EMILTON'S 
 PARADISE LOST 
 
 t»«i>MaM«*> 
 
 :UNTEB 
 
 I 
 
CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 FROM 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis bool< is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013190453 
 
THE THIRD BOOK 
 
 OP 
 
 MILTON'S PAEADISE LOST; 
 
 "WITH 
 
 A PBOSE TBAlfSLATION OE PAEAPHHASE, 
 
 THE PAESING OF THE MOEB DIPPICDIiT WOEDS, 
 
 AND NtJMEEOTJS ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES. 
 
 Adaitied for Use in Training ColUgea and Schools^ and speclall]/ detigned to 
 prepare Candidatee for the 
 
 UNIVERSITY MIDDLE-CLASS EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 By Rev. John Hunter, M.A. 
 
 One of the National Society's Examiners of Middle-Class Schools ; 
 FoTmerly Vice -Principal of the Society's Training College, Battersea. 
 
 NEW EDITIOH. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMANS. GKEBN, AND CO. 
 
/i 3J-Z3(^ 
 
 ^ C^RNELI>^ 
 
 \ LIE 
 
 HARV / 
 
 \ — 
 
 . — X 1 
 
 HUNTER'S ANNOTATED SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 The following Plays may now be had, 
 
 Price One Shilling each: — 
 
 KING JOHN. 
 
 AS YOU LIKE IT. 
 
 BWEARD II. 
 
 TWELFTH-NIGHT. 
 
 RICHARD m. 
 
 MIDSUMMER NWHTS 
 
 HENRY IV. PAET I. 
 
 DREAM. 
 
 HENRY IV. PAST II. 
 
 The COMEDY of EBBOBS. 
 
 HENRY V. 
 
 MEASUBE for MEASUBE. 
 
 HENRY VI. PART I. 
 
 MUCH ADO about NOTHING. 
 
 HENRY VI. PART H. 
 
 TAMING of the SHREW. 
 
 HENRY VI. PAET III. 
 
 MERBY WIVES of 
 
 HENRY Vm. 
 
 WINDSOB. 
 
 /£7Z/KS CMSAR. 
 
 TWO GENTLEMEN of 
 
 COBWLANUa. 
 
 veBona. 
 
 ANTONY and CLEOPATRA. 
 
 ALL 'S WELL that ENDS 
 
 TROILUSani CRESSIDA. 
 
 WELL. 
 
 HAMLET. 
 
 MERCHANT of VENICE. 
 
 MACBETH. 
 
 BOMEO and JULIET. 
 
 XINS EEAB. 
 
 WINTER'S TALE. 
 
 OTHELLO. 
 
 CYMBELINE. 
 
 TIMON of ATHENS. 
 
 The TEMPEST. 
 
 LOVE'S- LABOUR'S LOST. 
 
 
ADYEBTISEMENT. 
 
 Among the Notes on this Third Book of the ' Para- 
 dise Lost,' and in the simple prose translation, the 
 student will, it is hoped, find sufficient suggestion 
 .for the grammatical analysis of the more difficult 
 passages. It has been thought unnecessary again to 
 append formal specimens of passages analysed, as in 
 Books I. and II., where ample means will be found 
 of cultivating familiarity with the structure of 
 Milton's sentences. 
 
PAEADISE LOST. 
 
 BOOK THIRD. 
 
 Hail, holy Light, Offspring of Heaven first-born ! 
 
 Or of the Eternal Co-eternal beam 
 
 May I express thee unblamed ? since God is light, 
 
 And never but in unapproached light 
 
 Dwelt from eternity, dwelt then in thee, 
 
 Bright effluence of bright essence, increate ! 
 
 Or hearest thou rather Pure ethereal stream. 
 
 PAEAPHRASE. 
 
 Hail, holy Light, Kist-bom offspring of Heaven ! Or may I,witli- 
 out rebuke, denominate thee the Co-eternal radiance of the Eternal 
 Being ? since God' is light, and never from eternity dwelt other- 
 wise than in unapproached light, • and accordingly dwelt in thee, 
 bright uncreated lustre of essential brightness ! Or hearest thou 
 rather the appellation Pure ethereal stream? whose source 
 
 3. Since God is light.] For if light constituted the bright- 
 God Himself is light. ' God is ness of what was essential^/ 
 light, and in Him is no darkness bright, the effluence must be 
 at all.' 1 John, i. 5. uncreated as well as the essence. 
 
 4. And never, ^c] ' Who only 7. Or hearest thou, ^c] Or 
 liath immortality, dwelling in the dost thou rather hear the name 
 light which no man can approach Pure ethereal stream, as more 
 unto.' — 1 Tim., vi. 16. See line fitly describing thee? This is a 
 376. Latinism: compare Horace, Sat. 
 
 5. iJweft <Ae«.] And therefore ii. 6, 20, 'Matutine Pater, seu 
 dwelt. Jane libentius audis.' 
 
 6. Increate.] This means that 
 
 2b 
 
4 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 Whose fountain who shall tell ? before the sun, 
 Before the heavens thou wert, and, at the voice 
 Of God, as with a mantle didst invest lo 
 
 The rising World of waters dark and deep, 
 Won from the void and formless Infinite. — 
 Thee I revisit now with bolder wing. 
 Escaped the Stygian pool, though long detained 
 -In that obscure sojourn, while in my flight, 15 
 
 Through utter and through middle darkness borne. 
 With other notes than to the Orphean lyre, 
 I sung of Chaos and eternal Night ; 
 
 who shall t«ll ? Thou wert before the sun, and before the heavens, 
 and, at the mandate of God, didst invest as with a mantle the 
 emerging world of waters ^Sirk and deep, gained from the infinite 
 waste without form and void. I now revisit thee with more courage- 
 ous wing, escaped from the Stygian deep, though long detained in 
 that dark sojourn, while, borne in my flight through outer and 
 through middle darkness, I sang of Chaos and eternal Night, in 
 strains of another kind than those that were sung to the Orphean 
 
 8. Before the stm, ^c."] When Infinite is in'Sk.. \i,, 9i9\, 
 
 ' God said, let there be light, and that 'dark 
 
 there was light ' (Gen., i. 31, the Illimitable ocean, without bound, 
 
 sun and the firmament were not Without dimension : where length, 
 
 , .J breadth, and highth, 
 
 yet oreatea. , „ ^ And time, and place, are lost." 
 
 12. Won from ,the void, g-c] 
 
 In Genesis it is said ' the earth 14. Escaped.'] Being escaped 
 
 was without form and void,' and from. 
 
 Milton here applies the descrip- 16. Tkrough utter, ^c] Borne 
 
 tion to the whole infinite of through the outer darkness of 
 
 Chaos out of which the heavens Hell, and the middle darkness of 
 
 and the earth were made. In Bk. Chaos. Through ' Hell and the 
 
 ii., 1000-4, the realm of Chaos the gulf betweeh.' 70. 
 
 and his consort, Night, is repre- 1 7- With other notes, ^c.} 
 
 sented as having been twice ' en- With notes of different import 
 
 croaehed on,' first, to form Hell, from those sung to the Orphean 
 
 and secondly, to form Heaven lyre. Among the poems ascribed 
 
 and Earth. to Orpheus are the Descent to 
 
 What our poet here calls the Hades and a Hymn to Night. ^ 
 
BOOK THIRD. 
 
 Taught by the heavenly Muse to venture down 
 The dark descent, and up to re-ascend, 
 Though hard and rare ; — thee I revisit safe, 
 And feel thy sovran vital lamp ; but thou 
 Kevisitest not these eyes, that roll in vain 
 To find thy piercing ray, and find no dawn ; 
 So thick a drop serene hath quenched their orbs, 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 lyre ; having been taught by the heavenly Muse how to venture down 
 the dark descent, and to ascend back to the upper world, though that 
 ascent is a hard thing and rarely eifected. I revisit thee in safety, 
 and feel the influence of thy sovereign vital lamp, the sun. But thou 
 revisitest not these eyes, that roll in vain attempts to admit thy 
 penetrating ray, and find not eo much as dawn ; so thick is the serene 
 humour that has quenched their orbs, or the dim suffiision that has 
 
 19. Taught, 4-c.] The thought 
 here was suggested by the old 
 fable of the descent of Orpheus 
 to hell, with recollection, per- 
 haps, that the mother of the 
 Thracian bard was the muse Cal- 
 liope. 
 
 20. Up to re-ascend.'] The pre- 
 fix re here means back. The ad- 
 verb up is not superfluous, but 
 expressive of tlie measure of 
 space passed through. Compare 
 ii., 70. arid v., 198, and in Scrip- 
 ture, Ps., cxxxix. 8, Prov., xxx. 
 i, John, vi. 62, &c. 
 
 21. Hard and rare^ A thing 
 difficult and of rare occurrence. 
 This is an allusion to Virgil, 
 where, after speaking of the 
 ' facilis descensus Averni,'he says 
 
 * SedreTocare gradum, superasque eva- 
 
 dere ad auras, — 
 Hoc opus, hie labor est. Pauci, quos 
 
 aeqnns amavit 
 Jupiter, aut ardens evexit ad aethera 
 
 virtus, 
 D!s geniti, potuere.' — Aen,, vi. 128. 
 
 Among the few who thus suc- 
 
 ceeded were Orpheus, Hercules, 
 Ulysses, and Aeneas. 
 
 23. Bmsitcsi not, ^c] Mil- 
 ton, when he was about forty- 
 five years of age, became blind 
 from excessive labour of reading 
 and writing. 
 
 25. Drop serene.] Gutla Se- 
 rena, the old name of amaurosis, 
 is a kind of blindness, arising 
 from derangement or disease of 
 the nerves of the eye. The name, 
 like gout, rheumatism, &c., ori- 
 ginated with the fenciful notion 
 of the humoral pathologists, that 
 most diseases are occasioned by 
 the flow of some morbid humour 
 to the part affected; the drap 
 being called serene, because the' 
 eyes were, as Milton in the son- 
 net to Cyriac Skinner says, 
 ' clear, to outward view, of 
 blemish or of spot.' He appears 
 not to have known distinctly of 
 what kind his blindness was. 
 By dim suffusion is meant the 
 first stage of cataract. 
 
,6 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 Or dim suffusion veiled. Yet not the more 
 
 Cease I to wander where the Muses haunt 
 
 Clear spring, or shady grove, or sunny hill, 
 
 Smit with the love of sacred song. But chief 
 
 Thee, Sion, and the flowery brooks beneath, SO 
 
 That wash thy hallowed feet, and warbling flow, 
 
 Nightly I visit ; nor sometimes forget 
 
 Those other two, equalled with me in fate 
 
 So were I equalled with them in renown, 
 
 Blind Thamyris and bhnd Mseonides, 35 
 
 And Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old : 
 
 veiled ttem. Xet not the more do I abstain from, wandering where 
 the.Mnges haunt clear spring, or shady grove, or snnny hUl, being 
 smitten with the love of sacred song. But chiefly, I visit thee 
 nightly, Sion, and the flower-bordered brooks beneath, that wash 
 thy hallowed feet, and warble as they flow ; and sometimes I call to 
 mind those other two, whose 'tlestiny would have fully corresponded; 
 with mine, if I were equalled with them in renown — the blind bards 
 Thamyris and Homer ; I think, too, sometimes of those blind ancient 
 prophets Tiresias and Phineus. Then I feed my mind with thoughts 
 
 26. Not the more cease 7.] Homer, derived from the name 
 
 This is equivalent to — not the of his father, Mseon, or from 
 
 less do I contimie. Compare, in Mseonia, a part of Lydia, where 
 
 line 32, ' nor sometimes forget.' he dwelt. Thamyris was a poet 
 
 30. Brooks beneath.] The and musician of Thrace, who 
 
 brooks Kedron and Siloah, or challenged the Muses to a trial of 
 
 Siloam. ' This people refuseth skill, ajid, being vanquished, was 
 
 the waters of Shiloah that go by them deprived of his sight. 
 
 Isai., viii. 6. his melodious voice, and his lyre. 
 
 32. Nor sometimes forget'.'] He lived before the time of 
 This is equivalent to — and some- Homer^ 
 
 times remember. 36. And Tiresias, ^o.'] And 
 
 33. Equalled with, ^c.'] Who sometimes I remember also Tice- 
 had been equalled with me in sias, &c. TJie accent is on the 
 their destined lot, if I were first syllable in the word Tire- 
 e'qua;lled with them in renown. das, the Greek syllabic vowel, of 
 
 35. Blind Thamyris, ^c] the second syllable being epsiioK.: 
 
 Mseonides was a surname of Tiresias was a Theban, Phineus, 
 
BOOK. THIKD. 7 
 
 Then feed on thoughts, that voluntary move 
 
 Harmonious numbers ; as the wakeM bird 
 
 Sings darkling, and in shadiest covert hid 
 
 Tunes her nocturnal note. Thus with the year 40 
 
 Seasons return ; but not to me returns 
 
 Day, or the sweet approach of even or morn, 
 
 Or sight of vernal bloom, or summer's rose, 
 
 Or flocks, or herds, or human face divine ; 
 
 But cloud instead and ever- during dark , 45 
 
 Surrounds me, from the cheerful ways of men 
 
 Cut off, and, for the book of knowledge fair, 
 
 Presented with a universal blank 
 
 Of Nature's works to me expunged and rased, 
 
 that spontaneously-flow in poetic rhytlira, as the nightingale sings in 
 the dark, and is hidden in a covert of deepest shade when she tunes 
 her nightly strain. Thus it is that, while seasons return with the 
 year, yet to me there is no return of daylight, or of the pleasant 
 approach of evening or morning, or of the sight of the bloom of 
 spring, or the rose of summer, cr flocks, or herds, or human face 
 so divinely expressive; but, instead of these, cloud and continual 
 darkness is around me, kept quite apart from the cheerful haunts df 
 men, and, instead of the fair instructive pages of Creation, presented 
 with a universal blank of what are to me the expunged and erased 
 
 a king of Thrace ; both were re- K. Lear, i. 4, ' So, out went the 
 
 nowned as poets and diviners, and candle, and we were left dark- 
 
 both were blind. ling ; ' and in Mids. Nighfs 
 
 37. Then feed, ^c] Then I Dream, ii. 3, '0 wilt thou dark- 
 feed on thoughts that of their ling leave ine ? ' 
 
 own accord move as harmonious 42. Day, ^c] The post itf 
 
 number^, or thatnaturally flow as this line means daylight, and the 
 
 harmonious verse. Numbers are evening and morning tWilight. 
 
 the measures of verse. 49. Of Natures works, ^c] 
 
 38. As the wakeful bird, ^e.] The blank was that of.exptmged 
 As the nightingale sings in the and rased works. Hiere should' 
 dark. DarJcling means — involved be no comma after works. 
 
 in darkness. So, in Shakspeare's 
 
8 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 And wisdom at one entrance quite shut out. 60 
 
 So much the rather thou, celestial Light, 
 
 Shine inward, and the mind through all her powers 
 
 Irradiate, there plant eyes, all mist from thence 
 
 Purge and disperse, that I may see and tell 
 
 Of things invisible to mortal sight. 55 
 
 Now had the Almighty Father from above, 
 From the pure Empjrrean where he sits. 
 High throned above all highth, bent down his eye, 
 His own works and their works at once to view. 
 
 works of Nature ; and thus wisdom at one of its entrances is in my 
 case quite shut out. So much the rather do thou, heavenly Light, 
 shine within, and illuminate all the powers of the mind ; plant eyes 
 there, clear away and dispel from it all ohscurity, that I may see and 
 tell of things that are invisible to man's outward sight. 
 
 Now had the Almighty Father bent down his eye ftom above, from 
 the pure Empyrean heaven where he sits enthroned farabove all height, 
 to survey at once his creatures and their works. Around him all the 
 
 60. Wisdom, ^c] Wisdom is corporeal eye. 
 
 quite shut out at one of the 58. High throned above all 
 
 senses or inlets of knowledge. highth.'] Enthroned high above 
 
 51. The rather.'] Eather is all conceivable height. This is 
 
 originally the comparative of the an example of the sublime inde- 
 
 Saxon adjective rathe, which finite so characteristic of Milton, 
 
 means early.. Our poet, in his Compare, iv. 76, 
 
 jAipidas (142), has 'the -rathe 'And hi the lowest deep a lower deep 
 
 primrose ; ' and Spenser, in his Still tbreatening to devovir me opens 
 
 Shepherds Calendar (February), ""'*«•' 
 
 has ' the rather lambs.' Such 69. Their wori:s.] The things 
 
 expressions as the rather, the wrought or done by His works ; 
 
 more, the sooner, the bftener, the doings of all His living 
 
 &c., are adverbial, because they creatures. The quaint repetition 
 
 are abridgments of adverbial pre- of works here is quite in Milton's 
 
 position phrases, in which the manner. He often degenerates 
 
 comparative was originally an into such jingling word-play, 
 
 adjective defining some noun. Compare 144, 146; 214, 215; 
 
 6S. To mortal sight.'] To the 227, 228. 
 
