CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library arW38337 Educational ipurnallsm. 3 1924 031 762 911 oljn.anx The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924031762911 THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. Of IS An Address before the New York State Teachers' Assoeiaiion at its Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting, Saratoga Springs, August 7, 1881. Editor of the School Bulletin. KBPKINTBD FKOM THE MINUTES OP THE ASSOCIATION. ■->A1^1 , ^1 Syractjse, N. Y.: C. W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER. 1881. fT ^./^f6y '^ORf^'ELL^N IVERSF^^ nN, LIBRARY Educational J DUCATIONAL JOURNALISM. AN ADDRESS BEFORE THE NEW YORK STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION AT ITS 36th ANNUAL MEETING, SARATOGA SPRINGS, JULY 7, 1881, BY C. W. BARDEEN, EDITOR OF THE SCHOOL BULLETIN. The title to this paper was chosen by the worthy President of our Associa- tion, at a time when he was himself an Educational Journalist, and was in- quiring in his editorial columns for information as to how anybody made educational journals pay. It is a matter of honest regret to the rest of us that he didn't find out, for under his charge Barnes's Educational Monthly was, of all our exchanges, the brightest and most quotable. In fact, the quotations are still so frequent tliat we find many of its pungent paragraphs dished up again and again in our monthly contemporaries. It will bo long before we can cry, "Peace to its rehashes! " In May, 1880, the Commissioner of Education sent out a quarto circular giving a list of volumes and single numbers of educational journals which were wanted to complete the flies in the Bureau at Washington. This list named 147 such periodicals, and yet omitted most of those begun within the last ten years, of wliich the Bureau had usually complete flies. Not counting college papers or those issued exclusively for the benefit of certain institutions, I now receive in exchange 60 educational journals, of which 8 are weekly, 4 fortnightly, 1 bi-monthly, and 46 monthly. But the list requires constant re- vision. I can count on my fingers 43 school journals of some promise which have been on the list during these seven years, and are now extinct, or " merged " into more fortunate rivals. It is safe to say that 200 educational journals, and I presume the number exceeds 800, have in this country breathed at least a brief life. Of my 60 exchanges, 3 were started in 1853, 3 in 1856, 3 in 1868, 1 each Educational Jotjrnals Received in Exchange for the School Bulletin, June, 1881. ^Formerly the Bducational News-Glbanbe. tNot recieved ainee Jan. 1. *Taken from Rowell'fl Directory unless starred. WEEKIiT. .3 ^-s lis Sf=|a 1= 5= ?To«?il.^'°°'^!- Journal Of Education... Boston 1875 50 9, llJ^xUM $2-60 5,000 48, 6x1 48, 6x9 15, T^xlOJtf 7, imi-iH 48, f>}4T^B}4 24, 6x9 40, 6x9 44. 6x9 10, 23, HO, NationsH 2. NowlorkSchoolJoarcal New York.. .1874 48 10, 11 x 14X 3. Educational Weekly Chicago 1877 40 9, 9 x la 4. Michigan School Moderator Grand Hapid8.1880 B2? 14, 9 x 12 5. Schoolmaetor London 1872 52 13, 9 x J3Ji 6. School Board Chronicle London 1868 52 16, 9x14 7. Educational News Edinbnrgh. ..1876 52 9, &}ix^SH 8. Enciclopedia Bsrolar Argentina Buenos Aires 1881 52 8, 8x11 SEMI-MONTHLY, 9. The Practical Teacher. Chicago 1877 22 . 12, 8 x IQitf 10. The Schoolmaster...- •" .. ..1S81 20 12, 8 x 9>f 11. School Herald '• 1881 24 8, 8x10)4 12. Literary Notes Kearney, Neb.1878 20 3, 22x33 MONTHLY.— Arranged by States. 13. ^rJoMOS School Journal ..Little Kock.. .1890 12f 14. faciflc School and Home Journal San Eran.. Cai.1877 12 15. American Edncatorf Lockp't, Ml . .'..li'%1t 10 16. Normal .Worker Morris 1880 12 17. Inaiana SchoolJonrnal Indianapolis.. 18''6 12 18. Common School Teachert Bedford 1875 12 li). Normal Teacher Danvillu 1S78 13 30. Western Normal Educatort Ladoga -ISSO 12 21. School Education 'J'erre Haute. ..18-0 12 22. Home and School Visitor.. Greenfield. . . . 1881 12 23. iOMJa .Normal Monihly .' Dnbnque. ..1877 12 24. Central School Journal... Keokuk 1877 32 25. Western Educational Keviewt Ft.^cott, jr«..1880 26 Eclectic Teacher Lexing'n, ifj(.1876 12 27. ioKMiowa Journal of Edncationt N. Orleans 1879 12 28. Primary Teacher Boston. Jfoss.. 1817 10 29. American Journal of Education St. Louie, ifo.lSf!8 12 30. OnrSchool Charleston .... 1880 10 31. Missouri Teacher Kirkville. 1880 12 32. American Kindergarten Magazine New York.... 1878 13 33. Teachers' Institute '■ " 1877 12 34. Penman'e Journal.. ' " 1877 12 .34. Teachers' Companion 1 lattsburgh...l879 12 36. Scb. Bulletin &N.T. htate Ed. Jour.. Syracuse 1874 12 37. Kindergarten Mesesenger and I ,. .„„„ i„ The New Education, f ^'>" ^- ,38. The School Room " 1S81 12 39. Topics of the Day " 1880 12 40. iVOT-^A Carolina Educational Journal. .Chapel Hill. ..1881 12 41. Ohio Bducational Monthly Salem 1852 ]2 42. Educational Notes and Queries ■' 1875 10 43. Public School Journal ...Cincinnati.. ,,.1876 IS 44. Teachers' Guide ■. Mallet Creek. . 1875 13 45. Penns^toanio School Journal Lancaster ....1852 12 46. Allegheuv Teacher Allegheny City 18';8 12 47. Teachers' Advocate.. Mercer ,1878 13 48 Teacher Philadelphia.. 1879 12 49. Southern Education Monthly Charle8'n,5. f..l879 12 50. yaCM Journal of Education Austin 1880 12 51. BducationalJonrnal of Tir'5'inio Richmond 1869 12 52. lW«coreti»! .Journal of Education Madison 1871 12 53. Brziehungs Blaetter Milwaukee.. . . 1870 12 54. School Magazine Hamilton,ONTl87H 10 55. Canada Bducational Monthly .Toronto 1879 1" 56. Canada School Journal " 1877 13 .')'''. Gage's School Examiner " 1881 12 58. School Newspaper London, Ekg. 1874 12 12, BI-MONTHLY. 59. Education Boston, Jf(MS. 1880 6 100, QCARTEKLY. 60. American Journal of Education Hartford, CT.. 1856 4 350, 11x16 6x9 9x12 6x9 6x9 7x10 36, li X 9 lO.lOJ^xlSX 30, , 6x9 12, 7>ifxlOX 16, 7x10 13, llxl4>!? .5,11>4X16;« 7.10)^xl4X 14, 10x14 12, 7x11 6x9 7, 12x17 .32 6x9 16, 6x9 26. 6Kx9>< 7, 10x14 44, e^xo-^ 12, 9xll>^ 11x15 12x17 10x12 9xll>^ 6x9 6x9 9x1 l>i 6x9 6v9 21, 83^x1 l)i 33. 6x9 9x11 12, 5, 6, 24, 32, 48, 16, 32, 48, 21.00 10,000f 2.00 5,00tff 2.00 2.50 25,000* 4 75 2.35 2.30 1.25 3,000 1.50 .75 1.25 1,000 1.00 2.00 3,000 1 00 3,000J .50 1.50 3,000 1.00 i,oon 1.00 lO.llOOf 1.00 1,500* .50 .25 1.(10 .50 100 1.00 1.00 1 00 3.000 5,000 1,000 l.OOO 3,000 100 10,000 f 1.00 .75 1,000 1 f'O 10,000 1 00 10 ooii? 1.00 3,000 .50 1.000 1.00 5,000* 7x10 1.00 1,0 .50 5,000* 1.00 1.50 100 1.50 .5 1 1,60 .75 ion ..50 .60 2.00 1.011 1. 00 3.12 .50 1..50 1.00 1.25 2.25 2.000 1,000 1,000 7,500* 3,C0O 1,000 2 001) 1,000 1,000 2,000 6x9 4.00 0x9 4 CO 1,000 Educational Journalism. 3 in 1869. 1870, 1871 and 1873, 3 in 1874, 4 in 1875, 4 in 1876, 10 in 1877, 5 in 1878, 5 in 1879, 11- in 1880, and 8 thus far in 1881; so that their average age is 6i years. But if we should omit those four grand old standards, the Pennsyl- mnia and Indiana School Journals, the Ohio Educational Monthly, and Barn- ard's American Journal of Education, the average age of the rest is little more than 3i years. If the 43 which have disappeared are counted, the average is reduced belew SJ years. Truly their days are as the grass; and so are most of their projectors. Of Educational Journals there are several distinct types. THE OFFICIAL ORGAN. Among the earliest was the Official Organ of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. An excellent example of this was ' ( THE DISTRICT SCHOOL JOURNAL OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 1840-1853. The District School Journal had been started March 25, 1840, at Geneva, by Francis Dwight, as an eight page quarto (9xlli). The prospectus urges that, while so many journals arc advocating the claims of parties and sects, it can need no apology to add one to the small number of them which are de- voted to the interests of District Schools, but confesses that the real origin of the paper is the recommendation in Superintendent Spencer's last report, that New York have a paper, for official communication between the Department and the district officers. Mr. Spencer had said : In Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Michigan, there are journals devoted exclusively to the promotion of common school education. They are con- ducted under the superintendence of the officers charged with that subject, and are made the organs of communicating to the subordinate officers, to teachers, and to the inhabitants of districts, the various information neces- ary to the correct discharge of their duties, and to prevent litigation. They contain also valuable essays upon" reforms and improvements of the system, and discussions on various topics connected with education, calculated to awaken attention to the subject, and produce a more active and vigorous spirit in forwarding the cause. There can be no doubt that a similar Journal in this State might be made eminently useful in the same way, and it would certainly relieve this department from a very severe labor — that of answering inquiries as to the duties of officers, and resolving doubts and difficulties. -s- Disirict Sclwol Journal, Vol. I, p. 3. Accordingly, Mr. Dwight announces that the first place in this Journal will always be given to the decisions of the Superintendent and the official information to School Districts. But he also proposed to omit nothing which could be uesful to parents, teachers, and pupils. The new School Law, passed May 36, 1841, contained the following provision: § 33. The superintendent of common schools, from year, to year for three successive years, shall be authorized to subscribe for as many copies of any periodical, published at least monthly, in this State ; exclusively devoted to the cause of education, and not partaking of a sectarian or party character as An Address by C. W. Baedeen, shall be sufficient to supply one copy to eacli organized school district in the state ; in which periodical the statutes relating to common schools, passed at the present or any future sessions of the legislature, and the general regula- tions and decisions of the superintendent made pursuant to any law, shall be published gratuitously. The said periodical shall be sent to the clerk of each district, whose duty it shall be to cause each volume to be bound at the ex- pense of the district, and the same shall be preserved in the district library for the use of the district. The expense of such subscription, not exceed- ing $2800 annually, sliall be paid out of the surplus income arising from the moneys deposited with this state by the United States. — Bist. School Journal, II, 2. The issue of the Diactrict School Journal for July 1, 1841, contained the announcement of Superintendent John O. Spencer, that it was the periodical selected by him, and would be regarded as the official organ of communica- tion with the officers and inhabitants of the several districts. The Superin- tendent took great pleasure in again commending this publication to the favorable consideration and liberal support of the friends of education generally, remarking that the favorable successful prosecution of the work must depend chiefly upon individual subscription, as the amount author- ized to be subscribed by the State barely defrayed the expenses. Under the impulse of Superintendent Spencer's subscription for 13,000 copies, it was now removed to Albany, enlarged into a monthly quarto (9xl3|) of 8 pages, and published at 50 cents a year. It gave some articles on teaching, some anecdotes of the goody fable sort, some coarse illustrations. The edito- rials were able, progressive, and aimed at definite improvements in our school system. The number for May, 1843, contains 16 pages, in order to give in full Horace Mann's 5th Report. With Vol. Ill the price is raised to 75 cents, and the size increased to 16 pages, 4 of which are intended for advertisements now for the first time to be omitted. But after two numbers the price is again reduced to 50 cents, and the size to 8 pages. In our bound volume no advertise- ments appear as yet. With Vol. Ill, No. 9, which ends the volume, it becomes an octavo (6^x10) of 16 pages, and the pages become more and more drearily official, those for November and December, 1843, and January, 1844, giving all the space but one paragraph to the new school law. In April, 1844, the editor announces his intention to issue double numbers on alternate months, but in fact did it every month, and in June associated with him as assistant editor the late S. S. Randall. In November the editor prints with gratifica- tion a letter from a trustee who thinks the Journal an excellent family and school paper, and declares with tears in his eyes that it is just such a paper he is trying to make, and that he is giving so large a paper at constant pecu- niary sacrifice. In the number for March, 1845, Mr. Dwight replies to a complaint that he is unduly fed with public pap : The state appropriates $3,800 to pay fqr 11,000 School Journals, which are to be sent monthly to every district of the state. The volume of the cur- rent ^ear consists of 343 closely printed pages. Besides the 11,000 volumes of this size, printed and distributed during the year, 800 additional copies (vol- Educational Journalism. 