CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THIS BOOK IS ONE OF A COLLECTION MADE BY BENNO LOEWY 1854-19-19 AND BEQUEATHED TO CORNELL UNIVERSITY P 105.S34'T869"'™""' """'^ °^™iiil?!Iliii!fi.W,.SXJ.'),g..s?i?nce.of lanau 3 1924 026 439 350 DATE DUE PRINTED IN U.S.A. Cornell University Library The original of tfiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026439350 DARWINISM TESTED BY THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. DARWINISM TESTED BY THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. OF PROFESSOR AUGUST SCHLEICHER, IV/T// PREFACE AND ADDITIONAL NOTES, DR. ALEX. V. W. BIKKERS. LONDON : JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN, 74 & 75, PICCADILLY. 1869. S V 105 10 /j/^m.'i ^oevv_Aj I ■it TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. T AW and order pervade the universe ; as we proceed in unbiassed investigation of tlie realm of nature we see the clouds of wonder and ignorance dispelled by the torch of knowledge and truth. As the Italian poet has it : — La maraviglia Deir ignoranz' e la figlia, E del saper La madre. I have always looked upon the idea of creation from nothing as so absurd, so inconsistent, so unphilosophical, as hardly to deserve the very name of an idea except by way ot courtesy'^ My favourite study, glossology, or the science of language, was the first to convert 8 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. me to Darwinism. Here, as elsewhere, I trusted to the grand principle of analogy which underlies so many more of the mys- ,teries of nature. Ever since 1864, when Fritz Mueller published his remarkable pamphlet, "fuer Darwin," a test of Darwinism by one parti- cular group of animals, the Crustacea, it occurred to me that other investigators of natural science might apply the main prin- ciples laid down in the " Origin of Species" to their own particular branch of study. It is but fair to say that Dr. Mueller had been forestalled in his attempt by one of his countrymen, August Schleicher, a distin- guished glossologist, and a Professor at the University of Jena. His open missive (or public letter) to Professor Ernst Haeckel, his learned colleague and the great cham- pion of Darwinism in Germany, is the pamphlet here presented in an English garb. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. 9 As the translator of Dr. Mueller's treatise says of himself — " My chief object has been to furnish, as nearly as possible, a literal version of the original, regarding mere ele- gance of expression as of secondary impor- tance in a scientific work." It is always hard to have to deal with any scientific dissertation written on a subject, the termi- nology of which is still unsettled, and in a language living on its own stock, possessing such words as Entwiclcelnngsgeschichte, JJr- sprache, Grundsprache, lautlich, Lautform, and others of a similarly embarrassing nature. Not the shadow of a doubt lurks in my own mind that the science of language, al- though stiU in its infancy, is the highest and. at the same time the easiest test of Mr. Darwin's theory. It is with such a conviction that I venture to issue this English translation of Professor Schleicher's brochure, not only as an addi- 10 TBANSLATOB'S PREFACE. tional witness to the soundness of Darwin's theory, nor even as a mere adding of mate- rial to the literature of Darwinism, already represented by the names of Bree and Dau- beny (1860), of Yon Pelzen (1861), of EoUe (1863), of Flourens (1864), of Hallier and Young (1865), of Haeckel and 0. E. Schmidt (1866), of Professor Omboni (1867), of Buechner and Twemlow (1868), and last, not least, of Fritz Mueller, whose testimony hardly reached England before the begin- ning of this year. The fruit of my labour may be regarded in no other light than that of an humble palm-leaf on the shrine of a man who has promulgated truth in his attempt to cut short the existence of error. It may not be superfluous for the non-pro- fessional student of language to receive the additional assurance that all data furnished by the German glossologist, as far as his TRANSLATOR'S FBEFAGE. 11 own department is concerned, are acknow- ledged axiomata in the science of language, with, th e sole e xception, perhap, of the very bold statement (p. 47) concerning the im- possibility of a common origin of speech, in which I for one do not concur. Not until after I had finished my trans- lation of Professor Schleicher's remarkable pamphlet did I receive information of the author's premature demise, which occurred at the close of the past year. I embrace this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Professor Ernst Haeckel of the University of Jena for this and other valuable communications directly or in- directly connected with the subject of Dar- winism. A. V. W. B. LoisTDON, Oct. 5th, 1869. DARWINISM TESTED BY THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. VOU would leave me no peace until I began reading Bronn's translation* of the much discussed work of Darwin " On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Fa- voured Eaces in the Struggle for Life." I have compKed with your request ; I have * " Ueber die Entstehung der Arten in Thier- und Pflan- zenreich durch natuerliclie Zuechtung, oder Erhaltung der vervoUkommneten Kassen im Kampfe urns Dasein." The work was translated from the second edition by Heinrich Georg Bronn, an eminent German naturalist, and published at Stuttgart in I860.— T. 14 BABWINI8M TE8TDB BY waded througli tlie whole of the book, in spite of its being rather clumsily arranged, and heavily written in a curious kind of Grerman, and the greater part of the work I was tempted to read again and again. My first thanks are now offered to you for those repeated inducements of yours which ended in my study of this incontestably remark- able work. In supposing that Darwin's " Origin of Species" would please me, you were thinking no doubt, in the first place, of my amateur gardening and botanizing. I confess that our garden- ing presents many and many an oppor- tunity of observing for example that " struggle for life" which we are wont to decide in favour of our chosen pets, and which, in the language of ordinary life, goes by the name of " weeding." Another point, which the gardener may experience more often than he wishes, is how one THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 15 single plant is capable of spreading, as soon as it finds room and favourable oppor- tunities. Finally, with regard to " the variation of species," to "inheritance," in a word, with respect to " selection," there also is a large field of observation and experience for a man who has so Jong ridden the hobby of cultivating in diffe- rent directions one of our beautiful flowers that is most capable of variation. Yet, my dear friend, you were not alto- gether on the right track, when you wished to make me acquainted with the remarkable book, on account of my love for garden- ing ; Darwin's views and theory ^ruck me in a much higher degree^whenl^ applied them to the science of language. What Darwin lays down of the animal creation in general, can equally be said of the organisms of speech — nay, it is quite accidentally that I pronounced an opinion 16 DARWINISM TESTED BY coinciding in a remarkable degree with Darwin^ views on " the struggle for life," on the extinction of ancient forms, onjfche widely-spread varieties of individuaLspecies in the field of speech, as far back as the year 1860— that is to say, contempora- neously vath the publication of the Ger- man Darwin.* Can you wonder now that the book has made so strong an im- pression on me? If you further wish to know what kind of an impression the " Origin of Species," has made upon me, I am quite willing to gratify your curiosity, and that of the public at large. To point out how the main features of Darwin's theory are applicable to the life of languages, or even, we might * Professor Schleiclier states in a foot-note that the original English edition, although published in November, 1859, was stUl unknown to him when he published his " Deutsche Sprache" (1860). The passage in his own work here alluded to will be found translated in the Appendix. — T. THE 80IEN0E OF LANGUAGE. 17 say, how tlie development of human speech has already been unconsciously illustrative of the same, such a labour cannot fail to captivate you, the energetic champion of Darwinism. Moreover, I am inclined to believe .that for others likewise my com- munication will not be altogether devoid of interest. Whilst, therefore, in the first place, I am addressing you, allowing my- self the harmless pleasure of surprising you with an " open letter," I am, above aU, appealing to the naturalists, whom I should wish to take more notice of lan- guage than they have hitherto done. I do not here exclusively refer to a physiological investigation of the various sounds of speech, a study which has made considerable progress of late, but also to the ^seryatign and application of linguistic varietiesjnjtheir significance for the natural history of man. What if those linguistic varieties were B 18 \ BABWmiSM TB8TEB Bl to form the basis of a natural system con- cerning the unique genus homo ? Is not the history of the formation and progress of speech the main aspect of that of the deve- lopment of mankind ? Thus much is certain, that a knowledge of linguistic relationship is absolutely requisite for anybody who wishes to obtain sound notions about the ' nature and being of man. It is my earnest desire that the natural history method should find more and more favour with those who investigate the subject of language in general. In this respect the following lines might induce a young glossologist* to take a leaf out of * I am the first, as far as I know, to use this modern Germanism, or Jenaism, for thejcientificjphilosoghicdinves- tigator^flanguage ; but a name had to be coined or adapted for the man of science, who is neither to be compared with the linguist nor to be confused with the philologer. The heart-rending complaints about innovation, about foreignisms —genus and species— will invariably be found to arise from THE SCIENGE OF LANGUAGE. 