BOOK THIRD. » 
 
 About him all the Sanctities of Heaven 60 
 
 Stood thick as stars, and from his sight received 
 
 Beatitude past utterance ; on his right 
 
 The radiant image of his glory sat, 
 
 His only Son. , On Earth he first beheld 
 
 Our two first parents, yet the only two 65 
 
 Of mankind, in the Happy Garden placed, 
 
 Eeaping immortal fruits of joy and love, 
 
 Uninterrupted joy, unrivalled love. 
 
 In blissful solitude. He then surveyed 
 
 Hell and the gulf between, and Satan there 70 
 
 Coasting the wall of Heaven on this side Night, 
 
 ■holy IntelllgenoeB of Heaven stood like the stars in multitude, and 
 througli beholding him experienced bliss ineffable ; on his right hand 
 sat his only Son, the bright image of his glory. He first looked 
 upon our two first parents on Earth, as yet the only human beings, 
 placed in the Happy Garden, where they reaped in blissful solitude 
 immortal fruits of joy and love, joy without interruption, and Jove 
 without rivalry. Then he viewed Hell, and the gulf separating it 
 from Earth and Heaven, and Satan, where he was now flying by the 
 wall of Heaven, on the hither side of Night, aloft in the dusky air. 
 
 60. Sanctities.] Holy ones ; Wives, iv. i, ' Upon their sight 
 
 angels. See Eev., v. 11, and vii. we two in great amazedness will 
 
 11. Milton often thus uses an Ay;' aniin Mids. Nighfs Dream, 
 
 abstract noun, or the name of a iii. 2, ' So at his sight away his 
 
 quality, to denote a being possess- fellows fiy.' 
 
 ing the quality. 63. The radiant image, ^c] 
 
 ■ 61. From his siffht.'j'Eiom. the 'The brightness of His glory, 
 
 sight of Him ; from their behold- and the express image of His 
 
 ing Him. The seeing God in person.' Heb., i. 3. 
 
 heaven is called the beatific 64. Beheld.^ Looked on. 
 
 vision. See i. 684. With the ex- 68. Unrivalled.] Without ri- 
 
 pression ' his sight ' compare vajry. 
 
 Shakspeare, in CoHoZ., V. 3, ' Thy 70. The gulf between."] 'Be- 
 
 sight, wiioh should make our tween us and you there is a great 
 
 eyes flow with joy;' in Merry gulf fixed.' Luke, xvi. 26. 
 b3 
 
10 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 In the dun air sublime, and ready now 
 
 To stoop, with wearied wings and willing feet, 
 
 On the bare outsida: of this World, that seemed 
 
 Firm land embosomed, without firmament, 76 
 
 Uncertain which, in ocean or in air. 
 
 Him God beholding -firom his prospect high, 
 
 Wherein past, present, future, he .beholds, 
 
 Thus to his only Son foreseeing spake : 
 
 " Only-begotten Son,, seest thou what rage 80 
 
 Transports our Adversary ? whom no bounds 
 Prescribed, no bars of Hell, nor all the chains 
 Heaped on hiin there, nor yet the main Abyss 
 Wide interrupt, can hold ; so bent he seems 
 On desperate revenge, that shall redound 85 
 
 Upon his own rebellious head. And now, 
 
 and now ready to descend, with wearied wings and willing feet, on 
 the extreme outside of this Universe, th?,t seemed a mass of firm 
 land, having no firmament, embosomed in ocean or in air, which of 
 these it was being uncertain. God beholding him from, that high 
 stand in which he beholds past, present, and future, thus spoke, 
 according to his foreknowledge, to his only Son.; 
 
 " Only-begotten Son, seest thou what rage transports our Adver- 
 sary, whom no prescribed bounds, no bars of Hell, nor aU the chains 
 with which he was there loaded, nor even the main widely interrupt- 
 ing Abyss, can restrain ; so determined does 'ie seem on desperate 
 levenge, that shall recoil upon his own rebellious' head. And nOw^ 
 
 72. Sublime.^ Aloft. air, which of these it was being 
 
 74. JJie bare outside cf this uncertain. , Which is a nomina- 
 
 world, #«.] :Th8ij extreme out- tive absolute, 
 
 side of this, universe, &c.. The 83. The main abgii, ^c."] The 
 
 world here meant is • 'This vast abyss widely broken' in be- 
 
 goodly frame, tl^is world, of tween, or forming a wide chasm. 
 
 Heaven and Earth i'consistin^.' So 'in ii. 409, 'Over the. yaslS 
 
 viii. 15. See ii. 1004. UMi abrupt,' that is, over the broken 
 
 unis'erse, at such a distance, off waste. InterrupfiCD^' abrupt 
 
 seemed to Satan to be one solid are both participles. ''' 
 globe eMbdsomed iii ocean or in 
 
BOOK THIED. 11 
 
 Through all restraint broke loose, he wings his way 
 
 Not far off, Heaven, in the precincts of light. 
 
 Directly toward the new-created "World, 
 
 And Man there placed, with purpose to assay 90 
 
 If him by force he can destroy, or worse^ 
 
 By some false guile pervert ; , and shall pervert ;■ - 
 
 For: Man will hearken to his glozing lies, 
 
 And easily transgress the sole command, 
 
 Sole pledge, of his obedience ; so wiU fall 95 
 
 He and his faithless progeny. "Whose fault ? 
 
 "Whose but his own ? Ingrate, he had of me 
 
 All he could have. I made him just and right, 
 
 Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall. , 
 
 having burst througli every barrier, lie is winging his way, not far 
 off from Heaven, within the bonnds of light, directly toward the 
 new- created "CJniveise, and Man there placed, with the design of try- 
 ing whetier he can ruin him by force, or what is WOTSe, pervert him 
 by some false beguilement. And he shall thus pervert ; for Man wiU 
 listen to his misconstruing lies, and without difficulty violate'the one 
 command, the only exacted pledge of his' obedience ; thereby he and 
 his faithless posterity will. fall. Whose fault is it? His own 
 entirely, ' Ungrateful Man, he received from me ^11 that he' could 
 have. I created himjust,and upright, able, to continue Kyal, though 
 free to fall away, fin this condition I created all the ethereal 
 
 90. To assay ^ To essay or 'Which Saliijue land the French nn- 
 
 try. ' The word assay now refers ,^'^^ thf reato of IVancc." 
 
 ■ only- to the .testing of ores and ^^ HisfaUhlessprog^1,.-\ His 
 
 %z'-&lo^nglUs.-\ Joglcen STsI Srtu.h^'^^?fitSlt 
 
 to. pretend to expound; tp mis- Mssness throngtt, tue taimiesfl- 
 
 c6nstrue artfully. '.So'S; •Oomus, ";^ °f, l"™' '^'^: ^^P^^^ent^tive 
 
 . y o-r surety. 
 
 1°'' , ,,■ 96..B«>®.] Hpright. , 'God 
 
 .<,W0J-plaoea,wosas of gloiing cpnrteay hgthiiiaiae man upright ; but .they 
 
 Baited witt reasons not mplausiWe ;■ j,^^g sought out many inventions,' 
 
 and in Shakspeare's Sen. V., i. 2, EccleB., vii. 29. ' 
 
12 PAHADISE LOST 
 
 Such I created all the ethereal Powers lOo 
 
 And Spirits, both them who stood and them who failed ; 
 
 Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell. 
 
 Not free, what proof could they have given sincere 
 
 Of true allegiance, constant faith, or love. 
 
 Where only what they needs must do appeared, 105 
 
 Not what they would ? what praise could they receive ? 
 
 What pleasure I from such obedience paid ? 
 
 'When will and reason — reason also is choice — 
 
 Useless and vain, of freedom both despoiled, 
 
 Made passive both, had served necessity, lio 
 
 Not me ? They therefore, as to right belonged, 
 
 So were created, nor can justly accuse 
 
 Their Maker, or their making, or their fate, 
 
 As if Predestination overruled 
 
 Powers and Spirits, both them who remained upright and them who 
 failed. They that stood did so of their own choice, and so with 
 them that fell. Had they not been endowed with free-will, what 
 genuine proof could they have given of sincere loyalty, of constancy 
 in faith or love, when exhibiting in their conduct not what they 
 would do, but what they of necessity must do? What praise 
 could be given to them? What pleasure could I receive from 
 obedience so rendered? when will and reason — ^whieh as well 
 as will implies choice — useless and absTird, both being bereft 
 of freedom, both made passive, would have been the servants 
 of necessity, not of me. They, therefore, were so created as pro- 
 priety required, and cannot justly accuse their Creator, or the condi- 
 tion in which they were created, nor yet their fate, as if Predestina- 
 
 105. Heeds.'] Of necessity, therefore were so created as be- 
 
 ■ This is an old Saxon possessive longed to right ; that is, they 
 
 used adverbially. were made ' just and right, suffi- 
 
 108. Beason^} The faculty cient to have stood, though free 
 
 that judges between right and to fall,' which was in accordance 
 
 •wrong. with equity. 
 • 111. They therefore, ^c] They 
 
BOOK. THIKD. 13 
 
 Their will, disposed by absolute decree, 115 
 
 Or high foreknowledge. They themselves decreed 
 
 Their own revolt, not I. If I foreknew, 
 
 Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault, 
 
 Which had no less proved certain unforeknown. 
 
 So, without least impulse, or shadow of fate, 120 
 
 Or aught by me immutably foreseen, 
 
 They trespass, authors to themselves in all, 
 
 Both what they judge and what they choose ; for so 
 
 I formed them free, and free they must remain. 
 
 Till they entral themselves ; I else must change 125 
 
 Their nature, and revoke the high decree 
 
 Unchangeable, eternal, which ordained 
 
 Their freedom ; they themselves ordained their fall. 
 
 The first sort by their own suggestion fell, —^ 
 
 tion controlled their will, placed under the direction of absolute 
 decree, or of supreme foreknowledge. They themselves determined 
 their own apostasy, not I. Though I foreknew their failure, fore- 
 knowledge had no tendency whatever to occasion the failure, which 
 was certain to come to pass, had it not been foreknown. Accordingly, 
 without the least impulse exerted on their minds, or shadow of 
 destiny obscuring them, or the absolute certainty of any thing fore- 
 seen by me actually happening, they trespass, acting of their own 
 accord entirely, botli in what they think and what they choose ; for 
 thus I formed them free agents, and they must remain free, till they 
 enslave themselves ; otherwise, I must change their nature, and re- 
 voke the supreme, unchangeable, eternal decree which ordained their 
 free-will ; they themselves ordained their fall. The first kind of 
 
 115. Disposed.] Determined; 121. ImmutMi/ foreseen,] So 
 
 made to choose. This participle foreseen as to be immutable, 
 qualifies will. 123. Whit.] In what. 
 
 117. .?/.] Though. So.] In this respect ; as 
 
 118. Fault.] Failure. regards judging and choosing. 
 120, /jrapjrfac] Impelling force. 129. Suggestion.] Incitement. 
 
 Shadow.] Overshadowing A common meaning in Shaksr 
 
 influence. peare. 
 
,14 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 S^f-tempted, self-depraved ; Man falls, deceived 130 
 
 By the other first : Man therefore shall find grace, 
 
 The other none. In mercy and justice both, 
 
 Through Heaven and iBarth, so Ishall my glory excel ; 
 
 But mercy, first and last, shall brightest shine." 
 
 fn iThus while God spake, ambrosial fragrance filled iSS 
 
 All Heaven, and in the blessed, Spirits elect , 
 
 Sense of new joy ineffable diffused. 
 
 Beyond) cqmpare the Son of, God was seen 
 
 Most glorious : in him aU his Father shone 
 
 .Substantially expressed ; and in his face 140 
 
 Divine compassion visibly appeared. 
 
 Love without end, and without measure grace. 
 
 Which uttering thus he to his Father spake : 
 
 transgressors fell by their own incitement, self-tempted, self-cor- 
 rupted. Man falls after being first deceived by the other ; Man 
 therefore shall obtain grace, the other shall not. So shall my glory 
 both in mercy and justice display its excellence through means of 
 Heaven and Earth;' but mercy shall ever shine the brightest.'' 
 
 While God. thus spoke, ambrosial fragrance filled all Heaven, and 
 diffused in the blessed elect Spirits the inexpressible feeling of a 
 hitherto inexperienced joy. The Son of God appeared beyond com- 
 parison most glorious : the fulness of the Father shone forth, visibly 
 expressed in him ; and in his face Divine compassion was openly 
 manifested, love everlasting, and grace unlimited, and giving utter- 
 ance to these he spoke to his Pather thus : — 
 
 130. Depraved.'] Deteriorated; 137. New joy."] The angels 
 
 ,madp 4^g^°®T*te. had never before. ,ino'wn the at- 
 
 133. Throi^gTi . .heaven and tribute of mercy,., ,, 
 earth.'] , Jn justice through what 140. Substantially^: Visibly, 
 
 has happened in heaven, and in Compare vi. 681, i 
 
 me^cy throvgh what will happen .son, in whose face mviaihle la be- 
 
 ifl, .earth, , , held 
 
 . ,:i34. First and Ifist, ^c] From "Visibly, what by De}tj,I am.' 
 
 first to last ; always. See also iii. 385! 
 
BOOK THIRD. 15 
 
 " Father, gracious was that word which closed 
 Thy sovran sentence, that Man ^should find grace ; 145 
 
 ■For which both Heaven and Earth shall high extol 
 Thy praises, with the innumerable sound 
 Of hymns and sacred songs, wherewith thy throne i' 
 Encompassed shall resound thee ever blest. 
 For should Man finally be :lost, should Man, ' 150 
 
 .Thy creature late so loved, thy youngest son, 
 Fall circumvented thus by fraud, though joined 
 With his own folly ? — rthat be firom thee far, 
 That ikr be firom thee. Father, Who art judge 
 Of all things made, and judgest only right. 155 
 
 Or shall the Adversary thus obtain 
 His end, and frustrate thine 7 shall he fulfil 
 
 " Father, that was a gracious word which closed thy sovereign 
 determination, that Man should ohtain grace ; for which both Heaven 
 and. Earth shaJl , heighten thy praises, with the infinitely varied 
 sound of hymns and sacred songs, and thy .throne encompassed 
 thpiewith shall resoimd thee as ever blest. !For ought Man to bp 
 finally lost, ought Man, thy recent offspring so beloved, thy youngest 
 son, to fall thus ensnared by fraud, though his own folly be com- 
 bined with that fraud ? — that be far from thee, far be that from thee, 
 J'^.tiher, who art the judge of all created things, and ever judgest 
 rightijj_. Or shall the-Adversary in tljis. manner attain hia object, 
 andfdefeat thine ? shall he ^leaUaB hi^ malice, and . annij^iate .th-y 
 
 144. Gracious, ^c.^ This ad- 148. Wherewith, ^c] And 
 
 jective is quaintly used, and in thy throne being encompassed 
 
 bad' taste, to . describe the word with these hymns and songs shall 
 
 grace: ; /See note on line 69. resound, &c. 
 . HI . The innumerable sound.'\ \bV. 17i^ creature late.^ Thy 
 
 So, in i. 101, ' Innumerable force recently created one. 
 of Spirits .armed,' Shakspeare, 153. That be from thee far, 
 
 in Hen. Vin.,iii. 3, imitating ^c] The ;, language herci was 
 
 Holinshed's Chronicle, writes. ' in- suggested hy Gen., .xviii; 25. 
 numerable substance.' 
 
16 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 His malice, and thy goodness bring to nought ? 
 
 Or proiid return, though to his heavier doom, 
 
 Yet with revenge accomplished, and to Hell 160 
 
 Draw after him the whole race of mankind, 
 
 By him corrupted ? or wilt thou thyself 
 
 Abolish thy creation, and unmake 
 
 For him what for thy glory thou hast made ? — 
 
 So should thy goodness and thy greatness both 166 
 
 Be questioned and blasphemed without defence." 
 
