud, and par- 
 oxysmal ; the respirations are in some instances greatly accelerated, indeed out of all 
 proportion to the pulse. For example, the pulse may be seventy or eighty per min- 
 ute, and the respirations as numerous, or even more so. This indicates bronchitis 
 affecting the smaller tubes and alveolar walls — catarrhal pneumonia — collapse of a more 
 or less extensive area of lung structure, or even occlusion of non-inflamed bronchi and 
 air vesicles by the gravitation into them of the catarrhal fluid, as shown in the wood 
 cut. 
 
 Bronchitis of the larger tubes is naturally less dangerous than the other two, and 
 only proves fatal by inducing the two above-mentioned conditions, namely, collapse 
 and occlusion of a more or less extensive breathing surface. 
 
 Amongst the foreign horses above alluded to, it was noticed, where the discharge of 
 muco-purulent matter was most profuse, although some of the animals seemed to re- 
 cover from the febrile disturbance and accelerated breathing of the acute stage, that 
 they succumbed in from fourteen to thirty days afterwards ftom gangrene of the col- 
 lapsed lungs, or putrefaction of the fluid incarcerated in the bronchi and air cells ; 
 both of these conditions being expressed by fcetor of the breath, exhaustive diarrheas, 
 metastatic inflammations of the articulations and feet, complete loss of appetite, rapid 
 emaciation, fluttering pulse; at first great elevation of temperature — 106° F. or more; 
 partial sweats upon the body, gasping respiration, some abdominal pain, and other 
 signs of general septicaemia. 
 
234 CONTAGIOUS PISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 lu uo case of pure bronchitis is the breathiug painful, but short and quick, tlio tho- 
 racic as well as the abdominal muscles being brought into full play ; this distmgmsheB 
 it from the breathing characteristic of pleurisy, m which the ribs are more oi less 
 fixed and the respirations abdominal. In ordinary oases of bronobitis the ammal is 
 dull, listless, sometimes semi-comatose; hangs its head; is generally thirsty; ropy 
 saliva fills the mouth, which is hot and moist. The visible mucous membranes are 
 infected and present a varying degree of lividity, due to non-oxidation of the blood. 
 The animal stands in a corner or moves listlessly about. If m a box, and the door be 
 open, it stands with its head to the open air, from which it evidently obtains reliet. 
 The bowels are generally somewhat constipated, the feces covered with mucus, but 
 they easily respond to purgatives, showing that the alimentary mucous membrane par- 
 ticipates in the irritation. The urine is high-colored, scanty, and if examined will be 
 fbund to contain urea, mucus, and coloring matter m excess, and the chlorides m di- 
 minished quantities. . e J. 1 T -K + 
 
 As already stated, bronchitis of the larger tubes is not ordinarily a fatal disease, but 
 when aifecting the smaller bronchi and alveoli, particularly if associated with a pro- 
 fuse discharge of a yellowish-colored, more or less tenacious fluid, which occludes the 
 smaller bronchi and air cells, it is the most fatal chest disease that the author is ac- 
 quainted with. This tendency to gravitation of the catarrhal fluid is explained by 
 the fact that the columnar and ciliated epithelium are shed in the earlier stage of the 
 attack and take no part whatever in the after changes which ensue. It is never seen 
 again till the signs of acute inflammation, such as distension of the vessels and oedema 
 of the basement membrane have passed off. Subsequently it is gradually reproduced. 
 — Dr. Hamilton. , , j.x. a 
 
 The muco-purulent material thus incarcerated is driven or impacted by the ramrod- 
 like action of the inspirated air into the periphery of the smaller tubes and vesicles, 
 and tiiere constitutes those masses which may undergo putrefaction in the horse, caus- 
 ing septicaemia, as already explained, and caseous masses, giving rise to tubercle m 
 the ox. 
 
 The physical signs of bronchitis are as follows : Percussion returns a more or less 
 resonant sound, but auscultation will enable the practitioner to detect the nature and 
 extent of the bronchial inflammation. Bhonchus, confined to the upper and^ middle 
 third of the chest, with true respiratory murmur over the lower part, will indicate 
 inflammation of the larger and middle-sized bronchial tubes and a condition of com- 
 paratively little danger. SiWlus, heard at the lower parts, indicates a condition of 
 much greater danger and that the disease involves the smaller tubes and air vesicles. 
 Inspiration is generally shortened, expiration prolonged and more distinctly accompa- 
 nied by the abnormal sounds. These sounds are succeeded at a later stage by moist 
 bubbles, rattles, or rales— mucous rales. At first the discharge expelled by coughing 
 is thick, tenacious, and gelatinous, or watery and scant. The lower animals do not, 
 however, expectorate in the true sense of the word ; some discharge issues from the 
 nose, but the greater part of what is coughed up falls into the fauces and is swallowed. 
 As the disease advances, however, a profuse discharge issues from the nostrils and the 
 inflammation gradually subsides. The cough becomes less hoarse, more vigorous, and 
 even more frequent than at first, but it gradually disappears ; the discharge becomes 
 again thinner, clearer, and eventually ceases. 
 
 In some instances all sounds disappear from a certain part of the lungs. This is due 
 to occlusion of the tubes and vesicles by the catarrhal secretion, or to more or less col- 
 lapse of the vesicular tissue, dependent on obstruction to the passage of air during 
 inspiration by glutinous or inspissated mucus. This collapse is often confined to indi- 
 vidual lobnles, which are thus condensed, heavy, indurated, and of a dark color, and 
 may ultimately become hepatized, atrophied, or even emphysematous. 
 
 PATHOLOGY AND MORBID ANATOMY. 
 
 Inflamination of the bronchial tubes, like that affecting other mucous membranes, 
 is attended with changes in their epithelium, the secretion of the glands, and in the 
 surrounding tissues. 
 
 It is rare to meet with a fatal case of bronchitis during its earlier stages, and but 
 for the accidental slaug-hter in Liverpool of the American cattle already referred to, it 
 would have been difficult to have given the details of the morbid anatomy. 
 
 Tlie appearance of the lung in the earlier stage of bronchitis, with collapse, that is 
 to say, when it is observed prior to the commencement of secondary changes or pneu- 
 monia, is as (oUows: There are patches over its surface that have fallen below the 
 level of surrounding parts ; sometimes these deijressions measure an eighth of an inch 
 in depth ; they are of a bluish purple color, and variable in size. The parts around 
 them are of a light pink hue, and are either healthy or in a more or less emphysematous 
 condition. 
 
 The depressions consist of certain lobules in a state of collapse arising from occlusion 
 of their bronchial tubes by pus or other material. The collapsed portions are bluish- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DI«KA.S1^,S OF POMKSTICATET) ANIMALS. 235 
 
 puqjle ill uuloi-; nuucrepitant uud depiussiil, resemWiug fetal lungs sinking tJuu l.y iu 
 wiitor. 
 
 Collapse of tlio lung tissue, atelectasis, induces more or less congestion and subse- 
 quent inflammation ; consequently it is found that broncho-pneumonia often succeeds 
 bronchitis, due to the absence of the expansion and contraction of the air vesicles 
 which normally aid the pulmonary circulation, and to arrestment of the blood-flow, 
 owing to imperfect aeration. This congestion is soon succeeded by eifusion of serum, 
 and the bluish-purple collapsed portions become darker in color and less resistant in 
 consistence. They, however, retain some degree of elasticity, for, if not too rudely 
 pulled out, they do not tear as in pleuro-pneumonia; if cut into and exposed to the 
 atmosphere for <* few minutes the blnjsh-purple color becomes bright scarlet. It is 
 important to bear in mind that the pneumonic process which supervenes in bronchitis 
 is principally con lined to those portions of the lungs in -which collapse has taken place. 
 Sometimes the collapse is isolated, invading but small portions of the lungs. This con- 
 dition is not rarely witnessed in parasitic bronchial disease. These limited collapsed 
 portions vary in size, are rather wedge-shaped, and have their apices towards the ob- 
 structed bronchus. The lung tissue surrounding them may bo more or less congested, 
 or it may be emphysematous, but no juice is exuded iiom them when cut into, as in 
 acute pleuro-pneumonia. 
 
 Professor Gairdner was, I believe, the first to show that condensation of the vesicu- 
 lar substance occurs as a result of mucus or other obstruction iu the air-tnbes leading 
 to the condensed portion. It is at first sight difficult to understand how incomplete 
 obstructions of the bronchi— and these obtain much more frequently than absolutely 
 complete occlusion — cause collapse. One would suppose that some quantity of air 
 would gain access into the vesicles, but such is apparently not the case ; and it seems 
 that the air graduUy finds its way out by the edges of the obstructing substance. The 
 expiratory force, so long as there is air in the vesicles, constantly tends to dislodge 
 the obstructing body by pushing it toward the wider (proximal) end of the tube, 
 whilst the inspiratory drives it inwards toward the narrower tubes, which it effectually 
 occludes. The entrance of air is thus more or loss effectually opposed and its exit per- 
 mitted, so that ultimately the vesicles beyond become completely emptied ; iu fact, 
 the plug acts as a valve, allowing the air to pass in one direction but opposing its pas- 
 sage in the other. Where the obstruction is complete from the commencement the air 
 is absorbed. 
 
 It had been supposed by Laeunec that the emphysema, or, more correctly, over-disten- 
 sion with air of the parts surrounding the collapsed lobules, was due to what he thought 
 a fact, that the act of inspiration was more powerful than that of expiration ; so that 
 though air could be drawn through the obstruction it could not be breathed out. In 
 consequence, it accumulated in the ultimate pulmonary vesicles, became expanded by 
 heat, and so acted mechanically as a dilator. Dr. Gairdner, however, pointed out that 
 expiration is a much more powerful act than inspiration, and that there is never any 
 difficulty in causing expulsion of air, provided always there be no obstruction in the 
 tubes. Emphysema, then, does not occur in the vesicles connected with obstructed 
 tubes, but in those which are adjacent. When the lungs are free from disease (he col- 
 umn of air presses equally in all the tubes and vesicles ; but when one portion con- 
 nected with any obstruction is collapsed, then the adjacent parts are over-expanded, 
 so as to occupy the Bpace previously filled by the former. 
 
 At a later stage the contents of the obstructed bronchi are pushed by the weight of 
 the descending or inspired atmosphere into the most minute bronchi, alveoli, and air 
 vesicles, always from the center toward the periphery, and appear as minute white 
 Xooints beneath the pleural surface. They are well shown in the figure. 
 
 On cutting into the lungs, it will be found that the large and small tubes, and some- 
 times the trachea, contain an amount of fluid. This condition, as well as the collapse, 
 is limited in the majority of instances to the small or anterior lobes of the lungs, and 
 rarely, except by extension, afteits the largo lobes, not only in ordinary but in mechan- 
 ical bronchitis. This fact is of importance, as pleuro pneumonia contagiosa, with 
 which the disease under consideration has been confounded, generally commences in 
 the larger lobes, either in their centers or towards their posterior edges. 
 
 The fluid contained in the tubes is thick and has a yellow color; iu the trachea it is 
 more or less frothy ; and is abundant in the smaller bronchi, as shown iu the figure. 
 
 If the lungs in this condition be squeezed, little pellets of yellow matter are pressed 
 out. Sometimes these pellets are too small to be seen by the naked eye, and require 
 the aid of a magnifying glass. If the bronchitis be associated with catarrhal pneu- 
 monia, elevated patches will be apparent on the cut surface, having a grayish-red 
 color. They are soft to the touch, and if squeezed the same mnco-purulent matter 
 exudes from thorn, or from a small bronchus which may happen to communicate with 
 the particular group of vesicles implicated. 
 
 Dr. Hamilton, in his series of papers on bronchitis, published in the Praclitioner for 
 1879, states it is a matter of difficulty in man to get at the first change which ensues 
 in. the bronchi in acute catarrh. He has, however, been able to verify his observa- 
 
Report CojiuidssioTLer of A^ric^rltiixefoTl880, 
 
 Plate I. 
 
Report CammissioTLer of Agrieulha'eforl880. 
 
 Plate n. 
 
 
Report C'ammis saoner of A^ricicltui-eforlSSO . 
 
 Contagious Pleuro -Pneumonia of Cattle. 
 
 Plate HE. 
 
 'FiG.'i.-P'h'ural aspect ofpulTnoiianj lobe from ./i/imrcin o.x 
 sJaiigJi trrrd a t XivejyjooT i ali/roli. filler? iinth inifco-pinijlejir 
 7iuittn\pleinal siirfnrr ui.tnrt . Tfie iiiirroscopic exdnwiii- 
 tioTi Td^r-fih-fl I>rfmc7io-j}jtn47nonia lit sor/ir of tit p alveoli 
 (see fiy 6)iJifJiilst othcTS showed no tr-eircs of jnfleuiniiatwii 
 (see firj.l ), l)iit were merely filled vitli the iiihaleel hroiirliial 
 serretioiis. 
 
 YiarA-S'rrfioTi ofportiOTi of lung , tlie e.xte?Tial aspect is shoini 
 in ficj.3. The laiqej^ fa ) enief smaller' hroiwhi ajiel air vesicles 
 (h ) filled nitli jjiiruleiit matter 
 
 A.Hoeii& Co.Lidioraustic.BaUmLore. 
 
Kepoit Coiiinassionri- ol Aynciilhrre forl880 
 
 ( '( )NTACII( )1 :S Pli:i 1{( ) - l^U XK )XLV ( )F ( 'ATTLt; 
 
 Plate W. 
 
 ir 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Fig .:> - BTonrh II.-, ' niniiinii My-itO in nriiff hioiii liiti.s l.-Jiiic 
 
 ncriii o.jr .thii i (ihtrri fl nl Limijxxil I 
 III iDr/jj Ifii/iT of ij)i tliihinii .iiniiiiiiiituiij (inil thioiniiiij off 
 
 critcinhal rclU 
 !bi liiiin- fihroii.s- rout .1 it hltrntrrl iritli iiil'hniniui toji/ rrJ/s 
 
 <4iiO rhaiii ' Till lolii iniiiiT i/jifhi /ni in sliid 
 
 r\u 6.- . /mil- iiitiinJial /Jiiriinioiiia '. Iiiiinrrin ojr i-Srition 
 through siiir/il iiir vi'Sirli .•,■ S/ioii'.s- f/ii nli'iohir ravi lie.-, hl- 
 liit iinfli liirrir iiiinnilm- 1 iilrirrtiiil nils n I. I lit ('ntrin-linlri'tls 
 v/jroiihiifi fioiii till- iilTiotiir mutt .uii ('oiiijiiliitirt iinuiis- in 
 inlnrJi tlir rfit/irihal rrlts tii .~t4S0 ftiniii I 
 
 A Hupni Co litliocavsdi Bajhinniv 
 
-Keport Uommis sioner of AgncTilture for 1880 . Plate V. 
 
 CoNiAGious Pleuro -Pneumonia of Cattle. 
 
 Yicl—STnnH hroiirhus in cuute broTir/iitis, orchidcd by ajilitg 
 of cataiThal srcTclionr-3S0 diani a, Catarrhal jihicj : h, Epitlw- 
 lium liniJig IjrojtrlniSi t: SiiTToundirig a^uriititiou-s root infiltra- 
 ted laiOi cells. -(Front . ■iTiteriran ojr roiifhrnn^'rl at Liiyejpool for 
 pleuro 'pricun torn a ) 
 
 Via.1- Parti on of hitig fr-ovi ..Jmeriran ojr ilainj7ttc7rd at 
 livtipool, cnid showiiiq hrojirl litis in the very earliest 
 staqes f aa, collajjieel lobules ) fr-orii obstruction of tubes, 
 the clrvatioTis Ibb. non -collapsed lobules Jure slighthj CJu- 
 pTtysem<x tous. 
 
 A noen.& Co IithocausQcBaltiiiton' 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 237 
 
 st-i'roR^ti'^''^'"'^ ofbroncLitis the lironcliial gliiuds undergo some cliange. In the earlier 
 tli'e''lvnmi''"'V'^''i'"''^'''''^*"''^^ '" '^^'^''^' ''""f-i™ tl^e proflucts of tlie bronchitis conveyed by 
 broil f.lT;,i-n°' '^'■''^0™'' "1"™ or less iriable in consistence, and in more advanced 
 nndoT"^ iiitlammatiun distended with catarrlial elements, both glands and contents 
 b<.pn..;?, ; 'piv i Gascons mfjtamorpliosis, the products of which may either liquefy or 
 occome mhltrated with calcareous matter. ^ ^ 
 
 THE CONTAGIOUS DISEASES (ANIMALS) ACT, 'M AND 33 VICT., AND ORDERS 
 
 FOR CrKEAT BRITAIN. 
 
 *^'"t'im''o,™;^t.,"flf,?,V°f™"l°"'^''*''' •'i'."™'^' ™'^ makeperpetu,!! ttie acts for preventing the introduc- 
 August ?869 1 '=0"t^Si«as ihsoaaes amuug cattle and other animals in Great Britain. [9th 
 
 Whereas it is expedient to confer on Her Majesty's most honorable privy council 
 power to take such measures as may appear from time to time necessary to prevent 
 tne introduction into C4reat Britain of contagions or infectious diseases among cattle, 
 sheep, and other animals, by prohibiting or regulating the importation of foreign ani- 
 mals; and it IS- further expedient to provide against the spreading of such diseases in 
 taeat Britain, and to consolidate and amend and make perpetual the acts relating 
 thereto, and to make such other provisions as are contained in this act : 
 
 Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the 
 advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal and commons, in this present 
 Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : 
 
 Part I. — Peeliminaky. 
 
 1. This act may be cited as the contagious diseases (animals) act, 1869. 
 
 2. This act shall not extend to Ireland. 
 
 3. This act is divided into parts, as follows: 
 Part I. — Preliminary. 
 
 Part II. — Local authorities. 
 
 Part III. — Foreign animals. 
 
 Part IV. — Discovery and prevention of diseases. 
 
 Part V. — Slaughter in cattle-plague ; compensation. 
 
 Part VI. — Orders of council and of local authorities. 
 
 Part VIL— Lands. 
 
 Part VIII. — Expenses of local authorities. 
 
 Part IX. — Offenses and legal jiroceedings. 
 
 Part X. — Scotland. 
 
 4. The acts described in the first schedule to this act are hereby i-epealed; but this 
 repeal shall not extend to Ireland, or aifeet the past operation of any of those acts, or 
 affect any order of Her Majesty in council made, or any order or regulation of the 
 Xirivy council or of a local authority made, or any license granted, or any committee 
 or subcommittee constituted, or any appointment made, or any right, title, obligation 
 or liability accrued, or any rate or mortgage made, or the validity or invalidity of 
 anything done or suffered under any of those acts before the passing of this act ; nor 
 shall this repeal interfere with the institution or prosecution of any proceeding in re- 
 spect of any offense committed against, or any penalty or forfeiture incurred under, 
 any of the acts repealed by this act, or any order or regulation made thereunder, or 
 take away or abridge any protection conferred or secured by any of those acts in rela- 
 tion to anything done thereunder before the p.issing of this act; and notwithstanding 
 the repeal by this act of any of those acts, every local authority constituted thereby 
 or thereunder shall (subject to any provision of this act altering the local authority 
 or the constitution thereof in any case) continue as if this act had not been passed; 
 and every such order, regulation, license, subcommittee, and appointment, as afore- 
 said, shall continue and he as if this act had not been passed; but sq that the same 
 may be revoked, altered, or otherwise dealt with under this act, as if the same had 
 been made, granted, or constituted under this act. 
 
 5. In this act the term "the privy council" means the lords and others of Her 
 Jlajesty.'s most honorable privy council. 
 
 All or any powers by this act conferred on the privy council may be exercised by 
 those lords "and others, or any two or more of tlieni. 
 
 Powers by tliis net conferj-cd on the privy council may, ;is regards the making of 
 orders atl'ecting only specified ports, towns, or places, or parts thereof, and as regards 
 the issuing and revocation of licenses under any order of council, be exerciseii iiy the 
 lord president of the council, or one of Her Majesty's principal secretaries of state. 
 
238 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 6. lu this act — 
 
 Tlie term " cattle " means tulls, cows, oxen, heifers, and calves. 
 
 The term " animal" means, except where it is otherwise expressed, cattle, sheep, 
 
 goats, and swine. , -, j. _^ i 
 
 The term " foreign," as applied to cattle or animals, means brought Irom any place 
 out of the United Kingdom. ,,-,,, 
 
 The term "cattle-plague" means the rinderpest, or disease commonly called the 
 cattle-plague. 
 
 The term " contagious or infectious disease" includes cattle-plague, pleuro-pneu- 
 monia, foot-and-mouth disease, sheep-pox, sheep-scab, and glanders,* and auy disease 
 which the privy council from time to time by order declares to be a contagious or in- 
 fectious disease for the purposes of this act. 
 
 The term " railway company" includes a company or person working a railway, 
 under lease or otherwise. 
 
 The term " person" includes a body corporate or uninoorporate. 
 
 7. In this act — 
 
 The term " borough" means a place which is for the time being subject to the act 
 of the session of the fifth and sixth years of the reign of King William the Fourth 
 (chapter 76), "to provide for the regulation of municipal corporations in England 
 and Wales," or which is a town or place having under any general or local act of Par- 
 liament or otherwise a separate police establishment. 
 
 The term " county " does not include a county of a city or county of a town, but in- 
 cludes auy riding division or parts of a county having a separate commission of the 
 peace. 
 
 The terra "metropolis" includes all parishes and places in which the metropolitan 
 board of works have or had power to levy a main-drainage rate. 
 
 For the purposes of this act, the liberty of St. Albans, the liberty of the Isle of Ely, 
 and the soke of Peterborough shall, respectively, be deemed separate counties ; but 
 aJ.l other liberties and franchises of counties shall be considered as forming part of the 
 county by which they are surrounded ; or, if partly surrounded by two or more coun- 
 ties, then as forming part of that county with which they have the longest common 
 boundary. 
 
 Every place that is not a borough, a county, or part of the metropolis, as respect- 
 ively defined in this act, or is not separately mentioned in the second schedule to this 
 act, shall be deemed to form part of a county, as defined in this act, to the county 
 rate whereof it is assessed ; or, if it is not so assessed, then of the county within which 
 it is situate. 
 
 8. The schedules to this act shall be construed and have effect as part of this act. 
 
 Paet II. — Local authorities. 
 
 9. For the purposes of this act, the respective districts, authorities, rates or funds, 
 and ofiioers described in the second schedule to this act shall be the district, the local 
 authority, the local rate, and the clerk of the local authority. 
 
 Notwithstanding anything in this act, or the second schedule thereto, within the city 
 of London and the liberties thereof, the mayor, aldermen, and commons of the city of 
 London shall be the local authority, and the town clerk shall be the clerk of the. local 
 authority, and the consolidated rate shall be the local rate; but the city of London 
 and the liberties thereof shall nevertheless be deemed part of -the metropolis for the 
 purposes of the local rate described in the second schedule to this act in relation to 
 the metropolis. 
 
 11. With respect to committees of a local authority, the following iirovisions shall 
 have eiiect : 
 
 (1.) A local authority shall form a committee or committees, and may delegate to 
 
 * By an order of council (365) dated 30tli June, 1873, it "vraa enacted that, after the 2d day of July, 
 1873— 
 
 "ITaTcy is "hereby declared to be a eontaffious disease for tlie purposes of the act of 1869. and all the 
 provisions relating to ooutagioue or infnctioua diseases contained in auy order of council for the time 
 heinfr in force thereunder shall also appiy to farcy, 
 
 " Where a local autliority is authorized by the privy council to make regulations for the purpose of 
 X^reventing the spread of glanders and farcy, or either of them, the local authority may make regula- 
 tion.s for the foil-owing pni-poses, or any of them : 
 
 " Eor prohiiiitiuff or regulating the movement out of any field, stable, shed, or other premises in which 
 glanders or farcy has been foimd to exist, of any horse that is, or has been, affected with glanders or 
 farcy, or tliat has been in the same lleid, stable, shed, or ether premises with or in contact with any 
 liorse affected with glanders or farcy." 
 
 Ajiother order in council, dated 7th of August, 1874, states that this oE 1873, " Shall have effect as if 
 in article 2 thereof the words glanders and farcy were substituted for the words contagious and infec- 
 tious." 
 
 The commiitee on this act, in August, 1373, recommended "that the slaughter of horses affected with 
 glanders should be compulsory, but that payment should be made to the owner for the value of thB 
 taroasses." 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 239 
 
 auy siioli eommitteo all or any powers conferred on the local authority by this act, 
 except tlie power to make a rate. 
 
 (~'.) A local authority may from time to time revoke or alter any power given by 
 them to a committee. 
 
 (3.) A local authority may appoint and designate any such committee as their 
 executive committee for the purposes of this act. 
 
 (4.) Such an executive committee shall have all the po-\\ers of the local authority 
 under this act, except the power to make a rate, and may appoint a subcommittee cij' 
 bubconmiittees, and delegate to them all or any powers of the executive committee, 
 ^vitih or without conditions or restrictions, and iVom time to time revoke or alter any 
 such delegation, and fix the quorum, and add to or diminish the number of the mem- 
 l)orM, or otherwise alter the constitution of a subcommittee, and lay down rules for 
 the guidance of a subcommittee, who shall act accordingly. 
 
 (5.) Proceedings of a committee or subcommittee shall not be invalidated by any 
 vacancy in the committee or subcommittee, or, in case of a committee appointed by 
 general or quarter sessions of a county, by the termination of the sessions at which 
 they -were appointed. 
 
 (6.) In case of the formation of two or more committees, they shall act according 
 to rules laid down for their guidance by the local authority. 
 
 (7.) The regulations contained in the third schedule to this act shall have effect 
 with respect to the committees and subcommittees. 
 
 Inspectors and officers. 
 
 12. Every local authority shall from time to time appoint so many inspectors and 
 other oflicers as appear to the local authority necessary for the execution of this act, 
 and shall assign tbcm such duties and award them such salaries or allowances as the 
 local authority think fit, and may at any time revoke any aiipointment so made, but 
 so that every local authority shall at all times keep appointed at least one inspector. 
 
 13. The privy council, if satisfied on inquiry that an inspector appointed by a local 
 authority is incompetent, or has been guilty of misconduct or neglect in the discharge 
 of his duty, may, if they think fit, direct his removal, and thereupon he shall cease 
 to be an inspector for the purposes of this act. 
 
 14. Every local authority, and every inspector appointed by a local authority, shall 
 make such reports to the privy council as the pri\'y ci>uucil may from time to time 
 require. 
 
 Part III. — Foreign animals. 
 
 1.5. The privy council may from time to time by order define the limits of ports for 
 the purpose of this part of this act. 
 
 16. The privy council may from time to time by order, in relation to foreign animals, 
 or to any specified kind of foreign animals, or to foreign animals, or any specified 
 kind thereof, broughtfrom any specified country or place, prohibit the landing thereof 
 either generally, or in any specified port, or in any defined part thereof, or elsewhere 
 than in some specified port or poi-ts, or than in some defined part or parts thereof. 
 
 This section shall extend to horses and other animals not within the definition of 
 animals in this act. 
 
 17. The privy council may from time to time by order apply to the landing, either 
 generally or with specified exceptions, or in some specified port, or in some defined 
 part thereof, of foreign animals, or of any specified kind of foreign animals, orof for- 
 t'ign animals, or any specified kind thereof, brought from any specified eoimtry or 
 place, and to the movement and disposal thereof wheii landed, the regulations con- 
 tained in the fourth schedule to this act, or any of them. 
 
 18. The privy council may from time to time by order, in relation to foreign animals 
 or to any specified kind of foreign animals, or to foreign animals or any specified 
 klud thereof, brought from any specified country or place, add to or vary the regula- 
 tions contained in the fourth schedule to this act. 
 
 19. Where the regulations contained in the fourth schedule to this act, or any of 
 them (with or without addition or variations), are in operation in respect of a port or 
 a defined part thereof, then all animals for the time being within that port or defined 
 part shall, subject to any order of the privy council to the contrary, be deemed for- 
 eign animals, and the same regulations shall apply thereto accordingly. 
 
 20. The privy council may from time to time by order make such regulations as 
 they think expedient for imposing conditions on the landing of or for .subjecting to 
 inspection or to quarantine foreign animals, or any specified Uind of foreign animals, 
 or foreign animals or any specified kind thereof, brought from any specified country 
 or place. 
 
 This section shall extend to horses and other animals not within the definition of 
 animals in this act. 
 
 21. If any person lauds or attempts to land any foreign animal (including any horse 
 
240 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 or otller animal not witlim the definition of animals in this act) in contravention of 
 any order of the privy council, the animals shall be forfeited in like manner as goods 
 the importation whereof is hereby prohibited by the acts relating to the customs are 
 liable to be forfeited, and the i^erson so offending shall be liable to such penalties as 
 are imposed on persons importing or attempting to import goods the importation 
 whereof is prohibited by the acts relating to the customs, without prejudice to any 
 proceeding against him under this act or any such order, but so that no person be 
 punished twice for the same offense. 
 
 Article 9 of order in council (341), dated December 20, 1871, specifies that "animals 
 landed from a vessel shall, on a certificate of an inspector appointed by the privy 
 council in that behalf, certifying to the effect that the foregoing regulations, or some 
 or one of them, have not or has not been observed in the vessel, be detained at the 
 landing-place, or in lairs adjacent thereto, until the privy council otherwise direct." 
 
 22. There shall be published in the London Gazette, once in every month, under the 
 direction of the privy council, a return of the number of foreign animals brought by 
 sea to any port in Great Britain, which on inspection on landing within the then last 
 preceding month have been found to be affected with any contagious or infectious 
 disease, specifying the disease and the ports from which and to which such animals 
 are brought, and the mode in which such animals have been disposed of. 
 
 23. A local authority may provide, erect, and fit up wharves, lairs, sheds, markets,- 
 houses, and places for the landing, reception, sale, and slaughter of foreign animals. 
 
 24. There shall be incorporated with this part of this act the markets and fairs 
 clauses act, 1847 ; and, for the pur]30ses of the a^jplication and construction of that act 
 in conjunction with this part of this act, any jilace provided by a local authority under 
 this part of this act for the landing, reception, sale, or slaughter of foreign animals, 
 shall be deemed a market, and thiw part of this act shall be deemed the special act, 
 and the prescribed limits shall be deemed to be the limits of the lands acquired for 
 the purposes of this part of this act ; and by-laws shall be approved by the privy 
 council, which approval shall lie sufficient without any other approval or any allow- 
 ance thereof (notice of application for such approval being nevertheless given, and 
 proposed by-laws being x>ublished before application for approval, in like manner as 
 under that act notice of application for allowance and publication before that applica- 
 tion are required to be made). 
 
 25. A local authority may charge for the use of any wharf, lair, shed, market, house, 
 or place provided by them under this part of this act, such sums as they from time to 
 time hf by-laws appoint. 
 
 26. A local authority, on exercising for the purposes of this part of this act the bor 
 rowing powers vested in them under this act, may, if they think fit, give as security 
 for repayment of money borrowed with interest (either together with the local rate, if 
 any, or separately therefrom) the charges which they are authorized to make under 
 this part of this act, and any estates, revenues, or funds belonging to them and not 
 otherwise appropriated by law. 
 
 27. All money received by a local authority from charges made by them under this 
 part of this act shall be carried to a separate account, and shall b'e applied in payment 
 of interest on money borrowed by them for the purposes of this part of this act, and 
 in repayment of the principal thereof, and subject thereto towards discharge of ex- 
 penses incurred by them in the execution of this act. 
 
 1. By an order in coinicll (342) of Decemier 20, 1871, additional regulaiions are laid 
 down with regard to foreign cattle, and which were to take effect from the ilst of that month. 
 
 2. This order may be cited as the foreign animals' order of 1871. 
 
 3. This order extends to Great Britain only. 
 
 4. In this order — 
 
 The act of 1869 means the conlagious diseases' (animals) act, 18G9. 
 
 A defined part of a port means a part of a port defined by a special order of the 
 privy council hi pursuance of regulations 2 of the fourth schedule to the act of 1869. 
 
 Landing-place for slaughter means a landing-place within a defined part of a port. 
 
 Master includes any persou havijig the charge or command of a vessel. 
 
 Other terms, except when otherwise expressed, have the same meaning as in the act 
 of 1869. 
 
 .5. Foreign animals shall not be landed at any place except the ports comprised in 
 the first schedrile in this order. 
 
 6. Foreign animals landed at any port shall be landed in such m.inner, within such 
 times, and subject to such supervision and control as the commissioners of Her Mnj- 
 esty's customs from time to time direct, and when lauded shall be placed under tlie 
 charge of a veterinary inspector appointed in that behalf by the privy council, and 
 shall be dealt with in accordance with the instructions fi-om time to time "iven by 
 the privy council. '^ 
 
 7'. Foioign animals shall, excejit as in this order provided, be detained for at least 
 twelve hours after laudiug in some lair or other proper iilaco adjacent to Ihe landing- 
 place, and shall be inspected by the veterinary inspector of the privy council. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 241 
 
 8. Where one part of a cargo of foreign animals is lauded at one place and anotJier 
 part is landed at another place, or where parts of a cargo of foreign animals are landed 
 at different times at thO same place, twelve hours' detention shall commence from 
 the time of the landing of the last animal of the cargo ; and if any contagious or in- 
 fections disease is detected in any animal of the cargo, every animal in each separate 
 part of the cargo shall he dealt with as if the disease had been detected in an animal 
 in each separate part. 
 
 9 Where any foreign animal forming part of one cargo has not been kept sepai'ate 
 from any foreign animal forming part of another cargo, all the foreign animals form- 
 ing such cargoes shall he treated as forming one cargo. 
 
 10. A veterinary inspector of the privy council may detain, for any period that he 
 thinks necessary or proper, any foreign animals (including horses and other animals 
 not within the definition of animals in the act of 1869) which he has reason to suspect 
 are affected with any contagious or infectious disease, or may introduce any such dis- 
 ease. 
 
 11. If any foreign sheep or swine are found to he affected with any contagious or in- 
 fections disease (except cattle-plague) such sheep or swine shall be kept separate from 
 those of the same cargo not found to he so affected ; and the slaughter of those not 
 found to be so aiifected may, with the permission of the veterinary inspector of the 
 privy council, be begun at any time before the expiration of the twelve hours' deten- 
 tion, and be continued without intermission. 
 
 12. No animal, carcass, hide, meat, or offal, and no hay, straw, litter, or other things 
 commonly used for food of animals, or otherwise for or about animals, and no dung 
 shall be removed from their lair or other place adjacent to the landing place where for- 
 eign animals are detained, except with the permission of the veterinary inspector of the 
 privy council, and, if the inspector is of opinion that any such animal or thing as afore- 
 said may introduce any contagious or infectious disease, the same shall be slaughtered, 
 destroyed, or otherwise dealt with in accordance with the instructions from time to 
 time given by the privy council. 
 
 13. Subject to any provision in this or any other order to the contrary, all the regu- 
 lations in the fourth schedule to the act of 1869 shall apply to cattle brought from any 
 port or any of the countries comprised in the second schedule to this order ; and, sub- 
 ject as aforesaid, all such cattle shall be slaughtered within ten days after the landing 
 thereof, exclusive of the day of Itinding. 
 
 14. The landing of foreign cattle elsewhere than at a landing-place for slaughter 
 shall be subject to the following conditions : 
 
 First. That the vessel in which they are imported has not, within three months 
 before taking them on board, had on hoard any cattle exported frdm any port of any 
 of the countries comprised in the second schedule to this order. 
 
 Secondly. That the vessel has not, since taking on board the cattle imported, 
 entered any port of any of those countries. 
 
 Thirdly. That the cattle imported have not, while on board the vessel, been in con- 
 tact with any cattle exported from any port of any of those countries. 
 
 And foreign cattle shall not be landed elsewhere than at a landing-place for slaugh- 
 ter, unless and until — 
 
 (1.) The owner or charterer of the vessel in which they are imported, or his agent 
 in Great Britain, has entered into a bond to Her Majesty the Queen, in a suin not 
 exceeding one thousand pounds, with or without a surety or sureties, to the satisfac- 
 tion of the commissioners of Her Majesty's customs, conditioned for the observance 
 of the foregoing conditions in relation to cattle to be landed under this order firom 
 the vessel ; and 
 
 (2.) The master of the vessel has on each occasion of importation of cattle therein 
 satisfied the commissioners of Her Majesty's customs or their proper officer, by decla- 
 ration made and signed or otherwise, that none of the cattle then imported therein have 
 been exported from any port of any of the countries comprised in the second sched- 
 ule to this order, and that the foregoing conditions have been observed in relation to 
 all the cattle then imported therein. 
 
 15. Foreio'n animals landed from a vessel elsewhere than at a landing-place for 
 slaughter sSall not be moved therefrom or be allowed to come in contact with any 
 other animals until they have been examined by the veterinary inspector appointed in 
 that behalf by the privy council, and according to the result of such iuspeption the 
 following consequences shall ensue : 
 
 (1.) If the inspector certifies that all the animals lauded from the vessel arc free 
 from contagious or infectious disease, they shall thereupon cease to he deemed for- 
 eign animals. 
 
 (2.) If the inspector certifies, with respect to any one or more of the animals landed 
 from.the vessel, that it or they is or are affected with .any contagious or infections dis- 
 ease, all the animals then imported in the vessel shall he slaughtered or otherwise dealt 
 with in accordance w'tli the instructions from time to time given bj^ the privy council. 
 
 16. The regulations of the fourth schedule to the act of 18G9 shall not apply to 
 
 IG D 
 
24:2 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES 01^ DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 any milili cow broiiglit Iroui a port of any of the conutries comprised iu the second 
 schednlo to this order, provided tlie commissioners of Her Majesty's customs arc, on 
 each occasion of the same liciug so Ijrouglit, satisfied that the same had been taliieu from 
 Great Britain to that port, and has not been landed at that port or at any other port 
 of any of those countries ; and in relation to the landing, on any occasion, of any 
 such milch cow in Great Britain elsewhere than at a landing place for slaughter, the 
 condition that the vessel has not, since taking on board the cattle imported, entered 
 any port of any of those countries, shall not operate i)rovidcd the commissioners of 
 Her Majesty's customs are on each occasion satisfied as aforesaid; and the twevlo 
 hours' detention may be enforced ou board the vessel. 
 
 17. In the case of' a foreign animal which is brought in a vessel from any country 
 other than those comprised in the second schedule to this order, but which was not 
 taken on board for importation into Great Britain, the twelve hours' detention may be 
 enforced on board the vessel. 
 
 18. If a vessel arriving at a jjort has on board the carcass of a foreign animal (iu- 
 cluding a horse) which was taken on board for the purpose of importation, but has 
 died ou the voyage, the master of the vessel shall, immediately on arrival, report the 
 fact to the x^rinoipal officer of Her Majesty's customs at the port. 
 
 No such carcass shall be landed or discharged from the vessel without the iiermis- 
 Bion in writing of the principal officer. 
 
 19. Where it appears to the principal officer of Her Majesty's customs at a port, 
 ■with respect to any foreign animal (including, a horse or other animal not within the 
 definition of animals in the act of 1869), or any hay, straw, fodder, or other article, 
 brought by sea to the port, that contagion or infection may be thereby conveyed to 
 animals, he may seize and detain the same, and he shall forthwith report the facts to 
 the commissioners of Her Majesty's customs, who may "ive such directions as they 
 think fit, either for the slaughter or destruction or the further detention thereof, or 
 for the restoration thereof to the owner on such conditions, if any (including payment 
 by_ the owner of expenses incurred by them in resjiect of detention thereof), as they 
 think fit. 
 
 20. Foreign cattle, sheep, goats, and swine, in a defined part of a port (except sheep, 
 goats, and swine in a defined part of the port of London) shall be marked as follows: 
 
 Cattle. — By clipping a broad arrow, about five inches long, ou the left quarter (in 
 addition to clipping the hair off the end of the tail, as prescribed by regulation 4 of 
 the fourth schedule to the act of 1869). 
 
 Sheep and goats. — By clipxjing a broad arrow, about four inches long, on the fore- 
 head. 
 
 Swine. — By printing a broad arrow, about three inches long, on the left side with 
 the following composition, namely: Eosin, five parts; oil of turpentine, two parts'; 
 and red ocher, one part ; melted and use warm. 
 
 21. Where any regulation relating to foreign animals is in operation, the local au- 
 thority and all constables and police officers shall assist the veterinary inspector of 
 the privy councO. to carry the same into effect and to enforce the same, and shall do 
 or cause to be done all things from time to time necesary for the effectual execution 
 of the same. 
 
 22. A person for the time being appointed by the privy council an inspector, for the 
 purjjoses of the act of 1869, shall have at every port all such powers, authorities, and 
 privileges as a veterinary inspector specially appointed by the privy council for the 
 inspection of foreign animals has at any specified port. 
 
 23. In paragraph 5 of the fourth schedule to the act of 18G9, the words privy council 
 sha,ll be deemed to be substituted for the words commissioners of customs. 
 
 24. For the explanation and amendment of certain orders of council ha\'iug a local 
 operation only, the following provisions shall have effect : 
 
 (1. ) Any defined part of a port for cattle shall be deemed a defined part of the same 
 port for animals. 
 
 (2.) In the order of the 1st day of October, 1S70, defining parts of the port of South- 
 ampton, the words, "the veterinary inspector appointed in that behalf by the privy 
 council" shall be deemed to be substituted for the words " au officer of customs.'' 
 
 In an order in cduucil, of August 7, 1864, cited as the "animals (amendment) order 
 of 1874," the words of which were to have the same moaning as in the act of 18G9, il: 
 is stated that (3) the foreign animals order of 1871 "has and shall have eflbct subject 
 and by way of supplement to the animals order of 1871; and not'hiug iu the foroi"-u 
 animals order of 1S71 interferes or shall interfere with the exeuiition or dischar<Te by 
 the local authority, or the inspector or other officer of the local authority, of anv 
 power or duty conferred or iuiposed on them or him bv the act of 1869, or by any order 
 of council." It also states that (4 ) " IJcgulation 7 of the fouj-th schedule to the act of 
 1869, shall apply in every ease whore a vessel comes into poi-t having on board forein-n 
 animals mamied or injured ou the voyage; but notwithstanding anytbino- in section 
 nmeteen of the act of 1869, any animals being at any time within such port shall not 
 bo deemed foreign animals by reason only of anything iu this order," 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 243 
 
 An ortlei- in couuoil (351) fartlier regulates tlio impoitutiou of catHc from Kiissia. 
 It IS dated July 19, 1872, and specif'ios— 
 
 1. This order shall take effect liom aud immediately after the uiuoteeutli day of 
 July, oae thousand eight hundred aud sovonty-twu; aud words iu thia order Iravc the 
 same meauiug as iu the act of 1H69. 
 
 2. Cattle hrought from any place in the domiuious of the Euiporor of Kussia shall 
 not he landed at any port or place iu Great Britain. 
 
 '■'. The following articles hrought from any place iu the dominions of the Emperor 
 of Russia shall not ho landed at any port or phice iu Great Britain: Manure or hay. 
 
 4. The following articles hrought from auy place in the dominions of the Emperor 
 of Russia shall not he landed at any port or place in Great Britain except at the ports 
 at which foreign animals may he lauded, and shall not he removed from the place 
 where landed without a certificate of an inspector of the privy council, certifying that 
 sitoh articles are not likely to introduce any contagious or infectious disease: Moat, 
 hides, fat, hoofs, or horns. 
 
 5. Suhject to the provisions contained in the orders of council relating (o tlio jiorts 
 of Gvanton and Leith, dated the tenth day of August, one thousand eight hundred and 
 sixty-nine, and in the order of council relatiug to the port of Southampton, dated the 
 fest day of Octohor, one thousand eight hundred and seventy, all the regulations in 
 the fourths schedule to the act of 1869 shall apply to sheep and goats hrought to Great 
 Britain from anyplace inthedominionsoflhe Emperor of Russia, and landed in Great 
 Britain, aud all such sheep aud goats shall he slaughtered within ten days after the 
 landing thereof, exclusive of the day of landing; provided, ne\'ertheless, that cattle, 
 sheep or goats being or having been on board any vessel at the same time with any 
 cattle hrought from any place in the dominions of the Emperor of Russia shall not ho 
 lauded at any port or place in Great Britain. 
 
 6. Notwithstanding any order of council to the contrary, no sheep or goats brought 
 from any place in the dominions of the Emperor of Russia, and landed within the jiort 
 of London shall be moved alive out of auy part of the port defined as a part withiu 
 which foreign cattle may ho landed for slaughter. 
 
 An order of council (364) dated July 11, 1871!, regulates the tariff iu cattle with 
 Schleswig-Holstein. It says: 
 
 1. This order shall take effect irom and immediately after the twenty-third day of 
 June, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, and shall cease to have effect 
 from aud immediately after the thirtieth day of November, oue thousand eight htm- 
 dred and seventy-three. 
 
 3. The order may be cited as the Schleswig-Holstein order of 1873. 
 
 3. This order extends to Great Britain only. 
 
 4. In this order — 
 
 The act of 1869 means the contagious diseases (aufmals) act, 1869. 
 A defined part of a port means a part of a port defined by a special order of the 
 j)rivy council in x>ursuance of regulation 2 of the fourth schedule to the act of 18{)9. 
 Landing place for slaughter means a landing jjlace ^\ ithin a defined part of a port. 
 Blaster includes any i^erson having the charge or command of a vessel. 
 Other terms bave the same meaning as in the act of 1869. 
 
 5. Notwithstanding anything iu the foreign animals order of 1871, the regulations 
 in the fourth schedule to the act of 1869 shall not apply to cattle hrought fj-om a 
 port in either of the parts of the Empire of Germany respectively known as Sohleswig 
 and Holstein. 
 
 C. Cattle brought from a port of Schleswig or of Holstein shall not be landed else- 
 where than at a landing-place for slaughter, unless and until the owner, agent, or 
 charterer of the vessel in which they are brought has received the special permission 
 of the privy council to employ the vessel in the trade of importation of cattle from 
 ports of Sohleswig and of Holstein, or of either of them, under this order. 
 
 7. The landing of cattle hrought from a port of Schleswig or of Holstein, elsewhere 
 than at a landing-place for slaughter, shall be subject to the following conditions : 
 
 First. That the vessel in which they are imported has not, within three months he- 
 fore taking them on board, had on board any cattle exported from any port in any 
 part of the Empire of Germany, other than Schleswig or Holstein, or from any port 
 of auy of the following countries, namely : The dominions of the Emperor of Russia, 
 the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, the dominions of the Sultan, the dominions of the 
 King of Italy, the dominions Of the King of the Hellenes, Belgium, France. 
 
 Secondly. TJiat the vessel has not, since taking on board the cattle imported, 
 entered any such port as aforsaid. 
 
 Thirdly. That the cattle imported have not, while ou hoard the vessel, been in con- 
 tact with any cattle exported fronj any such port as aforesaid. 
 
 Fourthly. That the cattle imported are accompanied by a declaration and certifi- 
 cates, such as are indited in the forms set forth in the schedule to this order, or to the 
 like effect. 
 
244 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 8. Further, cattle bronglit fromai>ort ofScUeswig orofHolstein sliall not belauded 
 elsewhere tbau at a landing-place for slaughter, unless and until — 
 
 (1.) The owner or charterer of the vessel in which they are imported, or bis agent 
 in Great Britain, has entered into a bond to Her Majesty the Queen, in a sum not 
 exceeding one thousand pounds with or without a surety or sureties to the satisfaction 
 of the commissioners of Her Majesty's customs, conditioned for the observance of the 
 foregoing conditions in relation to cattle to be landed under this order from the ves- 
 sels ; and 
 
 (2. ) The master of the vessel has on each occasion of importation of cattle therein 
 satisfied the commissioners of Her Majesty's customs, or their proper officer, by decla- 
 ration made and signed or otherwise, that none of the cattle then imported therein 
 have been ex])orte(i from any port in any jiart of the Empire of Germany, other than 
 Schleswig or Holstein, or from any pert of any of the other countries named in article 
 7 of this order, and that the foregoing conditions have been observed in relation to 
 all the cattle then imported therein. 
 
 9. If the veterinary inspector of the privy council is of opinion, on the examination 
 of any cattle imported under this order, that the declaration accompanying the cattle 
 is untrue in any particular as regards any one of the cattle in the vessel, then all the 
 •inimals in the vessel shall be detained and dealt with in accordance with instructions 
 from time to time given by the privy council. 
 
 10. If the declaration accompanying any cattle imported under this order is untrue 
 in any particular .as regards any one of the cattle to which it relates, the master of the 
 vessel shall be guilty of an ott'ense against this order, unless he shows to the satisfac- 
 tion of the justices before whom he is charged that he did not know of the same being 
 so untrue, and that he could not with reasonable diligence have obtaiued such know- 
 ledge. 
 
 11. Subjects to the provisions of this order all the provisions of the foreign animals 
 order of 1871 shall continue to apply to cattle brought from a port of Schleswig or of 
 Holstein. 
 
 SCHEDULE. 
 
 Declaration and ceriificatei. 
 
 DECLARATION. 
 
 I, A. B., of- , being the agent for the owners [or charterers] of the vessel , 
 
 of , hereby solemnly and sincerely declare to the best of my knowledge and be- 
 lief that each of the cattle described helow, now about to be put on board the said 
 vessel, has been bred and fed exclusively in Denmark, Schleswig, and Holstein, or 
 some or one of them, and has never been iu contact with cattle not so exclusively bred 
 and fed. 
 
 Dated this day of . 
 
 (To be signed.) A. B. 
 
 Description of cattle above referred to: 
 
 *Number. 
 
 Bulls 
 
 Oxen 
 
 Cows , 
 
 Calves , 
 
 CERTIFICATE BY CONSULAR OFFICE. 
 
 I, C. D., vice-consul lor as the case may Zic] of Her Britannic Majesty at the port oil 
 Husum [or as the case may ie], hereby certify that the foregoing declaration was made 
 
 by the above-named A. B. before me, this day of , 1873, and that I know 
 
 the said A. B., and that he is worthy of belief, 
 
 (To be signed.) C X). 
 
 ' [and consular seal to be affixed.] 
 
 CERTIFICATE OF OFFICER OF ROYAL PRUSSIAN mOVINCIAL COUNCIL OFFICE. 
 
 I, X. Y., hereby certify that I have this day seen the cattle above described, and 
 that I believe the statemeut respecting the breeding and feeding of each of them con- 
 tained in the foregoing declaration of A. B. to be true in all respects. 
 
 (To be signed.) X Y 
 
 Office of royal Prussian provincial council at the port of Husum [or as the case 
 may he']. 
 
 "Number to be expressed in words and flgarea. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 245 
 
 28. With respect to the metropolis, notwithstaudiun- anything in this act or in the 
 second schedule thereto, the following provisions shall have effect : 
 
 (1.) The mayor, aldermen, and commons of the city of London shall, for the pur- 
 poses of this part of this act, be exclusively the local authority in and for the me- 
 tropolis. 
 
 (2.) The Mayor, aldermen, and commons, on exercising for the purposes of this part 
 of this act the borrowing powers vested in a local authority under this act, may bor- 
 row on the credit of the property ou the credit whereof they are authorized to borrow 
 by the metropolitan market act, 1865, and the money so borrowed may be secured in 
 the maimer and subject and according to the provisions in that act authorized and 
 contained. 
 
 (3. ) All money received by the mayor, aldermen, and commons from charges made 
 by them under this part of this act shall (subject to the application thereof as in this 
 part of this act directed in payment of interest on and in repayment of principal of 
 money borrowed for the purposes of this part of this act) be applied in repayment 
 of the principal of money borrowed by them under the metropolitan market acts, 
 1857 and 1865, and subject thereto in discharge of expenses incurred by them in the 
 execution of this part of this act. 
 
 (4. ) From and after the opening for public use of a market provided by the mayor, 
 aldermen, and commons under this part of this act to the satisfaction of the piiVy 
 council (declared by order), the maximum tolls, dues, and payments thilt may be 
 taken under the metropolitan market act, 1857, in respect of the animals mentioned 
 in the fifth schedule to this act, shall be the sums in that schedule specified in lieu of 
 those specified in schedule A to that act. 
 
 29. Provided that if the mayor, aldermen, and commons of the city of London do 
 not before the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, pro- 
 vide and open for public use a market for the purposes of this part of this act to the 
 satisfaction of the privy council (declared by order), then on and after that day the 
 following consequences shall ensue: 
 
 (1.) The provision of this part of this act making the mayor, aldermen, and com- 
 mons exclusively for the purposes of this part of this act the local authority in and 
 for the metropolis shall cease to operate. 
 
 (2.) The enactment in section 15 of the metropolitan market act, 1857, that no new 
 market for the sale of cattle or horses shall be opened in the cities of London or 
 Westminster, or the liberties thereof, or in the borough of Southwark, or at any place 
 distant less than seven miles in a straight line from St. Paul's Cathedral, in the city 
 of London, shall not prevent any local authority or person from establishing a market 
 for the purposes of this part of this act in or at any place named or defined in that 
 section. 
 
 30. Where a local authority, with the approval of the privy couuoil, have, before 
 or after the passing of this act, provided, erected, and fitted up within a part of a port 
 defined by the privy council as a place where foreign animals may be landed any wharf, 
 lair, shed, market, house, or place for the landing, reception , sale, or slaughter of foreign 
 animals, it shall not be lawful for the privy council (as long as importation of for- 
 eign animals for that port is allowed, but under restriction) to revoke the definition of 
 the part or parts of that port at which foreign animals may be landed, or to alter it so 
 as to exclude therefrom any part of the site of such wharf, lair, shed, market, house, 
 or place, except with the consent of the local authority ; and if any railway company 
 have provided, erected, or fitted up any such wharves, lairs, sheds, markets, houses, 
 or places, the same may, with the approval of the privy coimcil, be used for the xmr- 
 poses of this part of this act. 
 
 (By an order in council (341) of December 20, 1871, the restrictions imposed by the 
 metropolitan contagious diseases (animals) order of August, 1869, were revoked after 
 December 31st of that year.) 
 
 PAKT IV. — DiSCOVEEY AXD PREVENTION OP DISEASE. 
 
 31. An inspector of a local authority, OH receiving information of the supposed ex- 
 istence of cattle-plague, pleuro-pneumonia, or sheep-pox, or having reasonable ground 
 to suspect that any of those diseases existed in any place within his district, shall 
 proceed to that place with all practical speed, and execute and discharge the powers 
 and duties by or under this act conferred and imposed on him as inspector. 
 
 32. An inspector or other ofScer of a local authority, authorized to act in the exe- 
 cution of this act, may at any time enter any field, stable, cow-shed, or other premises 
 ■within his district where he lias reasonable grounds for supposing that any animal 
 aifected with cattle-plague, pleuro-pneumonia, or sheep-pox is to be found, for the 
 purpose of executing this act, but shall, if required, state in writing the grounds on 
 which he has so entered. 
 
 If any. person refuses admission to such inspector or officer acting under this section, 
 he sliall be deemed guilty of an oflense against this act. 
 
216 coNTAfaous tuseasks ok domesticated animals. 
 
 :;;;. The <TdilJ(alr, of an iiispccLur ol' :i. Ior:i] aiiHioiily lo (he c^injct Miiil- :ni .•mim;a 
 -williiii liisdistvicl. iHulii'L-tcd wilji r,-il (Jc-jil;i;.iim, liliiiro-iinoiiinoiiiii. or slHM;ii-]ioxsliall 
 I'oi- tlic imqioscH of lliis uut be cdiifliisin; (■vidciirc in all. cimi-ts of justice and else- 
 whore ofthe in;ittca- rei tiGed. 
 
 Ivfeoted places : cattXe-x^lague and slieep-jyox. 
 
 34. Where an inspector finds cattle-plague or sheep-pox to exist -svithiu his district, 
 ho shall forthwith make a declaration thereof under his hand, and shall deliver a notice 
 under his hand of such declaration to the occupier of the field, stable, cow-shed, or 
 other premises where the disease is found, and thereupon the same, with all lands and 
 buildings contiguous tliereto in the same occupation, shall become and be an infected, 
 place, and the same shall continue to be an infected place until the determination and 
 declaration ofthe local authority relative thereto in this act provided for. 
 
 35. Where an inspector makes'such a decLaration of the existence of cattle-plague or 
 sheep-pox, he shall with all practicable speed send a copy thereof to the privy council, 
 and deliver the declaration to the local authority, who shall forthwith inquire into the 
 correctness thereof, and if it appears to them that cattle-plague or sheep-pox existed 
 as declared by the inspector, they shall so determine and declare, and shall prescribe 
 the limits ofthe infected place; but if it appears to them that cattle-plague or sheep, 
 pox did bot exist as declared by the. inspector, and the same is certified to them in 
 wi-itiiig by one or more duly qualified veterinary surgeon or surgeons, employed by 
 them in that behalf, they shall so determine and declare, and thereupon the place com- 
 prised in the inspector's declaration, or affected thereby, shall cease to be an infected 
 idaco. 
 
 36. A local authority, with respect lo any place wilhin their district, and the privy 
 council, with respect to any place in (jrent Britain, !oay from time to time by order 
 declare any field, stable, cow-shed, or other premises in which cattle-plague or sheep- 
 pox exists at the date of the order, or has existed within seven days before that date, 
 with or without a further area, to be from and after a time specified in the order an 
 infected place. 
 
 37. The area of an infected place may in all cases of a declaration liy a local anthor- 
 ity include, with the field, stable, cow-shed, or other premises in which cattle-plague 
 or sheep-pox has beenfound to exist, all la.nds and buildings lying contiguous thereto, 
 being in the same occupation, and within the district ofthe local authority, .and also 
 (except in the metropolis) an area comprised within one mile from the boundaries of 
 those lauds in every direction, but no more. 
 
 38. A. local authority may include in the area of an infected place any adjoining part 
 of the district of another local authority, with the previous consent of that authority 
 in writing signed by their clerk, but not otherwise. 
 
 39. The area of an infected jilace may in aril eases of a declaration by the privy coun- 
 cil include, with the field, stable, cow-shed, or other premises in which cattle-xilagne 
 or sheep-pox has been foimd to exist, such an area as to the privy council seems to be 
 requisite. 
 
 40. With respect to the metropolis, the privy council may from time to time, by order, 
 extend the limits of an infected place beyond the boundaries of the field, st.able, cow- 
 shed, farm, or premsies where cattle-plague or sheep-pox is declared or found to exist. 
 
 41. The area of an infected place may in any case be described by reference to a map 
 deposited at some specified place, or by roforenoe to townships, parishes, farms, or other- 
 wise. 
 
 4y. An order of a local authority declaring a place to be an infected place shall be 
 published by the local authority by notices posted in and near the infected place, and 
 in such other manner (if any) as they think expedient. 
 
 An order of the privy council declaring a place to be an infected place shall be pub- 
 lished in Uko manner by and at the expense of any local authority to whom the same 
 is sent by the privy council for publication. 
 
 Any want of or defect or irregularity in publication shall not invalidate any order. 
 
 43. An order of a local authority or of the privy council declaring a, place to bo an 
 infected place shall be conclusive evidence iu all courts of justice and clscwlicre of the 
 existence of disease and other matters on which the order proceeds. 
 
 44. The rules set forfih in the sixth schedule to this act shall have eft'ect with respect 
 to infected places (which rules are in this act referred to as the rules of this act with 
 respect to infected places). 
 
 45. If any animal, hide, skin, hair, wool, horn, hoof, offal, carcass, meat, dunn-, hay, 
 straw, litter, or other thing is moved in contravention of the rules of this act with 
 respect to infected places, every person moving tljo s.ame or causing tho same to be 
 moved shall be deemed guilty of an offense against this act. 
 
 46. The rules of this act witli respect to infected places shall not restrict the mov- 
 ing of any animal or thing by railway through an infected place, such animal or thin"- 
 not being stopped within tho infected place. ° 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 247 
 
 47. TIio privy coiiucil may from tiuio to timo liy ovder malce rules Tvitli respect to 
 iufectetl places, not IwAuti iucoiisistciifc ^vitli tli(! I'lilcs sot Joitli iii tlie sixth schedule 
 to this act; and with respect to tLi(! metropolis tJie privy comicil may also from timo 
 (o timo, if they think it cxpedieut, vary the rules set forth in that schedule; and all 
 rules and variations of rules so made shall he deemed rules of this act vrith respect to 
 infected places. 
 
 48. Every local authority and the police of every county, horough, town, and place 
 shall, within their respective districts, enforce and execute the larovisions of this act 
 and of any order of the local authority or privy council thereunder relative to infected 
 places, and do or cause to be done all things from time to time necessary or expedient 
 for securing as far as may he the effectual isolation of infected places in respect of the 
 movement of animals and things. 
 
 49. Any constable may proceed as foUows : 
 
 (1.) He may apprehend any person found committing an offense against the rules of 
 this act with respect to infected places, and he shall take any person so apprehended, 
 as soon as conveniently may be, before a justice of the pe.Tce, to be examined and dealt 
 with according to law ; and a person so apprehended shall not be detained in custody 
 by any constable without the order of a justice longer than is necessary for bringing 
 him before a justice, or than twenty-four hours at longest. 
 
 (2.) He may require that any animal or thing moved out of an infected place in con- 
 travention of those rules be forthwith taken back within the limits of that place, and 
 may enforce and execute such requisition. 
 
 00. The local authority by whom an infected place is declai'ed may at any time after 
 the expiration of twenty-eight days from the disappearance of cattle-plague or sheep- 
 pox (as the case may be) in that place, by order declare the place to be free from cattle- 
 ])la.gue or sheep-pox (as the case may be). 
 
 The privy council may at any time by order declare any place to be free fr-om cattle- 
 plague or sheep pox. 
 
 Thereupon, as from the time specified in this behalf in the order of the local authority 
 or privy council, the place shall cease to be an infected place as regards cattle-plague 
 or sheep-pox (as tlie case may be). 
 
 51. The clerk of a local authority declaring a place to be an infected place, or de- 
 claring a place to be free from cattle-plague or sheep-pox, shall forthwith rex^ort by 
 post to the pri-^fy conncil the fact of such declaration having been made. 
 
 52. An order of the privy council relative to an infected place shall supersede any 
 order of a local authority inconsistent with it. 
 
 50. Where, under this act, an inspector makes a declaration which constitutes a place 
 an infected place, he may also, if the circrunstances of the case appear to him so to 
 require, deliver a notice under his hand of such declaration to the occupiers of all 
 lands and buildings adjoining thereto, any part whereof respectively lies within one 
 mile of the boundaries of the infected place in any direction, and thereupon the rules 
 of this act with respect to infected places shall, until the determination and declara- 
 tion of the local authority relative thereto in this act provided for, apply and have 
 effect to and in respect of those lands and buildings as if the same were actually 
 within the limits of the infected place. 
 
 Pleuro-jineumonia. 
 
 54. Where .an inspector finds pleuro- pneumonia to exist within his district, he shall 
 f(uthwithmake a declaration thereof under his hand, and shall deliver a notice under 
 his hand of such declaration to the occupier of the field, stable, cow-shed, or other 
 premises where the disease is found ; and thereupon the rules set forth in the seventh 
 schedule to this act (in this act called the pleuro-pueumonia rules of this act ) shall have 
 effect in relation to such field, stable, cow-slied, or other premises, until the determi- 
 nation and declaration of the local authority relative thereto in this act provided for. 
 
 55. Where an inspector makes a declaration of the existence of pleuro-pneumonia, 
 he .shall with all practicable speed send a copy thereof to the privy council, and de- 
 liver the declaration to the local authority, who shall inquire into the correctness 
 thereof; and if it appears to them that pleuro-pneumonia existed as declared by the 
 inspector, they shall so determine and declare, and thereupon the pleuro-pneumonia 
 rules of this act shall continue to apply to the field, stable, cow-shed, or other premises 
 to which the declaration relates; but ifin any such case it appears to the local author- 
 ity that pleuro-pueumonia did not exist as declared by the inspector, or that a fresh 
 case of pleuro-pneumonia has not occurred for thirty days in such field, stable, cow- 
 shed, or other premises, then the local authority shall so determine and declare, and' 
 the pleuro-pueumonia rules of this act shall cease to op;'rate in relation thereto. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 56. The forms given in the eighth schedule to this act, with such variations as cir- 
 cumstances require, may be used by an inspector for the purposes of this part of this^ 
 
248 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 act, aud a deolaratiou of disease iiuddr tbis part of tliis act sliaU not bo deemed a cer- 
 tificate of tlie inspector for any purpose of this act. 
 
 57. If auy persou exposes ill a ijiarliot or fair or otlior public place wliere liorses or 
 animals are commonly exposed for sale, or exposes for sale in any sale-yard, wlietlier 
 public or private, or places in a lair or otlier place adjacent to or connected witb a 
 market or fair, or wliere borses or animals are commonly placed before exposure for 
 sale, or sends or causes to be carried on a railway or on a canal, river, or otlier inland 
 navigation, or on a coasting vessel, or carries, leads, or drives, or causes to be carried, 
 led, or driven on a highway or thoroughfare any horse or animal affected with a con- 
 tagious or infectious disease, he shall be deemed guilty of an offense against this act, 
 unless he shows to the satisfaction of the justices before whom he is charged that he 
 did not know of the same being so affected, and that he could not with reasonable 
 diligence have obtained such knowledge. 
 
 Where any horse or animal so affected is exposed or otherwise dealt with in contra- 
 vention of this section an inspection of the local authority or any officer of the local au- 
 thority authorized to act in execution of this act may seize the same and cause it, if 
 affected with glanders, cattle-plague, or sheep-pox, to be slaughtered, and if aifected 
 with any other contagious or infectious disease to be removed to some convenient or 
 isolated place and to be there kept for such time as the local authority think expedient, 
 and the local authority may recover the expenses of the execution by them of this sec- ■ 
 tion from the owner of the horse or animal, or from the consignor or consignee thereof, 
 who may recover the same from the owner. 
 
 In case of a conviction of an offense under this section no compensation shall be 
 payable in respect of any animals slaughtered under this section. 
 
 Notwithstanding anything in this section, the privy council may from time to time, 
 by order, make such further or other provision as they think expedient respecting 
 animals becoming affected with foot-and-mouth disease or any other contagious or in- 
 fectious disease not being cattle-plague, pleuro-pneumonia, sheep-pox, or glanders 
 while exposed or placed or being carried, led, or driven as aforesaid, and any such 
 order shall be deemed part of this section. 
 
 An order of council (355) dated Awjust 8, 1872, refers io the cleansing ami disivfeciion of 
 marlcets, ^c.,m the foTlowmg terms : 
 
 1. This order may be cited as the market order of 1872. 
 
 2. This order extends to Great Britain only. 
 
 3. Words ill this order have the same meaning as in the act of 1869. 
 
 4. Every local authority is hereby empowered to make from time to time, with the 
 view of preventing the spreading of contagious or infectious disease among animals, 
 regulations for the following purposes, or any of them: 
 
 (1.) For requiring the owners, lessees, or occupiers of places used for the holding of 
 markets, fairs, exhibitions, or sales of animals, or for the lairage of animals, to cleanse 
 those places from time to time at their own expense. 
 
 (2.) Eor requiring the owners, lessees, or occupiers of those places to disinfect the 
 same, or any specified part thereof, from time to time at their own expense, where, in 
 the judgment of the local authority, the circumstances are such as to allow of such 
 disinfection being reasonably required. 
 
 (3.) For prescribing the mode in which such cleaning and such disinfection shall 
 be effected. 
 
 5. Notwithstanding anything in the animals' order of 1871, article 39 of that order 
 shall not apply to the cleansing and disinfecting of any such place as aforesaid. 
 
 C. If the o^^^]e^, lessee, or occupier of any such place as aforesaid does any act in con- 
 travention of the regulations of a local authority under this order, or fails in respect 
 to observe the same, it shall not be lawful for him or any other person at any time 
 thereafter, until further order of the privy council, to hold a market, fair, exhibition, 
 or sale of animals in that place, and the holding therein of any market, fair, exhibi- 
 tion, or sale of animals shall be and the same is hereby prohibited accordingly, and ii 
 any person holds any market, fair, exhibition, or sale of animals in contravention of 
 this order, shall be deemed guilty of an offense against this order. 
 
 58. If any person places or keeps on any common or uninclosed land or in any field 
 or other place insufiaciently fenced, or on the side of a highway, any horse or animal 
 affected with a contagious orinfectious disease, he shall be deemed guilty of an off'ense 
 against this act, unless he shows to the satisfactiouof the justices before whom he is 
 charged that he did not know of the same being so affected, and that he could not 
 with reasonable diligence have obtained such knowledge. 
 
 .59. Where a person having cattle in his possession or keeping within the district of 
 a local authority wherein cattle plague exists afBxes at the entrance to a buildinc or 
 inclosed place m or on which such cattle are kept a notice forbidding persons to enter 
 into or on that building or place without his permission, then, if any person not hav- 
 ing a right of entry or way into, on, or over that building or place, enters into, on or 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATJED ANIMALS. 249 
 
 over tlio same or any part tlicroof, in contravcutioii of tlio uotioo, lio .sLall for every 
 sucli offense bo liable to a penalty not exeeeding live poumls. 
 
 60. Every loeal authority sliall cause every liorso or animal that has died of glan- 
 ders, eattle-plague, or sheep-pox, or has been slaughtered in eonsequence of being af- 
 fected with glanders, eattle-plague, or sheep-pox, within their district, to be buried as 
 soon as possible in its skin in some proper place, and to be covered with a sufficient 
 quantity of qnicklime or other disinfectant, and with not less than six feet of earth, 
 or to be destroyed under inspection of the local authority in sucli mode as the privy 
 council may from time to time by order direct or approve. 
 
 It shall not be lawful for any person, except with the license of the privy council, 
 to dig rip or cause to be dug up the carcass or any part of the carcass of any horse or 
 animal so buried. 
 
 ^ Ah order of council (341), dated Decemler 20, 1871, thus amends and renews the regula- 
 tions relating to contagious or infectious disease among animals : 
 
 Discovery and ^irevention of disease. 
 
 19. Every person having in his possession or under his charge an animal (including 
 a horse) aifected with a contagions or infectious disease shall observe the following- 
 rules : 
 
 (1.) He shall, as far as practicable, keep such animal separate from animals not so 
 aifected. 
 
 (2.) He shall with all practicable speed give notice to a police constable of the fact 
 of the animal being so affected. 
 
 Such police constable shall forthwith give notice thereof to the inspector of the local 
 authority, and (except in the case of foot-and-mouth disease) to the privy council. 
 
 20. Where an inspector finds in his district eattle-plague, pleuro-pneumonia, sheep- 
 pox, sheep-scab, or glanders, he shall forthwith make a return thereof to the local 
 a)ithority and to the privy council, on a form provided by the privy council, with all 
 particulars therein required, and shall continue to make a similar return on the Sat- 
 urday of every week until the disease has disappeared. 
 
 21. Any dung of animals, and any hay, straw, litter, or other thing, commonly used 
 for food of animals or otherwise for or about animals, may be moved out of an infected 
 place within the metropolis (but not out of the metropolis) with a license signed by an 
 officer of the local authority appointed on that behalf, certifying that the thing moved 
 has been disinfected, but not otherwise. 
 
 22. Any officer authorized in this behalf by a local authority, or any constable or 
 police officer, may stop and detain any animal (including a horse) which is being moved, 
 or which he has reasonable grounds for suspecting is being moved, in contravention of 
 the act of 1869 or any order of council, and may apprehend, without warrant, the per- 
 son in charge thereof, and bring him before a justice, who shall inquire into the case 
 in a summary manner, and may, if satisfied that there are good grounds for so suspect- 
 ing, by writing under his hand, direct the animal to be detained, and the person in 
 charge thereof to be brought before two justices as soon as practicable. 
 
 On such person being brought before two justices, they shall adjudicate on the case 
 in a summary manner, and if satisfied that the animal was being moved in contraven- 
 tion as aforesaid, may direct it to be disposed of in conformity with the provisions of 
 the act of 1869 or any order of council. 
 
 23. Any officer authorized in this behalf by a local authority, or any constable or 
 police officer, may inspect any railway truck, cart, boat, or other vehicle used by land 
 or by water, in which animals, including horses, hay, manure, litter, straw, and other 
 articles used for or about animals are usually or at the time of such inspection carried, 
 and may examine the person in charge thereof with a view to ascertain whether any 
 animals or articles are being moved or carried in contravention of the act of 1869 
 or any order of council ; and such officer may, if he has reasonable grounds for suspect- 
 ing that such animals or articles are being moved or carried in contravention as afore- 
 said, apprehend, without warrant, the person in charge thereof, and bring him before 
 a justice, who shall inquire into the case in a summary mariner, and may, if satisfied 
 that there are good grounds for so suspecting, by writing under his hand, direct the 
 same to be obtained, andthepersoninchargethereof to be brought before two justices 
 as soon as practicable. 
 
 On such person being brought before two justices, they shall adjudicate on the case 
 in a summary manner, .and it satisfied that the animals or articles wero'beiug moved 
 or carried in contravention as aforesaid, may direct the same to be destroyed or oth- 
 erwise disposed of in conformity with the provisions of the act of 1869 or any order of 
 council. 
 
 24. Any person having charge of any animal (including a horse) or thing that is be- 
 ing moved on a highway, railway, canal, navigation, or river, for the moving whereof 
 a license is requisite, shall, on being so required by an. officer of a local authority au- 
 
■250 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIJTALS. 
 
 tUorizoil in bis fcehalf, or Ijy a coustuble or roiicr, officer, i)roiIncc Mic liccuso (if .iny) 
 I'oi- tho moving ol'tliat animal or thin;;. 
 
 af). A constable or ])olicc or olbi;r ot'licor, dria.iiii.ng- any animal (including a liorso) 
 under the act of 1869 or any order of council, sball cause it to be supplied -svitli requisite 
 food and water during its detention; and any expenses incurred by Mm in respect 
 thereof may be recovered from the person in charge of the animal or from its owner. 
 
 28. Any inspector or other officer empowered to carry the act of 18S9 or any order of 
 council into effect may, if authorized in this behalf by general or special order in writ- 
 ing of the local authority, enter, for the purpose of carrying into elfect, the provisions 
 of snch act or order, any field, stable, cow-slied, or other premises within his district, 
 where he has reasonable grounds for supposing that any animal affected with cattlc- 
 )ilauge or sheep-pox has been, or has been buried or otherwise disposed of. 
 
 If any person refuses admission to or obstructs or impedes, or aids in obstructing or im- 
 peding, snch inspector or other officer, he shall be deemed guilty of an offense against 
 this order. 
 
