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A Classical Dictionary: containing an Account of the Principal Proper Names mentioned in Ancient Authors, and intended to eincidate all the Important Points connected with the Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, and Fine arts of the Greeks and Ro- mans, together with an Account of the Coins, Weights, and Measures of the Ancients, with Tabular Values of the same. By Cuableb Anthon, LL.D. Royal 8to, Sheep extra, $ff 00. smith's classical dictionary. A New ClaBsical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biographj', Mythology, and Geography. Partly based npon-the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, by Wm. Smith, LL.D. Revised, with numerous Corrections and Additions, by Chaiii.iib Anthon, LL.D. Svo, Sheep extra, $5 00. Published bt HARPER & BROTHERS, New Yobk. PREFACE. The present -work is designed to supply a want which still exists in our School Classical Literature. It has been represented to the editor, from several quarters, that his Larger Classical Dictionary, though well adapted for the use of the higher forms in the public schools, is ex- cluded, both by its size and price, from a great number of schools, which are therefore obliged to put up with the abridgments of Lemprifere's obsolete work. In consequence of these representations, the editor has been induced to draw up this Smaller Dictionary. All names have been inserted which a young person would be likely to meet with at the com- mencement of his classical studies; and only those have been omitted which occur in later writers, or in works not usually read in schools. The quantities have .been carefully marked, and the genitive cases in- serted. The mythological articles have been illustrated by drawings from ancient works of art, for which the editor is indebted to the skill- ful pencil of his friend, Mr. George Scharf In this, as in the Smaller Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, care has been taken not to presume too much on the knowledge of the reader. It is therefore hoped that these two works may be used conjointly with advantage, even in schools where Latin and Greek are not taught. WILLIAM SMITH. B Fbiau betobb AomiLES. A SMALLER CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. ABACAENUM. ABORIGINES. ABACAENUM (-i), an ancient town of the Siculi in Sicily, W. oiMeesana, and S. of Tyn- daris. ABAB (-arum), an ancient town of Phocis, on the boundaries of Boeotia; celebrated for ■ an ancient temple and oracle of Apollo, who hence derived the surname of Abaeus. . iBANTES, the ancient inhabitants of Eu- boea. They are said to have been of Thi-a- cian origin, to have first settled in Phocis, where they built Abae, and afterwards to have crossed over to Euboea. The Abantes of Euboea assisted in colonizing several of the Ionic cities of Asia Minor. XBANTiADES <-ne), any descendant of Abas, but especially Perseus, ^rent-grandson of Abas, and Acrisius, sou of Abas. A female . descendant of Abas, as Bauae and Atalante, was called Abantias. XbXRIS (-is), a Hyperborean priest of Apollo, came from the country about the Caucasus to Greece, while his native land was visited by a plague. His history is entirely mythical : he is said to have taken no earthly food, and to have ridden on an arrow, the gift of Apollo, through the air. He may per- aps be placed about b.o. 670. Abas (-antis). (1) Sou of Metanira, was chauged by Demetcr (Ceres) into a lizard, be- cause he mocked the goddess when she had come on her wanderings into the houee of his mother, and drank eagerly to quench her thirst. — (2) Twelfth king of Argos, son of Lyn- ceus and Hypermnestrn, grandson of Danaus, and father of Acrisius and Proetus. When he informed his father of the death of Danaus, he was rewarded with the shield of his grand- father, which was sacred to Hera (Juno). This shield performed various marvels, and the mere sight of it could reduce a revolted people tojauomission. ABDERA (-ae and ornm), a town of Thrace, near the mouth of the Nestus, which flowed through the town. It was colonized by Timesius of Clazomenae about ii.o. 656, and a second time by the inhabitants of Teos in Ionia, who settled there after their own town had been taken by the Persians^ b.o. 644. It was the birthplace of Democritus, Protag- oras, Anaiarchus, and other distinguished men; but its inhabitants, notwithstanding. Were accounted stupid, and an "Abderite" was a term of reproach. XBELLA or IVELLA (-ae), a town of Campania, not far fromNola, founded by the Chalcidians in Euboea. It was celebrated for its apples, whence Virgil calls it mdli/era. ABGXRUS, ACBiRUS, or AUGXRUS (-i), a name common to many rulers of Edessa, the capital of the district of Osrhoiine in Mesopo- tamia. Of these mlers one is supposed by Eusebius to have been the author of a letter wiltten to Christ, which he found in a church at Edessa and translated from the Syriac The letter is believed to be spurious. ABlA (-ae), a town of Messenia, on the Messenian gulf. ABII, a tribe mentioned by Homer, and ap- parently a ThracJan people. XBILA (-orum), a town of Coele-Syria, aft- erwards called Claudiopolis, and the capital of the tetrarchy of Abilene {Luke iii. 1). ABNOBA MONS (-ae), the range of hills covered by the Blaek Forest in Germany, not a single mountain. XBORIGINES (-urn), the original inhabi- tants of a country, equivalent to the Greek ABOREHAS. 10 ACEERAE. Autochthones. But the Aborigines in Italy ai-e not in the Latin writers the original in- habitants of all Italy, but the name of an an- cient people who drove the Siculi ont of La- tinm, and there became the progenitors of the Latini. ABORRHAS, a branch of the Euphrates, joining that river on the E. side near Arce- sium ; called the Araxes by Xenophon. ABSYRTUS or APSYRTUS (-i), son of AeStes, king of Colchis, whom Medda took with her when she fled with Jaeon. Being Eursued by her father, she murdered her rother, cut his body in pieces, and strewed them t)n the road, that her father might be detained by gathering the limbs of his child. Tomi, the place where this horror was com- mitted, was believed to have derived its name from ircfiviu) "cut." ABUS (-i : Number)^ a river in Britain. ABYDOS (-i). <1) A town of the Troad on the Hellespont, and a Milesian colony, nearly opposite to Sestos, but a little lower down the stream. The bridge of boats which Xerxes constrncted over the Hellespont, b.o. 480, commenced a little higher np than Abydos, and touched the European shore between Sestos and Mailvtns (2) A city of Upper Egypt, near the W. bank of the Nile ; once second only to Thebes, but in Strabo's time (^.p. 14) a small village. It had a temple of Osiris and a MeTnnonvwm, both still standing, and an oracle. Here was found the inscrij)- tlon known as the TabU of Abydos, which contains a list of the Egyptian kings. XBlfLA (-ae) oriBILA (-ae) MONS or CO- LUMNA, a mountain in Mauretania Tingi- tana, fornjing the E. extremity of the S. or African coast of the Prelum Gaditanum. This and M. Calpe (Gibraltar), opposite to it on the Spanish coast, were called the Columns of Hercules, from the fable that they were originally one mountain, torn asunder by Hercules. XCiDBMIA and -lA (-ae), a piece of land on the Cephissus, 6 stadia from Athens, orig- inally belonging to a hero Academus, aud subsequently a gymnasium, adorned by Ci- mon with plane and olive plantations, stat- ues, and other works of art. Here taught Plato, who possessed a piece of land in the neighborhood, and after him his followers, who were hence called the Academici, or Academic philosophers. Cicero gave the name of Academia to his villa near Puteoli, where he wrote his "Quaestiones Academ- icae." XcXmXS <-antis). (1) Son of Thesens and Phaedra, accompanied Diomedes to Troy to demand the surrender of Helen.— (2) Son of Antenor and Theano, one of the bravest Tro- jans, slain by Meriones. — (3) Son ofEussorus, one of the leaders of the Thracians in the Trojan war, slain by Ihe Telamonian Ajax. iCANTHUS (-i), a town on the Isthmus, which connects the peninsula of Athos with Chalcidice, fouuded by the inhabitants of Au- dros. iCAKNiN <-anis), one of the Epigoni, son of Alcmaeon and Callirrhoe, and brother of Amphoterus. Their father was murdered by Phegens when they were very young ; but as soon as they had grown up, they slew Phege- ns, his wife, and his two sons. They after- wards went to Epirus, where Acaraan found- ed the state called after him Acarnania. iCARN5.NIA(-ae), the most westerly prov- ince of Greece, bounded on the N. by the Am- braciau gulf; on the W. and S.W. by the Io- nian sea ; on theN.E. by Amphilochia, which is sometimes included iu Acarnania ; and on the JE. by Aetolia, from which, at a later time, it was separated by the Achelous. The name of Acarnania does not occur in Homer. -In the most ancient times the land was inhabit- ed by the Taphii, Teleboae, and Leleges, and subsequently by the Curetes. At a later time a colony from Argos, said to have been led by AOAHNAN, settled in the country. Iu the sev- enth century n.o. the Corinthians founded sev- eral towns on the coast. The Acarnanians first emerge from obscurity at the beginning of the Peloponnesiau war^ b.o. 431. They were then a rude people, living by piracy and robbery, aud they always reiuained behind the rest of the Greeks in civilization and re- finement. They were good slingers, and are praised for their fidelity and courage. The diiferent towns formed a League, which met at Stratus, and subsequently at Thyrium or Leucas. XCASTUS (-i), son of Pelias, kin? of lol- cus, one of the Argonauts aud of the^Calydo- nian hunters. His sisters were induced by Medea to cut np their father and boil him, in order to make him young again. Acastns, in consequence, drove Jason and Medea from lolcusj and instituted funeral games in hon- ' our of his father. During these games, Hip- polyte, the wife of Acastus, fell Iu love with Peleus. When Peleus refused to listen to her she accused him to her husband of having at- tempted her dishonor. Shortly afterwards, while Acastus and Peleus were hunting on mount Pelion, aud the latter had fallen asleep, Acastus took his sword from him, and left him alone. He was, in consequence, nearly destroyed by the Centaurs ; but he was saved by Chiron or Hermes, returned to Acastus, and killed him, together with his wife. ACBARUS. [Aboakub.] ACCA LAURENTIA ob LAEENTIA {-ae), the wife of the shepherd Faustnhis and the nurse of Romulus and Eemus, after they had been taken from the she-wolf. She seems to be connected with the worship of the Lares, from which her name Larentia is probably derived. ACCiUS OR ATTiUS (-i), L., a Roman trag- ic poet, was bom b.o. 170, and lived to a great age. His tragedies were chiefly imitated from the Greek, but he also wrote some on Roman subjects (Praetextatae). ACCO, a chief of the Senones in Gaul, in- duced bis countrymen to revolt against Cae- sar, U.0. 53, by whom he was put to death. ACE. [Ptoi-emais.] ACERBAS. [Dido.] XCBREAB (-arum). (1) A town in Campa- nia, on the Clauius ; destroyed by Hannibal, ACESINES. 11 ACHERUSIA. but rebuilt.— (2) A town of the Insubrea in Gallia Transpadaoa. XCESINES C-ae : Chenaub), a river in India, into which the Hydaspea flows, and which it- self flowa into the Indus. iCBSTA. [Skqksta.] iCESTES (-ae)^ son of a Trojan woman, of the name of Egesta or Segesta, who was sent by her father to Sicily, that shfe might not be devoured by the monsters which infcBted the territory or Troy; When Egeata arrived in Sicily, the river-god Crimians begot by her a son Acestes, who was afterwards regarded as the hero who had founded the town of Seges- ta. AeneaSj on his arrival in Sicily, was hos- pitably received by Acestes. ACHAEI (-orum), one of the chief Hellenic races, were, according to tradition, descended from Acbaeus, who was the son of Xuthus and Creusa, and grandson of Hellen. The Achaei originally dwelt in Thesealy, and from thence migrated to Peloponnesus, the whole of which became subject to them with the exception of Arcadia, and the country afterwards culled Achaia. As they were the ruling nation in Peloponnesus iu the heroic times^ Homer fre- quently gives the name of Achaei to the col- lective Greeks. On the conquest of Pelopon- nesus by the Heraclidiie and the Dorians, 80 years after the Trojan war, many of the Achaei under Tisamenus, the son of Orestes, left their counti-y and took possession of the northern coast of Peloponnesus, then inhabited by lo- niane, whom they expelled from the country, which was heuceforth called Achaia. The ex- Selled lonians migrated to Attica and Asia tinor. The Achaei settled iji 12 cities : Pel- lene, Aeeira, Aegae, Bura, Helice, Aegium, Rhypae, Patrae, Pharae, Olenus, Dyme, and Tritaea. These 12 cities formed a league for mutual defense and protection. The Achaei had little influence in the aifairs of Greece till the time of the successors of Alexander. In n.o. 281, the Achaei, who were then subject to the Macedonians, resolved to renew their ancient league for the purpose of shaking off the Macedonian yoke. This was the origin of the celebrated Achaean League. It at first consisted of only four towns, Dyme, Patrae, Tritaen, and Pharae, bnt was subsequently joined by the other towns of Achaia, with the exception of Olenus and Helice. It did not, however, obtain much importance till «.o. ?51, when Aratus united to it his native town, Sic- yon. The example of Sicyon was followed by Corinth and many other towns in Greece, and the League soon became the chief politi- cal power in Greece. At length the* Achaei declared war against the Romans, who de- stroyed the Lengue, and thus put an end to the independence of Greece. Corinth, then the chief town of the League, was taken by the Roman general Mnmmi us, in b.o.146, and the whole of southern Greece made a Roman province under the name of Aoiiaia. iCHAEMENES ^i8). <1) The ancestor of the Persian kings, who fonndedthe family of the A chaeTnenidaey which was the noblest fam- ily of the Pasargadae, the noblest of the Per- sian tribes. The Roman poets use the adjec- tive Achaemeniua in the sense of Persian. — (2) Son of Darius L, was governor of Egypt, and commanded the Egjrptiau fleet in the ex- pedition of Xerxes against Greece, n.o. 480. He was defeated and killed in battle by Ina- nis the Libyan, 460. XCHAEMfiNlDES, ob XCHEMfiNlDlS, a companion of Ulysses, who left him behind iu Sicily when he fled from the Cyclops. ACHAEUS. [AoHAEi.] ICHiiA (-ae). (1) The northern coast pf the Peloponnesus, originally called Aegialea or Aegialus, i. e. the coast-land, was bounded on the N. by the Corinthian gulf and the Io- nian sea, on the S. by Elis and Arcadia, on the W. by the Ionian sen, and on the E. by Sicyo- nia. Respecting its inhabitants, see Aoiiakj. —(2) A district in Thessaly, which appears to have been the original seat of the Achaei.— <3) The Roman province, which included Pe- loponnesus and northern Greece S. of Thes- saly. It was formed on the dissolution of the Achaean League iu n.o. 146, and hence derived its name. iCHARNAB C-arum). the principal demus of Attica, 60 stadiaN. of Athens, possessing a numerous and warlike population. One of the plays of Aristophanes bears their name, ACHJSL(>lADES. [AouELous.] XCHELOUS (-i), the largest river in Greece, rises iu Mount Piudus, and flows southward, forming the boundary between Acaruania and Aetolia, and falls into the Ionian sea opposite the islands called Echinades. It is about 130 miles in length. The god of this river is de- scribed as the son of Oceanns and Tethys, and as the eldest of his 3000 brothers. He fought with Hercules for Deianira, but was conquered in the contest. He then took the form of a bull, but was again overcome by Her- cules, who deprived him of one of his horns, which, however, he recovered by giving up the horn of Amalthea. According to Ovid, {Met ix. 87), the Naiads changed the horn which Hercules took fVom Acbelous into the horn of plenty. Acbelous was from the ear- liest times considered to be a great divinity throughout Greece, and was invoked in pray- ers, sacriflces, etc. Acbelous was regarded as the representative of all fresh water; hence we find in Virgil AchSW^ po(nilaf that is, wa- ter in general. The Sirens are called Achi- h'lMdcs, as the daughters of Achelone. ACH£R(5N (-ontis), the name of several riv- ers, ali of which were, at least at one time, be- lieved to be connected with the lower world. — (1) A river in Thesprotin, in Epirus, which flows through the lake Acherusia.into the Io- nian sea. — (2) A river in southern Italy, in Bruttii, on which Alexander of Epirus per- ished. — (3) The riverof the lower world round which the shades hover, and intb which the Pyriphlegethon and Cocytus flow. In late writers the name of Acheron is used to des- ignate the whole of the lower world. XCHERONTIA (-ae). (1) A town in Apu- lia, on a summit of Mount vultur,whence Hor- ace speaks of celsae nidum Acherontiae. — (2) A town on the river Acheron,in Bruttii. [Aon- EKON, No. 2.] ACHfiRtSiA (-ae). [.Aoiiekos, No. l.J ACHILLES. 12 ACHILLES. XCHILLES (yen. -Is, ^i, ei, or i j dat. -! ; ace. -em, && : abt.-& or 6), the great hero of the Iliad. Homeric story. Achilles was the son of Pe- leus, king of the Myrmidonea in Phthiotis, in Thessaly, and of the Nereid Thetis. From his father's name he is often called Pelldes^ Pelei- ddes, or Pelion, and from his grandfather's, Aeacides. He was educated by Phoenix, who taught him eloquence and the arts of war. In theliealing art he was instructed by Chiron, the centaur. His mother Thetis foretold him that his fate was either to gain glory aud die early, or to live a long but inglorious life. The hero chose the former, and took part in the Trojan war, from which he knew that he was not- to return. In 50 ships he led his hosts of Myrmidones, Hellenes, and Achaeans agaiust Troy. Here the swift-footed Achilles was the great bulwark of the Greeks, and the worthy favorite of Athena (Minerva) aud Hera (Juno). When Agamemnon was obliged to give up ChryseTs to her father, he th):eatened to take away Briseis from Achilles, who sur- rendered her on the persuasion of Athena, but at the same time refused to take any further part in the war, and shut himself up in his tent. Zeus (Jupiter), on the entreaty of The- tis, promised that victory should be on the side of the Trojans, until the Achaeans should have honored her son. The affairs of the Greeks declined in consegnence, and they were at last pressed so hard, that an embassy was sent to Achilles, offering him rich pres- ents and the restoration of Briseis ; but in vain. Finally, however, he was persuaded by , Patroclus, his dearest friend, to allow the lat- ter to make use of his men, his horses, and his armor. Patroclus was slain, and when this news reached Achilles, he was seized with un- speakable grief. Thetis consoled him, and promised new- arms, to be made by Hephaes- tus (Vulcan) ; and Iris exhorted him to rescue the body of Patroclus. Achilles now rose, and his thundering voice alone put the Trojans to flight. When his new armor was brought to him, he hurried to the field of battle, killed numbers of Trbjana, aud at length met Hec- tor, whom he chased thrice around the. walls of the city. He then slew him, tied his body to his chariot, and dragged him to the ships of the Greeks ; but he afterwards gave up the corpse to Priam, who came in person to beg for It. Achilles himself fell in the battle at the Scaean gate, before Troy was taken. Achilles is the principal hero of the Iliad : he is the handsomest and bravest of all the Greeks ; he is affectionate towards his mother and his friends; formidable in battles, which are his delight i open-hearted and without fear, and at the same time snsceptible of the gentle and quiet joys of home. His greatest passion is ambition, and when his sense of^ honor is hurt, he is unrelenting in his revenge and an- ger, but withal submits obediently to the will of the gods. Later traditions These consist chiefly in accounts which fill up the history of his youth and death. His mother, wishing to make her son immortal, concealed him ijy night in the Are, in order to destroy the mortal parts he had inherited from his father. But Pelens one night discovered his child iti the Are, and cried out in terror. Thetis left her eon and fled, and Peleus intrusted Mm to Chi- ron, who instructed him In the arts of riding, hunting, and playing the phorminx, and also changed his original "name, Ligyron, i. e. the " whining, "into Achilles. Chiron fed his pu- pil with the hearts of lions and the marrow of bears. According to other accounts, The- tis endeavored to make Achilles immortal by dipping him in the river Styx, and succeeded with the exception of the ankles, by which she held him. When he was 9 years old, Calchas declared that Troy could not be taken with- out his aid, and Thetis, knowing that this war would be fatal to him, disguised him as a maiden, and introduced him among the daughters of Lycomedes of Scyros, where he was called by the name of Pyrrha, on account of his golden locks. Here be remained con- cealed till Ulysses visited the place in the dis- guise of a merchant, and offered for sale some temale dresses, amidst which he had mixed some arms. Achilles discovered his sex by eagerly seizing the arms, aud then-accompa- nied Ulysses to the Greek army. During his Acbllles Beiztn^ Arms nt Scyroa. (A Painting found Rt Pompeii.) residence at Scyros, one of his companions, Deldamia, became by him the mother of a son, Pyrrhus dr Neoptolemas. During the war agaiust Troy, Achilles slew PenthesilSa, an Amazon. He also fought with Memuon and Troilns. The accounts of his death dif- fer very much, though all agree in stating that he did not fall by human hands, or at least not without the interference of the god Apol- lo. According to some traditions, he was killed by Apollo himself ; according to others, Apollo assumed the appearance of Paris in ^'' m AoTABOH. (British Museum.) ACHILLEUM. .13 ACTOR. killing him, while others say that Apollo merely directed the weapon ot'Paria. Others, again, relate that Achilles loved Polyxetia, a dauehter of Priam, and, tempted by the prom- ise that he should receive her as hls'wife if he wouldjoin the Trojans, he went without arms into the temple of Apollo at Thymbra, and was assassinated there by Paris. His body was rescued by Ulysses and Ajaz the ^elamonian ; his armor was promised by The- tis to the bravest among the Greeks, which gave rise to a contest between the two heroes who had rescued his body. [Ajax.] After his death Achilles became one of the judges in the lower world, and dwelt in the islands of the blessed, where be was united to Medea or Iphigema. ACHILLEUM (-i), a town near the promon- tory Sigtjura ia the Troad, where Achilles was supposed to have beeu buried. XCHILLTDES (-ae), a patronymic of Pyr- rhns, son of Achilles. ACHIVI (-dram), the name of the Achaei In the Latin writers, and frequently nsed, like Achaei, to signify the whole Gteek nation. fAOJIAEI.] ACHRlDlNA OR ACRlDlKA. [Sybaou- BAK.J XCIDXLIA (-ae), a surname of Venus, from the well Acidalius near Orchomenos, where she used to bathe with the Graces. ACILiUS GLABRIO.- [Glabrio.] 5.CIS (-is or idis), son of Faunus and Sy- maethis, beloved by the nymph Galatea, and crushed by Polyphemus, the Cyclop, through jealousy, under a huge rock. His blood, gush- ing forth from under the rock, was changed by the nymph into the river Acis or Acinius at the foot of Mount Aetna. This stoi-y is perhaps only a happy fiction suggested bv the manner in which the little river springs forth from under aj^ock. ACMONIDBS (-ne), one of the three Cy- clopes in Ovid, the same asPyracmon in Vir- gil, and as Arges in other accounts. 5.C0ETSS (-ae), a sailor who was saved by Bacchus when his companions were destroy- ed, because- he was the only onie of the crew who had espoused the cause of the god. iCONTiUS (-i), a beautiful youth of the island of Ceos. Having come to Delos to cel- ebrate the festival of Diana, he fell in love with Cydippe, the daughter of a noble Athe- nian. In order to gain her, he had recourse to a stratagem. While she was sitting before the temple of Diana, he threw to her fln ap- ple upon which he had written the words, '* I swear by the sauctyary of Diana to marry AcontiuB." The nurse took up the apple and handed it to Cydippe, who read aloud what was written upon it, and then threw the ap- ple away. But the goddess had heard her vow ; and the repeated illness of the maiden, when she was about to niarry another man, at length compelled her father to give her in marriage to Acoutius^ ■*" ACRAE (-arum), a town in Sicily,W. of Syr- acuse, and 10 stadia from the river Anapus, founded by the Syracusans 70 years after the foundation of their own city. 62 ACRAEPHIA (-ae), ACRAEPHlAE (-arum), or ACRAEPHiUM (-i), a town in BtSeotia, on the lalce Copais. ACRXGAS (-antis). [Agrigbntum.] ACRISI5NE (-es), a patronymic of Danae, daughter of Acrisius. Perseus, grandson of Acrisius, was called in the same way Acri- sidniAdes. iCRiSIUS (-i), son of Abas, king of Argos, grandson of Lyuceus, and great-grandson of Danaus. An oracle had declared thut Danae, the daughter of Acrisius^ would give birth to a son who would kill Ins grandfather. For this reason he kept Danao shut up in a sub- terraneous apartment, or in a brazen tower. But here she became the mother of Perseus, by Zeus (Jupiter), who visited her in a show- er of gold. Acrisius ordered mother and child to be exposed on the sea in a chest ; -but the chest floated towards the island of Seriphus, whei-e both were rescued by Dictys. As to 1 the fulfillment of the oracle, see Perseus. I ACROCERAUNiA (-orum), a promontory in Epirus, jutting out into the Ionian sea, the . most westerly part of the Ceraunii Montes. ; The coast of the Acroceraunia was dangerous ! to ships, whetice Horace speaks of in/ames : 8Copulo8 Atyt-occraunia. 1 ACROPOLIS. [Atiienae.] I ACltOTHOUM (-i) or ACROTHOI (-Orum), a town near the extremity of the peninsula ■ of Athos. I ACTAEON (-Bnis), a celebrated huntsman, son of Aristaeus and Autouoe, a daughter of Cadmus. One day, as he was hunting, he saw Artemis (Diana) with her nymphs bathing in the vale of Gargaphia, whereupon the god- dess changed him mto a stag, in which form he was torn to pieces by his BO dogs on Mouut .Cithaeron. ACTAEUS (-1), the earliest king of Attica. I The adjective Actaeus is used by the poets in the sense of Attic or Athenian, I ACTB (-6s), properly a piece of land run- : niug into the sea, and attached to another larger piece of laud, but not necessarily hy a narrow neck. (1) An ancient name of Attica, used especially by the poets. Hence Orithyia, , the daughter of Erectheus, king of Athens, is ■ called Actias by Virgil.— (2) The peninsula between the Strymonic and Siugitic gulfs on which Mount Athos is. ACTIUM (-i : La Punta, not Azio), a prom- ! ontory in Acarnania, at the entrance of the. ■ Aihbracian gulf, off which Augustus gained j the celebrated victory'over Antony and Cle- i opatra, on September 2, ii.o. 31. At Actium ! there was a temple of Apollo, who was hence ■ called Aetiacus and AcUvs. This temple was I beautified by Augustus, who established, or rather revived, a festival to Apollo, called Ac- tia, and erected Niooroi.is on the opposite : coast, in commemoration of his victory. A few buildings sprung up around the temple at Actium, but the place was only a kind of , suburb of Nicopolis. I ACTIUS. [Attius.1 i ACTOR (-6ris). (1) Son-of Deion and Dio- ' medes, father of Menoetius, and grandfather I of Patroclus,— (2) A companion of Aeneas, of ACTORIDKS. U ADRIA. ■whose conquered lance Turnus made a boast. This story seems to have given rise to the proyevh Actoris spolium for any poor spoil. ACTOKIDES (-ae), a patronymic of de- scendants of an Actor, such as Fatroclus, Erithus, Enrytus, and Cteatns. ADDtTA (-ae : Adda), a river of Gallia Cisal- pina, rising in the Bhaetian Alps, and flow- ing through the Lacns Larius (L. di CuTno) into the Pq, about 8 miles above Cremona. ADHERBAL (-4118^. [JcGnETiiA.] ADIABENE (-es), a district of Assyria, E. of tlie Tigris, and between the river Lycus, called Zabatns in the Anabasis of Xenophou, and the Caprus, both of which are branches of the Tigris. ADMETUS (-i). (1) King of Pherae in Thessaly, su€d for Alcestie, the daughter of Pelias, -who promised her on condition that he should come in a chariot drawn by lions and boars. This task Admetus performed by the assistance of Apollo. The god tended the flocks of Admetus for 9 years, when he was obliged to serve a mortal for having slain the Cyclops. Apollo prevailed upon tlie Moirae or Fates to grant to Admetus deliverance from death if his father, mother, or wife ■wonld die for him. Alcestis died in his stead, but was brought back by Hercules from the lower world.— (2) King of the Molossuins, to whom TiiEMiSTooLBS fled for protection when pursued as a party to the treason of Pausa- nias. XDSNIS (-is or Idle). (1) A beautiful youth, son of Cinyras, by his daughter Smyr- na or Myrrha. He was beloved by Aphro- dite (Venus), but he died of a wound which Death of Adonis. (A Fainting found at Pompeii.) he received from a boar during the chase. The flower anemone sprung from his blood. The grief of the goddess at his death was so great that the gods of the lower world al- lowed him to spend six mouths of every year with AphroditS upon the earth. The worship of Adonis was of Phoenician origin, and ap- pears to have had reference to the death of nature in winter and to its revival in spring: hence Adonia spends 6 months in the lower and 6 mouths in the upper world. His death and his return to life were celebrated in an- nual festivals {Adonia) at Byblos, Alexandria in Egypt, Athens, and other places. — (2) A small river of Phoenicia, rising in the range of Libanus. ADEAMYTTIUM or EDM (-i), a town of Mysia, near the head pf the gulf of Adramyt- tiuni, and opposite to the island of Lesbos. ADRiNA (-ae : Eder), a river in Germany, flowing into the Fulda near Caseel. ADKASTUS (-i>. (1) Son of Talans, king of Argos. Being expelled from Argos by Am- phiaruus, he fled to Pol3'bus, king of Sicyon, whom he succeeded on the throne of Sicyon, and instituted the Nemean games. ■ After- wards he became reconciled to Amphiarfius, and returned to his kingdom of Argos, He married his two daughters Deipyle and Argia, the former to Tydeus of Calydon, and" the latter to Polyuices of Thebes, both fugitives from theirnative countries. He then prepat-ed- to restore Polynlces to Thebes, who had been expelled by his brother Eteocles, although Amphiaruus foretold that all who should en- gage in the war should 'perish, with the ex- ception of Adriisius. Thus arose the celebra- ted war of the "Seven against Thebes," in which Adrastus was joined by 6 other hei-oes, viz.^olynices, Tydeus^Amphiaraus, Capane- us, Hippomddon, and Parthenopneus. This war ended as unfortunately as Amphiuraus had predicted, and Adrastus alone was saved by the swiftness of his horse Arlon, the gift of Hercules. Ten years afterwards, Adrastus persuaded the 6 sous of the heroes who had fallen in the war to make a new attack upon Thebes, and Amphiaruus now promised suc- cess. This war is known as the war of the "Epigoni" or descendants. Tiiebes was tak- en and razed to the gi-ound. The only Ai'give hero that fell in this war was Aegialeus, the son of Adrastus : the latter died of grief at Megara on his return to Argos, and was bur- ied in the former city. The legends about Adrastus and the two wars against Thebes, furnished ample materials for the epic as well as tragic poets of Greece. — (2) Son of the Phrygian kine Gtu'dius, having unintention- ally killed his brother, fled to Croesus, who re- ceived him kindly. While hunting, he acci- dentally killed Atys, the son of Croesus, and in despair put an end to his own life. ADElA or HADEIA (-ae). (1) A town in Gallia Cisalpina, between the mouths of the Po and the Athesis (Adige), from which the Adriatic sea takes its name. It was original- ly a powerful town of the Etruscans (2) A town of Picenum in Italy, and afterwards a Roman coloiw, at which place the family of the emperor Hadrian lived. ADEIA (-ae) orMAEE ADElXTiCUM.also MAEK SUPEEUM, so called from the town Adria [No. 1], was, in its widest signification, the sea between Italy on the W.,' and Illyri- • cum, Epirns, and Greece on the E. By the Greeks the name Adrias was only applied to the northern part of the sea, the southern pa,rt being called the Ionian sea, ADRIANUS. 15 AEGATES. ADEltaUS. [Hadeiamub.] ADEUMSTUM. [Hadeometum.] ADUATttCA (-ae), a castle of the Ebnrones in Qaul, probably the Bame as the later Aduaca Tongronim {Tfrngern). ADUATtfCI or ADUATlCI (-orum), a pow- erful people of Gallia Belgica In the time of Caesar, were the descendants of the Clmbri and Teutoni, and lived between the- Scaldis (Schelde) and Mosa (Maas). ADPLA (-ae) MONS. [Aipes.] ADULE (-es) or ADf LIS (-is), a maritime city of Aethopia, on a bay of the Red Sea, called AdulitanuB Sinus. It fell into the pow- er of the Auxnmitae, for whose trade it be- came the great emporium. Here was found the MonwmAntvmi Adulitanmny a Greek in- scription recounting the conquestB of Ptolemy IL Euergetes in Asia and Thrace. ADYRMXCHIDAB (-arum), a Libyan peo- ple who appear to have once possessed the whole coast of Africa from the Canopic mouth of the Nile to the Catabathmus Major, but were afterwards pressed further inland. ABA (-ae), sometimes with the addition of the word Colchis, may be considered either a part of Colchis or another name for the country. AEScIDES (-ae), a patronymic of the de- scendants of Aeacus, as Feleus, Telamon, and Fhocus, sons of Aeacus ; Achilles, son of Pe- lens, and grandson of Aeacus ; Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, and great-grandson of Aeacus ; and Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who claimed to be a descendant of Achilles. ABiCUS (-i), son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Ae- fina, a daughter of the river-god Asopus, was orn in the island of Aegiua, which derived its name from his mother. [Akgina.3 Some traditions related that at the birth of Aeacus, Aegina was not yet inhabited, and that Zeus changed the ants of the island into men (Myr- midones), over whom Aeacus ruled. Aeacus was renowned in all Greece for hisjustice and piety, and after his death became one of the 3 judges in Hades. ABABA (-ae), a surname of Circe, the sis- ter of Aeetes, was believed to have inhabited a small island of this name off the coast of Italy, which was afterwards united to the main land, and formed the promontory of Cir- ceii. Hence magic arts are called Aeaeae artes and Aeaea carmina, "Telegone, the son of Circe, and founder of Tusculum, is also called Aeaeus. AAEAS. [Aous.] AECULSNUM or AECL5.NUM (-i), a town of the Hirpini in Samnium, a few miles S. of Beneventum. XbDON (-onis), daughter of Pandareus of Bphesus, wife of Zethus, king of Thebes, and mother of Itylus. Envious of Niobe, the wife of her brother Amphion, who had 6 sons and 6 daughters, she resolved to kill the eldest of Niobe's sons, but by mistake slew her own son Itylus. Zeus (Jupiter) relieved her grief by changing her into a nightingale, whose melancholy tunes are represented as Aedon's lamentations for her child. AED'Bl or HlDtn (-orum), one of the most Eowerful people in Gaul, IJTed between the iger (Loire) and the Arar (Saone). They were the first Gallic people who made aii alliance with the Bomans, by whom they were called " brothers and relations." On Caesar's arrival iu Gaul, B.C. S8, they were subject to Ariovis- tus, but were restored by Caesar to their for- mer power. Their principal town was Bi- BEAOTE. _ AESTBS or AEETA (-ae), son of Helios (the Sun) and Persiiis, and father of Medea aud Absyrtus. He was king of Colchis at the time whenPhrixus brought thither the golden fleece. For the remainder of hie history, see Abbyetus, AeqonautaeuIasow, Medea. ABBTIS (-idis), ABBTIAS (-idis), and AEBTINB (-es), patronymics of Medea, daughter of Aeetes. ABGAE (-arum). (1) A town in Achaia, on the Crathis, with a celebrated temple of Po- seidon (Neptune), originally one of the 12 Achaean towns, but its inhabitants subse- quently removed to Aegira.— (2) A town iu Emathia, in Macedonia, the ancient capital of Macedonia and the burial-place of the Mace- donian kings. It was also called Bdessa.— (3) A town in Euboea, with a celebrated temple of Poseidon, who was hence called Aegaeus. — (4) Also Aegaeae, one of the 12 cities of Aeo- li8.in Asia Minor, N. of Smyrna, on the river Hyllns. — (5) A sea-port town of Cilicia. AEGAEON (-5nis),son of Uranus (Heaven) by Gaea (Earth). Aegaeon and his brothers Gyes or Gyges and Cottns are known under the name of the Uranids, and are described as huge monsters with 100 arras and 50 heads. Most writers mention the third Uranld under the name of Briareus instead of Aegaeon, which is explained by Homer, who says that men called nim Aegaeon, but the gods Bria- reus. According to the most ancient tradition, Aegaeon aud his brothers conquered the Ti- tans when they made war upon the gods, and secured the victory to Zeus (Jupiter), who thrust the Titans into Tartarus, aud placed Aegaeon and liis brothers to guard them. Oth- er legends represent Aegaeo.n as one of the giants who attacked Olympus ; and many wri- ters represent him as a marine god living in the Aegaean sea. AEGAEUM (-i) MAKE, the part of th? Med- iterranean sea now called the Archipelago. It was bounded on the N. by Thrace and Mace- donia, on the W. by Greece, and on the E. by Asia Minor. It contains in its southern part two groups of islands, the Cycladcs, which were separated from the coasts of Attica and Peloponnesus by the Myrtoan sea^ and the Sporades, lying off the coasts of Caria and Io- nia. The part of the Aegaean which washed the Sporaoes was called the Icarian sea, from the island Icaria, one of the Sporades. AEGiLECS, a mountain in Attica opposite SalamiB, from which Xerxes saw the defeat of his fleet, B.C. 480. AEGATES (-um>, the Goat Islands, were 3 islands off the W. coast of Sicily, between Dre- panum and Lilybaeum, near which the Ro- mans gained a naval victory over the Cartha- ginians, and thus brought the first Punic war to an end, B.o. 241. The islands were Aegusa or Capraria, Phorbantta, and Hi^ra. AEGERIA. 16 AEGISTHUS. AEGERIA or EGfiEIA (-ae), one of the Cameuae in Roman mythology, from whom I^uma received hia instructions respecting the forms of worship which he introduced. The grove in which the king had his interviews with the goddess, and in wliich a well gushed forth ftom a dark recess, was dedicatedoy him to the Camenae. The Roman legends point out two distinct places sacred to Aegeria, one near Aricia, and the other near Rome, at the Porta Capena. AEGBSTA. CSeoebta.] AEGESTUS. [AoKSTES.] AEGEUS (-65s, Si, or ei ; ace. -55), son of Pan- dion and king of Athens, and father of Tuit- SKUS, whom he begot by Aethra at Troezen. Theseus afterwards came to Athens and re- stored Aegens to the throne, of which he had been deprived by the 60 sons of Pallas. When Theseus went to Crete to deliver Athens from the tribute it had to pay to Minos, he prom- ised his father to hoist white sails on his re- - turn as a signal of his safety. On approach- ing Attica he forgot his promise, and his fa- ther, perceiving the black sails, thought that his son had perished, and threw himself into the sea, which, according to some traditions, received from this event the name of the Aegean. AEGiiLS or AEGIXLbA (-os), daughter or granddaughter of Adrastus, whence she is called Adrastine, and husband of Diomedes. For details, see DiOMKDEs. AEGliliSA, AEGIXLTJS. [Aohaia.] AEGIXLEUS. [AnBASTos.D AEGIDES (-ne), a patronymic from Aege- ns, especially his son Theseus. AE6ILIA. (1) An- island between Crete and Cythera. — (2) An island W. of Euboea and opposite Attica. AEGINA (-ae), a rocky island in the mid- dle of the Saronic gulf, about 200 stadia in circumference, said to have obtained its name from Aegina, the daughter of the river-god Asopus, who there bore him a son Aeacus. As the island had then no inhabitants, Zens (Jupiter) changed the ants into men (Myr- midones), over whom Aeacus ruled. It was first colonized by Achaeans, and afterwards by Dorians from Epidaurus, whence the Doric dialect and customs prevailed in the island. It was subject to the Argive Phidon, who is said to have established a silver mint in the island. It early became a place of great com- mercial importance, and its silver coinage was the standard in most of the Dorian states. In the sixth century n.o. Aegina became inde- pendent, and for a century before the Persian war was a prosperous and powerful state. It was at that time the chief seat of Grecian art. In B.0. 429 the Athenians took possession of the island and expelled its inhabitants. In the N.W. of the island there was a city of the same name, which contained the Aeacoum or temple of Aeacus, and on a hill in the NJB. of the island was the celebrated temple of Zeus (Jnpiter) Panhellenins, the njins of which are still extant. AEGINlUM, a town of the Tymphaei in Thessnly, on the confines of Athamania. AEGIPLANCTUS (-i) MONS, a mouutain in Megaris. AEGIEA (-ae), formerly Hyperesia, one of the 12 towns of Achaia, sitnated on a steep hill. AEGIEUSSA (-ae), one of the 12 cities of Aeoljs in Asia Minor. AEGISTHUS (-i), son of Thyestes by his own daughter Pelopia. He slew his uncle Atreus, and placed Thyestes upon the throne, of which he had been deprived by Atreus. Homer appears to know nothing of these tragic events ; and we learn from him only that Aegisthus succeeded bis father Thyestes Temple of Acgtna, restored. AEGIUM. 17 AEMILIUS. in a part of his dommions. Aegiifthus took no part in the Trojan war, and during the absence of Agamemnon he seduced hie wife Clytetnnestrn. He murdered Agamemnon on his return home, und reigned 7 yefirs over Mycenae. In the 8th, Orestes, the son ofAga- memnon, avenged the death of his father oy putting the.fldnlterer to death. AEGIUM (-i), one of the 12 towns of Acha- ia, and the capital after the destruction of Helice, ^ AEGLE (-S6\ that is, " Brightuess" or *' Splendor," the natne of several nymphs. AEGOS-POtAMOS, the " goat's river," a small river, with atown of the same name on it, in the Thraciau Chersoneaus, flowing into the Hellespont. Here the Athenians were defeated by Lysander, b.o. 405. AEGYPTUS (-i), king of Aegypt, son of Be- lus, and twin-brother of Danaus. Aegyptus had 60 sons, and his brother Danans 50 daugh- ters. Danaus, feiiriug the sonsof his brother, fled with his daughters to Argos in Pelopon- nesus. Thither he was followed by the sons of Aegyptus, who demanded his daughters for their wives. Danaus complied with their request, but to each of his daughters he gave a dagger, with which they were to kill their husbands in the bridal night. All the sons of Aegyptus were thus murdered, with the exception of Lynceus, who was saved by Hy- permnestra. AEGYPTUS (-i : Egypt), a country in the N.B. corner of Africa, bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, on the E. by PalcBtiue, Arabia Petraea, and the Red Sea, on the S. by Aethiopia, the division between the two countries being at the First or Little Cataract of the Nile, close to Syeue, and Dn the W. by the Great Libyan Desert. From Syene the Nile flows due N. for about 500 mile.«, through a valley whose average breadth is about 7 miles, to a point some few miles below Mem- phis. Here the riv^r divides into branches, (7 in ancient time, but now only 2), which flow tlirough a low alluvial land, called, from its shape, the Delta,, into the Mediterranean. The whole district thus described is period- icallv laid under water by the,overflowing of the Nile from April to October. The river. in subsiding, leaves behind a rich deposit of fine mud, which forms the soil of Egypt. All beyond the reach of the inundation is rock or sand. Hence Egypt was called the " Gift of the Nile." The outlying portions of an- cient Egypt consisted of 3 cultivable valleys (called Oases), in the midst of the Western or Libyan Desert. At the earliest period, to which history reaches back, Egypt was in- habited by a hiehly civilized peoplCj under a settled monarchical government, divided into castes, the highest of which was composed of the priests. Its ancient history may be di-- vided into 4 great periods :— (1) From the ear- liest times to its conquest by Cambyses, dur- ing which it was ruled by a succepsion of na- tive princes. The last of them, Psammeni- tus, was conquered and dethroned by Cam- byses in B.0. 525, when Eg^pt became a prov- ince of the Persian empire. The Homeric poems show some slight acquaintance with the country and its river.(which is also called AifviTTo?, Od, xiv. 25), and refer to the wealth and splendor of '* Thebes with the Hundred Gates." (2) From the Persian conquest in 525, to the transference of their dominion to the Macedonians in 332. This period was one of almost constant struggles between the Egyptians and their conquerors. It was dur- ing this period that Egypt was visited by Greek historians and philosophers, such as Hellanicus, Herodotus, Anaxagoras, Plato, and others, who brought back to Greece the knowledge of the country which they acquired from the priests and through personal ob- sei-vation. (3) The dynasty of Macedonian kings, from the accession of Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, in 323, down to 30, when Egypt be- came a province of the Roman empire. Alex- ander, after the conquest of the country, gave orders for the building of Alexandria. [Alex- ANDiiTA.] (4) Egypt under the Romans, down to its conquest by the Arabs in a.d. 638. As aRonian province, Egypt was one of the most flourishing portions of the empire. The fer- tility of its soil, and its position between Eu- rope and Arabia and India, together with the possession of spchaport as Alexandria, gave it the full benefit of the two great sources of wealth, agriculture and commerce. From the earliest times the cduntty was divided into <]) The Delta, or Lower Egypt; (2) the Hep- tanomis, or Middle Egypt; (3) the Thebais, or Upper. Egypt: and it was further subdi- vided into 36 nomes or governments. AEL5.NA (-ae), theEi.ATn of the Hebrews, a town on the northern arm of the Red Sea, called by the Greeks Aelanltes, from the name of the town. AELlA (-ae), a name given to Jerusalem after its restoration by the Roman emperor Aelius Hadrianus. AELlANUS (-i), CLAUDIUS (-i), was born at Praeneste in Italy, and lived at Rome about the middle of the 3d century of the Christian era. He wrote two works which have come down tons; one a collection of miscellane- ous history iu 14 books, called Varia Historia ; and the other on the peculiarities of animals iu 17 books, emop- tnenes renewed the charge agaiust Aeschines of treachery during his sectmd embassy to Philip*. This charge of Demosthenejj {De Falsa Legatione^ was not spoken, but published as a memorial, and Aeschines answered it in a similar memorial on the embassy, which was likewise published. After the battle of Chae- rouea in 338, which gave Philip the suprema- cy in Greece, Ctesiphon proposed that Demos- thenes should be rewarded for his services with a |;olden crown in the theatre at the great Dionysia. Aeschines in consequence accused Ctesiphon ; but he did not prosecute the charge till 8 years later, 330. The speech whicn he delivered on the occasion is extant, and was answered by Demosthenes in his cel- ebrated oration on tbe Crown. Aeschines was defeated, and withdrew from Athens. He went to Asia Minor, and at length established a school of eloquence at Rhodes. On one oc- casion he read to his audience in Rhodes his speech against Ctesiphon, and when some of his hearers expressed their astonishment at his defeat, he replied, "You would cease to be astonished if you had heard Demosthenes." From Rhodes he went to Samos, where he died in 314.— (2) An Athenian philosopher and rhetorician, and a disciple of Socrates, He wrote several dialogues, nut the 3 which have come down to us under hia name are not gen- uine. • AESCHYLUS (-1), the celebrated tragic poet, the son ofEnphorion, was born atEleu- sis in Attica, b.o. 625. At the age of 25 (499) he made his flrst appearance as a competitor AESCULAPIUS. 20 AESOPUS. for the prize of traeedy, without being success- ful. He fought, with his brothers Cynaeglrus and Aminius, at the buttle of Marathon (490), and also at those of Salamis (480) and Plataca (4T9). In 484 he gained the prize of tragedy ; and in 472 he gained the prize with the trilo- gy, of which the Persae, the earliest of his ex- taut dramas, was one piece. In 46S he was defeated in a tragic contest by his younger ri- val Sophocles ; and he is said in consequence to have quitted Athens in disgust, and to have fone to the conrt of HierOj king of Syracuse, n 467 his patron Hiero died ; and in 458 it appears that Aeschylus was again at Athens, from the fact that the trilogy of the Oresteia was produced in that year. In the same or the followingyear,he again visited Sicily, and he died at Qela in 456^ ni the 69th year of his age. It is said that an eagle, mistaking the poet^B bald head for a stone, let a tortoise fall upon it to break the shell, and so fultilled an oracle, according to which he was fated to die by a blow from heaven. The alterations made by Aeschylus in the composition and dramat- ic representation of tragedy were so great that he was considered by the Athenians as the fa- ther of it. The principal alteration which he made was the introduction of a secoud actor, and the consequent formation of the dialogue properly so called, and the limitation of the choral parts. He furnished his actors with more suitable and magniticeut dresses, with significant and various mnslcs, and with the thick-soled cothurnns, to raise their stature to the height of heroes. With him also arose the usage of repl'eaenting at the same time a trilogy of plays connected in subject, so that each formed one act, as it were, of a great whole. A satirical play commonly followed each tragic trilogy. Aeschylus is said to have written 70 tragedies. Of these only 7 are ex- tant, namely, the PersiaTis, the Seven against TJiebeSt the Suppliants, the I^omethetts, the Agamemnon, the Choephori, and Ettm-enides'; the last three forming the trilogy of the Ores- teia. AESCtJLlPIUS (-i), called ASCLBPIUS (-i) by the Greeks, the god of the medical art. In Homer he is not a divinity, but simply the "blameless physician'' whose sons, Machaon and Podaliriup, were the physicians in the Greek army. The common story relates that Aesculapius was a son of Apollo and Coronis, and that when Coronis was with child by Apollo she became enamored of Ischys, an Ar- cadian. Apoilo, informed of this by a raven, killed Coronis and Ischys. When the body of Coronis was to be burnt, the child Aescu- lapius was saved from the flames, and was brought up by Chiron, who instructed him in the art of healing and in hunting. There are other tales respecting his birth, according to some of which he was a native of Bpidaurns, and this was a common opinion in later times. After he had grown up, he not only cured the sick, but recalled the dead to life. Zeus (Jupiter), fearing lest men might contrive to escape death altogether, killed Aesculapius with his thunderbolt ; but on the request of Apollo, Zeus placed him among the stars. He was married to Bpione, by whom he had the 2 sons spoken of by Homer, and also oth- er children. The chief seat of the worship of Aesculapius was Epidaurus, where he had a temple surrounded with an extensive-grove. Serpents were sacred to him because they were a symbol of renovation, and were be- lieved to have the power of discovering heal- ing herbs. The cock was sacrificed to him. At Rome the worship of Aesculapius was in- troduced from Epidaurus ni b.o. 293, for the purpose of averting a pestilence. The sup- posed descendants of Aesculapius were called by the patronymic name of Asclepiadae, aud their principal seats were Cos and Cnidus. They were an order or caste of priests. The knowledge of medicine was regarded as a sacred secret^ which was transmitted from father to sou in these families. AESEPUS (-i), a river rising in the moun- tains of Ida, and flowing into the Propontis. AESERNIA (-ae), a town in Samnimn, made a Roman colony in the first Punic war. AESIS (-is), a river forming the boundary between Picenum and Umbria, anciently the ; S. boundary of the Senones, and the N.E. I boundary of Italy proper. AESIS (-is) or AES!UM (-i), a town and Roman colony in Umbria on the river Aesis. I AESON (-&nis), son of Cretheus and Tyro, I and father of Jason. He was excluded from [ the throne by his half-brother Pelias. Dur- ing the absence of Jason on the Argonautic I expedition, Pelias attempted to murder Ae- son, but the latter put an end to his own life. I According to Ovid; Aesou survived the return i of the Argonauts, and was made young again i by Medea. AESOPUS (-i), n writer of Fables, lived , about B.o. 570, and was ^ contemporary of ; Solon. He was originally a slave, and re- ceived his 'freedom from his master ladmon i the Samian. Upon this he visited Croesus, who sent him to Delphi, to distribute among I the citizens 4 minae apiece; but in conse- quence of some dispute on the subject he re- ! fused to give any money at all, upon which j thte enraged Delpiiians threw him from a prec- ] iplce. blagues were sent upon them irom I tne gods for the offense, aud they proclaimed ! their willingness to give a compensation for his death to any .one who could claim it At ( length ladmon the grandson of his old mas- ' ter, received the compensation, since no near- j er connection could be found. Later writers i represent Aesop as a perfect monster of ug- liness and deformitjr. a notion for which there is no authority in the classical authorEi. Whether Aesop left any written works at all is a question which affords room for doubt; though it is certain that fables, bearing Ae- sop's name, were popular at Athens m its most intellectual age. They were in prose, and were turned into poetry by several writ- ers. Socrates turned some of them into verse during his imprisonment. The only Greek versifier of Aesop, of whose writings any whole" fables are preserved, is Babrius. Of the Latin writers of Aesopian fables, Phae- drus is the most celebrated. [PnAEDBua.3 The fables now extant in prose, bearing the name of Aesop, are unquestionably spurious. AESOPUS (-i), CLAUDIUS, or CL5DIUS Aesodlapicb. (Berlin.) AESTII. 21 AETOLUS. (-l),was the greatest tragic actor atKome, and contemporary of Roscius, the greatest comic actor. Both of them lived on intimate terms with Cicero. Aesopus appeared for the last time on the stage at an aavauced age, at the dedication of the theatre of Pompey (b.o. 65), when his voice failed him, and he could not go through with the speech. He realized an immense fortune by his j>rofes8ion,which was 8Quandei-ed by his son, a foolish spendthrift. AESTll (-orum), AESTtI, or AESTtJl (-orum), a people dwelling on the sea-coast, in the N.E, of Germany, probably in the mod- ern Kurla9id,Vfho collected amber, which they called glesavmi. They were probably a Savma- tiau or Slavonic and not a Germanic race. AESiJLA (-ae), a town of the Aegni, on a mountain between Praeneste and Tibur. AETHiLtA (-ae) or AETHALIS (-idis), called ILYA (-ae) {Elba) by the Romaiis, a small island in the Tuscan sea, opposite the town of Populonia, celebrated for its iron mines. _ • AETHXlIDES (-ae), son of Hermes (Mer- cury) and Eupolemia, the herald of the Argo- nauts. His soul, after many m.igrations, at length took possession of the body of Pytha- goras, in which it still recollected its former migrations. AETH3CBS (-um), a Thessalian or Epirot people, near M. Pindus. AETHIOPES (-um : said to be from aWu and w^^, but perhaps really a foreign name corrupted) was a name applied (1) most gen- erally to all black or dark races of men : (2) to all the inhabitants of Inner Africa, S. oi Mauretania, the GreatDesert, and Egypt, from the Atlantic to the Bed Sea and Indian Ocean, and to some of the dark races of Asia ; and (3) most specifically to the inhabitants of the land S. ol Egypt, which was called Aetuio- PIA. AETHIOPIA (-ae: Nubia, Kordo^arit Sen^ TtaaVf Abyssinia)t a country of Africa, S. of Egypt, the boundary of the countries being at Syene and the Smaller Cataract of the Nile, and extending on the E. to the Red Sea, and to the S. and S.W. indefinitely, as far appar- ently as the knowledge of the ancients ex- tended. The people of Aethiopia seem to have been of the Caucasian race, and to have spokeu alanguage allied to the Arabic. Mon- uments are found in the country closely re- sembling those of Egypt, but of an inferior style. It was the seat of a powerful mon- archy, of which Merob was the capital- Some traditions made Mero6 the parent of Egyp- tian civilization, while others ascribed the civilization of Ethiopia to Egyptian coloniza- tion. So great was the power of the Ethio- pians that more than once in its history Egypt was governed by Ethiopian kings. Under the Ptolemies Graeco-Egyptian colonies estab- lished themselves in Etniopia; but the coun- try was never subdued. The Romans failed to extend their empire over Ethiopia, though they made expeditions into the country, m one of which C. Petronius, prefect of -Egypt under Augustus, advanced as far as Napata, and defeated the warrior queen Oandacc (n.o. 22). Christianity very early extended to Ethi- upia, probably in consequence of the conver- sion of the treasurer of queen Candace (Acts viiL 2T). AETHRA (-ae). (1) Daughter of Pittheiis of Troezeu, and mother of Thesens by Aege- UB. She afterwards lived iu Attica, from whence she was carried oflf to Lacedaemon by Castor and Pollux, and became a slave of Helen, with whom she was taken to Troy. At the capture of Troy she was restored to liberty by her grandson Acamas or Demo- fihon.— (2) Daughter ofOceanus, bywhomAt- as begot the 12 Hyades and' a son Hyas. AETNA (-ae). (1) A volcanic mountain iu the N.E. of Sicily between Tauromenium and Cataua. It is said to have derived its name from Aetna, a Sicilian nymph, a daughter of Heaven and Earth. Zeus (Jupiter) buried under it Typhon or Buceladus ; and in its in- terior Hephaestus (Vulcan) and the Cyclops forged the thunderbolts for Zeus. There were several eruptions of M. Aetna in antiquity. One occurred iu u.o. 4T5, to which Aeschylus and Pindai-probably allude, and another ih 425, which Thucydides says was the third on record since the Greeks had settled in Sicily. —(2) A town at the foot of M. Aetna, on the road to Catana, formerly called Inessa or Iu? nesa. It was founded in b.o. 4G1 by the in- habitants of Catana, who had beeu expelled from their own town by the Siculi. They 'gave the name of Aetna to Inessa, because their own town Catana bad been called Aetna by Hiero I. AETDLIA (rae), a division of Greece, was . bounded on the W. by Acarnania, from which it was separated by the. river Achelous, on the N. by Epirus" and Thessaly, on the E. by the Ozolian Locriaus, and on the S. by the eh- ■ trance to the Corinthian gulf. It was divided into two parts — Old Aetolia, from the Ache- lous to the Evenus and Calydon, and New Aetolia, or the Acquired, ft*om the Evenus arid Calydon to the OSolian Locrians. On the coast the country is level aud fruitful, but in the interior mountainous and unproductive. The mountains contained many wild beasts, and were celebrated in mythology for the hunt of the Calydonian boar. The country was originally inhabited by Curetes aud Lele- ges, but was at an early period colonized by Greeks from Elis, led by the mythical Aisto- j.ns. The Aetolians took part in the Trojan >var, under their king Thoas. They contin- ued for a long time a rude and nncivilized people, living to a great extent by robbery ; and even in the time of Thucydidfis (b.o. 410) many of their tribes spoke a language which was not Greek, and were in the habit of eat- ing raw flesh. They appear to have been early united by a kind of League, but this League first acquired political importance about the middle of the 3d century b.o., and became a formidable rival to the Macedonian monarchs and the Achaean League. The Aetolians took the side of Autiochus III. against the-Ronlana, and on the defeat of that monarch, n.o. 189, they became virtually the subjects of Rome. On the conquest of the Achaean8,'B,o. 146, Aetolia was included in the Roman province of Achaia. AETDLUS (-i), sou of Endymlon and hus- band of Frouo@, by whom he had two sons, AFRANIUS. 22 AGAMEDES. Plenron and Calydon. He was king of Elis, but, having slain Apis^ be fled to the country near the'Acheloas, which was called Aetolla after him. AFRANIUS (-i), L. <1) A Koman comic §oet, flourished about b.o. 100. His comedies epicted Roman life with such accuracy that he is classed with Meuauder. Only a few fragments of ttiera are preserved.— (2) A per- son of obscure origin, who was, through Pompey's influence, made consul, b.o. 60. When Pompey obtained the provinces of the two Spains in his 2d consulship (55), he sent Afrauius and Petreius to govern them, while he himself remained in Rome. In 49 Afra- nius and Petreius were defeated by Caesar in Spain. AfraniuB thereupon passed over to Pompey in Greece, was present at the battle of Pharsalia (48), and subsequently at the battle of Thapsus in Africa (46). He then at- tempted to fly into Mauretania, but was taken prisoner by P. Sittius, and killed. ' AFRICA (-ae) was used by the ancients. in two senses, CI) for the whole continent of ^Z- rica, and (2) for the portion of N. Africa which the Romans erected into a province.— (1) In the more general sense the name was not used by the Greek writers ; and its use by the Romans arose from the extension to the whole continent of the name of a part of it. The proper Gteek name for the continent is Libya. Considerably before the historical period of Greece begins the Phoenicians ex- . tended their commerce over the Mediterra- nean, and founded several colonies on the N. coast of Africa, of which Carthage was the chief. CCautuaqo.] The Greeks knew very little of the country until the foundation of the Dorian colony of CvaKNii (u.o. 620), and the intercourse of Greek travelers with Ef>:ypt in the 6th and 5th centuries; and even tiien their knowledge of all but the part near Gy- rene was derived from the Egyptians and Phoenicians, who sent out some remarkable expeditions to explore the country. A Phoe- nician fleet sent by the Egyptian king Pha- raoh Necho (about b.o. 600) was said to have sailed from the Red Sea, round Africa, and so into the Mediterranean : the authenticity of this story is still a matter of dispute. We still possess an authentic account of another expedition, which the Carthaginians dis- patched under Hanno (about n.o. 510), and which reached a point on the W. coast near- ly, if not quite, as far as lat. 10° N. lu the in- terior, the Great Desert {Sahara) interposed a formidable obstacle to discovery; but even before the time of Herodotns the people on the northern coast told of individuals who had crossed the desert, and had reached a great river flowing towards the E.^with croc- odiles in it, and black men living on its banks, which, if the story be true, was prob- ably the Niger in its upper course, near Tinv- inictoo. There were great dift'erences of opin- ion as to the boundaries of the continent. Some divided the whole world into only two parts, Europe and Asia, and they were not ! agreed to which of these two Libya (i. e. Af- i rica) belonged ; and those who recognized , three divisions differed again in placing the i boundary between Libya and Asia either on ' the W. of Egypt, or along the Nile, or at the isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea; the last opinion gradually prevailed. Herodotus di- vides the inhabitants of Africa into four races, two native, namely, the Libyans and Ethiopians, and two foreign, namely, the Phoenicians and the Greeks. The Libyans, however, were a Caucasian race ; the Ethio- pians of Herodotus correspond to our Ne^ro races. The whole of the north of Africa fell successively under the power of Rome, and was finally divided into provinces as follows: ~(1) Aegypt; (2) Libya, including (a) Libyae Nomos or Libya Exterior, {b) Marmarica, («) CyrenaTca ; (3) Africa Propria, the former em- pire of Carthage, see below. No. 2; (4) Nu- midia; (5) Mauretania, divided into (a) Siti- fensis, (b) Caesariensis, (c) Tingitana: these, with (6) Aethlopia. make up the whole of Af- rica, according to the divisions recognized by the latest of the ancient geographers. The northern district was better Known to the Romans than it is to us, and was extremely . populous and flourishing. — (2) Africa Pro- pria or PaoviNciA, or simply Africa, was the name under which the Romnns, after the Third Punic War, b. o. 146, erected into a prov- ince the whole of the former territory of Car- thage. It extended from the river Mnsca, on the W., which divided it from Numidia, to the bottom of the Syrtis Minor, on the S.E. It was divided into two districts (regiones), namely, (1) Zeugis or Zengitana, the district round Carthage, (2) Byzaciuni orByzacena, S. of Zengitana, as far as the bottom of the Syr- tis Minor. It corresponds to the modern re- gency of Tunis. The province was full of flourishing towns, and was extremely fertile ; it furnished Rome with its chief supplies of corn. AFRICANUS (-i), a surname given to the Scipios, on account of their victories in Africa, [SoiPio.] APRICUS (-i : \i^ by the Greeks), the S.W. wind, so called because it blew from Africa. A-GXMEDES (-ae), commonly called son of Ergiuus, king of Orchomenus, and brother of Trophonius. Agamedee and Trophonius dis- tinguished themselves as architects. They built a temple of Apollo at Delphi, and a , treasury of Hyrieus, king of Hyria, in Boeotia. In the construction of the latter, they con- trived to place a stone in such a manner that it could be taken away outside without any body perceiving it. They now constantly robbed the treasury ; and the king, seeing that locks and seals were uninjured, whilehis treas- ures were constantly decreasing, set traps to catch the thief. Agamedes was thus caught, and Trophonius cut off his head to avert the discovery. Aitev this, Trophonius was im- mediately swallowed up by the earth in the grove of Lebadua. Here he was worshiped as a hero, and had a celebrated oracle. A tra- dition mentioned by Cicero states that Aga- medes and Trophonius, after building the temple of Apollo at Delphi, prayed to the god to grant them, in reward for their labor, what was best for men. The god promij^ed to do so on a certain day, and when the day came the two brothers died. AGAMEMNON. 23 AGENORIDES. XgXMEMNON (-5n_i8), Bon of PlTsthenes and AeropS or Eriphyle, and grandson of Atreus. kingof Mycenae ; but Homer and oth- ers call him a sou of Atreua and grandson of Pelops. Agamemnon and his brother Mcne- lans were brought up together with Aegis- thus, the son of Tbyestes, in the house of At- reus. After the murder of Atreus by Aegis- thuB and Thyestes, who succeeded Atreus in the kingdom' of Mycenae [Aegistiiub], Aga- memnon and Menelaus went to Sparta. Here Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, the daughter of Tyndareus, by whom he became the father of Iphianassa (Iphigenia), Chryso- themie, Laodice (Electra), and Oiestea. The manner in which Agamemnon obtained the kingdom of Mycenae is differently rehUed. From Homer it appears as if he had peacably succeeded Thyestes ; while, accordiug to oth- ers,- he expelled Thyestes, and usurjied his throne. He now became the most powerful prince in Greece; Homer says he ruled over all Argos, which signifies Peloponnesus, or the greater part of it, for the city of Argos was governed by Dioniedes, When Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was carried oflFby Paris, and the Greek chiefs resolved to recover her by force of arms, Agamemnon was chosen their com- mander in chief. After two years of prepa- ration, the Gi'eek army and fleet assembled in the port of Aulis, in Boeotia. At this place Agamemnon killed a stag which was sacred to Artemis (Diana), who in return visited the Greek army with a pestilence, and produced a calm which prevented the Greeks from leav- ing the port. In order to appease her wrath, Agamemnon consented to sacrifice his daugh- ter IphigeuTa; but, at the moment of the sac- rifice, she was carried off by Artemis herself to Tauris, and another victim was subscituted in her place. The calm now ceased, and the army sailed to the coast of Troy. The quar- rel between Agamemnon and Achilles, in the lOth year of the war, is related elsewhere. [AcuiLLEB.] Agamemnon, although the chief commander of the Greeks, is not the hero of the Iliad, and in chivalrous spirit, bravery, and charac.ter, altogether inferior to Achilles. Bat he uevertheleas rises above all the Greeks by his dignity, power, and majesty : his eyes and head are likened to those of Zens (Jnpi- ter), his girdle to that of Ai'es (Mars), and his breast to that of Poseidon (Neptune). At the capture of Tro^ he received Cassandra, the daughter of Pnam, as his prize. On his re- turn home he was murdered by Aegistbus, who had seduced Clytemneatra during the ab- sencer of her husband. The tragic poets make Clytemnestra alone murder Agamemnon. His death was avenged by his son Orestefi. XGXMEMNONIDES (-ae),the son of Aga- memnon, i. e. Orestes. XGANIPPE (-es), a nymph of the fountain of the same name at the foot of Mt. Helicon, in Boeotia. It was sacred to theMnsefi (who were hence called Aganippides), and was be- lieved to inspire those who drank of it. The fountain of Hippocrene has the epithet ^4^(2- nippis, from its being sacred to the Muses, like that of Aganippe. iGATHOCIiES (-is or ^6s) was bom at Thermae,' a town of Sicily subjectTto Carthage, and was brought up as a potter at Syracuse, His strength and personal beauty recom- mended him to Damas, a noble Syracusan, who drew him from obscurity, and on whose death he married his rich widow, and so be- came one of the wealthiest citizens in Syra- cuse. His ambitious'schemes then develojDed themselves, and he was driven into exile. After several changes of fortune he collected* an army, aiid was declared sovereign of Syra- cuse, B.o. 317. In the course of a few years the whole of Sicily, which was not under the doraiui(m of Carthage, submitted to himJ In 310 he was defeated at Himera by the Cartha- giniffbs,uuderHamilcar,who straightway laid siege to Syracuse; whereupon he formed the bold design of averting the ruin which threat- ened him by carrying the war into Africa. His sncceeses were most brilliant and rapid. He constautlydefeatedthe troops of Carthage, but was at length summoned trom Africa by the affairs of Sicily, where many cities had re- volted from him, 307. These he reduced, aft- er making a treaty with the Carthaginians. He had previously assumed the title of king of Sicily. He afterwards plundered the Lipavi isles, and also carried his arms into Italy, in order to attack the Bruttii. But his last days were embittered by family misfortunes. His grandson Archagathus murdered his son Aga- thocles, for the sake of sncoeeding to the crown, and the old king feftred that the rest of his family would share his fate. He ac- cordingly sent his wife and her two children to Egy]>t ; and his own death followed almost immediately, 28i), after a reign of 28 years, and in the 72d year of his age. Some authors re- late an incredible story of his being poisoned by Maeno, au associate of Archagathus. The' poison, we are told, was concealed in the quill with which he cleaned his teeth, and reduced him to so frightful a condition that he was f)Iaced on the funeral pile and burnt while yet iving, being unable to give any signs that he was not dead. AGiTHON, an Athenian tra^ric poet, a con- temporary and friend of Euripides, and Plato. He died about b.o. 400. XgXTHYRNA (ae), XgXTHYRNUM (-i). a town on the N. coast of Sicily. AGATHYRSI (-orum), a people in Euro- pean Sarmatla, on the river Maria {Marosch)^ in Transylvania. From the practice of paint- ing or tattooing their skin, they are called by Virgil picti Agathyrai. XGAVEt-tis), daughter of Cadmus, wife of Echlon, and mother of Peutheus. For details see Pknthkub. AQBXTXNA. [Eouatana.] AGENDiCUM or AGBDICUM (-1: Sem), the chief town -of the Senones in Gallia Lug- dunensis. ' AGENOR (-5ris). (1) Son of Poseidon (Nep- tune), king of Phoenicia, and father of Cad- mus and Europa. Virgil calls Carthage the city of Agenor, since Dido was descendedfrom Agenor.— (2) Son of the Trojan Autenor and Tiieano, one of the bravest among the Tro- jans. AGENORIDES (-ae), a descendant of an Ag- enor, such as Cadmus, Phineus, and Perseus. AGESILAUS. 24 AGRIPPA. iGESiLiUS (-i), kings of Sparta. — (1) Reigned about 11.0. 886, and was contempora- ry with tlie legislation of Lycurgus. — <2) Son of Archidaraua II., succeeded his half-brother Agis II., B.o. 398, excluding, on the ground of spurious birth, and by the interest of Lysan- der, his nephevf Leotyohidks. Prom 396 to 394 he carried on the war in Asia Minor with great success, but, in the midst of his con- quests, was summoned home to defend his country against Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, which had been induced by Artaxerxes to take up arms against Sparta. In 394 he met and defeated, at Coronea in Boeotia, the filled forces. During the next.4 years he regained for his country much of its former supremacy, till at length the fatal battle of Leuctra, 871, overthrew forever the. power of Sparta, and fave the supremacy for a time to Thebes. In 61 he crossed, with a body of Lacedaemonian mercenaries, into Egypt, where he died in the winter of 361-360, after a life of above 80 years, and a reign of 38. In person Agesi- lans was small, mean-looking, and. lame, on which last ground objection had been made to his accession, an oracle, curiously fulfilled, having warned Sparta of evils awaiting her under a "lame sovereignty." In his reign, indeed, her fall took place, but not through him, for he was one of the beat citizf*us and generals that Sparta ever had. AGBSIPOLIS, kings of Sparta. — (1) Suc- ceeded his father, Pausanias, while yet a mi- nor, in B. o. 394, and reigned 14 years. — (2) Son of Cleombrotus, reigned one year, 371. — (3) Succeeded Cleomenes in 220, but was soon de- posed by his colleague Lycurgus. A6INNUM (-i : Agcn), the chief towu of the Nitiobriges in Gallia Aquitanica. AGIS (idis), kings of Sparta (1) Son of ' Eurysthenes, the founder of the family of the. Agidae.— (2) Son of Archidamus II., reigned B.o. 427-39S. He took an active part in the Peloponnesian war, and invaded Attica sev- eral times. While Alcibiadea was at Sparta he was the guest of Agis, and is said to have seduced his wife Timaea ; in consequence of which Leotychides, the son of Agis, was ex- cluded from the throne as illegitimate.— tS) Son of Archidamus III., reigned 338-330. He attempted to overthrow the Macedonian pow- er in Europe, while Alexander the Great was in Asia, but was defeated and killed in battle by Antipater in 330.— (4) Son of Eudamidas II., reigned 244-240. He attempted to re-es- tablish the institutions of Lycurgns, and to effect a thorough reform in the Spartan state ; but he was resisted by his colleague Leonidas II. and the wealthy, was thrown into prison, and was there put to death by command of the ephors, along with his mother and gi-and- mother. _ AGLXIA (-ae), " the bright one," one of the Charttbs or Graces. AGRAQLOS (-1). (1) Daughter of Actaeus, first king of Athens, and wife of Cecrops (2) Daughter of Cecrops and Agraulos, of whom various stories are told. Athena (Mi- nerva) is said to have given Erichthonius in a chest to Agraulos and her sister Herse, with strict injunctions not to open it; but they disobeyed the command. [Ebiohtronivs.! Agraulos was subsequently punished by be- ing changed into a stone by Hermes (Mer- cury), because she attempted to prevent the god from entering the house of Herse, with whom he had fallen in love. Another legend relates that Agrraulos threw herself down from the Acropolis because an oracle had declared that the Athenians would conquer if some one would sacrifice himself for his country. The Athenians in gratitude built her a temple on the Acrojjolis, m which the young Athenians, on receiving their first suit of armor, took an oatih that they would always defend their country to the fast. A festival (Agraulia) was celebrated at Athens in her honor. AGRI DECUMATES, tithe lands, the name given by the Homaua to a part of Germany, E. of the Rhine and N. of the Danube, which they took possession of wheu the Germans retired eastward, and which they gave to the Gauls, and subsequently to their own veter- ans, on the payment of a tenth of the produce (decuma). Towards the end of the first or the beginning of the second century after Christ these lauds were incorporated in the Roman empire. AGRiCOLA (-ae), CN. JULIUS (-i), born June 13th, a.d. 37, at Forum Julii {FHjus, iu Provence), was the son of Julius Graecinns, who was executed by Caligula, and of Julia Procilla. He received a careful education; he first served in Britain, A.n. 60, under Sue- tonius Pauliuus ; was quaestor in Asia in 68 ; was governor of Aquitania from 74 to 76 ; and was consul in 77, when he betrothed his daughter to the historian Tacitus, and in the following year gave her to him in marriage. In 78 he received the government of Britain, which he held for 7 years, during which time he subdued the whole of the country with the exception of the highlands of Caledfonia, and by his wise administration introduced among the inhabitants the language and civilization of Rome. He was recalled in 86 throngh the jealousy ofDomitian, and on his return lived in retirement till his death in 93, which ac- cording to some was occasioned by poison administered by order of Domitians His char- acter is drawn in the brightest colors by his son-in-law Tacitus, whose Life of Agricola has come down to us. AGRiGENTUM (-i), called ACRiGAS (-an- tis) by the Greeks (Girgenti), a city on the S. coast of Sicily, about 2f miles from the sea. It was celebrated for its wealth and popu- lousness, and was one of the most splendid cities of the ancient world. It-was founded by a Doric colony from Gela, about e.o. 679, was under the government of the cruel tyrant Fhaliris (about 560), and subsequently under that of Theron (488-472). It was destroyed by the Carthaginians (405), and, though re- built by Timoleon, it never regained its for- mer greatness. It came into the power of the Romans in 210. It was the birthplace of Em- pedocles. There are still gigantic remains of the ancient city. AGRIPPA (-ae),HERODES (-is). (1) Called " Agrippa the Great," son of Aristobulus and Berenice, and grandson of Herod the Great. He was edujated at Rome, and lived on inti- mate terms with the future emperors Calig- AGRIPPA. 25 AHENOBARBUS. ula and Clftudius. Caligula gave him the te- trarchies of Abilene, Batanaea, Trachunitis, and AaranitiB ; and Claudius annexed Judaea Coio of Herod Agrlpppa I. and Samaria to his dominions. His govern- ment was exceedingly popular among the Jews. It was probably to increase his popn- larity with the Jews that he caused the apos- tle James to be beheaded, and Peter to be cast into prison (a.d. 44}. The manner of his death, which took place at Caesar^a in the same year, is related in Acta xii. — (2) Son of the preceding, king of Chalcis. On the break- ing out of the Jewish war he sided with the Komans, and after the capture of Jerusalem he went with his sister Berenice to Rome, and died in the 70th year of his age, a.d. 100. It was beforfc this Agrippa that the apostle Paul made his defense, a.d. 60 {Acta xxv. xxvi.)