 To whom the great Creator thus replied : 
 " O Son, in whom my soul hath chief delight. 
 Son of my bosom, Son, who art alone 
 My word, my wisdom, and effectual might, 170 
 
 All hast thou spoken as my thoughts are, all 
 As my eternal purpose hath decreed. 
 Man shall not quite be lost, but saved who will ; 
 
 Soodness ? or return in pride, though to Buffer a heavier judgment, yet 
 ■vrith revenge accomplished, and draw after him to Hell the whole 
 human race corrupted hy him ? Or wilt thou thysW reduce to no- 
 thing thy creation, and unmake, because of him, ' what thou hast 
 made for thy glory f Thus '^oth thy goodness and thy greatness 
 should be impugned and blaspn^medjWithdut vindication." 
 
 To him then the great Creator thus-.replied:— ,"0 Sou, in whom 
 my soul chiefly delights. Son of ' iny boscfm. Son, who alone art my 
 word, my wisdom, and my efiective; power, flipu hast spoken alto- 
 gether according to my thoughts, altogether ds my eternal purpose 
 has decreed. Man shall not be quite lost, but whosoever will shall 
 
 168. In whom my soul, ^c] nkme is called the Word of God ; ' 
 Here Milton's descriptions of thd-+7f Cor., i. 24, ' Christ, the power 
 Son of God are derived fronji) ''of God, and the wisdom of God ; ' 
 Matt., xvii. 6, ' My beloved Son, Vjohn, i. 3, ' All things were made 
 an whom I am well pleased ;'-Tby Him,' &e. ; Heb., i. 2, 'By 
 John, i. 18, ' The only begotten whom also He made the worlds.' 
 Son, which is in the bosom of 170. Effectual might.'] Execu- 
 the Father ;' Eev., xix. 13, ' His tive power. Heb., i. 2. 
 
BOOK THIRD. 17 
 
 Yet not of will in him, but grace in me 
 
 Freely vouchsafed. Once more I will renew 176 
 
 His lapsed powers, though forfeit and enthralled 
 
 By sin to foul exorbitant desires ; 
 
 Upheld by me, yet once more he shall stand 
 
 On even ground against his mortal foe ; 
 
 By me upheld, that he may know how frail 180 
 
 His fallen condition is, and to me owe 
 
 All his deliverance, and to none but me. 
 
 Some I have chosen of peculiar grace, 
 
 Elect above the rest — so is my will ; 
 
 The rest shall hear me call, and oft be warned 185 
 
 Their sinfiil state, and to appease betimes 
 
 The incensed Deity, while offered grace 
 
 be saved ; yet not by reason of will in him, but of grace on my part 
 freely extended. Once again I -will renew his fallen powers, though 
 by transgression forfeited and enslaved to impure inordinate lusts ; 
 once again sustained by me, he shall stand on even ground against 
 his mortal enemy ; by me sustained, that he may be sensible of the 
 frailty of his fallen condition, and owe all his salvation to me, and 
 to none but me. By an act of special grace I have chosen some, 
 preferred before the rest ; such is my good pleasure ; the rest shall 
 hear me call them, and be often admonished of their sinful state, 
 and warned to conciliate the offended Deity in time, while freely 
 
 174:. Yet not of will, ^c] He thought that some of man- 
 
 Eom., ix. 16, 'It is not of him kind were elected by peculiar 
 
 that willeth, nor of him that run- grace of God, and were certain 
 
 neth, but of God that eheweth of salvation ; but that of the rest 
 
 mercy ; ' Phil., ii. 13, 'It is God all might be, and probably many 
 
 which worketh in you both to would be, saved, through God's 
 
 will and to do of His good plea- ordinary grace, 
 sure.' 185. Warned tlieir sinful state.'] 
 
 177. Exorbitant.'] Out of the Warned of, &c. Milton often 
 
 course of rectitude. suppresses a preposition in this 
 
 183. Some have I chosen, ^c] way. See F. L., ii. 413 ; iv. 6. 
 Milton was a moderate Calvinist, 
 
18 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 Invites ; for I will clear their senses dark, 
 
 What may suffice, and soften stony hearts 
 
 To pray, repent, and bring obedience due. 190 
 
 To prayer, repentance, and obedience due, 
 
 Though but endeavoured with sincere intent, 
 
 Mine ear shall not be slow, mine eye not shut. 
 
 And I will place within them as a guide 
 
 My umpire Conscience, whom if they will hear, 195 
 
 Light after light, well used, they shall attain, , 
 
 And to the end persisting safe arrive. 
 
 This my long sufferance' and my day of grace 
 
 They who neiglect and scorn shall never taste ; 
 
 But hard be hardened, blind be blinded more, 2fi0 
 
 offered gi'ace invites them ; for I ■will enlighten their dark minds to 
 a sufficient degree, and soften their hard hearts, so as to enable them 
 to pray.irfepent, and render due obedience. My ear shall he ready 
 to hear prayer, my eye ever open to regard repentance and due obe- 
 dience, though only attempted ■with sincerity of purpose. And I 
 will place! ■within them, for their direction, Conscience, my arbiter of 
 right arid ■wrong ; to ■whom if they ■will listen, they shall attain light 
 additional to ■well-used light, and persevering to the end shall arrive 
 in safety. They ■who despise my long-suffering, and neglect my 
 season of grace, shall never experience this blessedness ; but their 
 hard hearts shall be more hardened, and their blind minds more 
 
 189. What may suffice.'] As^Iatt., x. 22, ' He that eudureth 
 
 much as may suffice ; with what to the end IshaU be saved.' 
 degree may suffice. This clause 198. TTiis my long sufferance, 
 
 is an objective one, governed by ^c] They ■who neglect and scorn 
 
 some preposition, as to, with, or my long sufferance, &c. shall 
 
 by, understood. never taste this. 
 
 Soften stomj hearts.'] Ezek., 200. But hard be hardened, 
 
 jxx^vd. 26, 'I ■willtake away the ^c] But being hard shall be 
 
 stony heart out of .your flesh, more "hardened, &e. John,xii. 
 
 and I '■will give you an heart of 40, 'He hath 'blinded their 
 
 sh.! : eyes and hardened their heart,| 
 
 197. And to the end, ^c] &e. 
 
BOOK THIRD. 19 
 
 That they may stumble on and deeper fall ; 
 
 And none but such from mercy I exclude. — 
 
 But yet all is not done ; Man disobeying, 
 
 Disloyal, breaks his fealty, and sins 
 
 Against the high supremacy of Heaven, 205 
 
 Affecting Godhead; and, so losing all. 
 
 To expiate his treason hath nought left. 
 
 But, to destruction sacred and devote. 
 
 He with his whole posterity must die ; 
 
 Die he or justice must ; unless for him 210 
 
 Some other, able and as willing, pay 
 
 The rigid satisfaction, : death for death. 
 
 Say, heavenly Powers, where shall we find such love ? 
 
 Which of ye will be mortal, to redeem 
 
 blinded, that they may go on stumbling, and ifaU more and more 
 deeply ; and such only of the human race do I exclude from mercy. 
 But all is not yet perfected. Man transgressing and disloyal, vioi- 
 lates the bond of creatureship, and sins against the high supremacy 
 of Heaven in aspiring to Godhead, and thus forfeiting all that he 
 possessed, has nothing left wherewith to expiate his treason ; but he, 
 with all his descendants, doomed and devoted to destruction, must 
 die. He must die or justice must ; unless some other, able and as 
 willing as able, render in his stead the rigorous satisfaction, death 
 for death. Say, heavenly powers, where shall- we find such love f 
 Which of you is willing to devote himself to death, in order to 
 
 206. Affecting godhead.'] De- 
 siring or aspiring to be a god. 214. Which of ye, ^c] Mortcu 
 This refers to Gen., iii. 5, ' Ye in this line means liable to death, 
 shall be as gods, knowing good in the next, deadly. Bee note on 
 and evil.' line 59. Spenser often repeats 
 
 208. Sacred and devote.] Sa- as rhyme a word applied in a 
 
 cred here means doomed as a sac- different sense, as in the Faery 
 
 rifice. So the Latin sacer was Queen, I. i. 18. To redeem, here 
 
 often used. Devote is for de- signifies to pay the penalty of. 
 voted, as forfeit (176), for for- 
 
20 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 Man's mortar crime, and just the unjust to siavc ? '215 
 
 Dwells in all Heaven charity so dear ? " 
 
 He asked, but all the heavenly quire stood mute, 
 And silence was in Heaven ; on Man's behalf 
 Patron or intercessor none appeared. 
 
 Much less that durst upon his own head draw 220 
 
 The deadly forfeiture and ransom set. 
 And now without redemption all mankind 
 Must have been lost, adjudged to Death and Hell 
 By doom severe, had not the Son of God, 
 In whom the fulness dwells of love divine, 225 
 
 His dearest mediation thus renewed : 
 
 " Father, thy word is passed, Man shall find grace : 
 And shall Grace not find means, that finds her way, 
 The speediest of thy winged messengers, 
 To visit all thy creatures, and to all 230 
 
 expiate man's deadly crime, the just for the salvation of the unjust,? 
 Does charity so precious exist anywhere iui Heaven ? " 
 
 Thus he asked, but all the heavenly choir stood speechless, and 
 there was silence in Heaven. No advocate or mediator for mim 
 presented himself, much less -any one bold enough to draw upon his 
 own head the deadly forfeit and the determined ransom. And now 
 all mankind unredeemed- must h&ve been lost, sentenced by strict 
 judgment to death and hell, had not the Son of Gofl, in whom dwells 
 the fulness of 4ivine love, thus renewed his most dear interposition. 
 
 " Father, thy word has gone forth, that man shall obtain grace : 
 
 And shall not Grace find means, that &isds her way, most speedily 
 
 . -of all thy winged messengers, to visit all thy creatures, and comes 
 
 215. Aitd j'tist, ^-c] And be not stand before its noun, it is 
 
 just, &e. See 1 Pet., iii. 18. grammatically equivalent to (only 
 
 219. Patron, ^c] An allusion more emphatic than) no before 
 
 to Isai., lix. 16, ' He saw that the noun, 
 
 there was no man, and wondered 220. That,] One that, 
 
 that there was no intercessor.' 227. Passed.] tittered; pro- 
 
 Nbne is an adjective defining nounced. 
 patron, &c., and although it can- 
 
BOOK THIRD. 21 
 
 Comes unprevented, unimplored, unsought 1 
 
 Happy for man so coming ! he her aid 
 
 Can never seek, once dead in sins and lost ; 
 
 Atonement for himself or offering meet, 
 
 Indebted and undone, hath none to bring. — 235 
 
 Behold me then ! me for him, life for life 
 
 I offer ; on me let thine anger fall ; 
 
 Account me Man : I for his sake will leave 
 
 Thy bosom, and this glory next to thee 
 
 Freely put off, and for him lastly die, 240 
 
 Well pleased ; on me let Death wreck all his rage. 
 
 Under his gloomy power I shall not long 
 
 Lie vanquished ; thou hast given me to possess 
 
 Life in myself for ever ; by thee I live, 
 
 to all unanticipated, unimplored, unsought? Fortunate it is for 
 man, tliat she comes thus ; he, when once dead in sins, and lost, 
 can never seek her help ; he, bankrupt and ruined, has no atonement 
 for himself, or suitable offering to present. Lo, then, I come ! for 
 liim I offer myself, my life for his life ; on me let thy wrath 
 descend ; regard me as representing Man : For his sake I will 
 leave thy bosom, and cheerfully lay aside the glory of this place 
 next to thee, and for him will I at the last gladly die ; on me let 
 Death spend all his rage; I shall not long lie subjected to his 
 gloomy dominion ; thou hast caused me to possess life everlasting in 
 myself; in virtue of thee I live, though I now yield to death, and 
 
 231. Unprevented.] Unanti- 
 eipated; unpreceded by expecta- '^^•^t^jSZ.^fj^.^ii^^,""- 
 tion or prayer. From the Lat. 
 
 Fsal., Ixxxviii. 13, and a similar passage in the 
 
 ' In the morning shall my prayer same book, line 493. 
 
 prevent thee.' 241. Wreck.] Wreak; vent; 
 
 235. iVone.] jSss note online219. 
 
 237. On me, ^c] This re- "243. Thou hast given me, ^c] 
 
 peated prominence of the pro- John, v. 26, ' As the Father hath 
 
 noun me, has been thought to in- life in Himself, so hath He given 
 
 dicate eagerness, in imitation of to the Son to have life in Him- 
 
 Virgil's self.' 
 
22 FAHADISE LOST. 
 
 Though now to Death I yield, and am his due, 246 
 
 All that of me can die. Yet, that debt paid. 
 
 Thou wilt not leave me in the loathsome grave, 
 
 His prey, nor suffer my unspotted soul 
 
 For ever with corruption there to dwell ; 
 
 But I shall rise victorious, and subdue 250 
 
 My vanquisher, spoiled of his vaunted spoil. 
 
 Death his death's wound shall then, receive and stoop 
 
 Inglorious, of his mortal sting disarmed ; 
 
 I through the ample air, in triumph high. 
 
 Shall lead Hell captive, maugre Hell, and show 255 
 
 The powers of Darkness bound: thouj at the sight 
 
 Pleased, out of Heaven shalt look down and smile, 
 
 While, by thee raised, I ruin all my foes, 
 
 am death's due as regards that portion of my nature that can die. 
 Yet, when that debt shall have been paid, thou wilt not leaTO me 
 in the loathsome grave to be his prey, nor suffer my unstained soul 
 to dwell with corruption there for ever ; but I shall riso a conqueror, 
 and subdue my vanquisher despoiled of his boasted spoil. Death 
 shall then receive his mortal wound, and bow down in shame, dis- 
 armed of his deadly sting. I in lofty triumph through the spacious 
 air shall lead Hell captive, in spite of Hell, and make a show of 
 the powers of Darkness in bonds. Thou, pleased at the sight, shalt 
 look down ,from' Heaven and smile, while, raised from the grave by 
 
 246. Ml that, ^0.] Ml of me body of Christ: ' that holy thing' 
 is here an objective of respect, which was born of the Virgin 
 meaning as respects all of me. Mary. Luke, i. 35. . 
 
 247. Thoii wilt not leave, ^c] 253. Of Ms piortal sting, ^ci] 
 Psal., xvi. 10, 'Thou wilt not 1 Cor., rv. 55, '0 death, where 
 leave my soul in hell, neither is thy sting? grave, where is 
 suffer thine Holy One to see cor- thy victory? The sting of death 
 Tuption.' 8ee also Acts, ii. 20. is sin.' 
 
 Milton is here inaccurate : the 255. Matigre^ In spite of. 
 
 soul of Jesus was in Hades, not Fr. malffri. Here used like a 
 
 in the grave. The expression preposition, 
 'thine Holy One' refers to the 
 
BOOK THIRD. 23 
 
 Death last, and with his carcase glut the grave ; 
 
 Then, with the multitude of my redeemed, 2bo 
 
 Shall enter Heaven, long absent, and return, 
 
 Father, to see thy face, wherein no cloud 
 
 Of anger shall remain, but peace assured 
 
 And reconcilement ; wrath shall be no more 
 
 Thenceforth, but in thy presence joy entire." 2fi5 
 
 His words here eaded, but his meek aspect 
 Silent yet spake, and breathed immortal love 
 To mortal men, above which only shone 
 Filial obedience ; as a sacrifice 
 
 Glad to be offered, he attends the wiU 270 
 
 Of his great Father. Admiration seized 
 ^Vll heaven, what this might mean, and whither tend, 
 
 thee, I destroy all my enemies, and with the carcase of Death, the 
 In it enemy, satiate the grave. Then, with the multitude of my 
 1, deemed people, I having been long absent shall enter Heaven, 
 and return, Father, to behold thy face, in which there shall be no 
 remaining gloom of displeasure, but confirmed peace and reconcile- 
 ment ; thenceforth -wiath shall exist no longer, but in thy presence 
 shall be perfect joy." 
 