5 umes) have been sent, without charge, to as many town superintendents, al though not without the contract made by me with the state. These 11,000 volumes cost me, before leaving the printer, over $2,400, and the other expenses, cleric hire, etc., exhaust the remaining $400. So that not one cent of the State appropriation has, in fact, found its way during the cur- rent year to my hasjds. The sum received for the additional circulation of the Journal, exceds but little the amount paid by me to S. S. Randall, Esq., for his valuable services as associate editor. With the advice and cordial consent of the Secretary of State, to whom these facts were familiar, I was allowed to add an advertising sheet, which is now printed on the four outer pages, serving as a cover to the Journal, and yielding something to the editor — about one-half what was offered to me wheh I was invited to take charge of the Journal. — V, SS3. It is a little singular that thirty years afterward, when Mr. E. B. White sold the National Teacher which he had edited for seventeen years, he made precisely the same estimate — that the subscriptions just about paid the ex- penses of the paper, leaving him the advertising proceeds for salary. But only official support or exceptional editorial ability can show any such results. The average Educational Journal is very lucky if its receipts from subscrip- tions and advertisements both will pay for its paper and printing. AVitli the fith volume, it was announced that more space could be given to miscellaneous matter, but the change is not perceptible. No. 10 is draped in black for the editor and founder of the Journal, Francis Dwight, univer- sally respected and lamented, who died December 15, 1845. Mr. Randall became sole editor, and announced in the February number, that as the Superintendent had ordered the subscriptions to districts continued, he should rely for compensation wholly upon the subscription list outside the state ap- propriation, which was reduced in February from $3,800 to $3,400. With Vol. VIII, 1847, another change was made in size, from 6x9|- to 6JxlO inches, and in editors, from Mr. Randall to Rev. Dr. Wm. H. Campbell. In June the editor remarks : It gives us much pleasure to inform our readers that the Legislature, just previous to its adjournment, granted the usual appropriation to the District School Journal. We do not, however, wish to keep concealed the fact that the appropriation was voted for by some with great reluctance, and it cannot be doubted that their objections arose from no prejudice against the cause of edu- cation, but simply because in some regions of the State the numbers of the Journal were not taken from the Post Office. — VllI, 5. But why, it may be asked, is not the Journal taken from the Post Office? Is it not the duty of the Clerk of the district to take it out? Has he any option in the case ? Not the least. It is his duty to take it out, and if he does not he is a delinquent. But, it was furthermore stated during the progress of the debate in the Assembly, that the Journal was uninteresting, being filled with the reports and proceedings of the town and county institutes. But such an objection was not made and could not be made by any gentleman vho had read the Journal for the last eighteen months ; for during the whole of that period very few of these reports have been published. It was thought that as they had only a local interest, the columns of the Journal could be occupied more profitably, and they were so occupied. 6 An Address by 0. W. Baedeejst, It is also our purpose to pursue the same course in future. We wish to present to our readers that kind of reading which may be generally profitable and acceptable; and it is hoped that no friend of county institutes will feel offended at us, for attempting to act in such a way as to deprive of his weapons any objecter who may rise in some future assembly. — VIIT, 51. In July the form of the Journal was once more changed, the page being widened and a larger type employed; and in March, 1848, Mr. Campbell retired from the editorial chair in favor of Edward Cooper, who had founded the Teachers' Advocate thirty months before. He removed the publication ^ office to Syracuse, where the appearance of the Journal manifestly improved," a thicker and whiter paper being employed, and some system observed in the sizes of type. In the number for August, 1848, Mr. Cooper inserted a full page adver- tisement of the New York Tribune, which alluded to the coming presidential campaign in unmistakably Whig accents. To this the Superintendent, Morgan, objected, saying that while the contract with the Department permitted the attachment of advertising, there was a tacit understanding that these should include no partisan matter. The editor apologized, saying that the advertisement came as a stereotyped page, and was not read until nearly the whole edition had left the press. In February, 1849, the publication office was once more removed to Albany, a fire on January 6th having destroyed the office at Syracuse, with the mailing books and all the back numbers. In April, Mr. Randall again became editor, and in July he comments upon the following complaint from the Wyoming County Mirror ; With such liberal State patronage to start upon, and being the official pa- per if the State, one would suppose it could command the highest grade of talents to conduct it; and that the character would be worthy of the 700,000 children for whom it professes to speak. Has it been so? Take out the official notices, and it is the opinion of one, at least, that for a few years past, it has been a second or third rate concern. Much of its reading matter has been dull and uninteresting, and, for variety and scientific character, we think it has been excelled by most of the educational papers with which we have been acquainted. The Massachusetts Common School Journal, edited by Horace Mann, has been worth a dozen of it. It has seemed to lack essentially that kind of stimulus which is produced by energetic competition. Another paper, competing for the place, would probably have done much more to make it what it ought to have been, than all the State patronage that has been lavished upon it. — X, 60. With Volume XII, the District School Journal unites with the New York Journal of Education, under the title of the District School Journal of Education of the State of New York; and W. F. Phelps and Joseph McKean are joined with Mr. Randall as associate editors. But though Superintendent Morgan, in his annual report, recommended the periodical as an indispensable auxiliary to the department in the transmision and communication of educa- tional information, and in the dissemination of educational news generally, and even urged an increase in the appropriation, the Legislature refused to heed him, and the Journal ceased with the number for April, 1853. Educational Jouenalism. 1 It is my opinion that every school system needs something like an offlcial organ — at least, that it should have some medium through which the new school-laws, with the interpretations and decisions of the Department can be made known. In this state, for instance, the last Code distributed to the dis- tricts bears date of 1867, and is still the accepted authority in a majority of the districts, though the law has been modified in important particulars. For example, the School Bulletin for April, 1878, contained the following para- graph among the items from Cortland county : The association passed a resolution urging the village of Marathon to de- cide in favor of a union school at the coming election. The vote went the other way, however. The Indtpendeut (to whose excellent report of the asso- ciation we are indebted for the account we have given) states that " the neces- sary iwo-J/wrt^s vote was not obtained." It should be more generally known that by Chapter 50 of the Laws of 1876, a tioo thirds vote is no longer required, a majority vote being sufficient. — IV, 1S6. Seeing this paragraph in the Bulletin, friends of the union school move- ment called another meeting and established the school, a result that would have been indefinitely delayed had not the Independent happened to mention the point at law on which the project seemed to be defeated, had not the Bulletin happened to notice this mention and correct it, and had not the subscribers to the Bullbtij^ in Marathon happened to be in favor of the union school. But the administration of the school-law should not depend upon such a chain of contingencies. This necessity of a medium of ofQcial communication is generally recog- nized. Of the 49 monthlies named in my list of exchanges, Nos. 13, 14, 17, 33, 37, 40, 41, 45, 50, 51 and 53 are ro.cognized offlcial organs of this character, some of them devoting half or more of their spacfe to official documents from the state superintendent. So far as this offlcial matter is strictly news, and subject to selection and cutting down by the editor, it is a valuable feature. I should be glad to have free access to the records of the Department of Pub- lic Instruction in this State, and to publish every month what seems of gene- ral interest. I believe, moreover, that all the transactions of the Department are public in their nature, and should be subject to such examination and publication by responsible editors. But when this official department becomes the chief feature of the educa- tional journal, and especially when it is provided by law that the journal be sent ai, public expense to school officers all over the state, the journal is sure to suffer. Take a marked example. The Pennsylvania Sehool Journal is the old- est of my monthly exchanges, and, in my judgment, the best. It gives the greatest amount of matter, its reports are full, its original papers able, its se- lected matter remarkably well chosen, while its editor, Hon. J. P. Wicker- sham, has unusual natural qualification, and has had offlcial experience which gives him an advantage over any editor of a similar journal. The School Journal is one of the few which I should subscribe for if it ceased coming to 8 An Addeess by 0. "W. Baedeen, me as an exchange, and of wliicli I value my complete file for thirty years above that of any other journal except Barnard's. Of its 35th volume it printed 7500 copies a month, but mark how this cir- culation was made up, according to figures given in a circular issued by the publishers. By the law of that state the school directors are allowed to subscribe for the Journal out of the school fund. Of the 10,810 who might thus subscribe, 1373 did so, or about twelve per cent. The number of teachers who sub- scribed was 1196, or about seven per cent. The number of copies paid for was, therefore, 3468, and the remainder of the 7500 copies were mailed to secretaries of school boards, superintendents and others ; 150 copies being re- served each month for continuing full sets, and "the remainder sent out GBATUiTousLY to Superintendents and others in other states, and to all parts of Pennsylvania.'' "It may not be 'business' to print and distribute so much that is not paid for," the editor explains, and for my part I don't think it is. Nor can I account for so few subscribers to so excellent a journal except because it is an "official organ,'" and may be subscribed for at, public expense. People value what they pay for, and very much in proportion to how much they pay. Though it would treble its circulation, I should rebel against a proposition of the legislature to subscribe for copies enough of the Bulletin to be sent free to every district clerk in the state. It would be pap to my pocket-book, but death to the Btjllbtin. THE STATE ASSOCIATION ORGAN. THE TEACHEKS' ADVOCATE. "In the latter part of March, 1845," writes T. W. Valentine to Dr. Henry Barnard, "while residing in the city of Albany, I happened to be engaged, one stormy day, in looking over my flies of papers, and among others the District School Journal. * * * * These cogitations naturally led me to think of the feasibility of holding a State Convention of Teachers. Why could it not be done? * * * How shall it be brought about? Will the District School Journal publish our call? Ah, what a pity it is that we teachers have not an organ of our own, through which we may freely communicate with each other! We must have one. I must set myself about this work at once. « * * * Thus encouraged, I matured my plans, especially in relation to the Teachers' Advo- cate, the name I proposed to give our new organ." And he goes on in the let- ter, published for the first time in the School Bulletin for July, 1879, to narrate the history of the first meeting of this Association, and of The Teachers'^- Advocate, which this Association started. In briefly reporting this meeting in the September number, the District School Journal says that Mr. Cooper, from' the committee, disclaimed all hostile or rival feeling to any educational joun- jial; regarded a journal devoted to the improvement of teachers, and calcu- Educational Jouenalism. 