 '27. A local authority may, from time to t ime, with the view of preventing the spread- 
 ing of contagious or infectious disease, make regulations for the following purposes 
 or any of them : 
 
 For prohibiting or regulating the movement of animals (including horses) on, to, 
 from, and through, and the keeping thereof on. commons and wastes and commonable 
 and other lands whereon there exists a right of common or other right in the nature 
 thereof. 
 
 For preventing any x^erson from driving animals (including horses) under his ch.arge, 
 or allowing them to be driven or to stray into an inclosed field or idace without the 
 consent of the occupier thereof. 
 
 For pi'eventing the spreading by means of dogs of any such, disease. 
 
 For prohibiting or regulating the removal of hay, straw, litter, or other thing com- 
 monly used for food of animals, or otherwise for or about animals, that has been in 
 the same lield, stable, cow-shed, or other premises with animals affected with any con- 
 tagious or infectious disease, or any dung that has been therein. 
 
 For providing for the cleansing and disinfection of sheds and places used by animals 
 aft'eoted with any contagious or infectious disease. 
 
 Fbot-and-mouih disease. 
 
 28. A local aitthority may, from time to time with the view of prevent) ng the spread- 
 ing of foot-and-mouth disease, make regulations for the following purposes, or any of 
 them : 
 
 For prohibiting or reg-nlatiug the movement out of any field, stable, cow-shed, or 
 other premises in which foot-and-mouth disease has been found to exist, of any animal 
 that has been in the same field, stable, cow-shed, or other premises with or in contact 
 with any animal aft'ccted with foot-aml-mouth disease. 
 
 Shccp-scab. 
 
 23. A local authority may, fromtimcto time, witlithe vicwof prcveniing the spread- 
 ing of. sheep-scab, make regulations for the following purposes, or any of tliein: 
 
 Fo)- prohibiting any person from having in his possession or under his charge a sheep 
 aftectod with sheep-scab, -ndthout treating that sheep, or causing it to be treatod, with 
 some drcSising or dipping or other remedy for sheep-scab. 
 
 ]''(u- prohibiting or regulating tlie movement out of anv field, stable, cow-shed, or 
 other premises, in which sheep-scab has been found to exist, of afiy sheep that has 
 been in contact with, orinthe same field, stable, cow-shed, or other premises, with any 
 sheep affected with sheep-scab. 
 
 ricnro-imeiimonia. 
 
 ")0. A local authority may, from time to time, with a view of preventing (hf spread- 
 ing of plenro-pueumonia, make regulations for the following purposes, or any of them : 
 
 For prohibiting or regulating tlie removal out of any field, stable, cow-shod, or other 
 premises, of the carcasses of any cattle which have died or have been slaughtered in 
 consequence of being affected with plenro-pnenmonia. 
 
 Provided, that such local authority shall, from time to time, define the area withiu 
 their district within which auy such regulation shall have effect. 
 
 31. AVhere a local authority is authorized by tho privy council to slaughter cattle 
 affected withpleuro-pnenmonia, such local authority may cause all cattle affected with 
 pleuro-pneumonia within their district to be slaughtered, subject to the following 
 provisions: 
 
 (1.) The local authority shall, by way of compensation for every such animal pay- 
 to tho owner thereof such sum, not exceeding one-half of the value of the animal 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 251 
 
 iuimediatoly befoni it was affected with pleuro-pueuiiioiiia, as to llio lnc,;i,l .■lul.lioi'ity 
 Bcom fit. 
 
 (2.) Tlioy iDiiy rc(niiro the value of any sucli animal to lie asceitaiiu'd by tlieir ofii- 
 cers, orby arbitnitiou, and generally they may impose conditions as to evidouco of the 
 slaughter and value of any such animal. 
 
 (3. ) They may, if they think fit, withhold compensation in respect of any such ani- 
 mal vrhere the owner or the person having the charge thereof has, in their' judgment, 
 been guilty, in relation to such animal, of any act in contravention pf the act of 18G9, 
 or of any order or regulation or license of the privy council or of a local authority, or 
 has, in relation to such animal, failed to comply with the provisions of the act of 1809 
 or of any such order, regulation, or license in respect of the giving of notice of dis- 
 ease, or in any other respect. 
 
 32. The expenditure of a local authority in pursuance of this order in respect of 
 compensation for cattle slaughtered as being affected with pi euro-pneumonia, shall be 
 defrayed out of the local rate. 
 
 33. ^A^l6re the local authority in pursuance of this order causes any animal to be 
 slaughtered as affected with pleuro-pneumonia, the owner thereof shall not bo entitled 
 to recover in respect of the insurance thereof any sum, which, together with tlie pay- 
 ment which he receives for the same under this order, would exceed the sum which 
 he would have been entitled to receive in respect of the insiu-auce. 
 
 34. Every local authority shall keep, in such manner and form as the lirivy council 
 from tinio to time direct or approve, a record, stating the date of any order made by 
 them for slaugliter under this order, and the execution of the order, and other proper 
 particulars, and such record shall be evidence if any question arises concerning an 
 order for the slaughter of any such animal or concernLng compensation in respect 
 thereof. 
 
 35. Where a local authority is authorized by the privy council to put in operation 
 this provision of this order, such local authority m.ay, fi-om time to time, with the view 
 of preventing the spreading of pleirro-pueumoiiia, prohibit or regulate the holding of 
 any specified jnarket. fair, auction, sale, or exhibition of cattle within their district. 
 
 All order of council (360), daled Anrpiisl 2, 1873, is importatit with regard 1o conlarjious 
 plcuro-jineunionia and foot-and-mouth disease. II is as follotcs : 
 
 1. This order may be cited as the animals (amendment) order of 1S~3. 
 
 2. This order shall take effect from and immediately after the thirty-first day of 
 August, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, and words in this order have 
 the same meaning as in the act of 1869. 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia. 
 
 3. Every local authority shall cause all cattle afl'eoteil with pleuro-pneumonia within 
 their district to be slaughtered. 
 
 The provisions nninbcred 1, 2, and 3, of article 31, and articles 32, 33, and 34, relating 
 to compensation of the animalsorder of 1S71, shaU have effect in case of slaughter 
 under this article of this order. 
 
 Foot-and-mouih disease. 
 
 4. Foot-and-mouth disease shaU not be deemed to be a contagious or infootious dis- 
 ease within either of the following articles of the animals order of 1871, namely, arti- 
 cles 19 and 27. 
 
 Any regulations made by a local authority under the said article 27, as far as they 
 relate to foot-and-mouth disease, are hereby revoked. 
 
 5. Where an animal becomes affected with foot-and-mouth disease while exposed or 
 placed or being carried, led, or driven, as in section 57 of the act of 1869 mentioned, it 
 may, notwithstanding anything in that section, be, with a license of an inspector of 
 the local authority authorized to issue the s.ame, but not otherwise, moved for purposes 
 of feeding, or watering, or other ordinary purposes connected with the breeding or 
 rearing of a.nimals, to any laid or building in the occupation of the owner of the ani- 
 mal, or for slaughter to the nearest slaughter-house, or some other slaughter-house 
 approved by the local authority. 
 
 The form given in the second schedule to this order, or a form to the like effect, with 
 such varialious as circumstances require, shall be used. 
 
 JSevocatio7i. 
 
 6. The order .and part of an order of council described in the first schedule to this 
 order, and any regulations made by a local anthoritj' under that part of an order, are 
 hereby revoked ; provided thati nothing in this order shall invalidate or make unlaw- 
 ful anything done under the said orders and part of an order and.regulations, or in- 
 
252 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 terl'ere with tbe institutiou or prosecution of auy proceeding in respect of any offense 
 committed against, or any penalty or forfeiture incurred under, tlie same. 
 
 An order in council, issued in June, 1874, revokes article 5 of the ahove ; conse- 
 quently articles 19, 27, aud 28, of the animals (amendment) order of 1873 are restored. 
 
 JBtirial and disinfection. 
 
 36. Where, under section 60 of the act of 1869, a horse or animal is buried, its skin 
 shall be first so slashed as to prevent its being of any use. The local authorities may, 
 if they think fit, use for the purpose of such burial any place on tlie premises of the 
 owner of the horse or animal. 
 
 37. Where a local authority is authorized by license from the privy council to de- 
 stroy, under section 60 of the act of 1869, horses or animals that have died or been 
 slaughtered as therein mentioned, every such horse or animal shall be destroyed in 
 manner following, namely : The carcass thereof shall be disinfected, and shall then be 
 removed, in charge of an officer of the local authority, to a horse-slaughterer's or 
 knacker's yard, licensed for the purpose by the privy council, or other place so licensed, 
 and shall be there destroyed by exposure to a high temperature, or by chemical agents. 
 In every such case the local authority shaU report to the privy council the fact and mode 
 of destruction. 
 
 38. Where a local authority exercise the power of causing premises to be cleansed 
 and disinfected, conferred on them by the act of 1869, or by any order of council, the 
 occupier of those premises shall give all facilities for that purpose. 
 
 39. Where any landing-place, lair, shed, or other place, is directed by the act of 1869, 
 or any order of council, or is ordered by a local authority, to be cleansed and disin- 
 fected, it shall be cleansed aiid disinfected in manner following : 
 
 (1.) By the sweeping out thereof, and the effectual removal therefrom of all dung, ■ 
 sawdust, litter, and other matter. 
 
 (2. ) Then by thorough washing therewith with water. 
 
 (3.) Then by the application to the floor and to all parts above the floor with which 
 animals or their droppings have come in contact, of a coating of lime, made by mixing 
 good freshly-burnt lime with water, and containing in each gallon of lime-wash either 
 one-fifth of a pint of commercial carbolic acid, or one-fifth of a pint of commercial 
 cresylio acid, or four ounces of fresh dry chloride of lime, such as lime-wash to be pre- 
 pared immediately before use. 
 
 The sweepings of the landing-place, lair, shed, or other place shall be well mixed 
 with quicklime, and eifectnally removed from contact with animals. 
 
 General provisions. 
 
 40. A local authority may from time to time revoke or alter any order, prohibition, 
 or regulation made by them under the act of 1869 or any order of council. 
 
 41. Every local authority shall send to the privy councU a copy of every order, pro- 
 hibition, or regulation made by them. 
 
 42. If the privy council are satisfied on inquiry with respect to any prohibition or 
 regulation made by a local authority under the act of 1869, or any order of council, 
 that the same is of too restrictive a character, or otherwise objectionable, and direct 
 tlie revocation thereof, the same shall thereupon cease to operate. 
 
 43. Whenever there is any change in the name or address of any inspector appointed 
 under section 12 of the act of 1869, or in the district of any such inspector, the local 
 authority shall forthwith report the same to the privy council. 
 
 44. Except where otherwise provided for in any order of council, a local authority 
 shall provide aud supply, without charge, printed copies of documents or forms requi- 
 site under the act of 1869, or any order of council. 
 
 45. Every regulation made by a local authority under any order of council shall 
 (where no other provision is made for the pubUcation thereof) be published by adver- 
 tisement in a newspaper circulating in the disti'ict of the local authority. 
 
 46. If any person fails to give, produce, do, or observe any notice, license, thing, or 
 rule which he is by this order or by any order or regulation of a local authority there- 
 under required to give, produce, do, or observe, he shaU in every such case be deemed 
 guUty of an offense against this order. 
 
 47. If any animal (including a horse) or anything is moved or dealt with in contra- 
 vention of this order or of any order or regulation of a local authority thereunder, the 
 ownerthereof aud the person directing or permitting such movement thereof or deal- 
 ing therewith, and the person or company in charge of or removing or conveying the 
 same, shall each be deemed g^^ilty of an offense against this order. 
 
 48. All orders and regulations made by a local authority under any former order of 
 council and in force at the commencement of this order shall, as far as the same are 
 not varied by or inconsistent with this order, remain in force until altered or revoked 
 
 . by the local authority. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIJIALS. 253 
 
 61. A local authority shall cause the yard, shed, stahle, field, or other premisca in 
 wmcJi auy horse or animal aflected with glanders or cattle-plague or sheep-pox ]ias 
 Deen kept while so affected, or has died or been slaughtered, to bethoroiighly cleansed 
 and dismfected, and all hay, straw, litter, dung, or other article that has beeu in con- 
 tact with or used about any such horse or animal, to be burued or otherwise destroyed. 
 ^ JNo tresh ammal shall he admitted into any yard, shed, stable, field, or other prem- 
 ises m which any animal affected with cattle-plague or sheep-pox has beeu kept while 
 so aflected, or has died or beeu slaughtered, untU the expiration of thirty days after 
 the cleansing and disinfecting of such premises in pursuance of this act. 
 
 Auy such hay, straw, litter, dung, or other article shall not be removed from the 
 premises in which any horse or animal affected with glanders or cattle-plague has 
 been, except for the purpose of being destroyed, nor shall it he removed out of the 
 district of the local authority without the consent in writing of the local authority 
 mto whose district it is moved. If any such thing is removed in contravention of this 
 act, the occupier of the premises from which it is removed and the person removing it 
 shall he deemed guilty of an offense against this act. 
 
 A local authority shall direct the disinfecting of the clothes of, and the use of due 
 precautions against the spreading of contagion by, inspectors and others in contact 
 with animals aft'eoted with- cattle-plague. 
 
 62. Every steamboat, railway, and other public company, and every person carryiu"- 
 animals for hire to or in Great Britain, shall thoroughlycleanse and disinfect, in sucS 
 manner as the privy council from time to time by order direct, all steamers, vessels, 
 boats, pens, carriages, trucks, horse-boxes, and vehicles used by such company or per- 
 son for the carrying of animals. 
 
 If any company or person on any occasion fails to comply with the requisitions of 
 any such order, such company or person shall on every such occasion be deemed guilty 
 of an offense against this act; 
 
 An inspector of a local authority or any oflicer of a local authority authorized to 
 execute this act, may at all times enter on board any steamer, vessel, or boat in respect 
 whereof he has reasonable grounds for supposing that any company or person has 
 failed to comply with the requisitions of any such order, and on premises where he has 
 reasonable grounds for supposing that any pen, carriage, truck, horse-hox, or vehicle 
 in respect whereof any company or person has on any occasion so failed is to be found ; 
 any if any company or person refuses admission to an inspector or other oiiicer acting 
 under this section, such company or person shall be deemed guilty of an offense against 
 this act. 
 
 63. The privy council may from time to time, by order, give directions respecting 
 modes of disinfecting, and anything disinfected in accordance with the provisions of 
 such order, or in accordance with any process of disinfection approved by the privy 
 council, shall he deemed disinfected within this act, but not otherwise. 
 
 64. Every railway company shall make a provision to the satisfaction of the privy 
 council, of water and food, or either of them, at such stations as the privy council 
 from time to time by general or specific description direct, for animals carried or about 
 to be, or having been, carried on the railway of the company ; and such water and food, 
 or either of them, shall be supplied to any such animal by the company carrying 
 it on the request in writing of the consignor thereof, or on the request of any person 
 in charge thereof, and the company so supplying water and food, or either of them, 
 may make in respect thereof such reasonable charges, if any, as the privy council by 
 order approve, in addition to such charges as they are for the time being authorized to 
 make in respect of the carriage of animals, and the amount of such additional charges 
 accrued due in respect of any animal shall be a debt from the consignor and from the 
 consignee thereof to the company, and shaU be recoverable by the company from 
 either of them by proceedings in any court of competent jurisdiction, and the com- 
 pany shall have a lien for the amount thereof on the animal in respect of which the 
 same accrued due, and on any other animal at any time consigned by the same person 
 to be earned by the company. 
 
 If any company on any occasion fails to comply with the requirements of this sec- 
 tion, they shall on every such occasion be deemed guilty of an offense against this act. 
 If in the case of any animal such a request as aforesaid is not made so that the animal 
 remains without a supply of water for thirty consecutive hours, or other period not 
 being less than twelve hours, as the privy council from time to time by order pre- 
 scribe, the consignor and the person in charge of the animal shall each he deemed guiltv 
 of an offense against this act; and it shall lie on the person accused to prove the time 
 within which the animal has had a supply of water. 
 
 Btj an order of council (341) dated December 20, 1871, tlw following renewed and amended 
 regulations wifli regard io transit are made: 
 
 Transit of animals ly sea. 
 
 5. In this part of this order the term " animals " extends to all ruminating animals 
 and to horses. 
 
254 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANISIALS. 
 
 6. With respect to places used for animals on ■board tcssoIs, the following regula- 
 tions shall have eifect: 
 
 (1.) Every such place shall he divided into pens hy substantial divisions. 
 
 (2.) Each pen shall not exceed 9 feet in breadth, or 15 feet in length. 
 
 (3.) The floor of each pen shall have proper battens or other footholds thereon. 
 
 (4.) Every such place, if inclosed, shall bo ventilated hy means of separate inlet 
 and outlet openings, of 'such size and position as will secure a proper supply of air to 
 the place in all states of weather. 
 
 7. Between each first day of November and the following thirtieth day of April (both 
 days inclusive) fieshly shorn sheep shall not be carried on the deck of a vessel. 
 
 8. When sheep are carried on the deck of a vessel, proper gangways shall bo provided 
 cither between or above the pens in which the sheep are earned. 
 
 9. Animals landed from a vessel shall, on a certificate of an inspector appointed by 
 the privy council in that behalf, certifying to the effect that the foregoing regula- 
 tions, or some one of them, have not or has not been observed in the vessel, be detained 
 at the landing-i)lac6 or in lairs adjacent thereto, until the privy council otherwise 
 direct. 
 
 Cleansing and disinfection of icssels. 
 
 10. Every vessel used for carrying animals shall, after the close of each voyage, 
 and before any fresh cargo is put on board, be cleansed and disinfected in manner 
 following : 
 
 (1.) By the sweeping out of the, hold and every other part of the vessel used for 
 animals, and the actual removal therefrom of all dung and litter, and of all ashes, 
 saud, sawdust, and other matter with which animals or their droppings have come in 
 contact. 
 
 (2.) Then by the thorough washing of the same parts of the vessel -siith water. 
 
 (3.) Then by the application to the sides, floor, and ceiling of the hold and to every 
 other part of the vessel with which animals or their droppings have come in contact, 
 of a coating of limewash made by mixing good, freshly-burnt lime with water, and 
 containing in each gallon of limewash either one-fifth of a pint of commercial carbolic 
 acid or one -fifth of a pint of commercial cresylic acid, or four ounces of fresh dry 
 chloride of lime, such limewash to be x^repared immediately before use. 
 
 The sweepings of the vessel shall be well mixed with quicklime, and effectually re- 
 moved from contact with animals. 
 
 Sliijjping and iinsMpjiinrj i^laces. 
 
 11. At every place where animals are put on board of or landed from vessels, pro- 
 vision shall be made, to the satisfaction of the privy council, for a supply of water 
 for animals, and water shall be supplied there, gratuitously, on request of any person 
 in charge of any animals. 
 
 12. At every place where animals are landed from vessels, provision shall be made, 
 to the satisfaction of the privy council, for the speedy and convenient unshipment of 
 animals, and for a supply of food for them; and food shall be supplied there, on re- 
 quest of any person in charge of any animals, at snch price as the privy council from 
 time to time aijprove. 
 
 Cleansing and disinfection of landing-places. 
 
 13. Where any auimal affected with any contagious or infections disease is landed 
 at a port, or is, while so affected, in or at any landing-place or lair, or other place ad- 
 jacent thereto, then the landing-place and every such lair or other place where the 
 animal has been shall not be used for any animals not forming loart of the same cargo 
 unless and until it has been cleansed and disinfected. 
 
 Transit of animals hg railway. 
 
 14. Every truck used for carrying animals on a railway shall bo provided with 
 spring buffers, and the floor thereof shall have proper battens or other foothold 
 thereon. 
 
 15. A railway company shall not allow any truck used for carrying animals on their 
 railway to be overcrowded so as to cause unnecessary suft'ering to the animals therein. 
 
 16. Between each 1st day of November and the next following 30th day of April 
 (both days inclusive), trucks used for carrying on a railway sheep freshly shorn and 
 unclothed shall be covered and inclosed so as to protect the sheep from the weather 
 hut shall be properly ventilated. ' 
 
 Cleansing and disinfection of pons and vehicles. 
 
 17. Every pen, carriage, truck, horse-box, or vehicle used for carrying animals on 
 land, shall, on every occasion after any animal is taken out of the same and before 
 any other animal is placed therein, ho cleansed and disinfected in manner followiu"-: 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF BOMESTICATEi) ANIMALS. 265 
 
 (1.) By tlio sweeping out of the ])cu, carriage, truck, liorsc-box, or Tcliicio, and tlio 
 offcctual removal therefrom of all dun.L;-, sawdust, litter, and other matter. 
 
 {±) Thoiiby tlio thorough washing of the peii, carriage, truck, horso-box, or vehicle 
 with water. 
 
 (3.) Then, in case of a pen, carriage, or truck, by the application to tlie floor and to 
 all parts above the iloor with which animals or their droppings havii come in contact, 
 of a coating of limewash, made by mixing good, freshly-burnt lime with ^vater, and 
 containing in each gallon of limewash either one-fifth of' a pint of commercial carbolic 
 acid or one-flftli of a pint of commercial cresylio acid, or four ounces of fresh, dry 
 chloride of lime, suoli limeWaah to be prepared immediately before use. 
 
 The sweeping of the pen, carriage, truck, horse-box, or vehicle shall be well mixed 
 with (quicklime and carefully removed from cotitaot with animals. 
 
 PENALTIES. 
 
 18. If anything is done or omitted to be done in contravention of any of the regu- 
 lations of this part of this order, the owner and the master or person having charge 
 or command of the vessel in which; and the owner and the occupier of the place 
 where animals are put on board of or landed from vessels at which ; and the company 
 carrying animals on or owning or working a railway on which; and also in case of 
 the overcrowding of a truck on a railway, or of the carrying on a railway of sheeij 
 freshly shorn and unclothed, the consignor of the animals in respect of which (as the 
 case may be) such thing is done or omitted, shall severally be deemed guilty of an 
 offense against this order. 
 
 Provided, that no person shall be liable to a penalty under this part of this order 
 in resxiect of sheep as freshly shorn, where it is proved that the sheep have not been 
 shorn within sixty days before the time of the commission of the alleged offense. 
 
 Bi/ an order in council (349) dated Julij 11, lo?2, thefolloioing regulaiion was to take effect 
 from July 3 (1) of that year: 
 
 (2.) This order may be cited as the carcasses of animals order of 1872. 
 (3.) In this order — 
 
 The act of 1869 means the contagious-diseases (animals) act, 1869. 
 Master includes any person having the charije or command of a vessel. 
 Other terms have the same meaning as in the act of 1869. 
 
 4. In addition to the powers and duties vested in and imposed on local authorities 
 by section sixty of the act of 1869, and by articles 36 and 37 of the animals order of 
 1871, every local authority is hereby empowered to make, from time to time, with the 
 view of preventing the spreading of contagious or infectious diseases among animals, 
 regulations for the following purpose : 
 
 For securing the burial, in accordance with directions of article 36 of the animals 
 order of 1871, of the carcasses, being within the district of the local authority of 
 animals (including horses) which have died of any contagious or infectious disease, or 
 the destruction thereof, under inspection of the local authority, in the mode prescribed 
 by article 37 of the animals order of 1871. 
 
 5. If an animal (including a horse) on board a vessel in Great Britain, or within three 
 miles of the shore thereof, dies of or is slaughter(.'d in consequence of being alfected 
 with a contagious or infectious disease, the master of the vessel shall, with all practi- 
 cable' speed, cause the carcass thereof to he disinfected on board the vessel in such 
 mode as the privy council from time to time may direct or approve. 
 
 If he fails to do so, he shall be deemed guilty of an offense against this order. 
 
 6. If any person throws or places, or causes or suffers to be thrown or placed, into 
 or in any river, stream, canal, or other water in Great Britain, or into or in the sea with- 
 in three miles of the shore of Great Britain, the carcass of an animal (including a horse) 
 which has died of or been slaughtered in consequence of being affected with a conta- 
 gious or infectious disease, he shall be deemed guilty of an offense against this order, 
 unless he shows to the satisfaction of the.iustices before whom he is charged that he 
 did not know that the same had so died or been slaughtered, and that he could not 
 with reasonable diligence have obtained that knowledge. 
 
 7. It shall not be lawful for any person, except with the license of the privy coun- 
 cil, to dig up, or cause to bo dug up, the carcass or any part of the carcass of any 
 auinial (including a horse) buried under a regulation of a local authority or under the 
 direction of a receiver of wreck. 
 
 If any person acts in contravention of this article he shall be deemed guilty of an 
 offense against this order. 
 
 PAET v.— SLAUGHXEE in CATTLE-PLAGOE ; COMPENSATION. 
 
 65. Every local authority shall cause all animals affected with cattle-plague within 
 tljoir district to bo slaughtered. 
 
256 coNTAaious diseases of domesticated animals. 
 
 C6. A local authority may, if tliey think fit, cause to be slaughtered any animal that 
 has been in the same shed or stable, or in the same herd or flock, or in coataot with 
 any animal affected -with cattle-plague Avlthin their district. 
 
 67. Where an animal is affected with disease suspected to be cattle-plague tlie local 
 authority may cause the animal to be slaaghtered in order to ascertain the nature of 
 the disease. 
 
 G8. Where any animal affected with cattle-plague, or affected with disease suspected 
 to be cattle-plague, is slaughtered in pursuance of this act, the local authority (except 
 as otherwise provided in this act) shall, by way of compensation for the animal, pay 
 to the owner thereof such sum, not exceeding twenty pounds and not exceeding one- 
 half of the value of the animal immejliately before it was affected with cattle-i^lague, 
 as to the local authority seems fit. 
 
 69. When a local authority causes an animal to be slaughtered on account of it hav- 
 ing been in the same shed or stable, or in the same herd or flock, or in contact with an 
 animal affected with cattle-plague, the owner of the animal so slaughtered may either 
 dispose of the carcass on his own account, with a license from some officer appointed 
 in that behalf by the local authority, or may require the local authority to dispose of 
 the same, in which latter case the local authority shall pay to the owner thereof, by 
 way of compensation, such sum, not exceeding thirty pounds, as may equal three- 
 fourths of the value of the animal slaughtered. 
 
 70. A local authority may require the value of any animal slaughtered under this 
 act to be ascertained by officers of the local authority or by arbitration, and generally 
 may impose conditions as to evidence of the slaughter and value of the animals slaugh- 
 tered. ' 
 
 71. A local authority may, if they think fit, withhold compensation in respect to any 
 animal slaughtered, where the owner or the person having the charge thereof has in 
 their judgment been guilty, in relation to such animal, of any act in contravention of 
 this act, or of any order, regulation, or license of the privy council or a local author- 
 ity, or has, iu relation to such animal, failed to comply with the provisions of this act, 
 or of any such order, regulation or license in respect of the giving notice of disease 
 or in any other respect, and may, if they think fit, withhold compensation in respect 
 of a foreign animal slaughtered on account of it being affected with cattle-plague, or 
 with disease suspected to be cattle-plague, if it appears to them that the animal was 
 so affected at the time of the landing thereof. 
 
 ■ 72. Where an animal has been slaughtered in pursuance of this act the owner thereof 
 shall not be entitled to recover in respect of the insurance thereof any sum which, 
 together with the payment which he receives for the same under this act, would exceed 
 the sum which he would have been entitled to receive in respect of the insurance. 
 
 73. The privy council may, notwithstanding anything in this act, reserve for experi- 
 mental treatment any animal ordered to be slaughtered under this act, but compensa- 
 tion shall be payable in respect thereof as if this section had not been enacted. 
 
 74. Every local authority shall keep, in such manner and form as the privy council 
 from time to time by order direct or approve, a record relative to proceedings under 
 this part of this act, stating the date of any order for slaughter, and the execution of 
 the order, or the reservation of the animal for experimental treatment (as the case 
 may be), and other proper particulars, and such record shall be evidence if any ques- 
 tion arises concerning an order for. the slaughter of any animal, or concernin"- com- 
 liensatiou in respect thereof. . ° 
 
 Part VI.— Orders oi' council and local authorities. 
 
 I 
 
 75. The privy council may from time to time make such orders as they think expe- 
 dient for all or any of the following purposes : 
 
 For insuring lor animals brought by sea to ports in Great Britain a proper supply of 
 food and water during the passage and on lauding. 
 
 For protecting such animals from unnecessary suffering during the passage and on 
 landing. ° 
 
 For protecting animals from unnecessary suffering during inland transit. 
 
 For prohibiting or regulating the movement of animals, and the removal of dead an- 
 imals or parts thereof, and of hay, straw, litter, dimg, and other things likely to spread 
 contagious or infectious diseases among animals. 
 
 For requiring the cleansing and disinfecting of yards, sheds, stables, fields, and other 
 premises. 
 
 For regulating the disposal of animals dying while affected with a contagious or 
 infectious disease. 
 
 For requiring notice of the appearance of any such disease among animals 
 
 For prohibiting or regulating the holding markets, fairs, exhibitions or sales of ani- 
 mals. 
 
 And generally any orders whatsoever, which they think it expedient to make for the 
 better execution of this act, or for the purpose of in any manner preventinn- the 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 257 
 
 introduction or spreading of contagions or infectious disease amontj animals in Great 
 Britain (wlietlier any such orders are of the same kind as tlie kinds enumerated in tliis 
 section or not), and may in any such order direct or authorize the slaughtering of ani- 
 mals that are affected with any contagious or infectious disease, or that have been 
 in contact with animals so infected ; and may in any such order direct or authorize 
 the local authority to pay compensation for any animals so slaughtered ; and may in 
 any such order impose penalties for offenses against the same, not exceeding the sum 
 of twenty pounds for any such offense, and so that in every such order provision he 
 made that a penalty less than the maximum may be ordered to be paid ; and this sec- 
 tion shall extend to horses and all ruminating animals not within the definition of 
 animals in this act. 
 
 Every such order shall have the like force and effect as if it had been enacted by 
 this act. 
 
 76. A person, for the time being, appointed by the privy council an inspector for the 
 purposes of this act shall have for and throughout Great Britain all such powers, au- 
 thorities, and privileges as an inspector of a local authority has within or in relation 
 to his district ; and a direction of the privy council shall in the case of an inspector 
 appointed by them to be deemed equivalent to a direction of a local authority in the 
 case of an inspector appointed by them. 
 
 77. The privy council may from time to time, by order, declare that such of the pro- 
 visions of this act, and of any order of the privy council under it, as relates to the 
 metropolis, or any of these provisions, shall also extend and apply to any town, city, 
 parish, or place specified in the order, and the same shall extend to such town, city, 
 parish, or place accordingly ; and the privy council may at any time revoke or from 
 time to time vary any such order. 
 
 78. The privy council may from time to time, by order, make such regulations as 
 they think expedient for i^rohibiting or regulating the lauding of any hay, straw, fod- 
 der, or other article brought from any place out of the United Kingdom, whereby it 
 appears to the privy council contagion or infection may be conveyed to animals, or for 
 causing the same to be destroyed if landed. 
 
 If any person lands, or attempts to land, any hay, straw, fodder, or other article in 
 contravention of any such order, the same shall be forfeited in like manner as goods 
 the importation whereof is prohibited by the acts relating to the customs are liable to be 
 forfeited; and the person so offending shall be liable to such penalties as are imjposed 
 on persons importing or attempting to import goods the importation whereof is pro- 
 hibited by the acts relating to the customs, without prejudice to any proceeding 
 against him under this act or any such order, but so that no person be punished twice 
 for the same offense. 
 
 79. The privy council may require a local authority to carry into effect any order of 
 the I)rivy council under this act, and may authorize a local authority to make any 
 regulations for the purpose of preventing the spreading of contagious or infections 
 diseases among animals, subject to such conditions as the privy council impose ; and 
 the local authority may by any such regulation impose such penalties as the privy 
 council are by this act authorized to impose by order. 
 
 80. The expenses incurred by a local authority in executing any order of the privy 
 council under this act shall be defrayed by the local authority out of such local rates 
 or funds as such order directs, and the subject to or in the absence of any such direc- 
 tion shall be deemed expenses incurred by the local authority in piu-suance of this 
 act. 
 
 81. Every order of the privy council under this act shall he published in the London 
 Gazette, save that where an order of the privy council affects only a particular port, 
 town, or place, or part thereof, specified in the order, or declares a place to be an 
 infected place, or to be free from cattle-plague or from sheep-pox, or is in the nature of 
 a license under an order of council, or of a revocation of such a license, then the inser- 
 tion in the London Gazette of a notice of the issuing thereof shall be for all purposes 
 sufifioient publication thereof. 
 
 Any order of the privy council under this act shall be published by and at the 
 expense of any local authority to whom the same is sent by the privy council for publi- 
 cation, in some newspaper circulating in the district of the local authority, or in such 
 other manner as the privy council direct. 
 
 Any order or regulation made by a local authority shall be published by them, at ' 
 their own expense, in such manner as the privy council direct and subject to, or, in the 
 absence of any such direction, in such manner as the local authority think sufficient 
 and proper to insure publicity. 
 
 82. Any order, license, regulatiou, or otherinstrument made under this act or under 
 any order of the privy council thereunder, may be in writing or print, or partly in 
 writing and partly in print. 
 
 83. No stamp duty shall be payable on, and no fee or other charge shall be demanded 
 or made for,, any appointment, certificate, declaration, or license under this act, or any 
 order or regulation made thereunder. 
 
 17 C D 
 
258 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 84 An order or regulation made or issued hy a local authority under this act or 
 -^^^^^FTZ^n^S^^^^.^S'^^o^.o^^^ order or 
 
 l^mver as aforesaid or by such other officer as the privy council presorihes. 
 
 And tnfsuch order or regulation shall, until the contrary is proved, he deemed to 
 hnve been dnlv made and issued at the time at which It hears date. _ 
 
 sT Penalt el and forfeitures shaU he recoverable and applicable under an oi^er of 
 the privy ~il or an order or regulation of a local authority, as penalties and foi- 
 feituros under this act are recoverable and applicable. 
 
 Part VII.— Lands. 
 
 8fi A local authority may purchase or take on lease or at a rent land for the pur- 
 pose of buryLg therei^ animals dying of or slaughtered on account of any contagious 
 Sr infectio/s'fsease, or for the pu'rpo'se of Vro^^ng ^^^^esl.^s,^^^^ 
 houses, and places for the landing, reception, sale '^'^d slaughter of foreign animals, 
 or for any other purpose of this act, and may sell, exchange or dispose of lauds ac- 
 quired by them under this act, but not required to he retained for the purposes thereof, 
 carrying the m oney produced thereby to the credit of the local rate. 
 
 87 Llnd purchased or taken on lease or at a rent under this act by a local author- 
 ity, not being a body corporate, shall be assured or demised to the local authority and 
 their successors, in trust for the purposes of this act, and shall be accepted, taken, and 
 held by them as a body corporate. j. _,^ , , j. „„4. 
 
 88 The regulations contained in section seventy-five of the local government act, 
 1858 shall be observed with respect to the purchase of land by a local authority tor tHe 
 nurposes of this act, and shall apply and have effect as if the local authority were a 
 local board acting under the local government act, and the purposes of this act 
 were purposes of that act, save that the advertisements and notices requisite under 
 that section may be published and served in any two consecutive months instead ot 
 only in the months therein specified, and that the local rate be substituted for tho 
 rates therein mentioned ; and the powers conferred by this section may be exercised 
 by a local authority with respect to land either within or without their district. 
 
 Paet VIII. — Expenses ov local authorities. 
 
 89. The expenditure of a local authority in compensation for animals slaughtered 
 under Part V of this act, or in respect of principal of or interest on money borrowed 
 in pursuance of this act, shall be defrayed out of the local rate, or out of a separate 
 rate to he levied in all respects as the local rate, and included under the term local 
 
 Any person who is not the owner of the premises in respect of which he is rated un- 
 der this section to the local rate may deduct from the growing rent due to the owner 
 of such premises one-half of the rate payable by him for the purposes of this section, 
 and every owner shall allow such deduction accordingly. 
 
 The owner for the purposes of this section shall be the person for the time being 
 entitled to receive the rack rent of the premises in respect of which the rate is made 
 on his own account, or who would he entitled to receive the same if such premises 
 were let at a rack-rent, including under the term rack-rent any rent which is not less 
 than two-thirds of the net annual value of the premises out of which the rent issues. 
 
 Every local authority shall have power, notwithstanding any limit in any act of 
 Parliament, to levy a focal rate to the amount required for the purposes of this act, 
 but every rate or increase of rate levied under this section shall in all precepts for the 
 levy thereof be described as a separate rate or separate item of rate, and when col- 
 lected &om the individual rate-payers shall be collected as a separate rate or specified 
 as a separate item of rate. 
 
 Every order of a board of guardians for contribution of moneys, out of which any 
 such expenditure as in this section mentioned is payable, shall state the amount, in 
 the pound of contribution, required for such expenditure ; and the overseers, on the 
 receipt given to any rate-payer for poor rate, shall specify the amount (if any) collected 
 in respect of such expenditure. 
 
 90. Expenses incurred by a local authority in pursuance of this act, other than in 
 their expenditure in compensation for animals slaughtered under Part V of this act, 
 or in respect of principal of or interest on money borrowed in pursuance of this act, 
 shall be defrayed out of the local rate. 
 
 91. Where before the twentieth day of February, one thousand eight hundred and 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.' 25S; 
 
 ( 
 sixty-six, any person suffcrod so great a loss of cattle by cattle-plague as to entitle 
 liim, after tlie passage of tliis act, in tie opinion of the local authority, to a remission, 
 in whole or in part of the amount duo from him in respect of the local rate, such' 
 remission may he gi-auted hy the local authority. 
 
 'J2. Whore, at the passing of this act, a local authority have in their hands an un- 
 appropriated balance of a local rate levied under any act repealed hy this act, they may, , 
 if they, think fit, apply any part of such balance in compensation for cattle slaugh- 
 tered between the passing of "the cattle-disease prevention act, 1866," and the 
 appointment of inspectors under that act, by direction of a person whom the owner of 
 such cattle had reasonable ground to believe to be the authorized inspector for the, 
 <'xecution of the act, or they may carry such balance, or any part thereof, to the credit, 
 of the ordinary account of the local rate, to be appUed for any of the jrarposes for; 
 which the local rate, when levied under any act other than an act repealed by this^ 
 act, is applicable. ' 
 
 93. All precepts, orders for contribution, and forms of poor rate shall, where neces- 
 sary, be varied in such manner as may be required for carrying into effect this act. 
 
 94. The treasurer of a local authority may, if directed hy them, advance out of any; 
 moneys for the time being in his hands, any sum required for payment of expenses in- 
 curred by them in pursuance of this act. 
 
 95. "Where the local rate is a county rate or borough rate, or any other such rate as' 
 is mentioned in the second schedule to this act, all the provisions of the statutes 
 applicable to the making, levying, and collecting of a county rate, borough rate, or sach 
 other rate shall apply, notwithstanding that the whole of such rate, or any part there- 
 ofj is applicable to the payment of the expenditure of a Jocal authority in pursuance 
 of this act, in compensation for animals slaughtered, or in respect of principal of or 
 interest on money borrowed in pursuance of this act. 
 
 96. An error in the statement of the amount of expenses in any precept, warrant, 
 contribution, order, or receipt issued or given under this act shall not invalidate such 
 j)recept, warrant, contribution, order, or receipt; but any person aggrieved hy the 
 error may appeal to the justices in petty sessions and the justices may rectify the error 
 and award to the appellant compensation for any loss he may have sustained thereby, i 
 the amount of such compensation to be paid to the appellant, and to be deemed 
 expenses of the local authority under this act. 
 
 97. Notwithstanding anything in this act, the local authority of each borough situate 
 within a county and assessed to the county rate thereof, shall be recouped the prox^or- 
 tionate amount contributed by the borough to the expenses incurred by the local au- 
 thority of the county in pursuance of this act, including expenditure in compensation 
 for animals slaughtered, or in respect of principal of or interest on money borrowed im 
 pursuance of this act, so that the burden of those expenses shall he borne wholly by 
 the county, and not, as to any part thereof, by any borough situate within the county.' 
 
 Borroioing. 
 
 98. Where the rate levied or required for the purposes of this act exceeds or would 
 exceed sixpence in the pound, a local authority may, for the purposes of defraying 
 auy costs, charges, and expenses under this act, borrow at interest on the credit of the 
 local Mite any sums ofmoney necessary for defraying such costs, charges, and expenses; 
 and M- the purpose of securing the repayment of any sums ofmoney so borrowed, to- 
 gether with such interest as aforesaid, the local authority may mortgage the local rate 
 for any period not exceeding seven years. 
 
 Where the rate levied or required for the purposes of this act exceeds or would 
 exceed nincpence in the pound, the commissioners of Her Majesty's treasury may, on 
 application from the local authority, extend the term to any terra not exceeding four- 
 teen years, and the local authority may mortgage the rate accordingly: Provided that 
 where the local authority borrow for auy purpose of this act on any security other 
 than the local rate (whether together with the local rate, if any, or separately there- 
 from), the limitations in this section contained respecting the amount of rate and the 
 term of years shall not operate. 
 
 The provisions of the commissioners' clauses act, 1847, with respect to the mortgages 
 to be executed by the commissioners shall be incorporated with this section, the local 
 authority being deemed to be the commissioners, and any mortgagee or assignee may 
 enforce payment of his principal and interest by appointment of a receiver. 
 
 The public-works loan commissioners may, with the approval of the commissioners 
 of Her Majesty's treasury, advance to a local authority, on the security of the local 
 rate, without any further security, any sums of money to be applied for the purposes 
 of this act, and to be repaid with interest within any period as aforesaid. 
 
 99. Where the estimated amount of the sum required to be levied for payment of 
 the expenditure of a local authority in pursuance of this act (including expenditure 
 incurred in the jiaymont of money borrowed (Tr of interest thereon) exceeds the suin 
 that would he raised hy the levying of a rate of one shilling in the pound oa tho 
 
2rj0 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 ratable value of the property assessed to the local rate, the local aulliority may borrow 
 from the public-works loan commissioners, and the public-works loan commissioners 
 may, out of the balance for the time being unapplied of any money by any <act already 
 passed authorized to be issued for the purposes of loans under any act repealed by 
 this act, or out of any other money for the time being authorized to be issued for the 
 purposes of loans under this section, lend to them such sums as may be required, 
 subject to the following conditions : 
 
 (i.) Every such loan shall be made with the sanction of the commissioners of Ilcr 
 Majesty's treasury. 
 
 (2.) Interest shall be at the rate of 3J per centixm per annum. 
 
 (.3.) Repayment of the loan shall be ma.de by such number of equal annual install- 
 ments, not exceeding thirty, as the commissioners of Her Ma,jesty's treasmy direct. 
 
 (4.) The commissioners of Her Majesty's treasury may, if they think fit, authorize 
 the postponement for a period not esoeeding two years, of any jiayment of princi])al 
 or interest becoming due within the first three years. 
 
 (5.) Eepayment of the loan and interest shall be secured by a mortgage of the local 
 rate, and it shall not be incumbent on the public-works loan commissioners to require 
 any other security. 
 
 (6.) The local authority shall have power to levy, and shall levy, rates requisite for 
 the purpose of repaying the loan with interest. 
 
 (7.) The sanction of the commissioners of Her Majesty's treasury to the loan shall 
 be conclusive evidence that it is authorized by this act ; and no objection shall bo 
 made by any rate-payer to the validity of any mortgage for the loan, or to the appli- 
 cation of the proceeds of the local rate to the payment of the principal or interest of 
 the loan. 
 
 (8.) The commissioners of Her Majesty's treasury may, by agreement with the local 
 authority borroTving, commute into one equivalent annuity, terminable at the time 
 fixed for the liquidation of the annual installments aforesaid, the payments secured 
 by the mortgage, or any portion of such payments. 
 
 100. Where a local authority have borrowed money on the security of a mortgan'e 
 of the local rate, under any act repealed by this act, then (except as otherwise pro- 
 vided in this act with respect to the county of Chester), notwithstanding any repeal 
 in this act, or any alteration made by this act in the definition of a local authority or 
 local rate, or any other thing in this act contained, the local rate mortgaged shall con- 
 tinue to be the security for the money borrowed, as if this act ,had not been passed ; 
 and in relation to the money so borrowed the local authority which borr-owed such 
 money, and the local rate on which the same is charged, shall continue to be the local 
 authority, and the local rate under the acts repealed by this act as if this act had not 
 been passed ; and all provisions of Part II of the cattle-diseases prevention act, 1866, 
 relative to expenses, and all the provisions of the cattle-diseases prevention amend- 
 ment act, 1866, and all other provisions of any act repealed by this act relative to 
 expenses, and all the provisions of the cattle-diseases prevention amendment act, 1866, 
 and all other provisions of any act repealed by this act relative to expenses of local 
 authorities, rating, remission of rates, and borrowing, and matters connected there- 
 with respectively, shall, in relation to the money so borrowed, and to the rate charged 
 therewith, continue to operate as if this act had not been passed. 
 
 101. "With respect to the county of Chester the following provisions shalWiave 
 effect : '•^ 
 
 (1. ) As far as regards the expenditure of the local authority of the county of Chester 
 m respect of principal of or interest on money borrowed 'in- pursuance of any act 
 repealed by this act, and any matter consequent on or relative to that expenditure 
 (including the remission of rates), the foregoing provisions of this part of this act shall 
 not apply to that county. 
 
 (2.) That expenditure shall be defrayed out of the county rate for the county of 
 Chester, or out of any money a.pplicable under any act of Parliament, or otherwise for 
 the public charges or uses of that county, or partly out of one and partly of the other • 
 such county rate to be assessed, levied, and collected in the manner prescribed by law 
 lor the assessment, levying, and coUection of county rates, independentlv of this act 
 or of any act repealed by this act. 
 
 (3.) In lieu of any provision authorizing deduction by tenant from landlord of half 
 ot the local rate, any person who is not the owner of the premises in the county of 
 Chesterin respect of which he is rated to the poor rate may, in each year until the 
 
 flrstdayofNovember, one thousandeighthundi'edandninety-six, in which hedulvnavs 
 his poor rate, deduct from the growing rent due to the owner of such premises a sum 
 equal to one penny m the pound on the annual ratable value of such premises and 
 every owner sha 1 allx)w .such deduction accordingly ; and the owner, for the purposes 
 ^aI^^^,' '*^'^" ^'^ *^° person defined as such in this part of this act 
 (4.) The local authority for the county of Chester shall entertain and decide on an- 
 pkcations from rate-payers to whom, if this section had not been inserted in this ■^ct 
 remission m respect of local rate might have been granted, and may, on suchajipU- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 261 
 
 cations, graut to tlie a])p]i(!aiit.s, or auy of theiu, suolisuui or sums of money (if auy) 
 out of tlio county rate as tlie local autliority tmnk reasonable, regard lieing liad to 
 the extent of loss in tlie cases of the several applicants. 
 
 (5.) The local authority of each borough situate within the county of Chester and 
 assessed to the county rate thereof, shall, hy means of repayment out of the county 
 rate, or by means of differential rates, or partly in the one way and partly in the other, 
 be recouped the prox^ortionate amount contributed by the borough to any money 
 granted as aforesaid, so that the burden of the expenditure incurred by the local 
 authority of the county in respect of such grants shall be borne wholly by the county, 
 and not as to any part thereof by any borough situate within the county ; but nothing 
 in this section shall prejwdieially affect the mortgage security of the public- works loan 
 commissioners for the money advanced to the local authority of the county of Chester 
 under any act repealed by this act ; and the local authority of that county shall, from 
 time to time, levy such rates as are under this -section applicable, and as are for the 
 time being requisite (either wholly or in conjunction with such other money as in 
 this section mentioned) for the purpose of repaying with interest the money advanced 
 on such mortgage security according to the terms thereof. 
 
 102. The existence of any order or precept for the making or collection under any 
 act repealed by this act of any rate remaining uncollected, wholly or in part, at the 
 passing of this act shall not affect the validity of any rate made after the passage of 
 this act. 
 
 Part IX. — Offenses and lbgai pkoobedings. 
 
 103. If any person acts in contravention of or if guilty of any offense against this 
 act, or any order or regulation made by the privy council or a local authority in pur- 
 suance of this act, he shall for every such offense (except as otherwise provided in this 
 act, and except where a less penalty is provided in any such order. of regulation) be 
 liable to a penalty not exceeding twenty pounds. 
 
 Where any such offense is committed with respect to more than four animals, a pen- 
 alty not exceeding five pounds for each animal may be imposed instead of the penalty 
 of twenty pounds. 
 
 Where any such offense is committed in relation to offal, dung, hay, straw, litter, 
 or anything, a further penalty, not exceeding ten pounds, may be imposed in respect 
 of every half ton in weight of such offal, or other thing, after the first half ton. 
 
 104. If any person does any of the following things he shall be deemed guilty of an 
 offense against this act : 
 
 (1.) If he does anything for which a license is requisite under this act, or any order 
 of the privy council thereunder, without having obtained a license. 
 
 (2. ) If where such a license is requisite, having obtained a license in that behalf, he 
 does the thing licensed after the license has expired. 
 
 (3.) If he uses or offers or attempts to use as such a license an instrument not being 
 a complete license, or an instrument untruly purporting or appearing to be a license, 
 unless he shows to the satisfaction of the justices before whom he is charged that he 
 did not know of such incompleteness or untruth, and that he could not with reason- 
 ble diligence have obtained such knowledge. 
 
 (4.) If with intent to evade any provision of this act, or of any'order of the privy 
 council thereunder, he fabricates or alters, or offers or utters, knowing the same to be 
 iabricated or altered, any license, declasation, certificate or instrument made or issued, 
 or purporting to be made or issued, under or for any purpose of this act or any such 
 order. 
 
 (5.) If for the purpose of obtaining any license, certificate, or iustmment under or 
 for the purposes of any such provision, he makes a declaration false in any material 
 particular, unless he shows to the satisfaction of the justices before whom ]ie is charged 
 tliat he did not know of such falsity, and that ho could not with reasonable diligeuoe 
 have obtained such knowledge. 
 
 (C.) If he obtains or endeavors to obtain any such license, certificate, or instrument 
 by means of any false pretense, unless he shows to the satisfaction of the justices 
 before whom he is charged that he did not know of such falsity, and he could not with 
 reasonable diligence have obtained such knowledge. 
 
 (7.) If he grants or issues any such license, certificate, or instrument, being false in 
 any material particular, unless he shows to the satisfaction of the justices before 
 whom he is charged that he did not know of such falsity, and that he could not with 
 reasonable diligence have obtained such knowledge. 
 
 And in any such case he shall be liable, on conviction, in discretion of the justices, 
 to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding three months, with or without hard labor, 
 in lieu of the pecuniary penalty to which he is liable under this act. 
 
 10,'). If any person obstructs or impedes an inspector or other otlicer acting in exe- 
 cution of this act, or of any order of the privy council thereunder, he, and every jier- 
 son aiding and assisting him therein, shall be guilty of an offense against tliis act, and 
 
262 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 tio inspector or other officer, or any person wliom lie calls to liis assistance, may sojzo 
 tlie offender and detain him until lie can Ijo conveniently taken before a justice, to bo 
 dealt "with according to law. 
 
 106. Notwithstanding anythiag in any act relating to the motropoJitan police or to 
 municipal corporations, or in any other act, one-half of every penalty or forfeiture 
 recovered under this act shall be paid to the person who sues or proceeds for the same, 
 and the other half shall be applied as if this section had not been enacted. 
 
 107. In proceedings before justices under this act any railway company or other 
 body corporate may appear by any member of their board of directors or council, or 
 by any officer authorized in writing under the hand of any director or member of the 
 council of the company or body. 
 
 108. If any party feels aggrieved by the dismissal of his complaint by justices, or by 
 any determination or adjudication of justices with respect to any penalty or forfeiture 
 under this act, he may appeal therefrom, subject to the conditions and regulations 
 following : 
 
 (1.) The appeal shall be made to some coui-t of general or quarter sessions for the 
 county or place in which the o3use of appeal has arisen, holden not less than fifteen 
 days and not more than four months after the decision of the justices. 
 
 (2. ) The appellant shall, within three days after the cause of appeal has arisen, give 
 notice to the clerk of the petty sessional division for which the justices act whose 
 decision is appealed from, of his intention to appeal, and of the grounds thereof. 
 
 (3. ) The appellant shall immediately after such notice enter into a recognizance, 
 , before a justice of the peace, with two suflioient sureties, conditioned personally to try 
 such appeal, and to abide the judgment of the court thereon, and to pay such costs as 
 'may be awarded by the court. 
 
 I (4.) The court may adjourn the appeal and may mate such order thereon as they 
 think just. But nothing in this section respecting appeals shall affect any enactment 
 relative to appeals in cases of summary convictions or adjudications in the city of 
 London or the metropolitan police district. 
 
 ! 109. For the purposes of proceedings under this act, or any order of the privy coun- 
 cil or order or regulation of a local authority thereunder, every offense against this act 
 'or any such order or regulation shall be deemed to have arisen, either in the place in 
 [Which the same actually was committed or arose, or in any place in which the person 
 'charged or complained against happens to be. 
 
 Protection of persons in execution of act. 
 
 110. An action or proceeding shall not lie against any person acting or intending to 
 act under the authority or in the execution or bi pursuance of this act for any alleged 
 irregularity or trespass or other act or thing done or omitted by him under this act, 
 nnless notice in writing (specifying the cause of the action or proceeding, and the 
 name and residence of the intending plaintiff or prosecutor, and of his attorney or 
 agent in the matter) is given by the intending plaintiff or prosecutor to the intended 
 defendant one month at least before the commencement of the action or proceedtag, 
 nor unless the action or proceeding is commenced within four months next after the 
 doing of such damage has ceased ; and any such action shall be laid and tried in the 
 county or place where the cause of action arose, and not elsewhere. 
 
 111. In any such action the defendant may plead generally that the act or thing 
 complained of was done or omitted by him when acting or intending to act under the 
 authority or in the execution or in pursuance of this act, and may give all special 
 matter in evidence. 
 
 112. On the trial of any such action the plaintiff shall not be permitted to go into 
 evidence of any cause of action not stated in his notice. 
 
 113. The plaintiff in any such action shall not succeed if tender of sufScient amends 
 is made by the defendant before the commencement of the ;iction; and in case no 
 tender has been made the defendant may, by leave of the court in which the action is 
 brought, at any time pay into the court such sum of money as he thinks fit, where- 
 upon such proceeding and order shall be had and made in and by the court as may be 
 had and made on the payment of money into court in an ordinary action. 
 
 114. If in any such action the plaintiff does not succeed in obtaining judgment the 
 defendant shall receive such fuU and reasonable indemnity as to all costs, charges' and 
 expenses inouired in and about the action as may be taxed and allowed by the proper 
 ofaoer, subject to review ; and though a verdict is given for the plaintiff in the action, 
 he shall not have costs against the defendant unless the judge before whom the trial 
 is had certiiies his approval of the action and verdict. 
 
 115. When any such action or proceeding is defended under the direction or with 
 the approval of the local authority, the costs, charges, and expenses incurred in and 
 about the same, by or on behalf of the defendant and pay.ible by him, and any damao-o 
 or other money recovered against or p.ayable by him in or in consequence of such 
 action or proceeding, shall be deemed expenses incurred by the local authority in pur- 
 Buance of this act and shall be defrayed accordingly. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 263 
 Part X.— Scotland. 
 
 110. TIio provisions of this part of tliis act shall extend to Scotland only, and shall 
 have effect in substitution for the provisions of the preceding parts of this act, -when 
 so expressed or implied, and otherwise shall have ettect in addition to the provisions 
 thereof. 
 
 117_. For the purposes of this act the respective districts, authorities, rate, and officers 
 described in that behalf in the ninth schedule to this act shall be the district, the local 
 authority, the local rate, and the clerk of the local authority. 
 
 118. The commissioners of supply in every county shall meet and nominate not 
 fewer than four or more than fifteen of their number to act on the county board for 
 the purposes of this act, and shall intimate to the lord lieutenant of the county and 
 the convener of the county the number and names of the persons so appointed. 
 
 The clerk of supply in each county shall call a meeting of the occupiers of agricult- 
 ural subjects in such county, valued in the valuation roll in force for the time at one 
 hundred ponnds and upwards, and of occupiers of such subjects of which they are 
 owners valued in the valuation roll at fifty pounds and under one hundred pounds ; 
 and such meeting shall be called by advertisement in one ormore newspapers circulat- 
 ing in the county for the same day as, or for a day not later than eight days after the 
 meeting of tbe commissioners of supply, and such advertisement shall specify the time 
 aud place of such meeting, and the clerk of supply shall be clerk to such meeting; 
 and the meeting sbaU nominate from among such occupiers, and owners and occupiers, 
 a number of persons equal to those nominated by the commissioners of supply ; and 
 the meeting shall also name a convener, who shall intimate the names of the persons 
 BO nominated to the convener of the county, and shall have power to call similar meet- 
 ings by such advertisement, when occasion shall require ; and in the event of such 
 election not being intimated to the convener of the county within fifteen days from 
 the date of such meeting, it shall be lawful to the lord lieutenant to nominate from 
 among such occupiers, or owners and occupiers, such number of persons, and intimate 
 the same to tbe convener of the county. 
 
 Any such nomination and intimation made for the purposes of any act repealed by 
 this act shall continue to have effect for the purposes of this act. 
 
 Vacancies from time to time happening by death, resiguation, or otherwise amoDg 
 the members of the local authority shall be fi.lled up by the authority and in the man- 
 ner by and in which the members vacating office were respectively nominated. 
 
 The persons nominated as in this section p/ovided, and the lord lieutenant of the 
 county, the convener of the county, and the sheriff of the county (or in his absence 
 such one of his substitutes within the county as he directs by writing under his hand) 
 for the time being, shall constitute the local authority ; five shall be a quorum of the 
 local authority. 
 
 As far as not otherwise provided by this act, such local authority shall have all the 
 powers conferred on the local authority by this act, and shall have power to elect a 
 chairman, specify a quorum, and make all regulations necessary for carrying the pur- 
 poses of this act into effect. 
 
 The chairman of the local authority, and in default of him the convener of the county, 
 and in default of him any three members of the local authority, may at any time call 
 a meeting of the local authority, to be held at such time and place as he or they may 
 fix, and the local authority may adjourn as they from time to time think fit. 
 
 119. Part VII of this act shall have effect as if section nmety of the public health 
 (Scotland) act, 1867, were thereby applied, instead of section seventy-five of tbe local 
 government act, 1858 ; and in the said section ninety the local authority and local rate 
 under this act shall be substituted for the local authority and the assessment therein 
 mentioned. 
 
 120. The local authority in a county shall from time to time give notice to the com- 
 missioners of supply of the sums necessary to be provided under the provisions of this 
 act by means of the local rate : and the amount so intimated shall be assessed and col- 
 lected by the commissioners oi supply according to the real rent of lands and heritages 
 as appearing on the valuation roU in force for the year, who shall pay over the same 
 to the local authority. 
 
 The local authority in a burgh sball in like manner assess and collect the amount 
 required to be raised by local rate within such burgh. 
 
 All such assessments shall be payable one-half by the proprietor and one-half by the 
 tenant, but may be collected wholly from the tenant, who shall in that case be entitled 
 to deduct one-half thereof fi-om the rent payable by him to the proprietor, who shall 
 in that case be entitled to relief against the tenant for one-half of the assessment ; 
 and for the purposes of the provisions of this act relative to any balance of funds re- 
 maining over from any assessment, the words "local rate" shall in Scotland mean 
 the poor rate. 
 
 All the provisions in regard to the recovery of assessments in the act of the session 
 of the twentieth and twenty-first years of Her Majesty (chapter 72), "to render more 
 
264 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 oficcUial tho police in comities and Ijurglis in Scofclaiidj" arc, hereby iucorporatcil in 
 this act, iis far as the same are not iuconsi«tent with the provisions of this act. 
 
 121. In the case of a county, a printed copy of an order or reg^ilation of the local 
 authority, purporting to he certified to he a true copy by the clerk of supply, shall be 
 received in proof. . . 
 
 122. The terms '^justice" and "justices" shall include any magistrate having juris- 
 diction under the summary-procedure act, 1864. 
 
 123. In the event of any person refusing or delaying to comply with the order of a 
 local authority, the local authority may give iuformation thcioof to the procuratoi'- 
 fiscal of the county or hurgh, who may apply to the sheriff for a warrant to carry such 
 order into effect, and such warrant may he executed hy the oflicers of the court in the 
 usual way. 
 
 124. All judicial powers given to justices and quarter- sessions, or to magistrates in 
 boroughs, by this act, may also be exercised by the sheriff of the county or the sheriff 
 subsitute. 
 
 125. Notice of appeal and of the grounds thereof shall be given to the clerk of the 
 peace of the county. 
 
 126. For the purposes of this act the burgh of Maxwelltown shall be held to be a 
 part of the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and not of the parliamentary burgh of Dum- 
 fries. 
 
 SCHEDULES. 
 
 The first schedule relates to acts repealed. 
 
 The second schedule refers to the local authorities, &c., in England. 
 
 District of local au- 
 thority. 
 
 Counties except the me- 
 tropolis. 
 
 The metropolia (subject 
 to the provisions of this 
 act respectint; the city 
 of London and the lib- 
 erties thereof). 
 
 Eoroughs 
 
 District of local board of 
 Oxford. 
 
 Description of local au- 
 thority of district set 
 opposite name. 
 
 The justices in general 
 or quarter sessions as- 
 sembled. 
 
 The metropolitan board 
 
 of -VTOrlES. 
 
 The mayor, aldermen, 
 and burgesses acting 
 by the council. 
 
 "Wliere the borough is 
 not subject to the act 
 of the session of the 
 lifth and sixth years 
 of the reign of !King 
 "WtlUam the Fouith, 
 chapter seventy-six, 
 the commissioners or 
 other body maintain- 
 ing the police therein. 
 
 The local board 
 
 Local rate. 
 
 The county rate, or rate 
 in the nature of a coun- 
 ty rate. 
 
 Kate or fund applicable 
 to the payment of the 
 general expenses of 
 the board. 
 
 The borough fund or 
 borough rate. 
 
 The rate applicable by 
 the commissioners or 
 other body to the 
 maintenance of the 
 police. 
 
 Eate leviable by the lo- 
 cal rate. 
 
 Clerk of local authoritv. 
 
 Clerk of the peace. 
 
 The clerk of the me- 
 tropolitan board of 
 works. 
 
 Town clerk. 
 
 Clerk of the commis- 
 sioners orotherbody. 
 
 Clerk of the local 
 board. 
 
 The third schedule contains regulations respecting committees and subcommittees : 
 " 1. A committee formed by a local authority may consist wholly of members of the 
 local authority, or partly thereof, and partly of such other persons being rated occu- 
 piers in the diytrict and rtualified in such other manner as the local authority deter- 
 mine. 
 
 "2. A committee of a local authority and a subcommittee of an executive com- 
 mittee may elect a chairman of their meetings. 
 
 "3. If no chairman is elected, or if the chairman elected is not present at the time 
 appointed for the holding of a meeting, the members then present shall choose one of 
 their number to be chairman of the meeting. 
 
 "4. A committee or subcommittee may meet and adjourn as they think proper 
 "6. Every question at a meeting of a committee or subcommittee shall be deter- 
 mined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting on the question and 
 in case of an equal division of votes the chairman shall have a second or casting 
 vote." ^ 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 265 
 
 Tlie fourth schedule rofors to regulations tliat may be applied lu the laudiug, move- 
 ment, and disposal of foreign animals : 
 
 "1. These regnlatious are to have eflbot ^vitll respect to those foreign animals to 
 ■which they are from time to time applied by order of the privy council. 
 
 "2. Those foreign animals are to be landed only at parts of ports defined by special 
 orders of the privy council for the several ports as places Tvhere foreign animnls may 
 be lauded. 
 , " 3. They are to be landed in such manner, -within such times, and subject to such 
 supervision and control as the commissioners of customs from time to time direct. 
 
 "4. The owner, consignee, or other person landing tliem is either before landing 
 them or -within twelve hours after landing them, at'liis own expense, to mark them 
 as follo-ws : In case of cattle, by clipping the hair ojf the end of the tail, and in 
 such further manner (if any) as the privy council from time to time prescribe, and 
 in case of other animals in such manner as the privy council from time to time pre- 
 scribe. 
 
 "They are not to be moved from the place of landing or lairs adjacent thereto, 
 approved by the privy council, except as follows : 
 
 "(a.) After the expiration of t-welve hours from the time of landing or such other 
 period as the privy council from time to time prescribe. 
 
 " (b.) On a certificate from the veterinary inspector appointed in this behalf by the 
 co mm issioners of customs, certifying that they are free from contagious 'or infectious 
 disease. 
 
 " 6. They are not to be moved alive out of the part of the port of landing from time 
 to time defined in that behalf by the privy council. 
 
 "7. Not-withstanding anything in these regulations, -srhere a vessel comes into poi-t 
 having on board foreign animals maimed or injured on the voyage, the owner, con- 
 signee, or other person in charge thereof, or the master of the vessel, shall, if directed 
 by the veterinary inspector aforesaid, or may, if he thinks fit, slaughter those ani- 
 mals any of them immediately on their being landed, but the carcass, hide, skin, hair, 
 -wool, horn, hoof, or offal of any such animal, or any part thereof, is not to be moved 
 from the place of landing, or some lair or slaughter-house adjacent thereto approved 
 by the privy council, -without a certificate from the veterinary inspector aforesaid, 
 certifying that it is not likely to introduce or spread contagious or infectious dis- 
 ease." 
 
 The fifth schedule has reference to the tolls and dues levied in the metropolitan 
 market after opening of foreign cattle market. 
 
 Sheep, per head _ Five farthings. 
 
 Beasts, per head Sixpence. 
 
 Calves, per head Threepence. 
 
 Pigs, per head Five farthings. 
 
 The sixth schedule contains " Rules -with respect to infected places." 
 
 Part I. — Cattle-plague. 
 
 1. The rules of this part of this schedule are to have effect -svith respect to infected 
 places as regards cattle-plague. 
 
 2. No animal is to be moved alive out of an infected place. 
 
 3. Any hide, skin, hair, wool, horn, hoof, or offal of any animal, or any part thereof, 
 is not to be moved out of an infected place -withoiit a license signed by an officer of 
 the local authority appoiated to issue licenses in that behalf, certifying either that 
 the thing moved has not formed x^art of an animal affected "with cattle-plague ; or if 
 an animal that has been in the same shed or stable, or in the same herd or flock, or in 
 contact -with an animal so affected, or that the thing moved has been disinfected. 
 
 4. The carcass of an animal, or a single portion of ra-w meat -weighing more than 
 t-wenty pounds, is not to be moved out of an infected place -without a license signed 
 by-an oificer of the local authority appointed in that behalf certifying that the car- 
 cass or meat moved is not the carcass or part of the, carcass of an animal affected -with 
 the cattle plague. 
 
 5. Any dung of animals, and any hay, stra-w, litter, or other thing commonly used 
 for food of animals, or otherwise for or about animals, is not to be moved out of an 
 infected place -without a license signed by an officer of the locality a]|jiointed in 
 that behalf, certifying that the thing moved has not been in contact -with or been 
 used for or about any animal affected -with cattle plague, or that it has been disin- 
 fected. 
 
 Part II. — Sheep-pox. 
 
 1. The rules of this part of this schedule are to have effect -with respect to infected 
 places as regards sheep-pox. 
 
 2. No sheep is to be moved alive out of an infected place. 
 
266 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 3. Any skin, wool, born, or hoof of any sbccp, or ,any part tlicreof, is not to be 
 moTcd out of an infected place without a license signed by an officer appointed by 
 the local authority to issue licenses in that behalf, certifyin,;,' that the thing moved 
 did not belong to any sheep forming ]iart of a flock atl'eoted with sheep-pox, or to any 
 sheep that has been on a place in which that disease existed. 
 
 4. Sheds and places used by sheep affected with sheep-pox are forthwith, after 
 being so used, to be cleansed and disinfected. 
 
 The seventh schedule contains " pleiiro-pneumonia rules.'' • 
 
 1. These rules are to have effect with respect to any field, stable, cow-shed, or other 
 premises infected by pleuro-pueumonia. 
 
 2. Cattle affected by pleuro-pneumonia are not to be moved from such field, stable, 
 cow-shed, or other premises, or from any land or building contiguous thereto, in the 
 same occupation, except for immediate slaughter, and according to regulations to be 
 from time to time made by the local authority for insuring such slaughter. 
 
 3. Other cattle are not to be moved from such field, stable, cow-shed, or other prem- 
 ises, or from any land or building contiguous thereto in the same occupation, except 
 for immediate slaughter, without a license signed by an officer of the local authority 
 appointed to issue licenses in that behalf, certifying that the cattle moved are not 
 affected with xileuro-pneumonia, and have not been in the same shed or herd or in 
 contact with cattle so affected. 
 
 4. Sheds and places used by cattle affected with pleuro-pnermionia are forthwith 
 .after being so used to be cleansed and disinfected to the satisfaction of the local 
 authority. 
 
 The eighth schedule gives the forms to be used by the inspector. 
 
 Deolaration of diseases. 
 
 [Tlie contagious diBeases (animals) act, 1869.] 
 
 ; I, A. B., of , the inspector appointed by , being the local authority for 
 
 the county of , hereby declare that I have this day found cattle jilague [or pleu- 
 ro-pneumonia or sheep-poxj to exist in the following field, stable, cow-shed, or other 
 premises (that is to say) [Ao'e describe the place where the disease is found}. 
 
 Dated this day of , 18 . 
 
 (Signed) A. B. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 Notice of declaration to occupiers 
 [The contagions diseases (animals) act, 1869.] 
 
 ToC. D.,of : 
 
 I, A. B., of , inspector appointed by , being the local authority for the 
 
 [county] of , hereby give you notice, as the occupier of the following field, sta- 
 ble, cow-shed, or other premises (that is to say), [here descrihe the place where the disease 
 isfomidl, that I have made a declaration, a copy whereof is indorsed on this notice [copy 
 of declaration as filled up and signed to lie indorsed'], and that in consequence thereof * the 
 field, stable, cow-shed, or other premises aforesaid, with all lands and buildings con- 
 tiguous thereto in your occupation, have become and are an infected place, and that 
 the same will continue to be an infected place * until the determination and deolaration 
 relative thereto of the local authority, as provided for in section of of the above- 
 mentioned act [or in case of pleuro-pneumonia omit the part between the asterisks, and 
 insert the pleiiro-pneumonia rules of the above-mentioned act will have effect in rela- 
 tion to the field, stable, cow-shed, or other premises aforesaid!. 
 
 Dated this day of , 18—. 
 
 (Signed) ^_ -g 
 
 (3.) 
 
 , Nohce of deolaralion to adjoining occupiers, 
 
 [The contagious diseases (anim.als) act, 1869.] 
 ToE. T., of- 
 
 I, A. B. of— , the inspector appointed by , being the local authority for 
 
 the [coimty ] of — , hereby give you notice that I have made a declaration, a copy 
 
 whereofis indorsed on tins notice [copy of declaration as filled np ami sir/ned to he in- 
 dorsed.], and that m consequence thereof the field, stable, cow-shed, or other premises 
 therein described, with all lands and buildings contiguous thereto in the same ocou- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 267 
 
 pation, have Imcome and are aii infected place, aud tlio same \Yill continue to lie an 
 infected XJlace until Iho di'termination and declaration relative tlioreto of the local 
 
 autliorjty, as provided for in section of the abovo-ineutioncd act. And I hereby 
 
 require yon, as an occui^ier of lands and bnildings adjoining to such infected places, 
 part [or the whole] ■whereof lies within one mile of the boundaries of the. infected 
 place, to take notice that in consequence of the declaration aforesaid the rules of the said 
 act with respect to infected places will, until such determination and declaration of the 
 local authority as aforesaid, apply and have effect to and in resxject of the land and 
 buildings of which you are occupier as if the same were actually within the limits of 
 the infected place. 
 
 Dated this day of , IS — . 
 
 (Signed) A. B. 
 
 The ninth schedule refers to the local authorities, &o,, in Scotland. 
 
 District of local 
 autliority. 
 
 Description of local 
 authority of district 
 set opposite name. 
 
 Local rate* 
 
 Clerk of local authority. 
 
 CoTintics includmg any 
 town or place ■which, 
 does not return or con- 
 tribute to return a 
 member to Parlia- 
 ment 
 
 ,j3tirghs TThich return or 
 contribute to return a 
 member to Parliament. 
 
 Tlio persons appointed 
 as provided in Part X 
 of this act. 
 
 The magisti'atog and 
 towQ council. 
 
 
 Clerk of supply. 
 
 
 
 
 * Bate appointed to be levied in Part X of tMs act. 
 
 Several amendments and modifications to the above law have been made since its 
 enactment, among which the following has the most important bearing upon cattle 
 exported from the United States : 
 
 IV. — Other foeeign countries. 
 
 11. In relation to foreinn animals other than those brought from the Channel Islands 
 and the Isle of Man, if and as long as, from time to time, the privy council are satis- 
 fied, with respect to any foreign country, that the laws thereof relating to the impor- 
 tation aud exportation of animals, and to the prevention of the introduction or spread- 
 ing of disease, and the general sanitary condition of animals therein, are such as to 
 afford reasonable security against the importation therefrom of diseased animals, then, 
 from time to time, the privy council, by general or special order, shall allow animals, 
 or any specified kind of animals, brought from that country, to be landed, without 
 being subi'ect, under the provisions of this schedule, to slaughter or to quarantine, 
 and may for that purpose alter or add to those prorvisions, as the case may require ; 
 but every such order shall forthwith, after the inaklng thereof, if Parliament is then 
 Bitting, and if not, then forthwith after the next meeting of Parliament, be laid before 
 both houses of Parliament. 
 
CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 TIiiB-il Report of Clsarles 5*. liyBuaii, F. K. C. V. S. 
 
 Hon. William G. Le Due, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 
 Sir : Although my recent examination of American cattle, as landed 
 and slaughtered in England, had for its chief object the detection of the 
 contagious pleuro-pueumonia so frequently reported by the English 
 governmental authorities as existing among them, and the subsequent 
 location, as nearly as possible, in tiie United States, of the herds from 
 ■which these animals hiid been taken, I made my last report to you upon 
 this subject before having had sufficient opportunity to examine as thor- 
 oughly as seemed to me desirable the details connected with this direct 
 investigation, because I considered that, incidentally, matters of the 
 greatest importance connected -n-ith our cattle export trade had come 
 to my knowledge, and that under the circumstances it was very impor- 
 tant that these facts should come to the knowledge of Congress early 
 in the session, so that, if they deemed them of as much importance as 
 they seemed to me, they might have time to take such action as they 
 deemed necessary. 
 