 Here ended his words, but his mild countenance silently spoke 
 still, and glowed with immortal love to mortal men, exceeded only 
 by the expression of filial obedience. As a sacrifice gladly desiring 
 to be offered, he awaits to hear the will of his great Pather. All 
 Heaven was seized with amazement, wondering what this might 
 
 269. Death last.'\ 1 Cor., xv. 271. Admiration.'] Wonder. 
 26, ' The last enemy that shall To admire formerly meant to 
 be destroyed is death.' wonder at, whether approvingly 
 
 265. In thy presence, ^c] or disapprovingly. 
 Psal., xvi. 11, 'In tty presence 272. What this might mean.] 
 
 is fulness of joy.' Entire means This clause is an objective of re- 
 
 unmixed, wnalloyed. spect, the construction beingwon- 
 
 270. Attends!] "Waits to hear, dering as respected what this 
 Fr. attendre, to await or expect, might mean, ^c. 
 
24 PAllADISE LOST. 
 
 Wondering ; but soon the Almighty thus replied : 
 
 " thou in Heaven and Earth the only peace 
 Found out for mankind under wrath ! thou 275 
 
 My sole complacence ! well thou knowest how dear 
 To me are all my works, nor Man the least, 
 Though last created ; that for him I spare 
 • Thee iiom my bosom and right-hand, to save, 
 By losing thee awhile, the whole race lost. 280 
 
 Thou, therefore, whom thou only canst redeem, 
 Their nature also to thy nature join ; 
 And be thyself Man among men on earth, 
 Made flesh, when time shall be, of virgin seed. 
 By wondrous birth ; be thou in Adam's room 285 
 
 mean, and to -what it might lead ; but soon the Almighty thus 
 answered : 
 
 " thou the only peace found in all Heaven and Earth for man- 
 kind under sentence of wrath ! thou in whom alone my satisfac- 
 tion rests I thou knowest well how dear to me are all my works, 
 and man to he not least dear though last created, since for him I 
 let thee go from my bosom and my right hand, to save the whole 
 race lost by losing thee for a time. Do thou, therefore, join to thy 
 nature the nature also of them whom thou only art able to redeem ; 
 and be thyself Man among men on earth, made flesh, when the due 
 time shall come, of virgin seed, by miraculous generation ; be thou, 
 
 276. Jdj/ sole complacence.'] Mj examples of it in Shakspeare 
 only satisfaction. and Milton. In the Liturgy we 
 
 277. Ml my taorAs.] Psal., have, ' In <% sight wAo livest and 
 cxlv. 9, ' His tender mercies are reignest.' 
 
 over all His works.' 283. Man among men, ^c] 
 
 278. That^ Inasmuch as. John, i. 14, 'The Word was made 
 281. Whom^ The antecedent flesh and dwelt among us.' 
 
 for this relative is the possessive 284. Whentimeshallhe.'] Gal., 
 
 their in the next line. An ante- iv. 4, ' When the fulness of the 
 
 cedent in the possessive case is time was come, God sent forth 
 
 now unusual ; but we have many His Son, made of a woman.' 
 
BOOK TIIIED. 25 
 
 The head of all mankind, though Adam's son. 
 
 As in him perish all men, so in thee, 
 
 As from a second root, shall be restored 
 
 As many as are restored, without thee none. 
 
 His crime makes guilty all his sons ; thy merit, 290 
 
 Imputed, shall absolve them who renounce 
 
 Their own both righteous and unrighteous deeds. 
 
 And live in thee transplanted, and from thee 
 
 Eeceive new life. So Man, as is most just, 
 
 Shall satisfy for Man, be judged and die, 895 
 
 And dying rise, and rising with him raise 
 
 His brethren, ransomed with his own dear life. 
 
 So heavenly love shall outdo hellish hate. 
 
 Giving to death, and dying to redeem, 
 
 So dearly to redeem what hellish hate 300 
 
 in the place of Adam, the head of all mankind, though a son of 
 Adam. As in Adam all perish, so in thee, as from a second root, 
 shall be restored as many as are restored, none otherwise than by 
 thee. His . crime makes all his descendants giillty, thy merit 
 imputed shall cancel the guilt of thoso who renounce thoir own 
 works both righteous and unrighteous, and live engrafted in thee, 
 and derive new life from thee. Thus Man, as is most just, shall- 
 make satisfaction for Man, be condemned and die, and having died 
 shall rise again, and he rising shaU raise with him his brethren, ran- 
 somed with his own precious life. Thus heavenly love shall outvie 
 hellish hatred, giving up to death and d^ing to redeem, so dearly to 
 redeem, the nature which hellish hatred so easily destroyed, and per- 
 
 286. The head, i'C.'] Compare Rom., v. 19. 
 
 Eev., xxii. 16, 'lam therootand 293. Transplatited.] En- 
 
 the offspring of David ; ' and grafted. 
 
 Matt., xxii. 4S, 'If David then 297. Bansomed, SfC.'] Matt., 
 
 call Him lord, how is He his son ?' xx. 28, ' To give His Ufe a ran- 
 
 287. As m him, ^c] See 1 som for many.' 
 
 Cor., XV. 22. 299. Giving.'] Man, in the 
 
 290. His crime, ^-c] See person of the Son of God, giving. 
 
26 PAEADISE LOST, 
 
 So easily destroyed, and still destroys 
 
 In those who, when they may, accept not grace 
 
 Nor shalt thou, by descending to assume 
 
 Man's natui'e, lessen or degrade thine own. 
 
 Because thou hast, though throned in highest bliss, SOS 
 
 Equ^ to God, and equally enjoying , 
 
 Godlike fruition, quitted all, to save 
 
 A world from utter loss, and hast been found 
 
 By merit more than birthright Son of God, 
 
 Found worthiest to be so by being good 310 
 
 Far more than great or high : because in thee 
 
 Love hath abounded more than glory abounds ; 
 
 Therefore thy humiliation shall exalt 
 
 With thee thy manhood also to this throne : 
 
 Here shalt thou sit incarnate, here shalt reign 315 
 
 Both God and Man, Son both of God and Man, 
 
 petually does destroy in the case of those who accept not grace when 
 they may. Nor shalt thou by condescending to assume human 
 nature impair or lower thine own. Forasmuch as thou, though en- 
 throned in highest bliss, equal to God, and equally enjoying the 
 Divine felicity, hast quitted all, to save a world from utter perdition, 
 and hast been approved the Son of God more by merit than by 
 birthright, approved the worthiest to be so by being far more good 
 than great or high : forasmuch as love has abounded in thee more 
 than glory abounds; therefore thy condescension shall exalt thy 
 human nature also with thee to this throne ; here thou shalt sit in- 
 carnate, here thou shalt reign both God and Man, Son of God and 
 
 301. So easily.l This expres- ral meaning in Shakspeare. See 
 
 sion is in contrast vrith ' so line 618. 
 dearly.' 305. Because thou hast, ^c] 
 
 And still destroys, ^c] There Lines 305 to 322 are founded 
 
 is a want of due propriety, as we chiefly on Phil., ii. 6-11, ' Who 
 
 think, in this use of the present being in the form of God,' &c. 
 tense for the future. Perhaps 311. Far more.'] This adver- 
 
 stiS means ever^ which is its eeue- bial expression modifies ffood. 
 
BOOK THIKD. 27 
 
 Anointed universal King. All power 
 
 I give thee ; reign for ever, and assume 
 
 Thy merits ; under thee, as head supreme, 
 
 Thrones, Princedoms, Powers, Dominions, I reduce : 320 
 
 All knees to thee shall bow, of them that bide 
 
 In Heaven, or Earth, or under Earth in Hell. 
 
 When thou, attended gloriously from Heaven, 
 
 Shalt in the sky appear, and from thee send 
 
 The summojjiing Archangels, to proclaim 325 
 
 Thy dread tribunal ; forthwith from aU winds 
 
 The living, and forthwith the cited dead 
 
 Of all past ages, to the general doom 
 
 Shall hasten ; such a peal shall rouse their sleep. 
 
 Then, all thy Saints assembled, thou shalt judge 330 
 
 Bad men and Angels. They arraigned shall sink 
 
 Son of Man together, anointed universal King. I give thee all 
 power ; reign for ever, and assume what thou hast merited ; under 
 thee as supreme head 1 place Thrones, Principalities, Powers, and 
 Doniinions : to thee every knee shall bow, of things that dwell in 
 Heaven, or in Earth, or in Hell under the Earth. When thou 
 gloriously attended from Heaven shalt appear in the firmament, and 
 send forth from thy presence the summoning archangels to proclaim 
 thy awful tribunal set; immediately from north, south, east, and 
 west, they that are alive, and immediately the citeddead of all past 
 ages, shall hasten to the general judgment ; with such a peal shall 
 the last trumpet rouse these from their sleep. Then, aU tiy saints 
 being assembled, thou shalt judge the wicked, both men and angels ; 
 
 317. AU power, ^c,] Matt., far above all principality, and 
 
 xxviii. 18, 'All power is given power, and might, and do- 
 
 unto me in heaven and in earth.' minion.' 
 
 319. Under thee, ^c] Col., 323. When thou, ^c] Lines 
 
 ii. 10, ' Which is the head of all 323 to 329 are illustrated by 
 
 principality and power;' Eph., Matt., xxiv. 30, 31; xxv. 31,32; 
 
 i. 20, ' And set Him at His own 1 Thess., iv. 16 ; Kev., xx. l2,* 
 
 right hand in the heavenly places, 13 ; 1 Cor., xv. 51, 62. 
 c2 
 
28 TAEADISE LOST. 
 
 Beneath thy sentence ; Hell, her numbers full, 
 
 Thenceforth shall be for ever shut. Meanwhile 
 
 The World shall burn, and from her ashes spring 
 
 New heaven and earth, wherein the just sliall dwell, 338 
 
 And, after all their tribulations long. 
 
 See golden days, fruitfiil of golden deeds, 
 
 With Joy and Love triumphing, and fair Truth. 
 
 Then thou thy regal sceptre shalt lay by, 
 
 For regal sceptre then no more shall need ; 340 
 
 God shall be all in all. But, all ye gods. 
 
 Adore him who to compass all this dies : 
 
 Adore the Son, and honour him as me.' 
 
 they charged with their guilt shall sink under thy sentence ; Hell, 
 her numbers being full, shall thenceforth be for ever shut. Mean- 
 while the universe shall be consumed with fire, and from its ashes 
 shall arise a new heaven and earth, in which the righteous shall 
 dwell, and after all their long troubles see golden days productive of 
 golden deeds, enjoying the triumphant reign of joy, and love, and 
 beauteous truth. Then thou shalt lay aside thy regal sceptre, for 
 such regal sceptre shall then no longer be required ; God shall be all 
 in all. But, all ye gods, worship him who dies to effect all this ; 
 worship the Son, and honour him even as ye honour me.' 
 
 33i. The world shall hum, ^c] Him, that God may be all in all.' 
 S^6 2P6t., iii. 12, 13; and Eev., ZiO. Shall need.] Shall be 
 xxi. 1, Ser for its is allusive needed. So in x. 80, 'Attend- 
 to the Phoenix. ance none shall need.' Compare 
 
 337- Golden days.] The r^n Shakspeare, ificA. iZ?., iii. 7, ' My. 
 
 of Saturn in Latium was called lord, there needs no such apo- 
 
 the golden age. See Virg. Mn., logy;' and 3 Sen. VL, j. 4, 'It 
 
 viii. 324. needs not, nor it boots thee not, 
 
 339. Then thou thy regal proud queen.' 
 sceptre, Sfo.] 1 Cor., xv..25, 28, 341. All ye gods, ^c] Psal.,_ 
 
 'For He must reign till' He hath xcvii. 7, 'Worship Him, all ye 
 
 put all enemies under His feet, gods.' See Heb., i. 6. 
 And when all things shall be sub- 343. Honour Mm as me.] John, 
 
 dued unto Him, then shall the v. 23, 'That all men should 
 
 Son also Himself be subject unto honour the Son, even as they 
 
 Him that put all things under honour the Father.' 
 
BOOK THIEl). 29 
 
 No sooner Had the Almighty ceased, but, all 
 The multitude of Angels — with a shout 345 
 
 Loud as from numbers without number, sweet 
 As from blest voices — uttering joy. Heaven rung 
 With jubilee, and loud Hosannas filled 
 The eternal regions. Lowly reverent 
 Toward either throne they bow, and to the ground 350 
 With solemn adoration down they cast 
 Their crowns, inwove with amarant and gold ; 
 Immortal amarant, a flower which once 
 In Paradise, fast by the Tree of Life, 
 
 The Almighty had no sooner ceased, when, all the multitude of 
 Angels uttering joy, with a shout loud as from countless numbers, 
 Bweet-toned as from blest voices, Heaven rung with jubilee, and loud 
 Hosannas filled the eternal regions. They bow in lowly reverence 
 towards each throne, and cast down upon the ground in solemn 
 adoration their crowns of interwoven amaranth and gold ; fadeless 
 amaranth, a flower which once began to bloom in Paradise, close by 
 
 344. No sooner, ^c] The con- to their liberty, and lauds to 
 
 .struction is, the Almighty had their owners. The Hebrew word 
 
 ceased . no sooner but heaven hosanna, signifying save, I beseech 
 
 rung with jubilee, and loud ho- thee, was an exclamation frequent 
 
 sannas filled the eternal regions, among the Jews, but especially 
 
 all the multitude of angels utter- used when the High Priest came 
 
 ing joy with a shout, &c. Mul- forth from within the veil to bless 
 
 iitude is a nominative absolute, the people. See Psal., cxviii. 
 
 Such expressions as «o sooner 25, 26. 
 
 but, nothing else but, no other but, 361. Down they cast, ^c] See 
 
 are antiquated; for but we use Eev., iv. 10. 
 
 than. 362. Amarant^ Amaranth, 
 
 346. Without mimber.] An from the Gr. iiidpayros, unfading, 
 
 adjectival preposition phrase. is the name of an ideal flower 
 
 348. Jubilee and loud hosan- ' that fadeth not away,' just as 
 
 nas.'] The jubilee festival of the adamant, from the Gr. oSa^ov- 
 
 Hebrewa was celebrated with tivos, impenetrable, is the name 
 
 trumpet sounds and great rejoic- of an ideal stone that cannot 
 
 ings, at the end of seven weeks wear away, 
 
 of years, or in every fiftieth 354. Fast 4y.] Close by. So 
 
 year. Slaves were then restored ini. 11, ' Siloa's broot that flowed 
 
30 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 Began to bloom; but soon, for Man's offence, 365 
 
 To Heaven removed, where first it grew, there grows 
 
 And flowers aloft shading the Fount of Life, 
 
 And where the Eiver of Bliss through midst of Heaven 
 
 Rolls o'er Elysian flowers her amber stream. 
 
 With these that never fade the Spirits elect 360 
 
 Bind their resplendent locks, inwreathed with beams. 
 
 Now in loose garlands thick thrown off, the bright 
 
 Pavement, that like a sea of jasper shone, 
 
 Impurpled with celestial roses smiled. 
 
 Then, crowned again, their golden harps they took — 365 
 
 Harps ever tuned, that glittering by their side 
 
 Like quivers hung — and with preamble sweet 
 
 the Tree of Life, but being soon, on acooimt of man's offence, trans- 
 ferred to Heaven where it first grew, now grows there, and rears aloft 
 its blossoms shading the Pount of Life, and where the Biyer of Bliss 
 roUs its amber stream, through the midst of Heaven, over flotsrery 
 Elysian plains. With these never-fading flowers the elect angela 
 encircle their shining locks inwreathed with beams. These now being 
 thrown off in loose garlands, thickly strewed about, the bright pave- 
 ment that shone like a sea of jasper now smiled with the purple hue 
 of celestial roses. Then, being crowned again, the angels took their 
 golden harps, hajrps never out of tune, that hung glittering by their 
 sides like quivers, and with sweet prelude of , charming symphony 
 
 fast by the oracle of God.' 357. ThefowntofUfe.'] Eev., 
 
 Chateaubriand, in his Prench sxii. 1, 'He shewed me a puje 
 
 prose translation of the Paradise river of water of life,' &c. 
 
 Lost, was deceived by the word ■ 359. Amber.] Clear or trans- 
 
 fast, when he took ' that flowed parent as amber, 
 
 fast' to mean 'qui coulait ra- 362. Now in loose garlands, 
 
 ^idement.' The, waters of Siloah ^c] These being now thrown 
 
 are described in Scripture as off thickly, &c. This was when 
 
 flowing gentty. See not? on line the angels cast down ' their 
 
 SO. crowns inwove with amarant and 
 
 365. 5Mi score, ^c] But being gold.' 
 soon removed to heaven, &c. 
 
BOOK THIKD. 31 
 
 Of charming symphony they introduce 
 
 Their sacred song, and waken raptures high ; 
 
 No voice exempt, no voice but well could join 370 
 
 Melodious part, such concord is in Heaven. 
 