19 tlie books of able botanists and zoologists. I pledge them my word that they will never repent it, and, for my own part, I feel how much I am indebted to such works as Schleiden's " Science of Botany,"* Carl Vogt's "Physiological Letters,"! &^c-j foi^ cay conception of the nature and life of speech. Those books were the first to teach me the history of growth and development. We may learn from the experience of the naturalist, that nothing is of any im- portance to science but such facts as have been established by close objective ob- the side of those who are utterly ignorant of the nature of human speech. Foreign coin is not necessarily hose coin ; it is at least entitled to a fair test. If a French " smasher " offers us such a coin as " bibliophile" or " patoisophile" it will, of course, be refused by anybody who has not forgotten his government of the Greek verbs. — T. * An English translation by E. Lankester was published in 1849.— T. t " Physiologische Briefe fuer Gebildete aller Staende," 3 parts. Stuttgart and Tuebingen, 1845-47, 8vo. — T. 20 DAJRWINIBM TESTED BY serration, and the proper conclusions derived from them ; nor would such a lesson he lost upon several of my colleagues. All those trifling, futile interpretations, those fanciful etymologies, that vague . groping and guessing — in a word, all that which tends to strip the study of language of its scientific garb, and to cast ridicule , upon the science in the eyes of thinking people — all this becomes perfectly intolerable to the student who has learned to take his stand on the ground of sober observatioEl- Nothing but the close watching of the difierent organisms and of the laws that regulate their life, nothing but our un- abated study of the scientific object, that, and that alone, should form the basis also of our training. All speculations, however ingenious, when not placed on this firm foundation, are devoid of scientific value. Languages are organisms of nature ; TBTl SCIENOU OF LANGUAGE. 21 tliey have never been directed bj; the will of man; they rose, and developed_ihe-m^- selves according to definite laws ; they grew old, and died out. They, tc\p, are subject to that series of phenomena which we embrace under the name of "life." The science of language* is consequently a natural science; its method is generally altogether the same as that of any other natural science, f In this respect, the " Origin of Species," which you urged me to read, could not be said to lie so very far beyond my own department. Darwin's book is, in my opinion, called forth by the tendency of our age, save that passage where the author, humouring the * " Die Glottik," as the author Says. — T. f I argued this very point in the spring of the current year in a course of three lectures, " On the Formation and Progress of Human Speech," delivered to the members of the " Torquay Natural History Society." — T, 22 DARWINISM TESTED BY proverbial narrow-mindedness of his coun- trymen in matters of religion, delivers him- self of the scarcely consistent confession that his views, are not incompatible with the idea of the creation. Of course it is not our intention to touch upon that point here, but the passage is one in which Darwin contradicts himself ; his statements admit only of the notion of a gradual formation and development of organisms, not by any means of the idea of a sudden starting from nothing. The only logical conclusion to be drawn from Darwin's theory is that the common beginning of all living organisms must be sought in that single cell, whence proceeded, in the course of ages and ages, the entire fulness of the now existing living beings and of those already recovered ; that simplest form of life is now to be found in those organisms which are still on the lowest stage of development, and likewise in the TEE 8CIENGE OF LANGUAGE. 23 embryo of higher beings. Darwin's book, then, it appears to me, is in perfect harmony with those fundamental notions of philo- sophy which we find more or less con- sciously or deliberately expressed by the greater part of those who have written on natural science. I wiU enter into some par- ticulars. The tendency of modern thought is unde- niably towards monism. Dualism, whether you are pleased to define it as the contrast of spirit and nature, of contents and form, of appearance and reality, is no longer a firm ground to stand upon, if we wish to survey the field of modern science. To the latter there is no matter without spirit (without the unavoidable force that governs it), nor, on the other hand, any spirit with- out matter. We might say, perhaps, that there is neither matter nor spirit in the usual acceptation of the words, but only a 24 DARWINISM TESTED BY something which is the one and the other at the same time.* It is true we are still without a philosophical system of monism, but the history of the development of modern philosophy is clearly indicative of a struggling for it. Besides, it should not be overlooked that the process of scientifi c labour has decidedly assumed a different aspect, in consequence of the modern way of thinking, and of looking at things in general. Whereas it was once customary first to prepare the system and then to mould the object accordingly, we now pro- ceed exactly in the opposite direction. It is now more than ever necessary to occupy oneself with the most minute special study of the object, without thinking at all of a systematic upbuilding of the whole. We * To charge this view — which is founded on observation — with materialism is equally unjust as to lay it at the door of spiritualism . — A. THE 80IEN0E OF LANGUAGE. 25 bear with the greatest placidity the lack of a philosophical system answering to the condition of the closest and minutest of our special investigations, convinced, as we are, that such a system cannot be framed as yet, or rather anxious to forbear from the at- tempt until we can command a satisfactory supply of reliable observations and trust- worthy data from every sphere of human knowledge. The importance which the observation of facts* has acquired for science in general, but more especially for natural science, is the unavoidable result of the monistic principle, which does not look for anything behind the things, but looks upon the object as iden- tical with its form or appearance. Observa- tion is the foundation^fjoodern knowledge; nothing else is acceptable but the necessary * Prior to the framing of a system. — T. 26 DABWmiSM TESTED BY conclusions arrived at through that channel. All a priori fabrics, all cut-and-dry systems, are not entitled to any higher consideration than any other witty trifling ; their place is in the lumber-room of science. Now observation teaches us that all living organisms, which fall at all within the proper reach of our observation, vary accord- ingjto_definite_lgjvs. These changes or varie- ties, this life, is the real essence or being of any organism ; and we never know anything about the latter until we are cognizant of the former in their undivided entirety. In other words, so long as we are ignorant of how a thing arose we cannot be said to know it. The great importance which the developmental history and the scientific cognition of the life of the difierent organisms has assumed for the natural science of our time, is the necessary result of the principle of observation. TEE SOIENOE OF LANGUAGE. 27 • The Importance of developmental history for the cognition of the individual organism is universally acknowledged. It was first of aU applied to zoology and botany. It is well known that Lyell has represented the life of our planet as a series of regularly and gradually arising variations ; a sudden and abrupt entering upon new phases of life is here equally unknown as in the life of any other organism of nature. Lyell ap- peals likewise to the observation of facts. Since the observation over a very short period of recent earthly life yields nothing more than the fact of a gradual variation, we are certainly not justified in pre-supposiug anything to have been different in the past. I have always started with a similar view in examining the life of languages, which falls likewise within the range of our immediate observation during its ultimate, most recent and comparatively very short period of 28 BABWINISM TESTED BY existence. Yet this short time, a span of some thousands of years only, teaches ns with a most positive certainty that the life of the organisms of speech runs on according to definite laws in variations perfectly gra- dual, and that we have not the slightest) right to suppose that it has ever been other- wise. Now Darwin, and those that preceded him, went a step further than the other zoologists and botanists ; not only have individuals, said they, a life, but likewise the species and the races; they, as well, have arisen gra- dually; they, also, are subject to continual changes according to definite laws. Like all our modern scholars Darwin appeals to ob- servation, although naturally spreading over a short period, just as in the life of ouij planet and in that of languages. Since th^ fact is noticeable that the species are not altogether constant or stationary, their capa- THE SOIENOE OF LANGUAGE. 29 bility of variation is clearly, however restrictedly, to be regarded as a point of observation. A mere accident — namely, the shortness of the period over which we are able to extend such observations as might be called practical — is the main reason why the variation of the species does not, on the whole, appear so very important. We have merely, consonantly with the results of other observations, to suppose that for thousands of millions of years there have been living beings in existence on our earth, and we shall soon understand how it was possible for the now-existing species and races to arise through continued gradual variations, analogous to those which have actually fallen under our own observation. It appears, therefore, to me, that Darwin's theory is but the unavoidable result of the principles recognised in the modern science of nature. It is founded upon observation. 30 DARWINISM TESTED BY and is indeed an attempt at a history of development. Just what Lyell has done for the history of the life of the earth, Dar- win has attempted for that of the inhabi- tants of our planet. The theory of "the origin of species " is, therefore, no accidental " apparition, not the product of one individual head, but the true and legitimate offspring of our inquiring age. Darwin's theory is a necessity. The rules now, which Darwin lays down with regard to the species of animals and plants, are equally applicable to the organisms of languages, that is to say, as far as the main features are concerned. To demonstrate this proposition is the end and aim of these pages ; but we did not deem it superfluous to point out in a general way how one common character pervades the whole cycle of the natural sciences — among which ranks the science of language! THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 31 — namely, the modern principle of observa- tion. Let us now take up the origin of species, and consider how far it is possible to con- front the science of language with the views represented by Darwin. It is necessary to observe beforehand, that although the relationship in the specifica- tion of human speech is, in the main, iden- tical with that in the realm of nature, yet the terminology of the glossologist is difie- rent from that of the naturalist. This I must request you not to lose sight of, for aU that will follow depends upon it. What the naturalist terms a genus the glossologist calls a family, and such genera as are more closely related are often called the classes or branches of a family. I by no means deny that there is no more unanimity with regard to determining a genus or a family among the glossologists than among the zoologists and 32 BABWINISM TESTED BY the botanists ; this is a peculiarity recurring in all classification and specification, to which I shall have occasion to refer again.* The species of a genus are what we call the lan- guages of a family, the races of a species are with us the dialects of a language ; the sub- dialects or patois correspond with the varieties of the species, and that which is characteristic of a person's mode of speak- ing! corresponds with the individual. It is well known that the individuals of one and the same species are never altogether and absolutely identical ; it is the same with the individual of speech ; " native accent " is always more or less strongly developed. What Darwin now maintains with regard * And which has beset the translator here with great difficulties, which he does not flatter himself that he has altogether surmounted. ^ — T. t Native accent I venture to call it : a phenomenon well worthy of the investigation of the physiologist. — T. THE 80IENGE OF LANGUAGE. 33 to the variation of the species in the course of time, through which — when it does not reveal itself in all individuals in like manner and to the same extent — one form grows into several distinct other forms by a process of continual repetition, that has been long and generally recognised in its application to the organisms of speech. Such languages as we would call, in the terminology of the botanist or zoologist, the species of a genus, are for us the daughters of one stock- language,* whence they proceeded by gra- dual variation. Where we are sufl&ciently familiar with any particular family of speech we draw up a genealogical tablef similar to * I know no better word to render Grundsprache, since the term primitive language is the one which I have reserved for Vrsprache. — T. t Vide the one drawn up in the " Appendix " to Max Mueller's first series of "Lectures on the Science of Language,'' p. 411 in the fourth edition. — T. C 34 DARWINISM TESTED BY the one which Darwin attempted for the species of animals and plants. Nobody doubts or denies any longer that the whole Indo- germanic* family of speech — Indie, Iranic, (old Armenian, Persic, &c.,) Hellenic, Italic, (Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, with the daughters of the former,!) Keltic, Slavonic, Lithu- anian, Teutonic or German, that all these languages, consisting of numerous species, races and varieties, have taken their origin from one single primitive form of the Indo-Germanic family ; the same re- mark holds good with regard to the lan- guages of the Semitic family, which is well * I would have taken the liberty of substituting our more usual appellation of Avian, especially because I have already referred the naturalist to Dr. Mueller's tables, but for the author's own jvay of using the word ; an inconsistent termi- nology is the cause of much misunderstanding. — T. f That is to say, modern French, Italian, Spanish and Por- tuguese, Provenpal as now spoken' in some parts of the South of Prance, and Wallachian, forming the group of Romance or neo-Latin languages. TEH SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE 35 known to include Hebraic, Syriac, Arabic, &c.,* as well as of all other families of speecb.f By way of illustration, we addj ^ genealogical tree of the Arian family of speech representing what we imagine to be the gradual development of the same ; in comparing this with Darwin's diagram, § one should not forget that the author of the " Origin of Species" had to draw up an ideal scheme, whereas we have represented the actual process of development of a given family. II Besides, it was not feasible to * The Aramaic is the northern branch of the Semitic family— T. f There is one other family of speech already properly classified : the Turanian. — T. J See after the Appendix. — T. § Page 130 of the fourth English edition.— T. II Better to be compared, and more in harmony, with Dar- win's scheme, is the likewise ideal diagram of the development of the different species and sub-species of speech from one primitive form, which I have drawn up in my "Deutsche Geschichte," S. 28.— A. C2 36 DARWINISM TESTED BY make our table a correct picture in every respect; the sub-dialects (varieties) could merely be pointed out ; the ramifications of the Iranic and Indie branch we were com- pelled to omit. If our diagram could speak it would express itself most likely in the following strain : — At a remote period of the existence of the human species, there was a language, a primitive language,* which we can pretty clearly recognise in the so-called Indo-Grer- manic languages to which it has given birth. t This primitive language, after having been spoken for several generations — the people who used it probably increas- ing and extending meanwhile — gradually * " TIrspracTie " in the original. — T. ■|- In its application to grammatical forms I have made the ex- periment in my Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages. Weimar, Bohlau, 1861-2. — A. tii:e scienoe of language. 37 assumed a different character in different parts of its domain, until at last it branched off into a couple of languages, or possibly into more than two, of which two only survived ; the same applies to all ulterior ramification and division. Both these languages again submitted repeatedly to the process of ramification. The one branch or offshoot which, on account of its ulterior career, we will call the Slavonic. Teutonic divided in its turn through gradual re-ramification — Darwin's continual tendency to divergency of character — into Teutonic and Slavo-Lettic; of these the former became the mother of all the Germanic languages and dialects, whereas the latter gave rise to the Sla- vonic and Lithuanian (Baltic, Lettic) tongues. The other language which, by the process of ramification had developed itself out of the Indo-Grermanic primitive form, the Ario - Grraeco - Italo - Keltic— 38 BABWINIBM TESTED BY pardon the sesquipedalian combination— again divided into a couple of idioms of which the one, the Grajco-Italo-Keltic, became the parent of Hellenic, Albanic, and of Italo- Keltic, the latter, so called because Italic and Keltic arose from it, whereas the other produced the Arian* language, the closely- connected stocks of the Indicf as well as of the Iranic (Persic) class. It would be * The most ancient inhabitants of India and Irania (Persia) both called themselves Arians; hence the name for the common stock-language of Indie and Iranic. — A. f The stock-language of the Indie class has been preserved to us in the language in which the old religious hymns of the Indians, the Veda hymns, are written. From that idiom proceeded in one direction the middle-Indic forms, the Pra- krit branches (further away the neo-Indic languages and dialects — i.e., Bengalese, Mahratta, Hindostanee, and cognate tongues), and in another direction Sanscrit, a written or lite- rary language, which was never the language of the people, but the medium of the post- Vedic Indian literature ; in some measure the Latin of India, the written Latin of the Romans, which remains up to the present time the vernacular of the learned. — A. TRE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 39 superfluous to go on with, the translation of our diagrams into words.* It would of course be easy to draw up a similar tree of any other family of speech of which the point of mutual kinship is suflSciently established. In such languages and dialects as are closely related, we see an indication of recent separation from the common stock ; (the more any languages of the same family vary in character, the earlier we suppose was their migration from the native hearth, since we place the variety to the account of a longer individual development.^ Now it is possible that you, my worthy colleague, and such naturalists as have not devoted themselves to the study of human speech, may feel inclined to ask , * For further details I refer to my " Deutsche Spraohe," S. 71, &B.— A. 40 BABWINISM TE8TEV BY me whence we derive all this knowledge. To draw up a tree, similar to the one here adduced as illustrative of the develop- ment of speech, for such species of animals and plants as are sufficiently investigated, thereby supposing that they are descended from primitive forms, and to determine the latter in their principal features, is certainly not anything impracticable. But the question is whether it is admissible to suppose that such primitive forms ever did exist. Who gives you, glossologists, the right, you might ask, to give out that those stock- and primitive languages which you have arrived at through the existing forms of speech, can be safely taken for realities ? Who assures us that your genea- logical trees are anything better than the productions of your imagination? How is it that you are so unanimously convinced of the variation of species, of the rami- TUB 80IENGE OF LANGUAGE. 4l fication of one form into several others in the course of ages, whereas we, zoologists and botanists, look upon all this as the qucBstio vexata, whilst several among us, con- sidering the existence of the species spon- taneous or beginningless, are coolly sitting in judgment over Darwin because he holds very much the same opinion, with regard to the animal and vegetable king- dom, as you do of the species of language? Here is my answer. To trace the de- velopment of new forms from anterior ones is much easier, and can be executed on a larger scale, in the field of speech than in the organisms of plants and animals. Tor once the glossologist has an ad- vantage over his brother naturalists in this respect. We are actually able to trace directly in many idioms that they have branched ofi' into several languages, dialects &c., for we are in a position to follow the 42 DARWINISM TESTED BY course of some, nay, of wtole families of them during a period of more than two thousand years, since a faithful picture of them has been left us in writing. This, for instance, is the case with Latin. We know the ancient Latin quite as well as the Eomance languages, its unmistakable offspring, partly through the process of ramification and partly through foreign influence, which you, gentlemen, would call crossing ; we know the ancient Indie ; we know the idioms which first emanated from it as well as its less distant ofishoots, the neo-Indian dialects. So you see that we have a firm and solid ground to stand on for our observation. What we know now of those languages which, owing to an accident, we have been able to watch for so long a period of time, because the people who spoke them have been obliging enough to leave written records behind THE SOIENOB OF LANGUAGE. 43 from a comparatively early time, may be otherwise supposed in respect of other families of languages, which do not possess those exponents of their earlier forms. We therefore know positively from the obser- vation of collected facts that Slanguages change as long as they live, and for this knowledge we are indebted to the art of writing.") But for the invention of the art of writing the student of language would never have imagined, up to the present day, that such languages as Eussian, German, and French, for example, are descended, after all, from one and the same stock. Nay it is quite possible that nobody would ever have hit upon the idea of a common origin for any languages whatsoever, however closely related, or ever would have sup- posed that a language is subject to any change at all. Without written records 44 BABWINISM TESTED BY we should be still worse off than the zoologists and botanists, who have at all events I'emains of anterior formations at their disposal, and whose scientific objects are generally more open to observation than languages. As it is, we are better off for materials of observation than the other naturalists, and therefore we have forestalled you in the idea of the non- creation of the species. Perhaps also the changes may have generally taken place in shorter periods of time in language than in the animal and vegetable king- doms, so that the zoologist or botanist could only be favourably contrasted with us, if he had been able to observe in some genera at least a complete chain of what we might call pre-historic forms, and these moreover represented by specimens care- fully preserved— that is to say, flesh and blood, leaf, blossom, and fruit. The kin- TEE 80IENGE OF LANGUAGE. 45 ship of the different languages may con- sequently serve, so to speak, as a paradig- matic illustration of the origin of species, .for those fields of inquiry which lack, for the present at least, any similar oppor- tunities of observation. Besides, as we have already remarked, the difference in observing-material is merely quantitative, not specific, for it is an acknowledged fact that the capability of variation applies in a certain degree to the animal and vegetable kingdoms. From what we have thus far stated with regard to the ramification of one primitive form into several others, gradually diverging the one from the other, it fol- lows that (it is impossible to draw any definite and distinct lines of demarcation for the different stages of human speech — that is to say, for language, dialect, patois^ &c. The varieties indicated by these terms 46 BABWINISM TE8TJ3B BY have gradually developed themselves and grown out of each other ; they differ more- over characteristically in every group of languages. Thus, for instance, the re- lationship between the various languages of the Semitic family is essentially diffe- rent from that between the offshoots of the Indo-Grermanic stock, and quite distinct from both is the kinship of the Tinnic languages (Finnish, the idioms of the Lapps and Magyars, &c.) This will ex- plain the fact that no glossologist is as yet able actually to give a satisfactory definition of language in contradistinction to dialect, and so forth. What some call a language, others term a dialect, and vice versd. Even the field of the Indo-Germanic languages, however accurately explored, is a point in evidence. Thus many glos- sologists speak of the Slavonic dialects, others of the Slavonic languages; even THE SGIENCB OF LANGUAGE. 47 the various idioms wliicli constitute the German or Teutonic language have some- times been spoken of as dialects. (Darwin says* in his book : " Certainly no clear line of demarcation has, as yet, been drawn between species and sub- species — that is, the forms which, in the opinion of some naturalists, come very near to, but do not quite arrive at, the rank of species ; or, again, between sub- species and well-marked varieties, or be- tween lesser varieties and individual diffe- rences. These differences blend into each other in an insensible series ; and a series impresses the mind with the idea of an .actual passage." Well, if for the terms species, sub-species, variety, we substitute the words language, dialect, patois, as used by the glossologist, Darwin's state- * Page 60 of the fourth original edition. — T. 48 DABWINISM TESTED BY ment holds perfectly good with regard to those divergences of speech in the bosom of one family, of which we have already illustrated the gradual process of develop- ment. But how stands the fact with the creation of the generiL? that is to say, in the glossologist's phraseology, with the self-development of those mother-languages which have given birth to the different famihes of speech? Do we here observe the same phenomenon as we did in the offshoots of a family; do those parent idioms again descend from a common stock, and all these in the end from one single primitive form of speech ? This question might be decided with greater certainty if we had examined the primitive form of a good many more families of speech through their descendants than we have done, but for the present TSE SGIENOB OF LANGUAOK 49 we are almost entirely unprepared for that. Something however is to be arrived at with regard to the question raised, from the observation of such languages as we are sufficiently acquainted with. Above all, the varieties of those special families of speech, which iiave been care- fully examined, are so great and of such a nature, as to render it impossible for any unbiassed mind to believe in a common origin. (^Nobody, for example, is able to imagine a language that could have given birth, let us say, to Indo-Germanic and Chinese, to Semitic and Hottentot;* nay, even if we take the primitive forms of more * I think it hardly fair to put a whole family in juxta- position with single offshoots, especially when morphologically belonging to different orders or stages of the species. I un- reservedly admit that the Arian and Semitic are two clearly distinct systems of grammar, but does that touch the radical elements of the languages based upon either ? — T. D 50 JDABWINISM TESTED BY cognate families, as of Indo-Germanic and Semitic, we cannot arrive at the conclusion that they have descended from a common parent. (What we may call a material derivation of all languages from one common primitive form, we may safely suppose to be impossible.^ But the question assumes a different aspect with regard to the form of speech. All the languages of a higher organization— as for instance the Indo-Grermanic parent which we are able to examine — show by their construction, in a striking manner, that they have arisen from simpler forms, through a process of gradual development. The construction of all languages points to this, that the eldest forms were in reality alike or similar; and those le'ss complex forms are preserved in some idioms of the simplest kind, as, for example, Chinese. In a word, the point from which all THS SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 51 languages had their issue were significant sounds, simple sound-symbols of percep- tions, conceptions, and ideas, which might assume the functions of any grammatical form, although such functions were not denoted by any particular expression, although they were not organized, as we might say. In this remote stage of the life of speech, there is consequently no distinction in word or sound* between verbs and nouns; there is neither declen- sion nor conjugation. Let us endeavour by one example to illustrate our meaning. The oldest form of those words, which in modern German sound T/tat, gethan, ihue, Thaeter, thaetig,^ was at the dawn of the Indo-Germanic primitive language dJia, its meaning, to put, to do : old Indie, dim ; * lautlieh.— T. •}■ The same holds good with the corresponding forms in English, deeA, done, do, doer, doing. — T. d2 52 DARWINISM TESTED BY old Bactric, da, Grreek, Se, Lettic and Slavonic, de, GotHc, da, higli Grerman, ia. Now this dka is found to be the common root of all the words given above, and although this cannot be demonstrated here, it is an established fact to any student of the Indo-Germanic family of speech. When this primitive idiom had reached a higher degree of development, certain particular relations began to be expressed by the agglutination or duplication of the radical elements, which still retained the function of words, and had an independent existence. To indicate, for instance, the first person of the present tense, one said dlia-dha-ma ; whence grew afterwards, as the result of the fusion of elements and the variability of roots, the trisyllable dhadhdmi, old Indie, dddhdmi ; old Bactric, dadhdmi ; Greek, ri^r)fii ; old high German, tdm, tuom, for tetdmi ; modern German, time. In that THE SCIENCE OF LAIfGVAOE. 53 oldest form dha, slumbered tlie different grammatical relations,* verbal and nominal, with all their modifications, unsevered as yet and undeveloped, as we may observe in those languages that have remained stationary on this simple stage of development. What we have shown by an illustration selected at random, applies to all Indo-Grermanic words. Tou, and your fellow naturalists, will best understand my argument, when I charac- terize the radical elements as the cells of speech, not yet containing any particular organs for the functions of nouns, verbs, etc., and in which thesefunctions(thegrammatical relations,) are no more separated yet than * Ernest R6nan is, so far as I know, the only glossologist who holds the opinion that all the so-called parts of speech had their respective functions eked out for thern, so to say, at the very dawn of language. Does he imagine that they issued forth from an arsenal of human speech as "the blue-eyed maid" burst forth, speared and shielded, from the head- womb of thundering Jove ?— T, 54 DARWINISM TESTED BY respiration and digestion are in the one- celled organisms, or in the ovary of the higher living beings.* "We assume therefore that aU languages have had the same original form. When man had found his way from gesticulation and imitation of sound, to sounds expressive of meaning, these were yet mere forms of sound without any grammatical relation. Still, with regard to the sound-material of which they consisted, and in respect to the meaning which they expressed, those sim- plest beginnings of language differed among the different people ; this is evinced by the diversity of languages that have developed themselves from those beginnings. We suppose, therefore, an innumerable mul- titude of primitive languages, but all alike, of one and the same form. * Compare K. Snell, " die Schoepfung des Menschen." Leipzig, 1863, S. 81, etc.— A. THE 8GIEN0E OF LANGUAGE. 55 Some what analogous is, probably, tbe origin of the vegetable and animal orga- nisms ; the simple cell is, no doubt, the common primitive form of those, as the simple root is that of the languages. The simplest forms of the later animal and vegeta- ble life, the cells, we may likewise suppose to have originated in a multitude at a certain period of the life of our earth, just as the simplest words in the world of speech. These incipient forms of organic life, that could neither be called animals nor plants, afterwards developed themselves in various directions. Just so the radical elements of the languages^ Since we are able to observe within a historical period that the changes in any language, when used by any people under essentially similar conditions of life, are symmetrical in the mouths of all indivi- duals who speak it, we assume in conse- 66 DARWINISM TESTED BY quence thereof that language developed itself in a like manner in the case of like men. For the method which we have developed above, namely to conclude from the known to the unknown, does not allow us to suppose any other laws of life, in any period which lies beyond the range of our observation, than those which we have remarked over the course of observation to which we have had access. Under diiferent circumstances languages develop themselves also in a different manner ; nay, it is highly probable thal/the diversity of languages is in direct ratio to that of the conditions of man's life in general. The original dispersion of the languages over the earth must therefore have been a very regular one ; neighbour-idioms must have more resembled each other than the vernaculars of men who lived in different parts of the world. Issuing from a certain TRE SGIENOE OF LANGUAGE. 57 point, and in proportion as they deviated from it, the languages must have grouped themselves in continually increasing devia- tion from the stock-idiom, since geographical distance entails a growing variety of climate and vital conditions. Even now we imagine that we observe traces of. the absolute necessity of that regular division of speech. The American languages for instance, the idioms of the South-Sea Islands, clearly point to a common type in spite of all their variety. -Nay, even on the European- Asiatic continent, where the linguistic relationship has been subject to such important change owing to historical events, even there we find, undeniably, certain groups of essentially similar branches- of speech. Indo-Germanic, Finnic, Turkic, Tataric, Mongolic, Tun- gusic,* as well as Dekhanic, (Tamulic etc.,) * The autlior'.s mandshtirischjTiot being very usual m our ^ 58 DARWINISM TESTED BY all these idioTBS, for instance, resemble each other in the suffix- construction, that is to say- in this, that all formative elements, all sym- bols of relation are grafted upon the termina- tion of the root ; they are never placed before or in the middle of the radical element.* Let the roots be represented by B, one or more suffixes by s, infixes by i, prefixes by J), and we shall be able to explain our meaning in a very few words, as follows : the verbal form of all the idioms named is denoted by the morphological formula Es ; for the Indo-Germanic family it would be more correct to use the formula E'^s, for E"^ denotes any root English terminology, I have taken the liberty of substituting Tungusic, the language to which the vernacular of the Mand- shu tribes belongs. — T. * Exceptions, as, for instance, the augment of the Indo- Germanio verb, are merely apparent, but this we cannot enter into. Compare i. a on the augment my " Comp. der vgl. Gramm." &c. S. 292, s. 567.— A. TEE SOIENCU OF LANGUAGE. 69 capable of regular change to the end of expressing relation, as, for instance, Hand Bund, Bind-e; Flug, Flieg-e, flog; grabe, grub ; riss, reisse ; i-\i-irov, Xeiir-to, Xe-\onr-a, and so forth. Other laiiguages have more than one verbal form ; the Semitic family for instance has E^, p E'', E^s, p E^s, etc. Yet in spite of this great contrast to the Indo-Germanic family which is represented by the formula p E'' (being the prefix- construction), the two neighbours do again concur in this respect that they are the only idioms which are known for a cer- tainty to have the radical form E^. Such striking analogies in the con- struction of families geographically allied we imagine to be the posthumous births from the time of the earlier and earliest career of human speech. The homes and hearths of those languages which are essentially analogous in their principle of 62 DARWINISM TESTED BY South-African families, whi(!h, over a large territory, branclied off into such a multi- tude of directions. ,A similar process is assumed by Darwin with regard to the animal and vegetable creation ; that is what he calls "the struggle for life." A multitude of organic forms had to perish in this struggle in order to make room for comparatively few favoured^ races. But let Darwin speak for himself He says: " The dominant species of the larger do- minant groups tend to leave many modi- fied descendants behind, and thus arise new groups and sub-groups. In propor- tion as these arise, the feebler groups, in consequence of their common inheritance of imperfection, incline to a common ex- tinction, without leaving any modified issue behind on any part of the surface of the eartli. The complete extinction of any group of species may often be a THE SOIENOE OF LANGUAGE. 63 very slow process, when some species manage to prolong their languishing ex- istence for a long time yet in sheltered or isolated places." This happens with languages in the mountains ; I merely call your attention to the Basque in the Pyrenees, which is the riiins or remnants of an idiom which can be proved at one time to have been widely spread ; the same phenomenon may be observed in the Caucasus and elsewhere. " If any group has once been extin- guished it can never appear again, because a chain in the link of generation has been broken." "This explains how the extension of dominant species which admit of the greatest variation, peoples the earth in the course of time with other forms of life, closely related though modified; and how these generally succeed in supplant- 64 BABWINISM TESTED BY ing those groups of species whicli succumb to tliem in the struggle for existence."* ' Not a word of Darwin's need be changed here if we wish to apply this reasoning to the languages. Darwin describes here with striking accuracy the process of the struggle for existence in the field of human speech. , In the present period of the life of man the descendants of the Indo- Germanic family are the conquerors in the straggle for existence; they are en- gaged in continual extension, and have already supplanted or dethroned numerous other idioms. The multitude of the Indo- Grermanic species and sub-species is illus- trated by our genealogical tree. * Unfortunately I have not the edition at hand from Vfhich the German translation has been made. It must have differed a good deal from the fourth edition used by myself, and this may account for, if not excuse, my not having used, perhaps, Mr. Darwin's exact words. — T. THE SOmNOE OF LANGUAGE. 65 The extinction of such a vast multitude of idioms entailed the death of many intermediate forms ; the migration of the peoples caused the shifting of the original kinship of languages, so that it may now happen that idioms of essentially different form have all the appearance of neighbours, whereas no intermediate forms are found be- tween them. Such, for instance, is the case with the Basque, a stray island in the Indo- Germanic Archipelago. Darwin says essen- tially the same of the relations of animals and plants. This, my dear friend and colleague, is about what occurred to me as I studied your favourite Darwin, of whose theory you are such an energetic advocate and missionary, so much so that, as I have just been informed, you have even incurred the wrath of journalistic zealots. Of course no more than the principles of Darwinism E 66 BABWINISM TESTED. could be applied to the languages. The realm of speech is too widely different from both the animal and vegetable kingdoms to make the science of language a test of all Darwin's inductions and their details. So mucb the more positive however, in the realm of speech, is the origin of species through gradual ramification and the preser- vation of the higher organisms in the struggle for existence. The two main points ia Darwin's theory have this in common with many other important discoveries, that they are confirmed even in those spheres which at first had been left unnoticed.* * Darwin briefly touches the point of languages, and rightly suspects that the mutual kinship of the same would be a confirmation of his theory. — A. Vide p. 498, 4th Edition. APPENDIX. (See the Note, page 16.) TiUEINGr so long a period, extending over thousands of years, the primitive relations might easily be shifted and disturbed, for languages are not as plants tied to their respective habitats; their bearers are nations capable of any change of seat and even of vernacular. Since we see in a less distant period, nay, up to the present day, how languages disappear and how the boundaries of speech are shifted, nothing is more natural than to suppose that many more languages disappeared, and that the shifting of the primitive E 3 68 APPENDIX. relationship of tlie geographical distri- bution of speech was much more violent, at a time when each language was the vernacular of a comparatively limited number of individuals. Thus arose the now observable anomalies in the distri- bution of languages over the earth, par- ticularly in Asia and Europe. We assume therefore that languages arose in a very great number ; such as were neighbours resembling each other, although arising independently, and — '■ taking Indo-Germanic or Semitic, say, as the centre — spreading more or less in this or the other direction. Many of these primitive languages now, or perhaps the greater paiS^of ^thern7^die3 out' in the course . of ages; owing ^to — this others gradually extended their territory, and the geographical distribution of languages' was so much disturbed that it became im- APPENBIX. 69 possible to discover hardly any traces of the primitive law of distribution. Whilst therefore the surviving idioms, with the increase of the people that spoke them, gradually divided themselves into several branches (languages, dialects, &c.), many of the primitive languages which had arisen independently of each other, gradually died out. This very pro- cess — the decrease of the number of languages— is going on speedily and in- "^oessantly, even in our days, for instance in America. Here, likewise, let us be satisfied with the observation of the fact and leave it to philosophy to search for a clearer conception and explanation from the essence of mankind. THE END. 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Half morocco, the sides richly lettered with gold, 7s. 6d. In this very interesting volume are 52 plates, facsimiled from rare old EugravingB, Paintings, Scu^ptima^ fee, in which naay be traced over 100 varieties of dogs known to the ancients. This day, elegantly printed, pp. 96, wrapper Is., cloth 25., post free, Carlyle on the Choice of Books. The Inaugural Address of Thomas Catiltle, with Memoir, Aneoboteb, Two Portraits, and View of his House in Chelsea. The ' Address ' is reprinted from ' The Times, ' carefully compared with twelve other reports, and la believed to be the most accurate yet printed. The leader in the 'Daily Telegraph,' April 25th, largely quotes from the above 'Memoir.' In foolscap Svo , cloth, price 3s. 6c?. , beautifully printed, Gog and Magog; or, the History of the Guildhall Giants. With some Account of the Giants which guard English and Continental Cities. By F. W. Fairholt,F.S.A. With illustrations on wood by the author, coloured and plain. The critiques which have appeared upon this amusing Uttle work have been imiformly favourable. Tha 'Art- Journal' says, in a long article, that it thoroighly explains who these old giants were, the position tliey occupied in popular mythology, the origin of theif names, and a score of other matters, all of much interfflt In throwing a heht upon fabulous portions of our history. Now ready, handsomely printed, price Is. 6d., Hints on Hats ; adapted to the Heads of the People. By Henry Melton, of Regent Street. With curions woodcvits of the various style of Hats worn at different periods. Anecdotes of eminent and fashionable personages are given, and a fund of interesting information relative the History of Costimie and change of tastes may be found scattered through its pages. This day, handsomely bound, pp. 550, price 7s. 6rf., History of Playing Cards ; with Anecdotes of their Use in Ancient and Modern Games, Conjuring, Fortune-Telling, and Card-Sharping. With Sixty curiona illustrations on toned paper. Skill and Sleight of Hand ; Gambling and Calculation ; Cartomancy and Cheating; Old Games and Gaming-Houses ; Card Revels and Blind Hookey; Piquet and Vingt-et-un ; Whist and Cribbage ; Old- Fashioned Tricks. A highly-interesting volume.' — Morning Post. This day, 8vo., pp. 600, handsomely printed, The History of Signboards, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day; with Anecdotes of Famous Taverns and Remarkable Cliaracters. By Jacob Larwood and Johh Camden Hottex. The volume has been divided into the following sections : General History of Signboards: Historic and Commemorative Signs; Heraldic and Emblematic; Animals and Monsters; Birds and Fowls; Fishes and Insects; Flowers, Trees, Herbs, &c. ; Biblical and Religious; Saints, Martyrs, Ac. ; Dignities, Trat^es, and Professions; the House and the Table; Dress, Plain and Ornamental; Geography and Topography; Humorous and Comic; Puna and Rebuses ; Miscellaneous Signs ; Eonnell Thornton's Signboard Exhibition. .j Nearly 100 most curious illustrations on wood are given, show ng the various old signs which were formOT hung from tavenis and other houses. The frontispiece represents the famous sign of ' The Man loaded wwB Mischief, m the colours of the original painting said to have been executed by Hogarth. ^ •^* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the imdeiii •igned, who -will forwaxd per return. The name of the Publisher MUST IN ALL CASES be givo. John Camden Hotten, Publisher, 74 and 75, PiccadUly, London, BOOKS OF HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, d^c, WORTH HA VINO. (See THE TIMES, JoTmary 22.) Pp. 336, handsomely printed, cloth extra, price ai. ed., holidays with Hobgoblins; or, Talk of Strange Things. By Dudley L°T,t'n,°.™.^"''«{;^^"°''Vl°«?'^J«' '''' ?''-°'"'^ CROIFC8UANK. Amongst the chapters may he enunierated: Shaving a Ghost .^Superstitions and Traditions; Monsters; the Ghost of Pit Pond; the Watcher of the Dead; the Haunted House near Hampstead; Dragons, Griffins, and Salamanders; Alchemy and Gunpowder; Mother Shipton ; Bird History; Witchcraft and Old Boguey; Crabs; Lobsters; the Apparition of Monsieur Bodry. BUPPLEMENTAEY VOLUME TO HONE'S WORKS. In preparation, thick 8to., uniform with 'Year-Book,' pp. 800, Hone's Scrap Book. A Supplementary Volume to the ' Every-Day Book,' the 'Year-Book,' and the 'Table-Book,' From the MSS. of the late Wh-liam Honjs with upwards of One Hundred and Fifty engravings of carious or eccentric objects. BAENUM'S NEW BOOK. Humbugs of the World. By P. T. Barnum. Pp. 320, crown 8vo., cloth extra, 4<. 6d. ; 'A most TJvaciouB book, and a very readable one.'— Globx. 'The history of Old Adams andiiis grisly bears is inimitable.' — ^Athenjium. ~ 'A History of Humbugs by the FrinTce of Humbugs J What book can be more promising?'— €atuki>AT Biviliw. This day, new edition, with numerous illustrations, Log of the 'Water Lily' (Thames Gig), during Two Cruises in the Summers of 1861-62, on the Rhine, Neckar, Main, Moselle, Danube, and other Streams of Ger- many. By R B. Mansfield, B.A., of University College, Oxford, and illustrated by Alfred Thompson, B.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge. 'rhls was the earliest boat excursion of the kind ever made on the Continental rivers. Very recently the mbject Las been revived again in the exploits of Mr. MacGregor in his ' Rob Boy Canoe.' The volume will be found most interesting to those who propose taking a similar trip, whether on the Continent or elsewhere. This day, in two vols., 8vo., very handsomely printed, price 16«., THE HOUSEHOLD STORIES OF ENGLAND. Popular Eomances of the West of England; or, the Drolls of Old Com- walL Collected and edited by Robert Hunt, F.R.S. .'For an analysis of this important work see printed description, which may be obtained gratis at the ^blishei^s. : Many of the stories are remarkable for their wild poetic beauty ; others surprise us by their quaintness ; whilst others, again, show forth a tragic force whidi can only be associated with those rude ages which ixisted long before the period of authentic history. ; Mr. George Cruikshank has suppUed two wonderful pictures as illustrations to the work. One ia a portrait 'it Giant Bolster, a personage twelve miles high. ilobson; a Sketch, by Augustus Sala. An Interesting Biography, with Sketches of his famous characters. 'Jem Baggs.' 