 Therefore the second report was made, and I was obliged to content 
 myself, at that time, with the statement that if pleuro-pneumonia ex- 
 isted in the West, or if there were diseased cattle in or about the points 
 through which the animals passed on their journey eastward, the infor- 
 mation already possessed would, after a little further time, insure its 
 location. That time I have now had, and in this report I intend to dis- 
 cuss simply the facts bearing upon these two points of the inquiry. 
 First, by tracing back the condemned animals, so far as I have been able, 
 from England to the States wherein they Avere raised, and to show what 
 likelihood there is that contagious pleuro-pneumonia exists in any of 
 these States. Second, by submitting to you the report of Dr. W. F. 
 Whitney, tlio microscopist, whose services were engaged for the special 
 purpose of examining the diseased portions of lung brought home by 
 me from Liverpool ; and, third, by discussing, in addition to this, which 
 may be called the direct testimony in the case, the circumstances con- 
 nected with the marketing, transporting by rail, and shipping of cattle 
 through our uninfected districts and ports to England; i. e., that part of 
 the matter which may be called the indirect testimony, or in reality a 
 putting together of facts connected witli tliis shipping business, and 
 drawing from them what seems to me to be reasonable deductions. 
 
 The lungs condemned in my presence were six in number, and were 
 from animals coming from Boston to Liverpool in the following named 
 steamers, and in the numbers given : Iberian, one ; A^ictoria, two ; Bra- 
 zilian, two ; and from B"ew York to Liverpool in the steamer Aleppo, 
 one. 
 
 2GS 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 269 
 
 The history of these animals, as I have been able to learn, is as fol- 
 lows : Mr. Smith, butcher, bought of Mr. George Eodclick, cattle sales- 
 man at Liverpool, 194 bullocks from the cargo of the steamer Brazilian, 
 landed at Birkenhead, July 7, 1880. These animals were consigned to 
 the salesman by Messrs. J. &C. Coughlin, of London, Ontario, Canada, 
 who bought them in Boston, to which place they had been shipped direct 
 from the Chicago market, A'ia the Grand Trunk Eailway of Canada, to 
 Buffalo ; thence, via the New York Central, to Albanj^ ; thence, via the 
 Boston and Albany, to Boston. The lot consisted of steers from the 
 States of Missouri, Iowa, and lUiuois. 
 
 Mr. Alfred Dawson, butcher, bought of Mr. George Eoddick, cattle 
 salesman at Liverpool, several bullocks from the cargo of the steamer 
 Victoria, landed at Birkenhead, July 15. These animals were consigned 
 to the salesman by Mr. Timothy Coughlin, London, Canada, who bought 
 them in Boston, to which place they had been shipped direct from the 
 Chicago market, via the Grand Trunk Eailway of Canada, to Buffalo ; 
 thence, via the K"ew York Central, to Albany ; thence, via the Boston and 
 Albany, to Boston. This lot, as in the last case, consisted of steers from 
 Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois. 
 
 Since leaving Liverpool I am advised that up to the 21st of Novem- 
 ber seven more animals were condemned, as follows: On September 5, 
 from the cargo of the steamer Palestine, three animals. These were 
 from a lot consigned to Messrs. Utley and Sons, of Liverpool, by Messrs. 
 T. & F. Utley, of Boston ; 44 of them were Missouri and 100 Iowa ani- 
 mals. They were bought in the Chicago market and came to Boston, 
 via Buffalo and Albany, over the Grand Trunk, ISTew York Central, and 
 Fitchburg Eailroads. 
 
 On November 9, from the cargo of the steamer Victoria, one animal. 
 This was from a lot consigned to Mr. Eamsden, cattle salesman, Liver- 
 pool, by Messrs. Wales & McLeavitt, of Boston, all of them being Illi- 
 nois steers, bought in Chicago market and shipped to Boston over the 
 Michigan Central, Grand Trunk, Vermont Central, and Fitchburg Eail- 
 roads. 
 
 On November 18, from the cargo of the steamer Bohemian, one animal. 
 This was from a lot consigned to Mr. Hewlett, cattle salesman, Liver- 
 pool, by Mr. William Hawksworth, Brighton, Mass. They were Illinois 
 steers, one-half purchased in Albany, coming to Boston via Boston and 
 Albany Eailroad. They had been brought to Albany from Chicago over 
 the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern route. The other half were 
 bought in Brighton market, Boston, and had been brought from Chicago 
 ^ia Grand Trunk, New York Central, and Fitchburg Eaikoads. 
 
 On November 18, from the cargo of the steamer Brazilian, one animal. 
 This was from a lot consigned to Mr. William CarroU, Liverpool, by 
 Messrs. Hathaway & Jackson, of Boston, and were all Ohio cattle, bought 
 especially for this shipment in that State, and were shipped via Buffalo, 
 and from there over the New York Central to Albany, thence over the 
 Fitchburgh Eailroad to Boston. 
 
 On November 21, from the cargo of the steamer Iowa, one animal. 
 This was from a lot consigned to Messrs. Utley & Sons, Liverijool, by 
 Messrs. T. & F. Utley, of Boston. Fifteen or twenty of them were Ohio 
 cattle, and came direct from London, Ohio, by way of Buffalo, Albany, 
 and Fitchburg, to Boston. The remainder were Missouri and Illinois 
 steers, and came from Chicago by Grand Trunk Eoad. 
 
 With one exception this traces, I believe, all the condemned animals 
 that have arrived at Liverpool from Boston from July 7 to November 
 21, 1880. (The one not traced was from the cargo of the steamer Iberian, 
 
270 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMEiSTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 lauded July 14 ; tlie reasou for this will be described f urtlier on iu this 
 report.) Prom it will be seen that the native States of the condemned 
 animals are Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, and Ohio ; that the only markets 
 through which they have passed are Chicago, Buffalo, Albany, and 
 Boston ; that the lines of rail that have been used are the La,ke Shore 
 and Michigan Southern, 'Michigan Central, Grand Trunk line of Canada, 
 New York Central, Vermont Central, Boston and Albany, and the 
 Fitchburg, or, as it is sometimes called, the Hoosac Tunnel route. 
 
 Cattle from the United States, upon being landed in Liverpopl or at 
 Birkenhead, are driven into stables erected for the purpose upon the 
 wharves upon which they are landed, and are tied up in rows facing each 
 other between which there is a passage way. After they have remained 
 here, resting and feeding for at least twelve hours, they are examined 
 by the veterinary inspector of the port, and, after they have j)assed this 
 examination the salesman to whom they are consigned is at liberty to 
 sell them, and the butcher who buys them, to drive them into the sham- 
 bles, also situated upon the same wharf, where they are killed under the 
 restriction that all lungs must be laid aside until they have been ex- 
 amined by the inspector, when those not condemned may be disposed 
 of in any way that the owner sees fit. This examination is made by 
 clasping, one at a time, the lungs between both hands, and in this posi- 
 tion passing them over their entire surface, when, if anything peculiar 
 is felt, it is cut down upon and examined. In this way the slightest varia- 
 tion from the normal becomes at once apiDarent ; in fact, it is surprising 
 how quickly the smallest change in them may be located. In this con- 
 nection I also wish to have the fact borne in mind that in no one of these 
 cases condemned in my presence did the inspector discover the disease 
 before the animal was killed, although every animal was closely inspected 
 in the way described, and in no one case was there any appearance about 
 any one of these condemned animals that caused the slightest question 
 to be raised as to its healthfulness, notwithstanding he had but very 
 recently passed the scrutiny both of the port inspector and the butcher 
 who had bought him ; nor was there one of them that was not fully up 
 to the average of his fellows in flesh. 
 
 The microscopic appearances of these six lungs in their fresh state 
 were as follows : 
 
 Brazilian J\"b. 1. — This lung contained, in about its center, a large, 
 hardened object that could be both seen and felt, and would measure, 
 perhaps, about sixinches through its largest diameter. This, upon being 
 cut into, appeared to bean abscess containing nothing put a pure, rather 
 thick, creamy pus, and, although any portion of dead tissue tha,t might 
 be contained within this cavity was thoroughly searched for, nothing of 
 the sort could be found. The cavity was surrounded by what seemed 
 to be a rather thick cartilaginous wall, this again by a considerable 
 amount of "marbled" tissue in which the parenchymte was of an even 
 pinkish color, with the interlobular thickening well'inarked, white, hard, 
 and firm. This, in its turn, passed almost imperceptibly, the parenchyma 
 becoming gradually more and more areable, and the interlobular thick- 
 ening growing narrower and narrower into the healthy lung tissue sur- 
 rounding the whole., 
 
 Brazilian Wo. U.— This lung, with its fellow, upon its surface, pre- 
 sented to the e,>e no indication of disease, but upon being handled in 
 the way described above, several small nodules within its "substance at 
 once became apparent; these, upon being cut down upon, in the one 
 lung disclosed the unmistakable lesions of tnbcrcalosis, and in the 
 other, where these indurations felt were much fewer and smaller, the 
 
CONTAGIOTrS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 271 
 
 nodules showed the peculiar lesious upon wliich it was coiidoujued. 
 TJiei'o ^veI■o several small nodules situated in the iieriphery of the extreme 
 posterior portion of the large lobe of the right lung, the larger of which 
 was about one-half iucli in diameter; in its center there appeared to be 
 a cliccsy deposit ; this was surrounded by a very thin layer of a thin 
 grayish-coloied pns ; outside tliis a very thin membrane ; outside this 
 again, a A-ery limited amount of marbled tissue, which, near the center, 
 was well iimrked, but more indistinct toward its oxiter margin. Of these 
 nodules there were some four or five perfectly isolated from one another, 
 but all being, to the unaided eye, of the same description. 
 
 Victoria Iwrnja. — There were two pairs of these, condemned from the 
 same lot at the same examination. One lung showed one and the other 
 three indurated spots ui)on which the lungs were condemned. The 
 largest of these " spots" was about the size of an English walnut, and 
 was situated exactly at the root of the lung ; the remaining three were 
 situated in various isolated positions in the siibstance of the lung. 
 Upon being cut down upon they all exhibited the same general appear- 
 ance as those of the Brazilian No. 2 lung already described, except that 
 in the case of the largest specimen there was a fair amount of sub-pleural 
 thickening, although there had been no adhesion between tliese surfaces. 
 Of this portion of lung Dr. Whitney says : " The size and appearance 
 of the diseased portion after a clean cut had been made through it is 
 represented on Plate IV. The disease involves about one-halt dozen 
 lobules, representing about 50 to 75 cubic centimeters in bulk (Plate IV 
 a.) These are quite homogeneous in appearance, and within them are 
 seen one or two small irregularly rounded cavities containing a cheesy 
 material. The interlobular tissue between them and the more healthy 
 ])ortiou of the lung (Plate IV int. tis.) is very thick and dense." In its 
 fiesh state this cheesy deposit was surrounded by a thin layer of what 
 appeared to be a thin, grayish pus ; this again by a thin membranous 
 wall, this by the "marbled" tissue, limited in extent, and surrounded 
 on three sides by healthy tissue. 
 
 Aleppo lung. — The lung from which this specimen was taken was from 
 a bullock killed in Liverpool July 23, and which the inspector said he 
 considered a fine specimen of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and, as will 
 be seen by reference to Plate VII, which is copied from a painting made 
 by a leading firm of photographers in Liverpool from the lung itself, on 
 the same day upon which it was taken from the animal, and is a most 
 perfect representation of its appearance, has very much the look of that 
 disease ; indeed so close is its resemblance that no one would be war- 
 ranted in saying that it Avas not it until a most thorough examination 
 had been made of the specimen. 
 
 Plate VlIrt represents the point at which adhesion had taken place 
 between the two pleural surfaces, and at which, upon being broken 
 down by the fingers, there was left a small rounded eminence of loosely 
 formed connected tissue, 6, the diseased nodule showing the discolored 
 lobules and the greatly thickened interlobular tissue ; c c, healthy lung- 
 tissue. 
 
 After getting this portion of lung to Boston, another cut was made 
 into the nodule parallel to the first, and at a point directly through the 
 center at a. The surface thus exposed had a very different appearance. 
 At about the center of the nodule was a small, irregularly shaped cavity 
 surrounded by a mass of material having a grayish cheesy look ; in 
 fact giving precisely the appearance noticed in all of the specimens 
 except the Brazilian 'So. 1. 
 
 Iherian.—TMs, specimen was not retained by me, nor were any inqui- 
 
272 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 lies made about it that would enable me afterwards to trace the animal 
 in the United States, because at the time it was discovered by Mr. 
 Moore, the inspector, and shown to, me, I did not think that there was 
 the slightest indication of pleuro-pneumouia about it, and so told Mr. 
 Moore, who, I thought, agreed with me at the time, and so the lung was 
 not retained. Two days afterwards, however, I found, much to my sur- 
 l^rise, that it had been condemned and reported to the London authori- 
 ties as having been a case of pleuro-pneumonia. My recollection of its 
 appearance is that it contained seven or eight nodules isolated from one 
 another, consisting of a small cheesy deposit no larger than a pea, sur- 
 rounded by a thin membrane, and showed no marbled tissue whatever. 
 In addition to this description I may say that 'every specimen de- 
 scribed in this report was seen and examined by Inspector Professor 
 Duguid, of the London office, and pronounced by him to be undoubtedly 
 plenro-pneumonia. Also that each and every one of them were shown 
 in August last to Professor Williams, who declared that, in his opinion, 
 none of them were iileuro-pneumonia unless it was the Aleppo specimen, 
 upon which he would give no opinion without a chance for a more 
 minute examination of it. 
 
 MICEOSCOPIC EXAMINATION. 
 
 All of the specimens of lungs which I have endeavored to describe were 
 given by me to Dr. W. P. Whitney, of Boston, Mass., curator of the 
 Warren Anatomical Museum, and assistant in pathological anatomy in 
 the medical department of Harvard University, who made a most 
 thorough microscopical examination of them, and whose report upon the 
 subject I have the honor to herewith submit : 
 
 » Boston, Mass., Decemhei- 30, 1880. 
 CiiAS. P. Lymax, F. K. C. V. S., 
 
 Veterinary Surgeon, Department of Agriculture : 
 
 Dear Sir : At your request I have examined the portions of lungs coming from 
 American cattle killed in Liverpool, said to be ailected with contagious pleuro-pneu- 
 monia. 
 
 From a careful study of those specimens in comparison -with others ohtained from an 
 unquestionahle case of that disease, from the description of its diaracteristics as given by 
 Williams, Yeo, Eoy, and others, it appears that the changes seen in those specimens 
 are caused by chronic inflammatory jirocesses, eupcciaVy of (lie interstiiial tissnc, in some 
 cases eomiincd ivitli miliary tnlercuJosis, wliich, reasoning from analogous processes found in 
 the human lung, are not contagious. 
 
 In proof of the above statement I send you herewith the preparations upon which 
 it is based, with drawings, and in explanation of them will call your attention, first, 
 to the relations of the healthy lung, then tn the changes seen in a lung affected with 
 contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and, finally, to the manner in which the changes seen 
 in the specimens sent for examination differ from those of that disease. 
 
 The lungs of cattle differ from those of man, in that each lobe is distinctly subdi\'ided 
 into numerous lobules (each occupyingthosiiaceof from 10 to 30 cubic ccutimeters)ioinfd 
 to each other by iine bands of connective tissue, which also forms the waUs of exti'u- 
 sive lymph spaces, connecting on the one hand with those lying in the pleura and ou 
 the other with the lymph canals, which nearly surround the blood-^-cssels accompany- 
 mg the bronchus into the lung tissue. These relations are shown in the preparation 
 marlced " normal lung of bullock, lymph spaces injected witli blue," and from which 
 Plate Ihas been drawn. Fig. I represents a section through the whole of one and part 
 of an adjoining lobule with the uniting bands of connective tissue inclosiuf lymph 
 spaces. The extreme thinness of this band is especially to bo noticed. The walls of 
 the alveoli, wliich form the tissue proper (Fig. 1, lung tis.) are fine, and have a slightlv 
 wavy crinkled outline, and m them are a few scattered lymph and eijithelioid C(d]s 
 One or more small bronchi are usually to be found in each lobule. A more hio-hly ma"-- 
 nified view of one of these is represented in Fig. 2. In this can be distinguished three 
 coats, a mucous or inner coat, a muscular or middle coat, and an external coat The 
 mucous coat (Fig. 2, niuc. ct.) is for)aed by a layer of columnar epithelium its inner 
 surface restingupon a narrow zone of connective tissue (submucous coat) 'which is 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 273 
 
 tlirowu into folds when the 'bronchus is contracted, Tlio muscular coat (Fig. 2, niiiH. 
 ct.) is composed of unstripped fibers arranged concentrically. Outside of this is the 
 external coat, composed for the greater part of a collection of round colls, probably of 
 a lymphoid character, separating it from the acoom])a]iying artery and vein (Fig. 2. art. 
 and v.), -which are almost surrounded (in some places entirely so) ,by the lymph canals 
 (Fig. 2, lym. sp. c). 
 
 In the diseased lungs the changes occurring in tho connective tissue, including the 
 lymph spaces, in the alveoli with their walla, and in the bronchi, will be considered 
 and compared with each other. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS I'LKOIiO-PNI-,Ui\IONIA. 
 
 Contagious pleuro-pneumonia presents three stages (designated as A, B, and C), 
 dependent upon tho degree to which these tissues are aUect(>(l. 
 
 In tho earliest or stage A (see preparation marked contagious pleuro-pneumonia, 
 stage A, from which Plate II has been drawn) the most marked changes are in tho 
 lymph spaces. Those in the pleura arc in a gxeat measure obliterated by the growing 
 together of its two layers, and such as reiiiain (Plate II, lym. sp. A) are tilled -irith 
 young round cells, leaving only a narrow passage close to the wall. The interlobular 
 spact-s (Plate II, lym. sp. B) are filled with ascnii-gelatilious fluid, which in hardened 
 specimens becomes coarsely librillated and in which are a few scattond round (lymph- 
 oid) cells. The band^ of connective tissue fornnng the v alls of tlie lymph spaces 
 are but slightly thickened. In the lymplr canals about the vessels arc a fu^^- clumps 
 of lymph cells. Tho opening of the canal is in general free (Plate II, Figs. 1 and 3 
 lym. sp. c). 
 
 The walls of the alveoli have no longer a crinkly outline, but a slightly stiif appear- 
 ance, giving the alveoli a much rounder look. This is partly due to an engorgement 
 of the vessels and partly to an increase of lymjih and epithelioid cells in and upon tho 
 walls (Plate II, Fig. 1, lung. tis.). 
 
 In the small bronchi the changes are confined to the mucous coat (Plate II, niuo. 
 ct.), which is thickened from a proliferation of the eiiithclium, the cells nest the free 
 surface having a tendency to degeneration as shown by a slight detritus. 
 
 In the second stage (see preparation contagious pleuro-pneumonia, stage B) the ex- 
 udation in the interlobular lymph spaces is firmer and there are a greater number of 
 cells. The walls of the spaces arc but little changed from the preceding stage. The 
 Qanals about the vessels are more extensively filled with cells, and here aaid there a 
 vessel is plugged. 
 
 Most of the alveoli are filled with an exudation, in places resembling that in the 
 interlobiUar lymph spaces in stage A, and similar to that fouu d in croupous pneumonia 
 of the human lung, in places consisting entirely of lymph and epithelioid cells. The 
 contents of certain of the alveoli take coloring matter badly, showing that a degener- 
 ation has taken place in the cells. 
 
 The mucous membwne of the bronchus is much thickened, and in the oiiening of 
 the tube is to be seen detritus of exfoliated and degenerated epithelium. 
 
 In the third stajre (see preparation marked contagious pleuro-pneumonia, stage C, 
 and from which Plate II has been drawn) the interlobular exudation is a little firmer 
 and more fibrillated, the original walls of the lymph spaces are still to be distingirished 
 as moderately thickened bands (see Plato III, Fig. 1 lym. sp. B). The canals about 
 The vessels (Fig. 1, lym. sp. C) are completely filled with lymphoid cell, the vessels 
 are usually plugged, and a more or less extensive hemorrhage may take place into the 
 surrounding tissue (see Fig. 1, art). 
 
 The alveoli are filled with lymph and epithelioid cells, in many eases degenerated 
 and retracted from the walls into little granular clumps. The walls themselves are 
 much thickened in some places from a hypertrophy of the fibers of unstripped mus- 
 cular tissue, which is normally xJresent in small amount, especially at the j)laee where 
 the bronchus passes into the alveoli (see Fig. 2, mus. hyp.). 
 
 The bronchi in this stage are only distinguished with difliculty, and the explana- 
 tion lies in the fact that the mitoous membrane has become entirely degenerated and 
 cast off from the walls (see Fig. 1, br. muc. ct.), the cells reduced to a detritus, which, 
 together with lymph .and blood cells, completely occlude the opening, leaving no 
 characteristics by which to distinguish it from any other x^lugged vessel. 
 
 Upon grouping together the appearances as presented in the difterent stages, it is 
 manifest that the lymph spaces are at first filled with a eoagulable material, and tho 
 increased density of«this in the later stages of the disease is due to an increase in 
 the number of cell elements and not to a material increase in the thickness of the 
 walls of the spaces. With the increasing firmness of this exudation the alveoli are 
 filled with cells and exuded material, as are also tho lymph canals about the vessels ; 
 and when this has reached a marked degree, the mucous coat of the T)ronchus, which 
 in the earlier stages of the disease has taken part by a proli teratiou of its epithelium, 
 is cast off' and the tube is filled with its detritus and an exudation similar to that in 
 
 18 C D 
 
274 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 tlie Beigliborin i; lyinpU cauals. The muscular coat of tlie Ijrouclius resists longer and 
 can 1)0 clearly distinguislicd after the mucons coat is destroyed. With this filling of 
 the lymph canals the vcsscla are occluded and hemorrhage may take place luto the- 
 surrounding tissue. 
 
 DISEASED LUXGS rllO:M LIVKErOOL. 
 
 The one first examined was marked "Steamer Victoria, from Boston, July 19, 1S80, 
 Liverpool," and will be referred to as the Victoria lung. 
 
 The size and appearance of the diseased portion after a clean cut had been made 
 throu"-h it, is represented in Plate IV. The disease involves about one-half a dozen 
 lobules, representing about 50-75 C. C. in bulk (Plate IV, A). These are quite homo- 
 geneous in appearance, and within them are seen one ortwo small, irregularly rounded 
 cavities, containing a cheesy material. The interlobular tissue between them and 
 the more healthy portion of the lung (Plate IV, B) is very thick and dense (Plate IV, 
 int. tis.). . . ,, , ,, 1 , , 
 
 The whole has a resemblance to contagious plcnro-pneumonia m that the lobules 
 and interlobular tissue are involved, but differs in the small amount of tissue impli- 
 cated when considered in relation to the degree to ichich the interlobular tissue is affected. 
 What the cause of these changes is will be understood from the preparation marked 
 S. S. Victoria, &c., and from which Plate V has been made. 
 
 Looking first at the interlobular spaces it will be seen that there is no longer any 
 trace of the lymph spaces, but that the lobes are joined by a firm band of connective 
 tissue, rich in young cells (Plate V int. tis.). The earlier stages of this are seen in 
 that part of the preparation which shows no changes to the unaided eye (this is not 
 shown in the drawing), and there it appears that this tissue results from a thickening 
 of the walls of the lymph spaces. Later, when this has become dense, an accumu- 
 lation of cells takes place in the contracted spaces and the whole becomes fused into 
 the firm mass shown in the drawing. 
 
 From the action of this connective tissue the alveoli are compressed and the walls 
 are slightly thickened from the i)rescnce in them of large numbers of young cells. 
 There is but little tendency, however, to exudation or accumulation of cells within 
 the alveoli. 
 
 The greatest changes within the lobules are seen about the bronchi and their accom- 
 panying vessels. It will be remembered that there is normally a narrow zone of con- 
 nective tissue, rich in cells, surrounding the bronchus and separating it from the 
 adjacent vessels. These cells have proliferated to such an extent as to form a wide 
 band about the bronchus, involving the blood vessels, which are, however, still pervi- 
 ous, but compressing the lymph canals to such an extent that their presence is with 
 difficulty made out. The coats of the bronchi are also affected, but in the reverse 
 order from what tbey are in contagious plouro-pneumonia, viz : The muscular coat has 
 almost disappeared (see Plate V, mus. ct.), while the mucous coat (see Plate V, mac. 
 ct.) remains quite distinct, and the opening of the bronchus (contrary to the case in 
 pleuro-pnoumonia, when the cellular exudation is as extensive as here) is patent and 
 oven slightly dilated (condition known as bronchiectasis). This proliferation about 
 the bronchi (known Under the name of peribronchitis) may become degenerated finally 
 and thus give rise to the small cavities filled with cheesy detritus noted iu the descrip- 
 tion of the specimen (Plate IV, A). 
 
 The commencement of such a degeneration may account for the appearance seen in 
 the middle lobule of the preparation (see also Plate V, tbl.), or it maybe due to a 
 secondary tuberculosis. 
 
 The wiiole process can be classified as one of clu'onio interstitial imeumonia, with 
 peribronchitis and bronchiectasis with the formation of cavities. 
 
 STEASISIIir UEAZILIAN, ER05I BOSTOX. 
 
 Thoncxt two specimens examined were both marked S. S. Brazilian, from Boston, 
 aud will be described as Brazilian lung No. 1 and No. 2. 
 
 Brazilian lang Ko. 1 consisted of several pieces forming part of the Avail of a large 
 abscess. The side of the specimen which lay next to the cavity of the abscess was 
 quite smooth, and the tissue immediately adjoining was firm, dense, and quite homo- 
 geneous, so that the outline of the lobules could only be made out with diflScuIty. 
 This very dense portion extended for about 1-2™, when the tissire began to assume 
 more the appearance of normal lung ; only that between the lobules were firm bands 
 connecting directly with the dense tissue near the edge. 
 
 Two preparations were made from this, one from the dense portion and the other 
 from the more healthy looking part. 
 
 Uxion examining the former (see preparation marked S. S. Brazilian No. 1, near 
 abscess wall, aud from which Plate VI has been drawn) it will be seen that the great 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 275 
 
 incroaso iu density is principally due to nn increased tbickcniug of tiio interlobular 
 tissue (see Plato VI, int. tis.), and upon corujuiring tliisAvitli the preparation made 
 from tlie more lioaltliy portion (see preparation marked >>. S. Braziliiin, recent disease) 
 it will lie found that this incvcnse is due, us i]i the case of the 'N'ictoria lung, to m 
 thickening of the walls of the lymph spaces rather thaa to an orguuizatioii of a mate- 
 rial lining the lymjih spaces. 
 
 Iu the thick bands of coiiuectivo tissiic traces of small vessels are seen, showing 
 that the process has been of long duration. The bronchi lyiug in their inidst are still 
 open and to bo distinguished by their epithelial lining, but their muscular coat has 
 almost disappeared. 
 
 Iu the recent preparation the alveoli show simply the results of compression, with 
 an increase of round cells iu their walls. Near the abscess wall the lobule is quite 
 soliditied, but this is due not to an exudation into the alveoli, but to the efi'ects of the 
 compression of the connective tissue and to a thickening of the walls by a round cell 
 infiltration. Scattered through the alveoli lobules, re])laciDg one or two alveoli, in 
 the walls of the smaller bronchi and in the bands of new formed connective tissue are 
 small circular collections of round cells, having a tendency to degeneration with a 
 sharp lino between them and the surrounding tissue (see Plate VI, tbl.); these are 
 probably minute points of chronic x^urulent iuflammati ou , b ut may bel ong to the class of 
 tubercles, although only about half the size of those bodies and lacking in giant cells 
 and stroma. 
 
 The changes found in this lung are those of chronic induration, which are entirely 
 explained by the proximity to the large suppurating cavity, and have nothing in them 
 indicative of what may have been the cause of it. 
 
 Brazilian lung No. 2. — In the second specimen from the Brazilian there were two 
 nodules from difi'erent parts of the lung, showing dift'erent stages of disease, the ono 
 more advanced than the other. 
 
 In both of those nodules there were only a few lobules which presented any changes 
 from the normal, and in the more recent specimen it was only in a single lobule that 
 these changes reached a marked degree. 
 
 In this the lobule, which wasthe center of the disease, was quite homogeneous, except 
 in the middle, where a portion of the tissue was separated from the rest by a distinct 
 lino of irregularly indented outline. In this portion were numerous small losses of 
 substance, giving to the whole a slightly necrosed look. This central lobulo Avas 
 separated from the adjoining ones by a firm, broad band of tissue, while iu the more 
 remote interlobular spaces the walls of the lymph spaces were seen to be thickened, 
 and lying in the spaces thus reduced in diameter by this thickening of the walls, were 
 firm, fibrous-looking masses, which were only slightly adherent to the walls, and 
 eocild in consequence be withdrawn intact. In contagious pleuro-pneumonia, it will be 
 remembered, the substance filling the interlobular spaces is perfectly continuous from 
 side to side, and cannot thus bo withdrawn. 
 
 From this specimen three preparations were made, two from the recent nodule and 
 one from the more advanced. 
 
 The first of these (see preparation marked S. S. Brazilian No. 2 (A), recent disease) 
 was taken from the recent nodule iu the tissue from the neighborhood of the central 
 diseased lobule, and presented to the eye only a thickening of the interlobular tissue 
 with masses in the lymph spaces. Under the microscope it was found that the walls 
 of the lymph spaces were thickened iu the same way as iu the previous cases, and that 
 the masses lying in the spaces were composed entirely of cells, having noue of that 
 peculiar loose, meshed, libiillated network characteristic of contagious pleuro-pneu- 
 monia. About the small bronchus, with its accompanying vessels, a dense cellular 
 infiltration is seen. The muscular coat is quite degenerated, while in one i)ortion of 
 the wall of the bronchus the cells have assumed an indistinctly circular outline about a 
 centrally degenerated point (tubercle?). The changes iu the alveoli with their walls 
 are very slight, consisting only in an increase of cells. 
 
 The second preparation was made through the central lobule, in which, as de- 
 scribed above, was a circumscribed necrosis. 
 
 The thickening between the lobnles (see preparation marked S. S. Brazilian, No. 2 
 CB), recent disease) is due, as in the previous cases, to a thickening of the walls of 
 the lymph spaces, with here and there narrowed lymph spaces filled with cells more 
 or loss adherent to the walls. In the preparation colored by hasmatoxylon the ne- 
 crosed portion is brought sharply out by a deep blue line, lying just within its border, 
 and due, to the presence of a large number of cells and nuclei. AVithin this line the 
 alveoli are filled with yellow, finely granular detritus, in which lie scattered nuclei 
 and cells in the process of degeneration. Very few nuclei or cells are seen in the 
 alveolar walls, and the whole looks dead. AVithin the center of this necrosed portion 
 are' seeu the blooil vessels still ]>ervious, surrounding which is a zone of ceil inliltration 
 us shown by the deep color. The bronchus lies between the vessels, lint can only bo 
 dislinguished with difdculty, since the external and middle coats are almost oblitera- 
 ted, the mucous coat destroyed, only one or two prcjeotions of the submircous coat 
 
276 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 remainiiig to mark its character, and tho opening of tlie tulje filled, witli round celis 
 and nuclei. 
 
 The -walls of the alveoli of the tissue bordering this necrosed portion are very much 
 compressed, and, together -svith the new cells, which have been inflated, form a sort of 
 wall. The remaining alveoli are comparatively free, although a few are filled with 
 the same yellow finely granular detritus as are those within the necrosed portion. 
 
 Within the nodule' or more advanced disease was a cavity -J- to 1 centimeter in di- 
 ameter, surrounded l)v a thick wall, and the lobule containing it was separated from 
 its neighbors by thick bands of tissue, which could be followed for some distance 
 among the more healthy lobiiles. 
 
 Under the microscope (see preparation marked S. S. Brazilian, No. 2, advanced dis- 
 ease) it appears that the interlobular tissue is composed of the same connective tissu e, 
 only rather firmer than marks the preparations ah-eady examined, and has apparently 
 been formed in the same way. The wall about the cavity is also composed of a simi- 
 lar fibrous tissue rich in cells, and passes insensibly into the walls of the alveoli which 
 are compressed and slightly thickened, but otherwise comparatively open. Surround- 
 ing the bronchi and vessels are an accumulation of cells which have infiltrated 
 the bronchus from without inwards, leaving still a remnant of the epitheleal lining. 
 
 The general outline of the cavity is such as to indicate that it had been formed by 
 a necrosis of a circumscribed portion of the lung, as in the more recent specimen. 
 This necrosed portion has been gotten rid of, and the slight wall of separation seen in 
 the recent specimen has been tliickened and condensed. 
 
 The whole process is one of chronic interstitial pneumonia with peribronchitis and 
 necrosis of the lung tissue. 
 
 STEAMSHIP ALEPPO, PP.OM XEW YORK. 
 
 The specimen was a portion of lung about half the size of the palm of the hand, in 
 which was a firm wedge-shaped nodule, the base of which measured 2'^™ by 2.5<='", and 
 was at right angles to the pleural surface, which was slightly thickened aU over the 
 portion of lung. The nodule was quite homogeneous in appearance, with broad bands 
 of tissue separating the lobules. In one of the lobules there were small losses of sub- 
 stauc(S, giving to that part a honeycombed look, and in another lobule there was a 
 small cavity. 
 
 The bands of interlobular tissue (see preparations marked S. S. Aleppo from New 
 York, from diseased nodule, and S. 8. Alejvpo, &c., section of entire nodule) are com- 
 posed, as in the previous cases, of firm connective tissue q uite well vascularized, show- 
 ing here and there the presence of masses of cells in the narrowed lymph spaces. 
 
 The lung tissue is compressed and the alveolar walls are thickly studded with round 
 cells and nuclei. In the honeycombed tissue mentioned above (see preparation marked 
 from diseased nodule) these cells are collected together in little round groups, which 
 were often degenerated in the centers, causing the little losses of substance referred 
 to. The alveoli themselves were filled with exuded masses, detritus, and cells. 
 
 The section through the lobule containing the ca^•ity (see preparation marked sec- 
 tion of eutire nodule) shows that the cavity is surrounded by a thick wall having a ■ 
 slightly reticulated appearance and here and there giving the outline of a circular 
 body. In the remaining parenchyma of the lung ;iro two to three ronnd bodies of a 
 similar size with a rather broad meshed stroma, in which lie ronnd cells (miliarv 
 tubercles). ■' 
 
 The bronchi and vessels are surrounded by accumulated cells. 
 
 Many of the alveoli of the lobulcH bordering npon the diseased nodule are filled with 
 blood corpuscles which, however, lie freely within them, and have not uniformly in- 
 filtrated all the tissue as is the case in the hemorrhagic infarction of the contagious 
 pleuro-pneumonia. -^ 
 
 The whole process can be classified as one of chronic interstitial pneumonia, com- 
 bined with tuberculosis and the formation of caiatics. 
 
 COJTCLUSIOX. 
 
 Looking at the cases as a whole, it will be seen that tlicy are the results of inflam- 
 mations of different parts of the constituents of the lungs, t here also bein - indications 
 ma 1 the specimens that tuberculosis may take part in producing some of^he ehau.-es 
 . \^? antecedence ot one process over the other cannot he exactly determined but 
 .ludgmg from the thickness of the interlobular connective tissue, ami the fact that 
 It can be dist^mctly traced among the apparently unaflectcd lobulci, it is prol. iblv im 
 plicated among the first, and from the fact of the thickness of this tissue as comnar^l 
 with the small amount of lung un olved, the proc.sses must bo phiced anuZ «,„ 
 chronic ones, wliicli require weelcs or months ratlier than dajs for their accomnlis 1, 
 ment, and as such are probably not coiitiigious. ""H'nsii- 
 
 Yours, truly, 
 
 W. T. WHITNEY. 
 
Report Commis siojier of AgiicuiHcre for 1880 . 
 
 Plate 1. 
 
 CoNmGious Pleuro -Pneumonia 
 
Report Cammis sjioTLer o£ A^iicidture for 1880 . 
 
 Platen. 
 
 ,r^ 
 
 
 ■..,..\ 
 
 /i^it^'-'^'f-"'''- J '■■■ 
 
 \ '" ' ' ' •'^^". T^f >-.>"'■.' '-'t^^ 
 
 CONTAGIOUS PlEURO-PNEmiONIA 
 
RepoTt Ponuiiis sio:i\eT- o£ Agriculturre for 1800. 
 
 Plate m. 
 
 y3!/ 
 
 ''ST'''---' . -- 
 
 
 i^OMJiLQUS. PlEURO -PNEmiONL\ 
 
Report CommissioTier of Aymiclhn'e for 1880. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 Contagious Pleltro -PNEimiONiA 
 
 A-HoprS Co.LidvM-austicBaltmioi'e, 
 
Report Carmids sioiLer o£ AgricuituTe for 1880 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 Contagious Pleuro -Pneumonia 
 
 A.Hoea*- Co .bthocausQcBaltmiare 
 
Report ConuniB sioTier of A^iicidtuTe for 1880 . 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 ^'^^^^^^'^'^^ 
 
 
 ^3^ 
 
 
 
 C0NTA.G10US Pleltro -Pneumonia 
 
 A.Hf>Pii.^o.LHJLncausUc"Balli]Uoi:p. 
 
Report Commis sionrr of Agrinclhrre fox 1880 . PI; i te VJI 
 
 3 
 
 X 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKSTIOATED ANIMALS. 277 
 
 Therefore, if we may place ani/ ^•illue upou iacts as evideuced by 
 the microscope— and who will say that we cannot "?— the absolute fact is 
 well shown that not only were the lungs condemned in my presence as 
 being affected with pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa not affected with that 
 disease, but that the changes noticed in them, in all but one case, were 
 due to a chronic interstitial pneumonia with peribronchitis, with necro- 
 sis and the formation of small cavities at and within the lung tissue 
 proper; and further, there are evidences amounting to a certainty, in 
 one case at least, that the disease known as tuberculosis, probably, plays 
 a more or less prominent part in the etiology of these changes. The 
 other lung (Brazilian E"o. 1) that cannot be included in this class of 
 cases, was, however, very distinctive, in that the lung contained the 
 large abscess, already described, and the microscope shows the changes 
 in the lung tissues, upon which the condemnation -oas made, to have 
 been chronic induration of these tissues, caused by the pressure upon 
 them of the large abscess found to exist in their immediate neighbor- 
 hood; in fact just the condition that under the circumstances we would 
 expect to find. I think that, without pursuing the history of the beasts 
 from which these lungs came, it may be safely stated that they were 
 not affected with contagious pleuro-pneumonia. The next thing, there- 
 fore, will be to consider these cases that have been reported as being- 
 diseased with contagious pleuro-pneumonia since the time I left Liver- 
 pool, and up to the 21st of November last, of which there were seven, 
 as has been already stated. As the lungs, or diseased portions of them, 
 were not obtainable for examination, it will be iiossible only to show by 
 negative evidence what the probabilities are respecting them. As you 
 will remember they came to Liverpool by various steamships from Bos- 
 ton ; to Boston they came from Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, and Ohio, and 
 none of them were at any time in any of the cattle markets except those 
 of Chicago, Buffalo, Albany, and Boston; and the only lines of rail over 
 which any of these passed were the Grand Trunk of Canada, New York 
 Central, Fitchburg, Michigan Central, Vermont Central, JBoston and 
 Albany, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern. 
 
 It will be shown further on that there cannot be any disease in Chi- 
 cago or Buffalo, and the same argument will be as true regarding Albany 
 as Buffalo. In the case of Boston I may say that ever since the " stamp- 
 ing out " of pleuro-pneumonia from Massachusetts in 1867 there has al- 
 w'ays existed, and does to-day, in this State a most efficient board of 
 State cattle commissioners, composed, amongst others, of the same vet- 
 erinarian (Dr. E. P. Thayer) under whose administration the disease was 
 " stamped out," and that although this board has, during all these years, 
 kept a most lively lookout for any cases of the disease within their State, 
 and although thousands of animals have been examined in Brighton 
 market, alive and dead, by Dr. Thayer, not one single case of pleuro- 
 pneumonia has been discovered within that State within the last U 
 years. 
 
 Eegarding the native States of these cattle, it may be §aid that in 
 Missouri this department has 104, in Iowa 84, in Illinois 86, in Ohio 83 
 correspondents, whose particular duty it is to inform themselves as to 
 the nature of any disease that may at any time show itself among the 
 animals within their district, and that these correspondents have not at 
 any time reported the existence of any disease the symptoms of which 
 at all similated those of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, although every 
 special effort possible has been made to discover it should it esist there. 
 So far as is known, and equally strenuous efforts have been made to dis- 
 cover the facts, pleuro-pneumonia does not exist in any region of coun- 
 
278 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 try llu'OLigli wMcli tlic liiiuH ul' rail ovci- -wliicU ibese auimals have been 
 carried passea. Tliia, tlicu, lesivcs as tlio only ])ossible source of con- 
 tamination tlie cars iu wliicli the animals have been conveyed. That the 
 disease may have been contracted in this way is possible, but not at all 
 probable, and as bearing upon this point it maybe said that cattle going 
 to Boston for local uses are conveyed iu exactly the same way, and often- 
 times in the same cars, as the animals going from thence to Great Brit- 
 ain; and that, although I myself have examined many hundreds of these, 
 alive and dead, I have never yet found a single case of contagious pleuro- 
 pneumonia; and this is the fact, as I have before stated, regarding the 
 very extensive examinations made of these same animals by the Massa- 
 chusetts State board of cattle commissioners. 
 
 In considering this question in all its phases, I am naturally led to a 
 review of the circumstances attending the landing and examination of 
 the cargo of animals ex steamship Ontario, which arrived at the port of 
 Liverjiool on the 26th of January, 1879, consisting of 195 cattle and 2 
 carcasses; 87 head of cattle had been thrown overboard on theAi-oyage, 
 thus making the original shipment 284. These auimals were shipped 
 from Portland, Me., but of their origin ]Mr. Welsh, Minister of the United 
 States at London, says : " From reliable parties in Liverpool I learn that 
 while a part of the cattle by- the Ontario came fronr Chicago, and a part 
 from Bufililo, at least 45 hend of them came from Toronto, and were so 
 mixe^lwith the others that the Canadian and United States cattle could 
 not be distinguished. It is also beyond dispute that those which came 
 from the United States passed for several hundred miles over the Grand 
 Trunk Eoad through the Dominion of Canada ; that all the cattle were 
 exposed to weather of unusual severity ; that they remained for a con- 
 siderable time in Portland without food or water, and that they had 
 undergone an exceptional amount of hardship and bad usage before 
 entering upon a voyage which was made at an inclement season and 
 during excessively rough weather." In a memorandum on the subject. 
 Professor Brown, of the Yeterinary Department of the Privy CounciL 
 says: "On examining one of the carcasses, the inspector at Liverpom. 
 found evidence of pleuropneumonia, and forwarded portions of the lung*! 
 to the Veterinary Department. This specimen was found to represent\ 
 the characteristic indications of the contagious pleuro-pneumonia of 
 cattle so well known in this country. By direction of the Lord President, 
 I immediately instructed Mr. Duguid , one of the inspectors of this depart- 
 ment, to proceed to Liverpool and report as to the condition of the animals 
 which had been detained there. Mr. Duguid remained at Liverpool and 
 superintended the slaughter of the cattle, and in the course of the post- 
 mortem examination he detected thirteen cases of pleuro-pneumonia in 
 various stages.^' H'ow take the statement of Professor Walley, made 
 to me in Edinburgh, in July, 1880, in regard to this matter. He says: 
 
 I -ivaa called to Liverpool and there shown animals together in a buildiug which, I 
 was told, came per steamship Ontario from America ; a few of them were coughing, I 
 should judge giving the pathognomonic <ough of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. f'cx- 
 amined them ; the]! gave no elevafion of temperature that amounted to anything as a sign ; 
 they varied alittle; some would he a degree higherthau others, but nothing remarka- 
 hle in any. While this examination was going on, and before we had finished to mi/ en- 
 tire satisfaciinn, a man eamo to say that we were A\-anted iii the slaughter-house, where 
 we went at once, and found two animals that we were told had been taken liaphazard 
 fi-om this cargo of the Ontario, hanging partially dressed, and from these I saw lun"-s 
 taken that exhibited to me, without any doubt, the well-known lesions of contagious 
 pleuro-pneumonia. I was not at the place for more than an hour. 
 
 In answer to questions, he farther said : 
 
 The animals were iu as good condition as any of the others ; that there were several 
 diseased spots in their lungs; that the diseased portions were "marbled," and the pa- 
 
uuiMAUiuuo Lnaihiuiiiji:> ur uOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 279 
 
 iTUcliyiua. T.u'iod iu color from deep rod to [nak, but it was luostiy of a. piukisb sliailc ; 
 that there was uo :ittomiit towards the formation of a. cyst-wall around any of tUc 
 diseased portions, lieouuso ilic disease luid not beeu of suliiciout staudiug. 
 
 I have made these extracts because they seem to me to embrace the 
 entire evidence tending to show that the disease on the Ontario was 
 contagious pleuro-pneumonia ; and I think it worth while to put in con- 
 trast with them here what may be called the circumstantial e^'idence 
 tending to show that there may have been some mistake. 
 
 The fact seems to be beyond dispute that so far as the animals came 
 from the United States they came from Chicago and Buffalo via. Cana- 
 dian Grand Trunk Eoad to Portland. Since 1877 the Department of 
 Agriculture has had, all through the West, regular correspondents, 
 whose duty it is to collect and forward evidence relating to any disease, 
 contagious or otherwise, that may prevail to any extent in the different 
 localities in which they are located. In this way nearly every disease 
 that animal flesh is heir to has received some sort of mention, but in no 
 case has any descrpition been received that could in any way be con- 
 strued into a description of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle. 
 Besides this, the department kept A^eterinary Surgeon H. J. Detmers 
 at the Chicago live-stock yards, examining cattle with the single view 
 of ascertaining whether any trace of this disease could be discovered in 
 that great depot for western cattle. This examination, which was made 
 in 1879 and continued for some time, showed that it was unknown there. 
 The market of Buffalo is in the State of Kew York, and therefore came 
 directly under ihe examination of Prof. James Law, veterinarian-in-chief 
 to the State of New York, whose particular business, under a special 
 law, was to find and get rid of, so far as any means at his command 
 would allow of its being done, this very disease — pleuro-pneumonia of 
 cattle — and with the splendid system of detecting its existence iu any 
 cattle within the State, and with the great facility which he had for 
 tracing any diseased animals that were found to their starting-point, he 
 was never able, in any way, to locate the disease in Buffalo or at any 
 point in the State within 400 miles, or thereabout, of that market. 
 !Neither has this deijartment, although every means at its command has 
 been tried, ever been able to lind that it had any existence at any time 
 iiearer to Buffalo than the points indicated by Professor Law. Now we 
 liave in evidence that these animals passed for se\'eral hundred miles 
 over the Grand Trunk Eoad. To do this and get to Portland after leav- 
 ing Buffalo, they would not again enter the States until they had reached 
 Vermont, where they cross a small portion of the extreme northeasterly 
 corner of the State ; thence across the extreme northerly portion of New 
 Hampshire ; thence for a short distance across the southerly portion of 
 Maine to Portland ; and at no time would they be nearer than Portland 
 to the infected district, the nearest point of which is something over 300 
 miles away. It may be stated to a certainty that contagious pleuro- 
 pneumonia of cattle does not exist in either Vermont, New Hampshire, 
 or Maine. How, then, could these animals have become infected? So 
 far as the territory through which they traveled on their way to the sea- 
 port lies within the United States, it can safely be said that no pleuro- 
 pneumonia exists along, or anywhere near, their line of roijte. The 
 cars in which they traveled could scarcely have been previously con- 
 taminated, for presumably they were those of this great northern trunk 
 line, and would never be sent down into the neighborhood of New York, 
 Philadelphia, or Baltimore for the conveyance of local cattle freight. 
 The only way, then, would seem to be that the disease was contracted 
 on board ship during the voyage. But ships that have carried cattle 
 
280 CONTAGIOUS DISEASEsTunJOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 are, on their return to Liver])ool, required by law to be tlioroughly dis- 
 infected^ so tliat unless the Ontario, on her out voyage, brought to this 
 country from England cattle affected with contagious iileuro-pueumo- 
 nia, she could scarcely convey it to other and hearty beasts on the re- 
 turn trip. 
 
 That pleuro-pneumonia did exist among these cattle we have the evi- 
 dence of, first, Mr. Moore, the inspector, who discovered it; second, that 
 of Professor Duguid, who was sent down from London for the express 
 purpose of inspecting this cargo ; third, that of Professor Walley, who 
 came from Edinburgh for the same pourpose, all of them gentlemen who 
 are particularly well qualified to judge of the matter and give a valuable 
 opinion regarding it. But it certainly does seem that Professor Duguid 
 and Mr. Moore were undoubtedly mistaken as to the lungs condemned 
 by them in my presence last July and August. May it not be that pleuro- 
 pneumonia contagiosa is, after all, not so distinctive in its appearance 
 as has always been supposed, or rather that changes are produced by 
 certain other diseases, the lesions of which resemble so closely those of 
 contagious pleuro-pneumonia that in the absence of any history of the 
 animal would require a much more careful examination to detect its 
 difference than veterinarians have heretofore supposed to be necessary? 
 
 The other gentleman, Professor Walley, says that he should judge 
 that these animals were giving the pathognomonic cough of x^leuro-pneu- 
 monia, but that he examined them, and even with the thermometer (a 
 most delicate aid in these cases) he could get no indication that amounted 
 to a sign that they were diseased ; but still, before he had finished his ex- 
 amination to Ms entire satisfaction, he was called away to the slaughter- 
 house, where he saw lungs removed from two beasts that to him presented 
 " without any doubt the well-known lesions of pleuro-pneumonia." These 
 lungs were marbled, and the parenchyma varied in color from deep red 
 to i)ink, but it was mostly of a pinkish shade ; that the largest diseased 
 spot was as large as the crown of a derby hat ; that there was no attempt 
 at the formation of a cyst wall, because the disease had not been of sxif- 
 ficient standing ; that the animals were in as good condition as any of 
 the others, and that they had been selected haphazard from among the 
 cargo in question. Is it not remarkable that although so large a portion 
 of lung was affected there was no sign or symptom by which the animal 
 could be selected out from among the others, which, on the testimony of 
 this gentleman, showed no sign that "amounted to anything" of their 
 being diseased, and that the only way of finding its presence was by a 
 critical examination of the lung itself after the animal had been killed'? 
 "Was ever such a case of acute contagious pleuro-jmeumonia with this 
 amount of lung implicated heard of before? I think not; and still this 
 gentleman, who has had great experience with this disease, who knows 
 that in Edinburgh the existence of " pleuro " is generally discovered by 
 an examination made of the live animals in the byre, and not of the dead 
 ones made in the abattoirs, and before he has had sufficient time to finish 
 his examination to his own entire satisfaction, says that without a doubt 
 these animals were affected with contagious pleuro-pneumonia ! ITow, I 
 submit, are there not in this evidences of a buried examination ? Has it 
 not obviously been taken for granted that the detection of contagious 
 pleuro-pneumonia, post-mortem, was a thing requiring a knowledge only 
 of a most superficial sort! And I ask the authorities in this case if, i]i 
 A'iew of all the facts, it is not possible, nay, even probable, that a disease 
 of not a sufficiently pronounced character to interfere Avith the well-doing 
 of these animals may exist tbat shall give to the naked eye, upon exami- 
 nation of the lung post-morlem-, the exact appearances of contagious 
 
(JUJNXAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 281 
 
 plcuro-pueumouia, but which is uot that disease, but the result of some 
 chronic process, the uature of which, iii the absence of all history of the 
 animal, may require a most careful and. minute exauiiuation to detect its 
 real differences ? 
 
 The only gentleman engaged in the affair who seems at that time to 
 have been of my present opinion, and to have realized its importance, is 
 Professor Williams, of Edinburgh, who was called to Liverpool in i)re- 
 cisely the same manner as was Professor Walley. This gentleman, who 
 spent more time in the examination, wbo has had at least as large an 
 experience as have any of the others, said, when he had finished the ex- 
 amination in Liverpool and was asked for his opinion, "I have as yet no 
 opinion to give, and shall have none until I have been able to make a 
 more thorough examination of the lung. " For this purpose he took with 
 him to Edinburgh portions of the lung, and he received from Mr. Wellsby, 
 a veterinary surgeon in the employ of Messrs. Warren & Co., the steam- 
 ship owners, for the next six months, portions of the diseased lungs 
 which were condemned by the inspector at Liverpool, all of which 
 received a most careful examination by himself and Dr. Hamilton, 
 pathologist to the Royal Infirmary, and demonstrator of morbid anatomy 
 in the University of Edinburgh, and after all this he declares that he has 
 "not the slightest hesitation insaying that in no case has he found them 
 to exhibit the characteristic lesions of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. " 
 Therefore it seems to me that there is, at leasts fair reason to doubt 
 whether the disease noticed among this cargo of the Ontario was really 
 contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I have not gone into the discussion of 
 this question in any captious spirit of criticism, neither do I mean for a 
 moment to call into question the professional ability of any of those 
 gentlemen, which I beUeve to be of the highest quality, and I most 
 thoroughly believe that their decisions were given in accordance with 
 their honest convictions ; but if these convictions were arrived at too 
 hastily, and before proper, and, in view of the gravity of the question, 
 suflciently exhaustive examinations of the facts were made, it is cer- 
 tainly my privilege to comment upon them, and show, if possible, that 
 it was so. And if any statement or argument that I have advanced 
 seems to be of sufficient consequence to really throw a doubt upon the 
 decision of the authorities of G-reat Britain in this matter, I would most 
 respectfully suggest that in fairness to the great interests of the United 
 States, which are by this decision very severely prejudiced, that the 
 judgment should at least be reconsidered. 
 
 My own opinion, arrived at after a most thorough and careful inves- 
 tigation and consideration of the facts, is that the lungs which were 
 condemned by the inspector of the privy council at Liverpool during my 
 stay there in parts of July and August last, as being affected with con- 
 tagious pleuro-pneumonia, were in realiiy not affected with that disease. 
 Andfurther, I do not believe that a single case of contagious pleuro-pneu- 
 monia has ever existed in the West or has been landed in England from 
 our ports of Boston or Portland, unless, indeed, it may have been com- 
 municated to the animals after they were placed on board the ocean 
 steamer, from previous contamination of the vessel, by transportation 
 in it of diseased animals from Great Britain to America, an event which 
 I must say that in the case of pleuro-pneumonia I think to be very 
 unlikely. 
 
 EespectfuUy submitted. 
 
 CHAELES P. LTMAN, F. R. C. V. S. 
 
APHTHOUS FEVER, OR FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 
 
 The technical synonyms for this disease are : eczema epizmtica, apMMs 
 pecorinis. The English : epizootic aphtha, aphthous fever, vesicular epizoo- 
 [tio, murrain, epizootic eczema. 
 
 Eeliable evidence is on record of the prevalence of this disease in Eu- 
 rope as far back as the seventeenth century. It was then noticed as 
 frequently prevailing widely in Germany, Italy, and Prance. It did not 
 make its appearance in Great Britain until 1839, where it quickly spread 
 over the three kingdoms. The most observant writers state that it is an 
 altogether exotic disease in the west of Europe, and always approaches 
 from the east. Dr. Fleming says that it was introduced into Denmark 
 in 1841, and into the United States from Canada in the bodies of cattle 
 sent from England, but he fails to give the year in which it was intro- 
 duced into this coviutry. 
 
 Immediately upon the receipt of the report of the veterinary depart- 
 ,ment of the j)rivy councU of Great Britain to the House of Lords in 
 June last, in which the statement was made that a cargo of sheep suf- 
 fering with this malady had been landed at Liverpool direct from Boston 
 Harbor, a circular was prepared and forwarded to all the correspondents 
 of this department, asldng for such information as they could give 
 touching the prevalence or nonexistence of the disease in their various 
 localities. In order that correspondents might be able to readily iden- 
 tify the affection, a brief statement of the symptoms was given in this 
 circular letter. Out of some two thousand letters forwarded but few 
 replies were received indicating the possible existence of the disease in 
 this country. However, in view of recent condemnations of American 
 cattle by the veterinary inspector of the privy council of Great Britain, 
 for the alleged existence of foot-and mouth disease among them, the Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture directed Mr. L. McLean, M. E. C. V. S., to visit 
 and examine all suspected localities. After a most thorough and search- 
 ing examination of animals upon many farms, in a number of feeding 
 and distillery stables, and in the great cattle marts of Chicago, Saint 
 Louis, and Kansas City, he states that he was unable to find a trace of 
 the disease, as will be seen from his report contained in this volume. 
 
 As stated in the circular letter above referred to, aphthous fever, or 
 foot-and-mouth-disease, is a contagious eruptive fever, attacking cloven- 
 footed animals. It is also communicable to other warm-blooded animals, 
 including even man. It is not known to have a spontaneous origin, but 
 is believed to be communicated only by contagion. This contagion does 
 not seem to be readily spread by means of the air, a stream of water 
 or common road generally being suiiicient to limit it. No poison, how- 
 ever, seems to be more certainly transmitted by contact, direct or through 
 the medium of human beings, tame or wild animals, fodder, litter, man- 
 ures, clothing, drinking-troughs, &c. INIilk is regarded as one of the 
 most frequent sources of contagion to pigs, dogs, and even to infants. 
 The disease is not a very fatal or destructive one, and the most serious 
 damage sustained in the case of milch cows is in the loss of niilkj the 
 283 
 
foota^d mouth disease 
 
 Report CojTiTnlssiorLeT- of AgTicTtltixre fox 1880. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 A.flneiii I'ci Ii-Q-iDraustu, , BaltniiHre. 
 
CONTAGIOUiS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 283 
 
 udders become infituued, the Leatw blind, aud-\rlieu the aii'ectiou extends 
 to the feet a serions lameness intervenes. The animal frequently becomes 
 quite vicioup, and is useless for dairy purposes. The average loss of 
 flesh is from live to ten dollars per head among cattle ; in daixy cows it 
 is much more. The contagion has a duration of about fifteen days. No 
 permanent ill consequences remain, especially if the animal has been 
 ■well cared for during the progress of the malady. 
 
 The disease is principally confined to cattle, sheep, goats, and hogs, 
 though deer, wild hogs, horses, dogs, poultry, and even human beings 
 have been known to suffer from the contagion. The order of suscepti- 
 bility to receive the infection may be stated thus: Cattle, sheep, goats, 
 camels, pigs, deer, rabbits, hares, mankind, fowls, dogs, and horses. 
 It affects tlie skin and mucous membranes, and is charcterized by an 
 eruption of small vesicles, either confluent or isolated, on the lining 
 membrane of the mouth, rarely extending beyond the mouth internally 
 and the interdigital space (seldom the nostrils) of bisulcate animals. 
 The eruption may appear in both of these situations in the same ani- 
 mal, or only in one ; in certain outbreaks, or in certain species, one of 
 the regions is more frequently affected than the other. The eruption is 
 observed only in the mouth of a horse suffering from the contagion. In 
 bovine animals the eruption or vesicles frequently appear also on the 
 tidder and teats. In sucking animals unmistakable traces of the dis- 
 ease may sometimes be found in the larynx, jDharynx, stomach, and 
 intestines. Plate I illustrates the appearances of the vesicles or erup- 
 tions, both isolated and coufluejit, as exhibited on the nose, lips, tongue, 
 gums, &c., of an ox suffering with the malady. 
 
 CAUSES. 
 
 The causes which originally develop the malady are unknown. It , 
 generally appears in an epizootic and rarely in a sporadic form; in 
 certain years it becomes widely extended,. invading whole countries, pro- 
 gressing from the east towards the west of Europe. Its extension seems 
 due to its contagious properties alone and the facilities offered for the 
 dissemination of the virus. 
 
 As in most other contagious diseases, there are seasons or years in 
 which the malady is much more virulent and malignant than in others. 
 On the continent of Jaiurope it has been observed that these malignant 
 seasons have generally been accompanied or preceded by extensive inva- 
 sions of anthiax. In Eussia it has frequently been observed to be coin- 
 cident with contagious pleurp-pneumonia, or lung plague of cattle. 
 Veterinarians are of the opinion that individual conditions likewise 
 seem to have some influence in predisposing the organism to its inva- 
 sion or severity. Among these are enumerated fatigue, bad hygiene, 
 pregnancy and partimtion, emigration from one locality to another, lac- 
 tation, and indifferent, damaged, or sudden change of food. 
 
 SYMPTOMS IN CATTLE. 
 
 As before stated, this affection is characterized by an eruption of -\'es- 
 icles, or blisters, in the mouth, and on the internal surface of the lips, 
 sometimes in the nostrils, and on parts of the body where the skin is 
 thin and least coxered by hair, as on the udder and between the claws. 
 It passes through different phases, and is described under four different 
 periods by Fleming, viz : Fever, eruption, ulceration, and desiccation. 
 The symptoms of the disease are thus described under these four dis- 
 tinct periods : 
 
284 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 First period.— Before any xierceptible alteration lias taken place iii tlio ordinary 
 liabits or condition of the auiuial, the thermometer indicates an increase ot tempera- 
 ture, wliioli gradually ascends to 102°, and as higli as 104° or even 10J° /' v m ±];'?™ 
 one to two days, and does not descend to any extent until the end of the eruptive 
 period. The next indication is dullness, inappetence, and slight shiveraugs. Ihe 
 muffle becomes vrarm and dry ; the eye is tearful, and the mouth hot and mflamed- 
 looking in places, and frequently sore vrhen handled ; the membrane being covered 
 with viscid mucus, which flows in stringy masses from the lips. There is grinding of 
 the teeth, and a smacking or clicking noise ; the breath has a fetid odor ; rumination 
 ceases, and the prehension and often the deglutition of food is painful, the animal 
 preferring to dabble its mouth in cold water. Not nnfrequently, when the feet are 
 beginning to inflame, the animal stands uncomfortably, drawing the limbs together, 
 standing uneasy, or jerking them up suddenly under the body, arching the back, and 
 pawdng ; the movements are reluctantly performed, and the coronets hot and sore. 
 There is also slight constipation, and, if it be a milch cow, the secretion of milk is 
 gradually diminished, and that fluid assumes a yellow tint ; in the majority of oases 
 it is nearly or altogether suspended. The udder becomes red and tense when it is in- 
 volved, and the teats swoUen and painful to the touch. This stage usually lasts from 
 twenty-four to forty-eight hours, according to the intensity of the fever. 
 
 Second period. — After the time above mentioned, the eruption begins to appear in 
 those parts which are to be its seat, and the fever commences to abate in many cases. 
 When the mouth is chiefly affected, there are seen on its lining membrane, and par- 
 ticularly on the upper lip, gums, and sides of the tongue and palate, white, or yel- 
 lowish white, blisters, the size of a grain of millet to that of the size of a pea or nut, 
 their form being very irregular. (See Plate I.) Sometimes they are discrete, or scat- 
 tered over the surface ; in other cases they are confluent, collectively forming patches 
 which are at first gray or yellow, and afterwards white ; slightly convex ; each vesicle 
 is usually circular : the smallest areseen on the muffle. In the mouth they are largest, 
 and most frequently confluent ; but there they only exist for a brief period, the friction 
 caused by the movements of the tongue tearing them ; the epithelium is detached in 
 flakes of variable dimensions, leaving unhealthy ulcers or denuded spots, or "erosions" 
 of a bright-red tint, which contrasts markedly with the gray hue of the surrounding 
 surface. These shreds are often seen adhering to the border of these sores ; and if on 
 the tongue, that organ is kept continually moving to get rid of them, and the animal 
 emits a smacking sound with its lips. Where there is no friction the vesicles do not 
 rupture within one or two days. On the udder the vesicles are somewhat diff'ereut. 
 The teats are most frequently their seat, and it is not unusual to find the phlyctenje 
 grouped in a circle around their orifice ; when isolated on the surface of the organ 
 they are surrounded by a pale-red circle, and when conflnent they are very irregular 
 and variable in number. In the case of a cow the alteration of the milk is very 
 striking. 
 
 "When the limbs are affected, the heat and redness of the coronet are most noticea- 
 ble toward the heel and interdigital space of one or more feet. The coronet swells; 
 the animal is lame, and prefers to maintain arecumbent position. In one or. two days 
 tlie vesicles are developed at the points indicated, most frequently earliest in front of 
 the interdigital space ; at first they are small, but they increase in size until they are 
 as large as a beau, or small nut, and extend around the claws, often becoming conflu- 
 ent, the contents appearing as a yellow limpid fluid. The skin of the part assumes a 
 bleached aspect, and is soon covered by a kind of cheesy matter, resulting from the 
 inspissation of this fluid, which emits an ammoniaeal odor. 
 
 In some cases, the skin around the base of the horns becomes inflamed at the same 
 time as that of the mouth or feet, and the horns are loosened. Occasionally, also, a 
 vesicular eruption manifests itself at the orifice of the vagina., at the perineum and 
 anus, or in the nostrils ; and it sometimes happens that the eyes are affected, the con- 
 junctional membrane becoming inflamed and suppurating, and phlyctenas forming on 
 the cornea. There may also be nasal»cataarh and symptoms of gastric derangement. 
 
 Third period. — This is the aphthous stage of the disease, and begins when the vesi- 
 cles have ruptured, and, the epidermis being removed, erosions appear. This docs not 
 occur everywhere at the same time, but varies according to the region. In the mouth 
 it soon occurs, owing to the movement of the tongue, and also in the feet by tliat of 
 tlie claws. On the udder it is later, seldom occurring before thirty-six or forty-eight 
 hours ; or if the disease is benignant the vesicles on this organ may not rupture at all, 
 their contents becoming absorbed, and the pellicle of epidermis covering them scaling 
 oft' when cicatrization has taken place beneath. When the vesicles do break, there 
 remains a little bright-red sore, which is smooth or granulating, and is soon covered 
 with a fluid pus or yellow exudate of epithelial cells, which, in drying, forms a tluu 
 reddish crust that jirotects the erosion until it heals. 
 
 In the mouth and on the lips the vesicles are broken almost as soon as formed, leav- 
 ing circular or irregular bright-red sores, which bleed readily, their rupture being indi- 
 cated by dribbling of saliva streaked with blood. It sometimes happens that when 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 285 
 
 ilio tongue is seized to explore tlio moutli large patches of epitlermis conic away in 
 the hand, as if the tongue had been boiled. In some rare cases an exudation of yellow- 
 color and ohoesy consistency is observed toward the root of the tongue, due to epithe- 
 lial proliferation. 
 
 Tlie fever has greatly subsided, but the thirst is intense, and the animal eagerly 
 drinks water or gruel, though owing to the soreness of the month it can eat but little, 
 especially if the food be dry and hard, consequently the loss of condition is rapid. 
 
 Fourth period. — This is marked by the desiccation or drying up of the aphthie, and 
 the formation of new epidermis. The crust falls off, and the new epidermis or epithe- 
 lium appears as a thin lead-colored pellicle. With the completion of this proL'css all 
 traces of the disease disa])pear. There is no lameness, the appetite has returned, and 
 the former condition is being restored; while the secretion of milk, which may have 
 been greatly diminished — perhaps to less than one-third — beoouies augmented, and 
 regains its normal properties. 
 
 SYMPTOMS IN SHEEP AND GOATS. 
 
 The fever is not so marked in tliese animals, though in some instances 
 the temperature may rise as high as in the bovine species. The patient 
 seems weak and dull, lies apart from its companions, and can only he 
 made to rise with difficulty. A smacking sound is made with its lips, 
 which are kept moving as in the act of sucking. The month is hot and 
 filled with viscid saliva. The A^esicles in the mouth form chiciiy on the 
 incisor pad, and the eyes as well as the vaginal membrane may be in- 
 volved. Fleming states that in these animals the eruption is more fre- 
 quent or^ the extremities than on the month, but that the formation of 
 vesicles is not very common. More frequently the skin around the claws 
 and in the interdigital space is swollen and more or less red, and from 
 its surface a fluid escapes which, in drying, gives rise to crusts. The iu- 
 flammation^in this region often runs on to suppuration, involving, some- 
 times, the biflex canal, or producing disunion of the hoofs. If proper 
 precautions are not taken in such cases the disease may assume a very 
 serious form. As in the case of cattle, the loss of condition is more or 
 less marked. 
 
 SYMPTOMS IN SWINE. 
 
 In swine affected with the disease the eruption in the mouth is rare, 
 that of the feet being most common. The nose and the parts adjoining- 
 show the affection when the mouth is involved. The symptoms differ 
 but little from those exhibited by other animals suffering with the dis- 
 ease. The feet are liable to take on a high degree of inflammation. 
 Progression, therefore, causes intense i^ain, and there appears to be a 
 great tendency to shedding the hoof. If the patient is a sow the udders 
 are implicated as in the case of a cow. 
 
 SYMPTOMS IN THE HOUSE. 
 
 In the horse the early symptoms of aphthous fever are similar to those 
 manifested by the cow when the lesions are in the mouth. "There is 
 fever, the lining membrane of the mouth is hot, red, and covered with a 
 quantity of viscid stringy muchs, while mastication is difficult, and the 
 horse loves to lave its mouth in water." Vesicles, the size of a grain of 
 millet, appear on the inner surface of both lips at the mucous glands. 
 These soon increase to the size of a pea and are filled with a transparent 
 serum. They soon rupture, leaving erosions that are quickly covered 
 with new epithelium. If there is but one eruption of vesicles the disease 
 will pass through all its phases within from seven to ten days ; but if 
 there should be a succession of these eruptions the attack may be pro- 
 longed two or three weeks. In such cases the animal becomes greatly 
 emaciated. 
 
286 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES Or DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 SYMPTOMS IN BIRDS AND FOWLS. 
 
 Birds suffering with the malady show the eruption in different regions. 
 In fowls the vesicles appear more particularly around the nasal openings 
 and on the crest, though they are also seen in the mouth and nostrils. 
 Geese are principally affected on the membrane of the interdigital spaces. 
 
 NO IBEMUNITY BECAUSE OP PKEVIOUS ATTACK. 
 
 One attack from aphthous fever affords no protection from a second, 
 third, or even a fourth attack, as animals remain susceptible after being 
 affected several times. Oases are on record of where an animal has 
 suffered as many as five times from the disease, and one cow is reported 
 to have had two attacks in one month. Some veterinarians are of the 
 opinion, however, that animals that have once suffered with the disease 
 are not liable to suffer as severely as those that have never been affected. 
 
 COURSE AND TERMINATION. 
 
 Under good conditions of hygiene and careful nursing, this fever runs 
 its course, without any very serious constitutional disturbance, within 
 from eight to fifteen days. Convalescence is generally very slow, but is 
 much more so under unfavorable conditions, such as improper care, bad 
 treatment, indifferent hygienic measures, a lack of proper A'entilation, 
 &c. Under these conditions the disease may assume a very serious and 
 painful character, by the inflammation in the feet extending to the vascu- 
 lar tissues covered by the hoof, and the formation of dangerous abscesses, 
 of a white color, which can be distinguished under the horn covering 
 them. These abscesses may find an outlet at the coronet ; but in cases 
 of neglect this matter may form sinuses and cause the hoof to detach, 
 destroy the ligaments and joints, and ultimately lead to the destruction of 
 the animal. Fleming says that the udder, in case of cows suffering with 
 the disease, may also become the seat of abscesses or induration. In 
 such cases the eruption extends to the intestinal mucous membrane, and 
 to sucking calves, thus drawing their nourishment, this condition is 
 particularly dangerous, as the intestinal canal generally becomes the 
 seat of the eruption. Severe fever, fetid diarrhea, swelling of the head, 
 great prostration, and the death of the young animal soon follows. The 
 appearances in the intestinal canal resemble somewhat the lesions in 
 cattle plague, and this form has been named by European veterinarians 
 the typhoid complication of aphthous fever. 
 
 PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY OP THE DISEASE. * 
 
 Fleming, in his work on Veterinary Sanitary Science and Police, 
 gives the following pathological appearances of the disease: 
 
 The pathological anatomy of the disease in mild cases is very simnlo, consistiu"- only 
 m the elevation of the cpithelinm or epidermis, by the limpid fluid that forms the 
 vesicle, and which, hy its accnmiilatiou and the softening of its envelope causes the 
 rupture of the latter. The aphtha remaining is very superficial under ordinary cir- 
 cumstances, and m the mouth especially ; on the feet, however, the erosion is usuallv 
 deeper, and m the mterdigital rej;ion of the sheep frequently becomes a deep ulcer that 
 may cause the disease to be taken for foot-rot. In cattle also, owing to movements 
 constantly tatmg place, the aphthae and their accompauving inflammation mav de- 
 stroy the skin, involve the textures beneath the hoofs, lead to loss of these disease of 
 the ligaments and ultimately of the bones. ' •""^"^ "'■ 
 
 Aphlhu; and vesicles may also be found on (he palate, in the pharynx -ind on the 
 mucous membrane o± the true stomach and duodenum. In the two last thev morn 
 trequently appear as sharply defined ulcers iu the middle of the discolored nntehA=, 
 The mucous membrane of the intestines may also be reddened, and marked by hce' 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 287 
 
 morrliagio spots; Payer's patclios and Bninner's glands partaking of au ulcerous 
 chfiraoter. 
 
 Serous and sanguineous iniiltrations have been found among tlie muscles ; but these 
 have been attributed to the fatigue the animals experienced in tr:ivcliug to tbo 
 markets. * * * The saliva, -wben carefully gathered and examined, is perfectly 
 pellucid, contains small stellate crystals, and minute spherical bodies or monads, the 
 latter possessing great activity of movement. In the fluid of the vesicles are large 
 nucleated cells and masses of living germinal matter, besides monads, bacteria, and 
 vibriones. The iluid discharged from the eyes appears to contain similar bodies. 
 
 The milk has been found of low specific gravity (1024), though it generally yields 
 a moderate proportion of cream. Large granular cells, or white corpuscles, having 
 the general character of pus globules, vrere constant and present throughout the 
 whole course of the disease, and even for some time after recovery, though they were 
 most numerous during the height of the malady. Monads and bacteria were also ob- 
 served, and boiling did not affect their form or movements. 
 
 CHAEACTEE OF THE CONTAGIUM. 
 
 According to the opinions of the best German authorities, the conta- 
 gium of this fever is both " fixed" and '' volatile." Some French author- 
 ities deny the volatility of the contagium, and contend that it is fixed. 
 This disagreement between eminent authorities leaves this point in 
 doubt, therefore it would be safest to assume that both German and 
 French authorities are correct. Whether volatile or not, the contagium 
 seems to exist in its most concentrated form in the lymph or serum of 
 the vesicles, and in the saliva ; but this is not its exclusive vehicle, as 
 other products of secretijon, such as the milk of living and the blood of 
 dead animals contain it. In all probability it is present in the volatUe 
 as well as in the fixed condition in the excretions. In the fii-st stages of 
 the disease it may not be transmissible in a volatile form, but the evi- 
 dence would seem to favor such a transmission after the formation of 
 vesicles, and this condition remains until the febrile stage has passed 
 and the vesicles have dried and cicatrised. 
 