 Thee, Father, first they sung, omnipotent. 
 Immutable, immortal, infinite, 
 Eternal King ; thee, Author of all being, 
 Fountain of light, thyself invisible 375 
 
 Amidst the glorious brightness where thou sittest 
 Throned, inaccessible but when thou shadest 
 The full blaze of thy beams, and through a cloud. 
 Drawn round about thee like a radiant shrine. 
 Dark with excessive bright thy sldrts appear, 380 
 
 Yet dazzle Heaven, that brightest Seraphim 
 Approach not, but with both wings veil their eyes. 
 Thee next they sang of all creation first, 
 
 they make introduction to their sacred concert, and excite sublime 
 raptures ; no roiee unengaged, no voice but could well take melodious 
 part, such concord there is in Heaven. 
 
 First they celebrated in their song thee, Pather, as the almighty, 
 immutable, immortal, infinite, eternal King ; thee as the Author of 
 all existence, the source of light, thyself being invisible, where thou 
 sittest enthroned amidst the glorious brightness, not accessible 
 except when thou shadest down the full blaze of thy beams, and by 
 means of a cloud drawn around thee like a radiant shrine. Thy 
 train seems dark through excessive brightness, yet it dazzles heaven^ 
 so that the brightest seraphim come not near, but veil their eyes with 
 their wings. Next they celebrated the praises of thee, who wert 
 
 379. BarJcwith excessive bright, 383. Of all creation first, ^c.} 
 
 ^c] Isai., vi. 1, ' I saw also the Anterior to all creation. Col., i. 
 
 Lord sitting upon a throne, high 15, 'Who is the image of the 
 
 and lifted up, and His train filled invisible God, the first-born of 
 
 the temple. Above it stood the every creature [lit. of all orea- 
 
 seraphims ; each one had six tion] ; for by Him were aU things 
 
 wings ; with twain he covered created,' &e. ; 17, ' And He is 
 
 his face,' &c. before all things '; Bev., iii. 14, 
 
32 PAEADISK LOST. 
 
 Begotten Son, divine similitude, 
 
 In whose conspicuous countenance, without cloud 385 
 
 Made visible, the almighty Father shines, 
 
 Whom else no creature can behold ; on thee 
 
 Impressed the effulgence of his glory abides ; 
 
 Transfused on thee his ample Spirit rests. 
 
 He Heaven of Heavens and all the Powers therein 390 
 
 By thee created ; and by thee threw down 
 
 The aspiring Dominations. Thou that day 
 
 Thy Father's dreadful thunder didst not spare, 
 
 Nor stop thy flaming chariot-wheels, that shook 
 
 Heaven's everlasting frame, while o'er the necks 395 
 
 Thou drovest of warring Angels disarrayed. 
 
 before all creation, the Begotten Son, the Image of God, in whose 
 revealing aspect the Almighty Father shines. He being thus, without 
 the intervention of a cloud, made visible, whom otherwise no creature 
 can look upon ; the eflulgonce of his glory is impressed on thee and 
 continues so impressed, the fulness of his spirit shed on thee remains 
 thus shed. By thee he created the Heaven of Heavens and all the 
 Powers therein ; and by thee he overthrew the Powers that aspired 
 above their sphere. On that day thou didst: not spare thy Father's 
 terrible thunder, nor check the wheels of thy flaming chariot, though 
 they shook the everlasting fabric of Heaven, when thou didst drive 
 over the necks of warring angels put to rout. Eeturning from the 
 
 ' The Amen, the faithful and Compare r. 63-67. 
 
 true witness, the beginning of 389. His ample Spirit rests."] 
 
 the creation of God.' Isai., xlii. 1, ' I have put my 
 
 385. In, whose, ^c] In whose spirit upon Him.' John, iii. 
 
 conspicuous countenance the Al- 34, ' God giveth not the Spirit 
 
 mighty Father shines, mads visi- by measure unto Him.' 
 
 ble without cloud, whom (i.e. the 390. He heaven of heavens, ^c] 
 
 Father whom) otherwise no See 1 Kings, viii. 27, and Col.; 
 
 creature can behold. John, xiv. i. 15. 
 
 9, ' He that hath seen me hath 391. By thee threw down, ^c] 
 
 seen the Father.' See note on See-vi. 825-892. 
 
 line 140. 396. Disarrayed.'] Eouted, put 
 
 ' 387. On thee impressed, ^-c] to confusion. 
 
BOOK THIED. 33 
 
 Back from pursuit thy Powers with loud acclaim 
 
 Thee only extolled, Son of thy Father's might, 
 
 ,To execute fierce vengeance on his foes. 
 
 Not so on Man ; him, through their malice fallen, 400 
 
 Father of mercy and grace, thou didst not doom 
 
 So strictly, but much more to pity incline. 
 
 No sooner did thy dear and only Son 
 
 Perceive thee purposed not to doom frail Man 
 
 So strictly, but much more to pity inclined, 405 
 
 He, to appease thy wrath and end the strife 
 
 Of mercy and justice in thy face discerned, 
 
 Eegardless of the bliss wherein he sat 
 
 Second to thee, offered himself to die 
 
 For Man's offence. O, unexampled love, 41 
 
 Love nowhere to be found less than Divine ! 
 
 Hail, Son of God, Saviour of men 1 thy name 
 
 pursuit, thy Powers with loud acclamation extolled thee only as 
 having thy Father's might to execute fierce vengeance on thy 
 enemies. Thou didst not so execute vengeance on Man. Thou didst 
 not, Father of mercy and grace, so strictly doom him, fallen through 
 their malice, but didst much more incline to pity him than to 
 punish. No sooner did thy dear and only Son see thee determined 
 not to doom frail Man so strictly, but much more inclined to pity 
 him, than, in order to appease thy wrath, and to end that contest be- 
 tween mercy and justice which was discerned in thy countenance, he, 
 regardless of the bliss in which he sat next to thee, offered himself 
 to die for man's offence. love of which there never has been any 
 such example, love nowhere to be found of lower nature than divine. 
 Hail, Son of God, Saviour of men ! Henceforth thy name shall be 
 
 398. Soa of Thy Father's, incline to pity. Pity here, and 
 might, ^c] Son having thy in line 405, is a verb. 
 Father's might. 406. He.'\ Than must be sup- 
 
 400. Not so.] Not to do so. plied before this pronoun. 
 
 402. To pity incline.'] Didst 
 
 c3 
 
d4 PABADISE LOST. 
 
 Shall be the copious matter of my song 
 
 Henceforth, and never shall my harp thy praise 
 
 Porget, nor from thy Father's praise disjoin. 415 
 
 Thus they in Heaven, above the starry sphere, 
 Their happy hours in joy and hymning spent. 
 Meanwhile upon ,the firm opacous globe 
 Of this round World, whose first convex divides 
 The luminous inferior orbs enclosed 420 
 
 From Chaos and the inroad of Darkness old, 
 Satan alighted walks. A globe far off 
 It seemed, now seems a boundless continent. 
 Dark, waste, and wild, under the frown of Night 
 Starless exposed, and ever-threateniiig storms 425 
 
 Of Chaos blustering round, inclement sky; 
 Save on that side from which the wall of Heaven, 
 
 the fruitful subject of my song, and never shall my harp be sounded 
 without praising thee, and joining thy praise with thy Father's. 
 
 Thus were these spirits, in the Heaven above the starry universe, 
 spending their happy hours in joy and sacred song. Meanwhile, 
 Satan being alighted is treading the firm opaque surface of this 
 lound universe, whose outermost convex separates and encloses the 
 luminous lesser spheres from Chaos and against the encroachment 
 of ancient Night. At a great distance it Seemed to be a globe, now 
 it seems to be a boundless region, dark, waste, and wild, exposed, 
 with no starlight, under the frown of Night, Sjiid the ever-threaten- 
 ing storms of Chaos blustering around, an inclement sky ; excepting 
 on that side which gains some slight reflection of glimmering air 
 
 419. Of this round world, i-c] and ' thus encloses them from 
 
 ' Not our eartb,' as Richardson, Chaos and ancient night, as he 
 
 in Explanatory/ Notes on Milton, elsewhere (ii. 970) calls this 
 
 observes,' ' but the solid, lightless ' darkness old.' See line 75. 
 
 globe, which the poet imagines 436. Inelement , ski/.'] 8h/ is 
 
 to .contain the whole new crea- here an exclamatory nomina- 
 
 tion, whose shell separates the tive. 
 luminous orbs that are under it. 
 
BOOK THIRfl. 35 
 
 Though distant far, some small reflection gains 
 
 Of glimmering air, less vexed with tempest loud : 
 
 Here walked the Fiend at large in spacious field. 430 
 
 As when a vulture on Imaiis bred, 
 
 Whose snowy lidge the roving Tartar bounds, 
 
 Dislodging from a region scarce of prey. 
 
 To gorge the flesh of lambs or yeanling kids. 
 
 On hUls where flocks are fed, flies towards the springs 435 
 
 Of Ganges or Hydaspes, Indian streams; 
 
 But in his way lights on the barren plains 
 
 Of Serioana, where Chineses drive 
 
 With sails and wind their cany waggons light ; 
 
 So, on this windy sea of land, the Fiend 440 
 
 Walked up and down alone, bent on his prey ; 
 
 from the wall of Heaven, though far distant, heing less agitated 
 with noisy tempest : Here was the Hend walking in full freedom 
 amidst ample space. As when a Tulture reared on Imaiis, whose 
 snowy range forms a boundary of the wandering Tartar's land, 
 quitting his abode in a region scanty in prey, to devour the flesh of 
 lambs or young kids, on hills where flocks are fed, flies towards the 
 sources of the Granges lor the Hydaspes, rivers of India : but in his 
 passage alights on the barren plains of Sericana, where Chinese drive 
 their light cane waggons by means of wi nd and sails ; so on this windy 
 sea of land the Fiend walked about alone intent upon his prey ; alone^ 
 
 '131. Imaiis.'] A celebrated through the valley of Cashmere, 
 
 mountain ridge in Scythia. Its 438. The barren pltiins, ^c] 
 
 name, according, to Pliny, signi- Serica, or Sericana, is a level 
 
 fies snowy. It is the eastern region between Imaiis and China, 
 
 boundary of the Western Tartars, In old books of travels mention is 
 
 who live chiefly in tents or wag- made of the sail waggons used 
 
 gons, and lead a nomadic life. by the Chinese in level parts of 
 
 434. Yeanling.'] Young ; new- their country during the preva- 
 
 ly born. lence of strong winds. They 
 
 436. Ganges or Hydaspes.] were made of bamboo. 
 
 Two rivers of India. The 440. Sea of land.] Land level 
 
 latter, now called Jelum, is a as a sea. 
 tributary of the Indus, and flows 
 
36 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 Alone, for other creature in this place, 
 
 Living or lifeless, to be found was none ; 
 
 Nbne yet ; but store hereafter from the Earth 
 
 Up hither like aerial vapours flew • 445 
 
 Of all things transitory and vain, when sin 
 
 With vanity had filled the works of men : 
 
 Both all things vain, and all who in vain things 
 
 Built their fond hopes, of glory or lasting fame, 
 
 Or happiness in this or the other life. 450 
 
 All who have their reward on earth, the fruits 
 
 Of painful superstition and blind zeal. 
 
 Nought seeking but the praise of men, here find 
 
 Fit retribution, empty as their deeds. 
 
 All the unaccomplished works of Nature's hand, 455 
 
 Abortive, monstrous, or unkindly mixed. 
 
 Dissolved on Earth, fleet hither, and in vain. 
 
 for in this place no other creature, animate or inanimate, was to ha 
 found ; none as yet ; hut in after times there flew up hither from the 
 Earth, like aerial vapours, a store consisting of all things transitory 
 and vain, when sin had made men abound in works of vanity : both 
 all things vain, and all who in vain things btiilt their foolish hopes 
 of greatness or lasting renown, or happiness either in this life or in 
 the next ; all who have their reward confined to this world, the 
 produce of superstitious austerity and ignorant devotion, seeking 
 nothing but the praise of men, here find proper retribution, empty 
 as their deeds were. All the uncompleted works of Nature's hand, 
 abortions, monsters, or incongruous mixtures, when dissolved on 
 
 443. To he found was none.'] unto you, they have their re- 
 The construction is. None other ward.' Matth., vi. 2. 
 
 creature, &e., was to be found. 466. Unaccomplished.'] Un- 
 
 451. All who have, ^c] Of completed, 
 
 the Pharisees who sought the 456. VnMndl^.] Unnaturally; 
 
 praise of men, and not the not according to kind, 
 
 honour .that cometh from God 457. In vain.] At random, or 
 
 only, Jesua said, 'Verily I say recklessly. 
 
- BOOK THIRD. 37 
 
 Till final dissolution, wander here ; 
 
 Not in the neighbouring moon, as some have dreamed : 
 
 Those argent fields more likely habitants, 460 
 
 Translated Saints or middle Spirits hold 
 
 Betwixt the angelical and human kind. 
 
 Hither, of ill-joined sons and daughters bom, 
 
 First from the ancient world those Giants came, 
 
 With many a vain exploit, though then renowned ; 465 
 
 The builders next of Babel, on the plain 
 
 Of Sennaar, and still with vain design 
 
 New Babels, had they wherewithal, would build : 
 
 Others came single ; he, who to be deemed 
 
 earth, fleet to this resort, and wander here in vain till the period of 
 final dissolution : not in the Earth's neighbouring planet, the moon, 
 as some have idly supposed ; those silvery plains contain inhabitants 
 more appropriate, — translated saints, or intelligences of a nature 
 betvreen the angelic and the human. First from the old world 
 those giants who were the offipring of the ill-assorted union of the 
 sons of God with the daughters of men, came hither with many vain 
 thougli then renowned achievements. Next came those who built 
 Babel on the plain of Sennaar, and who would evermore build new 
 Babels, vpith fruitless purpose, if they had the means. Others 
 came individually; Empedocles, he who to be thought a god 
 
 459. As some have dreamed.'] Inhabitants more appropriate 
 Aiiosto, in hia Orlando Furioso, oecv/py those sUvery plains. 
 xxxiv. 70, speaks of the moon as 463. Hi-joined sons, ^c] This 
 a strange storehouse where many refers to the posterity of Seth 
 vain things lost on earth are de- intermarrying with the idola- 
 posited. Pope, in his Sape of trous posterity of Cain. See 
 the LocH, v., has an allusion to Gen., vi. 1-4. 
 
 this notion. 467. Sennaar.] Shinar, a pro- 
 
 460. Those argent fields, ^c] vince of Babylon. Newton ob- 
 it seems to be a little uncertain serves that Milton frequently 
 whether fields is nominative or follows the Vulgate in the names 
 objective to hold; if the latter of places. After Sennaar the 
 was intended, the meaning is — verb came is understood. 
 
38 PARADISE lOST. 
 
 A god, leaped fondly into ^tna flames, , 470 
 
 Empedoeles; and he who, to enjoy 
 
 Plato's Elysium, leaped into the sea, 
 
 Cleombrotus ; and many more too long, 
 
 Embryos and idiots, eremites, and friars 
 
 White, black, and grey, with all their tmriipery. 476 
 
 Here pilgrims roam, that strayed so far to seek 
 
 In Golgotha him dead who lives in Heaven ; 
 
 And they who, to be sure of Paradise, 
 
 Dying put on the weeds of Dominic, 
 
 foolishly leaped into Etna's fire ; and Cleombrotns, the youth who 
 to obtain the joy of Plato's Elysium leaped into the sea ; and many 
 more, too long to name, embryos and idiots, hermits, and friars 
 white, blaot, and grey, with all their impostures. Here wander 
 pilgrims, that went so far astray to seek in Golgotha, him dead, 
 who lives in Heaven ; and they who to ensure their admission into 
 Paradise, put on, when they are dying, a Dominican priest's robe, or 
 
 471. Empedoeles.'] A Pytha- the black friars were the Domiui- 
 
 gorean philosopher of Agrigen- cans, of the order of St. Dominic ; 
 
 turn, iU' Sicily. It was reported the grey friars were the Fianois- 
 
 that he leaped into the crater of cans, of the order of St. Francis. 
 