9 lated to secure the eflScient cooperation of parents, demanded; and recom- mended a weekly paper of not less than 28 columns, independent of official support and political influence. The report was adopted, and Mr. Cooper was made editor. I am not fortunate enough to own a copy of the first two volumes of this journal, and know only that the weekly issue was maintained, and that Mr. Valentine in the letter already quoted from, attributes the failure of the Advo- cate to the unfortunate selection of an editor. With Vol. Ill the publication office was removed to New York, the size was changed to a quarto (9x11^), 16 pages. 4 devoted to advertisements, the Issues became bi-weekly, the price was lowered to one dollar, and James N. McElligott was associated with Joseph McKeen as joint editors. In the issue of November 13, 1847, it is remarked: One gentleman raises the question whether Mr. Cooper was voluntary in his retirement from the Advocate. We have always supposed that he retired from choice, because he was desirous of engaging in a business that would yield him a better income. Whatever may be said of our predecessor by others, we are of the opinion, after a pretty intimate acquaintance, that he is not a man to be unseated, and fall silently and passively to the ground, against his will. The simple truth is, that he wanted to sell and. we bought, with the advice and approval of the executive committee of the State Associa- tion, and numerous other friends and teachers both in the eastern and western parts of the State. We trust there was no deception or covert design, either with him or with us, and hope that neither he nor the patrons of the Advocatk will have reason to regret the change. — III, 7 If. Several other paragraphs in this number claim that the meeting of this Association, just held in Rochester, had not been harmonious, some feeling existing between eastern and western teachers, as well as differences of opinion as to the County Superintendency and the Normal school. In January, 1848, Mr. McEUigot being appointed superintendent in New York City, Mark H. Newman & Co. became publishers of the paper, the editors guaranteeing that its columns should remain independent on all text- book topics. It was announced that special effort could be made to extend its circulation to families, but that hereafter it would be sent only to paying subscribers, the names of those in arrears being mostly stricken from the books. With the number for July 7, the publication office was removed to 116 Nassau Street, and on November 1 the editors and publishers became Joseph McKeen, Wm. B. Latham, Jr., and J. H. Tobitt, — the last the proprie- tor of " Tobitt's Cheap Cash Print." It was also announced: (S^" Everything in this establishment being now on the "Cash System," no person is authorized to obtain credit on our account. Ptjblishbks. The editors say: In presenting to our subscribers the first number of the fourth volume of the Teachers' Advocate and Journal of Education, we think it not amiss to remind them that ours is the oldest, and we believe the only, educational journal in the United States which has been devoted to the interests of teach- 10 An Addeess by 0. W. BAEDftEW, ers. Aiming to elevate, harmonize and defend them, we have made many pecuniary sacrifices and devoted not an inconsiderable portion of our time in order to sustain this, their organ, rather than relinquish an enterprise which has for its end the promotion of so laudable an enterprize. The cause and interests of education are so inseparably identified with the instructors, that we deem this the place to begin. No person should be admitted into our pro- fession without his character being well vouched for, and his acquirements equal to his station. If the teacher is well taught, he should be well paid. It has steadily been our aim to increase the consideration in which our profes- sion, from its importance, should be held. — IV, 9. But after a change of title to Mew York Journal of Education, it was in May 1851 consolidated with the District School Journal, and it died with it, one year later. THE NEW YORK TEACHER. In 1853, the State Teachers' Association met at Elmira, and on the first day, August 4, the following resolutions were adopted : Besolved, That a paper be established, to be called the New York Teacher, and that the ownership and entire control be vested in the New York State Teachers' Association. Resolved, That the management and supervision of the paper be entrusted to a Board of Editors, to consist of twelve persons, all of whom shall be practical teachers, who shall be appointed annually by this Association, and who shall be selected from the various parts of .the State, in such a manner as to have all sections represented, as far as may be practicable. Besohed, That in addition to the above, a local editor shall be appointed by the Board of Editors, who shall also be a practical teacher, who shall reside in the place where the paper is published, who shall have immediate supervision of the paper, and who shall receive such compensation for his services as the Board of Editors shall allow, and the success of the enter- prise may warrant. Resolved, That the paper be in the form of a pamphlet, and be published monthly, at one dollar per copy. Resolved, That the publication of the paper be commenced on the first of October next, provided that at least one thousand paying subscribers be obtained, and their subscriptions be advanced by that time. Resolved, That the paper shall be conducted in such a manner that the promotion of the great cause of education be made its prominent ob- ject.— FoZ. /, p. Uf. T. W. Valentine was chosen local editor, and the first number was issued in Albany. In his salutatory he says : It is well known that the Teachers' Advocate — the first paper of its kind ever published in this country and perhaps in tlie world — was also first established as the organ of our Association; — but, though its recent editors were gentlemen worthy of the highest esteem, from some cause, of which it is needless now to now speak, it failed to secure that deep sympathy and abiding interest from the great body of teacliers in our State, so indispensable to its permanent prosperity. Several months ago its publication ceased, and since that iime we have liad neither a teacher's paper, nor any periodical devoted to the general interests of education. It was the universal opinion at Elmira, that, notwithstanding the unfortunate results of our previous effort, a periodi- cal of the right sort, if once established, could be well sustained; and in ac- cordance with that opinion pledges were given, suflicient in amount to warrant its commencement. — /, ^Q. Edttcational Jottenalism. 11 Of the first number 2000 copies were issued, though in spite of numerous pledges of fifty dollars each, scarcely a single dollar had been received, nor was the subscription list at all to be relied on (/, 96). But at the end of six months, the editor prints 1500 copies and declares thaf he has succeeded beyond his most sanguine expectations. Soon after he says : Our readers will recollect that when the idea of a teacher's journal was first presented at Elmira last August, we strenuously opposed the plan of making it a mere magazine of literature, in which long essays only should be published, even though these might be good in their place ; and not only so, but. we strongly advocated the plan of making it a newspapm- simply, through the columns of which the teachers of our State could hold familiar intercourse with each other, each communicating his thoughts in his own chosen way. It was our opinion then, and it is now, that a publication in pamphlet form would lead many to expect articles of great literary merit, and thereby frighten away the more common class of teachers. — the very class we wished to reach. We have, therefore, sought to make the Teacher very democratic, in the true sense of that term ; and in regarding this as the true way to interest the great body of teachers in an enterprise of this kind, we find we have not been mis- taken. * * * For ourselves we can only add that we were never cut out for one of the literati, — or if we were, were sadly spoilt in the making. The chief part of our education was obtained at the district school which we attended for fifteen consecutive winters, and when we went to the academy "to fit for college," (though we got over the fit long before we reached the college), we were compelled by poverty to study with the Latin or Greek grammar in one hand and a paint brusJi in the other. We, therefore, make no pretensions of having the necessary literary qualifications for the place we hold, and wonder only how we have ever got along at all. The only merit we claim is, that of being second to none in our zeal and devotion to the interests of teachers, and the cause of universal free education. — I, £56. Of the Legislature of that year he says: This body has at last adjourned, for which all thanks; for a more disgraceful set of blockheads never assembled. That the country can go on prosperously in spite of such a nuisance, only proves our vast resources and recuperative powers. — /, 363. Mr. Valentine was re-elected, and announced at the beginning of the second volume that the Teaclier had taken in enough to meet current expenses, with perhaps a trifie left with which to begin the new year. Principal New- man, now school commissioner, sent eighty subscriptions from Buffalo, and assured Mr. Valentine that county would take 150 copies. Charles Davies sent a check for fi^ty copies, as he had done the year before. Later in the year, D. M. Pitcher, town superintendent of Owego, forwarded the names of of all his thirty teachers, for which he got the prize banner at the Association. But the editor's path is not wholly smooth. He presently complains that there are traitors in the camp, enemies who will not be placated, and whose biographies, he fears, he shall have to reveal to a saddened public. Besides the general body of teachers have not taken hold as they should. Instead of 2000 subscribers he ought to have 20000, so that instead of thirty-two pages a month he could give twice as much twice as often. Then, instead of having the dregs of one poor fellow's time, and requiring him to keep the accounts, conduct the correspondence, attend to the mailing, 12 An Address by 0. W. Baedeen, etc., to say nothing of the editorial duties, a good, competent man could be employed in each of these departments, besides having the whole time of some talented man in the editorial department. Then might the teachers of the State point with pride to their professional organ, and find real pleasure and profit in reading it.—//, IIS. Subsequently he says of this editorial : By the way. Brother Huntington of the Conn. Journal, thinks our late article entitled "A Few Plain Words," was a harsh one. So it was, Brother H. ; we believe in using words that will scratch. When casligation becomes necessary, all good teachers say it should be done thoroughly. But it you could see the pile of dollars which that article broughtjin, you would acknoVl- edge that we were harsh to some purpose. — //, SST. The editor keeps his temper as well as he can over the election of Victor M. Rice, as State Superintendent, instead of Mr. Randall, but he has no patience left when he depicts the sneering contempt with which the Legislature discussed the bill to incorporate the State Teachers' Association. — //, 21fi. In June, prizes of twenty dollars were offered for the best original essay on any subject connected with practical education, and for the best original poem of not less than 200 lines on any similar subject. These were taken by Marcius Wilson, the text-book author, and Mrs. Charles H. Gilder- sleeve, of Buffalo. At the beginning of the next volume a Webster's Dictionary was offered to the twelve persons who should furnish the best arti- cle for each mothly number. One of them was awarded to Dr. T. 8. Lambert. At the Oswego meeting of the Association, Mr. Valentine made a per- sonal statement. He commenced by giving an outline of the Association, which was organ- ized in July, 1845, in the city of Syracuse. It was the first State Association of teachers ever formed in this or any other country, so far as he knew, though an example had since been followed by twelve or fifteen other states. The State Teaeliers' Admcate, established at that time, was also the first teachers' professional paper ever published. Both of these projects he claimed the honor of originating, though he had originally been content to let others enjoy that honor. Mr. V. then gave a brief history of the publication, first as the Advocate, at Syracuse, then in New York, where it was afterwards changed to magazine form and called the Journal of Education. Finally it was merged with the District ScJwol Journal, which publication expired in April, 1853. The State of New York was then without an educational journal, and this Association without an organ. With these unfortunate precedents, no one seemed willing to undertake the task of again embarking in this enterprise. Under these circumstances, as a teachers' paper had always been a favorite idea with him, he resolved to present the subject at the then approaching meeting at Blmira, as he had done seven years before at Syracuse. The result was the establishment of the JVew Toi'h Teacher, with himself as resident editor. Its publication was commenced without a single bona fide subscriber (though some were pledged), and, as we are notan incor- porated body, he was obliged to become personally responsible for the pay- ment of all bUls. But the work prospered, and it had gradually increased in EDtrOATIONAL JoTTENALISM. 