 VITALITY OE THE VIETJS. 
 
 Many of the writers on the subject of aphthous fever give cases show- 
 ing the vitality of the virus. Eosenkranz says that four weeks after the 
 disappearance of the disease the excrements of infected animals caused 
 an outbreak in a team of oxen employed in carrying it away from the 
 farm and plowing it into the ground. In another instance, given by 
 Haubner, three months after the extinction of the malady in a district, 
 two calves were brought to a manor-house, and ten days thereafter the 
 disease appeared. Fuiidel has known instances in which the disease 
 has been communicated in infected stables after they had remained 
 vacant for fifteen days. He also states that he has known the virus to 
 be preserved for a long period in forage, although this had not been 
 impregnated by saliva from the disease, but only exposed to the atmos- 
 phere of the stable they had inhabited. The outbreak of the fever in 
 Australia in 1872 is said to have been due to the importation of an 
 animal from Britain which exhibited no symptoms of the disease during 
 the voyage. In this case the virus was believed to have been retained 
 in the last truss of hay given to the animal, which sickened therefrom 
 as it entered the harbor at Sidney. 
 
 MODES OF INFECTION. 
 
 It is a pretty well established fact that the disease is not able to infect 
 at a very considerable distance. Fundel, an authority above quoted, 
 believes that the contagion can be communicated at a distance of 100 
 
288 0ONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 meters. Where tlie disease prevails to any great extent roads are a 
 li'uitful sonrce of infection. Animals driven to faii-s or to market, it 
 compelled to pass over roads traveled by animals suffering ;^'itli the 
 malady, are almost certain to become infected. Pasturing animals on 
 commons is another fertile mode of spreading the disease. It is 'also 
 diffused by means of the stables or lairs in the vicinity of markets. 
 Animals are frequently lodged for one or more nights 'iu such places, 
 where they may meet diseased cattle, or ^vher6 the infection from these 
 may vet remain. Animals which have come in contact with those 
 afflicted with the fever, even for a very short period, have subsequently 
 infected others, though they theiuselves remained healthy. Others, 
 apparently quite recovered and free from all symptoms of the disease, 
 have been known to disseminate the contagion. Drinking from the 
 same troughs and feeding from the same ground or out of the rackt 
 recently used by sick animals, is almost certain to transmit the conta 
 gion. Eailway cars and cattle-ships are prolific sources of infection, 
 and disseminate the disease over great distances. Forage impregnated 
 with the saliva, litter on which cattle whose feet were affected have 
 stood, and the clothing of i>eople who have been about the sick animals, 
 will all act as bearers of the contagion. Flemmg says that the conta- 
 gium may find access to the blood by the month, air-passages, or any 
 other x)art where the mucous membrane is thin and vascular, as the 
 generative organs. It may also be absorbed by the skin, as between 
 the claws, as it is readily inoculable. Fowls Trill contract the disease 
 by frequenting places where the ground or litter is soiled with virulent 
 saliva. 
 
 The period of incubation is usually from three to six days after con- 
 tamination, though it is known to have occurred within twenty-four 
 hours, and in other cases to have been delayed as long as ten or twelve 
 days. 
 
 SANITARY MEASUKES. 
 
 Measures necessary to prevent the invasion or extension of this fever 
 should be similar to those prescribed for other contagious maladies. 
 When the disease appears in a locality, isolation and disinfection should 
 be regarded as the principal measures to be enforced. All infected 
 stables, as well as those immediately adjacent, should be carefully 
 avoided until three weeks after the disease has disappeared. In the 
 mean time all stables, sheds, and transportation vehicles in which in- 
 fected and diseased animals have been confined should be thoroughly 
 disinfected with carbolic acid or by burning sulphur. 
 
 CUEATIVE MEASUEES. 
 
 As a rule, Fleming says, few diseases are more amenable to treatment, 
 and still fewer exemplify- the beneficial effects of hygienic measures than 
 this. In the revised edition of Olater's work a number of recipes are 
 given for the amelioration and cure of the disease. In the simple eru]rt- 
 ive form as soon as the vesicles are observed a drench composed as fol- 
 lows is recommended : 
 
 Take of epsom salts 3 ounces 
 
 Ginger and gentian powdered, of cacli '.'..'.. 2 ounces" 
 
 Mix these with one-half pound of treacle and a quart of strono- ale 
 and give to a large cow, &c.; three-fourths or one-half may be given to 
 lesser animals and year-olds ; one-third for calves up to' eight or ten 
 months old, a.nd one-fourth for sheep. Large doses must be avoided as 
 
CONTAUiUUB UlKJJiASJiiS UJ! uumESTICA.TED ANIMALS. 28D 
 
 purgatives cannot be endured. The mouth should be washed twice 
 daily witb the following mixture : 
 
 Take of alum in fine powder , 1 ounce. 
 
 Tincture of myrrh. 1 fluid ounce. 
 
 Wafer 1 quart. 
 
 The healing action will be promoted and accelerated by oiieniug the 
 vesicles in the mouth with a knife or lancet. If matter forms in the 
 neigliborhood of the hoofs all detached ])ortions should be carefully 
 removed and the parts dressed daily with a mixture compounded as 
 follows : 
 
 Take of tincture of myrrli 2 ounces. 
 
 Butter of antimony 1 ounce. 
 
 This should be mixed and applied to eacli sore by means of a feather 
 or piece of tow placed upon a stick. If weakness supervenes, diffusible 
 stimulants, such as ammonia, brandy, &c., must be given, in which a 
 little g'iuger and gentian should be mixed. When the febrile symptoms 
 prevail, small doses of the sulphate or nitrate of potash are usefully 
 combined with, tonics in the following proportions : 
 
 Take of sulplfate or nitrate of potash | ounce. 
 
 Sulphate of iron a drachms. 
 
 Ginger - ..- -J- ounce. 
 
 Gentian ^ ounce. 
 
 Mix and give daily or twice a day, morning and evening, according to 
 circumstances, in either porter or ale. 
 
 Maturation of abscesses should be promoted by the use of hot water, 
 poultices, blisters, &c., and all suppurating surfaces should be kept 
 clean by the use of such dressings as the following : 
 
 Take of chloride or zinc 2 drachms. 
 
 Tincture of myrrh 1 ounce. 
 
 Water i , 1 pint. . 
 
 Or the following: 
 
 Take of crystallized carbolic acid ^ ounce. 
 
 Glycerine Bounces. 
 
 Dissolve this, and add — 
 
 Tincture of myrrh 1 ounce. 
 
 Water 1 pint. 
 
 As a diet hay tea should be liberally provided as soon as the animal 
 is able to take nourishment. Mashes of barley, malt, oats, with, a little 
 linseed to promote the proper action of the bowels are of absolute neces- 
 sity. Green clover, grass, carrots, swedes, &c., or any other food easy 
 of digestion, are recommended. Overloading the stomach, however, 
 should be carefully avoided. 
 
 Cleanliness, good dry beds with, proper ventilation of buildings, are 
 necessary requisites. In order to protect the spaces between the digits 
 from irritation, which frequently occurs from the insinuation of straws, 
 dirt, &c., the feet should be bound up after proper dressing, by insert- 
 ing a rag between the claws and fastening it above the coronets. In 
 cases of affection of the udder, when the abstraction of milk is difli- 
 (iiilt and painful, the teat siphon should be used for emptying the gland. 
 After the udder is relieved, the following solution may bo injected with 
 a glass syringe in order to neutralize the acidity consequent upon the 
 morbid action within : 
 
 Take of carbonate of soda or potash i drachm. 
 
 Water 8 ounrrs. 
 
 19 C D 
 
290 COiSfTAGIOUS DISEASES OF L>OMKSTICATi;iJ AJNliMAi.«. 
 
 Mix and thoroiiglily dissolve this solutiou before using ; one or two 
 iujectious for each teat will be found sufficient. 
 
 If the udder is much inflamed, common elder ointment rubbed upon 
 the outside is recommended. The extract of belladonna is also regarded 
 as an efficient remedy. The following compound is given : 
 
 Talvcof extract of belladonna 1 ounce. 
 
 Hogs lard - 6 ounces. 
 
 Mix by means of a spatula, and anoint the parts daily with as duicJi 
 friction as can be borne by the animal ; indurations may be treated after 
 wards by iodine or mercural ointment. i 
 
 As the symptoms of this disease are principally of an outward char- 
 acter and can be readily identified, it is not deemed necessary to give 
 the appearances of the lesions as shown in post-mortem examinations. 
 
INVESTIGATION OF TEXAS CATTLE FEVER. 
 
 Report of Dr. H. J. Detiucis. 
 
 Hon. William G. Le Duo, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 
 Sir : In the following pages I have the honor to lay before you my 
 observations in regard to so-called Texas fever, of which a few cases 
 (seven in all) occurred in September and October among the town cows 
 in Champaign, Champaign county, Illinois. As my opportunities to study 
 the disease by personal observation were limited to only four cases out of 
 the seven, I shall restrict myself to merely reporting the facts as I found 
 them, and shall not offer any conclusions arrived at. Neither do I intend 
 to make an attempt to cover the insufficiency of my own experience by 
 drawing plausible deductions from the experience and observations of 
 others, published in former reports of the Department of Agriculture, in 
 the report of the Cattle Commissioners on Texas Fever in 1S68, and in 
 other reports, divers pamphlets, periodicals, &c., accessible to me or in my 
 possession. Such deductions can be made in the study with a library 
 at one's back, and do not require any actual investigation, but are after 
 all mere opinions, and not facts. 
 
 On September 3, 1 learned that two town cows had died of thedisease 
 generally known in the West as Texas fever, in that part of the south- 
 ern portfou of the city of Champaign which is situated immediately 
 west of the track and the cattle pens of the Illinois Central Eailroad, 
 Chicago bcanch. Going over there and inquiring further, I found a cow 
 diseased with Texas fever in Patrick Monahan's stable, a few rods from 
 the railroad cattle pens. The diseased animal was a youn g red cow of com- 
 mon breed, and in very good condition as to flesh, but already thin and 
 gaunt in the flanks. She had shown plain symptoms of disease — had 
 j)assed red urine — since the morning of September 2. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal was lying down in an unnatural position, the 
 horns resting against the manger. The muzzle dry and moderate! y hot; 
 horns rather cold, and of changeable temperature ; visible mucous mem- 
 branes pale ; breathing laborious ; excrements thin and voided in very 
 small quantities ; urine, which was passed quite otten, and at brief in- 
 tervals, of a deep red-brown color. The animal showed great indiffer- 
 ence to surroundings, but was very restless ; she tried several times to 
 get up, and though apparently not lacking muscular strength, did not 
 seem to have sufficient control over her motary apparatus, and several 
 times broke down in the attempt, and then made no effort to correct the 
 unnatural position in which she sank down. Finally she succeeded and 
 got on her legs, soon to break down again, after she had staggered a 
 few steps and passed water, when her want of control over the volun- 
 tary muscles became still more apparent. 
 
 September 4. — The cow died at 4 o'clock a. m., and the j^ost-moriem ex- 
 amination was made at 10 o'clock a. m., or about six hours after death. 
 
 991 
 
292 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 MorUd c/tftHf/es— Externally nothing remarkable except that the mus- 
 cles presented a bloodless appearance similar to those of a slaughtered 
 animal after the skin had been taken off'. On cutting the axillary artery 
 and vein and remodug the shoulder, so as to give better access to the 
 chest, only a drop or two of pale blood, mostly serum, flowed off. In- 
 ternally, the lungs healthy, and no morbid changes in any organ of the 
 chest, except a considerable quantity of reddish serum in the pericardium . 
 In the abdominal cavity, the liver considerably enlarged and presenting 
 an abnormally dark color; the spleen over four times its normal size, 
 and on cutting into it, an almost black and grumous-looking substance 
 (blood) oozed out; numerous ecchymoses in the large intestines ; kid- 
 neys dark and congested, presenting extravasations of blood; bladder 
 full of dark-brown urine, which, although perfectly clear and transpar- 
 ent, proved to contain, when subjected by Professor Weber, of the Illi- 
 nois Industrial University, and myself to chemical tests, large quantities 
 of albumen. 
 
 On September 6, late in the evening, I received word from Mr. Mon- 
 aban that his other cow had passed red-colored urine on Sunday. I went 
 over and found the cow, a large red-and-white milch cow, hea-vy with calf, 
 in good condition as to flesh , lying in a perfectly natural position in an aUey 
 near Monahan's house. The cow, when approached, arose and stretched 
 lierself, and when a dog came along she attacked and drove him off. Her 
 muzzle was moist and cold, and no symptoms of disease could be observed ; 
 still it must be stated that the night was rather dark, and the light given 
 by the lanterij used was dim and flickering. Being unable to go to Mon- 
 ahan's the next day, and not considering the cow very sick, I went there 
 on September 8, at 10 o'clock a. m., and found her in the stable lying 
 down with the hind quarters in an unnatural position, ahnost doubled up. 
 Visible mucous membranes pale ; muzzle dry ; horns and extremities 
 cold ; temperature in rectum 101° F. The animal appeared to be indif- 
 ferent to surroundings, but was not as restless as the first cow. Made 
 another visit in the afternoon and found her lying down in a more natu- 
 ral position. She had just been drenched by the owner with Some mix- 
 ture or decoction, a part of which, it seems, had passed down the wind- 
 pipe into the lungs ; at least the animal repeatedly coughed as if some- 
 thing of that kind, had happened. The urine, flowing off in my presence, 
 was of a dark-red color, but perfectly clear, uniform in color, and with- 
 out any perceptible sediment. 
 
 September 9. — The cow died at about 4 o'clock a. m., and the post-mortem 
 examination was made at 8 o'clock a. m. When the skin was taken off, 
 the flesh was not quite so destitue of blood as that of the first cow, which 
 died September 4, but was also nearly bloodless, and resembled that of 
 a butchered animal. A few drops of blood were collected from the , 
 jugularis when the head was cut off. 
 
 Internal morUd changes.— The lungs large, not collapsed, somewhat 
 congested, and in the tip of one lobe some incipient hepatization, due 
 undoubtedly to the fact that medicine had been poured down the wind- 
 pipe into the lungs. The owner admitted that the cow had been drenched 
 several times since she showed the first symptoms of disease, and that 
 nearly every drenching had been followed by a violent fit of coughing. 
 The heart, and everything else in the chest, was found normal. In the 
 abdominal cavity tlie spleen considerably enlarged (see photograpli, 
 plate I), but not near as large as in the other cow. Purplish-black 
 blood oozed from a small cut (presented in photograph), the same or 
 similar in appearance as that of the spleen of the first cow. The liver 
 about three times its natural size, and exceedinglv heavy and brittle • 
 
TEXAS CATTLE FEVER. 
 
 Report CoTn.Tn.is si orLCT o£ A^xicxclt-uire fox 1880. Plate I. 
 
 txi-estig'atioTis "byDr.H, J.Del i iiei-s 
 
 S-pleejL of Aiiijixal: affected -ivitK Tesias Cattle Te^-er 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 293 
 
 gall- bladder very large aud full of bile ; congestions and erosions in the 
 tburth stomach ; kidneys congested, but not otherwise of abnormal ap- 
 pearance, and the urine, of which the bladder contained a large quan- 
 tity, of a red-brown color, but perfectly clear and transparent. The at- 
 tack of this cow had been decidedly milder than that of the former; her 
 sickness lasted one day longer before becoming fatal, and death proba- 
 bly would have ensued still later if no medicines had been "iioured into 
 the lungs. 
 
 September 10. — Eeceived word that another cow, belonging to Mrs. 
 Harris, who lives in the same neighborhobd with Mr. Monahan, had 
 become affected. I went there at 9 o'clock a. m., and found a fine large 
 cow in the last or paralytic unconscious stage of Texas fever. The head 
 was swelled, the eyes almost closed ; the surface of the body rather cold 
 to the touch, and the temperature in the rectum lOOo.G F. The muzsle 
 was dry and the visible mucous membranes very pale. Some dung, 
 which had passed a few minutes before my arrival, was dark-colored 
 and mixed with streaks of blood. The cow was lying down in an awk- 
 ward and rather unnatural position and unable to rise. Called again 
 at 1 o'clock p. m., and found the animal dead ; she had died a few min- 
 utes previous. 
 
 Post-mortem examination was made about one hour after death, or 
 immediately after the cow had been hauled out of the city limits to a 
 piece of ground belonging to Mrs. Harris. 
 
 Morbid changes. — Externally a few bruises on the left side of the body ; 
 the meat bloodless, as in Monahan's cows, and presenting an appear- 
 ance of death caused by bleeding. Internally, all organs in the chest 
 healthy. In the abdominal cavity, the liver enlarged, of a deep ma- 
 hogany color and gorged with blood ; the gall bladder large and full of 
 bile ; the spleen about three times its natural size and full of dark-col- 
 ored blood ; the third stomach impacted with dry food aud presenting 
 the appearance of a hard and solid body ; ecchymoses and congestion 
 in the fourth stomach and large intestines ; the kidneys congested and 
 the urine bladder containing a large quantity of brownish-colored but 
 transparent urine, which, like the urine of the two cows of Mr. Mona- 
 han, proved to consist largely of albumen. 
 
 October 3. — Learned in the morning that another cow, belonging to 
 Mr. Kitschener, who lives next to Mr. Monahan, died of Texas fever. I 
 went there at 9 o'clock a. m., and found a two-year-old heifer, in a first- 
 rate condition as to flesh, lying dead in the corner of an empty lot, to 
 which the carcass had been removed by Mr. Eitscheuer. The post-mor- 
 tem examination was made immediately. The carcass was very fat, and 
 the flesh, where not already decomposing, presented the clean and blood- 
 less appearance of the meat of a butchered animal. 
 
 Internal morbid changes. — None in the chest ; the liver much enlarged, 
 gorged with dark-colored blood and very brittle ; the spleen also two 
 or three times its normal size, and when cut into a blackish, grumous- 
 looking, and very offensive-smelling fluid (decomposing blood) oozed out; 
 kidneys somewhat enlarged but flabby and lacking that solid appearance 
 of those organs when healthy. The urine bladder was found empty, but a 
 reddish-colored urine dripped off out of the vulva while the skin was 
 being taken off. As the animal had been dead nearly twenty hours, 
 according to Mr. E., the intestines were in a state of decomposition, and 
 therefore not opened. The third stomach, however, was not impacted, 
 and no morbid changes of any consequence were externally visible, or 
 if existing were hid by putrefaction changes. It should be mentioned 
 that some serum was found in the pericardium and in the abdominal 
 cavity. 
 
294: CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 THE OEIGIN OF THE OUTBKEAK. 
 
 Seveu town cows died, all of which were owned by people living in the 
 immediate neighborhood of the cattle pens of the Illinois Central Eail- 
 road. The first cow that died belonged to Mr. Crockett; she was taken 
 sick on August 28, and died, as I have been informed, on August 31. 
 The second; which belonged to Mr. Eitschener, took sick on August 31 and 
 died September 2. Mr. Monahan's red cow, the first one examined, 
 and the third one that died, showed the first symptoms of disease on 
 September 2, and died, as above stated, on September 4, early in the 
 morning. Mr. Monahan's red-and-white cow, the second one that was 
 examined, was the fourth that died, and was sick four days; she died, as 
 stated, early in the morning September 9. Mrs. Harris' cow, which died 
 September 10, was the third one examined and the fifth one that died, after 
 having been sick two days. A cow belonging to a tailor whose name I 
 neglected to take was the sixth, and died in the latter part of Septem- 
 ber, after having been sick two days. Mr. Eitschener's heifer, which 
 died October 2, was the fourth animal examined, and the seventh and 
 last one that died ; she was sick about two days according to the in- 
 formation received. All these animals, together with a very old cow 
 which belongs to Mr. Monahan, and is the dam of the red-and-white cow, 
 the second one examined, had been seen in the cattle pens of the Illi- 
 nois Central Eailroad, which, as a rule, were always open when not 
 occupied till September 7, and contained some old straw, &c., and some 
 manure left there by cattle which had been shipped or unloaded from 
 the cars. It was fiirtherascertained that some time in July or August — 
 I was not able to learn the exact date, for nobody seemed to know or be 
 willing to tell the same — a car loaded with Texan cattle on it's way to 
 Chicago, broke down at Champaign, or at any rate became so damaged 
 as to necessitate the unloading of the cattle at the cattle pens; and the 
 owners of the town cows which died, and others living in close proximity 
 to the cattle pens claim that that car load of Texan cattle contained 
 one diseased cow. This is all that could be learned of the source of the 
 outbreak. If compared with what is known about the peculiarities of 
 Texas fever, comment will not be necessary. It may be said, however, ' 
 that of all the town cows that were seen in the open cattle pens of the 
 Illinois Central Eailroad, only one, Monahan's old cow, did not contract 
 the disease, while all others became infected and died. 
 
 As nothing definite could be ascertained regarding the exact date at 
 which the Texas cattle were unloaded, and as the cows visited the cat- 
 tle pens undoubtedly oftener than once, nothing can be said in regard 
 to the length of the period of incubation. Only this much is certain, 
 that Mr. Eitschener's heifer which died October 2, and the cow which 
 belonged to the tailor and died in the latter part of September did not 
 become mfected after September 7, because after that date the cattle 
 pens were kept locked. 
 
 ESPEEIMENTS. 
 
 As only seven cows became diseased and died, and as only three of 
 those seven were examined during life and four after death— the other 
 cases did not come to my knowledge until after the carcasses were 
 buried— and further, as the cold season was close at hand, I had not 
 much chance to make experiments, except by feeding some of my ex- 
 perimental pigs (kept for experimentation with swineplague) with some 
 of the morbid tissues of the dead cattle. I repeatedly gave large pieces 
 of liver, spleen, kidneys, &c., to two of the pigs, but particulariy to ex- 
 
CONTAaiOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 295 
 
 PQi") mental pig No. 3, a healthy sow pig about ton or eleven mouths old. 
 She received large jiieces of liver, spleen, and kidney on September 5, 
 0, and 10, and October 3. She greedily devoured them iu my iircscMice, 
 but her health was ncA^er disturbed, and uj) to date nothing has hap- 
 pened. 
 
 MICBOSCOI'IC INVESTIGATION. 
 
 1. The blood and blood serum of Monahari's red cow, wldch died Septem- 
 ber 4. 
 
 a. The blood of the spleen examined September 4, while yet perfectly 
 fresh, and without any fetid or putrid smell whatever, presented the fol- 
 lowing: All red blood corpuscles apparently normal; a few white blood 
 corpuscles and numerous micrococci, single and united in very large 
 zoogloea, but no rod-shaped forms of schizophytte (bacteria or bacilli). 
 
 b. The serum of blood which oozed out of the liver on an incision 
 contained no blood corpuscles whatever, notwithstanding its blood-red 
 color, but numerous very large rod-shaped schizophytse of the genus 
 BadSWus (see drawing ISTo. I), and a great many micrococci. The bacilli 
 plainly jointed, forming joints while observed under the microscope; on. 
 some of those in motion flagella could be seen, provided the motion was 
 not too rapid. The serum contained also epithelium cells, and numer- 
 ous large zoogloea' (not represented in the drawing). An hour later all 
 the large rod-shaped forms [bacilli) in motion, and the flagella seen on 
 many of them. All seem to have a slight reddish tinge even if accu- 
 rately focused. 
 
 A third examination was made on September 5, after the blood of 
 the liver, which had been kept in a so-called homeopathic vial, had 
 become slightly putrid, but- no Bacteria termo could be found. 
 
 The urine of the same cow obtained on September 3, while the animal 
 was yet alive, and examined one hour after it had been passed, con- 
 tained a few blood corpuscles and numerous large bacilli. 
 
 2. Mr. Mona^ian^s red and white cow, which died early on the morning of 
 September 9. 
 
 a. The blood of the spleen, that Is, such as oozed out when that 
 organ was cut into (the cut is shown in colored photograph of Plate I), 
 was dark colored, somewhat thick, and of a.grumous appearance. Ex- 
 amined microscopically on the same day, it presented an immense num- 
 ber of normal red blood corpuscles, comparatively few white cells, and 
 numerous micrococci. Diluted with distilled water, very large zoogloea 
 masses, and numerous micrococci, which had been hid from view by the 
 dense mass of blood discs, covering the whole field, became visible. 
 
 b. The blood taken from the jugularis, and examined the same day, 
 presented the blood corpuscles, at least most of them, more or less cre- 
 nated, and contained zoogloea masses and many micrococci [cf. drawing 
 No. Ill, a). 
 
 c. The blood of the liver, which oozed out when that organ was cut 
 into pieces, was also examined the same day, and found to conta;in 
 normal blood cells and numerous micrococci. Drawing No. Ill, b, rep- 
 resents its appearance when examined next day. 
 
 3. The blood and urine of Mrs. Harris^ cow. 
 
 a. The blood of the posterior vena cava, caught directly from that 
 
 vessel in a small so-called homeopathic vial at the time the 2)ost mortem 
 
 txamination was made, contained — examined under the microscope on 
 
 ttivsame day — crenated blood corpuscles and numerous micrococci {cf. 
 
 <!j"aving No. IV). 
 
 b. I)he blood of the liver, obtained by cutting into that organ, and 
 
'296 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 examined at the same time (September 10), contained crenated Mood 
 corpuscles, immense numbers of micrococci, and zooglcea masses (c/. 
 (lra\ving No. V). 
 
 c. Blood of the spleen, such as oozed out of that organ when an incis- 
 ion was made, contained most of the red blood corpuscles normal, some 
 crenated, a great many white cells, and numerous micrococci and zoog- 
 Iffia masses. 
 
 d. The urine taken from the urine bladder, when examined in the 
 evening (September 10), contained a few blood corpuscles and some 
 micrococci, but no zooglcea. 
 
 e. The blood of the liver, examined September 11 at IL o'clock a. m.— 
 The blood corpuscles the same as on September 10, the micrococci very 
 numerous, and averaging three or four to one blood corpuscle. A few 
 bacteria, apparently Bacterium termo, have made their appearance 5 on an 
 average, one is seen in every third field. Zooglcea masses, the same as 
 on thfe evening of September 10, and also a few long, straight, and very 
 thin forms of schizophytse, resembling or identical with Bacillus suhtilis, 
 as described and drawn by Cohn, and very much thinner than those 
 found in the blood of the liver of Monahan's cow No. 1. The same, 
 magnified about 925 diameters, appeared to be from one-sixth to one- 
 half an inch in length. 
 
 /. The blood of the vena cava, posterior of Mrs. " Harris' cow, ex- 
 amined again September 14. (It had been kept in a new and clean 
 vial, closed with a new and clean cork.) It contained numerous large 
 hacilK, similar in appearance, but not quite so long as those found in the 
 blood of the liver of Mr. Monahan's cow (see drawing No. I), but only 
 a few micrococci. The blood had become slightly putrid, but did not 
 smell very offensive. The hacilli showed less motion than those found 
 in the liver of Monahan's cow, and I am not prepared to decide whether 
 they were the same or not. No blood corpuscles could be found (see 
 drawing No. VI). Examined once more the urine of Monahan's cow 
 No. 2, and found the same full of Bacteria termo, single and moving, and 
 in zooglcea, while the urine of Mrs. Harris' cow, also examined again, 
 contained rod-shaped forms resembling Bacillus subtilis, a few Bacteria 
 termo, but no zooglcea. 
 
 A final examination of samples of blood of Monahan's cow No. 2 and 
 of Mrs. Harris' cow was made on September 15. The blood of the 
 spleen of the former animal contained immense numbers of Bacteria termo, 
 single and moving, and in zooglcea, while only a few of the large bacilli, 
 seen before, and only a few remnants of blood corpuscles could be found. 
 Of the large bacilli, not more than an average of two in three fields 
 could be seen ; the blood corpuscles, it seems, must have become dis- 
 solved ; the remnants yet existing presented a granulated appearance. 
 The blood of Mrs. Harris' cow exhibited nearly the same features as at 
 the last examination on the 14th, except that, besides the large bacilli, 
 it contained quite a number of lively, trembling Bacteria termo, and had 
 become more putrid. 
 
 4. The blood of Mr. Eitscliener'>s heifer.— On October 3, when making 
 the post-mortem examination of this animal, I took some blood from the 
 posterior vena cava, some serum from the pericardium, pieces of liver and 
 of the kidneys, and some of the pulp of the spleen for microscopic ex- 
 amination. All these substances contained large bacilli evidently 
 identical with those forms in the blood of the liver of Monahan's co' 
 No. 1, and afforded me a chance to observe by continued and repeated 
 examinations nearly the whole cycle of metamorphoses necessary tothe 
 development of the iaciiit— multiplying by fission and propagating 
 
RepoTt CoTrLTn.issioTi.ex of AgTicxcltxcre fox 1880. 
 
 TEXAS CATTLE FEVER. 
 
 Microscopic ITL-^^esti^ atioxts "by X)t. H. J.Detm-exs . Plate I. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Bacteida xn. tKe liveT- of a co-vr tlxat cLie<l 
 of Teacas IPerrGT - x 92 5 l±n.e aT . 
 OTsjectxv-e : ToTle's Vio Ixottuo^ . inun-errsioTL 
 Eyepiece -. Beclc'a laT-ge "IB " 4, 9 , 80 . 
 
 w. ^ 
 
 Blooi froTn. jjoaterioi? -vena, ctcva of 
 ^fr . Hanri a ' c ow . 
 1, 1, 1, M:icxococcd, , 6 to UJM'-- 
 
 2,2,"Blooa. cells , 3 ££bT-i:n. - x 787. 
 Olajeotive : HaTtTuack's ^Ao.Itxl. 
 Eyepiece: Beclc's A. 7 P.'M:., 10, 9, 80. 
 
 IT. 
 
 V. 
 
 Ba_ct©T-ia an.d. "blooi corpxcaolea as seerL 
 ±rL tT\©' TxrlTie of a oo"w lil s e as e cL "wltJi. Te3ca,8 
 Y&verv ,~i2 l\oxcra eifter 6.eai3T.. x. 925 lirLear- 
 Olljeotiv-e ; ToUe's '**'io It-Ottlo^. i:frLm.©rsloTL 
 Eyepiece ; Beet's laTge ''B" Ttrixe : 3, 9, 80. 
 ■•— ' IvIo^^TLTi.^ xerpidly . 
 
 Blooi fTOTTL tKe livoT of Mr. Harris ' co^v. 
 x: 92 5 . 0"bj©ctlv-e : ToILe's Vio XoTrrL. tttl. 
 Eyepiece -. Beet's B . "MicTooooci . 
 Ti3TLe t 8 T'.M:.,10, 9, 80. 
 
 HI a. 
 
 
 
 
 Blood fronxtKe JTJi^TjleLris of "MoTto^iaTL's 
 co-w iTo- S'. X 925 -. X)T>jeotive : ToUe'B ¥u) "horn, 
 im.. Eyepiece Bedk's "B :' Tiiiu! ; 9,9,80. 
 
 UI^. 
 
 Blooi from. Ili.e liver o£ "Mr . MotvoTisjl's covt 
 Vcy. 2 . X 787 . 01>jeoti-ve ; HartTiaolc'a ^o -water 
 on.. Eyepiece; A. 10, A.lvt., 10 , 9, 80 . 
 
 Bacteria in. tTxe Talooi of "M?r. Harris' co-w, 
 talceTx. frojTL €Ke "vexLa cav^a posteTdor . 
 
 1, LeTi.i^tKllyif ; tlvicloxesB 1, 9JW": 
 
 2, LeTLdtK 8. 5^^; t>d.cltm_eBs \,^. x9251m.eaT. 
 O'bjecti've : ToHe'a Vio Ixonao ^ems axza Ittl. 
 Eyepiece : Beck's B. Tixn.© ■. 14, 9, 80. 
 Fla-deHa see3-L only otl tKoae- iTLitLotioTL. 
 "Moat of th-e liacteria Ir^-dvccLed. a'bo'N''e 
 ^Toirp 3 :nn.otiOTL lea s , ox jilovItx^ aH^lLtly. 
 4- Le^i-gth., 7 Tf'; 
 
 5 , - LejLgtlx, 7. 2_yH". Itfo "blood. coT'pxcsoles, 
 
 AHoeiul Co JiaiDcaustic.Baltimort 
 
RepoTt CoTn.Tn.is si OTLer o£ Agxio-LcltTxre fox 1880. 
 
 TEXAS CATTLE FEVER. 
 
 MioToscopic Invest!^ a tioxLs "by Dt. H. J.Detin_exs . Plate K. 
 
 VII. 
 
 
 
 A.— BXo o 3. frOTiu 13-1.6 -veTxa. obovbl ^josteriox of IvCr. TRxtsGh.ein.ex's ccrw", 
 e3:atn:viTi.e ^ OTi-e Tl.o-uii' after- -Otlg jDOat TCLorcterm. ©Jca.3iLi:rL a td oti. at XO A.li^r. 
 3. XO . 80. >c 925. O"bjeotive ; ToTLe's ^'lo Ixootlo 6e3T.©o-u:s ixmrn-ex- sIo^t. . 
 Ey ejji.e oc ; IBeot's IB ■ 
 l.,l.,T., ^ aciXLi. , X^ BaciXLxcs -w-itli. ^ladbn-XT" "vrLsilDle fla-^eTLa. aTL3_ TrLO-v-in_6 ■ 
 
 2, Die-LXLte^T?at-m.^ ~bT_oo3_ coxpicsde . 
 
 3 , ThLslTL'te^Teftei "blood_ o OT-p-uiecle . 
 
 -i, DetcitTxa . 
 A.-v-eT*a.ge TeTL^tK of "baoiH-uis -jo±rLts 8, 25 A€., ■^a.i;y-ijr\.S fx-oju. 5^3C,-to 9,1.5yW". 
 
 B . ~ ~Verny ~Lot}.<S TaacxlX-ijis - dJA-airi-s xTTLb © d.3.e cL iru a xn.aaa o£ d.iai'Tvt©^Ta-te3_ 
 err coTlajasiTLfi "bloo 6_ coi^-uca die s o£ tJi.e "bToo cL ot ^D-url'p of -Q-l© spleeTL 
 
 ftf ~\-fT- , " R-it. Kflht ^ -n ff-r- ' 3 c CTViT ■ 
 
 SazrcLS ti^xLe , etm-plific atioTx , objective aji.^ eyepiece as a"b o-^-^e . 
 
 C. Blood. fxoTTL t3i.e l±v:eT' of saTn.e co^w- ■■ "bacilli aTLd. coTLajDslTLg 
 "blood, c OTTp-Lcs cle s . Sajrue tiixLe axud. axcLpHfioatioxL . 
 a, jolTLt llyVT loTu6 saxd- ajrpaxeTLtlx ^TO-w^irLg . 
 
 A.Ho6rLS:Co.Li3iDceniBtic "BaltunoT 
 
Tiepoxt CojxLTrLissiOTi.e-r of A^xicxtlt-iiTe fox' 1880. 
 
 TEXAS CATTLE FEVER. 
 
 MicToscopic IxLA^estig ationxs by Da^, Il.J.Detiiiovs . Plaielll. 
 
 vnr. 
 
 At 12 3.0 p; 
 
 At 12 'id:. / c:i^i:ii::>: 
 
 A.-BTood- o£ +>>.e liver of "R-it scl-LeTLei? a c o^v , at 12 TM.,tia,TrLe slid.e 
 as e2C£LTTi_ii"Le cL at TL, A.^I. SetxcLe ecm^33"Lific atioxL? Eyepiece £lti_cL 
 OTajective . iS^ost of tiKe "baoiTLi ( T, 1, ) xixe as"u:-i?e eao>>- joiTi_t Tl^^^f, a.xLcL 
 Iva-ve di-o-vcTu s-bn_ce fxxst e3c:ajm-iTT_a'tioTT_ ; 2,2,2 , ddsixLte ^xatiDT.6 l^loocL aJLcL 
 d.etTit-ic.s . 3, A jolTLt 13_^"Vf lonxd ■ 
 
 c^:^ 
 
 B. IB aclTLi. f^' fKe "bToocL of tKe ^iT^TLa cava, jtosterior of Rxtsdli^eTLeT 's 
 co-vir 03X a slid.e p3?epa,T?e(l at T.0 A. ^f . as f]-i.e^ apj) e a-red_ T-ee^ca^nLXT-Le d. at 
 6 P.TsC. X 925. Olijectxve ToTle's Vio laxLTixeT sIotl axud. Beck's B. 
 X a.TLi X^ aTxa_ 2 aTva_ 2 ^ 0\^e h anixe "baeiHx , 1 ^ axLcL 2 ^ 10 TTLTJirxtte h latex-. 
 3, 3, 3, Helo"b actex^ia . 
 
 K. 
 
 3Cf% 
 
 
 =.(^2 
 
 la =^ ° "X, L /, — ■ 
 
 4, 
 9" I" 
 
 c^n~~ 
 
 BlooO. of Ixealt"}^;^ l>ee£, ol^taixLecL x-n_ a laxLtolxex- - alxo^, as It tippeax-ea 
 aT>o-at 54 Ixoxcrs aftex- aeatH. Es:axn_-i^xe a_ at 8 F'.Tvl.lO, 10, 80 , x: 925. 
 01>j©otxv© : ToUg's ^ lo Ixo-nxo ^ exte otcs ixrYxixef s xoxl ; E^-ep\eo<- ■ ElGcTt's 13.(No.2) 
 1^ CKaixv of BaoxllTXs ^ex-Tixs . 1^ X)oxcble Bacxllxxs spoTt>a xxl process of 
 axvisxoxL. IQ Tlxe saTn_e 2 xaxTLxcte s later . 1^. ClxalxL of d_oxcl)le BacxTLxcs 
 spox-es xXLTJi-ocess of cLx-vL si oxx . 1? TKe s axixe 2xn_xxL^xtes latex. 
 2 y^.BactexxxnTx temi-o . 2"^ ^Pox'tioxx of Zoo^loea XLxass of Bactexiimx lf«rTn.o . 
 2'?.PoxtioTx of vex-j^ cLexLse Z o o ^loe a xivas s of B a o t exxxxtiix texnno. 
 
 1, Blooa_ corpxLScles . -i.BacillxLs ^VLt]x fla^ cUxcttl , BaciHx at i^est . 
 
 A Hoen A C lithiJcaiiHtii; , BaltmuJiT- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 297 
 
 by lastiug spores or helobacteria. All the various changes or forms 
 are faithfully represeuted in the drawings E'o. VII, a, h, and c, and 
 No. VIII a and b, and a detailed description may, therefore, be reserved 
 till the true relation of those hacilli to the disease — if any relation is 
 existing and their presence is not accidental — has been determined. I 
 have yet to state that the micrococci found in the blood, &c., of the ani- 
 mals which died of Texas fever, are much larger than those found in 
 swine plague. I have made an attempt to ascertain whether those large 
 haccilli ave characteristic of Texas fever or whether their presence is 
 accidental. As will be remembered they were found only once — soon 
 after death — in blood from the liver of Mr. Monahan's cow ISTo. 1, and 
 in all other cases, not until the animal li?om which the blood was ob- 
 tained had been dead 24 hours. To see, therefore, whether they would 
 also appear in the blood of a healthy bullock, I procured some from a 
 butcher and examined it under a microscope while it was yet fresh or 
 without any perceptible smell, when it had become slightly putrid, 
 and when it was thoroughly putrefied and decomposing. When first 
 examined the animal from which it was obtained had been dead about 
 thirty hours, and nothing abnormal was found except in a few fields one 
 or two Baeterium termo were seen. At the second examination twenty- 
 four hours later — the blood was kept in a warm room— it contained 
 immense numbers Of Bacteria termo, single and in dense zoogloea, and 
 quite a number of bacilli identical in appearance to those found in the 
 blood of Mrs. Harris' cow when examined on September 14, and rep- 
 resented in drawing No. VI, but probably different from, or at any rate 
 smaller (shorter and thinner), than those found in the blood of Mona- 
 han's cow No. 1 (drawing No. I) and in the blood of Eitschener's heifer 
 (drawings No. VII, «, b, c, and VIII, a and b). Whether the same, not- 
 withstanding, are all identical or not I am not yet prepared to decide, 
 and if they are it is not impossible in spite of all the precautions taken 
 that the blood of the healthy bullock may have become invaded by ba- 
 cillus spores in my room, when the vial was opened for a moment to 
 obtain some of its contents for the first examination twenty-four hours 
 before the bacilli were found. 
 
 Some of the solid tissues morbidly affected, such as the Uver, spleen, 
 kidneys, &c., have also been subjected to microscopic examination, but 
 as I expect to get good microphotographs from the slides prepared I will 
 not now give a detailed description. 
 
 EespectfuUy submitted. 
 
 H. J. DETMEES. 
 
 Chicago, III., December 20, 1880. 
 
 
ON THE ETIOLOGY OF CHARBON. 
 
 Eecent French publications contain the results of many important 
 experiments relating to the cause and the manner of the transmission 
 of contagious diseases among domesticated animals. One of the most 
 deadly diseases of cattle and sheep is the affection called eharbon. Most 
 of the departments of France have suffered severely from the ravages of 
 this disease. There are a number of these departments where the losses 
 annually reach into millions, as, for instance, in the department of Eure- 
 et-Loir. Among the many flocks of sheep raised, there is possibly not 
 one that is not attacked each year. Farmers consider themselves fortu- 
 nate and give no further attention to the disease when the number of 
 deaths do not exceed 2 or 3 per cent, of the total number of animals in 
 their flocks. This scourge is known to all countries. It is sometimes so 
 disastrous in Eussia that it is called the Siberian pest. The Journal 
 W Agriculture Pratique of France, of recent date, contains a paper read by 
 M. Pasteur before the Academy of Sciences on the subject of this deadly 
 malady, and the discussions which followed. M. Pasteur said : 
 
 Whence comes this disease? How is it propagated? Is itnotpossiblethafc an exact 
 knowledge of its etiology may lead to prophylactic measures which may he easily ap- 
 plied and suited for rapidly extinguishing this redoubtable disease ? These are the 
 questions I have proposed to solve, and for this purpose I have secured the co-opera- 
 tion of two zealous young observers, M. M. Chamberland andEoux, as enthusiastic as 
 I with regard to the great questions raised by the study of contagious diseases. 
 
 It has long been believed that charhon arose spontaneously under the influence of 
 different occasional causes. Nature of soils, water, forage, mode of breeding and fat- 
 tening have all been invoked to explainits spontaneous existence, but since the labors 
 of Davaine and Delaford in France, of Pollender and de BiraiSell in Germany, have called 
 attention to the presence of a microscopic parasite in the blood of animals dead from 
 this disease ; since rigorous research has victoriously oombatted the doctrine of the 
 spontaneous generation of microscopic beings ; and, finally, since the effects of the 
 principal fermentations have been ascribed to microbes, we have gradually become 
 accustomed to the idea that animals attacked by eharbon may take the germs of the 
 parasite from the external world, without there being a spontaneous birth, properly 
 so-caUed, of this affection. This opinion was still further coniirmed when Dr. Koch, 
 of Breslau, m 1876, demonstrated that bacteridium, under the form of vibriones or ba- 
 cillus, may be resolved into germ corpuscles or spores. 
 
 Two years ago I had the honor to submit to the minister of agriculture and to the 
 president of the council general of Eure-et^Loir a plan for researches upon the etiology 
 of eharbon, which they promptly accepted. I also had the good fortune to find iuM. 
 Manoui-y, mayor of the little village of Saint Germain, afew Icagries from Chartres, an 
 intelligent agriculturist, who kindly tendered mo the use of a small flock of sheep upon 
 his farm, under the conditions of folding usually followed in Beance. Besides, the 
 director of agriculture obligingly placed at our disposition two apprenticed shepherds 
 from the EambouiUet school to superintend and feed the animals. 
 
 The experiments commenced in the iirst days of August, 1878. They at first con- 
 sisted of feeding certain lots of sheep with luzerne, which was sprinkled with artificial 
 cultures of charbonnosis bacteridia, charged with the parasite and its o-ernis. With- 
 out entering into details, that will find place elsewhere, I shall sum up°in this follow- 
 ing points our primary results: 
 
 Notwithstanding the immense number of spores of bacteridia ingested by all the 
 sheep of the same lot, many of them escaped death, often after having visibly dis- 
 eaaed, others in smaller numbers died with all thesyptoms of spontaneous eharbon, and 
 after a varying time of mcnb.-ition of the disease which lasted from eight to ten d.iys: 
 yet in the latter days of life the disease assumes those almost startling characters fre- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 299 
 
 qnwitly lii'mu-ibeil by olisei'vers, and wliicli have led to belief in an inculjiiliuji of 
 slioi't duration.* 
 
 The mortality is inoreiiNcd by mixing with tlie tainted food, sharp ohjecls, egjio- 
 cially the pointed extromities of the dried leaves of tJu8tlc, and the barbs of barley 
 heads cut into fragments about half an inch long. 
 
 It is very important to know whether the autopsy of animals dead under these con- 
 ditions exhibit lesions similar to those observed in animals spontaneously dead in 
 stables, or in flocks folded in open air. The lesions in the two cases are identical, and 
 confirm the conclusion that the beginnins of the disrase is in the mouth, or the back 
 part of the throat. Our first determinations of this Iciud were made on August 8th 
 by autopsies executed under our direction by M. Boatet fils, and M. Vinsot, a young 
 veterinary student from the school at Alfort, who assisted us with great zeal through- 
 out the entire duration of the experiments made at Saint Germain. + 
 
 Thenceforth the idea which prevailed in our researches, to determine whether ani- 
 mals spontaneously dead of charbon in tlie department of Eure-et-Loir are infected 
 by spores distributed upon their food, took strong hold in our minds. 
 
 There still remains the possible origin of the germs of bacteridia. If we reject all 
 ideas of the spontaneous generation of the parasite, it is natural first of all to give 
 attention to animals buried in earth. 
 
 The following is what happens every time an animal dies spontaneously of char- 
 bon;. if an establishment (d'equarissage) for skinning and cutting up horses is near, the 
 cadaver is carried to it. If it is too far removed, or the animal has little value, as is 
 the case with sheep, a ditch 1^ to 3 feet deep is made on tlie place in the field where 
 the animal died, or in a fielii near the outbuildings, if it died in the stables, and it ia 
 buried by covering with earth. What happens in the ditch, and may not an oppor- 
 tunity occur here for the dissemination of the germs of the disease ? Many persons 
 reply, no; since it follows from the exact experiments of Dr. Davaine that the ohar- 
 bonnous animal after putrefaction can no longer communicate charbon. Quite recently 
 also numerous experiments have been instituted by one of the learned professors of 
 the AlfOrt school, who is a great partisan of the spontaneity of all diseases. He con- 
 cluded, "That water charged with charbonnous blood, cZ^Jn's de rate, earths obtained 
 by stratifying sand, soil, and manure, with cadavers brought from Chartres, never, 
 (by inoculation) provoked the slightest manifestation of a charbonnous nature" 
 (Cohn, Bulletiu de VAcademie de mMeeine, 1879). But account must here be taken of 
 the difficulties of the research, difficulties which M. Cohn entirely failed to recognize. 
 
 To separate from the soil of a field, and show the evidence of corpuscles of one and 
 two thousandths of a millimeter in diameter, capable of giving charbon to animals, ia 
 a diificult matter. By suitable washings, and profiting by the power of these cor- 
 puscle germs to infect guinea-pigs and rabbits, it would be an easy thing if these char- 
 bonnous parasites were the only ones in the soil ; but the latter contains an infinite 
 multitude of microscopic germs of various species, which, when cultivated in the liv- 
 ing animal, or in races, are injurious to each other.t 
 
 * Communication of the disease by means of food tainted with charbonnous spores, 
 is more difficult in cobayes than in sheep. In numerous experiments we have failed 
 to find an example. In this case the spores were found in the excrements. They are 
 also found intact in the excrements of sheep. 
 
 tAn extraordinary cii'cumstance which occurred in our experiments is worthy of 
 mention: Eight of the experimental sheep were inoculated directly by puncture with 
 the aid of cultures of bacteridia, and some of tliem even with charbonnous blood of 
 a sheep, dead some hours previous, and which was filled with bacteridia. All the 
 slieep were sick, with decided elevation of temperature ; one only, which bad been 
 punctured under the tongue, died. One of the sheep which recovered, had received 
 by the thigh, with a Pravaz syringe, not less than ten drops of charbonnous blood. 
 These facts, pointed out to M. Toussaint, who was at the same time occupied at Char- 
 tres with the study of charbon, and who sometimes assisted at our experiments in the 
 field of Saint Germain, seemed to him so surprising that he could not believe them 
 until he had himself made one of the inoculations. The sheep, like all the others, 
 survived. Chickens which have been fed upon food tainted with the microbes of 
 chicken cholera, when they do not die may be vaccinated. It is therefore reasonable 
 to ask if sheep may not become vaccinated for the charbonnous affection, by previ- 
 ously and gradually subjecting them to meals infected with spores of the parasite. 
 
 tl am strongly led to believe that it is in the infinite quantity of these microscopic 
 germs that must bo sought the true solution of nitrification which MJI. Schloesing 
 and Muntz have so well shown to depend upon a sort of fermentation. One day (it 
 was, if I remember correctly, in the month of July, 1878, when I was very much pre- 
 occupied with .ill the microscopic germs of arable soils) I received a visit from these 
 learned observers. They brought me "lilies" from their nitrifying tubes, affirming 
 that from excellent proofs they had given, something living, existing upon the surfaco 
 of these " Ulles," must be the nitrifying agent; but, they added, wo have carefully exam- 
 
300 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 
 
 I have called the attention of tlie Academy to these struggles for existence hetween 
 mioroscropio beings duriBg the past twenty years ; also that to extract from the soil 
 the charbonnous bact«ridia that it may contain in the state of germ recourse must be 
 had to special methods, often very delicate in their application ; action of air or 
 vacuum changes in the cultural media, influence of more or less elevated tempera- 
 tures, variable with the nature of the different germs, are some of the artifices which 
 must be employed to prevent one germ from masliing the presence of another. All 
 rude methods of research are fatally condemned to impoteucy, and negative results 
 prove nothing, except that in the experimental arrangement employed bacteridia did 
 not appear. The principal argument invoked by the learned professor at Alfort 
 with the support of the negative results of his numerous inoculations is, that charbon 
 disappears in the cadaver of a charbonnous animal as soon as it putrefies. This asser- 
 tion is correct, and it was well known to equarrisseurs* even before Dr. Davaiue gave 
 the confirmation of this fact. I have often heard equarrisseurs, whom I have seen 
 handling charbonnous animals, and whom I warned of the risk they ran, assert that 
 the danger had disappeared when the animals were advanced, and that there was no 
 need for fear, except when they were stiU warm. 
 
 Still, though taken literally, this assertion may be incorrect, it betrays the exist- 
 ence of the fact in question. In a previous work M. Joubert and I gave tse true 
 explanation of this phenomenon. As long as the baoteridium in the filiform condition 
 is deprived of air, maintained in vacuum or in carbonic-acid gas for instance, it tends 
 to become resolved into compact, dead, and inoffensive granulations. Putrefaction 
 places it precisely in condition for decomposition of its tissues. Germ corpuscles, or 
 spores, do not experience this effect, and are preserved, as Dr. Koch was the first to 
 show. Be that as it may, and since the animal at its death contains the parasite 
 only in its filiform condition, it is certain that putrefaction destroys it tliroughout the 
 entire mass. 
 
 ■ If we stop at this opinion, and apply it absolutely to facts of this nature, we have 
 but a partial comprehension of the truth. 
 
 Let us imagine the burial of the cadaver of a cow, horse, or sheep, dead from char- 
 bon. Then even though the animals have not been cut up, is it possible for the blood 
 not to be distributed outside the body to a greater or less extent ? Is it not a common 
 characteristic of this disease for the blood at the time of death to issue from the nos- 
 ,trils and month, and the urine to be frequently bloody? Consequently, and in all 
 cases, as it were, the earth about the cadaver is tainted with the blood. Besides, sev- 
 'eral days must elapse before the bacteridia can be resolved into inoifensive granul atious 
 ■under the protection of gas free from o"xygen set free by putrefaction, and during 
 this time the excessive bleating of the cadaver causes the internal liquids to flow out 
 by all the natural openings when there is no rent in the skin and tissues caused by the 
 enlargement. The blood and other matters thus mixed with the surrounding aerated 
 earth are no longer in the condition of putrefaction, but rather in that of a medium of 
 culture, suited to the formation of germs of bacteridia. 
 
 Let us at once hasten to demand from experiment a confirmation of these precon- 
 ceived views. We have added charbonnous blood to soil sprinkled with yeast water 
 or urine at summer temperatures, and at temperatures which the fermentation of 
 cadavers should maintain about them, as in a manure. In less than twenty-four hours 
 there was a multiplication and resolution into germ corpuscles of the bacteridia 
 transmitted by the blood. These germ corpuscles were afterwards found in their 
 latent living state ready for germination, and suited to the communication of char- 
 bon, not only after months, but even after years of sojourn in the earth. 
 
 But these are only after laboratory experiments. It is now necessary to determine 
 what happens in open field with all the alternations of dryness, moisture, aud culture. 
 In the month of August, 1878, we therefore buried in a garden on the farm of M. 
 Manoury, after having made an autopsy, a sheep spontaneously dead from charbon. 
 
 Ten months, and then fourteen months later, the earth of the grave was collected, 
 and it was easy to determine in it the presence of germ corpuscles of bacteridia, and 
 by inoculation to communicate the charbonnous disease to guinea pigs, and cause 
 their death. Further, and this circumstance is worthy of the greatest attention, this 
 same search was successfully made in the earth of the surface of tlie grave, although 
 
 ined and observed, and we find no microscopic beings. Wee for yourseli'. I examined 
 these biUes, and said to them : ' ' You are right ; there are no microscopic beings, but 
 it swarms with their germs which your waters have deposited, aud these I believe to 
 be your nitrifying agent." In other words, I am led to deny the existence of a special 
 ferment, a being in course of development — they would rather denitrify under this 
 condition— but a physical effect of absorption and transport of oxygen to the elements 
 of ammonia by the innumerable germs in the earth, effect of transport similar to that 
 effected under the influence of mycodema aceti in alcoholic liquids in course of aceti- 
 flcation. 
 •Persons who skin and cut up dead horses. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 301 
 
 in the interval tliis eartliliaii not "been stirred. Finally, experiments were made upon 
 tlie eartli of graves in tlie Jura, in which two cows, dead from charbon in the month 
 of June, ]878, had been buried 2 meters (6.8) deep. Two years later, that is, recently, 
 we collected earth from the surface, aud extracted deposits which readily gave cha'r- 
 bon. In three trials, during this interval of two years, the same earths irom the sur- 
 face of the graves gave charbon. Finally we have recognized that the germs at the 
 surface of earth covering buried animals are found after aU the operations of cul- 
 ture and mowing. These latter experiments we made upon earth of our fields on the 
 farm of M. Manoury. At points removed from the graves, on the contrary, the soil 
 failed to yield charbou. 
 
 I would not be surprised if at this moment doubts of the correctness of the preceding 
 facts arose in the minds of the Academy. "Will earth, which is such a powerful filter, 
 allow the germs of microscopic beings to rise to the surface? 
 
 These doubts may even find support in the results of the experiments that have here- 
 tofore been published by M. Jonbert and myself. We announced that spring-waters 
 which proceed from even very slight depths in the earth are deprived of aU germs to 
 such an extent that they can no longer fertilize liquids which are most susceptible to 
 alteration. Such waters are, however, underneath soils incessantly traversed by rain 
 waters, sometimes for centuries, the effect of which should constantly be to cause the 
 finest particles of superposed earth to descend to these springs. But notwithstanding 
 the proper conditions for becoming tainted, they indefinitely remain perfectly safe, 
 which is a manifest proof that earth of a certain thickuess arrests all solid particles of 
 the most attenuated kind. What a difference in these conditions and the results of the 
 experiments I have just related, since it is a matter of microscopic germs, which, start- 
 ing from considerable depths, rise to the surface, that is in a direction opposite to the 
 flow of rain-waters, and to great heights. There is an enigma here. 
 
 The Academy will be thoroughly surprised by the explanation . It may even be 
 startled by the thought that the theory of germs, scarcely the result of experimental 
 research, should reserve to science and its applications such unexpected revelations. 
 Earth worms ixre the bearers of the germs, and they bring this terrible parasite to the 
 surface of the ground from the depths to which it has been buried. It is in the little 
 cylinders of earth, of fine earthy particles, that the worms excrete and deposit at the 
 surface of the ground after morning dews, or after rains, that are to be found, besides 
 a crowd of other germs, the germs of charbon. The experiment is easily made ; cause 
 the worms to live in earth into which spores of bacteridia have been mixed ; open their 
 bodies a few days later, and extract with all suitable precaution the earthy cylinders 
 filling their intestinal canals, and in these the charbounous spores wiU be found in large 
 numbers. There is every evidence that if the mellow earth of the surface of the graves 
 of charbonnous animals contain germs of charbou, and often in large quantity, these 
 germs come from the disintegration of the little excremeutitious cylinders of the worms 
 by rain. The duct of this disintegrated earth becomes distributed upon plants near 
 the ground, and it is this that animals when folded or penned, and in certain kinds of 
 forage, find the germs of charbon by which they become infected, as in those of our 
 own experiments in which we communicated charbon by directly tainting luzeme. In 
 these results, what openings for thought upon the possible influence of soils in the 
 etiology of diseases, upon the possible danger from the earth of cemeteries, and upon 
 the usefulness of cremation ! 
 
 Will not earth worms bring- to the surface of the ground other germs which would 
 be no less inoffensive to these worms than those of charbon, and yet bearers of diseases 
 affecting animals ? In fact they are constantly filled, and with all kmds, and those 
 of charbon are really always associated with germs of putrefaction and septicsemia. 
 
 And now as to the prophylaxis of the charbonnous disease, is it not naturally indi- 
 cated ? We should endeavor never to bury animals in fields intended for forage crops, 
 or which may serve for folding (orpenning) sheep. Whenever it is possible the ground 
 for burials should be siliceous or sandy; calcareous, but very poor; dry, or easily 
 dried ; in a word little suited to the existence of earth worms. The present eminent 
 director of agriculture, M. Tisserand, recently said to me that charbon is unknown in the 
 savarts of the champagaie. I have no doubt that this should be attributed to the fact 
 that in these poor lands the thickness of the arable soil is only 15 to 20 centimeters (6 
 to 8 inches) covering a bed of chalk, where worms cannot live. 
 
 It is desirable that careful statistics be collected from different countries, from local- 
 ities where charbou prevails, and those where earth worms are found. M. Magne, 
 member of the academy of medicine, assured me that in the Aveyron, the sections 
 where charbon is met with, the soil is argilo-calcareous, and that those where charbon 
 is unknown have schistose or granitic soils. Now I have heard it said that in these 
 latter sections worms live with dilficulty. 
 
 In closing this communication I shall venture to say that if farmers desire it, the 
 charbonnoous disease will soon be only a souvenir for animals, shepherds, butchers, 
 tanners in cities, because charbon and malignant pustule are never spontaneous ; that 
 charbon exists only where it has been deposited, and where the germs have been dis- 
 
302 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Bcmiuatcd with the uucoiiscioiis eoiuplicity of eni-tli worms; that finally, if in any 
 locality the causes which preserve it iiro Bot maintained, it will disappear in a few 
 years. * 
 
 Since 1676, a vevv ahle veterinarian (Petit) demonstrated that the mal de montagne 
 was nothing elso than charbon, a result latoly confirmed in the remartahle administra- 
 tion reports by M. Maret of Sallanche In the Cantal it is well known that these 
 pastures that have been preserved for time immemorial, that there are those wheje the 
 disease prevailed at one time or another; finally, that there are places where cattle 
 are so frequently decimated, and that they are designated under the name of montagnes 
 dangereuses (dangerous mountains), mountains often abandoned without securing the 
 slightest profit from them, at least for several years, says M. Baillet. 
 
 This latter circumstance is worthy of great attention. It proves that the cause of 
 charbon, whatever it may be, disappears with time ; we have had several examples 
 of this in our researches at Beance. M. Bautet, the veterinarian so well known 
 in that country, called our attention to champs maudits (cursed, dreadful, or horrible 
 fields), where proprietors asserted that charbon was the inevitable consequence of 
 folding sheep there, so that folding has been prohibited for some years past, that is, 
 Bince the occurrence of the last deaths upon these fields. Now flocks of sheep were 
 placed upon five or six of these fields and the mortality has been nil, except for one of 
 the flocks in which it was one per cent. 
 
 Later, M. Pasteur presented the following brief paper before the 
 VAcademie des Sciences des I'arin, on the etiology of charbonnons affec- 
 tions : 
 
 In a paper I lately read before the Academy, inrny own name, and that of MM. Cham- 
 berland and Eoux, I presented a collection of results, giving the key to the etiology of 
 charbonnous atjfeotions in countries where this disease is enzootic. To sum up in a 
 few words, a chaTbonnous animal is buried; the parasite causing the disease and 
 filling the blood is propagated in the earth surrounding the cadaver, and is there re- 
 duced to the state of germs. They would be inoffensive if they remained within the 
 earth, but earth worms briiis' them from below to the surface. Then rains and opera- 
 tions of culture distribute them over plants, or, imder favorable circumstances, water 
 carries them to the streams. As a consequence, these germs of disease pass into the 
 bodies of animals, and there develop the infectious parasite. 
 
 , I am strongly desirous of supporting these principles with as many proofe as possible, 
 in order that aU minds, even those most prejudiced in favor of the spontaneity of 
 ! contagious diseases, shall be obliged to accept them. 
 
 ' Two years ago charbonnous epizootic appeared among the cows of a small village 
 in the department of the Jura, which the disease had not visited for a long series of 
 years. It was, in all probability, introduced by a cow coming from the Upper Jura, 
 which was charbonnous, without the knowledge of the butcher who brought it. 
 
 In a slightly inclined field of several hectares, three cows dead from charbon, in the 
 month of June, 1878, had been buried in separate places, six feet deep. The localities 
 of the graves are still perfectly apparent from two physical signs : small crevices found 
 about the earth covfringthe graves limit them as by circles ; besides, weeds grow more 
 thickly upon the graves than in the rest of the field. Finally, it may be noted that at 
 variable intervals of some months we collected either mellow earth or excreta of earth 
 worms from the surface of the graves, and that, in all cases, germs of charbon were 
 found present in them, while at only a few meters from these graves they could not 
 be found. 
 
 How can it be doubted that cows pasturing in this field would become affected with 
 charbon. But, ae everything is worthy of direct proof, we made a small inclosure 
 about one of these graves, and placed four sheep within it. In another similar in- 
 closure in the same field, and ten to twelve feet above the first, where no charbonnous 
 cows had been buried in 1878, we placed four other experimental sheep. The double 
 experiment commenced August 18. On the 25th of August one sheep within the in- 
 closure about the grave dictl from charbon ; the blood was filled with the parasite of (he 
 disease. The other experimental sheep remained perfectly healthy. What a striking 
 demonstration of the theory I have just enunciated, and how evident is the proplay- 
 laxis of the charbonnous affection! 
 
 Permit me, before closing, to make a further statement. I am prompted also with 
 the aid of MM. Chamberland and Roux, to verify the very extraordinary facts re- 
 cently announced to the academy l)y M. Toussaint, professor at the Veterinary School 
 at Toulouse. From numerous experiment*, leaving no room for doubt, I can assure 
 you that the interpretations made by JM. Toussaint are subject to criticism. 
 
 " See the work published by M. Baillet ten years a n-o, upon the pastures of Anver"-ne, 
 which produce what is called in that country uiaZ demoniugni— mountain disease (Mm- 
 oires du ILinisih'e de'V Agriculture, 1870). 
 
CUHTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 303 
 
 Neither do I agree Tvith M. Toussaint upon the identity which he declares to exist 
 hotwecn aouto soptic«Binia, and chicken cholera. These two diseases are entirely 
 different. 
 
 STATEMENT OP M. BOTJLEY. 
 
 Apropos of the preceding note of M. Pasteur, M. Bouley presented 
 tlie following observations': w 
 
 I shall take advantage of the occasion offered hy the oommanication of M. Pasteur 
 to present to the academy some information relative to the experiments now heing 
 made by M. Toussaint. The academy will doubtless recall the fact, that after the 
 opening of the sealed package, in which M. Toussaint described his process for pre- 
 ventive inoculation against charbouj M. Marey having asked how M. Toussaint inter- 
 preted the mode of action of the liquid with which he vaccinated sheep, I replied that 
 in the communication of M. Toussaint there were two questions to be separately con- 
 sidered — tBat of fact and that of interpretation. Upon the latter there could be differ- 
 ences of opinion, but if the other were established, and shown by experiment to be 
 rigorously exact, this would practically be the principal thing; and after all, this 
 question was no clearer than that of the mode of action of vaccine as preventive to 
 variola, but the benefit of its preventive action is none the less on this account. 
 
 Since the primary facts collected by M. Toussaint in his laboratory seem to me to 
 demonstrate that he had succeeded in vaccinating sheep, I asked the minister of ag- 
 lioulture, and received his gracious assent, to authorize M. Toussaint to make a test 
 of his vaccine upon twenty subjects of the Alfort flock. Of the twenty animals sub- 
 mitted to the test, four died in the first four days, and their autopsies showed that the 
 cause thereof was oharbon. It proved that the liquid for vaccination was not desti- 
 tute of baoteridia. M. Toussaint, in presence of this fact, which he learned on his re- 
 turn from Cambridge, stated his reservations at Eheims, before the members of the 
 association for the advancement of science, where the'interpretation admissible by the 
 action of his vaccinating liquid was offered. 
 
 Once acquainted with the process of M. Toussaint, M. Pasteur on his part caused 
 experiments to be made by his colaborers at the noi-mal school (for its verification). He 
 even made some himself in the Jura, and had the delicacy to abstain from all detailed 
 criticism in order to leave to M. Toussaint perfect freedom of action. 
 
 Whatever may have been the nature of the liquid used by M. Toussaint in the pre- 
 ventive inoculation of charbon, I consider t*iat the facts already determined authorize 
 the admission that this inoculation is really preventive ; or, in other words, that by 
 means of it sheep which have resisted its action are endowed with immunity from it. 
 Thus M. Toussaint actually has at Toulouse ten shsep and one rabbit that are invul- 
 nerable to charbon. At Alfort, of seventeen sheep surviving vaccinating inoculation, 
 two have been inoculated with very active oharbon with no visible effect. An ex- 
 perimental rabbit, inoculated with the same virus, died. Here are, therefore, thirteen 
 Subjects actually testifying to the preventive properties of inoculations made after 
 the manner advised by M. Toussaint. These experiments are to , be continued with 
 the other vaccinated sheep, and there is very strong presumption that they will re- 
 cover like the first two, because, like them, they were sick in consequence of the 
 reputed vaccine virus. 
 
 If all these animals resist the test of charbonnous inoculation, to which they will be 
 submitted, the experimental question will be definitely settled in the direction asserted 
 by M. Toussaint; that is, of absolute immunity by preventive inoculation. 
 
 The practical question still remains, that of application of vaccination to flocks, to 
 render them proof against charbon in countries where the disease prevails. To make 
 vaccination practicable, one condition is indispensable : the activity of the preventive 
 virus nuist be maintained in its preparation to such an extent that it will always 
 produce favorable efi^ects ; or, in other words, that the disease ]iroduced may be sup- 
 ported by system, and that the animal may recover from it. This is the problem to 
 bo resolved by experiment. When this resource once becomes practicable, agriculture 
 will be saved from great losses, and will be deeply indebted to science for another 
 Valuable service. 
 
 On account of the interesting fact of the complete imuiuuity from charbon in lambs 
 born of mothers iuooulated during the last months of gestation, I imagine that when 
 preventives against oharbon shall have become practicable it will be possible to pro- 
 duce, not only races, but generations refractory to charbon. We know from the experi- 
 ments of M. Ghauvean that if the Algerian races are refractory to charbon, to the ex- 
 tent of resisting it, the eft'eots are not apparent, but after inoculation are transformed 
 into elevation of the bodily temperature, enlargements of the ganglia, and even in 
 some subjects by dullness, want of appetite, &c. These are the signs of baoteremic 
 infection in a medium unfavorable to the development of bacterid] a. Now, none of 
 these signs appear in lambs born of a mother iuooulated during the last period of 
 gestation, and iu tjiem, therefore, inoculation remains absolutely sterile. Their organism 
 
304 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 acquired immunity at the same time as tliat of tlie motlier, for it is remarkable tJiat 
 if the refractory Algerian sheep are sensitive to tlie first charbonnons inoculation, tliey 
 Ijecome insensible to all others. This also is shown by the experiments of M. Chau- 
 
 This being true, and supposing that we are in possession of an inoculating liquid s* 
 accurately measured in its intensity that it would perform the office of a true vaccine, 
 nothing would be simpler than to practice preventive inoculation upon the mothers 
 in the last period of gestatioft. "We should thus kill two birds with one stone. In- 
 oculation of the mother would be preventive for herself and her fetus, and when the 
 latter comes into the world it will find itself, as it were, naturally protected against 
 charbou. These hopes are authorized, and I, for my part, have great faith in their 
 realization. 
 
 ON THE PBODUCTION OF CHARBON BY PASTURES. 
 
 M, Poncaire submitted the following paper : 
 
 I consider it important to publish at once the primary results of experiments that I 
 propose to follow out, because they are so closely allied to the communication lately 
 made to the academy by M. Pasteur. 
 
 On an isolated farm in the neighborhood of Nancy nineteen horned cattle died in the 
 course of three weeks. M. Tisserand, veterinarian, having remarked that the vego 
 tation of the meadow where the farm animals were pastured was constantly moist 
 ened by a liquid having a marshy appearance, thought that there might be fouiid the 
 cause of this local epizootic, so much the more since absolute isolation of the liock 
 would seeiu to exclude all other modes of production. He urged the farmer not to put 
 his animals in the pasture. Another veterin arian who was consulted advised not keep- 
 ing the animals stabled, but allowing them to range constantly in open air. The ap- 
 plication of this latter advice caused the api^earance of three new victims. 
 
 M. Tisserand sent me at the same time samples of the water of the pastures and of 
 the blood of one of the dead animals. In the first of these liquids I found bacteria 
 similar to those contained in the blood, but I considered it of importance to apply the 
 test of physiological experiment. 
 
 On June 30, 1880, a subcutaneous injection of water from the pasture was made in a 
 guinea pig. It became ill on July 2 and 3, and died during the night of the 3cl to the 
 4th. Its blood, examined microscopically, showed parasitic alteration described by 
 Davaine, and on July 5 was injected into a second guinea pig, which died during the 
 night of the 5th to the 6th. The autopsy and microscopic examination demonstrated 
 the charbonnons nature of the aftection to which- it had succumbed. 
 
 NATURE OP THE IMMUNITY OP ALG-ERIAN SHEEP FROM CHARBON. 
 
 A. Chauveau presented the following interesting paper on the immu- 
 nity of Algerian sheep : 
 
 The question enunciated in the title of this note is one of the most interesting I have 
 followed in my experiments upon Algerian sheep. 
 
 I first endeavored to determine whether or not this immunity is congenital. For 
 this purpose it was only necessary to inoculate lambs that had jiist been born, .ind in 
 this vray I became satisfied that immunity prevails at the moment of birth, this view 
 being unanimously confirmed by the facts I have observed in this paper. I shall con- 
 fine myself to a statement of those furnished by the third lot in my experiments in 
 Algiers, whose history I am now able to complete. 
 
 The animals in question were four "su'Mes " ewes that had just droppedlambs. In- 
 oculated at the same time as their mothers, the lambs received subcutaneous injections 
 of charbonnous material proportionally stronger than those administered to the ewes, 
 and the lambs resisted as well as the mothers, and even better. In fact, one of the 
 latter died, while all the lambs survived, after showing transient uneasiness. It was 
 very remarkable that this uneasiness was most marked in that lamb whose mother 
 died. This lamb had prostration, diarrhea, more fever than the others, and at one 
 time its condition .ai^peared serious; yet the animal completely recovered before tlie 
 nmth day, when its mother died. So that lambs when scarcely born arc alread^■ in 
 possession of this precious aptitude for resisting charbon ; and further, when this at- 
 tribute shows signs of diminishing, it is boc.ausethemothereniovsvery greatly dimin- 
 ished immunity. Congenital immunity of Algerian lambs therefore clearly appears m 
 be a maternal heritage. Must we then conclude that this is a family characteristic 
 created with the race at the same time as the other characteristics constituting it? 
 At one time I thought not, but I was authorized to believe on some accounts that the 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 305 
 
 special immunity now in question is not an innate cbaraotcristic Ixdougliig to ilie 
 race, but rather one acquired by all individuals subject to Algerian couditions. The 
 prevailing idea which indviced this worli led me to the conclusion that under these 
 conditions sheep may abundantly and incessantly find mild germs of bacteridia, 
 -which, by developing in the animal organism, produce immunity from the action of 
 the true charbonnous bacteridia, and that this influence is possibly exerted ux)on the 
 fetus during its intra-uterine existence. 
 
 But the results of careful experiment showed the necessity for abandoning tills 
 hypothesis. The only infallible means for establishing its value was to determine the 
 inflnenceof the Algerian conditions upon European animals transplanted there; whether 
 hy sojourn and repeated reproduction under these conditions exotic races lose their 
 well-known aptitude for acquiring charbon, or at least if this aptitude is sensibly 
 modified. I had an opportunity for procuring at Algiers two subjects which were per- 
 fectly suited to the experiments indicated. 
 
 These subjects belonged to a flock of merinos that had been kept for a dozen years 
 on a farm in the commune of Rouiba, at the entrance to the plain of Mitidja. The 
 fiopk had been formed with stock animals from the state sheepfold, long since estab- 
 lished at Ben-Chicao. The stock sheep were descended from merinos brought Irom 
 Kambouillet, and were considered by the owner as being thoroughbreds. He could at 
 least affirm that under his care they had never been crossed with the sheep of the 
 country. My two subjects, fine yearling lambs, were descendants of the fourth and 
 fifth generations from animals bought at Ben-Chicao ; and they could therefore be con- 
 sidered as thoroughly acclimated, and completely impregnated by the Algerian con- 
 ditions in wliich the family had lived and developed. 
 