- AGRIPPA (-ae), M. VIPSANIUS (-i), born . in B.C. 63, of an obscure family, studied with young Octavius (afterwards the emperor Au- gustus) at ApoUonia in Illyria^ and upon the murder of Caesar in 44 was one of the friends of Octavius who advised him to proceed im- M. Vipsnniaa Agrippa. mediately to Rome. In the civil wars which followed, and which terminated in giving An- ^nstuB the sovereignty of the Roman world, Agrippa took an active part ; and his mili- tai? abilities contributed greatly to that re- sult. He coihraand'ed the fleet of Augustus at the battle of Actium in 31. He was thrice consul, and iu his third consulship, in 27, he built the Pantheon. In 21 he married Julia, daughter of Augustus. He continued to be employed iu various military commands till his death in b.o. 12. By his first wife Pom- ponia, Agrippa had Vipsania, married to Ti- berius, the successor of Augustus ; and by Julia he had 2 daughters, Julia and Agrip- piua, and 3 sons, Caius Caesar, Lucius Caesar [Caesar], and Agrippa Postnmus: the last was banished by Augustus to the island of Planasia, and was put to- death by Tiberius at his accession, a.d. 14. AGRIPPINA (-ae). <1) Daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa and of Julia, the daughter of Augustus, married Germanicus, by whom she had 9 children, amou^ whom were the etoperor Caligula, and Agri^pina, the mother of Nero. She was distinguished for her vir- tues and heroism, and shared all the dangers of her husband's campaigns. On his death in A.D. 17 she returned to Italy ; but the favor with which she was received by the people increased the hatred which Tiberius and nis mother Livia had long entertained towards her. At length in a.d. 30 Tiberius banished her to the island of Pandataria, where she died 3 years afterwards, probably by volun- tary starvation. — (2) Daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina [No, 1], and mother of the em- peror Nero, was bora at Oppidnm Ubiorum, afterwards called in honor of her Colonia Agrippina, now CoZofime. [Colohia.] She was beautiful and intelligent, but licentious, cruel, and ambitious. She was first married to Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus (a.d. 28), by whom she had a son, afterwards the emperor Nero ; next to Crispns Passienus; ana thirdly to the emperor Claudins (49), although she was his niece. In 50 she prevailed upou Clandius to adopt her son, to the prejudice of his own- son Britanjiicus ; and in order to secure the succession for her son she poisoned the em- peror in 64, The young emperor soou be- came tired of the ascendancy of his mother, and, after making several attempts to shake oflf her authority, he caused her to be assas- sinated iu 59. AGRiUS (-i). son of Porthaon and Euryte, and father of Thersitee and 5 other sons. XGYiBUS (trisyll.), a surname of Apollo, as the protector of the streets and public places. AGYLLA. [Cabbb.] AGlfRiUM, a town in Sicily dn the Cya- pioBorus,- N.W. of Ceuturipae and N.E. of Enna, the birthplace of the historian Dio- doms. XhXLA (-ae), C, SERVILIUS (-i), magis- ter eqnitnm In b.o, 439 to the dictator h, Cin- cinnatus, when he slew Sp. Maelius in the forum because he refused to appear before the dictator. Ahala was brought to trial, and only escaped condemnation by a voluntary AHARNA (-ae), a town iu Etruria, N.E. of Volsinii. IHENOBARBUS (-i), the name of a dis- tinguished family of the Domitia gens. They AIDES. 26 ALANI. are said to have obtained the surname of Ahenobarbus, i. e. "Brazen -Beard" or "Red-Beard, "because the Dioscuri (Cas- tor and PoUnx) announced to one of their ancestors the victory of the Ro- mans ovei; the Latins at lake Regillua (b.o. 496), and, to confirm the truth of what they said, stroked his black hair and beard, which immediately became red. — (1) Cn. Domitius Ahemobaebus, consul B.0. 122, conquered the AUobro- gea in Gaul, at the coufluence of the Sul- ga and Rhodanus. — (2) Cn. Domitius Ahenobabbus, tribune of the plebs, 104, brought forward the law {Lex Domitia) by which the election of the priests was transferred from the coUeeia to the peo- ple. The people afterwards elected him Pontifex Maximus out'of gratitude. He was consul in J)6, and censor in 92, with LiciniuB Crassus, the orator.— (3) L. Do- mitius Ahenobabbus, married Porcia, the sister of M. Cato, and was a stauuch and courageous supporter of the aristo- cratical party. He was aedile iu 61, proetor in 68, and consul in 64. On the breaking out of the civil war in 49 he threw himself into Corfinium, but was compelled by his own troops to sur- render to. Cabsar. He next went to Mas- silia, and after the surrender of that town repaired to Pompey in Greece ; he fell in the battle of Pharsalia (48), where he com- manded the left wing, and, according to Cic- ero's assertion in the second Philippic, by the hand of Antony. — (4) Cn. Domitius Aueno- baebus, son of'No.3, was taken with his fa- ther at Corfinium (49), was present at the bat- tle of Pharsalia (48), and returned to Italy iu 46, when he was pardoned by Caesar. He ac- companied Antony in his campaign against the Parthians in 36. He was consul m 32, and deserted to Augustus shortly before the battle of Actium. — (6) Cn. Domitius Ahbno- BARBUB, consul A.i>. 32, married Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, and was lather of the emperor Nero. [Agrippina.] AIDES or AIDONEUS. [Hades]. AIUS (-i) LOCtTTlUS (-i) or LOQUENS (-entis), a Roman divinity. A. short time be- fore the Gauls took Rome (b.o. 390) a voice was heard at Rome during the silence of night announcing that the Gnuls were ap- proaching. The Romans afterwards erected on the spot where the voice had been heard an altar, with a sacred enclosure around it, to AiusLocutius, orthe "Announcing Speaker." XJAX (-acis), called AIAS by the Greeks. — (1) Son of Telaraon, king of Salamis, and grandson of Aeacus. Homer calls him Ajax the Telamonian, Ajax the Great, or simply Ajax, whereas the other Ajax, son of Oileus, is always distinguished from the former by some epithet. He sailed against Troy in 12 ships, and is rex)resented in the Iliad as sec- ond only to Achilles in bravery^- In the con- test for the armor of Achilles he was con- quered by Ulysses, and this, says Homer, was the cause of his death. Later poets relate that his defeat by Ulysses threw him into an awful state of madness ; that he rushed from his tent and slaughtered the sheep of the . 410. He died shortly afterwards at Coneentia in Brut- tium. ALBA (-ae) SILViUS (-i), one of the myth- ical kingd of Alba, sou of Latinus, reigned 39 years. the W. by Iberia. It was a fertile plain, abounding in pasture and vineyards ; but the inhabitants were fierce and warlike. They were a Scythian tiibe, identical with the Alani. The Romans first became acquaints ed with them at the time of the Mithridatic war, when they encountered Pompey with a large army. ALBlNUM. [Alba, No. 2.3 ALB5.NUS (-i) LACUS, a small lake, about 5 miles in circumference, W. of the Mona Al- banuB, between BoviUae and Alba Longa, is the crater of an extinct volcano, and is many ALBA <-ae). (1) Fhckhtia or Fuoentis, a town of the Marsl, and subsequently a Roman colony, situated on a lofty rock near the lake Fudnus, and used by the Romans as a state Erison. — (2) Lomoa, the most ancient town in atium, is said to have been built by Aeca- nius, and to have founded Rome. It was called Longa from its stretching in a long line down the Albau Mount towards the Af- ban Lake. It was destroyed by Tullus Hos- tilius, and was never rebuilt ; its inhabitants were removed to Rome. At a later time thd snrrouhding country was studded with the splendid viuas of the Roman aristocracy and emperors (Porhpey's, Domician's, etc.), each of which was calledj4 i&armm.— (3) Pompeia, a town in Liguria, colonized by Pompeius Mag- nus, the birthplace of the emperor Pertinnx. ALBANIA (-ae: in the S.E. part of Geor- gia)t a country of Asia on the W. side of the Caspian, extending from the rivers Cyrus and Anvxes on the S. toM. Ceraunius (the B. part of the Caucasus) jon the N., and bounded on C hundred feet deep. The emisaarium which the Romans bored through the solid rock during the siege of Veii, in order to cari*y off the superfluous water of the lake, is extant at the present day. ALBANUS MONS was, in its narrower sig- nification, the mountain in Latium on whoi=e declivity the town of Alba Longa was situa- ted. It was the sacred mountain of the Lat- ins, on which the religious festivals of the Latin League were celebrated {Feriae lAtt- iriae), and on its highest summit was the tem- ple of Jupiter Latiaris, to which the Roman generals ascended in triumph when this onor was denied them iuRome. TheMoni* Albanus in its wider signification included the Mons Aloidus and the mountains about Tusculum. ALBICI (-orum), a warlike Gallic people inhabiting the mountains north of Massilia. ALBINOvINUS (-i), C. PEDO (-Snis), a friend of Ovid, who addresses to him one of hia Epistles from Poutns. ALBINUS. 28 ALCIBIADES. ALBINUS or ALBUS (-i), POST^MIUS (-i), the name of a patriciau family at Kome, many of the membera of which held the high- est offices of the state from the commence- ment of the republic to its downfall. The founder of-the family was dictator b.o. 498, when he conquered the Latins in the great battle near Lake Keglllus. ALBINUS (-i>, CLODIUS (-i), was governor of Britain at the death of Commodus in a.d. 192. lu order to secure his neutrality, Sep- timiua Sevems made him Caesar ; but, after Severus had defeated his nvals, he turned his arms against Albinus. A great battle was fought between them at Lugdunum (Lyons), in Gatil, 107, iu which Albiuus was defeated and killed. ALBION (-onis), another name ofBiiiTAN- MiA, the white land, from its white cliffs oppo- site the coast of Gaul. ALBIS (-is : Elbe), one of the great rivers in Germany, the most easterly which the Eo- mans became acquainted w'ith. The Bomans reached the Elbe for the first time in b.o. 9, under Di'usus. The last Roman general who saw the Elbe was Tiberius, iu a.o. &.■ ALBIUM INGAUNUM or ALBINGAU-' NUM (-i), a town of the Ingauui on the coast of Liguria, and a manicipium. ALBIUM INTEMELIUM or ALBINTE- MELIUM (-i), a town of the Intemelii ou the coast of Liguria, and a municipium. ALBtJLA (-ae), an ancient name of the riv- er TiDKR. ALBtTLAE AQUAE. [Awjunba.] ALBtJNEA or ALBtJNA (-ae), a prophetic nymph or sybil, to whom a grove was conse- crated in the neighborhood of Tibur, with a fountain and a temple. This fountain was the largest of the Albulae aquae, sulphureous springs at Tibur, flowing into the Auio. The temple is still extant at Tivoli. ALBURNUS (-i) MONS, a mountain in Lu- cania covered with wood, behind Paestnm. ALCAEUS (-i), of Mytilene in Lesbos, the earliest of the AeoHau lyric poets, began to flourish about b.o. 611. Iu the war between the Athenians and Mytilenaeaus for the pos- session of Sigeum (n.o. 606) he incurred the disgrace of leaving bis arms on the field of battle. Alcaeus belonged by birth to the no- bles, and was driven into exile with his broth- er Antimenidas when the popular party got the upper hand. He attempted by force of arms to regain his country; but all his at- tempts were fk'ustrated by Pittacds, who had been chosen by the people Aesymnetes or dictator for the purpose of resisting him and the other exiles. Alcaeus and his brother afterwards traveled into various countries. The time of his death is uncertain. The ex- tant fragments of his poems, and the excel- lent. imitations of Horace, enable us to un- derstand something of their character. Those which have received the highest priyse are his warlike odes, in which he tried to rouse the spirits of the nobles, the Alcaei minacea Cwmenae of Horace. Alcaeus is said to have invented the well-known Alcaic metre. ALCXTHOUS (-i), eon of Pelops and Hip- podamia, obtained as his wife Evaechme, the daughter of Megareus, by slajjiug the Cithae- ronian lion, and succeeded his father-iu-law as king of Megara. He restored the walls of Megara, which is therefore sometimes called Alcath6e by the poets. In this work he was assisted by Apollo. The stone upon which the god used to place his lyre while he was at work was believed, even iu late times, to give forth a sound, when struck, similar to that of a lyre. ALCESTIS (-is) or ALCESTE (-es), wife of Admetns. [Ajdmetus.] ALCIBIABES (-is), son of Clinias and Ui- nomacho, was boru at Athens about 3).o. 450, and on the death of his father, in 447, was brought up by his relation Pericles. He pos- sessed a beautiful person, transcendent abil- ties, and great wealth. His youth was dis- graced by his amours and debaucheries, and Socrates, who saw his vast capabilities, at- tempted to win him to the paths of virtue^ but in vain. Their intima- cy was strengthened by mutual services. At the battle of Potidaea (432) his life was saved oy Socrates, and at that of Delium (424) he saved the life of Socra- tes. After the death of Cleou (423) he be- came one of the lead- ing politicians, and the head of the war party in opposition toNicias. In 415 he was appoint- ed, along with Nicias audLamachus,as com- mander of the expedi- tion to Sicily. While the preparations for the expedition were going ou, there oc- curred the mysterious mutilation of the busts of the Hermae, which the popular fears connected with an attempt to overthrow the Athenian constitution. Al- cibiades was charged with beiug the ringlead- er in this attempt. He demanded an investi- gation before he set sail, but this his enemies would not grant ; but he had not been long in Sicily before he was recalled to stand his trial. On his return homeward he managed to escape at Thurii, and thence proceeded to Sparta, where he acted as the avowed enemy of his country. The machinations of his ene- iny,Agis IL,indHced him to abandon the Spar- tans and take refuge with Tissaphernes (412), whose favor he soon gained. Through his inflnence Tissaphernes deserted the Spartans and professed nis willingness to assist the Athenians, who accordingly recalled Alcibi- ades from banishment in 411. He did not immediately return to Athens, but remained abroad for the next 4 years, during which the j Athenians under his command gained the I victories of Cynossema, Abydos, and Cvzicns, I and got possession of Chalcedou and feyxan- tinm. In 407 he returned to Athene, where Bust of Alcibiades. ALCIDES. 29 ALESIA. he was received with great enthusiasm, and was appointed commander-in-chief of all the laud and sea forces. But the defeat at Kotium, occasioned during his absence by the impru- dence of his lieutenant, Antiochus, furnished his enemies with a handle against him, and he was superseded in his command (406). He now went into voluntary exile to his fortified domain at Bisanthe, in the Thracian Chereo- nesns. After the fall of Athena (404) he took refuge with Pharnabazus. He was about to proceed to the court of Artaxerxea, when one night his house was surrounded by a band of armed men, and set on lire. He rushed out, sword in hand, but fell, pierced with arrows (404). "The assassins were probably either em- ployed by the Spartans or by the brothers of a lady whom Alcibiades had seduced. He left a eon by his wife Hipparete named Alcibiades, who never distinguished himself. ALCIDSS (-ae), a name of Hercules, as the grandson of Alceus or Alcaeus. ALClMfiDB (-es), daughter of Phylacus and Clymene, wife of Aeson, and mother of Jason. ALCINOUS <-i), son of Nausithous, and grandson of Poseidon (Neptune), is celebrated ID the Odyssey as the happy ruler of thePhae- acians in the island of Scneria. ALCIPHRSN (-6nia), the moat distin- guished of the Greek epistolary writers, was, perhaps, a contemporary of Lucian, about a.d. 180. The letters (113 in number) are written hj fictitious personages, and the language is distinguished by its purity and elegance. • ALCiTHOE (Ss) or ALCiTHOE (-6s), daughter of Minyae, changed, together with her sisters, into bats, for refusing to join the other women of Boeotia in the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus). ALCMAEON (-6ui8),son of Amphiaraas and Eriphyle, and brother_of Amphilochns. Alc- maeon took part in the expedition of the Epi- ffoni against Thebes, and on his return home Be slew his mother, according to the injunc- tion of his father. [Amphiabads.] For this deed he became mad, and was haunted by the Erinnyes. He went to Phegeus, in Psophis, and, being purified by the latter, he married his daughter Arsino or Alphesiboea, to whom he gave the necklace and peplus of Harmo- nia. But as the land of this country ceased to bear, on account of its harboring a matri- cide, he left Paophis and repaired to the coun- try at the mouth of the river Achelous. The god Achelous gave him his daughter Callir- rhoe in marriage. Callirrhoe, wishing to pos- sess the necklace and peplus of Harmonia, Alcmaeon went to Psophis and obtained them from Phegeus, under the pretext of dedica- ting them at Delphi ; but when Phegeus heard that the treasures were fetched for Callirrhoe, he caused hia sons to murder Alcmaeon. ALCMAEONIDAE (-arum), a noble family at Athens, were a branch of the family of the Nelidae,who were driven out of Pylus, in Mes- senia, by the Dorians, and settled at Athens. In consequence of the way in which Mega- cles, one of the family, treated the insurgents under Cylon (b.o. 612); they brought upon themselves the guilt of sacrilege", and were in consequence ban ished from Athen s about SQ5. About 660 they returned from exile, but were again expelled by Pisistratus. In 648 they con- tracted with the Amphictyonic council to re- build the temple of Delphi, and obtained great popularity throughout Greece by executing the worjc in a style of magnificence which much exceeded their engagement. On the ex- pulsion of Hippias, in 610, they were again re- stored to Athens. They now joined the pop- ular party, and Clisthenes, who was at that time the head of the family, gave a new con- stitution to Athens. [Clisthenks.] ALCMAN J-ahie), the chief lyric poet of Sparta, by birth a Lydian of Sardis, was brought to Laconia as a slave when very youno;, and was emancipated by his roaster, who discovered his genius. He probably flour- ished about B.0. 631. He is said to have died, like Sulla, of the morbtts pedicularis. Alcman is said by some to have been the inventor of erotic poetry. ALCMENE (-6S) or ALCMENA (-ae),daugh- ter of Electryon^ king of Mycenae, promised to marry AmphitiTon» provided he avenged the death of her brothers, who had been slain by the sons of Pterelaus. Am-phitryon under- took the task ; but, during his absence, Zeus (Jupiter), in the disguise of Amphitryon, vis- ited Alcmene, and, pretending to be her hus- band, related in what way he had aveno-ed the death of her brothers. Amphitryon him- self returned the next day : Alcmene became the mother of Hercules by Zens, and of Iphi- cles by Amphitryon. [Heboules.] ALCYONE or HALCYONE (-es). (1) A Pleiad, daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and beloved by Poseidon (Neptune). — (2) Daugh- ter of Aeolus and Enarete, and wife of Ceyx. * Her husband having; perished in a shipwreck, Alcyone, for grief, tnrew herself into the sea ; but the gods; out of compassion, changed the two into birds. While the bird alcyon was breeding there always prevailed calms at sea. ALCYOnIUM MiRE, the E. part of the Corinthian gulf. ALEA (-ae), a town in Arcadia, S. of the Stymphalean lake.- Athena (Minerva) was worshiped under the name of Alea in this place and in Tegea. 5.LECT6 (-us; «wc.-C), one of the Furies. [EUMENIPES.] XLEMANNI or iLiMANNI or iLlMiNI (-orum) (from the German alie Manner, all men), a confederacy of German tribes be- tween the Danube, the Rhine, and the Main. They first came into contact with the Romans in the reign of CaracaUa, who assumed the surname of Alemannicus on account of a pre- tended victory over them (a.d. 214). After this time they continually invaded the Roman dominions, and in the 6th century -were in f>ossesBiou of Alsace and of German Switzer- and. ALERtA or ALXlIA (-ae), one of the chief cities of Corsica, on the E. of the island, found- ed by the Phocaeans b.o. 564, and made a Ro- man colony by Sulla. iLBSA (-ae). [Halesa.] XV&StA. (-ae), an ancient town of the Man- dnbii in Gallia Lugdunensis, and situated on ALETRIUM. 30 ALEXANDER. ■ a high hill (now Aux(n8\ which was washed by the two riTers Lntosa (Oze) and Osera (Oje- ram). It was taken and destroyed by Caesar, in B.o. 53, after a memorable siege- iLETRIUM or iLATRIUlV^ an ancient town of the Hernici, subsequently a municip- ium and a Koman colony, W. of Sora and E. of Anagnia. XLBuXDAB (-arum). [Alboas.] XLKUAS (-aej, a descendant of Hercules, was the ruler of Larissa in Thessaly, and the reputed founder of the celebrated family of the Aleuadae. They were divided into two branches, the Aleuadae and the Scopadae, of whom the latter inhabited Crannon, while the former reitaained at Larissa. In the invasion of Greece by Xerxes (b.o. 480), the Aleuadae espoused the cause of the Persians, and the family continued to be the predominant one in Thessaly for a long time afterwards. iLEXANDBR (-dri), the usual name of Fauts in the Iliad. XLBXANDEE SBVSEUS. [Sevseds.] XLEXANDBR. I. Kings of Epirus. — (1) Son of Neoptolemns and brother of Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great, was made king of Epirus by Philip, ]i.o. 336. In 332 Alexander crossed over rato Italy to aid the Tarentines against the Lucanians and Brut- tii. He was defeated and slain in battle in 326, near Pandosia, on the banks of the Ache- ron,in Southern Italy. — (2) Sou of Pyrrhus and Lanassa, succeeded his father in 272. II. Kings of Macedonia.— {!) Son of Amyn- tas I., succeeded his father about b.o. 505, was obliged to submit to the Persians, and accom- | panied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece (b.o. : 480). He was secretly inclined to the cause of the Greeks. He died about 455, and was succeeded by Perdiccas II. — (2) Son of Amyn- tas II., whom he succeeded, reigned 369-367. He was murdered by Ptolemy Alorites. — (3) Ancient Statue of Alexiinder the Great. Snrnamed the Gbeat, son of Philip n. and Olympias, was born at Pella, b.o. 356. He was educated by Aristotle, who acquired a gi'eat influence over his mind and character. He first distinguished himself at the battle of Chaeronea (338), where the victory was mainly owing to his irapetnoslty and courage. On the murder of Philip (336), he ascended the throne, at the age of 20, and found him- self surrounded l)y enemies on every side. He first out down rebellion in his own king- dom, and then rapidlj; marched into Greece. His unexpected activity overawed all oppo- sition ; Thebes, which had been most active against him, submitted when he appeared at - its gates ; and the assembled Greeks at the Isthmus of Corinth elected him to the com- mand against Persia. He now directed his arms against the barbarians of the north, and crossed the Danube (836). A report of his death having reached Greece, the Thebaus once more took up arms. But a terrible pun- ishment awaited them. He took Thebes by assault, destroyed all the buildings, with the exception of the house of Pindar, Killed most of the inhabitants, aud sold the rest as slaves. Alexander now prepared for his great expe- dition against Persia. In the spring of 384 he crossed the Hellespont, with about 35,000 men. Of these 30,000 were foot and 5000 horse, and of the former only 12,000 were Macedo- nians. Alexander's first engagement with the Persians was on the river Granicus in Mysia. (itf ay, 334), where they were entirely defeated by him. In the following year (333) he cojlected his anny at Gordium in Phrygia, where he cut or untied the celebrated Gor- dian knot, wliich, it was said, was to be loos- ened only by the conqueror of Asia. From thence he marched to Issus, on the confines of Syria, where he gained a great victory over Parlus, the Persian king. Barius himself es- caped, but his mother, wife, and chil- dren fell into the hands of Alexander, who treated them with the utmost deli- cacy and respect Alexander now di- 'rected his arms against the cities of Phoenicia, most ot which submitted; but Tyre was not taken till the middle of 332, after an obstinate defense of 1 months. He next marched into Egypt, which willingly submitted to him. At the beginning of 331 he founded at the mouth of the Nile the city of Albxan- dbia, and about the same time visited the temple of Jupiter Ammon, in the desert of Libya, and was saluted by the priests as the son of Jupiter Ammoa. In the spring of the same year (331) he set out against Darius, who had collect- ed another army. He crossed the Eu- phrates and the Tigris, and at length met with the immense hosts of Darme, said to have amounted to more than a million of men, in the plains of Gauga- mela. The battle was fought in the month of October, 331, and ended in the complete defeat of the Persians. Alex- ander was now the conqueror of Asia, and began to adopt Persian habits and customs, by which he conciliated the af- fections of his new subjects. From Ar- AI^EXANDER. 31 ALEXANDER. about 80 of his eeneralB. He himself took a second wife, Barsine, the eldest daughter of Darius. Towards the close of the year 326 he weut to Echataua, where he lost his great favorite, He- puAESTioN. From Ecbatana he marched to Babylon, which he intended to make the capital of his empire, as the best point of communication between his eastern and western dominions. His scheme's were numerous and gigantic ; but he was cut off in the midst of them. He was attacked by a fever, which was Coin repreaenting Alexander the Great lu Jupiter Ammon. probably aggravated by the quantity of wine he had drunk at a banquet given to his principal officers, and he died after an illness of 11 days, in the month of May or June, b.o. 323, at the age of 32, after a reigu of 12 years and 8 months. He appointed no one as his bela he marched to Babylon, Susa, andPersep- olis, all of which surrendered to him. He is said to have set Are to the palace of Persepolis, and, according to some accounts, in the rev- elry of a banquet, at the instigation of Thais, an Athenian courtesan. At the beginning of 330 Alexander m.arched from Persepolia into Media, in pursuit of Darius, whom he follow- ed into Parthia, where the unfortunate king was murdered by Bessns, satrap of Bactria. In 329 Alexander crossed the mountains of the Paropamisus (the Hindoo Koosh), and marched into Bactria against Bessus, who was betrayed to him, and was put to death. During the next 2 years he was chiefly en- gaged In the conquest of Sogdiana. He also" crossed the Jaxartes (the S?r). and defeated several Scythian tribes N. of that river. On the conquest of a mountain fortress he ob- tained possession of Roxana, the daughter of the Bactrian chief Oxyartes, whom he made his wife. It was about this time that he kill- ed hisfriend Clitus in a drunken brawl. He had weviously put to death his faithful serv- ant Paembnion, on the charge of treason. In 327 he invaded India, and crossed the Indus, probably near the moderh Attock. He met with no resistance till he reached the Hydas- pes, where he was opposed by Porus, an In- . dian king, whom he defeated after a gallant resistance, and took prisoner. Alexander re- stored to him his kingdom, and treated him with distinguished honor. He founded a town on the Hydaspea, called Bucephala, in honor of his horse Bucephalus, who died here, after carrying him through so many victories. From thence he penetrated as far as the Hy- phasis iGarra). This was the farthest point which he reached, for the Macedonians, worn out by long service, and tired of the war, re- fused to advance farther; and Alexander, notwithstanding his entreaties and prayers, was obliged to lead them back. He retunied to the Hydaspes, and then sailed down the river with a portion of his troops, while the remainder marched along the banks in two divisions. He flnally reached the Indiau Coin of Alexander the Great. successor, but just before his death he gave his ring to Perdiccas. Hoxana was with aiild at the time of his death, and afterwards bore a son who is known by the name of Alexan- der Aegus.— (4) Abgus, sou of Alexander the Great and Roxana, was born shortly after the death of his father, in- n.o. 323, and was ac- knowledged as the partner of Philip Arrhi- daeus in the emi>ire, under the guardianship of Perdiccas, Antipater, and Polysperchon, in succession. Alexander and his mother Rox- ana were imprisoned by Cassauder when he obtained possession of Macedonia in 316, and remained in prison till 311, when they were put to death by Cassauder. III. Kings of Syria — (1) Surnamed Balas, a person of low origin, pretended to be the son of Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, and reigned in Syria d.o. 150-146. He was defeated and dethroned by Demetrius II. Nicator. — (2) Sur- named Zebina orZABiNAS, son' of a merchant, was set Tip by Ptolemy Physcon as a pretend- er to the throne of Syria, «.o. 128. He was defeated by Antiochus Grypue, by whom he was put to death, 122. IV. Lit&rari/. — (1) Of Aeoae, a peripatetic _ _ . philosopher at Rome in the first century after ocean about the middle of 326. Nearchus ' Christ, was tutor to the emperor Nero.— (2) was sent with the fleet to sail along the coast t The Aetolian, of Pleuron in Aetolia, a Greek to the Persian gulf [Neaeohus] ; and Alex- | poet, lived in the reign of Ptolemaeus Phila- ander marched with the rest of his forces . delphus (jj.o. 285-247), at Alexandria, where through Gedrosia, in which country his army he was reckoned one of the 7 tragic poets who suffered mreatly from want of water and pro- constituted the tragic pleiad.— (3) Of Apuro- visions. , He reached Suea at the beginning of j>isia8, in Caria, the most celebrated of the 325. Here he allowed himself and nis troopg commentators on Aristotle, lived about a.d. some rest from their labors ; and anxious to 200. Some of his works were edited and form his European and Asiatic subjects into translated into Latin at the revival of liter- one people, he assigned Asiatic wives to ature. ALEXANDRIA. 32 ALEXANDRIA. XLEXANDRIA, oftener -lA, rarely -lA <^-ae), the name of several cities founded by, or in memor;^ of, Alexander the Great. Of these the moat important*are: — (1) The capital of Egypt under the Ptolemies, ordered by Alex- ander to be founded in ».o. 332. It was built on the narrow neck of land between the Lake Mareotis and the Mediterranean, opposite to the I. of Pharos, which was Joined to the city by an artificial dike. On this island a great lighthouse was built in the reign of Ptolemy Pniladelphus (28S). Under the care of the Ptolemies, as the capital of ajgreat kingdom, and commanding by its position all the com- merce of Europe with the East, Alexandria soon became the most wealthy and splendid city of the .known world. It was celebrated for its magnificent library, founded by the first two Ptolemies. The library suffered se- verely by fire when Julius Caesarwas besieged in Alexandria, and was finally destroyed by Amron, the lieutenan t of the Caliph Omar, in A.i>. 651. Under the Romans Alexandria re- tained its commercial and literary importance, aud became also a chief seat of Christianity and theological learning. Its site ianowcov- ered by a mass of ruins, among which are the two obelisks (vulg. Cleopatra's Needles) which adorned the gateway of the royal palace, and, outside the vpalls, to the S., the column of Dio- cletian (vulg. Pompeifs Pillar). The modern city stands on the dike uniting the island of Pharos to the main land.— (2) A. TnoAS, also Troas simply, on the sea-coast S.W. of Troy, was enlarged by Antigonus, hence called An- tigonia, but afterwards it resumed its first jiame. It flourished greatly, both under the Greeks and the Romans; andbothJnlius Cae- sar and Constantine thought of establishing the seat of empiie in it (3) A. An Issum, a ALFENUS VARUS. S3 ALPES. . sea-povt at the entrauce of Syria, a little S. of Issus.— (4) lu Susiana, aft. Antiociiia, aft. CuAKAX Spasini, flt thc mouth of the Tigris, built by Alexander; deatioyed by a flood ; re- stored by Antiochus Epiphanes: birthplace of Dionysius Periegetes and leidorus Chara- ce'uns. ALFENUS VARUS {-\), a celebrated Eo- man jurist, who was originally a shoemaker or a barber. He ia meutioued by Horace. ALGlDUS MONS, a range of mountains in Latium, extending S. from Praeneste to M. Albanus, cold, but covered with wood, and containing good pasturage. On it was situ- ated the town of Alo;idum. It was an an- cient seat of the worship of Diana. From it the Aeqnt usually made tbeir incnrslons Into the Eoman territory. iLlENUS CAECINA. [Cakoina.] ILIMENTUS, L. CINCIUS (-i), a cele- brated Roman annalist, antiquary, and jurist; was praetor in Sicily, b.o. 209, and wrote sev- eral works, of wbich the best known was bis A9t7iale^ which contained an account of the second Punic war. ALIPHERA (-ae), a fortified town In Ar- cadia, situated on a mountain on the borders of Elis, S. of the Alpheua. ALlSO (-onis: Elaen), a strong fortress built by Dnisus, b.o, 11, at the confluence of the Lnppia {Lij^e) and the Eliso {AlTne). ALLIA (-ae), or more correctly ALlA, a small river flowing into the Tiber about 6 miles from Rome. It is memorable by the defeat of the Romans by the Gauls on i'U banks, July 16th, b.o. 390. Hence the dies Al- lietisis was an unlucky day in the Roman cal- endar. ALLIFAE or ALTPAE (-ilmm), a town of Saranium, on the Vultumus, celebrated for the manufacture of its large, drluking-cups (AUifana pocula). ALLOBROGES (-um), a powerful people of Qaul.dwelling between the Rhodanu8(/ENTiNAE, the mountains of southern Tyrol, in which the AthSsie (Adige) rises, with the pa;?a of the ; Brenner. — 8. At,pes NoniOA», the ^oric Alps, I N.E. of the Tridentine Alps, comprising the ; mountains in the neighborhood of Salzbnrg. I — 9. Alpks Caenioae, the Carnic Alps, E. of 1 the Tridentine, and S. of the Noric, to Mount I Terglu.— 10. Alpeb Julias, the Julian Alps, ALPHESIBOEA. 34 AMAZONES. from Mount Terglu to the commencemeut of the Illyrian or Balmatlan mountains, which are known by the name of the Alpes Dalma- ticae, farther north by the name of the Alpes Pannonicae. The Alpes Juliae were so called because Julias Caesar or Augustus construct- ed roads across them ; they are also called Alpes Venetae. ALPHfiSiBOBA (-ae), daughter of Phegens and wife of Alcmaeon. [Alomaeon.] ALPHBUS <-i), the chief river of Pelopon- nesus, rising in the S.E. of Arcadia, flowing through Arcadia and Elis, not far from Olym- pia, and falling into the Ionian sea. In some parts of its course the river flows under ground ; and this subterranean descent gave rise to the story about the river-god Alpheas and the nymph Arethusa. The latter, pur- sued by Alpheus, was changed by Artemis into the fountain of Arethusa iu the island of Ortygia at Syracuse, but the god continued to pursue her under the sea, and attempted to mingle his stream with the fountain in Or- tygia. ALPINUS {-i)t a name which Horace gives in ridicule to a bombastic poet. He probably means Bibaodltjs. ALSlTJM (-i), one of the most ancient Etnis- can towns on the coast near Caere, and a Ko- man colony after the first Punic war. ALTHAEA (-ae), daughter of Thestins, wife of Oeneua, and mother of Mrlsaoer, upon whose death she killed herself. ALTTNTJM (-i), a wealthy town of the Ve- neti in the N.of Italy, at the mouth of the river Silis, and the chief emporium for all the goods which were sent from southern Italy to the countries of the north. ALTIS. [Oltmpia.J ALUNTIUM or HXLUNTSUM (-i), a town on the N. coast of Sicily, on a steep hill, cele- brated for its wine. ALUS or HALUS, a town in Phthiotis in Thessaly, at the extremity of M.Othrys. XLlfATTBS (-is), king of Lydia, b.o. eiT- 560, succeeded his father Sadyattes, and was himself succeeded by his son Croesns.' The tomb of Alyattes, N. of Sardis, near the lake Gygaea, which consisted of a large mound of earth raised upon a foundation of great stones, still exists. It is nearly a mile iu cir- cumference. ALYZt A or ALTZSA (-ae), a town in Acar- nauia near the sea opposite Leucas, with a harbor and a temple both sacred to Her- cules. XMALTHSA (-ae), the nurse of the infant Zeus (Jupiter) in Crete, was, according to some traditions, the goat wliich suckled Zeus, and was rewarded "by being placed among the stars. According to others, Amalthea "was a nymph who fed Zeus with the milk of a goat When this goat broke oflF one of her horns, Amalthea filled it with fresh herbs and gave it to Zeus, who placed it among, the stars. According to other accounts, Zeus himself broke off one ofthe horns of the goat, and en- dowed it with the wonderful power of be- coming filled with whatever the possessor might wish. Hence this horn was commonly called the horn of plenty, or cornucopia, and it was used in later times as the symbol of plenty in general. XMALTHEUM (-i) or XMALTHEA (-ae), a villa of Atticus in Epirus, perhaps origiually a shrine ofthe nymph Amalthea, which Atti- cua converted into a beautiful summer re- treat. Cicero, in imitation, constructed a sim- ilar retreat on his estate at ArpTnum. AMANTIA (-ae), a Greek town and district in Illyricnm, at some distance from the coast, E. of Oricum. XMANUS (-i), a branch of Mt. Taurus, which runs from the head of the Gulf of Issue N.E. to the principal chain, dividing Syria from Cilicia and Cappadocia. Its inhabitants were wild banditti. . AMARDI or MARDI (6mm), a powerful, warlike, and predatory tribe who dwelt ou the S. snore ofthe Caspian Sea. iMXRYNTHUS (-ij, a town in Euboea,7 stadia from Eretria, with a celebrated temple of Artemis (Diana), who was hence called Amai-ynthia or Amart/sia. XMiSENUS (-i), a small river in Latium, which, after beiug joined by^ the Ufeus, falls into the sea between Circeii and Terracina, though thOjgreater part of its waters are lost in the Poutme marshes. 5.MASIA (-ae) or -EA (-ae), the capital of the kings of Pontus, was a strongly fortified city on both banks of the river Iris. It was the birthplace of Mithridates the Great and of the geographer Strabo. AmXSIS <-is), king of Egypt, n. o. 570-526, succeeded Apries, whom he dethroned. Dur- ing his long reign Egypt was in a very pros- perous condition, ana the Greeks were brought mto much closer intercourse with the Egyp- tians than had existed previously. XMASTRIS (-is). (1) Wife of Xerxes and mother of Artaxerxes I., was of a cruel and vindictive character. — (2) Also called Amas- TBiNE, niece of Darius, the last king of Persia. She married, 1, Craterus ; 2, Dionysius, tyrant of Heraclea in Bithynia, b. o. 322 ; aud, 3, Ly- simachus, 302. ■ She was drowned by her two sons about 288. — (3) A city on the coast of Paphlagonia, built by Amastris after her sep- aration from Lysiraachus. XmATA (-ae), wife of king Latinns and mother of Lavinia, opposed Xavinia being given in marriage to Aeneas, because she had already promised her to Turnus. When she heard that Turnus had fallen in battle, she hung herself. JtMXTHtTS (-nntis), an ancient town on the S. coast of Cym;us, with a celebrated temple of Aphrodite (Venus), who was hence called Amathus'ia. There were copper-mines in the neighborhood of the town. A.MAZONES (-um) and AMAZONIDES (-urn), a mythical race of warlike females, are said to have come from the Caucasus, and to have settled in Asia Minor, about the liver Thermodon, where they founded the city Themisc3"ra. They were governed bv a queen, and the female children had their right breasts cut ofl'that they might use the bow with more ease. They constantly occur in Greek my- An Amazon. (Berlin.) C2 AMBARKI. AMMON. thology. One of the labors imposed npon Hercules was to take from Hippolyte, the queen of the Amazons,her girdle. [Hkboit- LES.] In the reign of Theseus they InvmJed Attica. To.ward the end of the Trojan war, they came, under their queen PenthesilSa, to the assistance of Priam ; but she Avas killed by Achilles. AMBAERI(-6rnm), a people of Qaul, on the Arar (Saane), E. of Aedni. AMBliNI (-ornm), a Belgic people, be- tween the Bellovaci and Atrebatcs, conquer- ed by Caesar in b.o. B7. Their chief town was Samarobriva, afterwards Ambiani, now Amiens, AMBiOEIX (-igls), a chief of the Ebnronea in Gaul, who cut to bieces the Roman troops under Sabinus and Cotta, b.o. B4. ' AMBIVAKSTI (-6mm), the cUentes or vas- sals of the Aedui, probably dwelt N. of tjie AMBIVAEITI (-orum), a Gallic people," W. of the Maas, in the neighborhood ofNamur. AMBEiCiA (-ae : Arta), a town on the left bank of the Arachthus, N. of the Ambracian gulf, was originally included in Acarnania, bnt afterwards in Gpirus. It was colonized by the Corinthians about ii.o. 660. Pyrrhusmade it the capital of his kingdom, ana adorned it witli public buildings and statnes. At a later time it joined the Aetolian League, was taken by the Eomans in b.o. 1S9, and stripped of its works of art Its inhabitants were trans- planted to the new city of Niooi-ot-tb, found- ed by Augustus after the battle of Actium, t).o. 31. AMBEXCitJS SINUS (O. of Arta), a gnlf of the Ionian sea between Bpirus and Acar- nania, 25 miles long and 10 wide. AMBEONES (-nm), a Celtic people, who joined the Cimbri and Teuton! in their inva- sion of the Roman dominions, and were de- feated by Marius near Aquae Sextiae (,Aix), in B.0. 102. AMBRYSUS or AMPHEYSUS (-i), a town in Phocis, S. of M. Parnassus. XMfiNiNUS (-i), a river in Sicily near Ca- tana, only flowed occasionally. XMEEiA (-ae), an ancient town in Umbria, and a municipium, the birthplace of Sex. Roscius defencted by Cicero, was situate in a district rich in vines. AMEEIOLA (rae), a town in the land of the Sabiues, destroyed by the Eomans. AMESTEXTUS (-1), a town in the N. of Sicily not far from the coast. AMIDA (-ae), a city in Sophene (Armenia MnJor) on the upper Tigris. SMILCAE. [HAMI1.0AB.] iMISlA or iMISIUS (-1 : Ems), a river In northern Germany well known to the Eo- mans. AMISUS (-i), a large city on the coast of Pontus, on' a bay of the Euxine Sea, called after it (Amieenus Sinus). Mithvidates en- larged it, and made it one of his residences. XMITEENITM (-i), one of the most ancient towns of the Sabines, on the Aternus, the birthplace of the historian Sallust. . AMM15.NUS MAECELLINUS (-i), by birth a Greelc, and a native of Syrian Antioch, served among the imperial body guards. He attended the emjieror Julian in his campaign against the Persians (a.d. 363). He wrote a history -of the Eoman empire, of which 18 books are extant, embracing the period from A.I1. 353, to the death of Valens, 378. His style is harsh and inflated, but his accuracy, fldel- Ity, and impartiality desei've praise. AMMON (-onis), an Egyptian divinity, whom tlie Greeks identified with Zeus, and Image oi Ammon. y the Syracusans in the time of the elder Dionysius, n.o. 392. The Romans made it a colony. It possessed an excellent harbor; completed by Trajan, and was one of the most important sea-ports of the Adriatic. ANGUS MARCiUS (-i),fourth king of Rome, reigned 24 years, n.o. 640-616, and is said to have been the son of Numa's daughter. He took many Latin towns, transported the in- habitants to Rome, and gave them the Aven- tine to dwell on: these conquered Latins form- ed the original Plebs. He was succeeded by Tarquinius Priscus. ANCYRA (-ae). (1) A city of Galatia in Asia Minor, originally the chief city of a Gallic tribe named the Tectosages, who came from the S. of France. When Augustus recorded the chief events of his life on bronze tablets at Rome, the citizens of Aucyra had a copy made, which was cut on marble blocks, and placed at Ancyra in a temple dedicated to Augustus and Rome. This inscription is stiil extant, and called the MonumentuTn Aricyj-a- nwn.—{2) A town in Phrygia Epictetua on the borders of Mysia. ANDECXVI, ANDEG5.VI (-orum), or AN- DES (-ium), a Gallic people N. of the Loire, with a town of the same name, also called Juliomagus, now Angers. ANDES (-ium), a village near Mantua, the birthplace of Virgil. ANDOClDffiS, one of the 10 Attic orators, son of Leogoras, was born at Athens in b.o. 467. He belonged to a noble family, and was a supporter of the oligarchical party at Ath- ens. In 415 he became involved in the charge brought against Alclbiades of having muti- lated the Hermae, and was thrown into pri;^- on ; but he recovered his liberty by denoun- cing the real or pretended perpetrators of the crime. He was four times oanished from Athens, and after leading a wandering and disreputable life, died in exile. Four of his orations have come down to us. ANDRAEMON (-6nis). (1) Husband of Gorge, daughter of Oeneu'sking of Calydon in Aetolia, whom he succeeded, and father of Thoas, who is hence called Andraemonides. — (2) Son of Oxylus, and husband of Drvope, who was mother of Amphissns by Apollo. ANDROCLUS (-i) or -CLBS (-is), the slave of a Roman consular, was sentenced to be ex- {)osed to the wild beasts in the circus; but a ion, which had been let loose upon him, ex- hibited signs of recognition, and began lick- ing him. Upon inquiry it appeared that An- droclus had run away from his master in Af- rica ; and that, having taken refnge in a cave, a lion entered, went up to him, and held out bis paw. Androclus extracted a large thorn which had entered it. Henceforth they lived together for some time, the lion catermg for his benefactor. But at last, tired of this sav- age life, Androclus left the cave, was appre- hended by some soldiers, brought to Rome, and condemned to the wild beasts. . He was gardoned, and presented with the lion, which e used to lead about the city. ANDR0GJE5S (-5) or ANDROGfiUS (-i), son of Minos and Pasiphae, conquered all his opponents in the games of the Panathenaea at Athens, and was in consequence slain at the instigation of Aegeus. Minos made war on the Athenians to avenge the death of his son, and compelled them to send every year PEitBEca AND Andsomeda. (Marlile Belief, Haples.) ANDROMACHE. 39 ANTHEMUS. to Crete 7 youths and 7 damsels to be de- voured by the Minotaur. From this shame- ful tribute they were delivered by Tjiebkdb. ANDROmXCHS (-es) or ANDROmICHA (-ae), daughter of Eetion, king of the Ciliciau Thebes, aud wife of Hector, by whom she had a sou Scamandrius (Astyanax). On the tak- ing of Troy her son was hurled from the walls of the city, and she herself fell to the share of Neoptolemua (Pyrrhus), the son of Achil- les, who took her to Epims. She afterwards married Helenas, a brother of Hector, who niled over Chaonia. ANDROMEDA (-ae) or ANDROMEDE (-es), daughter of Cepheua, king of Aethiopia, and CassiopGa. In consequence of her moth- er boasting that the beauty of her daughter surpassed that of the Nereids, Poseidon (Nep- tune) sent a sea-monster to lay waste the country. The oracle of Ammon promised de- liverance if Andromeda was given up to the monster ; and Cepheus was ooliged to chain his daughter to a rocl^ Here she. was found and saved by Perseus, who slew the monster and obtained her as his wife. She had been previously promised to Phiuens, and this gave rise to the famous fight of Phiuena and Per- seus at the wedding, in which the former and all his associates were slain. After her death she was placed among the stars. ANDRONTCUS LIVlUS. LLivius.] ANDEOSor-RTJS (-i), the most northerly and one of the largest islands of theCyclades, S. E. of Euboea, 21 miles long and 8 broad, ear- ly attained importance, and colonized Acan- thus and Stagira about n.o. 654. It was cele- brated for its wine, whence the whole island was regarded as sacred to Dionysus. ANQLI or ANGLII (-orum). a German peo- ple on the left bank of the Elbe, who passed over with the Saxons into Britain, which was called after them England. [Saxones.] Some of them appear to have settled in Angeln in Schleswig, ANGRIVARII (-orum), a German people dwelling on both sides of theVisurgiB(tre«cr), eeparatecl from the Cherusci by an agger or mound of earth. XNIGRTJS (-i), a small river in the Tri- phylian Elis, the Minyeius of Homer, flowing mto the Ionian sea, near Samicum. Its wa- ters had a disagreeable bmell, in consequence, it is said, of the Centaurs having washed in them after they had been wounded by Her- cules. XNIO, anciently XNIEN (hence Gen. Anie- nis), a river rising in the mountains of the Hernici near Treba, which, after receiving the brook Digentia, forms at Tibur beautiful wa- ter-falls, and flows into the Tiber 3 miles above Rome. The water of the Anio was con- veyed to Rome by two aqueducts, the Anw vetiis aud Anio novits. ANIUS (-i), son of Apollo by Creusa, and priest of Apollo at Delos. By Dry6pe he had three daugnters, to whom Dionysus gave the power of producing at will any quantity of wine, corn, and oil — whence they wej-e called Osnotrdpae. With these necessaries they are said to have supplied the Greeks during the first 9 years of the Trojan war. ANNA (-ae), daughter of BeJus and sister of Dido. After the death of the latter, she fled from Carthage to Italy, where she was kind- ly received by Aeneas. Here she excited the jealousy of Lavinia, and, being warned in a dream by Dido, she fled and threw hersel fin to the river Numicius. Henceforth she was wor- shiped as the nymph of that river under the name of Anna Perenna. ANNIUSMILO. CMiLO.] ANSBR (-(Srie), a poet of the Augustan age, a friend of the triumvir M. Antouius, and one of the detractors of Virgil. ANSIBARII or AMPSIVARII (-orum), a German people, originally dwelling between the sources of the Ems and the Weser, and afterwards in the interior of the country near the Cherusci. ANTAEOpOLIS (-is), an ancient citv of Upper Egypt (the Thebais), on the E. side of the Nile, and one of the chief seats of the wor- ship of Osiris, ANTAEUS (-i), son of Poseidon (Neptunp) and Ge (Earth), a mighty giant and wrestler in Libya, whose strength was invincible so long as he remained in contact with his moth- er earth. Hercules discovered the source of his strength, lifted him from the earth, and crushed him in the air. ANTALCiDAS (-ae), a Spartan, son of Le- on, is chieflj^ known by the celebrated treaty concluded with Persia m n.o. 387, usually call- ed the peace of Antalcidas, since it was the fruit of his diplomacy. According: to this treaty all the Greek cities in Asia Minor were to belong to the Persian king; the Athenians were allowed to retain-only Lemnos, Imbroe, and Scyros; and all the other Greek cities were to be independent. ANTANDRUS (-i), a city of GreatMysla, on the Adramyttian Gulf, at the foot of Mount Ida ; an Aeolian colony. ANTEA or ANTIA. [Bellkuophon.] ANTEMNAE (-nrum), an ancient Sabine town at the' junction of the Anio aud the Ti- ber, destroyed by the Rorbans in the earliest times. ANTENOR (-oris), a Trojan, son of Aesyetes and Cleomestra, and husband of Theauo. He was one of the wisest among the elders at Troy ; he received Menelaus and Ulysses into his jfiouso when they came to Troy as embas- sadors ; and he advised his fellow-citizens to restore Helen to Menelaus. On the- capture of Troy, Antenor was spared by the Greeks. His history after this event is told differentlyr Some relate that he went with the Heneti to the western coast of the Adriatic, where he founded Patavium. His sous and descend- ants were called Antendridae* ANTEROS. [Ebo's.] ANTHEDON (-onis), a town of Boeotia, with a harbor, on the coast of the Euboean sea, said to have derived its name from Anthedon, son of Glancus, who was here changed into a god. ANTHJEMUS (-untis), a Macedonian town in Chalcidice. ANTHEMUSIA. 40 ANTIOCHIA. ANTHEMtTSiA (-ae) or ANTHEMtTS (-nn- tis), a cily of Mesopotamia, S. W. of Edessa, and a little E. of the Euphrates. The sur- rounding district was called by the same name^ but was generally included under the name of Obrhoene. ANTHENE (-es), a place in Cynuria, in the Peloponnesus. ANTHYLLA (-ae), a considerable city of Lower Egypt, near the mouth of the Canopic branch of the Nile, below Naucratis. ANTIAS (-atis), Q. VALERIUS (-i), a Ro- man, historian, flourished about b.c. 80, and wrote the history of Rome from the earliest times down to those of Sulla. His work was full of falsehoods. ANTICLEA i-ae), daughter of Autolycus, wife of LaSrtes, and mother of Ulysses, died of OTief at the long absence of her son. It is saia that before marrying Laertes she lived on intimate terms with Sisyphus; whence Ulysses is sometimes called a son of Sisyphus. ANTJCCYRA, more anciently ANTICIR- RHA (-ae). (1) A town in Phocis, on a bay of the Crisaaean gnlf. — (2) A town in Thessaly, on the Spercheus, not far from its mouth. Both towjls were celebrated for their helle- bore, the chief remedy in antiquity for mad- ness: hence the pvoverh Naviget Anticyram, when a person acted senselessly. AKTIGONE (-es), daughter of Oedipus by his mother Jocaste, and sister of Ismene and of Eteocles and PolyuTces. In the tragic story of Oedipus, Antigone appears- as a noble mniden, with a truly heroic attachment to her father and brothers. When Oedipus had put out his eyes, and was obliged to quit Thebes, he was accompanied by Antigone, who re- mained with him till he died at Colonus, and then returned to Thebes. After her two brothers had killed each other in battle, and Creon, the king of Thebes, would not allow Polynices to be buried, Antigone alone defied the tyrant, and buried the body of her brother. Creon thereupon ordered her to be shut up iu a subterranean cave, where she killed herself. Her lover Haemon, the son of Creon, killed himself by her side. ANTiOONlA and -TA (-ae). (1) A town in Epirns (Illyricum) at the junction of a tribu- tary with the Aous, and near a narrow pass of the Acroceraunian mountains. — (2) A town on the Orontes in Syria, founded by Antigo- nuB as the capital of his empire (b.c. 306), but most of its inhabitants were transferred by Seleucus to Antioouia, which was built in its neigborhooS. ANTIGONUS (-i). (1) King of Asia, sur- named the One-eyed, son of Philip of Elymio- tis, and father of Demetrius Poliorcetes by StratonTce. He was one of the genei'als of Alexander the Great, and in the division of the empire after the death of the latter (u.o. 323) he received the provinces of the Greater Phrygia, Lycia, and Pamphylia. On the death of the regent Antipater, in 319, he aspired to the sovereignty of Asia. In 316 he defeated and put Enmenes to death, after a struggle of nearly 3 years. He afterwards carried on war, with varying success, against Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus. After the defeat ofPtolemy's fleet in 306, Antigonns assumed the title of king, and his example was followed by Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Seleucus. Antigonus and his son Demetrius were at length defeated hy Lysimachus at the decisive battle of Ipsua in Phrygia, iu 301. Antigonus fell in the battle, in the 81st year of his age.— (2) GoNATA8,8on of Demetrius Poli- orcetes, and grandson of thg preceding. He assumed the title of king of Macedonia after his father's death in Asia in 283, hnt he did not obtain possession of the throne till 277. He was driven out of his kingdom by Pyrrhus of Epirns in 273, but recovered it in the follow- ing year. He died in 239. He was succeeded by Demetrius IX. His surname Gonatua is usually derived ft*om Gonuos or Gonni in Thessaly ; but some think that Gonatus is a Maccdouian word, signilVing an iron plate protecting the knee. — (3)I)oson (so called be- cause he was always about to give bnt never did), son of Demetrius of Cyrene, and grand- son of Demetrius- Poliorcetes. On the death of Demetrius 11., in 229, he was left guardian of his son Philip, but he married the widow of Demetrius, aud'becamc king of Macedonia himself. He supported Aratus and theAchae- nn League against Cleomenes, king of Sparta, whom he defeated at Sellasia in 221, and took Sparta. He died 220. ANTlLlBiNUS (-i), a mountain on the confines of Palestine, Phoenicia, and Syria, farallel toLibanus, which it exceeds iu height. ts highest summit is M. Hermou. ANTILOCHUS (-i), son of Nestor and An- axibia, accompanied his father to Troy, and distinguished himself by his bravery. He was slain before Troy by Memnon the Ethiopian. ANTIMXCHUS <-i), a Greek epic and ele- giac poet of Claros or Colophon, flourished towards the end of the Peloponnesiau war ; his chief work was an epic poem called TJie- baia. ANTINOOpOLIS (-is), a splendid city, built by Hadrian, in memory of his favorite Anti- nous, on the E. bank of the Nile. ANTlNOtTS (-i). (1) Son of Eupithes of Ithaca, and one of the suitors of Penelope, was slain by Ulysses. — (2) A youth of extraor- dinary beanty, born at Claudiopolis-in Bithy- nia, was the favorite of the emperor Hadrian, and his companion in all his journeys. He was drowned iu the Nile, a.i>. 122. The grief of the emperor knew no bounds He enrolled Antinous amon^ the gods, caused a temple to be erected to him at Mantinea, and founded the city of Antinoopous in honor of him. ANTIOCHIA and -EA (-ae). (1) The cap- ital of the Greek kingdom of Syria, and long the chief city of Asia, stood on the left bank of the Orontes, about 20 miles (geog.) from the sea, in a beautiful valley. It was Duiltby Seleucus Nicator, about n.o. 300, who called it Antiochia in honor of his father Antiochus, and peopled it chiefly from the neighboring city of Anitgonia. It was one ofthe earliest strongholds of the Christian faith ; the first place where the Christian name was use^. iActs xi. 26) ; and the see of one of the four ANTIOCHUS. 41 ANTIOCHUS. chief biBhopB, who were called Patriarchs. — (2> A. Ai> Makanthicm, a city of Caria, on the Maeauder, built by Aiitiochus I. Soter on the Bite of the old city of PythopoliB — (3) A city on the borders of Phrygia and Piaidia; built by colonistB from. Magnesia ; made a cohmy nnder Augustus, and called Caesarua. — The other cities of the name of Antioch are better known nnder other designations. ANTIOCHUS (-i). I. Kings of Syria.— {!) SoTER (reigned b.o. 2S0-261), was the son of Seleucns I., the founder of the Syrian king- dom of the Seleucidae. He married his step- mother Stratonice, with whom he fell violent- ly in love, and whom* his father surrendered to him. He fell in battle against the Gauls in 201.— (2) Theos («.o. 261-246), son and suc- cessor of No. 1. The Milesians gave him his surname ot Theos, because he delivered them from their tyrant, Timarhus. He carried on war with Ptolemy Phila- ilelphns, king of Egypt, which was brought to a close by his putting awav his wife Laodicc, and marry- ing Berenice, the daughter of Ptol- emy. After the death of Ptolemy, he recalled LaodicS, but, in revenge for the insnlt she had received, sne caused Antiocbus and Berenice to be murdered. He was succeeded by his son Seleucns Callinicus. His younger son Autiochu^Hierax alsa' assnmed the crown, and carried on war some years with his brother. [Seledous U.]— (3) The.GEEAT (b.o. 223-187), son and successor of Seleucns Callini- cus. He carried oh war against Ptolemy Phi- lopator, king of Egypt, in order to obtain Coele-Syrin,Phoenicla, and Palestine, but was obliged to cede these provinces to Ptolemy, in consequence of his defeat at the battle of Eaphia, near Gaza, in 217. He was after- wards engaged for 7 years (212-205) in an at- tempt to regain the eaBteru provinces of Asia, which had revolted during the reign of An- tiochus II. : but, though he met with great success, he found it hopeless to effect the sub- jugation of the Parthian and Bactrian king- doms, and accordingly concluded a peace with them. In 198 he conquered Palestine and Coele-Syria, which he afterwards gave ae a dowry wjth his daughter Cleopatra upon her j marriage with Ptolemy Epiphanes. He aft- I erwards became involved in hostilities with Coin of AotlochuB the Great. ANTIOCHUS. 42 ANTIPATEU. the Komans, and was ur^d by Haunibal, who arrived at his conrt, to invade Italy veithont loss of time ; bnt Antiochua did not follow his advice. In 192 he crossed over into Greece : and in 191 he was defeated by the Komans at Thermopylae, and compelled to return to Asia. In 190 he was again defeated by the Romans under L. Scipio, at Mount Sipylns, near Magnesia, and compelled to sue for peace, which was granted in 188, on condition of his ceding all nis dominions E. of Mount Tau- rus, and paying 15,000 Euboic talents. In or- der to raise tne money to pay the Romans, he attacked a wealthy temple in Elymais, but was killed by the people of the place (13T). He was succeeded by his son Seleucus Philop- ator.— (4) Epiphanes (d.o. 176-164), son ofAn- tiochus III., succeeded his brother Seleucus Phiiopator in 175. He carried on war against Coin of Antlocbus JSpIpbnnea, with tbe Figure of Jupiter. Egypt (171-168) with ^reat success, and he died in A.i>.' IT. was preparing to lay siege to Alexandria in 168, when the Romans compelled him to re- tire. He endeavored to root out the Jewish religion and to introduce the worship of the Greek divinities j but this attempt led to a rising of the Jewish people, under Mattathias and his heroic sons, the Maccabees, which An- tiochua was unable to put down. He attempt- ed to plunder a temple in Elymais in 164, but he was repulsed, and died shortlv afterwards in a state of raving madness, which the Jews and Greeks equally attributed to his sacri- legious crimes. His subjects gave him the name of Bpimanes (the ** madma'h"), in parody of Epipka/nea.— {5) Eupator (d.o. 164-162), son and successor of Epiphanes, was 9 years old at his father's death. He was dethroned and put to death by Demetrius Soter, the son of Seleucus Phiiopator.— (6) Tueos, sou of Alex- ander Balas. He was brought forward as a claimant to thfe crown In 144, against Deme- trius Nicator, by Tryphon, but he was mur- dered by the latter, who ascended the throne himself in 142.— (7) Sidbteb (»,o. 137-128), so called from Side, in Pampbylia, where he was brought up, younger son of Demetrius Soter, succeeded Tryphon. He was defeated and slain in battle by the Parthiaus in 128.--{8) Qrypus, or Hook-nosed (b.o. 125-96), second son of Demetrius Nicator and Cleopatra. He ■carried on war for some years witn his half- brother, A. IX. Cyzicenus. At length, in 112, the two brothers agreed to share the kingdom between them, A. Cyzicenus having Coele-Sy- ria and Phoenicia, and A. Grypus the remain- der of the provinces. Giypus was assassin- ated in 96. — (9) Cyziokntjs, from Cyzicus, where he was brought up, brother of No. 8, reigned over Coele-Syria and Phoenicia from 112 to 96, but fell in battle in 95 against Seleu- cus Epiphanes, son of A. VIII. (Jrypus.— (10) EuBEJtRB, son of Cyzicenus, defeated Seleucus Epiphanes, and maiutaiuea the throne against the Drotbers of "Seleucus. He succeeded his father in 95.— (11) Epiphanes, son of Grypus and brother of Seleucus Epiphanes, carried on war against Eusebes, but was defeated by the latter, and drowned in the river Orontes. — (12) Dionysus, brother of No. 11, held the crown for a short time, but fell in battle against Aretas, king of the Arabians. The Syrians, worn out with the civil broils of the Selenci- dae, offered the kingdom to Tigranes, king of Armenia, who united Syria to his own domin- ions in 83, and held it till his defeat by the Romans in 69. — (13) AsiATions, son of Eu- sebes, became king of Syria on the defeat of Tigranes by Lucullus in 69 ; but he was deprived of it in 66 by Pompey, who reduced Syria to a Ro- man province. In this year the Se- leucidae ceased to reign. II. Kings o/Commagene.—(l) Made an alliance with the Romans, about B.C. 64. He assisted Pompey with troops in 49, and was attacked by Antony in 38. He was succeeded by Mithridates I. about 31. — (2) Suc- ceeded Mithrldates I., and "was put to death at Rome by Augustus in 29. —(3) Succeeded Mithridates II., and A.D. 17. Upon his death, Comma- gene became a Roman jprovince, and remain- ed so till A.n. 38. — (4) Surnamed Epiphanes, received his paternal dominion from Calig- ula in A.D. 38. He assisted the Romans in their wars against the Parthians under Nero, and against the Jews under Vespasian. In 72 he . was accused of conspiring with the Parthians against the Romans, was deprived of his kingdom, and retired to Rome, where he passed the remainder of his life. III. Litera/ry, — Of Asoaloj?, the founder of the fifth Academy, was a friend of LucuHub and the teacher of Cicero during his studies at Athens (b.o. 79), ANTIOPE (-es). (1) Daughter of Nycteus, and mother by Zeus (Jupiter) of Amphion and Zethus. For details see Amphion. — (2) An Amazon, sister of Hippolyte, wife of Theseus, and mother of Hippolytus. . Antlope. ANTipXTER (-tri). (1) The Macedonian, ANTIPATER. 43 ANTONIA TURRIS. an officer greatly trusted by Philip and Alex- ander the Great, was left, by the latter regent in Macedonia when he crossed over into Asia in B.0. 334. On the death of Alexander (323), Antipater, in conjunction with Craterus, car- ried on war against the Greeks, who endeav- ored to recover their independence. This war, usually 'called the Lamian war, from La- mia, where Antipater was besieged in 323, was terminated oy Antipater's victorj; over the confederates at Crannou in 322. This was followed by the submission of Athens and the death of DnMosxaEHKS. Antipater died iu 319, after appointing Polyspercnon regent, and his own'sou CASSAN3)Ktt to a subordinate position. —(2) Grandson of the preceding, and second sou of CaBsander and Thessalonica. He and his brother Alexander quarreled for the pos- session of Macedonia; and Demetrius Polior- cetes availed himself of their dissensions to obtain the kingdom, and to put to death the two brothers.— (3) Father of Herod the Great, son of a uoble Idumaeau of the same name, espoused the cause of Hyrcanua against his brother Aristobulns. He was appointed by Caesar in b.o. 47 procurator of Judaea, which appointment he held till his death i« 48, when he was poisoned. — (4) Eldest son of Herod the Great by his first wife, conspired against his father's life, and was executed-flve days be- fore Herod's death (5) Of Tarsns, a Stoic phi- losopher, the successor of Diogenes and the teacher of Panaetins, about n.o. 144. ANTlPiTER, L. CAELIUS (-i), a Eoman historian, and a contemporary of 0. Gracchus (ij.o. 123), wrote Anrudes, which contained a valuable account of the second Punic war. ANTIPATElA (-ae), a town in Illyricum on the borders of Macedonia, on the Apsns. ANTIPHXTBS (-ae), king of the mythical Laestrygones in Sicily, who are represented as giants and cannibals. They destroyed 11 of the ships of Ulysses, who escaped with only one vessel. Formiae is called by Ovid A-niiphatae domits. because it is .said to have been founded by the Laestrygones. ANTIPHBLLUS. [PuKLi-ns.] ANTlPHlLUS (-i), of Egypt, a distinguish- ed painter, the rival of Apelles, painted for Philip and Alexander the Great. ANTIPHON (-6nis), the most ancient of the 10 orators, born at Rhamnus in Attica, B.o. 480. He belonged to the oligarchical party at Athens, and took an active part in the establishment of the government of the Four Hundred (b.o.411), after the overthrow of which he was brought to trial, condemned, and put to death. Antiphon introduced great improvements in public speaking; he opened a school in which he taught rhetoric, and the historian Thncydides was one of his pnpils. The orations which he composed were written for others ; and the only time that he spoke in public himself was when he was accused and condemned to death. This speech is now lost. We still possess IS.of his orations, 3 of which were -written by him for others, and the remaining 12 as' specimens for his school, or exercises on flclitious cases. AUTIPOLIS (-is : AnUbes), a town in Gallia Narbonensis on the coast, a few miles W. of Nicaea, founded by Massilia. AN'TlRRHlUM. [HuiuM.] ANTISSA (-ae), a town in Lesbos, on the W. coast between Methymna, and the prom- ontory Sigrinm, was originally on a small island opposite Lesbos,. which was afterwards united with Lesbos; ANTISTHENBS (-is and -ae), an Athenian, founder of the sect of the Cynic philosophers. ■His mother was a Thracian. In his youth he fought at 'Tanagra (b.o. 426), and was a dis- cipfi first of Gorgias, and then of Socrates, whom he never quitted, and at whose death he was present. He died at Athens, at the age of 70. He taught iu the Cynosarges, a gymnasium for the use of Athenians born of foreign mothers ; whence probably his follow- ers were called Cynics, though others derive their name from their dog-like neglect of all forms and usages of society. He was an en- emy to all speculation, and thus was opposed to Plato. He taught that virtue is the sole thing necessary. From his school the Stoics subsequently sprung. ANTISTlUS LABBO. [Labeo.] ANTITAtlRUS (-1: Ali-Daph), a chain of mountains, which strikes oft N.E. from the main chain of the Taurus on the S. border of Cappadocia, in the centre of which district it turns to the E. and i*nns parallel to the Tau- rus as far as the Euphrates. Its average height exceeds that of the Taurus. ANTiUM(-i), a very ancient town of Latium, on a rocky promontory, running out some dis- tance into the Tyrrhenian sea. It was found- ed by the Tyn'benians aud Pelasgians, and was noted for its piracy. It was taken by the Romans in b.o.468, and a colony was sent thither ; but it revolted, was taken a second time by the Romans in 338, was deprived of all its snips, the beaks of which (Rostra) served to ornament the platform of the speakers in the Roman forum, and received another Ro- man colony. Iu the latter times of the re- public, and under the empire, it was a favorite residence of many of the Roman nobles and emperors. The emperor Nero was born here, and in the remains of his palace the Apollo Belvedere was found. Antium possessed temples of Fortune and Neptune. ANTONIA (-ae). (1) Majok, elder daughter of M. AntoniuB and Octavia, husband of L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, and mother of Cu. Domitius, the father of the emperor Nero. — (2) MiNOK, younger sister of the preceding, husband of Drnsus, the brother of the em- peror Tiberius, and mother of Germanicus, the father of the emperor Caligula, of Livia, or Livilla, and of the emperor Claudius. She died A.T>. 38, soon after the accession of her frandson Caligula. She was celebrated for er beauty, virtue, and chastity.— (3) Daughter of the emperor Clandius, was put to death by Nero, A.n. 66, because she retused to marry him. ANTSnIA TDRRIS, a castle on a rock at the N.W. corner of the Temple at Jerusalem, which commanded both the temple and the city. It was at first called Bails : Herod the ANTONINOPOLIS. W ANTONIUS. Great changed its name in honor of M. Anto- nins. It contained the residence of the Pro- curator Jndaeae. ANT5NIN0p0LIS (-is), a city of Mesopo- tamia, between Edessa ana Dara, aft. Maxim- ianopolis, and o/L Constantia. ANT5NINUS, M. AUEELIUS. [M. Auke- ANTONINUS PITJS (-i), Roman emperor, A.i>. 138-161, born near Lanuvium, a.p. 86, was adopted by Hadrian iu 138, and succeeded the latter in the same year. The senate con ferred upon him the title of Pius, or the dutifully af- Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius and Fnustina. (From the Fedestal of the Column of AntODinus Fius.) fectionate, because he persuaded them to. grant to his father Hadrian the apotheosis ana the other honors usually paid to deceased emper- ors. The reign of Antoninus is almost a blank in history— a blank caused by the suspension for a time of war, violence, and crime. He was one of the best princes that ever mount- ed a throne, and all his thoughts and ener- gies were dedicated to the happiness of his people. He died 161, in his 75th year. He was succeeded by M. Aurelius, whom he had adopted, when he himself was adopted by Hadrian, and to whom he gave his daughter Faustina in marriage. ANTONIUS (-i). (1) M., the orator, born b.o. 143 ; quaestor in 113 ; praetor in 104, when he fought against the pirates in Cilicia; consul in 99 ; and censor in 97. He belonged to Sul- la's party, and was put to death by Marius and Cinna, when they entered Rome in 87: his head was cut off and placed on the Rostra, Cicero mentions him and L. Crassus as the most distinguished orators of their age ; and he is introduced as one of the speakers in Cicero's De Oratore.—{2) M., surnamed Ckkti- ous, elder son of the orator, and father of the triumvir, was praetor in 75, and received the command of the tleet and all the coasts of the Mediterranean, in order to clear the sea of pirates ; but he did not succeed in his object, and used his power to plunder the provinces. He died shortly afterwards in Crete, and was called Creticu^ in derision.— (3) C,," younger son of the orator, and uncle of the triumvir, was expelled the senate in 70, and waa the colleague ofCiceroiuthepraetorship (65) and consulship (63). He was one of Catiline's con- spirators, but deserted the latter by Cicero*s pj'omising him the province of Maced,onia. He had to lead an army against Catiline^ but, nnwilling to fight against his former friend, he gave the command on the day of battle to his legate, M.Petreius. At the conclusion of the war Antony went into his province, which he plundered shamefully ; and on his return to Rome in 59 was accused both of taking part in Catiline's conspiracy and of extortion in his province. He was defended by Cicero, butwas condemned, and retired to the island of Ceph- allenia. He was sub8eQnentl3f recalled, prob- abl3[ by Caesar, and was in Rome at the beginning of 44. — (4) M., the Tricmviu, was son of No. 2. and Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar, consul in 64, and was born about 83. His father died while he was still young, and he was brought xip by Lentulus, who married his mother Julia, and who was put to death by Cicero in 63 as one. of Catiline's conspirators: hence Antony became a personarenemy of Cicero. Antony indulged iu his ear- liest youth in every kind of dissipation, and his affairs soon became deeply in- volved. In 68 he went to Syria, where he served with distinction under A. Ga- binius. In 54 he went to Caesar iu Gaul, and by the influence of the latter was elected quaestor (53). He now became one of the most active partisans oS Cae- sar. He was tribune of the plebs in 49, and in January fled to Caesar's camp in Cisalpine Gaul, after putting his veto upon the decree of the senate which deprived Caesar of his command. In 48 Antony was present at the battle of Pharsalia, where he commanded the left wing. In 44 he was con- sul with Caesar, when ne offered him the kingly diadem at the festival of the Luperca- lia. After Caesar's murder on the 15lh of ANTONIUS. 45 ANUBIS. March, Antony endeavored to succeed to his power. He prouounced the speech over Caesar's body, aud read his will to the people; and he also obtained the pa- irs and private property of Caesar. But per he lie found a new and unexpected rival in young Octavianus, the adopted son and jjreat-nephew of the dictator, who at flrst joined the senate in order to crush An- tony. Towards the end of the year An- tony proceeded to Cisalpine. Gaul, which senate : but Dec. Brutus refused to sur- . » / r render the province toAntony, aud threw himself into Mntina, where he was besieged by Antony._ The senate approved of the conduct of Brutus, declared Antony a pub- lic enemy, and intrusted the conduct of the war against him to Octavianns. Antony was defeated at the battle of Mutina, in April, 43, and was obliged to cross the Alps. Both the consuls, however, had fallen, and the sena- tors now began to show their jealousy of Oc- tavianns. Meantime Antony was joined by Lepidus with a powerful army; Octavianns became reconciled to Antony ; and it was agreed that the government of the state should be vested in Antony, Octavianns, and Lepidus, under the title of Triumviri Jie- publicae Constituendae^ for the next 5 years. The mntnal enemies of each were proscribed, and in the numerous executions that follow- ed, Cicei'o, who had attacked Antony in his Philippic Orations, fell a victim to Antony. In 42 Antony and Octavianns crushed the re- publican party by the battle of Philippi, in which Brutus and Cassius fell. Antony then went to Asia, which he had received as his share of the Roman world. In Cilicia he met Avith Cleopatra, and followed her to Egypt, n captive to her charms. In 41, Fulvin, tne wife of Antony, and his brother L. Autoni- us, made war upon Octavianns in Italy. An- tony prepared to support his relatives, but the war was brought to a close at the begin- ning of 40, before Antony conld reach Italy. The opportune death of Fulvia facilitated the reconciliation of Antony and Octavianus, which was cemented by Antony marrying Octavia, the sister of Octavianns. Antony re- mained in Italy till 39, when the triumvirs concluded a peace with Sext. Fompey, and he afterwards went to his provinces in the Bast. In this year and the following, Ventidins, the lieutenant of Antony, defeatea the Partbians. In 37 Antony crossed over to Italy, when the triumvirate was renewed for 6 years. He then returned to the East, and shortly afterwards sent Octavia back to her brother, and sur- rendered himself entirely to the charms of Cleopatra. In 36 he invaded Parthia, but he lost a great nnmher of his troops, and was Coin of Antony, struck «.t Anttoch. obliged to retreat. He was more snccessful in hjs invasion of Armenia in 34, for he ob- tained possession of the person of Artavas- des, the Armenian king, and carried him to Alexandria. Antony now laid aside entirely the character of aKoman citizen, and assumed the pomp and ceremony of an Eastern despot. His condnct, aud the unbounded Influence whicb Cleopatra had acquired over him, al- ienated many of his friends and supporters ; and Octavianns saw that the time had now come for crushing his rival. The contest was decided by the memorable sea-flght off Ac- tium, September 2d, 31, in which Antony's fleet was completely defeated. Antony, ac- companied by Cleopatra, fled to Alexandria, where he put an end to his own life in the following year (30), when Octavianus appear- ed before the city.— (5) C, brother of tne tri- umvir, was praetor in Macedonia in 44, fell into the hands of M. Brutus in 43, and was put to death by Brutus in 42, to revenge the murder of Cicero.— (6) L., youngest brother of the triumvir, was consul in 41, when he en- gaged in war against Octavianus at the insti- gation of Fulvia, his brother's wife. He threw himself into the town of Perusia, which he was obliged to surrender in the following year. His life was spared, and he was afterwards appointed by Octavinnus to the command of Iberia.— (7) M., elder son of the triumvir by Fulvin, was executed by order of Octavianus, after the death of his father in 30.— (8) Julus, younger son of the triumvir by Fulvia, was brought up by his step -mother Octavia at Rome, aud received-great marks of favor from Augustus. He was cousul in n.o. 10, but was put to death in 2, in consequence of his adult- erous intercourse with Julia, the daughter of Augustus. ANTONiUS FELIX. [Fe- I^IX.] ANTDNIUS MUSA, [Mu- 8A.] antOnius primus. [Pbimds.] ANTRON (-ohis), a town in Phthiotis in Thessaly, at the entrance of the Sinus Malia- cus. iNtTBIS (-is), an Egyptian divinity, worshiped in the form of a human being with a dog's head. The Greeks iden- tified him with their own Her- mes (theRoman Mercury), and thus speak of Hermanuphis in the same manner as of Zeus Imnge of Annbia. ANXUR. 46 APHRODITE. (Jupiter) Ammon. . His worship was intro- duced at Home towards the end of the republic. ANXUR. ETabraoina. ] XnYTUS (-i), a wealthy Athenian, the most influential and formidable of the accusers of Socrates, b.o. 399. He was a leading man of the democratical party, and took an active part, along with Thrasybulus, in the over- throw of the 30 Tyrants. XONES (-urn), an ancient race in Boeotia. H^ce the poets frequently use Aonitts as equivnlent to Boeotian. As Mount Helicon and the fountain A.gauippe were in Aonia, the Muses are called jL^ldes. AORSI or ADORSI (-drum), a powerful peo- ple of Asiatic Sarmatia, chiefly found between the Palus Maeotis {Sea of Azof) and the Cas- Bian, whence they spread far into European armatia. iOUS (-i) or AEAS (-antis), the principal river of the Greek part of Illyricum, rising in M. Lacmon, and flowing into the Ionian sea near Apollonia. iPXMgA or -lA (-ae). (1) A. Ad Orontem a city of Syria, built by Seleucus Nicator on the site of the older city of Pella, in a very strong position on the river Orontes or Axins, and named in honor of his wife Apama.