13 circulation until it was more extensively taken than any other journal of its kind in the country, — having nearly 3000 subscribers, and more than sustain- ing itself. For two years he had now served as resident editor — a place- he had never sought — , for which service he had received no compensation except fo the manual labor performed. With one or two exceptions, he had heard of no complaints of his course until he arrived at this meeting, where he found some few persons very busy in operating against him. He should, therefore, most respectfillly decline a reappointment, though he had no complaints to make, except that, if reports were true, there had been a want of frankness and open dealing towards him. — II, 258. He was, however, reappointed, Mr. T. H- Bowen, a clerk in the Department of Public Instruction, being made business manager and flaancial agent, so as to leave Mr. Valentine at liberty to give all his labor to editorial work. He started out with a jubilant retrospect, but resigned immediately, leaving entire charge of the Teacher to Mr. Bowen. Mr. Bowen's management proved disastrous. Of the first number he got out an edition of 5,000 copies of forty-eight pages, at a cost of more than $300 and more than double that of any previous issue. He announced that 5300 copies would be struck off in October, and he makes it fifty-two pages. He boasts of a list of ninety subscribers from Buffalo, and of one hundred from Solomon Jenner, of New York. Superintendent Rice urges trustees to subscribe for the Teaclier out of the library money, and to bind and place it in the library. The net price to trustees was put at eighty-four cents, which Mr. Bowen declares to be less than the price of printing, if the proceeds of advertisements should be deducted ; but he promises if the circulation can be increased " eight or ten thousand," to give sixty-four pages a month. To encourage them he prints sixty-four pages in January, 1854, he has a Cali- fornia editor, and he adds a New Jersey department. Having given 390 pages to the first six numbers he calls it a volume, and begins the number for April, 1855, as "Vol. IV, No. 1." In this number he says: Frankness is one element in my character. That being the case, I have to state that continued apprehension as to my health has induced me to accept an offer to engage in more lucrative business. I have, therefore, left the De- partment of Public Instruction, and now may be found with Smith & Co., manufacturers of Argentine and Silver Plated Ware; oflice at 542 Broadway, Albany. No step was ever taken with greater reluctance, but, in the judg- ment of all my friends, it was plainly my duty. In attempting to continue the Teacher through the year, though 1 may jeopardize my reputation in my pres- ent occupation, I feel that the service is due to the profession in which I have been a humble member, and with which 1 shall ever deeply sympathize. If I have friends (and I know I have) I need their sympathy and aid. My own toil is given freely without reward. Shall I be sustained ! T. H. BOWEN.— JF, 57. He doesn't jeopardize his reputation in his present occupation in the July number, for he gives one of Smith & Co.'s cuts of silver plated ware, describes the process of manufacture, and ends by declaring it equal in appearance and service to any in the world, as ware made by the firm of Smith & Co., "we are assured, has no superior in this or any other country," — IV, S40 — ; and he binds in with the number "Bowen's Self -Multiplier,'' a pamphlet of sixteen pages published by Fowler & Wells. - ' 14 An Address by C. W. Baedeen, But he got the thanks of the Association at Utica, and was continued financial manager, A. Wilder taking the editorial chair at the opening of Vol. V. He designed to give more variety to the matter inserted, ' ' that the maga- zine may be more fully adapted to the fireside, without losing its value to the teacher." Listen to this: The editorial vocation has always been the ideal of our aspirations. Too often is its drudgery performed for a meager and inequitable compensation ; and we have learned in what consists its wearisomeness, its annoyances, and its attractions. We, to some extent, apprehend the nature of the duties which we assume; and like the Hebrew prophet we shall supplicate that a double portion of the spirit of our predecessors be communicated to us It is ouri office to enligliteu rather thau to control (How modoat! — Ed. Bul.); and wo are habitually jealous of interference with personal right. ' Much may be en- dured in silence, but never forgotten. We intend to ever hold. the balance nicely adjusted between our own rights and those of our readers; erring rather from defect of judgment than from depravity of heart. — V, 3. It is easy to foresee what effect this sort of palaver will have on teachers accustomed to the rude but crisp and vigorous and honest opinions of Mr. Valentine. The finances got beyond Mr. Bowen's control, and he announced in the number for February, 1856, that his duties would thereafter be per- formed by Mr. James Cruikshank, then a clerk in the Department of Public Instruction. Mr. Bowen's last request to the teaching fraternity is an idea wholly original with him, but which needed no patent, viz : that every person eingaged in the work of instruction in the state should contribute -1% of his an- nual salary for the support of the Teacher, and the general purposes of the State Association. In Juiie, 1856, Mr. Cruikshank appeals with some urgency for more sub- scriptions, and at the Troy meeting of the association it was announced that by beginning the year with an edition of 10,000 copies of extra size, on a basis of less than 5,000 paying subscribers, and by a failure to obtain the state ap- propriation of $1,200, the small debt which rested on the Teacher had been run up to $3,400. The board of editors did not want to ask voluntary con- tributions of its own members, or to beg of its friends, and it recommended the acceptance of Mr. Cruikshank's proposition, to assume all the indebted- ness of the Teacher, in consideration for which its entire fiscal management should rest with him for three years, with editorial charge subject to the direction of the board of editors.— F, 560. It seems to us to have been a capital bargain for Mr. Cruikshank. The State appropriation of $1,200 was afterward paid, so that for $1,200 he got possession of the subscriptions and advertisements of the recognized official organ of the teachers of the state, having a circulation of nearly 5,000. At the conclusion of three years the contract was renewed for five more ; but Mr, Cruikshank's interest in the Teaclier became less and less, and finally, having removed from Albany and given it very little attention during the last year, he withdrew altogether at the close of the 16th volume, and the sub- Bcriptiou list was at the Auburn meeting in 1867 transferred to the American Educational Jouenalism. 15 Educational Monthly/, the contract lasting five years from June 1, 1868. Vol- umes V and VI of that journal have on the title-page " T/ie New York Teaclier and American Educational Montldy," but after that the title disappeared. THE NEW TOBK STATE EDTJCATIONAL JOURNAL. At the meeting of this Association held in this village, nine years ago, the project of an organ of the Association was once more revived and the following report of the committee appointed was adopted. Without recounting the failures of the past, or calling attention, beyond the mention, to the fact, of the two Educational Journals published in the State, local in their circulation and restricted in their range of topics, your ■ Committee would state that the matter referred to them presents itself in three aspects. 1st. The desirableness of a State Journal to represent all phases of our Educational work, — to give that information of the work of Education in gen- eral, which will incite tlie teachers of the State to more wisely directed, and more efficient effort. 2d. What Special Interests shall be served, and how can such a Journal be conducted. 3d, The Financial Features of the Project. Your Committee are prepared to report only on the 1st and 3d. Your Committee will not reflect upon the intelligence of this Association by discussing- the first point. You know what you want, and we are to-day but putting-into form what you have Indicated by "the appointment of this Committee. In considering the 2d point, allow your Committee to say, they are not unaware of two special and important interests in the State, wliicli have by some means been made antagonistic, and which if maintained in their present attitude must prove greatly detrimental to the success of the proposed Journals, it not pre- ventive of its establishment, even. Your Committee modestly affirm, also, that they have not underrated the difficulty of harmonizing these and other interests, and of enlisting all in the hearty support of the State Journal. Your Committee have consulted able and honorable representatives of these interests, who are members of this Association. Impressed with the great importance of having an educational organ for the enti/re State, representing all Educational interests, and taking rank with the very best of such mediums of Education, your Committee present the fol- lowing resolution, for your consideration and adoption. &soliied — 1st, That the Teachers' Association of the State of New York do earnestly desire the publication of a Journal to be called The New York State Educational Journal. Besolmed — 2d, That said Journal contains not less than 40 or 48 pages, ex- clusive of business advertisements, BesoVsed — 3d, That said Journal be under the sole direction of one editor. Besolved — 4th, That there be appointed by this Association six persons, as corresponding editors without moneyed remuneration, representing the six following interests, viz : 1. Public Schools. 2. High School and Academies. 3. Normal Schools. 4. Colleges. 5. Teachers' Institutes. 6. School Supervision. BesoVeed — 5th, That the members of this Association representing these several interests select a Committee of three who shall nominate one person to represent their interest in the literary management of. the Journal. 