 On Friday, April 2, these two subjects were inoculated at the same time as three 
 experimental animals, one goat and two rabbits. They were inoculated under pre- 
 ' cisely the same conditions as the Algerian sheep whose history has been recalled and 
 completed above. This inoculation gave the clearest results, causing all the animals 
 devoted to the experiment to die from charbon. One of the two sheep died on April 
 4, thirty-three hours after inoculation, and the other succumbed eight to ten hours 
 later, during the night of the 4th to the 5th of April. The bacteremio infection was 
 plainly characterized in both, showing them to be endowed in the highest 46gree with 
 the aptitude for contracting the infection. 
 
 This experiment should have been repeated, but the results it gave are so clear that 
 it is impossible not to consider it a sufficient proof of the impotency of the Algerian 
 conditions to communicate immunity from charbon to French sheep. 
 
 After this second experiment we cannot escape the consequences of the first, /. c, 
 the necessity for considering the immunity of Algerian sheep as a race characteristic. 
 We are at least forced to admit that 'Algerian sheep have an innate aptitude special 
 to themselves, which gives them the ability to acquire this immunity from the Algerian 
 conditions. It may possibly be better to accept this latter view provisionally, that is, 
 to consider as innate the aptitude for acquiring immunity, than the immunity itself. 
 Before finally leaving the habitual influence of the Algerian conditions upon the pres- 
 ervation, or at least upon the formation of this immunity, we should determine what 
 would happen when Algerian sheep are transported to a new medium. Now, certain 
 clinical facts communicated to me by M. Delorme seem to lead to the conclusion that 
 this immunity diminishes when Algerian flocks have been imported to Provence and 
 kept up there for a long time. Experimental demonstration will quickly determine 
 what we should accept, but in the mean time prudence counsels not passing in our con- 
 clusions the limit just indicated. 
 
 It now remains for me to examine whether among the Algerian sheep, which up 
 to the present we have only considered in a general way, and with regard to the char- 
 acter of nativity, some of the races are more or less privileged. I may say de visu that 
 this indigenous population is altogether very homogeneous. In the greater part of 
 Algeria sheep are remarkable for the identity of the fundamental characters they pre- 
 sent, and these characters are found in every section of the Sahara boundary. It will 
 readily be understood how this cannot be otherwise, when it is known that the flocks, 
 whose breedinc and care are generally in the hands of Arabs, are submitted to continual 
 movino- from south toward the north and from north to south. Variations in types in 
 the provinces of Algiers and Oran are insignificant, but in the province of Constantme 
 they are more marked. The western section bordering on the province of Algiers has 
 a dense population similar to that of the latter province, shown in the immense flocks 
 now quasi sedentary of the tribes of Abd-el-Hour. With M. Chevalier I may point 
 out as special families the Am<5rias to the southeast of Coustantme and the Sahalias ot 
 the border regions. But the most important peculiarity to be noted is tound m the 
 eastern section of the province„^ordering on Tunis. Tliis region is stoclied with a 
 broad-tailed r.ice called Syrian sheep (moulons Syriens), better known in all countries 
 under the name of moutons fnnisiens (Tunisian sheep), or harlmruis. Sheep with true 
 (.Upomateuse) tails exist onlyin this part of Algeria. Everywhere else shoop have finer 
 
 20 C D 
 
306 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 tails to a greater or less extent, aud this character is all tlio more marked as ivo moYe 
 
 '"Nowhcre'u'Stjeria, properly sp-'aking, are pure or grade «1.'^0P °f *!>« So;Klan race 
 to be found. We must go as far as El Goliali to study tliese singular animals. 
 
 The, Algerian sheep, upon which I experimented in Franec, all came from the negli- 
 horhood of PhiUipoville ; they were more or less pure Syrian or Tunisian, and Abd-el- 
 Hour sheep. Among those of my experiments at Algiers sonae were horn m the 
 plain of Mitidia, others came from Aumale, some had been bought at Djelia, and the 
 finest came from the neighborhood of Tiarot. I was unable to determine any differ- 
 ence in the aptitude of these several races. Among the number were two sheep having 
 some merino blood. The special characteristics were not visible in the fleece, butthey 
 were perfectly clear. Now these two subjects resisted perfectly the inoculations of 
 charbounous 'blood to which they were subjected. i i , 
 
 En resume. aU sheep indigenous to Algeria enjoy, to a more or less marked degree, 
 immnnity from charbon, and may communicate it to European sheep by crossing. 
 
 This property is congenital and natural. ■ -j. i 4. -4. ■ 
 
 Families of French sheep bred in the Algerian climate do not acquire it ; but it is 
 not yet proven that Algerian sheep, bred in a French climate, cannot lose it. We can- 
 not therefore deny the influence of the Algerian climate and surroundings, at least 
 upon the preservation of immunity, as the African sheep clearly prove. 
 
 Subsequently A. Chauveau presented the following paper, givmg 
 additional important results : 
 
 The determination of the fact to which I now call attention, dates back to the time 
 of my first experiments in the inoculation of bacteremic diseases in Algerian sheep. 
 I had already noticed last year {Bulletin meimiel de Medecine et de Chiriirgie, 1879, p. 
 869), that certain malaises (morbid symptoms) were especially marked at the time of 
 first inoculation in subjects successively inoculated several times, but my later experi- 
 ments showed definitely that the attenuation of the effects of subsequent inoculations 
 is due to a truly preservative action of the former. At the moment of writing these 
 lines the number of animals upon which this study has been made exceeds sixty, all 
 of which have been inoculated at least three times, and half of which have been sub- 
 mitted to from five to eight successive inoculations. My observations are therefore 
 amply sufficient for the demonstration of the augmentation of immunity from charbon 
 in Algerian sheep by preventive inoculations. This demonstration I called attention 
 to in my communication of June 28. 
 
 The best process to follow in observing the influence of a first inoculation upon the 
 results of subsequent ones, is to make the first by subcutaneous injections in one ear. 
 The second inoculation is then made in the other ear, and the others either in both 
 ears or in a totally dift'erent part of the body. It is also important to make all with 
 the same infecting material, that is to say, from the same source and of the same 
 activity, for example, fresh blood of rabbits or Guinea pigs, to which the virus has 
 been communicated by successive transmission. 
 
 What are the effects produced by the first inoculation ? It must he understood that 
 I discard the possible and necessarily very rare case of death of the subject from 
 charbon caused by inoculation. A certain number of subjects lose their vivacity and 
 appetite, and it is thus easy at first sight to determine that the inoculation has made 
 them ill. Others more numerous still continue to eat and ruminate like healthy ani- 
 mals, and seem to entirely escape the action of the infecting agent. But this is of no 
 account, because close observation shows the evident existence of general and local 
 troubles common to all inoculated animals, whether they present external symptoms 
 of disease or not ; tliese are elevation of the temperature of tho body and tumefaction 
 of the lymphatic ganglia receiving the aflduent vessels about the inoculated region. 
 fc Tumefaction of the lymphatic ganglia is an almost constant eflfect of inoculation^ 
 but this effect is more or less marked according to the subject. In a lot of animals 
 inoculated in the same manner, and with the same substance, we find subjects in 
 which this symptom scarcely appears, and others, on the contrary, iu which it is 
 strongly marked. When the inoculations ari'niade in the ears it is tho parotid and 
 prescapnlar ganglia that become tumefied. If, as I have recommended, the inocula- 
 tion is unilateral, the comparison of ganglia with those of the opposite side admits of 
 a much more ready appreciation of the condition of those which have become diseased. 
 We may thus determine that the volume of these ganglia is sometimes five or six times 
 greater than in thci healthy condition, and this enormous increase is esi)ecially obser^'- 
 ablo in the prescapnlar ganglia. This is exactly what happens in French animals, 
 whose death from charbon almost inevitably follows inoculation. 
 
 This tumefaction of the ganglia does not generally cfevelop with groat rapidity. It 
 scarcely begins before the third day after inoculation, and only attains its maximum 
 towards the sixth or seventh day. Its decrease is generally slow. I have seen ani- 
 mals in which this tumefaction was still apparent one month after inoculation. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 307 
 
 Elevation of temperature, wliicli always accouipauies the ovolulion of a local pro- 
 cess is, like the latter, more or less inii.rki;<l. The two plienomcna ol'tcii follow a paral- 
 lel progression ; tliat is to say, elevation nf the general temperature of the body is 
 more marked in subjects "whose ganglia have become very voluminous. A still ukuo 
 constant relation exists between I be figure for temperature and the intensity of tlui 
 apparent diseased condition. >Subject» which are morbid and without appetite always 
 have a higher temperature, and a sensibly accelerated pulse and respiration. The 
 rectal temperature, which noruuilly is about .39°. 5 C, easily reaches 41^ C, and m.-iy 
 even pass 42°. This elevation begins to become manifest twenty-four to thirty-six 
 hours after inoculation, and continues three to six days. • 
 
 Thus, even upon the refractory subjects of Algeria, inoculation of charbon always 
 produces appreciable effects, tumefaction of lymphatic ganglia near the inoculated 
 region, elevation of the general temperature, with or without external symptoms of 
 the disease, such as prostration and anorexy. 
 
 Let us now see what happens when, all phenomena of the first inoculation having 
 disappeared, a second is made, followed by several others. The consequence of these 
 new inoculations in no way resemble those of the first ; and the animals seem to be in 
 no way affected by this new contact with the infecting agents of charbon. This 
 harmlessness is especially striking in those animals which the first inoculation affected. 
 Not only do these animals maintain their vivacity and appetite they lost at the time 
 of first inoculation, but further, no appreciable enlargement of the ganglia occurs; 
 one scarcely has time to determine the prompt and fugitive elevation of the rectal 
 temperature. 
 
 A certain length of time must intervene in order that the first inoculation may ex- 
 ercise its preventive influence with reference to subsequent inoculations. When re- 
 inoculation is done too soon, its eft'ects are generally purely and simply added to those 
 of the first inoculation. After the sixth or seventh day the influence of the first 
 inoculation is already evident ; but it is especially after the fifteenth day that this 
 influence is clearly established. 
 
 Kepetitiou of inoculation has always seemed to give renewed assurance of the in- 
 crease of natural immunity. Even now I have Algerian sheep which, from June, 
 1879, to April, 1880, have been submitted to seven or eight inoculations. Those upon 
 which it is practiced now remain absolutely unaffected. 
 
 Previous inoculations exercise an inhibitory influence, more especially with refer- 
 ence to subsequent inoculations of the same nature. I mean by inocnlation of the 
 same nature those made by the same process, and with the same quantity of the in- 
 fecting virus. Yet inoculation by pricking the skin, several times repeated, is often 
 sufficient to neutralize to a largo extent, if not completely, the effects of inoculations 
 by subcutaneous, or even intravascular injections with quite large quantities of the 
 virus. 
 
 All these facts are certainly very interesting, but the most interesting fact that 
 should result from my experiences upon preventive inoculations of Algerian sheep is 
 probably that still remaining for me to mention. 
 
 In all the lambs lately born we observe the same phenomena after baoteremic in- 
 oculations as iu adults ; sometimes a^iparent disease, always elevation of rectal tem- 
 perature, and more or less evident tumefaction of the lymphatic ganglia near the in- 
 oculated region. Now, none of these phenomena are manifested if' the mother of the 
 young lamb has been inoculated several times during the last months of gestation. 
 The resistance of the young subject is then as complete as possible. On the 24th of 
 September, 1879, I determined this fact for the first time on a lamb born on the 9th 
 of a mother which had been inoculated on the 5th and 21st of July preceding. Liter- 
 ally covered with punctures of inoculation, this lamb showed no traces of tumefac- 
 tion of the ganglia nor elevation of rectal temperature. Exactly the same was true 
 of two other lambs whose mothers haft been inoculated three and four weeks before 
 delivery, with notable quantities of vims, introduced by subcutaneous injections. 
 
 From this fact flow consequences of great importance for the theory of immunity 
 communicated or augmented by preventive inoculations. As M. Davaine has so well 
 shown, the baoteremic hdtonnets do not multiply in the blood of the fetus, even when 
 they are found in prodigious quantities in the blood of the mother. Besides, the tior- 
 mal solid elements of the blood do not generally pass from; ojie vascular system to an- 
 other. Only the sanguineus plasma may be subject to active osmotic exchanges be- 
 tween the mother and the fetus. We may therefore conclude with regard to prevent- 
 ive inoculations of charbon: 1st. That direct contact of the animal organism with 
 the bacteremie elements is not necessary to the ultimate Sterilization of this organism. 
 2d. That preventive inoculations act upon the humors, properly so called, rendered 
 sterile or sterilizing, either by the subtraction of substances necessary to baoteremic 
 propagation or rather by the addition of matters injurious to this propagation. 
 
308 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 
 
 NATURE OF THE IMMUNITY OF ALGEEIAN SHEEP FEOM SANG DE 
 
 KATE (CHAKBON). 
 
 P. Pourquier, an emineut French veterinarian, addressed the following- 
 communication to the Academy of Sciences in reply to the statement of 
 M. Ohauveau: 
 
 I In a note addressed to tlie Academy of Sciences, M. Chauveau says tlie impor- 
 tance attaching to the special question of immunity from charhon m the o vme species 
 is fully appreciated. If it be a race characteristic it would he of great value to 
 clearly establish it, as much on account of the special applications that may be made 
 of the knowledge of this peculiarity as with regard to the general scientific conclu- 
 sions that may be drawn from it. If this immunity is acquired, a knowledge of it will 
 be all the more important, for the determination of conditions unfavorable to the 
 propagation of charbonnous bacteridia in sheep. Great good would result from the 
 discovery of these conditions, for it would admit of producing immunity at will, siBce 
 there is every reason to believe that the nature of the conditions would be such th*t 
 they could be experimentally reproduced. 
 
 Notwithstanding our desire to confirm our observations by laboratory experiments, 
 the facilities were not at our command. My opinion is therefore based entirely upon 
 practical data secured under the exceptional circumstances by which I have been 
 surrounded. These data are annually secured from three thoroughly distinct groups 
 of animals ; these are — 
 
 1. Algerian sheep (to the number of 10,000 to 12,000 per year) sacrificed at the city 
 abattoir, a few days after their arrival in France. 
 
 2. Algerian sheep bought in August by our breeders at Marseilles or Cette. These 
 animals, before entering into public consumption, are fattened from four to six 
 months. 
 
 3. Pine or crossed Barbary sheep bom in France, composing many of the flocks that 
 have been bred in our country from time immemorial. 
 
 Since all these animals reach the abattoir, 1 therefore make fifteen or twenty thou- 
 sand autopsies every year. 
 
 These are the elements to which my attention has been directed, especially smce 
 M. Chauveau raised this very important question of immunity from charhon. 
 
 In the first note addressed to the Academy of Sciences, in September, 1879,^ he asks 
 liimself the question whether the immunity of Algerian sheep from bacteremic inocu- 
 lation should be considered as an accidental characteristic belonging to certain indi- 
 viduals, or as a general characteristic common to all Algerian sheep brought to France, 
 and he thinks that on account of their unanimity the facts plead in favor of the latter 
 opinion. 
 
 Experiments made in Algeria by this savant showed that this immunity was far 
 from common to all sheep raised in that colony. 
 
 Long before the result of these experiments were known to the public I had, in a 
 letter addressed early in April, 1880, to M. Delamotte, a distinguished veterinarian of 
 the army of Africa,, formulated the probable results that should be obtained in the 
 experiments in inoculation of charbon made upon Algerian sheep. My predictiou 
 was formulated thus : 
 
 1. Algerian merinoes will succumb to inoculation. 
 
 2. Narrow-laikd sheep will show less immunity than broad-tailed animals. 
 
 In a memoir of M. Delamotte, recently published by the Bulletin de V Association Sci- 
 oitifique Alfje'rithne, 1880, pp. 98, 99, we read: "Constantine sheep, called ' hariarins,' 
 and recognized by their broad tails, exhibit greater immunity than those of the prov- 
 ince of Algiers having narrow tails." And further, "merino races imported to Algeria 
 in 1868, and very nearly pure, do not seem to exhibit the slightest immunity. Abso- 
 lutely like French sheep, Algerian sheep die almost immediately after bacteremic 
 inoculation ; they are carried away on the second or third day." 
 
 My predictions of the month of April are therefore entirely confirmed, and if I have 
 now'decided to communicate what I believe to be the principal cause of immunity 
 from charbon it is beoau^ I was convinced that the beautiful researches undertaken 
 by one so learned as M. Chauveau would lead to this discovery. 
 
 II. Immunity tVom bacteremic inoculation exhibited by many Algerian sheep is inti- 
 mately allied with a pccuUar anemia by which they arc attacked. AU practical men 
 know that a distinct antagonism prevails between cachetic alfections and charbon, 
 and that animals of vigorous constitution are a niore easy prey to the attacks than 
 others. A cachetic animal placed in a field where other animals die from charbonnous 
 fever is never attacked by it. 
 
 If a flock of sheep bo decimated by charbon, the only efficacious means for effecting 
 a disappearance of the disease is to place the animals in condition favorable to the 
 development of aqueous cachexy. When the latter becomes marked, the animals 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 309 
 
 limy li(! placed nponcliarboiiuous laiud.s withuul, licsila-tidii, iiud tlio disc:! si;, in (|uckUi>ii 
 will noti iippeav. These arcs fiicts of common observation, iuid tlicir application lias 
 long since Ijecii practiced by slioplierds and able breeders. 
 
 " The iuflvience of cool moist places is so marked," says M. Bouley, " tli^t farmers 
 do not hesitate to buy flocks exposed to or already attacked by charbou, persuaded 
 that by pasturing them upon swampy lands tliey will arrest the progress of the dis- 
 ease; in fact, a few days of this regime is sufflcient to modify the economy, diminish 
 the plethoric condition, and restore to the blood the water lost by healthy, abun- 
 dant, and substantial feeding." 
 
 "The anemia of Algerian sheep differs essentially from hydrohemic anemia as well 
 known in France, and designated as aqueous cachexy, gamadure, rot, &c. "While 
 this latter is especially characterized by the existence of distoma in the biliary ducts, 
 by infiltrations to the cellular tissue, &c., we see that in anemic Algerian sub- 
 jects there is no apx^earance of distoma in the liver, and not the slightest infiltration ; 
 the muscles instead of ha^'ing a fine red tint are rose-colored. This muscular de- 
 coloration is particularly manifest on the surface of the broad subcutaneous muscles 
 covering the abdomen and thorax ; of a very pale wine-yellow in Algerian sheep ; 
 this muscle has a beautifully bright carmine tint in the iilethoric French sheep. The 
 flesh of anemic Algerian sheep is not very nutritive, and gives to pot-au-feu, (a dish of 
 soup and boiled meat) a clear, almost white, souj) ; roasted, the juice is pale, colorless, 
 and watery. 
 
 Algerian anemia is by no means rare or exceptional ; on the contrary, it is very com- 
 mon. The eight or ten thousand broad-tailed sheep (Barbarins and Barbarin-syrians) 
 slaughtered at Montpellier a few days after landing, during the summers of 1879- 
 1880, were all more or less anemic. Anemia was also very common among narrow- 
 tailed sheep, but in this variety a goodly number of subjects were found whose mus- 
 cular coloration is equal to that of our finest French sheep. 
 
 Anemia seems to be unfavorable to the propagation of charbonnous bacteridia, and 
 it is this that gives immunity, as is proven by the following facts from practical ob- 
 servation : 
 
 A large number of breeders in the Herault during the month of August buy African 
 sheep for fattening, which is generally completed in the course of six months after 
 their arrival in France. When the sheep are anemic on arrival (which is the general 
 rule at that time), not the slightest trace of charbon can be fouHd; but it is manifest 
 later on if the constitution of the animal has been modified by rich and abundant 
 food. 
 
 It has always seemed to me that the plethoric condition is more rapidly developed 
 in narrow-tailed African sheep than in broad-tailed ones. Muscular coloration is pro- 
 duced more slowly in the latter, but when produced, as it is in barbarins born and 
 raised in France, the charbonnous affection quickly appears, since the animals are 
 placed under conditions favorable to the development of charbou. 
 
 IMMUNITY PROM CHABBON ACQUIRED BY PREVENTIVE INOCULATIONS. 
 
 H. Toussaint, whose investigations and important discoveries have 
 attracted great attention here as well as in Europe, submitted the fol- 
 lowing paper on the importance of inoculation for charbon: 
 
 The numerous experiments I have made in later years upon charbonnous diseases 
 have convinced me that bacteridia, when introduced into the economy of animals 
 susceptible of contracting charbon, do not find absolutely normal conditions, though 
 their development always takes place with fatal effect in French races of sheep, 
 and in rabbits. They grow slowly, however, as is proven by the fact that in the 
 tissues or liquids of the animal they never pass through the complete period of 
 development — they never yield spores, anil their mioltiplioation is ahoaya effected liy division 
 of mycelium. 
 
 On the other hand, certain animals never contract charbon, though their vital con- 
 ditions appear similar to those of species which take the disease with the greatest 
 ease as, for instance, swine. Finally, other animals easily become charbonnous in 
 youth, and lose this faculty on arriving at puberty, or in old age; such are dogs, 
 horses, mules, &c., among which y.oung subjects always succumb to inoculatiou, 
 while later on large numbers resist it. 
 
 M. Chauveau has even shown that in a race of Algerian sheep the greater propor- 
 tion of animals is refractory to bacteremicinfection. 
 
 These different observations gave me the idea of attempting to place the organism 
 in such condition that bacteridia will no longer find it suited to their development, 
 and to this end I have made numerous experiments. After sever.al unfruitful trials, I 
 finally succeeded by a very simple means in preventing multiplication of bacteridia 
 in young dogs, and in sheep ; in other words, I can actually vaccinate sheep so that 
 
310 CONTAGIOUS r)ISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 t.lii'.\ resist inoculations .ijid iiitiavabuulnv iiiJci-Uoiis of considcraljlo ijuautities of 
 limtoridiii ; and thrsr liactpridia may Ijo in tlic .-itatc of sjioros, un<l obtained by ciil- 
 tiirr, or in a state of sbort chains, as tboy aro Jbnnd in tlie l)bx)d of animals just dead. 
 
 Tlio foUowijjg art! the details of the exiieriments thus far completed, and -which 
 fully confirm the assertion I have just made : 
 
 Dogs. — I am assured that dogs, up to six months after hirth, easily contract charhon 
 by simple punctures, and that they die, showing large quantities of haoteridia in the 
 blood, with simultaneous local lesions, and lesions in the ganglia, of an extremely 
 grave character. 
 
 Eight young hunting dogs, fi'om three mothers, were submitted to experiment. 
 Four -were vaccinated by the process I adopted, and four were not. I had chosen my 
 animals in such a Tvay that in each lot there were brothers of those in the other. 
 
 The four vaccinated animals resisted four successive inoculations by punctures, or 
 by subcutaneous injections of charbonnous blood. 
 
 The four not vaccinated succumbed to the first inoculation in two and foiir days, 
 with considerable oedema about the point of inoculation; the nearest ganglia had 
 increased to ton or fifteen times its primitive volume ; it was crowded with bacteridia, 
 whose number in the blood surpassed that of the globules. 
 
 At the first inoculation of charbon the vaccinated animals had slight fever, aud iu 
 two there was slight oedema at the point of inoculation. The other inoculation i)unc- 
 tures behaved like simple sores. 
 
 Sheep. — They all belonged to the Lauraguais race, in which so-called spontaneous 
 charbon often made serious ravages. My experiments were made upon eleven of these 
 animals. Five were inoculated with charbon cmly once, but at different times, and died 
 in two or three days. Besides, throughout the three years of my experiments, I have 
 never seen a sheep of this race, when used, resist bacteridia,. whatever may have been 
 the quantity inoculated." 
 
 The six remaining animals were preventively inoculated. After a single vaccina^ 
 tion two were inoculated with charbon, and one of them died with the ordinary char- 
 acteristics. The five remaining I vaccinated anew, and after about a month submitted 
 each of them to three subcutaneous inoculations with charbonnous blood from dogs, 
 rabbits, sheep, and one inoculation with spores, inducing neither local nor general 
 symptoms. 
 
 The absence of the iocal symptoms ledme to believe that the blood itself was unsuited 
 to the reproduction of bacteridia. In fact, I introduced to the facial vein of four of 
 these animals two to three drops of rabbit's blood, which, as regards the number of 
 parasites, represented for each animal a total of about two hundred millions of bac- 
 teridia directly introduced to the blood. None of these four sheep exhibited any 
 morbid symptoms. 
 
 _ To-day these five animals are perfectly well, and seem in no way affected by the vac- 
 cination or the different inoculations to which they have been subjected. They will 
 be returned to the flock, and I propose to inoculate them from time to time to deter- 
 mine the duration of this immunity. I am, however, already able to announce that it 
 lastsnioro than two mouths ; the three dogs and one sheep having Ijeeu inoculated for 
 the first time at the beginning of May, and for the last on the 1st and Cth of July. 
 
 * Whenever a vaccinated animal was inoculated the activity of the charbon was 
 determined by inoculating one or several rabbits with it. These always died 
 
ANTHRAX AMONG CATTLE IN THE NORTHWEST 
 
 Early in February last it was reported that a very maliguant and fatal 
 disease, resembling in its symptoms and lesions contagious pleuro-pneu- 
 monia, was prevailing to an alarming extent among certain Lerds of 
 calves imported into Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri from some of the East- 
 ern States. In order to positively determine the character of this mal- 
 ady, which seemed to be causing great alarm among cattle raisers in 
 the Northwest, the Commissioner of Agriculture appointed and directed 
 Drs, McLean and Detmers to at once proceed to the infected localities in 
 the above-named States and make a thorough investigation, hj post-mor- 
 tem examination and otherwise, as to the nature and cause of the disease. 
 This they did in a prompt and satisfactory manner. The reports of these 
 veterinarians, which were at once printed and widely circulated by the 
 department, immediately allayed all fears as to the existence of the 
 dreaded lung plague among the cattle of the "SVest. The following is 
 tlie report submitted by Dr. McLean : 
 
 Hon. William G. Lb Due, 
 
 Commissioner of Agrictdture : 
 
 Sik: In accordance -witli instractioiis received from yon, dated 1st instant, request- 
 ing mo to investigate into tlic alleged outbreak of contagions plenro-pneumonia amonn- 
 cattle introduced from the Eastern States into Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, I, in coii> 
 pany "with Dr. Detmers, of Chicago, have made an exhaustive examination, and now 
 heg to submit the following report : 
 
 On the 7th of February I examined the herds of Dr. Standley, near Bedford, Taylor 
 county, Iowa, who, during the fall of 1880, had purchased something over 200 East- 
 ern calves, and out of which np to this time he had lost some T5 head. On my arrival, 
 I found lying frozen in his yard four calves, which had died on the previous day. A 
 careful post-moriem examination of these having been made, unmistakable lesions of 
 anthi-ax fever (black leg) were found in three, while in the fourtii case pulmonary 
 lesions were manifest, both lungs being the seat of lobular pneumonia, the effects of 
 phthisis pulmonalis verminalis, the strongylus micrurus being found in ] arge numbers 
 in the bronchial passages. Upon inspecting the remainder of the herd, the majority 
 of wliich exhibited an unhealthy appearance, one was selected for slaughter, which 
 was admitted .by the owner to be in a condition ty]5ical to that of those which had 
 died exhibiting lung disease. The 2}oat-mortem in this case also showi-d that the ani- 
 mal had been affected with x^hthisis pulmonalis verminalis, and exhibited patches of 
 lobular pneumonia. 
 
 I then went to Worth county, Missouri, and examined the herd of Mr. McCall, 
 among whose Eastern calves contagious plenro-pneumonia was reported to have broken 
 out. ' I found that he had originally purchased 60 of thesis animals, 7 of "\>;'hich up to 
 date had died. Many of this herd were much emaciated. Upon examining one which 
 Ihad selected for post-mortem examination, the same pathological lesions ^^ere foimd 
 in the lungs as had been exhibited in that of Dr. Standley. 
 
 I next inspected the herd of Mr. C. T. Ward, Mormontown, Taylor county, Iowa, 
 who had in September, 1880, himself purchased and brouglit to his farm from the 
 western part of the State of New York 210 calves, but of A^'hieh he had to date lost 33. 
 From the descrijjtion of the symptoms which he gave me as having been exhibited 
 by them before death, I vrould consider that 28 had been affected with anthrax (black 
 leg), and 5 with some pulmonary trouble. Post-tnortem examinati<ms were made 
 upon thi'ee carcasses, in which T found the same pulmonary lesions as in the calves of 
 Dr. Standley and Mr. McCall. 
 
 The lungs of one of these animals I was able to take in a frozen state to Chicago, 
 
 311 
 
ol2 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 :ui(l Iho weather being favoriiblo tlioy were taken m tlio same pcrfeet uuiulitioiL to 
 your departuieut in Wasliingtou lor examination. 
 
 The herd of Mr. I.M. Lcgg, McDouough county, Illinois, was also oxammcd. Hero 
 77 Eastern calves had heen introduced, of which at date 17 had died, as the owuer said 
 from some lung complaint. A typical case having heen selected, the same pulmonary 
 lesions were found as in the other cases. 
 
 In none of the above herds were the external symptoms or physical signs of conta- 
 gions pleuro-pneumonia present, while in all the characteristic pathological lesions 
 were absent on post-mortem examination. 
 
 While the present alarm has thus been found to be groundless, too much care can- 
 not be exercised in controlling the movements of cattle and stock cars from our in- 
 fected Eastern States, so as still to preserve the Western herds from this dread disease. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 L. McLEAN, M. E. C. V. 8. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., February 19, 1881. 
 
 EEPORT OF DE. H. J. DETMERS 
 
 Hon. William G. Le Due, 
 
 Commissioner of Agrienlture : 
 
 Sir : In obedience to your instructions of the Ist instant, I made a thorough exam- 
 ination of the herds of Eastern calves owned respectively by Dr. J. E. Standley, in 
 Platteville, Taylor county, Iowa ; by Mr. McCall, in Worth county, Missouri ; by 
 Mr. Ward, in Mormontown, Taylor county, Iowa, and by Mr. Legg, near Doddsville, 
 MeDonough county, Illinois, for the purpose of ascertaining whether contagions 
 pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, as reported, has been imported by or is existing in any of 
 those herds of Eastern calves or not. 
 
 There were made in all nine post-mortem examinations, six of which on animals 
 found dead, and three on animals killed by bleeding, and also carefully examined nu- 
 merous living animals exhibiting symptoms of disease. I found in all the animals ex- 
 amined more or less affection of the lungs, and at the post-mortem examination more 
 or less morbid changes in the respiratory organs, but found also that none of them 
 were affected with the disease known as contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, or 
 bovine lung plague. Therefore, as far as the present is concerned, all rumors to the 
 contrary may hereby be set at rest. 
 
 Very respectfully submitted. 
 
 H. J. DETMERS. 
 
 OUTBEEAK OF ANTHRAX AMONG CATTLE IN NEW TOEK. 
 
 Before the publication of the above reports, an outbreak of a. very 
 fatal disease occurred among- cattle in Cattaraugus county, New York. 
 Dr. James Law, of Cornell University, was requested by the Commis- 
 sioner of Agriculture to make an examination as to the nature of the 
 disease and cause of the outbreak, and report the results of Ms investi- 
 gation to the department. The following is his report, which was pub- 
 lished simultaneously with the reports of Messrs. McLean and Detmers: 
 
 Hon. William G. Le Due, 
 
 Commissioner of Agneulture : 
 
 Sir: In accordance with your telegram received March 6, I left the same day for 
 Otto, Cattaraugus county. New York, and arrived there the followino- afternoon 
 liaving been delayed somewhat by late trains on the Erie Eaih-oad. ° ' 
 
 The village of Otto I found to lie on Cattaraugus Creek, three miles northeast of 
 Cattaraugus, the nearest station to the Erie Railway. The farm of Mr. Allen on 
 which the outbreak of cattle disease had occurred, lies on the high ground to 'the 
 north of the creek, and about half a mile from the village. It was out of the way of 
 all cattle trafdc, and the cattle on the farm had all been raised there, even to the bull 
 which was one of the common breed, kept for exclusive use of the herd. The con- 
 ditions furnished presumptive evidence against infection fcom without, yet the report 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 313 
 
 made liy Dr. Luke, of Otto, and tlio fiwit tluit the teuaut on tlio farm was a Geniian, 
 wlio uijgbt liayo had visits from Irieiids (emigrants or otherwise) carrying witli them 
 jufeoted elotliing-, made it all-im})ortaut that the case slionld he fully investigated. 
 The following is quoted from Dr. Lake's report : 
 
 "WitMn from five to eigkt days Mr. Allen liad lost seven cows from a disease nn- 
 known to this part of tlie oountiy. Of the seven eows above referred to I saw four 
 opened on the iiTtli ultimo, all liaving the same general appearance. The symptoms 
 of the three cows (seven sick) were as follows : 
 
 "The animals appear dull and sluggish; eyes without luster, respiration twenty-five 
 per minute, short, dry cough, froth at the mouth ; auscultation and percussion 'show 
 changes in the lung tissue ; the ear applied over the chest detects an absence of the 
 natural soft breathing murmur, and in its stead a loud rasping sound, with crepita- 
 tion and all the symptoms of pneumonia. 
 
 "Eesult of post-mortem examination of a cow that died this a. m. (March 2) : The 
 cavity of the chest contained from three to four pints of yellowish-green liquid, col- 
 ored with blood. Both lungs diseased, the left more than the right, and weighed fif- 
 teen pounds ; solid, firm, and resistant, and appear to be very much enlarged. The 
 risht lung of a deep-red color throughout, and elastic, and does not crepitate on pres- 
 ure ; the left lung covered with very dark red and black spots, and appears to be com- 
 pletely hepatized. The gall bladder appears to be very much distended and enlarged. 
 This examination " * * was sufficiently * [clear] * to satisfy the mind of any 
 medical man that the cow died of pneumonia." 
 
 Other reports gave the cases very grave aspect, Mr. Drake, about two miles higher 
 up on the Cattaraugus Creek, and to the northeast of Mr. Allen's farm, had lost a cow 
 within a few days. On a second farm of Mr. Allen's, nearly a mile duo east of Catta- 
 raugus, a cow was found dead in the stanchions on the morning of my arrival. On a 
 farm of Mr. Darling's on the high ground to the west of Cattaraugus- Creek, and about 
 a mile and a half from the village of Cattaraugus, a cow had died the same (Mon- 
 day) morning. Two more are alleged to have died within a day or two on the farm of 
 Clark Scott, of East Otto. 
 
 Reaching Mr. Allen's farm at Otto, I found that ten cows had already perished in 
 this one herd besides the one on the Cattaraugus place. A number more were sick, 
 some very seriously. Four or five had aborted. 
 
 <Si/mp«oros.— Temperature in different oases: 107°, 103.5°, 103°, 103°. The affected 
 animal was dull, sluggish, with hind limbs drawn forward, and back slightly arched, 
 as if from abdominal pain ; flanks hollow ; soft, doughy sensation in the region of the 
 spleen ; eyes dull, glassy, and retracted ; the visible mucous membranes had a dusky 
 hue; there was much debility, and in several instances the fetal membranes projected 
 from the vulva. In several a fetid diarrhea existed. I learned further, from Dr. 
 Pool, that the dung had been bloody in some of the earlier cases, and that in one case 
 that he had opened a portion of the intestine had been quite filled by a blood clot. 
 
 Lesions. — After the above symptoms I was quite prepared to find all the lesions of 
 anthrax. In several carcasses, and in one very sick heifer, killed for the occasion, the 
 lungs were sound with the exception of some emphysema and black spots of blood 
 extravasation. In one animal only, on Mr. Allen's lower farm, did I find them gorged 
 with blood. The spleen was smaller and less engorged than is 
 usually the case in anthrax, not exceeding two pounds in any 
 small two-year-old heifer, but it had a puffy, doughy feeling, 
 which implied the abnormal state of the blood within it. The 
 liver was generally firm and natural in appearance. The 
 bowels, particularly the small, intestine and the rectum, were 
 more or less congested, the summits of the mucous folds above 
 all having a very dark-red hue, which was manifestly lai-gely 
 ''"^ ^^ blood extravasations. In addition it need only be 
 staff^'haprd,"'"ovoid'"and named that the serous membranes and internal organs gener- 
 splieric.ll bodies in the ally were more or less discolored by spots of extravasated 
 Wood of Mr Allen's lielfer. i,ioofl (petechife), and that the blood in the heart and large 
 arc , SSI. vessels was abnormally dark colored, and fluid, or only par- 
 
 tially coagulated into a very loose and diffluent clot. Blood received into a clean, 
 stoppered bottle from the carotid artery of a dying heifer, and examined in the center 
 of the clot 48 hours after, and before there was any sign of decomposition, showed the 
 microscopic characters given in annexed slip. The peculiarities are the stafl-shaped 
 and small spherical bodies, and the cremated appearance of the blood globules. 
 
 Supposed causes. — In seeking to estimate the causes of the outbreak I found that the 
 land was mainly loamy or gravelly, but was underlaid at certain points by a subsoil 
 of liardpan, which determined the retention of moisture and favored the preservation 
 of the anthrax germ. The drinking-water was from a spring, and evidently of excel- 
 lent quality. The bams were fairly roomy and well aired, though when all the herd 
 (39) were indoors in cold weather the air would be a little foul. The recent thaws 
 occurring after an exceptionally severe winter would doubtless operate as exciting 
 
314 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 diu&es ill uiducinii a. fuljiilo and susceptible cuuditiou of lie iiuimul's system, aud in 
 liljeratiug any existing disca.so germs tliat liad been previously locked np m irost. 
 
 Ei!gardiug the introduction of the germ, a picsuuiptive oxplanatiou is found in the 
 history of the pigs on the i^lace. 
 
 In the course of the last four years as many as 74 pigs have died on Mr. Allen's farm 
 at Otto. Precisely how this mortality began I did not ascertain ; but, on one or more 
 occasions, Western pigs were brought in and mostly died. It is fui-ther significant that 
 one year Henry Kehler, the tenant, put up a new pig-pen on fresh ground, and for 
 that year he suffered no losses. The second year, however, in the newpens the disease 
 brolce out as before, the infection having, presumably, been iutroQuced from the old 
 pens or other part of the premises. The victims of this swine mortality were some- 
 times allowed to lie in the lot adjoining the pig-pen, and just across the road from the 
 barns, until they became very offensive. The hogs were mostly buried on a flat space 
 where a loamy soil lay over a dense liardpan, so that it did not readily dry out, and 
 there was ample opportunity for the preservation of the anthrax germs. The cattle 
 had had access to the lot adjoining the pig-pen, where the dead pigs had been fre- 
 quently left. They also received hay from the meadow where the pigs had been 
 buried. From either of these sources, therefore, they may have received the anthrax 
 germs, as in both places those that had been preserved in the depth of the soil were 
 liable to be brought up and deposited on the surface by the earth-worms. There they 
 could be eollooted with the hay, licked from the surface of the soil, or blo-mi on the 
 winds to mingle with the food or water. 
 
 Fri^ention. — By way of prevention I recommended the destruction of carcasses by 
 ■burning, and the disinfection of the barns, pig-pens, and yards with chloride of lime 
 and quicklime, scattered in the yards and applied to the buildings in the form of a 
 whitewash, containing a quarter of a pound of chloride of lime to each gallon of water. 
 The buildings were also to be fumigated with sulphur. The manure made for a fort- 
 night before and for the same time after the outbreak was to be burnt. The graves of 
 the pigs were to lie carefully fenced in aud no hay to be cut from their surface. 
 Finally, the whole herd of eows to be put on the following : Chlorate of potassa, 2 
 drs. ; bisulphite of soda, 4 drs. ; carbolic acid, 1 drachm; to be dissolved in water and 
 mixed in the food of each animal every morning. Each sick cow was to take in addi- 
 tion every night 1 drachm of iodide of potassium and 2 grains bichromate of potassa. 
 
 In conclusion I would remark that this outbreak is to be looked upon as essentially 
 a local occurrence, and not likely to spread widely from herd to herd after the manner 
 of an epizootic. From ^crms left in the soil in different fields a ease or two may occur 
 yearly for some time, but with due precaution as regards the sick and carcasses it 
 should be entirely extirpated in a short time. 
 Eespeotfully submitted. 
 
 JAMES LAW. 
 
 CoENELL UxiVEESiTY-, Itiiaca, N. Y., March 9, 1681. 
 
 PREVENTION OF- FOWL CHOLEEA. 
 
 The following circular letter was isKued by the Department of Agri- 
 culture early in February last : 
 
 TO WHOM IT JIAY CONCERN. 
 
 Although the cholera of fowls is an exceedingly virulent .and fatal disease, destroy- 
 ing va.st numbers of birds of different specie's, and remaining on premises for years 
 after being once introduced, we are satisfied, after a long series of experiments, that 
 there are points in its natural liistory Avhicli enable us to control it with comparative 
 ease and with a considerable degree of certainty. These points are : 
 
 1. The virus is not diffasihle.—That is, the disease germs are seldom if ever taken up 
 by the air and carried any considerable distance to produce the malady. The virus 
 remains in the fixed form, and is generally, if not always, taken into the body with 
 the food; it is distributed over the grounds, feeding-places, &.e., in the excrement of 
 affected birds, and the food, drink, and gravel are thus contaminated. Healthy birds 
 may be kept in coops within a few feet of the sick ones for months without contract- 
 ing the disease; but if the former are now placed in the same inolosure with the latter 
 they sicken in a few days. 
 
 2. Tlie virus must he carried upon He r/rounds freqiienied hy fowls leforc they eovtracl the 
 disease.— It is not probable that this disease originates, in any considerable number of 
 cases, m any other way than by contagion. There is a possibility that it may origi- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 315 
 
 nate io occasional instaucps ]>y LUthy siirrouudiugs if closely' coniiiiec], or by fuelling 
 on docoui]i08iiig Kiihstiincus ; Iml, tlii'ic ave fow facJM to sapport sucli a coucliisioii, a.uil 
 it appears cpitaiu tlnit in the vast niajoiity of casrs tho diseaao is iiupoi'tcd and icopt 
 lip by couta"iou alouo. 
 
 It is thus Br^uglit upon farms cither (1) witli sick or infected fowls newly acquired, 
 (2) with the hlood or parts of the bodies of dead birds carried on the feet of people or 
 brought by dogs or other animals, (3) with infected manure or feathers, or (4) possibly 
 by wild birds, animals (rabbits), or even insects that have contracted the disease or 
 have eaten the blood or bodies of affected birds recently dead. The origin of the dis- 
 ease can generally be traced in country districts, where houses are a considerable dis- 
 tance apart, to recently-acquired poultry. It is only in districts more thickly peopled, 
 and then iu exceptional instances, that the germs are carried by wild birds or ani- 
 mals or by insects. 
 
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOE GROUNDS ALREADY INFECTED. 
 
 1. Is the disease vhoUra? — Fowls frequently die in considerable numbers from dis- 
 eases that are not contagious, and hence it is a matter of x^rimary importance to decide 
 as to the nature of the affection when cholera is suspected. In my own experience I 
 have found that this might be done with comparative certainty by inspection of the 
 excrements. With fowls the excretions of the kidneys are joined in the, cloaca with 
 the undigested jiarts of the food, and both solid and liquid excrement are consequently 
 voided together. They are not mixed to any great extent, however; the ]3art excreted 
 by the kidneys is easily distinguished, as during health it is of a pure white color, 
 while the bowel discharges are of various hues. The kidney excretion will be here- 
 after referred to as the urates, and it is the only part which claims our attention. 
 
 After a fowl takes the contagion into its body the first and only reliable symptom is 
 a coloration of the urates. At first these have only a faint yellow tint, which rapidly 
 change, however, into a deep-yellow color; np to this time the bird shows no other 
 signs of the disease, its temperature is unchanged, and its excrement of a normal con- 
 sistency. Ill one or more days after this yellow color appears the urates .are greatly 
 increased in quantity and constitute the whole or a greater part of the discharges, 
 and an obstinate diarrhea sets in ; in a few ca-scs the urates now become greenish, 
 and exceptionally they are of a deep-green color. 
 
 The only lesion seen in post-ino7-tem examinations that is likely to attract the atten- 
 tion of non-professional observers is the enlarged liver, which is nearly constant ; it 
 may be of various shades of color. Besides this, the presence of yellow urates in the 
 cloaca and ureters is a valuable sign, and is generally present. 
 
 / 2. Sick birds must be destroyed. — The excrements of sick birds are the principal means 
 of sjireadiug the contagion, and the first step in stamping out the disease is, conse- 
 quently, to destroy all which are voiding yellow urates. Care should be had to make 
 the distinction between the urates and the bowel dejections, for the latter are fre- 
 quently of a yellow color in health ; but a little observation will preclude any mis- 
 take of this kind. The killing should not be by any method which allows the escape 
 of blood, as this fluid is even more virulent than the excrement ; wringing the neck 
 is a quick and easy method of destroying the life. Once killed, the bodies are to be 
 taken beyond the limits of the poultry run and deeply buried. 
 
 If it is decided to keep the sick birds till they die or recover, they should be placed 
 in an inclosuro by themselves, as far as possible from the healthy ones, where they 
 may be cared for without entering, so that there will be no danger of carrying parti- 
 cles of the excrement on the boots and siu-eading the infection. 
 
 3. Healthy birds must beplaced on. disinfected grounds. — If a piece of land is at hand to 
 which the sick birds have not had access and which is consequently free from the con- 
 tagion, the healthy birds should be penned upon it ; but if all of the land is infected, 
 then a piece is to be selected and thoro\ighly disinfected with the solution mentioned 
 further on in this paper. The fowls are to be restricted to this disinfected ground 
 for several months, or even a year or more, if practicable. The drinking-vessels and 
 feeding-troughs are to be new, or, if used before, tliey must be soaked for twelve 
 hours with the same solution before being placed in the new iiiclosure. 
 
 4. Observations to be continued to note the first reappearance of the disease. — Some of 
 the fowls, though well at the time of removal to disinfected quarters, may be infected 
 with the disease, and after the period of incubation, which varies from three to twenty 
 days, will sicken. It is necessary, therefore, to make a careful inspection of the 
 excrement each morning for at least tliree weeks after the separation of tho sick 
 fowls. If yellow urates are discovered, the birds must be watched until the sick one 
 is detected. To facilitate the early discovery of such sick fowls and prevent infection 
 of the healthy ones it is advisable, where practicable, to separate the birds into lots of 
 two or three each at a start; and this separation may alw.ays be practiced as .'i last 
 resort where the disease successfully flefies our efforts for a considerable time ; but where 
 this is impossible a little patience will generally enable one to pick out tho sick before 
 
316 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 any haiui has resulted. As soou :i,s tlie sick bird is reiiioved, Uie cxoreiuciil, must ba 
 scraped uii and burued, aud the ruu must be again sprinkleil with the dlsiufcctaut ; 
 or, the well birds may bo eliauged to fresh ground as before. This method of man- 
 ageme.ut is to be continued as long as now cases of the disease occur. 
 
 By a careful observance of these rules one can frequently check the disease, with a 
 loss of biit one or two fowls out of a large flock. 
 ' ,5. Biswfection. — For this disease we have a very cheap and most effective disinfectant. 
 It is a solution made by adding- three pounds of sulphuric acid to forty gallons of 
 water (or i lb. of acid to 3| gallons of water) and mixing evenly by agitation or Stir- 
 ling. This may be applied to small surfaces with a common watering-pot, or to larger 
 groiiuds with a barrel mounted on wheels and arranged like a street-sprinkler. In 
 disinfecting ponltry-houses the manure must be first thoroughly scraped up and 
 removed beyond the reach of the fowls ; a slight sprinkling is not sufficient, but the 
 floors, roosts, and grounds must be thoroughly saturated with the solution, so that no 
 jiarticle of dust, however small, escapes being wet. It is impossible to thoroughly 
 disinfect if the manure is not removed from the roosting-xjlaoes. 
 
 Sulphuric acid is very cheap, costing at retail not more than twenty-five cents a 
 pound and at wholesale but five or six cents: the baiTol of disinfecting solution can, 
 therefore, be made for less than a dollar and should be thoroughly applied. It must 
 be remembered, too, that sulphuric acid is a dangerous drug to handle, as when undi- 
 luted it destroys clothing and cauterizes the flesh wherever it touches. The safest 
 way is, therefore, to take a five-gallon keg nearly full of water to the druggist and 
 have him place the strong acid in this; the contents of the keg may then be safely 
 transported and added to the barrel of water. 
 
 6. Fumigation. — In those cases where the disease has been raging for a considerable 
 time the feathers become saturated with the contagion, and it is necessary, before 
 placing the fowls on the disinfected run, to put them in a close building and thoroughly 
 fumigate them with sulphur. For this purpose a pan of burning coals is taken and 
 flower of sulphur tlirown upon them as long as the air can be breathed without 
 danger of suffocation. When the disease is recognized at the outset this is not neces- 
 sary. 
 
 PKEVENTIVE MEASURES FOE GROUNDS NOT YET INTECTED. 
 
 1. Newhj-acquired birds to be isolated. — When cholera is raging in a locality, .all birds 
 introduced from other flocks should be placed in an inclosure by themselves for at 
 least three weeks, until it is certain that they are free from the disease. No fowls 
 should be accepted from a place known to be infected for at least a year after the last- 
 known cases occur. 
 
 2. Precautions in regard to eggs. — All eggs from a distance to be used for hatching 
 must be thoroughly cleaned of all particles of excrement adhering to them, and the 
 water with which they are washed, as well as cloths or brushes used, must be raised 
 to the boiling point before being thrown upon grounds to which poultry has access. 
 The virus is always destroyed by a boiling temperature, or even by 140° F., if main- 
 tained for fifteen minutes. 
 
 3. Foivls not to wander npon adjoining infected premises. — A stone wall is, in towns, 
 frequently the boundary line of an infected place, and though fowls are upon each 
 side of it the contagion may not cross for years. In such oases it is a matter of the 
 greatest importance to prevent the healthy fowls from trespassing upon the infected 
 grounds. 
 
 4. Fowls from migUoring infected ]})-emise8 to be rigidly excluded.— Hit is important to 
 keep healthy fowls from infected grounds, it is not less important to exclude fowls 
 living in infected quarters ftom entering on runs that are still free from the disease. 
 Even though insusceptible to cholera and, consequently, healthy, they are able to carry 
 the virus on their feathers and feet, and may even distribute it with their own excre- 
 ment; for although the virus is unable to propagate itself in the blood and tissues of 
 insusceptible birds, there is reason to believe tnat it may still multiply in the contents 
 of their digestive organs. 
 
 T}. Other infected substances to be exclnded from the rans.— Manure from infected places 
 IS otten purchased and spread upon land to which healthy poultry has access and thus 
 becomes a means of spreading the disease. This should either be entirely excluded 
 from the farm or the fowls should not be allowed to come near where it is placed. It 
 cannot be safely dismfected. Feathers and dead birds are also at times caiTied a con- 
 siderable distance by vanoiis agencies aud should be guarded against when possible. 
 
 By a careful observance of these rules the fowl-cholera may be Secluded indefinitely, 
 and may be exterminated when it has made its appearance. The writer has had a 
 very virulent form of the disease among experimental fowls for nearly eight months, 
 and though his home flock is but a short distance from them, but a few of these have 
 sickened, and then the disease has been checked, with the lok of a single bird i!i each 
 
 ZZT- i" i' ^^^T.^^ *^^*i'"' ^^^'^^ ^^""^ ^^"« contracted the disease were infected 
 by flies, which would gorge themselves with virulent blood in the laboratory where 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 317 
 
 dissections were made, aud then fall victims to the poultry which were running about 
 outside. No cases have occurred in this manner since the cold weather has destroyed 
 these insects. 
 
 The experiments on which the above regulations are founded wiU be detailed in 
 future rei>orts of this department; they are sufficiently numerous to be worthy of the 
 fullest confidence. 
 
 The value of the method of preventive inoculation or vaccination discovered by 
 Pasteur has not yet been decided, but in view of the comparative ease with which the 
 affection may be controlled by the measures detailed above we doubt if it can ever be 
 advantageously adopted as a means of preventing this particular disease. 
 
 D. E. SALMON, D. V. M. 
 
 AsiiEViLLE, N. C, Fehruary 18, 1881. 
 
 OUTBREAK OF ANTHRAX IN NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Hon. William G. Le Due, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 
 SiE : In compliance with the instructions contained in your orders 
 dated March 31, 1881, to proceed to Topeka, Kans., and obtain from the 
 authorities there such information as was possible regarding an out- 
 break of supposed contagious disease among cattle in the Pecos Valley, 
 New Mexico, and then to proceed there and make such examination as 
 would be necessary to enable me to determine the nature and extent of 
 the said outbreak, I beg to submit the following report : 
 
 On my arrival at Topeka I placed myself in communication with the 
 State agricultural department and Mr. J. G. McCoy, special agent for 
 the Census Bureau, from whom I obtained such information as they 
 possessed. After a complicated and tedious journey I arrived at Fort 
 Sumner, and upon inquiry among several ranchmen there learned that 
 the seat of the outbreak was among the cattle upon the ranch of Mr. 
 J. S. Chisum, about 100 miles further on, to reach which necessitated 
 thirty-six hours' more driving. 
 
 Mr. Chisum is the reported owner of 70,000 head of cattle, and his 
 ranch is the largest in New Mexico. It is situated about 300 miles down 
 the Pecos Yalley. Upon my arrival I found ample evidence of the mor- 
 tality that had existed among his stock, as in a place of 4 miles by 2 there 
 were the carcasses of no less than 200 cattle of various ages, and those of 
 30 horses. These had in death assumed many different attitudes ,* some 
 lying upon the sternum and abdomen with the legs extended from 
 under the body, others upon their backs with the legs up in the air, 
 while all presented the appearance of having died in great agony, or in 
 a state of delirium. 
 
 Unfortunately I arrived too late to witness and note the symptoms, 
 as by this time there were none acutely affected, but I saw several which 
 were convalescent, two of which were destroyed and postmortem exam- 
 inations made upon the bodies. 
 
 The owner, who has had a large and varied experience among the cat- 
 tle both of Texas and New Mexico, was at a loss to account for the un- 
 usual mortality, as hitherto upon this ranch the annual death rate would 
 not reach one-half of one per cent., and gave the following history of the 
 outbreak : 
 
 The great majority of the cattle are grazed upon the east side of the 
 Pecos River, where the pasture is of a superior quality ; along the west 
 bank the land at a certain point is very low and flat, and cut up in many 
 places by large tracts of marsh and swamps, which at one potut are so 
 
318 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 disposed as to form a natural corral, capal>le of holding and feeding for 
 a limited time 1,000 bead of stocli, and which is frequently used for this 
 purpose when drafting cattle. 
 
 During the month of October JMr. Chisum became aware that there 
 was some trouble among the cattle upon the west bank of the river. 
 Although there were no deaths and the majority was thriving well, sev- 
 eral seemed depressed, but from all other parts of the ranch the cow-boys 
 reported perfect health. 
 
 About the 1st of November last Mr. Chisum rounded up a number of 
 his stock in order to select 300 beef cattle which he had to deliver dur- 
 ing the month of December, bringing a large number from the east side 
 from which to select suitable animals for this purpose, and thus largely 
 increasing the stock usually kept in this swauipy region. As the ]iec- 
 essary cattle were selected they were placed in this natural corral, the 
 rest being left grazing around in the marshy region. During the hand- 
 ling and excitement entailed by drafting the cattle many of them began 
 to exhibit the following symptoms : An inclination would at first be 
 noticed to lag behind the lierd ; a watery discharge would appear from 
 the eyes, and a profuse perspiration would break out over the fore quar- 
 ters, the animals seeming drowsy and trembling. If still driven and 
 excited, diarrhea would set in, the excretions being bloody. Symptoms 
 of paralysis beginning to be manifested, the animals would become de- 
 lirious and soon die in great agony. 
 
 The horses grazing in the same place were affected and manifested 
 similar symptoms. This condition of matters lasted from November to 
 the 1st of February, when the majority of the cattle were removed from 
 this district, after which no deaths or sickness occurred, the cow-boys 
 reporting the stock all healthy. After delivering the beef cattle at the 
 agency several seemed depressed, but no serious sickness or death was 
 reported, nor did they in any way. affect the other cattle among which 
 they were placed. 
 
 Mr. John Miller, a small ranchman In this immediate vicinity, lost oat 
 of a hundred head ten, but at once removed his stock to another locality, 
 after which no deaths occurred. 
 
 Having obtained the above history of the outbreak, I proceeded in the 
 saddle, with the aid of a guide, to examine the cattle upon the ranch, 
 and as excitement was reported to have more rapidly developed the 
 train of symptoms, I had several hundred head of cattle rounded up, 
 and driven rapidly for several miles, but failed to produce any marked 
 effect. 
 
 A few animals known to be convalescent were pointed out, and with 
 the owner's consent were shot. 
 
 The post-mortem examination developed nothing, with the exception 
 of a few ecchymosed spots upon the internal sm-face of the stomachs 
 and large intestines, all the remaining viscera being in a normal con- 
 dition. 
 
 In endeavoring to form a diagnosis of the trouble which affected these 
 cattle it is to be noted that the summer of 1880 was, in this district, 
 exceptionally dry, many of the large swamps referred to above having 
 been dried up, a layer of saline substance in places four inches thick 
 being deposited upon the surface from which the water hatl disappeared ; 
 also during the months of August and September very heavy rainfalls 
 occurred, the Pecos Eiver overflowing its banks and inundating all the 
 low swampy land upon which the cattle were for the time being rounded 
 up. The animals fed exclusively upon the rank herbage found upon the 
 marsh land, and were limited to the use of the water of the swamps. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 319 
 
 From these facts aud the symptoms shoAvn by the aflected cattle there 
 can be no doubt that this was an outbreak of anthrax, which was caused 
 by miasmatic infectiou from deconiposiug organic matter contained in 
 the soil and Avater of this region. The iDJurions iiiflnence exerted by this 
 was aggravated by the excessive quantity of saline snljstunces present, 
 which greatly favored the organic decomposition. 
 
 As a preventive measure the owner was recommeiulcd to avoid graz- 
 ing in this district under similar cii-cumstanccs. 
 
 Upon my return from the Pecos Valley, in accordance with your in- 
 structions I visited the authorities of the State Agricultural College at 
 Manhattan, Kans., and placed myself at their disposal to endeavor to 
 ascertain the causes of the large mortality in various sections of the 
 State from black-leg. 
 
 I here learned that for some time there had been no serious outbreak 
 of this disease in the State. I visited in this and other sections several 
 farms upon which black-leg had formerly been more or less prevalent. 
 Upon them the causes and conditions favorable to the jjroduction of this_ 
 disease could be readily observed in the formation of the soil and the' 
 peculiar water supply. Thus on those farms situated in low-lying dis- 
 tricts, where are found a tenacious subsoil and no natural drainage, the 
 mortality from this cause, especially among young cattle, is, in wet 
 seasons, very large, while upon elevated farms with a more porous sub- 
 soil and natural drainage, and spring or pump water for the use of the 
 cattle, this disease is of rare occurrence. Although large numbers of 
 cattle in Western Kansas died from the severity of the winter and the 
 scarcity of fodder, yet I found in this State a complete absence of con- 
 tagious disease among horned stock. 
 
 Although I inspected many thousand hogs and made extensive in- 
 quiry in every section of the State visited, I failed to find or hear of a 
 single case of liog cholera. 
 Very resp'ectfully, 
 
 L. MoLEAN, M. E. C. V. S. 
 
 Brooiclyn, K. Y., June 1, 18S1. 
 
 NON-EXISTENCE OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE IN THE WEST. 
 
 Hon. William. G-. Le Due, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture : 
 
 SiE : I arrived at Chicago on my return from ISTew Mexico on the 6th 
 of May, and there found the instructions contained in your letter of the 
 2d ultimo, requesting me to trace to the premises and districts from 
 which they came the bulls shipped prior to April 15, by Mr. Talbot, of 
 Chicago, to Messrs. Hathaway & Jackson, Brighton, Mass.; also the 
 cattle shipped to Portland, Me., for E. Craig & Co., of Canada, by Messrs. 
 Ado,ms & Eldredge, about the 1st of March, last, witli the view of deter- 
 mining whether epizootic ai^htha has or does exist among the cattle in 
 the stables from which these animals were taken, and also to inspect the 
 stock-yards and cow stables in Chicago, for the same purpose. 
 
 Of the 54 bulls sold to Hathaway & Jackson by Mr. Talbot, 26 were 
 shipped from Chicago on the 22d March, and 28 on the 7th April. They 
 were fed by himself at the United States Distilling Company's sheds, on 
 Twenty-seventh street, and were five and a half months in his posses- 
 sion, during whicli period they are said to have been in perfect bealth. 
 
320 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 They were -weighed at the Chicago stock-yards, and stood there for two 
 days before being shipped. 
 
 I immediately examined the stables from which they came, and the 
 oattle in and around them, but failed to detect any symptoms of epi- 
 zootic aphtha, or to learn that it had recently affected any of the stock. 
 
 Messrs. Adams & Eldredge, who shipped the stock for E. Craig & 
 Co., informed me that these cattle had been grain-fed, that they came 
 from Gibson City, HI., and were purchased by them in the stock-yards, 
 where they stood for forty-eight hours before being shipped. I traced 
 these cattle to the farms from which they came, and examined the prem- 
 ises they had occupied and the stock with which they had cohabited, 
 but could find no symptom of the presence of epizootic aphtha. 
 
 I also inspected 1,600 bullocks and 500 milch cows in the distillery 
 stables of Henry H. Shufeldt & Co., 23 Larrabee street ; 900 bulls and 
 300 milch cows at the sheds of the Garden City Distillery Company, 
 and upwards of twenty minor cattle stables in and around the city of 
 .Chicago, without finding a single case of contagious disease. 
 
 I Yisited and inspected the cattle, sheep, and hogs in the stock-yards 
 twice every day during my stay of six days in Chicago. Many of the 
 cattle, especially milch cows and sheep, remain in the yards for several 
 days, and frequently as long as two weeks, and in several cases the 
 same cattle occupied the pens at each of my visits, but at none could I 
 find any animal affected with foot-and-mouth disease. 
 
 The opportunity afforded by the thorough commingling of the stock 
 in these yards makes it manifest that should a single case of epizootic 
 aphtha appear, from its highly infectious character many of its victims 
 could be daily seen. 
 
 I conversed with several gentlemen, who I personally know to have 
 been familiar with the symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease in Scotland, 
 who state that no case had ever come under their notice in their district. 
 
 I also inspected the stock-yards at Kansas City and Saint Louis, and 
 have no hesitation in saying that epizootic aphtha is still an unknown 
 disease in the Western States. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 L. McLEAIS^, M. E. C. V. S. 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., June 1, 1881. 
 
EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF CORRESPONDENTS. 
 
 BLACK-LEa.— Mr. S. AMrich, of Wyanet, 111., says that lie has suc- 
 cessfully used sulphur aud copperas as a preventive of the destructive 
 disease of black-leg among cattle. He mixes with salt, and places iu 
 boxes -where it "will be convenient for his cattle at all times. 
 
 Laueel as a ctjre foe swine plague.— Mr. W. J. Medders, of 
 Island Station, Ky., gives the following preventive aud cure for diseases 
 of swine : 
 
 I have recently discoveiecl [he says] that laurel (called hy many mountain ivy) is 
 an excellent preventive for diseases of swine. The manner of preparing it is as fol- 
 lows : Gather the roots, leaves, or young twigs, and boil them to an ooze ; add ship- 
 stuff or corn-meal suflcient to make a stift dough, salt well, and feed to the hogs. It 
 is wonderful to see the numher of worms the animals will discharge after eating this 
 preparation. It makes hogs very sick, hut after the effects pass off it leaves them 
 healthy and they fatten very fast. Care should he taken not to feed them too much, as 
 the laurel is poison. By its use it will he found that hogs apparently in good health 
 are full of worms of all sorts, from an eighth of an inch to six inches in length, and in 
 some cases they exist in such largo quantities that it is with diflflculty that the hog 
 can pass them. 
 
 Dust a cause oe swine plague. — Mr. A. Harris, of IS'ewbern, 
 Tenn., writes as follows concerning the deleterious efifects on swine of 
 inhaling air charged with dust : 
 
 We now have hog cholera in this section. I also hear much complaint from farmers 
 about their hogs being lousy, though their appearance and general condition seem to 
 be very go^od until they are attacked with the disease. I am of the opinion that 
 sleeping in dry, dusty beds will produce this disease, and that after it has once de- 
 veloped itself it then becomes both infectious and contagious. Some years ago my 
 hogs commenced sleejiing under dusty out-houses, and very soon thereafter they were 
 attacked with a cough, which was shortly followed by the appearance of cholera 
 among them. In the early history of this country, when the hogs all bedded in the 
 woods and made good beds of leaves with little or no dust, we had no such disease as 
 cholera. Inhaling dust produces irritation of the lungs, which is soon followed by a 
 cough and hectic fever that eventually assumes a very malignant character. 
 
 Some years ago I purchased two fine-blooded pigs, aud in order to give them special 
 care I turned them in my yard, and after a short time they commenced sleeping under 
 my house, where there was much dust. They soon began to disturb me by hard 
 breathing and coughing during the night. This gradually grew worse until I 
 removed them to a lot where there was no dust, and in a very short time they were 
 free of the cough and much improved iu a}>pearance. After a while I returned them 
 to the yard, and in a few nights thereafter the cough and hard breathing returned 
 and continued to grow worse rapidly until they were again removed from the yard. 
 They were not suffered to return, and soon all symptoms of cough disappeared and 
 good health was restored. During the time they were coughing they shofred unmis- 
 takable sigus of ill-health, and from their drooping aud languid appearance, so charac- 
 teristic of the approach of cholera, I am inclined to the opinion that this disease 
 would soon have developed itself had they been sulfered to remain longer in dusty beds. 
 So marked was the effect of dust upou them that the attention of my whole family 
 was attracted to the matter. 
 
 Weeds poisonous to oattlb. — Mr. C. E. Moore, Johnsontown, 
 Va., writes as follows under date of February 26, 1881 :' 
 
 In looking over your report for 1879-80, I noticed the death of some cattle from 
 eating poisonous weeds. Last summer a large number of cattle died in this locality. 
 
 21 D 321 
 
322 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Of course their death was attributed to murrain, but at first I tliought the trouble 
 was caused by drinking filthy water, aa tbe streams were dried up and the water in 
 the holes became very bad by the tramping of the cattle and the wallowing of the 
 hogs. The deaths ceased after the heavy rains in August, but the animals commenced 
 to die again the latter part of September. I lost four head, and amongst them my 
 Devon buU, and also a young Devon bull. The malady seemed particularly fatal to 
 bulls. However, I know that so far as my cattle were couoerned the trouble was not 
 caused by the water, as my creek was a living running stream during the whole sea- 
 son, and the water was good and pure. This convinced me that the trouble was 
 caused by something which the cattle had eaten while the grass was dried up. I will 
 mention that I live on the sea-side, and have both salt and fresh pasture. It may 
 have been the poisonous mushrooms that produced the disease. The cattle will eat 
 them, but I am not sufdciently acquainted with them to distinguish the poisonous 
 from the healthy sorts. As soon as the rains came again the deaths ceased. Almost 
 every summer when the season is dry, the cows now and then eat something which 
 makes the milk a quick emetic, but after vomiting no sickness or other ill eft'ects are 
 left. The vomiting will occur in about five minutes after drinking the milk. When 
 my cattle were first attacked, a man who was pasturing with me removed his animals 
 to an inclosed field, and lost none. The field to which he removed them was low 
 ground, and had not suffered much by the drought. 
 
 Disease among cattle in Louisiana. — In ]^ovember last several 
 cattle died of an unknown disease in tlie vicinity of Mound Station, La. 
 The malady was a very fatal one, and attracted considerable attention 
 during its prevalence. Dr. A. F. Sampson, who made an autopsy of 
 one of the animals that died (a cow), gives the following as the result 
 of his examination : 
 
 General appearance, that of a well nourished cow ; tongue and cesophagus normal ; 
 stomach well filled with food (chiefly grass and a little corn), showing good ma'stica- 
 tion and digestion ; mucous membrane softened and easily detached, attributed to 
 action of fluids of stomach, as the structure of this viscus was otherwise healthy. 
 The continuation of the alimentary track was closely examined and found to be 
 healthy; there was no peritonitis; liver normal; gall bladder well emptied. The 
 other abdominal viscera were in a healthy condition. Lun^s strongly adherent to 
 thoracic wall ; pleura red and roughened ; lung consolidated ; no crepitation on press- 
 ure; on section of lung foimd it infiltrated with bloody exudation. The heart was 
 found in a normal condition, except the left ventricle, which contained a firm ante- 
 mortem clot. This heart clot seemed to explain the sudden death of the animal. 
 
 Bloody muekain. — Mr. Samuel P. Brown writes that a very fatal 
 disease prevailed among cattle in Cumberland County, Va., during the 
 past summer, which was regarded by many as the disease commonly 
 known as bloody "murrain. Happening to visit a neighbor who had 
 just lost an animal by the disease, he proposed a post-mortem exam- 
 ination, which was readily assented to. In giving the results of this 
 examination Mr. B. says : 
 
 I found the liver very much congested ; the gall bladder enormously distended, 
 almost to bursting; the bowels filled with very hard, dry fecal matter. The stomach 
 was a curiosity, being comx^letely full and closely empacted, and so dry I think it 
 could easily have been set on fire. I also examined the kidneys and bladder. There 
 was some congestion of the forjier, but the latter had a fair normal appearance. I 
 pronounced the disease congestion of the liver, and suggested that on the first symp- 
 toms in another animal that one hundred grains of calomel bo given immediately to 
 be followed in four hours by one pint of castor oil or one pound of epsom salts. He 
 had occasion to try it next day on a valuable cow. She recovered. He told his neigh- 
 bors of the remedy, and it was soon very generally known. lu a few weeks the dis- 
 ease entirely disappeared. Four-fifths of those treated with the aboveremedyrecovered. 
 
 Acting upon a suggestion I read in your former valuable report on diseases of ani- 
 mals, I advised a friend, whose cattle were grazing on his lowlands, and several of 
 which had died from apparently the same disease, to remove them to highland pas- 
 ture. He did so, and lost not a single animal after the change. Your remedy was the 
 best, for prevention is always better than a cure. 
 
 Antheax Feyee.— Mr. ISTorman E. Wills, writing from Johnson 
 county, Tenn., under date of December 20 last, says : 
 
 L^^Tt-^f ®v t'^f ^°g foi^ some time of writing to you in regard to a disease among 
 cattle that has been prevailing m this immediate locality for some months past 
 
CONTAGIOnS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 323' 
 
 Calves and yearlings have lieen dying at a fearful rate — as the hogs died some years 
 ago with cholera. They first commence to droop, complain sometimes, and occasion- 
 ally manifest lameness. They generally die in about twenty-four hours. We have 
 no remedy. When one gets sick we drive it to a good place to skin, and it is not long 
 thereafter before we get the job. We have had no disease among our cattle since the 
 war until this affection apiieared. 
 
 A SIMPLE REMEDY.— Mr. J. D. Guthrie, of Shelby county, Ky., 
 gives the following simple remedy for snuffles in sheep and grub in the 
 head: 
 
 Snuffles is easily relieved by injecting into each nostril a decoction of tobacco. This 
 is done by emptying the contents of tlie barrel of a small gutta-percha syringe in each 
 nostril. The head of the sheep should be raised so that the fluid will reach the seat 
 of the disease. I have seen relief given by this remedy when the animal was unable 
 to stand irpou his feet. Pulverized rosin with salt (half and half), given once a week, 
 is a preventive of the disease. 
 
 For the grub, the same application of tobacco-juice will often relieve the animal. 
 The grub is produced by tlie gad-fly, which deposits an egg in the nostrils of the 
 sheep from the middle of June until the last of August. This can be prevented by 
 salting the flock in long narrow troughs, previously well painled with pine tar, so that 
 a portion of the tar will adhere to the nose of each animal. The tar is obnoxious to 
 the fly, and will discontinue its annoyances to the flock as long as a particle of the tar 
 remains on the nose. 
 
 Splenic fever. — ^Dr. W. W. Michaux, of Powhatan county, Va., 
 forwards the following statement relative to the first appearance in 
 that county of splenic or Texas fever of cattle, a disease so well 
 described and exhaustively treated by Dr. D. E. Salmon, in Special 
 Eeport No. 22 of this department: 
 
 The chief disease affecting cattle in this section of Virginia is a very singular one, 
 and is known as distemper, murrain, and a variety of other names, with no reference 
 to pathology. One of the most interesting facts concerning it is, that if once carried 
 to a locality it will attack the cattle there at irregular intervals ever afterwards ; 
 another fact is, that it is never seen at any place unless carried there by diseased cat- 
 tle. Still another anomaly is, that a single fence will divide the infected from the 
 non-infected district indefinitely ; but if a single infected animal be allowed to go 
 over into uninfected districts, the district will forever remain infected. There are 
 certain districts in this vicinity where it has never been known, while on this farm it 
 has prevailed off and on for forty or fifty years. The limits are of course extending, 
 the disease invading new districts at almost every recurrence of the epidemic. A vari- 
 ety of remedies have been tried, but better results have been obtained by using, as a 
 preventive, equal parts of lime (slaked), sulphur, salt, and red clay for the cattle to 
 lick. Animals affected with the disease are usually constipated, the urine bloody and 
 the fever high. They will often show fight when suffering with the disease. The 
 contents of the stomach of one animal I opened after death were found to be almost 
 entirely dry. 
 
 Cattle raised in the infected localities are much more exempt from the disease than 
 those imported into them, these almost invariably dying during the first epidemic of 
 the malady after their arrival. 
 
 I would state that the foregoing is the result of the experience of three generations 
 of my family living in this immediate vicinity, and that I can remember when the 
 disease was first introduced into the neighborhood. 
 
 Millet dangerous pood for cattle. — Mr. J. O. Baxter, of Eing- 
 gold county, Iowa, writes that a number of cattle died in that county 
 during the past ^vinter, their death supposed to have been the result of 
 feeding on millet. Milch cows seemed to be more readily and seriously 
 affected by this diet than other animals. 
 
 Preventive for swine plague. — Mr. K McEnesy, Ghico, Cal., 
 writes as follows under recent date : 
 
 I cannot tell you how, or why, sulphate of copper (commonly called blue-stone) 
 cures so-called liog cholera, but I know practically that it does. During the past five 
 years I have tried it repeatedly on my own and neighbors' hogs, and have not failed 
 in any case where the aiiimtil was not virtually dead. If generally used as a pre- 
 ventive this disease would soon be known only in memory. As you have the best op- 
 
324 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 portiinity of making known this remedy, -will you please have it tried, and if found 
 good recommend its use? Give in feed or drink at the rate of one pound of sulphate 
 to five gallons of water. As a iireventive one feed a month -will he found sufifioieut. 
 Keep all other animals from it. 
 
