PE 
 
 217 
 
 H52 
 
 
Hnqlidh Solkction 
 
 THE GIFT OF. 
 
 3ames Morgan Hart 
 
THE 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE INDICATIVE AND 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOODS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 ANGLO-SAXON GOSPELS. 
 
 DISSERTATION PRESENTED 
 
 TO THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF DOCTOR OFPHILOSOPHY 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. ALONZO NORTON HENSHAW. 
 
 Cornell University Library 
 PE 217.H52 
 
 -a®gt>S: 
 
 Syntax of the indicative and sub 
 
 unctlve 
 
 3 1924 027 324 114 
 
 LEIPZIG-R. 
 
 PRINTED BY OSWALD SCHMIDT 
 1894. 
 
The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027324114 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 Explanation of Abbreviations 7 
 
 § 1. The Moods in Independent Clauses 9 
 
 The Moods in Dependent Clauses . 10 
 
 Substantive Clauses 10 
 
 § 2. After Verbs of desire, endeavor, entreaty, etc 10 
 
 § 3. Misoellaneoua 13 
 
 § 4. With Adjectives and Nouns . . 13 
 
 § 6. In Various Impersonal Expressions . . 16 
 
 § 6. Indirect Discourse 17 
 
 § 7. After Verbs of knowing, perceiving, etc. ... 22 
 
 § 8. After Verbs of believing, thinking, etc 24 
 
 § 6. Various after JjEet representing quia or quod 26 
 
 § 10. Indirect Questions . . 27 
 
 § 11. Relative Clauses 32 
 
 § 12. Temporal Clauses 36 
 
 § 13. With the following conjunctions both the indicative and 
 
 subjunctive, etc 37 
 
 § 14. Modal Clauses 41 
 
 § 15. Consecutive Clauses .... ... 43 
 
 § 16. Causal Clauses 46 
 
 § 17. Final Clauses 47 
 
 §18. Conditional Sentences 50 
 
 Simple Condition 50 
 
 § 19. Sentences Introduced by buton, etc . . 52 
 
 § 20. Condition Contrary to Fact 53 
 
 § 21. Concessive Clauses ... 56 
 
1 he edition of the Anglo - Saxon Gospels used by the 
 writer is that of Skeat (Cambridge 1871 — 87). The references 
 are to the text of the Corpus Ms. The Latin readings are 
 from Fleck's "Novum Testamentum Vulgatae Editionis" (Leipzig, 
 1840), unless otherwise stated. Various readings have also 
 been given from the Amiatus Ms. (Fleck's Vulgate, margin), 
 from the Eushworth and Lindisfarne Mss. (Skeat's A. S. Gospels), 
 also from Sabatier's 'Biblorum Sacrorum Latinae Versiones," 
 from the "Veronensi Evangelari Quadruplex" of Blanchini, 
 and (for St. Matthew's Gospel) from the "Novum Testamentum" 
 of Wordsworth. Among the books used by the writer may 
 be mentioned the English grammars of Koch and Matzner, 
 Kaulen's "Handbuch zur Vulgata," and Eonsch's "Itala und 
 Vulgata. Das Sprachidiom" etc. 
 
 Eegarding the examples, it may be said that in the 
 discussion of constructions where the Anglo-Saxon usage 
 is at all doubtful, the writer has endeavored to refer to all 
 the examples of the construction in question, except in those 
 instances where the mood of the verb cannot be determined. 
 Thus every example of indirect discourse and indirect question 
 occurring in the text has been noted, also every example 
 of the subjunctive in relative and conditional sentences. In 
 the discussion however of constructions so regular as the 
 hortatory subjunctive, or the subjunctive in final clauses, etc., 
 only a few of the examples have been referred to. 
 
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Latin Mss. 
 
 Am. Codex Amiatus. 
 
 Brix. . BrixianuB. 
 
 Cant. Cantabrigiensis. 
 
 Clar. ... Claromontanua. 
 
 Colb. Colbertinns. 
 
 Corb. 1 Corbiensis 1. 
 
 Corb. 2 Corbiensis 2. 
 
 Gat. Sancti Gatiani. 
 
 S. Ger. 1. Sangermanensis 1. 
 
 S. Ger. 2 Sangermanensis 2. 
 
 Lind. Lindisfame. 
 
 Rush. .... Rushworth. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon Mss. 
 
 A Cambridge Ms. 
 
 B Oxford 
 
 C Cotton „ 
 
 H Hatton „ 
 
 R. .... ... Royal „ 
 
§ 1- 
 
 THE MOODS IN INDEPENDENT CLAUSES. 
 
 1. In simple declarative sentences and direct questions 
 the indicative is used. Examples unnecessary. 
 
 Note : The subjunctive in L. XI. 7, is a literal translation 
 of the Lat. dicat, which is itself a literal rendering of smii 
 of the original: 
 
 L. XI. 5 — 7. Hwylc eower hsefS sumne freond and gsej) to 
 midre nihte to him, and cwyS to him; La freond Isen me 
 {)ry hlafas. And he joonne him Jjus andswarige, ne beo 
 })U me gram, et ille deintus repondens dicat. 
 
 2. Command or wish may be expressed by the sub- 
 junctive, very rarely by the indicative. 
 
 a) Subjunctive: 
 Mk. I. 38. jja cwseS he fare we on gehende tunas. Eamus. 
 J. XIX. 24. ne sLite we hy. Non scindamus eum. 
 M. XVII. 4. Uton wyrcean, faciamus. 
 
 M. XXL 38. uton g^n and ofslean hyne. venite, occidamus 
 
 eum. 
 M. XX VT. 46. Arisa5, uton faran, surgite, eamus. 
 M. XVII. 9. Ne secgean ge Jjis. nemini dixeritis. 
 Mk. VIL 34. si jjii ontyned. 
 
 M. XXIII. 10. Ne eow man ne nemne lareowas. nee vocemini 
 magistri. 
 
 Mk. VIII. 34. Gif hwa wyle me fylgean wi3sace hine sylfne 
 
 and nime his cwylminge and folgige me. 
 J. IX. 21. yllde he hsefS, sprece for hine sylfne. 
 
- 10 — 
 
 b) Indicative (= future indicative) : 
 L. XVII. 31. on bum dsege se 6e bi& on I)ecene and his fatu 
 on huse, ne stih6 he uySer l)set he hig nime; And se 6e 
 bi6 on secere, ne went he on-bsec; ne descendat, non 
 redeat. 
 L. XXI. 21. {)onne fleo6 on muntas l)a 8e on Judea synt 
 and nySer ne astigaS pa, Se on hyre midele synt; fugiant, 
 discendant. 
 The Latin future indicative expressing command is trans- 
 lated sometimes by the imperative or hortatory subjunctive, 
 sometimes by the indicative. 
 
 Imperative and hortatory subjunctive: 
 
 M. V. 24. t)onne cum Jiu syj)l)an and bring J)ine Isec. tunc 
 
 veniens offeres munus tuum. 
 M. XXVI. 22. drihten ne gewurjie J)3et. Domine, non erit 
 
 tibi hoc. 
 Indicative : 
 M. XX. 26. ne by}) swa betweox sow. ac swa hwylc swa wyle 
 
 betweox eow beon yldra sy he eower l^en. Non ita erit 
 
 inter vos, 
 
 THE MOODS IN SUBOEDINATE CLAUSES. 
 
 The indicative in dependent clauses expresses that which 
 is regarded as actual ; the subjunctive that wliich is regarded 
 as indefinite or uncertain. In many cases either mood might 
 be used, the choice being determined by the mental attitude 
 of the speaker or writer at the time. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. 
 
 §2. 
 1. The subjunctive is used in substantive clauses after 
 verbs signifying or implying desire, endeavor, entreaty, avoi- 
 dance, fear, command, prohibition, compulsion, permission, etc. *) 
 
 *) The following verbs occur : gyrnan , hopian , lufian , wyllan, 
 begyman, secan, smean, biddan, bebiddan, warnan, forwandian, bodian, 
 
- 11 — 
 
 M. XXIII. 8. Ne gyrne ge l)3et eow man lareowas nemne. 
 L. XXIII. 8. he hopode Jiset he gesdwe sum tacen Ije fram 
 
 him gewurde. sperabat signum aliquod videre ab eo fieri. 
 M. VI. 5. 1j4 lufiaS ]j3et liig gebiddon.*) 
 M. XXni. 7. Hig lufigea8 l)a fyrmystan setl on gebeorscypum 
 
 and l)a fyrmystan lareow-setl on gesomnungum, and })3et 
 
 hig man grete on strsetum and Jjset menn hig lareowas 
 
 nemnon. 
 M. VII. 12. ealle })a l)ing 6e ge wyllen l^set men eow don, 
 
 do}) ge him l)£et sylfe. XX, 33. XXVI, 17. 
 Mk. Vn. 24. he nolde Ijset hit senig wiste. Neminem voluit 
 
 scire. 
 M. VI. 1 . Begyma6 {)3et ge ne don eowre rihtwisnesse beforan 
 
 mannum. 
 L. XIII. 24. manega seca6 ]Dset hig ingan. quaerent intrare. 
 L. IX. 9. Da smeade he jDset he hine gesawe. 
 M. IX. 38. biddaj) bses ripes hlaford jiset he sende wyrhtan 
 
 to his ripe. XXIV, 20. L. VIII, 31. 
 M. VIII. 4. warna ]}& l^set jju hyt nsenigum men ne secge. 
 
 IX. 30. XVni. 10. XXIV. 4, 6. 
 M. XXI. 37. Hig forwandiaS Jjset hig ne don minum suna swa. 
 L. VIII. 31. lia bsedon hig hine l^set he him ne bude })3et hi 
 
 on grund ne bescuton. 
 M. XV. 35. he behead l)a Jjset seo menegu ssete ofer {)aere 
 
 eor{)an. 
 Mk. VI. 12. hi bodedon iDset hi dsedbote dydon **) 
 M. IV. 3. cwe5 ^set l)as stanas to hlafe gewurdon. 
 
 cwe{)an, cyj)aii, halsian, laeran, secgan, astyrian, writan, setywan, forbeodan, 
 nydan, genydan, lyfan, alyfen, sellan, gesellan, J)afian, gebafian. 
 
 *) The subj. plur. frequently ends in -on in the A. S. Gospels (See 
 Siever's A. S. Grammatik § 361, 365). Cf. nemnon in the following 
 example. 
 
 **) As the examples from § 2 to § 9 ('inclusive) are intended to 
 illustrate the use not merely of the moods but of substantive clauses 
 in general , examples are occasionally given in which the mood cannot 
 be determined from the form of the verb. 
 
— 12 — 
 
 M. XXVIII. 10. faraS and cyl)a8 minum gebrotrum J)set hig 
 
 faron on Galileam. 
 M. XXVI. 63. Ic halsige \)e 6urh t>one lyfiendari God, Jjset 
 
 bn secge us gyf J)U sy Crist. 
 M. XVIII. 20. I8era5 faet hig healdon ealle pa Sing Ipe ic eow 
 
 bebead. 
 M. V. 34. Ic secge eow soJ)lice J)8et ge eallunga ne swerion. 
 
 VI. 25. 
 M. XXn. 24. Moyses ssede gif hwa dead sig and beam naebbe 
 
 J)set Ms broSor nyme hys wif and stryne him beai-n. 
 M. XX. 21. sege i)set J)as mine twegen suna sittan an on 
 
 {)ine swil)ran healfe, and an on jjine wynstran. 
 Mk. XV. 11. J)a astyredon ]}& bisceopas jsa menegu })8et he 
 
 him Barraban forgefe. 
 Mk. XII. 19. Moyses us wrat, gif hwses broSor dead biS and 
 
 IsefS his wif and nsefS non beam, })8et his broSor nime 
 
 his wif and his bro5or ssed wecce. 
 L. III. 7. hwa getywde eow })3et ge fleon fram J)am towerdan 
 
 yrre? quis ostendit vobis fugere? 
 Mk. III. 12. he him swySe forbead, l)3et hi bine ne geswutelodon. 
 M. XXVII. 32. Jjone hig nyddon J)3et he bsere hys rode. 
 
 L. XIV. 23. 
 Mk. XV. 21. hig genyddon Simonem Jjset he his rode bsere. 
 Mk. X. 4. Moyses lyfde J)aet man write hiwgedales hoc, and 
 
 hi forlete. 
 Mk. X. 37. Syle unc, {)8et wyt sitton on l)inon wuldre, an on 
 
 l)ine swySran healfe and o})er on Jjine wynstran. Mk. X. 40. 
 M. VII. 4. {)afa t)3et ic ut ado J)set mot. 
 M. XXIII. 13. Ne ge in ne gaj) ne ge ne ge{)afia6 jjset o6re 
 
 ingan. 
 M. XXIV. 43. he nolde gejjafigen J)set man his hus under- 
 
 dulfe. non sineret perfodi domum suam (in apodosis of 
 
 condition contrary to fact). 
 M. XXII. 17. ys liit alyfed l)set man Casere gaful sylle })e na. 
 
 M. XXVII. 6. 
 L. VIII. 10. Eow is geseald J)3et ge witun. datum est nosse. 
 
— 13 — 
 
 2. The following examples have motan, sculan, or willan 
 in the substantive clause, without equivalent in the Latin 
 original. 
 
 J. XIX. 38. Josep frara Arimathia bsed Pilatus Jjaet he moste 
 
 niman JDses hselendes lichaman. rogavit ut tolleret. 
 M. XXVI. 16. he smeade geornlice J)3et he hyne wolde be- 
 
 Isewan. quaerebat opportunitatem, ut eum traderet. 
 J. X. 39. Hig smeadon witodlice embe Jjset hig woldon hine 
 
 gefon. Quaerebant eum apprehendere. 
 J. VIII. 5. Moyses us bebead on J)sere se, jjset we sceoldon 
 
 Jjus gerade mid stanum oftorfian. Mandavit nobis hujus- 
 
 modi lapidare. 
 
 §3. 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 The following object clauses, used with verbs not com- 
 prised under § 2, may be placed here. 
 
 M. XVI. 5. hig forgeton \>iet hig hlafas namon. obliti ^unt 
 accipere. 
 
 Mk. VIII. 14. hi ofergeton l)3et hi hlafas ne namon. obliti 
 sunt panes sumere. 
 
 L. XVI. 3. me sceamaS pEet ic w^dlige. mehdicare erubesco. 
 L. VII. 45. Jjeos ne geswac jjaet heo mine fet ne cyste. non 
 cessavit osculari. 
 
 § 4. 
 SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES WITH ADJECTIVES AND 
 
 NOUNS, 
 
 1. a) The subjunctive is used in subject clauses modified 
 by a predicate adjective:*) 
 
 M. V. 29. |)e ys betere Ijset 4n Jjinra lima forwurl)e Joonne 
 eall J)in lichama si on belle asend. ut pereat. M. V. 30. 
 
 xvm. 6. 
 
 *) See also examples in § 20, 5. 
 
— 14 — 
 
 M. XVIII. 8. Betere jie ys J)8et Jju ga wanhal o})})e healt to 
 life, t)onne {)U hsebbe twa handa and twegen fet, and sy 
 on ece fyr asend. Bonum tibi est ad vitam ingredi. 
 
 M. X. 25. genoh byj) S0jt)lice Jiam leorning-cnihte J)set he sy 
 swylce hys lareow. J. VI. 7. 
 
 L. XVII. 2. nyttre him wsere })8et an cweorn-stan sy gecnytt 
 abutan his swiiran. Utilius est 1111 si Imponatur. 
 
 L. XVII. 1. unmlhtlic is J)8et gedrefednyssa ne cuman. 
 
 b) Also when the substantive clause appears as predicate 
 nominative , and the adjective agrees with the Impersonal 
 subject : 
 
 M. XV. 26. nys hit na god {)8et man nime bearna hlaf and 
 hundum worpe. Non est bonum sumere et mittere. 
 
 L. XVIII. 1. hit ys riht J)set man symle gebidde and na 
 geteorige. oportet semper orare, et non deflcere. 
 
 c) The subjunctive occurs In the following substantive 
 clauses used to define the application of an adjective: 
 
 M. VIII. 8. ne eom ic wyrSe jjset ]3U ingange under mine 
 jjecene. 
 
 L. VII. 4. He Is wyr6e J)8et 6u him tillge. Also L. VH. 7, 
 following Hatton Ms., Ich ne tealde me sylfne swa wur8 
 ])8et Ich to 1)6 come. Cf. Corpus reading, § 15, 2, a. 
 
 2. The subjunctive is used In the following substantive 
 clauses*) which serve to define or limit a noun. 
 
 a) As apposltlve or predicate nominative: 
 
 M. X. 1. he sealde him unclsenra gasta an weald ^set hig 
 
 adryfun hig lit and hseldun adle. 
 J. XTII. 34. ic eow sylle niwe bebod, {)3et ge lufion eow be- 
 
 twynan. 
 M. XVIII. 7. Neod ys })8et swyc-domas cumon. 
 J. XVI. 30. nis nan })earf J)0et senig J)e axle. 
 
 *) The original has ut with the subjunctive in all examples where 
 the Latin reading is not given. 
 
— 15 — 
 
 J. VI. 29. J)8et is Godes weorc |jset. ge gelyfan on 6one jie he 
 
 sende. 
 M. XVIII. 14. Swa nys willa beforan eowrum fseder, ]}& on 
 
 heofenum ys, J)8et dn forwur|)e of ]jisum lytlingum. 
 Mk. XV. 6. On symmel-dsege wses his gewuna {)3et he him 
 
 forgeafe senne gebundenne. solebat dimittere. 
 J. XVII. 3. Dis ys soSlice 6ce lif {)3et hi oncnawon {iset {)U 
 
 eart 5,n sojt God. 
 J. XV. 13. NsefS ndn man maran lufe {)onne 6eos ys, {)8et 
 
 hwa sylle his lif for his freondum. 
 L. I. 43. hwanun is me 6is l)set mines drihtnes modor to me 
 
 cume. 
 L. III. 20. and ofer eall J)3et geicte Jjset he beclysde Johannem 
 
 on cwearterne. adjecit et hoc super omnia, et inclusit. 
 
 Sculan and motan may occur in the substantive clause, 
 without equivalent in the Latin original. *) 
 
 M. XXVII. 15. Hig hsefdon heom to gewunan to heora symbel- 
 dsege l)3et se dema sceolde forgyfan {)am folce senne for- 
 wyrhtne man. Consueverat prseses populo dimittere. 
 
 J. V. 27. and sealde him anweald J)8et he moste deman. et 
 potestatem dedit judicium facere. 
 
 b) Substantive clauses are used with nouns in various 
 other relations. 
 J. V. 7. ic nsebbe nanne man l)8et me do on ]jone mere. 
 
 hominem non habeo, ut, cum turbata fuerit aqua, mittat 
 
 me in piscinam. 
 L. II. 21. ^fter J)am J)e ehta dagas gefyllede wseron {)set 
 
 Sset cild embsnyden wsere, his nama waes hselend. postquam 
 
 consummati sunt dies octo, ut circumcideretur puer, vocatum 
 
 est nomen ejus Jesus. 
 J. XVI. 32. Nu c6m tid and cym6 jDset ge tofaron seghwylc 
 
 to his agenon. ut dispergamini. 
 Mk. VI. 31. Manega wseron {)e comon and segenhwyrfdon 
 
 and fyrst nsefdon })3et hi seton. nee spatium manducandi 
 
 habebant. 
 
 *).See § 2, 1, note 3. 
 
— 16 — 
 
 With willan: 
 
 J. XIII. 1. se hselend wiste })3et his tid com l)3et he wolde 
 gewitan. Sciens Jesus, quia venit hora ejus, ut transeat. 
 
 §5. 
 
 IN THE FOLLOWING IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS 
 THE MOOD VARIES. 
 
 a) gebyrian. 
 
 With subjunctive: 
 
 Mk. XIII. 7. hit gebyraS I)3et hit gebelimpe. oportet hsec fieri. 
 L. IX. 22. hit gebyreS Jjset mannes sunu fela joinga jjolige. 
 
 L. XIII. 14. 
 Mk. IX. 11. hwset secgaS pharisei and l)a boceras, j^set ge- 
 
 byra& gerest (A. {)8et) Helias cume? 
 
 With sculan: 
 
 J. IV. 4. him gebyrode jDset he sceolde faran l)urh Samaria 
 land. Oportebat autem eum transire. 
 
 With indicative: 
 
 The substantive clause in the following is equivalent to 
 a condition contrary to fact, so that the use of the indicative 
 here may be regarded as exceptional: 
 
 M. XXV.. 27. hyt gebyrede l)3et ])\i befsestest min feoh myny- 
 terum and ic name jisenne ic come iDset min ys mid {jam 
 gafole. Oportuit ergo te committere pecuniam et veniens 
 ego recepissem utique, quod meum est, cum usura. 
 
 b) Toweard ys. 
 "With subjunctive: 
 
 L, IX. 44. hit is towerd Ijset mannes sunu si geseald on 
 manna handa. Filius enim hominis futurum est, ut tradatur. 
 With indicative: 
 
 M. II. 13. Toweard ys, \)3dt Herodes sec5 j>set cild to for- 
 spillenne. Futurum est, ut quaerat. 
 
— 17 — 
 
 c) Gelimpan. 
 
 With indicative : 
 
 M. XVni. 1 3. gyf hyt gelimpjj \>g&t he hyt flnt. Si contigerit, 
 ut inveniat. 
 
 §6. 
 
 INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 
 
 The use of the indicative in indirect discourse shows 
 that the content of the dependent clause is regarded as actual 
 fact; the subjunctive shows that it is considered merely as 
 the opinion of the person quoted. 
 
 1. Indicative: 
 
 Mk. XVI. 7. faraS and secga8 his leorning-cnihtum and Petre 
 
 J)set he gseS toforan eow on Galileam. 
 M. VI. 29. Ic secge eow so51ice J)set fur6on Salomon on eallum 
 
 hys wuldre uses oferwrigen swa swa an of Syson. 
 li. VI. 5. And he ssede him jiset drihten is mannes sunu eac 
 
 swylce reste-dseges. 
 M. Vin. 31. Da ongan he Iseran jjset mannes sunu gebyre6 
 
 fela {)inga {)olian. 
 Note: In the following examples the word J)8et has no 
 equivalent in the Latin text, serving merely to introduce 
 direct discourse. The Latin quia is often used in the same 
 way, being simply a literal rendering of the Greek otc. See 
 Mk. Vn. 20. L. VIL 16, XXIL 61, J. X. 36. 
 
 M. XXVI. 64. Da cwseS se hselynd him to l)3et Su ssedest. 
 
 Dicit illi Jesus: Tu dixisti. 
 M. XXVII. 11. se dema hyne axode l)us cwe6ende; eart t)u 
 
 Judea cyning {)a cwseS se hselend {)3et Su segst. 
 
 Dicit illi Jesus: Tu dicis. Also M. XXIIL 16. 
 
 Further examples of the indicative in indirect discourse 
 occur in the following passages. 
 
 2 
 
— 18 — 
 
 With cweSan: 
 M. X. 7. Mk. XII. 32. L. IX- 19. XXII. 61. XXIV. 34, 46. 
 J. I. 32. IV. 17. VI. 14. XVI. 15. 
 
 With secgan: 
 
 M. III. 9. V. 22, 28, 82. VIII. 11. XL 24. XII. 6, 36. XVI. 18. 
 XVn. 12. XVIII. 13. XIX. 23, 24, 28. XXI. 31, 43. 
 XXIII. 16. XXIV. 34, 47. XXVI. 21. Mk. III. 28. VII. 20. 
 IX. 1, 13. X. 33. XIII. 30. XIV. 18, 30. L. IX. 7. XII. 
 27, 37. XIII. 35. XIV. 24. XV. 7. XVIII. 1, 8. XXI. 32. 
 XXn. 37, 61, 70. J. III. 11. V. 24, 25. VI. 65. Vm. 24, 
 34. X. 36. XII. 24. XIII. 21. XVI. 20. XVIII. 8, 37. 
 See also examples under § 6, 2. note. 
 
 2. Subjunctive. 
 M. XXn. 23. Saducei, l)a secgea& l)8et nan seryst ne sy. qui 
 
 dicunt, non esse resurrectionem. Mk. XII. 18. 
 Mk. XIV. 64. Da hyrwdon M eaUe hine and cwsedon {)8et he 
 
 waere deaSes scyldig. qui omnes condemnaverunt, eum esse 
 
 reum mortis. 
 J. VIII. 54. min fseder is Tpe me wuldra6, be jiam ge cweSaJ) 
 
 J)3et he sy ure God and ge ne cuSon hine. dicitis quia Deus 
 
 vester est. 
 J. IV. 20. ge secga8 {)set on Jerusalem sy sec stow, Jjset man 
 
 on gebidde. vos dicitis, quia lerosolymis est locus , ubi 
 
 adorare oportet. 
 J. XVIII. 14. Kaiphas dihte Sam Judeon, and cw8e8 l3set hyt 
 
 ■wsere betere Jjset an man swulte for folc. 
 
 erat autem Caiphas, qui consilium dederat Judseis : Quia 
 
 expedit unum hominem mori. 
 J. XII. 29. Sume ssedon l)3et engel spgeee [H. sprsec, E. spree] 
 
 wi6 hine. Alii dicebant: Angelus ei locutus est. 
 Mk. VIII. 27. Hwset secgafi men Jjset ic sy? quem me dicunt 
 
 esse homines? L. IX. 18. 
 Mk. VIII. 29. hwset secge ge jjset ic sy? vos vero quem me 
 
 esse dicitis? L. IX. 20. 
 M. XVI. 13. hwsene secgea5 menn l)3et sy mannes suuu? 
 
 M. XVI. 15. 
 
— 19 — 
 
 J. IX. 19. Is Sis eower sunu lie ge secgaS })3et blind waere 
 acenned? Hie est Alius vester, quern vos dicitis, quia 
 caecus natus est? 
 
 When the context or construction shows that the depen- 
 dent clause is regarded as untrue or doubtful, tlie subjunc- 
 tive is used. This is the case 
 
 a) In questions expecting a negative answer: 
 
 J. IV. 12. cwyst Su l)3et })U si maerra J)onne ure fseder Ja- 
 cob ? Nuraquid tu major est ^ 
 
 Note: When an affirmative answer is expected the in- 
 dicative is used: 
 
 J. IV. 35. Hu ne secge ge {)8et nu gyt synt feowur monSas 
 
 ser man ripan msege? Nonne vos dicitis. 
 J. VII. 42. hu ne cy8 [sic. A. B. cwy6] l)8et gewrit {)8et Crist 
 
 cym6 of Dauides cynne? Nonne Scriptura dicit? 
 J. Vni. 48. Hwi ne cwejie we wel })set 8u eart Samaritanisc 
 
 and eart wod? Nonne bene dicimus, quia Samaritanus es tu? 
 J. XI. 40. ne ssede ic Se J)3et {)U gesyhst Godes wuldor gif 
 
 8u gelyfst? 
 J. XIV. 10. ne gelyfst J)U })8et ic eom on fseder and faeder 
 
 ys on me? 
 
 b) When the context shows that the statement contained 
 in the indi/ect discourse is held to be 
 
 1. Inconsistent with some known or assumed fact: 
 J. VII. 52. cwyst l)u J)8et jm si Galileisc? Numquid et tu 
 
 Galilaeus es? 
 Mk. XII, 35. Hu secga8 joa boceras Jjset Crist sy Dauides sunu? 
 
 dicunt Christum iilium esse. 
 L. XX. 41. Hwi secgaS hig l)8et Crist sy Davides sunu? 
 
 Quomodo dicunt Christum filium esse David? 
 M. XVII. 10. l)a axodon hys leorning-cnihtas hyne, hwset 
 
 secgea5 J3a boceras, l)3et gebyrige aerest cuman Helian? 
 
 Quid ergo Scribse dicunt quod Eliam oporteat primum 
 
 venire? Cf. however the following, where the indicative 
 
— 20 — 
 
 is used: Mk. IX. 11. And hi hine ahsodon })a: hwset secga6 
 pharisei })8et gebyraS serest Helias cume ? quid ergo dicunt 
 pharissei — quia Eliam oportet venire primum. 
 
 2. Untrue: 
 
 M. XXVII. 64. hat nn healdan })a byrgene o8 {)one })ryddan 
 dseg, l)elses hys leorning-cnihtas cumon, and forstelon hyne, 
 and secgeon {)am folce t)set he aryse of deajte. 
 
 L. XXIII. 2. and agunnon hyne wregan and cwaedon; Disne 
 we gemetton forhwyrfende ure J)eode. — and seg8 J)3et he 
 si Crist cyning. dicentem se Christum regem esse. 
 
 J. V.' 18. })a Judeas sohton hine to ofsleanne, uses na forJ)am 
 anum ^e he {)sene reste-dseg brser, ac forjjam {)e he cwaeS 
 })8et God wsere his fseder. 
 
 J. XIX. 7. be ure se he sceal sweltan, forJ)am {)e he cw3e& 
 {)3et he wsere Godes sunu. quia Filium Dei se fecit. 
 
 J. VIII. 55. Ic hyn cann, and gif ic secge })set ic hine ne 
 cunne, ic beo leas, si dixero, quia non scio eum. 
 
 J. IX. 41. gif ge blinde wseron nsefde ge nane synne; nu ge 
 secgaS JDset Jjset ge geseon, jjset is eowre synn. dicitis ; 
 Quia videmus. 
 
 Also L. XX. 5, 6, where one of the alternatives must 
 be false, and the subjunctive expresses doubt or uncer- 
 tainty. 
 
 L. XX. 5, 6. Gyf we secga& l}3et he sy of heofone he cwy& 
 to us, hwi ne gelyfde ge him? Gyf we secgaS t)aet he sy 
 of mannum, eall folc us haenS. 
 
 Other examples of the subjunctive in indirect discourse: 
 
 The use of the subjunctive in the following may be due 
 to the preceding expression of command. Cf § 11, 1; 18, 3. 
 
 M. XVI. 20. J)a behead se hselend — {)8et hig nanum menn 
 ne ssedon l)3et he wsere hselend Crist. Praecepit ut nemini 
 dicerent, quia ipse esset. For the indicative in a similar 
 connection see. 
 
— 21 - 
 
 Mk. XVI. 7. secgafi his leorning-cnihtum and Petre jjset he 
 gseS toforon eow on Galileam. Dicite, quia praecedit. 
 Of the three examples following', the subjunctive in the 
 first two is probably simplj^ a literal rendering of the Latin 
 mood. The reading of Ms. A. in J. V. 15, supports this 
 view: 
 
 J. V. 15. Da for se man and cy6de hit l)am Judean Jiset hit 
 waere (A. wses) se hselend Jie hyne hselde. nunciavit quia 
 Jesus esset. 
 
 L. XXI. 5. Jja cw8e8 he to ])am Jse ssedon be ])a,m temple 
 
 ])3et hit wsere geglenged mid godum stanum. dicentibus 
 
 de temple, quod ornatum esset. 
 J. I. 50. J)U gesyhst mare })onne Jiis sy, forSam {)e 6u gelyfdest; 
 
 Da ic cw8e6 J)8et ic gesawe ]>e under })am flc-treowe. 
 
 Quia dixi tibi: Vidi te sub ficu, credis; majus his videbis. 
 The following is so irregular in the original, that it 
 -would be difficult to determine how it was regarded by the 
 A. S. translator : 
 J. Vn. 35. hwyder wyle pes faran Jjset we hine ne findon. 
 
 The Latin reads (v. 33, 34, 35): Dixit ergo eis Jesus — 
 Quaeretis me, et non invenietis; et ubi ego sum, vos non 
 potestis venire. Dixerunt ergo Judaei ad semet ipsos: Quo 
 hie iturus est, quia non inveniemus eum? 
 
 Winer (Grammatik des Neutestamentlichen Sprachidoms) 
 explains the passage as follows : "nov ovrog /islXei nogsveaS-cw 
 (Xeywv)*)^ OTi rifiHg ovyi evgr/aoficv avrov; WO will dieser hin- 
 
 gehen, da wir ihn (nach seiner Aussage v. 34) nicht flnden 
 -werden? in dem ovx fv^Jia. sind die von ihm ausgesprochenen 
 Worte (v. 34) in dem Tempus und Modus der direkten Rede 
 -wiederholt." 
 
 3. Various phrases equivalent to verbs of saying, 
 a) With Indicative: 
 J. in. 33. He getacnaS })at God is soSfsestnys. Signavit 
 quia Deus verax est. 
 
 *) Supplied by Winer. 
 
— 22 — 
 
 L. IV. 4. Hit is awriten })8et se man ne leofaj) be hlafe anum. 
 
 M. IV, 6. Mk. XI, 17. L. XIX, 46. XXII, 37. 
 M. XXIII. 31. ge synt eow sylfum to gewittnysse, jjset ge 
 
 synt t)8era beam 8e ofslogon J)a witegan. 
 J. IV. 44. Se hselend sylf cyj)de gewitnesse l)set nan witega 
 
 Dsef6 nanne wurS-scype on hys agenum earde. 
 J. VII. 7. ic cyj)e gewitnesse be him Jiaet his weorc synt 
 
 yfele. 
 J. XXI. 23. 8eos sprsec com ut gemang brot)rum Jjset se 
 
 leorning-cniht ne swylt. 
 
 b) With subjunctive: 
 L. II. 26. he andsware fram J)am halegan gaste onfeng, J)8et 
 he dea6 he gesawe, buton he ser drihten Crist gesawe. 
 responsum acceperat, non visurum se mortem, nisi prius 
 videret. 
 
 §7. 
 
 The indicative is used in substantive clauses with {)3et 
 after verbs signifying to know, learn, perceive, remember, 
 reflect upon, and the like. 
 L. XXin. 7. })a he gecneow })8et he wses of Herodes anwalde, 
 
 he hine agensende to Herode. Also J. V, 42. VIII, 28. 
 
 XII, 9. XIV, 20. XXI, 4. 
 L. I. 22. hig oncneowon jiset he on jjam temple sume gesihtSe 
 
 geseah. Also L. VII, 37. J. XIII, 35. XVn, 3. 7. 8. 
 
 23. 25. 
 Mk. V. 29. heo on hire gefredde })8et heo of {lam wite 
 
 gehseled wses. 
 M. XV. 17. Ne ongyte ge })3et eall J)8et on t)one mu}) gse}), 
 
 gsejj on })a wambe and by{) on for})gang asend? Also 
 
 Mk. VII, 18. L. XX, 19. J. IV, 53. VII, 26. 
 M. IV. 12. Jja se hselend gehyrde })8et Johannes belsewed wses, 
 
 })a ferde he to Galileam. Also M. V, 21. 27. 33. 38. 43. 
 
 XXII, 34. Mk. II, 1. X, 47. L. VII, 22, J. XI, 6. 20. 
 
 XII, 12. XXI, 7. 
 
— 23 — 
 
 J. XL 17. Da for se hselend and gemette jjset he wses forS- 
 faren. 
 
 M. XII. 5. ne rsedde ge on J)8ere se Jjset |)a sacerdas on reste- 
 dagum — gewemma5 })one reste-dseg and synt butan leahtre ? 
 
 L. XII. 24. Besceawia6 ]3a hrefnas })3et hig ne sawa5? 
 
 J. VI. 19. J)a gesawon hig })one hselend uppan Issere sse gan 
 and J)3et he wses gehende l)am scype. Also M. XXVI, 3. 
 L. Vin, 47. XVII, 15. XXIV, 39. J. IV, 35. VI, 5. 19. 
 22. 24. VII, 52. XI, 31. 33. XII, 19. XIX, 33. XX, 1. 
 
 M. XVI. 8. hwset jience ge betwux eow, })set ge hlafas nabbaS? 
 quid cogitatis intra vos — quia panes non habetis ? 
 
 J. XI. 50. ge nyton nan J)ing ne ne gel)enceaS })8et us ys 
 betere J)8et an man swelte for folce. nee cogitatis quia 
 expedit. 
 
 M. V. 23. gyf })u bringst })ine lac to weofode and ])3er gej)encgst 
 })3et Sin bro8or hsefS senig l)ing agen 8e, Iset jjser |)ine lac. 
 recordatus fueris, quia. Also L. XVI, 25. 
 
 J. IV. 42. we witon |)3et he is soj) middan-eardes hselynd. 
 Also in the following: 
 
 M. rX, 6. XV, 12. XX, 25. XXII, 16. XXV, 24. XXVI, 2. 
 XXVm, 5. Mk. I, 34. n, 10. VI, 20. X. 42. XII, 14. 
 Xin, 28. 29. L. n, 49. IV, 34. 41. V, 24. VII, 39. 
 Vni, 53. XIX, 22. XX, 6. 21. XXI, 20, 30, 31. J. V, 
 6, 32. VI, 69. VIII, 37. 52. IX, 20. 24. 25. 29. 31.. 
 XI, 22. 24. 42. XII, 50. XIII, 1. 3. XVI, 30. XX, 14. 
 XXI, 12. 24. 
 
 Exceptions : 
 
 The subjunctive is used in the following instances: 
 
 Mk. VII. 26. Be })am deadum t)set hi arison (H. arised. R. 
 arisaS) ne rsedde ge on Moyses bee hu God to him cwsej)? 
 De mortuis autem, quod resurgant, non legistis? 
 
 M. XXVII. 24. Da geseah Pilatus t)set hyt naht ne fremode 
 ac gewurde mare gehlyd, })a genam he wseter etc. 
 
— 24 — 
 
 Videns autem Pilatus, quia nihil proficeret, sed magis 
 tumultus fieret. 
 
 § 8. 
 
 In substantive clauses -with l)3et after verbs signifying 
 to believe, think, suppose, and the like, the moods are used 
 as in indirect discourse. The following verbs occur: 
 
 Number of times 
 Number of times used used 
 
 Verb -with indicative with subjunctive. 
 
 habban, to regard, 
 
 translating Lat. habeo 1 
 
 hopan ^ 1 
 
 gelyfan . . . . ll"" 3*) 
 
 jjencan Lat. videtur 2 
 
 wenan 1 (Mss. A. C, in J. V, 39) 13 
 
 1. Indicative. 
 
 In the following examples, all with the verb gelyfan, 
 the content of the dependent clause is regarded as an 
 actual fact. 
 
 M. IX. 28. gelyfe gyt jjset ic inc mseg gehselan? 
 
 J. XIV. 10. ne gelyfst J)U {)8et ic eom on fseder and fseder 
 ys on me? 
 
 Mk. XI. 24. Swa hwset swa ge gyrnende biddaS gelyfa6 Jiset 
 ge hit onfo6 and hit eow becymS. 
 
 J. IV. 21. gelyf me J)3et seo tid cymfi. 
 
 J. X- 38. gelyfaS t)am weorcum, J)3et ge oncnawon and gelyfon 
 jjset fseder ys on me. 
 
 J. XI. 42. ic cwseS for })am folce — J)8et hig gelyfon J)3et 1)U 
 me asendest. Also J. XIII, 19. XX, 31. 
 
 J. XI. 27. ic gelyfe J)3et ])U eart Crist Godes sunu. 
 *) J. VI, 30. VIII, 24. IX, 18. 
 
— 25 - 
 
 J. XVI. 27. ge lufedon me and gelyfdon t>3et ic com of 
 
 Gode. 
 Jl XVII. 8. hig gelyfdon [jset \>u. me sendest. 
 
 2. Subjunctive. 
 
 a. In questions: 
 
 L. X. 36. Hwylc jiara l^reora {)yncS lie Jjset sy jises mseg? 
 
 Quis horum trlum videtur tibi proximus fuisse illi? 
 L. Xin. 18. hwam is Godes rice gelic, and hwam wene ic 
 
 l38et hit beo gelic? 
 L. XIII. 20. hwam wane ic jjset Jjset Godes rice si gelic? 
 J. XI. 56. Hwset wene ge, liset he ne cume to freols-dsege? 
 
 Quid putatis, quia non venit? 
 L. XU. 42. hwa wenst })U liset sy getrywe and gleaw dihtnere? 
 
 Quis, putas, est fldelis dispensator? 
 
 b) After a final clause: 
 
 J. VI. 30. hwset dest {)U to tacne j)3et we geseon and gelyfon 
 ]3set ]}U hit wyrce? 
 
 c) When the content of the subordinate clause is contrary 
 to fact, or is so regarded. 
 
 L. XXIV. 21. we hopedon l)8et he to alysenne wsere Israhel. 
 
 Sperabamus, quia ipse esset redempturus. 
 J. IX. 18. Ne gelyfdon ]>& Judeas be him, })8et he blind wsere 
 
 and gesawe. Non crediderunt quia caecus fuisset, et 
 
 vidisset. 
 M. XXV. 29. Dam J)e nseffi jiset hym l)inc& J)3et he hsebbe, 
 
 J)8et hym by6 setbrodon. videtur habere. 
 M. V. 17. Nelle ge wenan jjset ic come towurpan lia ae. 
 M. VI 7. Hig wena6 l)8et hi sin gehyrede on hyra menig- 
 
 fealdan spsece. 
 M. X. 34. ne wene ge l)8et ic come sybbe on eorljan to 
 
 sendanne. 
 
— 26 - 
 
 Mk. VI. 49. hi wendon J)8et hit unfaele gast waere. putaverunt 
 phantasma esse. 
 
 L. II. 44. beUf se hselend on Hierusalem, and his magas jiaet 
 nyston, wendon })set he on heora gefere wsere. existimantes 
 autem ilium esse in comitatu. L. III. 23. 
 
 L. XIX. 11. for})am J)e hig wendon {)3et hrsedlice Godes rice 
 geswutelud wsere. quia existimarent, quod oonfestim regnum 
 Dei manifestaretur. 
 
 J. XVI. 2. seo tid cyra8 {)3et selc \>e eow ofslyhS wenjj t)8et 
 he Jtenige Gode. 
 
 J. XX. 15. heo wende J)set hit se wyrt-weard wsere. existimans, 
 quia hortulanus esset, dicit. 
 
 d) In other relations, as follows: 
 
 Mk. XI. 32. gif we secgaS of mannum, we ondrsedaj) })is folc. 
 
 ealle hi hsefdon Johannem j[)8et he wsere soSlice witega. 
 
 habebant Johannem, quia vere propheta esset. 
 J. Vin. 24. Ic eow ssede })3et ge swelta6 on eowrum synnum 
 
 gif ge ne gelyfaS Jjset ic hit sy, ge sweltaS on eowre 
 
 synne. 
 J. V. 39. SmeageaS halige gewritu for6am })e ge weua6 })set 
 
 ge habbon [A. habbaS. C. habbod (sic)] ece lif on Jjam. 
 
 quia vos putatis in ipsis vitam seternam habere. 
 
 § 9. 
 
 In the following substantive clauses introduced by j^set 
 (representing quia or quod of the original) and expressing 
 an actual fact, the indicative is used: 
 M. VIII. 27. hwset is 6es Jjset windas and sse him hyrsumia6? 
 
 Qualis est hie, quia venti et mare obediunt ei? Mk. 
 
 IV, 41. 
 
 Mk. I. 27. hwset is {)eos niwe lar, })set he on anwealde unclsenum 
 gastum bebyt, and hi hyrsumiaS him? 
 
L. IV. 36. hwset ys pset woid J)8et he on mihte and on msegene 
 
 unclsenum gastum bebyt and hig utgaj)? 
 J. III. 19. [jset is se d6ra Jjset leoht com etc. 
 
 L. X. 40. nis Jie n^n earn Jjset min swustur let me senlipie 
 
 l)enian ? 
 Mk. IV. 38. ne beliml)6 to pe fjset we forwurpaS ? Non ad te 
 
 pertinat, quia perimus? 
 J. XIV. 22. hwset ys geworden l)aet J)U wylt {)e sylfue ge- 
 
 swuteligan us nses middan-earde? Quid factum est; quia 
 
 manifesturus es. 
 
 Also in the following where the Latin has et instead 
 of quia. 
 L. V. 17. Da wses anum dsege geworden })3et he sset and hig 
 
 Iserde. Et factum est in una dierum, et ipse sedebat 
 
 docens. L. IX. 28. 
 
 § 10. 
 INDIRECT QUESTIONS. 
 
 When the content of the dependent clause is regarded 
 as a fact the indicative is generally used in indirect questions ; 
 when it is regarded as indefinite or uncertain, the subjunctive 
 is used. 
 
 1. When the dependent clause involves or implies an 
 actual question, the subjunctive is used. 
 
 M. II. 4. he axode hwser Crist acenned wsere. 
 
 M. X. 11. On swa hwylce burh o68e ceastre swa ge inga6 
 
 ahsiaS hwa si wyr9e on l)3ere. 
 Mk. XV. 44. J»a clypode he {)aene hundred man and hine 
 
 ahsode hwseQer he dead wsere. 
 J. V. 12. Da axsodon hi hine hwset se man wsere {)e Jje ssede 
 
 nim Jjin bedd and ga. 
 Mk. VIII. 23. XII. 28. L. VIII. 9. XV. 26. XVII. 20. XVIII, 
 
 36. XXIII. 6. J. IV. 52. IX. 15. XVIII. 21. XXI. 12. 
 
— 28 — 
 
 Note : In the one instance in -which the indicative occurs 
 after acsian there is no doubt in the minds of those who 
 ask the question, the content of the dependent clause being 
 by them regarded as a fact.*) Mk. X. 2. Da genealsehton 
 him pharisei and hine axodon h-w8ej)er alyf6 senegum men 
 his wif forlsetan. Interrogabant eum : Si licet. 
 L. XII. 36. beo gelice l)am mannum l3e hyra hlafordes abidab 
 hwaenne he sy fram gyftum gecyrred. 
 
 L. XXII. 24. hi flitun betwux him hwylc hyra wsere yldest. 
 
 J. XIX. 24. uton hleotan hwylces ures heo sy. 
 
 Mk. XV. 24. hi hlotu wurpon, hwset gehwa name, mittentes 
 
 sortem super eis, quis quid toUeret. 
 M. XXVII. 49. Uton geseon hwsejjer Helias cume and wylle 
 
 hyne alysan. 
 Mk. V. 14. hi ut eodoa Joset hi gesawon hwset Isar gedon 
 
 wsere. 
 
 L. XIX. 3. he wolde geseon hwylc se hselend wsere. 
 
 Mk. IX. 34. hi on wege smeadon hwylc hyra yldost wsere. 
 
 Mk. IX. 10. L. XI, 38. XXII. 23. 
 
 L. XIV. 28. Hwylc eower wyle timbrian anne stypel, hu ne 
 sytt he serest and teleS l)a andfengas Jie him behefe synt, 
 hwseder he hsebbe hine to full-fremmenne ? 
 
 L. I. 29. t)a wearS heo on his sprsece gedrefed, and jjohte 
 hwset seo greting wsere. L. Ill, 15. XIV. 31. 
 
 L. IX. 46. l)3et gejjanc eode on hig, hwylc hyra yldest wsere. 
 
 Mk. XV. 47. Da com Maria Magdalene and Josepes Maria, 
 and beheoldon hwar he geled wsere. aspiciebant, ubi 
 poneretur (Looked around, in order to discover). 
 
 The notion of purpose is sometimes involved, the indirect 
 question having something of the force of a final clause : 
 
 Mk. XIII. 11. ne foresmeage ge hwset ge specan. L. XXI. 14. 
 
 *) Direct rather than indirect question. 
 
— ijy — 
 
 L. XII. 22. ne beo ge ymbehydige eowre sawle liwset ge 
 etan, ne eowrum lichaman hwset ge scrydun, M. VI, 25. 
 
 L. XII. 11. ne beo ge embej)encynde hu oS6e hwset ge specon 
 o56e andswarian. 
 
 M. X. 19. ne J)ence ge hu oS6e hwset ge sprecun. 
 
 L. XII. 29. Nelle ge secean hwset ge eton oSSe drincon. 
 
 J. XIX. 12. and sy86an sohte Pilatus hu he hyne forlete. 
 quaerebat Pilatus dimittere eum. 
 
 2. When the content of the dependent clause is regarded 
 as an actual fact, which is the case when the leading verb 
 expresses the act of learning, perceiving, etc., the indicative *) 
 is used. 
 
 M. VI. 28. BesceawiaS secyres lilian hu hig weaxa8. 
 
 M. XXI. 16. gehyrst J)U hwset t)as cwseSaJ) ? 
 
 M. XXVn. 13. Ne gehyrst l)U hu fela sagena hig ongen {)e 
 
 secgeaS? L. XVIII. 6. 
 M. IX. 13. leornigea]) hwset is, ic wylle mildheortnesse uses 
 
 onssegdnesse. 
 M. XXI. 20. loca nu hu hrsedlice J)3et fic-treow forscranc. 
 Mk. XV. 4. loca hu mycelum hi {)e wregea6. 
 M. XII. 4. Ne rsedde ge hwset David dyde hu he ineode on 
 
 Godes hus, and set {)a offring-hlafas ? L. VI, 4. 
 Mk. XII. 26. Be J)am deadum {)8et hi arison, ne rsedde ge on 
 
 Moyses bee hu God to him cwseji? Mk. II, 26. 
 Mk. V. 16. hi rehton him {)a 5e hit gesawon hu hit gedon 
 
 wses. 
 L. VIII. 36. Da cyddon him })a 6e gesawon hu he wses hdl 
 
 geworden. 
 L. XXIII. 55. hig gesawon J)a byrgene and hu his lichama 
 
 aled wses. 
 J. XX. 14. heo geseah hwar se hselend stod. Vidit Jesum 
 
 stantem. 
 
 *) Not the endeavor to learn , perceive , which would require the 
 subjunctive. 
 
— 30 — 
 
 L. XXIV. 6. geljencaS hu he spsec wiS eow. recordamini. 
 Mk, VIII. 19. 
 
 3. After verbs of knowing both the indicative and sub- 
 junctive are used, usually the indicative. See general state- 
 ment before § 2. 
 
 a) Indicative:*) 
 
 L. XIII. 27. Ne cann ic hwanon ge synt. Mk. XIV, 68. 
 
 M. VI. 8. eower fseder wat hwset eow })earf ys. 
 
 M. XX. 22. Gyt nyton bw^et gyt bidda^t. 
 
 L. XIII. 25. nat ic hwanon ge synt. 
 
 J. IX. 21. we nyton humete he nu gesyh]). quomodo autem 
 
 nunc videat, nescimus. 
 J. IX. 25. gif he synful is, })3et ic nat. si peccator est, nescio. 
 M. XXVI. 70. Mk. IX. 6. X, 28. XIII, 33, 35. L. IX, 33. 
 
 XX, 7. XXII, 60. L. XXIII. 34. J. II. 9. III. 8. V. 13. VII. 
 
 27, 27, 28. VIII. 14, 14. J. IX. 29. 30. X. 6. XIII. 18. 
 
 XIV. 5. XV. 15. 
 
 b) Indicative and subjunctive: 
 
 L. X. 22. nan man nat hwylc is se sunu buton se fseder, 
 ne hwylc si**) 6e fseder buton se sunu. (In Latin both 
 times "sit".) 
 
 c) Subjunctive. 
 
 «. In the pi-otasis of a conditional sentence: 
 
 J. VII. 51. Cwyst ])\x demS ure se senine man buton hyne 
 
 man ser gehyre and wite hwset he do? 
 J. XI. 57. [la pharisei hsefdon beboden gif hwa wiste hwser 
 
 he wsere Jiset he hyt cydde Jsset liig mihton hine niman. 
 
 *) Translating the Latin subj. in 21 instances, tlie indie, in 9. 
 **) As a rule the mood of the Lat. verb does not determine the 
 A. S. usage. See preceding foot - note. Here however "si" seems to be 
 no more than a literal rendering of "sit". Ms. A. reads "ys" with'-sy" 
 above. The Lind. gloss reads "is" 
 
— 31 — 
 
 M. XXIV. 43. WitaS l)3et gyf se hiredes ealdor wiste on 
 hwylcere tide se J)eof toward waere witodlice he wolde 
 wacigean. si sciret paterfamilias qua hora fur venturus 
 esset vigilaret. (Cf. J. IV, 10. Gif l)u wistest — hwset 
 se is etc. Si scirest quis est.) 
 
 (i. In the apodosis of a conditional sentence : 
 
 J. VII. 17. gyf hwa wyle his willan don he gecwemS (sic. 
 
 A. B.C. gecnsewS) be })3ere lare hwsejjer heo si of Grode 
 
 hw8e})er ])& ic be me sylfum spece. 
 L. VII. 39. Gyf {)e man witega wsere witodlice he wiste hwset 
 
 and hwylc l)is wif wsere jie his sethrinj) l)8et heo synful 
 
 is. sciret utique quae et qualis est mulier. 
 
 y. After a hortatory subjunctive. 
 M. VI. 3. Nyte t)in wynstre hwset do jnn swyj)re. 
 
 4. After verbs of saying and declaring. 
 
 a) Here the indicative is used when the dependent clause 
 contains a statement rather than a question. 
 
 L. VIII. 39. cy6 hu mycel l)e God gedon haefS. 
 
 L. VIII. 47. Da {jset wif geseah Jjset hit him nses dyrne heo 
 com forht and astrehte hig to his fotum and geswutulude 
 beforan eaUum folce for hwylcum l)inge heo hit aethran 
 and hu heo wearS sona hal. ob quam causam tetigerit 
 eum, indicavit; et quemadmodum confestim sanata sit. 
 
 Further examples of the indicative are. 
 L. XX. 2.*) Sege us on hwylcum anwalde wyrcst {)u 5as Jiing 
 
 o86e hwset ys se 8e l)e })isne anwald sealde. 
 L. VI. 47. Mlc Jjara Jje to me cymji and mine sprseca gehyrS 
 
 and J)a dej), ic him setywe hwam he gelic is. 
 
 b) When the subordinate clause refers to the future 
 both the indicative and subjunctive are used: 
 
 *) Direct question, as the order of the words shows. 
 
— 32 — 
 
 Mk. Xin. 4. Sege us hwsenne })as jjing gewurdon (A. ge- 
 weor6on, H. gewurSen, R. gewurdon) and hwylc tacen bi8 
 {)senne ealle J)as 6ing onginnaB beon geendud. (Transition 
 to direct question.) Die nobis, quando ista fient? et 
 quod signum erit? 
 
 M. XXIV. 3. Sege us hwsenne J)as 8ing gewurjiun and hwilc 
 tacn si })ines to -cymes. 
 
 J. XVIII. 32. he geswutelode hwylcon dea5e he swulte. qua 
 morte esset moriturus. 
 
 c) When the question presents a distinct alternative, so 
 that the idea of doubt and uncertainty is prominent, the 
 subjunctive is used: 
 
 M. XXVI. 63. Ic halsige \>e 5urh {)one lyfiendan God, {)3et 
 &u secge us gyf J)u sy Crist Godes sunu. L. XXII. 67. 
 J. X. 24. 
 
 d) The following is hortatory as well as declarative: 
 
 L. XII. 5. Ic eow setywe hwsene ge ondredon. Ostendam 
 autem vobls, quem timeatis. 
 
 5. In three indirect questions which in the original are 
 direct, the subjunctive is used: 
 
 M. XXIV. 45. "Wens (sic. A. H. & R. wenst) J)U hwa sy ge- 
 
 trywe and gleaw t)eow? Quis, putas, est fidelis servus? 
 M. XXVI. 25. Cwyst J)U lareow hwse&er ic hyt si? Numquid 
 
 ego sum? 
 J. VII. 26. Cwe6e we hw3ej)er })a ealdras ongyton I)3et Jjis 
 
 is Crist? Numquid vere cognoverunt principes, quia hie 
 
 est Christus? 
 
 § 11- 
 RELATIVE CLAUSES. 
 
 Except in the relations discussed in the following the 
 indicative is used in relative clauses: 
 
— 33 — 
 
 1. When the relative clause depends upon an imperative 
 clause or its equivalent , the subjunctive may be used. The 
 indicative however is not infrequent. See general statement 
 before § 2. 
 
 a) Subjunctive:*) 
 M. V. 42. Syle J)am Se ^e bidde. 
 
 M. VII, 12. ealle l)a J)ing 5e ge wyllen J^set men eow don, 
 do{) ge him })set sylfe. 
 
 Mk. X. 21. gesyle eall {jset 5u age and syle hit J)earfum. 
 
 M. XXII. 9. clypiaj) to {)isum gyftum swa hwylce swa ge 
 
 gemeton. 
 Mk. VI. 22. bide me swa hwset swa })U wylle and ic })e sylle. 
 J. II. 5. do8 swa hwset swa he eow secge. 
 J. VII. 37. cume to me se 6e hine J)yrste and drince. 
 J. XIII. 29. bige l)a jjing J»e us l)earf sy. 
 J. XV. 7. biddaS swa hwset swa ge wyllon (H. willed. R. 
 
 willeS) and hyt by6 eower. 
 M. XI. 15. Se 6e earan hsebbe to gehyrynne gehyre. '■ 
 
 XIII. 9. Mk. IX, 4. L. VIII. 8. 
 M. XIX. 12. undernyme selie undernyman msege (H. R maegi). 
 M. XXIII. 11. SeJ)e eower yltst sy beo se eower l)en. 
 J. VIII. 7. Loca hwylc eower si synleas wurpe sereSt stan 
 
 on hi. 
 
 ■;/ 
 
 b) In the following both moods occur in the same 
 sentence : 
 
 L. VI. 30. Syle selcum }je 6e bidde, and se 6e nim}) pa, bing 
 J)e ciine synt ne mynega t>u hyra. 
 
 c) Indicative: 
 
 M. V. 39. ne winne ge ongen Jia 5e eow yfel do}i. i 
 
 M. V. 41. swa hwa swa jje genyt ]5UsendiiStapa gA, mid him 
 oSre twa J)usend. , : ,- i i i 
 
 M. V. 44. do}) wel l)am Se eow yfel do6. > ' " 
 
 *) Cf. § 18, 3. 
 
— 34 — 
 
 Mk. XIII. 11. l)onne hi syllende eow laejia^ ue ne foresmeage 
 
 ge hwset ge specan ac speca& J)3et eow on jisere tide ge- 
 
 seald bi8. 
 M. VII. 19. ^Ic treow 1)6 ne byr6 godne wsestm sy hit for- 
 
 corfen. 
 Mk. VII. 10. se 6e wyrig}) his feeder and his modor swelte 
 
 se deaj^e. 
 Also M. X. 5. 8. 10. 11. 14. 27. 28. XI. 28. XXIII. 3. L. X. 7. 8. 
 
 M. XV. 4. L. III. 11. XXII. 36. etc. 
 
 . 2. In negative sentences with been, the subjunctive is 
 used in relative clauses contrasted with or opposed to another 
 modifier of the antecedent. 
 M. X. 26. Nys soj^lice nan l^ing dyhle l)8et ne wur&e ge- 
 
 swutelod, ne nan dihle l)ing })8et ne wurSe geopenod. 
 
 revelabitur , *) scietur, but reveletur and sciatur occur 
 
 in some of the Mss. 
 Mb. IV. 22. nis nan Sing behydd jie ne sy geswutelod; ne 
 
 nis digle geworden ac Jsset hit openlice cume. 
 L. VIII. 17. nis nan bing digle ]j8et ne sy geswutelod, ne 
 
 behydd I)get ne sy cuj). 
 L. XII. 2. nis nan jiing oferheled pe ne beo (H. beo5) un- 
 
 heled, ne behydd Jiset ne sy witen. 
 Mk. X. 30. nis nan Ipe his has forlset Jje hundfeald ne onfo. 
 Also L. XVIII. 30. where H. & E. however have onfoS. 
 M. XXIV. 2. ne bid her Isefed stau uppan stane ])& ne beo 
 
 toworpen (H. & E. beo&). Mk. XIIL 2 (H. wur&). L. 
 
 XXI, 6. 
 Mk. IX. 39. nis nan jie on minum naman maegen wyrce and 
 
 msege raSe be me yfele specan. 
 Mk. VII. 15. Nis nan {ling of }3am men on hine gangende 
 
 jjset hine besmitan msege. 
 
 3. The subjunctive may indicate that the person or 
 thing denoted by the relative is necessary to the realization 
 of the action expressed by the verb. 
 
 *) In § 11, 2, 3, the Latin verb is given when not subjunctive. 
 
— 35 — 
 
 M. X. 19. ne Jjence ge hu o58e hwaet ge sprecun. eow by6 
 
 geseald sol) lice on liaere tide hwset ge sprecun. 
 J. XII. 48. he hsefj} hwa Mm deme. 
 L. XII. 4. ne beo ge bregyde fram Jmrn jie jjone lichaman 
 
 ofsleaO and nabbaS syljj)an hwset hig ma don. 
 L. XVII. 18. nses gemett se &e ag6nhwurfe. 
 M. XV. 32. big nabbaS hwset big eton. Mk. VIII. 2. 
 M. VIII. 20. mannes sunu nsefS hwser he hys heafod ahylde. 
 
 L. IX. 58. 
 M. XVIII. 25. jja he nsefde hwanon he hyt agulde, hyne het 
 
 hys hlaford gesyllan. 
 L. XIV. 14. hi nabbat) hwanun big hit Jie forgyldon. non 
 
 habent retribuere tibi. 
 
 4. The relative may be used with the force of [iset or 
 l)8et ne in final and object clauses. In the examples which 
 occur the Latin idiom is literally rendered. 
 
 M. XXI. 41. he gesett hys wingerd myd ojirum tilion [je 
 him hys wsestm hyra tidon agyfon. locabit aliis agricolis, 
 qui reddant. 
 
 J. IV. 23. fseder secj) swylce })e hine gebiddon (H. & R. ge- 
 biddeS). Pater tales quaerit, qui adorent eum. 
 
 Mk. IV. 24. warniaB hwaat ge gehyran. 
 
 5. In the following the subjunctive is used to express 
 duty or obligation : 
 
 J. IV. 20. ge secgaS Jiset on Jerusalem sy seo stow [iset man 
 on gebidde. ubi adorare oportet. 
 
 6. In addition to the examples already given, the follow- 
 ing instances of the use of the subjunctive in relative 
 clauses occur. 
 
 M. XII. 11. hwylc man ys of eow lie hsebbe dn sceap and 
 
 gyf Jjset gefyl5 etc. 
 L. XXni. 8. he hopode {)3et he ges4we sum tacen 1)6 fram 
 
 him gewurde (R. H. gewur&e). sperebat signum aliquod 
 
 videre ab eo fieri. 
 
 3* 
 
— 36 — 
 
 J. IX. 32. Ne gehyrde we naefre on worulde Jjset senig ontynde 
 
 Jases eagan joe wsere blind geboren. 
 M. XIV. 7. J)a behet he mid aj)e hyre to syllenne swa hwset 
 
 swa heo hyne bsede. Of. the following : Mk. VI. 23. so8es 
 
 ic J)e sylle swa hwset swa jsu me bitst, J)eah t»u wylle 
 
 healf min rice. 
 L. VIII. 18. swa hwylc swa nsefS jjset he wene })8et he hsebbe 
 
 him byS afyrred. 
 
 § 12. 
 TEMPORAL CLAUSES. 
 
 1. The indicative is always used with the conjunctions 
 
 So lange swa: L. V. 34. 
 
 Sona swa: L. IV. 17. Mk. XIV. 45. 
 
 SySfian: Mk. L 14. XVL 19. L. XIIL 7. XIV. 29. XV. 30. 
 
 Da (t)a): M. IL 1. 16. 19. IIL 7. XIIL 4. XXVIL 63, etc. 
 
 Note: pa is used only for past time, being replaced by 
 l)onne with verbs in present and future. 
 
 J. XXI. 18. Jja JDU gingra wsere {)U gyrdest j^e and eodest 
 Jtser Iju woldyst. Witodlice JDonne })U ealdast })u strecst 
 J)ine handa and o6er {)e gyrt and Iset ]jyder l3e jju nelt. 
 cum esses junior — cum autem senueris. 
 
 2. After such forms as seo tid jjset (or |3e), se Add% jsset 
 (or Jje), the indicative is used, except in one instance : 
 
 M. IX. 15. })a dagas cumaS J)8et se brydguma by6 afyrred 
 
 fram him. cum auferetur. 
 L. XXIV. 21. nu is se &ridda dseg to-daeg Jjset })is wses ge- 
 
 worden. tertia dies est hodie, quod hsec facta sunt. 
 J. V. 28. Ne wundrigeon ge Sses })3et seo tid cym5 I)8et ealle 
 
 gehyraS his stefne })e on byrgenum synt. venit hora, in 
 
 qua omnes audient. 
 J. XII. 23. seo tid cymfi {)set mannes sunu by6 geswutelod. 
 
 Venit hora, ut clariflcetur. J. XVI, 2. 
 
— 37 — 
 
 L. I. 20. jju sprecan ne miht oS ])one dseg pe 8as Sing ge- 
 
 wurSalx usque in diem, quo haec fiant. 
 L. I. 25. me drihten gedyde Ijus on J3am dagum j)e he geseah 
 
 rainne hosp betwux mannum afyrran. in diebus, quibus 
 
 respexit. 
 L. XVII. 27. hig setun and druncon and wifodon, — o5 Jjsene 
 
 dseg J)e Noe on erke eode and flod com. usque in diem, 
 
 qua intravit. 
 L. XVII. 30. ^fter J)ysum l^ingum bi6 on jjam dsege Joe mannes 
 
 sunu onwrigen biS. Secundum hsec erit, qua die Filius 
 
 hominis revelabitur. 
 J. IV. 53. Da ongeat se fseder J)3et hit wses on Jjsere tide 6e 
 
 se haelend cwseS Join sunu leofaS. quia ilia hora erat, in 
 
 qua dixit. 
 
 The single example of the subjunctive in this consti-uc- 
 tion occurs after a clause containing an imperative. 
 J. XII. 7. Iset hig Jiset heo healde Jja o6 I)3ene dseg Jje man 
 
 me bebyrge. Sinite illam ut in diem sepulturae meae 
 
 servet illud. 
 
 §13. 
 
 With the following conjunctions both the indicative and 
 subjunctive are used in temporal clauses : 
 
 Mr, aer l)am, ser })am \>e; oS ; |)a hwile jje ; |)onne. 
 1. Mr, aer })am, ser J^am {)e. 
 
 a) In present time. 
 
 In the single example which occurs, the indicative is 
 used: 
 
 M. VI. 8. eower fseder wset hwset eow [)earf ys ser {mm {je ge 
 hyne biddaS. antequam petatis eum. 
 
 b) future time. 
 
 Here the subjunctive is used, except in two instances, 
 where the important fact is contained in the temporal clause. 
 
 a. Indicative: 
 L. XXII. 34. ne crsewj) se hana to-dseg ser \m me setssecst. 
 Also J. XIII. 38. (Cf. L. XXII. 61. below.) 
 
— 38 — 
 
 /?. Subjunctive: 
 
 L. XXII. 61. Da gemunde Petrus drihtnes wordes l^e he 
 
 cwseS, })8et Su min setssecst })riwa to-dseg ser se hana crawe. 
 M. V. 18. 8erl)am ge^ite heofon and eorde 4n i oS6e 4n prica 
 
 ne gewit fram J)8ere se serlsam ealle l)ing gewurSan. 
 M. V. 26. ne gsest Jju jianone aer 6u agylde l)one ytemestan 
 
 feorSlingc. 
 M. X. 23. ne befaraj) ge Israhela burga serj)an J)e mannes 
 
 sunu cume. 
 M. XII. 20. smeocende flex lie ne adwsescj) 3er})am Jie he 
 
 aworpe dom to sige. 
 M. XVI. 28. Sume synt her standende ]}& deaj) ne onbyrigeaS 
 
 ser hig geseon mannes sunu cumende on hys fseder rice. 
 M. XVII. 9. nanum menu ne secgean ge })is ser mannes sunu 
 
 of deajje arise. 
 M. XXIII. 39. ne geseoj) ge me heononforS, ser l3am Joe ge 
 
 secgeon sy gebletsod se];)e com on drihtnes naman. 
 M. XXIV. 34. So5 ic secge eow Jjset 8eos cneorys ne gewit 
 
 serjaam ])e ealle Jias J)ing gewur5on 
 M. XXVI. 34. SoS ic secge ])& l)8et on Jiissere nihte serjiam 
 
 Jje cocc crawe J)riwa jou wiSssecst min. 
 J. IV. 49. far ser min sunu swelte. 
 J. XIII. 19. nu ic eow secge serj)am Jse hyt gewurjje. 
 J. XIV. 29. nu ic eow ssede serfiam \)e hit gewurSe. nunc dixi 
 
 vobis, prius quam fiat. 
 Also M. XXVI. 75. Mk. IX. 1. XIII. 30. XIV. 30, 72. 
 L. IX. 27. XII. 59. XIII. 35. XXI. 32. XXII. 16. 18. J. IV. 35. 
 
 c) In past time. 
 
 Here both indicative and subjunctive are used : 
 
 J. VIII. 58. ic wses serJDam l^e Abraham wses. 
 
 M. XXIV. 39. hi nys5on ser Jjset flod com (B. cyme) and nam 
 
 hig ealle. 
 J. XVII. 24. ]3U lufodest me ser middaneard gesett wses 
 
 (A. B. C. H. wsere. R. ware). 
 L. 11. 21. his name wses hselend ; Se wses fram engle genem- 
 
 ned ser he on inno8e geeacnod wsere. 
 
- 39 — 
 
 J. XVn. 5. nu &u feeder gebeorhta me mid jie sylfon Ssere 
 beorhtnysse J)e ic hsefde myd ]ie aerBam {)e middaneard 
 wsere. 
 
 J. XX. 1. seo Magdalenisce Maria com on mergen ser hit 
 leoht wsere to jasere byrgenne. 
 
 2. oi) (Ijset). 
 
 a) After an imperative or its equivalent, or a final clause, 
 o6 is followed by the subjunctive. 
 
 M. X. 11. wuniaj) c\¥r o5 ge litgau. Also L. IX, 4. 
 
 Mk. VI. 10. wunia& jsar c8 jsset ge utgan. 
 
 L. XXIV. 49. Sitte ge on ceastre o5 ge syn ufene gescrydde. 
 
 M. XIV. 22. het se hgelend — faran ofer jione mutan o6 Jjset 
 
 he })a menegu forlete. 
 Mk. VI. 45. he nydde his leorning-cnihtas on scyp stigan {)8et 
 
 hi him beforon foron ofer l)sene mujian to Bethsaida o\^ 
 
 he })8et folc forlete. 
 
 b) In the statement of an historical fact, or the pre- 
 diction of an event, the indicative is used. 
 
 M. II. 9. se steorra — him beforan ferde o5 he stod ofer jjaer 
 
 Jjdet cild wses. 
 M. XXVI. 58. Petrus hym fylide feorranne o5 he com to {)3era 
 
 sacerda ealdres botle. 
 L. XXI. 24. Hierusalem bi5 fram l)eodum fortreden ob m8eg5a 
 
 tida synt gefyllede. 
 
 c) When the idea of purpose or wish is involved, either 
 mood may be used. 
 
 Indicative : 
 M. XIII. 33. heofena rice is gelic Jjam beorman Jjone jiset 
 
 wif onfeng and behydde on ]3rim gemetum melwes o& 
 
 he wses eall ahafen. So L. XIII, 21. 
 L. XV. 4. he — gseS to Jsam J)e forwear5 oi) he hit fint. 
 L. XV. 8. Hwilc wif hsefS tyn scyllingas, gif heo forlyst anne 
 
 scylling, hu ne onselS heo hyre leoht-fset and awent hyre 
 
 hus and sec8 geornlice o5 heo hine fint. 
 
— 40 — 
 
 Subjunctive : 
 M. XVIII. 30. He wearp hyne on cweartern oSSset he him 
 
 eall agefe. Also M. XVIII, 34. 
 L. XII. 50. Ic hsebbe on fullohte beon gefuUod and wene ge 
 
 hu beo ic geJDiead o8 hyt sy gefyllyd. 
 
 3. pa hwile J)e. 
 
 With this conjunction both moods are used. The sub- 
 junctive occurs only in connection with an imperative. 
 M. IX. 15. Cwe})e ge sceolun {)3es brydguman cnihtas wepan 
 
 |)a hwile Ipe se brydguma mid him by{). 
 J. IX. 4. Me gebyraS to wyrceanne l)8es weorc joe me sende 
 
 J)a hwile {)e hit dseg is. 
 J. IX. 5. Ic eom middaneardes leoht \>3. hwile Jie ic on 
 
 middaneai'de eom. 
 M. V. 25. Beo Jm onbugende jjinum wiSer-winnan hraSe Jja 
 
 hwile }De 5u eart on wege mid him. 
 J. XII. 35. gajj {)a hwile ]>e ge leoht habbaS (A. B. C. habbon, 
 
 E. habban) J)8et J)ystro eow ne befon. 
 J. XII. 36. J)a hwile Joe ge leoht habbon (H. hsebbeS) gelyfaS 
 
 on leoht fjset ge syn leohtes beam. 
 
 4. ponne refers to present or future time *) and generally 
 takes the indicative. When however it depends on an ex- 
 pression of command it may be followed by the subjunctive. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 In the following examples jjonne depends on an ex- 
 pression of command : 
 
 Mk. XIII. 14. Donne ge geseo6 })8ere toworpednysse asceo- 
 nunge standan {)ar heo ne sceal , J)onne ongyte se lie rset, 
 iieon {)onne on muntas ]>& be, synt on Judea. Also M. 
 XXIV. 15. 
 L. XI. 2. cweSaS J)us, l)onne ge eow gebidda6. Cum oratis, 
 dicite. 
 
 *) See exceptions in § 20, 4. 
 
— 41 — 
 
 L. IX. 5. Swa hwylce swa eow ne onfo5, lionne ge of l)8ere 
 
 ceastre g&b, asceacaS eower fota diist ofer hig on witnesse. 
 L. XIV. 12. J)onne Jju dest wiste oS^e feorme ne clypa \m 
 
 l^ine frynd ne Jiine gebroSru. 
 M. II. 8. X. 19. 23. XX. 28. Mk. VI. 11. XI. 25. XIII. 7. 11. 29. 
 
 L. XXI. 9. 20. 31. XXIII. 42 etc. 
 Other examples of Jjonne with indicative : 
 3Ik. IX. 12. Helias ealle J)ing geedniwaS {)onne he cymS. 
 Also M. V. 11. XII. 43. XIII. 32. XV. 2. XIX. 28. XXI. 40. 
 
 XXIII. 15 etc. 
 
 Subjunctive : 
 M. VI. 5. l)onne ge eow gebiddon ne beo ge swylce liceteras. 
 
 Cum oratis, non eritis. Cf. L. XI. 2, above, 
 il. VI. 6. {)onne J)U 6e gebidde gang into {)inum hedclyfan. 
 
 M. VI. 7. 17. X. 12. 14. 
 L. XIV. 13. I)3enne Iju gebeorscype do clypa J^earfan and 
 
 wanhale. 
 M. VI. 2. Jjonne 6u J)ine selmessan sylle ne blawe man byman. 
 M. VI. 3. {)onne {)U J)ine aelmessan do nyte {jin wynstre hwset 
 
 do |)in swyjsre. 
 j\I. VI. 16. l)onne ge fseston nellon ge wesan swylce lease 
 
 liceteras. 
 Mk. IX. 9. he bead him Jjset hi nanum ne ssedon j)a 6ing {je 
 
 hi gesawon buton jionne mannes sunu of dea&e arise. 
 Mk. IX. 10. Hi smeadon hwaet })3et wsere jjonne he of dea&e 
 
 arise (repeated from IX, 9). 
 
 § 14. 
 MODAL CLAUSES. 
 
 1. With swa (swa). 
 
 After swa (swa) the indicative is used, except in two 
 instances. 
 
 Indicative : 
 M. VIII. 13. Ga and gewur{)e 6e swa swa {)U gelyfdest. 
 
— 42 — 
 
 M. XXVI. 19. Jja leorning-cnihtas dydon swa se hselynd 
 
 heom bebead. 
 Mk. VII. 36. swa he him swiJ)or bebead swa hi swiSor 
 
 bodedon. Quanto — tanto. 
 L. VI. 36. beoj) mild-heorte swa eower fseder is mild-heort. 
 L. VI. 45. se iDuS spycS swa seo heorte })eiic8. 
 L. XI. 4. forgyf us ure gyltas swa we forgyfaS alcuni jmra 
 
 Jdg wi6 us agyltAb. 
 L. XVII. 26. swa on Noes dagum wses geworden swa beo5 
 
 mannes suna tocyme. 
 M. XXVI. 39. Fseder min gyf hyt beon msege gewite Jies 
 
 calic fram me. I)eahhw3ej)ere na swa swa ic wylle ac swa 
 
 swa J3U wylt. 
 M. I. 24. V. 48. VI. 2. VII. 12. XII. 40., XXI. 6. XXIII. 28. 
 
 37. XXIV. 21. 27. 37. XXVI, 24. etc. 
 Subjuilctive : 
 M. XV. 28. GewurJ)e jje eal swa 1)U wylle. 
 J. XVII. 22. ic sealde him J)a beorhtnysse Jie 8u me sealdest 
 
 J)set hi syn an swa wyt syn an. 
 
 2. With swylce. 
 
 Swylce is used in the meaning "as if" and is followed 
 by the subjunctive. 
 
 Mk. IX. 26. he wses swylce he dead wsere. 
 Mk. IV. 26. 27. Godes rice ys swylce man wurpe ssed on his 
 
 land and sawe and arise dseges and nihtes, and jjaet seed 
 
 growe and wexe })onne he nat. 
 L. XXII. 26. se }3e forestseppend ys beo he swylce he Jien sy. 
 J. XXI. 8. hi wseron unfeor fram lande, swylce hit wsere 
 
 twa hund elna. 
 L. XXIII. 14. ge brohton me })isne man swylce he jiis folc 
 
 forhwyrfde. 
 
 3. With jjonne. 
 
 a) 1. In the statement of a fact, Jionne may be followed 
 by the indicative. 
 L. III. 13. ne do ge naht mare l)onne l)8et eow geset is. 
 
— 43 — 
 
 J. XV. 13. NsefS nan man maran lufe JDonne Qeos ys , J)8et 
 
 hwa sylle his lif for his freondum. 
 J. XIV. 12. se 5e gelyfO on me he wyrcS [)a weorc })e ic 
 
 wyrce and he wyrcS maran Jionne Jiaege synt. 
 
 a. 2. The subjunctive is however sometimes used: 
 
 J. V. 20. Maran weorc J)onne Ip&s syn he geswutelaS him 
 })set ge wundrigeon. 
 
 J. I. 50. l)u gesyhst mare lionne \As sy. 
 
 b. ponne in other relations is followed by the subjunctive : 
 M. XX. 28. gyf jju sitst on gereorde on l)am ytemestan setle 
 
 and Eefter J)e cymji ojier gebeor and se lalagenda cwe^e 
 
 to [)e site innor leof Jionne by}3 8e arwur61icor })onne l)e 
 
 man uttor scufe. 
 M. V. 29. {)e ys betere Jjset an {)inra lima forwurjje {lonne 
 
 eal jjin lichama si on helle asend. M. V. 30. 
 L. XVII. 2. nyttre him wsere l)3et an cweornstan sy gecnytt 
 
 abutan his swiiran and si on sse 'beworpen Sonne he 
 
 gedrefe anne of Jjissum lytlingum. 
 M. XIX. 24. ic eow secge {)8et ea6elicre by6 {)am olfende to 
 
 ganne J)urh needle eage Jjoune se welega on heofona rice 
 
 ga. Mk. X, 25. 
 L. XVI. 17. Ea5re is JDaet heofen and eorSe gewiton |3onne 
 
 an stsef of jjsere ae fealle. 
 
 § 15. 
 
 CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 
 
 These are introduced by swa {)8et or J)8et. The indicative 
 is used if the consecutive clause stands in an affirmative 
 statement. If however it depends upon a negative clause, an 
 interrogative clause or an expression of command or wish, 
 the subjunctive is used. 
 
— 44 — 
 
 1. Indicative: 
 
 M. III. 9. God ys swa mihtig J)8et he mgeg of jiysum stanum 
 aweccean Abvahames beam. Also L. Ill, 8. 
 
 M. Vni. 24. Da wear6 my eel styruug geworden on Jjsere sse, 
 
 swa J)3et J)8et scyp wearS ofergoten mid yJDum. 
 M. XII. 22. he hyne hselde swa })3et he spsec and geseah. 
 M. XIII. 2. mycle msenigeo wseron gesamnode to hym, swa 
 
 J)set he code on scyp and {)8er sset. Mk. IV, 1. 
 M. XIII. 32. hit wyr}) treow swa jDset heofnan fuhlas cuma}) 
 
 and eardiaj) on his bogum. 
 Mk. VIII. 25. he geseah |)a and wearS geedniwod, swa J)3et 
 
 he beorhtlice eall geseah. 
 M. XXIV. 24. JDOnne cuma5 lease Cristas and lease witegan, 
 
 and do5 mycle tacn and forebeacn l33et Sa beo]j on gedwolan 
 
 gelsedde gyf hyt beon raseg pe gecorene wserun. 
 Mk. IV. 37. ]3a wses mycel yst windes geworden, and y^a 
 
 he awearp on Jjset scyp Jsaet hit gefylled wses. 
 M. V. 32. he de& J[)8et heo unriht-hsemS. facit earn moechari.*) 
 M. V. 45. se })e de6 JDset hys sunne lip aspringS. qui solem 
 
 suum oriri facit. 
 Mk. I. 17. ic do inc J)3et gyt beo8 sawla onfonde. faciam vos 
 
 fieri piscatores hominum. 
 L. XII. 37. he begyrt hine and de6 {)3et hig sittaS. faciet 
 
 illos discumbere. 
 M. IV. 19. Cumab sefter me and ic do })8et gyt beo6 manna 
 
 fisceras. faciam vos fieri piscatores hominum. 
 
 Here also may be placed the following: 
 
 M. V. 47. gyf ge {)3et an doS Jjset ge eowre gebro6ra wylcumia}). 
 si salutaveritis fratres vestros tantum. 
 
 *) Though properly object clauses , clauses after don may be more 
 conveniently treated as consecutive. 
 
— 45 — 
 2. Subjunctive. 
 
 a) Depending upon a negative clause: 
 
 L. VII. 7. ic ne tealde me sylfne })8et ic to 8e come, me 
 
 ipsum non sum dignum arbitratus, ut venirem ad te. 
 
 Cf. reading of Hatton Ms., § 4, 1, c, page 14. 
 L. XXni. 22. ne mette ic nan l)ing yfeles on {jissum men 
 
 jjset he si deaj)es scyldig. nuUara causam mortis invenio 
 
 in 60. 
 
 Mk. IV. 22. nis nan 6ing behydd J)e ne sy geswutelod; ne 
 nis digle geworden ac J)3et hit openlice cume. nee factum 
 est occultum, sed ut in palam venial. 
 
 b) Depending on an interrogative clause: 
 
 M. VI. 27. Hwylc eower mseg gejjencan Jjset he geeacnige 
 ane elne to hys anlicnesse? Quis autem vestrum cogitans 
 potest adjicere ad staturam suam cubitum unum? 
 
 M. XV. 33. hwar nime we swa fela hlafa on J)is westene 
 
 {)3et we geiyllan swa mycele msenegu? 
 J. IX. 2. hwset syngode jies o65e his magas [iset he wsere 
 
 blind geboren? 
 J. XL 37. Sume hi cwsedon, ne mihte 5es \ye ontynde blindes 
 
 eagan don eac {)3et {)es naere dead ? Non poterat hie, 
 
 qui aperuit oculos cseci nati, facere, ut hie non moreretur? 
 
 M. XXVI. 58. wenst ^u J)3et ic ne myhte biddan minne fseder, 
 Jjset he sende me nu ma [jonne twelf eorydu engla ? An 
 putas, quia non possum rogare patretn meum, et exhibebit 
 mihi modo plus quam duodeeim legiones angelorum? 
 
 Ms. Kenanensis has ut exhiberet for et exhibebit. It is 
 not unlikely that the translator had before him a similar 
 reading, in which case the clause is final, not consecutive. 
 
 c) Depending upon an expression of wish or command: 
 
 M. V. 16. Swa onlihte eower leoht beforan mannum JjEet hi 
 geseon eowre godan weorc and wuldrian eowrne fseder. 
 
— 46 — 
 
 L. XII. 58. do l)3et Sii beo fram him alysed. da operam 
 
 liberari ab illo. 
 L. IX. 14. Do{) })3et hig sitton. Facite illos discumbere. 
 J. VI. 10. do6 l33et Jjas men sitton. Facite homines discumbere. 
 The following (if not rather a final clause) may be placed 
 here , as the subjunctive is perhaps to be referred to the 
 imperative in the principal clause. But cf. M. IV. 19, § 15, 1, 
 where the indicative is used in a similar relation. 
 L. VI. 42. teoh serest ])one beam of })inum eage, and Ijonue 
 
 1)U gesihst J)8et Su ateo jia egle of jjines brofior eage. 
 
 perscipies ut educas. Several Mss. read videbis (perspicies) 
 
 ejicere. 
 
 § 16. 
 CAUSAL CLAUSES 
 In these the indicative is used except in two instances. 
 
 a) Indicative. 
 
 1. Forl^am Qte): 
 
 M. II. 16. Da wses Herodes sWySe gebolgen for J^am 1)6 he 
 
 bepseht wses. 
 M. V. 3. Eadige synt lia gastlican Jjearfan, for}]am hyra ys 
 
 heofena rice. 
 M. V. 4. Eadige synt }3a 6e nu wepafi, for{)am [je hi beo5 
 
 gefyllede. 
 
 M. V. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12. 34. 35. VI 26. VII. 13. 
 
 IX. 36. XL 26. 29. XII. 42. XXIII. 10 etc. 
 
 2. paet (see also example in 3). 
 
 L. I. 21. l)8et folc wses Zachariam geanbidigende and wundrodon 
 }D3et he on temple Iset wses. 
 
 J. IV. 27. hig wundredon Iiaet he will })aet wif spraec. 
 
 J. V. 28. Ne wundrigeon ge Sses })3et seo tid cym6 })set ealle 
 
— 47 — 
 
 geliyra& his stefne lie on byrgenum synt. Nolite mirari 
 hoc, quia venit hora. 
 
 3. In the following on Jmni [ye and l^set are used, trans- 
 lating quia and quod: 
 
 L. X. 20. Ne blissige ge on ])am lie eow synt gastas under- 
 }jeodde; GeblissiaS l38et eower naman synt on heofonum 
 awritene. 
 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 1. After for{)i jse: 
 
 J. VII. 22. forfiy Moyses eow sealde ymbsnydenysse uses na 
 
 for|ji |je heo of Moyse sy ac of fsederon. 
 J. VIII. 56. Abraham eower fseder geblissode Ijser he gesawe 
 
 minne daeg. ut videret. 
 
 § 17. 
 
 FINAL CLAUSES. 
 
 Final clauses are used with the conjunctions jjset, to 
 jjam l33et, Joset ne, l3e Ises, Ipe Ises }je, followed by the sub- 
 junctive*) mood. 
 
 J. |)3et. 
 
 M. XXVI. 12. Heo dyde l)as sealfe on minne lichaman I)3et 
 ic waere gesmyryd to bebyrgynne. Mittens enim haec 
 unguentum hoc in corpus meum, ad sepeliendum me fecit. 
 
 J. VI. 28. hwset do we ]jaet we wyrceon Godes weorc? 
 
 M. I. 22. J}ys wses geworden Jiaet gefylled ware [jaet fram 
 drihtne gecweden wses. 
 
 M. XXVI. 56. Dis eall ys geworden Jjset fisera witegena halgan 
 gewritu syn gefyllede. 
 
 Also M. V. 15. 45. VI. 2. 4. 5. 16. XIII. 14. XIV. 15. 
 XVIII 16. XXIIL 5. 15. 26. XXIV. 17. 18. 45. XXVI. 2. 
 
 *) See exceptions in § 17. 8. 
 
— 48 — 
 
 2. to {)am })get: 
 
 J. I. 31. Ic com and fuUode on wsetere to Ssem })3et he wsere 
 
 geswutelud on Israhela folce. 
 J. X. 10. Ic com to {)am {)set hig habbon lif and habbon 
 
 genoh. Also J. VIII. 59. 
 
 3. The idea of purpose is sometimes strengthened bj' 
 the introduction of willan or scalan: 
 
 M. XXII. 11. Da eode se cyning in {)8et he wolde geseon J)a 
 
 Se l)ser sseton. Intra vit autem Rex, ut videret discumbentes. 
 M. XXVI. 4. hig hsefdon mycel gemot t)3et hig woldon J)one 
 
 hselend mid facne besyrwan and ofslean. consilium fecerunt, 
 
 ut Jesum dolo tenerent, et occiderent. 
 M. XXVIII. 1. com seo Magdalenisce Maria and seo o6er 
 
 Maria JDset hig woldon geseon Jia byrgene. venit — videre 
 
 sepulchrum. 
 J. VII. 32. 5a pharisei sendon hyra J^enas l^set hig woldon 
 
 hine gefon. miserunt — ministros, ut apprehenderent eum. 
 J. IX. 39. Ic com on jiysne middan-eard to demenne JDset })a 
 
 sceolon geseon J)e ne geseoS. veni, ut qui non vident, 
 
 videant. 
 J. VIIT. 59. hig namon stanas to pAm {)get hig woldon hyne 
 
 torfian. Tulerunt ergo lapides,.ut jacerent in eum. 
 J. XI. 58. hig J)ohton })8et hi woldon hyne ofslean. Cogita- 
 
 verunt, ut interficerent eum. 
 
 Also M. XXII. 15. J. X. 31 XI. 19. 52. 55. XII. 9. 10. 20. 
 
 In one instance willan appears in the principal clause: 
 
 J. XVII. 26. ic him cy5de 6inne naman and gyt wylle cy})an 
 })set seo lufu 5e jju me lufodest sy on him and ic eom 
 on him. Notum feci eis nomen tuum, et notum faciam; ut 
 dilectio, qua dilexisti me, in ipsis sit, et ego in ipsis. 
 
 4. In two instances magan is introduced into a final 
 clause : 
 
 J. XI. 57. })a bisceopas and ]>&. pharisei hsefdon beboden gif 
 
— 49 — 
 
 hwa wiste hwar he wsere l)aet he hit cydde jjset hig mihton 
 hine niman. ut apprehendat eum. 
 J. XII. 5. Hwi ne sealde heo })as sealfe wi{) J)i"im hundred 
 penegon Jjset man mihte syllan {)earfon? 
 
 5. })set ne: 
 
 M. VI. 18. })weah t)ine ansyne, {)3et [)u ne sy gesewen fram 
 
 mannum fsestende. 
 M. VII. 1. Nellen ge deman {)set ge ne syn fordemede. 
 M. XVII. 27. })eahhw8ej)ere {)3et we hi ne geunrotsigeon gang 
 
 to J)8ere sse etc. 
 M. XXVI. 41. WaciaJ) and gehiddaS eow l)set ge in ne gan 
 
 on costunge. 
 
 6. 1)6 laes: 
 
 M. Vn. 6. Nellen ge syllan jjset halige hundum, ne ge ne 
 wurpen eowre meregrotu toforan eowrum swynon, J)e laes 
 hig mid hyra fotum hig fortredon, and hig J}onne ongean 
 gewende eow toslyton. 
 
 M. XXVI. 5. Hig cwsedon witodlice sume })3et hit ne mihte 
 beon on jiam freols-dsege, jie laes to mycel styrung wurde 
 on })am folce. 
 
 M. XXVII. 64. hat nu healan I)a byrgene o& ]jone j^ryddan 
 dseg, ])e laes hys leorning - cnihtas cumon and forstelon 
 hyne and secgeon l)am folce Jjset he aryse of deajje. 
 
 M. XIII. 15. 29. XV. 32. Mk. IV. 12. XIII. 36. XIV. 2. 
 L. IV. 11. XII. 58. XIV. 8. 9. 12. XVEI. 5. XXI. 34. 
 J. XII. 42 etc. 
 
 7. \)& laes J)e : L 
 
 M. IV. 6. hit ys awriten })aet he his englum behead be 6e 
 J)8et hig J)e on hyra handum beron, jie laes ]>& 5in fot aet 
 stane aetsporne. 
 
 M. V. 25. Beo 1)U onbugende J)inum wi&erwinnan hra&e — Jte 
 laes \>e 8in wi6erwinna J)e sylle Jjam deman, etc. 
 
 M. XX. 28. ne sitte ge on {)am fyrmestan setlum Jje laes 
 
 4 
 
— 50 — 
 
 J)e arwuv6re wer sefter \>e cume and se husbond hate \)e 
 
 arisan and ryman Jjam o5ron. 
 M. XXV. 9. Da andswarudun J)a gleawan and cwsedun nese 
 
 Jie Ises t>e we and ge nabbon genoh. 
 J. V. 14. ne synga ])\x, })e Isbs 1)6 ^e on sumon Jungon wyrs 
 
 getide. 
 
 8. In the following instances the indicative is used in 
 final clauses. In two out of the three examples the sub- 
 junctive also occurs in the same clause. 
 
 J. XVII. 26. ic him cySde Sinne naman and gyt wylle cy{)an 
 })8et seo lufu 5e {)u me lufodest sy on him and ic eom on 
 him. Notum feci eis nomen tuum , et notum faciam ; ut 
 dilectio, qua dilexisti me, in ipsis sit, et ego in ipsis. 
 (Transition to direct assertion.) 
 
 J. XX. 31. })as J)ing synt awritene Jjset ge gelyfon I)aet se 
 hselend ys Crist Godes sunu; and jiset ge habbaS (A. 
 babbon) ece lif J)onne ge gelyfajj on his naman. et ut cre- 
 dentes vitam habeatis. 
 
 In the following example agynnaS may be no more than 
 
 a literal translation of the Latin indicative, as one at least 
 
 of the Mss. (Cantabr.) has incipient dicere : 
 
 L. XIV. 28. 29. 30. hu ne sytt he serest and tele6 {)a and- 
 
 fengas jse him behefe synt, hwseSer he hsebbe hine to 
 
 fullfremmenne l)e Ises sy68an he {)3ene grundweall legS, and 
 
 ne mseg hine fuUfreraman , ealle J)e liit geseoS agynna9 
 
 (A. agynnon. B. C. R. agynnan. H. aginned) hine tselan 
 
 and cweSan. 
 
 § 18. 
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 
 
 Simple condition introduced by gif 
 
 In most simple conditional sentences the indicative is 
 used in both protasis and apodosis. If however the apodoeis 
 
— 51 — 
 
 consists of an imperative or hortatory subjunctive, or its 
 equivalent, the subjunctive may stand in the protasis. 
 
 1. Indicative. 
 
 a) Without expression of command or wish in apodosis. 
 
 M. XVni. 21. gyf min brojjor syngaJ3 wi5 me mot ic him 
 
 forgyfan o8 seofan si})as? 
 J. XIV. 14. gif ge Hwset me bidda8 on minon naman Jjset 
 
 ic do. 
 M. IV. 9. V. 13. 37. 46. VI. 14. 15. 22. 23. VII. 9. 10. 
 
 Vm. 2. IX. 17. X. 13. XVI. 26. XIX. 27. XXIV. 24 etc. 
 
 b) With imperative or its equivalent in apodosis : 
 M. IV. 6. gyf J)U Godes sunu eart asend l)e Sonne ny&er. 
 L. XXIII. 39. Gif })U Crist eart gehsel I)e sylfne and unc. 
 M. V. 23. VIII. 31. XIV. 28. XIX. 21. XXI. 3. XXIV. 23. 
 
 26. Mk. XI. 25 etc. 
 
 2. Indicative and subjunctive: 
 
 L. XX. 28. Moyses us wrat gif hwses bro&or by6 dead and 
 wif hsebbe, and se byS butan bearnum l)set his broSor 
 nime his wif and hys bro{)or s^d awecce 
 
 L. X. 6, gyf })ar beo8 sybbe beam, reste ^&v eower sib; 
 gif hit elles sy, heo sy to eow gecyrred. 
 
 3. The subjunctive is used in the following passages, 
 all with an expression of wish or command in apodosis: 
 
 Mj IV. 3. Gyf })U Godes sunu sy cwe6 l)3et })as stanas to 
 
 hlafe gewurSon (cf. M. IV. 6 under l.b). 
 M. V. 29. Gyf ]^m swySre eage I)e seswicie ahola hit ut. 
 M. XXn. 24. Moyses ssede gif hwa dead syg and beam nsebbe 
 
 J)set his bro6or nyme hys wif. 
 M. XXVI. 42. Gyf t)es calic ne msege gewitan buton ic hyne 
 
 drince gewur})e {)in willa. M. XXVI. 39. 
 M. V. 30. 39. XXVn. 40. 42. Mk. IV. 23. Vn. 16. L. IV. 3. 
 
 9. XXm. 35. 37. J. XII. 26. 
 
— 52 — 
 
 In the following sentence the imperative occurs not in 
 apodosis, but as a direct quotation in the protasis itself: 
 M. XX. 28. Grif Jon sitst on gereorde on [iam ytemestan setle 
 and sefter |)e cymjj oJ3er gebeor and se lajjigenda cwe])e 
 (H. & E. cweS) to 1)6 site innor leof {)onne by}) Se arwur8- 
 licor {)onne {)e man uttor scufe. 
 Two possible examples of the preterit subjunctive in 
 simple condition occur in the following: 
 J. XVIII. 23. Gif ic yfele sprsece, cy6 gewittnysse be yfele. 
 gif ic wel sprsece (H. spreke. R. sprece) hwi beatst Jju 
 me? Si male locutus sum, si autem bene, quid, etc. It 
 is however more probable that these forms are present, 
 ■se being late orthography for e. See Cosijn, Altwestsachs. 
 Gram. I, § 20, page 42. 
 
 § 19. 
 
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES INTRODUCED BY BUTON*) 
 
 AND BUTON piET. 
 
 Here the subjunctive is invariably used. 
 
 a) buton. 
 
 M. V. 20. buton eower rihtwisnyss mare sy jjonne psera 
 
 writera and sundor - halgena , ne ga ge on heofonan rice. 
 M. XII. 29. hu mseg man ingan on stranges hus and hys fata 
 
 hyne bereafian buton he gebinde serest {)one strangan and 
 
 J)onne hys hus bereafige? 
 M. XVIII. 3. buton ge beon gecyrrede and gewordene swa 
 
 swa lytlingas ne ga ge on heofene rice. 
 Mk. III. 27. VII. 3. 4. L. II. 26. IX. 13. XIII. 3. 5. J. III. 
 
 2. 3. 5. 27. IV. 48. VI. 44. 53. 65. VII. 51. XII.24. XIII. 10. 
 
 (Mss. C. & B). XV. 44. 
 
 b) buton l)set. 
 
 M. V. 13. gyf {)8et sealt awyrS on Ip-dm J)e hit [gesylt by5, 
 hit A.] ne mseg sySSan to nahte buton Jjset hit sy uta- 
 worpen and sy fram mannum fortreden. 
 
 *) See also § 20, 1, last example. 
 
- 53 - 
 
 J. X. 10. t)eof ne cym6 buton l^get he stele and slea and fordo. 
 J. XIII. 10. Mss. A. C. H. K 
 
 § 20. 
 CONDITION CONTRARY TO FACT. 
 
 1. When the condition is so stated as to imply its non- 
 fulfilment, the preterit subjunctive seems to be generally 
 used in both protasis and apodosis. 
 
 J. XI. 21. 22. gif Iju wsere her nsere min bro5or dead. 
 
 L. VII. 39. Gryf 1)6 man witega wsere witodlice he wiste 
 
 hwset and hwylc jjis wif wsere. 
 J. VIII. 42. gif God waere eowre fseder witodlice ge lufedon me. 
 J. IX. 33. Ne mihte {)es nan I)ing don gif he nsere of Gode. 
 J. XV. 22. Gif ic ne come and to him ne sprsece nsefdon 
 
 hig nane synne. 
 
 J. XVIII. 30. Gif he n^re yfeldsede ne sealde we hine 8e. 
 J. XVIII. 36. gif min rice wsere of Syson middanearde, witod- 
 lice mine t)egnas fuhton I)3et ic nsere geseald Judeon. 
 
 In the following sentence wiUan is used in the apodosis. 
 M. XXIV. 43. "Wita8 JDset gyf se hiredes ealdor wiste on 
 hwylcere tide se ]3eof towerd wsere, witodlice he wolde 
 wacigean and nolde ge})aflgen l)3et man hys hus under- 
 dulfe. Si sciret — vigilaret utique, et non sineret. 
 With buton: 
 M. XXIV. 22. buton {)a dagas gescyrte wserun, nsere nan 
 mann hal gewordyn. nisi breviati fuissent — non fleret. 
 
 2. a) The indicative is however sometimes used. 
 In protasis: 
 
 J. IV. 10. Gif I)U wistest Godes gyfe, and hwset se is {)e 
 cwi5 to jje syle me drincan, witodlice ])u bsede hine l^set 
 he sealde Ipe lifes wseter. Si scires — petisses. 
 
 L. XIX. 42. gif t>u wistest and witodlice on i|)ysum J)inum 
 
— 54 — 
 
 dsege Jje Se to sybbe synt, nu hig synt fram })inuin eaguro 
 behydde. si cognovisses. 
 
 b) In apodosis: 
 J. XIX. 11. Nsefst (A. & R. Nsefdest, H. nafdest) pn nane 
 mihte ongean me buton hyt wsere Jie ufan geseald. Non 
 haberes — nisi datum esset. 
 
 Exception: It will be observed that in the above sen- 
 tence the present indicative occurs in apodosis in three out 
 of the six Mss., probably by error on the part of the scribe. 
 
 In the following examples the tense is preterit but the 
 mood cannot be determined from the form of the verb : 
 
 M. XII. 7. Gyf ge so61ice wistun hwaet ys ic wylle mildhe- 
 ortnesse and na onssegdnysse ne geny})rude ge sefre un- 
 scyldige. 
 
 J. IX. 41. Gif ge blinde wseron nsefde ge nane synne. 
 
 M. XL 21. 23. XXIII. 30. Mk. XIII. 20. L. X. 13. XII. 39. 
 J. V. 46. Vm. 19. IX. 41. XIV. 7. 28. XV. 19. 24. 
 
 To these may be added the following, which however 
 in the Vulgate appear as future condition: 
 L. XVII. 6. Gif ge hsefdon geleafan swa senepes corn, ge 
 
 ssedun })issum treowe sy 8u awyrtwalud and aplantud 
 
 on sse, and hit hyrsumode eow. Si habueritis — dicetis — 
 
 obediet. The A. S. here follows the reading of Mss. Am. 
 
 Lind. Rush. Brix., in which these verbs appear in the 
 
 imperfect subjunctive. 
 M. XVII. 20. gyf ge hsefdon geleafan swa senepes corn, and 
 
 ge cwsedon to l)issum munte, far heone, })onne ferde he. 
 
 Si habueritis — dicetis (Mss. Veron. and Gat. diceretis). 
 
 The preterit subjunctive may be used in apodosis. the 
 condition being merely implied, not stated in the form of 
 protasis : 
 
 L. XIX. 23. hwi ne sealdest ])U min feoh to hyre, and l)onne 
 ic come ic hit witodlice mid gestreone onfenge. quare non 
 dedisti — ut (Lind. et) ego veniens cum usuris utique exe- 
 gissem illam? 
 
- 55 — 
 
 M. XXV. 27. hj^t gebyrede Jjaet J)U befsestest min feohmyny- 
 terum and ic name l)8enne ic come jjset min ys mid {)am 
 gafole. 
 
 Note : The verb in the temporal clause is here attracted 
 into the preterit subjunctive. 
 
 5. In four instances the Latin si is represented by Jjaet, 
 the protasis appearing as a subject clause with which an 
 adjective in apodosis agrees. The mood after Jjaet is sub- 
 junctive, and the tense preterit, excepting in the example 
 last given, in which the tense corresponds with the Latin: 
 
 M. XXVL 24. Betere wsere l)am menu Jiset he nsefre nsere 
 acenned. Bonum erat ei, si natus non fuisset homo ille. 
 
 Mk. IX. 42. betere him wsere Jjset an cweornstan wsere to 
 his swuran gecnyt and wsere on sse beworpen. bonum est 
 ei magis, si circumdaretur mola. asinaria coUo ejus, et in 
 mare mitteretur. 
 
 Mk. XIV. 2L betere him wsere Jjset se mann acenned nsere. 
 bonum erat ei, si non esset natus homo ille. 
 
 li. XVII. 2. nyttre him wsere l)set an cweornstan sy gecnytt 
 abutan his swuran and si on sse beworpen Sonne he ge- 
 drefe anne of J)issum lytlingum. Utilius est illi, si lapis 
 molaris imponatur. 
 
 6. In the following the Latin present subjunctive is 
 rendered by the preterit (subjunctive or indicative?), thus 
 changing the Latin improbable future condition into a con- 
 dition contrary to fact in present or past time. 
 
 J. XXI. 25. gif 5a ealle awritene wseron, ic wene ne mihte 
 {)es middaueard ealle Jia bee befon. Quae si scribantur 
 per singula, nee ipsum arbitror mundum capere posse eos, 
 qui scribendi sunt, libros. 
 
— 56 — 
 
 §21. 
 CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. 
 
 1 . These are generally introduced by {)eali and J)eali Jie^ 
 -which conjunctions are followed by the subjunctive mood. 
 
 M. XV. 20. Ne besmit {)one mann l)eah he unl)Wogenuin 
 
 handum ete. 
 M. XVI. 26. Hwset fremaS senigum menu {)eah he ealne middan- 
 
 eard gestryne gyf he hys sawle forwyrd |)ola5. 
 M. XXI. 21. Jieh ge cwe{)an to {)isum munte etc. 
 Mk. XIV. 31. t)eah me gebyrige mid J)e to sweltene, n& 
 
 setsace ic {)in. 
 Mk. VI. 23. VIII. 26, 36. L. IX. 25. XVI. 31. XIX. 40. 
 
 J. XL 25 etc. 
 
 2. In a few instances concession is expressed by J3a or 
 t)onne with the indicative: 
 
 J. VI. 71. he hyt cwse]) be Juda Scariot)e J)es hine belsewde 
 
 Jja he wses an t)ara twelfa. hie enim erat traditurus eum. 
 
 cum esset unus ex duodecim. 
 J. XXI. 11. and 8a hyra swa fsela wse?, uses J)8et net tobrocen- 
 
 Et cum tanti essent, non est scissum rete. J. XII. 37. 
 J. IV. 9. Humeta bitst J)U set me drincan J)onne 8u eart 
 
 Judeisc? Quomodo tu, Judaeus cum sis, bibere a me poscis? 
 J. VII. 15. Humeta cann {)es stafas jjonne he ne leornode? 
 
 cum non dedicerit. 
 
VITA. 
 
 The writer of the preceding dissertation was born 
 April 17, 1857, at Batavia, N. Y., in the United States of 
 America, and is a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. He received his preparatory education in the Batavia 
 Union School, matriculated at Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y. 
 in 1878, and was graduated four years later. Visiting Ger- 
 many in 1891, he matriculated at the University of Leipzig, 
 since which time he has attended lectures and other exer- 
 cises of Professors Heinze, Masius, Sievers, Wiilker, Wundt 
 and Privat Decent Flugel, to all of whom he desires to ex- 
 press his gratitude and appreciation.