16 An Adleess by 0. "W. Baedeen, Resolved — 6tli, That said corresponding editors be requetted to furnish for said Journal such articles as their judgment shall dictate. Resolved — 7th, That we. as an Association, will, adopt the Educational Journal so conducted as our Educational organ, that we will give it our hearty support and that we will earnestly labor to increase its circulation. — /, 4^. In accordance with this report, the Association accepted the proposition of O. R. Burchard, Instructor in Classics at the Predonia State Kormal School, to publish at Buffalo a monthly journal of 48 pages at |1.50 a year. The first number contained 76 pages, and was devoted almost entirely to a report of the State Association. This was the editor's first mistake, as the initial number did not open up a lively prospect to hesitant subscribers." His second mistake was in uniting the September and October, and the November and December numbers of his second volume, in order to make the year begin with January. Though he assured his subscribers that for the year's sub- scription they would get twelve numbers, and that the change was only to make the volume begin with the year, he could not convince them that he was not attempting to swindle them, and he lost many renewals. Yet when, after having published 37 numbers, he sold the Journal to me in March, 1875, he had still some 1,300 paid subscribers — a substantial list, which allowed some profit above publication expenses. Under Mr. Burchard's management, tlie Btate Educational Journal ranked well among the monthlies. The news was fuller than was their usual, the size was maintained, and the articles were generally interesting. But he was confined to a corner of the State, and he had no intimate acquaintance with the leading teachers, so that the Journal was in no proper sense the organ of this Association. In fact it is hardly practical for this Association to have an organ. It is an unquestioned aduantage to an educational journal to be recognized as the organ of such an Association as this. There is great coherent power in an organization thirty-six years old. "We meet in different places, from year to' •year, and the attendance at each session is largely local, yet 1 am astonished at the number of faces always to be seen here. The number of you is not one or two or half a dozen that have been present at nearly every one of these thirty-six meetings. When the philosophical historian of the future comes to depict the calamities of the railroad riots of 1877, I am inclined to think he will paiut with most vigorous pencil not the mobs at Pittsburgh, not the loss to the country from -delay in transportation, but the sadly-bowed figure of Father lloss, turned back from the depot at Waterloo because the train would not cany him to our annual meeting at Plattsbugh. Members thus constant to their meetings will be constant to their official journals. It is in this official recognition that the success of the New England Journal of Education has its foundation. It is backed solidly by the leading, teachers of New England, and so long as this support continues it may be just as prosy, and nerveless and devoted to money-getting as its editor chooses, and still it will be the leading educational journal of the country. I am told that the publishers divided last year the sum of $8000, as clear profit, after Educational Journalism. 17 paying liberal salaries to all connected with the paper. If so, and I do not doubt it, the business is worth a hundred thousand dollars, all of which is practically a gift to Mr. I'icknell from the prominent teachers of New Eng- land. It is their unswerving support of tlieir own organ, not any ability of his, that makes the Jonrmil prosperous. On the other hand look at the history of the Educntional Weekly. Seven years ago, Mr. S. R. Wincliell was principal of the ^Milwaukee high school. He is a brother of Dr. Alexander Winchell, then chancellor of Syracuse Uni- versity, iind afterwards deposed from liis professorsliip in Vanderbilt Univers- ity because he had the courage to state certain scientific facts and certain deductions from them not complimentary to the negro, concerning Adamites and Pre-Adamites. He is now professor of geology in the Uuivcrsity of Michigan. Principal Winchell published in 1874 a little high school paper, which had such success tliat he gave up his school and for more than a year gave his time to a western edition of the School Bulletest. Still successful, his yA:\n broadened, and he resolved to unite in a western weekly all the educational journals about Chicago, as the New E-ncjland Journal had united those about Boston. His plan was successful, and he started what proved to be an excellent weeWy journal. It was bright, newsy, positive, progressive, always readable. He had the assistance of various editors — Mahoney, who had at one time made the Ghicago Teaclier a favorite all over the country, and who afterwards filled A. S. Barnes & Co. with consternation when he edited tlieir Teachers' Monthly; Vaile, who had been dismissed from a school in Cincinnati for teach- ing his boys and girls something of biology, and from another in Chicago for making one of his boys mind, and whose articles in the Ohio Educational JfoB^AJjr had been favorites: he is now publishing the Schoolmaster; Payne, Prbfessor of Pedagogy in the University of Michigan, who is doing more thau any man in the country to put the science of teaching upon a sound and scien- tific historical basis. Mr. Winchell and liis wife were both ready writers and hard workers, and the amount of brain work put into the Weekly for five years has never been equalled in any like enterprise. In short, it was an able, creditable, helpful journal, and individually the best teachers lilted it. But for want of concerted effort, because it was not the organ of any powerful body of teachers, it failed pecuniarily, and after a heroic struggle of five years Mr. Winchell sold it for a thousand dollars to a professional advertiser, who now dishes up a weekly stew of paragraphs advocating corporal punishment, denouncing specified text- books, and puff- ing the virtues of liver-pads. The contrast in the history of these two weekly journals shows, as a score of similar instances I might adduce would show, how great an advantage it is to an educational journal to be called the organ of a teachers' association. But the advantage is entirely with the journal. It can in no sense properly repre- IS An Address by C. "W. Baedeen, sent an organization meeting but once a year. Either its editor has convictions of liis own, or he hasn't. If he has, he will say what he thinks, association or no association; and if he hasn't — well, some people like what the billof fare calls "vegetable soup," consisting of a small potato or two and a slice of car- rot floating about in warm water. Each to his taste: but such a journal cer- tainly cannot represent anything very vigorously. The legitimate "organ" of a teachers' association is its volumes of published annual reports. The American Institute of Instruction is far better represented in its flfty-one volumes, reaching back to its first meeting in 1830, than in the New England Journal of Edueation ; and this Association, having been taught once more by Secretary Campbell how to publish its proceedings without going into bankruptcy, will, I hope, never fail again to add each year one more to the large number of volumes already issued. INDIVIDUAL ENTERPRISES. THE ACADEMICIAN. 1818-1819. On Feb. 7, 1818, appeared the first number of TM Academician, a semi- weekly octavo (6x9^) of 16 pages, at $3.00 a year. The editors were Albert Picket, president of the Incorporated Society of Teachers, and John W. Picket, corresponding secretary of the same. The editors deemed it unneces- sary to expatiate on the utility of periodical publications in diffusing knowl- edge, and concentrating facts and opinions, which though isolated, are yet of real importance. Their contents were to "consist of observations on Polite literature; essays on nwral and 'physical science; UograpMcal sketches of distinguished persons; Poetry, original and selected; criticisms; strictures on the best modes of education, notices of literary and philosophical institutions, <&c." Solutions of problems in science was to be a leading feature, beginning with Arithmetic, with easy questions. We find a series of articles on the new Lan- casterian and Pestalozzian systems, and an essay on the evil tendency of the- atrical representatjons at school. There is an Ode to Terror, — the last line: "And write, in blood, the fatal warrior's doom." In curious contrast to the laboriously profound articles which fill most of the pages is a minute report of the trustees of Hyco Academy, North Caro- lina, which details how the First Class consisted of Mary Smith and Williard Parlee, who were examined on spelling in words of one and two syllables, and were approved; while the Second Class consisted of Sophia A.-M. M'Gehee, etc., etc. ^ In the number for Oct. 19, one Samuel Bacon, of York, Pa., writes to the editors a congratulatory letter, and encloses a prospectus of The Academi- cal Herald and Journal of Education, which he had projected six months before, and relinquished only when the Academician anticipated his plans. In this prospectus he had remarked : It seems strange that almost every art, science and profession has its jje- culiar vehicle of information, while the science of education is without its advocate. Law, medicine and divinity, commerce, agriculture, and even the Educational Jouenalism. 19 fashies and follies of the age, have their " Journals," while the art of improv- ing the human mind, the source whence all the others derive their conse- quence, is abandoned to chance or neglect. In the 14th number, " literary information " is solicited, which expres- sion the editors amplify to include 1. The origin, progress, and particularly the present state of SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. The number of presiding oflScers and their names : — course of study, etc. 2. Legislative and corporate encouragement. 3. Manner of government, how administered. 4. Professorships, number of professors and tutors. 5. Number of students in each place of learning. 6. The expenses of tuition, board, etc. 7. Society of students for literary improvement, rules, regulations, awards or distinctions. 8. Philosophical apparatus, library, etc, 9. Description of the buildings and their cite {»ic) — of the city, town or village in which they are situated, and of the adjacent country, etc. 10. Names of students who excel at the annual examinations; — reports of the examining committees, premiums, rewards, etc. 11. An account of the rise and progress of theological societies and insti- tutions — Sunday schools, etc. The first fruit of this invitation is an account of Hamilton College, and the next number gives a description of a Lancasterian school in Washington. Where 43 are making gratifying progress in dictionary exercises, English reading and grammar, Ramsay's Washington, Cumming's geography, etc. 28 with the above number read Freame's Scripture instructions (extracts from the old and new testament) and are able to spell words of from three to five syllables. 16 are learning to read Dr. Watt's divine songs and spell words of two syllables, etc. On the whole The Academician is dry reading. The full 25 numbers were published, with an index and a preface which announced that the editors had completed their labors. They say: In the prosecution of this work, obstacles have arisen, which, unaccus- tomed to editorial duties, we little expected to encounter; but notwithstand- ing these, and the short cessation allowed us from the toils of the scolastic {m) profession, we have, in hopes of being useful to the student, preceptor, and the public, endeavored to fulfil the expectations which may have been excited from the novelty of the undertaking, and the situation in which we are placed. AMERICAN JOURNAL OP EDUCATION, 1826-1880. In January, 1826, appeared in Boston the first number of a monthly journal of 64 pages (5^x9), at $4.00 a year. A leading object was to furnish a record of facts, and the conductors promised to make it their constant en- deavor to aid in diffusing enlarged and liberal views of education. In its second volume it chronicled the death of Pestalozzi, and it discussed inter- linear translations, infant schools, monitorial instruction, and the like. In the fourth volume it announced a new departure, in the form of articles less 20 An Address by C. W. Bardeen, strictly pedagogic, to attract a larger class of readers. But it did not make money enough for support, and in August, 1830, it was succeeded by THE AMERICAN ANNALS OE EDUCATION, 1830-? The transfer was somewhat peculiar, and has nowhere, as far as I know, been correctly chronicled. I have two copies of Vol. I of the American Annals. One begins with August, 1830, under the title of American Journal and Annals of Education and Instruction, New Series, Vol. I, No. VI, witli double paging for part of the 176 pages up to January. The other leaves American Journal out of the title, and begins witli Januaiy, 1881. The first number of thts last volume contains a prefix of 34 pages, givmg the first four letters describing Fellenberg's school at Hofwyl, which had been published in the other volume, and the January number proper begins with the fifth of these letters. In September, 1883, there is a Notice to Subscribers, in which it is said : liepeated attempts have been made to establish a periodical on Education, but with little success. This work is the only one of a general character' which now exists in the United States, so far as we are informed Since its origin,, as the "Journal of Education," it has never been profitable to the editor, nor to its early publishers, except as a medium for advertising Its first editor was compelled to abandon it; and for some time after no one was found willing to assume its responsibilities permanently. The present eriitor * * * purchased the property