 The WAT SWINE plague is spread. — A correspondent at Spring- 
 field, Clark county, Ohio, writ«s that the farmers of that county organ- 
 ized an institute in February last. At this meeting the lung disease of 
 cattle was discussed, and Congress petitioned to pass stringent laws to 
 prevent the spread of this dreaded disease in the United States. Prof. 
 E. W. Claypole, of Antioch College, read a pajjer on swine fever, and 
 gave strong proof that transporting dead hogs to rendering houses was 
 a fruitful means of spreading the disease. Irresponsible men, with but 
 little means for gaining a livelihood, were engaged in hauling these 
 dead hogs, and their trade depended on the spread of the disease. 
 
 High feeding becommended.— Mr. W. E. Grant, Carroll county, 
 Kentucky, writes as follows concerning the feeding of stock for market: 
 
 The most experienced stock growers here are convinced of the importance of hav- 
 ing all kinds of stock mature at as early a period after birth as possible. To accom- 
 plish this they keep as much good food before their young animals as they wiU con- 
 sume from the time they are ■willing to eat until they are sold. Hogs should be ein-ht 
 or nine months old when sold — that is, pigs dropped in February or March should 
 never want for food, but should be kept fat until sold in December. Lambs dropped 
 in February are ready for market in June. It is well to hasten them on by feedin"- 
 cracked corn with the meal sifted out. There is no danger of young animals eatin° 
 too much if their food is kept where they can get at it at will. Cattle are no escep- 
 tion to this rule, and should be fed high to return the greatest profit for the food con- 
 sumed. 
 
 Impobtant suggestion.— Mr. W. Miller, 687 Broadway, New York, 
 writes as follows under date of March 17 last : 
 
 The recent investigations of the Department of Agriculture on contagious diseases 
 of domesticated animals, especially with reference to pleuro-pneumonia of the bovine 
 aphthous foot-and-mouth disease, and other Mndred diseases, has led to the propriety 
 of including in these researches contagious diseases in the human family, to discover 
 for instance, if a preventive for scarlet fever is not to be found in the aphthous hoof- 
 and-mouth disease, and if the purified virus of pleuro-pneumonia of the bovine can 
 be appUed under certain conditions to the human family, as in vaccination, as a pre- 
 ventive in phthisis pulmonalis. 
 
 It has been proven that diseases of domesticated animals can be communicated to 
 human beings with safety, and give protection for a specific disease. If a preventive 
 is discovered that contains within itself a mild and effective means that will give im- 
 munity or lessen the severity of a disease that is either contagious or non-contao-ious 
 and applied as in vaccination, it is of the same importance to the human famtly as 
 the bovine creation. 
 
 From practical experience in collecting the animal or bovine virus from the calf for 
 vaccination as a preventive in small-pox, I find neither heat, cold, nor infiltration 
 changes the character of a virulent poison. But when diffused or passed throuo-h an 
 annual membrane from one to the other, the virulence of the poison is lessened of its 
 contagious properties. AVhile the portion which does not pass through still retains it 
 it can then be used with harmlessness and without danger, if not with complete im' 
 ""™*/; fl^ preventive in all cases it lessens the severity of a disease and arrests 
 the life of the patient. 
 
 _ It is now well understood that the influence of one poison has the power of neutral- 
 izmg or destroyiug the action of another. This is proven in vaccination for small-pox, 
 
 andofthenegroorCholoinMexico,whomooulateshimselfwiththepoisonoftheserpcnt 
 with the tooth of a rattlesnake, which renders him safe from the bite of all venimous 
 
 animals. Traussea perpetuated the records of the brave old pioneer of vaccination, 
 Benjamin Jerty, who long before Jenner discovered and reasoned out the cow-pox as 
 a means of producing immunity from smaU-pox, and applied the discovery to his own 
 family. The most difiicult question that now confronts the medical profession s that 
 which relates to the prevention of disease, and it is said there is more of science in 
 preventing or lessening the severity of a disease than in trying to cure it 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 325 
 
 Splenic fever.— Mr. J. L. Hale, of l^ortli Salem, Lynn county, 
 Missouri, writes as follows under recent date : 
 
 Duringthemontli of March -two of our citizens wont to Texas and "brouoht hack 
 witlL them about 150 head of Texas steers. They were landed at Moberly, Mo., and 
 afterwards brought np into this county. About 8.5 head were turned on to the prairie, 
 where tliey were allowed to run at large. A very fatal disease has since appeared 
 among our native cattle, which we thiuk is Spanish fever. About 200 head liave 
 already died, and a great many more are sick. 
 
 OoNTAGioxJS LUNG PLAGtTE OP CATTLE. — Dr. Chas. A. Leas, Emory 
 Grove, Baltimore county, Maryland, says : 
 
 The diseases prevailing among cattle and other domesticated animals are seriously 
 damaging our agricultural interests. I have suffered severely, as I informed you last 
 year, from the etfects of contagious pleiiro-pneumonia among my cows. The disease 
 is still prevailing in our State. 
 
 Pkeventive pok swine plague. — Mr. H. O. Dixon, of Jackson, 
 Miss., gives the following preventive measures for swine plague : 
 
 In the report of your department for 1878, Dr. Vogler, in speaking on the subject 
 of hog cholera, says: "No remedy was discovered having any marked beneficial 
 effect upon the disease when once fully established." This is fully in accord with my 
 own experience, but I believe I have discovered a preventive which will stop the 
 spread of the disease in a herd after it has made its appearance'; at least it has been, 
 successful in every instance when tried by myself and others. I feed my hogs with ' 
 shelled corn or oats scattered on the ground, and while they are eating I sift fresh air- 
 slacked lime over them until the hair is filled and the ground covered with it. Whether 
 it is the lime inhaled or that swallowed, or both, that produces the desired effect I 
 am unable to say, but it has proved effectual. This preventive I accidentally dis- 
 covered during the war, and since using it I have never lost a sound hog by the disease. 
 Previous to the discovery of this preventive the disease prevailed among my hogs, but 
 I checked it by feeding sorghum cane. 
 
 Eemedy pob black-leg. — Mr. H. M. Kemp, of Schuyler, Colfax 
 county, Nebraska, gives the following remedy for the destructive dis- 
 ease generally known throughout the country as black-leg: 
 
 I see from special report No. 12 of your department, and other publications, that 
 black-leg prevails among young cattle in many localities in this State. I am sur- 
 prised that a remedy used forty years ago is not better known by stockmen of the 
 present day. I have been engaged for forty-five years past in breeding and rearing 
 stock, and in all my experience with this disease I have never known it to fail in a 
 single case. The disease appears among my cattle almost every spring, but as yet I 
 have not lost a single animal. The remedy consists of one pound each of saltpeter 
 and common salt, ground and well mixed. One-half teacupful dry is given at a dose. 
 After this, severe exorcise should be given, lasting for twenty minutes. A second dose 
 is seldom required. 
 
 Wood ashes as a preventive op swine plague. — Mr. J. B. Hun- 
 ter, of Kittrell, G-ranville county, IsTorth Carolina, editor of the Eoxboro' 
 Herald, writes as follows relative to the value of wood ashes as a pre- 
 ventive of swine plague: 
 
 I have been fond of raising hogs all my life, and have always had pork or bacon to 
 sell. I never fattened a hog on a floored pen ; always make the floor over my hogs ; 
 The general objection to this is that the hogs will eat dirt. My reply is that a hog 
 only eats dirt when it is necessary for its health, and if wood ashes are kept in its 
 trough this necessity will never arise, nor will it ever have the cholera. What is 
 known as cholera is nothing less than worms, and these worms are destroyed by the 
 wood-ashes. My olDservation has been that hogs that have not received regular sup- 
 plies of wood ashes while fattening are full of worms. They may be found on the 
 intestines and around the kidneys, when killed ; the liver is generally diseased and 
 uuiit for use. My hogs are always free from these worms, and I am satisfied it is 
 owing to the liberal supply of wood ashes I keep by them, and compel them to eat 
 by feeding on the ashes. Those of my neighbors who have adopted the use of ashes 
 testify with me that they have lost no hogs by cholera since they commenced the use 
 of this cheap and simple preventive. 
 
32 G CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 Wood ashes and salt as preventives foe swine plague.— Eev. 
 L. M. Berry, of Salisbmy, Mo., writes as follows under recent date : 
 
 "While I live in this town I travel over the State a great deal. Mr. E. F. Lyon, (if 
 Pettis county, Missouri, informed me recently tliat lie is an oxti;usive swine rai.sci', 
 feeding generally of liis own raising on his farm near Longwood anywhere from four 
 to iive hundred hogs annually. He has not lost a hog from the diseases which aifect 
 swine for a number of years, and feels no uneasiness about his own animals when the 
 so-called cholera is in the neighborhood. He feeds his hogs every morning with a 
 small feed of shelled oats dampened with water and then mixed with ashes and salt. 
 He uses from twelve to fourteen barrels of salt per annum in feeding in this way. 
 Before adopting this plan he says he suffered great losses from hog cholera and other 
 diseases, but he has not lost an animal during the five years he has been practicing 
 this system. His neighbors, who do not use these precautions, are continually suffer- 
 ing losses among their swine. Mr. Lyon is a reliable gentleman and thrifty farmer, 
 and thinks his system of feeding will prove very valuable if generally known. 
 
REPORT OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL OP GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 The annual Eeport of tlie Veterinary Department of tlie Privy Council 
 oflce of Great Britain for the year 1880 has just been published. From 
 this report it would seem that notwithstanding the restrictions on the 
 foreign-animal trade were rather more severe and exacting in some 
 respects than they were in 1879, yet the importations of live stock 
 increased in 1880 as compared with the previous year. The total num- 
 ber of imported animals from all countries out of the United Kingdom 
 was 1,379,838 against 1,241,847 in 1879. From European countries, 
 exclusive of the Channel Islands, were received 180,877 cattle, 797,482 
 sheep, 37,907 swine, against 143,187 cattle, 750,469 sheep, and 32,591 
 swine in 1879. 
 
 From Canada there were received 48,103 cattle, 78,074 sheep, 671 
 swine, against 25,185 cattle, 73,913 sheep, and 3,663 swine in 1879. 
 
 From the United States were received 154,814 cattle, 66,722 sheep, 
 12,549 swine, against 76,117 cattle, 119,350 sheep, and 15,180 swine in 
 1879. 
 
 From the Channel Islands the importations were 2,632 cattle against 
 2,151 in 1879, and from other countries 6 cattle and 1 sheep against 12 
 cattle, 22 sheep, and 7 swine in 1879. 
 
 From Ireland were received 721,391 cattle, 714,763 sheep, 372,890 
 swine, against 641,370 cattle, 673,371 sheep, and 429,663 swine in 1879. 
 
 The total number of animals imported into the island from all sources 
 in 1880 was 3,188,882 against 2,986,251 in 1879. 
 
 The report gives the following statistics of the cargoes of foreign ani- 
 mals in which disease was detected : 
 
 There were landed in Great Britain during 1880 from places out of tlie United King- 
 dom, exclusive of tlie Channel Islands, 3,39ii cargoes of animals consisting of 383,800 
 cattle, 942,279 sheep, and 51,127 swine. In 151 cargoes the inspectors detected disease 
 among the animals on landing in this country. The diseased cargoes came from the 
 following countries: Belgium, 38 cargoes, of which 3 cargoes, consisting of 582 sheep, 
 contained 33 sheep affected with sheep-soab ; Denmark, 525 cargoes, of which 2 car- 
 
 foes, consisting of 343 cattle and 77 sheep, contained 5 sheei^ affected with sheep-scah ; 
 'ranee, 42 cargoes, of which 3 . cargoes, consisting of 174 cattle, contained 40 cattle 
 affected with foot-and-mouth disease ; G-ermany, 482 cargoes, of which 18 cargoes, con- 
 sisting of 20,878 sheep and 701 swine, contained 5 sheep and 15 swine affected with 
 foot-and mouth-disease, 3 sheep affected with sheep-pox, 248 sheep affected with sheep- 
 Bcab, and 3 swine affected with swine fever ; the Netherlands, 684 cargoes, of which 10 
 cargoes, consisting of 821 cattle, 5,143 sheep, and 354 swiue, contained 2 cattle affected 
 with pleuro-pneumoiiia, 2 sheep affected with foot-and-mouth disease, and 10 swine 
 affected with swiue fever : Portugal, 93 cargoes, of which 1 cargo, consisting of 96 
 cattle, contained 4 cattle altected with foot-and-mouth disease ; Spain, 317 cargoes, of 
 which 1 cargo, consisting of 52 cattle, contained 5 cattle affected with foot-and-mouth 
 disease ; Sweden, 140 cargoes, of which 1 cargo, consisting of 97 cattle, 4 sheep, and 22 
 swine, contained 3 sheep affected with sheep-scab j Canada, 211 cargoes, of Which 2 
 cargoes, consisting of 108 cattle and 226 sheep, contained five sheep affected with sheep- 
 scab; the United States of America, 770 cargoes, of which 110 cargoes, consisting of 
 26,464 cattle, 12,931 sheep, and 5,013 swine, contained 229 cattle affected with pleuro- 
 pneumonia, 21 cattle, 63 sheep affected with foot-and-mouth disease, 124 sheep affected 
 with sheep-scab, and 403 swins affected with swine fever. 
 
 327 
 
328 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 The following record of casualties is made up from the returns fur- 
 nished by inspection at the ports named where American and Canadian 
 animals were landed during the year : 
 
 From Canada tliere were imported in 1880 to the ports of Bristol, Glasgow, Liver- 
 pool, London, and Southampton, 211 cargoes of animals, consisting of 48,103 cattle, 
 78,074 sheep, 671 swine, in addition to which 813 cattle, 1,747 sheep, and 5 swine were 
 thrown overboard during the voyage ; 53 cattle and 100 sheep were landed dead, and 
 38 cattle and 110 sheep had to he slaughtered at tlie place of landing owing to injuries 
 received in transit. 
 
 From the United States there were imported in 1880 to the ports in Barrow-iu-Far- 
 nesa, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, Hartlepool, Hull, Liverpool, London, South Shields, 
 and Southampton, 770 cargoes of animals, consisting of 154,814 cattle, 60,722 sheep, 
 and 12,549 swine, in addition to which 6,831 cattle, 2,964 sheep, and 1,3.59 swine were 
 thrown overboard on the voyage; 168 cattle, 108 sheep, and 111 swine were landed 
 dead, and 104 cattle, 45 sheep, and 81 swine were so much injured that it was neces- 
 sijry to slaughter them at the place of landing. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that 13,619 animals were thrown overboard dur- 
 ing the voyage, 540 were landed dead, and 384 were so much injured or 
 exhausted that they had to be killed at the place of landing, making a 
 total loss of 14,543 animals. The losses, however, were not so severe as 
 in the previous year in proportion to the number of animals shipped. 
 
 During the year the disease of contagious pleuro-pneumonia existed 
 in 51 counties in Great Britain, the nuniber of outbreaks being 1,052 
 against 1,549 in 1879. The number of cattle attacked during the year 
 was 2,765 against 4,414 in the previous year. In England alone the 
 disease existed in 37 counties, and 967 fresh outbreaks were reported 
 during the year. 
 
GENERAL COiNDITION OP FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Chilton Countii. — Hogs and fowls have been seriously affected with 
 cliolera during the past year. But sliglit losses have occurred among 
 horses and cattle. 
 
 Cleburne. — Cattle are quite frequently attacked by distemper, of which 
 some die. Hogs are more or less fatally affected every year with cholera 
 or red mange. Some seasons the cholera destroys almost all the fowls 
 in the county. 
 
 Conecuh. — Large numbers of horses die for want of proper care and 
 attention. Cattle have suffered from severe cold weather, and many 
 have died in the woods or on the range for want of food. In some parts 
 of the county hogs are annually afflicted with cholera. Very few recover 
 from this disease. Fowls die by the hundreds of a similar disease. 
 
 Crenshaw — Fowls have died off very rapidly during the year. An 
 examination shows a greatly enlarged liver, for which reason we call the 
 disease cholera, 
 
 Elmore. — Distemper is about the only infectious disease that is ever 
 troublesome among our horses. A few hogs die annually of cholera. 
 Fowls have been largely affected with a similar disease and the loss has 
 been quite heavy. 
 
 Franlclin. — The j)rincipal losses sustained by farmers of this county 
 during the year have been occasioned by diseases affecting swine. Some 
 cattle and a good many fowls have also died of diseases common to them. 
 
 Lowndes. — Almost every horse in the coiinty is now suffering with the 
 epizooty, but in a mild form. Cattle have no contagions disease, but large 
 numbers of them die every year from being eaten or bitten by ticks 
 which multiply in the fall season. This species of ticks was unknown 
 here until about three years ago. Fowls are afflicted with the disease 
 known as chicken cholera, from which large numbers die annually. 
 
 Madison. — Chicken cholera is the only disease from which we have 
 sustained any loss during the past season, and it has not been so de- 
 structive as in former years. 
 
 Bandolph. — The epizooty prevails among horses, murrain and black 
 tongue among cattle, cholera among hogs, rot among sheep, and cholera 
 among all kinds of fowls. Our losses have been quite heavy for the 
 year. 
 
 Wilcox. — Horses here are subject to such diseases as blind staggers, 
 big head or big shoulder, and blindness. My experience and observa- 
 tion lead me to the belief that about four-fifths of the horses of the county 
 are attacked by one or the other of these diseases before they arrive at 
 the age of maturity. These diseases quite often prove fatal. 
 
 Winston. — The so-called cholera has prevailed to some extent among 
 swine iu this county during the year. It has been of rather a mild form 
 and as yet has done but little damage. 
 
 329 
 
330 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 AEKANSAS. 
 
 ■ Benton County.~l efithi\i\.te the losses among farm animals in this 
 county during the past year as follows : Horses, $10,000 j cattle, $64,000; 
 hogs, $20,000 ; sheep, $500 ; fowls, $2,000. 
 
 Bradley.— The. only disease prevailing among onr horses is epizootic 
 distemper, from which but few animals have died. Some hogs have 
 been lost by the usual disease— cholera, so called. 
 
 Glay.—X number of cattle have recently died in this county of an 
 unknown disease to us. Some hogs have also been lost, supposed to 
 liave been caused by kidney affection or by eating mast infested by worms. 
 
 Crittenden. — Two or three thousand dollars will cover all the losses 
 occasioned by disease among farm animals in this county during the 
 past year. K"o disease has prevailed in an epidemic form. 
 
 Cross. — We have lost some cattle in this county during the past season 
 by distemper and dry murrain. The hog cholera has been more de- 
 structive than usual. This disease usually destroys about half the hogs 
 in the county. Sheep are subject to distemper, which frequently proves 
 fatal. As in the case of swine, chicken cholera kills about one-half the 
 fowls in the county. 
 
 Borsey. — Epizootic influenza has been prevailing among our horses 
 and mules for some weeks past. Some animals have died. Our losses 
 have been quite heavy among cattle and hogs. I estimate the losses of 
 the former at $3,600, and of the latter at $3,500. 
 
 Faulkner. — A very fatal disease has prevailed among the hogs in this 
 county during the past winter. It made its first appearance in the 
 western part of the county, and extended east and north. In some 
 localities it has destroyed almost every animal. The symptoms of the 
 disease were those of pneumonia. I examined a great many, and with- 
 out exception I found the right lung inflamed ; in many cases both lungs 
 were affected. The animals would live from three to ten days. They 
 had but little appetite, but were very thirsty. 
 
 Garland. — What is known here as hog cholera is the prevailing and 
 most fatal disease that afflicts any class of farm animals. Young ani- 
 mals suffer to a much greater extent than the older ones. It is raging 
 here now to a greater extent than for three years past. 
 
 Izard. — Quite a large number of horses have been lost in this county 
 during the past season by a disease known as blind staggers. The dis- 
 ease seems to be caused by eating rotten and worm-eaten corn. It can, 
 in nearly every case, be traced to want of care in feeding. Cholera has 
 prevailed among hogs, and I estimate the value of the animals lost by 
 this disease during the year at $10,000. 
 
 Jac7;«o?i.— Horses are frequently affected with distemper, which often 
 proves fatal. Hogs and fowls are subject to cholera, from which heavy 
 losses annually occur. Sheep suffer with the rot, but the disease does 
 not often prove fatal. 
 
 Miller.— GatilQ imported from the East, and allowed to range on the 
 same pastures with the natives, nearly all die of a disease similar to 
 Texas cattle fever. Hogs are subject to cholera, and large numbers die 
 annually. The same can be said of fowls. 
 
 Montgoviery.-A. number of cattle and hogs have been lost in the 
 county during the year by diseases incident to these animals. 
 
 Newton.— Own cattle have suffered to a considerable extent during the 
 past year with both dry and bloody murrain. Hog cholera has pre- 
 vailed, with its usual fatal results. Fowls suffer also with a disease 
 known by the same name. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 331 
 
 OuaoMta. — All classes of farm auimals in this county have remained 
 iiiiexceptionally healthy during the year. In different localities fowls 
 are badly afdicted with cholera, a disease which seems never to prevail 
 two years in succession in the same locality. 
 
 Pope. — The principal disease to which our horses are subject is blind 
 staggers. This disease attacks so suddenly, and kills so quickly, that 
 there is no time for applying remedies. Cattle are frequently afilicted 
 with either dry or bloody murrain, a disease which can be cured, if taken 
 in time, by the administration of a drench of peach-tree juice. Hogs die 
 at a rapid rate of swine plague, and many sheep are lost by rot. Ghiclten 
 cholera is quite prevalent, and a great many fowls die annually of the 
 disease. 
 
 Prairie. — The only contagious diseases prevading among any class of 
 farm animals in this county is epizootic distemper. Chicken cholera 
 prevails at some points in the county every summer. I never knew a 
 fowl afflicted with the disease to get well. i 
 
 Scott. — Cholera has prevailed with its usual virulence among hogs and 
 fowls during the past year. Horses have been afflicted with distemper, 
 of which some twenty-odd animals have died. 
 
 Sevier. — The epizooty has prevailed among horses to a limited extent. 
 Cholera and measles killed a number of hogs some time since, but re- 
 cently these animals have remained healthy. 
 
 Sharp. — The only infectious or contagious disease that has prevailed 
 among farm animals in this county for several years past is cholera 
 among hogs. This disease prevails more or less every year. 
 
 Union. — Our horses are suffering with a distemper which, so far, has 
 done but little damage. Hogs occasionally have cholera. When my 
 neighbor's hogs are suffering with this disease mine are healthy, and 
 vice rersa. We cannot account for the vagaries of the disease. Fowls 
 also suffer with cholera, but the disease does not prevail among them 
 every year. 
 
 Washington. — Texas fever has visited some herds of cattle in this 
 county during the year. There has been some loss of hogs, perhaps 
 from the disease generally known as cholera. 
 
 White. — Destructive diseases have prevailed amoiig horses and swine 
 in this county during- the past year. About thirty head of horses have 
 been lost. I estimate the value of hogs lost at $21,000, 
 
 CALIFOENIA. 
 
 BoiMer County. — Cattle in this locality die, very often, of a disease 
 called black leg. We have found no remedy for this disease. ISo other 
 contagious disease prevails among farm animals. 
 
 Calaveras. — Horses in this county are affected by glanders and the 
 epizooty. The diseases seem to be of a more fatal type than formerly. 
 Sheep are affected with scab, and have to be doctored twice a year at 
 quite a heavy expense and great loss in both numbers and value. 
 
 Contra Costa. — All classes of farm animals in this county are free from 
 disease except hogs. Quinsy and pneumonia are the most common dis- 
 eases among this class of animals. White hogs are also subject to a 
 disease of the skin, which blisters and generally falls off on the head 
 and along the back. Young pigs suffer very much from this disease, 
 and are stunted in growth. Scab and the fluke-worm are common 
 among sheep. 
 
 Lalce. — Horses are suffering with gleet, or a similar disease, which 
 seems to be the result of neglect while the animals were suffering with 
 
332 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 the epizooty. Eot is quite prevalent among slieep, of whicli we have 
 between 45,000 and 50,000 in this county. 
 
 j)/erce(?.— Horses are affected with epizooty, and sheep with scab. 
 The epizooty is of a mild type and but few sheep are lost by scab. 
 
 San Bernardino.— Golts here in the spring of the year are subject to dis- 
 temper, but the disease rarely causes death. Sheep are pretty generally 
 infected with scab, but the per cent, of losses is very small. Fowls are 
 troubled with what is known here as swelled head. This disease is a 
 very fatal one ; we have no remedy for it. 
 
 San Diego.— The only losses sustained among horses are among those 
 that are unbroken and run at large. When attacked by disease they cannot 
 be handled, and usually die. The same may be said of cattle. The 
 only disease that ever afBicts our sheep is the scab. A good many 
 hogs have died, but of what disease I am not informed. 
 
 Ventura. — A good many lambs, at about the age of four months, are 
 attackai with a peculiar and destructive disease, for which, as yet, we 
 have dfecovered no remedy. The only decided symptom is that of great 
 weakness across the kidneys. 
 
 Yuba. — Large numbers of chickens annually die in this county from a 
 disease known as roupe. 
 
 COLOEADO. 
 
 LaJce County. — Infectious and contagious diseases have never yet 
 occurred among horses and cattle in this county. The county contains 
 a large number of horses and mules, and a limited number of cattte. The 
 high altitude predisposes the former to lung complaints, and the latter 
 suffer from lack of shelter during the long winters. 
 
 CONNECTICXJT. 
 
 Litchfield County. — Tuberculosis, abortion, and fouls have prevailed 
 among cattle to some extent. A few cows and oxen have died of the 
 first-named disease, and many calves have been lost by the second, and 
 the value of the cow greatly diminished thereby. By the third the 
 use of oxen and the milk of cows are lost. While it is a disease widely 
 prevalent, death rarely occurs. 
 
 Neiv Haven. — The only disease of a contagious nature prevailing 
 among any class of farm animals in this county is the epizooty among 
 horses ; no deaths have been reported. 
 
 DAKOTA TEEEITOKY. 
 
 Bon Homme County. — A few weeks ago cattle in the center of our 
 county were afflicted with a disease which killed them generally within 
 twenty-four hours. The first symptom was a lameness, followed by a 
 swollen leg. The disease was supposed by some to be black leg. 
 
 Moody. — Many horses in this county are affected with a disease which 
 causes a discharge from the nose. Many cases of farcy are also reported. 
 Information as to the proper treatment of these diseases would be of 
 great service. 
 
 Traill. — I have heard of two or three cases of glanders, and a few 
 cases of lung fever in horses. Muscular rheumatism appears to prevail 
 more extensively among these, animals than any other disease. , Fowls 
 are often afflicted with scabby legs. 
 
 Yankton. — The epizooty is prevailing extensively among horses, but 
 in a mild form. Black leg continues to carry off large numbers of cattle. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 333 
 
 I estimate the value of our losses from this aud othei- disca-ses at $3,000. 
 Hogs are all afflicted with a disease that aiiects their hiud legs. Fowls 
 have the cholera. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Neio Castle Cowiiy.— I estimate the value of the losses among farm 
 animals in this county by disease for the current year as follows : Horses 
 $3,375; cattle, $3,250; hogs, $1,800 ; sheep, $540; fowls, $7,500. Cholera 
 among poultry has prevailed to a certain extent throughout the peniu- 
 ^ sula for fifteen years, and in many instances has destroyed the entire 
 stock on a farm. 
 
 Susse . — Our losses among farm animals in this county by disease, 
 during the past year will foot up about as follows : Horses, $3,750 ; cattle, 
 $1,125; hogs, $2,500; sheep, $300; fowls, $7,500. The epizooty is pre- 
 vailing in a mild form among horses. 
 
 FLORIDA. ; 
 
 Clay County. — As near as 1 can learn, the value of the farm animals 
 lost in this county during the past year is about as follows : Horses, $168 ; 
 cattle, $1,625; hogs, $6,000; fowls, $1,250. 
 
 Columbia. — Stock raised here is generally healthy, but it is quite the 
 reverse with that brought from other States, except from South Georgia. 
 A horse raised here, of the same general appearance as an imported one, 
 commands from $30 to $40 more than the imported one. 
 
 Hamilton. — ^With reference to horses I would state that there are from 
 75 to 100 colts dropped in the county every year; but little over one-half 
 this number are raised, as they die of staggers, generally during the 
 first or second year of their age. Ifo special disease prevails among 
 cattle. About once in three years cholera prevails among hogs, and 
 destroys them at the rate of 60 per cent. 'No contagious diseases seem 
 to be prevailing among sheep and fowls. 
 
 Lafayette. — Horses here are affected with the epizooty and blind stag- 
 gers. The former affection is very mild, but the latter kiUs almost every 
 animal attacked. A disease called "salt" or sea sick kiUs at least 20 
 per cent, of the cattle bred here. Lime water seems to be the only 
 remedy for this particular disease. Hogs are afflicted with many dis- 
 eases thumps, heaves, vermin, &c. Every farmer has his remedy, but 
 none are effective. A great many fowls are aimually lost by cholera. 
 
 Manatee. — Horses in this county are affected with distemper, but as 
 yet there have been no losses occasioned by it. Other classes of farm 
 animals have been visited by no epidemic disease. 
 
 Putnam. — ^More horses die here of bhnd and sleepy staggers than of 
 any other disease, though many die of colic, sand, and other causes. 
 Many cattle died in the woods during the past season of diseases unknown 
 to the farmers. I think the principal cause was the failure of the grass 
 crop, which forced the cattle to eat poisonous plants and weeds. Alligators 
 and wild beasts devoured some. These wild animals are the greatest 
 enemies of the hogs. I learn that the two or three sheep owners in the 
 flat woods lost nearly their entire flocks through the depredations of 
 bears and panthers. Thousands of dollars' worth of hogs, cattle, sheep, 
 and fowls are annually lost from depredations by alligators, bears, pan- 
 thers, wild cats, coons, opossums, owls, hawks, rats, and other pests. 
 I lost three out of four mules during the year. One of these died of the 
 sand disease. 
 
 Santa Bosa. — The loss of hogs some years is very heavy in this county. 
 
334 CONTAGIOUS DISEASKS OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 The disease seems to greatly vary. Sometimes during the fall of the 
 year a very destructive disease visits our fowls. It is called wart-head. 
 I do not kuow whether it is contagious or iufectious or not. 
 
 Suicamiee.—Gholeva, was quite prevalent among hogs in this county 
 in the spring, and nearly all those attacked died. Other classes ot 
 animals have remained healthy. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Byron County. — As a general thing our farm animals are very healthy. 
 There is some complaint of hog cholera, but it does not prevail to any 
 great extent. Our stock depends principally upon the range for a living. 
 
 Camden. — About 100 head of cattle have been attacked by what is 
 called here the putrid sore mouth. Swabbing the mouth with a solution 
 of copperas seems to reheve the animals in a short time. 
 
 Catoosa. — During the year a strange lung disease broke out among 
 our hogs, and has proved very fatal. We think we have found a remedy 
 for it, however, in the following: We boU mountain ivy (this is poison- 
 ous to cattle in the raw or green state), and mix sufficient meal with it 
 to make a good slop. This we give to the hogs repeatedly. They will 
 recover under this treatment, shed oif and thrive; at least this has been 
 our experience. 
 
 Charlton. — Farm animals generally have remained in good health 
 during the past season. Some hog and chicken cholera have prevailed, 
 but these diseases have not been as general as formerly. 
 
 Clayton. — We have but few horses in this county, and they are free 
 from contagious diseases. Cattle here have been healthy for some time 
 past. Our hogs are frequently affected with a disease called cholera, 
 but I think the affection is caused by the animal eating cotton seed. 
 
 Cobh. — Hogs and fowls suffer greatly with a disease known here as 
 cholera. Large numbers of each die every year. Other classes of stock 
 are free from disease. 
 
 DaiDson. — Distemper among cattle and cholera among hogs and fowls 
 prevails to a gTeater or less extent every year. We have no reliable 
 preventive or remedy for these maladies. 
 
 Decatur. — It is thought that black tongue, a contagious disease which 
 prevailed among cattle in this county in 1856, has again made its 
 appearance among our herds. The losses among horses, swine, and 
 fowls for the year have been quite heavy. 
 
 Dooly. — The most fatal contagious disease prevailing among any class 
 of farm animals is that of cholera among hogs. Some years our losses 
 are very heavy. Blind or sleepy staggers is the most prevalent and 
 fatal disease to which our horses are subject. Sheep suffer to some 
 extent from the disease known as rot, and cattle from pneirmonia and 
 sore tongue. 
 
 Fannin. — ^Our horses are now all afflicted with a mild form of epizooty. 
 They have a cough and discharge from the nose. As yet' it has not 
 proved fatal in any case. Cattle are dying in the vicinity of Morgan- 
 town with bloody murrain. This disease seems to have been brought in 
 from south of the Blue Eidge by infected cattle. A good many hogs 
 have been lost by some sort of fever. 
 
 Fayette. — Horses that die here generally die of epizooty or distemper. 
 A good many cattle are annually lost by murrain, and hogs and fowls 
 by a disease commonly known as cholera. 
 
 Gilmer. — The epizooty has prevailed generally among horses in this 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISKASEB Of JJOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 335 
 
 coiiuty but has caused no deaths. Diseases aiiioug hogs aud fowls have 
 prevailed extensively and caused a good many deaths. 
 
 Eaberskam. — The ijrevalent diseases among farm animals here are 
 murrain or cow distejuper among cattle and cholera among hogs. 
 Cholera also prevails among fowls. I know of no remedy for cow dis- 
 temper or hog cholera. 
 
 Harris. — The only disease of an infectious or contagious character 
 prevaili'Og among any class of farm stock in this county is that gener- 
 ally known as cholera, which affects hogs and fowls. The disease does 
 not prevail to any great extent this year. 
 
 Haralson. — Horses are affected with distemper, and some have died 
 of blind staggers, caused by eating rotten corn and damaged fodder. 
 Cows are quite often affected with hollow horn, which I think is caused 
 by bad treatment. Hogs die of cholera, sheep of rot and the staggers, 
 aud fowls of a disease known as cholera. 
 
 Houston. — The losses caused by disease among our farm animals dur- 
 ing the past year will reach from $12,000 to $15,000. 
 
 Jackson. — Some few cases of staggers have occurred among horses, 
 and an occasional case of murrain and black tongue are reported among 
 cattle. Hogs are very unhealthy ; we lose a great many from fevers. 
 Some call the disease cholera, while others pronounce it either lung or 
 typhus fever. Cholera also kills thousands of chickens every year. 
 
 Jefferson. — ^The mortality among hogs has been greater than among 
 any other class of farm animals in this county. Very few of these ani- 
 mals that are attack'ed ever recover. The effects of epizooty on horses 
 that recover remain for years, leaving a lingering cough. I have an 
 instance in one of my own animals. 
 
 Jones. — ^We have no very disastrous infectious or contagious diseases 
 prevailing among our horses or cattle. The epizooty is raging among 
 horses, but it prevails in a mild form, and I have heard of no deaths. 
 A large proportion of our cattle die in March or early spring for want 
 of proper attention. Hogs^ sheep, and fowls have been subject to 
 various infectious diseases, from which a large number have died. 
 
 Lumpkin. — Losses of farm animals in this county during the past year 
 by disease have been very light — hardly worth mentioning. 
 
 Marion. — The epizooty, in a mild form, is prevailing among our horses. 
 Hog cholera has prevailed to a limited extent in some localities. Poultry 
 of all kinds suffer terribly from a disease known as chicken cholera. In 
 my opinion the disease is brought on by improper treatment, both as 
 regards care and feeding. 
 
 Milton. — I estimate the value of horses lost by disease in this county 
 the past year at $1,000; cattle, $3,000; hogs, $2,400; sheep, $300. 
 
 Muscogee. — ^o special disease is reported as existing among farm ani- 
 mals in this county. Fowls of all kinds are aiflicted with cholera, roup, 
 and sore head, &c. 
 
 Neioton. — Most of our farmers try to raise a sufflcient number of hogs 
 for their own use, but a large number have died during the summer 
 from the ravages of a disease called cholera. They were generally sick 
 a long time, and for this reason many persons were of the opinion that 
 it was some other disease. 
 
 Pike. — We annually lose a great many horses in this county from 
 staggers, colic, grubs, lung-fever, overwork, &g. I think these losses 
 will amount annually to at least $15,000. 
 
 Pulaski: — I estimate the value of the losses of farm animals in this 
 county for the year by the various diseases which afflict them, as fol- 
 
336 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 lows: horses, $25,000; cattle, $2,500; bogs, $7,000; sheep, $2,500; 
 fowls, $300. The principal loss among hogs is from cholera. 
 
 Quitman.— The only disease that proves destructive to our farm ani- 
 mals is swine plague. A similar disease is yery*fatal to fowls. 
 
 Scriven. — A good many of the horses in this county have been attacked 
 by staggers during the past year. This is a very fatal malady. Cattle 
 suffer with murrain, hogs with cholera, sheep with dry rot, and fowls 
 with cholera. The losses among all classes of farm animals have been 
 quite heavy during the past season. 
 
 Telfair. — The only disease* that prevails as an epidemic among any 
 class of farm animals is cholera among fowls, but I have no accurate 
 figures as to losses. 
 
 Terrell. — The only contagious disease now affecting our horses is the 
 epizooty. But few losses have as yet occurred. Horses are afflicted 
 with a disease of the eyes, however, which has proved quite serious. 
 About 5 per cent, of all our horses are affected, and 10 per cent, of those 
 thus afflicted go blind. 
 
 Troup. — TSo epidemic or contagious diseases have prevailed among 
 horses or mules during the year. Cattle occasionally die of Spanish 
 or Texas fever, which seems to be a species of murrain. Almost every 
 season fowls are afflicted with cholera and roup. The former disease is 
 very fatal. Eoup is generally fatal to young fowls. I 
 
 Warren. — Contagious diseases seldom visit the horses and cattle of 
 this county. Cholera prevails among our hogs almost every year, and 
 we generally lose from one-fourth to one-half of our animals. I estimate 
 the losses in this county for the past year at $20,000. Fowls are much 
 troubled with lice, sore head, and cholera. 
 
 Wayne. — I estimate the value of the farm animals lost by disease in 
 this county during the past year as follows : Horses, $2,500 ; cattle, 
 $9,000; sheep, $000; and fowls, $120. 
 
 IDAHO TERRITORY. 
 
 Nez PercS County. — With the exception of glanders and a mild form of 
 epizooty, I have no diseases to report as prevailing among horses. The 
 former disease is rarely fatal, as the animals are killed to prevent the 
 spreading of the malady. The only disease known among cattle is an 
 affection of the hoof, caused by standing in muddy corrals. No remedy 
 is of any beneiit as long as the animal remains in the mud. Sheep suf- 
 fer to some extent from scab. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Adams County. — Hogs are now suffering from a disease generally known 
 as cholera, but I do not think the malady is as fatal as in previous years. 
 The epizooty lias appeared in a mild form among horses. 
 
 Bond.—ThQ, only disease prevailing among horses is a mild form of 
 epizootic distemper. Swine plague prevails to a considerable extent, 
 but it is- neither so wide-spread nor so fatal as in former years. Cholera 
 among chickens has been unusually destructive. 
 
 Brown.— Among our hogs and poultry we have a great deal of so-called 
 "cholera," that entails a loss of thousands of dollars annually. As yet 
 no preventive or cure for this disease has been discovered. The more I 
 become acquainted with swine plague in all its phases the more I dread 
 and fear it, for it seems to bo utterly incurable. 
 
 Carroll— Th<d only destructive contagious disease that has prevailed 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 337 
 
 among any class of our farm animals during the year has been that of 
 cholera among hogs. I think the value of • our losses from this cause 
 will reach $18,000. The disease- is raging fearfully at this time, as is 
 also cholera among chickens. 
 
 Olarh — Horses, cattle, and sheep have been comparatively healthy, 
 but the losses among hogs and fowls have been very heavy. In 1878 
 the value of hogs lost w^ estimated at $2,102,784, to which should be 
 added the loss of flesh and vitality of those that recovered, which was 
 equal to. one-half their value. The loss in 1879 was also very heavy, but 
 this year perhaps $25,000 will cover the damage. We can scarcely hope 
 to approximate the loss of fowls from what is called " chicken cholera." 
 There is scarcelj^ a farmer's wife who will not report the loss of from 50 
 to 200 head either this or last year. I estimate the loss at $112,500, but 
 I do not think my figures will cover half the loss that the answers to 
 my inquiries would indicate. 
 
 Clinton. — A few horses and a large number of cattle and hogs have 
 died in this county during the past year of various diseases. Many cat- 
 tle have died for want of proper care and attention. The value of the 
 hogs lost wiM amount in the aggregate to between $16,000 and $18,000. 
 
 Edivards. — Horses in this countj' have been affected with distemper. 
 A good many hogs have died with the disease still generally known as 
 cholera. 
 
 Effingham. — This being a good mast year hogs are much healthier than 
 usual. The eijizooty prevails in a mild form among our horses. 
 
 Gallatin. — The epizooty among horses is prevailing generally through- 
 out this county. A few losses occasionally occur among cattle. Hog 
 cholera prevails to a greater or lesser extent every year, but I have no 
 means of ascertaining the value of the losses. 
 
 Greene.— The epizootic is prevailing among our horses, and has caused 
 some losses. But the worst diseases we have had to contend with have 
 been Texas fever of cattle, swine j)lague, and chicken cholera. I cannot 
 give the value of the losses from these diseases. 
 
 Grundy. — Farm animals in this county are comparativey healthy, and 
 have been during the year. I think $5,000 will cOver the losses for the 
 current year. 
 
 Hancock. — The only contagious disease affecting farm animals in this 
 county is the well-known disease of cholera among hogs, and a similar 
 disease which proves most destructive to fowls. A gentleman who lost 
 about one hundred head of hogs informs me that he opened a number of 
 them, and found in the stomach, bowels, and thorax numbers of small 
 maggot-like worms just large enough to be visible to the naked eye. 
 While there has been some abatement of this disease, in certain localities 
 it has been as destructive as usual. I estimate the value of our losses 
 of swine from this cause during the year at $29,814, and of fowls by dis- 
 eases incident to the feathered tribe at $37,500. Some losses have oc- 
 curred among cattle from bloody murrain. 
 
 Henry. — I have no losses of consequence to record among farm animals 
 iu this county for the past season. A few hogs have been lost by the 
 usual diseases, but the value of the losses will not reach $2,000. 
 
 Johnson. — Horses are now affected with influenza, but of a milder form 
 than it was in 1872-'73. ISTo losses by deaths have as yet occurred. 
 Fowls are suffering from a disease known here as chicken cholera. Swine 
 plague has prevailed to some extent. 
 
 Kanlcalcee. — About one-half the horses in this county are at this time 
 suffering from a mild form of epizooty. Diseases prevail among hogs^ 
 
 22 c D 
 
338 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 but not in an epidemic form. Losses occasionally occur from catarrh 
 among sheep. Heavy losses annually occur from cholera among fowls. 
 
 TAvingston. — The epizooty has made its appearance among our horses, 
 but to what extent it will i^revail and damage it will cause will have to 
 be told hereafter. Cholera among hogs and fowls is the most perplexing 
 and destructive disease we have to contend against. 
 
 McLean. — The epizooty aiflicted almost evfery horse in this county 
 during the past fall. I heard of but few fatal cases. Texas fever among 
 cattle prevailed three or four different times. Hog cholera has greatly 
 decreased. The books sent out by your department have greatly bene- 
 fited the farmers hereabouts in giving them information concerning the 
 hog cholera. 
 
 Macoupin.— Out hogs and fowls have been less afflicted during the past 
 season with the disease generally known as cholera than for some years 
 past. 
 
 Montgomery. — A large number of fowls are raised, or attempted to be 
 raised, in this county, but vast numbers of them die of a disease called 
 cholera. So-called cholera or swine plague prevails to a limited extent 
 in the county. The epizooty in a mild form is prevailing qmte generally 
 among horses. 
 
 MouUon.—'No infectious or contagious disease has affected our horses, 
 cattle, or sheep during the past year, but hogs and fowls have suffered 
 from the disease commonly known as cholera for a long series of years — 
 twenty years or more. I estimate the losses of hogs for the past year at 
 $38,124, and of fowls at $4,236. Taking this estimate as a basis (and I 
 believe it to be far below our losses in former years) the aggregate would 
 be $762,480 — equal to a tax of $3.50 per acre. 
 
 Ogle. — During the past year the losses of farm animals by disease have 
 been small as compared to losses of former years. There has been quite 
 a heavy loss among horses from various causes, but other classes of ani- 
 mals have not been visited by epidemics. 
 
 Piatt. — I estimate the loss of hogs in this county during the past year 
 at 13,000 head. These, valued at $4 per head, make a loss of $52,000, 
 They died of the disease commonly known as cholera. 
 
 Sangamon. — 'So infectious or contagious diseases have prevailed among 
 farm animals in this county the past year, except so-called hog cholera 
 to a limited extent, and the epizooty among horses the past month 
 (JJTovember). 
 
 Shelby. — The principal diseases affecting our horses are acute founder 
 and the distemper, or so-called epizooty. The former yields readily to 
 a dose of aconite-root given in water, or by bleeding in the neck. Dis- 
 temper is a form of sore throat and a swelling of the lower jaw so that 
 the animal can neither eat nor drink. It usually terminates in an abscess, 
 the suppuration of which can be hastened by warm poultices. Appe- 
 tite and recovery commence as soon as abscess breaks. Epizooty origi- 
 nates from a common cause. It is preceded by a slight cough, followed 
 by sudden loss of appetite. The animal, with head bent nearly to the 
 ground, looks jaded and rejects all food. The skin seems tight, like a 
 drum; there is no disposition to move, and the animal stands moping 
 all the time. Pme tar is used either in feed or by smoking. In si? or 
 seven days the appetite returns, and the animal gradually improves. 
 
 Stark.— Rog cholera has not prevailed near so extensively as in former 
 years. The same can be said as regards the disease among fowls. Other 
 cifiKwes of farm animals are in good health. 
 
 >s I ephenson.— Hogs have dieu"'in tliis county of the usual disease of 
 hog cholera, or swine plague, at a fearful rate during the past year. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 339 
 
 From the best estimate I can get I put dowu the losses of onr farmers 
 aad stoclc-raisers for the year, in swine alone, at $09,120. I estimate 
 the value of the losses among fowls at $2,550,' and of horses at $680. 
 
 Vermillion. — All classes of farm stock in this county are unusually 
 healthy for this season of the year. Cholera is reported as prevailing 
 among hogs in some localities, but it is not of a very fatal character. 
 
 Wabash. — A disease known as cholera, or lung fever, prevails more or 
 less every year among our hogs. It changes about from one neighbor- 
 hood to another, and is generally most fatal to young animals. Fowls 
 also suffer greatly with cholera. 
 
 White. — The only contagious disease affecting our horses is the com- 
 mon distemper. Hogs and fowls have suffered severely with the so-called 
 cholera. I estimate the value of swine lost during the year at $20,000, 
 and fowls at the same figures. 
 
 Will. — Cholera has prevailed to some extent among hogs in several 
 localities in the county during the past season. The disease among 
 fowls has been more general, and the losses consequently quite heavy. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Adams County. — I have not heard of a single case of contagious dis- 
 ease among the farm animals of this county during the past two years. 
 
 Benton. — Several horses have recently died in this county of distemper. 
 The disease is more malignant than I ever knew it before. Something 
 Uke Texas fever has destroyed a good many calves. The disease has 
 been confined to young animals brought here from the Chicago market. 
 Large numbers of hogs and fowls continue to die of cholera. Sheep are 
 occasionally afflicted with foot-rot and scab. 
 
 Broion. — The disease commonly called hog cholera has not prevailed 
 for some time past in this county, except among pigs. A great many 
 young animals, from one to three months old, have died of the disease, 
 while the older ones have remained comparatively healthy. 
 
 Clay. — Epizooty prevails among horses in this county, but no deaths 
 have been reported. Some three or four deaths have occurred among 
 cattle from sore mouth and tongue. Hog cbolera of a very fatal type 
 prevails in some localities of the county. I have successfully used for 
 three years, as a i^reventive for this disease, copperas (sulphate of iron). 
 Dose, a tea-spoonful to a table-spoonful (apportioned to size of hog), 
 every two to four days. I give it in solution or in bran mash. 
 
 Clinton. — A few horses have been lost during the past year by dis- 
 eases incident to this class of animals. As usual, the losses among hogs 
 by swine plague have been very heavy. 
 
 Decatur. — I estimate the losses of swine in this county during the 
 past year at $25,000. The losses among other farm animals have been 
 comparatively light. The loss among farm animals might be greatly 
 lessened by proper care in breeding and subsequent treatment. 
 
 Hamilton. — The epizooty is at present prevailing extensively among 
 horses in this county, but is not pro\aug fatal. Hogs are still exten- 
 sively and fatally aiiected with cholera. I think our losses for the past 
 year will reach at least $20,000. The so-called chicken cholera is play- 
 ing sad havoc among our fowls. It sweeps them clean wherever it goes. 
 
 Hancoclc. — The epizooty has prevailed among horses in this county 
 during the past few weeks, but it has not been so severe as it was in 
 1872. A few deaths have occurred. Some cattle have died with a dis- 
 ease supposed to be murrain. Swine plague has not been so general or 
 
340 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED AlftMALS. 
 
 SO fatal as during former seasons. The disease has been confined mostly 
 to young pigs. 
 
 Howard.— An epidemic is prevailing among our horses, and has caused 
 a few deaths. Cholera among hogs has prevailed with its usual viru- 
 lence during the past season. 1 presume the losses caused by this dis- 
 ease will reach $24,000 for the year. Fowls are afflicted with chlolera. 
 
 Himitington.— Some hog cholera prevails here every year, but the losses 
 have not been very heavy the past season. Perhaps 2 per cent, of the 
 chickens have died of cholera. 
 
 Jay.— A few horses have been attacked by distemper, and I hear of 
 some cattle that have been afflicted with a disease called black tongue. 
 None died, however. Hogs are affected with cholera as usual. This 
 disease is increasing at an alarming rate. I estimate our losses for the 
 current year, by this disease alone, at $75,000. Chickens also suffer 
 greatly with cholera. 
 
 Madison. — A disease prevails among horses in this county that is 
 called " spasmodic colic" and which has been very fatal. The symptoms 
 rather indicate inflammation of the stomach. It is said that no animal 
 will survive a third attack. What is known as chicken cholera is quite 
 prevalent. 
 
 Morgan. — The so-called cholera attacks annually about 50 per cent. 
 of our hogs, and of those attacked about 80 per cent. die. The value 
 of the losses some years will reach $100,000. 
 
 Orange. — Our horses have nearly all had the epizooty this fall, though 
 very few have died. The only contagious disease that has prevailed 
 among our cattle in recent years is Texas cattle disease. The last visi- 
 tdition of this disease was three years ago. Hogs are subject to cholera 
 almost every year. Sheep and lambs had the scours (paper skin) very 
 badly during the past summer. Many of them died. 
 
 Steuben. — The epizooty is prevailipg as an epidemic among our horses, 
 one in every three being afflicted. Kone have died, however. Hog 
 cholera is spreading rapidly in this county. Some farmers have lost 
 from five to fifty head. One man cut up his dead hogs for his live ones 
 to eat, and-linally lost all he had. The dead carcasses left he piled up in 
 a heap on his place, where they are still lying and rotting. 
 
 Stvitzerland. — Cholera has prevailed among hogs to a limited extent, 
 but the losses have not been very heavy. Cholera has been more de- 
 structive than usual to fowls during the past year. We have no pre- 
 ventive for this disease. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Adair County. — Cholera is the prevailing disease among hogs and 
 fowls. Almost all that are attacked die. I estimate the losses of the 
 former for the year at 20,000 head, valued at $40,000. Black leg fre- 
 quently prevails among cattle. 
 
 Appanoose. — The loss of young hogs in this county has been very 
 heavy. On my own farm, out of a herd of 200 head of young shoats, I 
 lost 105 head, but stopped it by the use of the following remedy : 5 
 ounces of arsenic, 4 pounds sal soda, 2^- pounds sulphur, IJ pounds salt- 
 peter. The above amount mixed with bran or meal slop, I used for one 
 dose for one hundred head. 
 
 Audubon. — The only disease I have to report as prevailing among farm 
 animals in this county is cholera among hogs. The disease is confined 
 principally to young animals. 
 
 Buena Vista. — The epizooty prevails in a very mild form among our 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 341 
 
 horses, but I Lave lieavd of uo dualhs. A large number of hogs have 
 died of swiue plague during the year. 
 
 Calhoun. — There have been some losses among cattle caused by black 
 leg. Cholera has prevailed to a considerable extent among hogs with 
 its usual fatality. Some sheep have died of foot rot, and a good many 
 fowls have been lost, as usual, by the so-called chicken cholera. 
 
 Cherokee. — The only disease among cattle is black leg, and it is princi- 
 pally confined to calves. I hear of a few herds of hogs that are said to 
 be afi'ected with cholera. 
 
 Chickasaw. — Probably 75 per cent, of the horses in this county have 
 been afQicted with the epizooty during the past season. In some local- 
 ities in the county hogs have suffered from quinsy. Chicken cholera 
 still prevails among our fowls. 
 
 Clarke. — A disease lately made its appearance among horses in this 
 county somewhat similar to the old epizooty, but some call it influenza. 
 About one-fifth of all the hogs attacked by disease die. Thousands of 
 fowls die every year by cholera. 
 
 Crawford. — During the past year swine plague has caused a loss 
 among the farmers of our county amounting to over $32,000. 
 
 Clwy. — All classes of farm animals in this county are healthy with the 
 exception of hogs. Occasionally a herd is afflicted with this disease 
 and a few die. 
 
 ' Delaware. — The epizooty prevailed extensively during the fall and 
 scarcely a horse in the county escaped. The prevailing disease among 
 hogs and fowls is that generally known as cholera. 
 
 Des Moines. — Hog cholera has prevailed quite extensively in this 
 county during the past year, and the losses have been very heavy. I 
 estimate our losses at $100,000. Chickens annually die by the thousands 
 of the disease known as cholera. 
 
 Fayette. — Diseases have prevailed to a limited extent among all classes 
 of farm animals in this county during the past year. The largest losses 
 have occurred among hogs. 
 
 Grundy. — I estimate the value of hogs lost by swine plague in this 
 county during the year at $45,000. A good many horses and cattle 
 have also died of diseases common to them. 
 
 Guthrie. — Distemper among colts is generally the worst trouble we 
 have among our horses. Losses among cattle generally occur from 
 black leg. So-called cholera occasionally prevails among hogs and 
 chickens. Chickens attacked rarely recover. 
 
 Jackson, — The epizooty prevailing throughout the county amonghorses 
 reached here the latter part of October, and is now prevailing generally 
 in this county. The animals are now improving satisfactorily. No 
 deaths have been reported. 
 
 Jasper. — The value of the hogs lost in this county by disease during 
 the past year is estimated at $57,050. The disease which in'oves so fatal 
 to these animals is termed cholera, though I think they are also afflicted 
 with lung fever, diphtheria, and quinsy. I have found bu.t little trouble 
 in curing these diseases when taken in time. The great difficulty with 
 most farmers is that they will not take the trouble to properly diagnose 
 a case. There is no department of the farm so little understood as 
 properly caring for and treating sick animals. As to losses among fowls, 
 the most of the deaths are caused by a disease geilerally known as 
 chicken cholera, though many die from diphtheria and roup. I esti- 
 mate the value of fowls lost in the county at $27,000 for the year. 
 
 Kossuth. — The only contagious disease among farm animals in this 
 
342 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 comity is the so-called cholera among hogs. Occasionally the black leg 
 tills a few calves and yearlings. 
 
 Louisa.— 1 estimate the value of the hogs -lost in this county during 
 the year, by the disease known as cholera, at $15,000. The losses among 
 other classes of stock have also been quite heavy, sufficient to make a 
 grand total of losses for the year of from $18,000 to $20,000. 
 
 Marion. — The value of the horses, cattle, and hogs lost in this county 
 by disease during the year will aggregate from $8,000 to $10,000. 
 
 Plymouth. — Cholera has prevailed among hogs as usual, and the losses 
 have been a pretty heavy tax on the farmers. A very large proportion 
 of the fowls in the county have also died of cholera. 
 
 Pocalio7itas. — No infectious or contagious diseases seem to be pre- 
 vailing among horses, cattle, or sheep in this county. The loss of hogs 
 by disease does not seem to affect seriously the business of raising them, 
 tbut whole flocks of fowls are so liable to be lost by a disease commonly 
 jknown as chicken cholera that it would be very unsafe to invest much 
 ,'capital in them. 
 
 Ringgold. — The principal disease prevailing among horses is distem- 
 ;per. An occasional case of lung fever occurs. Black leg, murrain, 
 'and mad itch have prevailed among cattle in some localities. While 
 jcholera has prevailed among hogs during the year, the disease has been 
 tof a milder and less fatal type than usual. Fowls die off at a fearful 
 jiate. There seems to be no cessation of disease among them, as they 
 ".can be seen piled up in the fence corners the year round. 
 i?i Shelby. — A kind of lung fever has been very destructive to young 
 .Bwine in this county during the past season. I estimate our losses at 
 £$6,000. Cholera among fowls has also been quite destructive. 
 fe Taylor. — ^I have heard of some cases of glanders in horses in some 
 ■^localities of this county. Cholera is the only disease existing among 
 ^ogs. There is some scab in sheep, and many complaints of cholera 
 among fowls. 
 
 ^ Union. — Hog cholera has raged with terrible fatality during the past 
 lyear. I think our losses among this class of animals during the year 
 [■will reach, in value, the sum of $25,000. Horses, cattle, sheep, and 
 fowls seem to be in better health than usual. 
 
 \i Washington. — There has been no contagious disease prevailing among 
 farm animals in this county during the past season except cholera among 
 ihogs. Tliis malady has not been so wide-spread as usual. The epizooty 
 ilias prevailed quite extensi^'ely, but I have heard of no fatal cases. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 Broicn County.— According to the assessor's returns there have been 
 290 horses lost by various causes during the year. The only contagious 
 ;disease that has ])revailed among these animals has been tli'e distemper. 
 About three montiis ago Spanish fever Avas brought into the county by 
 some Arkansas cattle. Some 300 native cattle contracted the disease 
 and died. Over 5,000 hogs were lost during the year, which were valued 
 at upwards of $27,000. ' 
 
 Clarke.— ^Ye have had no Texas fever among our cattle since last 
 yciU'. AVe need stringent laws for our protection against this Texas 
 cattle fever, as our losses are sometimes very heavy. ' 
 
 ; Clo7uL— The only disease among cattle is the one commonly known as 
 Iblack leg. It is confined principally to calves and is quite fatal. Quinsy 
 ■has prevailed to a (■(insiderable extent among hogs. The mortality is 
 principally among pigs. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 343 
 
 Crawford. — Tlie epizooty Las prevailed among horses in tbis couiitv 
 during the past Hcasou, and a few deaths have occurred. Some losses 
 have been occasioned by cholera among hogs. The same can be said of 
 fowls. 
 
 Davis. — A mild form of epizooty is now affecting the horses of this 
 county. A few horses, cattle, and sheep die every year from disease 
 and other causes. Some hogs occasionally die of cholera, but I do not 
 consider the disease infectious. 
 
 Douglas. — A few cattle die annually of murrain and black leg. Cholera 
 destroys a few hogs every year— but few, however, compared to the 
 whole number. Some are killed by the hot sun when not well supplied 
 with shade. Chicken cholera also prevails to some extent. 
 
 Franldm. — Ifo infectious or contagious disease prevails among horses, 
 except distemper among colts, of which a few die every year. The 
 swine plague has not been so widespread among hogs in this county as 
 in former years, yet I estimate the value of those lost by the disease 
 during the past season at $ 18,000. Fowls die off rapidly with the chol- 
 era every year. 
 
 Sess. — Fowls have the cholera, and most of those attacked die. They 
 are also afflicted with another disease, for which we haxe no name. 
 They lose the entire use of their limbs and wings. They do not seem 
 to be in any pain, and do not die of the disease, but being perfectly 
 helpless they are generally killed. 
 
 Jaclcson. — One hundred and thirty-seven horses have been lost in this 
 county during the year, one-third of which were affected with glanders 
 and distemper. Out of 734 cattle lost,'one-half died of black leg and ill 
 treatment during the winter. A great many hogs and sheep have died, 
 the former mostly of cholera and the latter from the effects of scab. 
 
 Kmgman. — The epizooty has prevailed extensively among horses" in 
 this county and has proved fatal in many cases. A few cattle have died 
 of black leg, and hogs of cholera. Sheep have been afflicted with the 
 • scab, but this disease seldom proves fatal. Large numbers of fowls die 
 of cholera, a disease for which we have no remedy. About 20,000 sheei) 
 were brought into this couaity this fall. 
 
 Leavenworth. — I i^lace our losses of swine for the year, by disease 
 incident to them, at $15,000. I have no data as regards fowls ; every 
 three or four years the cholera sweeps them clean. 
 
 Lincoln. — A great many horses have died in this coixnty from eating' 
 worm-eaten corn. Cattle have died from the ra\'ages of a disease called 
 black leg, though not a great many of them. 
 
 McPherson. — Horses in this county are frequently troubled with a skiu' 
 disease, known here as Spanish or Texas itch. It only yields to per- 
 sistent treatment. Cattle are troubled with black leg, a disease which 
 is confined mostly to calves. A great many fowls die with the disease 
 known as chicken cholera. Eemedies do but little good. 
 
 Marion. — During the past year fowls of all kinds have died in great 
 numbers, many farmers of our county losing all they had. All remedies 
 appear to fail. From dissections made the liver seems to be the princi-' 
 j)al organ affected, as it is usually found twice its normal size. 
 
 Marshall. — We ha^e lost some hogs in tliis county by the usual dis- 
 ease, but by far the heaA'iest losses we have sustained during the year 
 have been among fowls. I estimate 200,000 fowls for the county. Of 
 this number 50,000 have been afflicted and 40,000 have died. The value 
 of these fowls I reckon at 15 cents a piece, which makes a total loss for 
 the year of 60,000. 
 
 Meade. — Sheep in this county have what is called scab. None die of 
 
344 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 it. It can be kept iu .subjeetioij, if not cured, by (lipping in a solution 
 of sulphur and tobacco, warm. The disease simply reduces the clip of 
 ■wool, but does not endanger the life of the sheep, l^early all our poul- 
 try become affected with sore heads and feet, and eventually get blind. 
 About 10 per cent, die, and the remainder never fully recover. This dis- 
 ease seems to rage all the year round. 
 
 Mitchell. — During the past year swine plague has prevailed, as usual, 
 among hogs, and large numbers of them have died. There has also 
 been considerable disease among horses, cattle, sheep, and fowls. 
 
 Montgomery. — At least 50 per cent, of our horses and mules have 
 been affected with a mild type of the epizooty. But few deaths have 
 occurred. Cattle have suffered with black leg, murrain, and Texas 
 fever. The latter disease proved very destructive. 
 
 Nemalia. — The only infectious or contagious disease prevailing among 
 any class of farm animals in this county is black leg among cattle. 
 Calves and yearlings are generally the victims. 
 
 Neosho. — The native cattle in some localities in this county were 
 affected with Texas fever during the past season. Swine plague and 
 chicken cholera have prevailed to a limited extent. 
 
 Osborne. — Our horses are afflicted with glanders, epizooty, and dis- 
 temper, out cattle with black leg and murrain, hogs with cholera, and 
 slieep with scab. Fowls are also diseased with cholera, a malady which 
 proves very fatal. 
 
 Osage. — Horses have been affected with distemper, but I have heard 
 of no losses. We have lost a good many calves by the disease known 
 as black leg, and a few by red water. Scab is prevailing among sheep 
 and cholera among fowls. 
 
 Ottawa. — Nearly every summer we have here a contagious disease 
 among fowls called cholera. It proves very destructive some seasons. 
 No contagious diseases^ exist among other classes of farm animals. 
 
 Pawnee. — Not many horses or hogs are raised here. It is a great sheep 
 country. These animals are usually very healthy. Occasionally they 
 are afflicted with scab, but this is easily checked by washing and dip- 
 ping. Perhaps 10 per cent, of oui' fowls have died of cholera during the 
 past year. 
 
 Bussell. — Shtep are subject to scab and rot; the better grades escape 
 this disease. Glanders is affecting some herds of horses ; those not well 
 cared for are generally the victims. Mules are more liable to the disease 
 than horses. Cattle are affected with black leg and a species of dis- 
 temper resembling the epizooty in horses. Fowls have suffered from 
 cholera. 
 
 Saline. — A few cases of epizooty have occurred among horses. Chicken 
 cholera prevails generally throughout the country. About aU that are 
 attacked by the disease die. 
 
 Smith — Farm animals generally are in good health. Chicken cholera 
 prevails quite extensively, and almost invariably proves fatal. We have 
 no remedy. 
 
 Stafford. — Chickens are affected with the common disease known as 
 cholera. I placed a httle Spanish Brown in the watering trough which 
 checked the disease among my fowls. Sheep are occasionally affected 
 with the scab. 
 
 Wabaunsee.— Rorses here are subject to distemper during the months 
 of June and July. Cattle of all ages and grades suffer from black leg. 
 We have no remedy, and about all die that are attacked. 
 
 Washington.— About one^twentieth of all the hogs in this county annu- 
 ally die of cholera, quinsy, or lung fever. About one-tenth of all other 
 
CONTAGflUUS" DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 345 
 
 classes of farm auiiuals die auuually of contagions diseases. I estimate 
 the value of all classes of farm animals lost by disease during the year 
 at $18,925. 
 
 Wyandotte. — In addition to glanders, which is generally the most fre- 
 quent contagious disease met with among our horses, these animals have 
 just passed through the epizooty. A few died from the effects of the 
 disease, but they were among those that were overworked. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Allen Ooii,nty.— The epizooty is prevailing among our horses, but it is 
 of a very mild type. A small number of these animals have died during 
 the year of distemper and lung fever. In some localities of the county 
 a good many hogs have been lost by the usual diseases. Sheep occa- 
 sionally die of rot. 
 
 Ballard. — All kinds of farm animals in this county have remained un- 
 usually healthy during the year. Hogs and chickens have suffered to 
 some extent with the diseases peculiar to them. A good many turkeys 
 die from roup and other inexplicable causes. 
 
 Bourhon. — The epizooty i)revails among our horses, but it rarely proves 
 fatal. Cholera has carried off about 15,000 hogs during the year, entail- 
 ing a loss upon our farmers of $GO,000. A disease among lambs caUed 
 white-skin has destroyed animals valued at $52,000. The blood of these 
 animals seems to turn to water. We have no remedy for the disease. 
 Chicken cholera is also very destructive. 
 
 Bracken. — About all the horses in the county are afflicted with dis- 
 temper, but so far I have heard of no deaths. About one-half of our 
 fowls annually die of a disease generally known as cholera. 
 
 Carroll. — The epizooty is prevailing in a mild form among our horses. 
 Swine and chickens are troubled with what is called cholera. These dis- 
 eases seem to yield to- rational treatment, and there is less disease and 
 less fatality where intelligent treatment is practiced in breeding and 
 rearing. 
 
 Garter. — The epizooty is now prevailing among our horses as an epi- 
 demic, but yet in a mild form. Cholera also prevails to a considerable 
 extent among our hogs and fowls. • 
 
 Clay. — Hog and chicken cholera are about the only destructive dis- 
 eases that have prevailed among our farm animals during the past year. 
 The general condition of stock is about the same as last year. 
 
 Cumberland. — Some deaths have occurred among hogs, occasioned by 
 cholera and thumps. Other classes of farm animals have remained 
 healthy. 
 
 JUdmonson. — We lose a good many horses in this county by distemper 
 and blind staggers. Sheep are subject to disease of the feet. A great 
 many hogs and fowls annually die of a disease known as cholera. I 
 estimate the value of our losses for the year of swine alone at $7,000, 
 and of poultry at $9,000. We ship eighty thousand dozen of chickens 
 per annum from this station alone. 
 
 Fulton. — Horses, cattle, and sheep are healthy. Cholera annually 
 prevails among hogs in some localities in this county. Some seasons 
 the disease is much more destructive than others. The past season has 
 been an exceptionally mild one, and I do not think the losses will exceed 
 $12,000. A similar disease prevails among fowls, which annually causes 
 heavy losses. I think the value of the fowls lost during the past year 
 in this county by this destructive malady will reach $200,000. 
 
 Qreenu^p, — A few horses have been lost during the year by sporadic 
 
346 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 diseases. The cholera has prevailed among hogs to a limited extent, 
 but tlie losses from this cause will not aggregate over $2,000 or $3,000. 
 
 Harlem. — The epizooty has prevailed quite extensively among our 
 horses during the past season, but I have heard of no deaths. The cholera 
 has proved very destructive to hogs in some parts of the county. Other 
 classes of farm animals have not been affected. 
 
 Knox. — Distemper is a common disease among horses in this county ; 
 glanders is of rare occurrence. Swine plague rages in some portions of 
 the county at all seasons of the year. Cattle are sometimes affected 
 •with murrain, but never with pleuro-pneumonia. Sheep kept in low 
 lands are often affected with rot. 
 
 Lincoln. — Our horses are suffering with the epizooty and distemper 
 combined, which has proved fatal in a good many cases. Hogs die of 
 cholera as usual. We have no remedy for this disease. Fowls are also 
 subject to cholera, of which many die. 
 
 Lyons. — The onJy contagious disease prevalent among any class of 
 farm animals in this county is that among hogs, which is generally known 
 as cholera. Perhaps one out of every twenty of these animals annually 
 dies of this disease. 
 
 McLean. — I estimate the value of swine lost in this county during the 
 year by the disease known as cholera at $10,000. The only losses of any 
 consequence have occurred among these animals, and among the feath- 
 ered tribe by a similar disease. 
 
 Ma{)offin.-^The, epizooty prevails among our horses. Hogs and fowls 
 are also suffering with cholera, but not to so great an extent as formerly. 
 
 Martin. — Oattle are affected with sore tongue and murrain. Hogs 
 suffer more or less every year from cholera. Fowls are also afflicted 
 with cholera. Sheei) seldom die of disease. 
 
 Montgomery — Some cholera prevails among hogs, and scab, foot-rot, 
 and itch among sheep. The epizooty is affecting our horses, but it pre- 
 vails in such a mild form that so far no deaths have occurred. 
 
 Muhlenberg. — The only disease of any consequence prevailing among 
 horses is the epizooty, which has proved fatal in but few cases as yet. 
 Cholera exists among hogs and fowls, and in most cases proves fataL 
 
 N'elson. — The epizooty is raging among horses throughout the length 
 and breadth of- this county. Scarcely an animal has escaped. Hog 
 cholera has been confined to a few localities, but it has been quite 
 destructive in these. 
 
 Oldham. — With the exception of epizooty among horses, which is now 
 prevailing here, no disease of any consequence has prevailed among 
 farm animals during the past year. A few cases of swine plague have 
 been reported, but the damage from this disease has been very slight. 
 
 Owen. — No disease has prevailed here for years among farm stock, 
 except cholera among hogs and fowls. The disease usually proves very 
 fatal. 
 
 Pendleton.— Th& epizooty is prevailing extensively among our horses, 
 but as yet I have heard of no fatal cases. In some localities of the 
 county hogs are dying in considerable numbers of cholera. The same 
 can be said of fowls. 
 
 Todd.— Thome, is scarcely a sheeii in this county that is not affected 
 with scab. The same can be said as regards distemper among horses. 
 About all are more or less afflicted. 
 
 Trimhle.—Oux horses h.ave got the epizooty, but as yet none have 
 died. Hogs have been afflicted with cholera, but so far the losses have 
 been comparatively light. Fowls always have more or less cholera 
 among them— a disease which generally proves fatal. 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 347 
 
 Union. — Losses among farm animals have been quite a heavy tax to 
 the farmers of this county the past year. Tlie value of hogs lost I esti- 
 mate at $20,000. A large number of horses, cattle, and sheep have also 
 been lost by disease. 
 
 Wayne.— Latelj our horses, have been generally attacked with a mild 
 form of epizooty. We have had very little cholera among our hogs this 
 ye^ar ; much less than usual. We have a new disease among cattle, but 
 it Is not very fatal. Fowls continue to die of cholera, 
 
 Woodford, — Almost all the horses in the county have been afflicted 
 with the epizooty. The cholera has been so destructive among hogs 
 during the past few years that the number annually raised has decreased 
 about one-half. A great many young lambs died during the fall of an 
 unknown disease. They became droopy, lost appetite, became greatly 
 emaciated, and soon died. After death the skin was perfectly white, and 
 the carcass seemed almost destitute of blood. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Bienville County. — Occasionally we have horses die of bots, colic, blind 
 staggers, &c. What few cattle we lose generally die of hollow-horn. 
 Our heaviest losses are confined to hogs, of which numbers die every 
 year. Fowls also die in large numbers. 
 
 Franklin. — The losses from diseases among farm animals during the 
 past year have been comparatively light. The principal losses have 
 occurred among horses and swine. , 
 
 Grant. — Horses die here with bots and distemper, cattle with scours 
 and bloody murrain, sheep with rot, and hogs and fowls with cholera. 
 
 Lincoln. — A great many horses 'hdive, died during the past winter from 
 blind staggers, a disease supposed to be induced by eating rotten corn. 
 They die very suddenly. 
 
 SaMne. — A great many cattle die here during severe winters for want 
 of proper food, care, and attention. Hogs are visited every spring and 
 summer by a disease which is invariably termed cholera. I have iden- 
 tified three or four different diseases, or different symptoms, as mani- 
 fested among animals in different parts of the county. The disease is 
 always more fatal to fat than to lean hogs, and to young than to older 
 ones. As to remedies, those that prove successful one year haAC no effect 
 the next, and geuerally what will cure in one part of the county utterly 
 fails in another. Sheep are afflicted to some extent with scab. About 
 once in three years nearly all fowls die with the cholera. 
 
 Tanf/ipahoa. — A very mild form of epizootic influenza is prevailing 
 among horses in this county; no losses. Some losses have occurred 
 amoug swiue_ from hog cholera, and amoug sheep from scab, a small 
 thread-like worm being found in the lungs aud surroundings. 
 
 Union. — As to hogs, the average estimate of losses is 10 per cent, of 
 all pigs before weauing time. Some trace the cause to hog cholera, 
 which, in this county, covers every disease to which swine is subject. 
 A good many cattle have been lost by the various diseases incident to 
 them. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Androscoggin Covniy. — The only disease prerailiug among farm ani- 
 mals in this locality is epizooty amoug horses. The disease is very mild 
 and no deaths have occurred. 
 