— (2) A. CiwOtus or At> Makani>rdm, a great city Medal of Apam^a Clbotua. of Phrygia, on the Maeander, close above its confluence with the Marsyas. It was built by Antiochus I. Soter, who named it in honor of his mother Apama. — (3) A. Myblkon, in Bi- thynia. [Myut.ba.] XPELLES (-is), the most celebrated of Gre- cian painters, was born, most probably, at Co- lophon ill Ionia, though some ancient writers call him a Coan and others an Ephesian. He was the contemporary of Alexander the Great (b.o. 336-323)^ who entertained so high an opinion of him, that he was the only person whom Alexander would permit to take his Sortrait, We are not told when or where he ied. Throughout his life Apelles labored to improve himself, especially in drawing, which he never spent a day without practising. Hence the proverb "Sulla dies sine linea. Of his portraits the most celebrated was that of Alexander wielding a thunderbolt; but the most admired of all his pictures waS the "Ve- nus Anadyomene," or Venus rising out of the sea. The goddess was wringing her hair, and the falling drops of water formed a transpar- ent silver veil around her form. XPELLICDN, of Teos, a Peripatetic philos- opher and great collector of books. His val- uable library at Athens, containing the auto- graphs of Aristotle's works, was carried to Rome by Sulla (b.o. 83): Apellicon had died just before. APENNINUS (-i) MONS, (probably from the Celtic Pen, "a height"), the Apennines, a chain of mountains running throughout Italy from N. to S., and forming the backbone of the peninsula. It is a continuation of the Maritime Alps [Ai-rKS], and begins near Gen- ua. At the l}oundaries of Samnium, Apulia, andLucania, it divides into two main branch- es, one of which runs E. through Apulia and Calabria, and terminates at the Saleutine promontory, and the other W. through Brut- tinm, termioating apparently at Rhegium and the straits of Messina, but in reality contin- ued throughout Sicily. iPER (-ri), ARRiUS (-i), praetorian pre- fect, and son-in-law of the emperor Numerian, whom he was said to have murdered : he was himself put to death by Diocletian on hia ac- cession in A.1J. 284. APERANTIA (-ae), a town and district of Aetolia, near the Achelous, Inhabited by the Aperantii, JtPHXCA (-ae), a town of Coele-Syria, be- tween Heliopolis and Byblus, celebrated for the worship and oracle of Aphrodite (Venus). APHAREUS (-ei), father of Idas and Lyn- ceus, the Avkdretmae (also Aphdre'ia protest celebrated for their flght with Castor and Pol- lux. APHINDA (-ae), an Attic demua not far from Becelea, was originally one of the 12 towns and districts into which Cecrops is said to have divided Attica. Here Theseus concealed Helen, but her brothers Castor and Pollux took the place and rescued their sister, APHODIRSIAS (-ildis), the name of several places famous for the worship of Aphrodite (Venus).— (1) A town in Caria on the site of an old town of theLeleges,namedNio66: un- der the Romans a free city and asylum, and a flourishing school of art. — (2) Also called Veneuis OppmuM, a town, harbor, and island on the coast of_Cilicia, opposite to Cyprus. APHR5DITK (-es), called VfiNUS (-Sris), by the Romans, the goddess of love and beauty. In the Iliad she is represented as the daughter of Zeus and Dione ; but later poets frequently relate that she was sprung from the foam of the sea, whence they derive her name. She was the wife ofHephaestos (Vulcan) ; but she proved faithless to her husband, and was in love with Ares (Mars) the god of war. She also loved the gods Dionysus (Bacchus). Her- mes (Mercurv), and Poseidon (Neptune), and the mortals ANonisES and Adonis* She sur- passed all the other goddesses in beauty, and hence received the jirize ofbeauty from Paris. [Paris.] She likewise had the power of grant- ing beauty and invincible charms to others, and whoever wore her magic girdle inimedi- Vekps (Aphboditx) of Milo. (Lonvre.) D APHTHONIUS. 47 APIS. Aphrodite (VenuB) And Eroa (Cnpid). (Cauael Museum Komanutn, vol. I. tav. 40.) ately became an object of love and desire. In the vegetable kingdom the myrtle, rose, | apple, poppy, etc., weie eacred to her. The animals sacred to her, which are often mentioned as drawing her chariot or serving as her messengers, are the sparrow, the dove, the swan, the swallow, and a bird called iynx. She is gen- erally represented in works of art with her son Eros (Cupid). The principal places of her worship in Greece were the islands of Cyprus and Cythera. Her worship was of Eastern origin, and probably in- trodnced by the Phoenicians to the islands of Cyprus and Cvthera, from whence it spread all over Greece. She appears to have been originally identical with Astarte, called by the Hebrews Ashtoreth. APHTHSNIITS (-i), of Antioch, a Greek rhetorician, lived about A,T>. 315, and wrote the introduc- tion to the study of rhetoric, en- titleA Progymnaamata. Itwasused as the common school-bookin this branch of education for several centuries. APHYTIS (-Is), a town . in the peninsula Pallene in Macedonia, with a celebrated tem- ple and oracle of Zeus (Jupiter) Ammou. XpIA. [Ans.] iPlCiUS i^-1), the name of three notorious gluttons— (1) The first lived in the time of Snlla.— (2) The second and most renowned, tians. Jf, Gabius ApiduSj flourished under Tiberius. Having squandered his fortune on the pleasures of the table, he hanged himself.— (3) A contempo- rai-y of Trajan, sent to this emperor, when he was in Parthia, fresh oys- ters, preserved by a skillful process of his own. — The work on Cookery ascribed to Apicius was probably compiled at a late period by some one who prefixed the name of Apicius in order to insure the circulation of his book. APlBiNTTS (-1), a river in Thes- saly, flowing into the Enfpeus near Pharsalns. APIOTjAB (-arum), a town of La- tium, destroyed by T&Aquinius Pris- cus. APiON, a Greek grammarian, and a native of Oasis m Egypt, taught rhetoric at Rome in the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius. He wrote a work against the Jews, to which Jo- sephus replied in his treatise Agai-nat Apion. APiON PTOLEMAEUS. [Ptolb- MAT.DB.] APIS (-is). (1) Son of Phoroneus and Laodice, king of Argos, from vvhom Peloponnesus, and more es- pecially Argos, was called Apia. — (2) The sacred Bull of Memphis, wor- shiped as a god among the Egyp- There were certain signs by which he was recognized to be the god. At Memphis Figure of Apia. (From the Egyptian Monumeota.) he had a splendid residence, containing ex- tensive walks and courts for his amusement. His birthday, which was celebrated every year, was a day of rejoicing for- all Egypt. His death was a season of public mourn- ing, which continued till another sacred bull was discovered by the priests. APODOTI. 48 APOLLO. iPODOTI (-ornm), a people in the S.B. of A.etolia, between the Bvenua and Hylaethns. iPOLLlNlKIS, SlDONlUS. [SiBonroe.] iPOLLINIS PK., a promontory in N. Af- rica, forming the W. pomt of the gulf of Car- thage. iPOLLO (-IniB), one of the great diyinitieB of the Greeks, Bon of Zeus (JupiterJ and Leto (Latona) and twin brother of Artemis (Diana), was born in the island of Delos, whither Leto had fled from the jealous Hera (Juno). [Lsto.] The powers ascribed to Apollo are apparently of different kinds, but are all connected with one another, as will be Been from the follow- ing classification. He is— 1. The god who pun- isneSj whence he is represen1;ed with a bow and arrows. All sudden deaths were believed to be the effect of his arrows ; and with them he sent the plague into the camp of the Greeks before Troy.— 2. The god who affords help, and wards off evil. As he had the power of pun- ishing men, so he was also able to deliver men, if duly propitiated. From his being the god who afforded help, he is the father of Aesculapius, the god of the healing art, and was also identifled in later times with PaeSon, the god of the healing art in Homer.— 3. 2'he aoi of propliecy. Apollo exercised this power in his numerous oracles, and especially in that of Delphi. Hence he is frequently called the Pythian Apollo, from Pytho, the ancient name of Delphi. He had the power of communicat- ing the gift of prophecy both to gods and men, and ail the ancient seers and prophets are placed in some relationship to nim. — 4. The god of srnig and muMc. We And him in the Iliad delighting the immortal gods with his phorminx ; ana the Homeric Darde de- rived their artof song either from Apollo or Apollo Musn^tes. (Osterley Denk. der Alt«n KunBl, tKT. 33.) the MuBes. Hence he is placed in close con- nection with the Muses, and is called JfMSO- fetes, as leader of the choir of the Muses. ;ater tradition ascribed to Apollo even the invention of the flute and lyre, while it is more commonly related that he received the lyre fl-om Hermes (Mercury). Respecting his musical contests, see Mabsyas,Mida8.— 5. Tlie god toho protects the flocks and cattle. There are in Homer only a few allusions to this feature in the character of Apollo, but in later writers it assumes a very prominent form, and in the story of Apollo tending the flocks of Admetus at Pherae, in Theasaly, the idea The Pythiim Apollo. (AudriiQ, ProportlOQ du Corps Homaln, pi. 18.) reaches its height — 6. The god who delights in the foundation of towns and the eetablishtneint of civil constitutions. Hence a town or a col- ony was never founded by the Greeks with- out consulting an oracle of Apollo, so that in every case he became, as it were, their spirit- ual leader.— 7. The god of the Sun. In Homer, Apollo and Helios, or the Sun, are perfectly distinct, and his identification with the Snn, though almost universal among later writers, was the result of later speculations, and of foreign, chiefly Egyptian, influence.— Apollo bad more influence upon the Greeks than any other god. It may safely be asserted that the* Greeks would never have become what they were, without the worship of Apollo : in him the brightest side of the Grecian mind is re- flected. In the religion of the early Eomans there is no trace of the worship of Apollo. The Bomans became acquainted with this di- vinity through the Greeks, and adopted all their notions about him from the latter peo- ple. During the second Punic war, in 212, the ludi Apollinares were instituted in his honor The most beautiful among the ex- tant representations of Apollo is the Apollo Belvedere at Rome, in which he appears as the perfect ideal of youthful manliness. AroLi.0 CiTiiABOEDva. (Muuich.) APOLLODORUS. 49 APPIANUS. XPOLLODORUS <-i)» of Athens, flourished about B.0. 140. His work^ entitled Bibliotheca, contains a well-arranged account of the Greek mythology. iPOLLONiA (-ae). (1) An important town in lUyria, not far from the mouth of the Aous, and 60 stadia from the sea. It was founded hy the Corinthians and Corcyraeans, and was equally celebrated as aplace of commerce and of learning. Many distinguished Romana, among others the young Octaviue, afterwards the emperor Augustus, pursued their studies here. Persons traveling from Italy to Greece and the East usually landed either at Apol- lonia or Dyrrhacium. — (2) A town in Mace- donia, on the Via Egnatia, between Thessa- lonica and Amphipolis, and S. of the lake of Bolbe.— (3) a town in Thrace on the Black Sea, a colony of Miletus, had a celebrated tem- ple of Apollo, from which Lucullus carried away a coUobsus of this god, and erected it on the Capitol at Rome.— (4) A castle or for- tified town of the Locri Ozolae, near Naupac- tus. — (5) A town on the N. coast of Sicily. — (6) A town in Bithynia on the lake Apolloni- atiSjthroughwhich the river Rhyndacus flows. —(7) A town in Cyrenaica and the harbor of Cyrene, one of the 5 towns of the Pentapolis in Libya : it was the birthplace of Eratosthe- nes. XPOLLONIS (-is)^ a city in Lydia, between PergamuB and Sardis, named after ApoUonis, the mother of king Eumcnes. iPOLLONlUS <-i). (1) Of Alabanda. in Ca- rta, a rhetorician, taught rhetoric at Rhodes, about B.0. 100. — (2^ Of Alabanda, surnaraed MoLo, likewise a rnetorician, taught rhetoric at Rhodes. In b.o. 81, ApoUonius came to Rome as embassador of the Rhodians, on which occasion Cicero heard him ; Cicero also received instruction from Apoltonlus at Rhodes a few years later. — (3) Peeqaeus, from Ferga in Pamphylia, one of the great- est mathematicians of antlquit}', commonly called the "Great Geometer," was educated at Alexandria under the successors of Euclid, and flourished about b.o. 250-220.— (4) RuoDi- trs, apoet and grammarian, was born at Alex- andria, and flourished in the reigns of Ptol- emy Philopator and Ptolemy Epiphanes (b.o. 222-181). In his youth he was instructed by Callimachus ; but they afterwards became bit- ter enemies. Apollouius taught rhetoric at Rhodes with so much success that the Rho- dians honored him with their franchise; hence he was called the " Rhodian." He afterwards returned to Alexandria, where he succeeded Eratosthenes as chief librarian at Alexan- dria. Hie poem, called the ArgoTiautica, gives a description of the adventures of the Argo- nauts — (6) Ttanensis or Tyanaeus, i. e. of Tyflna in Cappadocia, a Pythagorean philos- opher, was born about 4 yeare before the Christian era. Apollouius obtained great in- fluence by pretending to miraculous powers. His life is written oy Philostratus. After traveling through the greater part of the then known world, he settled down at Ephesus, where be is said to have proclaimed the death of the tyrant Domitian the instant it took place. ApONUS or XPONI FONS, warm medici- nal springs, near Patavium, hence called Aquae Piitavinae, were much frequented by the sick. APPIA ViA (-ae), the most celebrated of the Roman roads, was commenced by Ap. Claudius Caecns, when censor, b.o. 312, and was the great line of communication between Rome and southern Italy. It issued from the Porta Capena, and terminated at Capua, but was eventually extended to Brundusmm. APPiANUS (-i), the Roman historian, a native of Alexandria, lived at Rome during the reigns of Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. He wrote a Roman history in 24 books, of which only part has come down to us. His style is clear ; but he possesses few merits as a historian. Apptan Way. APPIAS. 50 ARABIA. APPIAS (-4di8), a nymph of the Appian well, which was situated near the temple of Venus Qenetrix in the forum of Julius Caesar. It was surrounded by statues of nymphs called Appiades. APPII PORXJM. CPoBCM Appii.] APPffLSIUS or APULEIUS (-i), of Madura in Africa, born about a.i>. 130, received the first rudiments of education at Carthage, and afterwards studied the Platonic philosophy at Athens. He next traveled extensively, visit- ing Italy, Greece, and Asia. After his return to Africa he married a very rich widow. His most important work is the OoldenABSf which is a kind of romance. The well-known and beautiful tale of Cupid and Psyche forms an episode in this work. APP^LEIUS SATUENINUS. tSATUKNi- HBS.] APElES, a king of Egypt, tbe Pharaoh- Hophra of Scripture, succeeded his father Fsammls, and reigned n.o. 595-570. He was dethroned and put to death by Amasis. APSUS (-1), a river in Illyria, flowing into the Ionian sea. APSYKTUS. [Abstbtus.] APUANI (-orum), a Li^urian people on the Macra, subdued by the Romans after a long resistance, and transplanted to Samnium,B.o. 180. APCLEIUS. [Appcleius.] XPULIA (-ae), included, in its widest sig- nification, the whole of the S.E. of Italy from the river Frento to the promontory lapygium. In its narrower sense it was the country E. of Samnium on both sides of the Aufidus, the Bannia and Peucetia of the Greeks : the S. E. part was called Calabria by the Romans. The Greeks gave the name of Daunia to the N. part of the country from the Frento to the Aufidus, of Peucetia to the country from the Aufidus to Tarentum and Brundusium, and of lapygia or Messapia to the whole of the remaming S. part; though they sometimes included under lapygia all Apulia iu its wid- est meaning. The country was very fertile, especially In the neighborhood of Tarentum, and the mount.iins afforded excellent pastur- age. The population was of a mixed nature : they were for the most part of Illyriau origin, and are said to have settled in the country nnder the guidance of lapyx, Sauuius, and Peucetius, three sons of an Illyriau king, Ly- caou. Subsequently many towns were found- ed by Greek colonists. The Apulians joined the Samnites against the Romans, and be- came subject to tbe latter on the conquest of the Samnites. iQTJAB (-arum), the name given by the Romans to many medicinal springs andbath- ing-placea :— (1) Cdthiak, mineral springs in Samnium near the ancient town of Cutilia, which perished in early times, and E. of Reate. There was a celebrated lake in its neighbor- hood, with a floating island, which was re- garded as the umbilicus or centre of Italy. Vespasian died at this place.— (2) Patavikak. [Apohi Fons.]— (3) Sextiae (Aix), a Roman colony in Gallia Narbouensis, founded by Sex- tins Calvinus, b. 0.122; its mineral waters were long celebrated. Near this place Mari- as defeated the Teutoni, n.o. 102.— (4) Stati- XLI.AE, a town of the Statielli in Liguria, cel- ebrated for its warm baths. A^TJlLiElA (-ae), a town on the coast of Zeugitana in Africa, on the W. side of Her- maeum Fr. (C. Son). It was a good landing- place in summer, iQTJILEIA <-ae), a town in Gallia Transpa- dana at the very top of the Adriatic, about 60 stadia from the sea. It was founded by the Romans in b. 0.182, as a bulwark against the northern barbarians, and was one of the strongest fortresses of the Romans. It was also a flourishing place of commerce. It was taken and completely destroyed by Attila in A.n. 452 : Its inhabitants escaped to the La- goons, where Venice was afterwards built. iQtriLLlA VIA (-ae), began at Capua, and ran S. through the very heart of Lucania and Bruttii to Rheginm. iQTJILUEUS or iQUILlUS (-i). (1) Con- sul, B.o. 129, finished tbe war against Aris- tonicus, son of Eumenes of Pergamus.— (2) Consul, B.o. 101, finished the Servile war in Sicily. In 88 he was defeated by Mithridates, who put him to death by pouring molten gold down his throat XQUIL5n1A (-ae), a tovm of Samninm, E. of Bovianum, destroyed by the Romans in the Samnite wars. iQUINUM (-i), a town of the Volsciaus in Latium; a Roman municipium and after- wards a colony ; the birthplace of Juvenal ; celebrated for its purple dye. iQUlTiNIA (-ae). (1) The country of the Aquitani, extended from the Garumna (Garon-ne) to the Pyrenees. It was first con- quered by Caesar's legates (2) The Roman province of Aquitanin, formed iu the reign of Augustus, extended from the Ligeris (Stiri), to the Pyrenees, and was bounded on the E. by the Mons Cevenna, which separated it from Gallia Narbonensis. The Aquitani were of Iberian or Spanish origin. ARA UBiORUM, a place in the neighbor- hood of Bonn in Germany, perhaps Qodesberg. iRiBiA (-ae), a country at the S.W. ex- tremity of Asia, forming a largepeninsula, of a sort of hatchet shape, bounded on the W. by the Arabious Sinus (Red Sea), on the S. and S.E. by the Ekythkaedm Mabe (Gulf of Eab- el-Mandeb and Indian Ocean), and on the N.B. by the Persicus Sinus (Persian Gulf). On the N. or land side its boundaries were somewhat indefinite, but it seems to have included the whole of the desert country between Egypt and Syria, on the one side, and the banks of the Euphrates on the other. It was divided into 3 parts : (1) Arabia Petraea, including the triangular ■piece of land between the two heads ofthe Red Sea (the peninsula of M. Sinai) and the country immediately to the N. and N.E., and called from its capital Petra; while the literal signification of the name "Rocky Arabia" agiees also with the nature of the country ; (2) Arabia Desehta, includ- ing the great Syrian Desert and a nation of the interior of the Arabian peninsula: (3) Aeabia Feux, consisting of the whole conn- ARABICUS SINUS. 51 AKBELA. try not included in the two other divisions. The ignorance of the ancients respecting the interior of the peninsula led them to class it with Arabia Felix, although it proi)erly he- longs to Arabia Deserta, tov it consists of a sanay desert. There is only on the W. coast a belt of fertile land, which caused the an- cients to apply the epithet of Felix to the whole peninsula.— The inhabitants of Arabia were of the race called Semitic or Aramaean, and closely related to the Israelites. The N.W. district (Arabea Petraea) was inhabited by the various tribes which constantly appear in Jewish history: the Amalekitee, Midian- ites, Bdomites, Moabites, Ammonites, etc. The Qreeks and Homans called the inhabit- ants by the name of Nabathabi, whose cap- ital was Petra. The people of Arabia Deserta were called Arabes Scenitae, from their dwell- ing in tents, and Arabes Nomadae, from their mode of life. From the earliest known period a considerable traffic was carried on by the people in the N. (especially the Nabathaei) by means of caravans, and by those on the S. and E. coast by sea, in the productions of their own country (chiefly gums, spices, and Srecious stones), and in those of India and .rabia. The only part of Arabia ever con- quered was Arabia Petraea, which became un- der Trajan a Roman province. Christianitjy was early introduced into Arabia, where it spread to a great extent, and continued to exist side by side with the old religion (which was Sabaeism, or the worship of heavenly bodies), and with some admixture of Judaism, until the total revolution produced by the rise of Mohammedanism in 622. iRlBlCUS SINUS (-i: Sed Sea), a long narrow gulf between Africa and Arabia, con- nected on the S. with the Indian Ocean by the Strait of Bah-eUMandeb, and on the N. di- vided itito two heads by the peninsula of Arabia Petraea {Peniixs. of Sinai), the E. of which was called Sinus Aelanites or Aelani- ticus {Gulf of Akaha)j and the W. Sinus He- roopolitea or Heroopoliticus {Giilf of Suez). Hespecting its other name see EBYi'UBAsnM Mabb. iRiBSS (-is), a river of Gedrosia falling into the Indian Ocean, W. of the mputh of the Indus, and dividing the Oritae on ita W. from the ArabUae or Arbles on its E. XRACHNE (-es), a Lydian maiden, daughter of Idmon of Colophon, a famous dyer in pur- ple. Arachne excelled in the art of weaving, and, proud of her talent, ventured to chal- lenge Athena (Minerva) to compete with her. The maiden produced a piece of cloth in which the amours of the gods were woven, and as the goddess could find no fault with it, she tore the work to pieces. ArachnS, in de- spair, hung herself: Athena loosened the rope and saved her life, hut the rope was changed into a cobweb, and Arachnd herself into a spider (Arachne). This fable seems to sug- gest that man learned the art of weaving from the spider, and that it was invented in Lydia. XeXCHOSSA (-ae), one of the E. provinces of the Persian (and afterwards of the Parthian) Empire, bounded on the E. by the Indus, on the N. by the Faropamisadae, on the W. by D2 Drangiana, and on the S. by Gedrosia. It was a fertile country. XrACHTHUS (-i) or XRETPO (-onis), a river of Bpirus, rising in M. Lacmon or the Tymphean mountains, and flowing into the Ambracian gnlf. XKXCYNTHUS (-1), a mountain on the S.W. coast of Aetolia, near Pleuron, some- times placed in Acarnania. Later writers er- roneously make it a mountain between Boe- otia and Attica, and hence mention it in con- nection with Amphion, the Boeotian hero. XRXDUS (-i : in 0. T, Arvad), a small island off the coast of Phoenicia, with a flourishing city, said to have been founded by exiles from Sidon. It possessed a harbor on the main- land, called Antaradus. XRAB PHILABNORUM. [Philabnt.] XRXB or XrXRIS (-is: Sa^Tie), a river of Gaul, rises in the. Vosges, receives the Dubis {Douba) from the E., after which it becomes navigable, and flows with a quiet stream into the Rhone at Lugduuum {L/yon). XRXTUS (-i). (1) The celebrated general of the Achaeans, eon of Clinias, was horn at Sicyon, n.o. 271. His father was murdered when he was a child, and was brought up at Argos. At 20 years of age he delivered Sicyon from the rule of its tyrant, and united the city to the Achaean League, which gained in con- sequence a great accession of power, b.o. 261. [AoHAEi.] In 245 he was elected general of the league, which office he frequently held in subsequent years. But he excelled more in negotiation than in war; and in his war with the Aetolians and Spartans he was often de- feated. In order to resist these enemies he cultivated the friendship of Antigonus Doson, king of Macedonia, and of his successor Phil- ip ;l)ut as Philip was evidently anxious to make himself master of all Greece, dissensions arose between him and Aratus, and the latter was eventually poisoned in 213 by the king's order.— (2) Of Soli, afterwards Pompeiopolis, in Cillcia, flourished b.o. 270, and spent the lat- ter part of his life at the court of Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. He wrote two astronomical poems, entitled PhaenoTnerm and Diosemeia, which were very popular in an- cient times. They were translated into Latin by Cicero, by Caesar Qermauicus, the grand- son of Augustus, and by Festus Avienus. XRAXKS (-is), the name of several rivers. — (1) In Armenia, rising in M. Aba or Abus, joining the Cyrus, and falling with it into the Caspian sea. The Araxes was proverbial for the force of its current— (2) In Mesopota- mia. [Abobrhas.]— (3) In Persia, the river on which Persepolis stood, flowing into a salt lake not far below Persepolis — (4) It is doubt- ful whether the Araxes of Herodotus is the same as the Oxus, Jaxabtbs, or Volga. ARBACES (-is), the founder of the Median empire, according to Ctesias, is said to have taken Nineveh in conjunction with Belesis, the Babylonian, and to have destroyed the old Assyrian empire under the reign of Sar- dauapahis, b.o. 87G. ARBELA (-ae), a city of Adiahene in As- syria, celebrated as the.head-quarters of Da- ARBUSCULA. 62 AKCHILOCHUS. rius Codomatmus, before the last battle in which he was ovevthrown by Alexander (b.o. 331), which is hence frequQutly called the bat- tle of Arbela, though it was really fought near Gauoambla, about 50 miles W. of Arbela. ARBUSCXJLA (-ae), a celebrated female ac- tor in pantomimes in the time of Cicero. ARCA (-ae), or-AE (-arum), an ancient city in theN. of Phoenicia; the birthplace of the emperor Alexander Severus. ARCiDIA (-ae), a country in the middle of Peloponnesus, surrounded on all sides by mountains, the Switzerland of Greece. The Achelous, the greatest river of Peloponnesus, rises in Arcadia. The N. and E. parts of the country were barren and unproductive ; the W. and S. were more fertile, with numerous valleys where com was grown. The Arcadi- ans regarded themselves as the most ancient people in Greece : the Greek writers call them indigenous and Pelasgians. They weie chiefly employed in hunting and the tending of cattle, whence their worship of Pan, who was espe- cially the god of Arcadia and of Artemis. They were passionately fond of music, and cultivated it with success. The Arcadians ex- perienced fewer changes than any other peo- ple in Greece, and retained possession of their country upon the conquest of the rest of Pe- lopoiineisus by the Dorians. After the second Messenian war, the different towns became independent republics, of which the most im- portant were Mantinea, Teoea, Oroiiomenus, FsopHis, and Pheneus. Lilie the Swiss, the Arcadians frequently served as mercenaries. The Lacedaemonians made many attempts to obtain possession of parts of Arcadia, but these attempts were finally frustrated by the battle of Leuctra (b.o. 371); and in order to resist all future aggressions on the part of Sparta, the Arcadians, upon the advice of Epaminondas, built the city of Megalopolis. They subseqnentlyjoined the Achaean League, and finally became subject to the Romans. AECADIUS (-i), emperor of the Eaet^ elder son of Theodosius L, and brother of Hono- rius, reigned a.d. 395-408. ARCAS (-adis),king of the Arcadians, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Callisto, from whom Ar- cadia was supposed to have derived its name. ARCESlLlUS (-i). (1) A Greek philoso- pher, born at Pitane, m Aeolis, succeeded Crates about b.o. 241 in the chair of the Academy at Athens, and became the founder of the second or middle Academy. He is said to have died in his 76th year from a flt of drunkenness. — (2) The name of four kings of Cyrene. [Battiai>ae.] ARCESltTS (-i), father of LaSrtes, and grand- father of TJlyeses, who ia hence called Areesi- ades. ARCHfiLiUS (-i). (1) Son of Heuod the Great, was appointed by his father as his suc- cessor, and received from Augustus Judaea-, Samaria, and Idumaea, with the title of eth- narch. In consequence of his tyrannical gov- ernment Augustus banished him in a.d. 7 to Vienna in Gaul, where he died. — (2) King of Maoedokia (b.o. 413-599), an illegitimate son of Perdiccas II., obtained the throne by the murder of his half-brother. He was a warm patron of art and literature. His palace was adorned with paintings by Zeuxis; and Eu- ripides, Agathon, and other men of eminence, were among his guests.— (3) A distinguished general of Mithuidateb, defeated by Sulla in Boeotia, b.o. 86. He deserted to the Romans B.0. 81.— (4) Son of the preceding, was raised by Pompey, in b.o. 63, to the dignity of priest of the goddess at Comana in Pontus or Cap- padocia. In 56 or 55 Archelaus became king of Egypt by marrying Berenice, the dauo:hter of Ptolemy Auletes, who, after the expulsion of her father, had obtained the sovereignty of Egypt. But at the end of 6 months he was defeated and slain in battle by Gabinius, who had marched with an army into Egypt in or- der to restore Ptolemy Auletes.— (5) Son of No. 4, and his successor in the office of high- priest of Comana, was deprived of his dignity by Julius Caesar in 47. — (6) Son of No. 5, re- ceived from Antony, in n.o. 36, the kingdom of Cappadocia — a favor which he owed to the charms of his mother Glaphyro. He was de- prived of his kingdom by Tiberius, A,n. 17 ; and Cappadocia was then made a Roman province, — (7) A philosopher of the Ionic school, born either at Athens or at Miletus. He flourished about b.o. 450. ARCHIAS (-ae). (1) An Heraclid of Co- rinth, who founded Syracuse, b.c. 734. — (2) A. LioiNius AitoHiAB, a Greek poet, born at An- tioch in Syria, about n.o. 120, came to Rome in 102, and was received in the most friendly way by the Luculli, from whom he obtained the gentile name of Licinius. He was enrolled as a citizen at Heraclea in Lucania ; and as this town was united with Rome by a.foedus, he subsequently obtained the Roman fran- chise in accordance with the lex Plautia Pa- piria passed in b.o. S9. In 61 he was accused of assuming the citizenship illegally. He was defended by his friend M.Cicero in the extant speech Pro ^rc/ita, in which the orator, after briefly discussing the legal points of the case, rests the defense of his client upon his merits as a poet, which entitled him to the Roman citizenship. ARCHlBXMTrS(-i), the name of 5 kings of Sparta.c— (1) Son of Anaxidamns, contempo- rary with the Tegeatan war, which followed soon after the second Messenian, n.c. 668. — (2) Son of Zenxidamus, succeeded'his grandfather Leotychides, and reigned B.o. 469-427. He op- posed making war upon the Athenians; but after the Peloponnesian war broke cnit (b.o. 431), he invaded Attica, and held the supreme command of the Peloponnesian forces till his death in 429.~(3) Grandson of No. 2, and sou of Agesilaus II., reigned b.o. 36J-338. In 338 he went to Italy to aid the Tarcntines against the Lucanians, and there fell in battle. — (4) Grandson of No. 3, and son of Eudamidasl., was king in n.o. 296, when he was defeated by Demetrius Poliorcetes,— (5) Son of Eudamidas II., and the brother of Agis IV. He was slain soon after his accession, b. o. 240. He was the last king of the Eurypoutid race. ARCHILOCHUS (-i), of Paros,was one of the earliest lyric poets, and the first who com- posed Iambic verses. He flourished about Hkab of Akkb (Mass). (Glyptothek, Munich.) ARCHIMEDES; 53 ARES. B.0. 714-676. He went from Paros to Thasoa with a colonyj but aftei'wai'ds returned to Fa- ros, and fell in battle in a war against the Naxians. His fame was chiefly founded on hia satiric iambic poetry. He had been a suitor to Neobuie, one of the daughters of Lycambes, who first promised and afterwards refased to ^ive his daughter to the poet. En- raged at this treatment, Archilochus attacked the whole family in an iambic poem, with such effect that the daughters of Lycambes are said to have hung themselves through shame. While at Thasos, he incurred the die- grace of loflin^ his shield in an engagement with the Thracians of the opposite continent ; but, instead of being ashamed of the disaster, he recorded it in his vei'se. ARCHIMEDES (-i and is), of Syracuse, the most famous of ancient mathematiciaDS, was born B.0, 287. He was a friend, if not a kiiis- man, of Hiero, for whom he constructed vari- ous engines of war, which, many years after- wards, were so far effectual in the defense of S/racuse against Marcellns, as to convert the siege into a blockade. The accounts of the performances of these engines are evidently exaggerated ; and the story of the burning of the Roman ships by the reflected rays of the sun is probably a Action. When Syracuse was taken f the monster Typhoeus. iRlMlNTJM (-i: Rimin'CJt a town in Um- bria, at the mouth of the little river Arimi- " uus. It was originally inhabited by TJrabri- ans and Pelasgians, was afterwards in the Eossession of the Senones, and was colonized y the Romans in b.o. 268, from which time it appears as a flourishing place. After leav- ing Cisalpine Gaul, it was the first town ou the eastern coast of Italy which a person ar- rived at in Italia proper. 5.RlOBARZANES(-is). 1. Kings or Satraps of Pontiia.—(l) Betrayed by his son Mithri- dates to the Persian king, about it-o. 400.— (2) Son of Mithridates I., reigned 363-33T. He revolted from Artaxerxes m 362, and may be regarded as the founder of the kingdom of Pontus.— (3) Son of Mithridates III., reigned 266-240, and was succeeded by Mithridates IV. II. Kings of Cappadocia.— (1) Snmaraed Phii-oromaeus, reigned b.o, 93-63, and was elected king by the Cappadocians, under the direction of the Romans. He was several times expelled from his kingdom by Mithri- dates, but was finally restored by Pompey in 63, shortly before his death.— (2) Surnamed Philofatoe, succeeded his father in 63.— (3) Surnamed Ettsebes and Philohomaeds, son ofNo.2,whom he succeeded about 51. He as- sisted Pompey against Caesai*, who not only ARION. 57 ARISTIDES. pardoned him, but eveu enlarged his territo- ries. He was slain in 42 by Cassius. XrION (-Onls). (1) Of Methymna in. Les- bos, a celebrated lyric poet and player on the cithara, and the inventor of dlthyrambic po- etry. He lived abont n.o. 625, and spent a great part of his life at the court of Perlander, tyrant of Corinth. On one occasion, we are told, Arion went to Sicily to take part in some mUBical contest. He won the prize, and, laden with presents, he embarked in a Corinthian ship to return to his friend Periander. The rude sailors coveted his treasures, and medi- tated his murder. After trying in vain to save his life, he at length obtained permission once more to play on the cithara, and, as soon as he had invoked the gods in Inspired strains, he threw himself into the sea. But many song-loving dolphins had assembled round the vessel, and one of them now took the bard on its back and carried him to Taenfirus, from whence he returned to Corinth in safety, and related his adventure to Periander. Upon the arrival of the Corinthian vessel, Periander in- quired of the sailors after Arion, who replied that he had remained behind at Tarentum; but when Arion, at the bidding of Periander, came forward, the sailors owned their guilt, and were punished according to their desert. — (2) A fabulous horse, which is said to have been begotteu by Poseidon (Neptune). ARIOVISTUS (-i), a German chief, who had conquered a great part of Gaul, but was de- feated by Caesar, and driven across the Rhine, B.C. 58. Arlovistus escaped across the river in a small boat. XRISTAEUS (-i), son of Apollo and CyrenS, was born in Libya. He afterwards went to Thrace, where he fell in love with Eui-ydic§, the wife of Orpheus. The latter, while fleeing from him, perished by the bite of a serpent ; whereupon the Nymphs, in anger, destroyed the bees of Arlstaeus. The wa^ in which he recovered his bees is related in the fourth Georgic of Virgil. After his death he was worshiped as a god on account of the benefits he had conferred upon mankind. He was re- farded as the protector of flocks and shep- erds, of vine and olive plantations: he taught men to keep bees, and averted iVora the flelds the burning heat of the sun and other causes of destruction. XRISTXgORAS (-ae), of Miletns, brother- in-law of Histiaeus, was left by the latter dur- ing his stay at the Persian court in charge of the government of Miletus. Having failed in an attempt upon Naxos £s II., also reigned only a short time, as he was killed by the Parthians on account of his cruelty. Upon his death the Parthians ap- plied to the Romans for Vonones, one of the sons of Phraates IV., who was accordingly granted to them. — (18) VoNONES L, son of Phraates IV., was also disliked by his sub- jects, who therefore invited Ar- tabanus, king of Media, to take possession of the kingdom. Ar- tabanus drove Vonones out of Parthia, who resided first in Ar- menia, next in Syria, and subse- quently in Cilicia. He was put to death in a.j>.19. — (19) Abtabanus III., obtained the Parthian king- dom soon after the expulsion of Vonones, about a.z>.16. Artaba- nus was involved in hostilities with the Ro- mans, and was expelled more than once by his subjects. — (20) Gotabzeb, succeeded his father, Artabanus III., but was defeated by his brother Bardanes and retired into Hyrcama. — (21) Bakdanes, brother of the preceding, was put to death by his subjects in 4T, whereupon Gotarzes again obtained the crown.— (22) Vo- KOHEs II., succeeded Gotarzes about SO. Ilia reign was short. — (23) Vgloqebbs I., son. of Vonones II. or Artabanus HI. Soon after his accession he conquered Armenia, which he gave to his brother Tiridates. He carried on war with the Romans, but was defeated by Domitius Corbulo, and at length made peace with the Romans on condition that Tiridates should receive Armenia as a gift from the Roman emperor. Accordingly Tiridates came to Rome in 63, and obtained from Nero the Armenian crown. — (24) Paoobus, succeeded his father Vologeses I., and was a cimtempo- rary of Domitian and Trajan. — (26) Chosboks or OsBOEB, succeeded his brotlier Pacorus during the reign of Trajan. His conquest of Armenia occasioned the invasion of Par- thia by Trajan, who stripped it of many of its provinces, and made the Parthians for n time subject to Rome. [TeajahubO Upon the death of Trajan, in a.d. 117, Hadrian re- linquished the conquests of Trajan, and made the Euphrates, as before, the eastern bound- ary of the Roman empire (26) Vologeses II., succeeded his father Chosroes, and reign- ed from about a.d. 122 to 149.— (27) Vologe- ses III., was defeated by the generals of the emperor Verns, and purchased peace by ceding Mesopotamia to the Romans. From this time to the downfall of the Parthian empire there is great confusion in the list of kings. The last king of Parthia was Abtabanus IV., in whose reign the Persians recovered their long-lost independence. They were led by Artaxerxes, the son of Sassan, and defeated tUe Parthians in three great battles, in the last of which Artabanus was taken prisoner and killed, a.d. 226. Thus ended the Parthian empire of the Arsacidae, after it had existed 470 years. The Parthians were now obliged to submit to Artaxerxes, the founder of the dynasty of the Sassanidae, which continued to reign till a.d. 651. ARSlClA. [Ehagae.] ARSXClDAE (-arum), the name of a dy- nasty of Parthian kings. [Absaoeb.] It was also the name of a dynasty of Armenian kings, who reigned in Armenia from b.o. 149 Coin of Partlilui AriacIdM. ABSAMOSATA. 62 AKTAXEBXES. to A.I). 428. This dynasty was founded by AetaxiasI., who was related to the Farthian Arsacidae. AESAmOsXtX, a town and strong fortress in Armenia Major, between the Kuyhrates and the sources of the Tigris. AHSiNIAS (-ae), -lUS or -TIS (-i), the name of two rivers of Great Armenia. — (1) The S. arm of the Euphrates. [Bdphkates.] — (3) A small stream flowing W. into the Eu- phrates near Melitene. AESES, NAESES, or OAESES, youngest son of king Artiixerxes 111. Ochus, was raised to the Persian throne by the eunuch Bagoas after he had poisoned Ai-taxerxes, b.o. 389, but he was murdered by Bagoas iu the 3d year of his reign. After the death of Arses, Bagoas made Darius III. king. ARSIA (-ae), a river in Istria, forming the boundary between Upper Italy andlllyricum, with a town of the same name upon it. AESIA SILVA, a wood in Etruria cele- brated for the battle between the Tarquins and the Bomons. AESINOE (-Ss). (1) Mother of Ptolemy I., was a concubine of Philip, father of Alexan- der the Great, and married Lagus while she was pregnant with Ptolemy. — (2) Daughter of Ptolemy I. and Berenice ; married first Ly- simachus, king of Thrace, in b.o. 300 ; 2dly, her half-brother, Ptolemy Ceraunus, who mur- dered her children by Lysimachus ; and, 3dly, her own brother Ptolemy II. Philadelphns in 279. Though Arsino§ bore Ptolemy no chil- dren, she was exceedingly beloved by him ; he gave her name to several cities, called a district of Egypt, Arsinoites^ aftier her, and honored her memory in various ways. — (3) Daughter of Lysimachus, married Ptolemy 11. Philadelphns soon after his accession, B.a 285. In consequence of her plotting against her namesake [No. 2], when Ptolemy fell in love with her, she was banished to Coptos, in Upper Egypt. She had by Ptolemy three children, Ptolemy III. Evergetes, Lysimachus, and Berenice — (4) Also called Edbviiioe and Clbopatea, daughter of Ptolemy III. Everge- tes, wife of her brother Ptolemy IV. Philopa- tor, and mother of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes. She was killed by order of her husband.— (5) Daughter of Ptolemy XI. Auletes, was carried to Borne by Caesar after the capture of Alex- andria, and led in triumph by him in 46. She afterwards returned to Alexandria; but her sister Cleopatra persuaded Antony to have her put to death in 41. AESINO® (-68), the name of several cities, each called after one or other of the persons mentioned above. Of these the moat impor- tant were :— (1) In the Nomos Heroopolitea in Lower Egypt, near or upon the head of the Sinus Heroopolitea or W. branch of the Bed sea (Oulf of Suez)). It was afterwards called Cleopatra — (2) The chief city of the Nomos Arsinoites in Middle Egypt ; formerly called CrScrJdilopSlis, from its being the chief seat of the Egyptian worship of the crocodile. AETiBiNUS (-1). (1) Son of Hystaspcs and brother of Darius, is frequently mention- ed in the reign of his nephew Xerxes as a wise and frank counselor. — (2) An Hyrcanian, commander of the body-guard of Xerxes, as- sassinated this king iu b.o. 465, but was short- ly afterwards killed by Artaxerxes,— (3) Kings of Parthia. [Absaoes. j AETlBlZUS (-1). <1> A Persian general in the army of Xerxes, served under Mardo- nius in b.o. 479, and after the defeat of the Persians at Plataea, he fled with 40,000 men and reached Asia in safety. — (2) A Persian general, fought under Artaxerxes II., and Ar- taxerxes III., and Darius III. Codomannns. One of his daughters, Barsine, became by Al- exander the mother of Hercules. AETABEI (-orum), a Celtic people in the N.W. of Spain, near the Promontory Nerium or Celticum, also called Artabrum after them (C, Finisterre), AETAcS (-es), a sea-port town of the pen- insula of Cyzicns, in the Propontis ; also a mountain in the same peninsula. AETiCIB (-es), a fountain in the country of the Laestrygones. AETAEI (-orum), was, according to Herod- otus, the old native name of the Persians, It signifies noble, and appears, in the form Artaj as the first part of a large number of Persian proper names. AETiPHEENlS (-is). (1) Son of Hystas- pes and brother of Darius. He was satrap of Sardis at the time of the Ionian revolt, B.0. 600. See Abistaoobas. —'(2) Son of the former, commanded, along with Datis, the Persian army of Darius, which Tvas defeated at the battle of Marathon, b.o. 490. He com- manded the Lydians and M^sians in the in- vasion of Greece by Xerxes in 480. AETAVASDES or AETXBAzES (-is). (1) King of the Greater Armenia, succeeded his father Tigranes. He betrayed Antony in his campaign against the Parthians in b.o. 36. Antony accordingly invaded Armenia in 34, took Artavasdea prisoner, and carried him to Alexandria. He was killed after the battle of Actium by order of Cleopatra. — (2) King of Armenia, probably a grandson of No. j, was placed upon the throne by Augustus, but was deposed ny the Armenians.— (3) King of Media Atropatene, and an enemy of Arta- vasdes I., king of Armenia. He died shortly before b.o.20. AETXXXTA (-6rum), or -A (-ae), the later capital of Great Armenia, built by Artaxias, under the advice of Hannibal, on a peninsula, surrounded by the river Araxes. After being burned by the Eomans under Corbulo (b.o. 88), it was restored by Tirldates, and called Neroniana. AETXXEEXES (-is), the name of 4 Persian kings.— (1) Surnamed Lomoimahus, from his right hand being longer than his left, succeed- ed his fatherXerxesI. , and reigned b.o. 4C4-425. He carried on war against the Egyptians, who were assisted in thefr revolt by the Athenians. He was succeeded by his son Xerxes II. — (2) Surnamed Mnbmon, from his good memory, succeeded his father, Darius 11., and reigned B.o. 405-359. Eespecting the war between him and his brother Cyrus, see Ctrus. Tis- saphemes was appointed satrap of W. Asia in ARTAXIAS. 63 ARTEMIS. the place of Cyrus, and was actively engaged iu wai'8 with the Greeks. [AaEsiLAtrs.] Ar- taxerses had to carry on frequent wars with tributary princes ana satraps, who endeavor- ed to make themselves iudeneudent. Thus he maintained- a long struggle against Eva- goras of Cyprus, from 385 to 376 ; and his at- tempts to recover Egypt were uusucceesful. Towards the end of his reign he put to death his eldest son Darius, who nad formed a plot to assassinate him. His last days were still further embittered by the unnatural conduct of his son Ochus, who caused the destruction of two of his brothers, in order to secure the succession for himself. Avtaxevxes was suc- ceeded by Ochus, who ascended the throne under the name of Artaxerxes III. — (3) Also called Oonus, reigned b.o. 359-338. By the aid of his Greek generals and mercenaries, he re- conquered Phoenicia and Egypt. The reins of government were entirely m the hands of the eunuch Bagoas, and of Mentor the Rho- dian. At last he was ])oisoned by Bagoas, and was succeeded by his youngeBt son, Ab- bes. — (4) The founder of the dynasty of the Sassamidab. ARTAXIAS (-ae), or ARTAXBS (-Is), the name of 3 kings of Armenia.— (1) The founder of the Armenian kingdom, was one of the generals of Antiochus the Great, but revolted from him about b.o. 188, and became an in- dependent sovereign. Hannibal took refuge at the court of Artax\as, and he superintend- ed the building of Abtaxata, the capital of Armenia. Artaxias was conquered and taken prisoner by Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, about 165. — (2) Son of Artavasdes, was put to death by his own subjects in u.o. 20, and Augustus placed Tigranea on the throne.— (3) Son of Polemon, king of Pontus, was proclaimed king of Armenia by Germanicus, in a.d. 18. He died about 35. ARTEMIDOKTJS (-i). (1) A na- tive of Ephesus, but called Daldl- anus, from Daldia in Lydia, his mother's hirthplace,to distinguish him from the geographer Artemi- dorus. He lived at Rome in the reigns of Antoninus Pius aud M. Aurelins (a.d. 138-180), and wrote a work on the interpretation of dreams, in 5 books, which is still extant. — (2) Also of Ephesus, a Greek geographer, lived about b.o. 100. An abridgment of hie work was made by Marcianus, of which part is still extant.- AETfiMIS (-is), called BilNA (-ae) by the Romans, one of the great divinities of the Greeks. According to the most ancient ac- count, she was the daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leto (Latona), and was the twin-sister of Apollo, born with him in the island of Delos. (1) Artemis as the sister of Apolh> is a kind of female Apollo, that is, she aa a female divinity represented the same idea that Apollo did ae a male divinity. As E sister of Apollo, Artemis is, like her brother, armed with a bow, quiver, and arrows, ana sends plagues and death among men and an- imals. Sudden deaths, but more especially those of women, are described as the effect of her arrows. As Apollo was not only a de- structive god, but also averted evils, so Arte- mis likewise cured and alleviated the suffer- ings of mortals. In the Trojan war she sided, like Apollo, with the Trojans. She was more especially the protectress of the young; and from her watching over the young of females, she came to be regarded as the goddess of the flocks and the chase. In this manner she also became the huntress among the immortals. Artemis, like Apollo, is unmarried ; she is a maiden-divinity never conquered by love. She slew Orion with her arrows because he made an attemptuponherchastity; andshe changed AoTAEOM into a eta|:, simply because he had seen her bathing. With her brother Apollo, she slew the children of Niobe, who had deem- ed herself superior to Leto. When Apollo was regarded as identical with the Sun or Helios, his sister was looked upon as Selen6 or the Moon. Hence she is represented as in love with the fair young Ekdymion, whom she kissed in his sleep ; but this legend properly relates to Selune or the Moon, and is foreign to the character of Artemis, who, as we have observed, was a goddess unmoved by love. — (2) The Arcadian Artemis is a goddess of the nymphs, and was worshiped as such in Arca- dia in very early times. She hunted with her nymphs on the Arcadian mountains, and her chariot was drawn by 4 stags with golden antlers. There was no connection between Artemis (Dlsna), the Huntreet. (MuBdum CBpitolilium,vol.4, fey. 37.) AETEMIS. 64 ARUNS. the Arcadian Artemis and Apollo. — (3) The Taurian Artemis. There was iu Tauris a goddess, whom the Greeks ideuti- fled with their own Ar- temis, and to whom all strangers thrown on the coast of Tauris were sac- riilced. Iphigenia and Orestes brought her im- age from thence, and landed at Brauron in At- tica,.whence the goddess derived the name of Brauronia. The Brauro- nian Artemis was wor- shiped at Athens and Sparta, and in the latter place the boys were scourged at her altar till it was besprinkled with their blood.— (4) The Epheaian Artemis was a divinity totally distinct from the Greek god- dess of the same name. She was an ancient Artemis (Diftna) attired for the chase. • Artemis (Diana.) is covered, and the legs up to the knees are naked, the rest being covered by the chlamys. Her attributes are the bow, quiver, and ar- r ■ . ■ i- • ■."' "i"'"- °"«,™as an ancient rows, or a spear, stags, and dogs. As the sod- Asiatic divinity whose worship the Greeks i deos of thomoon slS> wpn™ oTni,»'S,hi^S,?7„l. (w.' „'f,'.*f ''"If^ "J^^™'" ^It," ">*y ^^^l^"* Teaches down to he'rTlet?a veif covirs her there, and to whom they gave the name of Ar- head, and above her forehead rises thpci^s FS;«n?wif rF '" ^^f 'nagniflcenttemple of cent of ?he mooL In her htnd shI often a^ Ephesas was represented with many breasts, pears holding a torch. "^ ARTEMISIA (-ae). (1) Daughter of Lyg- damis, and queen of Halicarnassus in Caria, accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece, and in the battle of Salamis (b.o. 480) greatly distinguished herself by her prudence and courage, for which she was afterwards highly honored by the Persian king— (2) Daughter of Hecatomuns, and sister, wife, and succes- sor of the Carian prince Mausolus, reigned B.o. 352-350. She is renowned in history for her extraordinary grief at the death of her husband Mausolus. She is said to have mix- ed his ashes in her daily drink; and to per- petuate his memory she built at Halicarnas- sus tjie celebrated monument. Mausoleum, which was regarded as one of the 7 wonders of the world, and whose name subsequently became the generic term for any splendid se- pulchral monument. ARTfiMlSIUM (-i), a tract of country on theN. coast ofEnboea, opposite Magnesia, so called from the temple of Artemis (Diana), belonging to the town of Hestiaea: off this coast the Greeks defeated the fleet of Xerxes, B.O.480. AEVEENI (-Brum), a Gallic people in Aqui- tania, in the modern Auvergne. In early times they were, the most powerful people in the S. of Qaul.; they were defeated by Domi- tius Abenobarbue and Pabins Maximus in B.O. t21, but still possessed considerable power lu the time of Caesar (5$). Their capital was Nemoasns, also named Augustonemetum or Arverni on the Elaver (Allier), with a citadel, called in the middle ages Clams Mons, whence the name of the modem town, Clerm(mt AHUNS (-untie), an Etruscan word, was re- garded by the Romans as a proper name, but perhaps signified a younger son in general. —(1) Younger brother of Lucumo, i. e. L. Tar- qninius Pnscus.- (Z) Younger brother of L. ADcIent representation of Diana of the Ephesisns. — The representations of the Greek Artemis in works of art are different, according as she is represented either as a huntress or as the god- dess of the moon. As the hnntress, her breast ARZANENE. 65 ASIA. TarquiniUB Superbus, was murclered by his wife.— (3) Youiigex- eon of TniquiDius Super- bus, fell in combat with Brutus. ARZiWSNE <-es), a district of Armenia Major, bounded on the S. by the Tigris, form- ed part of GORDYENB. ASANBER (rdrl). (1) Son of Philotas, brother of Parmenlon, and one of the gener- nls of Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander (u.o. 323) he obtained Caria for his satraDy.—<2) A general of Pharnaces II., king of IJosporus, whom he put to death in 47, m hOT>es of obtaining the kingdom. He was confirmed iu the sovereignty by Augustus. ASBYSTAE (-arum), aLlbyau people, in the N. of Cy renaico. ■ ASCAlXPHUS (-i). (1) Son of Ares (Mars) and Astyochc, led, with his brother lalmeuus, the Minyans of Orchomenus against Troy, and was slain by Deiphobus. — <2) Son of Acheron and Gorgyra or Orphne. When Pluto gave Perseph6ne (Proserpina) permission to return to the upper world, provided she had eaten nothing, Ascalaphus declared that she had eaten part of a pomegranate. Phese- phdne, in revenue, changed nim into an owl, by sprinkling him with water from the river Phlegethon. ASCiLON (-onis), one of the chief cities of the Philistines, on the coast of Palestine, be- tween Azotns and Gaza. ASCiNiA (-ae). (1) In Bithynia, a great fresh-water lake, at the E. end of which stood the city of Nicaea.— (2) A salt-water lake on the borders of Phrygia and Pisidia. ASCXNitrS (-)), son of Aeneas by Creusa, accompanied his father to Italy. Other tra- ditions gave the name of Ascanius to the son of Aeneas and Lavinia. He founded Alba Longa, and was succeeded on the throne- by his son SilviuB. Some writers relate that As- canius was also called Tins or Julus. The gens Julia at Rome traced its origin fi-om Ju- lus or Ascanius. , ASClBURGiUM(-i: A8burg,Tie&Tmr8\&n ancient place on^the left bank of the Rhine. ASCLEPiiDES (-is), the name of several I physician^ which they derived from the god Aeclepius LAesout-apius]. The most celebra- ted was a native of Bithynia, who came to Rome in the middle of the first century ii.o., where he acquired a great reputation by his successful cures. ASCLEPlUS. [Aksoulapitts.] ASCOniUS PEDIaNUS Q. (-i), a Roman grammarian, bora at Patavium (Padua), about Ko. 2, and died in his 85th year in the reign of Domitian. He wrote a valuable Commen- tary on the speeches of Cicero, of which we Btill possess considerable fragments. ASCRA (-ae), a town in BoeotJa on Mt. He- licon, where Hesiod resided, who had re- moved thither with his father from Cyme in Aeolis, and who is therefore called Ascraeve. ASCtJLUM (-i). (1) PiOENUM, the chief town of Picenum, and a Roman municipium, was destroyed by the Romans in the Social War (b.0. 89), but was aftei-wards rebuilt.— (2) Aru- j LUM, a town of Apulia in Daunia ou the con- ' fines of Samnium, near which the Romans were defeated by Pyrrhus, b.o.729. ASDRtJ"BAL. [Hasdrubal.] ASELLIO (-onis), P. SEMPRONIUS (-1), tribune of the soldiers under P. Scipio Afri- canns at Numantia, n.o. 133, wrote a Roman history from the Punic wars inclusive to the times of the Gracchi. ASIA (-ae), daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, wife of lapetus, and mother of Atlas, Prome- theus, and Epimetheus. According to some traditions, the continent of Asia derived its name from her. ASiA (-ae), iu the poets ASIS (-Idis), one of the 3 great divisions which the ancients made of the known world. It was first used by the Greeks for the western part of Asia Minor, especially the plains watered by the river Cayster, where the Ionian colonists first set- tled ; and thence, as their geographical knowl- edge advanced, they extended it to the whole country. The southern part of the continent was Bui)p06ed to extend much farther to the E. than it really does, while to the N. andN.E. parts, which were quite unknown, much too small an extent was assigned. The different opinions about the boundaries of Asia on the side of Africa are mentioned under Africa: on the side of Europe the boundary was form- ed by the river Tanais {Don), the PaulusMaeo- tis {Sea of Azof), PontuS Euxinus {Ijlack Sea), Propontis {Sea of Marmora), and the Aegean {Archipelago).'-'i^hc most general division of Asia was into 2 parts, which were different at different times, and kuown bydifferentnames. To the earliest Greek colonists the river Ha- lys, the eastern boundary of the Lydian king- dom, formed a natural division between tip- per and Lower Asia; and afterwards the Eu- phrates was adopted as a more natural bound- ary. Another division was made by the Tau- rus into A .intra Taurum, i. c. the part of Asia N. and N.W. of the Taurus, aud A. extra Tau- rum, all the rest of the continent. The divi- sion ultimately adoi)ted, but apparently not I till the 4th century of our era, was that of A. \ Major and A. Minor. — (1) Asia Major was the ' part of the continent E. of the Tanais, the Euxine, an imaginary line drawn from the Euxine to Trapezus {Trehizond)., to the Gulf of Issus and the Mediterranean ; thus it in- cluded the countries of Sarmatica Asiatica, with all the-Scythian tribes to the E., Colchis, Iberia, Alhania, Armenia, Syria, Arabia, Bab- ylonia, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Media, Susia- na, Persis, Ariana, Hyrcania, Margiaua, Bac- triana, Sogdiana, India, the land or the Sinae and Serica ; respecting which, see the several articles.— (2) Asia Minor {Anatolia) was the peninsula on the extreme W. of Asia, bound- ed by the Euxine, Aegean, and Mediterranean on the N.,W., and S.; and on the E. by the mountains on the W of the upper course of the Euphrates. It was divided into Mysia, Lydia, and Caria, on the W. ; Lycia, Pamphyl- ia, and Cilicia, on the S. ; Bithynia, Papbla- fonia, and Pontus, on the E. ; and Phrygia, isidia, Galatia, and Cappadocia, in the cen- tre — (3) Asia Propria, or simply Asi a , the Ro- man province formed out of the kingdom of Pergamus, which was bequeathed to the Ro- ASINAKUS. 66 ASSYRIA. mans byATTALUBllI. (b.o.130), and the Greek cities ou the W. coast, aud the adjacent isl- ands, with Bbodes. It iuclnded the districts of Mysia, Lydia, Caria, and Phiygia ; and was governed at first by propraetors, afterwards by proconsuls. ASINXEUS (-i), a river on the E. side of Sicily, on which the Athenians were defeated by the Syracusans, b. 0.413. A8INE (-ea). (1) A town in Laconia on the coast between Taenarum and Gythium.— (2) A town in Argolis, W. of Hermione, was built by the Dryopes, who were driven out of the town by the Argives, after the first Messenian war, and built No. 3.— (3) An important town in Messeuia, near the Promontory Acritas, on the Messenian gulf, which was hence also called the Asiuaean gulf. XSlNIUS GALLTJS. [Galihs.] iSINiUS POLLIO. [PoLLio.] iSOPUS (-i). <1) A river flowing through the Sicyonian territoiTr into the Corinthian gulf. The god of this river was son of Oce- anus and Tethys, and father of Bvadne, Eu- boea, and Aegina, each of whom was there- fore called^so^. Aeacus, the son of Aegina, is called Aaopiade8.—(Z) A river in Boeotia, flowing near Plataeae, and falling into the Euboean sea. — (3) A river in Thessaly, rising in M. Oeta, and flowing into the Mnliac gulf near Thermypolae. ASPAKAGIUM (-i), a town in the ten-itory of Dyrrhachium in Illyria. ASPASiA (-ae). (1) The Elder, of Miletus, daughter of Axiochus, the most celebrated of the Greek Hetaerao. She came to Athens, where she gained the afffections of Pericles, not more by her beauty than by her high mental accomplishments. Having parted with his wife, Pericles lived with Aspasia during the rest of his life. His enemies accused As- pasia of impiety, and it required all his per- sonal influence to procure her acquittal. The house of Aspasia was the centre of the best literary and philosophical society of Athens, and was frequented even by Socrates. On the death of Pericles (d.o.429), Aspasia is said to have attached herself to one Lysicles, a dealer in cattle, and to have made him by her instructions a first-rate orator.— (2) The Younger, a Phocaean, daughter of Hermoti- mus, the favorite concubine of Cyrus the Younger, and subsequently of his brother Artaxerxes. Cyrus called her Aspasia after tlie mislresB of Pericles, her previous name having been Milto. Darius, son of Artaxerx- es, having fallen in love with her, Artaxerxes made her priestess of a temple at Ecbatana, where strict celibacy was requisite. ASPENDUS (-i), a flourishing city of Pam- pbylia, ou the river Eurymedon, 60 stadia from its mouth : said to have been a colony of Argives. ASPHALTITES LACTJS or MAKE MOK- TUUM, the great salt lake in the S.E. of Pal- estine, which receives the water of the Jor- dan. ASPIS (-idis), or Cltpea (-ae), a city on a promontory of the same name, near the N.B. point of the Carthaginian territory, founded by Agathocles, and taken in the first Punic War by the Romans. ASPLBDON or SPLBDSN, a town of the Minyae in Boeotia, on the river Melas, near Orchomenus. ASSA (-ae), a town in Chalcidlce in Mace- donia, on the Singitic gulf. ASSACSNI (-orum), an Indian tribe, in the district of the Paropamisadae, between the rivers Cophen (,Cabool) and Indus. ASSiEXCUS (-i), king of Troy, son of Tros, father of Capys, grandfather of Anchises, and great-grandiather of Aeneas, Hence the Eo- mans, as descendants of Aeneas, are called domus AsBaraci. ASSESUS (-i), a town of Ionia, near Miletus, with a temple of AthGna surnamed ^sses^ ASSSEUS (-1), a small town in Sicily be- tween Enna and Agyrium. ASSUS (-i), a city in the Troad, on the Adramyttian Gulf, opposite to Lesbos ; after- wards called Apollouia; the birthplace of Cleanthes the Stoic. ASS^^RlA (-ae). (1) The conntry properly so calledj in the narrowest sense, was a dis- trict of Asia, extending along the E. side of the Tigris, which divided it on the W. and N.W. from Mesopotamia and Babylonia, and bounded on the N. and E. by M. Niphatea and M. Zagrus, which separated it from Armenia and Media, and on the S.E. by Susiana. It was watered by several streams, flowing into the Tigris from the B. : two of which, the Lycna or Zabatus (Oreat Zah), and the Caprus or Zabas or Anzabas (Idttle Zab), divided the country into three parts: that between the Upper Tigris and the Lycns, called Atnria (a mere dialectic variety of Assyria), was probably the most ancient seat of'^the mon- archy, and contained the capital, Nineveh or NiKns: that between the Lycus and the Ca- prus was called Adiabene ; and the part S.E. of the Caprus contained the districts of Apol- loniatia and Sittaceno.— (2) In a wider sense AST A. 67 ATARNEUS. the name was applied to the whole country watered by the Euphrates and the Tigris, bo as to include Mesopotamia and Babylonia. — (3) By a farther extension the word is used to designate the Assyrian Empire in itg widest sense. It was one of the tirst great states of which we have any record. Its reputed founder was Ninus, the builder of the cap- ital city ; and in its widest extent it included the countries just mentioned, with Media, Persie, Armenia, Syria, Phoenicia, and Pal- estine, except the kingdom of Judah. The fruitless expedition of Sennacherib against Egypt, and the miraculous destruction of his army before Jerusalem (b.o. 714), so weak- ened the empire, that theMedes revolted and formed a separate kingdom. In b.o. COG^Nine- veh was taken, and the Assyrian empire de- Btroyed by Cyaxares, the king of Media. ASTA (-ae). (1) {Asti in Piedmont) an in- land town of Liguria ou the Tanarus, a Ko- man colony.— <2) A town in Hiepania Baetica, near Gades, a Roman colony. ASTXbORAS (-ae) and ASTiPtTS (-i), two rivers of Aethiopia, having their sources in the highlands of Abyssinia, and uniting to form the !Nile. The laud Inclosed by them was the island of Merob. ASTiCUS (-i), a celebrated city of Bithy- 'nia, on the Sinus Astacenus^ a bay of the Pro- poutis, was a colony from Megara, but after- wards received fresh colonists from Athens, who called the place Olhia. It was destroyed by Lysimachus, but was rebuilt on a neigh- boring site by Nicomedea I., who named his new city Nioomedia. ASTXPA (-ae), a town in Hispania Baetica. ASTiPUS. [Astabobas.] ASTARTE. [ArnnoTiiTE and Stbia Dba.] ASTfiRiA (-ae), or ASTERlS (-es), daugh- ter of the Titaii Coeus and Phoebo, sister of Leto (Latona), wife of Perses, and mother of HecatG. In order to escape the embraces of Zeus she is said to have taken the form of a quail ifirtyx), and to have thrown herself down from heaven into the sea, where she was metamorphosed into the island Astet-ia (the island which had fallen from heaven like a star), pr Ortygia, afterwards called Delos. ASTfiRIS (-idie), or ASTBRIA (-ne), a small island between Ithaca and Cephallenia. ASTRAEA (-ae), daughter of Zeus (Jupi- ter) and Themis, and goddess of justice, lived during the golden age among men ; but when the wickedness of men increased she with- drew to heaven, and was placed among the BtarSj.uuder the name of Virgo. Her sister Pudicitia left the earth along with her. ASTRAEUS (-i), a Titan, husband of Eos (Aurora), and father of the winds and the stars, Ovid calls the winds Astraei (adj.) fratres, the " Astraeau brothiers." ASTtJRA (-ae), a river in Latium, flowing between Antium and Circeii into the Tyrrhe- nian sea. At its mouth it formed a small isl- and, with a town upon it, also called Astura, where Cicero had an estate. ASTtJRES (-urn), a warlike people in the N.Ww of Spain, bounded on the E. by the Cantabri and Vaccaei, on the W. by the Gal- laeci, on the N. by the Ocean, and on the S. by the Vettones. Their chief town was As- turica Augusta {Aatorga). ASTYlGES (-is), sou of Cyaxares, last king of Media, reigned 11.0. 694-^59. He was de- posed and deprived of his dominions by his grandson Cyrus. For details, see Cvitus. AST?XNA2 (-act'is), son of Hector and Andromache. After the capture of Troy the Greeks hurled him down from the walls, that he might not restore the kingdom of Troy. ASTYPlLAEA (-ae), one of the Sporades in the S. part of the Grecian aichipehigo, with a town of the same name founded oy the Megarians. ASTlfRA (-ae), a town of Mysia, N.W. of Adramyttium. iTABttLUS (-i), the name in Apulia of the parching S.E. wind, the Sirocco, which is at preseut c&WeAAUino in Apulia. ATABYRIS orATABtRlUM (-i), the high- est mountain in Rhodes on the S. W. of that island, on which was a celebrated temple of Zeus Atabyrius. XtXGIS. [Atuesis.] XTALANTA (-ae), or XTXLANTE (-es). (1) The Arcadian Atalanta^ was a daughter of lasus (lasion orlasius) and Clymene. She was exposed by her father in her infancy, and was suckled by a she-bear, the symbol of Ar- temis (Diana). After she had grown up she lived in pure maidenhood, slew the centaurs who pursued her, and took part in the Caly- donian hunt. Her father subsequently rec- ognized her as his daughter; and when he desired her to marry, she required every suit- or to contend with her in the foot-race, be- cause she was the most swift-footed of mor- tals. If he conquered her, he was to be re- warded with her hand ; if he was conquered, he was to be put to death. She conquered many suitors, but was at length overcome by MTlanion with the assistance of Aphrodito (Venus). The goddess had given him 3 gold- en apples, and during the race he had drop- ped them one after the other ; their beauty charmed Atalanta so much that she could not abstain from gathering them, and MHanlon thus gained the goal before her. She accord- ingly became his wife. They were subse- quently both metamorphosed Into lions, be- cause they had profaned by their embraces the sacred grove of Zeus (Jupiter). — (2) The Boeotian Atalanta. The same stories are re- lated of her as of the Arcadian Atalanta, ex- cept that her parentage and the localities are described differently. Thus she is said to have been a daughter of Schoenns, and to have been married to Hippomenes. Her foot- race is transferred to the Boeotian Onchestue, and the sanctuary profaned was a temple of Cybele, who metamorphosed them into lions, and yoked them to her chariot. XTiLANTE (-es), a tovni of Macedonia on the Axius. ATXRANTES (-urn), a people in the E. of Libya, between the Garamantes and Atlantes. XTARNETJS, a city on the coast of Mysia, opposite to Lesbos ; a colony of the Chians ; ATAX. 68 ATHENA. the residence of the tyrant Hermias, with whom Aristotle resided some time. XTAX {-acis: J. wdtj), originally called Nar- bo, a river in Gnllia Narbonensis, rising in the Pyrenees, and flowing by Narbo Martins into the Lacus Knbresus or Kubreneis, which is connected with the sea. iTE (-es), daughter of Eris or Zeus (Jupi- ter), was an ancient Greek divinity, who led boto gods and men into rash and inconsider- ate actions. ATEiUS CXPITO. [Capito.] Stella (-ae: Aversa), a town in Campa- nia between Capna and Neapolis, originally inhabited by the Oscans, afterwards a Koman municipium and a colony. Atella owes its celebrity to the Atella-tiae Fdbulae, or Oscan farces, which took their name from this town. ATERNTJM (-i; Pescara), a town in central Italy, on the Adriatic, at the mouth of the river Aternus, was the common harbor of the Yestini, Marrucini, and Peligni. ATEKNUS. [Atebnum.] ATESTE (-es : Este)^ a Roman colony in the country of the Veneti in Upper Italy. XTHACUS (-i), a town in Lyncestis in Mac- edonia. ATHXMANIA (-ae), a mountainous coun- try in the S. of EpiruB, on the W. side of Pin- dus, of which Argithea was the chief town. The Athamunes were a Thessalian peoi)le, who had been driven out of Thessaly by the Lapithae. XTHXMAS (-antis), son of Aeolus and Enarete, and king of Orchomenus in Boeotin. At the command of Hera (Juno), Athamas married Nephele, by whom he became the fa- ther of Phnxus and Helle. [Phtiixub.] But he was secretly in love with the mortal luo, the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he bej^ot Learchus and Melicertes. Havhig thus in- curred the anger both of Hera and of Nephele, Athamas was seized with madness, and in this state killed his own son, Learchus. Ino threw herself with Melicertes into the sea, and both were changed into marine deities, Ino becoming Leucothea, and Melicertes Pa- laemon. Athamas, as the murderer of his son, was obliged to flee from Boeotia, and set- tled in Thessaly. — Hence we have Atkaw-an- fidden (-ae), son of Athamas, i. e. Palaemon ; and A thamantis (-idVs), daughter of Athamas, i. e. Helle. 1TH1nXG?A (-ae), the chief town of the Ilergetes in Hispanla Tarraconensis. XTHENA (-ae), or XTHENE (-es), called MINERVA by the Romans, was one of the great divinities of the Greeks. She is tve- qnenily ca\\e6. Pallas Athena, ov Biinply Pallaa. She was the daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Metis. Before her birth Zeus swallowed her mother; and Athena afterwards siDrnng forth from the head of Zeus with a mijjhty war- shont and in complete armor. As ner father was the most powerful and her mother the wisest among the gods, so Athena was a com- bination of tne two, a goddess in whom pow- er and wisdom were harmoniously blended. She appears as the preserver of the state and of eveiy thing which gives to the state strength Athona (Mii>ervn). (From a Statue in tho possession of 'Mr. Mope.) and prosperity. — As the protectress of agri- culture, Athena is represented as creating the olive-tree (see below), inventing the plow and rake, etc. She was the patroness of both the usefnl and elegant arts, such as weaving. [See AxiAouNK.] Later writers make her the god- dess of all wisdom and knowledge. As the patron divinity of the state, she maintained the authority of law and order in the courts and the assembly of the people. She was be- lieved to have instituted the ancient court of the Areopagus at Athens. She also protect- ed the state from outward enemies, and thus assumes the character of a warlike divinity. In the war of Zeus against the giants, she buried Bnceladus under the island of Sicily, and slew Pallas. In the Trojan war she sided with the Greeks. As a goddess of war she usually appears in ai'mor, with the aegis and a golden staff. In the centre of her oreast- plate or shield appears the head of Medusii, the Gorgon. She is represented as a virgin- divinity, whose heart is inaccessible to the passion of love. Tiresias was deprived of sight for having seen her in the bath ; and Hephaestus (Viilcan), who had made an at- tempt upon her chastity, was obliged to take to flight Athena was worshiped m all parts of Greece. She was especially the protecting deity of Athens and Attica. The tale ran that in the reign of Cecrops both Poseidon (Neptune) and Atheua contended for the pos- Atuena. (Villa Albani.) ATHENAE. 69 ATHENAE. Athena (Minerva). (BartoU, Admlraoda, pl.4I.) Bession of Athena. The gods resolved that whichever of them produced a gift most use- ful to mortals should have possession of the land. Poseidon struck the ground with his trident, and straightway a horse appeared. Athena then planted the olive. The gods thereupon decreed that the olive was more useful to man than the horse, and gave the city to the goddess, from whom it was called Athenae. At Athens the magnificent festival of the Panathenaea was celebrated in honor of the goddess. At this festival took place the grand procession which was represented on the frieze of the Parthenon. Respecting her worship in Italy, see Minerva. The owl, ser- pent, cock, and olive-tree were sacred to her. XTHENAE (-arum: AtTiem), the capital of Attica, about 4 miles from the sea, between the small rivers Cephissua on the W. and Ilis- SU3 on the B., the latter of which flowed through the town. The most ancient part of it, the Acropdlis, is said to have been built by the mythical Cecrops, but the city itself is said to have owed its origin to Theseus, who united the 12 independent states or townships of Attica into one state, and made Athens its capital. The city was burned by Xerxes in B.o. 480, but was soon rebuilt under the administration of Themlstocles, and was adorned with public buildings by Cimon, and especially by Pericles, in whose time . 122-128), adorned it with many new buildings, and his example was followed by Hcrodes Atticns, who spent with walls by Themistocles. II, The i har- bor towns of Piraeus, Munychia, and Phale- rum, also surrounded with walls by Themis- tocles, and connected with the city by means of the long walls, bnilt tinder the administra- ATHENAEUM. 71 ATLAS. tion of Periclefl. The loug walls consisted of the wall to Phal€rum on the E., 35 stadia long (about 4 miles), aud of the wall to Piraeus on, the W., 40 stadia long (about 4^ miles) ; be- tween these two, at a short distance from the latter and parallel to it, another wall was erected, thus making 2 walls' leading to the Piraeus, with a narrow passage between them. The entire circuit of the walls was 1741 stadia (nearly 32 miles), of which 43 stadia (nearly Bi miles) belonged to the city, 7S stadia (94^ miles) to the long walls, and56 J stadia (7 miles) to Piraeus, Miinychia, aud Phaldriim. — The Acropolis, also called Cecropia from its re- §utea founder, was a steep rock in the mid- le of the city, about 150 feet high, 1150 feet long, and 600 bx'oad. On the W. end of the Acropolis, where access is alone practicable, were the magnificent Propylaea, or "the En- trances," built by Pericles. The summit of the Acropolis was covered with temples, stat- ues of bronze aud marble, aud various other worlcs of art. Of the temples, the grandest was the Partkinon, sacred to the "virgin" goddess Athena; and N. of the Parthenon was the magnificent Erechtheum, containing 3 separate temples, one of Athena Polias, or the " Protectress of the State," the ErechthS- um proper, or sanctuary of Erechthens, and the Pandrosium, or sanctuary of Pandrosos, the daughter of Cecrops. Between the Par- thenon and Erechtheum was the colossal stat- ue of Athena Promachos, or the " Fighter in the Front," whose helmet and spear was the first object on the Acropolis visible from the sea. The lower city was built in the plain round the Acropolis, but this plain also con- tained several nills, especially in the S.W. part. iTHENAEUM (-i), in general a temple or place sacred to Athena (Minerva). The name was specially given to a school founded by the emperor Hadriau at Rome about a,d. 133, for the promotion of literary and scientific studiea iTHENAEUS (-i), a learned Greek gram- marian, of Naucratls in Egypt, lived about A.D.230,first at Alexandria, and afterwards at Rome. His extant work Is entitled the Deip- noBophiatae, i. e. the Banquet of the Learned, consisting of an immense mass of anecdotes, of extracts from the ancient writers, and of discussions on almost every conceivable sub- ject, especially on gastronomy. Athenaeus represents himself as describing to his friend Timocrates a full acconnl of the conversation at a banquet in Rome, at which Galen, the physician, andTJlpian, the jurist, were among the guests. ATHEN0D5RUS (-i). (1) Of Tarsns, a Stoic philosopher, surnamed Cobuylio, was keeper of the library at Pergamus, and afterwards re- moved to Rome, where he lived with M. Cato, at whose house he died. — (2) Of Tarsus, a Stole philosopher, suniamed Catjanites, from Cana, in Cilicia, the birthplace of his father. He taught at Apollonia in Epirns, where the young Octavius (subsequently the emperor Augustus) was one of his disciples. He accompanied the latter to Rome, and be- came one of his intimate friends. XTHfiSIS (-is: Adige or Etsck), rises in the Rhaetian Alps, receives theXTXGIS {Eisach), flows through Ujiper Italy past Verona, and falls into the Adriatic by many months. ATHSS {Dat. Atho ; Ace. Athon and Atho ; ^^2. Atho), the mountainous peninsula, also called Acts, which projects from Chalcidice in Macedonia. At its extremity it rises to the height of 634ft feet ; the voyage round it was 80 dreaded by mariners that Xerxes bad a canal cut through the isthmus which con- nects the peninsula with the mainland, to af- ford a passage to his fleet The isthmus is about 1| miles across ; aud there are distinct traces of the canal to be seen in the present dajr. The peninsula contained several flour- ishing cities in antiquity, and is now studded with numerous monasteries, cloisters, and chapels. In these monasteries some valua- ble MSS. of ancient authors have been discov- ered. XTSA, mother of Auqubtus. XTlLiUS REGtJLUS. [Regulxts.! iTiNA (-ae: Atina)f a town of the Volsci iu Latium, afterwards a Roman colony. ATINTANES (-um), an Epirot people lu Hlyria, on the borders of Macedonia. ATLANTlCUM MlRE. [Ooeanus.] ATLANTIS (-idis), according to an ancient tradition, a great island W. ofthe pillars of Hercules, in the ocean, opposite Mount Atlas ; It possessed a numerous population, and wa-s ' adorned with ever^ beauty ; its powerful Srinces invaded Africa and Europe, but were efeated by the Athenians and their allies; its inhabitants afterwards became wicked and impious, and the island was in consequence swallowed up in the ocean in a day aud a night. This legend is given by Plato in the Timaeua, aud is said to have been related to Solon by the Egyptian priests. The Canary Islands, or the Azores, which perhaps were visited by the Phoenicians, may have given rise to the legend ; but some modern writ- ers regard it as indicative of a vagne belief in antiquity in the existence of the W. hemi- sphere. ATLAS (-antis), son of lapetus and Clym5- nS, and brother of Prometheus and Epime- theus. He made war with the other Titans upon Zeus (Jupiter), and, being conquered, was condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands. The myth seems to have arisen from the idea that lofty mountains supported tbe heaven. Another tradition relates thai Persens came to Atlas and asked for shelter, which was refused, whereupon Perseus, by means of the head of Medusa, changed him into M. AtlaS, on which rested heaven with all its stars. Atlas was the father of the Pleiades by Pleione or by Hesperis ; of the Hyades and Hesperides by Aethra ; and of Oenomaus and Maia by SterSpS. Di6ne aud Calypso, Hvas aud Hesperus, are likewise called his children, — Atlantiddeit, a descend- ant of Atlas, especially Mercury, his grandson by Maia, and Hermaphroditus, son of Mer- cury.