 Mina,, that there might be no The names white, black, and 
 
 trace of his death, but that the grey referred to their distinguish- 
 
 volcano threw up one of his ing habits, 
 
 sandals, and thus made known 476. Thai strayed so far, ^c] 
 
 that he had perished by fire. Milton here condemned as vain 
 
 ,473. Cleombrotus.l A youth the visits of pilgrims to the Holy 
 
 of Ambracia in Epirus, who after Sepulchre. He had in his mind 
 
 reading the Fhdedo of Plato, was Liike, xxiv. 5, ' Why seek ye the 
 
 so eager to enter upon the enjoy- living among the dead ? He is 
 
 ment of immortality that he not here, for He is risen, ' as 
 
 threw himself intO'the sea. He said.' 
 
 iTi. Eremites.'] Hermits ; lite- i^9. Dyiry put on, ^c] The 
 
 raUy, dwellers in solitudes or de- robe of a priest of the order of 
 
 -serts. Grri, ifrn)ios, desert, solitary. St. , Dominic, or of St. Francis, 
 
 475. White, UiwJc, S^c] The when put upon dying persons, 
 
 white friars were the Carmelites, was supposed to carry them safe 
 
 an order originating in the through purgatory, 
 monastery on Mount Carmel; 
 
BOOK THIKD. 39 
 
 Or in Franciscan think to pass disguised.- 4S0 
 
 They pass the planets seven, and pass the fixed, 
 
 And that crystalline sphere whose balance weighs 
 
 The trepidation talked, and that first moved ; 
 
 And now Saint Peter at Heaven's wicket seems 
 
 To wait them with his keys, and now at foot 485 
 
 Of Heaven's ascent they lift their feet, when lo ! 
 
 A violent cross-wind from either coast 
 
 Blows them transverse, ten thousand leagues awry, 
 
 Into the devious air. Then might ye see 
 
 Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers tost 490 
 
 And fluttered into rags ; then reliques, beads. 
 
 think to pass disgiiised in a Franciscan hatit ; they pass the seven 
 planets, and the firmament of the fixed stare, and that crystalline 
 sphere the balance of which poises the vibration which is talked of, 
 and that first moved sphere ; and now Saint Peter at Heaven's gate 
 is presumed to be awaiting them with his keys, and now at the foot 
 of the ascent to Heaven they raise their feet, when, lo, a violent 
 adverse wind from each side blows them transversely, ten thousand 
 leagues off their course into the trackless air ; then might bo seen 
 cowls, hoods, and habits, tost with their wearers, and shaken into 
 rags ; then might be seen reliques, beads, indulgences, dispensations. 
 
 480. Franciscan.'] JYanciscan crystal, to which the Ptolemaics 
 weeds. attributed a sort of Jibratioa or 
 
 481. The planets seven, ^c] shaking (the ir«pM?afe'cf« so much 
 In the Ptolemaic system, the talked of), to account for certain 
 first heaven is that of the Moon, irregularities in the motion of the 
 the second of Mercury, the third stars ; and beyond this that first 
 of yenus, the fourth of the Sun, moved, the primum mobile, the 
 the fifth of Mars, the sixth of sphere which was both the first 
 Jupiter, the seventh of Saturn, moved and the first mover, 
 the eighth of all the fixed stars, communicating its motions to 
 
 482. That crystalline sphere.} all' the lower spheres; and be- 
 Beyond, the sphere of the fixed yond this was the empyrean 
 stars was supposed to be ' the heaven, the seat of God and the 
 crystalline heaven, clear as angels.' — Newtoh. 
 
40 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 Indulgences, dispenses, pardons, bulls, 
 
 The sport of winds : all these, upwhirled aloft, 
 
 Ply o'er the back side of the World far off 
 
 Into a Limbo large and broad, since called 496 
 
 The Paradise of Fools, to few unknown 
 
 Long after, now unpeopled and untrod. 
 
 All this dark globe the Fiend foimd as he passed ; 
 And long he wandered, till at last a gleam 
 Of dawning light turned thitherward in haste 500 
 
 His travelled steps. Far distant he descries, 
 Ascending by degrees magnificent 
 
 pardons, tulls, made the sport of winds : all these, whirled up aloft, fly 
 far off over the outermost boundary of the universe into a broad 
 spacious limbo, since called the Paradise of Fools, to few unknown 
 long afterwards, but at this time unpeopled and untrod. All this 
 the Eend found to be a dark globe when he passed over it ; and 
 long he wandered, till at last a gleam of dawning light attracted 
 hastily towards it his weary steps. He descries afar off a lofty 
 structure ascending by magnificent steps up to the wall of Heaven ; 
 
 492. jDiqienses.'] Dispensa- says, ' If ye should lead her into 
 tions ; licences exempting from a fool's paradise, as they say, it . 
 penalty. were a very gross Mud of beha- i 
 
 Bulls.'] The edicts and letters viour.' lAmbo is Italian, from 
 
 issued by Popes were so called the Latin Limbus, a border, 
 from the bulla, or leaden seal 497. Now.] At this time of 
 
 affixed to them. Satan's coming. 
 
 493. The sport of winds.] 500. Thitherward.] Towards 
 Horace, Od,, i. 14, ' Nisi ventis the quarter from which the light 
 debes ludibrium, cave.' See also 
 
 Virgil, Mn., vi. 76. 501. Travelled.] Tired ; toil- ^ 
 
 495. iwraio.] Besides the limbus some. Er., se iravaiUer, to toil. 
 painjTO, or paradise of patriarchs 502. Degrees.] Steps. So, in 
 and saints, the schoolmen im- Shakspeare's Julius Ceesar, ii. 1, 
 agined another locality, called 'He then unto tlio laader turns his 
 
 back, 
 
 the limbus fatuorum, or paradise 
 of fools ; both were on the skirts 
 of Hades. In Shakspeare's 
 Borneo and Juliet, ii. 4, the Nurse 
 
 of fools ; both were on the skirts ^^"^e^**"' °^™'''' =™"''°K "'^ "^ 
 of Hades. In Shakspeare's By which he rose." 
 
BOOK THIRD. 41 
 
 Up to the wall of Heaven, a structure high ; 
 
 At top whereof, but far more rich, appeared 
 
 The work as of a kingly palace-gate, 605 
 
 With frontispiece of diamond and gold 
 
 Embellished ; thick with sparkling orient gems 
 
 The portal shone, inimitable on Earth 
 
 By model, or by shading pencil drawn. 
 
 The stairs were such as whereon Jacob saw 510 
 
 Angels ascending and descending, bands 
 
 Of guardians bright, when he from Esau fled 
 
 To Padan- Aram, in the field of Luz 
 
 Dreaming by night under the open sky. 
 
 And waking cried. This is the gate of Heaven. 515 
 
 Each stair mysteriously was meant, nor stood 
 
 There always, but, drawn up to Heaven, sometimes 
 
 Viewless ; and underneath a bright sea flowed 
 
 at the top of which appeared a -work like the gate of a royal 
 palace, but far richer than that, splendidly faced with diamond and 
 gold; the portal shone with thick profusion of bright sparkling 
 gems, and could not on earth be imitated by model, or drawn by 
 colouring pencil. The stairs were such as those on which Jacob 
 saw angels ascending and descending, bands of bright guardians, 
 when he was fleeing from Esau to Padan-Aram, and dreamt by 
 night, jn the field of Luz, under the open sky, and on awaking 
 cried, This is the gate of Heaven. Each stair had a mysterious 
 design, and did not stand there continually, but sometimes was 
 drawn up to Heaven out of sight ; and under this flowed a Bright 
 
 506. Frontispiece.'] Front view. Dreaming in the field of Luz, or 
 from Lat. /ro«s and species. In Bethel. ;See Gen., xxviii. 19. 
 architecture, the principal face of 516. Meant.'] Designed. 
 
 a building. 518. A bright sea.] This is 
 
 507. Orient.] Bright. meant of ' the waters above the 
 51S. Padan-Aram.] The noith- firmament,' as Milton himself tells 
 
 ern part of Mesopotamia. us in the argument of this book. 
 In the field of Jmz, ^c] 
 
42 PABADISE LOST. 
 
 Of jasper, or of liquid pearl, whereon 
 
 Who after came from Earth sailing arrived 520 
 
 Wafted by Angels, or flew o'er the lake 
 
 Eapt in a chariot drawn by fiery steeds. 
 
 The stairs were then let down, whether to dare 
 
 The Fiend by easy ascent, or aggravate 
 
 His sad exclusion ftom the doors of bliss ; 525 
 
 Direct against which opened from beneath, 
 
 Just o'er the blissful' seat of Paradise, 
 
 A passage down to the Earth, a passage wide , 
 
 Wider by far than that of after-times 
 
 Over Mount Sion, and, though that were large, 530 
 
 Over the Promised Land to God so dear ; . 
 
 By which, to visit oft those happy tribes. 
 
 sea of jasper. or of liquid pearl, and on this they, who afterwards 
 came fi;om the Earth arrived sailing, heing wafted over it by Angels, 
 or flew over the sea, transported in a chariot drawn by fiery steeds. 
 Tl^e stairs were at this time let do'OTi, whether to provoke his daring 
 by tbe easiness of the ascent, or to aggravate the sadness of his ex- 
 clusion from the doors of bliss ; and directly opposite to these there 
 opened from beneath, just over the blissful seat of Paradise, a pass- 
 age down to the Earth, a wide passage, wider by far than that of 
 after times over Mount Sion, and wider than that over the Promised 
 Land so dear to God, wide as that would have been ; by which often-! 
 times his angels, charged with high commissions, passed to and fro. 
 
 m.. Wafted tyawgds^ Luke, 526. Direct against whioh^, 
 
 xvi. 22, ' The beggar died, and i.e. Directly against the stairs. 
 was carried by the angels into 528. A passage down, ^c] 
 
 Abraham's bosom.' This was meant for the visits of 
 
 52S. Eapt.] ■ Borne away ; angels from heaven to the terres- 
 
 transported. Lat. j'aptzis. 2 trial paradise. 
 Kings;- ii. 11 , ' Ttiere appeared a 630. Though thai were large, 
 
 eiiariot of firej and horses of ^c.J Were is not here the past 
 
 fire, and parted them both subjunctive, but is used for 
 
 asunder ; and Elijah went up by wotild be, as had is often used for 
 
 a whirlwind into heaven.' wcmld Ttave. 
 
BOOK THIED. 43 
 
 On higli behests his Angels to and fro 
 
 Passed frequent, and his eye with choice regard, 
 
 From Paneas, the fount of Jordan's flood, 535 
 
 To Beersaba, where the Holy Land 
 
 Borders on Egypt and the Arabian shore ; 
 
 So wide the opening seemed, where bounds were set 
 
 To darkness, such as bound the ocean-wave. 
 
 Satan from hence, now on the lower stair, 540 
 
 That scaled by steps of gold to Heaven-gate, 
 Looks down with wonder at the sudden view 
 Of all this world at once. As when a scout, 
 Through dark and desert ways with peril gone 
 All night, at last by break of cheerful dawn 545 
 
 to visit often those favoured tribes, and by whicb his eye was 
 directed often, with the regard of predilection, from Paneas, where 
 the Jordan takes its rise, to Beersaba, where the Holy Land borders 
 on Egypt and the shore of the Arabian Gulf ; so wide seemed the 
 opening, where bounds were set to darkness such as stay the ocean 
 wave. From this opening Satan, being on the lower stair that rose 
 by steps of gold to the gate of Heaven, looks down with wonder at 
 the sudden prospect of all this universe at once. As when a scout, 
 through dark and desolate ways, dangerously travelled all night, at 
 last by cheerful daybreak gets on the brow of some higli hill which 
 
 534. Freqwnt.'] Sometimes it Csesarea in honour of Tiberius. 
 
 Milton uses this word to denote It was at the foot of Mount 
 
 in great nwmbers, as in vii. 504 ; Hermon, near the sources of the 
 
 but here it seems to mean often. Jordan. 
 
 Compare vii. 569-673. 537. The Arabian shore.] The 
 
 And his eye.] And his eye shore of the Sinus Arabicus, or 
 
 passed frequent. Eed Sea. 
 
 635. From Paneas, ^c] From 640. From hence.] From this 
 
 Dan to Beersheba is the Scripture opening in the surrounding 
 
 statement of the limits of Pales- ' canopy of night's extended 
 
 tine north and south. Caesarea shade.' (See.) 
 
 Philippi was afterwards built on 541. Seaven-gate.] Heaven is 
 
 I the_ site of Dan, or Paneas, by here used as an adjective ; the 
 
 Philip the Tetrarch, who called same expression occurs in v. 1 98. 
 
44 PABADISB LOST. 
 
 Obtains the brow of some high-climbing hill, 
 
 Which to his eye discovers unaware 
 
 The goodly prospect of some foreign land, 
 
 First seen, or som.e renowned metropolis, 
 
 With glittering spires and pinnacles adorned, 550 
 
 Which now the rising sun gilds with his .beams : 
 
 Such wonder seized, though after Heaven seen, 
 
 The Spirit malign, but much more envy seized. 
 
 At sight of all this World beheld so fair. 
 
 Kound he surveys — and well might, where he stood, 555 
 
 So high above the circling canopy 
 
 Of Night's extended shade — from eastern point 
 
 displays tinexpeetedly to Ms eye the goodly prospect of some foreign 
 land, seen then for the first time, or some renowned metropolis 
 adorned witli glittering spires and pinnacles, whioh the rising sun now 
 gilds with his beams : such wonder seized the malignant Spirit, 
 though he had beheld Heaven's gloiy ; but much more did envy seize 
 him, at the sight of all this universe seen to be so fair. He surveys 
 around (and well he might in his present station so high above the 
 encircling canopy of the far-spreading shade of Night), from the 
 
 5i7 . Discova-sunaware.'l Shows verse. See lines 418 to 425. 
 
 or presents unexpectedly. To Hia meaning here is generally 
 
 discover often signifies to show in misapprehended, 
 our old writers. 557. From, eastern point, ^o.] 
 
 552. Such wonder, ^c] Such That is, from east to west ; for 
 
 wonder seized the malignant when the sign Libra rises in the 
 
 spirit, though this was after east, Aries, the fleecy Earn, sets 
 
 Heaven itself had been seen by in the west. ' Aries is said to 
 
 him. After Heaven seen, is a bear Andromeda, because that 
 
 Latinism, like ante Christum constellation is placed just over 
 
 natvm, ab v/rhe conditd, post Aries, and therefore when Aries 
 
 iffnem suhductum, &e. Compare sets, he seems to boar Andromeda 
 
 ■Comus, 48, ' After, the Tuscan far off Atlantic seas, the great, 
 
 mariners transformed.' western ocean, beyond the horieon; 
 
 566. The cvrcUng canopy, ^c] then from 'pole to pole he views in. 
 
 The poet refers to the chaotic breadth, that i«, from north to 
 
 darkness surrounding the uni- south.' — NE-n-roN. 
 
BOOK THIKD. 45 
 
 Of Libra to the fleecy star that bears 
 
 Andromeda far oif Atlantic seas, 
 
 Beyond the horizon ; then from pole to pole S60 
 
 He views in breadth, and, without longer pause, 
 
 Down right into the World's first region throws 
 
 His flight precipitant, and winds with ease 
 
 Through the pure marble air his oblique way 
 
 Amongst innumerable stars, that shone 565 
 
 Stars distant, but nigh-hand seem.ed other worlds ; 
 
 Or other worlds they seemed, or happy isles, 
 
 Like those Hesperian gardens famed of old. 
 
 Fortunate fields, and groves, and flowery vales, 
 
 Thrice-happy isles ; but who dwelt happy there 570 
 
 He stayed not to inquire. Above them all 
 
 The golden sun, in splendour likest Heaven, 
 
 eastern position of Libra to Aries that bears Andromeda far off the 
 Atlantic, beyond the horizon ; then he surveys across from pole to 
 pole, and without longer delay, downright he flies headlong into the 
 first region of the universe, and winds easily his indirect passage 
 through the pure clear air among countless stars, that shone as stars 
 far off, but when near seemed other worlds : they seemed either other 
 •worlds, or blest isles, like those Hesperian gardens of old renown, 
 fortunate fields, and groves, and flowery vales, thrice-blest isles ; 
 but he stopped not to inquire who were blest dwellers there. Above 
 them all, the golden sun, most resembling Heaven in splendour, 
 
 66i. Marble.'] Clear and ledge of the ancients extended, 
 
 white like marble. The Latin At some little distance from it 
 
 marnwr, marble, is derived from were the Cape Verde islands, 
 
 the Greek liapiutipa, to shine or wrongly identified by some with 
 
 glisten. the ' Fortunate fields,' the Fortti- 
 
 568. Hesperian ffardens.] Hes- natm In,sul<B, or Islands of the 
 
 perium, or Cape Verde, was one Blest, which were probably the 
 
 of the farthest points along the Madeira group of the Canary 
 
 African coast to which the know- Islands' 
 
46 PAEADISE LOST. 
 
 Allured his eye. Thither his course he bends 
 
 Through the cahn firmament — but up or down, 
 
 By centre or eccentric, hard to tell, 578 
 
 Or longitude — where the great luminary, 
 
 Aloof the vulgar constellations thick. 
 
 That from his lordly eye keep distance due, 
 
 Dispenses light from far. They, as they move 
 
 Their starry dance in numbers that compute 580 
 
 Days, months, and years, toward his all-cheering lamp 
 
 Turn swift their various motions, or are turned 
 
 By his magnetic beam, that gently warms 
 
 The Universe, and to each inward part 
 
 With gentle penetration, though unseen, 585 
 
 Shoots invisible virtue even to the deep : 
 
 attracted his eye. Thither he directs his course through the calm 
 firmameut^ — but whether upwards or downwards, whether towards 
 the centre of the universe or away from the centre, whether in the 
 line of east and west, is hard to tell, — ^where the chief luminary, 
 aloof from the crowd of ordinary constellations that keep a due dis- 
 tance from his lordly eye, dispenses light from afar. They while 
 they perform the procedure of their starry dance in measures that 
 reckon days, months, and years, turn swiftly their several motions 
 towards his aU-enlivening lamp, or are made to turn towards him byjl 
 his attracting beam, that radiates gentle warmth upon the universe, 
 and, with gentle though unseen penetration to each inward part,. 
 ' sends invisiMe Virtue even to the very depths of the universe ; so 
 
 675. By centre or eccentric, ^c] Solicit not thy thoughts with matters 
 
 •Whether it was toward the ^^• 
 
 centre or fiom the centre, it not 578, Zongitude.'] East or 
 
 being determined whetherthe sun ^est. So in vii., 372, the sun is 
 
 is the centre of the world or not.' described as 
 
 — Newtom. In viii., 160, the 
 
 T . . J ' ' ' Jocund to nin 
 
 angel says to Adam, Hig lo^^tude through Heaven-s higb 
 
 Whether the sun predominant in road. 
 
 Bise on the earth, or earth rise on the ^^^ ^^° '^•> ^^^■ 
 8un, — 
 
BOOK THIRD. 47 
 
 l3o ■wondrously was set his station bright. 
 
 There lands the Fiend, a spot like which perhaps 
 Astronomer in the sun's lucent orb, 
 
 Through his glaged optic tube, yet never saw. 590 
 
 The place he found beyond expression bright, 
 Compared with aught on Earth, metal or stone ; 
 Not aU parts like, but aU alike informed 
 With radiant light, as glowing iron with fire : 
 If metal, part seemed gold, part silver clear ; 595 
 
 If stone, carbuncle most or chrysolite, 
 Euby or topaz, to the twelve that shone 
 In Aaron's breastplate, and a stone besides 
 Imagined rather oft than elsewhere seen. 
 That stone, or like to that, which here below 600 
 
 wondrously was Me brilliant station ordained. There the Fiend 
 arrives, and a spot like to this never yet, perhaps, did astronomer 
 through hia telescope see in the sun's luminous orb. He found the 
 place bright to a degree that could not be expressed by comparison 
 with anything on earth, whether metal or stone ; all its parts were 
 not of one uniform appearance, but all were equally actuated with 
 radiant light, as red-hot iron is with fire : if to be called metal, part 
 seemed to be gold, part bright silver ; if to be called stone, there 
 seemed to be chiefly carbuncle or chrysolite, ruby or topaz, and 
 the rest of the twelve stones that shone in the breast-plate of 
 Aaron, and a stone besides, often rather imagined than seen else- 
 where, that stone, or of a like nature to that, which, in this lower 
 
 588. A ^oi, ^c] ' The spots with metal. See line 692. 
 in the sun are visible with a 596. Most.] The most part 
 
 telescope; but astronomer per- seemed. 
 
 naps never yet saw through his 597. To the twelve, ^e.] That 
 
 glaeed optio. tube, such a spot as is, and all the rest, reckoning to 
 
 Satan, now that he was in the the twelve, that shone in Aaron's 
 
 sun's orb.' — Newton. breast-plate. Exod.) xxviii. 15. 
 
 593. Informed.] Endued; actu- 600. That stone, ^c] The 
 
 ated. ' philosopher's stone, called also 
 
 596. If metal.] If compared elixir, the powder of projection. 
 
48 
 
 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 Philosophers in vain so long have sought ; 
 In vain, though by their powerful art they bind 
 VolatUe Hermes, and cjQl up unbound 
 In various shapes old Proteus from the sea, 
 Drained through a limbec to his native form. 
 What wonder then if fields and regions here 
 Breathe forth elixir pure, and rivers run 
 Potable gold, when, with one virtuous touch. 
 The arch-chemic sun, so far from us remote, 
 
 605 
 
 world, philbsophers so long have vainly sought, vainly, though liy 
 their powerful art they can fix the volatile Mercury, and call up from, 
 the sea in various shapes old Proteus unbound, and drain him 
 through an alembic to his original form. What wonder is it, then,, 
 if fields and regions here exhale pure elixir, and rivers run. potable 
 gold, when the sun, chief chemical power, so far distant from us, with 
 
 or the medicine of projection, 
 was a preparation which the old 
 alchemists sought as a means of 
 transmuting quicksilver, copper, 
 &o., into gold, and also of pro- 
 longing life indefinitely. 
 
 Bacon, in his Advancement of 
 Leamimg, Bk. II., refers to the 
 chimerical notion 'that some 
 grains of the medicine projected 
 should in a few moments of 
 time turn a sea of quicksilver or 
 other material into gold.' 
 
 603. Hermes.'l That is, ' Mer- 
 cury or quicksilver, which is very 
 fluid and volatile, and hard to be 
 fixed.' — ^Newton. 
 
 Call wp imhowad, ^c] ' Pro- 
 teus, a sea-god, who could trans- 
 form himself into various shapes, 
 till being closely pressed he re- 
 turned to his own proper form. 
 By this the ancients understood 
 the first principle of things, and 
 
 the subject matter of nature ; and ' 
 our poet, therefore, very fitly ein- 
 ploys this metaphor or similitude, 
 to express the matter which the 
 chemists make experiments upon 
 through all its mutations, and' 
 which they drain through their 
 limbecs or stills, till it resumes 
 its native and original form.' — 
 Newton. 
 
 607. Bun potable gold.'\ Pour 
 forth potable gold. A solution' 
 of gold, called aurum potabile, 
 was once regarded as a medicine 
 of great virtue for invigorating 
 the constitution. 
 
 Virt'uom.'] EfSoacious. So 
 in M Penseroso, 113,' The virtu- 
 ous ring and glass ; ' and in 
 Comus, 621, 'Bvery virtuous 
 plant.' 
 
 609. Arch-chemic.'\ Chief of 
 chemipal powers. 
 
BOOE THIED. 49 
 
 Produces, with terrestrial humour mixed, 610 
 
 Here in the dark so many precious things, 
 
 Of colour glorious, and effect so rare ! 
 
 Here matter new to gaze the Devil met 
 
 Undazzled. Far and wide his eye commands ; 
 
 For sight no obstacle found here nor shade, 615 
 
 But all sunshine, as when his beams at noon 
 
 Culminate from the equator, as they now 
 
 Shot upward still direct, whence no way round 
 
 Shadow from body opaque can fall ; and the air. 
 
 Nowhere so clear, sharpened his visual ray 620 
 
 To objects distant far, whereby he soon 
 
 Saw within ken a glorious Angel stand. 
 
 The same whom John saw also in the sun. 
 
 His back was turned, but not his brightness hid ; 
 
 one touch of his virtue, produces, with mixed terrestrial humours, 
 here in the dark so many precious things of splendid hue, and of such 
 extraordinary efficacy ? Here the Devil met, without heing dazzled, 
 matter new to his gaze ; his eye commands far and wide ; for sight 
 found here no interruption, nor obscurity, butthefull radiance of the 
 Buh, as when his teams at noon radiate vertically downward from 
 the equator, as they now shot ever straight upward, so that nowhere 
 around can a shadow from an opaque body fall ; and the air, nowhere 
 so clear as here, made him quick-sighted toward far distant objects, 
 whereby he soon saw within observation a glorious angel standing, 
 the same whom John also saw in the sun. His back was turned, but his 
 
 613. Hew to gaze.'\ Strange 618. StUl.l Always. See note 
 
 to gaze upon. on line 301. 
 
 617. Culminate from the 623. Whom John saw.l Eev., 
 
 equator. '\ At tlie equator the xix. 17, 'And I saw an angel 
 
 eun at noon being directly verti- standing in the sun.' 
 eal, men and other objects there 624. But not his brightness 
 
 east no shadow in, any direction hid."] Because he himself was 
 
 around them. bright. 
 
60 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 Of beaming sunny rays a golden tiar 625 
 
 Circled his head, nor less his locks behind 
 Illustrious, on his shoulders fledge with wings, - 
 Lay waving round ; on some great charge employed ; 
 He seemed, or fixed in cogitation deep. 
 
 Glad was the Spirit impure, as now in hope 630 
 
 To find who might direct his wandering flight 
 To Paradise, the happy seat of Man, 
 His journey's end and our beginning woe : 
 But first he casts to change his proper shape, 
 Which else might work him danger or delay. 635 
 
 And now a stripling Cherub he appears, 
 Not of the prime, yet such as iii his face 
 Youth smiled celestial, and to every limb 
 
 brightness not hid; a golden diadem of beaming sunny rays en- 
 cii'oled his head, and not less resplendent his locks hung waving 
 round behind upon his shoulders iledged with wings ; he seemed to 
 be employed on some great commission, or absorbed in deep thought.' 
 Glad was the corrupt Spirit, as being now in hope of finding one that 
 might direct his wandering flight to Paradise, the blissful abode of 
 mankind, the end of his journey, and the beginning of our woe. 
 But fi.rst he devises a change of his proper shape, which if 
 unchanged might be a cause of danger or delay to him. And 
 now he assumes t(ie form of a stripling cherub, not of the highest 
 order, yet such as presented the smiling aspect of celestial 
 youth, and gave appropriate gracefulness to every limb, so 
 
 626. Nor less, ^c] Nor less 634. Casts.^ Casts in his 
 
 illustrious (bright) lay his locks mind ; considers. So in Luke, 
 
 behind waving round on his i. 29, it is said that Mary ' cast 
 
 shoulders. in her mind what manner of salu- 
 
 ' 627. Fledge with viings.'\ tation this should be.' 
 Fledge, iai fledged, means fitted 637. Not of the prime.'] Not 
 
 for flight. So Herbert (poem on of the first or highest rank. . 
 Death) calls dead bodies 638. Youth smiled celestial.] 
 
 ' The shells of fledge souls, Icit hehind.' Celestial youth smiled. 
 
iOOK THIRD. 61 
 
 Suitable grace diffused, so well he feigned. 
 
 Under a coronet his flowing hair 640 
 
 In curls on either cheek played ; wings he wore 
 
 Of many a coloured plume, sprinkled with gold ; 
 
 'His habit fit for speed succint, and held 
 
 Before his decent steps a silver wand. 
 
 He drew not nigh imheard ; the Angel bright, 645 
 
 Ere he drew nigh, his radiant visage turned, 
 
 Admonished by his ear, and straight was known 
 
 •The Archangel Uriel, one of the seven 
 
 Who in God's presence, nearest to his throne, 
 
 Stand ready at command, and are his eyes 660 
 
 That run through aU the Heavens, or down to the Earth 
 
 ]Jear his swift errands over moist and dry. 
 
 O'er sea and land : him Satan thus accosts : 
 
 ' Uriel, for thou of those seven Spirits that stand 
 In sight of God's high throne, gloriously bright, 655 
 
 well did he sLumlate. Under a coronet his flowing hair flapped 
 in curls on liis clioeks ; lie had wings of many coloured plumes 
 sprinkled with gold ; his habit being spare for the sake of 
 £peed ; and he carried before his graceful steps a silver wand. His 
 approach was not unheard : before he came near, the bright Angel, 
 apprised by his ear, turned his beaming face, and was immediately 
 recognised as the Archangel Uriel, one of the seven Spirits that 
 stand in the presence of God, nearest to his throne, ready at com- 
 mand, and are his eyes that run through all the heavens, or bear 
 his speedy errands down to the Earth, over moist and dry, over 
 sea and land. Satan thus accosts him : ' Uriel, since of those 
 seven Spirits that stand, gloriously bright, in sight of God's high 
 
 643. Snocinot.'] Tucked up, 650. And are his ei/es.] Zech., 
 or girded up. iv. 10, ' Those seven : they are 
 
 648. Uriel.] This is the the eyes of the Lord, which run 
 name of an angel introduced in to and fro through the whole 
 the second took of Esdras, ch. iv. earth.' 
 1>2 
 
52 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 The first art wont his great authentic will 
 
 Interpreter through highest Heaven to bring, 
 
 Where all his sons thy embassy attend ; 
 
 And here art likeliest by supreme decree 
 
 Like honour to obtain, and as his eye 660 
 
 To visit oft this new creation round. — 
 
 Unspeakable desire to see and know 
 
 AU these his wondrous works, but chiefly Man, 
 
 His chief delight and favour, him for whom 
 
 All these his works so wondrous he ordained, C65 
 
 Hath brought me from the quires of Cherubim, 
 
 Alone thus wandering. Brightest Seraph, tell, 
 
 In which of all these shining orbs hath Man 
 
 His fixed seat, or fixed seat hath none, 
 
 But all these shining orbs his choice to dwell ; 670 
 
 That I may find him, and with secret gaze 
 
 throne, thou art wont to he the first to hear, as his interpreter, 
 his great authoritatiTe will through highest heaven, where all his 
 sons await thy embassy ; and thou art likeliest to hold, by supreme- 
 decree, similar dignity in this universe, and, as his eye, to visit 
 often around this new creation : an indescribable desire to see and 
 know all these wondrous works of his, but chiefly Man, the ohjecii; 
 of his chief delight and favour, him for whom he ordained all thesa 
 works of his so wondrous, has brought me from the choirs of 
 cherubim wandering thus alone : — "Brightest seraph, tell me in 
 which of all these shining orbs has Man his fixed abode, or 
 whether he has no fixed abode, but all these shining orbs of his 
 choice to inhabit ; that I may find him, and with secret inspection, 
 
 669. Here.l In this new world dramatic brevity. Or hath may 
 
 of heaven and earth. mean or perhaps he hath, or it 
 
 664. Favour.'] Object of may mean or whether he hath, or 
 
 favour. simply otherwise he hath, 
 
 669. Or fixed seat hath none.'] 670. Bis chmne to dwen."] Ai 
 
 Here grammar is sacrificed to his choice for a dwelling. 
 
BOOK THIRD. 58 
 
 Or open admiration him behold, 
 
 On whom the great Creator hath bestowed 
 
 Worlds, and on whom hath all these graces poured ; 
 
 That both in him and all things, as is meet, 67a 
 
 The universal Maker we may praise, 
 
 Who justly hath driven out his rebel foes 
 
 To deepest HeU, and, to repair that loss, 
 
 Created this new happy race of Men 
 
 To serve him better : wise are all his ways.' 680 
 
 So spake the false dissembler unperceived ; 
 For neither man nor angel can discern 
 Hypocrisy, the only evil that walks 
 Invisible, except to God alone, 
 
 By his permissive vdll, through Heaven and Earth. 685 
 
 And oft, though Wisdom wake, Suspicion sleeps 
 At Wisdom's gate, and to Simplicity 
 Resigns her chaxge, while Goodness thinks no ill. 
 Where no ill seems : which now for once beguiled 
 
 or open wonder, beliold the being on whom the great Creator has 
 bestowed worlds, and lavished all these favours : that in relation 
 both to Man and all things, we may, as is right, praise the universal 
 Maker, who has justly expelled his rebellious enemies into the 
 lowest depth of Hell, and in order to remedy that loss, has created 
 this new race of favoured men to serve him better : he is wise in all 
 his ways.' 
 
 Thus spoke the false dissembler, undiscerned ; for neither man 
 nor angel can discern hypocrisy, the only evil that walks invisible 
 to all but God, by his permissive will, through Heaven and Earth : 
 and often, though wisdom be awake, suspicion sleeps at the gate of 
 wisdom, and gives up her charge to simplicity, while goodness 
 thinks no ill of that in which there appears no ill : and this now 
 
 674. Worlds."] Sun, moon, heaven to give light upon the 
 and stars. Gen., i. 17, ' God set earth,' &c. 
 them in the firmament of the 686. WaTce.'] Be awake ; watch. 
 
5-1 PAKADISE LOST. 
 
 Uriel, though regent of the sun, and held 690 
 
 The sharpest-sighted Spirit of all in Heaven ; 
 
 Who to the fraudulent impostor foul, 
 
 In his uprightness, answer thus returned : 
 
 ' Fair Angel, thy desire, which tends to know 
 The works of God, thereby to glorify 696 
 
 The great Work-master, leads to no excess 
 That reaches blame, but rather merits praise 
 The more it seems excess, that led thee hither 
 From thy empyreal mansion thus alone, 
 To witness with thine eyes what some perhaps, 700 
 
 Contented with report, hear only in Heaven : 
 For wonderful indeed are all his works, 
 Pleasant tO' know, and worthiest to be aR 
 Had in remepib^^ance always with delight. 
 But what created mind can comprehend 705 
 
 Their number, or the wisdom infinite 
 
 for the first time deceived Uriel, though regent of the sun, and 
 accounted the most keen-sighted spirit of all in Heaven ; who in 
 his integrity, thus made answer to the impure treacherous impostor :" 
 ' Pair Angel, thy desire, which seeks to know God's works, in 
 order to proclaim the glory of the great Work-master, leads not 
 to any blameable degree of excess, but rather deserves commenda- 
 tion in proportion, to its excess, — the desire that led thee to this 
 place from thy empyreal dwelling, thus unaccompanied, to behold 
 with thy eyes, what some, contented perhaps with report, only hear 
 of in Heaven. Por all his works are indeed wonderful, pleasant in 
 being known, and all most worthy to be always remembered with 
 delight. But what created mind can form conception of their num- 
 ber, or of the infinite wisdom that produced them, but from sources 
 
 690. And held."] And he was Psal., cxi. 4, ' The merciful and 
 
 held to be. gracious Lord hath so done his 
 
 ' 698. That led.'] Thy desire marvellous works,, that . they 
 
 that led. ought to be had in remembrance,' 
 
 70S. Worthiest to be, ^c] 
 
BOOK THIRD. 55 
 
 That brought them forth, but hid their causes deep ? 
 
 I saw when at his word the formless mass, 
 
 This "World's material mould, came to a heap ; 
 
 Confusion, heard his voice, and wild Uproar 7! 9 
 
 Stood ruled, stood vast Infinitude confined ; 
 
 TUl at his second bidding Darkness fled. 
 
 Light shone, and order from disorder sprung. 
 
 Swift to their several quarters hasted then 
 
 The cumbrous elements, earth, flood, air, fire ; 715 
 
 And this ethereal quintessence of heaven 
 
 Flew upward, spirited with various forms. 
 
 That rolled orbicular, and turned to stars, 
 
 Numberless, as thou seest, and how they move ; 
 
 deeply hidden ? I saw, when his word was uttered, the shapeless 
 mass, the "World's material mould, come collected to one place : 
 confusion heard 'his voice, and wild tumult stood controlled, iho 
 waste infinite stood hounded ; till, at his second bidding, darkness 
 fled, light shone, and disorder became order. Then the denser 
 elements, earth, water, air, and fire, hastened swiftly to their 
 several places ; and this ethereal fifth essence of heaven fiew alofl, 
 animated with various forms that rolled as spheres, and became 
 those countless stars which, and how they move, thou now seest ; 
 
 711. Stood vast infimtude con- sence. .'Aristotle and some 
 -fined.] "V^ast infinitude stood other ancient philosophers sup- 
 limited, or was subjected to posed that besides the' four ele- 
 limitation. ments there was likewise an 
 
 712. At his second bidding, ^0.'] ethereal quintessence, out of 
 The first bidding is implied in the which the stars and heavens were 
 statement 'God created the heaven formed, and its motion was orbi- 
 and the earth ; and the earth was cular. These stars are nwmber- 
 without form,' &c. The second less, as thou seest (says the 
 was, 'Let there be light.' Angel), amd seest how they move; 
 
 715. Cvmibrous.'] 'Even air and the rest of this fifth essence, 
 and fire are so in comparison of that is not formed into stars, 
 the quintessence, celestial fire or surrounds and like a wall encloses 
 pure spirit.' — Eichakdson. the universe.' — Newton. 
 
 716. Quintessence.'] Fifth es- 
 
56 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 Each had his place appointed, each his course : 720 
 
 The rest in circuit walls this Universe. 
 
 Look downward on that globe, whose hither side 
 
 With light from hence, though but reflected, shines. 
 
 That place is Earth, the seat of Man ; that light 
 
 His day, which else, as the other hemisphere, 726 
 
 Night would invade ; but there the neighbouring moon — 
 
 So call that opposite fair star — her aid 
 
 Timely interposes, and, her monthly round 
 
 Still ending, still renewing, through mid-heaven, 
 
 With borrowed hght her countenance triform 730 
 
 Hence fills and empties, to enlighten the Earth, 
 
 And in her pale dominion checks the night. 
 
 That spot to which I point is Paradise, 
 
 each had a particular position and orbit assigned to it ; the re- 
 mainder of the fifth essence walls round this universe. Look down- 
 ward on that globe, whose side facing us shines with light trans- 
 mitted from this source, though only reflected : that is the Earth, 
 the abode of Man ; tha,t light is his day, which, otherwise, night 
 would supplant, as it now occupies the further hemisphere ; but 
 amidst that night the neighbouring moon — I mean that beautiful 
 star opposite — interposes her seasonable relief, arid ever ending and 
 renewing her monthly revolution, through the midst of Heaven, 
 fills from this source with borrowed light her triform countenance, 
 and empties it to enlighten the Earth, and with the mild lustre of 
 her dominion controls the night. That spot to which I point is 
 
 725. Whioh else, ^c] Which heaven, and Hecate in hell. But 
 
 day, or a time which, otherwise, Newton thinks the triform face of 
 
 night would occupy, as it now the moon to signify : her increase 
 
 does, the other half of the earth, when her horns are turned to- 
 
 730. Ber countenance triform.'] wards the east, her (?ecr«aie when 
 
 This perhaps alludes to Diana's they are turned to the west, and 
 
 designation as the JOJmi!rj/brmM; heiftdl l 
 
 ihe was Diana on earth, Luna in 
 
BOOK THIBD. 
 
 57 
 
 Adam's abode, those lofty shades his bcwer. 
 Thy way thou canst not miss, me mine requires.' 
 Thus said, he turned; and Satan bowing low, 
 As to superior Spirits is wont in Heaven, 
 Where honour due and reference none neglects, 
 Took leave, and toward the coast of Earth beneath, 
 Down from the ecliptic, sped with hoped success, 
 Throws his steep flight in many an aery wheel, 
 Nor stayed, till on Niphates' top he lights. 
 
 736 
 
 740 
 
 Paradise, Adam's abode ; those lofty shades are his bower ; thou 
 canst not miss thy way, I must now pursue mine.' 
 
 His answer being thus spoken, he turned ; and Satan bowing low, 
 as is the custom towards superior Spirits in Heaven, where no one 
 fails to render due honour and reverence, took leave, and hastened, 
 hopeful of success, down from the ecliptic toward the coast of 
 Earth beneath ; precipitates his flight in many an aery winding, 
 nor ever stopped till he alights on the summit of Niphates. 
 
 736. Thus said.'] The parti- 
 ciple being is often suppressed ; 
 but here having seems to be 
 understood. The suppression of 
 having is scarcely warrantable. 
 Perhaps we should understand 
 
 740, The ecliptic] Satan was 
 now in the ecliptic, or apparent 
 
 path of the sun in the heavens. 
 
 742. Niphates.] A range of 
 mountains in Armenia, forming 
 part of the great chain of Taurus, 
 and bordering on Mesopotamia, 
 where Paradise is generally 
 placed. The summit is always 
 covered with snow : whence the 
 
 LOSDON : PRINTED BT 
 
 SPOTTI3W0ODE AND CO., KEW-STREET SQUAEB 
 
 AND PAfiLIAUENT STREET 
 
APPROVED SCHOOL-BOOKS 
 
 By the. Rev. JOHN HUNTER, M.A. 
 
 One of the Ifational Society's Examiners of Middle-Class S<^ools. 
 
 SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS, with Explanatory and Illus- 
 trative Kotes, Critical Bemarks, and other Aids to a thorough nnder- 
 standing of each drama. Edited for the nse of Schools and Fapils preparing 
 
 for Examination Crown 8to. price One Shilling eacn Play. 
 
 ' Each of these plays is a separate publica- 
 tion, and all are equally well adapted fox 
 scholastic or private study, and for those 
 aualifying for the University Examinations. 
 They are of a handy size, and are well and 
 
 notes^ore clear and copious, and never obvious. 
 The series will be of ^eat service to all the 
 dasses for whom it is intended ; and even te 
 those readers and students who may onl? 
 desire to peruse the works of our great dra- 
 matist with the advantage of a clear and 
 steady light thrown upon the many corrupt, 
 doubtful, and obscure paflsages whi^, having 
 originated in the negugence and incapacity 
 of the old printers, still disfigure the text of 
 Shakbspbabb'b plays.' 
 
 BiBuiNaHAii Gazette. 
 
 clearly printed. The introductory remarks 
 f^ve in a condensed form all the ascertained 
 information aa to the period when the play 
 was produeedi the time the action covers in 
 the historical dramas, the conduct of the 
 
 Slot in the comedies and tragedies, and the 
 istorical or other facts to which allusion or 
 reference is made by the characters. The 
 
 BOOKS I. to V. of MILTON'S PARADISE LOST; with 
 
 a Prose Translation or Paraphrase, the Parsing of the more Difficult Words, 
 Specimens of Analysis, and numerous Illustrative Notes for the nse of Candidates. 
 Books I, and II. U. 6d. each ; Books III. to Y. price Is. each. 
 
 EXAMINATION- QUESTIONS on the FIRST TWO 
 
 BOOKS of MILTON'S PARADISE LOST, and on SHAKESPEAEB'S MBB- 
 CHANT of TENIOE, for the use of Middle-ClaBs Candidates 12mo. 1». 
 
 MILTON'S SAMSON AGONISTES and L7GIDAS; 
 
 with Kotes explaining peculiarities of Grammar, Diction, &c. For the use of 
 Students and Candidates for Examination ISmo. price l0.6d> 
 
 MILTON'S GOMUS, L' ALLEGRO, and IL PENSE- 
 
 ]i OSO, with numerous Notes, Critical, Illuatratlve, and Explanatory : adapted for 
 u:ie in Training Colleges and Schools 12mo. U. 6(2. 
 
 SPENSER'S FAIRY QUEEN; the First Six Cantos of 
 
 Book I. Unabridged and in the Old Spelling. With Explanatory and Illustrative 
 Notes, including frequent Directions for Grammatical Analysis, &c 12mo.2s, 
 
 JOHNSON'S EASSELAS, with Introductory Remarks, 
 
 Explanatory and Grammatical Annotations, Specimens of Interrogative Lessons, 
 Answers to Examination-Questions, &;c. New Edition, revised 12mo. 28. 8(2. 
 
 EXERCISES in ENGLISH PARSING, Progressively 
 
 arranged and adapted to the Author's Text-Book of English Grammar ; with 
 Questions suggesting a Course of Oral- Instruction 12mo. 6d, 
 
 PARAPHRASING and ANALYSIS of SENTElStCES, 
 
 simplified for the use of Schools, forming a Manual of Instruction and Exercise 
 for the use of Students, Teachers, &;c 12mo. U. S(2.— £et, Is. Sd. 
 
 SCHOOL MANUAL of LETTER-WRITING : Containing 
 
 numerous Models of Letters on Commercial and other Subjects ; with Exercises 
 in Epistolary Composition, Rules of Punctuation, Explanations of Abbreviated 
 Titles, Commercial Terms, &c. Revised Edition 12mo.l8, 6d^ 
 
 INTRODUCTION to the WRITING of PRECIS or 
 
 DIGESTS, as applicable to Narratives of Facts or Historical Events^ Correspond- 
 ence, Evidence, Official Documents, and General Composition; wit^ numerous 
 Examples and Exercises. Revised Edition 12mo* 2».— Key, 1*. 
 
 The ESSAYS of LORD BACON ; with Critical and Illus- 
 trative Notes : and an Example with Answers of an TJniTersity Middle-Class 
 Examination-Fapei on the Essays Crown 8to. price Si. 6d. 
 
 London, LONGMANS & CO. 
 
APPROVED SCHOOL-BOOKS. 
 
 By the Rev. JOHN HUNTEE, M.A. 
 HUNTERS NEW SHILLING ARITHMETIC; a Treatise 
 
 for Besrinners, designed to promote intelligence and Expertness in the Applica- 
 tion ofthe Best Modern Methods of Calculation : including Vulgar and Heoimal 
 Fractions and the Chief Commercial Rules 18mo. pricel«.—KBY, price 28. 
 
 * A compact and handy 'little vojnme, in 
 Thich tjie rationale of the various operations 
 of Arithmetic is exhibited in a somewhat 
 simpler manner than in the Author's 
 larger treatise. "We agree with all the 
 
 Author advances about the necessity of 
 cultivating methodical propriety and neat- 
 ness in the working of arithmetical examples, 
 and we certainly beUeve his text-book will 
 assist the teacher in this respect.' 
 
 Educational Tistbs. 
 
 SOLUTIONS of QUESTIONS in ARITHMETIC and 
 
 BOOKKEEPING used in the Civil Service Examinations, and published in the 
 Appendix to the Eighth Report of the Commissioners: vritn. a Sufplkhehi! < 
 containing Examples in Account-States, &c 12mo. l«.6d.; 
 
 MODERN ARITHMETIC: a Treatise adapted for School 
 
 Work and for Private Study ; containing numerous improvements in aid of the 
 Preparation of Candidates for Pubhe Examinations. 12mo. 8«. 6d.— Ket, price 58. 
 
 SELF-INSTRU€TION in BOOKKEEPING; a Treatise 
 
 Explaining Simply, and hy numerous Examples, the Principles and Practice of 
 the Single and Doublfe Entry 12mo.priH6 2«, 
 
 EXAMINATION-QUESTIONS in BOOKKEEPING by 
 
 DOTJBLE BNTKY, preceded by Ml Direotiono for the True Stating of Dr. and 
 Cr.— with the Answers ISmo. 2s. 6cl, 
 
 HUNTER'S EXAMINATION-QUESTIONS and DIREC- 
 
 TIONS, as above, separated from the Answers 12mo. U. 
 
 •RULED PAPER for the various Forms of Account-Books 
 
 required in Hunter's Examination-Questions in Bookkeeping, 5 sorte, price 
 Is. 6cZ. per quire. 
 
 PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES in BOOKKEEPING by 
 
 DOUBLE BNTET, including Account-States, Partnership Accounts, Private 
 Journal and Ledger, &c 12mo. 1«. 6d.— Key, price 2s. 6d. 
 
 An EASY INTRODUCTION totte HIGHER TREATISES 
 
 on the CONIC SECTIONS 12nio. 3s. 6ii.— Key, 2«. 
 
 EXAMINATION-QUESTIONS on COLBNSO'S ELE- 
 
 MKlfTS of ALGEBRA. PabtI ! 12ino. 2s. Si. 
 
 COLENSO and HUNTER'S INTRODUCTORY ALGEBRA; 
 
 Containing the Chief Rules in the First Part of Colenao's Blements of Algebra, 
 simplified, with Additional lUuBtrations, and followed by a large Appendix of New 
 Examples arranged in the order of theBuIes 18mo. price 28. 6c2.—Ki:t, 2«. 6d. 
 
 A STANDARD ALGEBRA, in accordance with the Regulations 
 
 of the New Bevised Code for Standards rv. V. and VI. explaining in simple 
 language the Rudiments of the Science to Simple Equations.... 18mo. U.— Key, Is, 
 
 ELEMENTS of PLANE TRIGONOMETRY, for Beginners; 
 
 with numerous Problems, and Tables of all the Natural Sines, &c. required for 
 the Solution of the Exercises ; 18mo. 1«.— Key, 9d, 
 
 ELEMENTS of MENSURATION, simplified for the use of 
 
 BepriBQcrs ; with numerous Original Problems and Progressive Exercises. New 
 Edition, Revised and Stereotyped .ISmo. 1«.— Key, 9d. 
 
 TREATISE on LOGARITHMS : with Copious Tables of 
 
 Selected Logarithms ; explaining simp^ the Nature and Use of Logarithms and 
 Logarithmic Tables ; the Principles and Methods of their Construction, and their 
 Application; vrith numerous Examples and Exercises 18mo, Is.— Key, 9d. 
 
 London, LONGMANS & CO. 
 
- ^"nell University Library 
 PH 3560 1861 
 
 Paradise lost.The third book. With a pro 
 
 3 1924 013 190 453