 Aroostoolc. — Horses are about the only class of farm animals among 
 which losses have occurred during the i)ast year. Sore throat prevailed 
 
348 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 amoug these auimals last March and April to quite aii alariniug extent, 
 and a small percentage of those attacked died. The epizooty is now 
 prevailing. ISTearly every horse has it, but in a mild form. No deaths. 
 
 Gimberland.—A large number of horses have been attacked with the 
 epizooty during the past season. The disease has prevailed in rather a 
 mild form, comparatively few cases having proved fatal. Cattle, hogs, 
 sheep, and fowls are free from contagious diseases. 
 
 Sagadahoc. — Almost every horse in this county has been affected with 
 what we call epizooty, but none of any value have died. A few sheep 
 usually die late in the winter or in the early spring of worms in the 
 head. 
 
 Yorli. — The epizooty prevails in a mild form among our horses. Many 
 turkeys and chickens have died of a disease we call roup. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Alleghany County. — I estimate the value of farm animals lost in this 
 county by disease for the past year as follows : Horses, $15,000 ; hogs, 
 $5,000; sheep, $2,000; fowls, $5,000. 
 
 Baltimore. — Thirty per cent, of our hogs have died during the past 
 season from cholera. The epizooty is prevailing among our horses. No 
 serious trouble is apprehended from this disease, as it prevails in a very 
 mUd form. 
 
 Calvert. — Last spring a disease attacked the horses of this immediate 
 ■ neighborhood, and eleven animals died. The disease seemed to be 
 located in the brain, and the spine was affected. A disease is now pre- 
 vailing among the same class of animals, accompanied with discharge 
 from the nostrils, cough, and swelling of glands under the throat. A 
 very destructive disease has prevailed for some years past among our 
 poultry. We have no remedy. 
 
 Montgomery. — The health of farm animals in this county is generally 
 good. As preventives are better than remedies, I think it all important 
 that animals should have the advantage of exercse, air, good water, 
 plenty of suitable food, and dry shelter to protect them from inclement 
 weather. With these pjftcautions a good and healthy stock may be 
 easUy kept in an improving condition and comparatively free from 
 disease. 
 
 Worcester. — Some little epizooty prevails among horses, but the dis- 
 ease is of a very mild type. In a few localities some swine plague and 
 chicken cholera prevails, but I am unable to give the aggregate losses 
 occasioned by these maladies. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Berlcshire County.— The epizooty broke out among horses in Septem- 
 ber, and, though of a mUd form up to date, nearly every horse has had 
 a touch of it. But few have been so bad as to prevent moderate labor 
 where proper care has been used. The epizooty has probably become a 
 disease to which the horse must hereafter be more or less subject, just 
 as some diseases are among the human species— something like the horse 
 distemper, which has been known for seventy years, or perhaps for a 
 longer period. 
 
 Dulces.— The only disease I have to record among farm animals is one 
 existing among sheep. The disease seems to be a worm in the head. 
 Most of those attacked die. I know of no remedy. 
 
CONl'AGIOUS BISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 349 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Barry County. — The epizooty is prevailing among the horses through- 
 out this entire county, but it does not seem to be seriously afi'ecLing the 
 animals. Some hog cholera is prevailing, but the disease is not so wide- 
 spread as in some previous years. 
 
 GalJwun. — The only disease of any importance that has affected our 
 farm animals was cholera among hogs. It broke out in two or three 
 towns in the western part of the county, and was not checked until the 
 farmers sold oft' their entire stock. 
 
 Oass.^With the exception of hogs, all classes of farm animals are free 
 from disease. The so-called hog cholera assumes various forms in the 
 same herd. It is usually most destructive to young pigs, but neither age 
 nor condition are exempt. 
 
 Clinton. — Horses are affected with the epizooty, but the distemper 
 seems to prevail in a mild form, as but few deaths have occurred. Cat- 
 tle and hogs are measurably free from disease. In some localities sheep 
 are affected with foot-rot. 
 
 Genesee. — The epizooty has seriously, and in many cases fatally, affect- 
 ed our horses. We have also sustained serious losses among sheep from 
 infections and contagions. 
 
 Hillsdale. — During the warm weather of the past summer, hog cholera 
 prevailed to a limited extent in the county. Eecently the epizooty made 
 its appearance among our horses, but so far it has prevailed in a very 
 mild form. . 
 
 Ingham. — I estimate the value of domesticated animals lost in this 
 county during the past year, of the various diseases to which they are 
 incident, as follows : Horses, $5,000 ; cattle, $264 ; hogs, $675 ; sheep, 
 $2,880; fowls, $5,434. 
 
 Livingston. — Since the first appearance of the epizooty among horses 
 some years ago, it makes its appearance here every year. There has 
 been no exception. Foot-rot among sheep proves very fatal. I esti- 
 mate the value of the losses in this county from this cause alone, for the 
 past year, at $10,250. 
 
 Oaldand. — A large proportion of the horses in this county are now 
 affected by what is called the epizooty. But a small percentage of those 
 attacked are dying, however. Hogs are suffering with a disease similar 
 to that which afflicts those animals in the more southern States, and 
 which is known as cholera. It rarely proves fatal except; to small pigs. 
 
 Saint Clair. — "So infectious or contagious disease has prevailed among 
 farm stock in this county during the past year. The general condition 
 of farm animals is about 15 per cent, above the average for previous 
 years. 
 
 Wayne. — Influenza, or as, some call it, epizooty, has attacked a great 
 many of our horses. They discharge at the nose, cough, but do not swell 
 in the throat. With mild treatment and good care the animals soon 
 recover. In Detroit some animals are reported as having dropped dead 
 in the harness, showing that the disease is more severe in the cities than 
 in the country. Some cases of hog cholera are reported. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Aitlcen County. — Probably 30 head of horses have died in this county 
 during theyeai', from all causes. Farm animals are generally healthy. 
 
 Anolca. — The only disease affecting horses in this county is the epi- 
 zooty, of which a few animals have died, A large number of sheep are 
 
350 CONTAGIOUS DISEASKS OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 affected with an unknown disease. The first symptom is a cough re- 
 sembling whooping cough, followed hy discharge from the nose. Many 
 animals become wholly blind ; a thinblue skin covers the eye, from which 
 they recover after a time. Very few have died. 
 
 Carver. — The only contagious disease is that of the e]>izooty, which 
 is now xwevailing quite generally among horses. The disease is quite 
 mild, and so far no deaths have been occasioned by it. 
 
 Clay. — During the year lung fever has carried oft' about 15 Lead of 
 our horses. Cattle have also died of a lung disease. When examined 
 the side to which the lungs adhered had mortified. Black-leg has also 
 carried oft' a good many cattle. The epizooty among horses has pre- 
 vailed extensively in this county. 
 
 Freeborn. — Distemijer among horses is the only contagious disease 
 prevalent among farm animals in this county. Young animals are.those 
 most generally aff'ected. 
 
 Isanti. — Cattle in this county are frequently afflicted with the disease 
 known as black-leg. The disease is hard to check, and when it attacks 
 an animal it generally proves fatal in a very few days. Another disease, 
 commencing with drowsiness, followed by loss of apijetite, frequently 
 attacks and kills these animals. 
 
 Kennelec.—Betvreen 200 and 300 horses in this county have been 
 aff'ected during the past year with epizooty. But one death has occur- 
 red. In the fall of the year cattle are affected with murrain. Upoa 
 opening them after death, and after the occurrence of the first frost, we 
 find their stomachs full of oak leaves. 
 
 Itartln.— Among horses we have a disease known as distemper, but 
 so far but one animal has died from its effects. Cholera has made sad 
 havoc among our hogs. Coal oil ami carbolic acid are being used as pre- 
 ventives. 
 
 Jfornsore.— Horses are about the only farm animals in this county 
 subject to contagious diseases. The diseases prevailing among these 
 animals now are the epizooty and glanders, the latter disease to a very 
 limited extent. 
 
 Mcollet— Domesticated- animals are comparatively free from conta- 
 gious diseases in this climate, and their general condition, as compared 
 with former years, is more favorable. As the county grows older, stock 
 is given more care and better feed. Their improvement and itlcreased 
 value is quite noticeable. 
 
 Olmsted.— Rovses have been aff'ected with distemper and blind stag- 
 gers. A number of hogs have died, but from what cause I am unable 
 to state. Cholera and gapes have prevailed among fowls. 
 
 Pipe Stone.— A large number of horses in this county have been 
 affected with glanders, nasal gleet, or catarrh; it is hard to determine 
 which. I have treated several of them with success. I used sulphate of 
 iron, pulverized to a powder, and gave a teaspoonful twice a dav also 
 carbonate of rron, pulverized gentian, and quassia, each one ounce, mixed 
 and divided into four powders, of which I gave two per day, in balls 
 and used injections of Eadway's Belief in the nostrils, diluting the same 
 with one-iifth of water. 
 
 Pope.— The epizooty prevails to some extent among horses, but seems 
 to be spreading rapidly. Pneumonia has attacked a good many, and 
 proved fatal m some cases. Murrain and black-leg have been Quite 
 prevalent among cattle of late yeais. One man four miles north of me 
 lost seven head dunng the year by the disease. 
 
 moe,—A mild form of epizooty is pre\ailing among our horses, but up 
 
UUxMTAUlOUi DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 351 
 
 to this time no deaths are reported. Some horses have died of lung 
 fever. A few hogs have died of congestion. 
 
 Stearns, — Epizooty in a mild form is now prevailiug extensively among 
 the horses of this county. Distemper and glanders also occasionally 
 appear among this class of animals. A few cases of black-leg have 
 occurred among cattle. Hogs and sheep have continued in a very 
 healthy condition. 
 
 Steele. — Four cases of glanders in horses have been reported in this 
 county. I have heard of no losses among any class of farm animals 
 from the effects of infectious or contagious diseases. 
 
 Stevens. — Within the past few days the epizooty has appeared among 
 our horses. Eest and good care, with occasional bran mash, is about 
 all the attention they require. 
 
 Winona. — A good many fowls die annually in this county from the 
 effects of a disease called cholera. One gentleman lost 100 in four days. 
 It is generally attributed to feeding whole corn, drinking foul water, &c. 
 
 Wright. — Nearly all of our horses are affected with the epizooty. 
 "With good care the malady is easily controlled. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Attala County. — The general condition of farm animals in this county 
 will compare favorably with previous years. But little attention is 
 paid here to the raising of farm stock. 
 
 Calhoun. — Horses are rarely affected with anything but distemper. 
 Cattle are occasionally lost by murrain. Hogs are afflicted with cholera, 
 but not every year. Sheep are subjected to rot, but comparatively few 
 die where any attention is paid tbem. 
 
 Chootaic. — Some few cases of cholera have occurred among hogs and 
 fowls during the pas.t season. Blue vitriol placed in slop for hogs and 
 the drinking water for fowls is regarded as a good preventive of this 
 disease. 
 
 Clarice. — Hog cholera seems to prevail at all seasons of the year in some 
 portions of this county. I am reliably informed that black antimony, 
 given in small doses, is a sure cure for the disease. I would therefore 
 recommend it to those who have not tried it. So-called cholera has pre- 
 vailed among fowls with its usual virulence ; in some neighborhoods 
 utterly destroying all fowls. E'o effectual remedy for this disease has 
 been discovered. 
 
 Coahoma. — Before the levees were in part kept up our losses in horses, 
 and especially mules, were enormous. Charbon, or animal erysipelas, 
 was the most fatal disease. It is not prevalent now. Careless feeding 
 and rough handling now kill more animals than all other causes. 
 
 Covington. — ISTo contagious diseases are existing among either horses, 
 cattle, or sheep in this locality. Hogs and fowls are dying off rapidly ; 
 hogs with a disease known as cholera and fowls with a similar malady. 
 
 Grenada. — Our stock has been unusually healthy during the past year, 
 although we have had some hog and chicken cholera. We hope our good 
 luck may continue, and that the farming community will pay more 
 attention to this important branch of industry ; for stock raising may 
 be made very profitable if properly attended to and skillfully managed. 
 
 Greene. — A good many horses are annually lost in this county by blind 
 staggers. But few diseases exists among the cattle, but a great many 
 die every year from starvation and exposure. Hogs and chickens die 
 in large numbers from various causes and numerous diseases. There 
 
352 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 have also been considerable losses among sheep, occasioned by sore-head 
 and black-tongue. 
 
 Hohnes. — A large number of farm animals have been lost by disease 
 In this county during the past year. I estimate the value of the losses 
 among the various classes as follows : Horses, $60,000 ; cattle, $1,200 ; 
 hogs, $60,000 ; sheep, $500 ; chickens, $5,600. A large number of horses 
 are imported into this county from Kentucky and Tennessee, and dur- 
 ing epidemics of charbon about seven-eighths of those attacked die of 
 bad treatment or neglect. Distempers, charbon, and cholera are the 
 most destructive diseases we have to contend against. 
 
 Marshall. — I estimate the losses among our farm animals by disease, 
 for the current year, as follows : Horses, $3,750 ; mules, $5,000 ; cattle, 
 $640 ; hogs, $6,000 ; sheep, $200 ; fowls, $3,750. Sheep are fast grow- 
 ing in favor, and are destined in the near future to be greatly increased 
 in numbers and improved in grades. We have excellent pasturage 
 nearly all the year round. 
 
 Netcton.—The principal losses of farm animals in this county are con- 
 fined to hogs and fowls, if the latter may be classed as animals. The 
 disease is generally known as cholera. 
 
 Panola. — Our horses scarcely ever die of any contagious disease ex- 
 cept distemper. Still, many die of colic, blind staggers, bots, &c. Fully 
 16 per cent, of our cattle died last year of what I supposed was murrain. 
 Hogs and fowls die in great numbers of cholera. The losses of aU 
 classes of animals for the year will aggregate from $8,000 to $10,000. 
 
 Tishomingo. — Hog cholera prevails here about once in five years. 
 Chicken cholera is of more frequent occurence than any other conta- 
 gious disease. 
 
 Tippah. — Horses in this county are affected with distemper, cattle with 
 murrain, hogs and fowls with cholera, and sheep with rot. A good 
 many of these animals have been lost by these diseases during the year. 
 
 Yalobusha. — Distemper and disease of the kidneys have proved fatal 
 to a number of horses. The latter disease is not contagious, but gen 
 erally proves fatal. Sheep are subject to rot. Fowls are afflicted with 
 a disease similar to cholera in hogs, which frequently decimates whole 
 flocks. 
 
 MISSOTJEI. 
 
 Adair County. — Distemper and epizooty prevail in a mild form among 
 our horses. Hogs have siiffered to but comparatively small extent this 
 season. The prevailing disease is cholera. This malady is being 
 more guarded against than formerly by cleanliness about the yards and 
 pens and by the use of preventives. 
 
 Audrain. — The only contagious disease prevailing among our horses 
 is distemper, or the so-called epizooty, which seldom terminates fatally. 
 A few cases of black -leg have occurred among cattle. Swine plague 
 prevails in some parts of the county nearly every year. In some cases 
 whole herds of some sixty or eighty animals are carried away by it. 
 From the best information I can get, the disease seems to be communi- 
 cated by actual contact. Herds that are isolated are seldom if ever 
 attacked. Among fowls the mortality is frequently great from cholera 
 Occasionally sheep are lost by grub in the head. 
 
 Barton.— Th& past season has been an unusually disastrous one to 
 cattle m this county. They have died by the thousands of so-called 
 Texas fever. There seems to be no remedy. Every man has one but 
 none seem to be of any benefit. Like the hog cholera in its destruc'tive- 
 ness, it takes its course despite all treatment. I estimate the value of 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 353 
 
 the losses caused among the farmers of the county bj' this dreadful 
 pestilence at $50,000 for the year. 
 
 Bolinger. — Hogs are subject to many diseases, but every one that dies 
 is believed to have died of cholera. Sheep are occasionally lost by grub 
 in the head and by scab. 
 
 Cape Girardeau. — ^My knowledge of the general condition of the farm 
 animals of the county warrants me in reporting entire immunity from 
 infectious and contagious diseases, for so much of the current year as 
 we have already passed. 
 
 Garter. — For the past year there has been no contagious disease 
 among farm stock except that among hogs. The disease which prevailed 
 among these animals two years ago was thought by some to be cholera, 
 by others it was pronounced measles. The disease is the same this year, 
 but it is of a much milder type. ' 
 
 Christian. — The usual disease has prevailed among hogs during the 
 year, though the losses have not been so heavy as formerly. Cholera 
 has prevailed among chickens, and at intervals scab among sheep. 
 
 Dallas. — A disease called distemper, which affects the nasal cavities 
 and glands of the throat, and, in some cases, the entire animal, by swell- 
 ings and ring sores, has raged among horses in this county during the 
 last twelve months, and about 102 have died. The epizooty has pre- 
 vailed, but in a very mild form. There have been some deaths caused 
 among cattle by black-leg. 
 
 Douglas. — The only disease affecting horses i*5 distemper, of which but 
 few die. Black-leg has jjrevailed among cattle, from which some losses 
 have occurred. Hogs are generally affected with cholera, from which 
 many losses occur. 
 
 FranMin. — Disease is prevailing among fowls in this county, and the 
 fatality is great. The epizoot.y is affecting our horses, but it seems to 
 prevail in a very mild form. The ravages from swine plague have not 
 been so great as in former years. 
 
 Gentry. — The only disease prevailing among farm animals in this 
 county is the common one known as hog cholera. Chicken cholera also 
 Ijrevails, and is quite destructive to fowls. 
 
 Grundy: — The epizooty made its appearance among our horses in the 
 early fall. It does not seem to have done much damage. Pneumonia 
 has proved fatal to a good many hogs. The disease among fowls is 
 known as cholera. 
 
 HicJcory. — The only disease of a fatal character that has prevailed 
 among any class of farm animals during the year has been that affect- 
 ing cattle. Our loss in these animals will reach $5,000. 
 
 Jasper. — At least 2,600 cattle have died in this county during the past 
 year of Spanish or Texas fever. Only about one-half of those affected 
 died. I estimate the losses from this disease alone at $50,000. Swine 
 plague has prevailed, but it has been mostly confined to young pigs and 
 shoats. 
 
 Jolmson. — I estimate that four per cent, of all the hogs in the county 
 have died from swine plague during the year. This would make the 
 total value of our losses among this class of animals about $5,000. 
 
 Livingston. — With the exception of a few cattle that came in contact 
 with Texas cattle passing through the county, these animals haA^e beeu 
 entirely exempt from contagious diseases during the year. Our lossea 
 from this dis.ease amounted to about $10,000. Hogs have been sorely 
 afflicted with disease, entailing a loss upon our farmers of some $18,000 
 or $20,000. I am of the opinion that the indifferent treatment received 
 by these animals, by allowing them to sleep in manure and straw, and 
 23 c D 
 
354 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 tlieir exposure to sudden chauges of weather, are some of the chief 
 causes of disease amoug them. 
 
 Ifc-DomrtM.— During the past year horses have been more or less 
 afaicted with distemper. Cattle have sufiered from murrain and Texas 
 fever. 
 
 fiercer.— Th& loss of chickeus by disease has been quite heavy the past 
 year. With the exception of slight losses by scab among sheep, our 
 losses in other classes of farm animals amount to but very little. 
 
 Miller.— Guttle, especially the younger animals, frequently die of 
 black-leg. Hogs are afflicted with cholera, young pigs generally suffer- 
 ing more than older hogs. Fowls are also seriously affected with chol- 
 era. 
 
 Monitemi.—Qnite a large number of hogs have died of cholera m this 
 county during the year. I think the value of our losses will reach at 
 least $4,000. 
 
 Neiv Madrid.— My own hogs are now in a healthy condition, but I see 
 a few dead ones every time I go a few miles from home. They die of 
 cholera. Our horses have lately been visited by a mild form of epizooty, 
 which so far has caused no deaths. 
 
 Nodaway.— 1 reckon the total value of all classes of farm animals lost 
 in this county during the past year, by the various diseases to which 
 theyare subject, as follows: Horses, $6,000; cattle, $3,000; hogs,$15,000; 
 sheep, $600; fowls, $750; total, $25,350. 
 
 Oregon. — A disease supposed to be murrain has seriously affected cat- 
 tle in this locality during the past year. A good many hogs have been 
 lost by the disease known as cholera, although the disease has prevailed 
 in a milder form than in previous years. 
 
 Osage. — But few farm animals have been lost in this county by dis- 
 ease during the year. There has been some cholera among hogs and 
 fowls, but the disease has not been so general nor so fatal as formerly. 
 
 Pemiscat. — Cholera has prevailed to a fearful extent among hogs in 
 this county during the past year. All other classes of farm animals 
 have remained in a healthy condition. 
 
 Ferry. — Cholera has prevailed among hogs and fowls in this county 
 to about the usual extent and fatality during the past season. Other 
 classes of farm animals are in better health and condition than usual. 
 
 Fhelps. — At this lime the epizooty is prevailing to an alarming ex- 
 tent' among the horses in this county. The only disease that ever seri- 
 ously affects our sheep is scab, though but few die from this cause. 
 Cholera prevails annually among our hogs, and in some years the mor- 
 tality is very great. Cattle have murrain, and occasionally Texas fever, 
 which is brought hero from near the Arkansas line. 
 
 Piatt. — The epizooty is jprevailing amoug horses in this county. Some 
 few have died, and many are unfit for use. The distemper has also been 
 prevailing among young horses and cattle, and in some cases has proved 
 fatal. Black-leg has also proved quite fatal to cattle in some localities. 
 Cholera still proves very destructi^^'e to hogs and fowls. I estimate the 
 value of the losses in this county of the former for the year at $50,000, 
 and of the latter at $25,000. 
 
 PolJc. — Cattle suffered in this county considerably during the past sea- 
 son from Spanish or Texas fever. Hogs ha^'e been remarkably healthy, 
 but sheep have suffered from scalj. 
 
 Pulaski. — The diseases which aunually affect our horses and mules are 
 colic, distemper, and blind staggers. Hog cholera is the^name applied 
 to every disease affecting swine. (Juite a large number of hogs have 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 355 
 
 been lost during tlie past season. An occasional case of black-Jeg 
 occurs among- calves or yearlings, which generally proves fatal. 
 
 Putnam. — This is a large stock-growing county, and hence diseases 
 frequently prevail as disastrous epidemics among'l'arm animals. I esti- 
 mate the value of the losses among the various classes of domesticated 
 animals by disease as follows for the past year : Horses, $30,000 ; cattle, 
 $40,000; hogs, 8(500,000: sheep, §3,600; and fowls, $li',O0O. Total, 
 $685,600. ' 
 
 Bcmdolph. — The epizooty has prevailed in a mild form among horses 
 in this county, but no deaths have occurred. The so-called cholera has 
 been very fatal among hogs and chickens. Sheep are afdicted with 
 scab, anci occasionally cattle die of murrain. 
 
 Scotland. — The only disease we have had to contend against among 
 our farm animals during the past year has been so-called cholera among 
 hogs. I regard the disease as influenza or lung fever. 
 
 Schuyler. — Some cattle have died during the year with black -leg. We 
 have lost some hogs by cholera, and sheep by scab and catarrh. Fowls 
 die of cholera and from the effects of vermin. 
 
 Shannon. — Horses and hogs are the only farm animals in this county 
 that afe affected with disease, the former with distemper and the latter 
 with cholera. 
 
 Shelby. — Hogs and chickens die off at a fearful rate in some localities 
 of this county. The usual disease is known as cholera. Some persons 
 lose at the rate of ten -per cent., others as high as i%, while still others 
 will suffer no losses whatever. 
 
 Stone. — A large number of farm animals have been lost during the 
 past year in this county by the various diseases incident to them. I esti- 
 mate the value of these losses as follows : Horses, $8,000 ; cattle, $4,000 ; 
 hogs, $1,600 ; sheep, $500 ; fowls, $100. 
 
 Sullivan. — The only infections disease among horses is distemper, of 
 which but few die. The worst disease among cattle, and about the only 
 destructive one, is black-leg. It attacks thrifty young cattle, generally 
 calves or yearlings, and an attack is equal to a death-warrant. The So- 
 called cholera is very destructive to hogs and fowls. The value of losses 
 among swine in this county for the past year from this disease will 
 exceed $11,000. 
 
 Taney. — Distemper has been quite prevalent among horses in this 
 county during the year, and in some cases it has proved fatal. A great 
 many of our hogs annually die of cholera. Experience has taught ns 
 that wood ashes'is a good preventive of this disease. In one pen I keep 
 an ash-bank, and in another I do not. In the one in Avhich I keep the 
 ashes I have never had a hog die, while in the other I have frequently 
 lost them by this malady. 
 
 Vernon. — I think the value of the losses among fiirm animals by disease 
 during the past year will foot up about as follows: Horses, $1,750; 
 cattle, $1,700 ; hogs, $11,100 ; sheep, $300 ; fowls, $5,400. Horses gen- 
 erally die 'of blind staggers; fully one-half of the losses among cattle 
 were occasioned by Texas fever. Hogs and fowls are afflicted with but 
 one disease, that commonly known as cholera. The only disease among 
 sheep is that of scab. 
 
 Warren. — The only .disease that has caused any serious loss among 
 any class of farm animals is that of cholera among hogs. A similar 
 disease has prevailed quite extensively among fowls. 
 
 Washington. — Those animals mostly affected by disease are generally 
 those that are most neglected. Such is the case with swine and sheep, 
 and the losses are generally greater among these animals than among 
 
356 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 other classes. Observation teaches me that where a farmer provides 
 his stock with good pastures, clear water, plenty of good feed, and warm 
 shelter in winter, his losses from disease will not exceed 1 per cent. 
 
 MONTANA TEEEITOBY. 
 
 Jefferson County. — A year ago, last summer and fall, one-third of our 
 young stock calves — yearlings and two-year-olds — and a small per cent, 
 of older animals died of black-leg. But very few died during the past 
 season. . As to the contagiousness of this disease stock-growers are very 
 much divided in opinion. I am persuaded it is not contagious, although 
 one-half my own young animals died of it. Cattle are free from other 
 diseases. I do not think there is a veterinary surgeon in the Territory. 
 
 Leicis and Clarice. — The diseases prevailing among domesticated ani- 
 mals in this section are few and of a light character. The epizooty is 
 now prevailing among horses. These animals are also occasionally 
 
 afflicted with lung fever. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Buffalo County. — Our fowls have been dying off rapidly with a disease 
 called hen cholera. A good many sheep are annually lost by foot-rot 
 and scab. This is regarded as a ver^ healthy county for horses and 
 hogs. 
 
 Cass. — Several horses and colts have been lost during the year by 
 distemper. Out of a lot of 160 head of hogs I have lost, during the last 
 30 days, 67 of swine plague. The disease has somewhat subsided, 
 and if does not break out afresh I will feel that I am more fortunate 
 than my neighbors. I estimate the losses in this county for the year 
 as follows: Horses, $i,000; cattle, $5,000 ; hogs, $50,000 ; fowls, $3,500. 
 
 Cedar. — A snow-storm which occurred on the 15th and 16th days of 
 October caused the death of a larger number of domestic animals than 
 were lost by disease during the remainder of the year. Some horses 
 have been lost by lung fever, and a few cattle have "died of black-leg. 
 
 BaJcota. — Our horses are afflicted with epizooty. About fifty cattle, 
 principally calves, have died of black-leg during the year. Cholera has 
 prevailed extensively among hogs. Most of those that have died were 
 young animals. Chicken cholera has destroyed a good many geese and 
 ducks. 
 
 Esmeralda. — The only contagious disease affecting aay class of farm 
 animals in this county is a sort of distemper among horses. It prevails 
 every season to a greater or less extent. 
 
 Fillmore.— A\>ow.% three-fourths of the horses in this county are suffer- 
 ing with a mild form of the epizooty. Some losses have occurred. 
 Chicken cholera has prevailed to a considerable extent. 
 
 Fran1clin.—G&tt\Q have been dying at a rapid rate in some localities of 
 a disease called black-leg. This disease is supposed to be contagious, 
 and is the only one of a contagious nature prevailing among any class 
 of farm animals. 
 
 Greeley.— Oxn: fowls are subject to some kind of contagious disease, 
 from which large numbers die every year. Horses and cattle frequently 
 die from neglect and ill treatment. 
 
 Harlan.— Th.Q past season has been an unusually unhealthy one for 
 
 farm animals. Horses are now afflicted with a mild form of epizooty. 
 
 Cattle have greatly suffered from black-leg, dry murrain, and Texas 
 
 fever. 
 
 . JasiJer — There is some black-leg prevailing among cattle, but the dis- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 357 
 
 ease is not so widespread as in some .\'ears. Slicep are subjtict to scab 
 and grab in tlie head, the latter always proving fatal. 
 
 Madison.— A considerable amount of epizooty is prevailing among 
 liorses in this county, and deaths are not infrequent from this cause. 
 Chicken cholera prevails to a great extent as widely among those that 
 run at large as among those that are confined in houses and yards. 
 
 PZa«e.— Horses in this county have been generally attacked by the 
 epizooty, but in a much lighter form than when it appeared some years 
 ago. 
 
 Folic. — The black-leg has killed a great many cattle in this county 
 during the past year. We do not know what causes this disease, and 
 have no remedy for it. A few horses have died of lung fever and glan- 
 ders — not a great many with glanders. Hogs do not die of cholera, but 
 for want of proper care, good breeding, «&c. 
 
 Sarpy. — There is no disease among farm animals in this county except 
 the usual one among hogs. This malady has not been so prevalent as 
 usual this year, and has been mostly confined to late pigs. 
 
 Stanton. — Our horses are affected with the epizooty, cattle with black- 
 leg, swine with cholera or swine plague, and sheep with scab. I esti- 
 mate the loss of hogs for the year at between $6,000 and $7,000. 
 
 Webster. — The diseases among horses are confined to glanders, dis- 
 temper, and Texas itch. Hog cholera prevails in some localities in the 
 eastern part of the county. Large numbers of fowls annually die of 
 cholera. 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 Lander County-. — There are no contagious diseases among our farm 
 animals, bnt owing to long-continued drought 25 per cent, of our cattle 
 died during the winter of 1879-'80 of poverty, and about 5 per cent, of 
 our horses. About 12 per cent, of sheep died from a similar cause. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Cheshire County. — Our horses have had a general attack of a mild 
 form of epizooty, but with good care nearly every case recovered within 
 eight or ten da-ys. Foot-rot has prevailed in some flocks of sheep, but 
 it was easily subdued by proper treatment. Several flocks of fowls have 
 bean nearly destroyed by a species of cholera. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Atlantic County. — Horses suffered with a disease new, to this locality, 
 last summer. The first symptom of the disease was similar to an attack 
 of colic. This was soon followed by inflammation of the internal organs. , 
 Unless afforded immediate relief the disease terminated fatally. A vet- 
 erinary surgeon here lost three cases out of nine. The epizooty is now 
 prevailing among horses. 
 
 Hudson. — Out of 5,000 cows in this county 10 per cent, have been 
 affected with pleuro-pneumonia. The State officers killed all those 
 affected. The epizooty has prevailed to a considerable extent among 
 liorses. 
 
 Morris. — Horses are now suffering with a mild type of ej)izooty. Asa- 
 fetida is a good remedy. So are sweet apples, given in as large quan- 
 tities as the animal will consume. Fowls have suffered severly with 
 cholera. When this disease breaks out it is very hard to overcome. 
 
 Middlesex. — The raising of fowls is one of the principal industries of 
 
358 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 tliis comity. Of laic years, llOA^'evc^, tbe di.sciise Imown as cliicken 
 cholera lias seriously iuterlerecl with the success of this heretofore prof- 
 itable business. 
 
 Salem. — 'So infectious or contagious disease is ijrevailiug among any- 
 class of farm animals in this county. Fowls frequently die by the hun- 
 dreds in some sections of the county. Hogs and poultry are extensively 
 raised; indeed, poultry-raising is one of the most extensive enterprises 
 of the county. 
 
 Somerset. — Horses in this county have been generally affected with 
 influenza or epizooty this fall. Some few flocks of sheep have had hoof- 
 ail. A number of fowls have died of cholera. Farmers generally are 
 taking better care of their stock than formerly, and it shows quickly in 
 their improved condition and increased usefulness. 
 
 Warren. — A large number of chickeus have died here during the past 
 three months of a disease which appears more like pneumonia than 
 cholera. Those attacked seldom get well. They mope and droop for 
 about a week before death intervenes. One out of twelve of my own 
 flock was all that recovered from the disease. I gave it a dose of castor- 
 oil and twelve grains of black pepper. I stopped the disease by admin- 
 istering large quantities of sulphur mixed with corn meal, giving every 
 morning until it ceased. 
 
 NEW JIE2ICO. 
 
 Bona Ana Goxinty. — Distemper among horses and scab among sheep 
 are about the only diseases prevailing among farm animals in this 
 locality. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Broome County. — Horses at present are suffering with the epizooty. 
 This affection has made its appearance with the autumn months for 
 se^-eral years past. Deaths seldom occur from it, but our horses often 
 get ^-ery weak and perform their duty ^vith great respiratory difficulty. 
 
 Cohtmhia. — From the best information lean gather I estimate the 
 losses of farm animals in this county, from the various diseases incident 
 to them, as follows, for the current year : Horses, $12,000 ; cattle, $3,000 : 
 hogs, $1,200; sheep, $1,200; fowls, $1,000. 
 
 J)utclicss. — The only infectious disease prevalent among domesticated 
 animals is the epizooty, which is now prcA'ailing quite extensively amang 
 horses. I have heard of no fatal cases, however, as yet. 
 
 Frunldm.— Last winter Ave had in this town a disease supposed to be 
 swine plague. It did not spread to any great extent or last long. 
 About fifty animals died. During the past three weeks nearly all the 
 horses in the county have been afflicted with a mild type of epizooty. 
 I have heard of but one death from the disease. 
 
 Fxilton.— The epizooty is prevailing among horses, but in a much 
 milder form than on its previous visit some years ago. Few fatal cases 
 have been reported. 
 
 Genesee.— I estimate the losses of farm animals in this county for the 
 past year, from the various diseases to which they are subject, as fol- 
 lows : Horses, $8,000 ; cattle, $2,500; hogs, $4,000; sheep, $4,000; fowls, 
 $5,000. These estimates are based on my own observation assisted by 
 returns of the census. 
 
 Madison.— The epizooty in a mild form has appeared among the horses 
 of this county, but up to this time there have been but few fatal cases " 
 
 Ontario.— The number of horses affected with epizooty this fall wili 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 359 
 
 not fall far sliort of 75 per cerit. of all tin* ainitials iu tlie county. The 
 disease lias been very mild and hut few liaA-e died. 
 
 Osioego. — During tlie past season some Texan eattle were pastured 
 for a few weeks in this county. Afterward nearly every native cow of 
 a large dairy, pastured on the same ground, died. Au agent of the 
 State made a thorough investigation of the matter, but the results have 
 not yet been published. 
 
 Bichmond. — The epizooty among horses is about the only contagious 
 disease prevailing among any class of farm animals in this county. I 
 can hear of no disease among fowls that could not be traced to local 
 causes, viz., overcrowded yards and badly ventilated roosting places. 
 
 Rockland. — A large number of horses in this county are suffering with 
 the epizooty. The disease prevails in a mild form, and as yet I have 
 heard of no deaths from it. 
 
 Suffolk. — Some cases of glanders are reported, and a light form of 
 distemper is prevailing generally among horses. Hogs are healthy^ and 
 I have to report but a small loss. 
 
 Wayne. — Horse distemper, or strangles, prevails more generally than 
 all other ailments combined. The losses have been quite severe. Hogs 
 are frequently attacked by an unknown disease, and soon die. Foot-rot 
 is prevailing among sheei). The most fatal disease to fowls is the gapes. 
 This disease is principally confined to young chickens. 
 
 WORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Beaufort County. — It is a difficult matter to separate the value of 
 those animals which die from contagious diseases and those which are 
 lost by common and well-knowu maladies. I thiak $8,000 will cover 
 the loss from all causes during the year. 
 
 Burke. — A good many cattle annually die in this county of murrain. 
 Hogs, where kept iu herds, are frequently attacked by cholera, and 
 nearly all die. This disease seems to prevail iu certain neighborhoods 
 alternately. 
 
 Galdicell. — Except as to hogs the losses by disease among farm ani- 
 mals in this county during the past year have been very light. Cholera 
 prevails among hogs to a considerable extent in some localities during 
 the summer months. 
 
 Caswell. — Horses in this county have suffered with a mild form of epi- 
 zooty during the past few months ; in some localities of the county cait- 
 tle are subject to a disease commonly known as distemper. About nine- 
 tenths of those attacked die. A remedy for this disease would be a great 
 benefit to the farmers. Large numbers of fowls die every year with a 
 disease generally known as cholera. 
 
 Gataivba. — Our farm animals have maintained very good healtii dur- 
 ing the past year. Perhaps $5,000 will cover the losses occasioned by 
 the various diseases to which they are subject. 
 
 Cherokee. — Quite a large number of hogs and sheep have been lost by 
 the farmers of this county during the year by diseases common to these 
 animals. The usual per cent, of other farm animals have been lost. 
 
 Clay. — About the only losses of farm stock in this county are the result 
 of cholera.among hogs and fowls. Milk sickness prevails at certain sea- 
 sons of the year among cattle. This disease is quite fatal. 
 
 Columbus. — Our hogs and fowls have been afflicted with various dis- 
 eases during the past year. But few seem to be similarly affected. 
 Nothing like an epidemic, however, has prevailed among any class of 
 domesticated animals. 
 
Duplin.— The only contagious disease that ever afflicts our horses is 
 an occasional case of glanders. Starvation kills more cattle than dis- 
 ease. AU our energies are directed toward the raising of cotton, and no 
 food is provided for them during the winter. 
 
 Gaston.— The most destructive disease we have to contend against 
 among any class of our farm animals is that of cholera among hogs. 
 Diseasesamong fowls also prevail quite extensively. 
 
 Greene. — So-called cholera among hogs has prevailed to a limited ex- 
 tent during the past season in this county. Chicken cholera has been 
 more general and more destructive than usual. 
 
 Madison. — Disease prevails more or less extensively among our hogs 
 every year. Other classes of farm animals have not been afflicted with 
 disease during the year. 
 
 Nash. — Swine are the only domesticated animals in this county that 
 have suffered with disease during the year. The losses have not been 
 very heavy. 
 
 Pasquotanlc. — The only disease that has caused much loss among farm 
 animals in this county during the past year has been cholera among 
 hogs. This disease has been very destructive; in many instances 
 nearly all the hogs on a plantation have died. 
 
 Bobeson. — But few horses are raised in our county. They are used 
 only for pleasure vehicles. Our supply comes ixom Kentucky, Tennes- 
 see, and Yirginia through drovers. Our hauling and farm work is 
 chiefly done by mules. Both horses and mules could be successfully 
 raised here if our farmers would turn their attention to this business. 
 When bred here these animals are more hardy and durable than those 
 obtained elsewhere ; they are not quite so large, but are healthier and 
 last longer. Hogs are subject to what is known as cholera. The dis- 
 ease has not been so prevalent for the last two or three years as formerly. 
 It was unknown here prior to 1861. Some attribute the prevalence of 
 the disease to the introduction of the Berkshire and Chester Whites. 
 We have no remedy or preventive for the disease, and nearly all that are 
 attacked die. If they recover they are of no account, as they will not 
 fatten. Cattle are free from contagious diseases. Sheep could be profit- 
 ably raised here were it not for the worthless dogs. Fowls are subject 
 to cholera and sore-head. Thousands annually die of these diseases. 
 As in the case of hog cholera, we have neither preventives nor remedies. 
 
 Stanly. — A good many horses have been lost during the past season 
 by distemper and blind staggers. The most prevalent disease among 
 hogs is cholera. Almost all those that are attacked die. Chicken cholera 
 is also very destructive. 
 
 Transylvania. — We have prevailing among our horses a disease g-eil- 
 erally known as distemper, but it seldom kills an animal. Cholera also 
 prevails among hogs and fowls, but not so extensively as in former 
 years. 
 
 Tyrrel.—As near as I can get at the figures I should say that about 
 one-half the hogs in this county annually die of a disease generally 
 known as cholera. In some localities the chickens die in heaps of a 
 similar disease — a disease at least known by the same name. 
 
 Union. — We have lost a good many cattle and hogs by disease and 
 neglect during the past year. I think the value of the former will reach 
 $8,000, and the latter $10,000. 
 
 Warren.— Our farm animals are in better condition than usual. The 
 hog crop is larger, owing to the heavy mast. We have some hog cholera, 
 but it is not very general this season. I have examined some of the 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. ii6l 
 
 tiiiiiuals that died of tlio disease, but could find uothiug- wrong except 
 the kidneys, and they invariably appeared much affected. 
 
 Tadkin. — Cholera still prevails to a limited extent among hogs in this 
 county. I can give no estimate of the losses among fowls from a dis- 
 ease generally known by the same name. 
 
 Yancey. — The health of farm animals for the past year has been about 
 an average one. Old sheep seem more liable to distemper than younger 
 ones. Hogs and cattle have been afflicted with the diseases incidental to 
 these classes of animals. Fowls are afflicted with the disease known as 
 cholera. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Adams County. — Cholera and pneumonia have prevailed to a limited 
 extent among hogs in this county ; during the past year the losses have 
 not been very heavy. There is complaint at present of the prevalence 
 of chicken cholera in some localities. 
 
 Allen. — More horses have died during the summer of 1S80 than ever 
 before in the history of the county in any one year. A disease called 
 by veterinary surgeons dropsy of the heart has j^roved very fatal, and 
 many animals have died from it. There has also been much distemper 
 (strangles) this season, and of a more virulent type than usual. Distem- 
 per can be cured, but dropsy of the heart has as yet met with no remedy, 
 especially when it gets a firm hold on its victim. Sheep and cattle have 
 been very healthy, and there has not been as much hog cholera as usual. 
 Chicken cholera is a great pest, and we sincerely wish that a remedy or 
 preventive could be found for it. It is generally fatal, and when it once 
 gets into a flock it usually makes a clean sweep. 
 
 Ashland. — The only contagious diseases prevalent among farm animals 
 in this county is the epizooty and colt distemper. Some losses have 
 occurred from these diseases. A few cases of chicken cholera have been 
 reported, but this disease has measurably .disappeared during the past 
 two years. 
 
 . Brown. — The epizootic disease is now prevaiUng as an epidemic among 
 the horses of this county. N"early or quite all the horses are affected. 
 The disease seems to be of a mild form, and as yet 1 have heard of no 
 deaths. 
 
 Butler. — I estimate the value of hogs lost in this county during the 
 year at $8,400. This is below the returns made by the assessors for the 
 previous year. They have been less affected by disease the past season 
 than for many previous years. Perhaps $1,000 would cover the losses 
 among sheep. 
 
 Carroll. — The only really serious disease our horses have had to con- 
 tend against is distemper. They are now universally suffering from a 
 mild type of the epizooty. A great many are coughing and running at the 
 nose, but the disease does not seem to be dangerous. There is-some foot- 
 rot and paper-skin among sheep, and cholera among fowls. , When this 
 latter disease attacks a flock it generally kills them all. 
 
 Clinton. — At least nine-tenths of the horses in this county are suffer- 
 ing from the epizootic. It is not dangerous except in cases where the 
 animals are overworked, and then it almost sure to prove fatal. Sheep 
 are considerably diseased with scab and foot-rot, both of which maladies 
 are very contagious. The scab, while contagious, will originate on farms 
 where there has been no disease of the kind before, seemingly from ex- 
 posure. A very wet, warm winter will originate the affection, and when 
 once started it proves very disastrous. 
 
 Fayette. — The losses among horses and hogs have been quite h-eavy 
 
362 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 during the past year. Ouc firm iu tliis towu anunally ships 100 tons of 
 poultry and 3,000 barrels of eggs. 
 
 Franldin.— The epizooty recently made its appearance among horses 
 in this county and is.now prevailing extensively. The disease has made 
 its appearance in so mild a form that I apprehend but little loss from it. 
 
 Geauga. — With the exception of a mild type of epizooty ■n'hich is now 
 prevailing among horses our farm animals are entirely free from infec- 
 tions and contagious diseases. 
 
 Seneca. — Cases of hog cholera are occasionally reported, but there 
 have been no serious outbreats of the disease. Five per cent, will cover 
 all losses among these animals. The epizooty, in a mild form, is pre- 
 vailing among horses ; no deaths. Perhaps 5 per cent, of our sheep are 
 annually affected with foot-rot, but this disease is now pretty well under- 
 stood and can be controlled. 
 
 Guernsey. — Farm animals in this county have continued in very good 
 health during the year. Six or eight thousand dollars will cover all 
 losses. 
 
 Lorain. — I give following estimate of the A^alae of losses of farm 
 animals in this couuty during the current year : Horses, $7,140 ; cattle, 
 $8,222 ; hogs, $879 ; sheep, $2,204. I am not able to give an estimate 
 of the number or value of fowls lost. 
 
 Lucas. — Our horses are just now affected with a very malignant form 
 of epizooty. Hogs are also afflicted with fatal diseases in several neigh- 
 borhoods of the county. Soft soap and ashes have been used with suc- 
 cess as a remedy for this so-called cholera. Com boiled in suds, with 
 about one quart of soap to a bushel of corn, and also soa^) mixed with 
 their drinking water, will be found beneficial. 
 
 Meigs.— The epizooty is now prevalent in a mild form. Scarcely a 
 horse in the county has escaped, but as yet I have heard of no deaths 
 In some localities the chicken cholera is quite prevalent and veiy de 
 structive. Farm animals generally are in a healthy condition. 
 
 Monroe. — Xo contagious diseases have prevailed among any class of 
 farm animals during the past few years. Chicken cholera, so-called, 
 has been very fatal ; in many cases whole flocks have died, not one es- 
 caping. We have no remedy for this destructive malady. 
 
 Montgomery. — But little stock is raised in this county. Our losses 
 among swine during the year wiU perhaps reach $7,000, and among 
 horses, $0,750. A few sheep and chickens have also been lost, but I 
 hear of no loss of cattle. 
 
 Morgan. — A mild form of epizooty is prevailing among our horses. 
 Early in the season the chickens were badly affected in some sections, 
 but the disease subsided when the weather changed. 
 
 ilforroic— Many fowls die every year of a disease known as cholera. 
 Among the hundreds of remedies the surest is that of prevention— that 
 is, by cleanliness, keeping small lots, removal of offal, whitewasliing 
 coops, and a plentiful supply of gritvel, charcoal, vegetables, copperas, 
 and tar. AVithin the past few w,eeks the epizooty has broken out among 
 horses in this county. 
 
 Ottawa.— The epizooty is now prevailing among horses, but is of a 
 much lighter form than when it visited us some years ago. There seems 
 to be no probability of serious loss. 
 
 Paulding.— Rov^es, in this county are afflicted with the epizooty, but 
 as It IS prevailing m a very mild type, no deaths have been caused by it 
 so far. Hog cholera thinned out the hogs this year fully 25 ijer cent. 
 Fully 90 per cent, of those attacked die. 
 
 Preble.— Gholexa, prevails among both hogs and chickens. Ko other 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 363 
 
 class of domcxlicjited animals necnis to \w, afl'ccLed v,'ith coutagioiis dis- 
 eases, excc])( il, 1)(^ li()3\sc,s, wliidi ai-e sidlbi iiitj;- iVoiu a juild lype of epi- 
 zooty. I estiiuaiu llio value of Logs lost iu the eoiiuty by cholera at 
 $10,000. 
 
 Trumbull. — The cattle in this county were recently attacked with. Texas 
 fever, a disease imported by Texas cattle passing among our native 
 stock. Happily it broke out late in the season, and disappeared on the 
 first appearance of frost. Perhaps 200 head died, quite 50 per cent, of 
 those attacked. 
 
 Van M^'ert. — Horses are suffering with glanders and lung fever. Cattle 
 have also suffered to some extent with lung fever. Cholera has pre- 
 vailed during the season among both hogs and fowls. 
 
 Vinton. — The epizooty prevails among horses, but no deaths have oc- 
 curred except among broken-down animals. Cholera is the only pre- 
 vailing disease among hogs and fowls. Other classes of farm animals 
 are in good health and condition. 
 
 Warren. — The disease called cholera has been unusually severe among 
 our hogs during the past six months. I estimate our losses by this dis- 
 ease at $32,000. The value of cattle lost will probably reach $6,000, and 
 of horses, $1,200. Perhaps $1,000 will cover the losses among fowls. 
 
 Wayne. — Influenza pirevails quite extensively among our horses in the 
 spring and fall. I hear of no diseases among hogs this season. A great 
 many fowls are annually lost by the disease generally known as cholera. 
 
 Williams. — Horses have been afflicted with a mild form of epizooty. 
 About 2 or 2J per cent, of the sheep of the county have died during the 
 past season, but no one has taken the trouble to try to discover the 
 cause. Cholera has been quite destructive to fowls, so much so that on 
 some farms whole flocks have been almost entirely decimated. On ad- 
 joining farms, where better care seems to have been observed in regard 
 to disinfectants, the fowls have remained healthy. 
 
 Wyandot. — There has been some hog and chicken cholera prevalent 
 in this county during tiie jiast season, but the losses have not been very 
 heavy. The epizooty prevailed among horses for a short season in a 
 mild form. 
 
 OEEGON. 
 
 Benton County. — Farm animals in this county are remarkably free 
 from disease with the exception of sheep. These animals are subject to 
 scab, and occasionally to leech in the liver. Horses are frequently at- 
 tacked by a mild form of distemper, but it rarely proves fatal. 
 
 Multnomah. — We have had no trouble with any class of farm animals 
 in this county^except hogs. They are affected with a disease we do not 
 understand. 
 
 Polk. — Sheep in this locality are frequently affected with the scab, 
 itch, and fluke in the liver. A few animals annually die of these dis- 
 eases. Horses are sometimes afflicted with distemper. 
 
 PENNSTLYANIA. 
 
 Blair County.— The epizooty among horses has passed over this 
 county. It prevailed in a mi^ld form and did but little damage. A great 
 many hogs are sick, and many have died. The disease seems to be the 
 hog pest. The animal becomes dull, and after laying around a few days 
 dies. Before death it becomes purple under the belly, throat, and about 
 the ears— in fact the ears become purple first Every remedy that could 
 be thought of has been tried, bat without effect. All my hogs died ex- 
 
364 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 cept oue. This was affected like the rest, but I gave it some horse oil 
 and to my surprise it commeuced to improve and soon got well. It 
 would be well enougt for parties having hogs afflicted with the pest to 
 try this remedy, as I am inclined to think it will prove effectual. _ 
 
 £i(cifcs.— Three-fouBths of the horses of this county are affected with 
 the epizooty or are just recovering from it. Some have died and others 
 liave been left in a very weak condition. A few cows have died during 
 the year of Texas fever and pleuro-pneumonia. Many sheep have suf- 
 fered with foot-rot and scab, while in some sections of the county the 
 chicken cholera has been very fatal. 
 
 Gmnbria.—EenrlY all the horses in Johnstown and surrounding coun- 
 try are affected with a mild type of epizooty. 
 
 Chester.— The disease among fowls seems to be generally fatal, and 
 frequently destroys whole roosts. The epizooty is prevailing in a mild 
 form among our horses. Other classes of farm animals are healthy. 
 
 _E7iA;.— Distemper among horses is about the only contagious disease 
 ever known among farm animals in this county, and it is generally of a 
 very mild type. 
 
 Fayette.— The epizooty has prevailed quite extensively among our 
 horses— scarcely an animal has escaped. Some deaths have occurred, 
 although tbe disease has appeared in a mild form. 
 
 Fulton. — The epizooty prevails among horseS'in this county, but it 
 has appeared in such a mild form that no serious loss is apprehended. 
 All classes of farm animals are in good health. 
 
 Juniata. — About all the horses in this county are more or less affected 
 with the disease commonly known as epizooty. In different localities 
 in the county cholera is reported as prevailing among swine. 
 
 Lancaster. — But few animals in tMs county are ever affected with dis- 
 ease. The epizooty is now prevailing among horses, but it has appeared 
 in such a mild form that it is not regarded as dangerous. 
 
 Lawrence. — The epizooty has prevailed in a mild form among our 
 horses. Some hogs have died of a disease called cholera, caused by 
 being kept in filthy pens during hot weather. Fowls are subject to 
 cholera. 
 
 Lebanon. — Chicken cholera is the only infectious or contagious dis- 
 ease prevailing in this county, and this could be avoided by cleanliness 
 and better care of the fowls. There have been cases of distemper, and 
 the epizooty is now prevailing among horses, but as yet there has been 
 no material loss. There are losses from various causes which may carry 
 away one animal in fifteen or twenty, at an average value of say, for horses 
 $ 75 per head, or a total loss per annum of about $50,000 ; in cattle, probably 
 about $20,000, and of hogs $10,000. Farm animals have good care and 
 attention. l^Teither swine-plague nor pleuro-pneumonia have made their 
 appearance in our county to my knowledge. Our State board of agri- 
 culture is doing a good work in this direction. Should we learn of a 
 case of the latter disease we will at once inform the authorities and have 
 it stamped out. Mr. Edge is a very efficient officer, ' 
 
 Lycoming. — The epizooty made its appearance among horses in this 
 county a few days ago, and already the most of them are affected. To 
 what extent it may prevail, or what amount of damage it may cause, re- 
 mains to be seen. 
 
 Montour. — The epizooty has prevailed quite extensively among horses 
 in this county during the first five or six weeks, and several old and 
 worn-out horses have died from its effects. A great many fowls are 
 annually lost by cholera. But few of those attacked recover. 
 
 3Ionroc.—A few horses and cattle have been lost during the past year 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 365 
 
 by disorders common to these animals. Fowls seem to continue healthy 
 as long as their houses are kept clean and well ventilated, but once the 
 disease gets into a iiock but very few escape death. 
 
 P'i/ce.— Horses throughout the county have been affected by the dis- 
 ease called epizooty, and quite a number have died. The younger 
 animals seemed to be much less affected by the disease than the older 
 ones. 
 
 Somerset. — Farm stock generally, in this county, is very healthy. 
 Large numbers of fowls annually die of the disease commonly known as 
 chicken cholera. 
 
 Sullivan. — Horses throughout the county have a mild form of the epi- 
 zooty. Cattle have been subject to foul in the foot — more so than for 
 many seasons past. Sheep have foul in the foot, scab, and grub in the 
 head. ' 
 
 Venango. — At present the epizooty is raging among the horses in this 
 county, which accounts for the large number marked " infected." I can 
 learn of no infectious diseases prevailing among cattle, hogs, sheep, or 
 fowls. Of course a considerable proportion of each die every year, but 
 not of infectious diseases. 
 
 Washington. — The influenza, or so-called epizooty, among horses is 
 general, but in a much milder form than in 1873. But few fatal cases 
 so far. Fowls are affiS|ted at all seasons of the year. Foot-rot is becom- 
 ing an almost general malady among sheep, and is very troublesome and 
 injurious. A great many sheep are annually lost by grub in the head. 
 
 Wayne. — The epizooty is prevailing quite extensively among horses 
 in this county, but in' a mild form, and up to this time but few deaths 
 have occurred. Cattle are not in good condition, owing to drought and 
 consequent lack of pasture. 
 
 Yorlc. — The epizooty is at present prevailing quite extensively among 
 horses, but it seems to be a rather mild form of the malady, and yields 
 readily to kindness and proper care and treatment. 
 
 SOUTH CAEOLINA. 
 
 Clarendon County. — Large numbers of fowls die every year in thia 
 county of the disease generally known as cholera. We have no remedy 
 or preventive for the disease. 
 
 Fairfield. — Colt distemper sometimes proves very troublesome here. 
 During some seasons our hogs are attacked by a disease called cholera, 
 which generally proves very destructive. 
 
 Sorry. — We have no unusual diseases among our farm animals except 
 cholera among hogs, and, I think, this malady is becoming gradually 
 less general and fatal. 
 
 Kershaw.-^The epizooty has prevailed in a mild form among horses in 
 this county during the past season. Cattle are healthy. Hogs suffer a 
 great deal from a disease called cholera, and the loss in some years has 
 been so great as to seriously interfere with breeding them. Chickens 
 are also subject to cholera, and sometimes the losses are very heavy. 
 Everything has been tried either as remedies or preventives with vary- 
 ing success. 
 
 Oconee. — Fowls suffer periodically, say once a year, from a disease as- 
 suming various forms, but which is usually termed cholera. This dis- 
 ease, in fact but very few diseases were known among chickens in this 
 county until after the introduction of foreign breeds. We have a disease 
 among cattle in the mountainous parts of this county — in northwestern 
 G-eorgia and western JSTorth Carolina, in fact along the whole Blue Eidge 
 
366 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 range — known with us as millv sickness, which is caused by a peculiar 
 poisou taken by cattle with their food. It aifects the beef, the milk, and 
 the batter, and in turn poisons those who partake of either. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Anderson County. — Influenza in a mild form in horses has reached this 
 county, but by proper treatment it is easily arrested and cured. Hog 
 cholera, so called, prevails constantly to a greater or less extent in this 
 county. Where preventives are used, such as an occasional dose of sul- 
 phate of iron and flowers of sulphur, and proper cleanliness observed, 
 the disease does but little damage. Sheep are subject to scab, foot rot, 
 and grub in the head. Proper attention to their sanitary condition will 
 obviate most, if not all, these evils. An occasional change of pasture 
 and a dose of flowers of sulphur, together with an efficient wash to free 
 them from ticks, will do much to contribute to their growth and pros- 
 perity. Chicken cholera interferes materially with the successful growth 
 of poultry. By due precaution I think it may be prevented, i. e., by 
 keeping the body free from vermin and internallyhealthy by a judicious 
 use of copperas and sulphur. 
 
 Bedford. — The only contagious disease hereto which horses are subject 
 is distemper, and the only one affecting hogs an|!f fowls is the so-called 
 cholera. The losses among these three classes Of animals have been 
 quite heavy. 
 
 Bradley. — Farm animals in this county are in very good health and 
 condition. An occasional outbreak of hog cholera is reported, but the 
 losses for the past year have been light. 
 
 Claiborne. — In two localities in the county swine plague has prevailed 
 during the past season, but not in as fatal a form as usual. Our horses 
 and mules are now affected Avith the epizooty in a very mild form. They 
 have a cough and discharge at the nose. Two or three doses of powdered 
 sulphur stops the cough. 
 
 Diclcens. — Horses are suffering from a mild form of epizooty. No deaths 
 have as yet been occasioned by the disease. A number of hogs have 
 died of cholera. Farm stock seems to be in a better condition than 
 usual. 
 
 Dyer. — Infections and contagious diseases of animals in this county are 
 confined almost exclusively to hogs and chickens, and is known as cholera. 
 No particular changes in the character of the disease have been observed 
 since it first made its appearance, and no specific treatment has been 
 established from the fact that the disease runs its course despite the use 
 of all supposed remedies. It comes, and goes, and kills, and that is 
 about all we know about it. We now have a very mild form of epizooty 
 among our horses, but it does not interfere with the services of the 
 animals. 
 
 Fentress.— The only disease that has prevailed among horses during 
 the year has been distemper. Hogs have suffered in some localities from 
 the cholera and a good many losses are reported. In the localities in 
 which the cholera prevails among hogs the same disease is seriously affect- 
 ing the fowls. 
 
 Greene.— Out principal losses are among hogs and fowls. Swine frow- 
 ing seems to be on the deolme, as does also the disease of cholera. This, 
 perhaps, is owing somewhat to the diminished number of animals. There 
 seems to be an increased attention paid to the raising of fowls, although 
 chicken cholera at intervals is formidable and without remedy. 
 
 JJamftKii.— Cholera has prevailed among hogs and fowls cl'urin"- the 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEXSES OF UOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 367 
 
 .past year with the usual viruleuce aud fatality. I liave made it a rule 
 to cbauge my cocks eveiy year, and have no trouble with cholera among 
 my fowls. 
 
 Hardin. — DuriDg drj- seasons the cattle of this section ;ue seriously 
 affected with a disease known as dry murrain. A good many animals 
 were lost by it last season. Chickens are afflicted with cholera, a dis- 
 ease which proves very fatal. 
 
 Henderson. — Hog cholera has iirevailed in some localities in this county 
 duriag the year. Cattle have been affected with a disease which causes 
 swelling of the eyes from which water runs freely. Some animals have 
 become totally blind, but they generally recover after a lapse of six or 
 eight weeks. Blind staggers has prevailed amoug horses, and foot rot 
 among sheep. 
 
 Lake. — Considerable losses have occurred among hogs in this county 
 during the past year, caused by the disease generally known as cholera. 
 They will aggregate $6,000. 
 
 Lawrence. — The only infectious or contagious disease that has visited 
 horses in this county was glanders. It was confined to one farm, and 
 in each case proved fatal. Preventive measures were used to stop the 
 spread of the disease. Hog cholera made its appearance on water courses 
 in August, and about one-half of those attacked died. There is no 
 record of this disease occuring on the table land away from the water 
 courses. The elevation of the table lands of the county is 400 or 500 
 feet above the creek valley, and it is worthy of investigation to determine 
 the fact of the susceptibility of the hog to the influence of damp malarial 
 districts, and the liability of stagnant water to produce the malady. 
 The table lands of this county are dry, and the only water hogs can ob- 
 tain in the summer months is pure spring water. Chickens are fre- 
 quently attacked by a disease miscalled cholera. In most cases it proves 
 fatal. We have neither remedy nor preventive for this disease. 
 
 McVairy. — For several years past the cattle of our county have suf- 
 fered severely with murrain. Hog cholera prevails to a greater or less 
 extent every year. A disease of the same name annually destroys large 
 numbers of fowls. 
 
 Meigs. — Horses and cattle are measurably exempt from contagious 
 diseases. Hogs do not suffer every year with the plague— at least the 
 disease is not always of a fatal type. This year the farmers of the county 
 have suffered a loss reaching as high as many thousand dollars. Every 
 year our fowls suffer with the disease known as chicken cholera, and a 
 great many of them die. 
 
 Putnam. — Distemper, blind staggers, and lung fever have caused the 
 death of some horses in this county during the year. Cholera among 
 hogs has iDrevailed with its usual destructive effects. Sheep arehealthy, 
 and no disease is reported as prevailing among cattle. Large numbers 
 of fowls have died in the course of the year of the disease commonly 
 known as cholera. 
 
 Robertson. — I do not hear of the prevalence of any 'epidemic among 
 farm animals in this county, except among hogs. The disease affecting 
 them is the so-called cholera, and seems to be more general, and more 
 destructive among those kept at large distilleries. When the disease 
 breaks out in a herd the sick are generally separated from the well ones, 
 and tonics and alteratives given the well animals to keep them in good 
 health. However, when the disease gets a good start among a herd 
 nearly all die. 
 
 Sullivan. — At this time there is a considerable amount of distemper 
 prevailing among farm animals in this county. But few losses have 
 occurred. 
 
368 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 Anderson County. — Theonly contagious diseaseprevalentamoug horses 
 is distemper. Animals are never atfected a second time by this disease. 
 Cholera among hogs generally proves fatal. Many of these animals 
 are annually lost for want of common sense in their treatment. Salt 
 and wood ashes are doubtless a preventive if not a specific. Cholera 
 prevails among fowls. 'No reliable remedy is known here for this disease. 
 
 Austin. — Last summer and fall distemper prevailed among our horses 
 to an alarming extent, resulting in the death of many animals. Mur- 
 rain, which by some is considered contagious, has caused heavy losses 
 among cattle. The disease always attacks the best and fattest animals. 
 There are heavy losses among hogs every year. This has been particu- 
 larly the case during the current year. Cholera and chicken pox have 
 destroyed a great many fowls. 
 
 Bee. — Diseases have prevailed during the past year among horses, 
 swine, and sheep. I think the value of our losses among these three 
 classes of animals will reach somewhere between $12,000 and $15,000. 
 
 Bell. — The disease known as scab prevails in many flocks of sheep, 
 and has caused considerable loss among these animals. Two dippings 
 of the diseased animals in strong tobacco water, about two days apart, 
 will generally effect a cure. Cholera is very fatal to fowls on many 
 farms. Clean roosting places and a liberal use of sulphur about nests, 
 and carbolic acid about their perches and houses, will prevent the ap- 
 pearance of this disease. 
 
 Brazos. — Horses, cattle, and sheep are generally healthy. Hogs and 
 chickens are subject to cholera. About all those attacked by this disease 
 die. 
 
 Burleson. — Horses have suffered from distemper and the epizooty 
 during the past year. Black tongue has prevailed among cattle, cholera 
 among swine, and rot among sheep. A great many of our fowls annu- 
 ally die of the disease known as chicken cholera. 
 
 Chambers. — The only serious diseases we have to contend with among 
 our horses and cattle are cholera, which affects both horses and cattle, 
 and a disease which we call murrain, which is incident to cattle only. 
 Sheep and hogs are generally healthy. Cholera among fowls is very 
 destructive to the feathered tribe. 
 
 Coleman. — The only class of farm animals in this county seriously 
 affected with contagious disease is horses. The disease is a distemper, 
 and by some of my neighbors is thought to be glanders, while some 
 others regard it as farcy. All die that take the disease. 
 
 Collin. — Except an occasional case of colt distemper, which generally 
 yields readily to proper treatment, and blind staggers, I have no other 
 diseases to report as i)revailing among farm stock in this countj'. 
 
 Comal. — ^The principal disease that has prevailed among horses in this 
 locality during the past season has been distemper. Some losses have 
 occurred. Cattle are affected with a disease of the kidneys. Calves 
 under one year of age, and generally those in best condition, are most 
 frequently affected with it. Hogs estimated at $5,000 in value have 
 been lost during the year by the usual diseases. 
 
 Comanche. — Eecently I have heard of a few deaths among horses occa- 
 sioned by a disease called blind staggers. Occasionally I hear of gref>t 
 mortality among fowls, but I can give no estimate of the losses. 
 
 Coryell. — ^o infectious or contagious diseases prevail among horses 
 or cattle in this county, yet a good many of these animals annually die 
 for want of proper care and attention. Hogs and fowls are affected with 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATK.D AMMAL.S. SC,'.} 
 
 cholera, and few that arc attacked recover. All classes of fiirin animals 
 need more attention and better protection from the inclemoiicv of the 
 weather. 
 
 Dallcm. — Horses are dying here in great nnmbers from a disease 
 known as blind staggers. The disease has recently made its appear- 
 ance here, and is thought to be caused from eating rotten and worm- 
 eaten corn. We had line rains and an abundant yield of corn, whicJi 
 bred an unusual number of worms, the effects of which are now seen in 
 the large amount of dust in the dry corn. Cattle die mainly of bloody 
 murrain. Sometimes we lose half our crop of chickens by cholera. 
 
 Ullis.— A good many horses have recently been lost" in this county 
 by blind staggers. The losses have occurred generally among good 
 work-horses. 
 
 Gibson. — Epizootic distemper has prevailed among our horses to a 
 considerable extent during the past year. Cholera has also prevailed 
 among hogs in some localities. Kew milk with wheat bran, and a small 
 portion of coal oil, mixed, has been used with some success in this dis- 
 ease. Gapes and cholera prevail among fowls. 
 
 Grayson. — During the past year the losses among hogs and fowls have 
 been very heavy. I estimate the value of hogs lost at $15,000, and fowls 
 at $3,000. The disease is known here as cholera, and has prevailed in 
 this county for ten or fifteen years past. If it^were not for the ravages 
 of this disease poultry would be a great source of profit to the farmers 
 of the county. 
 
 Grimes. — Glanders has j)revailed among horses in one locality in this 
 county during the past year. A great many cattle died from poverty 
 last winter. Swine plague raged throughout the county during the win- 
 ter and spring of 1877-'78, and killed nearly all the hogs. It finally 
 subsided, and has not prevailed since. 
 
 Hamilton. — Distemper is the principal disease affecting horses. It is 
 quite fatal to colts and yearlings. A disease for which we have no name 
 is quite prevalent among suckmg calves. It seems to be more fatal to 
 fine graded stock than to the common breed. The first symptom is a 
 watering of the eyes ; after two or three days the eyes become very 
 much inflamed, and a couple of days later it becomes apparently blind 
 and refuses to eat. Those that remain in this condition generally die at 
 the end of six or seven days. 
 
 Harrison. — With the exception of cholera among fowls there seems to 
 be no infectious or contagious disease existing among farm animals in 
 this county. 
 
 Kendall. — Farm animals generally in this county are in a healthy 
 condition. Scab and foot rot have prevailed among sheep to some 
 extent, and cholera among fowls. 
 
 Llano. — During the past few years our hogs have been subject to the 
 disease generally known as cholera. Since it made its appearance our 
 losses have been annually about one-fifth of all our animals. 
 
 Morris. — The only serious disease we have to contend against among 
 our horses is blind or sleepy staggers. About all die that are attacked . 
 Cholera prevails among both hogs and fowls. This disease proves very 
 fatal, especially to chickens. We have neither a preventive nor remedy 
 for the disease. 
 
 Navarro. — I know of no contagions disease iirevailing among any 
 class of farm animals, except cholera among hogs. I suppose there is 
 an annual loss of 10 per cent, of these animals from this disease 
 alone. Fowls are also annually afflicted with the disease commonly 
 known as chicken cholera. Horses are subject to distemper, which rarely 
 24 c D ' 
 
370 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 proves fatal. Cattle are frequently attacked by bloody murrain, but I 
 do not regard this as an infectious or contagious disease. 
 
 Sains. — Horses" are dying at an alarming rate all over this State 
 of a disease generally known as blind staggers. 
 
 Busk. — ^More sheep died the past summer from disease than have died 
 in any one year for the past fifteen. Those that are afflicted refuse to 
 follow the llock ; stand around in the fence corners a day or two and 
 then die. Not knowing the cause of the trouble we can do nothing 
 for them. I lost a pair of Cotswolds which I imported from Wiscon- 
 sin at considerable expense. Much disease prevails among chickens and 
 turkeys in this county. 
 
 Victoria. — Some cattle-raisers of this county lost the past summer 
 about one-flfteenth of all their calves by a disease affecting the hip. It 
 commenced with lameness and ended by swelling above the knee, fol- 
 lowed by a profuse purulent discharge. 
 
 Waller. — The loss of hogs in this county last spring from a scaicity 
 of corn was very great. Horses and cattle have been free from dis- 
 ease. Sheep, however, have suffered terribly. The under jaw of the 
 afflicted animal would become greatly swollen, it would refuse to eat, 
 and soon die. Others would droop for a few days and then die. Some 
 persons attributed it to a, poisonous weed which is most prolific in wet 
 seasons, 
 
 * UTAH. 
 
 Box aider County. — I estimate the losses among horses, cattle, sheep, 
 and fowls in this county during the past year at about $7,000. Ko 
 unusual or destructive disease has occurred among any class of do- 
 mesticated animals. 
 
 Morgan. — Sheep in this county are subject to scab, and lambs to pneu- 
 monia. Other classes of farm animals are healthy. Winters here are 
 very hard on fowls, and in the fall they are much subject to disease. 
 
 Tooele. — The diseases most prevalent among farm animals in this 
 county are epizooty among horses, black death or black-leg among cat- 
 tle, and scab among sheep. Our annual losses from these diseases 
 will amount to $3,000 or $4,000 in value. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Addison Cowwfj/.— Epizooty in a mild form is quite prevalent among 
 our horses. Sheep are to some extent liable to foot-rot. , Breeders 
 generally agree, however, that this disease does not lessen the value 
 of the animal, as it is well known and easily cured. 
 
 (?ra7i<ZJsZe. -The epizooty has been very general among horses this 
 fall, but m nearly every case it has appeared in a light form, and 
 there have been but few deaths. 
 
 Orleans.— Oiiv horses have been afflicted with the epizooty, which 
 is said to be infectious and contagious. A few good calves dipd sud- 
 denly with swelled head and a sore throat— an unknown disease here. 
 Several flocks of sheep are afflicted with the scab, from which several 
 animals died during last Aviuter. It has not been easily cured. 
 
 Washington.— With the exception of occasional cases of scab among 
 sheep, we have no contagious diseases among farm animals Our 
 farmers and breeders are giving more attention to the care of animals 
 than formerly, and as a result we have less exposure, less disease, and 
 a better condition of all kinds of domesticated animals. Proper care 
 in the breeding, rearing, and treatment of farm animals will pay. Im- 
 
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 371 
 
 proved systems are so well understood that it does uot seem neces- 
 sary to advance any theory as to methods. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Amelia County. — The disease usually termed cholera is almost always 
 fatal to hogs. There has been a serious alfection among- our sheep, which 
 has caused the loss of a good man^ of these animals. Upon post-mortem 
 examination we invariably find the lining membranes of the nostrils 
 greatly injected with dark-colored bloody mucus, and a large grab 
 which has ma^o its way up the nostril as far as possible. 
 
 Botetourt. — Black -leg and bloody murrain have proved quite destruc- 
 tive to cattle during the past year. Cholera has prevailed among hogs 
 and fowls with its usual fatality. 
 
 Garoline. — All classes of animals in this county have this , year been , 
 unusually free from infectious and contagious diseases, except horses 
 and mules. These animals have been afflicted with the epizooty, but 
 whore proper care has been observed uo serious results have followed. 
 
 Carroll. — The epizooty and distemper prevails among our horses, and 
 some deaths have occurred. Hundreds of fowls have been lost by the 
 gapes. • 
 
 Charlotte. — Horses are afflicted annually with distemper, and about 
 once in five years by epizooty. These diseases are not very fatal. We 
 annually have a few cases of glanders and farcy, which are always fatal. 
 Cattle are subject to the North Carolinadisterfiper, which is generally 
 fatal. The disease resembles the Texas fever, and usually first attacks 
 the fattest animals. Hogs suffer mole or less every year with the disease 
 known as cholera. The principal disease among sheep is grnb in the 
 head. Fowls are afflicted with cholera, a disease fl'hich generally termi- 
 nates fatally, as we ha^'e no remedy. 
 
 Chesterfield. — Some losses have occurred from the epizooty among our 
 horses. Cattle are generally healthy, but a few have died of bloody 
 murrian. Cholera has prevailed to a less extent than usual among hogs, 
 and our losses have been light thepast season. Immense losses continue 
 to occur among fowls, from the disease generally known as cholera. 
 
 Clarl-e. — The only contagious disease that ever prevails among any 
 class of farm animals in this county is swine plague. We have had 
 none of it this year. Poultry plague, or cholera, prevails every year, 
 and causes heavy losses annually. We have no cure or pBeventive for 
 the disease. 
 
 Craig. — Cattle in this section of the State are subject to a strange 
 disease which has not been described in any work on the diseases of 
 domesticated animals. I will try and give you the symi^toms of the 
 malady in a future letter. About one-half of oirr chickens annually 
 die of disease. 
 