— ^Wan^ios and Atlantis, a female de- ATLAS MONS. 72 ATTALUS. scendant of Atlas, especially one of the Ple- iad? aud Hyads. Atlaa. (From the Farncae collection now at Naplea.) ATLAS MONS was the general name of the great mountain range which covers the surface of N. Africa between the Mediterra- nean and the Great Desert (Sahara) on the N. and S., and the Atlantic and the Lesser Syrtis on the W. and B. ATOSSA (-ae), daughter of Cyrus, and wife successively of her brother Cambyses, of Smerdis the Maglan, and of Darius Hystaspis, by whom she became the mother of Xerxes. ATEAE (-arum), or HATEA (-ae), a strong- ly fortified city on a high mountain in Meso- potamia, inhabited by people of the Arab race. ATEAX (-ilcis), a town in Pelasgiotis in Thessaly, inhabited by the Perrhaebi, so call- ed from the mythical Atrax, son of Peneus and Bura, and father of Caeneus aud Hippo- damaia. Hence Caeneus is called Atrdclcies, and Hippodamia Atrdcie. ATREBiTES (-nm), a people in Gallia Bel- gica, in the modern Artois, which is a corrup- tion of their name. Their capital was Ne- metocenna or Nemetacnm, subsequently Atre- bati, now Arras. Part of them crossed over to Britain, where they dwelt in the upper valley of the Thames, in Oxfordshire and Berks Jiire. ATREUS (-56s, Si, or ei), son of Pelopa and Hippodamia, grandson ofTan tains, andbroth- er of Thyestes and Nicippo. [PELors.] He was first married to Cleofa, by whom he be- came the father of Plisthenes ; then to Atiro- po, the widow of his son Plisthenes, who was the mother of Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Anaxibia, either by Plisthenes or by Atrens [AQA.MKMMOK] ; and lastly to Pelopia, the daughter of his brother Thyestes. The tragic fate of the house of Pelops afibrded materials to the tragic poets of Greece. In consequence of the murder of their half-brother Chrysip- pus, Atreus and Thyestes were obliged to take to flight ; they were hospitably received at Mycenae ; aud, after the death of Eurys- tbeus, Atreus became king of Mycenae. Thy- estes seduced AoropG, the wife of Atreus, and was in consequence banished by his brother ; from his place of exile he sent Plisthenes, the son of Atreus, whom he had brought up as his own child, in order to slay Atreus ; but Plisthenes fell by the hands of Atreus, who did not know that he was his own son. In order to take revenge, Atrens, pretending to be reconciled to Thyestes, recalled him to Mycenae, killed his two sons, and placed their flesh before their father at a banquet, who un- wittingly partook of the horrid meal. Thy- estes fled with horror, and the gods cursed Atreus and his house. The kingdom of Atreus was now visited by famine, and the oracle ad- vised Atreus to call back Thyestes. Atreus, who went out in search of him, came to king Thesprotus, where he married his third wife, Pelopia, the daughter of Thyestes, whom Atreus believed to be a daughter of Thespro- tus, Pelopia was at the time with child by her own father. This child, Aegisthns, after- wards slew Atreus, because the latter had commanded him to slay his own father, Thy- estes. [Aeoistuds.] ATRIA. [Adma.] ATRIDES or ATEIDA (-ae), a descendant of Atrens, especially Agamemnon and Mene- laus. ATROpiTBNE (-es), or Media Atropatia, the N.W.part of Media, adjacent to Armenia, named after Atropines, a native of the conn- try, who, having been" made its governor by Alexander, founded there a kingdom, which long remained independent. ATEOPOS. [MoiBAH.] ATTA (-ae), T. QUINTIUS (-i), a Roman comic poet, died ij.o. T8. His surname Atta was given him from a defect in his feet. His plays were acted even in the time of Augus- tus. ATTXLIA (-ae). (1) A city of Lydia, for- merly called Agrolra. — (2) A city on the coast of Pamphylia, founded by Attalus II. Phila- delphus, and subdued by the Romans under P. Servilins Isanricus. ATTSLUS (-i), king of Pergamns. (1) Son of Attains, a brother olPhiletaerns, succeeded his cousin Eumeues I., and reigned ]i.o. 241- 19T. He took part with the Romans against Philip aud the Achaeans. He was a wise and just prince, and was distinguished by his pat- ronage of literature. — (2) Snrnamed Phila.- DEi.PHus, 2d son of Attalus, succeeded hia brother Eumenes II., and reigned 159-138. Like his father, he was an ally of the Romans, and he also encouraged the arts and sciences. — (3) Snrnamed Philometoh, son of Eumenes II. and Stratonice, succeeded his uncle At- tains II., and reigned 138-133. In his will, he made the Romans his heirs ; but his king- ATTHIS. 73 ATUBUS. Cola of Attalua I. dom was claimed by AriatonicuB. [Aiu&toni- ODS.] ATTHIS or ATTIS. [Attioa-J ATTiCA (-ae), a division of Greece, has the form of a triangle, two sides of which are washed by the Aegacau sea, while the third is separated from Boeotia on the N. by the mountains Cithaeron and Parnes. Megaris, which bounds it on the N. W., was formerly a part of Attica. In ancient times it was called Acte and Actice^ or the "coastland" CAote], from which the later form Attica is said to have been derived. According to tradition it derived its name from. Atthis, the daughter of the mythical king Crauaus; and it is not impossible that Att-ica may contain the root Att or Ath which we find in Atthis &Txd. Athe- na. Attica is divided by many ancient writ- ers into 3 districts- 1. Tlie Highlands, theN.E. of the country. 2. The Plain^ the N.W. of the country, including both the plain round Athens and the plain round Eleusis, and ex- tending's, to the promontory Zoster, 3. The Sea-coast District, the S. part of the country, terminating i» the promontory Sunium. Be- sides these 3 divisions we also read of a 4th, The Midland District, still called Mesogia, an undulating plain in the middle of the conn- try. The soil of Attica is not very fertile: the greater part of it is not adapted for grow- ing corn; but it produces olives, tigs, and grapes, especially the 2 former, in great per- fection. The country is dry; the chief river is the Cephissus, rising in Parnes and flow- ing through the Athenian plain. The abun- dance of wild flowers in the country made the honey of M. Hymettus very celebrated in an- tlquity. Excellent marble was obtained from the quarries of Pentelicus, N.E. of Athens, and a considerable supply of silver from the mines of Laurium near Sunium. The area of Attica, including the island of Salamis, which belonged to it, contained between 700 and SOO square miles ; and its population in its flour- ishing period was probably about 50,0,000, of which nearly four-fifths were slaves. Attica is said to have been originally inhabited by Pe- lasgians. Its most ancient political division was into 12 independent states, attributed to Ceorops, who according to some legends came from Egypt. Subsequently Ion, the grandson of Hellen, divided the people into 4 tribes, GeleonteSf Hopletes, Argadcs, and Aegicorea; and Theseus, who united the 12 independent states of Attica into one political body, and made Athens the capital, again divided the nation into 3 classes^ the Eupatri- dae, Geomori, and Demi- urgi. Cllsthenes (n.o. 510) abolished the old tribes and created 10 new ones, according to a geograph- ical division: these tribes were subdivided into 174 demi or townships. ATTICUS HERSDES, TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS, a celebrated Greek rheto- rician, born about A.n. 104, at Marathon in Attica. He taught rhetoric both at Athens and at Rome. The future emiievorsM.Aurelius andL.Verus were among his pupils, and Antoninus Pius raised him to the consulship in 143. He pos- sessed immense wealth, a great part of which he spent in embellishing Athens. He died at the age of 76, in 130. ATTiCUS, POMPSNIUS (-i), a Roman eques, born at Rome, n.o, 109. His proper name after his adoption by Q. Caecilius, the brother of his mother, was Q. Caecilius Pom- ponianus Atticus. His surname, Atticus, was fiven him on accomit of his long residence in .thens, and his Intimate acquaintance with the Greek language and literature. He kept aloof from all political affairs, and thus lived on intimate terms with the most distinguish- ed men of all parties His chief friend was Cicero, whose correspondence with him, be- f inning in 68 and continued down to Cicero's eath, la one of the most valuable remains of antiquity. He purchased an estate at Bu- throtum in Bpirus, in which place, as well as at Athens and Rome, he spent the greater part of his time, engaged in literary pursuits and commercial undertakings. He died in B.o.'32, at the nge of 77, of voluntary starva- tion, when he found that he was attacked by an incurable illness. His wife Pilia bore him only one child, a daughter, Pomponia or Cae- cilia, who was married to M. Vipsanius Agrip- pa. The sister of Atticus, Pomponia, was married to Q. Cicero, the brother of the ora- tor. In philosophy Atticus belonged to the Epicurean sect. ATTILA (-ae), a king of the Huns, reigned A.n. 434-453. Such terror did he inspire in the ancieut world that he was called " the Scourge of God." His career divides itself into two parts. The first (a.t>. 445-450) c. 476. AUGUSTUS (i-), the first Eoman emperor, was born on the 23d of September, b.o. 63, and was the son of C. Octavius by Atia, a daughter of Julia, the sister of C.Julius Caesar. His original name was C. Octavius^ and, after his adoption by his great-uncle, C. Juhus Caesar Octavianits. Augustus was only a title given him by the senate and the people in b.o. 27, to express their veneration ibr him. He was pursuing his studies at Apollonia, when the news reached him of his uncle's murder at Rome, in March", 44. He forthwith set out for Italy, and upon landing was received with enthusiasm by the troops. He first joined the republican party in order to crush Antony, against whom he fought at Mutiua in con- Junction with the 2 consuls, C. Vibius Pansa and A. Hirtius. Antony was defeated, and obliged to fiy across the Alps ; and the death of the 2 consuls gave Augustus the command of all their troops. He now returned to Rome, and compelled the senate to elect him consul, and shortly afterwards he became I'econciled to Antony. It was agreed that the Roman world should be divided between Augustus, Antony, aud Lepidue, under the title of tri- UTniiinrei publicaeconstiizumdaR, and that this arrangement should last for the next 5 years. They published a proseriptio or list of all their enemies^ whose lives were to be sacrificed and their property confiscated: upwards of 2000 equites and 300 senators were put to death, among whom was Cicero. Soon after- wards Augustus aud Antony crossed over to Greece, and defeated Brutus and Cassius at the decisive battle of Philippi in 42, by which the hopes of the republican party were ruin- ed. Augustus returned to Italy, where a new war awaited him (41), excited by Fulvia, the wife of Antony. She was supported by L. An- tonius, the consul and brother of the triumvii", who threw himself into the fortified town or Perusia, which Augustus succeeded in taking in 40. Antony now made preparations for war, bnt the death of Fulvia led to a reconcil- iation between the triumvirs, who concluded a peace at Brundusium. A new division of the provinces was again made : Augustus obtain- ed all the parts of the empire W. of the town of Scodra in Illyricum, Antony the E. prov- inces, and Lepidus Africa. Antony married Octavia, the sister of Augustus, in order to cement their alliance. lu 36 Augustus con- quered Sex. Pompey, who had held possession of Sicily for many years with a powerful fleet. Lepidus, who had landed in Sicily to support Augustus, was also subdued by Au^stns, stripped of his power, and sent to Korae, where he resided fOK the remainder of his life, being allowed to retain the dignity of ponti- fex maximus. Meantime, Antony had repu- diated Octavia, on account of his love for Cleopatra, and had alienated the minds of the Roman people by his arbitrary conduct. Augustus. The senate declared war against Cleopatra ; and in September, u.o. 31, the fleet of Augustus gained a orilliant victory over Antony's near Actinm in Acarnania. In the following year (30) Augustus sailed to Egypt. Antony aud Cleopatra, who had escaped in safety from Actium, put an end to their lives. Augustus thus became the undisputed master of the Roman world, but he declined all honors and distinctions which were calculated to remind the Romans of kingly power. On the death of Lepidus lu 12 he became pontifex maxi- mus. On state matters, which he did not choose to be discussed in public, he consulted his personal friends, Maecenas, M. Agrippa, AULERCI. 75 AURELIUS ANTONINUS, M. M. Valerius Measalla CorvinnB, and Asinius Pollio. The wars of Angustns were chiefly undertaken to protect the frontiers of the Ro- man dominions. Most of them were carried on by his relations and friends, Uut he con- ducted a few of them in person. Thus, in 27, he attacked the warlike Cantabii and Astures in Spain. In 20 he went to Syria, where he received ftom Phraates, the Parthian mon- arch, the standards and prisoners which had been taken from Crassus and Antony. He died at Nola, on the 29th of Angust, a,i>. 14, at the a»e of 76. His last wife was Livia, who had"been previously the wife of Tiberius Nero, He had no children by Livia, and only a daughter Julia by his former wife Scribonia. Julia was married to Agrippa, and her 2 sons, Cains and Lucius Caesar, were destined by Augustus as his successors. On the death of these two youths, Angustns was persuaded to adopt Tiberius, the son of Livia by her former husband, and to make him hia colleague and successor. [Tiberius.] AULERCI (-orum), a powerful Gallic people dwelling between the Seqnana {Seine) and the Liger (jjoire)^ and divided into 3 tribes. — (1) A. EbubotToeb, near the coast on the left hank of the Seine in the modern Normandy ; their capital was Mediolannm, afterwards called Eburovices iEvreiai).—{2) A. Cbnomani, S.W. of the preceding, near the Liger; their capital was Subdinnum {le Maiw). At an early pe- riod some of the Cenomani crossed the Alps and settled in Upper Italy.— (3) A. Branno- tToes, E. of the Cenomani, near the Aedui, whose clients they were. AULIS (-is or idis), a harbor in Boeotia on the Eurii}us, where the Greek fleet assembled before siiiliug against Troy. AULON (-onis). (1).A district and town on the borders of Elis and Messenia, with a tem- ple of Aesculapius. — (2) A town in Chalcidico m Macedonia, on the Strymonic gulf.~-(3) A fertile valley near Tarentum, celebrated for its wine. AURELilNL [Gbnabttm.] AURElIXNUS (-i), Roman emperor, a-i>. 270-275, born at Sirraium in Pnnnonia, and successor of Claudius II. He defeated the Goths and Vandals, who had crossed the Dan- ube, and the Germans, who had invaded Italy. He next turned his arms against Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, whom he defeated, toolc prisoner, and carried with him to Rome. [Ze- NoniA.] He then recovered Gaul, Britain, and Spain, which were in the hands of the usurper Tetricus. On his return to Rome, he sur- rounded the city with a new line of walls. [ He abandoned Dacia, which bad been flrst conquered by Trajan, and made the S. bank of the Danube, as in the time of Augustus, the boundary of the empire. He was killed by some of his oftlcers while preparing to ' march against the Persians. AURlLiyS ANTONINUS, M.,nsnnUy call- ; ed M. AUltELiUS (-i), Roman emperor, a.d. ' 161-180, commonly called "the philosopher," : was born at Rome A.n.l21. He was adopted ■ by Antoninus Pius, when the latter was adopt- \ ed by Hadrian, and married Fnustina, the ; danghter of Pius (138). On the death of An- ^ B oivo MAKco Avn I fl OICS I. COMIMOvn The Antonine Column. AURELIUS VICTOR. 76 AXIA. tonmos in 161, he Bocceeded to the throne, bnt he admitted to an equal share of the sov- ereign power L. Aurelias Verus, who had been adopted by Pius at the same time as Marcus himself. Soon after their accession Veins was dispatched to the !East, and for 4 years (a.i>. 162-105) carried on war with great success against Vologeses III., king of Parthia, over whom his lieutenants, especially Avidius Cas- sius, gained many victories. He subsequent- ly prosecuted a war for many years with the Marcomanni, Quadi, and the other barbarians dwelling along the northern limits of the em- pire, from fhe sources of the Danube to the Illyrian border. Venis died in 169. In 174 Anrelius gained a decisive victory o^^er the Quadi, mainly through a violent storm, which threw the barbarians into confusion. This storm is said to have been owing to the pray- ers of a legion chiefly composed of Christians. It has given rise to a famous controversy among ^the historians of Christianity upon what IS commonly termed the Miracle of the Thundering Legion. In 176 Anrelius set out for the Bast, where Avidius Cassius, urged on by Faustina, the unworthy wife of Aurelius, had risen in rebellion and proclaimed him- self emperor. But before Aurelius reached the East, Cassius had been slain by his own officers. During this expedition Faustina died, according to some, by her own hands. Aurelius died m 180, in Pannonin, while pros- ecuting the war against the Marcomanni. — The leading feature in the character of M. Aurelius was his devotion to the Stoic philos- ophy. We still possess a work by him writ- ten in the Greek language, and entitled Medi- tations. No remains of antiquity present a nobler view of philosophical heathenism. The chief and perhaps the only stain upon the memory of Aurelius is his persecution of the Christians. — Anrelius was succeeded by his son Gommodus. AUEBLiUS VICTOR. [Viotob.] AURORA. [Eos.] AIIRUNCI. [Italia.] AUSCI or AUSCII (-ornm), a powerful peo- ple in Aquitania, whose capital was Climber- rum or Elimberrum, also Augusta and Ausci {Auch),_ AUSETS.NI (-Srum), a Spanish people in the modern Catalonia ; their capital was Ansa {Viqtte). AUSONES, AUSONjEA. [Itat,ia.] AUSONIUS, DECIMUS MAGNUS (-i), a Roman poet, born at BurdigSla (Bordeaux), about A.D. 310, taught grammar and rhetoric with such reputation at his native town that he was appointed tutor of Gratian, son of the emperor Valentinian, and was afterwards raised to the highest honors of the state. Many of his poems are extant. AUSTER (-tri), called NoTDS by the Greeks, the S. wind, or strictly_ the S.W. wind. It fre- quently brought with it fogs and rain ; but at certain seasons of the year it was a dry, sul- try wind, injurious both to man and to vege- tation, the Sirocco of the modern Italians. AUTARI5.TAB (-Rrnm), an Illyrian people in the Dalmatian mountains. AUTOCHTHONES. [AnOKioiup.s.l AUTOLOLES (-um) or -AE (-arum), a Gae- tnliau tribe on the W. coast of Africa, S. of the Atlas mountains. AUTOLUCUS (-i), son of Hermes (Mercury) and Chiono, and father of Anticlua, who was the mother of Ulysses. He lived on mount Parnassus, and was renowned for his conning and robberies. AUTOMEDON (-outis), son of Diores, the charioteer and companion of Achilles, and, after the death of the latter, the companion of his son Pyrrhus. Hence Automedon is used as the name of any skillful charioteer. AUTOnOB (-es), daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, wife of Aristaeus, and mother of Actaeon, who is therefore called Autonoeius heroa. With her sister AguvC, she tore Peu- theus to pieces. [PENTnuns.] AUTEIGONES (-um), apeople in Hispania Tarraconensifl between the ocean and the Iberus. AUXIMUM (-1 : Osimo), an important town of Picenum in Italy, and a Roman colony. AUXtJME (-es) or AX- (Axum), the capi- tal of a powerful kingdom in Ethiopia, to the S.B. of Meroe, which became known to the Greeks and Romans in the early part of the 2d ceutury of our era. AV5.RICUM. [BiTDKioES.] AVELLA. [AnKLLA.] AVENiO (-onis : Amnnon), a town of the Cavnres in Gallia Narbonensis, on the left bank of the Rhone. AVBNTICUM (-i: Aveneli£«), the chief town of the Helvetii, and subsequently a Roman colony, of which ruins are still to be seen. XVENTINUS MONS. [Roma.] iVERNUS LACUS (-i), a lake close to the promontory between Cumae and Puteoli, fill- ing the crater of an extinct volcano. It is surrounded by high banks, which in antiquity were covered by a gloomy forest sacred to Hecitc. From its waters mephitic vapors arose, which are said to have killed the birds that attempted to fly over it, from which cir- cumstance its Greek name was supposed to be derived. (AorrwSf from a priv. and Spvi?, a bird.) The lake was celebrated in mythol- ogy on account of its connection with the lower world. Near it was the cave of the Cumaean Sibyl, through which Aeneas de- scended to the lower world. Agrippa, in the time of Augustus, connected this lake with the Lucriue lake ; he also caused a tunnel to be made from the lake to Cumae, of which a considerable part remains, and is known un- der the name of Orotto di Sibylla, The Lu- crine lake was filled up by an eruption in 1530, so that Avernus is again a separate lake. AViSNUS, FLAVIUS (-i), the author of 42 fables in Latin elegiac verse, probably lived in the 3d or 4th century of the Christian era. AViE^^US, RUFUS PESTUS v-O, a Latin poet towards the end of the 4th century of the Christian era. His poems are chiefly de- scriptive. AXENUS. [Euxinos Pontds.] AXIA (-ae), a fortress in the territory of Tarqninii in Etruiia. AXIUS. AXlUS (-i), the chief river in Macedonia, rising in Mt. Scardns^nd flowing S.E. through Macedonia into the'Thermaic gulf. 77 BACTRIA. AZSTUS (-i: Aalidod or AsMoud), a city of Palestine, near the sea-coast. B. BABRlUS (-i), a Greek poet, probably in the time of Augastus^ turned the fables of Aesop into verse. BiBtLON (onis). (1) (Babel in 0,T. : Ru. at and aroand Hillah), cue of the oldest cities of the ancient world, built on both banks of the river Euphrates. In Scripture its found- ation is ascribed to Nimrod. Secular history ascribes its origin to Belus (i. e. the god Baal), and its enlargement and decoration to Ninns or his wife Semiramis, the Assyrian monarchs of Nineveh. Babylon was for a long time subject to the Assyrian empire. Its great- ness as an independent empire begins with Nabopolasaar, the father of Nebuchadnezzar, who, with the aid of the Median king Cyaxa- res, overthrew the Assyrian monarchy, and destroyed Nineveh (b.o. 606). Under his son and successor, Nebuchadnezzar (u.o. 604-562), the Babylonian empire reached its height, and extended from the Euphrates to Egypt, and from the mountains of Armenia to the deserts of Arabia. After his death it again declined, until it was overthrown by the capt- ure of Babylon by the Medes and Persians under Cyrus (b.o. 538), who made the city one of the capitals of the Persian empire, the others being Susa and Ecbatana. Under his successors the city rapidly sank. Darius I. dismantled its fortidcations, in consequence of a revolt of its inhabitants. After the death of Alexander, Babylon became a part of the Syrian kingdom of SeleucnsNicator, who con- tributed to its decline by the foundation of SiiLEuoiA on the Tigris, which soon eclipsed it. At the present day all its visible remains consist of mounds of earth, ruined masses of brick walls, and a few scattered fragments. The city of Babylon formed a square, each side of which was 120 stadia (12 geog. miles) in length. The walls, of burnt orick, were 200 cubits high and 50 thick; and thev were surrounded by a deep ditch. The Eupnrates, which divided the city into 2 equal parts, was embanked with walls of btick, the openings of which at the ends of the transverse streets were closed by gates of bronze. Of the two public buildings of the greatest celebrity, the one was the temple of Belus, rising to a great height, and consisting of 8 stories, gradually diminishing in width, and ascended by a flight of steps, which wonnd round the whole build- ingonthe outside. The other was the "hang- ing gardens" of Nebuchadnezzar, laid out npou terraces which were raised above one another on arches. The streets of the city were straight, intersecting one another at right angles. The buildings were almost uni- versally constructed of bricks, some burnt and some only sun-dried, cemented together with hot bitumen, and in some cases with mortar. The ruling class at Babylon, to which the kings, ana priests, and men of learning be- longed, were the Chaldaeans, who probably descended at an ancient period from the mountains on the borders of Armenia, and conqiiered the Babylonians. The religion of the Chaldaeans was Sabaeism, or the worship of the heavenly bodies. The priests formed a caste, and cultivated science, especially as- tronomy. They were the authors of the sys- tems of weights and measures used by the Greeks and Romans. The district aroand the city, bounded by the Tigris on the E., Meso- potamia on the N., the Arabian Desert on the W., and extending to the head of the Persian Gulf on the S., was known in later times by the name of Babylonia, sometimes also call- ed Chaldaea. CCuat.i>aka.] This district was a plain, subject to continual inundations from the Tigris and Euphrates, which were regulated by canals. The country was fertile, but deficient in trees. — (2) A fortress in Lower Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, exactly opposite to the pyramids. Its origin was as- cribed by tradition to a body of Babylouiau deserters. BXBYLSNIA. [Babylon.] BACCHAE (-arnm), also called Maenadea and Thyiades, <1) The female companions of Dionysus or Bacchus in his wanderings through the East, are represented as crowned with vine -leaves, clothed with fawn -skins, and carryine in their hands the thyrau8.~(2) Priestess of Dionysus, who by wine and other exciting causes worked themselves up to frenzy at the Diouysiac festivals. For de- tails, see DioNYBcs. BACCHUS. [DiOMYBus.] BACCHTLIDBS, one of the great lyric po- ets of Greece, born at lulls in Ceos, and neph- ew of Simonidee, flourished aboutB.c.4T0, and lived a long time at the court of Hieron in Syracuse, together with Simonides and Pin- dar. BACSNIS SILVAj a forest which separated the Suevl from the Cherusci, probably the W. part of the Thuringian forest> BACTRA or ZARIASPA (-ae: £alkh), the capital of Baotqia, stood at the N. foot of the M. Paropamisus (the Hindoo Koosh) on the river Bactrus, about 26 miles S. of its junction with the Oxus. BACTRIA or -I5.NA (-ae : Bokhara), a prov- ince of the Persian empire, bouuded on tne S. by M. Paropamisus, which separated it from Ariana, on the E. by the N. branch of the same range, which divided it from the Sacae, on the nTE. by the Oxus, which separated it from Sogdiana, and on the W. by Margiana. It was included in the conquests of Alexan- der, and formed a part of the kingdom of the Seleucidae until b.o. 255, when Theodotns, its governor, revolted from Antiochus II., and . founded the Greek kingdom of Bactria, which lasted till ji.o. 134 or 125, when it was over- thrown by the Parthians. BAECULA. 78 BATTIADAE. BAECITLA (-ae), a town in HispaniaTarra- coneiiBis, W. of Caslulo, in the neighborhood of silver mines. BAETBRRAE (-amm : Beziers)^ a town in Gallia Narbouensis on the Obris, not far from Navbo. BAETiCA. [HibpakiaO BAETIS (-is: Guadalquiver), a river in S. Spain, formerly called Tabtebbub, rising in the territory of the Oretani, flowing S.W. through Baetica, to which it gave its name, and falling into the Atlantic Ocean by 2 mouths. BXgOAS (-ae) or BXgOUS (-i), an eunuch, highly trusted and favored by Artaxerxes HI. (Ochus), whom he poisoned^j.o.33S. He was put to death by Darius III. Codomannns, whom he had attempted likewise to poison, 336. The name Bagoaa frequently occurs in Persian history, and is sometimes used by Latin writers as synonymous with eunuch. BAGRlDA (-ae), a river of N. Africa, fall- ing into the Gulf of Carthage near Utica. BAIAE (-arum), a town in Campania, on a small bay W. of Naples, and opposite Puteoli, was situated in a beautiful country, which abounded in warai mineral springs. The baths of Baiae were the most celebrated in Italy, and the town itself was the favorite watering-place of the Romans. The whole country was studded with the palaces of the Koman nobles and emperors, which covered the coast from Baiae to Puteoli. The site of ancient Baiae is now for the most part cover- ed by the sea. BALBUS, L. CORNELITTS, of Gades, served under Pompey against Sertorius in Spain, and received from Pompey the Roman citizenship. He returned with Pompey to Rome, where he lived on intimate terms with Caesar as well as Pompey. In ji.o. 50 he was accused of having illegally assumed the Roman citizen- ship; he was defended by Cicero, whose speech has come down to us, and was acquit- ted. In the civil war, Bnlbns had the man- agement of Caesar's affairs at Rome. After tlie death of Caesar he gained the favor of Octavian, who raised him to the consulship in 40. BXLEIRES (-ium), also called GYMNE- SIAE, by the Greeks, 2 islands in the Medi- terranean, off the coast of Spain, distinguish- ed by the epithets Major and Minor, w-hence their modern names Majorca and Minorca. Their inhabitants, also called Balearea, were celebrated as slingers. They were subdued n.o. 123, by Q. Metellus, who assumed accord- ingly the surname Balearicus. BANDtS'SiAE FONS (Samhuco), a fountain in Apulia, 6 miles from Venusia. BANTIA (-ae : Banzi or Vanzi), a town in Apulia, near Venusia, in a woody district. BARBiRI, the name given by the Greeks to all foreigners, whose language was not Greek, and who were therefore regarded by the Greeks as an inferior race. The Romans applied the name to all people who spoke neither Greek nor Latin. BARCA. [HAMitoAR.] BARCA (-ae) or-E (-es : Me^-jeh), the second city of Cyrenaica, in N. Africa, 100 stadia from the sea, appears to have been at first a settle- ment of a Libyan tribe, the Barraci, but about B.C. 560 was colonized by the Greek seceders from Cyreue, and became so powerful as to make the W. part of Cyrenaica virtually inde- pendent of the mother city. In b.o. 610 it was taken by the Persians, who removed most of its inhabitants to Bactria, and under the Ptol- emies its ruin was completed by the erection of its port into a new city, which was named Ptolemaib. BARCiNO {Barceltma), a town of the Laeu- tani in Hispania Tarraconenais, with an ex- cellent harbor. BARGtTSil (-ornni), a people in the N.B. of Spain, between the Pyrenees and the Iberus. B5.RIUM (Bari), a town in Apulia, on the Adriatic, a municipium, and celebrated for its fisheries. BARSINB (-es). (1) Daughter of Artaba^ zus, and wife of Memnon the Rhodian, sub- sequently married Alexander the Great, to whom she bore a son, Hercules, She and ner son were put to death by Polysperchon in 309. —(2) Also called STATIRA, elder daughter of Darius III., whom Alexander marned at Susa, B.o. 324. Shortly after Alexander's death she was murdered by Roxana. BASSXREUS (-^6s or fii), a surname of Dio- nysus, probably derived from bossaris, a fox- skin, worn by the god himself and the Mae- nads in Thrace. Hence Bassaris (-idie), was the name of a female Bacchante. BASTARNAE or BASTERNAE (-arum), a warlike German people, partly settled be- tween the Tyras (Dniester) and Borysthenes {Dnieper)^ and partly at the mouth of the Dan- ube, under the name of Peueini. from their iuhabiting the island of Pence, ac the mouth of this river. BiTZVI or BXtXVI (-orum), a Celtic peo- ple, inhabiting the island formed by the Rhine, the Waal, and the Maas, called after them In- 8vla Batavorum. They were for a long time allies of the Romans, but they revolted under Claudius Civilis in a.d. 69, and were with great difficulty subdued. Their chief town was Lugdunum (Leyden), between the Maas and the Waal. The Caninefates or Cannine^ fat€8 were a branch of the Batavi, and dwelt in the W. of the island. BiTHYLLUS (-i). (1) Of Samos, a beautiful youth beloved by Anacreou.— (2) Of Alexan- dria, the freedman and favorite of Maecenas, brought to perfection, together with Pylades of Cilicia, the imitative dance or ballet called Pantomimus. Bathyllus excelled in comic, and Pylades in tragic personifications. BATNAE (-arum). (1) {Sarvj), a city of Oarogne in Mesopotamia, founded by the Mac- edonians.— (2) (Dahab)t a city of Cyrrhestice, in Syria. BXTO (-onis), the name of 2 leaders of the Pannonians and Dalmatians in their insurrec- tion in the reign of Augustus, a.d,6- BiTTiXDAE (-arum), kings of Cyrene dui> ing 8 generations. (1) Battus L, of Thera, led a colony to Africa at the command of the Delphic oracle, and founded Cyrene about b.o. BATTUS. 79 BELLEROPHON. 631.— (2) Aeorbilaub I., son of No. 1, reigned B.C. 599-5S3.— (3) Battos II., surnamed "the Happy," Bon of No. 2, reigned 5S3-560? — (4) Akoesilaub II.^ son of No. 3, surnamed " the Oppve8sive/'reignedabout560-550. Hisbroth- era withdrew fi-om Cyrene, and foundedBarca. —(5) BATrnsIII, or " the Lame," eon of No. 4,- reigued about 550-530 ; gave a new coustitn- tion to the city, whereby the royal power was reduced within very narrow limits.— (6) Au- OKSiLAUfl III., son of No. 5, reigned about 530-614. — (7) Battub IV., of whose life we have no accounts. — (8) Aeoesilaus IV., at whose death, about 450, a popular govern- ment was established. BATTUS (-i), a shepherd -whom Hermes turned into a stone, because he broke a prom- ise which he made to the god, BAUCIS. [Philemon.] BAULI <-6ruin), a collection of villas rather than a town between Misenum and Baiae in Campania. ■■ BiVlUS (-i) and MAEVlUS (-i), 2 malevo- lent poetaaters who attacked the poetry of Virgil and Horace. BEBRYCES and BEBRTCES (-um). (1) A mythical people in Bithynia, said to be of Thracian origin, whose king, Amycus, slew Polliii. — (2) An ancient Iberian people on the coast of the Mediterranean, N. and S. of the Pyrenees. BEDRliCUM (-i), a small place in Cisal- pine Gaul, between Cremona and Verona, cel- ebrated for the defeat both of Otho and of the Vitellian troops, a.i>. 69. BSLfiSIS or BELESYS, a Cbaldaean priest at Biibylon, ■who is said, in conjunction with Arbaces, the Mede, to have overthrown the old As- syrian empire. Belesis after- wards received the satrapy of Babylon from. Arbaces. BELGAE (-arum), a people of German origin, inhabitniff the N.E. of Gaul, were bound- ed on the N. by the Rhine, on the W. by the ocean, on the S. by the Sequana {Seine) and Matrona (JWaj*me), and on the E. by the territory of the Tre- viri. They were the bravest of the inhabitants of Gaul, and were subdued by Caesar after a courageous resistance. BEL6ICA. [Gallia.] BELGIUM M), the name generally applied to the terri- tory of the Bbllovaoi, and of the tribes dependent upon the latter, namely, me Atrebates, Ambiani, Velliocasses, Auler- ci, and Caleti. Belgium did not include the whole country inhabited by the Beigae, for we find the Nervii, Remi, etc., expressly excluded from it. BELIDES. [Belxis.] BELISARiUS, the greatest general of Justinian, overthrew the Vandal kingdom in Africa, and the Gothic kingdom iu Italy. In a.d. 563 he was accused of a conspiracy against the life of Justinian ; according to a popular tradition he was de- prived ot his property, his eyes were put our, and he wandered as a beggar through Con- stantinople; but according to the more a\\- thentic account he was merely imprisoned for a year in his own palace, and then restored to his honors. He died in 565. BELLEROPHON (-ontis) or BELLERO- PHONTES (-ae), son of the Corinthian king Glaucus and Eurymede, and grandson of Sis- yphus, was originally called Hipponoiis, and received the name Bellerophon from slaying the Corinthian Belerus. To be purified from the murder he fled to Proetus, king of Argoa, whose wife Autea fell in love with the young hero ; but as her offers were rejected by him, she accused him to her husband of having made improper proposals to her. Proetus, unwilling to kill him with his own hands, sent him to his father-in-law, lobates, king of Lycia, with a letter, iu which the latter was requested to put the young mau to death, lobates accordingly sent him to kill the mon- ster Chimaera, thinking that he was sure to perish in the contest. CCniMAERA.] After obtaining possession of the winged horse Pegasus, Bellerophon rose with him into the air, and slew the Chimarea with his arrows. [Pegasus.] lobates, thus disappointed, sent Bellerophon against the Solymi, and next against the Amazons. In these contests he was also victorious ; and on his return to BellerophoQ, PegaBus, And Chimaera. (Tiachbein, Hamilton Vases, vol. l,pl. 1.) BELLONA. 80 BEBENICE. Belleropbon and the winged hone Fegaeus. (From a Baas-rellef.) Lyca, beiug attacked by the bravest Lycians, whom lobates had placed in ambnah for the purpose, Bellerophou slew them all. lobntes, now seeing that it was hopeless to kill the BBLUS. (1) Son of Poseidon (Neptune) and Libya or Euryuome, twin-brother of Agenor, and father of Aegyptus and Dauaus. He was believed to be the founder of Babylon. The Satronymic BelidGs is given to Aegyptus and annus, to Lynceus, son of Aegyptus, and to Palamedes. The Danaides, daughters of Dan- aus, were also called Belides. — (2) {Sahr Naman), a river of Phoenicia, falling into the sea dose to the S. of Ftolemaia {Aa-e) celebrated for the tradition that its fine saud first led the Phoenicians to the invention of BENlCUS (-1) LACUS (Logo di Garda), a lake in the N. of Italy, out of which the Min- cius flows. BENSVBNTUM (-i : Senevento), a town in Samnium on the Appia Via, formerly called MaleveniuTn^ on account, it is said, of its bad air. It was one of the most ancient towns in Italy, having been founded, according to tra- dition, by Diomedes. In the Sumuite wars it was subdued by the Komans, who sent a col- ony thither in u.o.2G8, and changed its name Maleventum into Beneveutum. The modern Beneventum in Samnium. hero, gave him his daughter (Philonoe, Anti- clea, or Cassandra) in marriage, and made him his successor on the throne. At last Bel- lerophou drew upon himself the hatred of the gods, and, consumed by grief, wandered lonely through the Alei'an field, avoiding the paths of men. This is all that Homer says respecting Bellerophon's later fate ; some tra- ditions related that he attempted to fly to heaven upon Pegasus, but that Zens sent a gad-fly to sting the horse, which threw off the rider upon the earth, who became lame or blind in consequence. BELLONA (-a), the Koman goddess of war, represented as the sister or wife of Mars- Her priests, called Bellonarii, wounded their own arms or legs when they offered sacrifices to her. BELLOViCI (-ornm), the most powerful of the Belgae, dwelt in the modern BeautaU, between the Seine, Oise, Somme, and Bresle. town has several Koman remains, among others a triumphal arch of Trajan. BSEECYNTIA (-ae),a surname of Cybele, which she derived from Mt. Berecyntns in Phrygia, where she was worshiped, BEEENICE (-es), a Macedonic form otPher- enice,i,e. "Bringing Victory." — (1) Wife of Ptolemy I. Soter, and the mother of Ptolemy II. Philadelphns. — (2) Daughter of Ptolemy II. Philadelphns, and wife ofAntiochus Theos, king of Syria, who divorced Laodice in order to marry her, n.o. 249, On the death of Ptole- my, 247, Antiochus recalled Laodice, who, not- withstanding, caused him to be poisoned, and murdered Berenice and her son.^(3) Daugh- ter of Magas, king of Cyrene, and wife of Ptolemy III. Euergetes. She was put to death by her son, Ptolemy IV. Philopator on his ac- cession to the throne, 221 The famous hair of Berenice, which she dedicated for her hus- band's safe return from his Syrian Rxpeditiou, BERENICE. 81 BIGERRA. was said to have become a constellatiou. — (4) Otherwise called Cleopatra, daughter of Ptol- emy Vni. Lathyrns, succeeded nei- father on the throue, b.o. 81, and married Ptolemy X. (Alexaudei" II.), but was murdered by her hue- band 19 days after her marriage (6) Daugh- ter of Ptolemy XI. Auletes, and eldest sister of the famous Cleopatra, was placed ou the throne by the Alexandrines when they drove out her father, 58. She next married Arche- lauB, but was put to death with her husband ■when Gabinius restored Auletes, 55. — (6) Sis- ter of Herod the Great, married Aristobulus, who was put to death n.o. 6, She was the mother of Agrippal. — (7) Daughter of Agrippa I., married her uncle Herod, king of Chjalcie, by whom she had two eons. After the death of Herod, a.j>.48, Berenice, then 20 years old, lived with her brother, Agrippa II., not with- out suspicion of an incestuous commerce with hira. She gained the love of Titue, who was only withheld from making her his wife by fear of offending the Komans by such a step. BERENICE (-es), the name of several cities of the period of the Ptolemies. Of these the most important were: — (1) Formerly Eziou- geber (Ru. nr. Akabak)^ in Arabia, at the head of the Sinus Aelanites, or E. branch of the Red Sea.— (2) In Upper Egypt, on the coast of the Red Sea, on a gnlf called Sinus Ini- mundus (now Foul Bap, where its ruins are still visible). It wss named after the mother of Ptolemy II. Philadelpbus, who built it, and made a road hence to Coptos, so that it be- came a chief emporium for the commerce of Egypt with Arabia and India. — (3) {Ben Ghazi, Ru.), in Cyrenaica, fonnerly HEsrERis, the fa- bled site of the Gardens of the Hesperides. It took its latter name from the wife of Ptol- emy III. Buergetes. BERGOMUM (-i: Bergamo), a town of the Orobii in Gallia Ciaalpina, between Comum and Brixia, afterwards a municipium. BEROEA (-ae). <1) (FerWa), one of the most ancient towns of Macedonia, S.W. of Pella, and about 20 miles from the sea.— (2) (Alej^o or Halcb), a town in Syria, near Auti- och, enlarged by Seleucus Nicator, who gave it the Macedonian name of Beroea. It is call- BERYTUS and BERtTUS (-i : Beirut), one of the oldest sea-ports of Phoenicia, stood halfway between By bins and Sidon. It was destroyed by the Syrian king Tryphon (u.o. Coin of Beroen, In Syria, wttli the Head of Trajno, ed Helion or Chelbon in Ezekiel (xxvii. 18), a name still retained in the modern Haleb, for which Europeans have substituted Aleppo. BEROSITS (-i), a priest of Belus at Baby- lon, lived in the reign of Autiochus II. (b.o. 261-246), and wrote in Greek a history of Babylonia, Some fragments of this work are preserved by Josepbns, Eusebius, and the Christian fathers. Coin of EerytiiB. 140), and restored by Agrippa under Augus- tus, who made it a colony. It afterwards be- came a celebnited seat of learning. BESSI (Orum), a fierce and powerful Thra- ciau people, who dwelt alon^ the whole of Mt.Hnemue as far as the Euxine. BESSUS (-i), satrap of Bactria under Da- rius III., seized Darius soon after the battle of Arbela, u.o. 331. Pursued by Alexander in the following year, Bessus murdered Darius, and iled to Bactria, where he assumed the title of king. He was betraj'ed by two of his followers to Alexander, who put him to death. BETASII (-6mm), a people in Gallia Belgica, between the Tnngri and Nervii, iu the neigh- borhood of Beetz in Brabant. BIANOR <-6ri8), also called Ocuus or Auc- nus, son of Tiberis and Manto, is said to have built the town of Mantua, and to have called it after his mother. BIAS <-antis). (1) Brother of the seer Me- lampus. — (2) Of Priene in Ionia, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, iiourished about b.o. 550. BlBlCtTLUS, M. PtfRlUS (-i), a Roman poet, born at Cremona, wrote a poem on-Cae- sar's Gallic wars, and another entitled Athlo- pis. They are both ridiculed by Horace. BIBRACTE (-es : Autun), the chief town of the Aedui in Gallia Lugdunensis, after- wards Auffustodunwm. BIBRAX (-actis: BUvre), a town of the Remi In Gallia Belgica, not far from Aisne. BIBtJLUS, M. C ALPURNlUS (-i), curule aedile b.o. 65, praetor 62, and consul 59, in each of which years he had C.JuliusCaesar as his colleague. He was a staunch adherent of the aristocratical party, but was unable in his consulship to resist the pow- erful combination of Caesar, Pom- pey, and Crassus. After an ineffect- ual attempt to oppose Caesar's agra- rian law, he withdrew from the pop- ular assemblies altogether; whence it was said iu joke that it was the consulship of Julius and of Caesar. In the civil war he commanded Pompey's fleet in the Adriatic, and died (48) while holding the com- mand off Corcyra. He mai'ried Porcia, the daughter of Cato Uticensis. BIDIS (-is), a small town iu Sicily, W. of Syracuse. BIGERRA (-ae), a town of the Oretani in HiBpania Tarraconensis. BIGERRIONES. 82 BOEOTIA. BIGEREISNES (-nm) or BIGBEKI (-orum), a people in Aqaitania, neai' the Pyr- enees. BlLBlLIS (-is : Baubola), a town of the Cel- tiberi in Hispanla Tarraconensis, the birth- place of the poet Martial. BINGIUM (-i : Bingen), a town on the Rhine in Gallica Belgica. BION (-onis). (1) Of Smyrna, a bucolic poet, flourished about b.o. 230, and spent the last years of his life in Sicily, where he was poi- soned. The style of Bion is refined, and his versification fluent and elegant.— (2) Of Bo- rysthenes, near the month df the Dnieper, flourished about ii.o. Z50. He was sold as a slave, when young, and received his liberty from his master, a rhetorician. He studied at Athens, and afterwards lived a considerable time at the court of Autigouus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. Bion was noted for his sharp sayings, whence Horace speaks of persons delighting Bioneis Bermonibus et sale nigra. BISALTIA (-ae), a district in Macedonia, on the W. bank of the Strymon, inhabited by a Thracian people. BISANTHB (-es; Bodoato), subsequently Rhaedestum or Rhaedestus, a town in Thrace on the Propontis, with a good harbor. BISTONES (-um), a Thracian people be- tween ML Rhodope and the Aegean Sea, on the lake Bistonis, in the neighborhood of Abdera. Prom the worship of Dionysus in Thrace the Bacchic women are called £is- tdnides. BITHYNIA (-ae), a district of Asia Minor, bounded on the w. by Mysia, on the N. by the Pontus Euzinus, on the E. by Paphla- gonia, and on the 8. by Phrygia Epictetus, was possessed at an early period by Thracinn tribes from the neighborhood of the Strymon, called Thyni and Bithyni, of whom the for- mer dwelt on the coast, the latter in the in- terior. The country was subdued by the Lyd- ians, and afterwards became a part of the Persian empire under Cyrus, and was govern- ed by the satraps of Pbrj^gia. During the de- cline of the Persian empire, the N. part of the country became independent, under native princes, who resisted Alexander and his suc- cessors, and established a kingdom, which lasted till the death of Nicomedes III. (u.o. 74), who bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans. Under Augustus it was made a proconsular province. It was a fertile country, intersected with wooded mountains, the highest of which was the Mysian Olympus, on its S. border. BlTON (-onis) and CLEOBIS (-is), sons of Cydippe, a priestess of Hera at Argos. They were celebrated for their aff"ection to their mother, whose chariot they once dragged dur- ing a festival to the temple of Hera, a distance of 45 stadia. The priestess prayed to the god- dess to grant them what was best for mortals ; and durmg the night they both died while the ' CoIds of Bithynia, with the Meads of Romaa Emporora. e temple. BiTtJEIGES (-um), a numerous and power- ful Celtic people in Gallia Aquitania, had in early times the supremacy over the other Celts in Gaul. They were divided into two tribes: 1. Bit. Cnbi, with Avaricum as their capital (Botcrgea). 2. Bit. Vivisei or Urisci: their capital was Burdigala {Bordeaicx)^ on the left banic of the Garumna. BLEMlfES (-um), an Aethiopian people, on the borders of Upper Egypt. BLSSiUS or BLOSSIDS (-i), the name of a noble family in Campania. One of this fam-. ily, O. Blosius, of Cumae, was a philosopher, a disciple of Antipater, of Tarsus, and a friend of Tib. Gracchus. BOADICBA (-ae), queen of the Iceni in Britain, having been shamefully treated by the Romans, who even ravished her two daughters, excited an insurrection of the Britons against their oppressors during the absence of Suetonius Paulinns, the Roman governor, on an expedition to the island of Mona. She took the Roman colonies of Ca- malodunum, Londinium, and other places, and slew nearly 70,000 Ro- mans and their allies. She was at length defeated with great loss by Suetonius Paulinus, and put an end to her own life, a.i>. 63. BOCCHUS (-i). (1) King of Mau- retania, and father-in-law of Jugur- tha, with whom at first he made war against the Romans, but whom he afterwards delivered up to Sulla, the quaestorofMarius, B.o. 106.— (2)Son of the preceding, who took part in the civil wars. He was confirmed in his kingdom by Augustus. BODOTRIA (-ae) or BODERIA (-ae), AESTUARIUM (-1), (I'Krth of Fm'th), an estuary on the E. coast of Scotland. BOEBE (-es), a town in Pelasgiotis in Thessaly, on the W. shore of the lake Boebeis. BOEOTIA (-ae), a district of Greece, bounded N. by Opuntiau Locris, B. by the Euboenn Sea, S. by BOETHIUS. 83 BORYSTHENES. Attica, Megads, and the Corintbian Gulf, aud W. by Phocia. It is neai'ly surrounded by mountains, namely, Helicon andParnaasus on the W.,Cithaeron and Parnes on the S., the Opuntian mountains on the N., and a range of mopntaius alon^ the sea-coast on the K The country contains several fertile plains, of which the most important were the valleys of the AjBopus and of the Cephissns. The Boeotians were an Aeolian people, who orig- inally occupied Arne in Thessaly, from whicli they were expelled by tlie Thessalians sixty years after the Trojan war. They then mi- grated into the country called after them Boe- otia, partly expelling and partly incorpora- ting with themselves the ancient inhabitants of the land. Boeotia was then divided into 14 independent states, which formed a league, with Thebes at its head. The chief macie- trates of the confederacy were the BoeotarchSf elected annually. The government in most states was an aristocracy. BObTHIUS (-i), a Koman statesman and author, born about a.d. 470, was famous for his general learning, and especiall]^ for bis knowledge of Greekphilosophy. He was first highly favored by Tneodosius the Great ; but having awakened his suspicion, he was thrown into prison by him, and afterwards put to death. It was during bis imprisonment that he wrote his celebrated work, De Cotisolatione Philosophiaet which has come down to us. BOEUM (-1), an ancient town of the Dorian Tetrapolis. Boil (-Oram), one of the most powerful of the Celtic peobic, said to have dwelt origin- ally in Gaul (Transalpina), but in what part of the country is uncertain. At an early time they migrated in two great swarms, one of which crossed the Alps and settled in the country between the Po and the Apennines ; the other crossed the Rhine and settled in the part of Gerpiany called Boihemum (Bohemia) after them, aud between the Danube and the Tyrol, The Boii in Italy long carried on a fierce struggle with the Romans, but they were at length subdued by the consul P. Scipio in B.C. 191, and were subsequently incorpo- rated in the province of Gallia Cisnlpina. The Boii in Germany maintained their power longer, but were at length subdued by the Marcomanni, and expelled from the country. B5LA (-ae), BOLAE.orVDLAE (-arum), an ancient town of the Aegui, belonging to the Latin league. BOLBS (-es), a lake in Macedonia, empty- ing itself by a short river into the Strymouic Gulf, near Bromiscus and Aulon. BOLBiTlNE (-es: Roaetta), a city of Lower Egypt, near the mouth of a branch of the Nile (the W.-most but one), which was galled the Bolbitine mouth, BOMILCAR (-iiris), a Numidian, deep in the confidence of Jugurtha. When Jugurtha was at Rome, 109, Bomilcar effected for him the assassination of Massiva. In 107 he plotted against Juguftha. BOMiUS (-i) Mons, the W. part of Mt.Oeta in Aetolia, inhabited by the Bomienses. B5NA DEA (-ae), a Roman divinity, is de- scribed as the sister, wife, or daughter of Fauniis, and was herself called Fauna, Fatuaj or Oma, She was worshiped at Rome as a chaste and prophetic divinity; she revealed her oracles only to females, as Paunus did only to males. Her festival was- celebrated every year on the 1st of May, in the house of the consul or praetor, as the sacrifices on that occasion- were olfered on behalf of the whole Roman' people. The solemnities were con- ducted by the Vestals, and no male person was allowed to be in the house at one of the festivals. P.Clodius profaned the sacred cer- emonies, by entering the house of Caesar in the disguise of a woman, n.a.6'i. BONNA.(-ae: Bonn), a town on the left bank of the Rhine in Lower Germany, and in the territory of the Ubii, was a strong fortress of the Romans and the regular quarters of a Komanjegion. BONONiA (-ae). (1) (Sologna), a town in Gallia Clspadana^ originally called Felbina, was in ancient times an Etruscan city, ana the capital of N. Etruria. It afterwards fell into the hands of the Boii, but it was coIq- nized by the Romaiis on the conquest of the Boii, V.C. 191, aud its name of Felsina was then changed into Bononia. (2) {Bouloff}ie), a town in the N. of Gaul. See Gieboriaoum. BOOTES. [Akotuuits.] BORBETOMXGUS (-i : Worms), also called Vawgiones, at a later time Wobmatia, a town of the Vangiones on the left bank of the Rhine in Upper Germany. BOREAS (-ae), the N. wind, or more strictly the wind from the N.N.E., was, in mythology, a son of Astraeus and Eos, and brother of Hesperus, Zephyrus, and Notus. He dwelt in a cave of Mount Haemus in Thrace. He car- ried off Orithyia, a daughter of Evechtheus, king of Attica, by whom he begot Zetes, Ca- lais, and Cleopatra, wife of Phinens, who are therefore called Boreadea. In the Persian war Boreas showed his friendly disposition to- wards the Athenians by destroying the ships of the barbarians. Boreas was worshiped at Athens, where a festival, Boreasmi, was cele- brated in his honor. (Relief from Tample of the Windi at AthooB.) BORYSTHENES (-is: D7iic;per), afterwards DANAntis, a river of European Snrmatia, flows into the Euxiue. Near Us mouth and at its BOSPORUS. 84 BRENNUS. junction with the Hypanis lay the town of jBorvgtheneb or Boeystiiekis {Kudak)^ also called Olbia, Olbiopolis, and Mii-btopoltb, a colony of Miletus, and the most important Greek city on the N. of the Euxine. BOSPORUS (-1: Ox-ford), the name of any etraits among the Greeks, but especially ap- plied to the two following :—(l) Thp Thha- oiAN BoBPOBTTS (CJiannel of Constantirwjple), unites the Propontie or Sea of Marmora with the Euxine or Black Sea. According to the legend, it was called Sosporus from lo, who crossed it in the form of a heifer. At the en- trance of the Bosporus was the celebrated Sympi-eqadeb. Darius constmcted a bridge across the Bosporus when he invaddd Scy thia. — (2) The Cimmerian Bosfobttb {Straits of Kaffa), unites the Palus Maeotis or Sea of Azof with the-Enxine or Black Sea. It form- ed, with the Tanais (Don), the boundai'y be- tween Asia and Europe, and it derived its name from the Cimmeeii, who were supposed to have dwelt iu the neighborhood. On the European side of the Bosporus, the modern Crimea, the Milesians founded the town of Panticapaeum, also called Bosporus, and the inhabitants of Panticapaeum subsequently founded the town of Phanagoria on the Asi- atic side of the straits. Panticapaeum be- came the residence of a race of kings, who are frequently mentioned in history under the name of kings of Bosporus. BOSTRA (-arum : O. T. Bozrah ; Bus- rahy Rn.), a city .of Arabia, iu an oasis of the Syrian Desert, S. of Damascus. BOTTIA or BOTTIAEA (-ae>, a dis- trict in Macedonia, on the right bank of the river Axius, extended in the time of Thucydides to Pieria on the W. The Bottiaei were a Thracian people, who, being driven out of the country by the Macedonians, settled in that part of the Macedonian Chalcidice N. of Olynthus which was called Bottice. BOTTICB. [BoTTiA.] B0VI5.NUM (Bojano), the- chief town of the Pentri in Samnium. BOVILLAE (-arum), an ancient town in Latium at the foot of the Alban monntain, on the Appian Way, about 10 miles from Rome. Near it Clodius was killed by Milo (b.o. 52). BRACHMiNAB (-arum) or BRACH- MANES (-inm), a name used by the an- cient geographers, sometimes for a caste of priests in India (the Brahmins), sometimes, apparently, for all the peo- ple whose religion wasBrahminism, and some- times for a particular tribe. BRANCHIDAE (-arum: JeroTuto, Eu.), aft- erward DiDYMA, or -I, a place on the sea-coast of Ionia, a little S. of Miletus, celebrated for its temple and oracle of Apollo, snrnamed Didymens. This oracle, which the lonians held in the highest esteem, was said to have been founded by Branchus, son of Apollo, and a Milesian woman. The reputed descendants of this Branchus, the Branchidae, were the hereditary ministers of this oracle. The tem- ple, called Didymacum, which was destroyed by Xerxes, was rebuilt, and its ruins contain some beautifnl specimens of the Ionic order of architectui-e, BRASIDAS (-ae), the most distinguiahed Spartan iu the first part of the Peloponnesiau war. In b.o. 424, at the head of a small force, having effected a dexterous march through the hostile country of Thessaly, he gained possession of many of the cities in Macedonia subject to Athens; his greatest acquisition was Amphlpolis. In 422 he gained a brilliant victory over Cleoii, who had been sent with an Athenian force to recover Araphipolis, but he was slain in the battle. He was buried within the city, and the inhabitants honored him as a hero by yearly sacriflces and by games. BRATUSPANTIUM (-i), the chief town of the Bellovaci in Gallia Belgica. BEAURON (-onisj, a demus in Attica, on the E. coast of the river Erasiuus, with a cel- ebrated temple of Artemis (Diana), who was hence called Braiironia. BEENNUS (-i). (1) The leader of the Se- nouian Gauls, who in b.o. 390 crossed the Apennines, defeated the Romans at the Allia, and took Rome. After besieging the Capitol for G mouths, he quitted the city upon re- ceiving 1000 pounds of gold as a ransom for Thc-Brennii3 Sbieltl. the Capitol, and returned home safe with his booty. But it was subsequently related in the pQpular legends that Camillns and a Ro- man army appeared at the moment that the fold was being weighed, that Brennus was efeated by Camillus, and that he himself and his whole army were slain to a man (2) The chief leader of the Gauls who invaded Mace- donia and Greece, n.o. 2S0, 279. " In the year 279 he penetrated into the S. of Greece, but was defeated near Delphi, most of his men were slain, and he himself put an end to his own life. J3REUNL So BRITANNIA. BREUNI (-onim), a Rhaetiaa pCQple, dwelt in the Tyrol near the Brenner. BRIAREUS. [Akqaeon.] BRIGANTES <-um), the most powerfnl of the British tribes. Inhabited the whole of the N. of the . Island from the Abus (fl«m&er) to the Roman, wallf with the exception of the S.E. corner of Yorkshire, which was inhabited by, the Parisii. The Brig-antes consequently inhabited the greater part of Yorkshire, &T\a the whole df Lancashire, Durham, Westmore- land, and Cumberland. Their capital was EiioRAODM, They were conquered by Fetilius Cerealis in the reign of Vespasian. There was also a tribe of Brigantes in the S. of Ire- land, between the rivers Birgus (Barrow) and Dabrona (JSl(ickwater\ in the counties of Wa- terford and Tipperary. BRIGANTINUS (-1) LACT7S (Bodenaee or Lake of Constance)^ also called veketus and AoRONiDs, through which the Rhine flows, in- habited by the Helvetii on the S., by the Khaetii on the S.E., and by the Vindelici on the N. BRISBIS (-idle), danghter of Briseus, of Lyrnessus, fell into the hands of Achilles, but was seized by Againemnon. Hence arose the dire feud t)etweeu the 2 heroes. CAouilles.] Her proper name was Hippodamia. BRITANNIA (-ae), the island of England and Scotland, which was also called AL^ON. HiiiERNiA, or Irdandt is usually spoken of as a separate island, but is sometimes included under the general name of the Insulaz Bbi- TANNioAK, which fllso Comprehended the smaller islands'. around the coast of Great Britain. The Britons were Celts, belonging tQ that branch of the race .called Cymry. Their manners and customs were in general the same as the Gaifls ; but, separated more than the Gauls from intercourse with civilized • nations, they preserved the Celtic reli^on in a purer state tnan in Gaul ; and hence Druid- ism, according to Caesar, was transplanted from Gaul to Britain. The Britons also re- tained many of the barbarous Celtic customs, which the more civilized Gauls had laid aside. They painted their bodies with a blue color, extracted from woad, in order to appear more terrible in battle ; and they had wives in com- mon.. At a later time the Belgae crossed over from Gaul, and settled on the S. and E. coasts, driving the Britons into the interior of the island. It was not till a late period that the Greeks and Romans obtained any knowledge of Britain. In early tiines the Phoenicians visited the Scilly Islands' and the coast of Cornwall for the purpose of obtaining tin ; hut whatever knowJIedge they acquired of the country they jealously kept secret; and it only transpired that there were Cassitebides, OT Tin Islands, in the N, parts of the ocean. The first certam knowledge which the Greeks obtained of Britain was from the merchants of Massilia about the time of Alexander the Great, and especially from the voyages of Pttubab, who sailed round a great part of Britain. From this time it was generally be- lieved that the island was in the form of a triangle, an error which continued to prevail even at a later period. Another important mistake, which likewise prevailed. for a long F time, was the position of Britain in relation to Gaul and Spam, As the N.W. coast- of Spain was supposed to extend too far to the N., and the W. coast of Gaul to run N.E.^ the lower §art of Britain was believed to lie between pain and Gaul. The Romans first became personally acquainted with the island by Cae- sar's invasion. He twice landed in Britain (B.a 66, 54) ; and though on the second occa- sion he conquered the greater part of the S.E. of the island, yet he did not take permanent possession of any portion of the country, and after hif departure the Britons continued as Independent as before. The Romans made no further attempts to conquer the island for nearly 100 years. In the reign of Claudius (a.]>. 43), they ajgain landed in Britain, and permanently subdued the country S. of the Thames. They now began to extend their conquests over the other parts of the island ; and the great victory (61) of SuetoniusPauli- nus over the Britons, who had revolted under Boabioea, still further consolidated the Ro- man dominions. In the reign of Vespasian, the Romans made several -successful expedi- tions against theSiLnsEs andtheBRioANTEs; and the conquest of S. Britain was at length finally completed by Agricola, who in 7 cam- paigns (78-S4) snbdned the whole of the isl- and as far N. as the Frith of Forth and the Clyde,, between which he erected a series of forts to protect the ]&oman dominions from the incursions of the barbarians in the N. of Scotland. The Roman part of Britain was now called Britannia Romanay and the N. part, inhabited by the Caledonians, Britannia Ba/rbara, or Caledonia. The Romans, how- ever, §ave up the N. conquests of Agricola in the reign of Hadrian, and made a rampart of turf from the Aestuarium Ituna {Solway Frith) to the German Ocean,, which formed the N.- boundary of their dominions. In the reign of Antoninus Pius the Romans again extend- ed their boundary as far as the conquests of Agricola, and erected a rampart connecting the Forth and the Clyde, the remains of which are now called Grimes i)iA:e— Grime in the Celtic language signifying great or powerful. The Caleaoniane afterwards broke through this wall ; and in consequence o^ their re- . peated devastations of the Roman dominions, the emperor Severus went to Britain in 208, in order to conduct the war against them in person. He died in the island at Eboracum (3'orfc) in 211, after erecting a solid stone wall from the Solway to the mouth of the Tyne, a little N. of the rampart of Hadrian. After the death of Severus, the -Romans relinquished forever all their conquests N. of this wall. Upon the resignation of the empire by Diocle- tian and Maximian (306), Britain fell to the share of Constantins, who di^d at Eboracum in 306, and his son Constantine assumed In the island the title of Caesar. Shortly after- wards the Caliedonians, who now appear un- der the names of Ficts and Scots, broke • through the wall of Severus, and the Saxons ravaged the coasts of Britain ; and the declin- ing power of the Roman empire was unable to anord the province any effectual assistance. In the reign of Honorius, Constantine, who had been proclaimed emperor in Britain (407), BRITANNICUS. 86 BRUTUS. withdrew all the Boman troops fi-om the isl- and, in order to make himself master of Gaul. The Britons weie thus left exposed to the rav- ages of the Plcte and Scots, and at length, in 447, they called in the assistance of the Sax- ons, who became the masters of Britain. The Boman dominions of Britain formed a single province till the time of Severus, and were governed by a legatus of the emperor. Seve- rus divided the country into 2 provinces, and Diocletian into 4. •BBITANNICTJS <-i), son of the emppror Claudius and Messalina, was born-A.D. '42. Agrippina, the second wife of Claudius, in- duoed the emperor to adopt her own son, and give him precedence over Britannicua This Bon, the emperor Nero, ascended the throne in 64, and caused Britannicus to be poisoned in'the "following year. . BEITOMAETIS (-is}, a Cretan nymph, daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Carme, and beloved by Minos, who pursued her 9 months, till at length she leaped into the sea, and was changed oy Artemis (Diana) into a goddess. BBIXELLUM (-i : Bregella or Byeacella), a town on the right bank of the Fo in Gallia Cisalpina, where the emperor Otho put him- self to death, a.i>. 69. ■ BBIXIA (-ae i Brescia), a town in Oallia Cisalpina on the road from Comum to Aqui- leia, through which the river Mella flowed. BEOMIUS, a surname of Dionysus (Bac- chus), that is, the noisy god, from the noise of the Bacchic revelries (from /Sp^/uu). BRONTES. [Ctolopes.3 • BEUCTfiRI (-Brum), a people of Germany, dwelt on each side of the Amisia {Ems)', and extended S. as far as the Luppia {Lippe), The Brncteri joined the Bntavi in their revolt against the Komans In a.d. 69. ■ BEUNDtrSlUM or BEUNDlSlUM (-1: Brindisi), a town In Calabria, on a small bay of the Adriatic, forming an excellent harbor, to which the place owed its importance. The Appia Via terminated at BrunduSium, and it was the usual place of embai-kation for Greece and the East. It was conquered and colo- nized by the Rbmans, b.o. 246. The poet Pa- cuvius was bom at this lown, and Virgil died here on his return from Greece, b.o. 19* BBUTTIUM (-1), BBUTTIUS, and BEUT- TIOEUM AGEE, more usually called BETJT- TII after the inhabitants, the S. extremity of Italy, separated from Lucania by a line drawn from the mouth of the Laus to Thurii, and surrounded on the other three .sides by the sea. It was the country called in ancient times Oeuotria and Italia. The country is mountainous, as the Apennines run through it down to the Sicilian Straits; it contained' excellent pasturage for cattle, and the valleys produced go6d corn, olives, and fruit.— The earliest inhabitants of the country were Oeno- trians. Subsequently some Lucanians, \tho hadrevolted from their countrymen inXuca- nia, took possession of the country, and were hence called Bruttii or Brettii, which word is said to mean "rebels" in the language of the Lncanians. This •people, however, inhabited only the interior of the land; the coast was almost entirely in the possession of the Greek colonies. At the close of the 2d Punic war, in which the Bruttii had been -the allies of Han- nibal, they lost their independence, and were treated by the Bomans with great severity. They were declared to be public slaves, flnd were employed as liccors and servants of the magistrates. BEUTTJS (-i), a family of the Junia gens (1) L. Junius BanTCS, son of M. Junius and of Tarquinia, the sister of Tarqniuius Snperbtis. BRUTUS. 87 BUCEFHALA. His elder brother was murdered by Tarqain- ias, and Lucias escaped his brother's fate only by feigning idtocyi whence he received the surname or Brutas. After. Lucretia had stab- bed herself, Brutns roused the Romans to ex- pel the Tarquins ; and upon the banishment .of the latter, he was elected first consul with Tarqninius Collatinus. He loved his country better than his children, and pat to death his 2 sons, who had attempted to restore the Tar- Colu representing the Children of Brutiu led to ^eath by Llctora. ■ quins. He fell in battle the.eame year, fight- ing against Aruns, the son of Tarquimus. Brutus was the great hero in the legends about the expulsion of the Tarquins.— (2) D. Junius Bbutus, surnamed Gai.lazous or Callaious, consul 138, conquered a great part of Lusitania. Prom his victo- ry over the Gallaeci he obtained his sur- name. He was a patron of the poet L. Accius, and well versed in Greek and Ko- man literature. — (3) D. Junius Brutus, consul 77, and hnsoaud of Sempronia, who carried, on an intrigue with Catiline. — (4) D. Junius Beutus, adopted by A. Postnmius Albinus, consul 99, and hence- called. jBrw(«« Albinita. He served under Caesar in Gaul and in the civil war; but he nevertheless joined the. conspiracy against Caesar's life. After the death of the latter (44) he went into Cisalpine Gaul, which had been promised him by Caesar, and which he reiused to surrender to Antony, who had obtained this prov- ince from the people. Antony made war against him, and kept him besieged in Mutiua, till the siege was raised in April, 43, by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and by Octavianns. But Brutus only obtained n short respite. Antony was preparing ta march against him from the*N. with a large army, and Octavianns, who had deserted the senate, was marching against him frtim the S. His only resource was flight, but" he was betrayed by Camillus, a Gaulish chief, and was put to death by Antony, 43. — (5) M. Ju- nius Beutus, married Servilia, the half-sister of Cato of Utica. In 77 he espoused the cause of Lepidus, and was'placed in command of the forces in Cisalpine Gaul, where he was slain bycommand of Pompey. — (6) M. Junius Bbutus, the so-called tyrannicide, son of No. 5 and Servilia. He lost his father when he was only 8 years old, and was trained by his uncle Cato in the principles of the aristocrat- ical party. Accordingly, on the breaking out of the civil war, 49, ne joined Pompey, al- though he was the murderer of his father. After the battle of Pharsalia, 48, he was not only pardoned by Caesar, but received ft*om him the greatest marks of confidence and fa- vor. Caesar made him governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 46, and praetor in 44, and also prom- ised him the government of Macedonia. But notwithstanoing all the obligations he was under to Caesar, he was persuaded by Cassius to murder his benefactor under the delusive idea of again establishing the republic. [Cae- SAB.] After the murder of Caesar, Brutus spent a short tiine iii Italy, and then took possession ofthe province of Macedonia! He was joined by Cassius, who commanded in Syria, and their united forces were opposed to those of Octavian and Antony. Two bat- tles wei'e fought in the neighborhood of Phi- lippi (42), in the former oIKvhich Brutus was victorious, though Cassius was defeated; but in the latter Brutus also was defeated, and put an end to his own life. Brntus's wife was PoBoiA, the daughter of Cato. Brutus was an ardent student of literature and philosophy, but he ap'^ears to have been deficient in judg- ment and original power. He wrote several works, all of which have perished. He was a literary friend of Cicero, who dedicated to M. Jaaiiu Bnitni. him several of his works, and who has given ■the name of Brutus to his dialogue on lllns- trlous orators. BRf GI (-orum) or BRYQES (-um), a bar- bai-ouB people In the N, of Macedonia. The Phrygians were believed by the ancients to have oeen a portion of this people, who emi- grated to Asia in early times. [Phbtgia.] BtTBASSUS (-i), an ancient city of Carla, S. of Cnidus, which gave name to the bay pubassius Sinus) and the peninsula on which it stood. ■ BtJBASTIS (-is) or Bt]"BASTUS (-i), the capital of the Nomos Buhastites in Lower ^gyptt stood on the E. hank of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, and was the chief seat of the worship) of the goddess Bubastis, whom the Greeks identifled with Artemis (Diana). B^CfiPHiLA or -lA f-ae: Jhelum), a city on the Hydaspes, in N. India, built by Alex- ander, after his battle with Porus, in memory BUCEPHALUS. 88 CADMUS. of his favorite cbarger Bncephalus, wbo died there, after carrying him through all his cam- paigns. This horse was purchased by Philip for 13 talents, and no one was able to break it in except the youthful Alexander. BfCSPHiLUS. [BnoEPDAiA.]- BUDINI (-orum), a Scythian people, who dwelt fl. of the Sauromatae in the steppes of S. liussia. BTJLLIS Mdis), a town of Illyria on the coast, S. of Apollonia. Bt^PEASIUM (-i), an ancient town in Elis, mentioned in the Iliad. BVRA (-ae), onS of the 12 cities of Achaia, destroyed by an earthquake, together with Helice, but subsequently rebuilt. BUHDIGALA. [Bitdihqks.] BUEGUNDIONBS (-um) or BTTEGTINDlI <-orum), a-powerful nation of Germrtny, dwelt originally between the Viadus (Oder) and the Vistula*, and were of the same race as the Vandals or Goths. They were driven out of their original abodes by the Gepidae, and the greater part of them settled in the country on . the Maine. In the 5th century they settled in Gaul, where they founded the powerful king- dom of Burgundy. Their chief towns were Geneva and Lyons. BURSA.. [PiAMons.] BUSIRIS <-idis). (1) A king of Egypt; who sacrificed strangers to Zeus (Jupiter), but was slain by Hercules. — (2) A city in Lower Egypt, stood in the middle of the Delta, on the W. bank of the !Nile, and had a great temple of Isis, the remains of which are still stand- ing- BffTHESTtTM (-i: Bntrinto), a town of Epirns, a flourishing sea-port on a sniall pen- insula, opposite Oorcyra. BtJTS. (1) An Egyptian divinity, was the nnrse of Horns and Bubastis, the children of Osiris and Isis, whom she saved from the per- secutions of Typhon by concealing them in the floating island of Chemais. The Greeks identified her with Leto (Latona), and repre- sented her as the goddess of night. — (2) A city in Lower Egypt, stood near thp Seben- nytic branch of the Nile, on the lake of Bnto. It was celebrated for its oracle of the goddess Buto, in honor of whom a festival was held at the city every year. BUXENTUM (-1: PoUcaeitro), originally Pyxbs, a town on the W. coast of Lucania and on the river Buxkmtids, was founded by Micy thus, tyrant of Messana, b.o. 471, and was afterwards a Roman colony. BYBLIS (-idis), daughter of Miletus and Idothea, was in love with her hrother Caunus, whom she pursued through various lands, till at length, worn out with sorrow, she was changed into a fountain. BYBLUS <-i : Jebeil), a very ancient city on the coast of Phoenicia, between Berytus and Tripolis, a little N. of the river Adonis. It was the chief seat of the worship of Adonis. BYRSA (-ae), the citadel of Cabtbaoo. BYZiCIUM (-i) or BTZiCENA EEGIO (S. part of Tunis), the S. portion of the Roman province of Africa. BYZANTIUM (-i: ConetantinopU), a town on the Thracian Bosporus, founded by the Megarians, it.o. 653, is said to have derived its name from Byzas, the leader of the colony and the sou of Poseidon (Neptune). It was situated on 2 hills, was 40 stadia in circum- ference, and its acropolis stood on the site of the present seraglio. Its favorable position, commanding as it did the entrance to the Euxiue, rendered it a place of great commer- cial importance. A new city was built on its site (330) by Constantine, who made it the capital of the empire, and changed its name into CONSTANTINOFOLIB. c. CABALIA (-ae), a small district of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Pamphylia, with a town of the same name. CABILL5NUM (-i: Chaiona-aur-SaJme), a town of the Aedui on the Arar (SaAm) in Gal- lia Lugdunensis. ' CABIRA (-Brum), a place in Pontus, on the borders of Armenia; a frequent residence of Mithridates', who was defeated here by Ln- cnllns, B.o. Tl. CABIKI (-Brum), mystic divinities wor- shiped in various parts of the ancient world. The meaning of their name, their character, and nature, are quite uncertain. Divhie hon- ors were paid to them at Samothrace, Lem- nos, and Imbros, and their mysteries at Sam- othrace were solemnized with great splendor. They were also worshiped at Thebes, Anthe- don. Pergamus, and elsewhere. CACUS (-i), son of Vulcan, was a huge gi- ant, who inhabited a cave on Mount Aven- tine, and plundered the surrounding country. When Hercules came to Italy with the oxen which he had taken from Geryon in Spain, Cacus stole part of the cattle while the hero slept, and, as he dragged the animals into hiq cave by their tails, it was impossible to dis- cover their traces. But when the remaining oxen passed by the cave, those within began to bellow, and were thus discovered, where- upon Cacus was slain by Hercules. In honor of his victory, Hercules dedicated the ara maxima, which continued to exist ages after- wards in Rome. CiDI (-orum), a city of Phrygia Epictetus, on the borders of Lydia.' CADMB.A.. [TiiBBAK.] CADMUS (-i). (1) Son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, and of Telephassa, and brother of Europn. Another legend makes him a native of Thebes in Egypt. When Europa was car- ried ofl' by Zeus (Jupiter) to Crete, Agenor sent Cadmus in search of his sister, enjoining him not to return without her. Unable to find her, Cadmus settled in Thrace ; but hav- ing consulted the oracle at Delphi, he was CADURCI. 89 CAEPIO. commanded by tlie god to follow a cow of a certain kind, and to build a town ou thQ spot where the cow should sink down with fatigue. Cadmus found the cow in Phocis, and followed her Into Boeotia, where she sank down on the spot on .which Cadmus built Cadmea, after- wards the citadel of Thebes. Intending to sacriilce the cow to Athena (Minerva), he sent some persons to the neighboring well of Ares to fetch water. This well was guaVded by a dragon, a son of Ares (Mars), wno killed the . men sent by Cadmus. Thereupon Cadmus slew the drngon, and, ou the advice of Athe- na, sowed the teeth of the monster, out of which armed men grew up, called Sparti, or the Soion, who killed each other, with the ex- ception of 5, who were the ancestors of the Thebans. Athena assigned to Cadmus the government of Thebes, and Zeus gave him Harmonia for his wife. The marriage so- lemnity was honored by the presence of all the Olympian gods in the Cadmea. Cadmus gave to Harmonia the famous peplus and necklace which he had received from He* Ehaestus (Vulcani or from Europa, and he ecame by her the father of Autouoe, Ino, Semele, Agave, Polydorus, and, at a subse- quent period, Iljyriua. lu the end, Cadmus and Harmonia were changed into serpents, and wt:re removed by Zeus to Elysium. Cad- mus is said to have introduced into Greece from Phoenicia or Egypt an alphabet of 16 letters. — (2) Of Miletus, the earliest Greek historian or logographer, lived about u.o. .'>40. CXDURCI (-orum), a people in Gallia Aqui- tanica, in the countr}[ now called ^tterd (a corruption of Cadurci). Their capital was DivoNA, afterwards Cititas Caddroobum, now CahorSt where are the remaine of a Ko- man amphitheatre and of an aqueduct. CiDtTSlI (-oriim) or GBLAE (-arum), a powerful Scythian tribe in the mountains S.W. of the Caspian, ou the borders of Media Atropateue. CADYTIS, according to Herodotus, a great city of the Syrians of Palestine, not much smaller than Sardis, was taken by Necho, king of Egypt, after his defeat of tne "Syr- ians" at Magdolus. It is now pretty well es- tablished that by Cadytis is meant Jerusalem, and that the battle mentioned by Herodotus is that in which Necho defeated and slew king Josiah at Megiddo, u.o. 60S. CAECILIA (-ae). ■ (1) Caia, the Roman name of Tanaquil, wife of Tarqninlus Pns- cus. — (2) Mktklla, daughter of L.. Metellus Balmaticns, consul b,o. 119, was first married to M. Aemilius Scaurus. consul in 115, and afterwards to the dictator Sulla.— (3) Daugh- ter "of T. Pomponius Atticus, called Caedlia- because her father took the name of his un- cle, Q. Caecilius, by whom he was adopted. She was married to M. Vipsanius Agrippa. [Attious.] CAEClLiUS (-i). (1) Q., a wealthy Roman eqnes, who adopted his nephew Atticus in his will, and left the latter a fortune of 10 millions of sesterces.— (2) Caeoilids Calao- TiNDS, a Greek rhetorician at Rome in the time of Augustus.— (3) Caeoilius Statius, a Roman comic poet,* the immediate predeces- sor of Terence, was by birth an Insubriau Gaul, and a native of Milan. Being a slave, he bore the servile appellation of StatiiiSy which was afterwards, ijrobably when he re- ceived his freedom, converted into a sort of cognomen, and he became known as Caecil- ius Statius. He died b.o. 168. CAECILIUS METELLUS. [METELtus.] CAECINA (-ae), the name of a family of the Etruscan city of Volaterrae, probably de- rived from the river Caeciua, which flows by the town. (1) A. Caeoiha, whom Cicero de- fended in a law-siiit, n.o. 69. — (2) A. CAEOtNA, sou of the preceding, Published a libelous work against Caesar, and was in coHiiequence sent into exile after the battle of Pharsalia, B.a48.— (3) A. Caeoina Alibnds was quaes- tor in Baetica, in Spain, at Nero's death, and was one of the foremost in joining the party of Galba. He served first under Oalba, and afterwards joined Vitellius;' but, proving a traitor to the latter, he joined Vespasian, agains* whom also he conspired, and was slain by order of Titus. CAECt^BUS (-i) AGER, a marshy district in Latinm, bordering on the gulf of Amyclae, close to Fundi, celebrated for its wine {Caecu- buni) in the age of Horace. In the time of Pliny the reputation of this wine was entirely gone. CAECtTLUS (-i), an ancient Italian hero, son of Vulcan, is said to have founded Prae- CABLES or CAELiUS (-i) VIBENNA ^-ae), the leader of an Etruscan army, is said to have come to Rome in the reign either of Romulus or of Tarquinius Friscus, and- to have settled with his troops on the hill called after him the Caelian. CAELiUS or COBLIUS MONS. [Roma-I CAENEUS (-S63 or fii), one of the Lapi- thae, sou of Elatns or Cbronus, was originally a maiden named Caenib (-idis), who was be- loved .by Poseidon (Neptune), and was by this god changed into a man, and rendered invuUierable. In the battle between the La- pithae and the Centaurs at the marriage of Pirithous, he was buried by the Centaurs un- der a mass of trees, as they were unable to kill him ; but he was changed into a bird. In the lower world Caeneus recovered his female form. CAENI or CAENiCI (-ornra), a Thracian people, between the Black Sea and the Fany- BUS. CAENINA (-ae), a town of the Sabines, in Latium, whose king, Acron, is said to have carried on the first War against Rome. After their defeat, most of the inhabitants removed to Rome. CAENIS. [Caeneub.] CAEPiO, Cn. SERVIIJ^US (-i), consul b.o. lOG, was sent into Gallia Narhonensis to op- pose the Cimbri. In 105 he was defeated by the Cimbri, along with the consul Cn. Mal- liua or Maulius. 80,000 soldiers and 40,000 camp-followers are snid to have perished. Caepio suiTived the battle, but 10 years aft- erwards (95) he was brought to trial by tlie tribune C. Norhanus, on account of his mis- CAERE. 90 CAESAR. conduct in this war. He was condemned, and'cast into prison, wliere, according to one account, lie died ; but it was more generally stated tbat he escaped &om prison, and lived in exile at Smyrna. CAERE (Cervetri), called by the Greeks Agylla (Agyllina urbs. Virg.), a city in Etru- ria, situated on a small river W. of Veii, and 60 stadia'from the coast. It was an ancient Pelasgic city, the capital of the cruel Mezeu- tius, and was afterwards one of the 12 Etrus- can cities, with a territo^.exteuding appar- ently as far as the Tib,er. In early times Caere was closely allied with Rome ; and when the latter city was taken by the Oauls, b.o. 390, Caere gave refuge to the Vestal virgins. The Romaus, out of gratitude, are said to have conferred npon the Caerites the Roman ftan- chise without the siiflfragium, though it is not Improbable that the Caerites enjoyed this honor previously. The Caerites appear to have been the first body of Roman citizens who did not enjoy the suffrage. Thus, when a Roman citizen was struck out of his tribe by the censors, and made an aerarian, he *a3 said to become one of the Caerites, since he had lost the suffrage: hence we find the ex- pressions . in iabvias Caeritum re/erre and ocrarmm/ocerfl* used as synonymous. CAESAB (-Sris), the name of a patrician family, of the Julia gens. Which traced its or- igin to lulns, the son of Aeneas. Various etymologies of the name are given by the an- cient writers, but it is probably connected with the Latin word caes-ar-ies, and the San- skrit kestt, "hair;" for it is in accordance with the Roman custom for a surname to be given to an individual from some peculiarity m his personal appearance. The name was as- sumed by Augaslos as the adopted son of the . dictator C. Julius Caesar, and was by Augus- tus handed dowu'to his adopted son Tiberius. It continued to be used by Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, as members either by adoption or female descent of Caesar's family; but though the family became extinct with Neio, suc- ceeding emperors still retained the name as part of their titles, and it was the practice to Jreflx it to their own name — as, for instance, mperatorCaesarDomitian'usAugitstua. When Hadrian adopted Aelius Veins, he allowed the latter to take the title of Caesar ; and from this time, though the title of Augustus con- tinued to be confined to the reigning prince, that of Caesar was also granted to the second person in the state, and the heir presumptive to the throne. (1) L. Julius Caesab, consul, 11.0. 90, fought against the Socii, and in the course of the same year proposed the Lex Ju- lia de Civitate, which granted the citizenship to the Latins and the SoEii who had remained faithful to Rome. Caesar was censor in 89 ; he belonged to the aristocratical party, and was put to death by Marius in ST.— (2) C. Jn- LiDS Cassab Steado Vopisocs, brother of No 1, was curnle aedile in 90, was a candidate for the consulship In 88, and was slain along with his brother by Marius in 87. He was one of the chief orators and poets of his age, and is one of the speakers in Cicero's diaiogne De Oratore.—(3) L. Jniins Caksae, son of No. 2, and uncle by his sister Julia of M. Antony the triumvir. He was consul in 64, and belonged, like'his father, to the aristocratical party. He appears to have deserted this party aftfer- wards ; we find him in Gaul in 62 as one of the legates -of C. Caesitr, and be continued in Italy during the civil war. After Caesar's death (44) he sided with the senate in oppo- sition to his uncle Antony, and was in con- sequence jiroscribed by the latter in 43, but obtained his pardon through the influence of his Bister Julia. — (4) L. Julius Caesab, son of No. 3, nsually distinguished from his father by the addition to his name otfilitis or ado- lescenB. He joined Pompey on the breaking out of the civil war in 49, and was sent by Pompey to Caesar with proposals of peace. — (6) C. Julius Caesab, the dictator, was born on the 12th of July, 100, in the consulship of C. Marius (VI.) and L. Valerius Flaccns, and was consequently 6 years yiunger than Pom- pey and Cicero. Caesar was closely connect- ed with the popular party by the marriage of his aunt Julia with the great Marius ; and in 83, though only IT years of age, he married Cornelia, the daughter of L. Cinna, the chief leader of the Marian party. Sulla commanded him to put away his wife, but he refused to obey him, and was consequently proscribed. He concealed himself for some time in the country of the SabineS, till his friends ob- tained his pardon from Sulla, who is said to have observed, when they pleaded his youth, that "that boy would some day or another be the ruin of the aristocracy, for that there were many Mariuses in him." Seeing that he was not safe at Rome, he went to Asia, Where he served his first campaign under M. Minucius Theiinus, and, at the capture of Mytilene (SO), was rewarded with sl civic crown for saving the life of a fellow-soldier. On the death of Sulla, in 78, he returned to Rome, and in the following year gained great' renown as an orator, though he was only 22 years of age, by his prosecution of Cn. Dola- bella on account of extortion in his province of Macedonia. To perfect himself in orator3', Caesar. 91 CAESAR. he resolved to Btndy in Rhodes under Apol- loniaa Molo, but on his voyage thither he was captured by pirates, and only obtained his liberty by a ransom of SO talents. At Miletus he manned some vessels, overpowered the pirates, and conducted them as prisoners lo Perganius, where he crucified them — a pun- ishment with which he had frequently threat- ened them in sport when he was their pris-. oner. On Ms return to Rora.e he devoted ull his energies to acquire the favor of the peo- ple. His liberality was unbounded ; and, as his private fortune was not large, he soon contracted enormous debts. But he gained his object, and became the favorite of the people, and was raised by them in succession to the high offices of the state. He was quaestor in 68, aedile in 65, when he spent enormous sums upon the public games and buildings, and was elected Pontifex Maxi- mus in 63. In the debate in the senate on the punishment of the Catilinavian conspira- tors, he opposed their execution in a very ' able speech, which made such an impression that their lives would have been spared bat for the speech of Cato in reply. In 62 he was praetor, and in the following year he went as propraetor into Farther Spain, where he gained great victories over the Lusitaninus. >n his return to Rome he was elected consul along with Bibuhis, a warm supporter of the aristocracy. Alter his election, but before he entered upon the consulship, he formed that coalition- with Pompey and M. Crassus usu- ally known by the name of the first triumvi- rate. Pompey had become estranged from the aristocracy, since the senate had opposed the ratification of his acts in Asia, and of ap assi^ment of lands which he had promised to his veterans. Crassus, in consequence of his immense wealth, was one of the most powerful men at Rome, but was a personal enemy of Pompey. They were reconciled by Caesar, and the three entered' into an agree- ment to support one another, and to divide the power m the state between them. In B9 Caesar was consul, and, beinff supported by Pompey and Crassus, he was able to carry all his measures. Bibnlus, from whom the sen- ate had expected so much, could ofifer no ef- fectual oppositiou, and, after making a vain attempt to resist Caesar, shut Ijimself up in his own house, and did not appear again in public till the expiration of his consulship. Caesar brought forward such measures as se-: cured for him the aflections of the poorest citizens, of the Equites. and of the powerful Pompey ; 'having done this, he was easily able to obtain for himself the provinces which he wished. By a vote of the people, proposed by the tribune Vatiuius, the provinces of Cis- alpine Gaul andlllyricum were granted to Caesar, with 3 legions, for 6 years ; and the senate added to his government the province of Transalpine Gaul, with another legion, for 6 years also, as they saw that a bill would be proposed to the people for that purpose if they did not grant the province themselves. Caesar foresaw that the struggle between the difi"erent parties at Rome must eventually be terminated by the sword, and he had there- fore resolved to.obtain an army, which he might attach to himself by victories and re- wards. In the course of the same year he united himself more closely to Pompey by giving hiin his daughter Julia in marriage. Dnriuo;^ the next 9 years Caesar was occupied with the subjugation of Gaul. He conquered the whole of Transalpine Gaul, which had hitherto beeu independent of the Romans, with the exception of the 8.E. part called Proviucia; he twice crossed the Rhine, and twice lauded in Britain, which had been pre- viously unknown to the Romans. His first invasion of Britain was made late in the Bum- mer of 55, but moce with the view of obtain- ing some knowledge of the island from per- sonal observation than with the intention of permauent conquest' at present He sailed from the port of Itius (probably Witsand, be- tween Calais and Boulogne)., and effected a lauding somewhere near the south Foreland, after a severe struggle with the natives. The late period of the year comjTelled him to re- turn to Gaul after remaining only a short time in tbe'island. In this year, according to his arrangement with Pompey and Crassus, who were now consuls, his government of the Gauls and IllyHcum was prolonged for 5 years, namely, from the 1st of January, 53, to the end of December, 49-. During the follow- ing year (54) he invaded Britain a second time.. He landed in Britain at the same place OS in the former year, defeated the Britons in a series of engagements, and crossed the Tamesis (Thames). The Britons submitted, aud promised to pay an annual tribute ; but their subjection was only nominal. Caesar's success in Gaul excited Pompey's jealousy ; and the death of Julia in childbirth, in 54, broke one of the few links which kept them together. Pompey was thus led to join again the ai'istocratica! pfirty, by whose assistance he hoped to retain his position as the chief man in the Roman state. The great object of this party was to deprive Caesar of his command, and to compel him to come to Rome as a private man to sue for the consnl- Bhip. Caesar offered to resign his command if Pompey would do the same ; bnt the sen- ate would listen to no compromise. Accord- ingly, on the Ist of January, 49, the senate passed a resolution that Caesar should dis- band his army by a certain day, and that if he did not do so ne should be regarded as an enemy of the state. Tjvo of the tribunes, M. Antonius and Q. Cassius, put their veto upon this resolution, but their opposition was set at naught, and they fled for refuge to Caesar's camp. Under the plea' of protecting the trib- unes, Caesar crossed the Rubicon, which sep- arated his province from Italy, and marched towards Romp. Pompey, who had been in- trusted by the senate with the conduct of the war, soon disfiovered how greatly he had overrated his own popularity and Influence. His own troops deserted to his rival in crowds ; town after town in Italy opened its gates to Caesar, whose march was like a 'triumphal progress. Meantime, Pompey, with the mag- istrates and seuotors, had fled from Rome to the S. of Italy,, and on the 17th of March em- barked for Greece. Caesar pursued Pompey to Brundusium, but he was unable to follow CAESAR. 92 CAESARAUGUSTA. hi HI to Greece for want of ships. Shortly afterwards he set out for Spain, where Pomr pey*8 legates, Afranius, Petieius, and Varro, commanded powerful armies. After defeat- ing Afranias and Fetreins, and receiving the soomiesion of Varro, Caesar returned to Rome, where he had in the mean time been appointed dictator by the praetor M. Lepidus. He resieued the dictatorship at the end of 11 days, auer holding the consular comitla, in which he himself and P. Servilius Vatia Isau- ricus were elected consuls for the next year. —At the beginning of January, 48, Caesar crossed over to Greece, where Forapey had collected a formidable army. At first the campaign was in Pouipey's favor : Caesar was. repulsed before Dyrrhachium with consider- able loss, and was obliged to retreat towards Thessaly. In this country, on the plains of Fharsalus, or Pharsalia, a decisive battle was fought between the two armies on Aug. 9th, 48, in which Pompey was completely debated. Pompey fled to Egypt, pursued by Caesar, but he was murdered before Caesar' arrived in the country. [Pompeius.] On his arrival in Egypt, Caesar became involved in a war, usu- ally called 'the Alexandrine war. It arose from the determination of Caesar that Cleo- patra, whose fascinations had won his heart, should reign in common with her brother Ptolemy; but this decision was opposed by the guardians of the young king, and the war which thus brolte out was not brought to a close till the latter end of March, 47. It was soon after this that Cleopatra had a son by Caesar. [Caksarion.] Coesar returned to Kome through Syria and Asia Minor, and on his march through Fontus attacked Pharna- ces,,tbe son of Mithridates the Grent, who had* assisted Pompey.- He defeated Pharna- ccs near Zela with such ease that he-informed the senate of his victory by the words, yieni", vidif vici. He reached Rome in September (47), and before the end of the month set sail for Africa, where Scipio and Cato had collect- ed a large army. The war was terminated by thedefeatof the Pompeian army at the battle of Thapsns,'on the 6th of April, 46. Cato, un- able to defend TJtica, put an end to his own life. — Caesar returned to Rome in the latter end of July. He was now the undisputed master of the Roman world, but he used his victt)ry with the greatest moderation. Unlike other conquerors in civil wars, he freely for- gave all who had borne arms against him, and declared that he would make no differ- ence between Pompeians and Caesariaus. His clemency was one of the brightest features of his character. One of the most important of his measures this year (46) was the reforma- tion of the calendar. As the Boman year was now 3 months in advance of the real time, Caesar added 90 days to thi^ year, and thus made the whole year consist of 446 days ; and . he guarded against a repetition of sirfiilar er- rors for the i^Liture by adapting the year to the sun's course. — Meantime the two sons of Pompey, Sextus and Cneins, had collected a new army in Spain. Caesar set out for Spain towards the end of the year, and brought the war to a close by the battle of Muuda, ou the 17th of Moi'ch, 45, in which the enemy were only defeated after a most obstinate resist- ance. Cn. Pompey was killed shortly after- wards, but Sextus made good his escap^. Caesar reached Rome in September, and en- tered the city in triumph. Possessing royal power, he now wished to obtain the title of king, and Antony accordingly offered him the dindem in public on the festival of the Luper- ealia (the 15th of February) ; but, seeing that the proposition was not ravorably received by the people, he declined it for the present. — But Caesar's power was not witnessed with- out envy. The Roman aristocracy resolved to remove him by assassinatioii. The con- spiracy against Caesar's life had been set afoot by Cassins, a personal enemy of Caesar's, and there were more than 60 persons privy to it. Many of these persons had been raised by Caesar to wealth and honor; and some of them, such as M. Brutus, lived with him on terms of the most intimate friendship. It has. been the practice of rhetoricians to speak of the murder of Caesar as a glorious deed, and to represent Brutus and Cassius as patriots ; .but tne mask ought to be stripped off these false patriots; they cared not for the repub- lic, but only for themselves ; and their object in murdering Caesar was to gain power for themselves and their party. Caesar had mony warnings of his approaching fate, but he dis- regarded them all, and fell by the daggers of his assassins on the Ides or 16th of March, 44. At an appointed signal the conspirators sur- rounded him ; Casca dealt the first blow, and the others quickly drew their swords and at- tacked him ; Caesar at first defended himself! but when be saw that Brutus, his friend and fiivorite, had also drawn his sword, he ex- claimed. Tit. quoniie Brute 1 pulled his toga over his ftxce, and sunk pierced with wounds at the foot of Pompey's statue.— Julius Caesar was one of the greatest men of antiquity. He was gifted by nature with the most varied talents, and was distinguished by extraordi- nary attainments in the most diversified pur- suits. During the whole of his busy life he found time for the prosecution of literature, and was the author of many works, the ma- jority of which have been lost. The purity of his Latin and the clearness of his style were celebrated by the ancients themselves, and are conspicuous in his Commentarii, which are his only works that have come down tti us. They relate the history of the first T years of the Gallic war in 7 books, and the history of the Civil war, down to the com- mencement of the Alexandrine, In 3 books. Neither of these works completed the history of the Gallic and Civil wars. The history of the former was completed in an 8th book, which is usually ascribed to Hirtius, and the history of the Alexandrine, African, and Span- ish wars was written in three separate books, which are alao ascribed to Hirtias, but tUelr authorship is nncertain. C. CAESAR and L. CAESAR, the sons of M. Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, and the grandsons of Augustus. L. Caesar died at Massllift on his way to Spain, A.n, 2, and C. Caesar in Lycia, j^.u. 4, of a wound which he had received in Armenia. CAESARAUGUSTA (-ae : Zaragoza or Sat ■ OAESAREA. 93 CALIGULA. ago8aa)j more anciently Salddjia, a town of the Euetani on tbo Iberus, in Hispania Tar- raconeuafe, colonized by Augustus b.o. 27. CAESXREA (-ae), a name given to several cities of the Kuman empire ni honor of one or other of the Caesars. — (1) C. ad Aboaeuh, formerly Hazaoa, also Eusebia {Keaariekt Ra.)i one of the oldest cities of Asia Minor, stood upon Mount Argaeus, about the centre of Cappadocia. When that country was made a Roman province by Tiberius (a.i>. 18), it re- ceived the name of Caesarea. It was ulti- mately destroyed by an earthquake.— (2) C. Philippi or Panbab (Baniaa), a city of Pales- tine, at the S. foot of Mount Hermon, on the Jwdan, just below Its source, built by Philip the tetrarch, b.o. 3; King Agrippa called ft Keronias, but it soon lost this name.— (3) C. Palakbtinae, formerly Stbatomis Td^ib, an important city of Palestine, on the sea-coast, just above the boundary-line between Sam:^ ria and Galilee. It waa surronnded with a wall, and decorated with splendid buildinss by Herod the Great (b.o. 13), who called it Caesarea, in honor of Augustus, He also made a splendid harbor for the city. Under the Romaus it was the capital of Palestine and the residence of the procurator. — (4) C. MAtTRRTANiAB, formerly Iol {Zerahell^ Ru.), a Phoenician city on the N. coast of Africa, wl^h a harbor, the residence of King Juba, who named it Caesarea, in honor of Augus- tus. There are several other cities, which are better known by other names. CAESXRION (-onis), son of C. Julius' Cae- sar and of Cleopatra, originally call'ed Ptole- maeus as an Egyptian prince, was born b.o. 47. After the death of nis mother in 30, he was executed by order of Augustus. CAESXrOD"&NUM (-i: Towrs), chief town of the Tui'6nes orTurini, subsequently called TuBOMi, on the Liger {Loire)^ in Gallia Lug- dunensis. ■ CAESiA (-ae), a forest in Germany be- tween the Lippe and the Yssel. CXICUS (-i), a river of Myeia, rising in Mount Temnus and flowing past Pergamus into the Cumaean Gulf. CXiETA (-ae : GaetaY, a town In Latium on the borders of Campania, situated on a prom- ontory of the same name, and on a bay of the sea called after it Sinus Caietanus. It pos- sessed an excellent harbor, and was said to have derived its name from CaietOf'the narse ofAeuens. CXlUS, the jurist. CQaiub.] CXIUS CAESAR. ; [Caugula.] CXLXBER. [QriNTus Smyrnaeits.] CXlXBRIA (-ae), the peninsula in the S.B. , of Italy, extending from Tarentnm to the * Prom. lapygium, formed part of Apttlia, CXLACTE (-es), originally the name of part of the coast, and afterwards a town on the N. coast of Sicily, founded by Bucetius, a chief of. the Sfcels, about b.o. 447. CXlXQURRIS ^-is : Calahorra)y a town of the Vasconee in Hispania Tarraconeusis near the Iberus. It was the birthplace of Quin- tiljftn, CXLXIS, brother of Zetes. [Zeteb.] CALXNUS (-i), an Indian gymnosophist, who bufned himself alive in the presence of the Macedonians, 3 months before the death of Alexander (u.o. 323), to whom he. had pre- dicted his approaching end. CXlXTIA (-ae: Ca^azzo), a town In Sam- nium on the Appia Via between Capua and Beneveutum. CXLXTINUS, A. XTIUUS, consul n.o. 268, and dictator in 240, when he carried on the war iu Sicily, He was the llrst dictator that commanded an army out of Italy. CXLATJREA or -lA (-ae: Poro), a small island in the Savonic gulf off the coast of Ar- folis and opposite Troezen, possessed a cele- rated temple of Poseidon (Neptune), which was regarded as an inviolable asylum. Hith- er Demosthenes fled to escape Autipater, and here he took poison, b.o. 322, CALCHXS (-antis), eon of Thestor, was the wisest soothsayer amon^ the Greeks at Troy, and advised them in their various difficulties. An oracle had declared that he should die if he met with a soothsayer superior to himself; and this came to pass at Claros, near Colo- phon, for here he met the soothsayer Mopbdb, who predicted things which Calchas could not. Thereupon Calchas died of grie£ After his death he had an oracle iii Daunia. CALS (-es: Oporto), a port-town of the Cal- Ineci in Hispania Tarraconeusis at the mouth of the Durius. From Porto CaU the name of the country Portugal is supposed to have come. CXLEDONIA. [Beitannia.] CXLSNUS, Q. PtTFSUS, a tribune of the glebs, b.o. 61, when he succeeded in saving P. 'lodius ftom condemnation for his violation of the mysteries of the Bona Bea. In 69 be was praetor, and from thie time appears as an active partisan of Caesar, in whose service he remained until Caesar's death (44). After this event Calenus joined M. Antony, and subse- quently had the command of Antony's legibnB in the N. of Italy. CXLES (-is, usually PI. Cfiles, -ium : Calvi), chief town of the Caleni, an Ausouian people in Campania, on the Via Latina, said to have been founded by Calais, son of Boreas, and therefore called Threicia by the poets. It was celebrated for its excellent wine. . CALETES (-um) or CALETI (-orura\ a geople in Belgic Gaul near the month of the eine. CXLIG'&LA (-ae), Roman emperor, A.t>. 37-41, son of Germanicus and Agripplna, was born A.i>. 13, and was brought up among the legions in Germany. His real name was Caius Caesar, and he was always called CaiitB by his contemporaries ; Caligula was a sur- name given him by the soldlerB from his wearing in his boyhood Bmall caligae, or sol- diers' boots. He gained the favor of Tiberi- us, who raised him to offices of honor, and held out to him hopes of the BUccesBion. On the death of Tiberius (37), which was either caused or accelerated by Caligula, the latter succeeded to the throne. He was saluted by CAtlGULA. 94 CALURRHOE. CftKgulB. the people with the greatest enthnsiaem as the son of Germnnicus. His flrst acts gave promise of a just ana beneficent reign; bnt at the end of 8 months his conduct became suddenly changed. After a serious illness, which probably weakened his mental powers, he appears as a sanguinary and licentious madman. In his madness he built a temple to himself as Jupiter Latiaris, and appointed piiests to attend to his worship. His extrav- aganee was monstrous. One instance will snow at once his wastefulness and cruelty. He constructed a bridge of boats between Baiae and Fnteoli, a distance of about 3 miles, and, after covering it with earth, he built houses upon it. When it was finished, he fave a splendid banquet in the middle of the ridge, and concluded the entertainment by throwing numbers of the guests into the sen. To replenish the treasury he exhausted Italy and Kome by his extortions, and then marched into Gaul in 40, which he plundered . in all directions. With his troops he ad- ■ vanced to the ocean, as if intending to cross over into Britain ; he' drew them up in battle array, and then gave them the signal— to col- lect shells, which he called the spoils of con- Coin of Caligula, with his head aod that of AugufttoB (the latter crowned). quered Ocean. The Eoman world at length grew tired of such a mad tyrant. Four mouths after his return to the city, on the 24th of January, 41, he was murdered by Cas- sius Chaerea, tribune of a praetorian cohort, Cornelius Sabinus, and others. His wife Cae- Bonia and his daughter were likewise put to death. CALLAiCI, CALLAECI. [Galiaeoi.] CALLATIS (-is), a town of Moesia, on the Black Sea, originally a colony of Miletus, and afterwards of Haraclea. CALLlAS (-ae) and HIPPONICUS (-i), a noble Athenian family, celebrated for their wealth. They enjoyed the hereditary digiijty of torch-bearer at the Bleusinian mysteries, and claimed descent from Triptolemus. The first member of this family of any note was Gallia^, who fought at the battle of Marathonj 490. He was afterwards embassador ftom Athens to Artaxerxes, and, according to some accounts, negotiated a peace with Per- sia, 449, on terms most humiliating to the lat- ter. On his return to Atheus he was accused of having taken bi-ibes, and was condemned to a fine of 60 talents. His sou Hipponicns was killed at the battle of Delium in 424. It was his divorced wife, and, not his'widow, ■ whom Pericles married. His daughter Hip- parete was married to Alcibiades. Callias, son. of this Hipponicns by the lady who mar- ried Pericles, dissipated all his ancestral wealth on sophists, flatterers, and women. The -scene of Xenbphon's Banquett and also that of Plato's Protagoras^ is laid at his house. CALLiAS, a wealthy Athenian, who,* on condition of marrying Cinion's sister, Elpi- nice, liberated Oimon from prison by paying for him the fine of 50 talents which had been Imposed on Miltiades. CAXLIDEOMUS or -trM C-i), part of the rapge of Mount Oeta, near Thermopylae. CALLIFAE, a town ia Samnium of uncer- tain site. CALLIMXCHUS (-i), a celebrated Alexan- drine grammarian and poet, was a native of Gyrene in Africa, lived at Alexandria in the reigns of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Everge- tes, and was chief librarian of the famous li- brary of Alexandria, from about b.o. 260 until his death, about 240. Among his pupils were Eratosthenes, AristophanesofByiiaatinm, and Apollonius Ehodins, with the latter of whom he subsequently quarreled. ' He wrote numer- ous works on an infinite variety of subjects, but of these we- possess only some of his po- ems, which are characterized rather by labor and learning than by real poetical genius. CALLINUS (-1), of Ephesns, the earliest Greek elegiac poet, probably floui'ished about 11.0. TOO. CALLIOPE. [McBAE.] CALLIPOLIS (-Is). (1) A town on the-E. coast of Sicily not far from Aetna (2) {Gal- Upcli), a town in the Thracian Chersonese opposite Lampsacus.— (3) A town in Aetolia. [CA1.LIUM.] OALLIRSHOK-es). (1) Daughter of Ache- Ions and wife of Alcmaeoii, induced her husi CALLIRRHOE. 95 cambyses. band to procure her the peplus and necklace of Harmonia, by which she caused his death, [Alo>ia£onO — (2) Daughter of Scamander, wife of Tros, and mother of IIus aud Gany- znedes. CALLIRRHOS (-cb), afterwards called Bn- HKAORimrs, or the "Nine Springs," because its water was distributed by 9 pipes, was the most celebrated well in Athens, situated in the S.£. part of the city, and still retains its ancient name Callirrhoe. CALUSTHENES (-is), of Olynthus. a rela- tion and- a pupil of Aristotle, accompanied Alexander .the Great tu Asia. He rendered himself so obnoxious to Alesnnder by the boldness and independence with which he expressed his opinions on several occasions, that he was accused of being privy to the plot oj Hermolans to assassinate Alexander ;. and after being kept in chaius for 7 months, was either put to death or died of disease. He wrote several works, all of which have per- ished. CALLISTO (-us ; ace, -6), an Arcadian nymph, hence called 2{o7iacrina virgo, from Nonacris, a mountain in Arcadia, was a com- panion of Artemis (Diana) in the chase. She was beloved by Zeus (Jupiter), who meta-. morphosed her into a she-bear, that Hera (Juno) might not become acquainted with the amour. But Hera learned the truth, and caused Artemis to slay Callisto during the chase. Zeus placed Callisto among the stars under the name of ATct4i8t or the Bear. An^ PAJ3 was her son by Zeus, [Abotos.] CALLISTRiTiA (-ae), a town in Paphla- gonia, on the coast of the Euzinc. CALLltTM (-i), called CALLIPOLIS (-is) by Livy,-a'towii in Aetolia in the valley of the Spercheus. CALOR (-firis), a river in Samnium flowing pastBeneventum and falling into theVultur- ■ nus. CALPS (-es : Gihraltar). (1) A mountain in the S.of Spain on the straits 'between the Atlantic and Mediterranean. .This and Monnt Abyla, opposite to it on the African coast, were called the Colurmms of Hercules. [Auyla. j — (2) A river, promontory, and town on the coast of Bithynia. CALPURNiA (-ae), daughter of L. Calnui^ nius PisO, consul b.o. 58, and Ja^t wife of the dictator Caesar, to whom she was married 1u 59. She survived her husband. CALPURNiA GENS, plebeian, pretended to.be descended from Catpils, a son of Numa. It was divided into the families of Bibulus and Piso. . .CALVINUS, CN. DOMITIUS (-i), tribune- of the plebs, b.o, 69, when he supported Bjbu* Uis against Caesar, praetor in 56, and consul in 63, through the influence of Pompey. He took an active part in the civil war as one pf Caesar's generals. CXLYCADNUS (-i), a considerable river of Cilicia Tracheia, navigable as far as.Seleucla. CiLYDNAE (-arum}. (1) Two small isl- ands off the coast of Troas.— (2) A group of ■ IslandB off the coast of Caria, belonging to the Sporades. The largest of them was called Calydna, and aftexwards Calymna. CALYdON (-6nis),an ancient town of Aeto- lia W. of the Eveuns in the land of the'Cure- tes, said to have been founded by Aetolus or his sou Cnlydon. The town was celebrated iu the heroic ages, but is rarely mentioned in historical times. In the mountains in the neighborhood took place the celebrated hunt of the Calydonian boar. The inhabitants were removed by Augustus to Njoopohb. In the Roman poets we find CalydbnUy a woman of Aetolia, i. e. Delanira, daughter of Oeueus, king of Calydon ; Calyaoniue het'os, i. e. Me- leager; Calydoniua amnie, i. e: the Achelous separating Acamania and Aetolia, because Calydon was the chfef town of Aetolia; Caly^ donia regnOf i. e. Apulia, because Diomedes, grandson of Oeueus, king of Calydon, after- wards obtained Apiilla as his kingdom. CXLYPSD (-lib ; ace. -6), a nymph inhabit- ing the island of Ogygia, on which Ulysses was shipwrecked. Calypso loved the nufor- . tnnate hero, and i>romi8ed him immortality if he would remain with her. Ulysses re- fused, and after she had detained him 7 years, the gods compelled her to allow him to con- tinue his journey homewards. CalypBO. (From a painted Vase.) CAMAL'ODttNUM {Colchester^ the capital of the Triuobantes in Britain, and the first Roman colony iu the island, founded by the emperor Claudius, "a.i>. 43. CXmXRINA (-ae), a town on the.S. coast of Sicily, at the mouth of the Hipparis, found- ed by Syracuse, B.a 599. It was several times destroyed by Syracuse ; and in the first Punic war it was taken by the Romans, and most of the inhabitants sold as slaves. CAMBttNI (-crura) MONTES, the mount- ains which separate Macedonia and Thessaly. CAMBTSES (-is). (1) Father of Cybds the Great— (2) Second king of Persia, succeeded .his father Cyrus, and reigned B.a 629-622. In 526 he conquered Egypt; but was unsuc- CAMENAE. 96 CANDACE. cessfnl ill expeditions ELgsiinst the Ammonians aud against the Aetliiopians. On Ms return to Mempliis lie treated the Egyptians with great-cruelty; he insulted their religion, and slew their god Ajiis with his own hands. He also acted tyrannically towards his own fam- ily and the Persians in general. He caused his own brother Smerdis to be murdered i but a Magian personated the deceased prince, and set up a <3aim to the throne. [Smbrdis.] Cambyeea forthwith set out from Egypt against this pretender, but died in Syria, at a place named Ecbataua, of an accidental wound in the thigh, 522. CAMSNAE (-arum), prophetic nymphs, be- longing to the religion of 'ancient Italy, al- though .later traditions represent their wor- ship as introduced into Italy from Arcadia, and some accounts identify them with the Muses: The most important of these god- desses was Carmenta or Carm^ntis, who nad a temple at the foot of the Capituliue hill, and altars near the Porta Carmentalis. The traditions which assigned a Greek origin to her worship state that her original name was Nicoetrate, and that she was the mother of Evander, with whom she came to Italy. CXMSRIA (-ae), an ancient town of La- tinm, conquered by Tarquinins Priscus. . CiMERINUM or CiMiEINUM (-1), more anciently GAMERS <-tis: Cam^rino), a town in Umbria, on the borders of Piceuum, and subsequently a Homan colony. - CiMERINUS (-i), a Roman poet, contem- porary with Ovid, wrote a poem on the capt- ure of Troy by Hercules. CAMICUS (-i), an ancient town of the Si- cani on the S. coast of Sicily, and on a river of the same name, occupied the site of the citadel of Agbioentttm. CAMILLA (-ae), daughter of king Metabus, of the Volsciari town of Privernum, was one of the swift-footed servants of Diana, accus- tomed to the chase and to war. She assisted . Turnus against Aeneas, and after slaying numbers ofthe Trojans was at length killed ■by Arnns. . CXMILLUSj M. PCRIUS (-i), one of the great heroes of the Roman republic He was ■censor b.o. 403, in which year Livy errone- ously places his first consular tribunate. He was consular tribune six different years, and dictator Ave times during his life. In his first dictatorship (396) he gained a glorious victory over the Paliscans and Fideiiates, took Veil, and .entered "Rome in triumph. Five years afterwards (391) he was accused of hav- ing made an unfair distribution of the booty of Veil, ind went voluntarily into exile at Ar- dea. Next year (390) the Gauls took Rome, and laid sie»e to Ardea. The liomans in the Capitol recalled Camillns, and appointed him dictator in his absence. Camillns hastily collected an army, attacked the Gauls, and defeated them completely. [Bbennus.] His fellow-citizens saluted him as the Second Romulus. In 367 he was dictator a fifth time, and though 80 years of a^e, he completely de- feated the Gauls. He died of the pestiluiice, 365. ' Camillus was the great general of his age, and the resolute champion of the patri- cian order. CAMIRTJS (-i), a Dorian town on the W. coast of the island of Rhodes, and the princi- pal town in the island before the foundation of Rhodes. CAMPiNiA (-ae), a district of Italy, the name of which is probably derived from cam- pu8f "a plain," -separated from Latium by the river Liris, and tiom Lucania at a later time by the river Silarus, though in the time of Augustus it did not extend farther S. than the promontory of Minerva. In still earlier times the Ager Campanus included only the country round Capua. Campania is a vol- canic country, to which circumstance it was . mainly indebted for its extraordinai^ fertil- ity, for which it was celebrated in antiquity above all other lands. The fertility of the soil, allowing in parts 3 crops in a year, tlie beauty of the scenery, and the softness of the climate, the heat of which was tempered by the delicious breezes of the sea, procured for Campania the epithet Felix^ a name which it justly deserved. It was the favorite retreat in summer ofthe Roman nobles, whose villas studded a' considerable part of its coast, espe- cially in the neighborhood of Baiae. The earliest inhabitants of the country were the Ansones and Osci or Opici. They were sub- sequently conquered by the Etruscans, -who became the masters of almost all the country. In the time of the Romans we find 3 distinct peoples, besides the Greek population of Cc- mak: 1. The Campania properly so called, a mixed race, consisting of Etmscans and the original inhabitants ofthe country, dwelliug along the coast from .Sinuessa to.Paestum. They were the ruling race. [CArtrA.]— 2. Si- DioiMT, an Ansonian people, in the N.W. of the country on the borders of Samnium. — 3. PioENTiNi, in the S.E. of the country. CAMPl RAUDII (-ornm), a plain in the N. of Italy, near Vercellae, where Marine and Catnlus defeated the Cimbri, b.o. 101. CAMPUS MARTlUS (-i), the "Plain of Mars," frequently called Campus simply, was the N.W. portion of the plain lying in the bend of the Tiber, outside the walla of Rome. The Circus Plaminius in the S. gave its name to a ^portion of the plain. The Campus Mnr- tius IS said to have belonged originally to the Tarqnins, and to have been consecrated to Mars upon the expulsion ofthe kings. Here the Roman youths were accustomed to per- form their gymnastic and warlike exercises, and here thecomitia of the centuries were held. At a later time It- was surrounded by porticoes, temples, and other public build- ings. It was included within the city walls by Anrelian. CXnACE (-es) entertained an unnatural love for her brother Macareus, and on this account was compelled by her father to kill herself. . CANDiCE. (-e.s), a queen of the Aethiopi- ans of Meroe, invarled Egypt b.o. 22, but was driven back and defeated by Petronins, the Roman governor of Egypt. Her name seems to have been common to all the queens of Aethiopia. CANDAULES. 97 CAPITOLIUM. CANDAULES, also called Myreilns, last Hei'aclid klug of Lydia. He exposed his wife to Gyges, whereupon ehe compelled Gyges to put him to death. [GvobBO CANDiViA (-ae), CANDXvII (-Srum) MONTES, the mountains separating Illyri- cmn from Macedonia, across which the Via Egnatia ran. CiNlDiA (-ae), whose real name was Gra- tidia, was a Neapolitan courtesan, beloved by Horace; but when she deserted him, he re- venged himself by holding her up to con- tempt as an old sorceress. CXNIS (-le), the constellation of the Great Dog. The most important star- in this, con- stellation was specially namdd Cania or Ca- nicula^ aud also Slr^ua. The Dies Canicula- res were as proverbial for the heat of the weather among the Bomans as are the dog days among ourselves. The coustellatiou of the Little Dog was called Procyon^ literally - translated Ant» canem, Antecanis, because in Greece this constellation rises heliacally be- fore the Great Dog. When Bootes was re- garded as Icarius [Akotos], Procyou became Maera, the dog of Icarius. CANNAE (-arum), a village in Apulia, situ- ated in an extensive plain, memorable for the defeat of the Romans by Hannibal, ».o. 216. OXN'&SIITM (-i: Caiiosa)^ an important town in Apulia, on the AufidTjs, founded, ac- cording to tradition, by Diomedes. It was at all events a Greek colony, and both Greek and Oscau were spoken there in the time of Hor- ace. It was celebrated for its mules and its woolen manufactures, but it had a deficient supply of water. CiPXNEUS (-Sfts or 61), sou of Hippono- us, and one of the 7 heroes who marched against Thebes. He was struck by Zeus (Ju- piter) with lightning as he was scaling the walls of Thebes, because he had dared to defy the god. While his body was burning, his wife Evadue leaped into the flames aud de- stroyed herself. CXPELLA, the star. [Capea.] CXPENA (-ae), an ancient Etruscan town founded by Veiij and subsequently became n Roman muuicipium. In its territory was the celebrated grove and temple of Feronia on the small river Capenas. [Fkeonia.] CiPllTUS SILViUS. rSiLvio&O CXPHlREtJS {Capo d'Oro), a rocky and dangerous promontory on the S.E. of Euboea, where the Greek fleet is said to have been wrecked on its return from Troy. CXPITO, C. ATEIUS, an eminent Roman jurist, who gained th^ favor of both Augue- Plata of Cannne. CXN<5BUS or CiNOPUS (-i), an important city on the coast of Lower Egypt, 2 geng. miles E. of Alessandria. It was near the W.- moBt mouth of the Nile, which was hence called the Canopic Mouth. It was celebrated for a great temple of Serapis, for its commerce and its luxury. CANTiBRI (-Drum); a flerce and warlike people in the N. of Spain, bounded on the E. by the Astnres, and on the W; by the Autri- gones. They were subdued by Augustus after a struggle of several years (b.o. 25-19). CANTiUM (-i), a district of Britain, nearly the same as the modern Kent, bat included LONDINITTM. tus and Tiberins by flattery and obsequious- ness. Capito and his contemporary Lab^o were reckoned the highest legal authorities of their day, and were the founders of .2 legal schools, to which most of the great jurists be- longed. cXpiTO, C. FONTEf us, a friend of M. Antony, accompanied Maecenas to Brnndi- sium, B.o. 37, when the latter was sent to ef- fect a reconciliation between Octavianus and Antony. CXPITOLINUS, MANLIUS. [Manhus.] CXPITOUNUS MONS. [Capitolium : Ro- MA.] CAPIT5LiXM (-i), the temple of Jupiter CAPPADOCIA. 98 CAPEICORNUS. Optimns Maximus at Botne, was situated on the S. summit 'Of the Mous Capicoliuus., so called on account of the temple. The site of the temple is now covered in part by the Pa- lazzo Caffarellif while the N. summit, which was formerly the arx, is occupied by the church of Ara CM. The temple is said to have been called the Capitolium because a human hcad<<<»ipuO was discovered in dig- ging the foundations. The building of it was commenced by Tarquinius Priscus, and it was finished by Tarquinius Superbue, but was not dedicated till the 3d year of the.republic, ii.o. 607, by the consul M. Horatius. It was burned down in the civil wars, 83, and twice after- wards in the time of the emperors. After its 3d destruction, in the reign of Titus, it was again rebuilt by Domitiaii with greater splen- dor than before. The Capitol contained 3 cells under the same roof^ the middle cell was the temple of Jupiter, hence described as "nt^ra qui sedet aede Deus,^' and on either side were the cells of his attendant deities, Juno and Minerva. The Capitol was one of the most imposing buildings at Rome, and was adorned as befitted the majesty of the king of the gods. It was in the form of a square, namely, 200 feet on each side, and was approached by a Sight of 100 steps. The gates were of bronze, and the ceilmgs and tiles gilt. The gilding alone of the building cost Bomitian 12,000 talents. In the Capitol were kept the Sibylline books. Here the con- suls, upon entering on their office, offered sac- rifices and took their vows ; and hither the vlctprious general, who entered the city in "triumph, was carried in his triumphal car to return thanks to the Father of the gods. The whole hill was sometimes called Arx. and sometimes Capitolium, but most completely and correctly Arx Capitoliumq^ie. CAPPiDOCiA (-ae), a district of Asia- Mi- nor, to which different boundaries were as- signed at different times. Under the Persian empire it included the whole country inhab- ited by a people of Syrian origin,- who were called (from their complexion) White Syrians iXjevcoBi/ri), and also Cappadoces. Their conn- try embraced the whole N.E. part of Asia Mi- nor, E. of the river' Halys, and N. of Mount Taurus, which was afterwards divided into Pontus and" Cappadocia Proper. [Pontub.] When this division toolc place is uncertain; but we find that under tne Persian empire the whole country was governed by a line of hereditary satraps, who eventually became independent kings. At a later period Cappa- docia Proper was governed by a ]^ne of inde- pendent monarchs. In a.d. 17, Archelaiis, the last king, died at Rome, and Tiberius made Cappadocia a Roman province. Cappadocia was -a rough and mountainous region. Its fine pastures supported abundance of good horses and mules. Coia of Cappadocia. CXPEA, CiPEA, or CXPELLA (-ae), the Ijrightest star in the constellation of the ^ ?«- riga, or Charioteer, is said to have been orig- inally the iiymph or goat who nursed the in- fant Zeus (Jupiter) in Crete. [Amai.thka.] CAPHiKIA ■ (-ne), a small island off the coast of Etruria, inhabited only by wild goats, whence its name. CXPREAB (-arum: Capri), a, small island, 9 miles in circumference, off Campania, at the S. entrance of the gnlf of Pnteoli. The scen- ery is beautifnl, and the clim'ate soft and ge- nial, fiere Tiberius lived the last 10 years of his reign, indulging in secret debauchery, and accessible only to his creatures. CXPRICORNUS (-i), the Goat, a sign of the zodiac, between the Archer and the Water- ■P^HH ■■■ |M| HBBBH HiilHIIP f >y . Jl^^^^r'r^^^^Z^^^V^^^^^BaBSjIgaD Ujjl^BHI^P^^ ^^H^^^^^^H ^T'^^^HmdiUl^^BB^nSBBiB^^ ^^^S^^^^^fe^^^ ^^^BI^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^■h^^p ^^^'^'s^ 19I^^^^B ^ -^ ~*^^^^^^^^ ^^^S rflTlt'^^ — -^^^==^^--tmH ^^^k^iiffiMiihi^fli Hiili^^^ I^^M H ^^ Capreae. CAPSA. 99 CARIA. man, is said to have fonght with ^Jupiter against the Titans. CAPSA (-ae), a strong and ancient city in the S.W. of Byzacena, in N. Africa, ina fertile oasia surrounded by a sandy desert, abound- ing in serpents. In the war with Jugurtha it was destroyed by Jiarius ; but it was after- wards rebuilt, and erected into a colony. CAPtJ'A <-ae: Capua), the chief city of Campania, either fouuded or co}oni2ed by the Etruscans. It became at an early period the most prosperous, wealthy, and luxurious city in the S. of Italy. Its warlike neighbors, the Samnites, made frequent attempts upon it, sometimes with success. In order to be a match for them, Capua, in b.o. 343, placed it- self under the protection of Rome. It revolt- ed to Hannibal after the battle of Caunae, 216, but was taken by the Romans in 211, was fearfully punished, and never recovered its former prosperity. It was subsequently made a Roman colony. CAPlfS (-yfia and fa), (1) Son of Assara- cusj and father of Anchises. — (2) A cdmpau- iOu of Aeneas, from whom Capua was said to have derived its name. CXPYS SILVIUS. [Siltius.] 211- CArXCALLA (-ae), emperor of Rome, A.n. ,l~2I7, was son of Septimius Severus, and was bom at Lyons, a.d. 188. His proper name was 3f. Aurelius A ntonijiua. Caracalla was a ■ nickname derived from a long tunic worn by the Gauls, which he adopted as his favorite dress after he became em]ieror. He accom- panied his father to Britain in 208; and on the death of Severus, at York, 211, Caracalla and his brother Geta succeeded to the throne, according to their father's arrangements. A succession of cruelties now marked his ca- reer. He assassinated his brother Gets, and, with him, many of the- most distinguished men in the ' state, thus securiu^ -himself in the sole government. The celebrated jurist Papinian was one of his victims. He added extravagance to cruelty ; and, after wasting the resources of Italy, he visited the Eastern and Western provinces of the empire, for the purposes of extortion and plunder, and some- times of wanton cruelty. He was about to set out on further expeditions across the Ti- gris, but was murdered at Edessa by Macri- nus, the praetorian prefect. Caracalla gave to all free inhabitants of the empire the name and privileges of Roman citizens. CARACTlCUS <-i), king of the Silures in Britain, bravely defended his country against the Romans in the time of Claudius. He Was at length defeated, and fled for protection to Carti^maudua, queen of the Brigantes ; bnt she. betrayed him to the Romans, who carried him to Rome, a.i). 51. When brought before Claudius, he addressed the emperor in so no- , ble a manner that the latter .pardoned him ' and his friends. CXrALIS (-is) or CiRiLES (-ium: Cagli- ari), the chief town of Sardiuia, with an ex- cellent harbor, CARAMBIS (-idis), a promontory, with a. city of the same name, on the coast of Paph- lagonia. cXrANUS (-i), a descendant of Hercules, is said to have settled at Edessa, in Macedo- nia, with an Argive colony, about b.o. 750, and to have become the founder of the dynasty of Macedonian kings. CAIiBO (-5nis), the name of a family of the Papiria gens.— (1) C. Papibius Caedo, a dis- tinguished orator, and a man of great talents, but of no principle. He was one of the 3 commissioners or triumvirs for carrying into effect the agrarian law of Tib. Gracchus.' His tribiineship of the plebs, v.o. 131, was charac- terized by the most vehement opposition to the aristocracy. But after the death of C. Gracchus (121), he suddenly deserted the pop- ular party, and in his consulship (120) under- took the defense of Opimius, who had mur- dered C. Gracchus. In 119 Carbo was accused by L. Licinius-Crassus; and, as he foresaw his condemnation, he put an end to his life. — (2) Cn. PAPinius Cabbo, one of the leaders of the Marian party. He wais thrice consul, namely, in 65, 84, and 82. In 82 he carried on war against Sulla, but he was at length obliged to fly to Sicily, where he was put to death by Pompey at Lilybaeum. CARCXSO ("iinis: CarcasBOTie)^ a town of the Tectosages, in Gallia Narboheusis. CARDXMITLB (-Ss), a town in Messenia. CARDE A (-ae), a Roman divinity, presiding over the hinges of doors—that is, over family life. CARDiA (-ae), a town on the Thracian Chersonese, on the gulf of Melas, was the birthplace of Enmenes. It was destroyed by Lysimachus, who built the towii of Lysima- OHiA in its immediate neighborhood. " CARBUCHI (-drum), a powerful and war- like people, probably the Kurds of modern times, dwelt in the mountains which divided Assyria from Armenia {Mts. of Kurdistan), , CARlA (-ae), a distrkt of Asia Minor, in its S.W. corner. It Is intersected by low mount- ain chains, running out far into the sea in long promontories, forming gulfs along the coast and inland valleys that were fertile and CAKINUS. 100 CARTHAGO. well watered. The cbief products of the coun- try were corn, wine, oil, and flga. The coast was inhabited chiefly by Greek colonists. The inhabitants of the rest of the country were Carians, a people nearly allied to the Lydians and Mysians. The Greeks .considered the people mean and stupid, even for slaves. The country was governed by a race of native princes, who fixed their abode at Halicarnas- sus. These princes were subject allies of Lydia and Persia, and some of them rose to great distinction in war and peace. [See As- TEMisiA, Matjbolus.] Under the Komans, Co- ria formed a part of the province of AeiAi CiElNUS, M. AUEBLIUS (-i), Roman em- peror, A.i>. 284-2S5, the elder of the 2 sons of Cams, was associated with his father in the government, a.i>. 283. He was slain in a bat- tle against Diocletian by some of his own. of- ficers. CARMiNiA (-ae), a province of the an- cient Persian empire, bounded on the W. by Persia, on the N. by Parthia, on the B. by Qe- drosia, and on the S. by the Indian Ocean. CAEMELUS, and -UM (-i), a range of mountains in Palestine, commencing on the N. border of Samaria, and running through the S.W. part of Galilee, till it termmates in the promontory of the same name {Cape Carmet), CAEMENTA, CAEMENTIS. [Camkmae.] CAENA (-ae), a Eoman divinity, whose name is probably connected with CarOj flesh, for she was regarded as the protector of the physical well-being of man. Her festival was celebrated June 1st, and was believed to have been instituted by Brutns in the first year of the republic. Ovid confounds this goddess with Cahuka. CARNEADES (-is), a celebrated philoso- pher, born at Gyrene about b.o. 213, was the founder of the third or new Academy at Athens, and a strenuous opponent of the Sto- ics. In 165 he was sent to Eome, with Diog- enes and Critolaus, by the Athenians, to dep- recate the fine of 500 talents which had been imposed on the Athenians for the destruction of Oropus. At Rome he attracted gi'eat no- tice from his eloquent declamations on philo- sophical subjects. He died la 129, at the age of 85. CARNI (-orum), aCeltic people, dwelling N. of the Veneti, in the Alpes Caruicae. [Alpes.] CARNUNTUM (-i), an ancient Celtic town in Upper Panuonia, on the Danube, E. of Vin- dobona {Vienna), and subsequently a Roman munlcipinm or a colony. CARN^TES (-um) or -I (-Brum), a powerful people in the centre of Gaul, between the Li- ger and Sequana ; their capital was Genauuu {Orleans). CARPiTES (-um), also called ALPES BASTARNICAE {Ckirpathian Mouiitaim), the mountains separating Dacia from Sarmatia. GAEPiTHUS (-i : Searimnto), an island between Crete and Rhodes, in the sea named . after it. CAEPITANI (-6mm), a powerful people in Hispania Tarraconensis, with a fertile terri- tory on the rivers Anas and Tagus. Their capital was Toletdm. CAEPI or CARPlAl^I (-oram), a German people between the Carpathian mountains ■ and the Danube. CAERAE or CAREHAE (-arum),' the Ha- ran or Charran of the Scriptures, a city of Osroane, in Mesopotamia, where Crassus met his death after his defeat by the Parthians, 11.0. 63. . CAESEOLI (-ornm : CarsoEi'), a town of the Aequi, in Latium, colonized by the Romans. CAETEIA(-ae: also called. Carthaea, Car- pia, Carpessus), more anciently T.'VBTESSUS, a celebrated town and harbor in the S. of Spain, at the head of the gulf of which Mount Calpe forms one side, founded by the Phoeni- cians, and colpnized s.o. ITO by 4000 Roman soldiers. CAETHAEA (-ae), a town on the S. side of the island of Ceos. CAETHAGO (-inis), MAGNA CAETHi- GO (Eu. near El-Maraa, N.E. of Tunis), one of the most celebrated cities of the ancient world, stood in the recess of a large bay, In the middle of theN.-most part of the N. coast of Africa. The coast of this part of Africa has been much altered by the deposits of the river Bagradas, and the sand which is driven seawards by the N.W. winds. The old pen- insula upon which Carthage stood was about 30 miles in circumference, and the city itself, in the height of its glory, measured about IB miles. r(mnd. But, owing to the Influences just referred to, the locality presents a very difi'erent appearance at present. Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians of Tyre, ac- cording to tradition, about 100 years before the building of Rome— that is, about B.0. 853. The mythical account of its foundation is given under Dino. The part of the city first built was called, in the Phoenician language, Betznra or Bpsra, i. e. a caatU, which was cor- CARTHAGO. . 101 CAKYSTUS. Cola of Carthage, with wloged hone. mpted by the Greeks into Byrsa, i. e. a kide^ and hence probably arose the story of the way in which the natives were cheated out of the ground. As the city grew, the Byrsa formed the citadel. Cothon was the inner harbor, and was need for ships of war; the, outer harbor, divided from it by a tongue of land 300 feet wide, was the station for the merchant ships. Beyond the fortifications was a large suburb, called Magara or Mttsa- lia. The population of Carthage at the time of the 3d Punic war is stated at 700,000.— The coustitation of Carthage was an oligarchy. The two chief magistrates, called Suffetes, ap- pear to have been elected for life : the Greek and Koman writers call them kings. The generals an'd foreign governors were usually quite distinct from the Bu£feteg ; bat the two ofilces were sometimes united in the same per- son. The governing body was a. senate, part- ly hereditary and partly elective, within which there was a 'select body of 100 or 104, called Gerasia, whose ch'ief office was to control the magistrates, and especially the generals re- turning from foreign service, who might be suspected of attempts to establish a tyran- ny. Important questions, especially those, on which the senate and the suffetes disagreed, were referred to a general assembly of the citizens ; but concerning the mode of pro- ceeding in this asaembly, and the extent of its powers, we know very little. Their jmuianments were very severe, and the usual mode of inflicting death was by cru- ciflxiou. The chief occupations of the people were commerce and agriculture, in both of which they reached a pre-emi- nent position among the nations of the ancient world. The Carthaginians be- came the rivals of the Romans, with whom they carried on 3 wars, usually known as the three Punic wars. The first lasted from B.0, 265-242, and resulted in the loss to Carthage of Sicily and the Lipari isl- ands. The second, which was the decisive contest, began with the siege of Saguntum (218), and terminated (201) with the peace by which Carthage was stripped of all her power. [Hannibai..] The thud began and terminated in 146, l)y the capture and destruc- tiofl of Carthage. It remained in ruins for 30 years. At the end of that time a colony was established on the old site by the Gracchi, which continued in a feeble condition till the times of Julius and Augustus, under whom a new city was built, with the name of Colo- HiA Caethago. It became the first city of Africa, and occupied an important place in ecclesiastical as well as in civil history. It was taken by the Vandals in a.d. 439, retaken by Bellsariua in a.i>. 583, and de- stroyed by the Arab conquerors in a.d, 698. The Carthaginians are frequently called Poeni by the Lrftin writers on ac- count of their Phoenician origin. CARTHAGO (-Inis) NOVA {Ca/rthage- na), an im;portant town on the E. coast of Hispania TarfacouenSis, founded by the Cavthaeiniana uuder Hasdrubal, b.o. 243, and subsequently conquered and col- onized by the Romans. It Is situated on a promontory mnning out into the sea, and posaesses one of the finest harbors iu the world. CiRUS, M, AXJRSLlUS, Roman emperor. A.i>. 282-2S3, succeeded JProbus. fie was en- faged in a successful military expedition iu ersia. when he was struck dead by lightning, towards the close of 283. He was succeeded by his sons CAhxNus and Kumbbiaitds. Ca- ms was a victorious general and able ruler. CARVENTUM (-i), a town of the Volsci, to which tlje Cakvkntana Anx mentioned by Livy belonged, between Siguia and the sources of the Trerua. CARVIL!US MAXiMUS. (1) 8p., twice consul, B.o. 293 and 273, both times with L. Papirins Cursor. In the first consulship ^hey gained brilliant victories over the Samnites, and in their second they brought the Samnite war to a close. — (2) Sp., son of the preceding, twice consul, 234 and 228, is said to have been the first person at Rome who divorced his wife. CArI^AE (-arum), a tOwn in Laconia near the borders of Arcadia, originally belonged to the territory of Tegea iu Arcadia. Female figures, in architecture that support burdens were called Caryatides in token of the abject Caryntides. elayery to which the women of Caryae were reduced by the Greeks, as a punishment for joining the Persians at the invasion of cXrYANDA (-5rnm), a city of Caria, on a little Island, once probably united with the mainland, was the birthplace of the geogra- pher Scylflx. CXRyItIDES. [Cakyab.] CXRYSTUS <-i), a town on the S. coast of CASCA. 102 CASSIODORUS. Euboea, founded by Dryopes, celebrated for its marble quarries. CASdA, P. SERVILlrrS, tribune of the plebs, D.0. 44, and one of Caesar's assassins. CiSIUNUM (-i), a town in Campania on the Vulturnus, and on the same sits as the modern Capaa, celebrated for its heroic de- fense against Jlannibal, b.o. 216. CXSINXJM (-i : S. Germano), a town in La- tium on the river Caswbs. Its citadel occu- pied the same site as the celebrated convent Monte Ganaino. CXSlOTIS. [Castob.] CXSIUS (-i). (1) (-Rw i&Moroun), a rtiount- ain on the coast of Egypt, E. of Felusmm,- with a temple of Jupiter on its summit. Here also was the grave of Pompey.— (2) {JeM Okrah), a mountain on the coast of Syria, b. of Antioch and the Oi-ontes. CASMENA (-ae), a town in Sicily, founded by Syracuse about b.o. 643. CASPEEIA or CASPERtJLA (-ae),a town of the Sabines on the river Himella. CASPiAE PORTAE or PYLAB, the Cas- pian Gates, the name given to several passes through the mountains round the Caspian. The principal of these were near the ancient Ehngae or Arsacla. Being a noted and cen- tral point, distances were reckoned from it. CASPlI (-Brum), the name of certain Scyth- ian tribes around the Caspian Sea. CASPII MONTES (Elburz Mnintains), a name applied eenerally to the whole range of mountains which surround the Caspian Sea, on the S. and S.W., at the distance of from 15 to 30 miles from its shore, and more es- pecially to that, part of this range S. of the Caspian, in which was the pass called Cas- pian Ptlae. CASPIRI or CASPIRAEI (-orum), a people of India, whose exact' position is doubtful: they are generally placed in Cosftni«reand Xepaul. CASPIUM MAEB {the Caspian Sea), also called Hyroaniom, Atjbkvvm, and SoVthIodm, all names derived from the pec^le who lived ■ on Its shores, a great salt-water lake in Asia. Probably at some remote period the Caspian was united both with the sea of Aral and with the Arctic Ocean. Both lakes have' their ■ silrface considerably below that of the Buxine or Black Sea, the Caspian nearly 350 feet, and the Aral about 200. feet, and both are still* sinking by evaporation. The whole of the neighboring country indicates that this proc- essTias been going on for centuries past. Be- sides a number of smaller streams, two great rivers flmv into the Caspian ; the Eha (Volga) (ra the N., and the united Cyrus and Araxes (Kour) on the W. ; but it loses more by evap- oration than it receives from these rivers; CASSANDER (-dri), son of Aiitipater. His father, on his death-bed (b.o. 319)j appointed Polysperchon regent, and conferred upon Oas- sander only the secondary dignity of chili- arch. Being dissatisfied with this arrange- ment, Cassander strengthened himself in va- rious ways that he might carry on waf with Polysperchon. Eirst, he formed an alliance with Ptolemy and Antigonus, and next de- feated Olympias and put tiepto death. After- wards he joined Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Ly- simachUB in their war against Anligonns. . This war was, on the whole, nnfav6rable to Cassander. In 306 Cassander took the title of king, when it was assumed by Antigonns, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy. But it was not until the year 301 that the decisive battle of Ipsus secured Cassander the possession of ■ Macedonia and Greece. Cassander died of dropsy in 29T, and was succeeded by his son Philip. CASSANDRA (-ae), daughter of Priam and Hecuba, and twin-sister of Helenus. In her youth she was the object of Apollo's regard^ and when she grew up her beauty won upon him so much that he conferred upon her the gift of prophecy, upon her promising to com- ply with his desires; hnt when she had be- come possessed of the prophetic art, she re- fused to fulfill her promise. Thereupon the fod, in auger, ordained that no one should elieve her prophecies. On the capture of Troy she fled into the sanctuary of Athena (Minerva), but was torn away fromthe statue of the goddess by Ajax, son of Oileus. On the division of the booty, Cassandra fell to the lot of Agamemnon, who took her with him to Mycenae. Here she was killed by Clytaemnestra. CASSANDREA. [Potit)A^a.] CASSlEPEA, CASSlOPEA (-ae), or CAS- SIOPE (-es), wife of Cepheus, in Aethiopia, and mother of Andromeda, whose beauty she extolled above that of the Nereids. [Ah- i>uoM£nA.] She was aftei'wards placed among the stars. CASSiOdSRUS, MAGNUS AURlLlDS (-1), a distinguished statesman, and one of the few men of^learning at the downfall of the Western Empire, was born abont a.p. 468. He enjoyed the confidence of Theodoric the Great and his successors, and conducted for CASSIOPEA. 103 CATANA. a loDg series of years the govermnent of the . Ostro^othic kingdom. Several of Ma works are still extant. CASSlOiPEA. rCAssiBPKA.] CASSITERIDES. [Beitannia.] CASSiUS (-i), the name of one of the most distlnguishea of the Boman gentes, originally patrician, afterwards plebeian. — (1) Sp. Cas- BiDs VisoEtLiNue, who was- thrice consul, in the yeara b.o. 502, 493, 486 ; and is distln- guiehed as having carrie.d the tlrst agrarian law at Rome. -Tnis law brought upon him the enmity of bis fellow-patricians ; they ac- cused him of aimiuff at regal power, and put hini to death. He left 3 sons ; but, as all the subseqneut Cassii are plebeians, his sons were perhaps expelled frobi the patrician order, or may have voltmtarily passed over to the ple- beians on account of the murder of their fa- ther.— (2) C. CAfes. LoMQiNUs, the murderer of Julius Caesar. ' In u-o. 53. he, was "quaestor of Crassus, in his campaign against the Parthl- ans, in which, both during his qnaestorship and during the two subsequent years, he greatly distingjiished himself, gaining an im- portant victory over them in 52, and ogatn In Si. In 49 he was tribune of the plebs, joined the aristocratlcal party iu the civil w^ar, fled withPompey from Home, and after the battle of Pharsalia surrendered to Caesar. He was not only pardoned by Caesar, but in 44 was made praetor, and the province of Syria was promised him for the next year. But Cassias had never ceased to be Caesar's enemy; it was he who' formed the conspiracy against the dictator's life, and gained over M. Brutus to the plot. After the death of Caesar, on the IBth of March, 44 [Caksab], Casslus went to Syria,.which he claimed as his province, al- though the senate had given it to Bolabella, and had Conferred Cyrene upon Cassius in its stead. He defeated Dolabella, who put an end to his own life; and, after plundering Syria and Asia most unmercifully, he crossed over to Greece with Brutus in 42, in order to oppose Octavia and Antony. At the battle orPhilippi, Cassius was defeated by Antony, while Brutus, who commanded the other wing of the army, drove Octavian off the field ; but Cassius, ignorant of the success of Bru- tus, commanded his freedman to put an end to his life. Brutus mourned over his com- panion, calling him the last of the Romans. Cassius was married to Junia Tertia or Ter- tuUa, half-sister of M. Brutus. Cassius was well acquainted with Greek and Roman liter- ature ; he was a follower of the Epicurean philosophy; his abilities were considerable, but he was vain, proud, and revengeful. —(3) C. Cass. LoNaiitvs, the celebrated jurist, gov- ernor of Syria, a.i>. 50, in the reign of Clau- dius. He was banished by Nero in a.d. 66, because he had among his ancestral images a statue of Cassius, the murderer of Caesar. He was recalled &om banishment by Vespa- sian. Cassius wrote 10 books on the civil law, and some other works ; was a follower of the school of Ateius Capito; and, as he re- duced the principles of Capito to a more' sci- entific form, the adherents of this school re- ceived the name of Ca98iani.~~{4,) Cabq. Pab- Menbis, so called from Parma, his birthplace, was one of the murderers of Caesar, b.o. 44 ; took.au active part in the civil wars that fol- lowed his death ; and, after the battle of Ac- tium,'wa8 put to death by the command of Octavian, u.o. 30. CassiuB was a poet, and his productions were prized by Horace.— (fi) Cass. Eteusous, a poet censured by Horace (Sat. i. 10, 61), muat not be confounded- with No. 4.— (6) Cass. Avinius, an able general of M. Aurelius, was a native of Syria. In the Parthian war (a,d. 162-165), he commanded the Roman army as the general of Verus ; was afterwards appointed governor of all the Eastern provinces, and discharged his trust for several years with fidelity ; but in a.d.ITB he proclaimed himself emperor. He reigned only a few months; and was slain by hie own officers, before M. Aurelius arrived in the East. CAiTBELins.] — (7) Cass. Dion. [Dion Cassius.] CASSIVELATJNUS (-i), a British chief, ruled over the country N. of the Tamesis {Thames)^ and was intrusted by the Britons with the supreme command on Caesar's 2d invasion of Britain, b.o. 54.' He was defeated by Caesar, aud was obliged to sue for peace. CASTALIA (-ae), a celebrated fountain on Mount Pai'nassus, in which the Fythia used to bathe ; sacred to Apollo and the Muses,' who wore hence called Castaliues. CASTOR (-6ris), brother of Pollux. tDios- OUET.] CASTRT7M (-i). (I).Iwtti, a town of the Rutuli, on the coast of Latinm, confounded by some writers with No. 2. — (2) Novum {Tor- re di Chitvntccia)^ a town in Etruria, and a Roman colony on the coast. — (3) Novum (Gi- ulia Nova)^ a town In Picenum, probably at the mouth of the smaHriver Batinum {Sali- Tiello), CASTtJLO (-onis : Cazlpna), a town of the Oretani in Hispania Tarraconensis, "on the Baetis, and under the Romans an important Elace. In the mountains iu the neighb.or- ood were silver aud lead "mines. The wife of Hannibal was a native of Castulo. CXtXBAT^HMUS MAGNUS (1 e. great de- scent), a mountain and sea-port, at the bottom of a deep bay on the N. coast of Africa, con- sidefed the boundary between Egypt and Cy- reuaica. CiTiDtJPA <-orum) or -I (-5mm), a name given to the cataracts of the Nile, aud also to the parts of Aethiopia in their neighborhood. [Nit-US.] CXTELATJNI <-orum: Chdlona sur Mame\ a town in Gaul, near which Attila was de- feated by A^tius and Tbeoaoric, a.i}. 451. CXTiMlTUS. [Ganymepbs.] CXTANA or CATINA (-ae: Catania), an important town in Sicily, at the foot of Mount Aetna, founded u.a Y30 by Naxos. In b.o. 4T6 it was taken by Hiero I. , who removed its inhabitants to Leontini, and settled 5000 Syr- acusans aud 5000 Peloponnesians.in the town, the name ojf which he changed into Aetna. The former inhabitants again obtained pos- session of t^e' town soon after the death of Hiero, and restored the old name. Catana was afterwards subject to various reverses, CATAONIA. 104 CATO. and finally, in the 1st Funic war, fell under the dominion of Rome. CiTiONiA (-ae), a fertile district in the S.E. part of Cappadocia, to which it was first added under the Bomaus, with Melitene, which lies B. of it. CATAKRHACTBS <-ae). (1) A river of Pamphylia, which descends from the mount- ains of Taurus in a great,' broken waterfall (whence its name).— @) The term is also ap- 8 lied, first by Strabo, to the cataracts of the file, which are distinguished as C. M^or and C. Minor. tNiLus-J CATHAEI (-6rum), a greM'and warlike people of India intra Gangem, upon whom Alexander made war. CiTlLINA (-ae), L. SERGlUS (-i), the de- scendant of an ancient patrician family which had sunk into poverty. His youth, and early mauhood were stained by every vice and crime. £[e first appears in history as a zeal- ous partisan of Sulla, taking an active part in the horrors of the proscription. His private life presents a componncl of cruelty and in- trigue ; but, hotwithstanding these things, he obtained the dignity of praetor in b.o. 68, and sued for the consulship m 66. For this office, however, he had been disqualified for becom- ing a candidate, in consequence of an im- j}eachment for oppression in his province, preferred by P. Clodius Pulcher, afterwards so celebrated as the enemy of Cicero. His first plot was to niurder the two consuls that had been elected, a design which was frustra- ted only by his own impatience. He now or- jranized a more extensive conspiracy. Hav- ing been acquitted in 65 upon his trial for extortion, he was left unfettered to mature his plans. The .time was propitious to his schemes. The younger nobility and the vet- erans of Sulla were desirous of some change to relieve them from their wants ; while the populace were restless and discontented, ready to follow the bidding of any dema- gogue. The conspiracy came to a head in the consulship of Cicero, n.o. 63. But the vigilance of Cicero baffled all the plans of Catiline. He compelled Catiline to leave Hume (Nov. 8-9) ; and shortly. afterwards, by the interception of correspondence between the other leaders of the conspiracy and the embassadors of the Allobroges, he obtained legal evidence against Catiliiie*s compan- ions. This done, Cicero Instantly summoned the leaders, conducted them to the senate, where they were condemned to death, and executed them the same night in prison (Dec 5, 63). The .consul Antonins was then sent against Catiline, and the decisive battle was fought early in 62. Antonius, however, unwilling to fight against his former associ- ate, gave the command On the day of battle to his legate, M. Petieins. Catiline fell in the engagement, after fighting with the most dar- ing valor. — The history of Catiline's conspir- acy has been written by Sallust. CiTO (-onis), the name of a celebrated family of the Porda gens (1) M. Pokoius Cato, fVeqnently snruamed Cxhbobihb or Ckn- soB, also CxTo Majob, to distinguish him from his great-grandson Cato Uticensis [No. 2]. Cato was horn at Tusculum, n.o. 234, and was brought up at his father's farm, situated in the Sabine territory. In 217 he served his first campaign in his 17th year. During the, first 26 years of his public life (217*^191) he fave his energies to military pursuits, and istinguished himself on many occasions— in the 2d Punic war, in Spain, and in the cam- paign against Antiochus in Greece. With the victory over Antiochus at Thermopylae in 191 his military career came to a close. He now took an active part in civil affairs, and distinguished himself by his vehement op- position to the Roman nobles, who, were in- troducing Greek luxury and refinement into Rome. It was especially against the Scipios that his most violent attacks were directed, and whom he pursued with the bitterest ani- mosity. [SoiPio.l In 1S4 he was elected cen- sor with L.Valerius Flaccus. His censorship was a great epoch in his life. He applied himself strenuously to the duties of his ofSce, regardless of the enemies he was making; but all his efforts to stem the tide of luxury which was now setting in proved unavailing. His strong national prejudices appear to have diminished in force as he grew older and ■ wiser. He applied himself In old age to the study of Greek literature, with which in youth he had no acquaintance, although he was not ignorant of the Greek language. . He retained his bodily and mental vigor in his <»ld age. In the year before his death he was one of the chief instigators of the 3d Punic war. He had been one of the Roman deputies sent to Africa to arbitrate between Masinissa and the Carthaginians, and he was so struck with the flourishing condition of Carthage that on his return home he maintained that Rome would never be safe as long as Carthage was in ex- istence. From this time forth, whenever he was called upon for his vote in the senate, though the subject of debate bore no relation to Carthage, his words were DeUnda est Car' thago. He died in 149, at the age of 85. Cato wrote several works, of which only the DeRe Ruatica has come down to us. — (2) M. Pob- oiDs Cato, great-grandson of Cato the Cen- sor, and surnamed Utioensis from Utica, the place of his death, was born in 95. In early childhood he lost both his parents, and was brought up in the house of his mother's brother, M. Livius Drusus, along with his sis- ter Porcia and the children of his mother by her second husband, Q. Servilins Caepio. In early years he discovered a stem and un- yielding character ; he applied himself with great zeal to the study of oratory and philos- ophy, and became a devoted adherent of the Stoic school ; and among the profligate- nobles of the age he soon became conspicuous for his rigid morality. In 63 he was tribune of the plebs, and supported Cicero in proposing that the Catilinai'ian conspirators should suffer death. He now became one of the chief lead- ers of the aiistocratical piirty, and opposed with the utmost vehemence the measures of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. He joined Pompey on the breaking out of the civil war (49). After the battle of Pharsalia he went first to Coicyra, and thence to AMca, where he joined Hetellns Scipio. When Scipio was CArri. 