of the "Journal, "and subse- quently of the "Educational Reporter," and has conducted it for three years at very considerable expense. * * * In order to make it known more extensively, to interest the friends of education, and to circulate the information he had received, about 500 volumes and 5,000 extra numbers have been sent out, without any payment, to public institutions, missionary schools, individuals engaged in education, and the editors of newspapers. * * , He believed it safe to assume that * * * at least 1,500 persons would be found, anxious to obtain all the liglit of modern im- provement on this important subject, and ready to sustain a publication de- voted to it. Yet the event has proved that less'than nine hundred can bo found to support a work which for three years has received warm expressions of ap- probation from parents, and teachers, and the public press. Notwithstanding all the expenses incurred, he has never received a dollar from tlie publication, either as editor or proprietor. On the contrary, the accounts for the two first years show a large amount, in addition to all the receipts, still due, for printing and paper, for which he is responsible, — III, IiSl, S. In November appeared a Publisher's Notice, as follows : The following proofs of confidence in the Annals satisfy us that the perse- vering efforts of its friends may now secure its continuance. If the expenses already incurred could be paid by the sale of the volumes on hand, with an equal number for next year, at a reduced price, the interest now excited in behalf of the work is increasing its subscription so rapidly that it will doubtless go on, If not, it must stop. A number of distinguished friends of education have recommended a sub- scription to purchase these volumes, at $10.00 per set of four volumes, (1881, '2, '3, '4, bound in cloth backs), for distribution among our institutions and libraries, Id order to preserve the only American periodical on this subject, Educational Journalism. 21 and to disseminate the information it contains Single sets for private use, twelve dollars. Orders (specifying wbellier the volume for 1834 would be in numbers or bound,) may be address.d to the editor and proprietor of the work, or to ALLEN & TICKNOK, Publishers. Boston, November 1, 1833. The December number gratefully acknowledges many responses to this appeal, including one subscription of $100 and another of $50, but laments that the amount yet promised did not exceed one third of that necessarj' to purchase the whole and relieve the work. " The prospect of its going on, if once relieved from paxt burdens, is now certain." — III, 60S. I have but four volumes of this journal, but I think I have seen some nine or ten in the State Library at Albany. It was more sprightly than its predecessor, and has no little intrinsic and permanent value. THE COMMON SCHOOL ASSISTANT, 1836-? In January, 1836, there was issued at Albany the first number of a quarto (8ixl0i) journal of eight pages published in Albany, at fifty cents a year,.by J. Orville Taylor. Mr. Taylor was widely known as an educational leader. His "First" and " Second " Lectures on Education were subsequently published and circu- lated by tlie American Common School Society. His "District School" had been issued two years before by Harper & Brothers. His first number is endorsed by several of the leading politicians of the State, and 50,000 copies of that issue were distributed gratuitously, by subscription of "a number of a, number of philanthropic gentlemen feeling the necessity of a cheap paper for the improvement of common schools." He begins: The improvement of Common Schools is the exclusive object of this paper. Prom statistical tables it can be seen that only one pupil in twenty goes higher than the common school. This paper, therefore, will endeavor to assist nineteen out of twenty of the children and youth of these United States, while they are acquiring the only education they will ever receive. It started out well, with short articles, considerable news, and such endorsement by teachers that when the seventh issue was reached the back numbers had to be reprinted to fill orders. In No. 11 the leading editorial talks gleefully of A Better Day: What a change in one year, 'and on the subject of education too ! 1 A subject to which public attention had not been turned. We might, it is true, have talked about education; have written some learned essays on education; have put on the statute-booh some good laws on education; but the whole people with their voice and their press and their travelling agents and their voluntary associations, controlling and concentrating their awakend energies, had not spoken. It is only of late that the arms of the community have been thrown around the school-house. It is' but even now, ihat public sympathy and action, and united public action, is {sic) with and for the common school. En- lightened public opinion »«-»*« M 7wm/«K, and strongly felt, in every district, and in every family of the district. When the father passes the school-house, he says to his neighbor : 22 An Address bt 0. W. Bardeen, " We must put some glass in the windows that you see broken out; anrl we must nail on those clap-boards; and we must fix a little shelter for the wood, to keep it dry this winter." His neighbor says: "Yes, yes, you are right. I was thinking about that the other day ; 'we will try and have a better school than we have had. I think, too, we should pay a little more and get a better teacher: don't you think it is best? " "I should, like that much," says the other, "for I mean to send my larger children to school this winter, and I mean to send them more steadily, too, than I have done. I do believe, as the Uommon Sclwol, Assistant says, 'that to give our children a good education is the best thing we can do for for them.'" "Yes, neighbor,'" says the other, "I will go tomorrow and fix the school-house; and will keep a good look out for a qualified teacher, and we will have a school meeting, and get all the district awake on this subject." Such is the feeling and languaare in the districts. What could be more hopeful?— /, Si. At the close of the year Mr. Taylor announces that- he shall begin his second volume with a monthly issue of 50,000 copies, and publishes a letter from Edward Everett, highly approving and offering to contribute. This number is accompanied by a design for a model school-house, by Alex. J. Davis, esq., architect. New York. Outside it resembles the first fire-engine house in a sprouting western city, the most prominent feature being a big and tall bell- tower. The building proper is half of an octagon, the desks being grouped about the " Master Seat," as the plate puts it, probably by accident. A clock and globes are over head, while on each side are architectural models — one of a Grecian temple and the other of a Gothic cathedral. There are no iDindmos, all the light being admitted from above. In the number for November, 1837, the editor announced "A Happy Thought." Thereafter he resolved to make his paper conform to the needs of children in the school-room, and accordingly he proposed in future issues to have the following departments: (1) News of the day, (2) Common Schools, (3) Social Morals, (4) Domestic Economy, (5) Political Economy, (6) Agricul- ture, (7) Mechanics, (8) Duties of Public Officers, (9) Science of Government, (10) Practical Chemistry, (11) Natural Philosophy. The first statement under Practical Chemistry is as follows : Caloric is a very thin subtle fluid. The journal for May, 1838, illustrates " The Old School House," and "The New School House." " The Old School House " is made of boards which are tumbling apart, (query, why not of logs?) while the smoke, possibly the flame, pours from a comer of the roof where once was the chimney. Though this would indicate cold weather, boys are wading bare-legged in a ditch by the road, deep enough for another boy to cast up the despairing arms of one drowning. The master, balancing himself on his heels in total disregard of the usual restrictions as to centre of gravity, is striking with a cane a boy who sits rather uneasily upon the circumambient atmosphere. Another boy, hanging on the tail-board of a Educational Jouenalism. 23 ■wagon, is being whipped by tlie driver, who, though in the distance, is a half larger than the master in the foreground, and who must be not only legless but thighless, as not the wagon, nor the space under it, nor the ground beneath, could contain the continuation of his form upon the same proportions. The rest of the boys are fighting, and all of them wear stove-pipe hats. One girl without a waist is jumping rope, and another, with ears set back under her hair to make room for her grin, is fixing her bonnet. Altogether it is a dismal spectacle. " The Kew School House " is a marked contrast. All the boys have been killed ofE but two, and these are being led, liand in hand, down the clean pavement, by a Sixth "Ward politician with his St. Patrick's hat on, and with one leg bent out to allow for the uncomfortable length of his left femur. There is a fence in front, made of two thin boards so far apart as to be no im- pediment to passage, and a pair of open gates which would come within a foot of meeting when they were closed. The building has two windows and a double-door without handle or hinges. Dyspeptic trees lean in labored rows on each side, and the absence of any sign of life shows that the place has long been deserted, and that these two boys have been taken to it as a spectacle of some historical interest like Bunker Hill Monument or Libby Prison. On the whole it is mournfuUer to contemplate than the other. Such were the ideals of forty years ago. In March, 1838, the editor confesses that his paper has never paid for the printing and paper, but has expended .$2,000 more than its receipts. The reward it gets is in the consciousness of exerting a great elevating in- fluence; and. greatly will that reward be increased if similar efforts (looking to the great good already done) shall give us many papers advocating the " People's College," as there are now advocating the subject of temperance. At the conclusion of the 3d volume the editor says: Four states have within the last eighteen months appointed Boards of Commissioners of Common Schools, sent out their Secretaries to address the people, and commenced the publication of common school papers. All of the school periodicals published by these Boards have taken a part of the name that we first proudly selected, viz: "Common School." This sheet was the first that ever bore on its front that noble title. And it seems that we had not only chosen a happy name, for every sheet with one exception out of the eleven now published and started since our own has adopted our form— a, quarto with eight pages. » « # Our paper has gone on without any interruption, increasing its subscribers daily, till it now has a larger list than it ever had at any other time. And we are happy to announce that our encouragement is such as to permit a small remuneration to agents, and still have good expectations of a fair salary to the editor. — Vol. Ill, p. 89. The numbers for September, October and November, 1839. contain wood cuts intended to be satirical, but which artistically are atrocious. I have no copy of this journal later than Vol. V, No. 4, for April, 1840, and do not know whether it lived longer. BARNARD'S AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, 1856- . Though the proper title to this quarterly does not include the editor's name, it is necessary to specify it in order to distinguish this journal from two 24 An Adleess by 0. W. Baedeen, others of the same name — its predecessor that Ijved only four years and a half, already referred to, and a paper published since 1868 at St. Louis, which is mainly devoted to the business and personal puffing of its loqua- cious proprietor. Col. J. B. Merwin, but which has maintained a precarious foothold upon the threshold of reputable educational journals by means of occasional articles by W. T. Harris and Anna C. Brackett, and by keeping in prominent position recommendations a year or two old from such state super- intendents as could be cajoled. What right this paper has to Mr. Barnard's title I have never learned, except the right of pure impudence, in which it surpasses all that Pomevoy's Democrat diaxeA. in its most reckless issues. When the Paris Exposition awarded the gold medal to Barnard's journal. Col. Mer- win coolly apended to a discussion of certain embarrassments in which Mr. Bicknell had involved himself by a circular note to the newspapers, asking them to publish a puff in regard to his ''Bronz medal," the following postscript: P, S. We learn from a private source that a gold medal was awarded to the Amekican Jotjbnal of Education.