 Dinwiddie. — Nearly all the horses in this county have had the distem- 
 l)er and epizooty this year. About one in fifty has died. The farmers 
 liave lost more cattle this season than during any one year that I can 
 remember. The disease seems to me to be bloody murrain, and is in- 
 duced, I think, by the want of pure drinking-water. Powl§ still continue 
 to have the cholera. The man who finds a sovereign remedy for this 
 disease will be immediately acknowledged as a public benefactor. 
 
 Floyd. — The disease known here as black-leg is prevailing to a con- 
 siderable extent among cattle. It .is a A'erj^ fatal malady. Chicken 
 ■cholera has been very destructive during the past season, and thousands 
 of fowls have died. No remedy is known for the disease. 
 
372 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 - Goochland. — The epizooty is prevailing to some extent among horses 
 in this county. A local disease called murrain has afflicted cattle in the 
 middle of the county during the course of the year. 
 
 Greene. — At present a mild form of epizooty is prevailing among the 
 horses of this county ; so far as I have been able to learn it has proved 
 fatal in but one case. 
 
 Hanover. — Cattle occasionally die from murrain or bloody flux. Our 
 hogs have been almost exempt from disease during the past year. 
 Sheep are more liable to disease than any other class of animals. We 
 annually lose large numbers of fowls by the disease known as cholera. 
 
 Henry. — Cattle that have had the distemper and recovered are rated 
 higher than those that have never had it, as they are believed to be safe 
 from a second attack. This is a very fatal disease, however, and a great 
 many cattle annually die of iti Hogs attacked by swine plague are of 
 but little value should they recover, as they never amount to much in 
 the way of fattening. A great many chickens annuiUy die of cholera. 
 
 Highland. — Influenza is now raging among horses in this county. 
 Cholera prevails to some extent among hogs, rot among sheep, and 
 cholera and dysentery among fowls. 
 
 James City. — Hogs and fowls in this county are suffering with the so- 
 called cholera. A large mast this fall, and hogs were never before so 
 fat. They are already fat enough to slaughter. 
 
 King George. — Farm stock of all kinds have been remarkably free from 
 disease during the past year in this county. 
 
 King and Queen.— W\n\e we have lost but few farm animals by disease 
 during the past year, our losses among fowls have been quite heavy. 
 
 Lancaster. — The epizooty is prevailing generally among our horses 
 and mules, but it is of so very mild a type that no deaths have been 
 caused as yet. In some localities the cholera has destroyed from 90 to 
 100 per cent, of the fowls. 
 
 Mattheics. — Epizooty in a mild form is prevailing among the horses in 
 this county. No deaths. I lost a few sheep, but a post-mortem exami- 
 nation failed to reveal the cause of death. They were very fat. The 
 loss of fowls by cholera continues quite large. Eggs and poultry are a 
 source of considerable revenue, and but for this disease the business 
 would be greatly increased. 
 
 MecJdenburg.—Onv farmers are paying considerable attention to the 
 raising of horses. Colts are liable to distemper, although few die of the 
 afl'ection. Lately we have had the epizooty in a very mild form- no 
 deaths. The only disease we have had among cattle is distemper which 
 is infectious, and carries off a very heavy proportion of those attacked. 
 Hog cholera has not been so prevalent this year as formerly, and has 
 done but little damage. Our loss of fowls this year from "cholera" is 
 probably greater than the loss in all farm animals from infection and 
 contagious diseases. 
 
 Montgomery.— 1 know of no disease among cattle except in one or two 
 localities of the county. Cattle brought here from Iforth Carolina have 
 ticks on them, and when these ticks are communicated to native cattle 
 the animals sicken and die. Several instances of this kind have occurred 
 during this and m previous years. It is not safe to bring cattle from 
 the region east of the Blue Eidge, except during the winter months. 
 Ihe disease IS the most fatal one I know, and almost invariably com- 
 municated to all native stock coming in contact with the imported ani- 
 mals. ^ 
 
 Notto2my.—The old-fashioned distemper is now prevailing amons cat- 
 tle m this county, and deaths are quite frequent. Some disease prevaUs 
 
CONTAGIOUB UlSJEASiilS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 373 
 
 among swiue and fowls, but the losses, so far, have beeu couiparalively 
 liglit. 
 
 Tatriok. — G-landers is prevailing to a considerable extent among horses 
 in this and adjoining counties. The only preventive or cure for this 
 disease is to kill all the affected animals. Occasionally a horse dies of 
 common distemper. Considerable disease has prevailed among hogs, 
 and the losses have been quite heavy. Cholera prevails with its usual 
 vindence among fowls. 
 
 Rappaliannock. — The epizooty has prevailed among horses in this 
 county during the past season. 'So deaths have occurred. Cattle are 
 often attacked by murrain and black-leg ; this disease is mostly confined 
 to calves and yearlings. We have lost some late lambs by an unknown 
 di^ase, and a good many fowls by the disease known as cholera. 
 
 Moclcbridge. — Distemper is the only contagious disease I have to men- 
 tion as prevailing among our horses, and it seldom proves fatal. Chol- 
 era among hogs and cholera and gapes among chickens are reported 
 as prevailing in different localities. Among fowls the destruction has 
 been great. 
 
 Warren. — The epizooty and distemper are now prevailing among 
 horses in this eounty. Sheep have suffered some from ilukes. This 
 trouble is brought on by local causes, such as drinking impure water 
 and grazing on low lands. Eemedy, frequent change of pasture. 
 
 Washington. — A few cases of black-leg have occurred among calves 
 wintered on low lands. The epizooty is prevailing among horses in a 
 very mild form. Chickens are affected with cholera; a disease which 
 generally proves fatal. 
 
 Wariciclc. — The epizooty made its axjpearance among horses in this 
 county about a fortnight ago. So far I have heard of but one death. 
 Cholera among fowls has prevailed with its usual fatality. 
 
 WASHINGTON TEKEITOKT. 
 
 San Juan County. — Our i)rincipal losses of farm animals occur from 
 neglect, and are confined almost exclusively to cattle and sheep. 
 
 Thurston. — Scab is the only disease which seriously affects our sheep. 
 The loss is mostly in wool, as those affected with the disease generally 
 lose their wool. Taking this view of the matter, this loss is greater than 
 the value of the sheep. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Buffalo County. — The value of the losses among farm animals by dis- 
 ease during the past year, I think, will not vary much, for this county, 
 from the following estimates: Horses, $3,000; cattle, $1,500; hogs, 
 $1,000; sheep, $6,000; fowls, $100. As regards losses among sheep, a 
 large proportion was caused by depredations of dogs. 
 
 CM]}pewa. — Sheep in this county are a good deal troubled with a snuf- 
 fling and running at the nose. Horses are having what is called the 
 epizooty. The disease has manifested itself in a mild form, and where 
 proper care has been observed no serious results have followed. 
 
 Dane. — The epizooty is prevailing among our horses, but in a very 
 mild form. Hog cholera exists in some localities, but is not prevailing 
 so widely as in some years. The only disease now affecting sheep is 
 grub in the head. Cholera prevails to a considerable extent among 
 fowls. 
 
 Dodge. — The epizooty prevailed quite extensively during the month 
 of November, but it was very mild and caused no deaths. Foot rot has 
 occasionally prevailed among sheep, but no fatal results have followed. 
 
374 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP BOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 
 
 (Irccnc. — T ha^'c found it next to impossible to get at tbe valur of swine 
 lost liy cholera, in tliis county. Ju sonic localities tliey are perfectly 
 healthy, while in others the disease is doing considerable damage, 
 though nothing as compared to some former years. 
 
 Juneau. — Hogs fare worse, so far as disease is concerned, than any 
 other class of farm animals. Horses come next. A large number of 
 both classes have been lost during the past year. 
 
 Kenosha. — Bloody murrain occurred among some cattle brought from 
 the Chicago stock-yards to this county to feed. After grazing for about 
 a month, live were attacked by the disease and all died. 
 
 Marquette. — Some j^earling cattle have been affected with a disease 
 similar to distemper. It continued with them in a mild form during the 
 summer, and later in the season broke out more extensively and iy a 
 more malignant form. 
 
 Monroe. — A large number of horses have been lost during the year by 
 distemper. While the condition of farm animals is very good, a g'reat 
 many have been lost by varioiTS diseases during the year. 
 
 Oconto. — Farm animals in this county have been unusually healthy 
 during the past season. A few deaths have occurred among hogs from 
 swine plague. , 
 
 Saint Croix. — The epizooty has prevailed quite extensively among 
 horses in this county. A few cases of glanders have been reported. 
 The animals affected were shot. 
 
 Saulc — The only contagious disease that has affected horses during 
 the past year has been the epizooty. But a great many horses have 
 gone blind, supposed to have been caused by previous epizootic disorders. 
 Hog cholera is prevailing in one town. 
 
 Vernon. — Horses, cattle, sheep, and fowls have been healthy during 
 the past season. A disease among hogs reached here this year for the 
 first time. It commenced early in the spring. The first symptom is a 
 cough, or a weaving, bellows-like motion of the sides. This Is generally 
 followed by diarrhea, after which death soon ensues. A large per cent, 
 of the losses are among pigs. 
 
 Washington. — The epizooty has pre^^ailed quite generally among horses 
 in this county. iSTo deaths reported. 
 
 Waulcesha.—Kog cholera has prevailed to a considerable extent in this 
 county, and the value of our losses from the disease will perhaps exceed 
 $20,000. Foot rot is reported as existing among some flocks of sheep in 
 the southern part of the county. 
 
 "n^EST VIEGINIA. 
 
 Barlour County.— Galvea and yearlings are subject to a disease known 
 here as black leg. We have tlo remedy. About all die that are attacked 
 by the disease. Fowls are badly afflicted with cholera. 
 
 BerlceJey. — We have no infectious nor contagious diseases among farm 
 animals in this county, not even hog cholera, which prevailed here so 
 generally a few years ago. 
 
 ^ooMc— With the exception of epizooty and distemper horses are free 
 from all contagious diseases. Hog cholera has prevailed throughout the 
 mountain counties and has been very fatal. A few cases of rot among 
 sheep have been reported. A great many young fowls die of cholera. 
 
 Doddridge.— The most common and fatal disease to fowls is gapes. ' A 
 good preventive is found in wood ashes. It is administered by placing 
 the food on the ashes. No contagious disease prevails among farm ani- 
 mals. 
 
UUINTAUIUUS UiHKAiSJiB UF JJuMESTICATED ANIMALS. 375 
 
 Logan. — During tlie year both horses and cattle have been visited 
 with a severe type of some kind of distemper. Some losses have occurred, 
 but not^a great many. Hogs have been afflicted with cholera as usual, 
 but the losses have not been very heavy. 
 
 Mercer. — We have had some hog cholera in this county; probably one 
 hundred head have died in all. Some fatal cases of bloody murrain 
 among cattle have been reported. Foot rot among sheep prevails to a 
 limited extent. 
 
 Morgan. — Horses are now sufterin g with distemper or epizooty. Sheep 
 have been afflicted with scab, and fowls with the disease known as chol- 
 era. 
 
 Nicholas. — Contagioiis diseases prevail more extensively among hogs 
 and sheep than among other classes of farm animals. Among the for- 
 mer the cholera frequently proves very destructive, and among the 
 latter the rot and scab are often quite troublesome. Cholera also pre- 
 vails among fowls to a considerable extent. 
 
 Ohio. — I estimate the value of losses occasioned by disease among our 
 farm animals for the year at about $12,000. Some few cases of hog and 
 chicken cholera have been reported. 
 
 Tucker. — Fowls, especially chickens, have suffered terribly during the 
 past few months with what is generally known as cholera. We have no 
 remedy for this disease. 
 
 Tyler. — The horses of this county have been affected with epizootic 
 distemper, but in rather a mild form. A good many cattle, generally 
 calves and yearlings, suffer with a disease known as black-leg. About 
 all those attacked die. Hogs and fowls are frequently destroyed in large 
 numbers by the disease known as cholera. 
 
 Wyoming. — Hogs are all dying with cholera. Some persons have lost 
 all they had. I think that probably two-thirds of all the hogs in the 
 county have died, and the disease is still raging. 
 
IISTDEX. 
 
 Page, 
 
 Acclimatization, 'bacteria dne to 53 
 
 . Acid, benzoic, antiseptic influence of, upon fowl-cholera virus 9, 31 
 
 swine-plague vii-us ii, -G 
 
 effect of, on development of swine-plague micrococcus 78 
 
 boracic, and sulpliate of potassium, effect of, on fowl-cholera virua 32 
 
 efiect o±, on fowl-cholera virus 32, 33 
 
 carbolic, disinfectant in fowl cholera 70 
 
 efiect of, on fowl-cholera virus 9. 33 
 
 swine-plague virus 8, 26 
 
 development of swine-plague micrococci ,.. 77 
 
 vitality of swine-plague micrococci 77 
 
 in swine plague, value of 181 
 
 swine plague arrested by 10 
 
 treatment with, in swine plague 10 
 
 salicylic, antiseptic influence of, upon fowl-cholera virus 9 
 
 swine-plague virus . . -• 8, 20 
 
 effect of, on development of swine-plague micrococcus 79 
 
 sulphuric, as disinfectant in fowl cholera 70 
 
 efiect of, on fowl-cholera virus 32 
 
 Act, contagions diseases of animals, of Great Britain 10,237 
 
 Acute bronchitis 233 
 
 pathology and morbid anatomy of 234 
 
 symptoms of 233 
 
 Advantages of inoculation with devitalized blood in swine plague 144 
 
 Agent, virulent, in septicaimia .' 63 
 
 Air, free, decreases viralence of swine-plagne germ 117 
 
 limited supply of, increases virulence of swine-plague germ 117, 123 
 
 influence upon disease germs, argument from yellow fever 121 
 
 example from, typhoid fever 122 
 
 in Asiatic cholera 123 
 
 Algerian sheep, nature of immunity of, from charbon 304- 
 
 Alcoholio extract of blood in fowl cholera not virulent 31 
 
 Alcohol, effect of, on fowl-cholera virus 32 
 
 Alabama, condition of farm animals in 329 
 
 American cattle condemned in Liverpool not affected with pleuro -pneumonia 11 
 
 diseases in, in 1878 218 
 
 English embargo on, because of pleuro-pneumonia 205 
 
 excluded by orders of privy council of Great Britain 10 
 
 landed in Great Britain, correspondence concerning detection of pleui'o-pneu- 
 
 moniain - 219 
 
 "Liverpool, interstitial pneumonia iu 11 
 
 shipped to England, doubt concerning pleuro-pneumonia in 281 
 
 statistics of pleuro-pneumonia in 201 
 
 Anatomy, morbid, of acute bronchitis 234 
 
 pathological, of foot-and-mouth disease 280 
 
 Animals condemned for foot-and-mouth disease in Liverpool 204 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia in Liverpool ._ 204 
 
 contagious diseases of, orders of Great Britain concerning 2;J7 
 
 foreign, landed in Great Britain, diseases among 210 
 
 foot-and-mouth disease among 210 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia among 210 
 
 sheep scab among 210 
 
 swiae feyer among 210 
 
 wharves for, in England t 215 
 
 from the United States landed at Liverpool, statistics of 204 
 
 herding of, to be avoided in swine plague 129 
 
 insusceptible, breeding from 70 
 
 Annual report of the veterinary department of the privy council of Great Britain 209 
 
 Anthrax among cattle in New York - 312 
 
 lesions of - -.. 313 
 
 prevention of 314 
 
 supposed causes of Sl3 
 
 symptoms of 313 
 
 in the Northwest _ 311 
 
 Ohauveau's experiments with - 89 
 
 con,tagium of , — CI 
 
 distributed by earth-worms _» 02 
 
 germs, preservation of, in graves 119 
 
 fn New Mexico '. ■•H 
 
 in Tennessee __ 322 
 
 malignant, mitigation of poison of .,- 117 
 
 preventive influence of first attack of — C2 
 
 377 
 
378 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Anthrax sporos clistributoiT "by eartli-worms 120 
 
 Antisepticy, iiifluuiice of, in swine plague 10 
 
 ^ uiion virus or fowl cholera 9. 31, 329 
 
 ewinc plague 8, 25 
 
 value of, in swine plague , 181 
 
 Appendix to Dr. Salmon'* report - 72 
 
 Aphthons fever (see IToot-and-mouth disease) 282 
 
 Arkansas, condition of farm animals in 330 
 
 Ashes, wood, a preventive for swine plague 325 
 
 Asiatic cholera, example in, of influence of limited air supply on disease germs 121 
 
 Atmospheric temperature, influence of, on body temperatui'e 80 
 
 Attacks of fowl cholera prevent subsequent inoculation 35 
 
 Bacilli .- 59,64,66,67,68,296,297 
 
 kinds present in putrefying liquids 27 
 
 mixed, efl'ecta of inoculation with 56 
 
 SaciUus 55, 
 
 bacillus amylobacter 54, 68 ' 
 
 Bacillus anthrads ' 36,^54, 61,62, 64, 6G, 118,119 
 
 Buchner's observations on - 118 
 
 destroyed by oxygen 119 
 
 development of -. 57 
 
 durability of spores of :. « 68 
 
 of swine plague 16 
 
 germs of 8 
 
 spores of, not destroyed by oxygen 119 
 
 transformed from Bacillus suMilis, and vice versa 118 
 
 Bacillus subtilis 54, 66 
 
 Bacillus sttis , 54 
 
 misnamed S8 
 
 Bacteria ^ 52 
 
 are they essential to protection ? 137 
 
 development of, in injuries and non-contagious diseases 58 
 
 due to acclimatization 53 
 
 effect of injecting into tissue , 56 
 
 Bacteria form, special, to each septic disease 53 
 
 germs, penetrate blood and tissues in health 57 
 
 indestructibility of 60 
 
 infection and intoxication "!"!!!!"Il'I!!"!"JJ]^rj^!!]ll 135 
 
 iniections rendered injurious !]1!-^J!I"!!!!!!I!I!II"I"'I" 56 
 
 inoculation with, effect of iill!"!""!!!*!!!!!!"""!'"!!"! 56 
 
 intoxication and bacteria infection "."ill"!"""!^-.""""!"^^ 135 
 
 Bacteria lineola !I!"!![^1I[!1II[!]""!IIII. 183 
 
 Bacteria not directly injurious in blood and tissues ia health! "!!"!! '"1""' '. "' 58 
 
 of fowl cholera identical with virus [ II, ...I 9 
 
 of swine-plague virus, effect of disinfectants upon ."..-.'.".".".".' ."IJ." I," ."JI"!!.'-".' 7S 
 
 pathogenic ...^ .. 62 
 
 separation of, by diffusion ""i!i!!II"!Iim"!I!"'"!II!"I!I" 56 
 
 filtration '"' \ "" 55 
 
 freezing ...!.'."."!!".".'.* .'."!! ]."'." 1" 56 
 
 skimming ^ 55 
 
 septic, when injurious 1 — 1- ""I."""! !!!! !!]!!'[ ] '* 56 
 
 spontaneous in urine, experiments with '--'-''.'".'.'.V.'.'.'.''". ! " 76 
 
 theory "I!1"1L" 57 
 
 caution concerning ""-.'*'!"" "J," 60 
 
 how established... " gi 
 
 Bacteriacece y..." .. '.[["'. ". 57 
 
 classification of .'"""." 55 57 
 
 Bavaine's classification of I""!ll!!! '53 
 
 distribution of, in nature ill. !!"!!! 52 
 
 form of !!I!!y.!!I!iI ' 51 
 
 nature of i.imil"!!! 57 
 
 place in nature \ ' 50 
 
 Bacteridium !!!!!ll'.m!i " ' '"* 53 
 
 Bacterium '.'."'.'.'.'.'.'.'.', '"' 53 Jig 
 
 of sTvine plague identical with that of maYroiffe" I ■ '*'« 
 
 Bacterium termo ■" " fio'iG-i'iaa oor 907 
 
 in the mouth ".".!!!".".".!""'.",". 68, 183, 188, J9b, ^97 
 
 in swine plague '*" -Ig 
 
 Be iafoa schizophytae of swineplagne disappear with appearajice"^^^^ 183 
 
 Beinzoate of soda in swine plague, value of '.'.'.'..'.'..'/. 102 
 
 treatment with, in swine plague" ! , 10 
 
 Benzoic acid, antiseptic influence of, upon virus of swine plao-iie 8 26 
 
 effect of, on development of swine-plague micro'cocciis '78 
 
 effect of, on iowl-cholera virus " oi 
 
 Bioplasm, granular, in fowl cholera [ " fi 
 
 or its granules, theory of ".., S 
 
 Birds nnd fowls, symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease' in ' noR 
 
 Blackleg , ■ ^^j* 
 
 remedy for ."..'. oH 
 
 Blood, alcoholic extract of, not virulent in fowl cholera'" oV 
 
 and tissues, bacteria not injui-ious in, in health ' fl 
 
 devitaUzed, inoculation with, in s wine plague, advantao**e"s of" lii 
 
 inoculations with, in swine plague, disadvantages of "V 145 
 
 protection with, Law's experiments ^n.!":^!!?!.*"^" "^'"^'^"'^ in..::::::;: 144 
 
 in anthrax, Tousaaint's experiments ...I!!^".";^\|."';;;;."" 141 ' 
 
INDEX. 379 
 
 Page. 
 
 Bloody free iiudoi iu, iu fowlcholei'a... 44 
 
 in "healtli, "baoteriain 57 
 
 of suTocated pig, inoculatious -with, iu ewino plague 145 
 
 period of virulence oi; in fowl cJiolera aftor death 31 
 
 putrid, and septicasmia, difference "between 63 
 
 Bloody murrain 322 
 
 Bodies, undetermined,' in fowl cholera , 48 
 
 Body temperature, influence of atmospheric temperature on 80 
 
 Boracic acid and sulph ate of potassium, effect of, on fowl-cholera virus 32 
 
 effect of, on fowl-cholera virus , 33 
 
 Borate of soda, effect of, on development of micrococci of swine plague 78 
 
 Borax, antiseptic influence of, upon swine-plague vims 8, 2G 
 
 Brolichitis, ^cute, pathology and morbid anatomy of 234 
 
 symptoms of 233 
 
 in cattle 233. 
 
 causes of 232 
 
 division of 232 
 
 Breeding from unsusceptible animals 70 
 
 Buildings, railroad, dangers from, in swine plague 131 
 
 California, condition of farm animals in 331 
 
 Camphor, carbolated, eflt'ct of, on fowl-cholera virus 33 
 
 Capillary vacuum tubes, method of making 22 
 
 Carbolated camphor, effect of, on fowl-cholera virus ^ : 33 
 
 Carbolio*acid, effect of, on development of swine-plague micrococci 77 
 
 fowl-cholera virus -. 33 
 
 vitality of swine-plague micrococci 77 
 
 preference for, in treatment of swine plague 10 
 
 swine plague aixested by - ■ 10 
 
 treatment in herds, of swiun plague IS'* 
 
 ■with, in swine plague 10 
 
 value of, in swine plague 181 
 
 Cars, railroad, dangers from, iu swine plague 131 
 
 Cattle affected "with pleuro-pneumonia shipped to England, sources of 269 
 
 American, condemned at Liverpool, not affected with pleuro-pneumonia 11 
 
 English embargo on, because of pleuro-pneumonia 2(J5 
 
 excluded by orders of privy council of Great Britain 10 
 
 landed in Great Britain, correspondence concerning detection of pleuro- 
 pneumonia in 219 
 
 landed at Liverpool, interstitial pleuro-pneumonia in 11 
 
 sent to Englana, statistics of pleuro-piAumonia in 201 
 
 bronchitis in, causes of 232 
 
 division of : 232 
 
 diseases among, in Louisiana 322 
 
 in America in 1S78 218 
 
 English, orders relating to importation of 213 
 
 fever, Southern .' 206 
 
 extent of losses from - 207 
 
 Texas, experiments with 294 
 
 microscopic investigation of 294 
 
 morbid changes of 292 
 
 origin of outbreak of 294 
 
 symptoms of , 291 
 
 in IN'ew York, anthrax among -.- 312 
 
 insurance on - 207 
 
 in the Northwest, anthrax among 311 
 
 miUet dangerous for 323 
 
 symptoms -in, in foot-and-mouth disease - 283 
 
 weeds poisonous to 321 
 
 Causes of bronchitis in cattle i 232 
 
 supposed, of anthrax in lIsTew York ^ 313 
 
 Caution concerning bacteria theory 60 
 
 Changes, morbid, in swine plague •.. 156 
 
 Charbon (see Anthrax). ^, 
 
 earth-worms, bearers of germs of 301 
 
 etiology of 298 
 
 immunity from, by preventive inoculation ..- 309 
 
 preventive inoculation against, Toussaint's experiments 303 
 
 production of, by pastures 304 
 
 Chauveau's experiments with anthrax 89 
 
 Chemical products, alone, is protection secured by 137 
 
 of swine-plague germ, influence of 135 
 
 Chicken cbolera, Pasteuj's method with 117 
 
 Chloride of zinc, antiseptic influence of, upon swine-plague virus 8,14,26,72 
 
 effect of, on swiue-plague micrococci 79 
 
 Cholera, Asiatic, example in, of influence of limited air supply on disease germs 121 
 
 Circular letter concerning fowl cholera 11 
 
 Classification of bacteriacese 53, 55, 57 
 
 schizomycetea, confusion in 54 
 
 Closed spaces beneath floors to be avoided in swine plague ." 130 
 
 Ooeco-bacteria septica 52 
 
 Coccos 52 
 
 jCold weather, susceptibility to fowl cholera increased by 40 
 
 Colonization of swine plague, stage ^ 191 
 
 Colorado, condition of farm animals iu 332 
 
 Condition offarm animals in Alabama 329 
 
 Arkansas «, 330 
 
 California 331 
 
380 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Condition of farm animala ill Colorado ^J2 
 
 Conneoticut - ^^^ 
 
 Datotah Territory ^32 
 
 Delaware J™ 
 
 .Florida ^33 
 
 Georgia 334 
 
 Idaho Territory ^^)i 
 
 Illinois 33G 
 
 Indiana ^^^ 
 
 Iowa 3^^ 
 
 Kansas ^^2 
 
 Kentucky 34^ 
 
 Louisiana ■ ^*7 
 
 Maine - ^^ ' 
 
 Maryland ^^^ 
 
 Massacliusetts ^^° 
 
 Michigan ^*^ 
 
 Minnesota ^™ 
 
 Mississippi ^2i 
 
 Missouri s 3dj 
 
 Montana Territory ^5C 
 
 Kebraska 356 
 
 IS'evatJa ...•. ■ -1^ 357 
 
 New Hampshire 357 
 
 !N"ew Jersey 3o8 
 
 Kew Mexico * 358 
 
 KewYork t 358 
 
 North Carolina 359 
 
 Ohio 361 
 
 Oregon 3G3 
 
 Pennsylvania 363 
 
 South 'Carolina -65 
 
 Tennessee - 306 
 
 Texas 3G8 
 
 Utah 370 
 
 "Vermont 370 
 
 Virginia 371 
 
 "Washington Territory 373 
 
 "West Virginia 373 
 
 "Wisconsin .*■ 374 
 
 Confined spaces, crowding animals in, in swine plague to he avoided 130 
 
 Connecticut, condition of farm animals in - 333 
 
 Contagia, influence of recent investigations upon theories of _ 48 
 
 Contagion, easy destruction of, by ventilation 60 
 
 of fowl cholera, easily controlled 60 
 
 theories of, how established - 43 
 
 Contagious diseases act of Great Britain 10 
 
 important suggestions concerning, of animals act Great Britain 237 
 
 medical treatment of 69 
 
 of animals, orders for Great Britain concerning 237 
 
 prevention of, influence of recent investigations upon 69 
 
 vaccination of C9 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia, microscopic characteristics of 273 
 
 second report of Dr. Lyman on 197 
 
 tliird report of Dr. Lyman on _ 268 
 
 Contaginm of anthrax '. . 61 
 
 foot and mouth disease, character of 287 
 
 fowl cholera 64 
 
 septicaemia 63 
 
 swine plague 65 
 
 Correspondence concerning detection of pleuro-pnemnonia in American cattle landed in Great 194 
 
 Britain 219 
 
 Course and termination of foot and mouth disease 286 
 
 Cultivated fowl-cholera virus, preservation of _ 39 
 
 schizophyta?, preventive inoculation with, in swine plague _ 194 
 
 vii'US, inoculations with _ 124 
 
 of swine plague, deadlv 81 
 
 inoculations with _ '. . 113 
 
 a preventive 115 
 
 Cultivation experiments, reliability of _ 59 
 
 of free granules of fowl cholera in flasks „ 47 
 
 on slides , ., ^ 46 
 
 Curative measures in foot and mouth disease „. 288 
 
 Dakota, condition of farm animals in ^ 332 
 
 Danger froi market yards in s wine plague 131 
 
 railroad DuUdings in swine plague ^ 131 
 
 cars in swine plague _^ ^ 131 
 
 vessels in swine plague ., 131 
 
 Davaine's classification of bacteriacete ^ 53 
 
 Deductions, hygienic and prophylactic, from inoculation with s winc-iilagme virus 128 . 
 
 Definition of swine plague __ 154 
 
 Delaware, condition of farm animals in __ 333 • 
 
 Desiccation, influence of, upon virus of swine plague „ » 8 
 
 Destruction of contagion, easy, by ventilation GO 
 
 Detection of pleuro-pneumonia in American catile landed in Great Britain, correspondence con- 
 cerning ,. _ 219 
 
 Detmers, Dr., experiments with preventives of swine plague «. 10 
 
INDEX. . 381 
 
 iDevelOpmenfc of bacteria in injuries and non-contagious diseases .'. 58 
 
 ■ " ' scMzopliytffi of swine plague influenced by -weather 189 
 
 BWrne plague micrococci, efiect of borate of soda upon 78 
 
 carbolic acid upon 77 
 
 chloride of zinc upon 79 
 
 beat upon 79 
 
 quassia on development of 79 
 
 salicylic acid upon 79 
 
 __-.',.^_. sulphate of quinine upon 78 
 
 PeTitaiizecl blood, inoculations -with, in swine plague, advantages of 144 
 
 disadvantages of ^ 145 
 
 precautions to be observed 144 
 
 protection with, Law's experiments 141 
 
 inanthrax, Toussaint's ex- 
 periments 141 
 
 ■; ■ .^-.^i Tims as a preventive of fowl cholera 36 
 
 Differences of observations in swine plague, explanation of 07 
 
 Dilution of virus, effect of 30,89 
 
 Diplo-hacteria '52 
 
 \Diplo-coccus ,. 53 
 
 Disadvantages of inoculation with devitalized blood in swine plagi : o 145 
 
 Disease, foot and month (see Foot and mouth disease) 28"-; 
 
 landed in England 209 
 
 non-existence of, in the "West J 319 
 
 germ, influence of limited air supply on — 
 
 argument from yellow fever 120 
 
 example in Asiatic cholera 121 
 
 example from typhoid fever ^ ] 22 
 
 preserved by protective inoculation in swine plague 134 
 
 , spread of, influence of foetus in 338 
 
 lung, from Liverpool, microscopic characteristics of 274 
 
 Diseases among cattle in Xouisiana - 322 
 
 foreign animals landed in Great Britain 216 
 
 cattle, in America in 1878 218 
 
 contagipus, act of Great Britain 10 
 
 medical treatment of J . . . 69 
 
 of animals, act of Great Britain 237 
 
 orders for Great Britain concerning 237 
 
 prevention of, influence of recent investigations on 69 
 
 vaccination of ^ 69 
 
 non-contagious, development of bacteria in 58 
 
 of animals, value of investigations of 7 
 
 of swine, extent of 7 
 
 extract from President's message concerning 231 
 
 septic, special bacteria form for each 03 
 
 Disinfectants, carbolic jyid sulphuric acids as, in fowl cholera 70 
 
 eftect of, upon bacteria of swine-;plague virus 76 
 
 influence of, upon micrococcus of swine plague , 25 
 
 loose dry earth as, in swine plague 133 
 
 Disinfection, ventilation an efficient means for 18 
 
 Distribution of schizomycetes in nature 55 
 
 wide, of bacteriacece 52 
 
 Division of bronchitis in cattle 232 
 
 Dr. Detmer's third report on investigation of swine plague - 153 
 
 Dr. Salmon's experiments in swine plague, object of 13 
 
 Drains, close, objection to, in swine plague 131 
 
 Drawbacks to inoculation with devitalized blood 145 
 
 preventive inoculation with devitalized virus in swine plague 134 
 
 Dry seasons in ;particu]ar soils dangerous In swine plague 132 
 
 Drying, effect ot, upon fowl-cholera virus 30 
 
 swine-plague virus : 16 
 
 Dust a cause of swine plague 321 
 
 Earth, loose dry, as disinfectant in swine plagTie 133 
 
 worms distribute anthrax spores 62, 120, 301 
 
 Ecliinorhynchus gigas in swine 17, 22 
 
 Effects of injecting bacteria into tissues 56 
 
 Effect of inoculating urine with micrococci of swine plague 70 
 
 inoculation with bacteria 56 
 
 mixed bacilli 56 
 
 Embargo, English, on American cattle because of pleuro-pnsumonia 205 
 
 England, American cattle sent to, statistics of pleuro-pneumonia in 201 
 
 Dr. Lyman's visit to, proceedings of ., 10 
 
 foreign animals wharves in 215 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia in American cattle shipped to, doubt concerning 281 
 
 sources of cattle affected with pleuro-pneumonia shipped to 269 
 
 English embargo on American cattle because of pleuro-pn6um,onia 205 
 
 orders relating %o importation of cattle 213 
 
 Etiology of charhon 298 
 
 Examinations, post-mortem, in swine plague : 158 
 
 Experiments, cultivation, reliability of 59 
 
 iirst series of, Dr. Salmon in swine plague 13 
 
 later, of Dr. Law, record of 147 
 
 objects of Dr. Salmon's, in swine plague 13 
 
 with anthrax, Chauveau'a 89 
 
 bacteria spontaneous in urine 76 
 
 fowl cholera, results ol^ttained in 40 
 
 preventives of swine plague by Dr. Detmers 10 
 
382 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Experiments with swine plagae 164 
 
 in progress 115 
 
 results of 17& 
 
 summary of 178 
 
 Texas cattle fever 294 
 
 Explanation of differences of observations in swine plague 67 
 
 Extent and location of swine plaj^e in the United States 204 
 
 Extent of losses from Southern cattle fever 207 
 
 Extermination of pleuro-pneumonia, recommendation for ^ 201} 
 
 Extract from President's message concerning diseases of swine 231 
 
 Fatality of swine plague hastened by reinoculation , 114 
 
 germ, mitigation of 117 
 
 Feeding, high, recommended 325 
 
 Ferments, unorganized, theory of 40 
 
 Fever, aphthous (see Foot and mouth disease) 282 
 
 Socfthem cattle 200 
 
 extent of losses from 207 
 
 splenic, in Missouri 325 
 
 Virginia 3i; j 
 
 Texas cattle, experiments in 294 
 
 microscopic investigation of 294 
 
 morbid changes of 292 
 
 origin of outbreaTc of 294 
 
 / symptoms of •- * 291 
 
 typhoid, example from, on influence of limited air supply on disease germs 122 
 
 yellow, argument from, on influence of limited air supply on disease geims 1^)0 
 
 Fleming, Dr. G-eor^e, to Dr. X-yman, letter on pleuro-pneumonia 197 
 
 Floors, wooden, objected to in swine plague .,.., 130 
 
 Florida, conJitiou of farm animals in 333 
 
 Foetus, influence of, in spread of disease ^ ]38 
 
 Foot and mouth disease .- . 282 
 
 among foreign animals landed in Great Britain 218 
 
 animals condemned for, in Liverpool 204 
 
 causes of 283 
 
 character of contagium of ^ 287 
 
 curative measures in 288 
 
 course and termination of 286 
 
 landed in England ] 209 
 
 modes of infection with 2g7 
 
 no immunity from, by previous attack 1 286 
 
 non-existence of, in the West 319 
 
 pathological anatomy of ..[.'.. 286 
 
 sanitary measures in ] 288 
 
 symptoms of, in birds and fowls "!!!!!!! 286 
 
 cattle 283 
 
 horses - 
 
 285 
 
 sheep and goats 285 
 
 swme . 
 
 285 
 
 vitality of virus of 007 
 
 Foreign animals landed in Great Britain, diseases among .-.....'.."".['. 2I6 
 
 foot and mouth disease among [][ 216 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia among '" 016 
 
 sheep scab among ;... 216 
 
 wharves in England [ itt 
 
 Form of the bacteriacere '.'.'.'.'.'. 57 
 
 Fowl cholera (see Chicken cholera) V.V.'.'.'.'.'.'.V."" 07 
 
 alcoholic extract of blood in, not virulent .'-'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'." 31 
 
 antiseptic effect of salicylic acid upon virus of 1!!!"''"*""^ ' 01 
 
 attacks of, protect against subsequent inoculation. ,'.'."! J.' Tf^ 
 
 bacteria of, identical with virus '''."!!'", o 
 
 carbolic and sulphuric acids, disinfectants in 7n 
 
 characteristics of ' " ' ' " 
 
 circular letter concerning .'.'."'.'.'.'.'..', t ? 
 
 contagion easily conti'olied '" i 
 
 contagious _ ...."." jf. 
 
 contagivim of '.".l, ".!]!.!!.." fl 
 
 contracted from infected habitations ../..". on 
 
 Dr. Salmon's investigations of o 
 
 free granules of ...[[[[\".[ "* A 
 
 cultivation of *^ 
 
 in flasks !."."!"!!![.'." 47 
 
 on slides Vf. 
 
 free nuclei in blood in V^ 
 
 germs of, how spread !!!'".'.!'.!]!!.".!!!!." In 
 
 not trausported by atmosphere ,'_'.".'.' 90 
 
 taken by mouth ".", ^^ 
 
 granular bioplasm in '" 
 
 hematoUaits, so-called, in "[[]][[]]. ' f - 
 
 how introduced ......l'. " «^ 
 
 influence of antiseptics upon virus of ./....... 2 
 
 insusceptibility not due to presence or absence of chemicai's'ubstance "in hodv" " * 
 
 its inoculation possible •' " * .:: 
 
 leucocytes in ,'.'.'.'.'.. 
 
 means for checking ^5 
 
 medical tn^utment of -!!!.'"".!*.!!!!'.!]!!] '^^ 
 
 microscopie investigations in "^-^ 
 
 44 
 
INDEX. 383 
 
 Page. 
 
 J'owl cliolera, mitigated virus of, attempts to obtain 3!> 
 
 period of incubation of , 42 
 
 virulence of blood after deatb in 31 
 
 post-mortem appearances in v 42 
 
 prevention of, department circular concerning 314 
 
 ^ preventive treatment of , 71 
 
 results of experiments "with. , 40 
 
 rules for prevention of - 9 
 
 some fowls resist attaots of ;j5 
 
 susceptibility to, increased by cold weather 40 
 
 symptoms 0^ 41,70 
 
 transmissible 2S 
 
 transmission of, means for 28 
 
 undetermined bodies in 48 
 
 vims, cultivated preservation of 39 
 
 difEerence in nature of antiaeiitic organisms , 32 
 
 eHecfc of alcohol upon 32 
 
 benzoic acid npon 31 
 
 boracio acid npon 33 
 
 boracic acid and sulpbate of potassium upon 32 
 
 carbolated campbor npon - 33 
 
 carbolic acid upon ^ 33 
 
 drying upon , 30 
 
 beat upon 33 
 
 iodine upon 33 
 
 putrefaction npon 30 
 
 sulphuric acid upon 32 
 
 when taken witb food 29 
 
 virus of, not taken up and carried through air 9 
 
 . organs containing 28 
 
 period of incubation of 27 
 
 Fowls, symptoms of foot and mouth disease in ; 286 
 
 Pree gianules in fowl' cholera 46 
 
 cultivation of, in flasks 47 
 
 on slides 46 
 
 Free nuclei in blood in fowl cholera • 44 
 
 General results of inoculation with cultivated awine-plague virus 128 
 
 Georgia, condition of farm animals in 334 
 
 Germs, anthrax, preservation of, in graves 119 
 
 of cbarbon, earth worms bearers of 301 
 
 of fowl cholera, bow spread 40 
 
 not transported by atmosphere 29 
 
 taken by mouth -. 70 
 
 of swine plague, chemical products of growing, diminishes virulence of disease 10 
 
 influence of, produces insusceptibility to disease 10, 117 
 
 influence of chemical products of ^. 135 
 
 mitigation of virulence and fatality of 117 
 
 Gliacoccus 52 
 
 Granular bioplasm in fowl cholera 45 
 
 Granules, free, in fowl cholera 46 
 
 cultivation in flasks 47 
 
 on slides 46 
 
 of bioplasm, theory of 50 
 
 Great Britain, contagious diseases of animals act of 10, 257 
 
 Growth retarded by protective inoculation in swine plague 134 
 
 Heat, effect of, on development of s wine-plague micrococcus 79 
 
 fowl-cholera virus 33 
 
 influence of, upon virus of swine plague ■- 8 
 
 Sematoblasts, so-called, in fowl cholera 45 
 
 Sematopinus suis 90 
 
 Herding animals in swine plague to be avoided ^ 129 
 
 High feeding recommended 1 , 324 
 
 H-og cholera, often confounded with other diseases 143 
 
 so-called, often due to intestinal vermin 143 
 
 Hogs condemned for swine fever in Liverpool 204 
 
 Horses, symptoms of foot and month disease in : • 285 
 
 Hygienic deductions from inoculations with cultivated swine-plague virus 128 
 
 Hyposulphiteofsoda, treatment with, in swine plague 15 
 
 Idaho Territorj^, condition of farm animals in 336 
 
 Illinois, condition of farm animals in ... , 1 336 
 
 diminished exteut and virulence of swine plagnie in 7 
 
 _ northern limit of swine plague 7 
 
 Immunity by previous attack, none in foot and mouth disease 286 
 
 from charbon by preventive inoculation 309 
 
 swine plague produced by first attack 183 
 
 of Algerian sheep, nature of, from charbon 304 
 
 Importation of cattle, Enghsh orders relating to 213 
 
 Incubation, period of, of vims of fowl cholera 27 
 
 of fowl cholera, period of 42 
 
 Indestructibility of bacteria 60 
 
 Indiana, condition of farm animals in 339 
 
 Infected herds, inocidation of, in swine plague , 135 
 
 Infection, bacteria, and bacteria intoxication 135 
 
 modes of, in foot and mouth disease ' 287 
 
 sei)tic, swine plague possibly a modified form of 115 
 
 Bwine plague, exposure to, comparable with inoculation with minimum quantity 113 
 
384 INDEX. 
 
 I 
 
 Page. 
 
 Infectious principle of swine plague 184 
 
 not bacteria, Tjut schizophytiD 185 
 
 Influence of foetus in spread of disease - 138 
 
 protective, of chemical products of growing swiue-plaguo germ 135 
 
 Injections of bacteria into tissues, efl'ects of 56 
 
 bacteria, rendered injurious 56 
 
 Injuries, development of bacteria in .'. 58 
 
 Inoculation, communication of swine plague by 13 
 
 metbod of, of swine-plague virus treated with chloride of zinc 14 
 
 of fowl cholera posailile ; 27 
 
 prevented by previous attaclvs 35 
 
 of infected herds in swine plague 135 
 
 of swine plague, disease milder than original 9 
 
 with primary virus 113 
 
 preventive against charbon, I'oussainf s experiments 303 
 
 immunity from charbon by 309 
 
 with cultivated schizophyta; in swine plague 194 
 
 protective in swino plague ' .■ 183 
 
 effective only in same disease 143 
 
 in swine plague, growth retarded by 134 
 
 preserves disease germ 134 
 
 , with mitigated vims 134 
 
 drawbacks to , 134 
 
 results of, with cultivated virus of swine plague 18 
 
 with bacteria, effects of 56 
 
 blood of suffocated pig in swiue plague 145 
 
 cultivated swine-plague virus, a preventive -. 115 
 
 deductions, hygienic and prophylactic 128 
 
 general results of 1 128 
 
 devitalized blood in swine plague, advantages of 144 
 
 disadvantages of 145 
 
 precautions to bo observed 144 
 
 excess of swine-plague virus : U3 
 
 minimum, quantity of swine-plague virus II3 
 
 mixed bacilli, effects of '. 56 
 
 septic viijus, effects of 94, 98 
 
 swine-plague virus 113 
 
 cultivated in cows' milk in free air 124 
 
 egg albumen in free air 124 
 
 human urine in free air 325 
 
 dried on quill 125 
 
 modified I24 
 
 preserved in closed vessels ] 28 
 
 preserved with limited supply of oxygen 120 
 
 urine containing micrococci of swine plague, effects of 76 
 
 Insurance on cattle 207 
 
 Insusceptibility to swine plague induced hj chemical products of growing germ 10, 117 
 
 Insusceptible animals, breeding from ' 7q 
 
 Internal morbid changes of Texas fever.... _ • - 292 293 
 
 Interstitial pneumonia, chronic form in cattle landed in Liverpool ] ~'"ll 
 
 Intestinal vermin, hog cholera, so called, often due to . . - ". 143 
 
 Intoxication, bacteria and bacteria infection I35 
 
 Investigations, microscopic, in fowl cholera ] 44 
 
 of Texas cattle f eve r ',..'.'.'..'..'. 294 
 
 of swine plague, Dr. Law's [[I 31 
 
 Dr. Salmon's .""" 13 
 
 third report of Dr. Detmers on ".'. !^" .".'."'. 1 ! ! 153 
 
 recent, influence of, upon prevention of disease ^ ]"' 69 
 
 theories of contagia !!""!!"., 48 
 
 Iodine, antiseptic influence of, upon virus of swine plague !!!"'. 8 26 
 
 effect of, on development of swine-plague micrococcus Ji!I!!' '79 
 
 fowl-cholera virus !'.'.!!!! 33 
 
 treatment with, in swine plague .'.'.". * 10 
 
 value of, in swine plague 182 
 
 Iowa, condition of farm animals in !!'"'!! 340 
 
 Kansas,- condition of farm animals in !""! 342 
 
 Kentucky, condition of farm animals in 345 
 
 Laurel a cure for swine plague i.!!! !!!!!!. "ii 3'>1 
 
 Law's, Dr. James, experiments in i^rotcction with devitalized blood '.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.. 141 
 
 later experiments, record of !!!!!ill! 147 
 
 supplemental report on swine plague '.'.'.'.'.'. 116 
 
 third report of .'.'...'.'.'..'.'..'. 81 
 
 Lcptoihrix. "!'.!!!!" 55 
 
 Lesions of anthrax among cattle in Now York '.'.'..'.'......'. 3].'! 
 
 swine plague, definitely ascertained '..'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'." 13 
 
 Leucocytes in fowl cholera '. '..'.'.'..'. .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 45 
 
 Liverpool, animals condemned for foot and mouth disease in ."--.'..,!.".".".']!*.!". 1 204 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia in '.'.'.... 204 
 
 diseased longs from, microscopic cbaracteristies of .". 274^ 
 
 hogs condemned for swine fever in .'.'.'.'.'.. 004. 
 
 inspections for pleuro-j)neumonia in, ri'\'i('^\- of '"7^- 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia in American cattle biiidcd at '"."."."."".!.!'.'..'""' Idr 
 
 not found U 
 
 sheep condemned for, scab in ' " " ..qj 
 
 statistics of animals landed in, from the United States.. '.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'. ^04 
 
 Location and extent of pleuro-pneumonia in the United States ! 204 
 
 London, inspection for pleuro-pneumonia 203 
 
INDEX. 385 
 
 London, pleuxo-pneumonia in American cattle landed at 200 
 
 Losses, extent of, from Soutliern cattle fever '.','.'.'.'.['. 207 
 
 Louisiana, condition of farm animals in '.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 347 
 
 disease among- cattle in "!iJIJ!!" 322 
 
 Lungs affected witli pleuro-pneumonia, miscroscopic appearance of '.'.'.'.'."[ 270 
 
 diseased, from Liverpool, miscroscopic characteristics 274 
 
 healthy, microscopic structure of 272 
 
 of plenro-pnenmonia, Dr. "W. ]F "Whitney's microscopic examination of 272 
 
 plague of cattle, contagious in Maryland 325 
 
 Lyman s, Dr., letter to Commissioner Le Due, on pleuro-pneumonia 197 
 
 Dr. G-eorge T. Fleming, on contagious pleuro-pneumonia 197 
 
 Lyman, Dr., second report on contagious pleuro-pneumonia 197 
 
 third report on contagious pleuro-pneumonia 268 
 
 Maine, condition of nirm animals in 347 
 
 Mai rouge, "bacterium of, identical with that of s%vine plague 8 
 
 Manure pits, liquid, objection to, in swine plague 131 
 
 Market yards, dangers from, in swine plague 131 
 
 Maryland, condition of farm animals in 348 
 
 contagious lung plague in ., 325 
 
 Massachusetts, condition or farm animals in 348 
 
 Measure of prevention 192 
 
 Medical treatment of contagious diseases 69 
 
 fowl cholera 71 
 
 Mega-lacteria, 52 
 
 Mega-coccos i .52 
 
 Meso-bacteria .„ 52 
 
 Meso-coccus 52 
 
 Michigan, condition of farm animals in 340 
 
 Micro-bacteria 52 
 
 Micro-coccus 52, 55, 58 
 
 in the month 56 
 
 Micrococcus of swine plague 25 
 
 effect of benzoic acid, on development of 78 
 
 borate of soda, on development of 78 
 
 carbolic acid, on vitaltty of 77 
 
 chloride of zinc on, heat upon 79 
 
 development of ' 79 
 
 inoculating urine with 76 
 
 iodine on development of 79 
 
 Micrococcus of swine plague, effect of quassia on development of 79 
 
 salicylic acid on aevelopment of 79 
 
 sulphate of quinine on aevelopment of 78 
 
 influence of disinfectants upon 25 
 
 Microscopic appearance of lungs affected with pleuro-pneumonia 270 
 
 characteristics of contagious pleuro-pneumonia 273 
 
 diseased lungs from Liverpool 274 
 
 examination, Dr. "W. F. "Whitney's, of lungs of pleuro-pneumonia 272 
 
 investigations of fowl cholera 44 
 
 Texas cattle fever 294 
 
 structure of healthy lun^ 272 
 
 Minnesota, condition of farm animals in 349 
 
 Millet, dangerous food for cattle 323 
 
 Mississippi, condition of farm animals in 357 
 
 Missouri, condition of farm animals in 352 
 
 splenic fever in 325 
 
 Mitigated swine-plague virus, protective inoculation with , 134 
 
 drawbacts to 134 
 
 type, protection against swine-plague 81 
 
 virus of fowl cholera, attempts to obtain 1 39 
 
 virus, Toussaint'e 62 
 
 Mitigation of anthrax poison 117 
 
 swine plague by artificial means 10- 
 
 virus 81 
 
 virulence and fatality of swine plague germ 117 
 
 Modified swine-plagae virus, inoculation with 124 
 
 Mono-bacteria 52 
 
 Mono-coccus 52 
 
 Montana Territory, condition of farm animals in 356 
 
 IJorbid anatomy of acute bronchitis 234 
 
 changes in swine plague 156 
 
 Texas fever 292,293 
 
 process of swine plague 1 90 
 
 Mortality in swine plague, varying, favored* by varying seasons 132 
 
 Mouth, Bacillus suhtilis in 56 
 
 Bacterium termo in 56 
 
 germs of fowl cholera taken by 70 
 
 Sareina ventriculi in 56 
 
 Spirillum in 56 
 
 Nature of bacteriacese 57 
 
 swine-plague virus, microscopic observations upon 19 
 
 Nebraska, condition of farm animals in ...j - 356 
 
 Nevada, condition of farm animals in -. 357 
 
 New Hampshire, condition of farm animals in.-. 357 
 
 New Jersey, condition of farm animals in 357 
 
 New Mexico, anthrax in 317 
 
 condition of farm animals in 358 
 
 New York, anthrax among cattle in 312 
 
 25 c D 
 
386 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 New York, condition of farm animals in , - 353 
 
 IsTon-existence of foot and mouth disease in the West 319 
 
 Korth. Carolina, condition of farm animals in 359 
 
 diminished extent and Tirulence of swine plague in 7 
 
 liTorthwest, anthrax among cattle in 311 
 
 Nuclei, free, in blood in fowl cholera 44 
 
 Objection to close drains in swine plague 131 
 
 Orders, English, relating to importation of cattle 213 
 
 for Great Britain concerning contagious diseases of animals 237, 240, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253 
 
 of privy council of Great Britain, excluding American cattle... 10 
 
 Ohio, condition of farm animals in. 361 
 
 Oregon, condition of farm animals in , 363 
 
 Organism causing swine plague, influence of antiseptics upon 8,25 
 
 Origin of outbreak of Texas cattle fever 294 
 
 Outbreak of Texas cattle fever, origin of 294 
 
 Oxygen, JBacillus anthrads spores destroyed by 119 
 
 not destroyed by '. 119 
 
 limited supply of, inoculations with ewine-plague virus preserved in 126 
 
 Pasteur's method with chicken cholera 117 
 
 Pastures, produertion of charbon by 304 
 
 Pathogenic bacteria 62 
 
 Pathological anatomy of foot and mouth disease 286 
 
 Pathology of acute bronchitis 234 
 
 Pennsylvania, condition of fairm animals in 363 
 
 Petalo-hacteria 52 
 
 Fetalo-Goccus 52 
 
 Pleuro-pnenmonia, among foreign animals landed in Great Britain 216 
 
 animals condemned for, in Liverpool 204 
 
 contagious. Dr. "W". F. "Whitney's microscopic examination of lungs of 272 
 
 Dr. Lyman's letter to Br. Fleming on 197 
 
 microscopic characteristics of 273 
 
 second report of Dr. Lyman upon 197 
 
 third report of Dr. C. P. Lyman upon 268 
 
 English embargo on American cattle because of 205 
 
 in American cattle condemned at Liverpool, not found 11, 281 
 
 landed in Great Britain, correspondence concerning de- 
 tection of 219 
 
 Liverpool 198 
 
 London '..'. 209 
 
 shipped to England,- doubt concerning 281 
 
 inspection for, in London 202 
 
 in United States, extent and location of 204 
 
 letter from Dr. Fleming to Dr. Lyman on * 198 
 
 of Dr. Lyman to Commissioner LeDuc on 197 
 
 lungs affected" with, microscopic appearance of 270 
 
 recommendations for extermination of 206 
 
 review of inspections for, in Liverpool 278 
 
 sources of cattle affected with, shipped to England 269 
 
 statistics of, in American cattle sent to England 201 
 
 Pneumonia, interstitial, chronic form in cattle landed in Liverpool 11 
 
 Pig, suffocated.bloodof, inoculation with in swine plague 145 
 
 Pigs, healthy, inoculated, subject to swine plague 182 
 
 Pits, liquid manure, objection to in swine plague 131 
 
 Post-mortem appearances in fowl cholera 43 
 
 examinations in swine plague 158 
 
 Potassium sulphate and boracic acid, effect of on fowl-oholera virus 32 
 
 Potency of a wine-plague virus, danger of increasing by storage 129 
 
 Preservation of anthrax germs in graves 119 
 
 of cultivated virus of fowl cholera 39 
 
 Prevention of contagious diseases, influence of recent investigations upon 69 
 
 Products, chemical, alone, is protection secured by 137 
 
 Protection, are bacteria essential to 13T 
 
 by devitalized bloody Law's experiments 141 
 
 Putrid blood different from septicsemia 63 
 
 Ilecent investigations, influence of, on prevention of contagious diseases 69 
 
 Eecord of Dr. Law's later experiments 14T 
 
 Heinoculation of swine plague, hastens fatality of 114 
 
 Eeliability of cultivation experiments 59 
 
 Eemedy for black leg 325 
 
 sniffles in sheep 323 
 
 -Eeport, annual, of the veterinary department of the privy council of Great Baitain 209 
 
 of Dr. James Law, third annual 81 
 
 of Dr. Salmon, appendix to 78 
 
 of the privy council of Great Britain 325 
 
 I, supplemental, on swine plague by Dr. Law 116 
 
 third, of Dr. Detmers, on investigations, of swine plague 158 
 
 Eesults of experiments in fowl cholera 49 
 
 swine plague , 178 
 
 Ef.viewof inspections for pleuro pneumonia in Liverpool 378 
 
 Salicylic acid, antiseptic effect of, on fowl-cholera virus 31 
 
 effect of, on development of swine-plague mictococcus 79 
 
 Salmon, Dr., appendix to report of 72 
 
 investigation of fo wl cholera 13 
 
 reasons for conclusions concerning bacillus of swine plague 9 
 
 review of theories concerning swine-plague bacillus 9 
 
 Sanitary measures in foot and mouth disease 288 
 
 Sai'cina 55 
 
INDEX. 387 
 
 Sarcina ventriculi in mouth. 56 
 
 Scab, slieep condemiied for, in Liverpool ^0 i 
 
 landed in England 209 
 
 Schizomycetes 53, 57 
 
 SohizophytsB, ctdtivated, preventive inoculation ■with, in Bwine plague 194- 
 
 of swine plague, development of, influenced by weatlier 189 
 
 disappear with appearance oi Bacterium termo 188 
 
 of Cohn - ^ 57 
 
 Sclerostoma dentatum in swine 22 
 
 Seasons, varying, favor varying mortality in swine plague 132 
 
 wet, eftect of, on certain soils in swine plague 133 
 
 Septic bacteria, when injurious 5G 
 
 disease, special bacteria form for each 53 
 
 organisms, difference in nature of fowl-cholera virus and 32 
 
 virus, inoculation with 94 
 
 Septicsemia, contagium of 63 
 
 virulent agent of 63 
 
 Septicsemic blood, different from putrid 63 
 
 Sheep, Algerian, nature of immunity of from oharbon 304 
 
 ana goats, symptoms of foot and mouth disease in 285 
 
 condemned for scab in Liverpool 204 
 
 remedy for snifldes in 325 
 
 scab among foreign animals lauded in Great Britain 217 
 
 landed in England 209 
 
 Slides, cultivation of free granules of fowl cholera on 46 
 
 Sniflles in sheep, remedy for 323 
 
 Soda, benzoate of, in swine plague, treatment with 10, 182 
 
 value of 182 
 
 horate, effect of, on development of swine-plague micrococcus 78 
 
 hyposulphite in swine plague, treatment with 10 
 
 Soils, certain, effect of wet aeasohsin swine plague 133 
 
 Soils, particular, dry seasons on, dangerous in swine plague 132 
 
 South Carolina, condition of farm annuals in 365 
 
 Southern cattle fever ".^06 
 
 extent of losses from -07 
 
 Splenic fever in Missouri 325 
 
 Virginia 323 
 
 SpirilluTn 53, 55, 63 
 
 in mouth 56 
 
 SpirocJicete , 55 
 
 Spirochcete plicatilis in mouth 56 
 
 Spores of Bacillus antJiracis, not destroyed by oxygen 119 
 
 Spread of swine plague '. -. 324 
 
 varies with virulence 189 
 
 Stage of colonization of swine plague , 191 
 
 Strepto bacteria 52 
 
 Strepto coccus 52, 58 
 
 Summer dangerous in swine plague, reasons for 132 
 
 Stephanurus dentatus in swine . -■ 17, 22 
 
 Strongylus elongatus in swine - 17, 22 
 
 Structure, microscopic, of healthy lungs 272 
 
 Sulphate of potassium and boracic acid, effect of, on fowl-cholera virus 32 
 
 quinine, antiseptic inflneuce of, upon swine-plague virus ^ 8,26 
 
 g^uinine, effect of, on development of swine-plague micrococcus 78 
 
 Sulphuric acid, effect of, on fowl-cholera virus 32 
 
 Suffocated pig, inoculation with blood of, in swine plague 145 
 
 Suggestion, important, concerning contagious diseases 324 
 
 Supposed causes of anthrax among cattle in New York 313 
 
 Susceptibility to fowl cholera increased by cold weather 40 
 
 Swine, diseases of, extract from President's message concerning , 231 
 
 Echinorynchus gigas in 17, 22 
 
 fever among foreign animals landed in Great Britain 217 
 
 hogs condemned for, in Liverpool 204 
 
 landed in England 209 
 
 plague, a bacteridian infection 83 
 
 a contagious .disease 13 
 
 antiseptics in, value of 181 
 
 arrested by carbolic acid 30 
 
 bacillus in , 16 
 
 bacterium of ■ 8 
 
 identical with virus of , 8 
 
 Bacterium termo in 16 
 
 benzoate of soda in, value of 182 
 
 carbolic acid in, value of 181 
 
 treatment of, in herds 174 
 
 close drains objected to in 131 
 
 closed si)aces beneath floors to be avoided in 130 
 
 communicated by inoculation 13 
 
 contagion of 65 
 
 crowding animals in confined spaces in, to be avoided 130 
 
 danger from market yards in 131 
 
 raOroad buildings in 131 
 
 cars in 131 
 
 vessels in 131 
 
 definition of 154 
 
 differences of observations, explanations of 67 
 
 difficulty of secxiring virus of 7, 8 
 
388 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pago. 
 
 Swine plague, Dr. Law's experiments with 10 
 
 Dr. Salmon's investigations of 13 
 
 dry seasons in particular soils dangerous in 132 
 
 dust a cause oi 321 
 
 effect of wet seasons on certain soils in 133 
 
 experiments in 164 
 
 progress in 115 
 
 results of 178 
 
 germ, chemical products of, influence of 135 
 
 mitigation of virulence and fatality of 117 
 
 virulence decreased in free air 117 
 
 increased by limited air supply 117 
 
 lierding animals in, to be avoided 129 
 
 immunity from, produced by fijst attack 183 
 
 in other animals 184 
 
 infected herds, inoculation of 135 
 
 infection, exposure to, comparable with inoculation with minimum quantity 113 
 
 infectious principle of 184 
 
 not bacteria, but schizopbytSB 185 
 
 inoculation of infected herds 135 
 
 with blood of suffocated pig in 145 
 
 with devitalized blood in, advantages of 144 
 
 disadvantages of 145 
 
 precautions to be observed 144 
 
 insusoeptibiuty to, induced by products of growing germ of 10, 117 
 
 investigation of, Dr. Law's 80 
 
 third, of Dr. Detmers on 113 
 
 iodine in, value of 182 
 
 laurel a cure for 321 
 
 lesions definitely ascertained 13 
 
 liquid manure pits, objection to, in 131 
 
 loose dry earth as disinfectant in 133 
 
 measures of prevention of 192 
 
 micrococcus of 25 
 
 development of, effect of benzoic acid on 78 
 
 borate of soda on 78 
 
 carbolic acid on 77 
 
 heat upon 79 
 
 iodine on 79 
 
 quassia on - .■ 79 
 
 salicylic acid 79 
 
 sulphate of quinino 78 
 
 zinc chloride on ^. 79 
 
 effect of carbolic acid on vitality of 77 
 
 disinfectants upon 25 
 
 inoculating arine with 76 
 
 morbid changes in 156 
 
 process of 190 
 
 nature of organism causing "" g 
 
 northern limit of, Illinois '.!"' 7 
 
 not communicated, unbroken skin or membrane 180 
 
 object of Dr. Salmon's experiments in 13 
 
 possibly modified form of septic infection .."." 115 
 
 post-mortem examinations in '.[['.'.' 158 
 
 preventive for '..'.."'." 323,325 
 
 experiments of Dr. Detmera with 10 
 
 inoculation with cultivated schizophytas in ,." 194 
 
 prognosis of 155 
 
 protection against, by mitigated type '..'.'. 81 
 
 by first attack, relative ."11!!! 90 
 
 protective influence of first attack of !!!!!! 83 89 
 
 inoculation in !!!!!!!!!! 183 
 
 preserves disease germs 134 
 
 retards growth !!!!!! 134 
 
 with mitigated virus in '[ 134 
 
 reinoculation hastens fatality '.','..'.'.'.." 114 
 
 results of inoculations with cultivated virus in !!!!!!!!!!!!!"'! 18 
 
 sohizophy tsB of, disappear with appearance of Bacterium termo 183 
 
 development of, influenced by weather !!,!!! 189 
 
 spread of 001 
 
 varies with virulence . 
 
 189 
 
 stage of colonization of loi 
 
 southern limit of .!-'!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7 
 
 summary of experiments in !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ]78 
 
 summer season dangerous in, reasons for 1 39 
 
 supplemental report on,by Dr. Law ! iie 
 
 syinptomaof !.!.!/.!!.!!!.!!!!!!!!""' 155 
 
 definitely ascertained !!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13 
 
 treatment of -fos 
 
 with benzoate of soda !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.! lo 
 
 hyposulphite of soda 10 
 
 iodine lO 
 
 uninoculated healthy pigs subject to !!!!!!!!!!! 182 
 
 varying seasons favor varying mortality in '.'..' 1 132 
 
 vlrns, bacilli in !!'.'.'.!!!!!!!!! fi« 
 
 virus, concentrated, maximum dose deadlv " bq oa 
 
 cultivated, deadly !!'.'.!!!!!!!!!!!! !'.'.".".!!!! ';*/.!"" 81 
 
INDEX. 389 
 
 Page. 
 
 Swme plague vims, cultivated, general results of inoculations with 128 
 
 , '. ,- iu cows' milk and free air, inoculations with !I--!mj^! 124 
 
 in egg albumen in free air, inoculations with \. 125 
 
 inhuman urine in free air, inoculations with ,.,, 125 
 
 with exclusion of air.deadly gl 
 
 cultivation of, on slides \\\ 24 
 
 intest-tuhes ."!"' !]!!!! 25 
 
 danger of storing and increasing potency of .'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'. 129 
 
 deadly character of , " " " ! 10 
 
 dried on quiU, inoculations with ! I" ]"!.*!!] !![!!!!!!! 125 
 
 effect of chloride of zinc on* !!""!!!""" 72 
 
 disinfectants on bacteria of V.'///..... "..'.]..'/.[ 76 
 
 drying upon ...l.'.'.'.'.'.'. 16 
 
 putrefaction upon 15 
 
 quassia upon '.','."'.. 26 
 
 inoculations with cultivated '.'.'.'.'."'.'.'..'.'.'.'.','. 113 
 
 deductions from 128 
 
 excess of 113 
 
 minimum q uantity of 113 
 
 microscopic observations upon nature of ,'..'. 19 
 
 mitigation of , , ! . ! i ! J ! 81 
 
 by artificial means " 10 
 
 potency of, increaaed by putrefaction with limited air supply .' 115 
 
 large dose 83^89 
 
 preserved in closed vessels, inoculations with 128 
 
 with limited supply of oxygen, inoculations with 126 
 
 primary, inoculations with 113 
 
 virulence and fatality of, increased by limited air supply 10, 123 
 
 of, diminished by influence of chemical products of growing 
 
 germ 10 
 
 wood ashes a preventive for , 325 
 
 and salt a preventive for 325 
 
 wooden floors objected to in 130 
 
 walls objected to in 130 
 
 Swine, Sclerostoma dentatum in 22 
 
 Stephanurus dentatus in 17, 22 
 
 Strongylus dentatus in 17, 22 
 
 symptoms of foot and mouth disease in 285 
 
 Symptoms of acute bronchitis 233 
 
 anthrax among cattle in New York 313 
 
 foot and mouth disease in birds and fowls c... 2Sfi 
 
 cattle 283 
 
 horses 285 
 
 sheep and goats 285 
 
 swine 285 
 
 fowl cholera 41,70 
 
 swine plague 155 
 
 definitely ascertained ^ 13 
 
 Texas cattle fever 291 
 
 Temperature, atmospheric, influence of, on body temperature 80 
 
 Tennessee, anthrax in 322 
 
 condition of farm animals in 366 
 
 Texas cattle fever, experiments with , 294 
 
 microscopic investigation of 294 
 
 morbid changes of 292 
 
 origin of outbreak of 294, 
 
 symjptoms of 291 
 
 Theories of contagion, mflueuce of recent investigations upon 48 
 
 how established 49 
 
 Theory, bacteria 51 
 
 caution concerning 60 
 
 how established 61 
 
 of bioplasm or its granules 50 
 
 of unorganized ferments 49 
 
 Tissues, bacteria in, not injurious to health 58 
 
 Toussaint's experiments in protective inoculation against charbon 303 
 
 in protection in anthrax by devitalized blood 141 
 
 mitigated virus 62 
 
 Transformation of Bacillus euhtilis to B. anthracis, and vice versa 118 
 
 Treatment, carbolic acid, of swine plague in herds 194 
 
 medical, of contagious diseases 69 
 
 fowldiolera 71 
 
 * of swine plague 195 
 
 preventive of fowl cholera 71 
 
 Tubes, capillary vacuum, method of making ^ 22 
 
 Type, mitigated, of swine plague , 10 
 
 for protection against second attack 10 
 
 Typhoid fever, example from, on influence of limited air supply on disease germs 122 
 
 Undetermined bodies in fowl cholera 48 
 
 TJninoculated healthy pigs, subject to swine plague 182 
 
 United States, animals from, landed at Liverpool, statistics of 204 
 
 extent and location of pleuro-pueumonia in , 204 
 
 Unorganized ferments, theory of 49 
 
 Utah, condition of farm animals in 379 
 
 Vaccination of contagious diseases - 69 
 
 Vacuum tubes, capillary, method of making 22 
 
 Ventilation, easy destruction of coutagium by 60 
 
390 INDEX. 
 
 Ventilation, eflBcient means of disinfection 18 
 
 Vermin, intestinal, hog cholera, so-called, often due to 143 
 
 Vermont, condition oi farm animals in 370 
 
 Vessels, dangers from, in swine jjlague 131 
 
 Veterinary department of the privy conncil of Great Britain, annual report of 209 
 
 Virginia, condition of farm animals in : 371 
 
 splenic fever in 323 
 
 Vibrio 53,55 
 
 Virus, devitalized, aa preventive against fowl cholera 36 
 
 dilution of, effect of 89 
 
 fowl cholera, antiseptic effect of benzoic acid upon 31 
 
 boracic acid upon 33 
 
 boracic acid and sulphate of potassium upon 32 
 
 carbolated camphor upon 32 
 
 carbolic acid upon 33. 
 
 iodine upon 33 
 
 saUcylio acid upon 31 
 
 sulphuric acid 32 
 
 cultivated, preservation of 39 
 
 difference in nature of, and septic organisms 32 
 
 effect of alcohol upon 32 
 
 dilution of 30 
 
 drying upon 30 
 
 heat upon 33 
 
 putrefaction 30 
 
 when taken with food 29 
 
 identical with bacteria -S. 9 
 
 influence of antiseptics upon 9 
 
 mitigated, attempts to obtain 39 
 
 not taken up and carried by air 9 
 
 organs containing 28 
 
 period of incubation of 27 
 
 mitigated Toussaint's 62 
 
 protective inoculation with, in swine plague * 134 
 
 drawbacks to 134 
 
 of foot and mouth disease, vitality of 287 
 
 eeijtic, effect of inoculation with 94, 98 
 
 swine plague, bacilli in 66 
 
 concentrated, maximum dose deadly 81 
 
 cultivated, deadly 81 
 
 general results of inoculations with 128 
 
 m cows' milk and free air, inoculations with ...-., 124 
 
 in egg albumen and free air, inoculations with 124 
 
 in human urine in free air, inoculations with 125 
 
 with exclusion of air, deadly 81 
 
 l)reveutive effect of inoculations with 115 
 
 cultivation in test-tubes 25 
 
 of, on slides 24 
 
 ' danger of increasing potency of, by storing 129 
 
 deadly character or 10 
 
 difficulty of securing 7, 8 
 
 dried on quiU, inoculations with 125 
 
 effect of antiseptics upon 8, 25 
 
 chloride of zinc upon 14, 72 
 
 disinfectants on bacteria of 76 
 
 drying upon 8, 16 
 
 heat upon 8 
 
 putrefaction upon 8, 15 
 
 quassia upon 26 
 
 inoculations with cultivated 113 
 
 deductions from 128 
 
 excess of 113 
 
 miscroscopic observations upon, nature of 19 
 
 mitigation of 81 
 
 by artificial means 10 
 
 modified, inoculations with 124 
 
 Virus of swine plague, potency increased by partial putrefaction with limited air supply 115 
 
 of large dose 83, 89 
 
 preserved in closed vessels, inoculations with 128 
 
 with limited supply of oxygen, inoculations with 126 
 
 primary, inoculations with 123 
 
 results of inoculations with cultivated ,," ] 8 
 
 treatment with chloride of zinc, mode of preparing 14* 
 
 virulence of, diminished by influence of chemical products of growing 
 
 . germ 10 
 
 increased by limited air supply 123 
 
 Virus treated with chloride of zinc, method of inoculation with [,.'. 14 
 
 Virulence of blood after death in fowl cholera, period of '." 31 
 
 swine-plague germ, decreased in free air 117 
 
 increased by limited air supply , 10 117 
 
 mitigation of ' 117 
 
 spread vanes with ]"[ 189 
 
 virus diminished by influence of chemical products of growing 
 
 germ 20 
 
 Virulent agent of septicaemia \\\\ ^3 
 
 matter, potency of increased ...,,.'. 114 
 
INDEX. 391 
 
 Vitality of swine-plague micrococci, effect of carbolic acid upon 77 
 
 virua of foot and moutli disease 287 
 
 ■Walls, wooden, objected to in swine plague 130 
 
 "Wasliuigton Territory, condition of farm animals in 373 
 
 Weatiier, influence o:^ on development of schizopbytse of swine plague 189 
 
 "Weeds poisonous to cattle. 321 
 
 "West, non-existence of foot and moutb disease in 319 
 
 West Tirginia, condition of farm animals in 374 
 
 Wet seasons, effect of, on certain soils in swine plague 133 
 
 "Wharves, foreign animals in England 215 
 
 "Wheat bran, virulent matter increased in potency by packing in 114 
 
 "Whitney, Dr. "W. P. , examination of lungs of pleuro-pneumonia 272 
 
 "Wisconsin, condition of farm animals in 373 
 
 Wood ashes a preventive for swine plague 325 
 
 and salt a preventive for swine plague 325 
 
 Wooden floors objected to in swine plague 130 
 
 walls objected to in swine plague 130 
 
 Worms, earth, bearers of germs of charbon 307 
 
 Yards, market, dangers of, in swine plague 131 
 
 "Yellow fever, argument from, on influence of limited air supply on disease genus 120 
 
 Zinc chloride, effect ef, on development of swine-plague micrococci 79 
 
 influence of, upon swine-plagne vims 8, 14, 26, 72 
 
 Zo9glcea 52 
 
u'iK'^\i']i:m-: