CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM The Estate of Mrs. Bessie Beahan Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924101212847 THE NEW THESAUEUS The New Thesaurus OF ENGLISH WOKDS AND PHEASES CLASSIFIED AND AKRANGED SO AS TO FACILITATE THE EX- PRESSION OF IDEAS AND ASSIST IN LITERARY COMPOSITION BASED ON THE CLASSIC WORK OF P. M. ROGET EDITED BY C. O. SYLVESTER MAWSON, M.A., M.R.A.S., F.S.A. Associate Editor of the Standard English Dictionary; Consulting Specialist to the Oxford English Dictionary; Revising Editor of Webster's New International Dictionary; Revising Editor of Sanskrit and Anglo-Indian Terms in the Century Dictionary; Member of the London Philological Society, American Oriental Society, SocietS Asiatique of France, etc. NEW YORK CURRENT LITERATURE PUBLISHING CO. Copyright, 1911, By THOMAS Y. CROWELL COMPANY. EDITOR'S PREFACE There is perhaps no more striking testimony to the usefulness of Roget's The- saurus (on which this work is based) than the many editions which have been period- ically demanded. This very popularity lays an added responsibility upon the pub- lishers, and makes the editor's task one of no slight undertaking. A treasury of words and ideas must keep pace with the growth of knowledge and language or lose its place in the forerank of indispensable volumes. To enhance the value of the book and bring it abreast of modern culture and requirements was the aim of the present editor. The original plan of the work has been followed in the main, for that which has stood the test of over half a century, and made the name of Roget of almost classic worth, is not one to be lightly abandoned. But while the labors of the author have been embodied in their entirety, so many new features have been introduced and the time-honored structure has been so much enlarged and modernized that this edition may not unreasonably claim to be a new work, and not a revision in the usual significance of the term. A comparison of the new Index with the old will afford some idea of the extended scope of the present work. Briefly the new features are these: — 1. All obsolete words are so characterized. The editor's first inclination was to eliminate them, but realizing that their retention might be of service to many writers, and the more so if clearly indicated, the method of marking common to many dictionaries was adopted. The Oxford EngUsh Dictionary was the final authority for determining these obsoletisms. 2. Slang and cant expressions are specially marked, so as to increase the useful- ness of the book to the playwright, the novelist, and the writer generally. In every instance the leading dictionaries (Oxford, Webster's, Century, and Standard) have been followed in distinguishing such terms from those of unchallenged acceptance. 3. Americanisms have been introduced for the first time in any edition of the Thesaurus. Just as no English dictionary would be complete which did not em- body these virile specimens of our language, so is their inclusion all the more in- cumbent in a work of this nature. Great care was called for in the selection and grouping of these New World expressions. The fist, though by no means exhaust- ive, is probably more representative and complete than any collection of Amer- icanisms outside a modern dictionary. What is an Americanism? The answer is essentially complex. The term includes (1) English words employed differently to what they are in Great Britain; (2) words that are archaic or obsolescent in Eng- land, but of everyday usage in America; (3) English provincialisms in general use on this side of the Atlantic; (4) words which have changed their meaning in Eng- land, but still retain their original meaning here; (5) words assimilated from Euro- pean and Indian languages; (6) negroisms; (7) words of strictly American coinage. In treading on such debatable ground the ordinary dictionary of Americanisms is not found to be very reliable, for it frequently includes as " Americanisms " many words by no means peculiar to this country and which are as much British as Amer- ican. Webster's New International Dictionary proved itself a safer guide, and in characterizing the various Americanisms its lead was invariably followed. The innovation should be one of undoubted utility, besides preventing confusion in the choice of true American terms. 4. Numerous phrases and quotations have been added, and their authors cited. In making these selections the needs of the average individual and of the scholar were alike borne in mind. 5. The Index has been thoroughly revised and enlarged, the numerous errors and EDITOE'S PREFACE omissious of the old edition being duly rectified ; while all new words and phrases have been included. The New Thesaurus presents a wider range of discriminated synonyms than has ever been attempted in a similar work. The writer at a loss for a word, none the less than the purist and the scholar who seek the finer shades of language, will find here the expression which exactly fits the need. The professional man, the orator, the statesman, the minister, as well as the journahst and litterateur, should find the Thesaurus an invaluable and inspiring aid. Its use to the student and the teacher needs no emphasizing, for there are few institutions where "Roget" is not freely employed. Its value in assisting and stimulating the writing of essays and theses has been recognized by educators throughout the English-speaking world, and it is hoped the present volimie will prove of still greater service. C. 0. Sylvester Mawson. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ix Plan of Classification xx Tabular Synopsis of Catbgobies xxi Abbreviations, etc. xxxii Space-saving Devices xxxiii How to Use the Book jsxxiv THESAURUS OF ENGLISH WORDS AND PHRASES CLASS I Words Expressing Abstract Relations Existence — Relation — Quantity — Order — Number — Time — Change — Causation . 1 CLASS II Words Relating to Space Space in General — Dimensions — Form — Motion 55 CLASS III Words Relating to Matter Matter in General — Inorganic Matter — Organic Matter 95 CLASS IV Words Relating to the Intellectual Faculties (I) Formation of Ideas. — Operations of Intellect in General — Precursory Conditions and Operations — Materials for Reasoning — Reasoning Processes — Results of Reasoning — Extension of Thought — Creative Thought 127 (II) Communication of Ideas. — Nature of Ideas Communicated — Modes of Communi- cation — Means of Communication 155 CLASS V Words Relating to the Voluntary Powers (I) Individual Volition. — VoUtion in General — Prospective Volition — Voluntary Ac- tion — Antagonism — Results of Action 184 (II) Intersocial Volition. — General Intersocial Volition — Special Intersocial Volition — Conditional Intersocial Volition — Progressive Relations 246 CLASS VI Words Relating to the Sentient and Moral Powers Affections in General — Personal Affections — Sympathetic Affections — Moral Affections — Religious Affections 273 Index 349 vii INTRODUCTION The present Work is intended to supply, with respect to the English language, a desideratum hitherto unsupplied in any language; namely, a collection of the words it contains and of the idiomatic combinations peculiar to it, arranged, not in alphabetical order as they are in a Dictionary, but according to the ideas which they express.! The purpose of an ordinary dictionary is simply to explain the meaning of words; and the problem of which it professes to furnish the solution may be stated thus: — The word being given, to find its signification, or the idea it is intended to convey. The object aimed at in the present undertaking is ex- actly the converse of this : namely, — The idea being given, to find the word, or words, by which that idea may be most fitly and aptly expressed. For this pur- pose, the words and phrases of the language are here classed, not according to their soimd or their orthography, but strictly according to their signification. The communication of our thoughts by means of language, whether spoken or written, like every other object of mental exertion, constitutes a peculiar art, which, like other arts, cannot be acquired in any perfection but by long-continued practice. Some, indeed, there are more highly gifted than others with a facility of expression, and naturally endowed with the power of eloquence; but to none is it at all times an easy process to embody, in exact and appropriate language, the various trains of ideas that are passing through the mind, or to depict in their true colors and proportions, the diversified and nicer shades of feeling which ac- company them. To those who are unpracticed in the art of composition, or un- used to extempore speaking, these difiiculties present themselves in their most formidable aspect. However distinct may be our views, however vivid our con- ceptions, or however fervent our emotions, we cannot but be often conscious that the phraseology we have at our command is inadequate to do them justice. We seek in vain the words we need, and strive ineffectually to devise forms of expression which shall faithfully portray our thoughts and sentiments. The appropriate terms, notwithstanding our utmost efforts, cannot be conjured up at will. Like "spirits from the vasty deep," they come not when we call; and we are driven to the employment of a set of words and phrases either too general or too limited, too strong or too feeble, which suit not the occasion, which hit not the mark we aim at; and the result of our prolonged exertion is a style at once labored and obscure, vapid and redundant, or vitiated by the still graver faults of affectation or am- biguity. It is to those who are thus painfully groping their way and struggling with the difficulties of composition, that this Work professes to hold out a helping hand. The assistance it gives is that of furnishing on every topic a copious store of words and phrases, adapted to express all the recognizable shades and modifications of the general idea under which those words and phrases are arranged. The inquirer can readily select, out of the ample collection spread out before his eyes in the fol- lowing pages, those expressions which are best suited to his purpose, and which might not have occurred to him without such assistance. In order to make this selection, he scarcely ever need engage in any critical or elaborate study of the subtle distinctions existing between synonymous terms; for if the materials set before him be sufficiently abundant, an instinctive tact will rarely fail to lead him to the proper choice. Even while glancing over the columns of this Work, his eye may chance to light upon a particular term, which may save the cost of a clumsy paraphrase, or spare the labor of a tortuous circumlocution. Some felicitous turn ' See note on p. xviii. ix INTRODUCTION of expression thus introduced will frequently open to the mind of the reader a whole vista of collateral ideas, which could not, without an extended and obtrusive epi- sode, have been unfolded to his view; and often will the judicious insertion of a happy epithet, hke a beam of sunshine in a landscape, illumine and adorn the sub- ject which it touches, imparting new grace and giving life and spirit to the picture. Every workman in the exercise of his art should be provided with proper im- plements. For the fabrication of complicated and curious pieces of mechanism, the artisan requires a corresponding assortment of various tools and instruments. For giving proper effect to the fictions of the drama, the actor should have at his disposal a well-furnished wardrobe, supplying the costumes best suited to the per- sonages he is to represent. For the perfect delineation of the beauties of nature, the painter should have within reach of his pencil every variety and combination of hues and tints. Now, the writer, as well as the orator, employs for the accom- plishhient of his purposes the instrumentality of words; it is in words that he clothes his thoughts; it is by means of words that he depicts his feelings. It is therefore essential to his success that he be provided with a copious vocabulary, and that he possess an entire command of all the resources and appliances of his language. To the acquisition of this power no procedure appears more directly conducive than the study of a methodized system such as that now offered to his use. The utility of the present Work will be appreciated more especially by those who are engaged in the arduous process of translating into English a work written in another language. Simple as the operation may appear, on a superficial view, of rendering into English each of its sentences, the task of transfusing, with per- fect exactness, the sense of the original, preserving at the same time the style and character of its composition, and reflecting with fidehty the mind and the spirit of the author, is a task of extreme difficulty. The cultivation of this useful depart- ment of literature was in ancient times strongly recommended both by Cicero and by QuintiHan, as essential to the formation of a good writer and accomplished orator. Regarded simply as a mental exercise, the practice of translation is the best training for the attainment of that mastery of language and felicity of diction, which are the sources of the highest oratory, and are requisite for the possession of a graceful and persuasive eloquence. By rendering ourselves the faithful inter- preters of the thoughts and feehngs of others, we are rewarded with the acquisition of greater readiness and facility in correctly expressing our own; as he who has best learned to execute the orders of a commander, becomes himself best qualified to command. In the earliest periods of civilization, translators have been the agents for prop- agating knowledge from nation to nation, and the value of their labors has been inestimable; but, in the present age, when so many different languages have be- come the depositories of the vast treasures of literature and of science which have been accumulating for centuries, the utility of accurate translations has greatly increased, and it has become a more important object to attain perfection in the art. The use of language is not confined to its being the medium through which we communicate our ideas to one another; it fulfills a no less important function as an instrument of thought; not being merely its vehicle, but giving it wings for flight. Metaphysicians are agreed that scarcely any of our intellectual operations could be carried on to any considerable extent, without the agency of words. None but those who are conversant with the philosophy of mental phenomena, can be aware of the immense influence that is exercised by language in promoting the develop- ment of our ideas, in fixing them in the mind, and in detaining them for steady contemplation. Into every process of reasoning, language enters as an essential element. Words are the instruments by which we form all our abstractions, by which we fashion and embody our ideas, and by which we are enabled to glide along a series of premises and conclusions with a rapidity so great as to leave in the memory no trace of the successive s+epp of the process; and we remain uncon- INTRODUCTION scious how much we owe to this potent auxihary of the reasoning faculty. It is on this ground, also, that the present Work founds a claim to utility. The review of a catalogue of words of analogous signification, will often suggest by association other trains of thought, which, presenting the subject under new and varied as- pects, will vastly expand the sphere of our mental vision. Amidst the many ob- jects thus brought within the range of our contemplation, some striking similitude or appropriate image, some excursive flight or brilliant conception, may flash on the mind, giving point and force to our arguments, awakening a responsive chord in the imagination or sensibiUty of the reader, and procuring for our reasonings a more ready access both to his understanding and to his heart. It is of the utmost consequence that strict accuracy should regulate our use of language, and that every one should acquire the power and the habit of expressing his thoughts with perspicuity and correctness. Few, indeed, can appreciate the real extent and importance of that influence which language has always exercised on human affairs, or can be aware how often these are determined by causes much slighter than are apparent to a superficial observer. False logic, disguised under specious phraseology, too often gains the assent of the unthinking multitude, dis- seminating far and wide the seeds of prejudice and error. Truisms pass current, and wear the semblance of profound wisdom, when dressed up in the tinsel garb of antithetical phrases, or set off by an imposing pomp of paradox. By a confused jargon of involved and mystical sentences, the imagination is easily inveigled into a transcendental region of clouds, and the understanding beguiled into the belief that it is acquiring knowledge and approaching truth. A misapplied or misappre- hended term is sufficient to give rise to fierce and interminable disputes; a misnomer has turned the tide of popular opinion; a verbal sophism has decided a party ques- tion; an artful watchword, thrown among combustible materials, has kindled the flame of deadly warfare, and changed the destiny of an empire. In constructing the following system of classification of the ideas which are ex- pressible by language, my chief aim has been to obtain the greatest amoimt of practical utility. I have accordingly adopted such principles of arrangement as appeared to me to be the simplest and most natural, and which would not require, either for their comprehension or application, any disciplined acumen, or depth of metaphysical or antiquarian lore. Eschewing all needless refinements and subtle- ties, I have taken as my guide the more obvious characters of the ideas for which expressions were to be tabulated, arranging them under such classes and categories as refiection and experience had taught me would conduct the inquirer most readily and quickly to the object of his search. Conunencing with the ideas expressing abstract relations, I proceed to those which relate to space and to the phenomena of the material world, and lastly to those in which the mind is concerned, and which comprehend intellect, volition, and feeling; thus estabhshing six primary Classes of Categories. 1. The first of these classes comprehends ideas derived from the more general and ABSTRA.CT Relations among things, such as Existence, Resemblance, Quantiy, Order, Number, Time, Power. 2. The second class refers to Space and its various relations, including Motion, or change of place. 3. The third class includes all ideas that relate to the Material World; namely, the Properties of Matter, such as Solidity, Fluidity, Heat, Sound, Light, and the Phe- nomena they present, as well as the simple Perceptions to which they give rise. 4. The fourth class embraces all ideas of phenomena relating to the Intellect and its operations; comprising the Acquisition, the Retention, and the Communica- tion of Ideas. 5. The fifth class includes the ideas derived from the exercise of Volition; em- bracing the phenomena and results of our Voluntary and Active Powers; such as Choice, Intention, Utility, Action, Antagonism, Authority, Compact, Property, &c. 6. The sixth and last class comprehends all ideas derived from the operation of INTRODUCTION our Sentient and Moral Powers; including ovu- Feelings, Emotions, Passions, and Moral and Religious Sentiments.^ The further subdivisions and minuter details will be best understood from an in- spection of the Tabular Synopsis of Categories prefixed to the Work, in which are specified the several topics or heads of signification, imder which the words have been arranged. By the aid of this table, the reader will, with a little practice, readily discover the place which the particular topic he is in search of occupies in the series; and on turning to the page in the body of the Work which contains it, he will find the group of expressions he requires, out of which he may cull those that are most appropriate to his purpose. For the convenience of reference, I have designated each separate group or heading by a particular number; so that if, during the search, any doubt or difiiculty should occur, recourse may be had to the copious alphabetical Index of words at the end of the volume, which will at once indicate the number of the required group.^ The object I have proposed to myself in this Work would have been but imper- fectly attained if I had confined myself to a mere catalogue of words, and had omitted the numerous phrases and forms of expression composed of several words, which are of such frequent use as to entitle them to rank among the constituent parts of the language.^ Very few of these verbal combinations, so essential to the knowledge of our native tongue, and so profusely abounding in its daily use, are to be met with in ordinary dictionaries. These phrases and forms of expression I have endeavored diligently to collect and to insert in their proper places, under the general ideas that they are designed to convey. Some of these conventional forms, indeed, partake of the nature of proverbial expressions; but actual proverbs, as such, being wholly of a didactic character, do not come within the scope of the present Work; and the reader must therefore not expect to find them here inserted.* For the purpose of exhibiting with greater distinctness the relations between words expressing opposite and correlative ideas, I have, whenever the subject ad- mitted of such an arrangement, placed them in two parallel columns in the sanae page, so that each group of expressions may be readily contrasted with those which occupy the adjacent column, and constitute their antithesis. By carrying the eye from the one to the other, the inquirer may often discover forms of expression, of which he may avail himself advantageously, to diversify and infuse vigor into his phraseology. Rhetoricians, indeed, are well aware of the power derived from the skillful introduction of antitheses in giving point to an argument, and imparting force and briUiancy to the diction. A too frequent and indiscreet employment of this figure of rhetoric may, it is true, give rise to a vicious and affected style; but ' It must necessarily happen in every system of classification framed with this view, that ideas and expressions arranged under one class must include also ideas relating to another class; for the operations of the Intellect generally involve also those of the Will, and vice versd; and our Affections and Emotions, in like manner, generally imply the agency both of the Intellect and of the Will. All that can be effected, therefore, is to arrange the words according to the principal or dominant idea they convey. Teaching, for example, although a Voluntary act, relates prima- rily to the Communication of Ideas, and is accordingly placed at No. 537, under Class IV, Divi- sion (II). On the other hand. Choice, Conduct, Skill, &c., although implying the cooperation of Voluntary with Intellectual acts, relate principally to the former, and are therefore arranged under Class V. 2 It often happens that the same word admits of various applications, or may be used in differ- ent senses. In consulting the Index the reader will be guided to the number of the heading under which that word, in each particular acceptation, will be found, by means of supplementary words printed in Italics; which words, however, are not to be understood as explaining the meaning of the word to which they are annexed, but only as assisting in the required reference. I have also, for shortness' sake, generally omitted words immediately derived from the primary one inserted, which sufficiently represents the whole group of correlative words referable to the same heading. Thus the number affixed to Beauty applies to all its derivatives, such as Beautiful, Beauteous, Beautifvlness, Beautifully, &c., the insertion of which was therefore needless. ' For example: — To take time by the forelock; — to turn over a new leaf; — to show the white feather ; — to have a finger in the pie ; — to let the oat out of the bag ; — to take care of number one ; — to kill two birds with one stone, &c., &c. ' See Trench, On the Lessons in Proverbs. xii INTRODUCTION it is unreasonable to condemn indiscriminately the occasional and moderate use of a practice on account of its possible abuse. The study of correlative terms existing in a particular language, may often throw valuable light on the manners and customs of the nations using it. Thus, Hume has drawn important inferences with regard to the state of society among the ancient Romans, from certain deficiencies which he remarked in the Latin language.^ In many cases, two ideas which are completely opposed to each other, admit of an intermediate or neutral idea, equidistant from both; all these being expressible by corresponding definite terrns. Thus, in the following examples, the words in the first and third columns, which express opposite ideas, admit of the intermediate terms contained in the middle colmnn, having a neutral sense with reference to the former. Identity, Difference, Contrariety. Beginning, Middle, End. Past, Present, Future. In other cases, the intermediate word is simply the negative to each of two op- posite positions; as, for example, — Convexity, Flatness, Concavity. Desire, Indifference, Aversion. Sometimes the intermediate word is properly the standard with which each of the extremes is compared; as in the case of Insufficiency, Sufficiency, Redundance; for here the middle term. Sufficiency, is equally opposed, on the one hand to In- sufficiency, and on the other to Redundance. These forms of correlative expressions would suggest the use of triple, instead of double, columns, for tabulating this threefold order of words; but the practical inconvenience attending such an arrangement would probably overbalance its advantages. It often happens that the same word has several correlative terms, according to the different relations in which it is considered. Thus, to the word Giving are op- posed both Receiving, and Taking; the former correlation having reference to the persons concerned in the transfer, while the latter relates to the mode of transfer. Old has for opposite both New and Young, according as it is applied to things or to limng beings. Attack and Defense are correlative terms; as are also Attack and Re- sistance. Resistance, again, has for its other correlative Submission. Truth in the abstract is opposed to Error; but the opposite of Truth communicated is Falsehood. Acquisition is contrasted both with Deprivation and with Loss. Refusal, is the counterpart both of Offer and of Consent. Disuse and Misuse may either of them be considered as the correlative of Use. Teaching, with reference to what is taught, ^ "It is an universal observation," he remarks, "which we may form upon language, that where two related parts of a whole bear any proportion to each other, in numbers, rank, or con- sideration, there are always correlative terms invented which answer to both the parts, and ex- press their mutual relation. If they bear no proportion to each other, the term is only invented for the less, and marks its distinction from the whole. Thus, man and woman, master and servant, father and son, prince and subject, stranger and citizen, are correlative terms. But the words sea- man, carpenter, smith, tailor, &c., have no correspondent terms, which express those who are no seamen, no carpenters, &c. Languages differ very much with regard to the particular words where this distinction obtains; and may thence afford very strong inferences concerning the manners and customs of different nations. The mihtary government of the Roman emperors had exalted the soldiery so high that they balanced all the other orders of the state: hence miles and paganus became relative terms; a thing, till then, unknown to ancient, and still so to inodem languages." — "The term for a slave, born and bred in the family was verna. As servvs was the name of the genus, and verna of the species without any correlative, this forms a strong presump- tion that the latter were by far the least numerous: and from the same principles I infer that if the number of slaves brought by the Romans from foreign countries had not extremely exceeded those which were bred at home, verna would have had a correlative, which would have expressed the former species of slaves. But these, it would seem, composed the main body of the ancient slaves, and the latter were but a few exceptions." — Hume, Essay on the Popvlousness of Ancient Nations. The warlike propensity of the same nation may, in like manner, be inferred from the use of the word hostis to denote both a foreigner and an enemy. xiii INTRODUCTION is opposed to Misteaching; but with reference to the act itself, its proper reciprocal is Learning. Words contrasted in form do not always bear the same contrast in their mean- ing. The word Malefactor, for example, would, from its derivation, appear to be exactly the opposite of Benefactor: but the ideas attached to these two words are far from being directly opposed; for while the latter expresses one who confers a benefit, the former denotes one who has violated the laws. Independently of the immediate practical uses derivable from the arrangement of words in double columns, many considerations, interesting in a philosophical point of view, are presented by the study of correlative expressions. It will be found, on strict examination, that there seldom exists an exact opposition between two words which may at first sight appear to be the counterparts of one another; for, in general, the one will be found to possess in reality more force or extent of meaning than the other with which it is contrasted. The correlative term some- times assumes the form of a mere negative, although it is really endowed with a considerable positive force. Thus Disrespect is not merely the absence of Respect; its signification trenches on the opposite idea, namely, Contempt. In like maimer, Untruth is not merely the negative of Truth; it involves a degree of Falsehood. Ir- religion, which is properly the want of Religion, is understood as being nearly syn- onymous with Impiety. For these reasons, the reader must not expect that all the words which stand side by side in the two columns shall be the precise correlatives of each other; for the nature of the subject, as well as the imperfections of language, renders it impossible always to preserve such an exactness of correlation. There exist comparatively few words of a general character to which no correl- ative term, either of negation or of opposition, can be assigned, and which there- fore require no corresponding second column. The correlative idea, especially that which constitutes a sense negative to the primary one, may, indeed, be formed or conceived; but, from its occurring rarely, no word has been framed to represent it; for, in language, as in other matters, the supply fails when there is no probability of a demand. Occasionally we find this deficiency provided for by the contriv- ance of prefixing the syllable non; as, for instance, the negatives of existence, per- formance, payment, &c., are expressed by the compound words, nonexistence, non- performance, nonpayment, &c. Functions of a similar kind are performed by the prefixes dis-,^ anti-, contra-, mis-, in-, and un-.^ With respect to all these, and es- pecially the last, great latitude is allowed according to the necessities of the case; a latitude which is hmited only by the taste and discretion of the writer. On the other hand, it is hardly possible to find two words having in all respects the same meaning, and being therefore interchangeable; that is, admitting of being employed indiscriminately, the one or the other, in all their applications. The in- vestigation of the distinctions to be drawn between words apparently synonymous, forms a separate branch of inquiry, which I have not presumed here to enter upon; for the subject has already occupied the attention of much abler critics than my- self, and its complete exhaustion would require the devotion of a whole life. The purpose of this Work, it must be borne in mind, is, not to explain the signification of words, but simply to classify and arrange them according to the sense in which they are now used, and which I presmne to be already known to the reader. I enter into no inquiry into the changes of meaning they may have undergone in the course of time.' I am content to accept them at the value of their present cur- ' The words disannul and dissever, however, have the same meaning as annul and sever; to unloose is the same as to hose, and inebriety is synonjTnous with ebriety. 2 In the case of adjectives, the addition to a substantive of the terminal syllable less, gives it a negative meaning: as faste, tasteless; care, careless; hope, hopeless; friend, friendless; fault, fa'uU- leas; &c. ' Such changes are innumerable: for instance, the words tyrant, parasite, sophist, churl, knave, vOlain, anciently conveyed no opprobrious meaning. Impertinent merely expressed irrelative; and impUsd neither rudeness nor intrusion, as it does at present. Indifferent originally meant impartial; extravagant was simply digressive; and to prevent was properly to precede and assist. The old translations of the Scriptures furnish many striking examples of the alterations which xiv INTRODUCTION rency, and have no concern with their etymologies, or with the history of their transformations; far less do I venture to thrid the mazes of the vast labyrinth into which I should be led by any attempt at a general discrimination of synonyms. The difficulties I have had to contend with have already been sufficiently great, without this addition to my labors. The most cursory glance over the pages of a Dictionary will show that a great number of words are used in various senses, sometimes distinguished by slight shades of difference, but often diverging widely from their primary signification, and even, in some cases, bearing to it no perceptible relation. It may even happen that the very same word has two significations quite opposite to one another. This is the case with the verb to cleave, which means to adhere tenaciously, and also to separate by a blow. To propiign sometimes expresses to attack; at other times to defend. To let is to hinder, as well as to permit. To ravel means both to entangle and to disentangle. Shameful and shameless are nearly synonymous. Priceless may either mean invaluable or of no value. Nervous is used sometimes for strong, at other times for weak. The alphabetical Index at the end of this Work sufficiently shows the multiphcity of uses to which, by the elasticity of language, the meaning of words has been stretched, so as to adapt them to a great variety of modified sig- nifications in subservience to the nicer shades of thought, which, under peculiarity of circumstances, require corresponding expression. Words thus admitting of different meanings, have therefore to be arranged under each of the respective heads corresponding to these various acceptations. There are many words, again, which express ideas compounded of two elementary ideas belonging to chfferent classes. It is therefore necessary to place these words respectively under each of the generic heads to which they relate. The necessity of these repetitions is in- creased by the circumstance, that ideas included under one class are often con- nected by relations of the same kind as the ideas which belong to another class. Thus we find the same relations of order and of quantity existing among the ideas of Time as well as those of Space. Sequence in the one is denoted by the same terms as sequence in the other; and the measures of time also express the measures of space. The cause and the effect are often designated by the same word. The word Sound, for instance, denotes both the impression made upon the ear by sonorous vibrations, and also the vibrations themselves, which are the cause or source of that impression. Mixture is used for the act of mixing, as well as for the product of that operation. Taste and Smell express both the sensations and the quahties of material bodies giving rise to them. Thought is the act of thinking; but the same word denotes also the idea resulting from that act. Judgment is the act of deciding, and also the decision come to. Purchase is the acquisition of a thing by payment, as well as the thing itself so acquired. Speech is both the act of speak- ing and the words spoken; and so on with regard to an endless multiplicity of words. Mind is essentially distinct from Matter; and yet, in all languages, the attributes of the one are metaphorically transferred to those of the other. Matter, in all its forms, is endowed by the figurative genius of every language with the functions which pertain to intellect; and we perpetually talk of its phenomena and of its powers, as if they resulted from the voluntary influence of one body on another, acting and reacting, impeUing and being impelled, controUing and being controlled, as if animated by spontaneous energies and guided by specific intentions. On the other hand, expressions, of which the primary signification refers exclusively to the properties and actions of matter, are metaphorically applied to the phenomena of thought and vohtion, and even to the feelings and passions of the soul; and m speaking of a ray of hope, a shade of doubt, a flight of fancy, a flash of wit, the warmm of emotion, or the ebullitions of anger, we are scarcely conscious that we are em- ploying metaphors which have this material origin. As a general rule, I have deemed it incumbent on me to place words and phrases which appertain more especially to one head, also under the other heads to which time has brought m the signification of words. Much curious information on this subject is contained in Trench's Lectures on the Study of Words. XV INTRODUCTION they have a relation, whenever it appeared to me that this repetition would suit the convenience of the inquirer, and spare him the trouble of turning to other parts of the work; for I have always preferred to subject myself to the imputation of redundance, rather than incur the reproach of insufficiency. ^ When, however, the divergence of the associated from the primary idea is sufficiently marked, I have contented myself with making a reference to the place where the modified signification will be found. But in order to prevent needless extension, I have, in general, omitted conjugate words ^ which are so obviously derivable from those that are given in the same place, that the reader may safely be left to form them for himself. This is the case with adverbs derived from adjectives by the simple addi- tion of the terminal syllable -ly; such as closely, carefully, safely, &c., from close, careful, safe, &c., and also with adjectives or participles immediately derived from the verbs which are already given. In all such cases, an "&c." indicates that reference is understood to be made to these roots. I have observed the same rule in compihng the Index; retaining only the primary or more simple word, and omit- ting the conjugate words obviously derived from them. Thus I assume the word short as the representative of its immediate derivatives shortness, shorten, shorten^ ing, shortened, shorter, shortly, which would have had the same references, and which the reader can readily supply. The same verb is frequently used indiscriminately either in the active or transi- tive, or in the neuter or intransitive sense. In these cases, I have generally not thought it worth While to increase the bulk of the Work by the needless repetition of that word; for the reader, whom I suppose to understand the use of the words, must also be presumed to be competent to apply them correctly. There are a multitude of words of a specific character which, although they properly occupy places in the columns of a dictionary, yet, having no relation to general ideas, do not come within the scope of this compilation, and are conse- quently omitted.' The names of objects in Natural History, and technical terms belonging exclusively to Science or to Art, or relating to particular operations, and of which the signification is restricted to those specific objects, come under this category. Exceptions must, however, be made in favor of such words as admit of metaphorical apphcation to general subjects, with which custom has associated them, and of which they may be cited as being typical or illustrative. Thus, the word Lion will find a place under the head of Courage, of which it is regarded as the type. Anchor, being emblematic of Ho-pe, is introduced among the words express- ing that emotion; and in like maimer, butterfly and weathercock, which are suggestive of fickleness, are included in the category of Irresolution. With regard to the admission of many words and expressions, which the classi- cal reader might be disposed to condemn as vulgarisms, or which he, perhaps, might stigmatize as pertaining rather to the slang than to the legitimate language of the day, I would beg to observe, that, having due regard to the uses to which this Work was to be adapted, I did not feel myself justified in excluding them solely on that ground, if they possessed an acknowledged currency in general intercourse. It is obvious that, with respect to degrees of conventionality, I could not have at- 1 Frequent repetitions of the same series of expressions, accordingly, will be met with under various headings. For example, the word Relinquishment, with its synonyms, occurs as a head- ing at No. 624, where it applies to intention, and also at No. 782, where it refers to property. The word Chance has two significations, distinct from one another: the one implying the absence of an assignable caiise; in which case it comes under the category of the relation of Causation, and occupies the No. 166: the other, the absence of design, in which latter sense it ranks under the operations of the Will, and has assigned to it th« place No. 621. I have, in like manner, dis- tmguished Sensibility, Pleasure, Pain, Taste, &c., according as they relate to Physical, or to Moral Affections; the former being found at Nos. 375, 377, 378, 390, &c., and the latter at Nos. 822. 827, 828, 850, &c. 2 By "conjugate or paronymous words is meant, correctly speaking, different parts of speech from the same root, which exactly correspond in point of meaning. — A Selection of English Synonyms, edited by Archbishop Whately. 3 [This rule was not in all cases rigorously observed by the author; and the present editor has used his discretion in including such words in the interest of the general writer. C. O. 8. M.] xvi INTRODUCTION tempted to draw any strict lines of demarcation; and far less could I have presumed to erect any absolute standard of purity. My object, be it remembered, is not to regulate the use of words, but simply to supply and to suggest such as may be wanted on occasion, leaving the proper selection entirely to the discretion and taste of the employer. If a novehst or a dramatist, for example, proposed to delineate some vulgar personage, he would wish to have the power of putting into the mouth of the speaker expressions that would accord with his character; just as the actor, to revert to a former comparison, who had to personate a peasant, would choose for his attire the most homely garb, and would have just reason to complain if the theatrical wardrobe furnished him with no suitable costume. Words which have, in process of time, become obsolete, are of course rejected from this collection, i On the other hand, I have admitted a considerable number of words and phrases borrowed from other languages, chiefly the French and Latin, some of which may be considered as already naturaUzed; while others, though avowedly foreign, are frequently employed in English composition, particularly in famihar style, on account of their being peculiarly expressive, and because we have no corresponding words of equal force in our own language.^ The rapid ad- vances which are being made in scientific knowledge, and consequent improvement in all the arts of life, and the extension of those arts and sciences to so many new purposes and objects, create a continual demand for the formation of new terms to express new agencies, new wants, and new combinations. Such terms, from being at first merely technical, are rendered, by more general use, familiar to the multitude, and having a well-defined acceptation, are eventually incorporated into the language, which they contribute to enlarge and to enrich. Neologies of this kind are perfectly legitimate, and highly advantageous; and they necessarily in- troduce those gradual and progressive changes which every language is destined to undergo.^ Some modern writers, however, have indulged in a habit of arbi- trarily fabricating new words and a newfangled phraseology, without any ne- cessity, and with manifest injury to the purity of the language. This vicious prac- tice, the offspring of indolence or conceit, implies an ignorance or neglect of the riches in which the English language already abounds, and which would have sup- plied them with words of recognized legitimacy, conveying precisely the same meaning as those they so recklessly coin in the illegal mint of their own fancy. A work constructed on the plan of classification I have proposed might, if ably executed, be of great value, in tending to limit the fluctuations to which language has always been subject, by establishing an authoritative standard for its regula- tion. Future historians, philologists, and lexicographers, when investigating the period when new words were introduced, or discussing the import given at the present time to the old, might find their labors lightened by being enabled to ap- peal to such a standard, instead of having to search for data among the scattered writings of the age. Nor would its utility be confined to a single language; for the principles of its construction are universally applicable to all languages, whether living or dead. On the same plan of classification there might be formed a French, a German, a Latin, or a Greek Thesaurus, possessing, in their respective spheres, the same advantages as those of the English model.^ Still more useful would be a ' [An appreciable number of obsolete terms have nevertheless found their way into the The- saurus, but these in the present edition have been specially characterized, thus rendering the book of enhanced value to the dramatist and litterateur. C. O. S. M.] " All these words and phrases are printed in Italics. ' Thus, in framing the present classification, I have frequently felt the want of substantive terms corresponding to abstract quaUties or ideas denoted by certain adjectives; and have been often tempted to invent words that might express these abstractions: but I have yielded to this temptation only in the four following instances; having framed from the adjectives irrelative, amorphms, sinistral, and gaseous, the abstract nouns irrelalion, amorphism, sinistrality, and gaseity. I have ventured also to introduce the adjective intersoeial, to express the active voluntary relations between man and man. . . , r.- .■ ■ tj, , • u * [Similar works in other languages have smce appeared, notably Dwttonnatre Ideologtgue by T Robertson (Paris, 1859); Deutscher Sprachschatz by D. Sanders (Hamburg, 1878), and Deutseher Wortschatz, oder Der passende Ausdnick by A. Schelling (Stuttgart, 1892). C. O. S. M.] xvii INTRODUCTION conjunction of these methodized compilations in two languages, the French and English, for instance; the columns of each being placed in parallel juxtaposition. No means yet devised would so greatly facilitate the acquisition of the one langua,ge, by those who are acquainted with the other: none would afford such ample assist- ance to the translator in either language; and none would supply sUch ready and effectual means of instituting an accurate comparison between them, and of fairly appreciating their respective merits and defects. In a still higher degree would all those advantages be combined and multipUed in a Polyglot Lexicon constructed on this system. Metaphysicians engaged in the more profound investigation of the Philosophy of Language will be materially assisted by having the ground thus prepared for them, in a previous analysis and classification of our ideas; for such classification of ideas is the true basis on which words, which are their symbols, should be classi- fied, i It is by such analysis alone that we can arrive at a clear perception of the relation which these symbols bear to their corresponding ideas, or can obtain a correct knowledge of the elements which enter into the formation of compoimd ideas, and of the exclusions by which we arrive at the abstractions so perpetually resorted to in the process of reasoning, and in the commimication of our thoughts. Lastly, such analyses alone can determine the principles on which a strictly Philosophical Language might be constructed. The probable result of the construc- tion of such a language would be its eventual adoption by every civihzed nation; thus realizing that splendid aspiration of philanthropists, — the establishment of a Universal Language. However Utopian such a project may appear to the present generation, and however abortive may have been the former endeavors of Bishop Wilkins and others to realize it,^ its accomplishment is surely not beset with greater difficulties than have impeded the progress to many other beneficial objects, which in former times appeared to be no less visionary, and which yet were successfully achieved, in later ages, by the continued and persevering exertions of the human intellect. Is there at the present day, then, any ground for despair, that at some future stage of that higher civihzation to which we trust the world is gradually ' The principle by which I have been guided in framing my verbal classification is the same as that which is employed in the various departments of Natural History. Thus the sectional divisions I have formed, correspond to Natural Families in Botany and Zoology, and the fiUation of words presents a network analogous to the natural filiation of plants or animals. The following are the only publications that have come to my knowledge ki which any attempt has been made to construct a systematic arrangement of ideas with a view to their expression. The earUest of these, supposed to be at least nine hundred years old, is the Ameha C6sha, or Vocabulary of the Sanscrit Language, by Amera Sinha, of which an English translation, by the late Henry T. Colebrooke, was printed at Serampoor, in the year 1808. The classification of words is there, as might be expected, exceedingly imperfect and confused, especially in all that relates to abstract ideas or mental operations. This will be apparent from the very title of the first section, which comprehends "Heaven, Gods, Demons, Fire, Air, Velocity, Eternity, Much:" while Sin, Virtue, Happiness, Destiny, Cause, Nature, Intellect, Reasoning, Knowledge, Senses, Tastes, Odors, Colors, are all included and jumbled together in the fourth section. A more logical order, however, pervades the sections relating to natural objects, such as Seos, Earth, Towns, Plants, and Animals, which form separate classes; exhibiting a remarkable effort at analysis at so remote a period of Indian literature. The well-known work of Bishop Wilkins, entitled. An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language, published in 1668, had for its object the formation of a system of sym- bols w;hich might serve as a universal language. It professed to be founded on a "scheme of analysis of the things or notions to which names were to be assigned;" but notwithstanding the immense labor and ingenuity expended in the construction of this system, it was soon found to be far too abstruse and recondite for practical apphcation. In the year 1797, there appeared in Paris an anonsrmous work, entitled "Pasigraphie, ou Premiers Elements du nouvel Art^Science d'icrire et d'imprimer une langue de manikre a Ure lu et erUendu dans toute autre langue sans traduction," of which an edition in German was also pub- lished. It contains a great number of tabular schemes of categories; all of which appear to be excessively arbitrary and artificial, and extremely difficult of application, as well as of appre- hension. 2 "The Languages," observes Home Tooke, "which are commonly used throughout the world, are much more simple and easy, convenient and philosophical, than Wilkins's scheme for a real character; or than any other scheme that has been at any other time imagined or proposed for the purpose." — 'Eirea Hrepieiira, p. 125. INTRODUCTION tending, some new and bolder effort of genius towards the solution of this great problem may be crowned with success, and compass an object of such vast and paramount utility? Nothing, indeed, would conduce more directly to bring about a golden age of union and harmony among the several nations and races of mankind than the removal of that barrier to the interchange of thought and mutual good understanding between man alnd man, which is now interposed by the diversity of , their respective languages. P. M. ROGET. 'ZlX PLAN OF CLASSIFICATION Class I. ABSTRACT RELATIONS . VI. AFFECTIONS Section Nos. I. Existence 1 to 8 II. Relation 9-24 III. Quantity 25- 57 IV. Ohdee 58-83 V. Ntjmbeb 84-105 VI. Time 106-139 VII. Change 140-152 VIII. Causation 153-179 I. Generally 180-191 II. Dimensions 192-239 III. Form 240-263 IV. Motion 264-315 I. Generally 316-320 II. Inorganic 321-356 III. Organic 357-449 Division (I.) Formation of Ideas 450-515 (II.) Communication of Ideas 516-599 (I.) Individual 600-736 (II.) Inteesocial 737-819 Section I. Generally 820-826 II. Personal 827-887 III. Sympathetic 888-921 IV. Moral 922-975 V. Religious 976-1000 }QE TABULAR SYNOPSIS OF CATEGORIES Class I. ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. EXISTENCE 1. Abstract . 2. Concrete. 3. Formal. . . 4. Modal. . . . II. RELATION 1. Absolute. 2. CoNTINirOTTS. 3. Partial 4. General. . III. QUANTITY 1. Simple. . . . 2. Comparative. 3. Conjunctive. 4. Concrete. IV. ORDER 1. General. . 1. Existence. 2. Inexistence 3. Substantiality 4. Unsubstantiality InterrMl External 5. Intrinsicality 6. Extrinsicality Absolute Relative 7. State 8. Circumstance 9. Relation 10. Irrelation 11. Consanguinity 12. Correlation 13. Identity 14. Contrariety 15. Difference 16. Uniformity 16a. Nonuniformity 17. Similarity 18. Dissimilarity 19. Imitation 20. Nonimitation 20a. Variation 21. Copy 22. Prototype 23. Agreement 24. Disagreement Absolute Relative 25. Quantity 26. Degree 27. Equality 28. Inequality 29. Mean 30. Compensation By Comparison with a Standard 31. Greatness 32. Smallness By Comparison with a Similar Object 33. Superiority 34. Inferiority Changes in Quantity 36. Decrease 2. Consecutive. 3. Collective , 35. Increase 37. Addition 39. Adjunct 41. Mixture 43. Junction 45. Vinculum 46. Coherence 48. Combination 50. Whole 52. Completeness 54. Composition 56. Component 58. Order I 60. Arrangement 62. Precedence 64. Precursor 66. Beginning 69. Continuity 71. Term 72. Assemblage 74. Focus og ( Nonaddition ( Subduction 40. Remainder 40a. Decrement 42. Simpleness 44. Disjunction 47. Incoherence 49. Decomposition 51. Part 53. Incompleteness 55. Exclusion 67. Extraneous 59. Disorder 61. Derangement 63. Sequence 65. Sequel 67. End 68. Middle 70. Discontinuity 73. J Nonassemblage ( Dispersion XXI TABULAR SYNOPSIS OF CATEGORIES 4. Distributive. 5. Categorical . V. NUMBER 1. Abstract . . . . 2. Determinate. 3. Indeterminate . VI. TIME 75. Class 76. Inclusion 78. Generality 80. Rule 82. Conformity 84. Number 85. Numeration 86. List 87. Unity 89. Duality 90. Duplication 92. TriaUty 93. Triplication 95. Quatemity 96. Quadruplication , 98. Five, &c. ■ 100. Plurality 102. Multitude 104. Repetition , 105. Infinity r 106. Time 1. Absolute 2. Relativb ■ 1. to Succession. 2. to a Period . 77. Exclusion 79. Speciality 81. Multiformity 83. Unconformity 88. Accompaniment 91. Bisection 94. Trisection 97. Quadrisection 99. Quinquesection, &c. 100a. Fraction 101. Zero 103. Fewness 107. Nevemess 3.. Rbcuerent. VII. CHANGE 3. to an Effect or Pur- pose 108. 108a, 110. 112. ,114. 116. 118. 120. 121. 123. 125. 127. 129. ;132. 134. 136. 138. Definite Indefinite Period 109. Course Contingent Duration Diutumity 111. Transientness Perpetuity Chronometry Priority Present time Synchronism Futurity Newness Morning Youth Infant Earliness Occasion Frejjuency Periodicity 1. Simple. 140. Change 142. Cessation 144. Conversion 113. Instantaneity 115. Anachronism 117. Posteriority 119. Different time 122. Pretention 124. Oldness 126. Evening 128. Age 130. Veteran 131. Adolescence 133. Lateness 135. Intempestivity 137. Infrequency 139. Irregularity 141. Permanence 143. Continuance 2. Complex VIII. CAUSATION 1. Constancy or Sequence 2. Connection between Cause AND Effect 146. Revolution 147. Substitution 149. ChangeablenesB Present 151. Eventuality 145. Reversion 148. Interchange 150. Stability Future 152. Destiny 3. Power in Opebatisn. 153. 155. 157. 159. 161. 163. 164. 166. 168. 170. 171. 173. Constant Antecedent 1-/1 Cause. 15* Assignment of ( Cause 156- ( Attribution Power. 158. Impotence Degrees of Power j Constant .Sequent I Effect f Absence of \ signment I Chance As- Strength Production Reproduction Producer Paternity Productiveness Agency Energy Violence 160. Weakness 162. Destruction 165. Destroyer 167. Posterity 169. Unproductiveness 172. Inertness 174. Moderation xxii TABULAR SYNOPSIS OF CATEGORIES ' 175. Influence 4. Indiebct Power , 176. Tendency tl77. Liability 5. Combinations op Causes 178. Concurrence 175a. Absence of fluence 179. Counteraction In- Clabs II. SPACE I. SPACE IN GEI ^IERAL r- 180a. Inextension 1. Abstract S pace 180. ', Indefinite : Space 1Q1 i Definite ^^'- 1 Region 1 Qo i Limited ^^2- -j Place 2. Relative S PACE 183. 184. Situation Location 185. Displacement 186. Presence 187. Absence 3 Existence in Space . . 188. 190. Inhabitant Contents 189. Abode 191. Receptacle tdf » ill J J^iAkJ ^ XJiLI KJJ-J i&ilil r^^^ A&%/A.tf *a>B>*BBp* II. DIMENSIONS r 192. Size 193. Littleness 1 General. . 194. Expansion 195. Contraction .L ft ^^A.m:4^^ MJM^mi^A^» ■ ••■••••••••-••■■••• 196. Distance 197. Nearness 198. Interval 199. Contiguity 200. Length 201. Shortness 202. ( Breadth 1 Thickness onQ J Narrowness ''"'^- 1 Thinness 204. Layer 205. Filament 206. Height 207. Lowness 208. Depth 209. Shallowness 2. Linear 210. Summit 211. Base 212. VerticaUty 213. Horizontality 214. Pendency 215. Support 216. Parallelism 217. Obliquity 218. Inversion 219. Crossing ^220. Exteriority 221. Interiority 222. Centrality 223. Covering 224. Lining 225. Investment 226. Divestment 227. Circumjacence 228. Interjacence 1 . General 229. 230. 231. Circumscription Outline Edge 3. Centrical • 232. 233. Inclosure Limit 234. Front 235. Rear S. Special 236. Laterality 237. Contraposition 238. Dextrality 239. Sinistrality III. FORM 1 /vl'tmiTin'D A T 240. Form 241. Amorphism 1. UrUjJNJljKAlii 242. Symmetry 243. Distortion 244. Angularity 2 Spkpial 245. 247. Curvature Circularity 246. Straightness ^, yjrsij\jxa,iJ* ••• .....••■■•■••• 248. Convolution 249. Rotundity 250. Convexity 252. Concavity 251. Flatness 253. Sharpness 254. Bluntness 255. Smoothness 256. Roughness ^ RrrPinRii'TPTAiTj . . 9'i7 Notch 0« DUJriuJvriWlAiU* !•• ■258. Fold 259. Furrow 260. Opening 261. Closure 262. Perforator 263. Stopper XXIU TABULAR SYNOPSIS OF CATEGORIES IV. MOTION f264. Motion 265. Quiescence 266. Journey 267. Navigation 1. Motion i N General 268. 270. Traveler Transference 269. Mariner 271. Carrier 272. Vehicle 273. Ship 2. Degrees of Motion 274. Velocity 275. Slowness 3. Conjoined with Force 276. Impulse 277. Recoil r278. Direction 279. Deviation 280. Precession 281. Sequence 282. Progression 283. Regression 284. Propulsion 285. Traction 286. Approach 287. Recession 288. Attraction 289. Repulsion 290. Convergence 291. Divergence 292. Arrival 293. Departure 294. Ingress 295. Egress 296. Reception 297. Ejection 4. With reference to Direction 298. Food 299. Excretion 300. Insertion 301. Extraction 302. Passage 303. Transeursion 304. Shortcoming 305. Ascent 306. Descent 307. Elevation 308. Depression 309. Leap 310. Plunge 311. Circuition 312. Rotation 313. Evolution 314. Oscillation ,315. Agitation Clase 1 III. MATTER I. MATTER IN GENERAL [316. 318. 319. Materiality Worid Gravity 317. 320. Immateriality Levity II. INORGANIC MATTER r321. Density 322. Rarity 323. Hardness 324. Softness 325. Elasticity 326. Inelasticity 1. Solids , 327. 329. Tenacity Texture 328. Brittleness 330. Pulyerulence 331. Friction 332. Lubrication 1. InOeneral 333. Fluidity 334. Gaseity 335. Liquefaction 336. Vaporization 337. Water 338. Air 339. Moisture 340. Dryness 2. Fluids . S . STpecific > 341. 343. Ocean . Gulf Lake 342. Tjand 344. Plain 345. Marsh 346. Island 347. Stream 3. In Motion . . 348. 350. River Conduit 349. 351. Wind Air pipe \J * 4 f V AFiA l^Wt^f V «# *■•••■■ '352. Semiliquidity 353. Bubble 3. Imperfect p Flitids 354. Pulpiness 355. 356. 356a Unctuousness Oil .Resin III. ORGANIC MATTER [357. Organization 358. Inorganization 359. Life 360. Death 1. In General 361. 362. 363. Killing Corpse Interment 1. Vitality • 364. Animality 365. Vegetability 366. Animal 367. Vegetable 368. Zoology 369. Botany S. Special 370. Cicuration 371. Agriculture 372. Mankind 373. Man 374. Woman XXIV TABULAR SYNOPSIS OF CATEGORIES o 5 ■< CD w 1. General il) Touch.. .2. Special Heat. (S) Taste. (4) Odor . (S) Sound (6) Light. 375. ^377. 379. 380. 382. 384. 386. 388. 389. 390. 392. 393. 394. 396. 398. 400. 402. 404. 406. 408. 410. 411. Sensibility Pleasure Touch Sensations of touch Heat Calef action Furnace Fuel Thermometer. Taste Pungency Condiment Savoriness Sweetness Odor Fragrance 413. 415. 416. 417. 418. 420. 423. 425. 428. 430. 432. 434. 436. 438. 440. 441. 444. 445, 446. 1448, 376. Insensibility 378. Pain 381. Numbness 383. Cold 385. Refrigeration 387. Refrigeratory 391. Insipidity 395. Unsavoriness 397. Sourness 399. Inodorousness 401. Fetor (i) Sound in General Sound 403. Silence Loudness 405. Faintness (ii) Specific Sounds Snap 407. Roll Resonance 408a. Nonresonanoe 409. Sibilation Stridor Cry 412. Ululation (iii) Musical Sounds ( Melody ( Concord Music Musician Musical instruments (iv) Perception of Sound Hearing 419. Deafness (i) Ldght in General Light 421. Darkness 422. Dimness Luminary 424. Shade Transparency 426. Opacity 427. Semitransparency (ii) Specific Light Color 429. Achromatism Whiteness 431. Blackness Gray 433. Brown Redness 435. Greenness Yellowness 437. Purple Blueness 439. Orange Variegation (iii) Perceptions of Light Vision 442. Blmdness 443. Dim-sightedness Spectator Optical Instruments Visibility 447. Invisibility Appearance 449. Disappearance 414. Discord Operations op ERAL Class IV. INTELLECT Division (I). Formation of Ideas '450. Intellect Intellect in Gbn- II. Precursory Conditions and Oper- ations 451. Thought 453. Idea '455. Curiosity 457. Attention 459. Care 461. Inquiry 463. Experiment 464. Comparison 465. Discrimination 466. Measurement 450a. Absence of Intel- lect 452. Incogitancy 454. Topic 456. Incuriosity 458. Inattention 460. Neglect 462. Answer 465o. Indiscrimination XXV TABULAR SYNOPSIS OF CATEGORIES '467. Evidence III. Materials for Reasoning IV. Reasoning Processes . V. Results of Reasoning , VI. Extension of f^- ^o "*« P'^*'- • Thought. . J 470. Possibility 472. Probability 474. Certainty 476. Reasoning 478. Demonstration ' 480. Judgment 480a. Discovery 483. Overestimation 484. BeUef 486. Credulity 488. Assent 490. Knowledge 492. Scholar 494. Truth 496. Maxim ^QQ ( Intelligence *"°- 1 Wisdom 500. Sage 502. Sanity 505. Memory 507. Expectation 468. Counterevidence 469. Qualification IS of Emdence 471. Impossibility 473. Improbability 475. Uncertainty ^7Y j Intuition *"• I Sophistry 479. Confutation 481. Misjudgment [S. To the Future. .. . 510. Foresight 511. Prediction 512. Omen ,513. Oracle VII. Creative Thought 3 514. Supposition I 515. Imagmation 483. 485. 487- 489. 491. 493. 495. 497. Faculties 499. 501. 503. 504. 506. 508. 509. Underestimation ( Unbelief ) Doubt Incredulity Dissent Ignorance Ignoramus Error Absurdity ( Imbecility 1 Folly Fool Insanity Madman Oblivion Inexpectation Disappointment Division (II). Communication op Ideas I. Nature op Ideas Communicated . II. Modes op Communication. III. Means of Communication 1. Natural Means. 516. Meaning 518. Intelligibility 520, 521. Metaphor 522; Interpretation 524. Interpreter 525. Manifestation 527. Information 629. Disclosure 531. Pubhcation 532. News 534. Messenger 535. Affirmation 537. Teaching 540. Teacher 543. Veracity 547. Dupe 517. Unmeaningness 519. Unintelligibility , Equivocalness 523. Misinterpretation 526. Latency 528. Concealment 530. Ambush 533. Secret 536. Negation < 538. Misteaching ( 539. Learning 541. Learner 542. School 544. Falsehood 545. Deception 546. Untruth 548. Deceiver 549. Exaggeration 550. Indication 551. Record 553. Recorder 554. Representation 556. Painting 557. Sculpture 558. Engraving 559. Artist 552. ObUteration 555. Misrepresentation XXVI TABULAR SYNOPSIS OF CATEGORIES '1. Language Generally ■ 2. Conven- tional Means S. Spoken Language 3. Written Language 560. Language 561. Letter 562. Word 564. Nomenclature 566. Phrase 567. Grammar 569. Style 563. Neology 565. Misnomer 568. Solecism 570. Perspicuity 572. Conciseness 574. Vigor 576. Plainness 578. Elegance 580. Voice 582. Speech 584. Loquacity 586. Allocution , 588. Interlocution '590. Writing 592. Correspondence 594. Description 595. Dissertation 596. Compendium 597. Poetry 599. The Drama Qiuilities of Style 571. Obscurity 573. Diff useless 575. Feebleness 577. Ornament 579. Inelegance 581. Aphony 583. Stammering 585. Taciturnity 587. Response 589. Soliloquy 591. Printing 593. Book 598. Prose 1. Acts . Volition in General Class V. VOLITION Division (I). Individual Volition '600. Will 602. Willingness 604. Resolution 604a. Perseverance 606. Obstinacy 2. Causes . 3. Objects 609. Choice 611. Predetermination ^613. Habit 615. Motive 617. Plea 601. Necessity 603. Unwillingness 605. Irresolution < 607. Tergiversation 608. Caprice ( 609a. Absence of Choice / 610. Rejection 612. Impulse 614. Desuetude ( 615a. Absence of Motive 1 616. Dissuasion 1. Conceptional II. Prospective Volition . 2. Subservience to Ends 618. Good 619. Evil 620. Intention 621. Chance 622. Pursuit 623. Avoidance 624. Relinquishment 625. Business 626. Plan 627. Method 628. Mid-course 629. Circuit 630. Requirement 1. Actual Subservience 631. Instrumentality 632. Means 633. Instrument 634. Substitute 635. Materials 636. Store 637. Provision 638. Waste 639. Sufficiency 641. Redundance 640. Insufficiency 2. Degree of Subservience 642. Importance 643. Unimportance 644. Utility 645. InutiUty 646. Expedience 647. Inexpedience 648. Goodness 649. Badness 650. Perfection 651. Imperfection 652. Cleanness 653. Uncleanness 654. Health 655. Disease 656. Salubrity 657. Insalubrity xxvii TABULAR SYNOPSIS OF CATEGORIES II. Prospective Volition — con- tinued 2. Subservience to Ends — coni. . 3. Precursory Meas- ures ' 1. Simple III. Action. . , 2. Complex. IV. Antagonism 1. Conditional 2. Active. V. Results of Action 658. 660. 662. 664. 666. 668. 669. 670. 671. ,672. 673. 675. 676. 677. 680. 682. 684. 686. 688. 690. 691. 692. 693. 694. 695. 696. 697. 698. 700. 702. 704. 706. 708. 710. 712. 713. 716. 716. 718. 720. 722. 724. 725. 726. 727.' ,728. '729. 731. 733. 734. Improvement 659. Deterioration Restoration 661. Relapse Remedy 663. Bane 3. Contingent Subservience Safety Refuge Warning Alarm Preservation Escape Deliverance Preparation Essay Undertaking Use Action Activity Haste,. Exertion Fatigue Agent Workshop Conduct Direction Director Advice Council Precept Skill Proficient Cunning Difficulty Hindrance Opposition Opponent Party Discord Defiance Attack Retaliation Contention Warfare Mediation Submission Combatant Arms Arena Completion Success Trophy Prosperity 665. Danger 667. Pitfall 674. Nonpreparation j 678. Disuse I 679. Misuse 681. Inaction 683. Inactivity 685. Leisure 687. Repose 689. Refreshment 699. Unskillfuhiess 701. Bungler 703. Artlessness 705. Facility 707. Aid 709. Cooperation 711. Aujoliary 714. Concord 717. Defense 719. Resistance 721. Peace 723. Pacification 730. Noncompletion 732. Failure 735. Adversity 736. Mediocrity I. General. Division (II). Intersocial Volition 737. Authority 739. Severity 741. Command 742. Disobedience 744. Compulsion 745. Master 747. Scepter 748. Freedom 750. Liberation 753. Keeper 755. Commisdon 758. Consignee . Deputy 738. Laxity 740. Lenity 743. Obedience 746. Servant 749. Subjection 751. Restraint 752. Prison 754. Prisoner 756. Abrogation 757. Resignation TABULAR SYNOPSIS OF CATEGORIES II. Special III. Conditional. IV. Possessive Relations 1. Property in General. . . 2. Transfer of Property . 3. Interchange of Property. 4. Monetary Relations . 760. Permission 762. Consent 763. Offer 765. Request ,767. Petitioner 768. Promise 769. Compact 770. Conditions 771. Security . 772. Observance 761. Prohibition 764. Refusal 766. Deprecation 768a. Release 773. Nonobservance 774. Compromise 775. Acquisition 777. Possession 778. Participation 779. Possessor 780. Property 781. Retention f783. Transfer 784. Giving 786. Apportionment 787. Lending 789. Taking 791. Stealing 792. Thief 793. Booty '794. Barter 795. Purchase 797. Merchant 798. Merchandise 799. Mart 800. Money 801. Treasurer 802. Treasury 803. Wealth 805. Credit 807. Payment 809. Expenditure 811. Accounts 812. Price 814. Deamess 816. Liberality 818. Prodigality 776. Loss 777a. Exemption 782. Relinquishment 785. Receiving 788. Borrowing 790. Restitution 796. Sale 804. Poverty 806. Debt 808. Nonpayment 810. Receipt 813. Discount 815. Cheapness 817. Economy 819. Parsimony Class VI. AFFECTIONS I. AFFECTIONS GENERALLY. II. PERSONAL 1. Passive. 2. Discriminative. 820. Afiections 821. Feelmg 822. Sensibility 824. Excitation 825. ExcitabiUty '827. Pleasure 829. Pleasureableness 831. Content 834. Relief 836. Cheerfulness 838. Rejoicing 840. Amusement 842. Wit 844. Humorist '845. Beauty 847. Ornament 850. Taste ■ 852. Fashion 823. Insensibility 826. Inexcitability 828. 830. (832. 1833. 835. 837. 839. 841. 843. Pain Painfulness Discontent Regret Aggravation Dejection Lamentation Weariness Diillness 846. Ugliness 848. Blemish 849. SimpUcity 851. Vulgarity XXJX TABULAR SYNOPSIS OF CATEGORIES 2. Discriminative — continued . 3. Peobpective. 858. Hope 861. Courage 863. Rashness 865. Desire 866. 4. Contemplative. 5. Extrinsic. III. SYMPATHETIC 870. 872. 873. 875. 877. 878. 880. 882. 883. 884. 885. 887. Wonder Prodigy Repute Nobility Title Pride Vanity Ostentation Celebration Boasting Insolence Blusterer 1. SociAi.. 2. Diffusive. 3. Special. 4. Retrospective IV. MORAL 1. Obligations. . . 888. Friendship 890. Friend 892. SociaUty 894. Courtesy 896. Congratulation 897. Love 899. Favorite 902. Endearment 903. Marriage '906. Benevolence 910. Philanthrophy 912. Benefactor 914. Pity 915. Condolence 916. Gratitude 918. Forgiveness 922. Right 924. Dullness 853. Ridiculousness 854. Fop 855. Affectation 856. Ridicule 857. Laughingstock I 859. Hopelessness 1 860. Fear 862. Cowardice 864. Caution 867. Dislike Indifference 868. Fastidiousness 869. Satiety 871. Expectance 874. Disrepute 876. Commonalty 879. Humility 881. Modesty 886. Servility 889. Enmity 891. Enemy 893. Seclusion 895. Discourtesy 898. Hate 900. Resentment 901. Irascibility 901a. SuUenness (904. Celibacy ( 905. Divorce 907. Malevolence 908. Malediction 909. Threat 911. Misanthropy 913. Evil doer 914o. Pitilessness 917. Ingratitude 919. Revenge 920. Jealousy 921. Envy 2. Sentiments . 3. Conditions. 926. Duty 928. Respect 931. Approbation 933. Flattery 935. Flatterer ,937. Vindication 939. Probity 942. Disinterestedness 944. Virtue 946. Innocence 948. Good Man 950. Penitence 952. Atonement 923. 925. 1927. 1 927a 929. 930. 932. 934. 936. 938. 940. 941. 943. 945. 947. 949. 951. Wrong Undueness Dereliction . Exemption Disrespect Contempt Disapprobation Detraction Detractor Accusation Improbity Knave Selfishness Vice Guilt Bad Man Impenitence XXX TABULAR SYNOPSIS OF CATEGORIES 4. Practice. 5. Institutions 953. Temperance 955. Asceticism 956. Fasting 958. Sobriety 960. Purity 963. Legality 965. Jurisprudence 966. Tribunal 967. Judge 968. Lawyer 969. Lawsuit 970. Acquittal 973. Reward V. RELIGIOUS r976. Deity 1. Superhuman Beings and Regions J S^^- Angel I 979. Jupiter 1 981. Heaven ^ (983. Theology 2. Doctrines J ggs^. Orthodoxy [ 985. Revelation 3. Sentiments j gg^ pj^^^ '990. Worship 4. Acts. 5. Institutions 995. Churchdom 996. Clergy 998. Rite 999. Canonicals ,1000. Temple 954. Intemperance 954a. Sensualist 957. Gluttony 959. Drunkenness 961. Impurity 962. Libertine 964. Illegality 971. Condemnation [ 972. Punishment I 974. Penalty 975. Scourge 978. Satan 980. Demon 982. Hell 984. Heterodoxy 986. Pseudo-revelation 988. Impiety 989. Irreligion 991. Idolatry 992. Sorcery 993. SpeU 994. Sorcerer 997. Laity XXXI ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. Adjectives, Participles, and Words having the power of Adjectivea Adverbs and Adverbial Expressions American History Australian Canadian Cicero Horace Interjections Juvenal Love's Labor's Lost Lucretius Martial Measure for Measure Midsummer Night's Dream Nouns North American Newfoundland Phrases Paradise Lost Plutarch Quintilian Sallust Seneca Tacitus Terence TertuUian United States Verbs Vergil The numbers are those of the headings or categories. Words in Italics within parentheses are not .intended to explain the meanings of the words which precede them, but to indicate the nature of allied groups of words under the numbers which follow them. Obsolete words are indicated by a dagger; thus: abludef. Slang or Cant terms are marked with an asterisk; thus: rhino*. Authors or works quoted are given in brackets; thus: [Ovid]; [M. for M.]. Adj. adj. Adv. adv. Am. Hist. Aust. Can. Cic. Hor. Int. int- Juv. L. L. L. Luc. Mar. M.forM. M. N. D. N. n. N.Am. Nfld. Phr. phr. P.L. Plut. Quin. Sal. Sen. Tac. Ter. Tertul. U.S. V. V. Ver. XXXIl SPACE-SAVING DEVICES Daahes and hyphens are used to avoid the repetition of some syllable or term common to each word or phrase in the same group. For example: — "abs-, ex-, re-cision;" = ''abscision," "excision," "recision " "over-, above- the mark;" , = "over the mark," "above the mark" "on the -verge, - brink, ) _ j "on the verge of," "on the brink of," "on the skirts -skirts- of;" f-| of" "brush -, whisk -, turn -i I _ ( "brush off," "brush away," "whisk off," "whisk away," send- -off, - away;" ) I "turn off," "turn away," "send off," "send away" If "quick-eyed," "quick-sighted," "quick-witted," "keen- _ J eyed," "keen-sighted," "keen-witted," "clear-eyed," I "clear-sighted," "clear-witted," "sharp-eyed," "sharp- i sighted," "sharp-witted" "away from -, foreign to -, ] f "away from the purpose," "away from the question," beside- the -purpose, - ques- [ = i "away from the transaction," "away from the point," tion, - transaction, - point;" J [ "foreign to the purpose," &c., "beside the purpose," &c. "fall, - to the ground;" = "fall, "fall to the ground" "shortness &c. adj.;" "shortly] &c. adj.;" "shortening &c. \ ' in a similar manner form other words from the groups of adjectives or verbs in the same category [See also "How to use the Book," p. xxxiv.] SQOU HOW TO USE THE BOOK I. To find a synonym or anton3rm for any given WORD : Turn to the Index and find the particular word or any simple term of kindred meaning; then refer to the category indicated. Under the part of speech sought for [N., v., Adj., Adv.] will be found a wide choice of synonymous and correlative terms, with their antitheses in the adjoining column. For example: — "distinc- tion." In the Index we find — " distinction difference 15 discrimination 465 fame 873 rank 875" the italicized words denoting the general sense of the aflSnitive terms in the re- spective categories. Turning to No. 873 (supposing /ame is the desired significance) we select the most appropriate expression from the comprehensive list presented; "mark, name, figure; repute, reputation; good- high- repute; note, notability, notoriety, ^clat, 'the bubble reputation,' vogue, celebrity; fame, famousness, re- nown; popularity, aura popularis;" and so on. In the parallel column, viz., 874, are grouped the antonymous terms: "disrepute, discredit; ill-, bad- -repute, -name, -odor, -favor; disapprobation; ingloriousness; derogation," etc. n. To find a suitable word to express a given IDEA ; Find in the Index some word relating to the idea, and proceed as above. For example: — "hope." The Index refers us to category 858, where there are words and phrases bearing on "hope" sufficient to satisfy the most exacting writers and the most diverse tastes; while 859 contains a systematic grouping of all opposite terms, as "hopelessness," etc. ni. To find appropriate words or new ideas on any given SUBJECT : Turn up the subject or any branch of it. The Index itself will suggest various lines of thought, while reference to the indicated groups will provide a banquet of ideas and apt expressions. For example : — " drama." Turning to 599 we find idea- groups covering the entire range of the subject, besides incidental references to other helpful categories. N.B. To grasp the underlying principle of the classification study the Tabdar Synopsis of Categories (pp. xxi-xxxi). Reference may be made direct from this Synopsis to the body of the work; but it is usually found more convenient to con- sult the Index first. [See also " Abbreviations, etc.," p. xxxii, and " Space-Saving Devices," p. xxxiii.] xxav The New Thesaurus OF ENGLISH WORDS AND PHRASES CLASS I Words- expressing ABSTRACT RELATIONS Section I. EXISTENCE 1. Being, in the Abstract 1. Existence. — N. existence, being, entity, ens, esse, subsistence. reality, actuality; positiveness &c. adj.; fact, matter of fact, sober reality truth &c. 494; actual existence. presence &c. (existence in space) 186 coexistence &c. 120. stubborn fact; not a -dream &c. 515 no joke. center of life, essence, inmost nature, inner reality, vital principle. [Science of existence], ontology. V. exist, be; have -being &c. n.; sub- sist, live, breathe, stand, obtain, be the case; occur &c. (event) 151; have place, prevail; find oneself, pass the time, veg- etate. consist in, lie in; be -comprised in, -contained in, -constituted by. come into -existence &c. n. ; arise &c. (begin) 66; come forth &c. (appear) 446. become &c. (be converted) 144; bring into existence &c. 161. abide, continue, endure, last, remain. Adj. existing &c. v.; existent, under the sun; in -existence &c. n.; extant; afloat, on foot, current, prevalent; un- destroyed. real, actual, positive, absolute; true &c. 494; substan-tial, -tive; self-exist- ing, -ent; essential. 2. Inexistence. — N. inexistence; non- existence, -subsistence; nonentity, nil; negativeness &c. adj.; nulhty; nihil-ity, -ism; tabula rasa, blank; abeyance; ab- sence &c. 187; no such thing &c. 4; non- being, nothingness, obhvion. annihilation; extinction &c. (destruc- tion) 162; extinguishment, extirpation. Nirvana, obUteration. V. not -exist &c. 1; h.ave no -exist- ence &c. 1; be null and void; cease to -exist &c. 1; pass away, perish; be -, be- come -extinct &c. adj.; die out; disap- pear &c. 449; melt away, dissolve, leave not a rack behind; go, be no more; die &c. 360. annihilate, render null, nullify; abro- gate &c. 756; destroy &c. 162; take away; remove &c. (displace) 185; ob- literate, extirpate. ' Adj. inexistent, nonexistent &c. 1; negative, blank; missing, omitted; ab- sent &c. 187; insubstantial, shadowy, spectral, visionary. unreal, potential, virtual; baseless, in nubibus; unsubstantial &c. 4; vain. un-born, -created, -begotten, -con- ceived, -produced, -made. perished, annihilated, &c. v.; extinct, exhausted, gone, lost, departed; defunct &c. (dead) 360. ' 1 — 6 ABSTRACT RELATIONS 1. 1.1 well-founded, -grounded; un-ideal, -imagined; not -potential &c. 2; authen- tic. Adv. actually &c. adj. ; in -fact, - point of fact, - reality; indeed; de -, ipso - facto. Phr. ens raiionis; ergo sum cogito; " think'st thou existence doth depend on time? " [Byron]. fabulous, ideal &c. (imaginary) 515; isupposititious &c. 514. Adv. negatively, virtually &c. adj. Phr. non ens. 2. Being, in the Conchetb 3. Substantiality. — N. substantial- ity, hjTJOstasis; person, thing, object, article; something, a being, an existence; creature, body, substance, flesh and blood, stuff, substratum; matter «&;c. 316; corporeity, element, essential na- ture, groundwork, materiaHty, substan- tialness, vital part. [Totality of existences], world &c. 318; plenum. Adj. substan-tive, -tial; hypostatic; personal, bodily, tangible &c. {material) 316; corporeal. Adv. substantially &c. adj.; bodily, essentially. 4. Unsubstantiality. — N. un-, in- substantiality; nothingness, nihility; no -degree, -part, -quantity, -thing. nothing, naught, nil, nullity, zero, ci- pher, no one, nobody; never -, ne'er -a one; no such thing, none in the world; nothing -whatever, - at all, - on earth; not a -particle &c. (sm^llness) 32; all -talk, - moonshine, - stuff and nonsense; matter of no -importance, - consequence. thing of naught, man of straw, John Doe and Richard Roe, faggot voter; nominis umbra, nonentity; flash in the pan, vox et prmterea nihil. shadow; phantom &c. {fallacy of vi- sion) 443 ; dream &c. {imaginaiion) 515; ignis fatuus &c. (luminary) 423; " such stuff as dreams are made of " [Tempest]; air, thin air; bubble &c. 353 ; " baseless fabric of a vision " [Tempest] ; mockery. hollowness, blank; void &c. {absence) 187. inanity, fool's paradise. V. vanish, evaporate, fade, dissolve, melt away; disappear &c. 449. Adj. unsubstantial; base-, ground-less; imgrounded; without-, having no- foundation. visionary &c. {imaginary) 515; immaterial &c. 137; spectral &c. 980; dreamy; shadowy; ethereal, airy; cloud -built, -formed; gossamery, illusory, insubstantial, unreal. vacant, vacuous; empty &c. 187; eAascerated; blank, hollow; nominal; null; inane. Phr. there's nothing in it; " an ocean of dreams without a sound" [Shelley]. 3. Formal Existence Internal conditions 5. Intrinsicality.— N. intrinsicality, inbeing, inherence, inhesion; subjective- ness; ego; egohood; essence; essential- ness &c. adj.; essential part, quintes- sence, incarnation, quiddity, gist, pith, marrow, sap, lifeblood, backbone, heart, soul; important part &c. {importance) 642. principle, nature, constitution, char- acter, type, quality, crasis, diathesis. habit; temper, -ament; spirit, humor, grain; disposition. External conditions 6. Extrinsicality.— N. extrinsicality, objectiveness, non ego; extraneousness &c. 57; accident. Adj . derived from without ; objective; extrin-sic, -sical ; extraneous &c. {foreign) 57 ;modal, adventitious ; a-, ad-scititious; incidental, accidental, nonessential; con- tingent, fortuitous. implanted, ingrafted; inculcated, in- fused. outward &c. {external) 220. Adv. extrinsically &c. adj. I. 11. 1 EXISTENCE — RELATION 6 — 10 endowment, capacity; capability &c. (power) 157. moods, declensions, features, aspects; peculiarities &c. {speciality) 79; idio- syncrasy; idiocrasy • &c. (tendency) 176; diagnostics. V. be -, run- in the blood; be born so; be -intrinsic &c. adj. Adj. derived from within, subjective; intrin-sic, -sical; fundamental, nor- mal; implanted, inherent, essential, natural; in-nate, -born, -bred, -grained, -wrought; coeval with birth, genetous, hsematobious, syngenic; radical, in- carnate, thoroughbred, hereditary, inherited, immanent; congen-ital, -itef; connate, running in the blood; in-generate, -genite t; indigenous; in the -grain &c. n. ; bred in the bone, instinctive; inward, internal &c. 221 ; to the manner born; virtual. characteristic &c. (special) 79, (indicative) 550; invariable, incurable, inerad- icable, fixed. Adv. intrinsically &c. adj. ; at bottom, in the main, in effect, practically, vir- tually, substantially, au fond; fairly. Phr. " character is higher than intellect " [Emerson] ; " come give us a taste of your qual- ity " [Handet]; magnos homines virtute metimur rum fortund [Nepos]; non numero hcecjudi- cantur aed pondere [Cicero]; " vital spark of heavenly flame " [Pope]. 4. Modal Existence Absolute 7. State. — N. state, condition, cate- gory, estate, lot, case, trim, mood, pickle, plight, temper; aspect &c. (ap- pearance) 448; dilemma, pass, predica- ment. ... constitution, habitude, diathesis; frame, fabric &c. 329; stamp, set, fit, mold, mould. mode, modality, schesis; form &c. (shape) 240. tone, tenor, turn; trim, guise, fash- ion, light, complexion, style, character. V. be in -, possess -, enjoy -, labor under- a -state &c. n. ; be on a footing, do, fare; come to pass. Adj. conditional, modal, formal; structural, organic. Adv. conditionally &c. adj.; as -the matter stands, - things are; such being the case &c. 8. Relative 8. Cirqumstance. — N. circum- stance, situation, phase, position, pos- ture, attitude, place, point; terms; re- gime; footing, standing, status. occasion, juncture, conjunctive; con- tingency &c. (event) 151. predicament; emergen-ce, -cy; exi- gency, crisis, pinch, pass, push; occur- r9nce; turning point. bearings, how the land lies. Adj. circumstantial; given, condi- tional, provisional; critical; modal; con- tingent, incidental; adventitious &c. (extrinsic) 6; limitative. Adv. in -, under- the -circumstances &c. n., - conditions &c. 7; thus, in such wise. accordingly; that -, such- being the case; that being so, sith, since, seeing that. as matters stand; as -things, - times- conditionally, provided, if, in case; if -so, - so be, - it be so; if it so -happen, - tvurn out; in the event of; in such a -contingency, - case, - event; provi- sionally, unless, without. according to -circimistances, - the occasion; as it may -happen, - turn out, - be; as the -case may be, - wind blows; pro re natd. Phr. " yet are my sins not those of circumstance " [Lytton]. Section II. RELATION 1. Absolute Relation 9. Relation. — N. relation, bearing, reference, coimection, concern, cogna- tion; correlation &c. 12; analogy; simi- 10. [Want, or absence of relation.] Irrelation. — N. irrelation, dissocia- tion; misrelation; inapplicability; in- 3 11 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. II. 1 larity &c. 17; affinity, homology, alli- ance, homogeneity, association; ap- proximation &c. (nearness) 197; filiation &c. {consanguinity) 11; interest; rele- vancy &c. 23; dependency, relationship, relative position. comparison &c. 464; ratio, propor- tion. link, tie, bond of union. V. be-related &c. adj. ; have a relation &c. n.; relate -, refer- to; bear upon, regard, concern, touch, affect, have to do with; pertain -, belong -, appertain- to; answer to; interest. bring -into relation with, - to bear upon; connect, associate, draw a paral- lel; link &c. 43. Adj. relative; correlative &c. 12; cognate; relating to &c. v.; relative to, in relation with, referable or referrible to; belonging to &c. v.; appurtenant to, in common with. related, connected; implicated, asso- ciated, affiUated, aUied to; en rapport, in touch with. approxima-tive, -ting; proportion-al, -ate, -able; allusive, comparable. in the same -category &c. 75; like &c. 17; relevant &c. (apt) 23; appUcable, equiparant. Adv. relatively &c. adj.; pertinently &c. 23. thereof; as -to, - for, - respects, - re- gards; about; concerning &c. v.; anent; relating -, as relates- to; with -relation, - reference, - respect, - regard- to; in respect of; while speaking -, d propos- of ; in connection with ; by the -way , - by ; whereas; for -, in- as much as; in point of, as far as; on the -part, - score- of; quoad hoc; pro re natd; under the -head &c. (class) 75 - of ; in the matter of, in re. connection; multifariousness; discon- nection &c. (disjunction) 44; inconse- quence, independence; incommensura- biUty; irreconcilableness &c. (disagree- ment) 24; heterogeneity; unconformity &c. 83; irrelevancy, impertinence, nihil ad rem; intrusion &c. 24; non-pertinence. V. have no -relation &c. 9 to, - bear- ing upon, - concern &c. 9 with, - busi- ness with; not -concern &c. 9; have -nothing to do with, - no business there; intrude &c. 24. bring -, drag - lug- in head and shoulders. Adj. irrelative, irrespective, unre- lated; arbitrary; independent, unallied; un-, dis-connected; adrift, isolated, in- sular; extraneous, strange, alien, foreign, outlandish, exotic. not comparable, incommensurable, heterogeneous; unconformable &c. 83. irrelevant, inapplicable; not -perti- nent, - to the purpose; impertinent, inapposite, beside the mark, d propos de bottes; aside from -, away from -, foreign to -, beside- the -purpose, - question, - transaction, - point; mdsplaced &c. (intrusive) 24; traveling out of the rec- ord. remote, far-fetched, out of the way, forced, neither here nor there, quite another thing; detached, segregate; disquiparant. ) multifarious; discordant &c. 24. incidental, parenthetical, obiter dkr turn, episodic. Adv. parenthetically &c. adj.; by the -way, - by; en passant, incidentally; irrespectively &c. adj.; without -refer- ence, - regard- to; in the abstract &c. 87; a se. Phr. " thereby hangs a tale " [Taming of the Shrew]. 11. [Relations of kindred.] Consanguinity. — N. consanguinity, rela- tionship, kindred, blood; parentage &c. (paternity) 166; filiation, affiliation; lineage, agnation, connection, alliance; family -connection, - tie; ties of blood; nepotism. kins-man, -folk; kith and kin; rela-tion, -tive; connection; sib; next of kin; uncle, aunt, nephew, niece; cousin, -german; first -, second- cousin; cousin -once, - twice &c.- removed; near -, distant- relation; brother, sister, one's own flesh and blood. family, fraternity; brother-, sister-, cousin-hood. race, stock, generation; sept &c. 166; stirps, side; strain; breed, clan, tribe. V. be -related &c. adj. - to; claim -relationship &c. n.- with. Adj. related, akin, consanguineous, of the blood, family, allied, collateral; cog-, ag-, con-nate; kindred; affiliated; fraternal. I. II. 1 RELATION 11 — 15 intimately -, nearly -, closely -, remotely - distantly- related, - allied; german. 12. [Double or reciprocal relation.] Correlation. — N. reciprocalness &c. adj.; recipro-city, -cation; mutuality, correlation, interdependence; inter- change &c. 148; exchange, barter. reciprocitist. V. reciprocate, alternate; interchange &c. 148; exchange; counter change. Adj. reciprocal, mutual, commutual, correlative; alternate; interchange- able; international; complemental, complementary. Adv. mutatis mutandis; vice v&rsd; each other; by turns &c. 148; reciprocally &c. adj. Phr. " happy in our mutual help " [Milton], 13. Identity. — N. identity, same- ness; coincidence, coalescence; convert- ibiUty; equality &c. 27; selfness, self, oneself; identification. monotony, tautology &c. (repetition) 104. facsimile &c. (copy) 21; homoousia: alter ego &c. (similar) 17; ipsissima verba &c. (exactness) 494; same; self -, very -, one and the- same; very -, actual- thing; no other. V. be -identical &c. adj.; coincide, coalesce. treat as -, render- -the same, - identi- cal; identify; recognize the identity of. Adj. identical; self, ilk; the -same &c. n.; selfsame, homoousian, one and the same. coincid-, coalesc-ent, -ing; indistin- guishable; one; equivalent &c. (equal) 27; much -the same, - of a muchness; unaltered. Adv. identically &c. adj. ; on all fours. 14. [Noncoincidence.] Contrariety. - N. contrariety, contrast, foil, an- tithesis, oppositeness; contradiction; an- tagonism &c. (opposition) 708; clashing, repugnance. inversion &c. 218; the -opposite, - re- verse, - inverse, - converse, - antipodes, - other extreme. V. be -contrary &c. adj.; contrast with, oppose; differ toto ccelo. invert, reverse, turn the tables-; turn -topsy-turvy, - end for end, ^ upside down. contra-diet, -vene; antagonize &c. 708. Adj. contrar-y, -ious, -iant; opposite, counter, dead against; con-, re- verse; opposed, antithetical, contrasted, anti- podean, antagonistic, opposing; con- flicting, inconsistent, contradictory, at cross purposes; negative; hostile &c. 703. differing toto ccelo; diametrically op- posite; as opposite as -black and white, - fight and darkness, - fire and water, [Hamlet]; qmte the -contrary, - reverse; - the poles; " Hyperion to a satyr no such thing, just the other way, tout au contraire Adv. contrarily &c. adj. ; contra, contrariwise, per contra, on the contrary, nay rather; vice versd; on the other hand &c. (in compensation) 30. Phr. " all concord's bom of contraries " [B. Jonson]. 15. Difference. — N. difference; vari-ance, -ation, -ety; diversity, dis- similarity &c. 18; disagreement &c. 24; disparity &c. (inequality) 28; distinc- tion, contradistinction; alteration. ' modification, moods and tenses. nice -, fine -, deficate -', subtle- distinction; shade of difference, nuance; discrimination &c. 465; differentia. different thing, something else, apple off another tree, another pair of shoes; this that or the other. V. be -different &c. adj.; differ, vary, ablude f, mismatch, contrast; divari- cate; differ -toto ccelo, - longo intervallo. vary, modify &c. (change) 140. discriminate &c. 465. Adj. differing &c. v.; different, diverse, heterogeneous; distinguishable; varied, modified; diversified, various, divers, all manner of; variform &c. 81; ' dsedal. 16 — 18 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. n. I other, another, not the same; unequal &c. 28; unmatched; widely apart, distinctive, characteristic; discriminative; distinguishing. Adv. differently &c. adj. Phr. il y a fagots et fagots. 2. Continuous Relation 16. Uniformity. — N. uniformity; homogene-ity, -ousness; consistency; connatural-ity, -ness; homology; ac- cordance; conformity &c. 82; agree- ment &c. 23; consonance, uniformness. regularity, constancy, even tenor, rou- tine; monotony. V. be -uniform &c. adj.; accord with &c. 23; run through. become -uniform &c. adj. ; conform to &c. 82. render uniform &c. adj.; assimilate, level, smooth, dress. Adj. uniform; homo-geneous, -logons; of a piece, consistent, connatural; monotonous, even, invariable; regular, unchanged, undeviating, unvaried, unvarying. Adv. uniformly &c. adj.; uniformly with &c. (conformably) 82; in harmony with &c. (agreeing) 23. always, invariably, without exception, never otherwise; by clockwork. Phr. ab uno disce omnes. 16a. [Absence or want of uniform- ity.] Nonuniformity. — N. diversity, irregularity, unevenness; multiformity &c. 81; imconformity &c. 83; roughness &c. 256; dissimilarity, dissimilitude, di- varication, divergence. Adj. diversified, varied, irregular, uneven, rough &c. 256; multifariouB; multiform &c. 81; of various kinds; all -manner, — sorts, - kinds- of. Adv. in all maimer of ways, here there and everywhere. 3. Partial Relation 17. Similarity. — N. similarity, re- semblance, likeness, similitude, sem- blance; affinity, approximation, paral- leUsm; agreement &c. 23; ana-logy, -logicalness; correspondence, homoiou- sia, parity. connatural-ness, -ity; brotherhood, family likeness. alliteration, rhyme, pim. repetition &c. 104; sameness &c. (identity) 13; uniformity &c. 16; isogamy. analogue; the Uke; match, pendant, fellow, companion, pair, mate, twin, double, counterpart, brother, sister; one's second self, alter ego, chip of the old block, par nobile fratrum, Arcades ambo, birds of a feather, et hoc genus omne; gens de mime famille. parallel; simile; type (fee. (metaphor) 521; image &c. (representaiion) 654; photograph; close -, striking -, speak- ing -, faithful &c. adj. - likeness, - re- semblance. V. be -similar &c. adj.; look like, re- semble, bear resemblance; savor -, smack- of; approximate; parallel, match, rhyme with; take after; imitate &c. 19; favor, span [U. S.] 6 18. Dissimilarity. — N. dissimil-ar- ity, -itude; unhkeness, diversity, dis- parity, dissemblance; divergence, varia- tion; difference &c. 16; novelty, origi- nality; creativeness; oogamy. V. be -unlike &c. adj.; vary &c. (differ) 15; bear no resemblance to, differ toto ccelo. render -unhke &c. adj. ; vary &c. (di- versify) 140. Adj. dissimilar, unlike, disparate; divergent; of a different kind &c. (doss) 75; unmatched, unique; new, novel; unprecedented &c. 83; original. nothing of the kind; no such -, quite another- thing; far from it, cast in a different mold, tertium quid, as like a dock as a daisy, " very like a whale " [Hamlet]; as different as -chalk from cheese, - Macedon and Monmouth; lucus a nan liuxndo. diversified &c. 16a. Adv. otherwise. Phr. diis aliter msum; " no more like my father than I to Hercules" {Han^t\. I. II. 3 RELATION 17 — 22 lender -similar &c. adj.; assimilate, approximate, bring near; connaturalize, make alike; rhyme, pun. Adj. similar; resembling &c. j;.; like, alike; twin. analog-ous, -ical; parallel, of a piece; such as, so; homoiousian. connatural, congener, allied to; akin to &c. (consanguineous) 11. approximate, much the same, near, close, something like, such hke; a show of; mock, pseudo, simulating, representing. exact &c. (true) 494; hfehke, faithful; true to -nature, - the life; the -very- image, - picture- of; for all the world hke, comme deux gouttes d'eau; as like as -two peas, - it can stare; instar omnium, cast in the same mold, ridiculously hke. Adv. as if, so to speak; as -, as if- it were; qvusi, just as, veluti inspeculum. Phr. et sic de similihus; tel maUre tel valet; tel phre telfils. 20. Nonimitation. — N. no imita- tion; originality; creativeness. Adj. unimitated, uncopied; un- matched, vmparalleled; inimitable &c. 13; unique, original; creative, untrans- lated; exceptional, rare, sui generis, xmcommon, unexampled. 19. Imitation. — N. imitation; copy- ing &c. v.; transcription; repetition, duphcation, reduplication; quotation; reproduction; mimeogrdphy. mockery, mimicry; simulation, per- sonation; representation &c. 554; sem- blance; copy &c. 21; assimilation. paraphrase, parody &c. 21. plagiarism; forgery &c. (falsehood) 644; celluloid. imitator, echo, cuckoo, parrot, ape, monkey, mocking bird, mimic ; copyist. V. imitate, copy, mirror, reflect, reproduce, repeat; do hke, echo, re-echo, catch; transcribe; match, parallel. mock, take off, mimic, ape, simulate, personate; act &c. (drama) 599; repre- sent &c. 554; counterfeit, parody, travesty, caricature, burlesque. follow -, tread- in the- -steps, - footsteps, - wake- of; take pattern by; follow -suit, - the example of; walk in the shoes of, take a leaf out of another's book, strike in with, follow suit; take -, model- after; emulate. Adj. imitated &c. v.; niock, mimic; modelled after, molded on. paraphrastic; literal; imitative; secondhand; imitable; aping, apish, mimick- ing. Adv. literally, to the letter, verbatim, literatim, sic, totidem verbis, word for word, mot a mot; exactly, precisely. Phr. like master like man; " like — but oh! how different! " [Wordsworth]; " genius bor- rows nobly " [Emerson]; " pursuing echoes calling 'mong the rocks " [A. Coles]; " quotation confesses inferiority " [Emerson]. 20a. Variation. — N. variation; alteration &c. (change) 140. modification, moods and tenses; discrepance, discrepancy. divergency &c. 291; deviation &c. 279; aberration; innovation. V. vary &c. (change) 140; deviate &c. 279; diverge &c. 291; alternate, swerve. Adj. varied &c. v.; modified; diversified &c. 16a. 21. [Result of imitation.] Copy. — N. copy, facsimile, counterpart, effigies, effigy, form, hkeness, similitude, sem- blance, cast, tracing, ectype; imitation &c. 19; model, representation, adumbra- tion, study; portrait &c. (represent- ment) 554; resemblance. duphcate; transcript, -ion; reflex, -ion; shadow, echo; chip of the old blojck; reprint, reproduction; second edition &c. (repetition) 104:; rechauffe; apcigraph, fair copy, revise. 22. [Thing copied.] Prototype. — N. prototype, original, model, pattern, pre- cedent, standard, scantling, type; arche-, anti-type; protoplast, module, exemplar, example, ensample, paradigm ; lay-figure. text, copy, design; fugleman, keynote. die, mold; matrix, last, plasm; pro-, proto-piasm; mint; seal, punch, inta- glio, negative; stamp. V. be -, set- an example; set a copy. Phr. '' a precedent embalms a principle " [Disraeli]; exempla sunt odiosa. 21—24 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. II. 3 parody, caricature, burlesque, travesty, travestie, paraphrase, servile -copy, - imitation; counterfeit &c. (deception) 545; pasticcio. Adj. faithful; lifelike &c. {similar) 17; close, conscientious. 4. General Relation 23. Agreement. — N. agreement; ac-cord, -cordance; unison, harmony; concord &c. 714; concordance, concert; understanding, mutual understanding. conformity &c. 82; conformance; uni- formity &c. 16; consonance, consen- taneousness, consistency; congru-ity, -ence; keeping; congeniality; correspond- ence, parallehsm, apposition, imion. fitness, aptness &c. adj.; relevancy; pertinen-ce, -cy; sortance t; case in point; aptitude, coaptation, propriety, applicability, admissibility, commensu- rabihty, compatibihty; cognation &c. (relation) 9. adaption, adjustment, graduation, ac- commodation; reconcil-iation, -ement; assimilation. consent &c. (assent) 488; concurrence &c. 178; cooperation &c. 709. right man in the right place, very thing; quite -, just- the thing. V. be -accordant &c. adj.; agree, accord, harmonize; correspond, tally, respond; meet, suit, fit, befit, do, adapt itself to; fall in -, chime in -, square -, quadrate -, consort -, comport- with; dovetail, assimilate; fit like a glove; fit to a -tittle, - T; match &c. 17; be- come one; homologate. consent &c. (assent) 488. render -accordant &c. adj.; fit, suit, adapt, accommodate; graduate; adjust &c. (render equal) 27; dress, regulate, readjust; accord, harmonize, reconcile; fadge, dovetail, square. Adj. agreeing, suiting &c. v.; in ac- cord, accordant, concordant, consonant, congruous, consentaneous, correspond- ent, congenial; coherent; becoming; harmonious, reconcilable, conformable; in -accordance, - harmony, - keeping, - unison, &c. n.- with; at one with, of one mind, of a piece; consistent, compatible, proportionate; commensurate; on all fours. 24. Disagreement. — N. disagree- ment; dis-cord, -cordance; dissonance, dissidence, discrepancy; imconformity &c. 83; incongru-ity, -ence; discon- gruity, mesalliance; jarring &c. v.; dis- sension &c. 713 ; conflict &c. (opposition) 708; bickering, clashing, misimderstand- ing, wrangle. disparity, mismatch, disproportion; dissimihtude, inequality; disproportion- ateness &c. adj.; variance, divergence, repugnance. unfitness &c. adj.; inaptitude, im- propriety; inapplicability &c. adj.; in- consistency, inconcinnity; irrelevancy &c. (irrelcdion) 10. misjoin-ing, -der; syncretism, intru- sion, interference; concordia discors. fish out of water. V. disagree; clash, jar &c. (discord) 713; interfere, intrude, come amiss; not concern &c. 10; mismatch; humano capiti cervicem jungere equinam. Adj. disagreeing &c. v.; discordant, discrepant; at -variance, - war; hostile, antagonistic, repugnant, incompatible, irreconcilable, inconsistent with; un- conformable, exceptional &c. 83; intru- sive, incongruous; disproportion-ate, -ed; unharmonious; imconsonant; di- vergent, repugnant to. inapt, vmapt, inappropriate, improper unsuit-ed, -able; inapplicable; un-fit, -fitting, -befitting; unbecoming; ill- timed, unseasonable, mal a propos, inad- missible; inapposite &c. (irrelevant) 10. uncongenial; ill-assorted, -sorted mis-matched, -joined, -placed; unac- commodating, irreducible, imcommen- surable; unsympathetic. out of -character, - keeping, - proper tion, - joint, - tune, - place, - season; - its element; at -odds, - variance with. Adv. in -defiance, - contempt, - spite- of; discordantly &c. adj.; d tort et a trovers. Phr. asimis ad lyram. apt, apposite, pertinent, pat; to the -point, - purpose; happy, felicitous, ger- mane, ad rem, in point, bearing upon, applicable, relevant, admissible. fit, adapted, in loco, d propos, appropriate, seasonable, sortable, suitable, idoneous, deft; meet &c. (expedient) 646. 8 I. III. 2 QUANTITY 23 — 28 at home, in one's proper element. Adv. d propos of; pertinently &c. adj. Phr. rem acu tetigisti; the cap fits; auxUia humilia firma consensus facit [830118]; discors Concordia [Ovid]. Section III. QUANTITY 1. Simple Quantity 26. [Absolute quantity.] Quantity. — N. quantity, magnitude; size &c. (dimensions) 192; amplitude, mass, amount, quantum, measure, substance, strength. [Science of quantity.] mathematics, mathesis. [Logic] category, general conception, universal predicament. [Definite or finite quantity.] arm-, hand-, mouth-, spoon-, cap-ful; stock, batch, lot, dose; yaffle. V. quantify. Adj. quantitative, some, any, more or less. Adv. to the tune of. 26. [Relative quantity.] Degree.— N. degree, grade, extent, measure, amoimt, ratio, stint, standard, height, pitch; reach, amplitude, range, scope, caliber; gradation, shade; tenor, com- pass; sphere, station, ranli, standing; rate, way, sort. point, mark; stage &c. (term) 71; in- tensity, strength &c. (greatness) 31. Adj. comparative; gradual, shading off; within the bounds &c. (limit) 233. Adv. by degrees, gradually, inas- much, pro tanto; how-ever, -soever; step by step, bit by bit, little by little, inch by inch, drop by drop; by -inches, - slow degrees, - little and httle; in some -degree, - measure; to some extent; di grado in grado. 2. COMPAKATIVE QUANTITY 27. [Sameness of quantity or degree.] Equality. — N. equality, parity, co- extension, symmetry, balance, poise; evenness, monotony, level. equivalence; equi-pollence, -poise, -librium, -ponderance; par, quits; not a pin to choose; distinction without a difference, six of one and half a dozen of the other; identity &c. 13; similarity &c. 17. equalization, equation; equilibration, coordination, adjustment, readjustment. drawn -game, -battle; neck and neck 28. [Difference of quantity or degree.] Inequality. — N. inequality; dis-, im- parity; odds; difference &c. 15; uneven- ness; inclination of the balance, par- tiahty; shortcoming; casting -, make- weight; superiority &c. 33; inferiority &c. 34; inequation. V. be -unequal &c. adj.; coimtervail; have -, give- the advantage; turn the scale; kick the beam; topple, -over; over- match &c. 33; not come up to &c. 34. Adj. imequal, uneven, disparate, partial; un-, over-balanced; top-heavy, lopsided; disquiparant. Adv. hand passihus oequis [Vergil]. race; tie, dead heat match, peer, compeer, equal, mate, fellow, brother; equivalent. V. be -equal &c. adj.; equal, match, reach, keep pace with, run abreast; come -, amount -, come up- to; be -, he- on a level with; balance; cope with; come to the same thing. render -equal &c. adj.; equaUze, level, dress, balance, equate, handicap, give points, trim, adjust, poise; fit, accommodate; adapt &c. (render accordant) 23; strike a balance; estabhsh -, restore- equality, - equilibrium; readjust; stretch on the bed of Procrustes. Adj. equal, even, level, monotonous, coequal, symmetrical, coordinate; on a -par, - level, - footing- with; up to the mark; equiparant. equivalent, tantamount; quits; homologous; synonymous &c. 522; resolv- able into, convertible, much at one, as broad as long, neither more nor less; 27 — 32 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. III. 2 much the same -, the same thing -, as good- as; all -one, - the same; equi- pollent, -ponderant, -ponderous, -balanced; equalized &c. v.; drawn; half and half; isochron-al, -ous; isoperimetric, -al; isobath, -ic. Adv. equally &c. adj. ; pari passu, ad eundem, cceteris paribus; in equilibrio; to all intents and purposes. Phr. it -comes, - amounts- to the same thing; what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. 29. Mean. — N. mean, medium, intermedium, average, balance; medioc- rity, generality; golden mean &c. (mid-course) 628; middle &c. 68; comproDMse &c. 774; middle -course, - state; neutrality. V. split the difference; take the -average &c. n.; reduce to a -mean &c. n.; strike a balance, pair off. Adj. mean, intermediate; middle &c. 68; average; neutral. mediocre, middle-class; commonplace &c. (unimportant) 643. Adv. on an average, in the long run; taking -one with another, - all things together, - it for all in all; communibus annis, in round nimibers. Phr. medium tenuere heati. 30. Compensation. — N. compensation, equation; commutation; indemni- fication; compromise &c. 774; neutralization, nuUification; counteraction &c. 179; reaction; measure for measure; retaliation &c. 718; equalization &c. 27; robbing Peter to pay Paul. set-off, offset; make-, casting- weight; counterpoise, ballast; indemnity, equiv- alent, quid pro quo; bribe, hush money; amends &c. (atonement) 952; coimter- balance, - claim; cross -debt, - demand. V. make compensation; com-pensate, -pense; indemnify; counter-act, -vail, -poise; balance; out-, over-, counter-balance; set off; hedge, square, give and take; make up -for, - lee way; cover, fill up, neutralize, nullify; equahze &c. 27; make good; redeem &c. (atone) 952. Adj. compensat-ing, -ory; countervailing &c. «;. ; in the opposite scale; equiv- alent &c. (equal) 27. Adv. in -return, - consideration; but, however, yet, still, notwithstanding; neverthe-, nath-less; although, though; al-, how-beit; mauger; at -all events, - any rate; be that as it may, for all that, even so, on the other hand, at the same time, quoad minus, quand m^me, however that may be; after all, - is said and done; taking one thing with another &c. (average) 29. Phr. " light is mingled with the gloom " [Whittier]; prwio avulso rum deficit alter [Vergil]; saepe creat molles aspera spina rosas [Ovid]. Quantity by Comparison with a Standard 31. Greatness. — N. greatness &c. adj.; magnitude; size &c. (dimensions) 192; multitude &c. (number) 102; im- mensity; enormity; infinity &c. 105; might, strength, intensity, fullness; im- portance &c. 642. great quantity, quantity, deal, power, sight, pot, volume, world; mass, heap &c. (assemblage) 72; stock &c. (store) 636; peck, bushel, load, cargo; cart -, wagon -, ship- load; flood, spring tide; abundance &c. (sufficiency) 639. principal -, chief -, ma;in -, greater -, major -, best -, essential- part; bulk, mass &c. (whole) 50. V. be -great &c. adj.; run high, soar, tower, transcend; rise -, carry- to a 10 32. Smallness. — N. smallness &c. adj.; Uttleness &c. (small size) 193; tenuity; paucity; fewness &c (small number) 103; meanness, insignificance &c. (unimportance) 643; mediocrity, moderation. small quantity, modicum, minimum; vanishing point; material point, atom, particle, molecule, corpuscle, point, speck, dot, mote, jot, iota, ace; minutiae, details; k)ok, thought,- idea, soupgon, dab, dight, whit, tittle, shade, shadow; spark, scintilla, gleam; touch, cast; grain, scruple, granule, globule, minim, sup, sip, sop, spice, drop, droplet, sprinkling, dash, morceau, screed, smack, tinge, tincture; inch, patch, scantling. I. m. 2 QUANTITY 31 — 32 great height; know no bounds; ascend, mount. enlarge &c. {increase) 35, (expand) 194. Adj. great; greater &c. 33; large, considerable, fair, above par; big, huge &c. {large in size) 192; Herculean, cj'clo- pean; ample; abundant &c. {enough) 639; full, intense, strong, sound, passing, heavy, plenary, deep, high; signal, at its height, in the zenith. world-wide, widespread, far-famed, ex- tensive; wholesale; many &c. 102. goodly, noble, precious, mighty; sad, grave, serious; far gone, arrant, down- right; utter, -most; crass, gross, arch, profound, intense, consummate; rank, unmitigated, red-hot, desperate; glaring, flagrant, stark staring; thorough-paced, -going; roaring, thumping; extraor- dinary; important &c. 642; unsur- passed &c. {supreme) 33 ; complete &c. 52. august, grandj dignified, sublime, ma- jestic &c. (repute) 873. vast, immense, enormous, extreme; inordinate, excessive, extravagant, exor- bitant, outrageous, preposterous, uncon- scionable, swinging, monstrous, over- grown; towering, stupendous, prodigious, astonishing, incredible; marvelous &c. (wonder) 870. , unlimited &c. (infinite) 105; unap- proachable, unutterable, indescribable, ineffable, unspeakable, inexpressible, be- yond expression, fabulous. un-diminished, -abated, -reduced, -restricted. absolute, positive, stark, decided, un- equivocal, essential, perfect, finished. remarkable, of mark, marked, pointed, veriest; noteworthy; renowned. Adv. [in a positive degree] truly &c. (truth) 494; decidedly, unequivocally, purely, absolutely, seriously, essentially, fundamentally, radically, downright, in all conscience; for the most part, in the main. i [in a complete degree] entirely &c. (completely) 52; abundantly &c. (suffi- ciently) 639; widely, far and wide. [in s, great or high degree] greatly &c. adj.; much, muckle, well, indeed, very, very much, a deal, no end of, most, not a little; pretty, - well; enough, in a great measure, richly; to a -large, - great, - gigantic- extent; on a large scale; so; never -, ever- so; ever so dole; scrap, shred, tag, spUnter, rag, tatter, cantlet, flitter, gobbet, mite, bit, morsel, crumb, seed, fritter, shive; snip, -pet; snick, snack, snatch, slip, scrag; chip, -ping; shiver, sliver, driblet, clip- ping, paring, shaving, hair. nutshell; thimble-, spoon-, hand-, cap-, mouth-ful; fragment; fraction &c. (part) 51; drop in the ocean. animalcule &c. 193. trifle &c. (unimportant thing) 643; mere -, next to- nothing; "hardly any- thing; just enough to swear by; the shadow of a shade. finiteness, finite quantity. V. be -small &c. adj.; lie in a nut- shell. diminish &c. (decrease) 36; (contract) 195. Adj. small, little; diminutive &c. (small in size) 193; minute; fine; incon- siderable, paltry &c. (unimportant) 643; faint &c. (weak) 160; slender, light, slight, scanty, scant, limited; meager &c. (insufficient) 640; sparing; few &c. 103; low, so-so, middling, tolerable, no great shakes; below -, under- -par, - the mark; at a low ebb; halfway; moder- ate, modest; tender, subtle. inappreciable, evanescent, infinites- imal, homeopathic, very small; atomic, corpuscular, microscopic, molecular. mere, simple, sheer, stark, bare; near run. dull, petty, shallow, stolid, ungifted, unintelligent. Adv. [in a small degree] to a small extent, on a small scale; a -httle, - wee bit; slightly &c. adj.; imperceptibly; miserably, wretchedly; insufficiently &c. 640; imperfectly; faintly &c. 160; pass- ably, pretty well, well enough. [in a certain or limited degree] par- tially, in part; in -, to- a certain degree; to a certain extent; comparatively; some, rather; in some -degree, -measure; some-thing, -what; simply, only, pmely, merely; at -, at the- -least, -most; ever so little, as little as may be, tarit soit peu, in ever so small a degree; thus far, pro tarda, within bounds, in a manner, after a fashion. almost, nearly, well-nigh, short of, not quite, all but; near -, close- upon; peu s'en faut, near the mark; within an -ace, - inch- of; on the brink of; scarcely, hardly, barely, only just, no more than. [in an uncertain degree] about, there- 11 31 — 34 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. HI. 2 abouts, somewhere about, nearly, say; be the same -more, - little more- or less. [in no degree] no- ways, - wise; not -at all, - in the least, - a bit, - a bit of it, - a whit, - a jot, - a shadow; in no -wise, - respect; by no -means, - manner of means; on no account, at no hand. Phr. dare pondus idonea fumo [Persius]: magno conatu magnas nugas [Terence]; " small sands the mountain, moments make the year " [Young]. much; by wholesale; mighty, power- fully; with a witness, ultra, in the ex- treme, extremely, exceedingly, intensely, exquisitely, acutely, indefinitely, im- measurably; beyond -compare, - com- parison, - measure, - all bounds; incal- culably, infinitely. [in a supreme degree] preeminently, superlatively &c. (superiority) 33. [in a too great degree] immoderately, monstrously, preposterously, inordi- nately, exorbitantly, excessively, enor- mously, out of all proportion, with a vengeance. [in a marlied degree] particularly, remarlsably, singularly, curiously, un- commonly, unusually, peculiarly, notably, signally, strildngly, pointedly, mainly, chiefly; famously, egregiously, prominently, glaringly, emphatically, Kar' i^ox^v, strangely, wonderfully, amazingly, surprisingly, astonishingly, in- credibly, marvelously, awfully, stupendously. [in an exceptional degree] pecuUarly &c. (unconformity) 83. [in a violent degree] furiously &c. (violence) 173; severely, desperately, tre- mendously, extravagantly, confoundedly, deucedly, devilishly, with a ven- geance; d-,d toute- outrance. [in a painful degree] painfully, sadly, grossly, sorely, bitterly, piteously, grievously, miserably, cruelly, woefully, lamentably, shockingly, frightfully, dreadfully, fearfully, terribly, horribly. Phr. a maximis ad minima; " greatness knows itself " [Henry IV]; " mightiest powers by deepest calms are fed " [B. Cornwall] ; minimum decet libere cui muUum licet [Seneca] ; " some are bom great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them " [Twdfih Night]. Quantity by Compahison with a Similar Object 33. Superiority, [Supremacy.] — N. superiority, majority; greatness &c. 31; advantage; pull*; preponder-ance, -ation; vantage ground, prevalence, partiality; personal superiority; no- bility &c. (rank) 875; Triton among the minnows, primus inter pares, nulli se- cundum, captain; crackajack* [U. S.]. supremacy, preeminence; lead; maxi- mum; record; TpiKv/xia, climax; culmina- tion &c. (summit) 210; transcendence; ne plus ultra; lion's share, Benjamin's mess; excess, surplus &c. (remainder) 'kO; (redundance) 6'A.. V. be -superior &c. adj.; exceed, ex- cel, transcend; out-do, -balance, -weigh, -rank, -rival, -Herod; pass, surpass, get ahead of; over-top, -ride, -pass, -balance, -weigh, -match; top, o'er- top, cap, beat, cut out; beat hollow; outstrip &c. 303; eclipse, throw into the shade, take the sliine out of, put one's nose out of joint; have the -upper hand, - whip hand of, - advantage; turn the scale, kick the beam; play first fiddle &c. (importance) 642; prepon- 12 34. Inferiority. — N. inferiority, mi- nority, subordinacy; shortcoming, de- ficiency; minimum; smallness &c. 32; imperfection; lower -quahty, - worth. [personal inferiority] commonalty &c. 876. V. be -inferior &c. adj.; fall -, come- short of; not -pass, - come up to; want. become -, render — smaller &c. (de- crease) 36, (contract) 195; hide its di- minished head, retire into the shade, yield the palm, play second fiddle, iake a back seat. » r Adj. inferior, smaller; smm&c. 32; minor, less, lesser, deficient, minus, lower, subordinate, secondary; second- rate &c. (imperfect) 651 ; sub, subaltern; thrown into the shade; weighed in the balance and found wanting; not fit to hold a candle to. least, smallest &c. (see little, small &c. 193); lowest. diminished &c. (decreased) 36; re- duced &c. (contracted) 195; unimportant &c. 643. Adv. less; under - below- -the mark, I. III. 2 QUANTITY 33 — 36 - par; at -the bottom of the scale, - a low ebb, - a disadvantage; short of, under. derate, predominate, prevail; precede, take precedence, come first; come to a head, culminate; beat &c. all others, bear the palm; break the record; take the cake * [U. S.]. • become -, render- -larger &c. (increase) 35, (expand) 194. Adj, superior, greater, major, higher; exceeding &c. v.; great &c. 31; dis- tinguished, ultra; vaulting; more than a match for. supreme, greatest, utmost, paramount, preeminent, foremost, crowning; first-rate &c. (important) 642, (excellent) 648; unrivaled; peer-, match-less; none such, second to none, sans pareil; un-paragoned, -paralleled, -equalled, -approached, -surpassed; superlative, inimitable, faxile princeps, incompar- able, sovereign, without parallel, nulli secundus, ne plus ultra; beyond -com- pare, - comparison; culminating «S;c. (topmost) 210; transcend-ent, -ental; phis royaliste que le Roi. increased &c. (added to) 35; enlarged &c. (expanded) 194. Adv. beyond, more, over; over -, above- the mark; above par; upwards -, in advance- of; over and above; at the top of the scale, at its height. [in a superior or supreme degree] eminently, egregiously, preeminently, surpassing, prominently, superlatively, supremely, above all, of all things, the most, to crown all, kot' e|o;^ijv, par excellence, principally, especially, partic- ularly, peculiarly, d fortiori, even, yea, still more. Phr. " I shall not look upon his Uke again " [Hamlet]; deos fortioribus adesse [Tacitus]. Changes in Quantity 35. Increase. — N. increase, aug- mentation, enlargement, extension; dila- tation &c. (expansion) 194; increment, accretion; accession &c. 37; develop- ment, growth; aggrandizement, aggra- vation; rise; ascent &c. 305; ex-aggera- tion, -acerbation; spread &c. (disper- sion) 73; flood tide; gain, produce, prod- uct, profit. V. increase, augment, add to, enlarge; dilate &c. (expand) 194; grow, wax, get ahead, gain strength; advance; run -, shoot- up; rise; ascend &c. ■305; sprout &c. 194. aggrandize; raise, exalt; deepen, heighten; strengthen; intensify, en- hance, magnify, redouble; aggravate, exaggerate; ex-asperate, -acerbate; add fuel to the flame, oleum addere camino, superadd &c. (aM) 37; spread &c. (disperse) 73. Adj. increased &c. v.; on the increase, undiminished; additional &c. (added) 37. Adv. crescendo. Phr. vires acquirit eundo [Vergil]. 36. Nonincrease, Decrease. — N. decrease, diminution; lessening &c. v.; subtraction &c. 38; reduction, abate- ment, declension; shrinking &c. (con- traction) 195; coarctation t; abridg- ment &c. (shortening) 201; extenua- tion. subsidence, wane, ebb, decline; ebb- ing; descent &c. 306; decrement, reflux, depreciation; deterioration &c. 659; anticlimax; mitigation &c. (moderation) 174. V. decrease, diminish, lessen; abridge &c. (shorten) 201; shrink &c. (contract) 195; drop -, fall -, tail- off; fall away, waste, wear; wane, ebb, decline; de- scend &c. 306; subside; melt -, die- away; retire into the shade, hide its di- minished head, fall to a low ebb, run low, languish, decay, crumble. bate, abate, dequantitate f; discount; depreciate; extenuate, lower, weaken, attenuate, fritter away; mitigate &c. (moderate) 174; dwarf, throw into the shade; reduce &c. 195; shorten &c. 201; subtract &c. 38. Adj. unincreased &c. (see increase &c. 35); decreased &c. v.; decreasing &c. v.; on the -wane &c. n. Phr. " a gilded halo hovering round decay " [Byron]; " fine by degrees and beautiEully lees " [Prior]. 13 37 — 42 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. m. 3 3. Conjunctive Quantity 37. Addition. — N. addition, an- nexation, adjection; junction &c. 43; super-position, -addition, -junction, -fetation; accession, reinforcement; in- crease &c. 35; increment, supplement; accompaniment &c. 88; interposition &c. 228; insertion &c. 300.. V. add, annex, affiix, superadd, sub- join, superpose; clap -, saddle- on; tack to, append, tag; ingraft; saddle with; sprinkle; introduce &c. (interpose) 228; insert &c. 300. become added, accrue; ad-, super- vene. re-enforce, -strengthen; reinforce, swell the ranks of; augment &c. 35. Adj. added &c. v.; additional; supple- ment, -al, -ary; suppletory, subjunc- tive; adjec-, adsci-, asci-titious; addi- tive, extra, accessory. Adv. au reste; in addition, more, plus, extra; and, also, likewise, too, further- more, further, item; and -also, - eke; else, besides, to boot, et csetera; &c.; and so -on, - forth; into the bargain, cum multis aliis, over and above, moreover. with, withal; including, inclusive, as well as, not to mention, let alone; to- gether -, along -, coupled -, in conjunction- with; conjointly; jointly &c. 43. Phr. adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit. 38. Nonaddition. Subduction. -- N, sub-duction, -traction; deduction, retrenchment; removal; ab-, sub-lation; abstraction i&c. {taking) 789 1, garbling &c. v.; mutilation, detrimcation; am- putation; abs-, ex-, re-cision; curtail- ment &c. 201; minuend, subtrahend; decrease &c. 36; abrasion. V. sub-duct, -tract; de-duct, -duce; bate, retrench; remove, withdraw; take -from, - away; detract. garble, mutilate, amputate, detrun- cate; cut -off, - away, - out; abscind, excise; pare, thin, prune, decimate; abrade, scrape, file; geld, castrate; eliminate. diminish &c. 36; curtail &c. {shorten) 201; deprive of &c. {take) 789; weaken. Adj. subtracted &c. v.; subtrac- tive. Adv. in -deduction &c. n.; less; short of; minus, without, except, excepting, with the exception of, barring, save, exclusive of, save and except, with a reservation. ■ 39. [Thing added.] Adjunct. — N. adjunct; addit-ion, -ament; additum, affix, appendage, annexe, annex; aug- ment, -ation; increment, reinforcement, supernumerary, accessory, item; gar- nish, sauce; accompaniment &c. 88; adjective, addendum; complement, sup- plement; continuation. rider, offshoot, episode, side issue, corollary; piece; flap, lappet, skirt, em- broidery, trappings, cortege; tail, suffix &c. {sequel) 65; wing. Adj. additional &c. 37. alate, -d; winged. Adv. in addition &c. 37. 40. [Thing remaining.] Remainder. — N. remainder, residue; remains, remanet, remnant, rest, relic; leavings, heeltap, odds and ends, cheeseparings, candle ends, orts; residuum; dregs &c. {dirt) 653; refuse &c. (useless) 645; stub- ble, result, educt; fag-end; ruins, wreck, skeleton, stump; alluvium. surplus, overplus, excess; balance, complement; superplus, surplusage; su- perfluity &c. (redundance) 641 ; surviv-al, -ance. V. remain; be -left &c. adj.; exceed, survive; leave. Adj. remaining, left; left -behind, - over; residu-al, -ary; over, odd; uncon- sumed, sedimentary; surviving; net; exceeding, over and above; out-lying, -standing; cast off &c. 782; superfluous &c. (redundant) 641. 40a. [Thing deducted.] Decrement. — N. decrement, discount, defect, loss, deduction; afterglow; eduction; waste. 41. [Forming a whole without co- herence.] Mixture. — N, mix-, admix-, commix-ture, -tion; commixion, inter- 14 42. [Freedom from mixture.] Sim- pleness. — N. simpleness &c. adj.; pu- rity, homogeneity. I. in. 3 QUANTITY 41 — M elimination; sifting &c. w. ; purification &c. (cleanness) 652. V. render -simple &c. adj. ; simplify. sift, winnow, bolt, eliminate; exclude, get rid of; clear; purify &c. (clean) 652; disentangle &c. (disjoin) 44. Adj . simple, uniform, of a piece, homo- geneous, single, pure, clear, sheer, neat. un-mixed, -mingled, -blended, -com- bined, -compounded; elementary, unde- composed; un-adulterated, -sophisti- cated, -alloyed, -tinged, -fortified; pur et simple; incomplex. free -, exempt.- from; exclusive. Adv. simple &c. adj.; only. mixture, alloyage, matrimony; junction &c. 43; combination &c. 48; miscegena- tion. impregnation; in-, dif-, suf-, trans- fusion; infiltration; seasoning, sprin- kling, interlarding; interpolation &c. 228; adulteration, sophistication. [Thing mixed] tinge, tincture, touch, dash, smack, sprinkling, spice, season- ing, infusion, soupgon. [Compound resulting from mixture] alloy, amalgam; brass, chowehow, pew- ter; magma, half-and-half, melange, ter- tium quid, miscellany, ambigu t, med- ley, mess, hotchpot, pasticcio, patch- work, odds and ends, all sorts; jumble &c. (disorder) 59; salad, sauce, mash, omnium gatherum, gallimaufry, olla-pod- rida, oho, salmagundi, potpourri, Noah's ark, caldron; texture, mingled yarn; mosaic &c. (variegation) 440. half-blood, -caste; mulatto; terc-, quart-, quint-eron &c.; quad-, octo- roon; griffo, zambo; cafuzo; Eurasian; fust-ee, -ie; griffe, ladino, marabou, mestee, mestizo, quintroon, sacatra [U. S.]; zebrule; catalo; cross, hybrid, mon- grel. V. mix; join &c. 43; combine &c. 48; com-, im-, inter-mix; mix up with, mingle; com-, inter-, be-mingle; shuffle &c. (derange) 61; pound together; hash -, stir- up; knead, brew; impregnate with; interlard &c. (interpolate) 228; inter-twine, -weave &c. 219; associate with; miscegenate. be mixed &c. ; get among, be entangled with. instil, imbue; in-, suf-, trans-fuse; infiltrate, dash, tinge, tincture, season, sprinkle, besprinkle, attemper, medicate, blend, cross; alloy, amalgamate, compound, adulterate, sophisticate, infect. Adj. mixed &c. v.; implex, composite, half-and-half, linsey-woolsey, chow- chow, hybrid, mongrel, heterogeneous; motley &c. (variegated) 440; miscella- neous, promiscuous, indiscriminate; miscible. Adv. among, amongst, amid, amidst; with; in the midst of, in the crowd. 43. Junction. — N. junction; join- ing &c. v.; joinder, union; con-nection, -junction, -jugation; annex-ion, -ation, -ment; astriction, attachment, compag- ination, vincture, hgation, aUigation; accouplement; marriage &c. (wedlock) 903; infibulation, inosculation, symphy- sis, anastomosis, confluence, communi- cation, concatenation; meeting, reunion; assemblage &c. 72. coition, copulation; sexual -congress, - conjunction, - intercourse. joint, joining, juncture, pivot, hinge, articulation, commissure, seam, gore, gusset, suture, stitch; Hnk &c. 45; miter, mortise. closeness, tightness, &c. adj.; cohe- rence &c. 46; combination &c. 48. annexationist. V. join, unite; con-join, -nect; asso- ciate; put -, lay -, clap -, hang -, lump -, 44. Disjunction. — N. dis-junction, -connection, -unity, -xmion, -associa- tion, -engagement; discontinuity &c. 70; abjunction; cataclasm; inconnection; ab- stract-ion, -edness; isolation; insul-ar- ity, -ation; oasis; island; separateness &c. adj.; severalty; disjecta membra; dispersion &c. 73; apportioiunent &c. 786. separation; parting &c. v.; circumci- sion; detachment, segregation; divorce, sejunction f, seposition f, diduction, di- remption, discerption; elision; csesura, division, subdivision, break, fracture, rupture; compartition f; dis-member- ment, -integration, -location; luxation; sever-, dissever-ance; scission; re-, ab- scission; lacer-, dilacer-ation; dis-, ab- ruption; avulsion, divulsion; section, re- section, cleavage; fission; partibility, separability. 15 43 — 45 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. in. 3 fissure, breach, rent, split, rift, crack, slit, incision. dissection, anatomy; decomposition &c. 49; cutting instrument &c. (sharp- ness) 253; buzz-, circular-saw. separatist. V. be -disjoined &c. ; come -, fall- -off, - to pieces; peel off; get loose. dis-join, -connect, -engage, -unite, -sociate, -pair; divorce, part, dispart, detach, separate, cut off, rescind, segre- gate; set -, keep- apart; insulate, isolate; throw out of gear; cut adrift; loose; un- loose, -do, -bind, -chain, -lock &c. (fix) 43, -pack, -ravel; disentangle; set free &c. (Jiberate) 750. - sunder, divide, subdivide, sever, dis- sever, abscind; circumcise; cut; in-cide t, -cise; saw, snip, nib, nip, cleave, rive, rend, sht, split, splinter, chip, crack, snap, break, tear, burst; rend &c. -asun- der, - in twain; wrench, rupture, shatter, shiver, cranch, crunch, craunch, chop; cut -, rip- up; hack, hew, slash; whittle; haggle, hackle, discind f, lacerate, scam- ble, mangle, gash, hash, sUce. cut up, carve, dissect, anatomize; dis- limb; take -, pull -, pick -, tear- to pieces; tear -to tatters, - piecemeal; diveUicate; skin &c. 226; dis-integrate, -member, -branch, -band; disperse &c.~ 73; dis-locate, -joint; break up; mince; comminute &c. (pulverize) 330; appor- tion &c. 786. part, - company; separate, leave. Adj. disjoined &c. v.; discontinuous &c. 70; multipartite, abstract; dis- jvmctive; secant; isolated &c. v.; insular, separate, disparate, discrete, apart, asunder, far between, loose, free; un-attached, -annexed, -associated, -con- nected; distinct; adrift; stragghng; rift, reft. [capable of being cut] scissile, divisible, discerptible, partible, separable. Adv. separately &c. adj.; one by oUe, severally, apart; adrift, asunder, in twain; in the abstract, abstractedly. 45. [Connecting medimn.] Vinculum. — N. vinculum, Unk; connec-tive, -tion; junction &c. 43; bond of union, copula, intermedium, hyphen; bracket; bridge, stepping-stone, isthmus. bond, tendon, tendril; fiber; cord, -age; ribband, ribbon, rope, guy, cable, line, halser f, hawser, painter, moorings, wire, chain; string &c. (filament) 205. fastening, tie; liga-ment, -ture; strap; tackle, rigging; standing -, running- rigging; traces, harness; yoke; band ,-age; brace, roller, fillet; inkle; with, withe, withy; thong, braid; girder, tiebeam; girth, girdle, cestus, garter, halter, noose, lasso, surcingle, knot, running knot; cabestro [U. S.], cinch [U. S.], lariat, lega- dero, oxreim; suspenders. pin, corking pin, nail, brad, tack, skewer, staple, clamp; cramp, cramp iron, detent, larigo, pawl, terret, treenail, screw, button, buckle, clasp, hasp, hinge, hank, catch, latch, bolt, latchet, tag; tooth; hook, - and eye; lock, holdfast, pad- lock, rivet; anchor, grappling iron, trennel, stake, post. 16 hold -, piece -, tack -, fix -, bind up- to- gether; embody, reembody; roll into one. attach, fix, afiBx, saddle on, fasten, bind, secure, clinch, twist, make -fast &c. adj.; tie, pinion, string, strap, sew, lace, stitch, tack, knit, button, buckle, hitch, lash, truss, bandage, braid, sphce, swathe, gird, tether, moor, picket, har- ness, chain; fetter &c. (restrain) 751; lock, latch, belay, brace, hook, grapple, leash, couple, accouple, link, yoke, bracket; marry &c. (wed) 903; bridge over, span. braze; pin, nail, bolt, hasp, clasp, clamp, screw, rivet; impact, solder, set; weld -, fuse- together; wedge, rabbet, mortise, miter, jam, dovetail, enchase; graft, ingraft, inosculate; en-, in-twine; inter-link, -lace, -twine, -twist, -weave; entangle; twine round, belay; tighten; trice -, screw- up. be -joined &c. ; hang -, hold- together; cohere &c. 46. Adj. joined &c. v.; joint; con-joint, -junct; corporate, compact; hand in hand. firm, fast, close, tight, taut, taught, secure, set, intervolved f; in-separable, -dissoluble, -secable, -severable. Adv. jointly &c. adj.; in conjunction with &c. (in addition to) 37; fast, firmly, &c. adj. ; intimately. Phr. tria juncta in uno. I. III. 4 QUANTITY 45 — 51 cement, glue, gum, paste, size, wafer, solder, lute, putty, birdlime, mortar, stucco, plaster, grout; viscum. shackle, rein &c. {means of restraint) 752; prop &c. (support) 215. v. bridge over, span; connect &c. 43; hang &c. 214. 46. Coherence. — N. co-, ad-her- ence, -hesion, -hesiveness; concretion, accretion; con-, ag-glutination, -glom- eration; aggregation; consolidation, set, cementation; sticking, soldering &c. v.; connection; dependence. tenacity, toughness; stickiness &c. 352; insepara-bility, -bleness; bur, remora. conglomerate, concrete &c. (density) 321. V. cohere, adhere, stick, cling, cleave, hold, take hold of, hold fast, close with, clasp, hug; grow -, hang- together; twine round &c. (join) 43. stick like -a leech, - wax; stick close; cling hke -ivy, - a bur; adhere like -a remora, - Dejanira's shirt. glue; ag-, con-glutinate; cement, lute, paste, gum; solder, weld; cake, con- solidate &c. (solidify) 321 ; agglomerate. Adj. CO-, ad-hesive, -hering &c. t». ; tenacious, tough; sticky &c. 352. united, unseparated, sessile, inseparable, inextricable, infrangible; compact &c. (dense) 321. 47. [Want of adhesion, nonadhe- sion, immiscibility.] Incoherence. — N. nonadhesion; immiscibility; incoher- ence; looseness &c. adj.; laxity; relaxa- tion; loosening &c. v.; freedom; disjunc- tion &c. 44; rope of sand. V. make -loose &c. adj.; loosen, slacken, relax; un-glue &c. 46; detach &c. (disjoin) 44. Adj. nonadhesive, immiscible; inco- herent, detached, loose, baggy, slack, lax, relaxed, flapping, streaming; dishev- eled; segregated, hke grains of sand; un-consolidated &c. 231, -combined &c. 48; noncohesive. 48. Combination. — N. combina- tion; mixture &c. 41; junction &c. 43; imion, unification, synthesis, incorpora- tion, amalgamation, embodiment, coa- lescence, crasis, fusion, blending, ab- sorption, centralization. alloy, compound, amalgam, composi- tion, tertium quid; resultant, impregna- tion. V. combine, unite, incorporate, amal- gamate, embody, absorb, reembody, blend, merge, fuse, melt into one, con- solidate, coalesce, centraUze, impreg- nate; put -, Imnp- together; cement a union, marry. Adj. combined &c. v.; impregnated with, ingrained; imbued, inoculated. 49. Decomposition. — N. decompo- sition, analysis, dissection, resolution, catalysis, dissolution; corruption &c. (undeanness) 653; dispersion &c. 73; disjunction &c. 44; disintegration. V. decom-pose, -pound; analyze, dis- embody, dissolve; resolve -, separate- into its elements; electrolyze; dissect, decentralize, break up; disperse &c. 73; unravel &c. (unroll) 313; crumble into dust. Adj. decomposed &c. v.; catalytic, analytical; resolvent, separative, sol- vent. 4. CoNCBETE Quantity 50. Whole. [Principal part.] — N. whole, totality, integrity; totalness &c. adj.; entirety, ensemble, coUectiveness; unity &c. 87; completeness &c. 52; indi- visibility, indiscerptibihty; integration, embodiment ; integer. all, the whole, total, aggregate, one and all, gross amount, sum, sum total, tout ensemble, length and breadth of, 51. Part. — N. part, portion; dose; item, particular; aught, any; division, ward; subdivision, section; chapter, verse; article, clause, count, paragraph, passage; sector, segment; fraction, frag- ment; cantle, -t; frustum; detachment, parcel. piece, lump, bit; cut, -ting; chip, chunk, collop, slice, scale; lamina &c. 17 50 — 63 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. III. 4 Alpha and Omega, " be all and end all "; complex, complexus; lock stock and barrel. bulk, mass, lump, tissue, staple, body, compages; trunk, torso, bole, hull, hulk, skeleton; greater -, major -, best -, prin- cipal -, main- part; essential part &c. (importance) 642; Uon's share, Benja- min's mess; the long and the short; nearly -, almost- all. V. form -, constitute- a whole; inte- grate, embody, amass; aggregate &c. (assemble) 72; amount to, come to. Adj. whole, 'total, integral, entire; complete &c. 52; one, individual. un-broken, -cut, -divided, -severed, -clipped -cropped, -shorn; seamless; un- diminished; un-demolished, -dissolved, -destroyed, -bruised. in-divisible, -dissoluble, -dissolvable, -discerptible. wholesale, sweeping; comprehensive. Adv. wholly, altogether; totally &c. (completely) 52; entirely, all, all in all, wholesale, in a body, collectively, all put together; in the -aggregate, - lump, - mass, - gross, - main, - long run; en masse, on the whole, bodily, en bloc, in extenso, throughout, every inch; substantially. Phr. tout bien ou rien. 204; small part; morsel, particle &c, (smallness) 32; installment, dividend; share &c. (allotment) 786. debris, odds and ends, oddments, detritus; excerpta; member, limb, lobe, lobule, arm, wing, scion, branch, bough, joint, link, offshoot, ramification, twig, bush, spray, sprig; runner; leaf, -let; stump; component part &c. 56; sarmen- tum. compartment; department &c. (class) 75; county &c. (region) 181. V. part, divide, break &c. (disjoin) 44; partition &c. (apportion) 786. Adj. fractional, fragmentary; sec- tional, aliquot; divided &c. v.; in com- partments, multifid; disconnected; par- tial. Adv. partly, in part, partially; piece- meal, part by part; by -installments, - snatches, - inches, - driblets; bit by bit, inch by inch, foot by foot, drop by drop; in -detail, - lots. 52. Completeness. — N. complete- ness &c. adj.; completion &c. 729; inte- gration; allness. entirety; perfection &c. 650; solid-ity, -arity; unity; all; ne plus ultra, ideal, limit. complement, supplement, make- weight; filling up &c. V. impletion; satur-ation, -ityf; high water; high -, flood -, spring- tide; fill, load, bumper, bellyful; brimmer; suffi- ciency &c. 639. V. be -complete &c. adj.; come to a head. render -complete &c. adj.; complete &c. (accomplish) 729; fill, charge, load, replenish; make -up, - good; piece -, eke- out; supply deficiencies; fill -up, - in, - to the brim, - the measure of; satu- rate. go the whole -hog, - length; go all lengths. Adj. complete, entire; whole &c. 50; perfect &c. 650; full, good, absolute, thorough, plenary; sohd, undivided; with all its parts; all-sided. exhaustive, radical, sweeping, thor- ough-going; dead. 18 53. Incompleteness. — N. incom- pleteness &c. adj.; deficiency, short measure; shortcoming &c. 304; insuffi- ciency &c. 640; imperfection &c. 651; immaturity &c. (nonpreparation) 674; half measures. [part wanting] defect, deficit, defal- cation, omission; caret; shortage; inter- val &c. 198; break &c. (discontinuity) 70; noncompletion &c. 730; missing link. V. be -incomplete &c. adj.; fall short of &c. 304; lack &c. (be insufficient) 640; neglect &c. 460. Adj. incomplete; imperfect &c. 651; unfinished; uncompleted &c. (see com- plete &c. 729); defective, deficient, wanting, failing; in -default, - arrear; short, - of; hollow, meager, lame, half- and-half, perfunctory, sketchy; crude &c. (unprepared) 674. mutilated, garbled, docked, lopped, truncated. in -progress, - hand; going on, pro- ceeding. Adv. incompletely &c. adj.; by halves. Phr. coBtera desunt; caret. I. III. 4 QUANTITY 52 — 57 regular, consummate, unmitigated, sheer, unqualified, unconditional, free; abundant &c. (sufficient) 639. brimming; brim-, top-ful ; chock -, choke- full; as full as -an egg is of meat, - a vetch; saturated, crammed; replete &c. (redundant) 641; fraught, laden; full-laden, -fraught, -charged; heavy laden. completing &c. v.; supplement-al, -ary; ascititious. Adv. completely &c. adj.; altogether, outright, wholly, totally, in toto, quite; all out; over head and ears; effectually, for good and all, nicely, fully, through thick and thin, head and shoulders; neck and -heel, - crop; in -all re- spects, - every respect; at all points, out and out, to all intents and purposes; ioto ccelo; utterly; clean, - as a whistle; to the -full, - utmost, - backbone; hollow, stark; heart and soul, root and branch, down to the ground. to the top of one's bent, as far as possible, a outrance. throughout; from -first to last, - beginning to end, - end to end, - one end to the other, - Dan to Beersheba, - head to foot, - top to toe, - top to bottom; defond en comble; a fond, a capite ad calcem, ab ovo usque ad mala, fore and aft; every -whit, - inch; cap-d-pie, to the end of the chapter; up to the -brim, - ears, - eyes; as ... as can be. on all accounts; sous tous les rapports; with a -vengeance, - witness. Phr. falsus in unofalsus in omnibus; omnem movere lapidem; una scopa numa spazza bene 64. Composition. — N. composi- tion, constitution, crasis; combination &c. 48; inclusion, admission, compre- hension, reception; embodiment; forma- tion. V. be -composed, - made, - formed, - made up- of; consist of, be resolved into. include &c. (in a class) 76; contain, hold, comprehend, take in, admit, em- brace, embody; involve, implicate; drag into. compose, constitute, form, make; make -, fill -, build- up; enter into the composition of &c. (be a component) 56. Adj. containing, constituting &c; v. 55. Exclusion. — N. exclusion, non- admission, omission, exception, rejec- tion, repudiation; exile &c. (seclusion) 893; noninclusion, preclusion, prohibi- tion. separation, segregation, seposition f, elimination, expulsion; cofferdam. V. be excluded from &c. exclude, bar; leave -, shut -, bar- out; reject, repudiate, blackball; lay -, put -, set — apart, - aside; relegate, segre- gate; throw overboard; strike -off, - out; neglect &c. 460; banish &c. (seclude) 893; separate &c. (disjoin) 44. pass over, omit;, garble; eliminate, weed, winnow. Adj. excluding &c. v.; exclusive. ^ excluded &c. v.; unrecounted, not included in; inadmissible. Adv. exclusive of, barring; except; with the exception of; save; bating. 56. Component. — N. component; component -, integral -, integrant- part; element, constituent, ingredient, leaven; part and parcel; contents; appurte- nance; feature; member &c. (part) 51; personnel. V. enter into, - the composition of; be a -component &c. n. ; be -, form- part &c. 51 of; merge -, be merged- in; be implicated in; share in &c. (participate) 778; belong -, appertain- to; combine, inhere in, unite. form, make, constitute, compose. Adj. forming &c. v.; inclusive. 57. Extraneousness. — N. extrane- ousness &c. adj.; extrinsicality &c. 6; exteriority &c. 220; alienage, alienism. foreign -body, - substance, - element; alien, stranger, intruder, interloper, for- eigner, novus homo, newcomer, immi-, emi-grant; Creole, Africander; outsider; Dago*, Easterner [U. S.], Dutchman, tenderfoot. Adj. extraneous, foreign, alien, ul- terior; tra-, ultra-montane. excluded &c. 55; inadmissible; excep- tional. Adv. in foreign -parts,- lands; abroad, beyond seas; over sea; on one's travels. 19 58 — 59 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. IV. 1 Section IV. ORDER 1. Oedek in General 59. [Absence, or want of Order, &c.] Disorder. — N. disorder; derangement &c. 61; irregularity; anomaly &c. (un- conformity) 83; anar-chy, -chism; want of method; imtidiness &c. ofl!;.; disunion; discord &c. 24. confusion; confusedness &c. adj. ; mish- mash, mix; disarray, jumble, huddle, litter, lumber; cahotage; farrago; mess, mash, muddle, muss [U. S.], hash, hodgepodge; hotch-potch, -pot; im- broglio, chaos, omnium gatherum, med- ley; mere -mixture &c. 41; fortuitous concourse of atoms, disjecta membra, rudis indigestaque moles [Ovid]. complexity; complexness &c. adj.; comvlexus; com-, im-plication; intri- cacy, -cation; perplexity; network, laby- rinth; wilderness, jungle; involution, raveling, entanglement; coil &c. {convo- lution) 248; sleave, tangled skein, knot, Gordian knot, wheels within wheels; kink, knarl; webwork. turmoil; ferment &c. (agitaHon) 315; to do, trouble, pudder, pother, row, dis- turbance, convulsion, tumult, uproar, riot, rumpus, stour, scramble, fracas, embroilment, m^Ue, spill and pelt, rough and tumble; whirlwind &c. 349; bear garden, Babel, Saturnalia, Donnybrook Fair, confusion worse confovmded, most admired disorder, concordia discors; Bedlam -, hell- broke loose; bull in a china shop; all the fat in the fire, diable a quatre, Devil to pay; pretty kettle of fish; pretty piece of -work,- business. slattern, slut. V. be -disorderly &c. adj. ; fermeni, play at cross-purposes, put out of order; derange &c. 61; ravel &c. 219; ruflBe, rumple. Adj . disorderly, orderless ; out of -order, - place, - gear; irregular, desultory; anomalous &c. (unconformable) 83; acephalous; aimless; disorganized; strag- gling; un-, im-methodical; unsymmetric, unsystematic; untidy, slovenly; dis- located; out of sorts; promiscuous, indiscriminate; chaotic, anarchical; un- arranged &c. (see arrange &c. 60) ; confused; deranged &c. 61 ; topsy-turvy . ; embattled, in battle array; cut and dried; methodical, orderly, regular, systematic. 2. Consecutive Order 62. Precedence. — N. precedence; coming before &c. v.; the lead, le pas; superiority &c. 33; importance &c. 642; anteced-ence, -ency; anteriority &c. (front) 234; precursor &c. 64; priority &c. 116; precession &c. 280; anteposi- tion; epacme; preference. V. precede; come -before, - first; head, lead, take the lead; lead the -way, - dance; introduce, usher in; have the pas; set the fashion &c. (influence) 175; open the ball; take- have- pre- cedence; have the start &c. (get before) 280- place before; prefix; premise, prelude, preface. Adj. preceding &c. v.; pre-, ante- cedent; anterior; prior &c. 116; before; former, foregoing; before-, above-, afore- mentioned; aforesaid, said; precurs- ory, -ive; prevenient, prehminary, pref- 63. Sequence. — N. sequence, com- ing after; going after &c. (following) 281; consecution, succession; posteri- ority &c. 117. continuation; order of succession; successiveness; paracme. secondariness; subordinancy &c. (iTi- feriority) 34. after-birth, -burden; placenta, sec- undines. V. succeed; come -after, - on, - next; follow, ensue, step into the shoes of; alternate. place after, suffix, append. Adj. succeeding &c. v.; sequent; sub-, con-sequent; sequacious, proximate, next; consecutive &c. (cordinuity) 69; alternate, amoebean. latter; posterior &c. 117. Adv. after, subsequently; behind &c. (rear) 235. 21 62 — 67 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. IV. 2 atory, introductory; prelus-ive, -ory; proemial, preparatory. Adv. before; in advance &c. (precession) 280. Phr. seniores priores; prior tempore prior jure. 64. Precursor. — N. precursor, ante- cedent, precedent, predecessor; fore- runner, vancourier, avant-coureur, pio- neer, prodrome f, prodromos, prodromus, outrider; leader, bellwether; herald, har- binger; dawn; avant-courier, bellmare, forelooper, foreloper, voorlooper, voor- trekker. 65. Sequel. — N. sequel, suffix, suc- cessor; tail, queue, train, wake, trail, rear; retinue, suite; appendix, postscript; epilogue; peroration; codicil; continua-, tion, sequela; appendage; tail -, heel- piece; tag, more last words; colophon. after-come, -growth, -part, -piece, -course, -thought, -game; arriere pensee, second thoughts; outgrowth. prelude, preamble, preface, prologue foreword, avant-propos, protasis, proe- mium, prolusion, proem, prolepsis, prolegomena, prefix, introduction; head- ing, frontispiece, groundwork; preparation &c. 673; overture, exordium, sym- phony; premises. prefigurement &c. 511; omen &c. 512. Adj. precursory; prelu-sive, -sory, -dious; proemial, introductory, prefa- tory, prodromous, inaugural, preliminary; precedent &c. {prior) 116. Phr. " a precedent embalms a principle " [Disraeli]. 66. Beginning. — N. beginning, com- mencement, opening, outset, incipi- ence, inception, inchoation; introduc- tion &c. (precursor) 64; alpha, initial; inauguration, d6but, le premier pas, em- barcation, rising of the curtain; maiden speech; outbreak, onset, brunt; initia- tive, move, first move; narrow -, thin- end of the wedge; fresh start, new depar- ture. origin &c. (cause) 153; source, rise; bud, germ &c. 153; egg, rudiment; genesis, birth, nativity, cradle, infancy; start, starting point &c. 293; dawn &c. (morning) 125. title-page; head, -ing; van &c. (front) 234; caption, fatihah. en-trance, -try; inlet, orifice, mouth, chops, lips, porch, portal, portico, propy- lon, door; gate, -way; postern, wicket, threshold, vestibule; propylseum; skirts, border &c. (edge) 231. first -stage, - blush, -'glance, - im- pression, - sight. rudiments, elements, outlines, gram- mar, alphabet, ABC. V. begin, commence, inchoate, rise, arise, originate, conceive, initiate, open, dawn, set in, take its rise, enter upon, enter; set out &c. (depart) 293; embark in; incept. usher in; lead -off, - the way; take the -lead, - initiative; inaugurate, head; stand -at the head, - first, - for; lay the foundations &c. (prepare) 673; found 22 67. End. — N. end, close, termina- tion; desinence, conclusion, finis, finale, period, term, terminus, last, omega; ex- treme, -tremity; gable -, butt -, fag- end; tip, nib, point; tail &c. (rear) 235; verge &c. (edge) 231; tag, peroration; bonne bouche; bottom dollar, tail end. consummation, dinouement; finish &c. (completion) 729; fate; doom, -sday; crack of doom, day of Judgment, fall of the curtain; goal, destination; limit, determination; expiration, expiry; death &c. 360; end of all things; finality; eschatology. break up, commencement de la fin, last stage, turning point; coup de grdce, deathblow; knock-out, - blow; sock- dolager* [U.S.]. V. end, close, finish, terminate, con- clude, be all over; expire; die &c. 360; come -, draw- to a -close &c. n. ; have run its course; run out, pass away. bring to an -end &c. n.; put an end to, make an end of; determine; get through; achieve &c. (complete) 729; stop &c. (make to cease) 142; shut up shop; hang up one's fiddle. Adj. ending &c. v.; final, terminal, definitive; crowning &c. (completing) 729; last, ultimate; hindermost; rear &c. 235; caudal; vergent. contermin-ate f, -ous, -able. ended &c. v.; at an end; settled, de- cided, over, played out, set at rest; conclusive. I. IV. 2 ORDER 66 — 70 penultimate; last but -one, - two, &c. unbegun, uncommenced; fresh. Adv. finally &c. adj.; in fine; at the last; once for all. Phr. " as high as Heaven and as deep as hell " [Beaumont & Fletcher]; deficit omne qvad nascitur [Quintilian]; era toute chose ilfaut con- Merer la fin; finemrespice; uUimus Bomanorum. &c. {cause) 153; set -up, - on foot, - agoing, - abroach, - the ball in motion; apply the match to a train; launch, broach; open -up, - the door to; set -about, - to work; make a -beginning, - start; handsel; take the first step, lay the first stone, cut the first turf; break -ground, - the ice, - cover; pass -, cross- the Rubicon; open -fire, - the ball; ventilate, air; undertake &c. 676. come into -existence, - the world; make one' & debut, take birth; burst forth, break out; spring -, crop- up. begin -at the beginning, - ah ovo, - again, - de novo; start afresh, make a fresh start, shuffle the cards, resume, recommence. Adj. beginning &c. v.; initi-al, -atory, -ative; inceptive, introductory, in- cipient; proemial, inaugural; incho-ate, -ative; embryonic, rudimental; pri- mogenial; primeval &c. (old) 124; aboriginal; natal, nascent. first, foremost, leading; maiden. begun &c. v. ; just -begun &c. v. Adv. at -, in- the beginning &c. n. ; first, in the first place, imprimis, first and foremost; in limine; in -the bud, - embryo, - its infancy; from -the be- ginning, - its birth; ab -initio, - ovo, - incunaiilis, - origine. Phr. aller Anfang ist schwer; dimidium facti qui coepit habet [Cicero] ; omnium rerum prin- cipia parva sunt [Cicero]. 68. Middle. — N. middle, midst, mediety t; mean &c. 29; medium, middle term; center &c. 222, mid-course &c. 628; m£zzo termine; juste milieu &c. 628; halfway house, nave, navel, omphalos; nucle-us, -olus. equidistance, bisection, half distance; equator, diaphragm, midriff; interja- cence &c. 228. Adj. middle, medial, mesial, mean, mid; middle-, mid-most; mediate; inter- mediate &c. (inierjacent) 228; equidistant; central &c. 222; mediterranean, equatorial; homocentric. Adv. in the middle; mid-, half-way; midships, amidships, in madias res. 69. [Uninterrupted sequence.] Con- tinuity. — N, continuity; consecu-tion, -tiveness &c. adj.; succession, round, suite, progression, series, train, chain; cat-, concat-enation; scale; gradation, course; ceaselessness, constant flow, un- broken extent. procession, column; retinue, cortege, cavalcade, rank and file, line of battle, array. pedigree, genealogy, lineage, race; an- cestry, descent, family, house; line, - of ancestors; strain. rank, file, line, row, range, tier, string, thread, team; suit; colonnade. V, foUow in -, form- a' series &c. n. ; fall in. arrange in a -series &c. n. ; strmg to- gether, file, thread, graduate, tabulate. Adj. continu-ous, -ed; consecutive; progressive, gradual; serial, successive; immediate, unbroken, entire; linear; in 70. [Interrupted sequence.] Discon- tinuity. — N. discontinuity; disjunc- tion &c. 44; anacoluthon; interruption, break, fracture, flaw, fault, crack, cut; gap &c. (interval) 198; solution of con- tinuity, caesura; broken thread; paren- thesis, episode, rhapsody, patchwork; intermission; alternation &c. (periodic- ity) 138; dropping fire. V. be -discontinuous &c. adj.; alter- nate, intermit. discontinue, pause, interrupt; inter- vene; break, - in upon, - off; interpose &c. 228; break -, snap- the thread; dis- connect &c. (disjoin) 44; dissever. Adj. discontinuous, unsuccessive, broken, interrupted, dicousu; dis-, un- connected; discrete, disjunctive; fitful &c. (irregular) 139; spasmodic, desul- tory; intermit-ting &c. v., -tent; alter- nate; recurrent &c. (periodic) 138. Adv. at intervals; by -snatches, - 23 69 — 73 ABSTRACT RELaiiujns I. IV. 2 a -line, - row &c. n.; uninter-nipted, -mitting; unremitting; perennial, ever- green; constant. Adv. continuously &c. adj.; seriatim; in a -line &c. n.; in -succession, - turn; running, gradually, step by step, gradatim, at a stretch; in -file, - single file, - Indian file. jerks, - skips, - catches, - fits and starts; skippingly, per saltum; longo intervallo. Phr. like " angel visits few and far be- tween " [Campbell]. column. 71. Term. — N. term, rank, station, stage, step; degree &c. 26; scale, re- move, grade, link, peg, roimd of the ladder, status, position, place, point, mark, pas, period, pitch; stand, -ing; footing, range. V. hold -, occupy -, find -, fall into- a place &c. n. 3. Collective Okder 72. Assemblage. — N. assemblage; col-lection, -location, -Ugation; com- pilation, levy, gathering, ingathering, muster, attroupement; team; con-course, -flux, -gregation, -tesseration f, -verg- ence &c. 290; meeting, lev6e, reunion, drawing room, at home; conversazione &c. {social gathering) 892; assembly, congress; conven-tion, -tide; gemote; conclave &c. (council) 696; posse, posse comitatus; Noah's ark. miscellany, collectanea; museum, me- nagerie &c. {store) 636; muscology. crowd, throng; flood, rush, deluge; rabble, mob, press, crush, cohue, horde, body, tribe; crew, gang, knot, squad, band, party; swarm, shoal, school, covey, flock, herd, drove; atajo; bunch, drive, force, mulada [U. S.] ; remuda; round-up [U. S.]; array, bevy, galaxy; corps, com- pany, troop, troupe; army, regiment &c. {combatants) 726; host &c. {multitude) 102; populousness. clan, brotherhood, association &c. (party) 712. volley, shower, storm, cloud. group, cluster, Pleiades, clump, pen- cil; set, batch, lot, pack; budget, assort- ment, bunch; parcel; pack-et, -age; bimdle, fascine, bale; ser-on, -oon; fagot, wisp, truss, tuft; shock, rick, fardel, stack, sheaf, haycock; fascicle, fascicule, fasciculus, gavel, hattock, stook. accumulation &c. (store) 636; congeries, heap, lump, pile, rouleau, tissue, mass, pyramid; bing; drift; snow-ball, -drift; acervation, cumulation; glom-, agglom-eration; conglobation; conglomer-ation, -ate; coacervation, coag- mentation, aggregation, concentration, congestion, omnium gatherum, spicile- gium, black hole of Calcutta; quantity &c. (greatness) 31. collector, gatherer; whip, -per in. V. [be or come together] assemble, collect, muster; meet, unite, join, rejoin; cluster, flock, swarm, surge, stream, herd, crowd, throng, associate; cbn-gre- gate, -glomerate, -centrate; center round, rendezvous, resort; come -, flock -, get -, pig- together; forgather; huddle; reassemble. [get or bring together] assemble, muster; bring -, get -, put -, draw -, 24 73. Nonassemblage. Dispersion. — N. dispersion; disjunction &c. 44; divergence &c. 291; aspersion; scattering &c. v.; dissemination, diffusion, dissi- pation, distribution; apportionment &c. 786; spread, respersionf, circumfusion, interspersion, spargef action t; affusion. waifs and estrays, flotsam and jet- sam, disjecta membra, [Hor.]; waveson. V. disperse, scatter, sow, disseminate, diffuse, shed, spread, bestrew, over- spread, dispense, disband, disembody, dismember, distribute; apportion &c. 786; blow off, let out, dispel, cast forth, draught off; strew, straw, strow; ted; spirtle, cast, sprinkle; issue, deal out, re- tail, utter; re-, inter-sperse; set abroach, circumfuse. turn -, cast- adrift; scatter to the winds; sow broadcast. spread hke wildfire, disperse them- selves. Adj. vmassembled &c. (see assemble &c. 72); dispersed &c. v.; sparse, dis- pread, broadcast, sporadic, widespread; epidemic &c. (general) 78; adrift, stray; disheveled, streaming. Adv. sparsim, here and there, passim. I. IV. 4 ORDER 72 — 79 scrape -, lump- together; col-lect, -locate, -ligate; get -, whip- in; gather; hold a meeting; con-vene, -voke, -vocate; rake up, dredge; heap, mass, pile; pack, put up, truss, cram; acervate f; ag-glcmerate, -gregate; compile; group, aggroup, concentrate, unite; collect -, bring- into a focus; amass, acciunulate &c. (store) 636; collect in a dragnet; heap Ossa upon Pelion. Adj. assembled &c. v.; closely packed, dense, serried, crowded to suffoca- tion, teeming, swarming, populous; as thick as hops; all of a heap, fascicu- lated; cumulative. Phr. the plot thickens; acervatim; tibi seris tibi metis. 74. [Place of meeting.] Focus. — N. focus; point of- convergence &c. 290; corradiation; center &c. 222; gathering place, resort; haunt; retreat; venue; ren- dezvous; rallying point, headquarters, home, club; depot &c. {store) 636; tryst- ing place; place of -meeting, - resort, - assignation; -point de reunion; issue. V. bring to -a point, - a focus, - an issue. 4. DlSTHIBUTIVE OhDEK 75. Class. — N. class, division, category, categorema, head, order, section; department, province, domain. kind, sort, genus, species, variety, family, race, tribe, caste, sept, clan, breed, type, lat, sect, set; assortment; feather, kidney; suit; range; gender, sex, kin. manner, description, denomination, designation, character, stamp; predica- ment; indication, particularization, selection, specification. similarity &c. 17. 77. Exclusion. 1 — N. exclusion &c. 55. 76. Inclusion. [Comprehension un- der, or reference to a class.] — N. inclu- sion, admission, comprehension, recep- tion. composition &c. (inclusion in a compound) 54. V. be -included in &c.; come -, fall -, range- under; belong -, pertain- to; range with; merge in. include, comprise, comprehend, contain, admit, embrace, receive; inclose &c. (circumscribe) 229 ; embpdy, encircle. reckon -, enumerate -, number- among; refer to; place -, arrange- -under, - with; take into account. Adj. includ-ed, -ing &c, v.; inclusive; congen-er, -erous; of the same -class, &c. 75; encircling. Phr. a maximis ad minima, et hoc genus omne, &c., etc. ; et ccetera. 78. Generality. — N. general-ity, -ization; universality; catholic-ity, -ism; miscel-lany, -laneousness; dragnet; com- mon run; worldwideness. every-one, -body; all hands, all the world and his wife; anybody, N or M, all sorts. prevalence, run. V. be -general &c. adj.; prevail, be going about, stalk abroad. render -general &c. adj.; generaUze. Adj. general, generic, collective; broad, comprehensive, sweeping; ency- 79. Speciality. — N. speciahty, spe- cialite; individ-uality, -uity f; partic- ularity, peculiarity; idiocrasy &c. (tend- ency) 176; personality, characteristic, mannerism, idiosyncrasy; specificness &c. adj.; singularity &c. (unconform- ity) 83; reading, version, lection; state; trait; distinctive feature; technicahty; differentia. particulars, details, items, coimts; minutiae. I, self, I myself; my-, him-, her-, it- self. • The same set of words are used to express Exclusion from a class and Exclusion from a com- pound. Reference is therefore made to the former at 55. This identity does not occvir with regard to Inclusion, which therefore constitutes a separate category. 25 78 — 83 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. IV. 4 V. specify, particularize, individualize, realize, specialize, designate, determine; denote, indicate, point out, select. descend to particulars, enter into de- tail, come to the point. Adj. special, particular, individual, specific, proper, personal, original, pri- vate, respective, definite, determinate, especial, certain, esoteric, endemic, par- tial, party, peculiar, appropriate, several, characteristic, diagnostic, exclusive; sin- gular &c. (exceptional) 83; idiomatic; typical. this, that; yon, -der. Adv. specially &c. adj.; in particu- lar, in proprid persond; ad hominem; for my part. each, apiece, one by one; severally, respectively, each to each; senaiim, in detail, bit by bit; pro -hac vice, - re natd. namely, that is to say, videlicet, viz.; to wit. Phr. le style est I'homme mime. clopedical, widespread &c. (dispersed) 73. universal; catho-lic, -lical; common, world-wide; ce-, e-cumenical; transcen- dental; prevalent, prevailing, rife, epi- demic, besetting; all over, covered with. Pan-American, -Anglican, -Hellenic, -Germanic, -slavic; panharmonic. every, all; unspecified, impersonal. customary &c. (habitual) 613. Adv. what-ever, -soever; to a man, one and all. generally &c. adj.; always, for better for worse; in general, generally speak- ing; speaking generally; for the most , part; in the long run &c. (on an average) 29. 5. Oedeb as Regards Categokies 80. Rule. — N. regularity, uniform- ity, constancy, clock-work precision; punctuality &c. (exactness) 494; even tenor; system; routine &c. (custom) 613; formula; rule &c. (form, regulation) 697; keynote, standard, model; precedent &c. (prototype) 22; conformity &c. 82. nature, principle; law; order of things; normal -, natural -, ordinary -, model- -state, - condition; standing -dish, - order; Procrustean law; law of the Medes and Persians; hard and fast rule. Adj. regular, uniform, constant, steady; according to rule &c. (conform- able) 82; customary &c. 613; methodical, orderly. 82. Conformity. — N. confonn-ity, -ance; observance; habituation. naturalization; conventionality &c. (custom) 613; agreement &c. 23. example, instance, specimen, sample, quotation; exemplification, illustration, case in point; object lesson; elucidation. pattern &c. (prototype) 22. V. conform to, - rule; accommodate -, adapt- oneself to; rub off corners. be -regular &c. adj. ; move in a groove; follow -, observe -, go by -, bend to -, obey- -rules, - precedents; comply -, tally -, chime in -, fall in- with; be -guided, - regulated- by; fall into a -custom, - usage; follow the -fashion, 26 81. Multiformity. — N. multi-, omni-formity; variety, diversity; multi- fariousness &c. adj. ; varied assortment. Adj. multi-form, -fold, -farious, -gen- erous, -plex; variform, manifold, many- sided; omni-form, -genous, -farious; heterogeneous, motley, mosaic; epicene, indiscriminate, desultory, irregular, di- versified, different, divers; all manner of; of -every description, - all sorts and kinds; et hoc genus omne; and what not? de omnibus rebus et quibusdam aliis. Phr. " harmoniously confused " [Pope]; " variety's the very spice of life " [Cowper]. 83. Unconformity. — N. noncon- formity &c. 82; un-, dis-conformity; unconventionality, informality, abnor- mity, anomaly; anomalousness &c. adj.; exception, peculiarity; infraction -, breach -, violation -, infringement- of -law, - custom, - usage; teratism, eccen- tricity, bizarrerie, oddity, je ne sais quoi, monstrosity, rarity; freak of Nature; rouser, snorter * [U. S.]. individuahty, idiosyncrasy, original- ity, mannerism. aberration; irregularity; variety; sin- gularity; exemption; salvo &c. (qmli- fkation) 469. nonconformist; nondescript, charac- I. IV. 5 ORDER 82 — 83 - multitude; pass muster,, do as others do, hurler avec les loups; do at Rome as the Romans do; go -, swim- with the -stream, - current, - tide; tread the beaten track &c. {habit) 613; keep one in countenance. exemplify, illustrate, cite, quote, put a case; produce an -instance &c. n.; elucidate, explain. Adj. conformable to rule; regular &c. 80; according to -regulation, - rule, - Cocker, - Gunter; en regie, selon les regies, well regulated, orderly; symmet- ric &c. 242. conventional &c. (customary) 613; of -daily, - everyday- occurrence; in the natural order of things; ordinary, com- mon, habitual, usual. in the order of the day; naturalized. typical, normal, formal; canonical, orthodox, sound, strict, rigid, positive, uncompromising, Procrustean. secundum artem, shipshape, technical. exemplary, illustrative, in point. Adv. conformably &c. adj.; by rule; agreeably to; in -conformity, - accord- ance, - keeping- with; according to; consistently with; as usual, ad instar, instar omnium; more -solito, - majorum. for the sake of conformity; of -, as a matter of- course; pro formd, for form's sake, by the card. invariably &c. (uniformly) 16. for -example, - instance; exempli gratid; e. g. ; inter alia. Phr. cela va sans dire; ex pede Herculem; noscitur a sociis; ne e qiwvis ligno Mercurivs fiat [Erasmus]; " they are happy men whose na- tures sort with their vocations " [Baconl. ter, original, nonsuch, monster, prodigy, wonder, miracle, curiosity, flying fish, black swan, lusus naturce, rara avis, queer fish; mongrel; half-caste, -blood, -breed; metis, crossbreed, hybrid, mule, mulatto; tertium quid, hermaphrodite. phoenix, chimera, hydra, sphinx, min- otaur; griff-in, -on; centaur; xiphopa- gus; hippo-griff, -centaur; saggittary; kraken, cockatrice, wyvern, roc, dragon, sea serpent; mermaid; unicorn; Cyclops, " men whose heads do grow beneath their shoulders " [Othello]; teratology. fish out of water; neither -one thing nor another, - fish flesh nor fowl nor good red herring; one in a -way, - thou- sand; out-cast, -law; oasis. V. be -uncomformable &c. adj.; ab- normalize; leave the beaten -track, - path; infringe -, break -, violate- a -law, - habit, - usage, - custom; drive a coach and six through; stretch a point; have no business there; baffle -, beggar- all description. Adj. uncomformable, exceptional; ab- norm-al, -ous; anomal-ous, -istic; out of -order, - place, - keeping, - tune, - one's element; irregular, arbitrary; tera- togenic; lawless, informal, aberrant, stray, wandering, wanton; peculiar, exclusive, unnatural, eccentric, egre- gious; out of the -beaten track, - com- mon, - common run, - pale of; misplaced; funny. un-usual, -accustomed, -customary, -wonted, -common; rare, singular, unique, curious, odd, extraordinary, strange, monstrous; wonderful &c. 870; unexpected, unaccountable; outre, out of the way, remarkable, nptewqrthy; queer, quaint, nondescript, none such, sui generis; original, unconventional, un- fashionable; un-described, -precedented, -paralleled, -exampled, -heard of, -famihar; fantastic," newfangled, grotesque, bizarre; outlandish, exotic, tomh6 des nues, preternatural; denaturalized. heterogeneous, heteroclite, amorphous, mongrel, amphibious, epicene, half blood, hybrid; androgyn-ous, -al; unsymmetric &c. 243; adelomorphous, bisexual, hermaphrodite, monoclinous. qualified &c. 469. Adv. unconformably &c. adj.; except, unless, save, barring, beside, without, save and except, let alone, however, yet, but. Int. what -on earth! - in the world! Phr. never was -seen, - heard, - known- the like. 27 84 — 86 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I- v. 1 Section V. NUMBER 1. NUMBEH, IN THE AbSTHACT 84. Number. — N. number, symbol, numeral, figure, cipher, digit, integer; counter; round number; formula; function; series. sum, difference, complement, subtrahend; product; multipli-cand, -er, -cator; coefficient, multiple; dividend, divisor, factor, quotient, submultiple, frac- tion; mixed number; numerator, denominator; decimal, circulating decimal, repetend; common measure, aUquot part; reciprocal; prime number; totient. permutation, combination, variation; election. ratio, proportion; progression; arithmetical -, geometrical -, harmonical- progression; percentage. figurate -, pyramidal -, polygonal- numbers. power, root, exponent, index, logarithm, antilogarithm; modulus. differential, integral, fluxion, fluent. Adj. numeral, complementary, divisible, aliquot, reciprocal, prime, frac- tional, decimal, figurate, incommensurable. proportional, exponential, logarithmic, logometric, differential, fluxional, in- tegral, totitive. positive, negatiye; rational, irrational; surd, radical, real, imaginary, im- possible. 85. Numeration. — N. numeration; numbering &c. v.; pagination; tale, recension, enumeration, summation, reckoning, computation, supputationt; calcu-lation, -lus; algorithmf, algorism, rhabdology, dactylonomy; measure- ment &c. 466; statistics. arithmetic, analysis, algebra, fluxions; differential -, integral -, infinitesimal- calculus; calculus of differences. [Statistics] dead reckoning, muster, poll, census, capitation, roll call, recapit- ulation; account &c. (list) 86. [Operations] notation, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, rule of three, practice, equations, extraction of roots, reduction, involution, evolution, approximation, interpolation, differentiation, integration. [Instruments] abacus, suan-pan, logometer, sliding rule, tallies, Napier's bones, calculating machine, difference engine; adding machine; cash register. arithmetician, calculator, abacist, algebraist, mathematician. V. number, count, tell; call -, run- over; take an account of, enumerate, muster, poll, recite, recapitulate; sum; sum -, cast- up; tell off, score, cipher, compute, calculate, supputef, add, subtract, multiply, divide, extract roots, algebraize. check, prove, demonstrate, balance, audit, overhaul, take stock; affix nimi- bers to, page. amount -, come- to. Adj. numer-al, -ical; arithmetical, analytic, algebraic, statistical, numer- able, computable, calculable; commensur-able, -ate; incommensur-able, -ate. 86. List. — N. list, catalog(ue), inventory, schedule; register &c. (record) 551; account; bill, - of costs; syllabus; terrier, tally, file; calendar, index, table, atlas, contents; book, ledger; synopsis, catalogue raisonnS; tableau; invoice, bill of lading; prospectus, program (me) ; bill of fare, menu, carte; score, census, sta- tistics, returns; Red -, Blue -, Domesday- book; cadastre; directory, gazetter. almanac; army -, clergy -, civil service -, navy-Hst; Almanach de Gotha, ca- daster, card index, dictionary, Lloyd's register, nautical almanac, who's who. roll; check -, checker -, bead- roll; muster -roll, - book; roster, panel; cartu- lary, diptych. Adj. cadastral. 28 I. V. 2 NUMBER 87 — 91 2. Determinate Number 87. Unity. — N. unity; oneness &c. adj.; individuality; solitude &c. (seclu- sion) 893; isolation &c. {disjunction) 44; unification &c. 48. one, unit, ace; individual; none else, no other. V. be -one, - alone &c. adj. ; dine with Duke Humphrey. isolate &c. (disjoin) 44. render one; unite &c. (join) 43, (com- bine) 48. Adj. one, sole, single, solitary; indi- vidual, apart, alone; kithless. un-accompanied, -attended; solus, single-handed; gingular, odd, unique, unrepeated, azygous, first and last; iso- lated &c. (disjoined) 44; insular. monospermous; uni-fic, -florous, -fo- liate, -genital, -literal, -locular, -modu- lar. lone; lone-ly, -some; desolate, dreary. in-secablef, -severable, -discerptible; compact, irresolvable. Adv. singly &c. adj. ; alone, by itself, per se, only, apart, in the singular num- ber, in the abstract; one -by one, - at a time; simply; one and a half, sesqui-. Phr. natura il fece, e poi roppe la stampa; du fort au foible; " two souls with but a single thought, two hearts that beat as one." 88. Accompaniment. — N, accom- paniment; adjunct &c. 39; context; appendage, appurtenance. coexistence, concomitance, company, association, companionship; part-, co- part-nership; coefficiency. concomitant, accessory, coefficient; companion, attendant, fellow, associate, consort, spouse, colleague; part-, co- part-ner; satellite, hanger on, shadow; escort, cortege; attribute. V. accompany, coexist, attend; hang -, wait- on; go hand in hand with; syn- chronize &c. 120; bear -, keep- com- pany; row in the same boat; bring in its train; associate -, couple- with. Adj. accompanying &c. v.; concomi- tant, fellow, twin, joint; associated -, coupled- with; accessory, attendant, ob- bligato. Adv. with, withal; together--, along -, in company- with; hand in hand, side by side; cheek by -jowl, - jole; arm in arm; there-, here-with; and &c. (ad- dition) 37. together, in a body, collectively. Phr. noseitur a sodis; virtutis fortuna comes. 89. Duality. — N. dual-ity, -ism; duplicity; bi-pHcity, -formity; polarity. two, deuce, couple, brace, pair, cheeks, twins. Castor and Pollux, gemini, Siamese twins; fellows; yoke, conjugation; dispermy, doublets, dyad, span. V. [unite in pairs] pair, couple, bracket, yoke; conduplicate; mate, span [U. S.]. Adj. two, twain; dual, -istic; binary, binomial; twin, biparous; dyadic; con- dupficate; duplex &c. 90; biduous, binate, diphyletic, dispermic, unijugate; t&te-d-tete. coupled &c. V. ; conjugate. both, - the one and the other. 90. Duplication. — N. dupUcation; doubling &c. v.; gemi-, ingemi-nation; reduplication; iteration &c. (repetition) 104; renewal. V. double; re-double, -duplicate; geminate; repeat &c. 104; renew &c. 660. Adj. double; doubled &c. «.; bi- cipital, -cephalous, -dental, -labiate, -valve, -valvular, -fold, -form, -lateral, -farious, -facial; two-fold, -sided; diso- matous; duplex; double-faced, -headed; twin, duplicate, ingeminate; second. 91. [Division into two parts.] Bi- section. — N. bi-section, -partition; di-, subdi-chotomy; halving &c. v.; di- midiation. bifurcation, forking, branching, rami- fication, divarication; fork, prong; fold. half, moiety. V. bisect, halve, divide, split, cut in two, cleave, dimidiate, dichotomize. go halves, divide with. separate, forli, bifurcate; branch -off, - out; ramify. Adj. bisected &c. v.; cloven, cleft; 29 90—99 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. V. 2 Adv. twice, once more; over again &c. (repeatedly) 104; as much again, twofold, secondly, in the second place, again. bipartite, biconjugate, bicuspid, bifid; bifur-cous, -cate, -cated; distichous, dichotomous, furcular; semi-, demi-, hemi-. 92. Triality. — N. triality, trinity; ^ triunity. three, triad, triplet, trey, trio, temion, leash; shamrock, tierce, spike-team [U. S.], trefoil; tri-angle, -dent, -ennium, -gon, -nomial, -onym, -plopia, -pod, -reme, -seme, -skele, -skelion, -sula. third power, cube. Adj. three; tri-form, -nal, -nomial; tertiary; triune; triarch, triadic. Phr. triajuncta in uno. 93. Triplication. — N. tripli-cation, -city; trebleness, trine. V. treble, triple, triplicate, cube. Adj. treble, triple; tern, -ary; tripli- cate, threefold, trilogistic; third; trinal, trine. Adv. three -times, - fold; thrice, in the third place, thirdly; trebly &c. adj. 94. [Division into three parts.] Tri- section. — N. tri-section, -partition, -chotomy; third, - part. V. trisect, divide into three parts. Adj. trifid; trisected&c.t).;tri-partite, -chotomous, -sulcate. tri-adelphous, -angular, -cuspid, -cap- sular, -dental, -dentate, -dentiferous, -foliate, -furcate, -gonal, -grammic, l-granamatic, -petalous, -podal, -podic, -quetral, -quetrous. 95. Quatemity. — N. quaternity, four, tetrad, quartet, quaternion, square, quarter; tetract, tetragon. quad-rangle, -rature, -rifoil, -riform, -ruplet; quatrefoil. V. reduce to a square, square. Adj. four; quat-ernary, -ernal; quadratic; quartile; tetract, -ic, -inal; tetrad, tetragonal. 96. Quadruplication. — N. quad- ruplication. V. multiply by four, quadruplicate, biquadrate. Adj. fourfold; quad-rable, -ruma- nous, -ruple, -ruplicate, -rible; fourth. quadri-foliate, -foliolate, -geminal, -geminate, -planar, -serial. Adv. four times; in the fourth place, fourthly, 97. [Division into four parts.] Quad- risection. — N. quadri-section, -parti- tion; quartering &c. v.; fourth; quart, -er, -em; farthing (i. e. fourthing). V. quarter, divide into four parts. Adj. quartered &c. v.; quadri-fid, -partite; 98. Five, &c. — N. five, cinque, quint, quincimx; six, half-a-dozen; seven; eight; nine, three times three; dicker; ten,' decade; eleven; twelve, dozen; thirteen; long -, baker's- dozen; quintuplet; twenty, score; twenty-four, four and twenty, two dozen; twenty-five, five and twenty, quarter of a hundred; forty, two score; fifty, half a himdred; sixty, three score; seventy, three score and ten; eighty, fourscore; ninety, fourscore and ten; sestiad. hundred, centenary, hecatomb, century; hundredweight, cwt. ; one hundred and forty-four, gross. thousand, chiUad; myriad, ten thousand; lac, one hundred thousand, plum; million; thousand miUion, miUiard. 99. Quinquesection, &c. — N. di- vision by -five &c. 98; quinquesection &c. ; decimation; fifth &c. V. decimate; quinquesect. Adj. quinque-fid, -literal, -partite; quinquarticular; octifid; decimal, tenth, tithe; duodecimal, twelfth; sexa-gesimal, -genary; hundredth, centesimal; millesi- mal &c. 30 ' Trinity is hardly ever used except in a theological sense; see Deity 976. I. V.3 NUMBER 98 — 104 billion, trillion &c. V. centuriatet; quintuplicate. Adj. five, quinary, quintuple; fifth; senary, sextuple; sixth; seventh; sep- tuple; octuple; eighth; ninefold, ninth; tenfold, decimal, denary, decuple, tenth; eleventh; duo-denary, -denal; twelfth; in one's 'teens, thirteenth. vices-, viges-imal; twentieth; twenty-fourth &c. n.; vicenary, vicennial. cent-uple, -uplicate, -ennial, -enary, -urial; secular, hundredth; thou- sandth, &o. 3. Indeterminate Nxjmbek 100. [More than one.] Plurality. — N. plurality; a -number, - certain num- ber; one or two, two or three &c.; a few, several; multitude &c. 102; ma- jority. Adj. plural, more than one, upwards ofy some, certain; not -alone &c. 87. Adv. et cetera, &c., etc. Fhr. rum deficit alter. 102. Multitude. — N. multitude; nxunerousness &c. adj.; numer-osity, -ality; multiplicity; profusion &c. {plenty) 639; legion, host; great -, large -, round -, enormous- number; a quan- tity, numbers, array, sight, army, sea, galaxy; scores, peck, bushel, shoal, swarm, draught, bevy, cloud, flock, herd, drove, flight, covey, hive, brood, litter, farrow, fry, nest; crowd &c. (as- semblage) 72; lots; all the world and his wife. [Increase of number] greater number, majority; multiplication, multiple. V. be -nimierous &c. adj.; swarm -, teem -, creep -with; crowd, swarm, come thick upon; outnumber, multiply; people; swarm like -locusts, — bees. Adj. many, several, sundry, divers, various, not a few; Briarean; a -hun- dred, - thousand, - myriad, - million, - quadrillion, - nonillion, - thousand and one; some -ten or a dozen, - forty or fifty &c. ; half a -dozen, - hundred &c. ; very- full-, ever so- many; niuner-ous, -ose; profuse, in profusion; manifold, multiplied, multitudinous, multiple, multinomial, teeming, populous, peopled, crowded, thick, studded; galore. thick coming, many more, more than one can tell, a world of; no end -of, - to; cum multis aliis; thick as -hops, - hail; plenty as blackberries; numerous as the -stars in the firmament, - sands on the seashore, - hairs on the head; and -what not, - heaven knows what; endless &c. {infinite) 105. Phr. their name is " I^egion "; acervatim; en foiik; " many-headed multitude " [Sidney]; " nimjerous as glittering gems of morning dew " [Young]; vd prece vel pretio. 104. Repetition. — N. repetition, iteration, reiteration, harping, recurrence, succession, run; batto-, tauto-logy; monotony, tautophony; rhythm &c. 138; diffuseness, pleonasm, redundancy. chimes, repetend, echo, ritornello, burden of a song, refrain; rehearsal; re- chauffi, rifadmenio, recapitulation. 31 100a. [Less than one.] Fraction. — N. fraction, fractional part; part &c. 51. Adj. fractional, fragmentary, incon- siderable. 101. Zero. — N. zero, nothing; naught, nought; cipher, none, nobody; nichts, nixie *, nix * ; not a soul ; dme qui vive ; ab- sence &c. 187; unsubstantiality &c. 4. Adj. not -one, - any. 103. Fewness. — N. fewness &c. adj.; paucity, small number; small quantity &c. 32; rarity; infrequency &c. 137; handful, maniple; minority; exigu- ity. [Diminution of number] reduction; weeding &c. v.; elimination, sarcula- tiont, decimation; eradication. V. be -few &c. adj. render -few &c. adj.; reduce, diminish the number, weed, eliminate, thin, deci- mate. Adj. few; scant, -y; thin, rare, thinly scattered, few and far between; exig- uous; infrequent &c. 137; rari nantes; hardly -, scarcely- any; to be coimted on one's fingers; reduced &c. v.; unre- peated. Adv. here and there. 104 — 107 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. v. 3 cuckoo &c. (imitation) 19; reverberation &c. 408; drumming &c. (roll) 407; renewal &c. (restoration) 660. twice-told tale; old -story, - song; second -, new- edition; reappearance, re- production; periodicity &c. 138. V. repeat, iterate, reiterate, reproduce, echo, reecho, drum, harp upon, battologize, hammer, redouble. recur, revert, return, reappear; renew &c. (restore) 660. rehearse; do -, say- over again; ring the changes on; harp on the same string; din -, driun- in the ear; conjugate in all its moods tenses and inflexions, begin again, go over the same ground, go the same round, never hear the last of; re- sume, return to, recapitulate, reword. Adj. repeated &c. v.; repetition-al, -ary; recur-rent, -ring; ever recurring, thick coming; frequent, incessant; redundant, pleonastic. monotonous, harping, iterative, unvaried; mocking, chiming; retold; afore- said, -named; above-mentioned, said; habitual &c. 613; another. Adv. repeatedly, often, again, anew, over again, afresh, once more; ding- dong, ditto, encore, de novo, bis, da capo. again and again; over and over, - again; many times over; time- and again, - after time; year after year; day by day &c.; many -, several -, a number of- times; many -, full many- a time; frequently &c. 136. Phr. ecce iterum Crispinus; toujours perdrix; " cut and come again " [Crabbe]; " to-morrow and to-morrow and to-morrow" [Macbeth]; cantilenam eandem canis [Terence]; nullum est jam dictum quod non dictum sit prius [Terence]. 105. Infinity. — N. infini-ty, -tude, -teness &c. adj.; perpetuity &c. 112; boundlessness. V. be -infinite &c. adj. ; know -, have- no -limits, - bounds; go on for ever. Adj. infinite; immense; number-, covmt-, sum-, measure-less; innumer-, immeasur-, incalcul-, illimit-, intermin-, unfathom-, unapproach-able; ex- haustless, indefinite; without -number, - measure, - limit, - end; incompre- hensible; limit-, end-, bound-, term-less; un-told, -numbered, -measured, -bounded, -limited; illimited; perpetual &c. 112. Adv. infinitely &c. adj. ; ad infinitum. Phr. " aa boundless as the sea " [Borneo and Jidiet]. Section VI. TIME 1. Absolute Time 107. Nevemess.i — N. " nevemess"; absence of time, no time; dies non; Tib's eve; Greek Kalends. Adv. never; at no -time, - period; on no occasion, never in all one's born days, nevermore, sine die; in no degree. 106. Time. — N. time, duration; period, term, stage, space, span, spell, season; the whole -time, - period; course &c. 109; snap. intermediate time, while, interim, in- terval, pendency; inter-vention, -mis- sion, -mittence, -regnum, -lude; respite. era, epoch; time of fife, age, year, date; decade &c. (period) 108; moment, --^c. (instant) 113. glass -, ravages -, whirligig -, noiseless foot- of time; scythe. V. continue, last, endure, go on, remain, persist; intervene; elapse &c. 109; hold out. take -, take up -, fill -, occupy- time. pass -, pass away -, spend -, while away -, consume -, talk against- time; tide over; use -, employ- time; seize an opportunity &c. 134; waste time &c. (&e inactive) 683. Adj. continuing &c. v.; on foot; permanent &c. (durable) 110. ' A term introduced by Bishop Wilkins. 3S I. VI. 1 TIME 106 — 111 Adv. while, whilst, during, pending; during the -time, - interval; in the course of; for the time being, day by day; in the time of, when; mean-time, -while; in the -meantime, - interim; ad interim, pendente lite; de die in diem; from -day to day, - hour to hour &c. ; hourly, always ; for a -time, - season ; till, until, up to, yet; the whole -, all the- time; all along; throughout &c. (com- pletely) 52; for good &c. (diuturnity) 110. here-, there-, where-upon; then; anno,- Domini; a.d.; ante Christum; a.c; before Christ; b.c; anno urbis conditce; a.u.c; anno regni; a.r.; once upon a time, one fine morning. Phr. time -runs, - runs against. ad calendas Grcecas; " panting Time toileth after him in vain " [Johnson]; " 'gainst the tooth of time and razm'e of obUvion " [Measure for Measure] ; " rich with the spoils of time " • [Gray]_; tempiis edax rerum [Horace]; "the long hours come and go" [C. G. Rossetti]; " the time is out of joint " [Hamlet]; Time rolls his ceaseless course " [Scott]; " Time the foe of man's dominion " [Peacock]; " time wasted is existence, used is hfe " [Young]; irvdi- tur dies die [Horace]; volat hora per orbem [Lucretius]. 109. [Indefinite duration.] Course. — N. corridors -, sweep -, vesta -, course -, progress -, process -, succes- sion -, lapse -, flow -, flux -, stream -, tract -, current -, tide -, march -, step -, flight- of time; duration &c. 106. [Indefinite time] aorist. V. elapse, lapse, flow, run, proceed, advance, pass; roll -, wear -, press- on; flit, fly, slip, slide, glide; run -its course. out; expire; go -, pass- by; be -past &c. 122. Adj. elapsing &c. v.; aoristic; pro- gressive. Adv. in due -time, - season; in -course, - process, - the fullness- of time; in time. Phr. labitur ei labetur [Horace] ; truditur dies die [Horace] ; fugaces lahuntur anni [Hor- ace] " to-morrow and to-morrow creeps in this petty pace from day to day " [Macbeth]. 108. [Definite duration, or portion of time.] Period. — N. period; second, minute, hour, day, weels, month, quar- ter, year, decade, decennium, lustrum, quinquennium, lifetime, generation; epoch, ghurry, lunation, moon. century, age, millennium; annus mag- nus. Adj. horary; hourly, annual &c. (pe- riodical) 138. 108a. Contingent Duration. — Adv. during -pleasure, -good behavior; quan- diu se bene gesserit. 110. [Long duration.] Diuturnity. — N. diuturnity; a -long -, length of- time; an age, a century, an eternity; slowness &c. 275; perpetuity &c. 112; blue moon, coon's age [U. S.j, dog's age. dura-bleness, -bihty; persistence, last- ingness &c. adj.; continuance, standing; permanence &c. (stability) 150; survi-val, -vance; longevity &c. (age) 128; dis- tance of time. protraction -, prolongation -, exten- sion- of time; delay &c. (lateness) 133. V. last, endure, stand, remain, abide, continue, brave a thousand years. tarry &c. (be late) 133; drag -on, -its slow length along, - a lengthening chain; protract, prolong; spin -, eke -, draw -, lengthen- out; temporize; gain -, make -, talk against- time. out-last, -live; survive; hve to fight again. Adj. durable; lasting &c. v.; of long - duration, -standing; permanent, chron- 111. [Short duration.] Transient- ness. — N. transientness &c. adj.; eva- nescence, impermanence, fugacity, cadu- city, mortahty, span; nine days' wonder, bubble, May-fly; spurt; temporary ar- rangement, interregnum. velocity &c. 274; suddenness &c. 113; changeableness &c. 149. transient, - boarder, - guest [U. S.]. V. be -transient &c. adj.; flit, pass away, fly, gallop, vanish, fade, evapo- rate; pass away like a -cloud, - summer cloud, - shadow, - dream. Adj. transi-ent, -tory, -tive; passing, evanescent, fleeting; flying &c. v.; fug- acious, -itive; shifting, shppery; spas- modic. tempor-al, -ary; provis-ional, -ory; cursory, short-lived, ephemeral, decidu- ous; perishable, mortal, precarious; im- permanent. brief, quick, brisk, extemporaneous, summary; pressed for time &c. (haste) 33 110 — 115 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. VI. 1 ic, long-standing; intransi-ent, -tive; intransmutable, persistent; life-, live- long; longeval, long-lived, macrobiotic, diutumal, evergreen, perennial; semper- vir6nt, -virid; uninter-, unre-mitting; perpetual &c. 112. lingering, protracted, prolonged, spun out &c. v.; long-pending, -winded; slow &c. 275. Adv. long; for -a long time, - an age, - ages, - ever so long, - many a long day; long ago &c. (in a past time) 122; longo intervallo. all the -day long, - year round; the livelong day, as the day is long, morning day after day, &c.; for good; permanently 112. [Endless duration.] Perpetu- ity. — N. perpetuity, eternity, ever- ness,i aye, sempiternity, immortality, athanasia; everlastingness &c. adj.; per- petuation; continued -, uninterrupted- existence; perennity. V. last -, endure -, go on- for ever; have no end. eternize, perpetuate. Adj. perpetual, eternal; ever-during, -lasting, -living, -flowing; continual, sempiternal; coetemal; endless, unend- ing; ceaseless, incessant, « uninterrupt- ed, indesinentt, unceasing; interminable, having no end; unfading, evergreen, amaranthine; never-ending, -dying, -fading; deathless, immortal, undying, imperishable. Adv. perpetually &c. adj.; always, ever, evermore, aye; for -ever, - aye, - evermore, - ever and a day, - ever and ever; in all ages, from age to age; with- out end; world -, time- without end; in secula seculorum; to the -end of time, - crack of doom, - " last syllable of re- corded time " [Macbeth]; till doomsday; constantly &c. (very frequently) 136. Phr. esto perpetuum; labitur et hbelwr in omne volubilis cemim [Horace]; " but thou shall flourish in immortal youth " [Addison]: " Eter- nity! thou pleasing, dreadful thought ' [Addi- son]; " her immortal part with angels lives " [Romeo and Juliet]; ohne Hast aber ohne Rast [Goethe's motto]; orae sempre. 114. [Estimation, measurement, and record of time.] Ohronometry. — N. chrono-, horo-metry, -logy; date, epoch; style, era. almanac, calendar, ephemeris; regis- 684; sudden, momentary &c. (instarUor neous) 113. Adv. temporarily &c. adj.; pro tem- pore; for -the moment, - a time; awhile, en passant, in transitu; in a short time; soon &c. (early) 182; briefly &c. adj.; at short notice; on the -point, - eve -of; in articulo; between cup and lip. Phr. one's days are numbered; the time is up; here to-day and gone to-morrow; non semper erit (Bstas; eheu! Jugcuxs labuntur anni; sic transit gloria mundi; " a schoolboy's tale, the wonder of the hour! " [Byron]; dwm hqui- murfugerU irwidia iBtas;fugit hora. ' Bishop Wilkins. noon and night; hour after hour, &c. adj. 113. [Point of time.] Instantaneity. - N. instantane-ity, -ousness; sudden-, abrupt-ness. moment, instant, second, minute; twinkling, trice, flash, breath, crack, jiffy, coup, burst, flash of lightning, stroke of time. epoch, time; time of -day, - night;, hour, minute; very -minute &c., - time, - hour; present -, right -, true -, exact - correct- time. V. be -instantaneous «fec. adj.; twinkle, flash. Adj. instantaneous, momentary, sud- den, instant, abrupt ; subitaneousj, hasty; quick as -thought,^ - lightning; rapid as electricity. Adv. instantaneously &c. adj.; in -, in less than- no time; presto, svbito, instanter, suddenly, at a stroke, hke a shot; in a -moment &c. n.; in the twin- kling of -an eye, - a bedpost; in one's tracks; right away; toute a I'heure; at one jump, in the same breath, per sdUum, uno saUu; at -, all at- once; plump, slap; " at one fell swoop"; at the same -instant &c. n. ; immediately &c. (early) 132; extempore, on the -moment, - spot, - spur of the moment; just then; slap- dash &c. (haste) 684. Phr. touch and go; no sooner said than done. , 115. [False estimate of time.] An- achronism. — N. ana-, meta-, para-, pro-chronism; prolepsis, misdate; antic- ipation, antichronism. disregard -, neglect -, oblivion- of time. ' See note on 264. 34 I. VI.2 TIME 114 — 119 ter, -try; chronicle, annals, journal, diary, chronogram. [Instruments for the measurement of time] clock, watch; chrono-meter, -scope, -graph; repeater; time-keeper, -piece; dial, sundial, gnomon, horologe, pendulum, hourglass, clepsydra; ghurry. chrono-grapher, -loger, -logist; annaHst. V. fix -, mark- the time; date, register, chronicle; measure -, beat -, mark- time; bear date. Adj. chrono-logical, -metrical, -grammatical; cinque-, quattro-, tre-cento. Adv. o'clock. intempestivity &c. 135. V. mis-, ante-, post-, over-date; an- ticipate; take no note of time; anachro- nize. Adj. misdated &c. v.; undated; over- due; out of date. 2. Relative Time 1. Time with reference to Succession 116. Priority. — N. priority, ante- cedence, anteriority, precedence, pre- existence; precession &c. 280; precursor «fec. 64; the past &c. 122; premises. V. precede, come before; forerun; go before &c. Qead) 280; preexist; dawn; presage &c. 511; herald, usher in. be -beforehand &c. (6e early) 132; steal a march upon, anticipate, forestall; have -, gain- the start. Adj. prior, previous; preced-ing, -ent; anterior, antecedent ; pre-existing, -exist- ent; former, foregoing; before-, above- mentioned; aforesaid, said; introduc- tory &c. {■precursory) 64. Adv. before, prior to; earlier; pre- viously &c. adj.; afore, aforehand^ ere, theretofore, erewhile; ere -, before- -then, - now; erewhile, already, yet, beforehand; on the eve of. VPhr. ■prior tempore prior jure. 118. The Present Time. — N. the present -time, - day, - moment, - junc- ture, - occasion; the times, existing time, time being; twentieth century; nonce, crisis, epoch, day, hour. age, time of life. Adj. present, actual, instant, current, existing, that is. Adv. at this -time, - moment &c. 113; at the -present time &c. n.; now, at present; at hand. at this time of day, to-day, now-a- days; already; even -, but -, just- now; on the present occasion; for the -time being, - nonce; pro k&c vice; on the -nail, - spot; on the spur of the -moment, until now; to -this, - the present- day. Phr. " the present hour alone is man's " 117. Posteriority. — N. posterior- ity; succession, sequence; following &c. 281; subsequence, supervention; fu- turity &c. 121; successor; sequel &c. 65; remainder, reversion. V. follow &c. 281 -, come -, go- after; succeed, supervene; ensue, occur; step into the shoes of. Adj. subsequent, posterior, following, after, later, succeeding, postliminious, postnatef; postdiluvi-al, -an; puisne; posthumous; future &c. 121; after- dinner, postprandial. Adv. subsequently, after, afterwards, since, later; at a -subsequent, - later- period; next, in the sequel, close upon, thereafter, thereupon, upon which, eft- soons t ; from that -time, - moment ; after a -while, - time; in process of time. 119. [Time different from the pres- ent.] Different time. — N. different -, other- time. [Indefinite time] aorist. Adj. aoristic; indefinite. Adv. at that -, at which — time, - moment, - instant; then, on that occa- sion, upon, when; when-ever, -soever; upon which, on which occasion; at -another, - a different, - some other, - any- time; at various times; some -, one- -of these days, - fine morning; sooner or later; some time or other; once upon a time. - occasion. [Johnson]. 35 120 — 122 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. VI. 2 120. Synchronism. — N. sjmchronism; coexistence, coincidence; simul- taneousness &c. adj. ; concurrence, concomitance, unity of time, interim. [Having equal times] isochronism. contemporary, coetanian f. V. coexist, concur, accompany, go hand in hand, keep pace with; synchronize. Adj. synchron-ous, -al, -ical, -istical; simultaneous, coexisting, coincident, concomitant, concurrent; coev-al, -ous; contempora-ry, -neous; coetaneous; coeternal; isochronous. Adv. at the same time; simultaneously &c. adj.; together, in concert, during the same time; in the same breath; pari passu; in the interim. at the -very moment &c. 113; just as, as soon as; meanwhile &c. (while) 106. 122. [Retrospective time.] Preten- tion. — N. pretention; priority &c. 116; the past, past time; days -, times- -of yore, - of old, - past, - gone by; bygone days; old -, ancient -, former- times; fore time; the olden -, good old- time; lang syne; eldf- antiquity, antiqueness, status quo; time immemorial; distance of time; re- mote -age, - time; remote past; rust of antiquity. pale-ontology, -ography, -ology; pa- Iffitiology,^ archaeology; archaism, an- tiquarianism, medievalism, Pre-Raphael- itism; retrospection, looking back, mem- ory &c. 505. laudator temporis acti; medievalist, Pre-Raphaelite; antiqu-ary, -arian; ar- chaeologist &c.; Oldbuck, Dryasdust. ancestry &c. (paternity) 166. V. be -past &c. adj.; have -expired &c. adj., - run its course, - had its day; pass; pass -, go- -by, - away, - off; lapse, blow over. look -, trace -, cast the eyes- back; exhume. Adj. past, gone, gone by, over, passed away, bygone, foregone; elapsed, lapsed, preterlapsed, expired, no more, rim out, blown over, that has been, extinct, never to return, exploded, forgotten, irrecoverable; obsolete &c. (old) 124. former, pristine, quondam, ci-devard, late; ancestral. foregoing; last, latter; recent, over- night; preter-perfect, -pluperfect. looking back &c. v.; retro-spective, -active; archaeological &c. n. Adv. formerly; of -old, - yore; erst, whilom, erewhile, time was, ago, over; in -the olden time &c. n.; anciently, long -ago, - since; a long -while, - time- ago; years -, ages- ago; some time since, - back. 121. [Prospective time.] Futurity. — N. futur-ity, -ition; future, hereafter, time to come; approaching -, coming -, subsequent -, after- -time, - age, - days, - hours, - years, - ages, - life; morrow; millennium, doomsday, day of judgment, crack of doom, remote fu- ture. approach of time, advent, time draw- ing on, womb of time; destiny &c. 152; eventuality. heritage, heirs, posterity. prospect &c. (expectation) 507; fore- sight &c. 510. V. look forwards; anticipate &c. pect) 507, (foresee) 510; forestall (be early) 132. come -, draw- on; draw near; proach, await, threaten; impend (be destined) 152. Adj. future, to come; coming (impending) 152; next, near; near -, close- at hand; eventual, ulterior; in prospect &c. (expectation) 507. Adv. prospectively, hereafter, in fu- ture; kal, to-morrow, the day after to- morrow; in -course, - process, - the fullness- of time; eventually, ultimately, sooner or later; proximo; paulo post futurum; in after time; one of these days; after a -time, - while. from this time; hence-forth, -for- wards; thence; thence-forth, -forward; whereupon, upon which. soon &c. (early) 132; on the -eve, - point, - brink- of; about to; close upon. Phr. quid sit futurum eras fuge qucerere [Horace]. (ex- &c. ap- &c. &c. -ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday; last iiltimo; lately &c. (newly) 123. ■year, - season, - month &c.; » Whewell. 36 I. VI. 2 TIME 122 — 126 retrospectively; ere -, before -, till- now; hitherto, heretofore; no longer; once, - upon a time; from time immemorial; in the memory of man; time out of mind; already, yet, up to this time; ex post facto. Phr. time was; the time -has, - hath- been; fuimus Troes [Vergil];/mi Ilium [Vergil]; hoc erat in more majorum; " O call back yesterday, bid time return " [Richard II]; tempi passati; " the eternal landscape of the past " [Tennyson]: ultimus Romanorum; " what's past is prologue " [Tempest]; " whose yesterdays look backward with a smile " [Young]. B. Time with reference to a particular Period 123. Newness. — N. newness &c. adj.; novelty, recency; immaturity; youth &c. 127; gloss of novelty. innovation; renovation &c. (restora- tion) 660. modernism; mushroom, parvenu; lat- est fashion. V. renew &c. (restore) 660; modernize. Adj. new, novel, recent, fresh, green; young &c. 127; evergreen; raw, im- mature; virgin; un- tried, -handseled, -trodden, -beaten; fire-new, span-new. late, modern, neoteric; new-born, -fashioned, -f angled, -fledged; of yester- day; just out, brand-new, up to date; vernal, renovated; semper-virent, -virid. fresh as -a rose, - a daisy, - paint; spick and span. Adv. newly &c. adj.; afresh, anew, lately, just now, only yesterday, the other day; latterly, of late. not long -, a short time- ago. Phr. di noveUo tuito par hello; nullum est jam dictum, guod non dictum est prius; una scopa nuova spazza bene. 124. Oldness. — N. oldness&c. adj.; age, antiquity; cobwebs of antiquity. maturity; decline, decay; seniUty &c. 128. seniority, eldership, primogeniture, archaism &c. (the past) 122; thing -, rehc- of the past; megatherium; San- skrit. tradition, prescription, custom, imme- morial usage, common law. V. be -old &c. adj. ; have -had, - seen- its day; become -old &c. adj. ; age, fade. Adj. old, ancient, antique; of long standing, time-honored, venerable; eld- er, -est; firstborn. prime; prim-itive, -eval, -igenous; paleoanthropic; primordi-al, -nate; ab- original &c. (beginning) 66; diluvian, antediluvian; protohistoric; prehistoric; patriarchal, preadamite; paleocrystic; fossil, paleozoic, preglacial, antemim- dane; archaic, classic, medieval, Pre- Raphaelite, ancestral, black-letter. immemorial, traditional, prescriptive, customary, whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary; in- veterate, rooted. antiquated, of other times, rococo, of the old school, after-age, obsolete; out of -date, - fashion; stale, old-fashioned, behind the age; old-world; ex- ploded; gone -out, - by; passe, run out; senile &c. 128; time-worn; crmnbling &c. (deteriorated) 659; secondhand. old as -the hills, - Methuselah, - Adam, - history. Adv. since the -world was made, - year one, - days of Methuselah. Phr. Vetera extoUimus recentium incuriosi [Tacitus]. 125. Morning. [Noon.] — N. morn- ing, morn, forenoon, a. m., prime, dawn, daybreak; dayspring, foreday, sun-up; peep -, break- of day; aurora; first blush -, first fiush -, prime- of the morning; twilight, crepuscule, sunrise; cockcrow, -ing; the small hours. spring; vernal equinox. noon; mid-, noon-day; noontide, me- ridian, prime; nooning, noontime. summer, midsummer. Adj. matin, matutinal; vernal. 126. Evening. [Midnight.] — N. evening, eve; decline -, fall -, close- of day; candleUght, -ing; eventide, night- fall, curfew, dusk, twilight, eleventh hour; sun-set, -down; going down of the sun, cock- shutf, dewy eve, gloaming, bedtime. afternoon, postmeridian, p. m. autumn; fall, - of the leaf; autumnal equinox; Indian -, St. Luke's -, St. Martin's - summer. midnight; dead -, witching hour -, 37 125 — 130 ABSTRACT RELATIONS I. VI. 2 Adv. at -sunrise &c. n.; with the laxk, when the morning dawns. Phr. " at shut of evening flowers " [Paradise Lost]; entre chien et hup; " flames in the fore- head of the morning sky " [Milton] : " the breezy call of incense-breathing mom " [Gray]. witching time- of night; winter; killing time. Adj. vespertine, autumnal, nocturnal. Phr. " midnight, the outpost of advancing " sable-vested Night " day " [Longfellow]; [Milton]; "this gorgeous worlds inlay'd " [Young]. arch with golden 128. Age. — N. age; oldness &c. adj.; old -, advanced- age; sen-ility, -escence; years, anility, gray hairs, climacteric, grand climacteric, declining years, de- crepitude, hoary age, caducity, super- annuation; second child-hood, -ishness; dotage; vale of years, decline of life, " sear and yellow leaf " [Mac6e II. IV. 2 MOTION 272 — 275 express -, special -, corridor -, parlia- mentary -, luggage -, freight -, goods- train; 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd-class- -train, - carriage, - compartment; rolling stock; horse box, cattle truck; baggage-, ex- press-, freight-, parlor-, Pullman-, sleep- ing-, surface-, tram-, trolley-car; box- car, -wagon; horse car [U. S.]; hghtning express; luggage van; mail, -car, -van. shovel, spoon, spatula, ladle, hod, hoe; spade, spaddle, loy; spud; pitch fork. 2. Degrees op Motion balloon; airship, aeroplane ;bi-, mono-, tri-plane; hydroplane; aerodrome; air -, pilot -, fire- balloon; aerostat, Mont- golfier; kite, parachute. Adv. afloat, aboard; on -board, - ship board; hard-a -lee, -port, - star- board, - weather. 274. Velocity. — N. velocity, speed, celerity; swiftness &c. adj.; rapidity, eagle speed; expedition &c. (activity) 682; pernicity f; acceleration; haste &c. 684. spurt, rush, dash, race, steeple chase; smart -, lively -, swift &c. adj. -, rat- tling -, spanking -, strapping- -rate, - pace; round pace; flying, flight, gallop, canter, trot, round trot, run, scamper; hand -, full- gallop; amble. hghtning, Ught, electricity, wind; cannon ball, rocket, arrow, dart, hy- drargyrum, quicksilver; telegraph, ex- press train; torrent. eagle, antelope, courser, race horse, gazelle, greyhound, hare, doe, squirrel, camel bird, chickaree, chipmunk, hackee [U. S.], ostrich, scorcher*. Mercury, Ariel, Camilla, Harlequin. [Measurement of velocity] log, -hne. V. move quickly, trip, fiskf; speed, hie, hasten, post, spank, scuttle; scud, -die; scour, - the plain; scamper; run, - Uke mad; fly, race, run a race, cut away, shoot, tear, whisk, sweep, skim, brush; cut -, bowl- along; scorch; rush &c. (be violent) 173; dash -on^ - off, - forward; bolt; trot, gallop, amble, troll, bound, flit, spring, dart, boom; march in -quick, - double- time; ride hard, get over the ground. hurry &c. (hasten) 684; accelerate, put on; quicken; quicken -, mend- one's pace; clap spurs to one's horse; make -haste, - rapid strides, - forced marches, - the best .of one's way; put one's best leg foremost, stir one's stumps, wing one's way, set oS at a score; carry -, crowd- sail; g(?off Hke a shot, go ahead, gain ground; outstrip the wind, fly on the wings of the wind. keep -up, - pace- with; outstrip &c. 303; outmarch. 275. Slowness. — N. slowness &c. adj.; languor &c. (inactivity) 683; drawl; creeping &c. v., lentor. retardation; slackening &c. v.; delay &c. (lateness) 133; claudicationf. jog-, dog-trot; mincing steps; slow -march, - time. slow -goer, - coach, - back; lin- gerer, loiterer, sluggard, tortoise, snail; poke* [U. S.]; dawdle &c. (inactive) 683. V. move -slowly &c. adv.; creep, crawl, lag, slug, drawl, linger, loiter, saunter; plod, trudge, stump along, lum- ber; trail, drag; dawdle &c. (be inactive) 683; grovel, worm one's way, steal along; jog -, rub -, bundle- on; toddle, waddle, wabble, slug, traipse, slouch, shuffle, halt, hobble, limp, claudicatef, shamble; flag, falter, totter, stagger; mince, step short; march in -slow time, - funeral procession; take one's time; hang fire &c.. (be late) 133. retard, relax; slacken, check, moder- ate, rein in, curb; reef; strike -, shorten -, take in- sail; put on the drag, apply the brake; clip the wings; reduce the speed; slacken -speed, - one's pace; lose ground. Adj. slow, slack; tardy; dilatory «fec. (inactive) 683; gentle, easy; leisurely; deliberate, gradual; insensible, imper- ceptible; languid, sluggish, slow-paced, tardigrade, snail-Uke; creeping &c. v.; reptatorial. Adv. slowly &c. adj.; leisurely; pi- ano, adagio; largo, larghetto; at half speed, under easy sail; at a -foot's, - snail's, - funeral- pace; in slow time; with -mincing steps, - clipped wings; haud passibus oequis [Vergil]. gradually &c. adj.; gradatim; by -de- grees, - slow degrees, - inches, - little and little; step by step; inch by inch, 83 274 — 277 SPACE II. IV. 2 bit by bit, little by little, seriatim; con- secutively. Phr. dum Roma deliberat Saguntum perit. Adj. fast, speedy, swift, rapid, quick, fleet; aliped; nimble, agile, expeditious; express; active &c. 682; flying, galloping &c. v.; light-, nimble-footed; winged, eagle-winged, mercurial, electric, telegraphic; light-legged, light of heel; swift as -an arrow &c. n.; quick as -lightning &c. n., - thought.^ Adv. swiftly &c. adj.; with -speed &c. n.; apace; at -a great rate, - full speed, - railway speed; full -drive, - gallop; posthaste, in full sail, tantivy; trippingly; instantaneously &c. 113. under press of -sail, - canvas, - sail and steam; vdis et remis, on eagle's wing, in double quick time; with -rapid, - giant- strides; a pas de giant; in seven league boots; whip and spur; ventre a terre; as fast as one's -legs, - heels- will carry one; as fast as one can lay legs to the ground, at the top of one's speed; by leaps and bounds; with haste &c. 684. Phr. vires acquirit eundo; " I'll put a girdle about the earth in forty minutes " [M. N. D.]; " swifter than arrow from the Tartar's bow " [M. N. D.]; tempus fugit. 3. Motion conjoined with Force 277. Recoil. — N. recoil; re-, re- tro-action; revulsion; rebound, ricochet; re-percussion, -calcitration; kick, contre- coup; springing back &c. v.; elasticity &c. 325; reflexion, reflex, reflux; rever- beration &c. (resonance) 408; rebuff, re- pulse; return. ducks and drakes; boomerang; spring; reactionist. V. recoil, react; spring -, fly -, bound- back; rebound, reverberate, repercuss, recalcitrate; echo, ricochet. Adj. recoiling &c. v.; re-fluent, -per- cussive, -calcitrant, -actionary; retro- active. Adv. on the -recoil &c. n. 276. Impulse. — N. impulse, impul- sion, impetus; momentum; push, pul- sion, thrust, shove, jog, jolt, brunt, booming, boost [U. S.], throw; explo- sion &c. {violence) 173; propulsion &c. 284. percussion, concussion, collision, oc- cursionf, clash, encounter, cannon, ca- rambole, appulse, shock, crash, bump; impact; elan; charge &c. (attack) 716; beating &c. (punishment) 972. blow, dint, stroke, knock, tap, rap, slap, smack, pat, dab; fillip; slam, bang; hit, whack, thwack; cuff &c. 972; squash, dowse, whap, swap, punch, thump, pelt, kick, puncef, calcitration; made; arieta- tion t; cut, thrust, lunge, yerk f; carom, carrom, clip *, jab, plug *, sidewinder * [U. S.], sidewipe * [U. S.]. hammer, sledge hammer, mall, maul, mallet, flail; ram, -mer; battering- ram, monkey, pile-driving engine, punch, bat; cant hook; cudgel &c. (weapon) 727; ax &c. (sharp) 253. [Science of mechanical forces] dynamics; seismometer. V. give an -impetus &c. n.; impel, push; start, give a start to, set going; drive, urge, boom; thrust, prod, foin; cant; elbow, shoulder, jostle, justle, hustle, hurtle, shove, jog, jolt, encounter; run-, bump -, butt- against; knock, - run- one's head against; impinge; boost [U. S.]; bunt, carom, clip *; fan, -out; jab, plug*. strike, knock, hit, tap, rap, slap, flap, dab, pat, thump, beat, bang; slam, dash; punch, thwack, whack; hit -, strike- hard; swap, batter, dowsef, baste; pelt, patter, buffet, belabor; fetch one a blow; poke at, pink, lunge, yerk; kick, c^lcitrate; butt, strike at &c. (attack) 716; whip*&c. (punish) 972. come -, enter- into collision; collide; foul; faU -, run- foul of; telescope. throw &c. (propel) 284. Adj. impelling &c. v.; im-pulsive, -pellent; booming; dynamic, -al; im- pelled &c. V. Phr. " a hit, a very palpable hit " [Hamlet]. ' See note on 264. 84 II. IV. 4 MOTION 278 — 281 4. Motion with reference to Direction 278. Direction. — N. direction, bear- ing, course, set, drift, tenor; tendency &c. 176; incidence; bending, trending &c. v.; dip, taclc, aim, collimation; steer- ing, -age. point of the compass, cardinal points; North, East, South, West; N by E, ENE, NE by N, NE, &c.; rhumb, azi- muth, line of collimation. line, path, road, range, quarter, line of march; a-, al-lignment; air-, bee- line; straight shoot. V. tend -, bend -, point- towards; conduct -, go- to; point -to, - at; bend, trend, verge,, incline, dip, determine. steer -, make- -for, - towards; aim -, level- at; take aim; keep -, hold- a course; be bound for; bend one's steps towards; direct -, steer -, bend -, shape- one's course; align -, allign- one's march; go straight, - to the point; march -on, - on a point. ascertain one's -direction &c. n. ; s'o- rienter, see which way the wind blows; box the compass; take the air line. Adj. directed &c. v., - towards; pointing towards &c. v.; bound for; aligned -, alligned- with; direct, straight; un-deviating, -swerving ; straightfor- ward; North, -ern, -erly, &c. n. Adv. towards; on the -road, - high road- to; en avant; versus, to; hither, thither, whither; directly; straight, - forwards, - as an arrow; point-blank; in a -bee, - direct, - straight- line -to, - for, - with; in a line with; full tilt at, as the crow flies. before -, near -, close to -, against- the wind; windwards, in the wind's eye. through, vid, by way of; in all -di- rections, - manner of ways; quaqua- versum, from the four winds. 279. Deviation. — N. deviation; swerving &c. v.; obliquationf, warp, re- fraction; flection, flexion; sweep; de- flection, -flexure; declination. diversion, digression, departure from, aberration; divergence &c. 291; zigzag; detour &c. {circuit) 629 ; divagation. [Desultory motion] wandering &c. v.; vagrancy, evagation; bypaths and crooked ways; byroad. [Motion sideways, oblique motion] sidhng &c. v. ; knight's move at chess. V. alter one's course, deviate, depart from, turn, trend; bend, curve &c. 245; swerve, heel, bear off; gybe, wear. intervert; deflect; divert, - from its •course ; put on a new scent, shift, shunt, draw aside, crook, warp. stray, straggle; sidle; diverge &c. 291; tralineate f, digress, wander; wind, twist, meander; veer, tack; divagate; side- track; turn -aside, - a corner, - away from; wheel, steer clear of; ramble, rove, drift; go -astray, - adrift; yaw, dodge; step aside, ease off, make way for, shy. fly off at a tangent; glance off; wheel -, face- about; turn -, face- to the right about; waddle &c. (oscillate) 314; go out of one's way &c. {perform a circuit) 629; lose one's way. Adj. deviating &c. v.; aberrant, er- rant; ex-, dis-cursive; devious, desul- tory, loose; rambling; stray, erratic, vagrant, undirected; circuitous, indirect, zigzag; crab-like. Adv. astray from, round about, wide of the mark; to the right about; all manner of ways; circuitously &c. 629. obliquely, sideling, like the move of the knight on a chessboard. 280. [Going before.] Precession. — N. precession, leading, heading; pre- cedence &c. 62; priority &c. 116; the lead, le pas; van &c.- {front) 234; pre- cursor &c. 64. V. go -before, - ahead, - in the van, - in advance; precede, forerun; usher in, introduce, herald, head, take the lead; lead, - the way, - the dance; get -, have- the start; steal a march; get -be- fore, - ahead, - in front of; outstrip &c. 281. [Going after.] Sequence. — N. sequence; coming after &c. {order) 63; {time) 117; following; pursuit &c. 622. follower, attendant, satellite, shadow, dangler, train. V. foUow; pursue &c. 622; go -, fly- after. attend, beset, dance attendance on, dog; tread -in the steps of, - close upon; be -, go -, follow- in the -wake, - trail, - rear- of; follow as a shadow, hang on 85 280 — 285 SPACE II. IV. 4 303; take precedence &c. (first in order) 62. Adj. leading, precedent &c. v. Adv. in advance, before, ahead, in the van; fore-, head-most; in front. Phr. seniores priores. 282. [Motion forwards; progressive motion.] Progression. — N. progress, -ion, -iveness; advancing &c. v.; ad- vance, -ment; ongoing; flood tide, head- way; march &c. 266; rise; improve- ment &c. 658. V. advance; proceed, progress; get -on, - along, - over the ground; gain ground; forge ahead; jog -, rub -, wag- on; go with the stream; keep -, hold on- one's course; go -, move -, come -, get -, pass -, push -, press- -on, - forward, - forwards, - ahead; press onwards, step forward; make -, work -, carve -, push -, force -, edge -, elbow- one's way; make -progress, - head, - way, - head- way, - advances, - strides, - rapid strides &c. (velocity) 274; go -, shoot- ahead; distance; make up leeway. Adj. advancing &c. v.; pro-gressive, -fluent; advanced. Adv. forward, onward; forth, on, ahead, under way, en route for, on -one's way, - the way, - the road, - the high road- to; in -progress, - mid progress; in transitu &c. 270. Phr. vestigia nulla retrorsum; " westward the course of empire takes its way " [Berkeley]. -fluent, -flex the skirts of; tread -, follow- on the heels of; camp on the trail. lay, get behirid. Adj. following &c. v. Adv. behind; in the -rear &c. 235, - train of, - wake of; after &c. (order) 63, (time) 117. 283. [Motion backwards.] Regres- sion. — N. regress, -ion; retro-cession, -gression, -gradation, -action; reculade; retreat, withdrawal, retirement, remi- gration; recession &c. (motion from) 287; recess; crab-like motion. re-fluence, -flux; backwater, regur- gitation, ebb, return; resilience; re- flexion (recoil) 277; volte-face. counter -motion, - movement, - march; veering, tergiversation, recidiva- tion t, backsliding, fall; deterioration &c. 659; recidivism, recidivity. turning point &c. (reversion) 145. V. re-cede, -grade, -turn, -vert, -treat, -tire; retro-grade, -cede; back, - out; back down; balk; crawflsh* [U. S.], crawl*; withdraw; rebound &c. 277; go -, come -, turn -, hark -, draw -, fall -, get -, put -, run- back; lose ground; fall -, drop- astern; backwater, put about; take the back track; veer, - round; double, wheel, countermarch; ebb, re- gurgitate; jib, shrink, shy. turn -tail, - round, - upon one's heel, - one's back upon; retrace oiie's steps, dance the back step; sound -, beat- a retreat; go home. Adj. receding &c. v.; retro-grade, cidivous, -silient; crab-like; balky; re- -gressive; re-gressive actionary &c. 277. Adv. back, -wards; reflexively, to the right about; d reculons, d rebours Phr. revenons a nos mouions, as you were. 284. [Motion given to an object situated in front.] Propulsion. — N. pro-pulsion, -jection; propelment; vis a tergo; push &c. (impulse) 276; e-, jacula- tion; ejection &c. 297; throw, fling, toss, shot, discharge, shy. [Science of propulsion] projectiles, ballistics, archery. propeller, screw, twin screws, turbine. missile, projectile, ball, discus, quoit, brickbat, shot; arrow, gun, &c. (arms) 727. shooter, shot; archer, toxophiHte; bow-, rifle-, marks-man; good -, crack- shot; sharpshooter &c. (combatant) 726. V. propel, project, throw, fling, cast, pitch, chuck, toss, jerk, heave, shy, hurl; flirt, fillip. 285. [Motion given to an object situated behind.] Traction. — N. trac- tion; drawing &c. v.; draught, pull, haul ; rake ; " a long pull a strong pull and a pull all together;" towage, haulage. V. draw, pull, haul, lug, rake, drag, tug, tow, trail, train; take in tow. wrench, jerk, twitch, touset; yank [U. S.J. Adj. drawing &c. v.; tract-ile, -ive. II. IV. 4 MOTION 284 — 293 dart, lance, tilt; e-, jaculate; lulminate, bolt, drive, sling, pitchfork, send; send -, let -, fire- off; discharge, shoot; launch, send forth, let fly; dash. put -, set- in motion; set agoing, start; give -a start, - an impulse- to; impel &c. 276; trundle &c. (set in rotation) 312; expel &c. 297. carry one off one's legs; put to flight. Adj. propelled &c. v.; propelling &c. v.; pro-pulsive, -jectile. 286. [Motion towards.] Apyroach. — N. approach, approximation, appro- pinquation; access; appulse; afflux, -ion; advent &c. {approach of time) 121; pur- suit &c. 622. V. approach, approximate, appropin- quate; near; get -, go -, draw- near; come, -near, - to close quarters; move -, set in- towards; drift; make up to; gain upon; pursue &c. 622; tread on the heels of; bear up; make the land; hug the -shore, - land. Adj. approaching &c. v.; approxima- tive; affluent; impending, imminent &c. (destined) 152. Adv. on the road. Int. come hither! approach! here! come! 287. [Motion from.] Recession. — N. recession, retirement, withdrawal; retreat; retrocession &c. 283; departure, &c. 293; recoil &c. 277; flight &c. (avoid- ance) 623. V. recede, go, move -back, - from, retire, withdraw, shrink; come -, move -, go -, get -, drift- away; depart &c. 293; retreat &c. 283; move -, stand -, sheer- off; fall back, stand aside; run away &c. (avoid) 623. remove, shunt. Adj. receding &c. v. come near! forward! 288. [Motion towards, actively.] At- traction. — N. attract-ion, -iveness; attractivity; drawing to, pulling to- wards, adduction, magnetism, gravity, attraction of gravitation. load-stone, -star; magnet, siderite. V. attract; draw -, pull -, drag- to- wards; adduce. Adj. attracting &c. v.; attrahent, at- tractive, adducent, adductive. Phr. ubi mel ibi apes [Plautus]. 290. [Motion nearer to.] Conver- gence. — N. con-vergence, -fluence, -course, -flux, -gress, -currence, -cen- tration; convergency; appulse, meeting; corradiation. assemblage &c. 72; resort &c. (focus) 74; asymptote. V. converge, concur; come together, unite, meet, fall in with; close -with, - in upon; center -round, - in; enter in; pour in. gather together, unite, concentrate, bring into a focus. Adj. converging &c. v.; con-vergent, 289. [Motion from, actively.] Repul- sion. — N. repulsion; driving from &c. V. ; repulse, abduction. V. repel; push -, drive -, &c. 276- from; chase, dispel; retrude; abduce, abduct; send away; repulse. keep at arm's length, turn one's back upon, give the cold shoulder; send -off, - away- with a flea in one's ear. Adj. repeUing &c. v.; tepellent, repul- sive; abducent, abductive. 291. [Motion further off.] Diver- gence. — N. diverg-enCe, -ency; di- varication, ramification, forking; radia- tion; separation &c. (disjunction) 44; dispersion &c. 73; deviation &c. 279; aberration. V. diverge, divaricate, radiate; ram- ify; branch -, glance -, file- off; fly off, - at a tangent; spread, scatter, disperse &c. 73; deviate &c. 279; part &c. (sepa- rate) 44. Adj. diverging &c. v.; divergent, radiant, centrifugal; aberrant. -fluent, -current; centripetal; asymptotical; confiuxible. 292. [Terminal motion at.] Arrival. -N. arrival, advent; landing; de-, 293. [Initial motion from.] Depar- ture. — N. departure, decession, de-, 87 292 — 295 SPACE II. IV. 4 campment; embarkation; outset, start; removal; exit &c. (egress) 295; exodus, hejira, flight. leave-taking, valediction, adieu, fare- well, good-by; stirrup cup; valedic- torian. starting-point, - post; point -, place- of -departure, - embarkation; port of embarkation. V. depart; go, - away; take one's departure, set out; set -, march -, put -, start -, be -, move -, get -, whip -, pack -, go -, take oneself- off; start, issue, march out, debouch; go -, sally- forth; sally, set forward; be gone; hail from. leave a place, quit, vacate, evacuate, abandon; go off the stage, make one's exit; retire, withdraw, remove; va- moose*, vamose * [U. S.] ; go -one's way, - along, - from home; take -flight, - wing; spring, fly, flit, wing one's flight; fly -, whip- away; embark; go -on board, - aboard; set sail; put -, go- to sea; sail, take ship; hoist blue Peter; get under way, weigh anchor; strike tents, decamp; walk one's chalks, cut one's stick; take leave; say -, bid — good-by &c. n.; disappear &c. 449; abscond &c. (avoid) 623; entrain; inspan. Adj. departing &c. v.; valedictory; outward bound. Adv. whence, hence, thence; with a foot in the stirrup; on the -wing, - move. Int. begone! &c. (ejection) 297; farewell! adieu! good -by, - day! au revoir! fare you well! God -bless you, - speed! all aboard! auf wiedersehen! au plaisir de vous revoir! ion voyage! gluckliche Reise! vive valeque! disem-barkation; reception, welcome, vin d'honneur. home, goal; landing-place, -stage; bunder; resting place; destination, har- bor, haven, port; terminus; halting -place, - ground; journey's end; anchor- age &c. (refuge) 666. return, recursionf, remigration; meet- ing; ren-, en-counter. completion &c. 729. V. arrive; get to, come to; come; reach, attain; come up, - with, - to; overtake; make, fetch; complete &c. 729; join, rejoin. light, alight, dismount; land, go ashore; debark, disembark; put -in, - into; visit, cast anchor, pitch one's tent; sit down &c. (be located) 184; get to one's journey's end; make the land; be in at the death; come -, get- -back, - home; return; come in &c. (ingress) 294; make one's appearance &c. (ap- pear) 446; drop in; detrain; outspan. come to hand; come -at, - across; hit; come -, light -, pop -, bounce -, plump -, burst -, pitch- upon; meet; en-, ren-counter; come in contact. Adj. arriving &c. v. ; homeward bound. Adv. here, hither. Int. welcome! hail! aU hail! good-day, - morrow! 294. [Motion into.] Ingress. — N. ingress; entrance, entry; introgres- sion; influx; intrusion, inroad, incur- sion, invasion, irruption; ingression; pene-, interpene-tration; illapse, im- port, infiltration; immigration; ad- mission &c. (reception) 296; insinua- tion &c. (interjacence) 228; insertion &c. 300. inlet; way in; mouth, door, &c. (open- ing) 260; barway; path &c. (way) 627; conduit &c. 350; immigrant. V. have the entree; enter; go -, come -, pour -, flow -, creep -, slip -, pop -, break -, burst- -into, - in; set foot on; ingress; burst -, break- in upon; invade, intrude; insinuate itself; inter-, pene- trate; infiltrate; find one's way -, wrig- gle -, worm oneself- into. 295. [Motion out of.] Egress. — N. egress, exit, issue; emer-sion, -gence; out-break, -burst ;'e-, pro-ruption ; eman- ation; egression; evacuation; ex-, trans- udation; extravasation, perspiration, sweating, leakage, percolation, distilla- tion, oozing; gush &c. (water in motion) 348; outpour, -ing; effluence, effusion; efflux, -ion; drain; dribbhng &c. v.; de- fluxion; drainage; out-come, -put; dis- charge &c. (excretion) 299. export; expatriation; e-, re-migration; debouch, debouche; emunctory; exodus &c. (departure) 293 ; emigrant. outlet, vent, spout, tap, sluice, flood- gate; pore; vomitory, outgate, sally- port; way out; mouth, door &c. (open- ing) 260; path &c. (way) 627; conduit «fec. 350; airpipe &c. 35X. II. IV. 4 MOTION 294 — 297 give entrance to &c: {receive) 296, insert &c. 300. Adj incoming. V. emerge, emanate, issue; egress; go -, come -, move -, pass -, pour -, flow- out of; pass off, evacuate. ex-, trans-ude; leak; run, - out, - through ; per-, trans-colate f ; egurgitate; strain, distill; perspire, sweat, drain, ooze ; filter, filtrate ; dribble, gush, spout, flow out ; well, - out ; pour, trickle, &c. (water in motion) 348 ; effuse, extravasate, disembogue, discharge itself, debouch ; come -, break- forth; burst -out, - through; find vent; escape &c. 671. Adj. effused &c. v.; outgoing. _ 296. [Motion into, actively.] Recep- tion. — N. reception; admission, ad- mittance, entree, importation; intro- duction, -mission; immission, ingestion, imbibation, introception, absorption, ingurgitation, inhalation; suction, suck- ing; eating, drinking &c. (food) 298; insertion &c. 300; interjection &c. 228; introit. V. give -entrance to, - admittance to, - the entree; intro-duce, -mit; usher, ad- mit, receive, import, bring in, open the door to, throw open, ingest, absorb, im- bibe, inhale; let -, take -, suck- in; re- admit, -sorb, -absorb; snuff up, swallow, ingurgitate; engulf, engorge; gulp; eat, drink &c. (food) 298. Adj. admit-ting &c. v., -ted &c. v.; admissible; absorbent. ^ 297. [Motion out of, actively.] Ejec- tion. — N. ejection, emission, effusion, rejection, expulsion, eviction, extrusion, trajection; discharge; emesis. egestion, evacuation, vomition; rue-, eruc-tation; bloodletting, venesection, phlebotomy, paracentesis; expuition, ex- spuition; tapping, drainage; clear-ance, -age. deportation; banishment &c. (punish- ment) 972; rogue's march; relegation, extradition; dislodgment. bouncer * [U. S.], chucker-out *. V. give -exit, - vent- to; let -, give -, pour -, send -out; des-, dis-patch; ex- hale, excern t, excrete; embogue; secrete, secern; extravastate, shed, void, evacu- ate; emit; open the -sluices, - floodgates; turn on the tap; extrude, detrude; effuse, spend, expend; pour forth; squirt, spirt, spill, slop; perspire &c. (exude) 295; breathe, blow &c. (wind) 349. tap, draw off; bale -, lade- out; let blood, broach. eject, reject; expel, discard; cut, send to Coventry, boycott; chasser; banish &c. (punish) 972; bounce* [U. S.]; flre*, - out*; throw &c. 284 -out, - up, - off, - away, - aside; push &c. 276 -out, - off, - away, - aside; shovel -, sweep- -out, - away; brush -, whisk -, turn -, send- -off, - away; discharge; send -, turn -, cast- adrift; turn -, bundle- out; throw overboard; give the sack to; send -packing, - about one's business, - to the right about; strike off the roll &c. (abrogate) 756; turn out -neck and heels, - head and shoul- ders, - neck and crop; pack off; send away with a flea in the ear; send to Jericho; bow out, show the door to. turn out of -doors, - house and home; evict, oust; un-house, -kennel; dislodge; un-, dis-people; depopulate; relegate, deport. empty; drain, - to the dregs; sweep off; clear, - off, - out, - away; suck, draw off; clean out, make a clean sweep of, clear decks, purge. em-, dis-, disem-bowel; eviscerate, gut; unearth, root -out, - up; aver- runcate t; we^d - get- out; ehminate, get rid of, do away with, shake off; ex- vomit, spew, puke t, keck, retch; belch, - out; cast -, bring- up; disgorge; expectorate, clear the throat, hawk, spit, sputter, splutter, slobber, drivel, slaver, slabber; eructate; drool. unpack, unlade, unload, unship; break bulk; dump. be let out; ooze &c. (emerge) 295. Adj. emitt-ing, -ed, &c. v. Int. begone! get you gone! get -, go- -away, - along, - along with you! go your way! away, -■ with! off with you! go, - about your business! be off! avaunt! aroynt.' allez-vous-en! jao! va-t'en!' 298 — 299 SPACE II. iv. 4 299. Excretion. — N. excretion, dis- charge, emanation; exhalation, exuda- tion, extrusion, secretion, effusion, ex- travasation, ecchymosis, evacuation, de- jection, fceces, excrement; bloody flux; cacation; coeliac-flux, -passion; dysen- tery; perspiration, sweat; sub-f, exud- ation; diaphoresis; sewage; eccrinology. saliva, spittle, rheum; ptyalism, sali- vation, catarrh; diarrhoea; ejecta, egesta, sputa; excreta; lava; exuviae &c. {un- cleanness) 653. hemorrhage, bleeding; outpouring &c. (egress) 295. V. excrete &c. (eject) 297; emanate &c. (come out) 295. 298. [Eating.] Food. — N. eating &c. V. ; deglutition, gulp, epulation, mastica- tion, manducation, rumination; hippo-, ichthyo-phagy; gluttony &c. 957. mouth, jaws, mandible, mazard, chops. drinking &c. v.; potation, draught, libation; carousal &c. (amusement) 840; drunkenness &c. 959. food, pabulum; aliment, nourishment, nutriment; susten-ance, -tation; nur- ture, subsistence, provender, corn, feed, fodder, provision, ration, keep, commons, board; commissariat &c. (provision) 637; prey, forage, pasture, pasturage; fare, cheer; diet, -ary; regimen; belly timber, staff of hfe; bread, -and cheese. comestibles, eatables, victuals, edi- bles, ingesta; grub, prog, meat; bread, -stuffs; cerealia; cereals; viands, cates, delicacy, dainty, creature comforts, contents of the larder, fleshpots; festal board; ambrosia; good -cheer,. - living. beef, biscuit, bun; cornstarch [U. S.]; cook-ie, -y [U. S.]; cracker, doughnut; fatling; hard-tack, hoecake [U. S.], hominy [U. S.]; mutton, pilot bread; pork; roti, rusk, ship biscuit; veal; joint, piece de resistance, roast and boiled; remove, entree, entremet, hors d'oeuvre; releve, hash, rechauffe, stew, ragout, fricassee, mince; pottage, potage, broth, soup, consomme, puree, spoon-meat; pie, pasty, vol-au-vent; pudding, omelet; pastry; sweets &c. 296; kickshaws; condiment &c. 393. alligator pear, apple &c., apple slump; artichoke; ash-, griddle-, pan-cake; atole, avocado, Ijanana, heche de mer, barbecue, beefsteak; beet root; black- berry, blancmange, bloater, bouilli, bouillon, breadfruit, chop suey [U. S.]; chowder, chupatty, clam, compote, damper, fish, flapjack, frumenty, grapes, hasty pudding, ice cream, lettuce, mango, ma,ngosteen, mince pie, oatmeal, oyster, pineapple, porridge, porterhouse steak, salmis, sauerkraut, sea slug, sturgeon (" Albany beef "), succotash [U. S.], supawn [U. S.], trepang, va- nilla, waffle, walnut. table, cuisine, bill of fare, menu, table d'hdte, ordinary. meal, repast, feed, spread; mess; dish, plate, course; regale; regale-, re- fresh-, entertain-ment; refection, collation, picnic, feast, banquet, junket; breakfast; lunch, -eon; dejeiiner, bever, tiffin, dinner, supper, snack, whet, bait, dessert; potluck, table d'hdte, deje'dner d lafourchette; hearty -, square -, substantial -, full — meal; blowout*; light refreshment; bara-, chota-hazri; bar a khana. mouthful, bolus, gobbet, morsel, sop, sippet. drink, beverage, liquor, broth, soup; potion, dram, draught, drench, swill *; nip, sip, sup, gulp. wine, spirits, liqueur, beer, ale, malt liquor. Sir John Barleycorn, stingo, heavy wet; grog, toddy, flip, purl, punch, negus, cup, bishop, wassail; gin &c. (intoxicating liquor) 959; coffee, chocolate, cocoa, tea, the cup that cheers but not inebriates; bock-, lager-, Pilsener-, schenk-beer; Brazil tea, cider, claret, ice water, mat6, mint julep [U. S.]. eating house &c. 189. V. eat, feed, fare, devour, swallow, take; gulp, bolt, snap; fall to; despatch, dispatch; discuss; take -, get -, gulp- down; lay -, tuck- * in; hck, pick, peck; gormandize &c. 957; bite, champ, munch, cranch, craunch, crunch, chew, masticate, nibble, gnaw, mumble. live on; feed -, batten -, fatten -,'feast- upon; browse, graze, crop, regale; 90 II. IV. i MOTION 298 — 304 carouse &c. (make merry) 840; eat heartily, do justice to, play a good knife and fork, banquet. break -bread, - one's fast; breakfast, lunch, dine, take tea, sup. drink, - in, - up, - one's fill; quaff, sip, sup; suck, - up; lap; swig; swill*, tipple &c. (be drunken) 959; empty one's glass, drain the cup; toss -off, - one's glass; wash down, crack a bottle, wet one's whistle. purvey &c. 637. Adj. eatable, edible, esculent, comestible, alimentary; cereal, cibarious; dietetic; culinary; nutri-tive, -tious; gastric; succulent; pot-able, -ulentf; bibulous. omn-, earn-, herb-, gran-, gramin-, phyt-ivorous; ichthyophagous; omo- pha-gic, -gous; pantophagous, phytophagous, xylophagous. Phr. " across the walnuts and the wine " [Tennyson]; " blessed hour of our dinners! " [O. Meredith]; "now good digestion wait on appetite, and health on both! " [Macbeth]; " who can cloy the hungry edge of appetite? " [Richard II]. 3001 [Forcible ingress.] Insertion. — N. insertion, implantation, introduc- tion; insinuation &c. (intervention) 228; planting &c. v.; injection, inoculation, importation, infusion; forcible -ingress &c. 294 ; immersion ; submer-sion, -gence, dip, plunge; bath &c. (water) 337; inter- ment &c. 363. clyster, enema, glyster, lavage, lave- ment. V. insert; intro-duce, -mit; put -, run- into; import; inject; interject &c. 228; infuse, instill, inoculate, impreg- nate, imbue, imbrue. graft, ingraft; bud, plant, implant; dovetail. obtrude; thrust -, stick -, ram -, stuff -, tuck -, press -, drive -, pop -, whip -, drop -, put- in; impact; em- pierce t &c. (make a hole) 260. imbed; immerse, immerge, merge; bathe, soak &c. (water) 337; dip, plunge &c. 310. bury &c. (inter) 363. insert &c.- itself; plunge in medias res. Adj. inserted &c. v. 302. [Motion through.] Passage. — N. passage, transmission; permeation; pene-, interpene-tration; transudation, infiltration; endosmose, exosmose; endosmosis; intercurrence; ingress &c. 294; egress &c. 295; path &c. 627; con- duit &c. 350; opening &c. 260; journey &c. 266; voyage &c. 267. V. pass, - through; perforate &c. (hole) 260; penetrate, permeate, thread, thrid, enfilade; go -through, - across; go -, pass- over; cut across; ford, cross; pass and repass, work; make -, thread -, worm -, force- one's way; make -, force- a passage; cut one's way through; find its -way, - vent; transmit, make way, clear the course; traverse, go over the ground. Adj. passing &c. v.; intercurrent; endos-mosmic, -motic. Adv. en passant &c. (transit) 270. 301. [Forcible egress.] Extraction. ■ — N. extraction; extracting &c. «;.; .re- moval, ehmination, extrication, eradica- tion, evolution. evulsion, avulsion; wrench; expres- sion, squeezing; extirpation, extermina- tion; ejection &c. 297; export &c. (egress) 295. extractor, corkscrew, forceps, pliers. V. extract, draw; take -, draw -^ pull -, tear -, pluck -, pick -, get- out; wring from, wrench; extort; root -, weed -, grub -, rake- -up, - out; eradicate; pull -, pluck- up by the roots; averrun- cate t; unroot; uproot, pull up, extir- pate, dredge. remove; educe, elicit; evolve, extri- cate; eliminate &c. (eject) 297; eviscer- ate &c. 297. express, squeeze out, press out. Adj. extracted &c. v. 303. [Motion beyond.] Transcur- sion. — N. trans-cursiont, -ilience. 304. [Motion short of.] Shortcom- ing. — N. shortcoming, failure; falling 91 303 — 308 SPACE II. IV. 4 -iliency, -gression; trespass; encroach-, infringe-ment; extravagation f, tran- scendence; redundance &c. 641. V. transgress, Surpass, pass; go- be- yond, - by; show in -, come to the- front; shoot ahead of; steal a march -, gain- upon. over-step, -pass, -reach, -go, -ride, -leap, -jump, -skip, -lap, -shoot the mark; out-strip, -leap, -jump, -go, -step, -run, -ride, -rival, -do; beat, - hollow; distance; leave in the -lurch, - rear; throw into the shade; exceed, transcend, surmount; soar &c. (rise) 305. encroach, trespass, infringe, trench upon, intrench on; strain; stretch -, strain- a point; pass the Rubicon. Adj. surpassing &c. v. Adv. beyond the mark, ahead. short &c. V. ; de-fault, -falcation; leeway; labor in vain, no go. incompleteness &c. 53; imperfection &c. 651; insufhciency &c. 640; non- completion &c. 730; failure &c. 732. V. come -, fall -, stop- -short, - short of ; not reach ; want ; keep within -bounds, - the mark, - compass. break down, stick in the mud, col- lapse, flat out [U. S.], come to nothing; fall -through, - to the ground; cave in, end in smoke, miss the mark, fail; lose ground; miss stays. Adj. unreached; deficient; short, - of; minus; out of depth; perfunctory &c. {neglect) 460. Adv. within -the mark, - compass, - bounds; behindhand; re infedd; to no purpose; far from it. Phr. the bubble buret. 305. [Motion upwards.] Ascent. — N. ascent, ascension; rising &c. v.; rise, upgrowth; leap &c. 309; acclivity, hill &c. 217; flight of -steps, - stairs; ladder. rocket, lark; sky-rocket, -lark; Al- pine Club. V. ascend, rise, mount, arise, uprise; go -, get -, work one's way -, start -, spring -, shoot- up; aspire.. climb, clamber, ramp, scramble, esca- lade, surmount; scale, - the heights. go-, fly- aloft ; tower, soar, hover, spire, plane, swim, float, surge; leap &c. 309. Adj. rising &c. v.; scandent, buoyant; super-natant, -fluitant; excelsior. Adv. uphill. 306. [Motion downwards.] Descent. — N. descent, descension, declension, declination; fall; falling &c. v.; slump; drop, cadence; subsidence, lapse; down- fall, tumble, slip, tilt, trip, lurch; crop- per, culhute; titubation, stiunble; fate of Icarus. avalanche, debdcle, landslip. declivity, dip, hill. V. descend; go -, drop -, come- down; fall, gravitate, drop, slip, slide, settle; decline, set>, sink, droop, come down a peg; slump. dismount, alight, light, get down; swoop; stoop &c. 308; fall prostrate, precipitate oneself; let fall &c. 308. tumble, trip, stumble, titubate, lurch, pitch, swag, topple; topple -, tumble- -down, - over; tilt, sprawl, plump down, come down a cropper. Adj. descending &c. v.; descendent; decur-rent, -sive; labent, deciduous; nodding to its fall. Adv. down-hill, -wards. 307. Elevation. — N. elevation; rais- ing &c. v.; erection, lift; sublevation, up- heaval; sublimation, exaltation; prom- inence &c. (convexity) 250. lever &c. 633; crane, derrick, wind- lass, capstan, winch; dredg-e, -er, -ing machine; dumb-waiter, elevator, es- calator, lift. V. heighten, elevate, raise, lift, erect; set -, stick -, perch -, perk -, tilt- up; rear, hoist, heave; up-lift, -raise, -rear, -bear, -cast, -hoist, -heave; buoy, weigh, 308. Depression. — N. lowering &c. v.; depression; dip &c. (concavity) 252; abasement; detrusion; reduction. over-throw, -set, -turn; upset; pros- tration, subversion, precipitation. bow; courtesy, curtsy; genuflexion, kotow, obeisance, salaam. V. depress, lower; let -, take- -down, - down a peg; cast; let -drop, - fall; sink, debase, bring low, abase, reduce, detrude, pitch, precipitate. over-throw, -turn, ^set; upset, sub- II. IV. 4 MOTION 307 — 313 mount, give a lift; exalt; sublimate; place -, set- on a pedestal. take -, drag -, fish- up; dredge. stand -, rise -, get -, jump- up; spring to one's feet;Jiold -oneself, - one's head- up ; drawn oneselftip to his full height. Adj. elevated &c. v.; stilted, attol- lent, rampant. Adv. on -stilts, - the shoulders of, - one's legs, - one's hind legs. prostrate &c. {horizontal) 213; detrusive. Phr. facinvs quos inguinal mquat [Lucan]. vert, prostrate, level, fell; cast -, take -, throw -, fling -, dash -, pull -, cut -, knock -, hew- down; raze, - to the ground; trample in the dust, pull about one's ears. sit, - down; couch, squat, crouch, stoop, bend, bow; courtesy, curtsy; bob, duck, dip, kneel; bend-, bow- the -head, - knee; bow down; cower; recline &c. (6e horizontal) 213. Adj. depressed &c. v.; sd, a, low ebb; 310. Plunge. — N. plunge, dip, dive, header; ducking &c. v.; diver. V. plunge, dip, souse, duck; dive, plump; take a -plunge, - header; make a plunge; bathe &c. (water) 337. sub-merge, -merse; immerse; douse, sink, engulf, send to the bottom. get out of one's depth; go -to the bottom, - down like a stone; founder, welter, wallow. 309. Leap. — N. leap, jump, hop, spring, bound, vault, saltation. dance, caper; curvet, caracole; gam- bade, -bado; capriole, demivolt; buck, - jump; hop skip and jump; falcade. kangaroo, jerboa, chamois, goat, frog, grasshopper, flea; buckjumper; wallaby. V. leap; jump -up, - over the moon; hop, spring, bound, vault, ramp, cut ca- pers, trip, skip, dance, caper; buck, -jump; curvet, caracole; foot it, bob, bounce, flounce, start; frisk &c. (amusement) 840; jump about &c. (agitation) 315 ; trip it on the light fantastic toe, dance oneself off one's legs. Adj. leaping &c. v.; saltatory, frisky. Adv. on the light fantastic toe. Phr. di salto in salto. 311. [Curvilinear motion.] Circuition. — N. circuition, circulation; turn, curvet; excursion; circum-vention, -navigation, -ambulation; northwest pas- sage; circuit &c. 629. ■ turning &c. v.; wrench; evolution; coil, corkscrew. V. turn, bend, wheel; go -, put- about; heel; go -, turn- -round, - to the right about; turn on one's heel; make -, describe- a -circle, - complete circle; go -, pass- through -180°, - 360°. circum-navigate, -ambulate, -vent; " put a girdle round about the earth" [M. N. D.] ; go the round, make the round of. turn -, round- a corner; double a point. wind, circulate, meander; whisk, twirl; twist &c. (convolution) 248; make a detour &c. (circuit) 629. Adj. turning &c. v.; circuitous; circum-foraneous, -fluent. Adv. round about. 312. [Motion in a continued circle.] Rotation. — N. rotation, . revolution, gyration, circulation, roll; circum-rota- tion, -volution, -gyration; volutation, circinationf, turbination, pirouette, con- volution. verticityt; whir, whirl, eddy, vortex, whirlpool, gurge; countercurrent; cy- clone, tornado; surge; vertigo, dizzy round; Maelstrom, Charybdis; Ixion. wheel, screw, whirligig, rolling stone, wheel; jack; caster. 313. [Motion in a reverse circle.] Evolution. — N. evolution, unfolding, development; evolvement; unfoldment; eversion &c. (inversion) 218. V. evolve; un-fold, -roll, -wind, -coil, -twist, -furl, -twine, -ravel; disentangle; develop. Adj. evolving &c. v.; evolved &c. v. windmill; top, teetotum; roller; fly-. 93 312 — 315 SPACE II. iv. 4 axis, axle, spindle, pivot, pin, hinge, pole, swivel, gimbals, arbor, bobbin, mandrel. [Science of rotatory motion] trochilics. V. rotate; roll, - along; revolve, spin; turn, '-round; circumvolve; circu- late, gyre, gyrate, wheel, whirl, twirl, trundle, troll, bowl. roll up, furl; wallow, welter; box the compass; spin like a -top, -teetotum. Adj. rotating &c.v.; rota-tory, -ry; circumro fcatory, trochilic, vertiginous, gyratory; vortic-al, -ose. Adv. head over heels, round and round, like a horse in a mill. 314. [Reciprocating motion, motion to and fro.] Oscillation. — N. oscilla- tion; vibration, libration; motion of a pendulum; nutation; undulation; pulsa- tion; pulse. alternation; coming and going &c. v.; ebb and flow, flux and reflux, ups and downs. fluctuation; vacillation &c. (irresolution) 605. wave, vibratiuncle, swing, beat, shake, wag, seesaw, dance, lurch, dodge; logan, loggan, rocking-stone, vibroscope. '^ V. oscillate ; vi-, li-brate ; alternate, undulate, wave ; rock, swing ; pulsate, beat ; wag, -gle; nod, bob, courtesy, curtsy; tick; play; wamble, wabble; dangle, swag. fluctuate, dance, curvet, reel, quake; quiver, quaver; shake, flicker; wriggle; roll, toss, pitch; flounder, stagger, totter; move -, bob- up and down &c. adv.; pass and repass, ebb and flow, come and go; vacillate &c. 605; teeter [U. S.]. brandish, shake, flourish. Adj. oscillating &c. v.; oscill-, undul-, puis-, libr-atory; vibrat-ory, -ile; pendulous. Adv. to and fro, up and down, backwards and forwards, seesaw, zigzag, wibble-wabble, in and out, from side to side, like buckets in a well. 315. [Irregular motion.] Agitation. — N. agitation, stir, tremor, shake, ripple, jog, jolt, jar, jerk, shock, succussion, trepidation, quiver, quaver, dance; jactitation, quassation; shuffling &c. v.; twitter, flicker, flutter. disquiet, perturbation, commotion, turmoil, turbulence; tumult, -nation f; hubbub, rout, bustle, fuss, racket, subsultus, staggers, megrims, epilepsy, fits; carphology, chorea, floccillation, the jerks, St. Vitus's dance, tihnus. spasm, throe, throb, palpitation, convulsion. disturbance &c. (disorder) 59; restlessness &c. (changeableness) 149. ferment, -ation; ebullition, effervescence, hurly-burly, cahotage; tempest, storm, ground swell, heavy sea, whirlpool, vortex &c. 312; whirlwind &c. (wind) 349. V. be -agitated &c.; shake; tremble, - hke an aspen leaf; quiver, quaver, quake, shiver, twitter, twire, writhe, toss, shuflle, tumble, stagger, bob, reel, sway; wag, -gle; wriggle, - like an eel; dance, stumble, shamble, flounder, totter, flounce, flop, curvet, prance, cavort [U. S.]; squirm. throb, pulsate, beat, palpitate, go pitapat ; flutter, flitter, flicker, bicker ; bustle. ■ ferment, effervesce, foam; boil, - over; bubble, - up; simmer. toss -, jump- about; jump like a parched pea; shake like an aspen leaf; shake to its -center, - foundations ; be the sport of the winds and waves ; reel to and fro like a drunken man; move -, drive- from post to pillar and from pillar to post, keep between hawk and buzzard. agitate, shake, convulse, toss, tumble, bandy, wield, brandish, flap, flourish, whisk, jerk, hitch, jolt; jog, -gle; jostle, buffet, hustle, disturb, stir, shake up, churn, jounce, wallop, whip, vellicate. Adj. shaking &c. v. ; agitated, tremulous; de-, sub-sultory f ; saltatoric; quas- satiye; shambhng; giddy-paced, saltatory, convulsive, unquiet, restless, all of a twitter. Adv. by fits and starts ; subsultorily f &c. adj. ; 'per saltum; hop skip and jump ; in -convulsions, - fits. Phr. terrvpUe dans un verre d'eau. 94 in. I. MATTER IN GENERAL 316 — 318 CLASS III Words relating to MATTER Section I. MATTER IN GENERAL 317. Immateriality. — N. imma- terial-ity,- -ness; incorporeity, spirit- uality; inextension; astral plane. personality; I, myself, me; ego, spirit, &c. (soul) 450; astral body; immaterial- ism; spiritual-ism, -ist. V, disembody, spiritualize. Adj. immateri-al, -ate; incorpor-eal, -al; incorporate, unfleshly; supersensi- ble ; asomatous, unextended ; un- , dis-em- bodied; extramundane, unearthly; pneu- matoscopic; spiritual &c. (psychical) 450. personal, subjective, nonobjective. 316. Materiality. — N. material-ity, -ness; corpor-eity, -ality; substantial- ity, substantialness, flesh and blood, plenum; physical condition. matter, body, substance, brute mat- ter, ftuff, element, principle, paren- chyma, material, substratum, hyle, cor- pus, pabulum; frame. object, article, thing, something; still life; stocks and stones; materials &c. 635. [Science of matter] physics; somat- ology, -ics; natural -, experimental- philosophy; physicism; physical science, philosophie positive, materialism; materialist; physicist; somatism, somatist. Adj. material, bodily; corpor-eal, -al; physical; somat-ic, -oscopic; sensi- ble, tangible, ponderable, palpable, substantial. objective, impersonal, nonsubjective, neuter, unspiritual, materialistic. 318. World. — N. world, creation, nature, universe; earth, globe, wide world; cosmos; kosmos; terraqueous globe, sphere; macro-, mega-cosm; music of the spheres. heavens, sky, welkin, empyrean; starry -cope, - heaven, - host; firmament; Midgard; supersensible regions; varuna; vault -, canopy- of heaven; celestial spaces. heavenly bodies, stars> asteroids; nebulae; galaxy, milky way, galactic circle, via lactea. sun, orb of day, Apollo, Phoebus; photo-, chromo-sphere; solar system; planet, -oid; comet; satellite, moon, orb of night, Diana, silver-footed queen; aerolite, meteor; falling -, shooting- star; meteorite, uranolite. constellation, zodiac, signs of the zodiac, Charles's wain. Dipper, Great Bear, Southern Cross, Orion's belt, Cassiopea's chair, Pleiades. colures, equator, ecliptic, orbit. [Science of heavenly bodies] astronomy; urano-graphy, -logy; cosmo-logy, -graphy, -gony; eidouranion, orrery; geodesy &c. (measurement) 466; star-gaz- ing, -gazer; astronomer; obsa-vatory; planetarium. Adj. cosmical, mundane; terr-estrial, -estrious f, -aqueous, -ene, -eousf; telluric, earthly, geotic, under the sun; sub-lunary, -astral. solar, heliacal; lunar; celestial, heavenly, sphery; starry, stellar; sider-eal, -al; astral; nebular; uranic. Adv. in all creation, on the face of the globe, here below, under the sun. Phr. die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltgesicht; " earth is but the frozen echo of the silent voice of God " [Hageman]; " green calm below, blue quietness above" [Whittier]; " hangmg in a golden chain this pendant World " [Paradise Lost]; " nothing in nature is unbeautiful " [Ten- nyson] ; " silently as a dream the fabric rose " [Cowper] ; " some touch of nature's genial glow ", [Scott]; " this majestical roof fretted with golden fire " [Hamkt]; " through knowledge we be- . hold the World's creation " [Spenser]. 95 'ft 319 — 322 MATTER III. II. 1 319. Gravity. — N. gravi-ty, -ta- tion; weight; heaviness &c. adj.; specif- ic gravity; ponderosity, pressure, load; bur-den, -then; ballast, counterpoise; lump -, mass -, weight- of. lead, millstone, mountain, Ossa on Pelion. weighing, ponderation, trutination f ; weights; avoirdupois -, troy -, apothe- caries'- weight; grain, scruple, drachma, ounce, pound, lb, arroba, load, stone, hundredweight, cwt, ton, quintal, carat, pennjrweight, tod. [Weighing instrument] balance, scales, steelyard, beam, weighbridge, spring bal- ance. [Science of gravity] statics. V. be -heavy &c. adj.; gravitate, weigh, press, cumber, load. [Measure the weight of] weigh, poise. Adj. weighty; weighing &c.v.; heavy, - ish, -y; cumber-, burden-some; cumbrous, in-, superin-cumbent. 320. Levity. — N. levity; lightness &c. adj.; imponderability, buoyancy, volatility. feather, dust, mote, down, thistle down, flue, cobweb, gossamer, straw, cork, bubble; float, b.uoy; ether, air. leaven, ferment, barm, yeast. V. be -Ught &c. adj.; float, swim, be buoyed up. render -Hght &c. adj. ; lighten, leaven. Adj. Hght, subtile, airy; imponder- ous, -able; astatic, weightless, ethereal, sublimated; gossamery; suber-ose, -ous; uncompressed, volatile; buoyant, float- ing &c. V. ; portable. light as -a feather, - thistle down, - air. as lead; ponder-ous, -able;lmnp- unwieldy, massive. Section II. INORGANIC MATTER 1. Solid Matter 322. Rarity. — N. rarity; tenuity; absence of -solidity &c. 321; subtility; subtilty; sponginess, compressibility. rarefaction, expansion, dilatation, in- flation, subtilization. ether &c. (gas) 334. V. rarefy, expand, dilate, subtilize. Adj. rare, subtile, thin, fine, tenuous, compressible, flimsy, slight; light &c. 320; cavernous, spongy &c. (hollow) 252. rarefied &c. v.; unsubstanti-al; un- com-pact, -pressed; rarefiable. 321. Density. — N. density, solid- ity; solidness &c. adj.; impenetra-, im- permea-bility; incompressibility; impo- rosity; cohesion &c. 46; constipation, consistence, spissitude. specific gravity; hydro-, areo-meter. condensation; caseation; solid-ation, -ification; consolidation; concretion, co- agulation; petrifaction &c. (hardening) 323; crystallization, precipitation; de- posit, precipitate; inspissation; thicken- ing &c. V. indivisibility, indiscerptibility, indis- solvableness. solid body, mass, block, knot, lump; con-cretion, -crete, -glomerate; cake, clot, stone, curd, coagulum; bone, gristle, cartilage; casein, crassamentum, legumin. V. be -dense &c. adj.; become -, render- solid &c. adj.; solid-ify, -ate; con- crete, set, take a set, consolidate, congeal, coagulate ;fiurd, -le; lopper; fix, clot, cake, candy, precipitate, deposit, cohere, crystallize; petrify &c. (harden) 323. condense, thicken, inspissate, incrassate; compress, squeeze, ram down, constipate. Adj. dense, sohd; sohdified &c. v.; caseous; pukka; cohe-rent, -sive &c. 46; compact, close, serried, thickset; substantial, massive, lumpish; impenetrable, impermeable, imporous; incompressible; constipated; concrete &c. (hard) 323; knot-ted, -ty; gnarled; crystal-line, -lizable; thick, grumous, stuffy. un-dissolved, -melted, -hquefied, -thawed. in-divisible, -discerptible, -frangible, -dissolvable, -dissoluble, -soluble, -fusible. 96 III. II. 1 INORGANIC MATTER 323 — 329 323. Hardness. — N. hardness &c. adj.; rigidity; reniten-ce, -cy; inflexi- bility, temper, callosity, durity f. induration, petrifaction; lapid-ifica- tion, -escence; vitri-, ossi-fication ; crys- tallization. stone, pebble, flint, marble, rock, fossil, crag, crystal, quartz, granite, adamant; bone, cartilage; hardware; heart of oak, block, board, deal board; iron, steel; cast -, decarbonized -, wrought- iron; nail; brick, concrete; cement. V. render -hard &c. adj.; harden, stiffen, indurate, petrify, temper, ossify, vitrify; accrust. Adj. hard, rigid, stubborn, stiff, firm; starch, -ed; stark, unbending, unlimber, unyielding; inflexible, tense; indurate, -d; gritty, proof. adamant-ine, -ean; concrete, stony, granitic, calculous, lithic, vitreous ; horny, corneous; bony; oss-eous, -ific; carti- laginous; hard as a -stone &c. n. ; stiff as -buckram, - a poker. 324. Softness. — N. softness, pli- ableness &c. adj.; flexibility; pli-ancy, -ability; sequacity, malleability; duct-, tract-ihty; extend-, extens-ibility; plas- ticity; inelasticity, flaccidity, laxity. clay, wax, butter, dough, pudding; alumina, argil; cushion, pillow, feather bed, down, padding, wadding. mollification; softening &c. v. V. render -soft &c. adj.; soften, mol- lify, mellow, relax, temper; mash, knead, squash. bend, yield, relent, relax, give. Adj. soft, tender, supple; pli-ant, -able; flex-ible, -ile; lithe, -some; lis- som, limber, plastic; ductile; tract-ile, -able; malleable, extensile, sequacious, inelastic; aluminous; remollient. yielding &c. v. ; flabby, hmp, flimsy. flaccid, flocculent, downy; spongy, cedematous, medullary, doughy, argil- laceous, mellow. soft as -butter, - down, - silk; yield- ing as wax; tender as a chicken. 325. Elasticity. — N. elasticity, springiness, spring, resilience, renitency, buoyancy. India(n) rubber, caoutchouc, whale- bone, gum elastic, baleen. V. be -elastic &c. adj. ; spring back &c. (recoil) 277. Adj. elastic, tensile, springy, resihent, renitent, buoyant. 326. Inelasticity. — N. want of -, absence of- elasticity &c. 325; inelas- ticity &c. (softness) 324. Adj. inelastic &c. (soft) 324; irresihent. 327. Tenacity. — N. tenacity, tough- ness, strength; cohesion &c. 46; se- quacity; stubbornness &c. (obstinacy) 606; glutinousness, sequaciousness, vis- cidity &c. 352. leather; white-, whit-leather; gristle, cartilage. V. be -tenacious &c. adj.; resist frac- ture. Adj. tenacious, tough, strong, resist- ing, sequacious, stringy, gristly, carti- laginous, leathery, coriaceous, tough as whitleather; stubborn &c. (obstinate) 606. 328. Brittleness. — N. brittleness &c. adj.; frag-, friab-, frangib-, fiss- ifity; house of -cards, - glass. V. be -brittle &c. adj. ; live in a glass house. break, crack, snap, spHt, shiver, splin- ter, crumble, break short, burst, fly, give way; fall to pieces; crumble -to, - into- dust. Adj. brittle, brash [U. S.], frangible, fragile, frail, gimcrack, shivery, fissile; splitting &c. v.; lacerable, splintery, crisp, crimp, short, brittle as glass. 329. [Structure.] Texture. — N. structure, organization, anatomy, frame, mold, fabric, construction; framework, carcass, architecture; stratification, cleavage. substance, stuff, compages, parenchyma; constitution, staple, orgamsm. [Science of structures] organ-, oste-, my-, splanchn-, neur-, angi-, aden- ology; angi-, aden-ography. . ^ , ■, s^ texture; inter-, con-texture; tissue, gram, web, surface; warp and -wool, - weft; tooth, nap &c. (roughness) 256; fineness-, coarseness- of grain, dry goods. 97 329 — 334 MATTER III. II. I [Science of textures] histology. Adj. structural, organic; anatomic, -al. text-ural, -ile; fine-, coarse-grained; fine, delicate, subtile, gossamery, filmy; coarse; homespun. 330. Pulverulence. — N. [State of powder.] pulverulence; sandiness &c. adj.; efflorescence; friability. powder, dust, sand, shingle; sawdust; grit; meal, bran, flour, farina, rice, paddy, spore, sporule; crumb, seed, grain; particle &c. (smallness) 32; lima- ture t, filings, debris, detritus, scobs, magistery, fine powder; floccuH. smoke; cloud of -dust, - sand, - smoke; puff -, volume- of smoke; sand -, dust- storm. [Reduction to powder] pulverization, comminution, attenuation, granulation, disintegration, subaction, contusion, trituration, levigation, abrasion, detrition, multure; limation; tripsis; filing &c. v. [Instruments for pulverization] mill, arrastra, gristmill, grater, rasp, file, pestle and mortar, nutmeg grater, teeth, grinder, grindstone, kern, quern. koniology. V. come to dust; be -disintegrated, - reduced to powder &c. reduce -, grind- to powder; pulverize, comminute, granulate, triturate, levi- gate; scrape, file, abrade, rub down, grind, grate, rasp, pound, bray, bruise; con-tuse, -tund; beat, crush, cranch, craunch, crunch, scranch, crumble, dis- integrate; attenuate &c. 195. Adj. powdery, pulverulent, granular, mealy, floury, farinaceous, branny, furfuraceous, flocculent, dusty, sandy, sabulous, psammous; aren-ose, -arious, -aceous; gritty; efflorescent, impalpable; lentiginous, lepidote, sabuline; spor- aceous, -ous. pulverizable; friable, crumbly, shivery; pulverized &c. v.; attrite; in pieces. 331. Friction. — N. friction, attri- tion; rubbing &c. v.; con-frication j, -trition f ; affriction, abrasion, arrosion f, limature f, fri cation, rub; elbow grease; rosin; massage. V. rub, scratch, scrape, scrub, fray, rasp, graze, curry, scour, polish, rub out, gnaw; file, grind &c. (reduce to powder) 330. set one's teeth on edge; rosin. Adj. anatriptic; attrite. 332. [Absence of friction. Prevention of friction.] Lubrication. — N. smooth- ness &c. 255 ; unctuousness &c. 355. lubri-cation, -fication; anointment; oifihg &c. V. synovia; glycerin, oil, &c. 356; saliva; lather. V. lubri-cate, -citate f ; oil, grease, lather, soap; wax. Adj. lubricated &c. v.; lubricous. 2. Fluid Matter 1 . Fluids in General 333. Fluidity. — N. fluidity, liquid- ity; liquidness &c. adj.; gaseity &c. 334. fluid, inelastic fluid; liquid, liquor; lymph, humor, juice, sap, serum, blood, serosity, gravy, rheum, ichor, sanies; chyle. solu-bility, -bleness. [Science of liqtiids at rest] hydro-logy, -statics, -dynamics. V. be -fluid &c. adj. ; flow &c. (water) in motion) 348; liquefy &c. 335. Adj. liquid, fluid, serous, juicy, suc- 98 334. Gaseity. — N. gaseity; vapor- ousness &c. adj.; flatu-lence, -lency; volatility; aeration, aerification. elastic fluid, gas, air, vapor, ether, steam, fume, reek, effluvium, flatus; cloud &c. 353; ammonia, -cal gas; vola- tile alkali. [Science of elastic fluids] pneumat-ics, -ostatics; aero-statics, -dynamics. gas-, gaso-meter; air-, swimming- bladder, sound (of a fish). V. emit vapor &c. 336. III. II. 2 INORGANIC MATTER 333 — 340 culent, sappy; ichorous; fluent &c. (flow- ing) 348. liquefied &c. 335; uncongealed; solu- ble. 335. Liquefaction. — N, liquefac- tion; liquescen-ce, -cy; melting &c. (heat) 384; colliqu-ation f, -efactionj; thaw; de- f, liquation f; lixiviation, dis- solution. solution, apozem, lixivium, infusion, flux. solvent, menstruum, alkahest. V. render -liquid &c. 333; liquefy, run; deliquesce; melt &c. {heat) 384; solve; dissolve, resolve; hquatef; hold in solution. Adj. lique-fied &c. v., -scent, -fiable; deliquescent, soluble, colliquative. Adj. gaseous, aeriform, ethereal, aerial, airy, vaporous, volatile, evapor- able, flatulent. 336. Vaporization. — N. vapor-, vol- atil-ization; gasification; e-, vapora- tion; distillation, cupellation, cohoba- tion, sublimation, exhalation; volatility. vaporizer, still, retort; fumigation, steaming; bay salt, chloride of sodium. V. render -gaseous &c. 334; vaporize, volatilize; distill, sublime; evaporate, exhale, smoke, transpire, emit vapor, fume, reek, steam, fumigate; cohobate; finestill. Adj. volatilized &c. v.; reeking &c. v.; volatile; evaporable, vaporizable. 2. Specific Fluids 337. Water. — N. water; serum, se- rosity; lymph; rheum; diluent; agua, aqua, pani. dilution, maceration, lotion; washing &c. V. ; im-, mersion j ; humectation, in- filtration, spargefaction f, affusion, irri- gation, douche, balneation, bath. deluge &G. (water in motion) 348; high water, flood tide. V. be -watery &c. adj. ; reek. add water, water, wet; moisten &c. 339; dilute, dip, immerse; merge; im-, sub-merge; plunge, souse, duck, drown; soak, steep, macerate, pickle, wash, sprinkle, lave, bathe, affuse, splash, swash, douse, drench; dabble, slop, slob- ber, irrigate, inundate, deluge; syringe, inject, gargle. Adj. watery, aqueous, aquatic, hy- drous, lymphatic; balneal, diluent; drenching &c. v.; diluted &c. v.; weak; wet &c. (moist) 339. Phr. the waters are out. 339. Moisture. --N. moisture ;moist- ness &c. adj.; hum-idity, -ectation; madefaction f, dew; serein; marsh &c. 345; hygromet-ry, -er. V. moisten, wet; humect, -ate; sponge, damp, bedew; imbue, imbrue, infiltrate, saturate; soak, drench &c. (water) 337. be -moist &c. adj.; not have a dry thread; perspire &c. (exude) 295. Adj. moist, damp; watery &c. 337; madid, roric; undried, humid, wet, dank. 338. Air. — N. air &c. (gfas) 334; common -, atmospheric- air; atmos- phere; aerosphere. open, - air; sky, welkin; blue, - sky; cloud &c. 353. weather, chmate, rise and fall of the barometer, isobar. [Science of air] aero-logy, -metry, -scopy, -graphy; meteorology, clima- tology; pneumatics; eudio-, baro-, aero- meter, -scope; aneroid, baroscope; wea- ther-gauge, -glass, -cock. exposure to the -air, - weather; ven- tilation; aero-station, -nautics, -naut. V. air, ventilate; fan &c. (wind) 349. Adj. containing air, flatulent, efferves- cent; windy &c. 349. atmospheric, airy; aeri-al, -form; me- teorological; weatherwise. Adv. in the open air, d la belle etoile, alfresco; sub -Jove, - dio. 340. Dryness. — N. dryness &c. adj.; siccity, aridity, drought, ebb tide, low water. ex-, de-siccation; aref action, dephleg- mation, drainage; drier, desiccative. V. be -dry &c. adj.; render -dry &c. adj. ; dry; dry -, soak- up; sponge, swab, wipe; ex-, de-siccate; drain, parch. be fine, hold up. Adj. dry, anhydrous, arid; adust, arescent; dried &c,v.; undamped; juice-, 339 — 347 MATTER III. II. 2 muggy, dewy; roral t, rorid t; roscid; juicy. wringing wet; wet -through, - to the skin; saturated &c. v. swashy, soggy, dabbled; reeking, drip- ping, soaking, soft, sodden, sloppy, muddy; swampy &c. (marshy) 345; irrig- uous. sap-less; sear; husky; rainless, without rain, fine; dry as -a bone, - dust, - a stick, - a mummy, - a biscuit; water- proof, -tight. 341. Ocean. — N. sea, ocean, main, deep, brine, salt water, waters, waves", billows, high seas, offing, great waters, watery waste, "vasty deep"; wave, tide, &c. {water in motion) 348. hydrograph-y, -er; Neptune, Posei- don, Thetis, Triton, Naiad, Nereid; sea nymph. Siren; trident, dolphin. Adj. oceanic; mar-ine, -itime; pelag- ic, -ian; seagoing; hydrographic; bathy- bic, cotidal. Adv. at - on- sea; afloat. 342. Land. — N. land, earth, ground, dry land, terra firma. continent, mainland, peninsula, Cher- sonese, delta; tongue -, neck- of land; isthmus, oasis; promontory &c. (projec- tion) 250; highland &c. (height) 206. coast, shore, scar, strand, beach; play a; bank, lea; sea-board, -side, -bank, -coast, -beach; ironbound coast; loom of the land; derelict; innings; alluvium, alluvion; ancon. soil, glebe, clay, loam, marl, cledge, chalk, gravel, mold, subsoil, clod, clot; rock, crag. acres; real estate &c. (property) 780; landsman. V. land, come to land; set foot on -the soil, - dry land; come -, go- ashore. Adj. earthy; continental, midland, littoral, riparian; alluvial; terrene &c. (world) 318; landed, predial, territorial; geophilous; ripicolous. Adv. ashore; on -shore, - land. 343. Gulf. Lake. — N. land covered with water, gulf, gulph, bay, inlet, bight, estuary, arm of the sea, bayou [U. S.], fiord, armlet; frith, firth, osti- ary j, mouth; lagune, lagoon; indraught; cove, creek; natural harbor; roads; strait; narrows; Euripus; sound, belt, gut, kyles. lake, loch, lough, mere, tarn, plash, broad, pond, pool, lin, puddle, slab, well, artesian well; standing -, dead -, sheet of- water; fish -, mill- pond; ditch, dike, dyke, dam; reservoir &c. (store) 636; alberca, ^arachois, hog wallow [U. S.]. Adj. lacustrine. 344. Plain. — N. plain, table-land, face of the country; open -, champaign- country; basin, downs, waste, weary waste, desert, wild, steppe, pampas, sa- vanna, prairie, heath,, common, wold, veldt; moor, -land; bush; plateau &c. (level) 213; campagna; alkali flat, llano; mesa, mesilla [U. S.], playa; shaking -, trembling- prairie; vega. meadow, mead, haugh, pasturage, park, field, lawn, green, plat, plot, grass- plat, greensward, sward, turf, sod, heath- er; lea, ley, lay; grounds; maidan, agos- tadero. Adj. champaign, alluvial; campest- ral, -rial, -rian, -rine. 346. Island. — N. island, isle, islet, eyot, ait, holm, reef, atoll, breaker; archipelago; islander. Adj. insular, seagirt; archipelagic. 345. Marsh. — N. marsh, swamp, morass, marish, moss, fen, bog, quag- mire, slough, sump, wash; mud, squash, slush; baygall [U. S.], cienaga, jhil, vlei. Adj. marsh, -y; swampy, boggy, plashy, poachy, quaggy, soft; muddy, sloppy, squashy; paludal; moor-ish, -y; fenny. 3. Fluids in Motion 347. [Fluid in motion.] Stream. — N. stream &c. (o/wofer) 348, (o/oir) 349. V. flow &c. 348; blow &c. 349. 100 III. II. 2 INORGANIC MATTER 348 — 349 348. [Water in motion.] River. — N. running water. jet, spirt, squirt, spout, splash, rush, gush, jet d'eau; sluice. water-spout, -fall ; fall, cascade, force, foss; lin, -n; ghyll, Niagara; cata-ract, -dupe t, -clysm; debdcle, inundation, del- uge; chute, washout. rain, -fall; serein; shower, scud; downpour; driving -, drenching- rain; hyeto-logy, -graphy; predominance of Aquarius, reign of St. Swithin; mizzle, drizzle, stillicidium, plash; dropping &c. v.; cloud-burst; falling weather. stream, course, flux, flow, profluence; effluence &c. (egress) 295; defluxion; flowing &c. V. ; current, tide, race, coulee. spring; fount, -ain; riU, rivulet, gill, gullet, rillet; stream-, brook-let; branch [U. S.]; runnel, sike, burn, beck, brook, stream, river; reach; tributary. body of water, torrent, rapids, flush, flood, swash; spring -, high -, full- tide; bore; eagre, hygre; fresh, -et; indraught, reflux, undercurrent, eddy, vortex, gurge, whirlpool, Maelstrom, regurgita- tion, overflow; confluence, corrivation f. wave, biUow, surge, swell, ripple, avripSiJMv ytXaa-fxa; beach Comber, riffle [U. S.], rollers, ground swell, • surf, breakers, white horses; rough -, heavy -, cross -, long -, short -, chopping- sea. [Science of fluids in motion] hydro- dynamics; hydraul-ics, -icostatics; rain gauge; pegology. irrigation &c. (water) 337; pump; watering-pot, - cart; hydrant, syringe; bhisti, mussuk. V. flow, run; meander; gush, pour, spout, roll, jet, well, issue; drop, drip, dribble, plash, spirtle, trifl, trickle, distiU, percolate; stream, overflow, inundate, deluge, flow over, splash, swash; guggle, murmur, babble, bubble, purl, gurgle, sputter, spurt, regurgitate; ooze, flow out &c. (egress) 295. rain, - hard, - in torrents, - cats and dogs, - pitchforks; pour with rain, driz- zle, spit, set in; mizzle. flow -, fall -, open -, drain- into; dis- charge itself, disembogue. X n„- V J • ■ X [Cause a flow] pour; pour out &c. (discharge) 297; shower down; irrigate, drench &c. (wet) 337; spill, splash. [Stop a flow] stanch; dam, -up &c. (close) 261 ; obstruct &c. 70b. Adj . fluent ■ dif-, pro-, af -fluent ; tidal ; flowing &c. «;.; meand-ering, -ry, -rous ; fluvi-al, -atile; streamy, showery, rainy, pluvial, stiUicidous t; stiUatitious. Phr. " for men may come and men may go but I goon forever " [Tennyson]. 349. [Air in motion.] Wind. — N. wind, draught, flatus, afflatus, efllation; eluvium; air; breath, - of air; puff, whiff, zephyr; blow, drift; aura; stream, cur- rent; undercurrent. gust, blast, breeze, squall, gale, half a gale, storm, tempest, hurricane, whirl- wind, tornado, samiel, cyclone, typhoon; sim-oon, -oom; harmattan, monsoon, trade wind, sirocco, mistral, bise, tra- montane, levanter; capful of wind; fresh -, stiff- breeze; keen blast; bhzzard, barber [Can.], candelia, chinook, foehn, khamsin, norther, vendaval, wuther. windiness &c. adj.; ventosity t; rough -, dirty -, ugly -, stress of- weather; dirty sky, mare's tail; thick -, black -, white- squall. anemography, aerodynamics; wind- gauge, weather-cock, vane; anemo- meter, -scope. suf-, insuf-, per-, in-, af-flation; blow- ing, fanning, &c. v. ; ventilation. sneezing &c. v.; errhine; sternutat- ive, -ory; sternutation; hic-cup, -cough; catching of the breath. Eolus, Boreas, Zephyr, cave of Eolus. air pump, lungs, bellows, blowpipe, fan, ventilator, punkah; branchiae, gills, flabellum, ventilabrum. V. blow, waft; blow -hard, - great guns, - a hurricane &c. n.; wuther; stream, issue. respire, breathe, puff; whif, -fle; gasp, wheeze; snuff, -le; sniff, -le; sneeze, cough. fan, ventilate; in-, per-flatef; blow up. Adj. blowing &c. v.; windy, flatulent; breezy, gusty, squally; stormy, tem- pestuous, blustering; boisterous &c. (violent) 173. pulmon-ic, -ary. Phr. " Ml'd by soft zephyrs " [Pope]; " the storm is up and all is on the hazard " [Julius Ccesar]; " the winds were wither' d in the stagnant air " [Byron]; " while mocking winds are piping loud " [Milton]; " winged with red lightning and tempestuous rage " [Paradise Lost], 350 — 356 MATTER III. II. 2 350. [Channel for the passage of water.] Conduit. — N. conduit, chan- nel, duct, watercourse, race; head -, tail- race; abito, aboideau, aboiteau, bito; acequia, -dor,-madre; arroyo; adit, aqueduct, canal, trough, gutter, pantile; flume, ingate, runner; lock-weir, tedge; vena; dike, main, gully, moat, ditch, drain, sewer, culvert, cloaca, sough, kennel, siphon; -piscina; pipe &c. {tube) 260; funnel ;.tunnel &c. (passage) 627; water -, waste- pipe; emunctory, gully hole, artery, aorta, pore, spout, scupper; ad-, a-jutage; hose; gar-, gur-goyle; penstock, weir; flood-, water-gate; sluice, lock, valve; rose; waterworks. Adj. vascular &c. (with holes) 260. 351. [Channel for the passage of air.] Airpipe. — N. air -pipe, - tube; air-, blow-, breathing-, vent-hole; shaft, flue, chimney, funnel, vent, nostril, noz- zle, throat, weasand, trachea; bronch- us, -ia; larynx, tonsils, windpipe, spira- cle; venti-duct, -lator; louvre, Venetian blinds; blowpipe &c. (wind) 349; pipe &c. (tube) 260; jhilmil; smokestack. 3. Impeepect Fluids 352. Semiliquidity. — N. semiliquid- ity; stickiness &c. adj. ; visc-idity, -osity; gumm-, glutin-, muc-osity;spiss-, crass- itude; lentor; adhesiveness &c. (cohesion) 46. imspiss-, incrass-ation; thickening. jelly, mucilage, gelatin; carlock, fish glue; ichthyocolj -la; isinglass; mucus, phelgm; pituite, lava; glair, starch, glu- ten, albumen, milk, cream, protein; treacle; gum, size, glue; wax, beeswax; emulsion, soup; squash, mud, slush, slime, ooze; moisture