— XZ, Oct., 9. Possibly he thought to shield himself, if detected in this shameless mis- representation, by calling it a joke. But, apart from the fact that not one in a hundred of his readers knew that there was another American Journal of Bducatian, his typography convicts him of an absolute falsehood : for he puts the name of the journal in small caps, a distinction universally confined to one's own journal, all others being named in italics, as in this very article. But enough of him, whose sheet we have mentioned only to prevent confu- sion from identity of titles. Even from the start there was some ambiguity. The original edition bears this imprint: • The American JOURNAL OF EDUCATION and COLLEGE REVIEW. Edited by Abbaham Pbtbks, D.D., and Henry Barnard, LL.D. Dr. Peters represented the "Western College Society," and Dr. Barnard the "American Association for the Advancement of Education," and both had contemplated publishing such a periodical. At the second meeting of the latter association, (Newark, 1853) a short paper on Educational Periodicals had been read by Thos. H. Burrowes, state superijitendent of Pennsylvania, and editor of one of the four journals startetl Jan, 1, 1853, two of which still live, his Pennsyl/eania School Journal, and the Ohio Journal of Education (now Uducational Monthly). The others named as then existing were: The Common School Journal, Boston, begun Nov., 1838. The Connecticut Common School Journal, Hartford, begun Aug., 1848. The Journal of Education, Bath, Me., begun Oct., 1851. The Rhode Island Educational Magazine, Providence, begun Jan., 1853. Educational Journalism. 25 It is queer that he makes no allusion to his nearest neighbor, the New York Teacher. On motion of Dr. J. B. Thomson, the text-book author (whose name in these reports always get a superfluous p inserted) it was ResoUed, That Educational Journals are among the most efficient auxilia- ries in the advancement of popular Education, and richly deserve the cordial support of Teacher and the liberal patronage of the community. — Proceed- ings, pp. S7, 82. At the fourth meeting (Washington, 1854,). it was, on motion of Bishop Potter, BesoVced, That the standing committee be instructed to consider, and re- port specifically at the next annual meeting, upon the important suggestions made by Dr. Barnard, in his report of his late educational tour in Great Britain, respecting the expediency of establishing, in connection with the Association, a national museum or depository for books, globes, charts, models, etc., of school apparatus — also, a national educational journal — also, a system of educational exchanges — also, a plan for a series of educational tracts adopted for circulation throughout the United States— and the employ- ment by the Association of a permanent agent. — I, 18. We give this resolution in full, to show how broad was the purpose of the Association. A "Plan of Central Agency" was presented at the same meet- by Dr. Barnard, to be carried out either through the Association or through the Smithsonian Institution : The Institution [or Association] to appoint a secretary or agent; with a salary, and to furnish a room for an office and depository of educational documents and apparatus, and beyond this not to be liable for any expense. Agenda by the secretary or agent; ******* 4. To edit a publication, to be entitled the American Journal and Library of Education, on the plan set forth in the accompanying paper (A.) PLAN OF PUBLICATION.— A quarterly or monthly issue under the general title of the AmbBican Journal and Library of Education. I. A Journal of Education, to be issued in quarterly or monthly num- bers, embracing articles on systems, institutions and methods of education, and the current intelligence of literature and education, and to make an octavo volume annually of at least 600 pages. II. A Library of Education, to consist of a series of independent treatises on the following [among other] subjects, to be issued in parts, and to be forwarded with the Journal to subscribers; the several parts or treatises to make an octavo volume of at least 6C0 pages per year. — I, 134. "The following subjects " cover two pages of fine print, and are remark- able as showing how completely the plan he has since carried out was devel- oped at the inception of his great undertaking. In fact, the project had been conceived, he tells us, in 1842. At the next meeting (New York, 1855) the committee reported: First, That in accordance with a resolution of the Association at its last meeting, the committee had taken into consideration the subject of the ap- 26 An Address by C. W. Baedeen, pointment of a general agent, but from want of funds, have been able to take no definite action in the matter. Second, That the subject of a National Journal of Education was also considered, and as the committee were not authorized or prepared to assume the responsibility of establishing one, the Hon. Henry Barnard stated that he had determined to undertake the publication of such a journal, the plan of ■which he submitted to the committee, with the proposition that the first num- ber of the proposed journal should consist of the proceedings of the Associa- tion for the last year. The proposition was agreed to, with the stipulation that neither the committee nor the Association should be in any way responsi- ble for the manner in which the Journal shall be conducted, nor be in any degree pecuniarily liable, except for the payment of bills that may be due for printing done by order of the Association or Committee. Third, That a programme of exercises had been prepared and extensively circulated, to which was appended a brief sketch of the past history of the Association, and the prospectus of the proposed journal — Proceedings, pp. 9, 10. With this cautious endorsement. Dr. Barnard begins his work, issuing the first number in August, 1855, after a conference with Dr. Peters resulting in a union of interests. As Dr. Barnard had already put most of his first number into type, it was not practicable to change its character materially, but in preparing the second number it became evident to both the' gentlemen that their aims were too diverse to permit them to work together. Accord- ingly, each was accorded the privilege of using the first two numbers as the initial numbers of their respective magazines, and each returned to his original plan. Dr. 'PeiexscaxiiQA Yds Journal of Education and College Bemew at least as far as No. 4 of Vol. III. Dr. Barnard's American Journal of Education is still published, and so pitifully dwarfs by comparison all other efforts in this direction that with a brief description of its features our history must cease. All subsequent enterprises are puny by contrast. In a recent letter to the Boston Herald, Miss Elizabeth P. Peabody, presi- dent of the American Froebel Union, and every where respected and loved for a life devoted to education, much of it in conjunction with her sister, Mrs. Horace Mann, has told Mr. Barnard's story so well that I cannot do better than to copy from it here : It was in conjunction with •Horace Mann that Dr. Henry Barnard, who was the only man (as the present writer has often heard Horace Mann declare) that, from the beginning of his now universally recognized revival and reform of education in Massachusetts, entirely understood, supported and sustained him in it, and then went and did likewise. Should Dr. Barnard's own life and correspondence ever see the light, the letter Mr. Mann wrote to him when he left Massachusetts to assume the presidency of Antioch College in Ohio, should be given to the world. In that letter he speaks of all he felt he owed to Dr. Barnard's counsel and sympathy from the beginning and throughout his own career. He even expresses the wish that he had, in every instance, taken his advice, declaring that everything he regretted having said would have been avoided had he done so. But we must not get before our story. In the fourth decade of the present century, the publication, by Victor Cousin, of the Prussian system of normal schools for teachers, roused the attention of the most intelligent men of Massachusetts to the necessity of making a board of education in the state government for the care of the education of the whole people. It was ac- Educational Jouenalism. 27 knowledged to be the only guarantee of the development and stability of the republic to make education seen to be first of all the professions, and the science of sciences. It was truly a providential thing, witnessing to the in- tr-raction of the divine and human wills of our progressive life, that Horace Mann was elected to be the secretary of the first state board of education in the United States. His first step was to set forth, in lectures delivered in every county, that education was the broadest and most inclusive of the liberal professions, and his next step was to estaWisli normal schools for the education of the common-school teachers. The prestige that has been given to the profession of common school teaching, the changes that have been wrought for the better by these normal schools, are immense. Their number has increased, during the last 40 years, in the United States and Canada, to more than 100. Nevertheless, normal schools for teachers have not yet taken j-ank with the professional schools of theology, law and medicine, because their pupils have not been previously educated in the university or its equiva- lent, and because the term of study has been so short; while the studies of an educator should cover or involve the studies of all the other professional schools. How this more complete university school was to be secured, was a problem that deeply moved the minds of both Mr. Mann and Dr. Barnard, and all the more, because they saw how slowly the general mind realized the wide scope of a profession whose work comprises vastly more than empirical ■ teaching, even the whole development, ab origine, of man. To educate the successive generations, put the whole past and present into the future, requires study of liuman nature in its original principles and ideas, and, in its develop- ment in the h'Story of the past of all nations, an adequate professional school for educators must study all the great legislators of antiquity, whose laws were intended for human as well as for material development, and all the sys- tems of moral and intellectual philosophy, from Plato and Aristotle, to the modern philosophers of all the European nations and America, with all their biographies, as well as of the specific writers on education. It should inves- tigate and promulgate the plans and workings of all institutions of education for infants and youths and adults, of any name or fame, whether moral, in- dustrial, reformatory, intellectual, scientific or artistic, religious, civil, or political, and it should have a library containing all this information. How could there be such an educational school — ^^of the dimensions of a university — with adequate professors ? And, if provided at the enormous expense it would cost, how would the army of teachers from all parts of this great country be able to go and study in it ? Such a normal school as this seemed to be an impossibility; yet, without it, how could the profession of education take its place of superiority or even equality with the professions of law, medicine, and theology, a large part of whose studies it must needs comprise in its curriculum ? But there is no idea conceivable by the mind of man that the energies of man shall not realize. Dr. Barnard conceived of this way. If the teachers of the coming generations could not be gathered into a normal uni- versity, a normal university might be put within the reach of every teacher by means of an encyclopaedia of education, in which should be gathered together from hundreds of volumes, in all languages, the educational lore of all ages. The thought was father of the deed. Beside all the educational work Dr. Barnard has done in the last forty years, (of which an amazing account is given in the Connecticut School Journal of 1855, covering 99 pages, of which we have not space to give even the outline,) he has been publishing for the last twenty-seven years this Enoyclopsedia of Education, giving not his own para phrases of the ideas and systems of all the great philosophers of education, but their own statements of them in their own words, together with the biog- raphies of all distinguished educators and minute descriptions of all educational 28 An Address by 0. "W. Baedeen institutions in Europe and America, in tlieir methods and working. He put it into tlie form of a Quarterly Journal, because he thought that enough teach- ers would subscribe to meet the expense of printing it. In this expectation he has been disappointed, for he has no claptrap, and the contents were of too solid a character to serve as a manual for merely empirical teachers. There- fore, he has gone on publishing volume after volume at his own private ex- pense of more than $1000 a year, and finds himself within sight of his goal with no more resource of means. It was the manifest disinterestedness of " Louis Agassiz, teacher," (as he directed should be the inscription put upon his tomb-stone) that touched and set flowing the public liberality in his case. Not less remarkable, but even more so, is the case of Dr. Barnard. Having just completed the most extens- ive and costly preparation that could be made in America and Europe for the profession of the law, for which he seemed rarely gifted, and having been chosen and served for the years 1838. 1839 and 1840 as a member of the Con- necticut Legislature, where he distinguished himself, he was asked to become the law partner of the oldest practitioner in the state, and afterward of Wyllis Hall, then attorney-general of New York state, which would have given him position at once. But he persistently turned away all prospects of ample gains in business and elevation into public life, and threw himself, at .28 years of age, wholly into educational work, counting it, as did his friend, Horace Mann, the highest and most beneficent employment of human powers, and spending on the work itself all that he received as salaries in the several oflBces that he filled of superintendent of education for four years in Rhode Island, where he created a public school system, and, subsequently, as chan- cellor of two unii^ersities successively; also $10,000 more than he received as first Commissioner of the Department of Education established by Congress between 1868 and 1870, inclusive. Dr. Barnard inherited a modest fortune cbnsisting mainly of the beautiful homestead in Hartford, where he was born and now resides. But $40,000 of this fortune he has sunk in publishing this journal, being persuaded that to put concentrated normal schools, as it were, in the form of this library, all over the land is the most efficient thing that could be done for universal edu- cation, in whose excellence inheres our continued national existence and wel- fare. This encylcopedic journal will be completed by three volumes more, making thirty-three volumes in the whole. One word more. Professorships of education have, within the past few years, been established at the universities of Edinburgh, St. Andrews and Cambridge, marking the advanced estimate of the profession of education, and it is noteworthy that Barnard's Journal of Education has been recognized by two of the leaders as a "thesaurus upon the subject, unparalleled in Kng- lish literature." " This is by far the most valuable book in our language on the history of education," says the author of the article on education, in the last edition of the Encyclopedia Brittanica. Miss Peabody proposes that Mr. Barnard be assisted by the purchase of two hundred sets of this Journal, at $150 a set, the same to be distributed at central points, something after the manner of our law-libraries. I wish this might be done, both for the sake of Mr. Barnard, and for the sake of teachers, who cannot generally hope to invest so large an amount for books of their own, but who would be profited greatly by access to such a theaurus of educational information. Upon members of this association who control the selection of books for public libraries, or who know benevolent individuals that need only to be shown a thoroughly worthy object in order to contribute, Educational Jouenalism. 29 let me urge the immediate consideration of this plan of Miss Peabody's. You will render efficient aid in a noble work. THE CIRCULATION OF EDUCATIONAL JOURNALS. Let me add a word as to the support given to educational journals. Almost every copy I take up contains appeals to teachers to be loyal to their pro- fession, and complaints that such apathy prevails — the occasion of both being that the editor gets so few teachers to subscribe. Now to me the wonder is that so many subscribe. If teaching were a pro- fession, there would be no difficulty. The London Sclioolmaster is not a very lively periodical, and yet it has 25,000 subscribers. Why? Because in Eng- land teaching is a profession — at least to the extent that certain definite quali- fications are requisite to get into it, and to determine the rank of the teacher when he has entered. I take up the last number and I read: TOTTENHAM SCHOOL BOARD. Coleraine Park (Permanent) Schools. WANTED.— Head and Assistant (Certification and Ex-P. T.) TEACH- ERS for the Boys' (370), Girls' (380) and Infants' (400) Departments. * * Salary in each case according to the scale of the Board. A Transfer PUPIL-TEACHER (Third Tear) for the Love-lane Boys' School. Salary £30. J. F. ADAMS, Clerk. School Board OiScers, Tottenham. There is something definite about that advertisement, and there are four pages of such. The certificated qualification determines both the place and the price, and the number of those properly qualified who are willing to accept the price is not in excess of the demand. The pupil-teacher does not apply for a head-mastership, nor is a head-mastership given to a pupil-teacher be- cause he underbids or is a cousin of the president of the board. How is it here? I have occasionally published an advertisement for a teacher, but never from the same school-board twice. One experience is suffi- cient, for the thousand and one teachers out of a position pause only to see that there is a place vacant, and write for it by the next mail, whether it be as superintendent of schools in Owego, or as district-school teacher in Appala- chin. They want "a place," and here is "a place" open, and they apply without waiting for particulars. And they are wise in their generation, for not uncommonly the first man to apply is taken, asked only if he is cheap enough. The crusades never witnessed such a general pilgrimage as the sec- ond Wednesday of October concentrates upon the newly elected trustees of this State. And of all the questions the trustee is likely to ask, the last is whether the applicant knows anything about pedagogy and takes a teachers' journal. Under these circumstances it is to me marvellous that our young teachers are as enterprising as they are. Something is due to Commissioners, some- thing to institute instructors, something to the advice and example of promi- nent teachers, and on the whole our young teachers show considerable desire to learn how to to teach better. Not unfrequently I have witnessed sacrifices 30 An Addeess by C. W. Baedeejst. that were pathetic, to secure a book or a paper that was likely to be helpful. And when teachers are hired and paid, not according to their impudence, or their cheap rates, or their relation to the trustee, but according to their quali- fications, trust me there will be no complaint that worthy books and periodi- cals lack support. Governor Cornell has been criticized because he vetoed the Pension Bill. I am glad he vetoed it. Good teachers do not. want a pension-system. The business is attractive enough now to call in a horde of people too lazy to do any- thing which is generally understood to require skill and brains and industry. A general increase of salaries or the addition of special privileges would only increase the pressure brought to bear upon incompetent trustees to admit out- siders who are wholly incapable. What we teachers want, all we ask, is DISCRIMINATION. Assure us that only those properly qualified shall teach at all, and that the pay of those who teach shall depend upon the degree of our qualification, and we shall leave no stone unturned to raise our qualification as high as possible. In that good time coming no pensions will be needed either by teachers or by educa- tional journalists. rm sowoi-BUiiETiw fusiiajiTioBis. The School Bulletin and New Tork State ^Educational Journalf Monthly, per year $1 00 The Kinderg;aTten Messenger and New Education. Monthly, per yr. 1 00 The School Room and Teachers' ' Companion. Monthly, per year,. . 60 Topics of the Day. Monthly, per year 36 Adams. Free bchool System of the United States 175 Agallte Slating, to cover 100 ft., post- paid 175 Aids to School Discipline, per box 1 25 Alden. First Principles of Political Economy 75 American Ijihrary of Education. See Bible, Locke, Mann. Bach...... 25 Bardeen. Common School Law, with State Examination Questions 50 Roderick Hume, the story of a New York Teacher 125 Geography of Onondaga County with Colored Map 25 Some Facts about our Public School System 25 Educational Journalism 25 School Bulletin Year Book, 1879 1 00 '' '• " •• 18B0 1 00 New York Regents' Schools, 1881 25 Beesau The Spirit of Education 1 25 Bennett Education Abroad 15 Beehe First Steps among Figures. Teachers' edition 1 00 Pupils' Edition 45 Bible in the Public Schools 50 Bradford The Thirty Problems of Percentaee 25 Buckham. Hand-books for Young Teachers I. First Steps 75 Buell. The Elements of Education.... 15 Bulletin Blank Speller 15 Blank Oomposition Hook 15 Book-Eeeping Blanks, per .set of five. . 75 Class Gegister 25 School Ruler. Per hundred, $1,00; each 03 Catalogue of Books for Teachers 06 Colored Crayon for Blackboard, per dozen, nine colors, in box 25 Common School Thermometer 50 Cooke. Politics and Schools 25 Craig. The Common School Question Book.... .". 1 50 Davis. Suggestions for teaching Frac- tions 25 De Graff. The School-Room Guide 1 50 Practical Phonics 75 Pocket Pronunciation Book... .; 15 The School-Room Chorus 35 The School-Hoom Song Budget 15 Note Book for Teachers' Institutes 05 Superintendents' Record Book 100 ITarnham's Sentence M ethod 50 Fitch. The Art of Questioning 15 The Art of Securing Attention 15 Hendrick. Questions on English and American Literature '35 Hoose. Studies in Articulation 50 OntheProvinceof Methods of Teaching 1 00 Hough. The Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence 125 Hughes. Mistakes in Teaching 50 Manual of Drill and Calisthenics 40 Huntington, Familiar Statement as to P. E. Church, per hundred 1 00 Unconscious Tuition 15 Button's Manual of Mensuration 30 Kennedy. The Philosophy of School Discipline 15 Kindergarten. Forms for Public School, box of 600, (If sent by mail, postage 17 ctB.) 50 Iiocke. Some Thoughts Concerning Education 25 Mann. On the Study of Physiology m School 25 Maps. 'United States, 3)4x5 ft., mount- ed, paper 2 00 » *The same, 50x43 Inches, cloth 5 00 United States, 13Ji x 18X inches, heavy paper 10 United States, Dissected by States, In Box. New edition; handsome 75 *New York State, 3^ x 4 ft, mounted. . 8 00 *The same, on cloth 3 00 New York State, Dissected by Counties, in Box. New edition; handnome 75 New York State, Pocket Map, colored. 10 Also the following, each 13 x 18 inches, colored: New England States and Long Island. . 10 N, Y., N^„ Pa„Del„and Md 10 la.. Mo,, Kb., Neb., Col., Dak.,Wy,, and Mont 10 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota,. 10 Ohio, 111,, Ind., and Kentucky 10 Texas, Indian Territory and NewMexico 10 Or the last six, with U. S., handsomely bouhd in Atlas 50 Johnson's National Maps, latest hand- somest and best, each 50x42 inches, full cloth'monnted: 1. Hemispheres 5 00 2. The World, Mercator's Projection.. 5 00 3. UnitedStatesy Mexico and Canada... 6 00 4. Europe 5 00 5. South America, 5 00 6. Asia 5 00 7. Africa 5 00 The set, express free 30 00 Mears. Brief English-French Com- pound of Grammar of the French Language 50 Murray. The Use and Abuse of Exami- nations 25 New York State Examination Questions to date. Flexible cloth 26 Northam. Civil Government 75 Northrop. High Schools 25 Northrup. Camps and Tramps in the Adirondacks 1 25 Number Cards. For beginners, each 10 One Hundred Choice Selections, 18 numbers, each 30 Order of Evening Prayer, per hundred. . 1 BO Payne. Short History of Education 50 Peabody Class Record No. 1, 1 00 No 2 150 Pooler. Chart of Civil Government.... 25 The same in sheets, per hundred 5 00 HiLts on Orthoepy 10 Randall. History of the State of New Tork 150 Regents' Questions. Complete in one volume ' JO Oomflete with Keys 2 00 Arithmetic, 1153 Questions 25 Key to Arithmetic 25 Geography, 1687 Questions 25 Key to Geography 25 Grammar, 2655 Questions . . 25 Grammar and Key with References to Leading Grammars l OO Spelling, 4400 Words 25 1000 Arithmetic Questions, card-board slips and Key i oo Richardson. Learning and Health. RoeJ A Work in Number Russell. Half a-Hundred Songs, boards Sanford. Word Method in Number School Bulletin. Bound Volumes I. II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, each School Furniture and Apparatus, com- plete stock. School-Room Classics. See Fitch, Huntington, Kennedy, Richardson. Sherrill. The Normal Question Book. . 160 Underwood's Systematic Plant Record 30 Winne's Report Aid so *Can not be sent by mail. All others sent post-paid. 15 C W. BABDEEN, P'ublisher, Syracuse, N. Y.