105 CEBES. defeated at ThapsuB, and all Africa, with the exception of XJtica, submitted to Caesar, he resolved to die rather than falUnto his hands. He therefore put an end to his own life, after apendine: the gi-eater part of the night m pe- . rusiug Plato's Phaedo on the immortality of the soul. Cato soon became the snbject of biography and panegyric. Shortly after his death appeared Cicero's Cato, which provoked Caesar's Anticato. In Lucnn the character of Cato is a personification of godlike virtue. In modem times the closing events of his life have been often dramatized ; and few dramas have gained more celebrity than the Cato of Addison. CATTI or CHATTI (-omm), one of the most important nations of Germany, bonuded ,by the visurgis {Weser) on the E., the Agri Decumates on the S., and the Rhine on ttie W., in the modern Heaae and the adjacent countries. They were a branch of the Her- miones. and are first mentioned by Caesar under the erroneous name of Suevl. They were never completely subjugated by the Ro- mans ; and their power was greatly augment- ed on the decline of the Cheruaci. Their capital was Mattium. CiTULLUS, VXLERiUS (-i), a Roman poet, born at Verona or In its immediate vi- cinity, B.O. 67. Catullus inherited considera- ble property from his father, .who was the friend of Julius Caesar; but he squandered a great part of it by indulging freely in the pleasures of the metropolis. In order to bet- ter bis fortunes, he went to Bithyjiia iu the train of the praetor Memmius, biit it appears that the speculation was attended with little success. He probably died about B.o. 47. The extant works of Catullus consist of 116 po- ems, on a variety of topics, and composed in different styles and metres. Catullus adorned all he touched, and his shorter poems are characterized by original invention and felic- ity of expression, CXtCLUS, the name of a distingnisbed family of the Liitatla gens.— (1) C. Lutatitts Catolus, consul in b.c. 242, defeated as pro- consul in the following: year the Carthaginian fleet off the Aegates islands, and thus brought the first Punic war to a close, 241.— (2) Q. £n- TATius CATULts, cousul in 102 with C. MariuB IV., and as proconsul next year gained, along with Mariua, a decisive victory over the Cim- bri near Vercellae (Vercelli), in the N, of Italy. Catulus belonged to the'aristocratical pai'ty ; he espoused the cause of Sulla ; was included by Marius in the proscription of 37 ; and, as escape was impossible, put an end to his life by the vapors of a charcoal fire. Catulus was well acquainted with Greek literature, and the author of several works, all of which are lost.— (3) Q. LuTATTOS Catulus^ son of No. 2, a distinguished leader of the aristocracy, also won the respect and confidence of the people by his upright character and conduct. He was consul in 78 and censor in 65. He op- posed the Gabinian and Manilian laws which conferred extraordinary powers upon Pom- pey (67 and 66). CATURIGES (-um), a Ligurian people in Gallia Nai'bonensis, near the Cottian Alps. CAUCXSJAE PYLAB. [CAroAsns.] CAUCASUS (-1), CAUCASil MONTES (CaMcasua)^ a great chain of mountains in Asia, extending from the E. shore of the Pou- tu8 Euxinus (Black Sea) to the W. shore of the Caspian. There are two chief passes over the chain, both of which were known to the ancients : one, near Derbent, was called Alha- niae, and sometimes Caspiab Pylab; the other, nearly in the centre of the range, was called Caucasiae Pylae {Pass ofDatiel). That the Greeks had some vague knowledge of the Caucasus in very early times is proved by the myths respecting Prometheus and the Argo- nauts, from whicu it seems that the Caucasus was regarded as at the extremity of the earth, on the border of the river Oceanus. — When the soldiers of Alexander advanced to that great range of mountains which formed the N. boundary of Ariana, the Paropamisns, they applied to it the name of Caucasus ; after- wards, for the sake of distinction, it was called Caucasus Indicns. [Pakofamisus.] CAUCI. [CnATTOi.3 CAUCONES (-lim), the name of peoples both in Greece and Asia, who had disappeared at later times. The Cancones in Asia Minor are mentioned by Homer as allies of the Tro- jans, and are placed in Bithynia and Paphla- gonia by the geographers. CAUDiUM (-i), a town in Samnium on the road from Capua to Beneventum. In the neighborhood were thQ celebrated Pchooi.ab Caitdinae, or Caudirie Forks^ narrow paBses in the mountains, where the Roman army sur- rendered to the Samnites, and was sent under the yoke, n.o. 321; it is now called the valley oi Arpaia, CAULDN (-Onis) or CAULONIA (-ae), a town in Bruttium, N.B. of Locri, originally called Aulon or Aulonia, founded by the in- habitants of Croton, or by the Achaeans. CAUNUS (-i), one of the chief cities of Ca^ ria, on its S. coast, in a very fertile but un- Jiealthy situation. It was founded by the Cretans. Its dried figs (Cauneae flcus) were highly celebrated. The painter Protogenes was born here. CAURUS (-i), the Argestes of the Greeks, the N.W. wind, is iu Italy a stormy wind. CXYSTER (-tri) and CXYSTKUS (-i). a celebrated river of Lydla and Ionia, flowing between the ranges of Tmolus and Messogis into the Aegaean, a little K.W. ot Epbesus. To this day it abounds in swans, as it did in Homer's time. The valle;^ of the Caystrus is called by Homer "the Asian. meadow," and is probably the district to which the name of Asia was first applied. CfiA. [Ckos.] CfiBENNA, GfiBENNA (-ae : Cevennes), a range of mountains in the S. of Gaul, extend- ing N. as far as Lngdunum, and separating the Ai^erni from the Helvii. C£BBS (-Ctis), of 'J'hebee, a disciple and frieijd of Socrates, was present at the death of his teacher. He wrote a philosophical work, entitled Piimx, or Table, giving an alle- gorical picture of human life. It is extant, and has been exceedingly popular. CEBRENIS. 106 CENCHEEAE. . CEBRENIS (-idoB ; ace. -Ida), daughter of Cebren, a river god in the Troad. CECROPIA. [Athenae.) CBCROPS (-Jpis), a hero of the Pelasgic race, said to have been the first king of Attica. He was married to Agraulos, daughter of Ac- taeuB, by whom he had a son, Brysichthon, who succeeded him as Ising of Athens, and 3 daughters, Agraulos, Hevse, and Pandrosos. In bis reign Poseidon (Neptune) and Athena (Minerva) contended for the possession of Attica, but Cecrops decided in favor of the goddess. CAthsna.] Cecrops is said to have founded Athens, the citadel of which waS called Cecropia after him, to have divided At- tica into 12 communities, and to have intro- duced the first elements of civilized life ; he instituted marriage, abolished bloody sacri- fices, and taught his subjects how to worship the gods. The later Greek writers describe Cecrops as a native of Sais in Egypt, who led a colony of Egyptiaus-into Attica, and thus introduced from Egypt the arts of civilized life ; but this account is rejected by some of the ancients themselves, and by the ablest modern critics. CSLABNAB (-arum), a great city in S. Phrygia, situated at the sources of the rivers Maeauder and Marsyas. In the midst of it was a citadel built by Xerxes, on a precipitous rock, at the foot of which the Marsyas took its rise, and near the river's source was a grotro celebrated by tradition as the scene of the punishment of Marsyas by Apollo. The Maeander took its rise in the very palace, and fiowed through the park and the city, below which it received the Marsyas. CELAENO (-us), one' of the Harpies. [Hae- PVIAB.] CBLETRUM (-i), a town in Macedonia on a peninsula of the Lacns Castoris. CSL£US (-i), king of Eleusis, husband of Metanira, and father of Demophon and Trip- tolemus. He received Demeter (Ceres) with hospitality at Eleusis, when she was wander- ing in search of her daughter. The goddess, in return, wished to make his son Demophon immortal, and placed him in the fire in order to destroy his mortal parts ; but Metanira screamed aloud at the sight, and Demophon was destroyed by the fiames. Bemeter then bestowed great favors upon Triptolemus. [Tkiptoi,hmdb.] Celeus is described as the first priest and his daughters as the first priestesses of Demeter at Eleusis. CBL8US, A. CORNELIUS (-i), a Roman writer on medicine, probably lived under the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. His treat- ise DeMediciruif in 8 books, has come down to ns, and has been much valued from the earli- est times to the present day. CBLTAE (-arum), a mighty race, which oc- cupied the greater part of Western Europe in ancient times. The Greek and Roman writ- ers call them by 3 namQS, which are probably only variations of one name, namely, Ceijae, Galatab, and Galli. The most powerful part of the nation appears to have taken up its abode in the centre of the country called after them Gai.lia, between the Garumna in the S. and the Sequana and Matrona in the N. From this country they spread over va- rious parts of Europe. Besides the Celts in Gallia, there were 8 other different settle- ments of the nation : 1. Iberian Celts, who crossed the Pyrenees and settled in Spain. [Celtidebi.] 2. British Celts; the most an- cient inhabitants of Britain. tBBiTAHHiA.3 3. Belgic Celts, the earliest inhabitants of Gallia Belgica, at a later time much mingled with Germans. 4. Italian Celts, who crossed the Alps at dififerent periods, and eventually occupied the greater part of the N. of Italy, which was called after them Gallia Cisal- piNA. 5. Celts in the Alps aud on the Dau- ube, namely, the Helvetii, Gothini, Osi,Vinde- lici, Rhaeti, Norici, and Carni. 6. Illyriau Celts, who, under the name of Scordisci, set- tled on Mount Scordus. 7. Macedonian and Thracian Celts, who had remained behind in Macedonia when the Celts invaded Greece, and who are rarely mentioned. 8. Asiatic Celts, the Tolistobogi, Trocmi, and Tectosa- §es, who founded the kingdom of Galatia. — ome ancient writers divided the Celts into two great races, one consisting of the Celts in the S. and centre of Gaul, in Spain, and in the N. of Italy, who were the proper Celts, and the other consisting of the Celtic tribes on the shores of the ocean and in the B. as far as Scy thia, who were called Gauls ; to the latter race the Cimbri belonged, and they are con- sidered by some to be identical with the Cim- merii of the Greeks. This twofold division of the Celts appears to correspond to the two races into which the Celts are at present di- vided in Great Britain, namely, the Gael and the Cymry, who differ in language and cus- toms, the Gael being the inhabitants of Ire- land and the N. of Scotland, and the Cymry of Wales.— The Celts are described by the ancient writers as men of large stature, of fair complexion, and with fiaxen or red hair. They were long the terror of the Romans: once they took Rome, and laid it in ashes (B.C. 390). [Galua.] CELTlBgRI (-orum), a powerflil people in Spain, consisting of Celts, who crossed the Pyrenees at an early period, and became min- gled with the Iberians, the original inhabit- ants of the country. They dwelt chiefly in the central part of Spain. Their country, called Celtibbbia, was mountainous and un- productive. They were a brave and warlike people, andproved formidable enemies to the Romans. They submitted to Scipio Africa- nus in the 2d Punic war, but the oppressions of the Roman governors led them to rebel, and for many years they successfully defied the power of Rome. They were reduced to submission on the capture of Numantia by Scipio Africanus the younger (b.c. 134), but they again took up arms under Sertorius,and It was not till his death (72) that they began to adopt the Roman customs and language. CENAEOM (-i), the N.W. promontory of Euboea, opposite Thermopylae, with a tem- ple of Zeus Cenaens. CENCHREAB (-5nim), the E. harbor of Coriuth on the Saronic gulf, important for the trade and commerce with the East. CbMTADB TEAOHUiQ A BoV TO PtAY ON TUB FlDTB. CENOMANI. 107 CEPIIEUS. CENOMi.NI , (-oi'um), a powerfal Gallic people, crossed the Alps at an early period, and settled in the N.W, of Italy, in the coun- try of Bi'ixia, Verona, and Mantua, and ex- tended N. as far as the couflnes of Rbaetia. - CENSORINTJS (-i), author of an extaiit treatise entitled De JHe Natalia which treats of the generation of m%n, of his natal hopr, of the influence of the stars and genii upon his career, and discusses the varions methods em- ployed for the division and calculation of time. CENTAURI (-orum), that is, the bnll-kill- . ers, were an ancient race, inhabiting Mount Pelion in Thessaly. They led a wild and savage life, and are hence called ^^per or 2r»i- pcv, I. e. savage beasts, in Homer. In later accounts they were represented as half horses and half men, and are said to have been the ofl'sprina^of Ixion and a cloud. The Centaurs are celebrated in ancient story for their fight with the Lapithae, which arose at the mar- riage feast of Pirithoutf. " This tight is some- times placed in connection with a combat of Hercules with the Centaurs- [Hbuoxilkb.] It euded by the Centaurs being expelled from their country, aud taking refuge on Mount Pindus, on the frontiers of Epirus. Chiron is the most celebrated among the Centaurs. [CniKON.J We know that hunting the bull on horseback was. a national custom in Thes- saly, and that the Thessalians were celebrated riders. Hence may have arisen the fable that the Centaurs were half ipen and half horses, just as the American Indians, when they first saw a Spaniard on horseback, believed horse and man to be one bein^. The Centaurs-are frequently represented m ancient works of art, and generally as men from the head to the loins, while the remainder of the body is that of a horse, with its four feet dud tall. Ctntaar. (Metope from the Paithenon.) G CENTRITES, a small river of Armenia, which it divided froni the land of the Cal'du- chi,-N. of Assyria. CENTUM CELLAE(-arum: CivitaVecchia), a sea-port town in Etruria, first became a place of importance under Trajan, who built a villa here, and constructed an excellent harbor. . CENT0RIPAE (-arum), an ancient town of the Siculi, in Sicily, at the foot of Mount Aetna, and not far from the river Symaethus. Under the Romans it was one of the most flourishing cities on the island.. . CfiOS (-i) or CfiA (-ae), an island in the Aegean Sea, one of the Cyclades, between the Attic promontory Sunium and the island Cythnus, celebrated for its fertile soil and its genial climate. Its chief town was lulls, the birthplace of Simonides, whence we read of the Ceae tnunera neniae, CfiPHALLBNiA (-ae: Cephalonia)^ called by Homer Same or Samos, the largest island in the Ionian .sea, separated from Ithaca by a narrow channel. The island is very mount- ainous ; its chief towns were Same, Pale, Crauii, and Proni. It never obtained politic- al importance. It is now one of the 7 Ionian islands under the protection of Great Britain. CfiPHXLOEDiUM (-i), a town on the N. coast of Sicily in the territory of Himera. CEPHXLUS (-i), son of Deiou aud Diome- de, and husband of Procris or Procne. He was beloved by Bos (Aurora), but, as he re- jected her advances from love to his wife, she advised him to try the fidelity of Procris. The goddess then metamorphosed him into a stranger, and sent him with rich presents to his house. Procris was tempted by the brill- iant presents to "yield to the stranger, who then discovered himself to be her husband, whereupon she fled in shame to Crete. Artemis (Diana) made her a present oif a dog and a spear, which were never to miss their objept, and sent her back to Cephatus in the disguise of a youth. In order to obtain this dog and spear^ Cephalus promised to love the youth, who thereupon made herself known to him as his wife Procris.' This led to a reconciliation between them. Procris, however, still feared the love "of Eos, and therefore jealously watched Cephalus when he went out hunting, but on one occasion he killed her by accident with the never-erring spear. Asome- what different version of the same story is given by Ovid. CBPHEtIS (-C6a or SI). (1) King of Ethiopia^ son of Belus; husband of Cassiopea, and fa- ther of Andromeda, was placed among the stars after his death.' — (2) Sou of Aleus, one of the Argonauts, was king of Tegea in Arcadia, and perished with most of his sons m au expedi- tion against Hercules. CEPHISUS. 108 CHABEIAS. '' (-i). ( . er flowing ihvough.a fertile valley, in Phocis and Boeotia, and^falling into the lake Copais, Trhich is hence called Cep?iisi» in the Iliad. [CorAis.] — (2) The largest river in Attica, rising in the W. slope of Monnt Feutelicus, and flowing past Athens on the W. into the Saronic gulf near Phalerum. CEEAMUS (-i), a Dorian sea-port town on the N. side of the Cnidian Chersonesus on the coast of Caria, from which the Ceramic giilf took its name. CSKASUS (-i), a flourishing colony of Sino- pe, on the coast of Pontus, at the month of a ■river of the same name ; chiefly cfelebriited as the place fruin which Europe obtained both the cherry and its name. Lucullns ia said to have bronght back plants of the cherry with him to Eome, but this refers probably only to some particular sorts, as the Komans seem to .have had the tree much earlier. Cerasus fell into decay after the foundation of Phar- iiacia. CEEAUNil MONTES (Khimara), a range of mountains extending from the frontier of Illyricum along the coast of Epirus, derived . their name from the frequent thunder-storms which occurred among them {Ktaawo^). These mountainB made the coast of Epirus danger- ous to ships. They were also called Acroce- raunia, though this name was properly ap- ■ plied to the promontory separating the Adri- atic and Ionian seas. The inhabitants of these mountains were called CerauniL CEKBfiRUS (-i), .the dog that guarded the entrance of Hades, is called a son of Typha- on and Echidna. Some poets represent him with SO or lUO heads ; but later writers de- scribe him as a monster with only 3 heads, with the tail of a serpent, and with serpents round bis neck. His den is usually (ilaced on Cerbertu. (From a Bronze Statue.) the farther side of the Styx, at the spot where Charon landed the shades of the departed. CEHOASOEUM (-i), a city.of Lower Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile, at the point where the river divided into its 3 principal branches. CEECINA (-ae) and CERCINITIS, twd low islands off the N. coast of Africa, in the mouth of the Lesser Syrtis,uuited by.a bridge, ■ and possessing a flue harbor. CEECSPES (-um), droll and thievish gnomes, who robbed Hercules iu his sleep. Some place them at Thermopylae ; others at Oechaliain Enboea, or in Lydia. CEECYSN (-onis), son of Poseidon (Nep- tune) or Hephaestus (Vulcan), a cruel tyrant at Eleusis, put to death his daughter Alope, and killed all strangers whom he overcame iu wrestling; he was iu the end conquered and slain by Theseus. CEEES. [Dkmetkr.] CBEES; the personified necessity of death, are described by Homer as formidable, dark, and hateful beings, because they carry off men to the joyless house of Hades. Accord- ing to Hesiod, they are the daughters of Night, and sisters of the Moerae, and punish men for their crimes. CBEINTHUS (-1), a town on the B. coast of Euboea, on the river Budorus. CEERETANI (-oruin), an Iberian people in Hispauia Tarraconensis, inhabited the mod« ern C&rdagne iu the Pyrenees ; they were cel- ebrated for their hams. CEETOlfiEUM (-i), a town iu Mysia. CETBI (-orum), n people of Mysia, the old inhabitants of the country about Pergamus, and upon the Cetius, mentioned by Homer. CfiTHlsGUS (-i), the name of an ancient patrician family of the Cornelia gens. They seem to have kept up an old fashion of wear- ing their arms bare, to which Horace alludes in the words cbfKtitti Cethegi.—iX) M. Coiuib- LiDS Crtheous, censor m.o. 209, and consul in 204, distiuguished for his eloquence, and his correct use of Latin words, is quoted by En- nius and Horace with approbation ; died 196. —(2) C. ConNELius CicTHEaus, one' of Cati- line's crew, was 'a profligate from his early youth. When Catiline left Eome, after Cice-: ro's first speech, Cethegus stayed behind un- der the orders of Lentulns. His charge was to murder the leading senators ; but the tar- diness of Lentulns prevented anything being done. Cethegus was arrested and coudemned fo death with the other conspirators. OBTIUS (-i), a small river of Mysia, falling into_the Caicus close to Pergamus. CEYX: [Al.OYONK] CHABSEAS, the same as the Abokrhas. CHABEIAS (-ae>, a celebrated Athenian general. In b.o. 378 he was one of the com- manders of the forces sent to the aid of Thebes against Agesilaus, when he adopted for the first time that manoeuvre for which he became so celebrated— ordering his men to await the attack with their spears pointed against the enemy and their shields resting on one knee. A statue was afterwards erect- CHAEREA. 109 CHALYBES. ed at Athens to Chabrias in this posture. At the siege of Chios (357) he fell a eacriflce to his excessive valor. CHAEBfiA (-ae), C. CASSiUS (-i), tribune of the praetorian cohorts, formed the cou- epiracy by which the emperor Caligula was Blain, A.]}. 41. Chaerea was put to aeath by Claudius upon his accession. CHAEROnEA (-ae), a town in Boeotia on the Ccphisus near the frontier of Phocis, memorable for the defeat of the Athenians and the Boeotians by Philip,' which crushed the liberties of Greece, u.o. 338, and for Sulla's victory over the arm^r of Mithridates, 86. Ohaeronea was the birthplace of Plutarch. Several remains of the ancient city are to be seen at Capwr?ui, more particularly a theatre excavated in the rock, an aqueduct, and the marble lion (brokeii in pieces) which adorned the sepulchre of the Boeotians who fell at the battle of Chaeronea. OHALCIS (-idis). (1) iEgripo or Negro- ponte)^ the principal town of .Euboea, situated on the narrowest part of the Euripus, and united with the maiulaud by a bridge. It was a very ancient town, originally inhabited by Abantes or Curetes, and colonized by At- tic louians. ■ Its flourishing condition at an early period is attested by Uie numerous col- onies which it planted in various parts of the Mediterranean. It founded so many cities in the peninsula in Macedonia, between the Stry- monic and- Thermaic gulfe, that the whole peninsula was called Cnalcidice. In Italy it founded Cuma, and in Sicily Naxos. Chalcis was usually subject to Athens during the greatness or the latter city. The oratpr Isaeus and the poet Lycophron were born at Chal-- cis, and Aristotle died there.— (2) A town in Aetolla, at the mouth of the Evenus, situated at the foot of the mountain Chalcis, and hence also called Hw^oc/ialci's.— (3) A city of Syria, in a fruitful plain, near the terniinatiou of the The Plain of Chaeronea. CHALAEUM (-1), a port town of the Locri Ozolae on the'Cnssaean gulf, on the ftontiers of Phocis. CHALASTRA (-ae), a town in Mygdonia in Macedonia, at the mouth of the river Axius. CHALCl (-es) or CHALCtA (-ae), an island of the Carpathian sea, near Rhodes. CHALCEDON (-6nis), a Greek city of Bi- thyhia, on the coast of the Propoiitis, at the entrance of the Bosporus, nearly opposite to Byzantium, was founded by a cofon;^ from Megara in b.o. 685. After a long period of independence, it became subject to the kings of Bithynia, and most of its inhabitants were transferred to the new city of Nicomedia (b.o. 140). CHALCiDiCE (-es), a peninsula in Mace- donia, between the Thermaic and Strymonic gnlfs, runs out into the sea like a 8-prong6d jfork, terminating in 3 smaller peninsulas — Pat-lkne, SiTnoNiA, and Aote or Atiios. It derived its name from Chalcldian colonists. [Chaloib, No. 1.3 river Chains : the chief city of the district of Chalcidixie, which lay to the E. of the Orontes. CHALDAEA (-ae), in the narrower sense, was a province of Babylonia, about the lower course of the Euphrates, the border of the Arabian Desert, and the head of the Persian Giilf. It was intersected by numerous Canals, and was extremely fertile. In a wider sense, the term is applied to the whole of Babylo- nia, and even to the Babylonian enipire, on account of the supremacy which the Chaldae- ans acquired at Babyloa. CBakvlow.] Xeno- Shon mentions Chaldaeans in the mountains r.of MesoDotamin. Their original seat was most probably in the mountains of Armenia and Kurdistan, whence they descended into the plains of Mesopotamia and Babylonia. Respecting the Chaldaeans as the ruling class in the Babylonian monarchy, see Babylon. CHXL^BES "(-nm), a remai-kable Asiatic people, dwelling on the S. shore of the Black Sea, and occupying themselves in the work- ing of iron, Xenophon mentions Chalybes CHALYBOK. 110 CHARONDAS. in the monntains on the borders of Armenia and Mesopotamia, wlio seem to be the same people that he elsewhere culls Chaldaeaus; and sevei'al o! the ancient; geographers re- garded the Chalybes and Chaldaei as origin- ally the same people. CHAL"?BON (O. T., Hdbm), a considera- ble city of N. Syria, probably the same as Bb- BOBA. CHiMiVl <-6ruin), a- people in Germany, who first appear in the neighborhood of the Bhiue, but afterwards migrated JE., defeated the Briicteri, and settled between the Weser and the Harz.. CH5.0NES, a Pelasgian people, one of the 3 peoples which inhabited Efibds, were at an earlier period in possession of the whole of the country, but subsequently dwelt along the coast from the river Thyamis to the Acro- ceraunian promontory, which district was therefore called Chaonia. By the poets, Cha- oniita is used as equivalent to Epirot. CHXOS {dbl. ChfLo), the vacant and infinite space which existed according to the aucient cosmogonies previous to the creation of the .world, and out of which the gods, men, and all things arose. Chaos was called the mother of Erebos, and Night. CHAEADKA (-ae), a town in Phocis, on the river Charadrus, situated on an eminence not far from Lilaea. CHABAX (i. e. a palisaded camp), the name of several cities, which took their origin from military stations. The most remarkable of them stood at the mouth of the Tigris. [At- xxakhdia, No. 4.] CHiEES C-Stis). (i) An Athenian general, who for many years contrived, by profuse corrnption, to maintain his influence with the people, in spite of his very disreputable char- acter. In th'e Social war, n.o. 35G, he accused his colleagues, Iphicrates and Timolheus, to the people, and obtained the sole command. After which he entered into the service of Artabazus, the revolted satrap of western Asia, but was recalled by the Athenians on the complaint of Artaxerxes III. He was one of the Athenian commanders at the bat- tle of Chaeronea, 838. — (2) Of Lindus, in Bhodesj a statuary in bronze, the favorite pu- pil of Lysippus, flourished k.o. SJ90. . His chief work was the statue of the Sun, which, under the name of "The Colossus of Rhodes," was celebrated as one of the 7 wonders of the world. CHiiaLiXJS or CHAEILLUS (-i), king of • Sparta, sonof Polydectes, is said to have re- ceived his name from the general joy. excited by the justice of his uncle Lycurgus, when he placed him, yet a new-born ipoin ted Pompey to the command of the Mithridatic war. Two years afterwards he gained the great object of his ambition, and, although a •novus homo, was elected consul> with C. Anto- uius as a colleague. He entered upon the office on th^ 1st of January, 63. Not having any real sympathy with the popular party, he now deserted his former friends, and. con- nected himself closely with the al'istocracy. Tiie consulship of Cicero was distinguished by the outbreak of the conspiracy of Catiline, which was suppressed and finally crushed by Cicero's prudence and energy. [Catimna.] For this service Cicero received the highest honors: he was addressed as "father of his country," and thanksgivings in his name were voted to the gods. But as soon as he had laid down the consulship he had to con- tend with the popular part^, and especially with the friends of the conspirators. He also mortally ofifended Clodius, wlio, in order to have his revenge, brought forward a bill bau- ishingany one who should be fo.und to have put a Roman citizen to death untried. [Clo- DiDS.] The triumvirs, Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, left Cicero to his fate ; Cicero's cour- age failed him ; he voluntarily retired from • Rome before the measure of Clodius was put to th« vote, and crossed over to Greece, neve he gave way to unmanly despair and excessive sorrow. Meanwhile his friends at Rome were exerting themselves on ■ his behalf, and ob- tained his recall from banishment in the CICERO. 114 CILICIA. course of next' year (65). Taught, by expe- rience, Cicero .would no longer join the sen- ate in opposition to the triumvirs, and retired to a great extent from public life. In 52 be was compelle.df much against his will, to go to the .East as governor of Cilicia. He re- turned. to Italy towards the end of 50, and ar- rived in .the neighborhood of Rome "on the 4th of Januaiy, 49, just as' the civil war be- tween Caesar and Pompey broke out. Aft.er long hesitating which side to join. He finally determined to throw in his lot with Pompey, and crossed over to Greece in June. After the battle of Pharsalia (48), Cicero was not only pardoned by Caesar, but when the latter landed at Brundusinm in September, 4T, he greeted Cicero with the greatest kindness and respect, andallowed him to return to Rome. Cicero noW retired into privacy, and during the next 3 or 4 years composed the greater part of his philosophical and rhetorical works. The murder of Caesar on the 15th of March, 44, aeain brought Cicero into public life. He put himself at the' head of the republican party, and in his Philippic orations attacked M. Antony with unmeasured vehemence. liat this proved .his ruin. On the formation of the triumvirate between Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus (2Tth of I^ovember, 43j, Cicero's name was in tlie list of the proscribed. He endeavored to escape, but was overtaken by the soldiers near Formiae. His slaves were ready to defend their master with their liv6s, but Cicero commnnded them to desist, and of- fered his neck to the executioners. They in- stantly cut off his head- and bands, which were conveyed to Rome, and by the orders of Antony nailed to the Kostra. Cicero per- ished on the Tth of December, 43, when he had nearly completed his 64th year. — By his first wife, Terentia, Cicero had 2 children, .a daughter, Tult.ia, whose death in 45 caused him the. greatest sorrow, and «' son, Marcus, (No. 3). His wife Terentia, to whom he had been united for 30 years, he divorced in 46, and soon afterwards he married a young ana wealthy maiden, PnitiLiA, bis ward, but this new alliance was speedily dissolved. As a statesman and a citizen, Cicero was weak, changeftll, and excessively vain.- His only great work was the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy. It is as an author that he de- serves the highest praise. In his works the Latin language appears in the greatest per- fection. They may be divided into the fol- lowing subjects :— I. Rhetorical Works. Of these there wer.e seven, which have come down to us more or less complete. The best known of these is the "De Oratore," written at the request of his brother Quintus; it is the most perfect of his rhetorical works.— II. Philosophioai. Woeks. 11 Political Philoso- phy. Under this head we have the *' I>e.Re- publica" and "Be LegibUs," both of which are written in the form of a dialogue. A large J)OL'tion of both works is preserved. — 2. Phi- osophy of Morals. In his work "De Offlciis," which was written for the use of his son Mar- cus, at that time residing at Athens, the tone of his teaching is piu'e and elevated. He al^o wrote "Dc Senectute" and "De Amicitia," . which are preserved.— 3. Speculative Philoso- phy. Under this head the most noted of his. works are the "De Fiuibus," or inquiry into "the chief good," and the "Tusculau Dispu- tation6."^4. Theology. In the "De Natura Deorum" he gives an account of the specula- tions of the au'cieuts concerning a divine Be- ing, which is continued in the *'De Divinati- one."— III. Obations. Of these 56 have come down to us.— IV. Epistles. Cicero, during the most important period of his life, main- tained a close correspondence with Atticus, andwitb a wide circle of literary and polit- ical friends and connections. We now have upwards of SOO letters, undoubtedly genuine, extending over a space of 26 years, and com- monly arranged under-" Epistolae ad Fami- liares s, ad Diversos," "Ad Atticum," and "Ad Quintum Fratrem."— (2) Q. Tulliub Cio- KBo, brother of the orator, was born about 102, and was educated along with his brother. In 67 he was aedile, in 62 praetor, and for the next 3 years govei'ned Asia as propraetor. In 55 he went to Gaul as legatus to Caesar, whose . approbation he gainea by his militarjf abili- ties and gallantry; in 51 he accompanied his brother as legate to Cilicia ; and on the break- ing out of the civil war in 49 he joined F6m- pey. . After the battle of Pharsalia, he was pardoned by Caesar. He was nroscribed by the tnumvire, and was put to aeath in 43.-:- (3) M. Tdllius Cicero, only son of the orator and his wife Terentia, was born in 65. Oh the death of Caesar (44) he joined the repub- lican party, served as military tribune under Brutus in Macedonia, and after the battle of Philippi (42) fled to Sex. Pompey in Sicily. When peace was concluded between the tfi- umvirs and Sex. Pompey in. 39, Cicero re- turned to Rome, and was favorably received by Octavian, who at length assumed him as his colleague in the consulship (n.o. 30, froni 13th Sept.). By a singular coincidence, the dispatch announcing the capture of the fleet of Antony, which was immediately followed by his death, was addressed to the new consul in his official capacity. — (4) Q. Tolliub Cic- ero, son of No. 2, and of Pompouia, sister of Atticus, was born in 67 or 6Q, and perished with his father in the proscription, 43. ' CicONES (-um), a Thraciau people on the Hebrus, and near the coast. CILICIA (-ae). a district in the S.E. of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on the- S., Mount Amauus on the E.,aud Mount Tau- rus on the N. The W. part of Cilicia is inter- sected by the offshoots of the Taurns, while in its E. part the mountain chains inclose much larger tracts of level' country; and hence arose the division of the country into C. Aspera or Trachea, and C. Campestrls ; the latter was also called Cilicia Propria. The first inhabitants of the country are supposed to hscve been of thq Syrian race. The .myth- ical story derived their name from Cilix, the son of Agenor, whg started with his broth- ers, Cadmus and Phoenix, for Europe, but stopped short on the coast of Asia Minoir, ana peopled with his followers the plain of Cilicia. The country remained independent, till the time of the Persian empire, under which it formed a safi-aj>y, but it appears lo CILICIAE. 115 CIMON. have been still governed by its native princes. Alexander subdued it on his marCh into Up- per Asia; and, after the division of his em- Eire, it formed a part of the kingdom of the elencidae ; its plains were settled by Greeks, and the old inhabitants were for the most part driven back into the mountains of C. ■ Aspera, where they remained virtually inde- pendent, practicing robbery by land aud pi- racy by B9a,.till Pompey drove them from the sea in his war against the pirates ; and, hav- ing rescued tUe level country from the power of Tigrancs, who had overrun it, he erected it into a Roman province, b.o. CT-66. . The mountain counti-y was not made a province till the reign of Vespasian. The Cilicians bore a low character among the Greeks and Romans. The Carians, Cappadocians^ aud Cilicians were called the three bad K's. CtLlClAE PYLAE or PORTAE-, the chief pass between Cappadocia and Cilicia, through the Taurus, on tne road from Tyaua to Tar- sus. • ■ CiLiClUM MARE, the N.E. portion of the Mediterranean, between Cilicia and Cyprus, as far as the gulf of Issue. dux. tClLIOIA.] CXLLA <-ae)| a small to^vn in the Troad, celebrated for ite temple of Apollo, surnamed Cillaeus.. CILNil (-6rum), a powerful Etruscan fam- ily in Arretium, driven out of .their native town in b.o. 301, but restored by the Romans. The Cilnii were nobles or Lucumones in their . state, and some of them in ancient times may have held even the kingly dignity. The name has been rendered cliiefly memorable by C,- Cilnius Maecenas. [Mabornas.] - . CIMBER (-ri), L. TILLSUS (-i) (not Tul- lius), a -friend of Caesar, who gave him the province of Bithynia, but subsequently one of Caesar's murderers, b.o. 44. CIMBRI (-orum), a Celtic people, probably . of the same race as the Cymry. [Celtae.] They appear to have inhabited the peninsula, which was called after them Chebsonebus CiMBRioA {Jutland). -In conjunction with the .Teuton! aud Ambrones, they migrated S., with their wives and children,- towards the close of Che 2d century b.o. ; and the whole host is said to have contained 300,000 fight- ing men. They defeated several Roman ar- mies, and caused the greatest alarm at Rome. In ii.o. 113 they defeated the consul Papirius Carbo near Noreia, and then crossed over into Gaul, which they ravaged in all direc- tions. In 109 they defeated the consul Julius Silanus; ))Dd in 107, the consul Cassius Lon- ginus, who fell in the battle ; and in 105 they gained their most brilliant victory, near the Rhone, over the united armies of the consul Cn. Mallius and the proconsul Servilins Cae- pio. Instead of croHsing the Alps, the Cim- bri, fortunately for Rome, marched into Spain, where they remained two or three years. The Jtomans, meantime, bad been making prepa- rations to resist their formidable foes, and had placed their troops under the command of MariuB. The barbarian^ returned to Gaul in 102. In that yeai*" the Teutoni were de- G2 feated and cut to pieces by Marius near Aquae , Sfextiae {Aix) in Gaul; and next year (101) the Cimbri and their allies were likewise de- stroyed by Marius and Catulus^ in the deci- sive battle of the Campi Raudii, near Verona, in the N. of Italy. CiMiNUS or CiMlNIUS MONS, a range of mountains in Etruria, thickly covered With wood (Saltus Ciminius, Sjlva Ciminifl), near a lake of the same name, N.W. of Tarquinii^ between the Lacus Vulsiniensisand Soracte. CIMMfiRll (-5.rum), the name of a myth- ical and of a historical people. The mythical Ciramerii, mentioned by Homer, dwelt in the farthest W. on the ocean, enveloped in con- stant mists and darkness. Later writers sought to localize them, and accordingly placed them either in Italy,"' near the lake Avernus, or in Spain, or in the Taiii'ic Cher- sonesus. — The historical Cjmmerii dwelt on the Palus Maeotis {Sea of Azov), in the Tau- ■ ric Chersonesus, and in Asiatic Sarmatia. Driven from their abodes by the Scythians,, they passed into Asia Minor on the N.E., and penetrated W. as far as Aeolis and Ionia. They took Sardis, b.o. 635, in- the reign of Ar- dys, king of Lydia ; bnt they were expelled from Asia by Alyattes, the grandson of Ardya, CIMMERIUS BOSPORUS. tBospoBtis.] CIMSLUS (-i), Hn island in the Aegean sea, one of the CycladeSj between Siphnos and Melos, celebrated for its fine white p^rth, used by fullers for cleaning cloths, CiMON (-onis). (1) Father of the celebra- ted Miltiades,wft8 secretly murdered by order of the sons of Pieistratus. — (2) Grandson .of the .preceding, nnd eon of Miltiades. On the death of his. father (b.o. 48{>), he was impris- oned because he was unable to pay his tine of 50 talents, which was eventually pnid by Callias on his marriage with Elpinice, Ci- mon's sister. Cimon fi-equently commanded the Athenian fleet in their aggressive war against the Persians. Hts most brilliant suc- cess was in 466, when he defeated a large Per- sian fleet, and on the same day landed and routed their laud forces also on the river Eurymedon in Pamphylia. The death of Aristidea and the banishment of Themisto- -cles left Cimon without a rival at Athens for some years. Bnt hts influence gradually de- clined as that of Pericles increased. In 461 he was ostracized through the influence of the popular party in Athens, who were en- raged 'with him and with, the Spartans. He was subsequently recalled, and through his intervention . a 6-years' truce was made be- tween Athens and Sparta, 450. In449thewar . was renewed with Persia, Cimon received the command, and ^vith 300 ships sailed to Cy- prus ; here, while besieging Citium, iHness or the effects of a wound carried him off. — Ci- mon was of a cheerful, convivial temper; frank and affable in his manners. Having obtained a preat fortune by hiff share of the Persian spoils, he displayed unbounded liber- ality. His orchards and gardens were thrown open; his fellow-demesmen were free daily to his table, and his public bounty verged on ostentation. CINARA. ne CIRCEII. m CINXHA (-ae), a small island in the Aegean eetLf E. of Naxos, celebrated for its artichokes {Kiviipa). CINCINNiTUS, L. QtilNTlUS (-i), a fn- vonte hero of the old Roman republic, and a model of old Homan frugality and integrity. He lived on his farm, cultivating the land with his own hand. In u.o. 453 he was called from thie plow to the dictatorship, in order to deliver the Roman consul and army from the perilous position iu which they had been placed by the Aequians. He saved the Ro- man army, defeated the enemy, and, after holding the dictatorship only 16 days, re- turned to his farm. In 439, at the age of 80, he was a 2d time appointed dictator to op- pose the alleged machinations of Sp. Maelius. ClNfiiS C-ae), a Thessalian, the fi-icnd and minister of I?yrx'hu8, king of Epirus. He was the most eloquent man of his day, and Pyr- ■rhuB prized his persuasive powers so highly that " the words of Cineas" (he was wont to say) "had won him more cities than his own arms." The most famous passage in his life is his embassy to Rome, with proposals for peace from Pyrrhns, after the battle of Hera- clea (b.0. 280). Ciiieas spared no arts to gain favor. Thnnks to his wonderful memory, on the day after his arrival he was able (we are told) to address all the senators and knights by name. The senate, however, rejected his proposals, mainly through the dying elo- quence of. old App. Claudius Caecus. The embassador returned and told the king that there was no people like that people— their city was a temple, their senate an assembly of kings. CINGA (-ae: Cinca), a river in Hispauia Tarraconeusis, falling with the Sicoria into the Iberus. CINGfiTORIX (-Igis). a Gaul, one of the first men in the city of the Treviri {Treves, Trier), attached himself to the Romans, though son -iu- law to Indutioraaims, the head of the independent party. CINGtfLUM (-i), a town iu Pi- ceuum on a rock, built by Labie- nus shortly before the breaking out of the cfvil war, b.o. 4ft. CINNA (-ae). (1) L. Cornelius CiNNA, the famous leader of the popular party during the absence of Sulla m the East. {n.o. 8T-84.) In 87 Sulla allowed Cinna to be elected consul with Cn. Octavius, on condition of his taking an oath not to alter the constitution as then existing. But as soon as Slilla had left Italy, he began his endeavor to overpower the sen- ate, and to recall Marius and his party. He was, however, defeated by his col- league Octavius in the forum, wiis obliged to fly the city, and was deposed by the senate from the consnlate. But he atiop- returned, and with the aid of .Marius took possession of Rome, massacred Sulla's friends, and forthree successive years— 86, 85, 84-— was elected cou- Bul. [Mabids,] In 84 Snlla prepared to re- turn from Greece ; and Cinna vrae slain by his own troops", when he orderedthem to crosS over from "Italy to Greece, where he intended to encounter Sulla. — (2) L. Cornelius Cinna, sou of No.l, joinedM. Lepidusinhis attempt to overthrow the constitution of SuHa, w. Caesar made him praetor, yet he approved of Caesar's assassination. — (3) Helvius Cinna, a poet of considerable renown, the friend of . Catullus. In n.o. 44 he was tribune of the plebs, when he was murdered by the mob, 'who mistook him for his namesake Cornelius Cinna. CINYPS (-yphis: Wad-Khakan or Kinifo), a small river on the N. coast of Africa, be- tween the Syrtes, forming the E. boundary of. the proper, territory of tne African Tripolis. The district about it was called by the same name, and was famous for its fine-haired goats. The Roman poets use the adjective Cinyphius in the general sense of Libyan or African. CINYRAS (-ae), son of Apollo^ king of Cy- prns, and priest of the Paphiuu Aphrodite (Venus). By his own daughter, Myrrha or Smyrna, he became the father of Adonis. [AnoNis.] Hence we find in the poets Myr- rha called Cinyreia virgo and Adonis Ciny- reiu8 juvenis. CIRCE (-es), daughter of Helios (the Sun) by Perse, and sister of Aeeles, distinguished for her magic arts. She (Iwelt in the island of Ae'aea, npon which Ulysses was cast. His companions, whom he sent to explore the land, tasted of the magic cut> which Circe of- fered them, and were forthwith changed into swine, with the exception of Eurylochus, who brought the sad news to Ulysses. The latter, having received from Hermes (Mercury) the root moly, which fortified him against en- Circe offering the Cup. chantment, drank the maolc cup without in- jury, and then compelled Circe to restore bis companions to their former shape. Afrer this he tarried a whole year with her, and she be- came by him the mother of Telegonus,- tho reputed founder of Tusculum. CiRCElI (-orum)j an ancient town of La- tium on the promontory Circeium, said by CIRCESIUM. 117 CLAUDIUS. the Roman poets to have been the abode of Circe. CIRCESIUM (-i), a city of Mesopotamia, on the E. bank of the Euphrates, at the mouth- of the Aborrhas. CIRCUS. [Roma.] CIRRHA (-ne). [Cuibsa.] CIRTA (-ae), aft. CONSTANTTNA (-ae) (Cmistantineh, Ru.)t a city of the Massylli in Numidia, 50 Roman miles from the sea ; the capital of Syphax, and of Massinist^a anil his successors. Its position on a height, sur- rounded by tfie river Ampsagas, made it al- most Impregnable, as the Romaus found in the Jugurtbme, aud the French in the Alge- riue wars. It was restored by Coustantine the Great, in honor of whom it received its later name. CISSEUS {-56s or «i),- a king in Thrace, and father of Theano, or, according to others, of Hecuba, who Is hence called Ciaseis. CISSIA (-ae), a vei*y fertile district of Susi- ana, on the Choapses. The inhabitants, Cis- sii, were a wild, free people, resembling the Persians in their mauDurs. CITHAERON (-onis), a lofty range of mountains, separatiug Boeotia from Megaris tCtiA Attioo. It was sacred to Dionysus "(Bac- chus), and the Hiises, and was celebrated for the death of Pentheus and Actaeon. ■ ClTlUM (-i). {!) A town in Cyprus, 200 stadia from Salamis, near the mouth of the Tetius: here Cimon, the celebrated Atheni- an, died, and Zeno, the founder of the Stoic school, was born. — (2) A town in Macedonia, N.W. of Beroea. CiUS (-i), an ancient city in Bithynia, on a bay of the Propontis called Cianus Sinus, was colonized by the Milesians. It was destroyed by Philip III., king of Macedonia; but was rebuilt by Prusias, knig of Bithynia, from whom it was called Prusias. - CLANIS (-is), (1) A river of Etrurin, form- ing 2 small lakes near CInsinm, and flowing into the Tiber E. of Vulsinii.— (2) The more ancient name of the Liris. CLiNiUS. . CLlTERNUB.) CLXRUS or CLAROS (-i), a small town on the Ionian coast, near Colophon, with a cele- brated temple aud oracle of Apollo, surnamed CJarius. CLASTiplUM (-i), a fortified town of the Ananes, in Gallia Cispadaua, not far from the Po. CLAUDiA GENS, patrician and plebeian. The patrician Olandii were of Sabine origin, and came to Rome in b.c. fi04,Vhen they were received among the patricians. [CLAUDtns, No. 1.] They were noted for their pride aud haughtiness, their disdain for the laws, and their hatred of the plebeians. They bore va- rious surnames, which are given under CtAu- nius, with the exception of those with the cognomen Neho, who are better known under the latter name. - The plebeian Claudii were divided into several families, of which the most celebrated was that of MAnoKUbus. CLAUDIA QtriNTA (-ae), a Roman ma- tron, not a Vestal Virgin, as is frequently stated. When the vessel conveying the im- age of Cybele from Pessinus to Rome had stuck fast in a shallow at the mouth of*the Tiber, the soothsayers announced, that only a chaste w'oman could move it. Claudia, who had been accused of incontiuency, took bold of the rope, and the vessel forthwith foUoyved her, u.o. 204. CLAUBIANUS, CLAUDIUS (-i), the last of the Latin classic poets, flourished under Theodosius aud his sons Arcodius and Hono- rius. He was a native of Alexandria, and re- moved to Rome, where he enjoyed the patron- age of the all-powerful Stilicho. He was a heathen, and wrote a large number of poems, many of which are extant, aud are distiu- guished by purity of languaj^e and poetical genius. He died about A.n. 408. CLXUDiUS (-f), patrician. See Claudia Gkns. — (1) Ai'P. Clautjius Sabinds Reoillrn- 818, a Sabine, of the town of Regillum or Re- gilii, who in his own country bore the name. of Attus Clausus, being the advocate of peace with the Romans, when,hostilities broke out between the two nations, withdrew with a large train of followers to Rome, b.o. 604. 'He was received into the ranks of the patricians, aud lands beyond the Anio were assigned to his followers, who were fornigd into a new tribe, called the Claudian. He exhibited the characteristics which marked his descendants, and'showed the most bitter hatred towards the plebeians. He was consul in 496; and his conduct towards the plebeians led to their secession to the Mons Sacer, 494.— (2) Apr. Cladi>ius Regill. Sab., the decemvir, 461 and 460. In the latter year his character be- trayed itself in the most tyrannous conduct towards the plebeians, till his attempt against Virginia led to the overthrow of the decern- virate. App. was impeached by Virginias, but did not live to abide his trial. 'He either killed himself, or was put to death, in prison, by order of the tribunes, — (3) App. CLAuuina Caeous became blind before his old age. In his censorship (312), to which he was elected without haviug been consul previously, he built the Appian aqueduct, and commenced the Appian road, which was continued to Capua. He retained the censorship 4 years, in oppositiqn to the law, which limited the length of the office to 18 months. In his old age, Appius, by his eloquent speech, Induced the senate to reject the terms-of peace which Cineas had proposed on behalf of Pyrrhns. Appius was the earliest Roman writer in prose ana.verse whose name has come down to us. — (4) App. Cl. Ppt-ouer, brother of the cele- brated tribune, whom he joined in opposing the recall of Cicero from banishment. He preceded Cicero as proconsul in Cilicia (63), fled with Pompey from Italy, and died before the battle of Fharsalia (fl) P. Cl. Pdi.ouer, usually called Ci-oinus, and not Claudius, brother of the preceding, the notorious enemy . of Cicero, and one of the most profligate char- acters of a profligate age. In 62 he profaned thie mysteries of the Bona Dea, which were celebrated by the Roman matrons in the house of Caesar ; was discovered ; and next year, Cl, when quaestor, was brought to trial. CLAUDIUS. 118 CI.KOMBROTUS. but obtained an jicquUtnl by bribing the judges. He bad attempted to prove an alibi ; but Cicero's evidence showed that Clodius was with him in Home only 3 hours before he pretended to have been at Interamna. In or- der to revenge himself upon Cicero, Clodius was adopted into a plebeian family, that he might obtain the formidable power of a trib- une of the plebs. He was tribune in 63, and, ;Supported by the triumvirs Caesar, Pompey, and Cvassus, drove Cicero into exile; but, notwithstanding all his efforts, he was unable to prevent the recall of Cicero in the follow- ing year. [CioKBO.] In 60 Clodius was aedile, and attempted to bring his enemy Milo to trial. Bach had a large gang of gladiators in his pay, and frequent flgnts took place in the streets of Rome between the two parties. In 53, when Clodius was a candidate for the praetorship, and Milo for the consulship, on the 20th of January, 52, on the Appian road, near Bovillae, an affray ensued between their ■ followers, in which Clodius was murdered. The mob was infuriated at the death of their favorite ; and such tumults followed at the burial of Clodius that Pompey was appointed sole consul, in order to restore order to the. state. For the proceedings which followed, see MiLO. CLAUDIUS (-i) I., Eoraan emperor in a.d. . 41-54. His full name was Tin. Claudius Pbubds Hbho GermaniodS. He was the younger son of Brusus, the brother of the emperor Tiberius, and of Antonia, and was born on August 1st, d.o. 10, at Lyons in Gaul. When he grew up he dpvoted the greater part of his time to literary pursuits, but was not allowed to take any part in public affairs. He had reached the age of 50 when he was suddenly raised by the soldiers to the impe- rial throne after the murder of Caligula. Claudius was not cruel, but the weakness of his character made him the slave of his wives and freedmen, and thus led him to cousent to acts of tyranny which he would, never have committed of his own accord. He was mar- ried 4 times. At the time of his accession he was married to his 3d wife, the notorious Va- Iferia Messaliua, who governed him for some 3'ears, together with the freedmen Narcissus, Pallas, and others. After the execution of Messaliua, a.d. 48, a fate which she richly merited, Claudius was still more unfortunate in choosing for his wife his niece Agrippina. She prevailed upon him to set aside his own son, Britannicus, and to adopt her son, Nero, that she might secure the succession for the latter. Claudius soon after regretted this step, and was in consequence poisoned by Agnppiua, 54. In his reign the southern part of Britain was made a Roman province, and CpiD of ClRudlm, Claudius himself went to Britain in 43, where he remained, however, only a short time, leav- ing the conduct of the war to his generals. CLAUDIUS II. (M. Anniuns Ci-AUDins), Roman emperor in A.n. 263-270, was descend- ed from an obscure family in Dardania or 11- lyria, and succeeded to the empire on the death of Qallienus (268). He defeated the Alemanni and Goths, and receivisd in conse- quence the surname Gothicus. He died at Sirinium in 2T0, and was succeeded by Aure- liau. CLAZOMENAE (-arum), an important city of Asia Minor, and one of the 12 Ionian cities, lay on the N. coast of the Ionian peninsula, upon the gulf of Smyrna. It was the birth- place of Anaxagoras.' CLfiANTHES (-is), a Stoic philosopher, bord at Assos in Troas about b.o. 300. He first placed himself under Crates, and then under Zeno, whose .disciple he continued for 19 years. In order to -support himself, he worked all night at .drawing water for gar- dens ; but as he spent the whole day in pnil- osopbical pursuits, and had no visible means o.f support, he was summoned before the Are- opagus to account for his way of living. The judges were so delighted by the evidence of industry which he produced that they voted him 10 minae, though Zeno would not permit him to accept them. He succeeded Zeno in his school in b.o. 263. He died about 220, at the age of 80, of voluntary staLvation. OLEARCHUS (-i), a Spartan, distinguished himself in several important commands dur- ing the latter_part of the Peloponnesian war, and at the close of it persuaded the Spartans to send him as a general to Thrace, to protect the Greeks in that quarter against the Thrar clans. But having been recalled by the eph- ors, and refusing, to obey theiv orders, he was condemned to (ftath. He thereupon crossed over to Cyrus, collected for him a large force of Greek mercenaries, and marched with him into Upper Asia, 401, in order to dethrone his brother Artaxerxes, being the only Greek who was aware of the prince's real object. After the battle of Cunaxa and the death of Cyrus, Clearchus and the other Greek generals were made prisoners by the treachery of Tissapher- nes, and were put to death. CLEOBIS. [Biton.] CLEOBtfLUS (-i), one of the Seven Sages, of Liudus in Rhodes, son of Evagoras, hved about B.O.. 580. He, as well as his daughter, Cleobuliiio or Cleobule, were celebrated for their skill in riddles. To the latter is ascribed a well-known one on the subject of the year : "A father has 12 children, and each of these 30 daughters, on one sidQ white, and on the other side black, and, though immortal, they all die." CLEOMBROTUS (-i). (1) Son of Anaxan- drides, king of Sparta, became regent after the battle of Thermopyliie, n.o. 480, for Plis- tnrchus, infant son of Leonidas, but died in the same year, and was succeeded in the re- fency by his son Fausanias. — (2) King of parta,son of Pausanias, succeeded his broth- er Agesipolis I., and reigned b.o. 380-371. He CLE0MKNE9. 119 CLEOPATRA. commanded the' Spartan troops several times ngaii;kSt the Thebaus, aod fell at the battle of Leuctra (3T1), after fighting most bravely.— i3) King of Sparta, Boii-in-l«w of Lepnidus II., in whoee place he was made king by the party of Agis Iv., about 243. On the return of Le- onidaa, Cleombrotua was deposed and ban- ished to Tegea, about 240.— (4) An academic philosopher of Ambracia, said to have killed 'himself after reading the Phaedon of Plato ; not that he had any suifferings to escape from, but that he might exchange this life fur a better. CLEOMfiNES (-i»). (1) King of Sparta>eon of Anaxandiides, reigned D.O.S20-491. He was .0 man of an enterprising but wild character. In 610 he commanded the forces by whose as- sistance .Hippins was driven from Athens. and not long after he assisted Isagoras and the aristocratical pai'ty. against Clisthenes. By bribing the. priestess-at Delphi, he efl'ected the deposition of his colleague De^abatus, ■ 491. Soon afterwards he was seized with madness and killed himself. — (2) King of Sparta, son of Cleombrotus L, reigned 370- 3U9.— (3) King of Sparta, son of Leonidaa II;, reigned 236-222. While still young he mar- ried Agiatis, the widow of Agis ly. ; and, fol- lowing the example bf the latter, he endeav- ored to restore the ancient Spartan constitu- tion, lie succeeded in his object, and put the ephors.to death. He was. engaged in a long contest with the Achaean League and Antig- onus Doson, king of Macedonia, but wag at length defeated at the battle of Sellasia (222), • and fled to Egypt, where he put an end to hia own life, 220. CL^QN (-onis), son of Cleaenetus, was orig- inally a tanner, and first came forward in public as an opponent to Pericles. On the Heath -of this ^reat man, u.o. 429, Cleon be- came the favorite of the people, and for about 6 years of the Peloponnesiau waj (428-422) was the head of the party opposed to pfeaCe. In 427 he* strongly advocated in the assembly that the Mytilenneans should be put to death. lu 424 he obtained his greatest gloiy by tak- ing prisoners the Spartans in the island of Sphacteria,-«n(l bringing them iii safety to Athens. Puffed up oy this success, he ob- tained the command of-an Athenian army, to oppose Brasidas in Thrace; but he was defeated by Brasidas under the walls of Am- phipolis, and fell in the battle, 422. Aris- tophanes tind Thucydides both speak of him as a vile, •unprincipled demagogue. ■ In this they were probably too severe. The chief at- tack of Aristophanes upon CI«on was in tbe Knights (424), in which Cleon fig- ures as an actual dramatis persona, and. In default of an artificer bold enough to make the mask, was repre- sented by the poet himself with his face smeared with wine lees. CLE5NAE (-arum). (1> An ancient town in Argo- lis, on the road from Corinth to Argos, on a river of the same name flowing into the Co- rinthian gulf. In its neighborhood was Ne- mea, where Hercules killed the lion, which is acQordingly called Cleonaeua Leo by the poets. — (2) A town in the peninsula Athos in Chal- cidice. CLEOPATSa (-ae).' (1) Niece of Attalus, married Philip in b.o. 337, on whoee murder she was put to death by Olympias. — (2) Daughter of Philip and Olympias, and sister of Alexander the. Great, married Alexander, king of Epiru8,336. It was at the celebration of her nuptials that Philip was miirdeved by Pausanias. — (3) Eldest daughter of Ptolemy AuJetes, celebrated for her neauty and fasci- natiou, was 17 at the death of her father (51), who appointed her heir of his kingdom in conjunction with her younger brother, Ptole- my, whom she was to marry. She was ex- pelled from the throne by Pothinus and Achil^ las, hjs guardians; but having won by -her charms the su^iportof Caesar, he i*eplaced her on the thrope iii conjunction with her broth- er. She had a sou by Caesar, called Cakba- moN, and she afler^ya^ds .followed hijn to Home, where she appears to have been at the time of his death,M4. She- then returned to Egypt, and in 41 she met Antony in Cilicio. She was now in her 23th year, and-in the per- fection 'of matured beauty, which, in conjunc- tion with her talents and eloquence, com- pletely won the he^rt of Antony, who hence- forth was her devoted lover and slave. In the war between Oclavian and Antony, Cleo- patra accompanied her lover, and was pres- ent at the battle of Actium (31), in the midst of which she retreated with her fleet, and thus hastened the loss of the day. She fled to . Alexandria, where she was joined by Antony. Seeing Antony's fortunes desperate, she eu- .tered into negotiations with Augustus, and i promised to make away with Antony. She I fled to a mansoleum she had built, and then , caused a report of her death to be spread. '■ Antony, resolving not to eui-vive her, stabbed I himself, and was drawn up into the mausole- um, where he died in her arms. She then tried to'gain the love of Augustus, but her charm's failed in softening his colder heart. Seeing that he had determined to carry her . captive to Rome, she put an end to her own life bj' the poison of an asp. . She died in the 1 39th year of her age (b.o. 30), and with her Colo of Antony and Cleopatra. CLIMAX. 120 CNOSUS. ended the dynasty of the Ptolemies in Egypt, which was now made a Roman province. CLIMAX {[-Scis), the name applied to the W. termination of the Tiiuvns range, which extends along the W. coast of the Pamphylian gulf, N. of Phaselis in Lycia. Alexander made a road between it nnd the sea. CLIMBISRRUM. [Ansoi.] ' CLIO. [MnsAE.] CLISTHENBS (-is), an Athenian, son of Megacles and Agaribta, who was the daugh- ter of Clisthenes, the tyrant of Sicyou. He appears as the head of the Alcmaeonid -clan on the banishment of the Pisistrntidae. Find- ing, however, that he could not cope with his political rival Isagoras except through the aid of the commons, he set himself to increase the power of the latter. The principal change which he Introduced was the abolition of the 4 ancient tribes and the establishment of 10 new ones in their stead, b.o. 510. Ue is also said to have instituted ostracism. Isagoras and his party called in the aid of the Spar- tans, but Clisthenes and bis frieuds eventu- ally triumphed. CLITOE (-6ris) or CLITOrIUM (-i), a town in the N. of Arcadia on a river of the same name, a tributary of the Aroanius : there was a fountain in the neighbo^'hood, the waters of which are said to have given to persons who dranlc of them a dislike for wine. CLITUMNUS (-i), a small river in Urabria, springing from & beautiful rock in a grove of cypress trees, where was a sauctuaiy of the god Clitumnns, and falling into the Tiuia, a tributary of the Tiber. CUTUS (-i), a Macedonian, one of Alexan- der's generals and friends, who saved the life of the latter at the battle of Granicns, n.o. 334. In 32S he was slain by Alexander at a biin- qnet, when both parties were healed with wine, and Clitus had provoked the king's re- sentment by insolent language. Alexander was inconsolable flt his friend's death. CIjODIUS, another form of the name Clau- dius. [CLiVCDlUB.] CLSDiDSALBINUS. [AiBiiitts.] CLOBLIa (-ae), a Roman virgin, one of the hostages given to Porsena, who escaped from the Etruscan camp and swam across the Ti- ber to Rome. . She was sent back by the Ro- mans to Porsena, who was so struck with her gallant deed that he not only set her at lib- erty, but allowed her to take with her a part of the hostages. Porsena also rewarded her with a horse adorned with splendid trappings, and the Romans with a statue of a female on horseback. CLOTA AESTUiRlUM {FrUh of Clyde), on 'the W. coast of Scotland. CLSTHS (-us), one of the Pates. [Moirak.] . CLtJENTIUS HXBITUS, A. (-i), of Lari- num, accused in i».o. 74 his own step-father. Statins .\lhius Oppianicus, of having attempt- ed to procure his death by poison. Oppiani- cus was condemned, and it was generally be- lieved that the judges had been bribed by Clueiitius. In 66, Clneutius was himself ac- cused by young Oppianicus, son of Statins Albius, who had died in the interval, of 3 dis- .tinct acts of poisoning. He was defended by Cicero in tlie oration still extant. CL^PfiA or CLYPEA. • [Aspis.] CLtfSiUM (CAmisi), one of the most power- ful of the 12 Etruscan cities/ originally (ialled Gamers or Camars, situated on an eminence above the river Clanis, and S.W.of the Laoos Ci.DsiNus {L, di Chiusi). It was the royal res- idence of Porsena, and in ils. neighborhood was the celebrated sepulchre of this king in the form of a labyriutli. Subsequently Cln- sium was in alliance with the Romans^ by whom it was regarded as a bulwark against the Gauls. Its siege by the Gauls, ii.o. 3!)1, led, as is well known, to the capture of Rome, itself by the Gauls. In its neighborhood were warm baths. CLtTSlUS (-i), a surname of Janus, whose temple was closed in peace. CLifMfiNE (-es). (1) Daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and wife of lapetus, to whom she bore Atlas, Prometheus, and others. — (2) Mother of Phaeton by Helios- (the Sun), whence Phaeton is called ClymSnoIus. — (3) A relative of Menelaus and a companion of Helena, with whom she wa? carried ofl' by Paris. CLif TAEMNESTRA (-ae), daughter of Tyn- dareus and Leda, sister of Castor, Pollux, and Helena; wife of Agamemnon; and mother of Orestes, Iphigenia, and Electra. During her husband's aDseuce at Troy she lived in adultery with Aegisthns, and on his return to Mycenae she murdered him with the help of Aegisthns. [Agamk.-unon.] She was subse- quently put to death by her son Orestes, to revenge the murder of his father. CLYTib (-es), a daughter of Oceanus, changed into the plant heliotropium. CNIDUS or GNIDUS (-i), a celebrated city of Asia Minor, on the promontory of Triopf- um on the coast of Caria, was a Lacedaemo- nian colony. It was built partly on the main- land and partly on an island joined to the coast by a causeway, and had two harbors. It had a considerable commerce ; and it was resorted to by travelers firom all parts of the civilized world, that they might see the statue of Aphrodite (Venus) by Praxiteles, which stood in her temple here. Among the cele- brated natives of the city were Ctesias, Eu- doxus, Sostratus, and Agatharcides. Colo of Cnidflfl. CNOSUS or GNOSUS, subsequently CNOSr StJS or GNOSSUS (-i), an ancient town of Crete, and the capital of king Minos ; situated COCALUS. 121 COLOPHON. at a short distance from the N. coast; colo- nized at an early time by Dunaus. It is fre- quently mentioned by the poets in conse- qiieuce of its counection with Miuos, Ariad- ne, the"Minotaui*, and the Labyrinth; and the adjective Cnossius is used as equivalent to Cretan. COcALUS (-i), a mythical king of Sicily, who kindly received Daedalus on his flight from Crete, and with the assistance of nis daughters put Minos to death, when the latter came in pursuit of Daedalus. COCCEIUS NERVA. [Nbrva.] CSCHB, a city on the Tigris, near Ctesi- phon. , COCLES (-itis), HORlTIUS (-i), that is, Horatius the "one-eyed," a hero of the old Homan lays, is said to have defended the Subllcian bridge, along with Sp. Lartius and T. Herminius against the whole Etruscan army under Porsena, while the Romans broke down the bridge behind them. Whfen the work was iiearlj; finished, Iloratius sent back his two companions. As soon as the bridge was quite destroyed, he plunged into the stream and sw^m across to the city in safety amid the arrows of the enemy.' The state raised a statue to his honor, which was placed in the comitit].ui, and allowed him as much land as he could plow around in one day. COCOSSATES, a peo^jle In Aquitania in Gaul, mentioned along with the Tarbelli. COCfLiUM (-i), an Aeolian city in Mysia, whose inhabitants are meutionea by Xeuo- phon. . COCTTUS (-i), a river in Bpirus, a tributa- ry of the Acheron. Like the Acheron, the Cocytus was supposed to he connected with the lower world, aud hence came to be de- Bcribed as a river in the lower world. CODOMANNUS. [Dahius.] CSDRUS (-i). (1) Son of MelautbuB, and last king of Athens. When the Dorians in- vaded Attica from Peloponnesus, au oracle declared that they should be victorious if the life of the Attic king was spared. Codrus thereupon resolved to sacrifice himself for his country. He entered the camp of the enemy in disguise, commenced quarreling with the soldiers, and was slain in the dispute. When the Dorians discovered the death of the Attic king, they returned home. Tradition adds that, as no one was thought worthy to suc- ceed such a patriotic kingj the kingly dignity 'was abolished, and Medon, son of Codrus, was appointed archon for life instead. — (2) A Roman poet, ridiculed by Virgil. . COELA, " the Hollows of Euboea," the W. coast o'f Euboea, between the promontories Caphareus and Chersonesus, very dangerous to ships : here a part of the Persian fleet was wrecked b.o.4S0. COELBStRlA (-ae: i. e. Holloio Syria), the name given to the great valley between the two ranges of Mount Lebanon (Libanus and Anti-Libanus), in the S. of Syria, bordering upon Phoenicia cm the W. and Palestine. on . the S. In the wars between the Ptolemies and the Seleucidae, the name was applied to the whole of the S. portion 6f Syria, which became subject for some time to the kings of Egypt. ■ ■ • COELIUS. [Caelius.] COLCHIS (-idoBor idis), acountry of Asia, bounded vn of the TJbii, aud called Oppi~ dum, OX' Civitaa Ubiorum, was a place of small importance till a.i>. 51,when a Roman colony was planted in the town by the emperor Claudius, at the ijtstigatiou of his wife Agrip- pina, who was born here, aud from whom it derived its new name. It soon became alarge and flourishing city, aud was the capital of Lower Germany. COLONUS (-i), a demus of Attica, 10 stadia, or a little more than a mile, N.W. of Athens, near the Academy; celebrated for a temple of Poseidon (Neptune), a .grove of the Eu- menides, the tomb of Oedipus, and as the birthplace of Sophocles, who describes it in his Oedipus Coloneus. COlOPHON (-onis), one of the 12 Ionian cities of Asia.Min(>r, stood about 2 miles from the coast, between 'Lebedus and Ephesus, on the river Halesus, which w'aa famous for the coldness of its water. Its harbor was called •Notium. Besides claiming to be the birth- COLOSSAE. 122 CONON. place of Homer, Colophon was the native city of Mimnerrans, He'rmeBianax, and Nicander. It was also celebrated for the oracle of Apollo Clarius in its neighborhood, [Clauds.] COLOSSAE (-arnm), once an important city of Great Phrygia, on the river Lyons, but so reduced subsequently that it might have been forgotten bat for the epistle written to its inhabitants by the apostle Paul. COLtJMELLA (-ae), L. JB^NIUS HSDSRS.- TUS (-i>, a native of Gades, in Spain, and a contemporary of Seneca. We have no par- ticulars of hia life, but Eome appears to have been his ordinary residence. He wrote a work upon agriciilture (De iJe liitstica), in 12 books, which is still extaut. His style is easy and ornate. OOLUMNAE HEROULIS. [Abtla: Cai- PE.] OOMlNA (-oi-um). (1) A city of Pontus, upon the river Iria, celebrated for its temple of Artemis Taurica (Diana), the foundation of which tradition ascribes to Orestes. The high-priests of this temple took rank next after the king, and then* domain was in- creased by Pompey .after the Mithridatic war. — (2) A cityof Cappadocia,* also celebrated for a temple of Artemis Taurica, the founda- tion of which was likewise ascribed by tradi- tion to Orestes. COMBREA (-ae), a town in the Macedo- nian district of Crossaea. COMlNIUM (-i), a town in Samninm, destroyed by the Romans in the Samnite wars. COMMiGENE (-es), the N.B.-most district of Syria, tyinj; between the Taurus and the Euphrates. ' It formed a part of the kingdom of Syria, after the fall of which it maintained its independence under a race of kings, the family of the Seleucidae, and was not united to the Roman empire till the reign of Vespa- Bian, COMMIUS (-i), king of the Atrebates, was advanced to that dignity by Caesar. He was sent by Caesar to Britain, but lie was cast into chains by the Britons, and was not re- leased till they had been defeated by Caesar. In n.o. 62 he joined the other Gauls in their great revolt igainst the Romans, and con- tinued in arms even after the capture of Alesia. . COMMODUS, L. AXJRELIUS (-i), a Roman emperor, a.d. 180-192, son of M. Aurelius and the younger Faustina, was born at Lannvium, 161, and was thus scarcely 20 vvhen he suc- ceeded to the empire. He was an unworthy son of a noble fkther. Notwithstanding the freat care which his father had bestowed upon is education, he turned out one of the most sanguinary and licentious tyrants that ever disgraced a throne. He.sought to gain popu- lar applaiise by fighting with the wild beasts in the amphitheatre ; and, having slain im- mense nnnlbers of them, demanded worship for himself as being the god Hercules. One of his concubines, whom he had determined to put-to death, administered poison to him ; but, as the pois(m worked slowly. Narcissus, a celebrated athlete, was ordered to strangle him, Dec. 31, 192. OOMPSA (-ae), a town of the Hiiyini, in Samnium, near the sources of the Auiidus. COMUM (-i: Como),'a town inGallia Cisal- pina, at the S. extremity of the W. branch of the Lacus Larius (L. di Como). It was orig- inally a town of the Insubrian Gauls, and subsequently a Roman colony. It was the birthplace of the younger Pliny, COMtJS (-i), the god of festive mirth and .joy, represented as a winged youth, occurs only in the later times of antiquity. CONCORDIA (-ae), a Roman goddess, the personification of concord, had several tem- ples at Rome. The earliest was built by Camillus, in com- memoration of the reconciliation be- tween the patricians and the plebeians, after the enactment , of the Liciuian roga- tions, II. u. 367. In this temple the sen- ate frequently met, Concordia is repre- sented on coins as a matron, holding in her left hand a cor- nucopia, C O N DRirsi (roi'um), a German people in Gallia Bel- gica, the dependents of the Treviri, dwelt between the Eburo- nes and the Treviri. CONFL^BNTES (-ium: Coblentz), a town in Germany, at the confluence of the Moselle and the Rhine, C0N5n (-6ni8), a distinguished Athenian Concordia. CONSENTES. 123 CONST AI^TIUS. general, held several important eom- mauds in the Feloponnesiau war. After the defeat of the Athenians by.Lysander at Aegos Potami (b.o. 406), Concb, who wafl one of the generals, escaped with 8 ships, and took refuge with Evagoras in Cyprus, where he remained for some years. In 394 he gained a decisive vic- tory over Pisander, the Spartan general, offCnidus.— (2) Of Samoa, a.distin^uiBhed mathematician and astronomer, lived in the time of the Ptolemies Philadelphua and Etfergetes (b.o. 2S3-222). CONSENTES (-ium) DII <-5rum), the 12 Etrnscau gods who formed the council of Jupiter, consisting of. six male and six femafe divinities. We do not know the names of all of them, but it is certain that Juno, Minerva, Summanus, Vulcan,. Saturn, and Mars were among them. CONSENTIA. (-ae>» chief town of the Brnttii on the river Crathis ; here Alartc died. CONSTANS (-antis), youngest of the 3 eons of Constantine the Great and Faue- ta, received after his father's death (a.d. 337) Illyricum, Italy, and Africa, as hi's share of the empire. After successfully resisting his brother Constantine, who was slain in invad- ing his territory (340), Constans became mas- ter of the whole West. His weak and jjrofli- giate character rendered him an object of con- tempt, and he was slain in 350 by the soldiers of the usurper Maqnbntius. CONSTANTINA, the city. [Cieta.] • CONSTANTINOPOLIS (-is: Conattmtino- ple), built on the site of the ancient Byzan- tium by Constantine the Great, who called it after his own name, and made it the capital of the Roman empire. It was solemnly con- . secrated a.d. 330. U was built over 7 hills, and was divided-into 14 regiouee. Its ex- treme length was about 3 Roman miles ; and its walls iuclnded eventually a circumference of 13 or 14 Roman miles. It continued the capital of the Roman empire in the East till its capture by the Turks in 1453. CONSTANTINUS (-i). (1) I., surnamed "the Great,*' Roman emperor, a.i>^ 306-337, eldest son of the emperor Constantius Chlo- rus and Helena, was born a.d. 372, at Nais- sus^ a town in Upper Moesia. He was early trained to arms, and during a large portion of his reign he was engaged in wars. On the death of his father at York (306), Constantine laid claim to a' share of the empire, and was acknowledged as niaater of the countries be- yond the Alps. In 308 he received -the title Augustus. He was engaged in. a contest with Maxentius, who had possession of Italy, and defeated him at the village of Saxa Rubra, near Rome, Oct. 27, 312. Maxentins tried to escape over the Milvian bridge into Rome, but perished in the river. It was in this cam- paign that Constantine is said to hav.e been converted to Christianity. On his march io Rome, either at Autun m Ganl, or near An- dernach on the Rhine, or at Verona, he is said to have seen in the sky a luminous cross with th6 inscription, By this Cokques ; Hud on the ConBtantind and FuQsta. night before the last and decisive battle with Maxentius, a vision is said to have appeared to Constantine in his sleep, bidding mm in- scribe the shields of his uqldiers with the sa- Cred monogram of the name of Christ. The tale of the Cross seems to have grown opt of ' that of the vision, and even the latter is not entitled to credit. It was Constantine'^ in- terest to gain the affections of his numerous Christian subjects in his strugglewith his ri- vals; and it was probably only self-interest which )ed him at first to adopt Christianity. After the death of Maxentius, Constantine was engaged in a contest with Licinius, who had obtained possession of the whole of the East ; the struggle ended in the defeat and death of Licinius, so that Constantine was now sole master of the empire. He removed the seat of empire to Byzantium, which lie called after himself Constantinople, arid sol- emnly dedicated it, 330. Constantine relened in peace the rest of his life. He died in May, 337, and was baptized shortly before his death by Ensebius. His three sons — Constantine, Constantius, and Constaus— succeeded him in the empire. — (2) II., Roman emperor, 337-340, eldest of the three sons of Constantine the Great, by Fausta, received" Gaul, Britain, S^iaiu, and part of Africa at his father's death. Dissatisfied with his share of tlie empire, he made war upon his younger brother, Con- stans, whd governed Italy, T)ut was defeated and slain near Aquileia. CONSTANTIUS <-i). <1) T.. surnamed CiiLOROB, "the pale," Roman emperor, a.i>. 305-306. He was one of the two Caesars ap- pointed by Maximian and Diocletian in 292, and received the government of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, with Treviri (l^evea) as his- resi- dence. Upon the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, in 305, Constantius and Gale- rius becaine the Augusti. Con:^tantius died 15 months afterwards (July; 306) atEboracum (York) ill Britain, on an expedition against the Ficts ; his sou Constantine, afterwards the Great, succeeded him in his share of the census. 124 CORINTHUS. government. ^<2) IT., Roman emperor, 337- B61, third sou of Coustantiue the Qreatby his second wife Fausta. He was succeeded by Julian. — (3) III., emperor of the West (a.d. 421), a distinguished general of Honorius, who declared him Augustus in 421, bat he died in the 7th month of his reign. CONSUS (-i), an ancient Roman divinity, who was identified in later times with Nep- tnue. Hence Livy calls him I^eptuuus Eqties- tris. He was regarded by some as the god of secret deliberations, but he was most prob- ably a god of the lower world. OONTEEBiA (-ae), one of the chief towns of the Celtiberi, in Hispania Tarraconeusis, S.E. of Saragossa. OONVfiNAE (-aram), a people in Aquita- nia, near the Pyrenees, ana on both sides of the Garumna ; a mixed race, which had sei'ved under Sertorius, and were settled in Aquita- nirt by Pompfey. COPAE (-arum), an anqient town in Boeo- tia, on the N. side of the lak^ Copais, which derived its name from this plac6. . C5PAIS (-idos), a large lake in Boeotia, formed chiefly by the river Cephisus, the wa- ters of which are emptied into the Euboean sea by several snbterrancons canals, called Katahothra, by the modern Greeks. It was originally called Ciipuisis, under which name it occurs in Homer. lu the summer the greater part of the lake is dry, and becomes a green meadow, in which cattle are pastured. Its eels were much prized in antiquity, and they retain their celebrity in modern times. COPHEN or COPHKS {Cabul), the only grand tributary river which, flows into the lu- (Ins from the W. It was the boundary be- tween India and Ariaua. COPTOS (-i>, a city of the ThebaTs or Up- per Egypt, lay a little to the E. of the Nile, some distance below Thebes. Under the Ptol- emies it occupied an important' commercial positipn. COKA (-ae), an ancient town in Latium, in the Volscian mountains, S.E. of Velitrae. COrXCESIUM (-i), a very strong city of Cilicia Aspera, on the borders of Pamphylia, standing upon a steep rock, and possessing a good harbor. CORASSIAE -(-arum), a group of small isl- ands in the Icarian sea, S.W. of Icaria. They must not be confounded, as they often are, with the islands Coksbak or Corsi'at!, off the Ionian coast; and opposite the promontory Ampelos, in Samos. . C5RAX (-actis), a Sicilian rhetorician, flour- ished about u.o 467, and wrote the earliest work on the art of rhetoric. CORBt?LO (-.onis), Cn, DOMITIUS (-i), a general who distinguished himself by his campaigns against the Parthians in the reigns of Claudius and Nero. To avoid death, by the orders of Nero, he committed suicide. CORCTRA i-aa: Carfn), m island in the •Ionian sea, off thecoast of Epirus, about 38 miles in length, but of very unequal breadth. The ancients regarded it as the Homeric SoBEEiA, where the sea-loving Phaecians dwelt, governed by their king Alcinous. About n-o. 700 it was colonized by the Corin- thians, and soon became rich and powerful by its extensive commerce. The increasing prosperity of Corcyra led to a rivalship with Corinth ; and about b.o. 664 a battle was fought between the fleets, which ia memora- ble as the most ancient sea-flght on record. At a later period Corcyra became one of the causes of the Peloponnesian war, 431. Short- ly afterwards her power decline'd in conse- quence of civil dissensions ; and at last it be- came subject to the Romans, with the rest of Greece. Corfu is at present one of the 7 Io- nian islands under the protection of Great Britain, and the seat of government.. ■ CORDfJBA (-ae : Cordwa), one of the lar- gest cities in Spain, and the capital of Baeti- ca, on 'the right bank of Baetis ; made a Ro- man colony u.o. 152; birthplace of the two Senecas and of Lucan. CORDtJENE. [GoniJTENK.l CQRE (-es), the Maiden, a name by which Persephone (Proserpine) is often called. [Pek- BErilONK.] CORESSUS (-i), a lofty mountain in Ionia, 40 stadia from Ephesus, with a place of the same name at its foot. CORFINIUM (-i), chief town of the Peligni in Samninm, strongly fortified, and memora-* ble as the place which the Italians in the So- cial war destined to be the new capital of Italy in place of Rome, on which account it was called Italica, CORINNA (-ae), a Greek poetess, of Tana- gra, in Boeotia, flourished a.oout n.o. 400, and was a contemporary of Pindar, whom she is said to have instructed, and over whom she gained a victory at the public games at Thebes. corinthiXcus Isthmus, often called simply the ISTHMUS, lay between the Corin- thian and Saronic gulfs, alid connected the Peloponnesus with the mainland, or Hellas proper. In its narrowest part it was 40 stadia, or 6 Roman miles across : here was the tem- ple of Poseidon (Neptune), and the Isthmian games were celebrated. Pour unsuccessful attempts were made to dig a canal across the Isthmus, namely, by Demetrius Poliorcetes, Julius Caesar, Caligula, and Nero. CORINTHiiCUS SINUS (G. of Lepanto), the gulf between the N. of Greece and Pelo- gonnesus. In early times it was called the ryssaean gulf, and its eastern part the Alcy- onian sea. CORINTHUS (-i), called in Homer Eputba, a city on the above-mentioned Isthmus. Its territory; called CoEiuTmA, embraced the greater part of the Isthmus, with the adjacent part of the Peloponnesus. In the N. and S. the country is mountainous ; but in the cen- tre It is a plain, with a solitary and steep mountain rising from it, the AonoooRiKTnDS, 1900 feqt in height, which served as the cita- del of Corinth. The qity itself was built on the N. side of this mountain. It had 2 har- bors — Cenoureak on the E. or'Saronic gulf, and Leckaedm on the W. or Cryssaean gulf. Its favorable positipn, between two seas, raised Corinth in very early times to great CORINTHUS. 125 CORIOLANUS. commercial prosperity, and madeit the em- porium of the trade between Europe aud Asia. At Corinth the first triremes were built; and 'the first eea-figlft , a small river iu Etniria, which falls into the Tiber a little above Rome: memorable for the death of the 300 Fabii. CESMONA (-ae : Cremona), a Roman colo- ny in the N. of Italy, npar the confluence of the Addua and the Po, was founded, together • with Placen tin, i>. o. 219, as a protection against the Gauls and Hannibal's invading army. It soon became a place of great importance; but, having espoused the cause of Vitellins, it was totally destroyed by the troops of Vespa- sian, A.T>. 69. CRfiMSNIS JUGUM. CAlpes.] CRfiON (-ontis). (1) Kingof Corinth,whose daughter. Glance or Creusa, married Jason. Medea, thus forsaken, sent Glance a garment which burned her to death when she put it on; the palace took fire, and Creon perished in the flames. — (2) Son of Menoecns, and brother of Jocaste, the wife of Lnius. After the death of Laius, Creon governed Thebes for a short time, and then surrendered the kingdom to Oedipus, who had delivered the country from the Sphinx. [Oepipds.5 After the death of Eteocles and Polynices, the sons of Oedipus, he again assumed the reins of government at Thebes. His cruelty in forbid- ding burial to the corpse of Polynices, and his sentencing Aiitigoue to death for dis- CREOPHYLUS. 129 CRONUS. obeying his orders, occasioued the death of his owu Bon Haemon. For -details, see Aw- ■ TIGONB. CRE5l*HtLUS (-i), of Chios, one of th& earliest epjc poets, said to have heeu the friend or son-in-hiw of Homer. CRESPHON.TES (-is), an Heraclid, son of Avislomachus, and one of the conquerors of PeloponnesuSj obtained Messenia for his share". Burinpf an insurrection of the Messe- nians, he and two of his sons were slaiii. A third son, Aepytus, avenged his death. CAe- PYTUS.] . CRESTDnIA (-ae), a district in Macedonia between the Axina and Strymon, near Moimt Ceixine, Inhabited by the Crestonaei, a Thra- cian people; their chief town was Creston or Crestone, founded by the Pelasgiaus. CRETA (-ae : Caiidia)^ one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean sea, about IGO miles in' length, and from 35 to 6 miles in breadth, tt was celebrated for its fertility and salnbrity, and was inhabited at an early period by a numerous and civilized popula- tion. Humer speaku of its hundred cities; and before the Trojau war mythology told of a king Minos, who resisted at Cnnssus, and ruled over the greater part of the island. He is said to have given laws to Crete, and to have been the first prince who had a navy, with which he suppressed piracy in the Ae- gaean. Cnossus, Gortyno, and Cydonia weie the most important cities. In the historical period the ruling class were the Dorians, who settledin Crete about 60 years after the Do- rian conquest of Peloponnesus, and intro- duced into the island the social and political institutions of the Dorians. Subsequently Doric customs disappeared, and great degen- eracy in morals prevailed. The apostle Paul, quoting the Cretan poet Epimenides, de- scribes them as "always liars, evil beasts, slow bellies." The Cretans were celebraled as archers, and frequently served as merce- naries in the-armies of other nations. The island' was conquered hy Q. Metellus, who received in conseun'ence the surname" Creti- cus (b.o. 6S-66), and it became a Roman prov- inpe. CRETETJS or CATREUS (-Sbs), son of Mi- lios by Pasiphae or Crete, aud father of Al- themenes. CKETHEUS (-5os or 5i), son of Aeolna and Enarete, wife of Tyro, and father of Aesou, Pheres, Amythaon, and Hippolyte: he was the founder of lolcus. CEECSA (-ae). . (1) Daughter of Erechtheus and Praxithea, wife of Xuthiis, and mother nf Achaeus and Ion.— (2) Daughter of Priam , and Hecuba, wife of Aeneas, and motl^er of Ascnnius. She perished on the nigUt of the capture of Troy, having been seporated fnim her husband in the confusion.— (3) Daughter of Creon, who fell a victim to the vengeance of Medea. [Creon,, No. 1.] CRIMISTJS or CRIMISSUS, a river in the W. of Sicily falling into the Hypsa; on its banks Timoleon defeated the Carthaginians, B.O. 339. CRISSA or -CRISA, and CIRRHA (-ae), towns in Phocis, regarded by some writers as the same place; but it seems more probable that Crissii was a town inland S.W. of Delphi, and that Cirrha was its port in the Crissaeau gulf. The iuhabitauts of these towns levied contributions upon the pilgrims frequenting the Delphic oracle, in consequence of which the Amphictyons declared war against them, B.0. 595, and eventually destroyed them. This territory, the rich Crissaean plain, was de- clared sacred to the Delphic eoa,nnd was for- bidden to be cultivated. The cultivation of this plain by the inhabitants of Amphisealed to the Sacred war, in which Philip was chosen general of the Amphictyons, 33S. Crissa re- mained in rutiTS, but Cirrha was afterwards rebuilt, and became the harbor of Delphi. CRiTlXS (-ae), a pupil of Socrates, one of the 30 tyrants established at Athens by the Spartans, b.o. 404, was conspicuous above all his colleagues for rapacity and cruelty. CRIT0L5.US (-i). (1) Of Phaselis in Lycia, succeeded Aristou at Athens as the head of the Peripatetic school. In b.c. 155 he was sent by the Athenians as embassador to Rome with Carneades and Diogenes. [Carneades.] —(2) General of the Achaean League, 147, dis- tinguished by his bitter enmity to the Ro- mans. He was defeated by Metellus, and was never heard of after the battle. CRItON (-ouis), a rich citizen of Athens, aud a friend and disciple of Socrates. CROCUS (-i), the beloved friend of Smilax, was changed by the gods into a saffron plant. CROESUS (-i), last king of Lydia, son of Alyattes, reigned ii.o. 560-546. He subdued all the nations between .the Aegaean and the river Halys, aud made the Greeks in Asia Mi- nor tributary to him. The fame of hia power and wealth dre\* to his court at Sardis all the wise men of Greece, and among them Solon, whose interview with the king was celebrated in antiquity. In reply to the question, who was the happiest man he had ever seen, the sage taught the king that no man should be deemed happy till he had finished his life in a happy way. In a war with Cyrus, king of Persia, the army of Croesna was defeated, aud his capital, Sardis, was taken. Croesus was condemned by the conqueror to be burned to death. ■ As he stood before the pyre, the warning of Solon came to his mind, and he thrice uttered the name of Solon. 'Cyrus Inquired who it was that he (%Ued on ; and upon hearing the story repented of his purpose, and not only spared the life of Croe- sus, but made him his friend. Croesus sur- vived Cyrus, alid accompanied Cambyses in bis expedition against Egypt. CROMMYON or CROMtON. a town in Megaris, on the Saronio gulf, afterwards be- longed to Corinth ; celebrated in mythology on account of its wild sow, which was slain by Theseus. CRQNUS (-i), called SATURNUS (-i) by the Romans, the youngest of the Titans, son of Uranus and Ge (Heaven and Earth), fa-- ther, by Rhea, of He^^tia, Demeter (Ceres), Hera (Juno), Hades (Pluto), Poseidon (Nep- tune), and Zeus (Jnplter). He deprived his CROTON. 130 CUIflOSOLITAE. CroDoa (Saturuiu).' (From a Painting at Pompeii.) father Uranus of the government of the world, and was, in his turn, dethroned by his son Zeus. [Zrub.] CROTON (-6nis) or CROTONA (-ae), one ■ of the most powerful cities in Magna Graecia, was situated on the E. coast of Bruttium, and was founded by the Achaeans ».o. 710, It is celebrated as the residence. of Pythagoras, the philosopher, and of Milo, the athlete. It attained its greatest power by the destruc- tion of Sybaris, in 510; but suffered greatly iu.the wars with Dionysius, Agathocles, ana' Pyrrhns. CRUSTUMfiRIA (-ae), RItJM (-i), also CRUSTtJMSUM (-i), a town of the Sabines, situated in the mountaius near the sources of the Allia. CTBSIAS (-ae), of Cnidus, in Caria, a con- temporavy of Xenophon, was private physi- cian of Artaxerxes Mnemou, whom he accom- panied in his war against his brother Cyrus, B.o. 401. He lived IT years at the Persian court, and wrote in. the Ionic dialect a great work on the history of Persia^ and also a work on India, of both of which works we possess an abridgment in Photius. CTBSiBlUS (-1), celebrated forhjs mechan- ical InventiouSj lived .at Alexandria in the reigns of Ptolemy Pbiladelphus and Euerge- tes^ about n.o. 260. CTSSIPHON. CDemostdhnks.] CTESIPHON (-ontis), a city of Assyria, on the B. bank of the Tigris, 3 Roman miles from Selencia, on the W. bank, first became an importapt place under the Parthians, whose kings used it far some time as a win- ter residence. CtJMAE (-arum), a town in Campania, and the most ancient of the Greek colonies in It- aly and Sicily, was founded by Cyme, in Aeo-. lis, in conjunction with Chalcis and Eretria, in Euboea. Its foundation -is placed in b.o. 1050, but this date is evidently too early. It was situated on a steep hill ofMonut Gaurus, a little N. of the promontory Misenum. It became in early times a great and flourishing city ; and its power is attested by its colonies in Italv and Sicily— Puteolr, Falaeopolis, aft- erwards Neapolis, Zancle, afterwards Messa- na. It maintained its independence till n.o. 417, when it was taken by the Campanians, and most of its inhabitants sold as slaves. Prom this time Capua became the chief city of Campania. Cumae was celebrated as the residence of the earliest Sibyl, and as the place where Tarquinius Snperbus died. • CU^NAXA (-ae), a small town in Babylonia, on the Euphrates, famous for the battle fought here between the younger Cyrus and his brother Artaxerxes Mnemon, in which the former was killed (».o. 401). C^RES (-iurii), an ancient town of the Sa- bines, celebrated as the birthplace of T. Ta- tius and Numa Pompilius; from this town the Romans are -Baid to have derived the name of Quirites. CtTRETDES (-um), a mythical people, said to be the most ancient inhabitants of Acar- nania and Aetolia; the latter country was called Curetis- from them. They also occur in Crete as the priests of Zeus (Jupiter), and are spoken of in connection with the Cory- bantes and Idaean Dactyli. The infant Zeus, was intrusted to their care by Rhea ; and by clashing their weapons in a warltke dance, they drowned the cries of the child, and pre- vented his father Croiius from ascertaining the place where he was concealed. Ct]"RlATlI (rorum), a celebrated Alban family. Three brothers of this ftimily fought with 3 Roman brothers, the Horatii, and were conquered by the latter. In consequence of their defeat Alba became subject to Rome. CtTRiO, C. 6CRIB0KIUS. (1) Consul b.o. 76, was a personal enemy of Caesar, and sup- ported P. Clodius, when the latter was ac- cused of violating the sacra of the Bona Pea. In 57 he was appointed poutifex maximus, and died in 53. He had some reputation as an orator, and was a friend of Cicero.— (2) Son. of No. 1, also a friend of Cicero, was a most profligate character. He was married to Eulvia, afterwards the wife of Antony. He at first belonged to the Pompeian party, by whose influence he was made tribune, of the plebs, 60 ; ■ but he was bought over by Caesar, and emplbyed his power as tribnne against his former friends. On the breaking out of the Civil war (49), he was sent by Caesar to Sicily with the title of. propraetor. He sue-* ceeded in driving Catoout of the island, and then crossed over to Africa, where he was de- feated and slain by Jiiba and P. Attius Varus. CUKIOSOLITAE (-urnm), a Gallic people on the ocean in Armorica, near the Veneti. CURIUS. 131 CYAXARES. CCRIUS, M. DENTiTUS (-i), a favorite hero of the Koman republic, was celebrated in later times as a noble specimeD of old Ro- man frugality and virtue. In his first consul- ship Q., the Roman his- torian of Alexander the Great, whose date is uncertain. His history of Alexander con" sisted of 10 books, but the first 2 are lost, and the remaining 8 are not without considerable gaps. It is written in a pleasing though some- what declamatory style. CUTILIAE AQUAE. [Aquae, No. 3.] CYiNK (-es), a Sicilian nymph and play* mate of Proserpine, chauged into a fountain through grief at the loss of the goddess. CYiNEAE (-arum), INStJLAE, 2 small rocky islands at the entrance of the Thracian Bosporus into the Euxine, the Pi.amotab and Sympi-eoades of mythology, so called because they are said to have been once movable and to have rushed together, and thus destroyed every ship that atterai)ted to pass through them. After the ship Argo had passed through them in safety they beoame stationary. CTXNES (-es), daughter of Maeander, mother of Oaunus and of Byblis. CYAXARES, king of Media, b.o. 6S4-694, son of Phraortes, and grandson of Deioces. He was the most warlike of the Median kings, and introduced great military reforms. He was engaged in wars with the Assyrians, Scythians, and Alyattes, king of Lydia. [Ai> YATTES.] Cyaxares died in 594, and was suc- ceeded by his son Astyages. Xenophon CYBELE. 132 CYNOSSEMA. speal^s of a Cyaxares II., king of Media, son of Astyages, respecting whom, see Cyetjs, Cl?B:fiLB. [Rhea.] CYBISTRA (-orum), an ancient city of Asia Minor, lying at the foot of Mount TanriiSj in the part of Cappadocia bordering on Cilicia. CYCLiDES (-um), a group of ielaucls in the Aegean sea, so called because they lay in a circle around Belos, the most important of them. CYCLOPES and CYCL5PES (-nm), that is, creatures with round or circular eyes, are described differently by different writers. Homer speaks of them as a gigantic and law- less race of shepherds in Sicily, who devoured human beings and cared naught for Zeus (Ju- piter) ; each of them had only one eye in the centre of his forehead ; the chief amon^ them was PoLYi»HBMU8. Accofding to Hesiod the Cyclopes were Titans, sous of Uranus and Ge, were 3 in number — Aeges, Steuopes, and Bbonteb — and each of them had only one eye in his forehead. They were thrown into Tar- tarus by Cronus, but were released by Zeus, and in consequence the]/- provided Zeus with thunderbolts and lightning, Pluto with a hel- met, and Poseidon with a trident. They were afterwards killed by Apollo for having fur- nished Zeus with the thunderbolts to kill Aesculapius. A still Jater tradition regarded the Cyclopes as the assistants of Hephaestus (Vulcan). Volcanoes were the workshops of that god, and Mount Aetna in Sicily and the neighboring; isles were accordingly consid- ered as their abodes. As the assistants of Hephaestus, they make the metal armor and ornaments for gods and heroes. Their num- ber is no longer confined to 3; and besides •the names mentioned by Hesiod, we also And those of Pybaomow and Aoamas. The name Cyclopian was given to the walls built of great masses of unhewn stone, of which specimens are still to be seen at Mycenae and other parts of Greece, and also in Italy. They were prob- ably constructed by the Pelasginns, and later generations, being struck by their grandeur, ascribed their building to a fabulous race of Cyclopes. Cyclopes at work, CTCNUS or CYGNITS (-i). (1) Son of Apollo by Hyrie, was metamorphosed into a swan. — (2) Son of Poseidon (Neptune), and father of Tenes and Hemithea. [Tenes.] In the Trojan war Cycnus was slain by Achilles, and his body was metamorphosed into a swan (3) Son of Sthenelus, king of the Li- gurians, and a friend and relation of Phae- thon, was metamorphosed by Apollo into a swan, and placed among the stars. CYDIPPE (-es). (1) The mistress of Aeon- tins. [AooNTiirs.]— (2) One of the Nereids. CYDNUS (-i), tt river of Cilicia Campestria, rising in the Taurus, and flowing through the midst of the city of Tarsus. It was celebrated for the coldness of its waters, in bathing in which Alexander nearly lost his life. CYBONIA (-ae), one of the chief cities of Crete, situated on the N.W. coast, derived its name from the CyjjGnks, a Cretan race, placed by Homer in the W. part of the island. Cy- donia was the place from which quinces (C^- donia ruala) were first brought to Italy, and its inhabitants were some of the best Cretan archers. CYLLXRUS (-i), a beautiful centaur, killed at the wedding feast of Pirithous. The horse of Castor was likewise called Cyllarus. CYLLENB (-es). (1) The highest mount- ain in Peloponnesus on the frontiers of Arca- dia and Achaia, sacred to Hermes (Mercury), who had a temple on the summit, was said to have been born there, and was hence called Cyllenius. — (2) A sea-port town of Elis. CYLON (-ouis), an Athenian of noble fam- ily, who gfrined an Olympic victory b.o. C40, He seized the Acropolis,, intending to make himself tyrant of Athens. Pressed b^ fam- ine, Cylon and his adherents were driven to take refuge at the altar of Athena, whence they were induced to withdraw by the archou Megacles, the Alcmaeonid, on a promise that their lives should be spared. But their ene- mies put them to death as soon as they had them in their power. CYMS (-es), the largest of the Aeolian cit- ies of Asia Minor, stood npon the coast of Aeolis, on a bay named after it, Cumaeus (also Elaiticus) Sinus. It was the mother city of Cumae in Campania. CYNAEGIRUS (-i), brother of the poet Aeschylus, distinguished himself by his valor at the battle of Marathon, n.o. 490. Accord- ing to Herodotus, when the Persians Tvere endeavoring to escape by sea, Cynaegirus seized one of their ships to keep it back, but fell with his right hand cut off. CYNESil (-orum) or CYNSTES (-nm), a people, according to Herodotus, dwelling iu the extreme W. of Europe, beyond the Celts, apparently in Spain. CYNOSARGeS, a gymnasium, sacred to Hercules, outside of Athens, E. of the city, for the use of those who were not of pure Athe- nian blood; here taught Antistnenes, the founder of the Cynic school. CYNOSCEPHALAE, i. e. "Dog»s Heads,** two hills near Scotussa in Thessaly, where Flaminius gained his celebrated victory over Philip of Macedonia, b.o. 197. CYNOSSEMA, "Dog's Tomb," a promon- tory in the Thracian Chersonesus nearMady- tns, so called because it was supposed to be the tomb of Hecuba, who had been previously changed into a dog. CYNOSURA. 133 CYRUS. CYnOSURA (-ae), an Idfiean nymph, and one of the nurses of Zeus, who placed her among the stars, [AitoTosJ Cl?NOSl?RA (-ae), "Dog's Tail," a promontory in Attica, S. of Marathon. CYNTHUS (-i), a mountain of Delos, celebrated as the birthplace of Apollo and Diana, who were hence called Cynthius and Cynthia respectively. • CYNtTRiA (-ae), a district on the front- iers of Argolis and Laconia, for the pos- sepsion of which the Argives and Spar- tans carried on frequent wars, and which the Spartana at length obtained about B.o.fi50.. CYNUS (-i), the chief sea-port in the territory of the Locri Opunlli. C"?PXRISSiA (-ae), a town in Messe- nia, on the W. coast, on a promontory and bay of the same name. CtPlRISSUS (-i). (1) Son of Tele- ghus, who, having inadvertently killed Colnsof CyrenB,beaTtnff the BficredSiVjjAiumPlant (which waa is favorite stag, was seized with immod- ^* ^°^^^ ""'''® °^ export), erate grief, and metamorphosed into a cy- press.— (2) A small town iu Phocis on Parnas- sus near Delphi. CYPRUS and CYPRUS (-i), a large island in the Mediterranean, S. of Cilicia and W. of Syria, about UO miles in length, and 50 miles in its greatest breadth. It was celebrated in ancient as well as in modern times for its fer- tility. The largest plain, called the Sala- minian plain, is in the E. part of the i!i:land near Salamis. The rivers are little more than mountain torrents, mostly dry iu summer. Cyprus was colonized both by the Phoeni- cians and the Greeks ; was subject at differ- ent times to the Egyptians, the Persians, and the Romans, of \vhom the latter made it a province, b.o. 68. Cyprus was one of the chief seats of the worship of Aphrodite (Venus), who is hcuce called Cyjoria or Cyjaria, and whose worship was introduced into the island by the Phoeiycians. Copper Proconaolnr Coia of Cyprus. CYPSfiLA (-orum). (1) A town in Arcadia on the frontiers. of Laconia. — (2) A town in Thrace on the Hebrus and the Egnatia Via. CYPSELUS (-i), a tyrant of Corinth, b.o. 655-625, 80 named because when a child he was concealed from the Bacchiadae (the Doric nobility of Corinth) by his mother in a chest {Kv^fc'Ky))^ He was succeeded in the tyranny by his son Periander. • CTRENK (-es). (1) Danghter of Hypseus. mother of Aristaeas by Apollo, was cnrriea by the god from Mount Pelion to Libya, where the city of Cyrene derived its name from her. —(2) An important Greek city in the N. of Africa, lying between. Alexandria and Car- thage. It was founded by Battiis (ij.o. 631), who led a colony from the island of Thera, and he and his descendants hiled over the city for 8 generations. It stood 80 stadia (8 geog. miles) from the coast, on the edge of the upper of two terraces of table-land, at the height of 1800 feet above the sea, iu one of the finest situations in the world. At a later time Cyrene became subject to the Egyptian Ptolemies, and was eventually formed, with' the island of Crete, into a Roman province. The ruins of the city of Cyrene are verjr ex- tensive. It was the birthplace of Callima- chus, Eratosthenes, and Aristippus. The ter- ritory of Cyrene, called CyrCnalca, included also the Greek cities of Barca, Tenchira, Hes- pern, and Apollouia, the port of Cyrene. Un- der the Ptolemies, Hesperis became Berenice, Tenchira was called Arsinoe, and Barca was entirely eclipsed by its port, which was raised into a city under the name of Ptoletnais. The country was at that time usually called "Pentapolis, from the 5 cities of Cyrene, Apollouia, Ptolemais, Ar- sinoe, and Berenice. CYRESCHXTA (-ae) or CYROP- OLIS (-is), a city of Sogdiana, on the Jaxartes, the farthest of the col- onies founded by Cyrus, and the ex- treme city of the Persian empire: destroyed) after many revolts, by Al- exander. CYRNUS (-i), the Greek name of the island of Corsica, from which is derived the adjec- tive Cymetts, nsed_by the Latin poets. CYRRHESTICB (-es), the name given un- der the Seleucidae to a province of Syria, lying between Commagene on the N. and the* plain of Antioch on the S. CYRUS (-1). (1) Thk Bm>er, the founder of the Persian empire. The histoj'y of hie life was overlaid in ancient times with fables and romances. According to the legend pre- CYRUS. 134 CYRUS. ^K«f? ^ \1 Symbolical Figure of Cyrus. served by Herodotns, Cyrus was the son of Cambyses, a noble Persian,^ and of MandanCi daughter of the Median king Aetyages. lu consequence of a dream, Which seemed to portend that his grandson should be master of Asia, Astyages committed the child as soon as it was bom to Harpiigiis, with orders to kill it. But he delivered the infant to a herdsman, and by the herdsman*s wife the child was reared. At ten years of age he fave proof of his high descent by his royal earing, and on being sent (o Astyages was discovered by him to be his grandson. By the advice of the Magians, who said that the dream had been fullllled when Cyrus was made king in sport, he sent him to his par- ents in Persia. When Cyrus grew up he led the hardy mountaineers of Persia against As- tyages, defeated him in battle, and took him prisoner, u. o. S59. The Medes accepted Cyrus for their king, and thus the supremacy which they had held passed to the Persians. Cyrus now proceeded to conquer the other parts of Asia. In 646 he overthrew the Lydian mon- archy, and took Croesus prisoner. tCuoESDS.] The Greek cities in Asia Minor were subdued by his general Harpagns. He next turned his arms against the Babylonian empire, and took the capital, Babylon, by diverting the course of the Euphrates, which flowed throiigh the midst of it, so that his soldiers entered the city by the bed of the river. This was in 538. Subsequently be set out on an expedi- tion against the Massagetac, a Scythian peo- ple, but he was defeated and slain in battle. Tomyris, the queen of the Massagetae, cut oflF his head, and threw it into a bag filled with human blood, that he might satiate himself (she said) with blood. He was killed in 629. He was succeeded by his son Cambyskb. Xenophon's account is very different. He represents Cyrus as brought up at his grand- father's court, as serving in the Median army under his uncle Cyaxarea 11., the son and successor of Astyages, of whom Herodotus knows nothing ; as making war upon Baby- lon simply as the general of Cyaiares; as marrying the daughter of Cyaxares ; and at length dying quietly in his bed. But Xeno- phou merely draws a picture of what a wise and just prince ought to be ; and his account must not be regarded as a genuine history. — (2) The Yodnger, the 2d son of Darius No- thns, king of Persia, and of Farysatis, was appointed by his father commander of the maritime parts of Asia Minor, and satrap of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia, u.o. 407. He assisted Lysander and the Laeedaemonians with large sums of money in their war against the Athenians. Cyrus was of a daring and Tomb of Cyrua. CYTHERA. 135 DAHAE. ambitious temper. On the accession of his elder brother Artaxerxes Muemoot 404, he formed the design of dethroning hie brother, to accomplish which he obtained the aid or a force of 13,000 Greelc mercenaries, set out from Sardis in the spring of 401, and, having crossed the Euphrates at Thapsacus, marched down the river to the plain of Cunaxa, 600 stadia from Babylon. Here he met the king's army. In the battle which followed hie Greek troops were victorious, but Cyrus himself was slain. The character of Cyrus is drawn by Xenophou in the brightest colors. It is enouo;h to say that his ambition was gilded by all those brilliant qualities which win men's hearts. — (3) A river of Armenia, risine in the Caucasus, flowing: through Iberia, and, after forming the boundary between Albania and Ai-menia, uniting with the Arnxes, and foiling into the W. Bide of the Caspian. CfTHEKA tae: CerigoV an island off the S.E. point of Laconia, with a towu of the same name in the iutei'ior, the harbor of which was called SoandIa. It was colonized at an early time by the Phoenicians, who in- troduced the worship of Ai)hrodite (Venus) into the island, for which it was celebrated. This goddess was hence called Ctthebaba, Ctthebeib; and, according to some tradi- tions, it was in the neighborhood of this isl- and that she iirst rose from the foam of the sea. CYTHNUS (-i : Tkermia), an island in the Aegaean sea, one of the Cyclades. CYTiNlUM (-i), one of the 4 cities in Do- ris, on Parnassus. CYtOKXJS or -TJM (-i), a town on the coast of Paphlagonia, a commercial settlement of Siuope, stood upon the mountain of the same name, celebrated for its box-trees. CTZlCTJS (-i), one of the most ancient and powerful of the Greek cities in Asia Minor, stood upon an island of the same name in the Propontis (^Sea o/Ma/rmora), This island lay close to the shore of Mysia, to which it was united by two bridges, and afterwards (under Alexander the Great) by a mole, which has accumulated to a considerable isthmus. The most noted passages in its history are.itB shalcing off the Persian yoke after the peace of Antalcidas, and Its gallant resistance against Mithridates (n.o. 7n), which obtained for it the rank of a ''libera civitas." D. DXAB. [DAnAE.] DiCiA (-ae), as a Roman province, lay be- tween the Danube and the Carpathian mount- ains, and comprehended the modern Transyl' vama, Wallachia^ Moldavia, and part of Hun- gary. The Daci were of the same race and spoke the same language as the Getae, and are therefore usually said to be of Thracian origin. They were a brave and warlike peo- ple. In the reign of Domitian they became so formidable under their king Deorualub that the Bomans were obliged to purchase a peace of them by the payment of tribute. Trajan delivered the empire from this dis- grace ; he crossed the Danube, aud after a war of 6 years (a.d. 101-106) conquered the country, and made it a Komau proviuce. At a later period Dacia was invaded by the Goths ; and, as Aurelian considered it more prudent to make the Danube the boundary of the empire, he resigned Dacia to the bar- barians, removed the lloman inhabitants to Moesia, and gave the name of Dacia (Aureli- ana) to that part of the province along the Danube where they were settled. DACTYLI (-orum), fabulous beings, to whom the discovery of iron, and the art of working it by means of fire, was ascribed. Mount Ida, in Phrygia, is said to have beeti the originiu seat of the Dactyls, whence they are usually called Idaean Dactyls. In Phryg- ia they were connected with the worship of Khea, or Cybele. The;^ are sometimes con- founded or identified with the Curetee, Cory- bantes, aud Cabiri. DAEDiLUS (-i), a mythical personage, nnder whose name the Greek writers person- ified the earliest development of the arts of sculpture and architecture, especially among the Athenians and Cretans. He is sometimes called an Athenian, and sometimes a Cre- tan, on account of the long time he lived in Crete, He devoted himself to sculpture, and made great improvements in the art. He in- structed his sister's son, Caloe, Talus, or Per- dix, who soon came to surpass him in skill and ingenuity, and Daedalus killed him through envy. CPunw^x.] Being condemned to death by the Areopagus for this murder, he went to Crete, where the fame of his skill obtained for him the friendship of Minos. He made the well-known wooden cow for Paal- Khao ; and when Pasiphae gave birth to the [inotaur, Daedalus constructed the laby- rinth at Cnossna in which the monster was kept. For his part in this affair, Daedalus was imprisoned by Minos ; but Pasiphae re- leased him ; and, as Minos had seizea all the ships on the coast of Crete, Daedalus procured wings for himself and his son Icarus, and fast- ened them on with wax. CIoATirs.] Daeda- lus flew safely over the- Aegaean, alighting, according to some accounts, at Cumae, In Italy. He then fled to Sicily, where he was hospitably entertained by Cocalus. Minos, who sailed to Sicily in pursuit of him, was slain by Cocalus or his daughters. Several other works of art were attributed to Daeda- lus, in Greece, Italy, Libya, and the islands of the Mediterranean. They belong to the period when art began to be developed. The name of Daedala was given by the Greeks to the wooden statues, ornamented with gilding, and bright colors, and real drapery, the ear- liest known forms of the images of the gods. DAHAE (-urum), a great Scythian people, who led a nomad life over a great extent of country, ou the E. of the Caspian, in Hyrca- DALMATIA. 13G DAMASIPPUS. 5-Mi^ nia (which Btill bears the name of Daghestan), on the bankB of the Margus, the Oxas, aud even the Jaxartes. DALMXTIA or DELMATIA (-ne), a part of the country along the E. coast of the Adri- atic sea, included under the general name of Ulyricum, and separated from Libiirnia on the N. by the Titius (Kerka), and from Greek Illyria on the S. by the Drilo {Drino), thns nearly corresponding to the modern DaVnia- Ua. The cat>ital was Balminium or Delmin- lUM, from which the country derived its name. The next most important, town was Sat.ona, the residence of Diocletian. The Dalmatians were a brave and warlike people, and gave much trouble to the Komans. In b.o. 119 their country was overrun by L. Metellus, who assumed, in consequence, the surname Dal- maticus, but they continued independent of the Romans. In 39 they were defeated by Asinius Pollio, of whose Dalmaticmi triuTn- phu8 Horace speaks ; but it was not till the year 23 that they were finally subdued by Sta- tilius Taurus. They took part in the great Pannonian revolt under their leader Bato; but after a three-years' war were again re- duced to subjection by Tiberius, a,d. 9. DALMlNiUM. EDai-matia.] DAmXLIS (-is) or BOUS (-i), a small place in Bithynia, on ■ the shove of the Thraciafh Bosporus, N. of Chalcedon ; celebrated by tradition as the landing-place of lo. DAMAR5.TUS. [Demaratus.] DXMASCITS (-i), one of the most ancient cities of the world, mentioned as existing in the time of Abraham (Gen. xiv. 15), stood iu the district afterwards called Coele-Syrin, upon both banks of the river Chrysorrhoas or Bardines {Burada). Its fruits were celebrated in ancleut, as in modern times ; and altogeth- er the situation of the city is one of the finest on the globe. For a long period Damascus was the seat of an independent kingdom, called the kingdom of Syria, which was sub- dued by the Assyrians, and passed succes- sively under the dominion of the Babylonians, the Persians, the Greek kings of Syria, and the Romans. It flourished greatly under the emperors. Diocletian established in it a great factory for arme ; and hence the origin of the fame of the Damascus blades. Its po- sition on one of the high roads from Lower to Upper Asia gave it a considerable trade. DXMASIPPUS (-i). (1) A Roman senator, fought on the side of thc.'Pompeians in Afri- ca, and perished, b.o. 47. — (2) A contempora- ry of Cicero, who mentions him as a lover of statues, and speaks of purchasing a garden from Damasippus. He is probably the same person as the Damasippus ridiculed by Hor- ace. (Sat. ii. 3, 16, 04.) It appears from Hor- ace that Damasippus had become banknipt, in consequence of which he intended to put an end to himself; but he was prevented by the Stoic Stertinius, and then turned Stoic himself, or at least affected to be one by his long beard. DAMASTES. 137 DANAUS. DAMASTES of Sigonm, a Gveek historian, aud a contemporary of Herodotus and Hel- lauiCHS of Lesbos ; his works are lost. DAM£A. [AnxiisiA.] DAMNONII (-orum). (1) Or Dumnonh or DuMMUNii, a powerful people in the S.W. of Britain, inhabiting Cormrall, DevoTtahiret and the W.part oi SorfterseUhire^ from whom was called the promontory Damnonidm, also Ooiii- NUM (C Lizard)^ in Cornwall.~(2) Or DAMwrr, a people in N. Britain, inhabiting parts of Perth^ ArgyUj Stirling^ and Dwmhartoiv-ehires. DAMO, a daughter of Pythagoras and The- an(^ to whom Pythagoras intrusted his writ^ ings, and forbade her to give them to any one. This command she strictly observed, although she was in extreme poverty, and received many requests to sell them. DAMOCLES (-is), a Syraciisan, one of the companions and flatterers of the elder Diony- sins. Damocles having extolled the great fe- licity of Dionysins on account of his wealth and power, the tyrant invited him to try what his happiness really was, and placed him at a magniflccnt banquet, in the midst of which Damocles saw a naked sword suspended over tiis head by a single horse-hair —a sight which qnickly dispelled all his visions of happiness. The story is alluded to by Horace. (Carwu iii.1,17.) DAMON (-ftnis). (1) Of Athens, a celebra- ted musician and Sophist, a teacher of Pericles, with whom he lived on the most intimate terms. He was said to have been also a teacher of Socrates. — (2) A P;^thagorean, and friend of Phintias (not Pythias). When the latter was condemned to die for a plot against Dionysius I. of Syracufie, he obtained leave of the tyrant to depart, for the purpose of arranging his domestic affairs, upon Damon offering himself to be put to death instead of his friend, should he fail to return. Phiutiaa arrived just in time to redeem Damon; and DionysiuB was so struck with this instance of friendship ou both sides that he pardoned the criminal, and entreated to be admitted as a third into their bond of brotherhood. DANA (-ae), a great city of Cappadocia, probably the same as the later Tyana. DAnXk (-es), daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos, was confined oy her father in a brazen tower, because an oracle had declared that she would give birth to a son who should kill his grandfather. But here she became the mother of Perseus by Zeus (Jupiter), who visited her in a shower of gold, and thus mocked the precautions of the kin^. Acrisius shut up both mother and child m a chest, which he cast into the sea; but the chest floated to the island of Seriphus, where both were rescued hy Dictys. As to the fulfillment of the oracle, see Perseus. An Italian legend related that Danae came to Italy, built the town of Ardea, and married Pilumnue, by whom she became the mother of Daunus, the. ancestor of Turnus. DXNil. [Danaus.] DANXIDES (-um), the 60 daughters of Dan- aus. [Danaus.] DANXLA J-onim), a city in the territory of the Trocmi, in the N.E. of Galatia, notable fn the history of the Mithridatic war as the place where Lucullus resigned the command to Pompey. DANAPRIS. [B0RY8THENES.3 DANASTRIS. [Tyras.] DXNiUS (-1), son of Belns, and twin-broth- er of Aegyptus. Belus had assigned Libya to Danaiis, but the latter, fearing his brother and his brother's sons, fled with his 60 daugh- ters to Argoa. Here he was elected king by the Argives in place of Qelanor, the reigning monarch. The story of the murder of the 50 sons of Aegyptus by ibe 50 daughters of Dan- aiis (the Danaides) is given under Akoyptus. There was one exception to the murderous deed. The life of Lyuceus was spared by his wife Hypermnestra ; and according to the common tradition he afterwards avenged the death of his brotliers by killing his father-in- law, Danaiis. According to the poets the Danaidea were punished in Hades by being compelled everlastingly to pour water into a sieve. From Danaus the Argives were called Pannides. (Viacootl, Mua. Fio Clem., vol. 4, tav. 36.) DAMOXENUS (-i), an Athenian comic poet 1 Danai. which name, like that of the Argives, of the new comedy, and perhaps partly of the was often applied by the poets to the collect- middle. I ive Greeks. BANUBIUS. 138 DATAMES. D jNtTBlUS (-1 : Danube, in Germ. Donau), called IsT£B by the Greeks, one of the chief rivers of Bnrope, rising in M. Abnoba, the Black Forest, and falling into the Black Sea after a course of 1T70 miles. The Danube formed the N. boundary of the empire, with the exception of the time that Daoia was a Roman province. lu the Roman period the upper part of the river from its source as far as Vienna was called Banubius, while the lower part to its entrance in the Black Sea was named Ister. DAPHNE (-es). (1) Daughter of the rlver- fod PeneuB, in Thessaly, was pursued by .polio, who was charmed by her beauty ; but as she was ou the point of being overtaken by him, she prayed for aid, and was metamor- phosed iuto a laurel-tree (da^vn), which be- came in consequence the favorite tree of Apollo, — (2) A beautiful spot, 6 miles S. of Antioch in Syria, to which it formed a sort of park or pleasure garden. It was celebrated for the grove and temple dedicated to Apollo. DAFHNIS (-Idis), a Sicilian shepherd, son of Hermes (Mercury) by a nymph, was taught by Pan to play on the flute, and was regarded as the inventor of bucolic poetry. A* Naiad to whom he proved faithless punished him with blindness, whereupon his father Hermes translated him to heaven. DARDXNI (-orum), a people in Upper Moe- sia, occupying part of Illyricum. DARDXNIA (-ae). (1) A district of the Troad, lying along the Hellespont, S.W. of Abydos, and adjacent to the territory of Ilium, Its people (Dardaui) appear in the Trojan warj under Aeneas, In close alliance with the Trojans, with whose name theirs is often in- terchanged, especially by the Roman poets. — (2) A city in this district. See Dardanus, No. 2. DARDANUS (-i). (1) Son of Zens (Jupi- ter) and Electra, the mythical ancestor of tlie Trojans, and through them of the Romans, The Greek traditions usually made him a king in Arcadia, from whence he emigrated first to Samothrace, and afterwards to Asia, where he received a tract of land from king Teucer, on which he built the town of Darda- nia. His grandson Tros removed to Troy the Palladium, which had belonged to his grand- father. According to the Italian traditions, Dardanus was the son of Cory thus, an Etrus- can prince of Corythus (Cortona) ; and, as in the Greek tradition, he afterwards emigrated to Phry»ia.— (2) Also Dabdanum and -idm, a Greek city in the Troad on the Hellespont, 12 Roman miles fVom Ilium, built by Aeolian colonists, at some distance from the site of the ancient city Dardania. From Dardanus arose the name of the Casttee of the Darda- Ttelles. after which the Hellespont is now called. DXRSS (-etis), a priest of Hephaestus (Vul- can) at Troy, mentioned in the Iliad, to whom was ascribed in antiquity an Iliad, believed to be more ancient than the Homeric poems. This work, which was undoubtedly the com- position of a Sophist, is lost j but there is ex- tant a Latin work in prose in 44 chapters, on the destruction of Troy, bearing the title Da- retia Pkrygii de Exddio Trttjae Historia, and purporting to be a translation of the work of Dares by Cornelius Nepos, But the Latin work is evidently of much later origin ; and it is supposed by some to have been written even as late as the 12th century, DXRIUS (-1), (1) King of Persia, b.o. 521- 4S6, sou of Hystaspes, was one of the 7 Per- sian chiefs who destroyed the usurper Smeb- ras. The 7 chiefs agreed that the one of them whose horse neighed flrst at an appointed time and place should become king; and as the horse of Darius neighed first, he was de- clared king. He divided the empire into 20 satrapies, assigning to each its amount of tribute. A few years after his accession the Babylonians revolted, but after a siege of 20 months, Babylon was taken by a stratagem of ZopYKus, about 516. He then invaded Scythia, and penetrated into the interior of modern Russia, but after losing a large num- ber of men by famine, and being unable to meet with the enemy, he was obliged to re- treat On his return to Asia, he sent part of his forces, underHegabazus, to subdue Thrace and Macedonia, which thus became subject to the Persian empire. The most important event in the reign of Darius was the com- mencement of the great war between the Persians and the Greeks. The history of this war belongs to the biographies ofothermen. [Aribtaqorab, Hibtiaeus, Mardonidb, Mil- TiAi>ES.] In 601 the Ionian Greeks revolted ; they were assisted by the Athenians, who burned Sardis, and thus provoked the hostili- ty of Darius. Darius sent against the Greeks Mardonius in 402, and afterwards Datis and Artaphcrnes, who sustained a memorable de- feat by the Athenians at Marathon, 490. Da- rius now resolved to call out the whole force of his empire for the purpose of subduing Greece ; but, after 3 years of preparation, his attention was called off by the rebellion of Egypt. He died in 486, leaving the execution of his plans to his son Xebxes (2) King of Persia, 424-40B, named Oohds before his ac- cession, and then sumamed Nothcs, or the Bastard, from his being one of the* bastard sons of Artaxerxes 1, He obtained the crown by putting his brother Sogdianus to death, and married Parysatis, by whom he had 2 sons, Artaxerxes II,, who succeeded him, and Cyras the younger. Darius was governed by eunuchs, and the weakness of his government was shown by repeated insurrections of his satraps — (3) Last king of Persia, 336-331, named Codomanub before his accession, was raised to the throne by Bagoas, after the murder of Aksks, The history of his conquest by Alexander the Great, and of his death, is given in the life of Alexahbek. DASSARBTil (-oriim), or DASSARITAE, DASSARETAE (-arum), a people in Greek Ulyria on the borders of Macedonia ; their chief town was LvoiiNintrs, on a hill, on the N. side of the lake Lyohnitis, which was so called after the town. DATXmbS (-is), a distinguished Persian general, a Carian by birth, was satrap of Cl- licia under Artaxerxes n. (Mnemon), but re- DATIS. 139 DECIUS. Tomb of DarluB. volted against the king. He defeated the generals who were sent agaiuBt him, but was at length assassinated, u.o. 362. Cornelius Nepos, who has written his life, calls him the bravest and most able of all barbarian gener- als, except Hamilcar and Hauuibal. DJLTIS (-is), a Mede, commanded, alone with Artaphernes, the Persian army which was defeated at Marathon, u.o. 490. DATUM or DATUS (-i), a Thracian town, on theStrymonic gulf, subject to Macedonia, with gold mines in Mount Pangaeus, in the neighborhood, whence came the proverb, a "Datum of good things." DAULIS (-!di8) or DAULifA (-ae), an an- cient town in Phocis, situated on a lofty hill, celebrated in mythology as the residence of the Thracian king Tebeus, and as the scene of the tragic story of Puilomela and Pkoone, Hence Dattlias is the surname both of Procne and Philomela. DAUNtA. [Apuua.] DAUNUS (-i), son of Pilnmnus and DanaS, wife of Venilia, and ancestor of Tumus. DfiCfiBALTJS (-i), a celebrated king of the Dacians, to whom Domitian paid an annual tribute. He was defeated by Trajan, and put an end to his own life, whereupon Dacia be- came a Homan province, a.i>. 106. DECELEA or -lA <-ae), a demus of Attica, K.W. of Athens, on the borders of Boeotio, H2 near the sources of the Cephissns, seized .and fortified by the Spartans in the Peloponuesian war. DECETiA (-ae : DeMze)^ a city of th e Aedui, in Gallia Lngdunensis, on an island in the Liger {Loire). DECIDIUS SAXA. [Saxa.] DECiUS (-i) MtJS (Mfiris), P.. plebeians. (1) Consul M.o. 340 with T. Manllus Torqua- tus, in the great Latin war. Each of the con- suls had a vision in the night before flghtint^ with the Latins, announcing that the general of one side and the army of the other were devoted to death. The consuls thereupon agreed that the . 249-251, a native of Pannonia. and the successor of Philippus, whom he slew in battle. He fell in battle against the Goths, together with his DECUMATES AGKI. 140 DELPHI. SOD, in 251. In his reign the Christians were persecuted with great severity. DfiCtJMATES AGRI. [Asbi Dkoumateb.] DbIXNIRA <-ae), daughter of Althaea and Oeueus, and sister of Meleager. Achelons and Hercules both loved Deianira, and fought for the possession of her. Hercules was victori- ous» and she became his wife. She was the unwilling cause of her husband's death by presenting him with the poisoned lobe which the centaur Nesaus gave Tier. In despair she put an end to her own life. For details, see BElDiMlA (-ae), daughter of Lycomedes, in the island of Scyrus. When Achilles was concealed there in maiden's attire, she be- came by him the mother of Pyrrhus or Neop- tolemus. DEiOCES (-is), first kin^ of Media, after the Medes had thrown off the supremacy of the Assyrians, reigned B.a. T09-656. He built the city of Ecbatana, which he made the royal residence. He was succeeded by his sou, PuBAORTEB. DlIONlDES {-ae), son of Deione, by Apol- lo, i. e. Miletus. DSTOtXRUS (-i), tetrarch of Galatia, ad- hered to the Romans in their wars against Mitbridates, and was. rewarded by the senate with the title of king. In the civil war he sided with Pompey, and was present at the battle of Pharsalia, b.o. 48. He is remarka- ble as having been defended by Cicero before Caesar, in the house of the latter at Rome, in the speech (pro Jiege Deiotaro) still extant. DEiPH(5BE <-es), the Sibyl at Cumae, daughter of Glaucus. i;Sibylt.a.3 DlIPHOBUS (-i), son of Priam and Hecu- ba, who married Helen after the death of Paris. On the capture of Troy by the Greeks he was slain and fearfully mangled by Mene- laus. DELtUM <-i), a town on the coast of Boeo- tia, in the territory of Tanagra, near the Attic frontier, named after a temple of Apollo sim- ilar to that at Delos. Here the Athenians were defeated by the Boeotians, b.o. 424. DILIUS (-i) and DELIA (-ae), surnames of Apollo and Artemis (Diana) respectively, from the island of Dislos. DILOS or DlLIIS (-i), the smallest of the islands called Cyclades, in the Aegaean sea. According to a legend, it was called out of the deep by the trident of Poseidon (Nep- tune), but was a floating island until Zens (Jupiter) fastened it by adamantine chains to the bottom of the sea, that it might be a se- cure resting-place to Leto (Latona) for the birth of Apollo and Artemis (Diana). Hence it became the most holy seat of the worship of Apollo. We learn from history that Delos was peopled by lonians, for whom it was the chiet centre ofpolitical and religious union, in the time of Homer. It was afterwards the common treasury of the Greek confederacy for carrying on the war with Persia ; but the treasury was afterwards transferred to Athens. It was long subject to Athens; but it pos- sessed an extensive commerce, which was in- creased by the downfall of Corinth, when De- los became the chief emporium for the trade in slaves. The city of Delos stood on the W. side of the island at the foot of Mount Cyn- thus (whence the god's surname of Cynthius). It contained a temple of Leto, and the great temple of Apollo. With this temple were connected games, called Delia, which were celebrated every 4 years, and were said to have been founded by Theseus. A like origin is ascribed to the sacred embassy {Thearia) which the Athenians sent to Delos every year. The greatest importance was attached, to the preservation of the sanctity of the island; and its sanctity secured it, though wealthy and unforiitled, from plunder. Coin of Delos. DELPHI (-6rum : Kastri), a small town in Phocis, but one of the most celebrated in Greece, on account of its oracle of Apollo. It was situated on a steep declivity on the S. slope of Mount Parnassus, and its site resem- bled the cavea of a great theatre. It was shut in on the N. by n barrier of rocky mountains, which were cleft in the centre into 2 great cliffs with peaked summits, between which issued the waters of the Castaliau spring. It was regarded as the centi-al point of the whole earth, aud was hence called the "navel of the earth." It was originally called Pvtmo, by which name it is alone mentioned in Homer. Delphi was colonized at an early period by Doric settlers from the neighboring town of Lycorea, on the heights of Parnassus. The government was in the hands of a few distin- guished families of Doric origin. From them were taken the chief magistrates and the priests. The temple of Apollo contained im- mense treasures ; for not only were rich of- ferings presented to it by kings and private persons, but many of the Greek states had in the temple separate thesauri^ in which they deposited, for the sake of seonrity, many of their valuable treasures. In the centre of the temple there was a small opening in the ground, from which, from time to time, an mtoxicatino; vapor arose. Over this chasm there stood a tripod, on which the priestess, called Pythia, took her seat whenever the or- acle was to be consnlted. The words which she uttered after inhaling the vapor were be- lieved to contain the revelations of Apollo. They were carefnlly written down by the priests, aud afterwards communicated in hex- ameter verse to the persons who had come to consult the oracle. If the Pythia spoke in prose, her words were immediately turned into verse by a poet employed for the pur- pose. The oracle is .said to have been dis- covered by its having thrown into convul- sions some goats which had strayed to the month of the cave. The Pythian games were pelebrated at Delphi, and it was one of the 2 DELTA. 141 DEMETER. View of DelpliI aud Mount Ptiriias&iis. places of meetiDg of the Amphictyouic coun- cil. DELTA. [Ae'gyptos.] DEMADES (-is), an Athenian orator, who helonged to the Macedonian party, and was a hitter enemy of Demosthenes. He was put to death by Antipater in ii.0. 31S. DEMlRATtrS or DAMXEITUS (-i). (1) King of Sparta, reigned from about b.o. 510 to 491. He was deposed by his colleague Cleomenes, b.o. 491, nnd thereupon repaired to the Persian court, where he was kindly re- ceived by Darins. He accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece, and recommended the king not to rely too confidently upon his countless hosts. — (2) A merchant noble of Corinth, who settled afterwards in Etruria, and became the father of Aruns aud Lucumo (Tarquinius Priscius). DEMETER, called CERES (-Sris) by the Roniaus, one of the great divinities of the Greeks, was the goddess of the earth, aud her name probably signified Mother-Earth (y'l fitjTftp). She was the protectress of agricult- ure and of all the fruits of the earth. She was the daughter of Cronns (Saturn) and Rhea, aud sister of Zeus (Jupiter), by whom she be- came the mother of PersephftnG (Proserpine). Zeus, without the knowledge of Demeter, had promised Persephone to Aidoneus (Pluto) ; and while the unsuspecting maiden was gath- ering flowers in the Nysian plain in Asia, the earth suddenly opened, and she was carried off by Aidoneus. After wandering for some days in search of her daughter, Demeter learned from the Sun that it was Aidoneus who had carried her off. Thcrenpon she quit- ted Olympus in anger and dwelt upon earth among men, conferring blessings wherever she was kindly received, and severely punish- ing those who repulsed her. In this manner she came to Celeus, at Eleusis. [Celedb.] As the goddess still continued angry, and did not allow the earth to produce any fruits, Zeua sent Hermes (Mercury) into the lower world to fetch back Persephone. Aidoneus con- sented, hut gave Persephone part of a pome- granate to eat. Demeter returned to Olym- pus with her daughter, but as the latter had eaten in the lower world, she was obliged to spend one third of the year with A'idoneus, continuing with her mother the remainder of the year. The earth now brought forth fruit again. This is the ancient legend as preserved in the Homerichymn,butitis variously mod- ified in later traditions. In the Latin poets the scene of the rape is near Enna, in Sicily ; and Ascalaphus, who had aloiie seen Per- sephone eat any thing in the lower world, re- vealed the fact, and was in consequence turned into an owl by Demeter. [Asoalapuds.] The meaning of the legend is obvious: Persepho- ne, who is carried off to the lower world, is the seed-corn, which remains concealed in the ground part of the year ; Persephone, who re- turns to her mother, is the corn which rises from the ground, and nourishes men aud ani- mals. Later philosophical writers, and per- haps the mysteries also, referred the disap- pearance and return of Persephone to the burial of the body of man and the immortal- ity of his soul.— The other legends about De- meter are of less importance. To escape the pursuit of Poseidon she changed herself into a mare, but the god effected his purpose, and she became the mother of the celebrated horse Arion. [Auton, 2.]— She fell iu love DEMETRIAS. 142 BEMETRIUS. with laeion, and lay with him in a thrice- plowed flelQ in Crete ; their offspring was Plutus {Wealth). [Iasion.] — She punished with fearful hunger Erysichthon, who had cut down hei- sacred grove. [EnYSiOHTHOM.] In Attica Demeter was worshiped with great splendor. The Athenians pretended that ag- riculture was first practiced in their country, and that Triptolemue of Eleusis, the favorite of Demeter, was the first who invented the plow and sowed corn. [TRii»T0LEMr8.] Ev- ery year at Athens the festival of the Elettsinia was celebrated in honor of these !5;oddes8es. The festival of the Thesmophdria was also celebrated in her honor as well at Athens as in other parts of Greece ; it was intended to commemorate the introduction of the laws and the regulations of civilized life^ which were asciibed to Demeter, since agriculture is the basis of civilization. — In works of art Demeter is represented In full attire. Around her head she wears a garland, of corn-ears or a simple ribbon, and in her hand she holds a sceptre, corn-ears or a poppy, sometimes also a torch and the mystic basket. The Romans Pagasaean bay, founded by Demetrius Poli- orcetes, and peopled by the inhabitants of locIuB and the surrounding towns. DEMETRIUS (-i). I. Kings qf Macedonia. — (1) Surnamed Pouokoetes or the Besieger, Demeter (Ceres). (Mus. Bor., vol. 9, tav. 35.) received from Sicily the worship of Demeter, to whom they gave the name of Ceres. They celebrated in her honor the festival of the Ce- realia. She was looked upon by the Eomans much in the same light as Tellne. Pigs were sacrificed to both aivinitiea. Her worship received considerable political importance at Rome. The property of traitors against the republic was often made over to her temple. The decrees of the senate were deposited in her temple for the inspection of the tribunes of the people. DEMETRIAS (-fidis), a town in Magnesia, in Thessaly, on the innermost recesses of tl)e Coia of DemotriuB Pollorcctfis. son of Antigonus, king of Asia, and Strato- nice. At an early age ne gave proofd of dis- tinguished bravery, and duriug his father's lifetime was engaged in constant campaigns against either Caeeander or Ptolemy. In nis siege of Rhodes (b.o.805) he constructed those gigantic machines to assail the walls of the city which gave him the surname of Polior- cetes. He at length concluded a treaty with the Khodians (304). After the defeat and death of his father at the battle of Ipsus (301), the fortunes of Demetrius were for a time un- der a cloud ; but in 294 he was acknowledged as king by the Macedonian army, and suc- ceeded in keeping possession of Macedonia for 7 years. In 287 he was deserted by his own troops, who proclaimed Pyrrhus king of Macedonia. He then crossed over to Asia, and after meeting with alternate success and misfortune, was at length obliged to surren- der himself prisoner to Seleucus (286). That king kept him in confinement, but did not treat him with harshness. Demetrius died in the 3d year of his imprisonment and the &6th of his &ee (213). He was one of the most re- markable characters of his time, being a man of restless activity of mind, fertility of re- source, and daring promptitude in the execu- tion of his schemes. His besetting sin was unbounded licentiousness.— (2) Son of Antig- onus Gonatas, reigned b.o. 239-229. II. Kings of Syria.--{1) Sotek (reigned n.a 162-159), was the son of Seleucus IV. Fhllopa- tor and grandson of Antiochns the Great. "While vet a child he had been sent to Rome by his father as a hostage, where he remained until he was 23 years of age. He then fied to Syria, and was received as king by the Syr- ians. An impostor named Balas raised an insurrection against him and slew him. He left 2 sons, Demetrius Nicator and Antiochus Sidetes, both of whom subsequently ascended the throne (2) Nioatob (b.o. 146-142, and again 128-125), son of Demetrius Soter. With the assistance of Ptblemy Philometor he de- feated Balas, and recovered his kingdom; but, having rendered himself odious to his subjects by his vices and cruelties, he was driven out of Syria by Tryphon, who set up Antiochus, the infant sou of Alexander Balas, as a pretender against him. Demetrius re- tired to Babylon, and thence marched against Demxteb EHTnsoHED. (From a Fompeilan Painting, Naples.) DEMOCEDES. U3 DEMOSTHENES. the Parthians, by whom he was defeated nnd taken priaouer, 138. He remained as a cap- tive in Parthia 10 years. Demetrius again obtained possession of the Syrian throne in 128 ; but while engaged in an expedition against Egypt, Ptolemy Physcou set-np against him the pretender Alexander Zebiun, by whom he was defeated and compelled to fly. He fled to Tyre, where he was assassin- ated, 125. IIL Literary, — Phaxbbkus, bo called from his birthplace, the Attic demos of Phalerus, where he was born about b.o. 345. His par- ents were poor, but by his talents and perse- verance he rose to the highest honors at Ath- ens, and became distinguished both as an orator, a statesman, a phuosopherj and a poet. The government of Athena was intrusted to him by Cassander in 317, the duties of which he discharged with extraordinary distinction. When Demetrius Poliorcetes approached Ath- ens in 301 Phalereus was obliged to taice to flight. He settled at Alexandria in Egypt, and exerted some influence in the foundation of the Alexandrine library. He was the last of the Atlic orators worthy of the name. DEM6CEDES, a celebrated physician of Crotoua. He practiced medicine successively at Aegina, Athens, and Samos. He was taken prisoner along with Polycrates in b.o. 622, and was sent to Susa to the court of Darius. Here he acquired great reputation by curing the king's foot and the breast of the queen Atossa. Notwithstanding his honors at the Persian court, he was always desirous of re- turning to his native country. In order to effect this, he procured by means of Atossa that he should be sent with some nobles to explore the coast of Greece, and to ascertain in what parts it might be most successfully attacked. At Tarentum he escaped, and set- tled at Crotona, where he married the daugh- ter of the famous wrestler, Milo. DEMOCRITUS (-i). a celebrated Greek philosopher, was born at Abdera in Thrace about B.C. 460. He spent the large inheritance which his father left hiin on travels into dis- tant countries in pursuit of knowledge. He was a man of a most sterling and honorable character. He died in 361 at a very advanced age. There is a tradition that he deprived himself of his sight that he mi^ht be less dis- turbed in his pursuits ; but it is more proba- ble that he may have lost his eight by too severe application to study. This loss, how- ever, did not disturb the cheerful disposition of his mind, which prompted him to look in all circumstances at the cheerful side of things, which later writers took to mean that he always laughed at the follies of men. His knowledge was most extensive. It embraced not only the natural sciences— mathematics, mechanics, grammar, music, and philosophy — ^but various other useful arts. His works were composed in the Ionic dialect, thoughnot without some admixture of the local peculiar- ities of Abdera. They are nevertheless much praised by Cicero on account of the liveliness of their style, and are in this respect com- pared even with the works of Plato. Democ- ritus was the founder of the atomld theory. DBMOPHON or DBM5PH05N (-ontis). (1) Son of Celeus and Metanira, whom Deme- ter wished to make immortal. For details, see Celeus.— (2) Son of Theseus and Phaedra, accompanied the Greeks against Troy, and on his return gained the love of Phyllis, daughter of the Thracian king Sithon, and promised to marry her. Before the nuptials were celebrated, he went to Attica: to settle his affairs, and as he tarried longer than Phyllis had expected, she thought that she was forgotten, and put an end to ner life ; but she was metamorphosed into a tree. Demo- phon became king of Athens. DlMOSTHfiNSS (-is). (1) Son of Alcif?- thenes, a celebrated Athenian general in the Peloponnesian war. In ».o.425 he rendered important assistance to Cleou in making pris- oners of the Spartans in the island of Sphac- teria. In 413 he was sent with a large fleet to Sicily to assist Nicias ; but both command- ers were defeated, obliged to surrender, and put to death by the Syracnsans. — (2) The greatest of Athenian orators, was the son of Demosthenes, and was born in the Attic de- mos of Paeania, about B,o, 385. At 7 years of a^e he lost his father, vvho left him and his younger sister to the care of guardians, who neglected him and squandered his prop- erty. When he was 20 years of age Demos- thenes accused Apho- bus, one of his guard- ians, and obtained a verdict in his favor. Emboldeiied by this success, Demosthenes ventured to come for- uemoatheneB. ward as a speaker in the public assembly. His first effort was unsuccessful, but he was encouraged to persevere by the actor Satyrus, who gave him instruction in action and dec- lamation. In becoming an orator, Demos- thenes had to struggle a|!:ainst the greatest physical disadvantages. His voice was weak and his utterance defective ; and it was only by the most unwearied exertions that he suc- ceeded in overcoming the obstacles which nature had placed in his way. Thus it is said that he spoke with pebbles in his mouth, to cure himself of stammering; that he repeated verses of the poets as he ran up hill, to strengthen his voice ; that he declaimed on the sea-shore, to accustom himself to the noise and confusion of the popular assembly; that he lived for months in a cave under ground, engaged in constantly writing out the history of Thucydides, to form a standard for his own style. It was about 355 that De- mosthenes began to obtain reputation as a speaker in the public assembly. His elo- quence soon gained him the favor of the peo- ple. The infuience which he acquired be em- ployed for the good of his country, and not for his own aggrandizement. He clearly saw that Philip had resolved to subjugate Greece, and he therefore -devoted all his powers to resist the aggressions of the Macedonian DENTATUS. 144 DIANA. monarch. For 14 years he continued the struggle against Philip, and neither threats nor bribes could turn nim from his purpose. It is true be failed, but the failure must not be considered his fault. The struggle was brought to a close hy the battle of Chaeronea (338),. by which the independence of Greece was crushed. Deraostheues was present at the battle, and fled like thousands of others. At this time many accusatious were brought against him. Of these one of the most for- midable was the accusation of Ctesiphon by Aeschines, but which was in reality directed against Demosthenes himself. Aeschines ac- cused Ctesiphon for proposing that Demos- thenes should be rewarded for his services with a golden crown in the theatre. The trial was delayed for reasons unkuown to us till 330, wben Demosthenes delivered his *' Oration on the Crown." Aeschines was de- feated, and withdrew from Athens. [Aesoui- NKs.] Demosthenes was one of those who were suspected of having received money from Harpalus in 326. [Habfalds.] His guilt is doubtful ; but he was condemned, and thrown into prison^ from which, howev- er, he escaped. He took up his residence f tartly at Troezene and partly in Aegiua, ooking daily across the sea to his beloved native land. His exile did not last long. On the death of Alexander (323) the Greek states rose in arms against Macedonia. Demosthe- nes was recalled, and returned in triumph. But in the following year (322) the confeder- ate Greeks were defeated, and he took refuge in the temple of Poseidon (Neptune), in the island of Calauria. Here he was pursued by the emissaries of Autipater; whereupon he took poison, which he had for some time car- ried about his person, and died in the temple, 322. Sixty-one orations of Demosthenes have come down to us. Of these 17 were political, the most important being the 12 Philippic orations; 42 were judicial, the most celebra- ted being the orations Against Mid ias, Against Leptines, On the Dishonest Conduct of Aes- chines during his Embassy to Philip, and On the Crown ; and 2 were show speeches, both of which are spurions, as also probably are some of the others. DENTXTUS, CCRIUS. [Cdeius.] DEO, another name for Demeter (Ceres) • hence her daughter Persephone is called by the patronymic D&ois and Dudin6. DERBE (-es), a town in Lycaonia, on the frontiers of Isauria. DERCETIS (-is), DERCETD (-us), also called AtargatiAj a Syrian goddess. She of- fended Aphrodite (Venus), who in conse- quence inspired her with love for a youth, to whom she bore a daughter, Semiramis ; but ashamed of her frailty, she killed the youth, exposed her child iu a desert, and threw her- self into a lake near Ascalon. Her child was fed by doves, and she herself was changed into a fish. The Syrians thereupon wor- shiped her as a goddess. The upper part of her statue represented a beautiful woman, while the lower part terminated in the tail of a fish. She appears to be the same as Dagon mentioned in the Old Testament as a deity of the Philistines. DERTONA (-ae: 2'ertono), an important town in Liguria, on the road from Genua to Placentia. DEUCXLiON (-onis), son of Prometheus and Clymene, king of Phthia, in Thessaly. When Zeus (Jupiter) had resolved to destroy the degeuerate race of men, Deucalion and his wire Pyrrha were, on account of their piety, the only mortals saved. On the advice of his father, Deucalion built a ship, in which he and his wife floated iu safety during the 9 days' flood, which destroyed all the other inhabitants of Hellas. At last the ship rested, according to the more general tradition, on Mount Parnassus in Phocis. Deucalion and his wife consulted the sanctuary of Themis how the race of man might be restored. The goddess bade tbem cover their beads aud throw the bones of their mother behind them. After some doubts respecting the meaning of this command, they agreeof in interpreting the bones of their mother to mean the stones of the earth. They accordingly threw stones behiud them, and from those thrown by Deu- calion there sprangup men, from those thrown by Pyrrha women. Deucalion then descend- ed from Parnassus, built his flrst abode at Opus or at Cynus, and became by Pyrrha the father of Hellea, Ampbictyon, Protogeuia, and others. DEVA. (1) {Chester)^ the principal town of the Cornil in Britain, on the Seteia (Dee). — (2) (Dee), an estuary in Scotland, on which stood the town Dovanna, near the modern Aberdeen. DIA, the ancient name of Noxos. DIABLINTES. [Aoleeoi.] ^ DiACRlA (-ae), a mountainous district in the N.E. of Attica, including the plain of Marathon. [Attioa.] The inhabitants of this district were the most democratical of the 3 parties into which the inhabitants of Attica were divided in the time of Solon. DiiGORAS (-ae). (1) Son of Damagetus of lal^sus in Rhodes, celebrated for his own victories and those of his sons and grandsons, in the Grecian games. He obtained his Olym- pic victory u.o. 464.— (2) Surnamed the Athe- ist, a Greek jjhilosopher and poet, a native of the island of Melos, aud a disciple of De- mocritus. In consequence of his attacksupon the popular religion, and especially upon the Eleusinian mysteries, he was formally ac- cused of impiety, d.o. 411, and, fearing the results of a trial, fled from Athens. He went first to Pallene, aud afterwards to Corinth, wliere he died. DIANA (-ae), an ancient Italian divinity, whom the Romans identified with the Greek Artemis. Her worship is said to have been introduced at Rome by Servius Tulline, who dedicated a temple to her on the Aventine. At Rome Diana was the goddess of light, and her name contains the same root as the word dies. As Dianus (Janus), or the god of light, represented the sun, so Diana, the goddess DX4MA. (VersaUleB.) DIANIUM. 145 DINDYMUS. of light, represented the moon. The attri- butes of the Greek Artemis were afterwards ascribed to the Romau Diana. For details, Bee Abtemis. DiiNlUM (-i : Denia)t a town in Hispania Tarraconensis on a promontory of the same name (C. Martin) founded by the MaBsiliniis. Here stood a celebrated temple of Biana, from which the town derived its name. DICAEA (-ae), a town in Thrace, on the lake Bistonis. DICAEARCHIA. [PnTEOt-i.] DiCAEARCHUS (-i), a celebrated Peripa- tetic philosopher, geographer, and historian, a native of Messana in Sicily, a disciple of Aristotle, and a friend of Theophrastus. He wrote a vast number of works, of which only fragments are extant. DICTAEUS. [DroTB.] DICTE (-es), a mountain In the E. of Crete, where Zeus (Jupiter) is said to have been brought np. Hence he bore the surname Dio taeitB. The Roman poets frequently employ the adjective Dictaeus as synonymous with Cretan. DICTYNNA (-ae), a surname both of Brit- omartis and Diana, which two divinities were subsequently identified. The name is connected with iUrvov, a hunting-net, and was borne by Britomartis and Diana as god- desses of the ch^se. DICTYS (-yis or yos) CRETBNSIS (-is), the reputed author of an extant work in Latin on the Trojan war. divided into books, and entitled Ephemerts Belli Ti't^ani, professing to be a journal of the leading events of the war. In the preface to the w. (1) A celebrated gramma- rian, who taught at Rome in the middle of the 4th century, and was the preceptor of St. Je- rome. His most famous work is a system of Latin Grammar, which has formed the ground- work of most elementary treatises upon the same subject from his own time to the pres- ent day. — (2) TiuERins Ci-Annins, the author of a Life of Virgil in 25 chapters, prellxed to many editions of Virgil. DONtTSA or DONIJSIA (-ae), one of the smaller Sporades in the Aegaean sea, near Naxos. It produced green marble, whence Virgil calls the island viridis. Under the Ro- maii emperors it was used as a place of ban- ishment. DORA (-ae), DORUS, DORUM (-i), called Dob in the O. T., the most southerly town of Phoenicia on the coast, on a kind of penin- snla at the foot of Mount Carmel. DSRIS (-Idis). (1) Daughter of Oceanns and Thetis, wife of her brother Nereus, and mother of the Nereides. The Latin poets sometimes use the name of this divinity for the sea itself.— (2) One of the Nereides, daugh- ter of the preceding. — (3) A small and mount- ainous country in Greece, former-ly called DryBpis, bounded by Thessaly on the N., by Aetolia on the W., by Locris on the S., and by Phocis on the E. It contained 4 towns— Boum, Citinium, Erineus, and Pindus— which form- ed the Dorian tetrapolis. These towns never attained any consequence ; but the country is of importance as the home of the Dorians (Dores), one of the great Hellenic races, who conijuered Peloponnesus. It was related that Aegimius, king of the Dorians, had been driven from his dominions by the Lapithae, but was reinstated by Hercules ; that the chil- dren of Hercules hence took refuge in this laud when they had been expelled from Pel- oponnesus ; and that it was to restore them to their rights that the Dorians invaded Pel- oponnesus. Accordingly, the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians is usually called the Retnrn of the Heraclidae. [HERAOLinAn.] The Dorians were divided into three tribes : the HylUnn, Pamphyli, and Dymanei. They were the ruling class throughout Peloponne- sus; the old inhabitants were reduced to slavery, or became subjects of the Dorians under the name of Perioeci. — (4) A district in Asia Minor consisting of the Dorian settle- ments on the coast of Caria and the neighbor- ing islands. Six of these towns formed a league, called the Dorian hexapolls, consist- ing of Lindus, lalysus, and Camirus in the island of Rhodes, the island of Cos, and Cn i- dus and Halicarnassns on the mainland. DORISCUS (-i), a town in Thrace at the month of the Hebrus, in the midst of an ex- DORUS. 