'Boots at the Swan,' 'The Yellow Dwarf.' ■Daddy Hardacre,' &c. Price ed. This day, post Svo. , with numerous illustrations, ichool Life at Winchester College ; or, the Reminiscences of a Winchester Junior. By the author of ' The Log of the Water Lily,' and ' The Water Lily on the Danube.' This book does for Winchester what ' Tom Brown's School Days' did for Rugby— explains the every-day life. Bculiar customs, fagging, troubles, pleasures, &c., &c., of lads in their college career at William of Wyke- un's great pubhcschooL At the end there is an- extensive Glossary of the peciihar Words. Phrases, Cua- ims. So. pecuhar to the College. This Llldsiraiions have been timted in imiiaiios of Wateb- iOunB Drawinos. -\* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, poata^ stamps may be remitted direct to the under- .(iied, who yrill forward per return. The name of the Publisher UUST IN ALL CASES be given. John Camdbk Hotien, Publisher, 74 and 75, Piccadilly, London. SCIENTIFIC AND USEFUL BOOKS WORTH HAVING, ' {See THE ATEENMUM, March 10.) Post 8vo., cloth extra, full gilt, 12s. 6d., NEW EDITION OF MR. EMANUEL'S IMPORTANT WORK (lately reviewed in * The Times,' four columns) is in preparation :— Diamonds and Precious Stones: their History, Value, and Properties, WITH HIMPLE TKSTS FOR ASCERTAINING THEIR REALITY, By H. EMANUEL, F.R.G.S. With numerous illustrations, coloured and plain. AHhouyli tbis Work Is intended as a plain and practical Guide to Buyers and Sellers of PreciouB StoneB, thtt History and Literature of the subject bave uot been overlooked. Anecdotes of the peculiar accidents and Btraiige foi-tuue wUicli have atteudei some Jewels are given, and what is hoped will be found a valuable liiLilioarapby of the subject is added as an Appendix at the end. EVERY HOUSEKEEPER SHOULD POSSESS A COPY. Now ready, in cloth, price 2js. 6rf. ; by post 2s. 8d., The Housekeeper's Assistant : a Collection of the most valuable Recipes, carefully written down for future use, by Mrs. B , durmg her forty years' active service. Ab much as two ^ineas has been paid for a copy of this invaluable little work. How to See Scotland; or, a Fortnight in the Highlands for £8, A plain and practical guide.— Price Is. Now ready, 8vo., price Is., List of British Plants. Compiled and Arranged by Alex. More, F.L.S. Thifl comparative Lui f>f Bntixh Plants was drawn up for the use of the country botanist, to show the differ- ences in opinion which exist Vtetween different authors as to the number of species which ought to be reckoned within the compass of the Flora of Great Britam. This day, neatly printed, price Is. fid. ; by post Is. 8d., Mental Exertion: its Influence on Health. By Dr. Brigham. Edited, with additional Notes, by Dr. Arthur Lkared, Physician to the Great Northern Hospital This is a highly- important little book, showing how far we may educate the mind without injuring the body The recent untimely deaths of Admiral Fitzroy and Mr. Prescott, whose minds gave way under eicewlTe mental exertion, fully illustrate the importance of the subject. GUNTER'S CONFECTIONERY. Now ready, 8to., with numerous illustrations, price 6s. 6{i., The Modem Confectioner: a Practical Guide to the Most Improved Methods for Making the Various Kinds of Confectionery; with the manner of preparing and laying out Desserts ; adapted for private families or large establishments. By William Jeahc8,_ Chief Confectioner at Messrs. Gunter's (Confectioners to Her Majesty), Berkeley Square. 'All housekeepers should have it.'— Daily Tklegraph. ' %• This wurk has won for itself the reputation of being the Standard English Book on the preput' tion of aU kinds of Oonfectiouei7, and on the arrangement of Desserts. Now ready, 2nd edition, in binding ornamented with postage stamps, price Is. ; by post Is. 2d, Postage Stamp Collecting, a Standard Guide to ; or, a Complete List of all tlie Postage Stamps known to exist, with their Values and Degrees of Rarity. By Mesan. Bellars and Davie. S^ This Second Edition gives upwards of 300 Stamps not in the previous issue. ' A work upon which the authors, Messrs Bellara and Davie, have been engaged for three years. It includoi an account of the Mormon Stamp issued by Brigham Young in 1852.' — London Review. In 1 vol., with 300 Drawings from Nature, 2s. 6d, plain, 4s. 6d. coloured by hand, The Young Botanist : a Popular Guide to Elementary Botany. By T. S. Ralph, of the Linnean Society. An excellent book for the young beginner. The objects selected as illustrations are either easy of accea tt specimens of wild plants, or are common in gardens. *,* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct totheUIldfl^ 3igned, who will forward per retiun. The name of the Publisher MTTST IN ALL CASES be fiven. John Camden Hotten, Fublisfur, 74 and 75, Piccadilly/, London, ANTIQUARIAN AND HERALDIC BOOKS. {See QUARTERLY REVIEW for July, 1865.) Now ready, in 8vo., on tinted paper, nearly 350 pages, very neat, price 55., Family History of the English Counties : Descriptive Aeconiit of Twenty Ibousand most Curious and Rare Books, Old Tracts, Ancient Manuscripts Euffravin-s and fS h'iSv in re'founr'' ?^f '"^ '" '}^ "f ^^-^ «^ *1™<'^* ^^^--y Landed So and Sd English l^amily in the Country ; interspersed with nearly Two Thousand Original Anecdotes Topographical and Antiquarian Notes. By John Camden Hotten. ^'^B"^'" Auecaocos, By far the largest collwtion of English and Welsh Topograrhy an-l Family History ever formpd Each £^t8 Uitr ^''"^ ^^ convenienca of tho« whi i, deairu to posieil^ boSTt?kct ttS In 1 vol., 4to., on tinted paper, with 19 large and most curious Plates in facsimile coloured by hand, including an ancient View of the City of Waterford, Illuminated Charter-Roll of Waterford, Temp. Eichard II. Price to Subscribers, 20s. ; Noh-Subscribers, 306. Of the very lindted impresBion proposed, more than 150 copies have already been anhscrfhed for AmoncBt the Corporation Muiiiiijeuta of the City of WatertorU is preserved an ancient Illi-minated RoVL of great interest and beauty, comprieinp all the early Charters and Grants to the City of Watenord. from the time of Henry II. to Richard II. Full-length Portraits of each Kin^ adorn the margin, varying from eight to nine lacheB in leu^h— some in armour and some in robes of state. In addition are Portraits of tin Archbishop In full canonicals, of a Chancellor, and of many of the chief Burgesses ot the City of V\ aterford, as well as Bingnlarly-curious Portraits of the Mayors of Dublin. Waterford, Limerick, and Cork, figured for the most part in tbe quaint bipaitite costume of the Second Richards reign, petuliariiies of that of Edwur-l IIL Altogether this ancient work of art is unique of its kind in Ireland, and deserves to be rescued irom obhviou. AN INTERESTING VOLUME TO ANTIQUARIES. Now ready, 4to., half morocco, handsomely printed, price Ts. 6c?., Army Lists of the Roundheads and Cavaliers in the Civil War. These most curious Lists show on which side the gentlemen of England were to be fonnd during the groat conflict betwteii tlie King and the Parliament. Only a very few copiea have been moat carefuUy reprintwi OB paper that will gladden the heart of the lover of choice books^ Now ready, 12mo., very choicely printed, price 6s. Zd., London Directory for 1677. The Earliest Known List of the London Merchants. See Review in ' The Times,* Jan. 22. This curious little volume haa been reprinted verbatim from one of the only two copies known to be in Dxiatence. It coutains an Introduction pointing out some of the principal persons mentioned in the lis*,. For historical anil genealogical piir[ioses the little book is of tae greatest value. Herein will be found the originators of many of the great firms and co-partnerships which have prospered through two pregnant centuries, and wtiicu exist soiue of them in nearly the same names at this day. Its mut-t distinctive feature ia the early severance which it marks of 'goldt^niiths that keep running cashes,' precursors of the modern 1)aQker8, trom the mass of the merchants of Londun. Now ready, price 5a. ; by post, on roller, 65. 4c?., Ma^a Charta. An Exact Facsimile of the Original Document preserved in the British Museum, very carefully drawn, and printed on fine plate paper, nearly S feet long by 2 feet wide, with the Arms and Seals of the Barons elaborately emblazoned in gold and colours, a.d. 1215. Copied by express rermisslon, and the only correct drawing of the Great Charter ever taken. Handsomely framed and glazed in caived oak, of an antique pattern. 22b. 6d, It ia uniform with the ' Roil of Battle Abbey.' A full translation, with Notes, haa just been prepared, price 6d. Folio, exquisitely printed on toned paper, with numerous Etchings, &c., price 28s. Millais Family, the Lineage and Pedigree of, recording its History irom 1331 to 1866, by J. Bertkand Payne, with Illustrations from Designs by the Author. Of this iieautiful volume only sixty copies have been privately printed for presents to the several members of the family. The work is magnificently bound in blue and Bold. These are believLd to be ihe only etchingi of Ma heraldic character ever desisued and engraved by the distinguished artist of the niuna. [: Apply direct for this work. i *»• "Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the under- ■icnedf vho will forward per return. The name of the Publisher MUST IN ALL CASUS be given. John Camdjcn Hotien, Publuhert 74 and 75, Piccadilly, London, ANTIQUARIAN AND HERALDW tSUUJLS. {See QUARTERLY REVIEW /or July, 1865.) Preparing, in small 4to., handsomely printed, A List of the Ang-lo-Norman Families, from the different Battle AbbeJ^' Kolls, Domesday Book, and the MPS. preserved in the Record and other PuWic Offices of ■ England, &.(i., &c, ; showing the True Sp .Uing, with the numerous and peculiar variations of the names of several thousand distinguibhed Families from Normandy, Flanders, the Netherlands, Germany, Burgundy, Cliampagne, Maine, Anjou, Picardy, Guienne, Gascony, Poitou, and Bnttany, who came over in the train of the Conqueror, anno 106G-1307. To the searcher after English family history the above work will be of the greatest value. There are but . few EamiUeB in this comitry who camiot claim a relationship to cue or other of the names mentioned in the - ' Liat.' HERALDBY OF WALES. Only 50 copies printed, in marvellous facsimile, 4ta, on old Welsh paper, half morocco, 12a. 6A, Display of Herauldry of the particular Coat Armotirs now in use in the Six Counties in North Wales, and several others elsewhere ; with the Names of the FamUiea, whereby any man, knowing from what family he is descended, may know his particular Amu. By John Reynolds, of Oswestry, Antiquarian; with nearly One Hundred Coat Aimjon Blazoned in the Old Style. Chester, printed 17S9. From a Unique Copy, of priceless value to the lover of Heraldry and Genealogy. In remarkable facsimile, from the rare original, smaU folio, Caxton's Statutes of Henry VII., 1489. Edited, with Notes and Intro- duction, by John Rab, Esq., Fellow of the Koyal Institution. This is the earliest kpown volume of Printed Statutes, and is further remarkable as being in TJ^ gliBh . It contains some very curious and primitive Legislation on Trade and Domestic Matters, such as :-~ Price of Hats and Caps French Wines Act for Peopling Isle of Wight Against Butchers Giving of Livery Concerning Custom! Fires in London Eebels in the Field Correcting Priests Against Hunters Marrying a Woman againBt her Will, &C. Price 3s. 6d. ; or with the Map, 155., Dorsetshire : its Vestiges, Celtic, Roman, Saxon, and Danish. The whole carefully classified, and the finest Examples of each pointed out. Also adapted as an Index to the Illustrated Map, on which the several Sites are indicated. From the Personal E-esearches ood Investigations of Charles Wabne, F.S.A. • Let a man carry w^'th him also some card or book describing the coxmtry wherein he travelleth, which wiU be a good key to his intiuiry.' — LoftD Bacon. In the press, 4to., Part L, The Celtic Tumuli of Dorsetshire : an Account of Personal and other Kesearches on the Sepulchral Mounds of the Durotigea ; forming the First Part of a Description of the Primeval Antiquities of the County, In smaU 4to., handsomely printed, Is. 6(2., Esholt in Airedale, Yorkshire: the Cistercian Priory of St. Leonard, Account of, with View of Esholt HalL ^fl THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT EXHIBITION. 2 vols., Svo., 830 pages, scarce, 12s. 6d, Evans's Catalogue of Engraved Portraits, the larg-est ever formed, com- prising Thirty Thousand Portraits of Persons connected with the History and Literature of Great Britain, the Colonies, and America ; with concise Biographical Notices. *»* Copies of this ad/mirabte Catalogue are now very difficult to procuTe. The above is a good clean copy in boards. Mr Hotten has formed a large collection of Engraved Portbajts. and will give orders from this IW his best attention, his own stock of Portraits numbering upwards oi' 20,000. *»* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to theunae^ signed, who will forward per return. The name of the Publisher JffUST IN ATT. CASES be givfllU ' John Camden Hotten, Publisher, 74 and 75, PkcadiUy, London. HUMOROUS AND AMUSING BOOKS WORTH HAVING. {See SATURDAY REVIEW, October 29.) In one vol., exquisitely printed from silTsr-faced type, price 4s. Qd. EUioicest Jests of English Wits; from the Rude Jokes of Ancient Jesters to the refined and impromptu Witticisms of Theodore Hook and Douglas Jerrold ; including the cream of Joe Miller : comprising the best sayings, facetious and merry, which nave couLrib'uted to give to our country the name of Merry England. Edited by W. Moy Thomas, Esq. Note.— This work has l«en in preparation since 1858. Nearly 500 curious old Jest Books and coUections of tftinous Witticisms are under examination for materials. It is believed that no similar compilation issued rince the days when Jack Mottley compiled the Book of Jests usually attributed to ' Joe Miller' will be found to excel the above for true wit and reiined humour. Uniform with the above, exquisitely printed, The Choicest Humorous Anecdotes and Short Stories in the English Language, Uniform with the above, exquisitely printed, The Choicest Epigrams in the English Language. Uniform with the above, exquisitely printed, The Choicest Humorous Poetry in the English Language. AN EXTRAORDINAKY BOOK. Beautifully printed, thick 8vo., new, half morocco, Roxburghe, 125. td. Hotten*s Edition of *Contes Drolatiques' (Droll Tales collecced from the Abbeys of Loraine). Par Balzac. With Four Hundred and Twenty-five Marvellous, Extrava- gant, and Fantastic "Woodcuts, by Gustave Dokb. The most singular designs ever attempted by any artist. This book is a fund of amnaement. So crammed 1b it with pictures that even the contents are adorned with thirty-three illustrations. Direct apphcation must !» made to Mr. Hotten for this work. I THE ORIGINAL EDITION OF JOE MILLER'S JESTS. 1739. Joe Miller's Jests; or, the Wit's Vade lilecum; a Collection of the most brilliant Jests, politest Repartees, most elegant Bons Mots, and most pleasant short Stories in the EngUsh Language. An interesting specimen of remarkable facsimile, 8vo., half morocco, price 9s. 6d. London : printed by T. Read, 1739. Only a very few copies of this humorous book have been reproduced. r NEW BOOK OF IRRESISTIBLE HUMOUR. This day, handsomely printed on toned paper, price 3a. 6d. Botten's *Josh Billings: His Book of Sayings;* with Introduction by E. P. HiNGSTON, companion of Artemus Ward when on his 'Travels.' ! For mauy years past the savings and comicalities of ' Josh Billings ' have been quoted in our newspapers. 'His hiinioiir is of a quieter kind, more apl.oristically cnmic, than the fun and drolleiy of the 'delicious ArtemuH,' as Charles Reade atyles the Showman. If Artimius Ward may be called the comic story teller of ,hi8 time, ' Jush ' can certainly b« dubbed the comic essayist of his day. Although promised some lime t^u, Ur. Billhigs' ' Book ' has only just appeared, but it contains all bis best and most mirth- pro to king articles. This day, in three vols., crown 8vo., cloth, neat, Orpheus C. Kerr Papers. The Original American Edition, in Three "' Series, complete. Three vols., 8vo., cloth, sells at £l'2s. 6d., now specially offered at 15s. A most mirth-provoking work. It wan first introduced into this country by the English officers who were oiiaitered during the late war on the Cauaflian frontier. They found it one of the drnllf-st pieces of composi- iWin they had ever met with, and so brougiit copies over for the delectation of their friends. ;;! Abridgment of ' Orpheus 0. Kerr,' price 1*. l^Totice.— Mr. Hotten {Artemus Ward's Publisher in this Country) has just issued another Book of real Wit and Humour, ORPHEUS C. KERR (office-seeker) PAPERS. The price is Is., and readers of Mr. Hotten's edition of the ' Biglow Papers' and 'Artemus Ward' will not regret any acquaintance they may form with ' Orpheus C. Kerr.' \* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the under- ffned; who will forward per return. The name of the Publisher MTTST ."TT ALL CASES be ^\fn. John Camden Hotten, Publisher^ 74 and 75, Piccadilly, London, HUMOROUS AND AMUSING BOOKS WORTH HAVING. {Set SATURDAY REVIEW, October 29.) In one vol., choicely printed, Piccadilly Riddle Book: an entirely New Collection of the best Prms Conundrums, and other 'SmallTalk.* Gathered together by the Honourable HuoB EowlbI and diustrated by nearly One Hundred Comic DEriioNH from his pencil. Preparing, in 4to., exquisitely printed on ivory paper, Puck' on Peg-asus. Entirely New Edition, greatly enlarged, witl additional illustrations by Noel Paton, Millajs, John Tenniel, Richard Doyle, M. Ellh Edwards, and other distinguished artists, THACKERAY AND GEORGE CRUIKSHANK. " Id small 8vo., cloth, very neat, price 4s. 6d. Thackeray's Humour. Illustrated by the Pencil of George Cmikshank Twenty-four Humorous Designs executed by this inimitable artist in the years 18^9-40, as illuB trations to 'The Fatal Boots' and 'The Diary of Barber Cox,' with letterpress description suggested by the late Mr. Thackeray. THE ENGLISH GUSTAVE DORE. This day, in 4to., handsomely printed, cloth gilt, price 7*. 6d. ; with plates uncoloured. ba. The Hatchet Throwers; with Thirty-six Illustrations, coloured after th( Inimitably Grotesque Drawings of Ernest Griset. Comprises the astonishing adventures of Three Ancient Mariners, the Brothers Brass of Bristol, Mi Corker, and Mnngn Midge. 'A Mimchauaeu sort of book. The drawings by M. Griset are very powerful and eccentric.'— Satuedai It E VIEW. This day, in crown 8vo., uniform with 'Biglow Papers,' price 3s. 6d. Wit and Humour. By the * Autocrat of the Brealtfast Table.* A volnmt of delightfully humorous Poems, very similar to the mirthful verses of Tom Hood. Readers ml not be disappointed with this work. Cheap edition, handsomely printed, price \s. Vera Vereker ; a Comic Story, by Thomas Hood, with Panning Illustra TioNs by William Brunton. One of the most amusing volumes which have been published for a long time. For a piece of broai humour, of the highly-sensational kind, it is perhaps the best piece of literary fun by Tom Hood. In 1 vol., 8vo., handsomely printed, A Pedlar*s Wallet. By Dudley Costello. With Illustrations, Immediately, at all the Libraries, Cent, per Cent.: a Story written upon a Bill Stamp. By Blancliari Jerrold. AVith numerous coloured illustrations in the style of the late Mr. Leech's channin designs. A Story of ' The Vampires of London,' as they were pithily termed in a recent notoriouB case, and one { nndoubttid irtjjrest. AN ENTIRELY ITEW BOOK OF DELIGHTFUL F.4IRY TALES. Now ready, square 12mo., handsomely printed on toned paper, in cloth, green and gold, price 4s. 64 plain, 5s. 6rf. coloured ;by post Qd. extra), Family Fairy Tales ; or. Glimpses of Elfland at Heatherston Hall. Edite. by Cholmondeley Pennell, Author of 'Puck on Pegasus,' -Src, adorned with beautiful pictun of ' My Lord Lion,' * King Uggerraugger,' and other great folks. This charming volume of Original Tales has been universally praised by the critical press- Pansie : a Child Story, the Last Literary Effort of Nathaniel Hawthonn 12mo., price Gd. Rip Van Winkle ; and the * Story of Sleepy Hollow.' By Washingto Irving. Foolscap Svo., very neatly pri nted on toned paper, illustrated cover, Qd, *»* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the nnde ligned, who wiU forward per return. The name of the Pubhsher MUST IN ALL CASES be giT« John Camdfn Hottrn. 74 and. 75. PiccadiUv. London^