153 DRYOPK. tensive plain of the same name, "where Xerxes ' reviewed hie vast forces. DORUS (-i), ft son of Ilellen, and the myth- ical ancestor of the Dorians. DOrYLAEUM (-i), a town in Phrygia Epictetust on the river Thymbris, with warm baths, which are used at the present clay. DOSSENNTJS FXBIUS, or DORSENUS, an ancient Latin comic dramatist, censured by Horace on account of the exaggerated buf- ft)onery of his characters. DRABESCUS (-i), a town in the district Edonis in Macedonia, on the Strymon. DRiCON (-onis), the author of the first written code of laws at Athens. In this code he affixed the penalty of death to almost all crimes — to petty thefts, for instance, as well 08 to sacrilege and murder^ which gave oc- casion for the remark that his laws were writ- ten, not in ink, but in blood. His legislation is placed in ji.o. 621. After the legislation of Solon (594), most of the laws of Dracon fell into disuse. DRANGilNA (-ae), a part of Ariana, hounded by Gedrosia, Carmauia, Arachosio, and Aria. It sometimes formed a separate satrapy, but was more usually united to the satrapies either of Arachosia or of Gedrosia, or or Aria. In the N. of the country dwelt the Dbanoae, a warlike people, from whom the province derived its name. The Ariaspae inhabited the S. part of the province. DRAVUS (-i: Drave), a tributary of the Danube, flowing through Noricum and Pan- nonia ; and after receivmg the Murius (Muhr), falling, into the Danube E. of Mursa (JSsseck). DRfiPANUM (-i), that is, a sickle. (1) Also Dekpana (-orum), more rarely Dbrpanb (-es: l'rm)ani), a sea-port town in the N.W. corner of Sicily, founded by the Carthaginians. It was here that Anchisea died, according; to Vir- gil.— (2) Also Drkpane, a town in Bithynin, the birthplace of Helena, mother of Constan- tino the Great, in whose honor it was called Hklknofolis, and made an important place. DRIJENTlA (-ae : Durance), a large and rapid river in Gallia Narbonensis, rising in the Alps, and flowing into the Rhone near Avenio {Avignon), DRUSILLA (-ae). (1) Livia (-ae), mother of the emperor Tiberius and wife of Augustus. [Livia.]— (2) Daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, lived m incestuous intercourse with her brother Caligula, who loved her most tenderly and deified her at her decease, A.JJ.38. — (3) Daughter ofHerodes Agrippal., king of the Jewsi married Felix, the procura- tor of Judaea, and was present with ner hus- band when St. Paul preached before Felix in A.i>. 60. DRttSUS (-y, the name of a distinguished family of the Livia gens. It is said that one of the Livii acquired the cognomen Drnsus for himself and his descendants by having slain in combat one Drausus, a Gallic chief- tain. — (1) M. LiTius Diiuflua, tribune of the plebs with C. Gracchus, b.o. 122. He was a stanch adherent of the aristocracy, and gained popularity for the senate by proposing almost the same measures as he hnd opposed when brought forward by Gracchus. He was consul in 111.— (2) M. Livius Diiuscs, sou of No. 1, an eloquent orator, was tribune of the plebs, 91. Although, like his father, he be- Jouged to tlie aiistocratical party, he medi- tated the most extensive changes in the Ro- man state. He proposed and carried scmie portion of his scheme; but eveutually his measures became very unpopular. The sen- ate, perceiving the dissatisfaction of all par- ties, voted that all the laws of Drusus, bei])g carried against the auspices, were null and void from the beginning. Drusus now began to organize a formidaule conspiracy against the guvernment; but one evening, as he was entering the hall of his own house, he was stabbed, and died a few hours afterwards. The death of Drusus destroyed the hopes of the Socii, to whom he had promised the Ro- man citizenship, and was thus immediately followed by the Social war.— (3) Livius Dbd- sps Claddianus, father of Livia, who was the mother of the emperor Tiberius. He was one of the gens Claudia, and was adopted by a Livius Drusus. Being proscribed by the tri- umvirs (42), he put an end to his own life. — (4) Neko Ci.AuiniJB Bbubub, commonly called by the moderns Drcsds Siomiob, to distinguitih him from No. 5, was the son of Tib. Claudius Nero and Livia, and younger brother of the emperor Tiberius. He wns born in the hou^e of Augustus three months after the marriage of Livia and Augustus, n.o. 38. Drusus, as he grew up, was more liked by the people than was his brother. He married Antouia, the daughter of the triumvir, and was greatly trusted by Augustus, who employed him in important offices. He carried on the war against the Germans, and in the conrji^e of 4 campaigns (it.o. 12-9) he advanced as far as the Albis {Elbe). In his first campaign he dug a canal {Fossa Drusiana) from the Rbine near Aruheim to the Yssel, near Doesberg; and he made use of this canal to sail from the Rhine into the ocean. On the return of the army from the Elbe to the Rhine, he died in consequence of a fracture of his leg, which happened through a fall from his horse. — (5) Dkdsub Caksab, commonly called by modern writers Dkdstjs Jdnioh, was the son of the emperor Tiberius by his 1st wife, Vipsania. He married Livia, the sister of .Germanicus. He was poisoned by Sejauus, the favorite of Tiberius, who aspired to the empire, a.i>. 23. — (6) Drusus, second son of Germanicus and Agrippiua, also fell a victim to the ambition of Sejauus a few years after No. 5. DRYADES. [NTAirnAR.] DRifAS (-adis), father of theThracian king Lycurgus, who is hence called Dryautides. DRTMAEA (-ae) or DRYMUS (-i), a town in Phocis, a little S. of the Cephissus. DRYMUS (-1). (1) See Dbymaea. — (2) A strong place in Attica, on the frontiers of Boeotia. DRYMTTSSA (-ae), an island oflT the coast of Ionia, opposite Glazomenae. DRYOPE (-es), daughter of king Dryops, was beloved by Apollo, by whom she became the mother of Amphissds. She wns afterwards DRYOPES. 154 ECHEDORUS. carried off by the Bamadryades, and became a nymph. DRYOPES (-nm), a Pelasgio people, who dwelt flret in Thessaly, from the SperchSns to Parnassus, and afterwards in Dons, which was called from them Dbyopis. Driven out of Doris by the Dorians, they migrated to other countries, and settled in Pelopouuesus, Enboea, and Asia Minor. DTJBIS (-is : i)ow6s), a river in Gaul, rising in M. Jurassus (i/ura), flowing past Vesontio (Besaneon), and falling into the Arar (Saine) near Cabillonum {Chalons). DTJBRIS POKTUS (Dover), a sea-port town of the Cantii in Britain : here was a fortress erected by the Romans against the Saxon pirates. DtJiLiUS (-i), consul B.a 200, gained a vic- Columna Rostrata. tory over the Carthaginian fleet by means of grappling-irons, which drew the enemy's ships towards his, and thus changed the aea- flght into a land-flght. This was the first naval victory that the Romans had ever fained, and the memory of it was perpeuiated y a column which was erected in the forum, and adorned with the beaks of the conquered ships (Columna Rostrata). DULGIBINI (-ornm), a people in Germany, dwelling on the W. bank of the Weser. D'^LIOHIDM. [EouiNADES.] DUMNORIX (-igis), a chieflain of the Ae- dui, and brother of Divitiacus. He was an enemy of the Romans, and was put to death by Caesar's order, «.o. fi4. DUNIUM. [DnaoTRiGBS.] DtTRIUS (-i: Dueio, Douro), one of the chief rivers of Spain, near Nnmantia, and flowing into the Atlantic. DUROCORTSRUM (-i : Rlietms), the capi- tal of theEemi in Gallia Belgica, subsequent- ly called Remi. DURONiA, a town in Samnium, in Italy, W. of the Candine passes. DUROTRlGBS (-um)^a people in Britain, in Dorsetshire and the W. of Somersetshire ; their chief town was Dunium {Dorchester). DUROVBRNUM or DAEVERNUM (-1: Cantei-bury), a town of the Cantii lu Britain, afterwards called Cantuaria. D'fMAS (-antis), father of Hecnba, who is hence, called Dymantis. DYME (-es) or DYMAE (-arum), a town lu the W. of Achaia, near the coast ; one of the 12 Achaean towns. DYEEHACHlUM (-i : Diirazzo), formerly called EPIDA.MNDB, a town in Greek Illyria, on a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. It was founded by the Corcyreans, and received the name of Bpidamnus; bat since the Romans regarded this name a bad omen, as reminding them of damnum, they changed it into Dyr- rhachinm. It was the usualplace of landing for persona who crossed over- from Brnndisi- um. E. EBORXCtTM or EBURXCUM (-i : York), a town of the Brigantes in Britain, made a Ro- man station by Agricola, and became the chief Roman settlement in the island. It was both a municipium and a colony, and the residence of the Roman emperors when they visited Britain. Here the emperors Septimius Seve- rus and Oonstantius Chlorus died. EBUDAE or HEBtjDAE (-arum Hebrides), islands in the Western Ocean off Britain. EBURSNES (-nm), a German people, who crossed the Rhine and settled in Gallia Belgi- ca, between the Rhine and the Mosa {Maas). EBUROVICES. [Ani-BROi.] SBtJ'SUS or BBUSUS (-i : Iviza), the largest of the Fityusae insulae, off the E. coast of Spain, reckoned by some writers among the Baleares. ECBiTiNi (-Orum: Hamadan), a great city, most pleasantly situated, near the foot of Mount Orontes, in the N. of Great Media, was the capital of the Median kingdom, and afterwards the .summer residence of the Per- sian and Parthian kings. It is said to have been founded by the first king of Media, Dei- oces. ECETEA (-ae), an ancient town of the Vol- sci, destroyed by the Romans at an early pe- riod. ECHEDORUS (-i), a small river in Macedo- " nia, flowing through Mygdouia, and falling into the Thermaic gulf. ECHEMUS. 155 ELECTRA. ECHiMUS (-i), king of Arcadia, slew, iu Bingle combat, Hyllus, the sou of Hercules. ECHIDNA (-ae), a monster, half woman and half serpent, became by Typhon the mother of the Chimaera, of the many-headed dog Orthus, of the hundred-headed dragon who guarded the apples of the Hesperidea, of the Colchian dragon, of the Sphinx, of Cerbe- rus (hence called Echidmus canis)^ of Scylla, of Gorgon-, of the Lernaean Hydra {Echidna Lemaea)y of the eagle which consumed the liver of Prometheus, and of the Nemean lion. She was killed, in her sleep by Argus Fanop- tea. JECHINiBES (-um), a group of small islands at the mouth of the Achelous, belong- ing to Arcanania, said to have been formed by the alluvial deposits of the Achelous. They appear to have derived their name from their resemblance to the Echinus, or sea- urchin. The largest of these islands was named I>Dr.iouiv.M, and belonged to the king- dom of Ulysses, who is hence called DiUichiua^ ECHION (-6ui8). (1) One of the heroes who sprang up from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. He was the husband of Agave and father of Pentheus, who is hence called EcMd7i>i.de8.—{2) Son of Hermes (Mercury) and AntiauTra, took part'in the Calydonian hunt, and In the expedition of the Argonauts. ECHO (-us), a nymph who used to keep Juno engaged by incessantly talking to her, while Jupiter was sporting with the nymphs. Juno, however, found out the trick that was played upon ner, and punished Echo by changing ner into an echo. Echo in this state fell iu love with Narcissus; but as her love was not returned, she pined away in grief, so that in the end thete remained of her nothing but her voice. EDESSA (-ae). (1) Also called Antioouta Cai.lirsuoe (O.T. Ur), a very ancient city in the N. of Mesopotamia, the capital of Osroene, and the seat of an independent kingdom from B.O. 137 to A.D. 216. [Aboakub.]— (2) A city of Macedonia, the burial-place of the kings. EDEtINI or SEDETANI (-orum), a people in HispaniaTarraconensis, E. of the CeUiberi. EDONI or EDONES (-um), aThracian peo- ple, between the Nestus and the Strymon, celebrated for their orgiastic worship of Bac- chus: whence BdDnis in the Latin poets sig- nifies a female Bacchante, and BdOnits is used as equivalent to Thracian. BETION (-onis), king of the Placian ThebtS, in Cilicia, and father of Andromache, the wife of Hector. EGERIA. CAeqeeia.] EGESTA. CSeqesta.] EGNATIA (-ae), a town in Apniia on the coast, called Gnatia by Horace, It was cele- brated for its miraculous stone or altar, which of itself set on fire frankincense and wood ; a prodigy which afforded amusement to Horace and his friends, who looked upon it as a mere trick. Egnatia was situated on the high-road from Rome to Bruudisium, which from Egna- tia to Brundisinm bore the name of the Via EoNATiA, The continuation of this road on the other side of the Adriatic from Dyrrha- chium to Byzantium also bore the name of Via Egiiatia. It was the great military road between Italy and the E. Commencing at Dyrrhachium, it passed by Lychnidus, Hera- clea, Lyncestis, Edessa, Thessalouica, Am- phipolis, Philippi, and traversing the whole of Thrace, finally reached Byzantium. EI5N (-onis), a town in Thrace, at the month of the Strymon, 25 stadia from Am- phipolis, of which it was the harbor. ELAEA (-ae), an ancient city on the coast of Aeolis in Asia Minor, subsequently served as the harbor of Pergamus. The gulf on which it stood was named after it Sinus Ela- I'ticus. ELAEtTS (-untis) or ELEtTS (-untis), a town ou the S. E. point of the Thracian Cher- sonese, with a harbor and an heroum of Pro- tee ilans. ELAGABXLUS (-i), Roman emperor, a.i>. 218-222, son of Julia Soemias and Varius Mar- cellus, was born at Emesa about 20S, and was called Elagabalus because in childhood he was made priest of the Syro-Phoenician sun- god at Emesa hearing that name. He ob- tained the purple at the age of 13, by tlie intrigues of his grandmother, Julia Maesa,whogaveout that he was the son of Caracalla. On his accession he took the name of M. Av- i EELiUB Antoninus. He was a prince of incredible folly, su- perstition, and vice. He was slain by the soldiers iu 222, and was succeeded by his cousin Alexan- der Severus. EL5.NA. [AET.ANA.] ELiTEA (-ae). (1) A town in Phocis, sit- uated near the Cephissus in a fertile valley, which was an important pass from Thessaly to Boeotia. — (2) A town in Pelasgiotis in Thessaly, near Goniii. — (3) Or Elatbea, a town iu EpiruB, near the sonrcee of the Co- cytus. ELXTUS (-i), one of the Lapithae. and fa- ther of Caeneus, who is hence called Sldteius. EL5.VER (-5ris : Allier\ a river in Aquita- nia, a tributary of the Liger. ELEA. [Velia.] ELECTRA (-ae), i, e. the bright or brilliant one. (1) Daughter of Oceanua and Tethys, wife of Thaumas, and mother of Iris and the Harpies, A6II0 and Ocypete.— (2) Daughter of Atlas and Pleidue, one of the 7 Pleiades, and by Zens (Jupiter) "mother of lasion and Dar- danus.— (3) Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra, also called Laodice, sister of Iphigenia and Orestes. After the murder of her lather by her mother, she saved the life of her young brother Orestes by sending him to King Strophius until he had grown up to manhood. Electra then excited him to avenge ElAgabHlua. ELECTKIDES. 156 ELYSIUM. tbe death of Agamemnon, and assisted him iu slaying their mother Clytaemues- tra. [Orestes.] After the death of the latter, Orestes gave her in marriage to his irieud Pylades. ELECTRlDES INStJ- LAE. [Ekidanus.] ELECTE?-ON (-oiiis), son of Perseus and Andro- meda, and father of Alc- meue, the wife of Amphit- ryon. For details, see Am- PUITBYON. ELlESN (-onis), a town t-ieci™. jQ Bueotia, near Tanagra. ELEPHANTINE (-es), an island in the Nile, with a city of the same name, opposite to Sy- ene, and T stadia below the Little Cataract, was the frontier station of Egypt towards Ethiopia, and was strongly garrisoned under the Persians and the Romans. ELEUSIS (-luis), a town and demns of At- tica, situated N. W. of Athens, on the coast near the frontiers of Megara. It possessed a magnificent temple of Demeter (Ceres), and gave its name to the great festival and mys- teries of the Eleusiuia, which were celebrated in honor of Demeter and Persephone (Pros- erpine). in the S. of Elis ; while the N. of the country was inhabited by the Epeans, with whom some Aetoliau tribes were mingled. On the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Heraclidae, the Aetolian chief Oxylus received Elis as his share of the conquest ; and it was the union of his Aetolian and Doriau followers with the Epeans which formed the subsequent popu- lation of the country, under the general name of Eleaus. Elis owed its importance iu Greece to the worship of Zeus (Jupiter) at Olympia, near Pisa, in honor of whom a splendid festi- val was held every 4 years. [Ol^ympia.] In consequence of this festival being common to the whole of Greece^ the country of Elis was declared sacred, and its iuhabitants possessed priestly privileges. ELISSA. [DiBO.] ELLOPIA (-ae). (1) A district in the N. of Euboea, near the promontory Cenaeum, with a town of the same name : the whole island of Enboea is sometimes called Ellopia.— (2) An ancient name of the district about Dodo- na in Epirus. ELONB (-es), a town of the Perrhaebi, In Thessaly, afterwards called Limoue. ELPlNOK (-6ris), one of the companions of Ulysses, who were metamorphosed by Cir- ce into swine, and afterwards back into men. Intoxicated with wine, Elpenor one day fell asleep on Circe's roof, and broke his neck. BLICIUS (-i), a surname of Jupiter at Rome, because he was invoked to send down lightning. ELIMBBERUM. [Atisoi.] ELlMEA, -lA (-ae), or ELiMlOTIS, a dis- trict of Macedonia, on the frontiers of Epirus and Thessaly, originally belonging to lUyria. Its inhabitants, the Elimaki, were Epirots. ELIS (-idis), a country on the W. coast of Peloponnesus, bounded by Achaia on the N., Arcadia on the E., Messenia on the S., and the Ionian sea on the W. It was divided into 3 parts : (1) Ei,is Pkopee, or Hollow Elis, the N. part, watered by the Peneus, of which the cajiital was also called Elis (2) Pisatis, the middle portion, of which the capital was Pisa.— (3) Tbipiivlia, the S. portion, of which Pylos was the capital, lying between the Al- pheus and the Neda In the heroic times we find the kingdom of Nestor and the Pelidae _ ELTJSlTES (-um), a people in Aqnitonia, in the interior of the country. SLI^MAIS (-idis), a district of Susiano, which derived its name from the Blymoei or Elymi, a warlike and predatory people. They arc also found in the mountains of Great Me- dia, and were probably among the most an- cient inhabitants of the country N. of the head of the Persian Gulf: in the O. T. Susiana is called JBlam. ELlfMUS (-i), natural son of Anchises, and brother of Eiyx ; one of the Trojans who fled from Troy to Sicily. With the aid of Aeneas they bnilt the towns of Aegesta and Elyme. The Trojans who settled in thatjpart of Sicily called themselves Elymi, after Elymns. SLY SlUM (-i), the Elysian fields. In Ho- mer Elysium forms no part of the realms of the dead ; he places it on the W. of the earth, near Ocean, and describes it as a happy land, ExMATHIA. 157 EPAMINONDAS. where there is neither suow, nor cold, nor rain. Hither favored heroes, like Menelaus, ])ass without dying, and live nappy uuder the rule of Rhadamanthus. In the Latin poets Elysium is part of the lower world, and the residence or the shades of the Blessed. EMATHIA (-ae), a district of Macedonia, between the Haliacraon and the Axius. The poets frequently give the name of Emathia to the whole of Macedonia, and sometimes even to the neiijhboriug Thessaly. EMATHIDES (-urn), the 9 daughters of Pierus, king of Emathia. fiMBSA or fiMiSA (-ae), a city of Syria, on the E. bank of the Orontes, the native city of Elagabalus. EMPEDOCLES (-is), a philosopher of Agri- geutum, in Sicily, flourished about u.o. 444. He was learned and eloquent ; and, on ac- count of his success in curing diseases, was reckoned a magician. His death is said to have been as mn-aculous as his life. One tra- dition related that he threw himself into the flames of Mount Aetna, that by his sudden disappearance he might be believed to be a god; out it was added that the volcano threw up one of bis sandals, and thus revealed the manner of his death. His works were all in verse ; and some fragments of them have come down to us. Empedocles was chosen as a model by Lucretius. EMPORIAE (-arum) or EMPOi^UM (-1 : A7npuriaa)y a town of the Indigetes in His- paniaTarraconeusis, near the Pyrenees, situ- ated on the river Clodianus, founded by the Phocaeans from Massilia. EMPtTSA (-ae), a monstrous spectre, which was believed to devour human beings.. ENCfiLADUS (-i), son of Tartarus and Ge (Earth), and one of the hundred-armed slants who made war upon the gods. He was^illed by Zeus (Jupiter), who buried him under Mount Aetna. ENDTm15N (-onis), a youth renowned for his beauty and bis perpetual sleep. As he slept on Mount Latmus, in Caria, his surpris- ing beauty warmed the cold heart of Selene (the Moon), who came down to him, kissed him, and lay by his side. His eternal sleep on Latmus is assigned to different causes; but it was generally believed that Selene had sent him to sleep that she might be able to kiss him without his knowledge. ENGYUM (-i), a town in the interior of Sicily, possessing a celebrated temple of the great mother of the gods. ENIPEUS (-6o8 or Ci), a river in Thessaly, rising in Mount Othrys, receiving the Apida- nus, near Pharsalus. and flowing iuto the Peneus. Poseidon (Neptune) assumed the form of the god of this river in order to obtain possession of Tyro, who was in love with Bnipeus. She became by Poseidon the moth- er of Pellas and Neleus. ENNA or HENNA (-ae), an ancient town of the Siculi in Sicily, on the road from Ca- taiia to Agrigentum, said to be the centre of the island. It was surrounded by fertile plains, which bore large crops of wheat ; it was one of the chief seats of the worship of 12 Demeter (Ceres) ; and according to later tra- dition, it was in a flowery meadow near this place that Pluto carried off Proserpine. ENNIUS (-i), Q., the Roman poet, was born atRudiae in Calabria, b.u. 239. He was a Greek by birth, but a sub- ject of Rome, and served in the Roman armies. In 204 Cato, who was then quaes- tor, found Ennius in Sardni- la, and brought him in his train to Rome. In 180 En- nius accompauicdM. Fulvius Nobilior during the Ae toll an campaign, and shared his tri- umph. Through the sou of Nobilior, Ennius, when far advanced in life, obtained the rights of a Romau citi- zen. He maintained himself by teaching the youths of the Roman nobles. He lived on terms of the closest intimacy Enniu*. with the elder Scipio Africa- nus. He died in 169, at the age of TOj and was buried in the sepulchre of the Scipios. En- nius was regarded by the Romans as the fa- ther of their poetry, but all his works are lost with the exception of a few fragments. His most important work was au epic poem In dactylic hexameters, entitled Annales, being a history of Rome, from the earliest times to his own day. ENTELLA (-ae), a town of the Sicani in the interior of the island of Sicily, on the W. side, said to have been fouuded by Entelhis, one of the companions of the Trojan Acestes. £N"?ALIUS (-i), the Warlike, frequently oc- curs in the Iliad (never in the Odyssey) as an epithet of Ares (Mars). At a Inter time Eny- aiiuB and Ares were distinguished as 2 differ- ent gods of war. The name is evidently de- rived from Enyo. ENY5 (-us), the goddess of war, who de- lights in bloudsliea and the destruction of towns, and accompanies Ares in battles. Re- specting the Roman goddess of war, see Bbl- LONA. EORDAEA (-ae), a district and town in the N. W. of Macedonia, inhabited by the Eordi. e5S (and £6s), in Latin AUR5RA (-ae), the goddess of the dawn, daughter of Hyperion andTbiaorEuryphassa; orofpallas, accord- ing to Ovid. At the close of every night she rose from the couch of her spouse Tithonus, and in a chariot drawn by swift horses as- cended up to heaven from the river Oceanus, to announce the cominglight of the sun. She carried off several youths distinguished for their beauty, such as Oeion, Ckphai-ub, and TiTuoNDB, whence she is called by Ovid 2'i- thoniaconjtix, SbeboreMemnontoTithon]us. EpXmINONDAS (-ae), the Theban general and statesman, son of Polymnis, was born and reared in poverty, though his blood was noble. He saved the life of Pelopldas in bat- tle, B.0. 385, and lived in close friendship with him afterwards. After the Spartans had been expelled from Thebes, 379, Epaminondas took an active part in public affairs. He gained a great victory over the Spartans at Leuctra EPAPHUS. 158 EPIDAURUS. (b.o. 371), which destroyed the Spartan su- premacy in Greece. Four times he success- fully invaded Peloponnesus at the head of the Theban armies. In the last of these cam- paigns he gained a brilliant victor3r over the Lacedaemonians at Mantinea ; but^ in the full career of victory, died. He is said to have fiiUen by the hands of Gryllus, the son of Xcnophon. Epaminondas was one of the greatest men of Greece. He raised Thebes to the supremacy of Greece, which she lost almost as soon as he died. Both in public and private life he was distinguished Dy_ in- tegrity and uprightness, and he carried into daily practice the lessons of philosophy, of which he was an ardent student. fiPXPHUS (-i), son of Zeus (Jupiter) and lo, born on the river Nile, after the long wan- derings of his mother. He became king of Egypt, and built Memphis. ' ' fiPEI. CElib,] £PEUS (-i), sou of Fanopeus, and builder of the Trojan horse. EPHfiSUS (-i), the chief of the 12 Ionian cities ou the coast of Asia Minor. In the plain beyond its walls stood the celebrated temple of Artemis (Diana), which was built in the 6th century b.o., and, after being burned down by Herostratus in the night on which Alexander the Great was born (b.o. 356), was restored by the joint efforts of all the Ionian states, and was regarded as one of the won- ders of the world. With the rest of Ionia, Ephesus fell under the power successively of Croesus, the Persians, the Macedonians, and the Romans. It was always very flourishing, and became even more so as the other Ionian cities decayed. In the early history of the Christian Church it is conspicuous as having been visited both by St. Paul and St. John, who also addressed epistles to the Church es- tablished at Ephesus. Bronze Coin of EpheauB. EPHlAtTTilS (-is). (1) OneoftheAloidae. [Aloeus.] — (2) A Malian, who in B.a 4S0, when Leonidas was defending the pass of Tliermopylae, guided a body of Persians over the mountain path, and thus enabled them to fall on the rear of the Greeks.— (3) An Athe- nian statesman, and a friend and partisan of Pericles, whom he assisted in carrying his political measures. EPHORUS (-i), of Cymae in Aeolis. a cele- brated Greek historian, a contemporary of Philip and Alexander, flourished about u.o. 340. He wrote a universal history, the first that was attempted in Greece, The work, however, has perished, with the exception of a few fragments. EPHYRA (-ae), the ancient name of Cor- inth, whence 3phpreliia is used as equivalent to Corinthian. [Cortnthus.] EPICASTE, commonly called Jooastb. EPiCHARMUS (-i), the chief comic poet among the Dorians, born in the island of Cos, about B.o. 540, was carried to Megara in Sicily in his infancy, and spent the latter part of his life at Syracuse at the court of Hieron. He died at the age of 90 (450), or 97 (443). Epi- charmus gave to comedy a new form, and in- troduced a regular plot. His language was elegaut, and nis productions abounded in philosophical and moral maxims. EPiCNEMlDlI LOCRI. [LooRis.] EPICTBTUS (-i), of Hierapolis in Phrygia, a celebrated Stoic philosopher, was a freed- man of Epaphroditus, who was himself a freedman of Nero. Being expelled from Rome by Domitian, he took up his residence at Ni- conolis in Epirus. He did not leave any works behind him ; and the short manual {Eiickiri- dion) which bears his name was compiled from his discourses by his pupil Arrian. CAbrianus.] EPICURUS (-J), a celebrated Greek philos- opher, was born b.o. 342, in the island of Sa- mos, and took up his permanent residence at Athens in 306. Here he i)urchased the gar- den, afterwards so noted, in which he estab- lished the philosophical school, called after him the Epicurean. He died in 270, at the age of 72, after a long and painful illness, which he endured with truly philosophical patience and courage. Epicurus is the great leader of that philosophical school which teaches that the summuTn bonunnt or highest good, is happiness. The happiness that he taught his followers to seek after was not sensual enjoyment, but peace of mind as the result of the cultivation of all the virtues. According to the teaching of his school, virtue should be prac- ticed hccauae it leads to happiness ; whereas the Stoics teach that virtue should be cultivated for her own sake, irrespective of the happiness it will insure. In the physical part of his philosophy he followed the at- omistic doctrines of Democritus and Diagoras. The pupils of Epicurus were very numerous, and were ex- cessively devoted to him. His sys- tem has been most violently attack- ed, partly because after the days of Epicuru? men who professed to be his followers gave themselves over to mere sensual enjoyment, partly because it has been but imperfectly understood, and partly because it was really founded on an erroneous principle, in making virtue dependent upon consequent happiness, EPIDAMNUS. [DYRituAomuM.] EPIDAURUS (-i). (1) A town in Argolia on the Saronic gulf, formed, with its territory Epidauria, a district independent of Argos, and was not included in Argolis till the time of the Romans. It was the chief seat of the worship of Aesculapius, whose temple was EPIGONI. 159 ERETRIA. situated about 5 miles f^om the town.— (2) Sni-named Limeba, a town in Laconia, on the E. coast, eaid to have been founded by Bpi- daurus in Argolis. fiPIQONI (-Oram), that is, " the Descend- ants," the name of the sons of the 7 heroes who perished before Thebes. [Adrabtus.] Ten years after their death the descendants of the 7 heroes marched against Thebes, which they took and razed to the ground. The names of the Epigoni are not the same in all accounts ; but the common lists contain Alcmneon, Aegialeus, Diomedes, Promachus, ijtheneluB, Thersander, and Euryalus. SPIMENIDES (-Is), a celebrated poet and prophet of Crete, whose history is, to a great extent, mythical. There is a legend that when a boy he was sent out by his father in search of a sheep ; and that, seeking shelter from the heat of the mid-day sun, he went into a cave, and there fell into a deep sleep, which lasted 57 years. On waking and re- turning home, he found, to his great amaze- ment, that his younger brother had, in the mean time, grown an old man. His visit to Athens, however, is an historical fact, and determines his date. The Athenians, who were visited by a plague in consequence of the crime of Cylon [Cylon], invited Bpimen- ides to come and undertake the puritication of the city. Epimenides accordingly came to Athens, abont b.o. 596, and performed the de- sired task by certain mysterious rites and sac- rifices, in consequence of which the plague ceased. Many works were attributed to him by the ancients, and the Apostle Paul has pre- served {Titus i. 12) a celebrated verse of his against the Cretans. EPIMBTHEUS. [Pbomkthkus and Pah- do ba.] EPIPHXNBS (-is), a surname of Antiochus IV., king of Syria. EPiPHiNIA or -EA (-ae>. (1) In Syria (O. T. Hamath), in the district of Cassiotis, on the left bank of the Orontes (2) In Cillcia, close to the Fylae Amanides, formerly called Oeniandus. SPIPOLAB. [Stbaoubab.J SPIRITS (-i), that is, "the mainland," a country in the N.W. of Greece, so called to distinguish it from Corcyra, and the other islands off the coast. Homer gives the name of Epirus to the whole of the W. coast of Greece, thus including Acarnania in it. Epi- rus was bounded by Illyria and Macedonia on the N., by Thessaly on the E., by Acarnania and the Ambracian gulf on the S., and by the Ionian sea on the W. Its inhabitants were nu- merous, but were not of pure Hellenic blood. They appear to have been a mixture of Pelas- giaus and Illyrians. The ancient oracle of Dodona in the countrv was of Pelasgic origin. Epirus contained 14 different tribes. Of these, the most important were the Chaonbs, Thes- pROTi, and MoT.ossi, who gave their names to the 3 principal divisions of the country— Chaonia, Tiiesprotia, and Molossis. ^The different tribes were originally governed by their own princes. The Molossian princes, who traced their descent from Pyrrhus (Ne- optolemus), son of Achilles, subsequently ac- quired the sovereignty over the whole conn- try, and took the title of kings of Epirus. The most celebrated of these was Pybbucs, who carried on war with the Romans. EPIRUS NOVA. [Illyeiodm.] EPOREDIA (-i: Ivrea), a town in Gallia Cisalpina, on the Duria, in the territory of the Salassi, colonized by the Romans, n.o. 100, to serve as a bulwark against the neighboring Alpine tribes. EPOREDORIX (-Igis), a noble Aednan, who served in Caesar's army. EOUUS TtjTiCUS or AEQUUM TtjTI- CUM (-i), a small town of the Hirpiui in Sam- niuni, 21 miles from Beneventum. ERAE (-arum), a small but strong sea-port town on the coast of louis, N. of Teos. ErXNA (-ae), a town in M. AmanuSf the chief seat of the Eleutherocilices, in the time of Cicero. EKiSINtrS (-i),- the chief river in Argolis, rising in the lake Stymphalus, and, after dis- appearing under the earth, flowing through the Lernaean marsh into the Argolic gulf. ERISISTRXTUS (-i), a celebrated physi- cian and anatomist, a native of lulls, in the island of Ceos, flourished from b.o. 300 to 260, and was the founder of a medical school at Alexandria. EKXtO (-fis), one of the Muses. [Mosab.] ERXTOSTHENBS (-is), of Cyrene, born B.o. 276, was placed by Ptolemy Euergetes over the library at Alexandria. He died at Alexandria at the age of 80, about ji.o. 196, of voluntary starvation, having lost his sight, and being tired of life. He was a man ofex- tensive learning, and wrote on almost all the branches of knowledge then cultivated— as- tronomy, geometry, geography, philosophy, history, and grammar. His works have per- ished, with the exception of some fragments. His most celebrated work was a systematic treatise on geography, of which Strabo made great use. EREBUS (-i), son of Chaos, begot Aether and Hemera (Day) by Nyx (Night), his sister. The name signifies darkness, and is therefore applied to the dark and gloomy space under the earth, through which the shades pass into Hades. ERECHTHEUM. rEKiOHTHONiDS.] ERECHTHEUS. [Eriohthonids.] EEESUS or ERESSUS (-i), a town on the W. coast of the island of Lesbos, the birth- place of Theophrastue, and, according to some, of SapphOi ERETRiA (-ae), one of the chief towns of Euboea, situated on the Enripus, with a har- bor, Porthmos, was founded by the Atheni- ans^ but had a mixed population, among which was a considerable number of Dorians. Its commerce and navy raised it in early times to importance ; it contended with Chalcis for the supremacy of Enboea ; and it planted col- onies in Macedonia and Italy. It was de- stroyed by the Persians, b.o. 490, and most of Its inhabitants were carried away into slav- ery. ERICHTHONIUS. J 60 KRYTHKAE. ERICHTHONIUS (-ae), orERECHTHEtS (-66s or -di)_. lu the ancient myths these two names indicate the same person ; but later ■writers mention 2 heroes, one called Erich- thonins or Erechtheus I., and the other Erech- theus II. — (1) EttioiiTHONius or EuEonTuiiDS I., son of Hephaestus (Vulcan) and Atlhis, the daughter of Cranaus. Athena (Minerva) reared the child without the knowledge of the other gods, and intrusted him to Agranlos, Pandrosos, and Herse, concealed in a chest, which they were forbidden to open. But dis- obeying the commaud, they saw the child iu the form of a serpent, or entwiued by a ser- pent, whereupon they were seized with mad- ness, and threw themselves down the rock of the acropolis. Erichthonins after^vards be- came king of Atheus, and was succeeded iu the kingdom by his sou Pandiou. He is said to have introduced the worship of Athena, to have instituted the festival of the Panathe- naea, and to have built a temple of Athena on the acropolis. When Athx^un and Poseidon (Neptune) disputed about the possession of Attica, Erichthonius declared in favor of Athena. He was, further, the first who used a. chariot with 4 horses, for which reason he was placed among the stars as Auriga. He was worshiped as a god after his death: and a temple, called the ErechDieitm, was built to him on the acropolis.— (2) Ebeoutiikus 11., grandson of the former, and son of Pandion, whom he succeeded as king of Athens. He was father of Cecrops, Procns, Ciensa, Chtho- nifl, and Orithyia. In the war between the Eleusinians and Athenians, Eumolpus, the son of Poseidon, was slain ; whereupon Po- seidon demanded the sacrifice of one of the daughters of Erechtheus. When one was drawn by lot, her 3 sisters resolved to die with her ; and Erechtheus himself was killed by Zeus with a flash of lightning at the request of Poseidon. ERICHTHONIUS (-i), sou of Dardanus, father of Tros, and king of Troy. SRIDXNUS (-i), a river god, on the banks of whose river amber was found. In later times the Eridauus was supposed to be the same as the Padus (Po), because amber was found at its mouth. Hence the Electrides Insulae, or "Amber Islands," are placed at the mouth of the Po, and here Phaethon was supposed to have fallen when struck by the lightning of Zeus (Jupiter). ERIgOnS (-€8). (1) Daughter of Icavius, beloved by Bacchus. For details, see Ioari- Tjs.— (2) Daughter of Aegisthus and Clytaem- nestra. ERINNA (-ae), a Lesbian poetess, a con- temporary and friend of Sappho (about n.o. 612), who died at the age of 19, but left behind her poems which were thought worthy to rank with those of Homer. ERINYES. [EuMENinEs.! ERiPHYLE (-es), daughter of Talaus and wife of Amphiaraus, whom she betrayed for tbe^ sake or the necklace of Harmonia, for which she was slain by her sou Alcmaeon. For details, see Aaiphiaiiatis, At.omakon. tmS (-Idos), in Latin, DISCORDIA (-ae), the goddess of Discord, the friend and sister of Ares (Mars), who delighted with him in the tumult of war. It was Eria who threw the apple into the assembly of the gods, the cause of so much suftering and war. [Paris.] BrOS (-Otis), in Latin, AMOR (-oris), or CXJPIDO (-inis), the god of Love, son of Aph- rodite (Venus), by either Ares (Mars), Zeus (Jupiter), or Hermes (Mercury)- He was rep- resented as a wanton boy, of whom a thou- sand tricks and cruel sports were related, and from whom neither gods nor men were safe. His arms consist of arrows, which he carries iu a golden quiver, and of torches which no one can touch with impunity. His arrows are of different power : some are golden, and kindle love iu the heart they wound ; others are blnnt and heavy with lead, and produce aversion to a lover. Eros is further rejjre- sented with golden wings, and as fluttering about like a oird. His eyes are sometimes covered, so that he acts blindly. He is the usual companion of his mother. Aphrodite. Antbros, literally, return-love, is usually rep- resented as the god who punished those who do not return the love of others : thus he is the avenging Eros, or a detis ultor. But in some accounts he is described as a god op- posed to Eros and struggling against him. — Respecting the connection between Eros and Psyche, see Psyohk. The later poets speak of a number of Erotes. Eros (Cupid) whettinp; )iIb Oarta. (Do la ChftDSBe, Gemnie Antiche.) BRTMANTHUS (-i). (1) A lofty mountain in Ai'cadia on the frontiers of Acliaia and Elis, celebrated iu mythology as the haunt of the savage Brymanthian boar destroyed by Her- cules. [Heeodi-eb.] — The Arcadian nymph Callisto, who was changed into a she-bear, is called Erymanthis ttraa, and her sou Areas Hrymanthidie ureae cuatos. [Abotos].— (2> A river in Arcadia, rising in the above-men- tioned mountain, and fallinginto the Alpheus. SRifSICHTHON (-5ni8), son of the Thessa- lian king Triopas, who cut down trees iu n grove sacred to Demeter, for which he was punished by the goddess with a fearful hnii- ger, that caused him to devour his own Hesh. EHYTHEAE (-iirnm). (1) An ancient town in Boeotia, not far from Plataeae and Hysiae, and celebrated as the mother city of Erythrne in Asia Minor. — (2) A town of tbe Locri Oz61ae, B. of Naupactiis (3) One of the 12 Head op Bbob (Cupid). (Vatican Museum.) EKYTHUAEUM. 161 EUCLIDES. Ionian cities of Asia Minor, Btood at the bot- tom of a large bay, on tbe W. side of the peu- insnla which lies opposite to Chios. ERYTHRAEUM mare, the name origi- nally of the whole expanse of sen between Arabia and Africa on the W., and India on the E., including its two great ^ulfs (the Jted Sea and Persian Gulf). In this sense it is used by Herodotus, who also distinguishes the Rea Sea by the name of \\pa3iov koXttos. [Arabiodb Sinub.3 Afterwards the parts of these seas were distinguished by different names, the main body of the sea being called Indicua Oceanus, the Red Sea Arabicus Sinus, the Persian GMZ/Persicus Sinus. The name Erythraeum Mare was generally used as iden- tical with Arabicus Sinus, or the corresponding genuine Latin term, Mare Rabrum {Red Sea), JERYX (-ycia), also ERYCUS MONS {S. Gv- til-kmo)^ a steep and isolated mountain in tbe N.W. of Sicily, "near Drepanum. On the sum- mit of this mountain stood an ancient and celebrated temple of Aphrodite (Venus), said to have been built by Eryx, king of the Elymi, or, according to Virgilj by Aeneas^ but more probably by the Phoeniciaus, who introduced the worship of Aphrodite into Sicily. Hence the goddess bore the surname EryoTna, under which name her worship was introduced at Rome about the beginning of the 2d Punic war. There was a town ot the name of Eryx on the W. slope of the mountain. ESQUILIAE. [Roma.] ESStJI (-orum), a people in Gaul, W. of the Sequana. ETEOCLES (-is), son of Oedipus and Jo- casta. After his father's flight from Thebes, he and his brother PolyuTces undertook the government of the city; but disputes having arisen between them, Polynices fled to Adras- tus, who then brought abont the expedition of the Seven against Thebes. [Adrastus.] Eteocles and Polynices perished in single combat. ETESiAE (-arum), the Etesian Witxds, de- rived from ^TOT, "year," signified a.ny period- ical winds, but more particiilarly the northerly winds which blow in the Aegacan for 40 days from the rising of the dog star. ETR^RiA, ETRtTRiA, or TUSCIA, called by the Greeks TYRRHBNIA or TYRSENIA i (^-ae), a country in central Italy. The inhab- j itants were called by the Romans Etrusoi or i Tusoi, by the Greeks Tyurukni or Tyrskni, ' and by themselves Raskna. Etruria proper ] was bounded on the N. and N.W. by the Ap- ennines and the river Macra, which divided it from Liguria, on the W. by the TVrrh'ene sea or Mare luferuum, and on the E. and S. by i the river Tiber, which separated it from Um- ■ bria aud Latinm. The origin of the Etruscans ' is uncertain. The ancients believed that they - were a colony of Lydians, but more modern writei's suppose that the Etruscans were a Rhaetiau race, called Rasena, who descended from the Alps and the valley of the Po. The 1 Etruscans were a very powerful nation when Rome was still in its infancy, and at an early period their dominions extended over the greater part of Italy, from the Alps and the plains of Lombardy^ on the one baud, to Ve- suvius and the gulf of Snrento on the other. These dominions may be divided into 3 great districts : Circumpadane Etruria iu the N., Etruria proper in tbe centre, and Campanian Etruiia m the S. Iu each of these districts there were 12 principal cities or states, which formed a confederacy for mutual protection* Through the attacks of the Gauls in the N., and of the Sabines, Samnites, and Greeks in the S., the Etruscans became confined within the limits of Etruria proper, and continued long to flourish in this country after they had disappeared from the rest of Italy. The 12 cities which formed the confederacy in Etru- ria proper were most probably Cortona, ArRETITIM, CLUSnjM, PeRDSIA, VOT.ATKRnAE, Vetulonia, Rubellae, Voi-siNii, Takquinii, Vat.erii, Veit, Caere, more anciently called Agylla. Each state was independent of all the others. The government was a close ar- istocracy, and was strictly confined to the family of the Lucumoues, who united in their owu persons the ecclesiastical as well as the civil ftinctions. The people appear to have been in a state of vassalage or serf- dom. A meeting of the confederacy of the 12 states was hela annually iu the spring, at the temple of Voltumna, near Volsinii. The Etruscans were a highly civilized people, aud from them the Romans borrowed nuiuy of their religious aud political institutions. The 3 last kings of Rome were undoubtedly Etrus- cans, and they left in the city enduring traces of Etruscan power aud greatness. The later history of the Etruscans is a struggle against the rising power of Rome, to which they be- came suDJect, after their decisive defeat by Cornelius Dolabella iu n.o. 283. In 91 they re- ceived the Roman franchise. The numerous military colonies established in Etruria by Sulla and Augnstus destroyed to a great ex- tent the national character of the people, and the country thus became in course of time completely Romanized. ETJBOBA (-ae : Keffroponf), the largest isl- and of the Aegaean sea, about 90 miles in length, lying aTung the coasts of Attica, Boe- otia, aud the S. part of Thessaly, from which countries it is separated by the Euboean sea, called the Euripus in its narrowest part. Throughout the entire length of the island runs a lofty range of mountains ; but it con- tains many fertfle plains. In Homer the in- habitants are called Abantes. In the N, of Euboea dwelt the Histiaci ; below these were the EUopii, aud in the S. were the Dryopes. The centre of the island was inhabited chiefly by lonians. It was in this part of Euboea that the Athenians planted the colonies of CnAt,oi8 and Erktria, which were the 2 most important cities in the island. After the Persian ^ya,rSf Euboea became subject to the Athenians. Since Cumae, iu Italy, was a colony from Chalcis, iu Eubgea, the adjective Bubotcus is used by the poets iu reference to the former city. EUCUDES (-is). (1) The celebrated math- ematician, lived at Alexandria in the time of the first Ptolemy, b.o. 323-2S3, and was the founder of the Alexandrian mathematical EUCTEMON. 162 EUMOLPUS. school. It was his answei* to Ptolemy, who asked if geometry could not be made easier, that there was no royal road. Of the numer- ous works attributed to Euclid, several are still extant, of which by far the most noted is "The Elements."— (2) Of Megara, one of the disciples of Socrates, quitted Athens on the death of Socrates (b.o. 399), and took refuge in Megara, where he founded a school, which distinguished itself chiefly by the cultivation of dialectics. This school was called some- tinicB the Megaric, sometimes the Dialectic or Eristic EUCTEMON, the astronomer. [Mkton,] EUDOXUS (-i), of Cnidus, a celebrated as- tronomer and geometer, lived about s.o. 36G. He studied at Athens and in Egypt, bnt prob- ably spent some of his time at his native place, where he had an observatoiT'. He is said to have been the first who taught in Greece the motions of the planets. His works are lost. EUGXnEI (-6rum), a people who formerly inhabited Venetia, on the Adriatic Sea, and were driven towards the Alps and the Lacus Benacus by the Heueti or Veneti. EUHBMERUS (-i), a Greek writer, who lived at the court of Cassander, in Macedonia, about B.o. 316, and the author of a work, tu which he attempted to show that all the an- cient myths were genuine historic^] events. He represented the gods as originally men who had distinguished themselves either as warriors or benefactors of mankind, and who after their death received divine worship from the grateful people. EULAEUS (-1 : O. T. XTlai), a river in Susi- ana, rising in Great Media, passing E. of Susa, and falling into the head of the Persian Gulf. Some of the ancient geographers make the Eulaeus fall into the Choaspes, and others identify the two rivers. EUMAEUS (-i), the faithful swineherd of Ulysses. EUMENES (-is). <1) Of Cariha, served as private secretary to Philip and Alexander ; and on the death of the latter (u.o. 323) ob- tained the government of Cappadocia, Paph- lagonla, and Pontus. Eumenes allied him- self with Perdiccas, and carried on war for him in Asia Minor against Antipater and Cra- terus. On the death of Perdiccas, in Egypt, Antigonns employed the whole force of the Macedonian army to crush Eumenes. Not- withstanding the numerical inferiority of his forces, Eumenes maintained his ground against his enemies for some years, till he was surrendered by the Argyraspids to Antig- onuB, by whom he was put to death, 310. He was a great general and statesman, and had he been a native Macedonian would probably have occupied a more important position among the successors of Alexander.— (2) I. King of PimoAMus, reigned u.o. 263-241 ; and was the successor of his uncle Philetaerus. — (3) II. King of Peroamus, reigned b.o. 197- 159: and was the son and successor of Atta- ins I. He Inherited from his predecessor the friendship and alliance of the Romans, which he took the utmost pains to cultivate. Per- gainus became under his rule a great and flourishing city, in which he founded that celebratecT library which rose to be a rival even to that of Alexandria. EUMENIDBS (-urn), also called ERTNYES (-um), not Erinuyes, and by the Romans FU- RIAE or DIRAE (-arum), the Avenging Deities. The name Erinyes Is the more an- cient one ; the form Enmenides, which signi- fies "the well-meaning," or "soothed god- desses," is a mere euphemism, because peo- ple dreaded to call these fearful goddesses hy their real name. It was said to have been first given them after the acquittal of Orestes by the Areopagus, when the anger of the Erinyes had been soothed. They are represented as the daughters of Earth or of Night, and as fearful winged maidens, with 8eri)ent3 twined in their hair, and with blood dripping from their eyes. They dwelt iu the depths of Tar- tarus, dreaded by gods and men. With later writers their number is usually 3, and their names are Ttsii'uj5mjc, Ai^bcto, and Meqa.era. They pnniBhed men both in this world and after death. The sacrifices oflTered to them consisted of black sheep and nepbalia, i. e. a drinkofhoneymixed with water. The crimes which they chiefly punished were disobedi- ence towards parents, violation of the respect dne to old age, perjury, murder, violation of the laws ofhospitality, and improper conduct towards suppliants. Furlea. (From a Paiuted Vaae.) EUMOLPUS (-1), that is," the good singer," a Thracian bard, son of Poseidoea, an eminent grammarian and poet, was the librarian of Antiochus the Great, and flour- ished n.0. 221. AU bis works are lost. EUPHRiNOR (-Sria), a distinguished stat- uary and painter, was a native of Corinth, but practiced his art at Athens about u.o. 386. EUPHRATES (-is: O. T. Phrat: El Frat), a great river of Asia, consists, in its upper course, of 2 branches, both of which rise in the mountains of Armenia. The northern branch is the true Euphrates; the southern was called by the ancients the Absanias. After their junction the river breaks through the main chain of the Taurus between MeTi- teue and Samosata, and then flows thnnigh the plain of Babylonia, till it joins the Tigris about sixty miles above the mouth of the Per- sian On If. EUPHROsYNB (-es), one of the Charites or Graces. [Charitkb.] EUPOLIS (-is), one of the most celebrated Athenian poets of the old comedy, and a cim- teraporary of Aristophanes, was born about B.o. 446, and died about 411. The common story that Alcibiadea threw him into the sea out of revenge is uot true. EURIPIDES (-is), the distinguished tragic poet, was born at Salnmis, b.o. 4S0, (m the very day that the Greeks defeated the Persians off that inland, whither his parents hud fled from Athens on the invasion of Xerxes. In his youth he cultivated gymnastic pursuits, and won the prize at the Eleusinian and The- sean contests. But he soon abandoned these pursuits, and studied philosophy under Anax- agoras, and rhetoric under Prodicus. He lived on intimate terms with Socrates, and traces of the teaching of Anaxagorae have Euripides been remarked in many passages of his plays. In 441 he gained for the first lime the first prize, and he continued to exhibit plays until 408, the date of the Oreates. Soon after this he left Athens for the court of Archelaus, king of Macedonia, where he died in 406, at the age of 75. He is said to nave been torn in pieces by the king's dogs. Euripides in his tragedies brought down the ancient heroes and heroiues to the ordinary standard of men and women of his own times. He represented men, according to the remark of Aristotle, not as they ought to be, but as they are. Hence the preference given to his plays by the practical Socrates. The most serious defects in his tragedies, as works of art, are the disconnection of the choral odes from the subject of the play, and the too frequent introduction of philosophical maxims. His great excellence is the tender- ness and i)athos with which some of his char- acters arc invested. Eighteen of his tragedies are extant, if we omit the Rhesus^ which is probably spurious. EURIPUS (-i), any part of the sea where the ebb and flow of the tide were remarkably violent, is the name especially of the narrow strait which separates Euboea from Boeotia. At Chalcis there was a bridge over the Euri- pus, uniting Euboea with the mainland. EUROPA (-ae). (1) Daughter of the Phoe- nician king Agenor, or, according to the Iliad, dauffhler of Phoenix. Her beauty charmed Zeus (Jupiter), who assumed the form of a bull, and mingled with the herd as Europa aud her maidens were sporting on the sea-shore. Encouraged by the tameness of the animal, Europa ventured to mount his back ; whereupon the god rushed into the sea, and swam with her to Crete. Here she became by Zeus the mother of Minos, Rhada- manthus, and SarpGdon.— (2) One of the 3 divisions of the ancient world, said to have been named after the daughter of Agenor. In earlier times the river Phasis was usually supposed to be the boundary between Europe and Asia, and sometimes even the Araxes and the Caspian Sea ; but .at a later period the river Tauais and the Palus Maeotis were generally regarded as the bonndarjes between the two continents. The north of Europe was little known to the ancients. EUR5PUS. [TiTARESIUS.] EURUS (-i), the S.E. wind, sometimes the E. wind. EUROTAS (-ae), the chief river in Laconia, on which Sparta stood, rises in Mount BortJ- um, in Arcadia, aud flows into the Laconiau gnlf. EURYbXTbS, the herald of Ulysses, whom he followed to Troy. EURl?BATtJS (-i), an Ephesian, whom Croesns sent with a large sum of money to the Peloponnesus to hire mercenaries for him EURYDICE. 164 FABII. ID his war with Cyrns. He, however, went over to Cyrus, and betrayed the whole matter to him. In consequence of this treachery, his name passed into a proverb among the Greeks. EURfDiCE (-es). (1) Wife of Oiphens. For details, see Orpukus. — (2) The name of several lUyrian and Macedonian princesses. The most celebrated was the wife of Philip Arrhidaeus, who succeeded Alexander the Great. She was put to death by Olympias, ii.o. 31T. EURTLOCHUS (-i), a companion of Ulys- ses, was the only one that escaped ft*om the house of Circe when his friends were meta- morphosed into swine. EURYMEDON (-ontis). (1) Son of Thn- cles, an Athenian general in the Pelopimne- sian war (2) A small river in Pamphylia, celebrated for the victory which Cimon sained over the Persians on its banks (b.o. 469). EURtMUS (-i), father of the seer Telemus, who is hence called Hurymides. ETJRtNOM® (-es), daughter of Oceanus, and mother of LeucothoS. EURYPON, otherwise called EURYTION, grandson of Procles, was the third king of that house at Sparta, and thenceforward gave it the name of Eurypontidae. EURYPtLUS (-i>. (1) Son of Euaemon, and leader of a body of troops before Troy. —(2) Son of Poseidon (Neptune) and Astypa- laea, king of Cos, killed by Hercules. EURYSTHENES (-is) and PROCLES (-is), the twin sons of Aristodemus, born before their father*s return to Peloponnesus and oc- cupation of his allotment of Lacouia. He died immediately after the birth of his children, and in accordance with the command of the oracle at Delphi both were made kings, but the precedence given to Eurysthenes and his de- scendants. From these 2 brothers the 2 royal families in Sparta were descended, and were called respectively the Ew-ysthenidae and Proclidae. The former were also called the Agidae, from Agis, son of Eurysthenes ; and the latter Eurypontidae^ from Enrypon, grand- son of Procles. EURYSTHEUS. [Heiioulus.J EURYTUS (-i), king of Oechalia, and father of lole. For details, see Hkkodles. EUTBRPg, one of the Muses. [Musae.] EUTROPiUS (-i), a Roman historian, con- temporary of Constantine the Great, Julian, and Valens, and the author of a brief com- pendium of Roman history in 10 books, from the foundation of the city to the accession of Valens, a.d. 364, to whom it is inscribed. This work is extant, and is drawn up with care. The style is in keeping with the uatnie of the imdertalcing, being plain, precise, and simple. EUXINUS f ONTUS. [Pontus Erxisrs.] EVADNB (-es), daughter of Iphis (hence called Iphias), and wife of Capaneus. For details, see Cafaneus. BvXqORAS (-ae), king of Salamis, in Cy- prus, from about b.o. 419 to 374. He was as- sisted by the Atheniaus in his wars against the Persians. B VANDER (-dri) and EVANDRUS (-i), son of Hermes (Mercury) by an Arcadian nymph, called in Roman traditions Carmenta or Ti- burtis. About 60 years before the Trojan war Evander ia said to have led a colony from Pallantium, in Arcadia, into Italy, and there to have built a town, Pallantium, on the Tiber, at the foot of the Palatine Hill, which town Avas subsequently incorporated with Rome. Evander taught his neighbors milder laws, and the arts of peace and of social life, and especially the art of writing ,; he also intro- duced among them the worship of the Lycae- an Pan, of Bemeter (Ceres), Poseidon (Nep. tune), and Hercules. BVBNUS (-i). (1) (Fidhart), a river of Ae- tolin, rising in Mount Oeta, and flowing into the sea, 120 stadia W. of Antirrhium. It de. rived its name from Evenns, the father of Marpessn, who was carried off by Idas, the son of Anhareus ; and Evenus, beino; unable to overtake the latter, threw himselfinto the river, which was henceforth called after him. —(2) A river of Mysia, falling into the Sinus Elaiticus near Pitane. EVERGETES, the "Benefactor," a title of honor confeired by the Greek states upon those from whom they had received beneflte. It was assumed by many of the Greek kings in Egypt and elsewhere, [Ptolemaeds.] EVlUS, an epithet of Bacchus, given him from the animating cry evoe, in the festivals of the god. F. PXBXRIS or FARFXRUS (-t), a small riv- er in Italy, in the Sabine territory, between Reate and Cures. FXBII (-orum), one of the most ancient patrician gentes at Rome, which traced its origin to Hercules and the Arcadian Evander. Its most important members are : (1) K. Pa- bids Viuni,AND8, 3 times consul, b.o. 484, 481, 479. In his third consulship he espoused the cause of the plebeians; but as his proposi- tions were rejected by the patricians, he and his house resolved to quit Rome altogether, where they were regarded as apostates by their own order. Accordingly 30G Fabii, all Eatricians, marched mth the consul at their ead through the Carmental Gate, and pro- ceeded to the banks of the Cremera, where they erected a fortress. Here they took up their abode along with their families and cli- ents, and for 2 years continued to^devaatate the territory of Veil. They were at length destroyed by the Veientes in 477, on the 18th of June, the day on which the Romans were subsequently conquered by the Gauls at the Allia. The whole gens perished with the exception of one individual, from whom all the later Fabii were descended (2) Q. Faui- iis Maximus Rdi.t.ianus, 6 times consul (b.o. FABRATERIA. 165 FAUNUS. 322-296), and the most eminent of the Koman generals in the 2tl Samnite war.— (3) Q. Fa- Bixrs Maximub Gubges, or the Glutton, from the dissoluteness of his youth, son of the last, 3 times consul (292-265).— (4) Q. FabiusMax- iMDS, with the aguomens VERRUoOans, from a wart on his upper lip, OvioulA, or the Lamb, from the milaness or apathy of hie temper, and CuNOTATOB, from his caution in war, was grandson of Fabius Gurgeg. He was ^ times consul (b.o. 233-209). In 217, immediately after the defeat at Trasimenus, Fabiug was appointed dictator. From this period, so long as the war with Hannibal was merely defensive, Fabins became the leading mau at Home. On taking the field he laid down a simple and immutable plan of action. He avoided all direct encounter with the enemy; moved his camp from highland to highland, where the Numidian horse and Spanish in- fantry could not follow him ; watched Hanni- bal's movements with nnrelaxing vigiUxnce, and cat off his stragglers and foragers. His enclosure of Hannibal in one of the upland valleys between Gales and the Vulturnus. and the Carthaginian's adroit escape by driving oxen with blazing fagots fixed to their horns up the hill-sides, are well-known facts. But at Borne and in his own camp the caution of Fabius was misinterpreted; and the people in consequence divided the command between him and M.MinuciusKufus, his master of the horse. Minncius was speedily entrapped , and would have been destroyed by Hanmbal had not Fabius hastened to hia rescue. In the clos- ing years of the 2d Punic war Fabius appears to less advantage. The war had become aggressive under a new race of generals. Faoius disapproved of the new tactics; he dreaded the political suijremacy of Scipio, and was his opponent in his scheme of hivad- ing Africa. He died in 203. — (5) C. Fabius PioTOB, received the surname of Pictor be- cause he iiainted the walls of the temple of Sains, which the dictator C. Junius Brutus Bubnicus dedicated in 302. This is the earli- est Roman painting of which we have any record. — (e) Q. Fabius Piotor, grandson of the last, the most ancient writer of Roman history in prose. He served in the Gallic war in 225, and also in the 2d Punic war. His history, which was written in Greek, be- gan with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy, and came down to his own time. FABRiTERlA (Falvaterra), a Volscian town in Latium, on the right bank of the Trerus, subsequently colonized' by the Ro- mans. FABRSCtLTS (-i), the name of a Roman family, the chief members of which were: (1) 0. Fabrioiub, one of the most popular heroes in the Roman annals. He was consul B.0. 282, and two years afterwards was one of the Roman embassadors sent to Pyrrhus at Tarentura to negotiate a ransom or exchange of prisoners. Pyrrhus used every effort to gain the favor of Fabricius ; but the sturdy Roman was proof against all his seductions, and rejected all his offers. In 278 Fabricius was consul a second time, when he sent back to Pyrrhus the traitor who had offered to poison him. Negotiations werfe then opened, which resulted in the evacuation of Italy by Pyrrhus. .He was censor in 275, and distin- fuished himself by the severity with which e repressed the growing taste for luxury. Ancient writers love to tell of the frugal way in which Fabricius and his contemporary Cu- rius Dentatus lived on their hereditary farms, and how they refused the rich presents which the Samnite embassadors ofl*ered them, Fa- bricius died as poor as he had lived, and left no dowry for his daughters, which the senate furnished. — (2) L. Fabeioius, curator viarum iu B.O. 62, built a new bridge of stone, con- necting the city with the island in the Tiber, and called after him pons Fabrients. This bridge still remains, and bears the name of p07ite qtiattro capi. FAESttLAE (-arum: Fieaole), a city of Etrurift, situated on a hill 3 miles N.E. of Florence. It was the head-quarters of Cati- line's army. FJtLlUII (-orum) or FXLERIUM (-i), a town iu Etruria, situated on a height near Mount Soracte, was originally a Pelnsgic towujbut was afterwards one of the 12 Etrus- can cities. Its inhabitants were called Fa i.is- 01, and were regarded by many as of the panie race as the Aequij whence we find them often called Aequi Falisci. After a long struqgle with Rome, the Faliscans yielded to Camiuut?, B.o. 394. The Faliscans revolted again at the close of the 1st Punic war (b.o. 241), when the Romans destroyed their city. A new town was built on the plain. The white cows of Falerii were valued at Rome for sacriflceB. FiLERNUS AGER, a district in the N. of Campania, extending from the Massic hills to the river Vulturnus. It produced some of the finest wine in Italy, which was reckoned only second to the wine of Setia. FALISCI. [Fai.erit.] FANNiUS (-i) STRlBO (-onis), C, son-in- law of Laelius, introduced by Cicero as a speaker in his De Jiepublica and his Laelitts. F5.NUM FORTtTNAE (FaTw), a town in Umbria at the mouth of the Metanrn?, with a celebrated temple of Fortuna, whence the town derived its name. FARFXRUS. CFabaris.] FAULA or FAUNA. [Faunus.] FAUNUS (-i), son of Picus, grandson of Saturnus, and father of Latinus, was the third in the scries. of the kings of the Laurentes. He was worshiped as the protecting deity of agriculture and of shepherds, and also as a giver of oracles. After the introduction of the worship of the Greek Pan into Italy, Faunns was identified with Pan, and represented, like the latter, with horns and goat's feet. At a later time we find mention of Enuni in the plural. What Faunus was to the male sex, his wife Faula or Fauna was to the fe- male. As the god manifested himself in va- rious ways, the idea arose of a plurality of Fauns (Fauui), who are described as half men, half goats, and with horns. Faunus gradually came to be identified with the Ar- FAUSTA. 166 FIMBRIA. cadian Pun, and the Fauui with the Greek Satyrs. Faunnfl. (Gori, Gem. Ant. Flor, vol. 1, pi. 94.) FATJSTA, CORNELIA (-ne), daughter of the dictator Sulla, wife of Milo, and infamous for her adulteries. FAUSTINA (-ae). (1) Seniob, wife of the emperor Antoninus Pius, notorious for her licentiousness.— (2) Junior, daughter of the elder Fanstina, and wife of the emperor M. Aurelius, also notorious for her profligacy. FAUSTCLUS. [Romut.us.3 FAVENTIA (-ae), a town in Gallia Ciaal- pina, on the river Auemo and on the Via Aemiliu. M. FIVSnIUS C-ae), an imitator of Cato Uticensis, whose chnracter and conduct he copied so servilely as to receive the nicisname of Cato'B ape. FEBRIS (-is), the goddess, or rather the averter, of fever. FEBR'&US (-i), an ancient Italian divinity, to whom the mouth of February was sacred. The name is connected with fehruare (to pu- rify). FSLICiTAS (-atis), the personification of happiness, is frequently seen on Roman med- als, in the form of a matron, with the staff of Mercury and a cornucopia, FELIX (-icia), ANTONIUS (-i), procurator of Judaea, in the reigns of Claudius and Nero. He induced Drusilla, wife of Azizus, king of Eniesa, to leave her husband; and she was still living with him in a.i». GO, when St. Paul preached before him '* of righteousness, tem- perance, and judgment to come." FELSINA. [BoNONiA.] FENNI (-oruni), a savage people, reckoned by Tacitus among the Germans. They prob- ably dwelt in the farther part of E. Prussia, and were the same as the modern Finns. FfiRENTlNUM (-i). (1) A town of Etru- ria, S. of Volsiuii, birthplace of the emperor Otho, — (2) Au ancient town of the Hernici in Latium, S. W. of Auagnia, colonized by the Romans in the 2d Punic war. FSRENTUM. [FoBENxua.] FERETRiUS (-i), a surname of Jupiter, derived from ferire, to strike; for persons who took an oath called upon Jupiter to strike them if they swore uilsely, as they struck the victim which they sacrificed. Others derived it from ferre, because people dedicated iferebant) to him the spolia opinia. PERONIA (-ae), an ancient Italian divini- ty, whose chief sanctuary was at Terracina, near Monut Soracte. At her festival at this place a great fair was held. FESCENNiUM (-i) or FESCENNIA (-ae), a town of the Falisci in Etruria, and conse- quently, like Falerii, of Pelasgic origin. [Fa- LRRiT.] Prom this town the Romaus are said to have derived the Feacennine songs. FESTUS, SEXT. POMPEIUS (-i), a Roman grammarian in the 4th century of our era, the author of a dictionary or glossary of Lat- in words and phrases, of which a considerable portion is extant. FESTUS, PORCIUS (-i), succeeded Anto- niuB Felix as procurator of Judaea in a.d. 62. It was he who bore testimony to the inno- cence of St. Paul, when he defended himself before him iu the same year. FICAnA (-ae), one of the ancient Latin towns destroyed by Ancns Martins. FlCIJ'LilA (-ae), an ancient town of the Sabiuej, E. of Fidenae. PIDENAE (-arum), sometimes FIDENA (-ae: Castel Giuhileo), an ancient town in the land of the Sabines, 5 miles N.E. of Rome, situated on a steep hill between the Tiber and the Anio. It is said to have been con- quered and colonized by Romulus ; but it was probably colonized by the Etruscan Veil, with which city we find it in close alliance. It fre- quently revolted, and was frequently taken by the Romans. Its last revolt was iu b.o. 438, and iu the following year it was destroyed by the Romans, but was afterwards rebuilt, FIDENTIA (-ae), a town in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Via Aemilia, between Parma and Placentia. FIDES (-ei), the personification of faithful- ness, worshiped as a goddess at Rome. FIDIUS, an ancient form of Jilius, occurs in the connection of Diiis FidiuSy or Medixta Fidius, that is, me Diim {£:^i6>!) fdiits^ or the son of Jupiter, that is, Hercules. Hence the expression meditis fidius is equivalent to me Hercules scil. juvet. Sometimes Fidius is used alone. Some of the ancients comugcXgA fidiua y/\i\\ fides. FiGtJLUS, P. NIGIDIUS (-i), a Roman senator and Pythagorean philosopher, of high reputation, who flourished about it.o. 60. FIMBRIA (-ae), C. FLiVlUS (-i). (1) A jurist and an orator, consul it.o. 104.— (2) Son of the preceding, and one of the most violent partisans of Mnrius and Cinna during the civil war with Sulla. In jj.o. SO he was sent FIRMUM. 167 FOKTUNA. into Asia as legate of Valerius Placcus, whom he induced the soldiers to put to death. He then carried on war against Mithridates; but in 84 he was attacked by Snlla, and being de- serted by his troops, put an end to his life. FIRMUM (-i), a town in Picenum, 3 miles from the coast. FLACCUS, FULViUS (-i), the name of two distinguished families in the Fulvia and Va- leria geutes. Man^ of the members of both families held the highest offices in the state ; but the best known are; (1) M. Fui.titjs Flaooub, the friend of the Gracchi, consul iu K.0. 125, and one of the triumvirs for carrying into execution the agrarian law of Tib. Grac- chns. He was slain, together with C. Grac- chus, in 121.— (2) L; Valerius Flaoops, consul iu B.C. 100, with Marius, when he took an act- ive part in putting down the insurrection of Saturninns. In 86 he was chosen consul in place r»f Marius, and was then sent into Asia against Mithridates, but was put to death by his soldiers at the instigation of Fimbria.— (3) L.Va7,kihu8 Flaoods, a native of Padua, who lived in the time of Vespasian, and wrote the Argonautica, an unfinished heroic poem, in 8 books, on the Argonantic expedition, which is extaiit. FLACCUS, HOrXtIUS. [Hobatiub.] FLAMiNlNUS, T. QUINTlUS (-i), consul in B.o. 198, had the conduct of the war against Philip of Macedonia, whom he defeated at the battle of Cynoscephalae, in Thessaly, in 197, and compelled to sue for peace. FLAMlNiUS, C. <-i), consul for the first time in n.o. 223, when he gained a victory over the lusubrian Gauls ; and censor in 220, when he executed two great works, which bore his name, viz., the Circus Flarniniua and the Via Flaminia. In hie second consulship (217) he was defeated and slain by Hannibal, at the battle of the Trasimene lake; FLiViA GENS, celebrated as the house to which the emperor Vespasian belonged. Durinof the later period of the Roman em- pire the name Flavins descended from one emperor to another, Constantius, the father of Constantine the Great, being the first in the series. FLAVIUS FIMBRIA. [Fimbria.] FLlVJUS JOSEPHUS. [Josepuus.] FLAVIUS VOPISCUS. tVopisous.] FLSVUM (-i), a fortress iu Germany, at the mouth of the Amisia {Ems). FLEVUM, FLEVO. [Rhenub-I FLORA (-ae), the Koman goddess of flow- ers and spring, whose annual festival (Flora- lia) was celebrated from the 28th of April till the 1st of May, with extravagant merriment and lasciviousnese. FLORENTiA (-ae : Firenze, Flormce)^ n town in Etruria, and subsequently a Roman colony, situated on the Arnus ; but its great- ness as a city dates from the middle ages. FLORUS, L. ANNAEUS (-i), a Roman his- torian, lived nnder Trajan and Hadrian, and wrote a summary of Roman history, which is extant, divided into 4 books, extending from the foundation of the city to the time of An- gus tn a. FLOltUS, JtTLlUS (-i), a poet and an ora- tor, addressed by Horace in 2 epistles. FONTSIUS, M. (-i), propraetor in Narbo- nese Gaul, between b.o. 76 and 73, accused in 69 of extortion in his province, and defended by Cicero in an oration, part of which is ex- tant. FORENTUM or FERBNTUM (-i), a town in Apulia, surrounded by fertile fields and iu a low situation, according to Horace. FORMIAE (-arum: nr. Mola di Gaeta, Ru.), a very ancient town in Latium, on the Appia Via, in the innermost corner of the beautiful Sinus Caietanus {Gulf of Gaeta). It was founded by the Pelasgic Tyrrhenians, and was the fabled abode of Lamus and the Lae- strygones. Near this place were numerous villas of the Koman nobles : of these the best known is the Formianum of Cicero, in the neighborhood of which he was killed. The hilm of Formiae produced good wine. FOKNAX (-acis)^ a Roman goddess, who presided over baknig the corn in the oven (/omoiv), and who was worshiped at the fes- tival of the Fornacalia. FORTtTNA (-ae), called Ttohb by the Greeks, the goddess of fortune, worshiped both in Greece and Italy. She was represent- ed with dift'erent attributes. With a nidder, she was conceived as the divinity guiding and conducting the affairs of the world ; with a ball, she represented the varying unsteadi- ness of fortune; with Plutus, or the horn of Amalthea, she was the symbol of the plenti- ful gifts of fortune. She was more worshiped by the Romans than by the Greeks. Her worship was of great importance also at An- Flora. (From an nscient statue,) FORTUNATAE. 168 TRANCI. Hum and Praeneste, where her aortes or ora- cles were very celebrated. Fortnna. (Dronzo In the British MuBeam.) FORTtNATAE or -5EUM INStJLAE, "the Islands of the Blessed." The early Greeks, as we learn from Homer, placed the Elysian fields, into which favored heroes passed without dying, at the extremity of the earth, near the river Oceaiins. [Elysium.] In poems later than Homer, an Islatid is spok- en of as their abode ; and though its posi- tion was of course indefinite, the poets, and the geographers who followed them, placed it beyond the pillars of Hercules. Hence when certain islands were discovered iu the ocean, off the W. coast of Africa, the name of Fortu- natae Insulae was applied to them. They are now called the CaTiwy and Madeira islands. FOR^LI <-6rum), a email town of.the Sa- biues, near the junction of the Himella with the Tiber. FORTJM (-!}, an open space of ground in which the public met for the transaction of public business, and for the sale and purchase of provisions. The number of fora increased at Rome with the growth of the city. They were level pieces of ground of an oblong form, and were siirroundedby buildings, both pri- vate and public. The principal fora at Rome were: (1) FoifOM Romanum, also called sim- ply the Forum^ and at a later time dit?tin- gnished by the epithets vetus or magnuTn. It lay between the Capltoline and Palatine hills, and ran lengthwise from the foot of the Cap- itol or the arch of Septimius Severus in the direction of the arch of Titus; but it did not extend quite so far as to the latter. The or- igin of the forum is ascribed to Romulus and Tntins', who are said to have filled up the fciwamp or marsh which occupied its site, and to have set it apart as a place for the admin- istration of justice and for holding the assem- blies of the people. The forum, in its widest sense, included the forum properly so called and the comitium. The comitium occupied the narrow or upper end of the forum, and was the place where the patricians met in their comitia cnriata; the forum, in its nar- rower sense, was originally only a market- place, and was not used for any political pur- pose. At a later time, the forum, in its nar- rower sense, was the place of meeting for the plebeians in their comitia tributa, and was separated from the comitium by the rostra, or platform, from which the orators addressed the people- In the time of Tarqnin the forum was surrounded by a ranee of shops, proba- bly of a mean character, out they gradually underwent a change, and were eventually occupied by bankers and money-changers. As Rome grew in greatness the forum was adorned with statues of celebrated men, with temples and basilicae, and with other public buildings. The site of the ancient forum is occupied by the Campo Va€cino.~^{2) FoBtna JuLiuM or FoBUM Caksabis, built near the old forum by Julius Caesar, because the latter was found too small for the transaction of Sublic business. — (3) Fobum Atjgusti, built y Augustus, behind the Forum Jnlium. — (4) FonuM Nkrvak or Fobum Tbanbitobium, was a small forum lying between the Temple of Peace and the fora of Julius Caesar and Augustus. It was built by Nerva, and was intended to serve as a passage between the Temple of Peace and the fora of Caesar and of Augustus. Hence Its name. — (5) Pobpm Tbajani, built by the emperor Trajan, be- tween the forum of Augustus and the Cam- pus Martius. FORUM, the name of several towns, orig- inally siinply markets or places for the ad- ministration of justice. (1) Appit, in Latium, on the Appia Via, in the midst of the Pomp- tine marshes, 43 miles S.E. of Rome, founded by the censor Appius Claudius when he made the Appia Via, Here the Christians from Rome met the apostle Paul.~(2) Jdlti or Ju- LiuM {Frejti8)f a Roman colony founded by Julius Caesar, u.a 44, in Gallia Narbonensis, on the coast; the birthplace of Agricola.— (3) JonUM. See Ii^lituboib. FOSI (-orum), a people of Germany, the neighbors and allies of the Cherusci, in whose fate they shared. [CnnRDSOi.] FOSSA (-ae) or FOSSAE (-arum), a canal. (IJ Cluii-ia or CLtrii.iAE, a trench about 6 miles from Rome, said to have been the ditch with which the Alban king Cluilius protected his camp when he marched against Rome in the reign of Tnllus Hostilius. — (2) Dbdsianah or DBnsiMAE, a canal which Drusus caused his soldiers to dig in n.o. 11, uniting the Rhine with the Tssei. — (3) Mariana or Mabiawae, a canal dng by command of Marius during his war with the Cimbri, in order to connect the Rhone with the Mediterranean. — (4) Xebxis. See At?iob. FRANCI (-orum), i. e. " the Free men," a confederacy of German tribes, formed on the Lower Rhine in the place of the ancient league FREGELLAE. 169 rRISII. of the Cherusci After carrying; on frequent wars with the Romans they at length settled permanently in Gaul, of which they became the rulers under their king Clovis, a.d. 496. FREGELLAE (-arum : Ceprcmo\ a town of the Volsci on the Liris in Latium, conquered by the Romans, and colonized in b.c. 328. FRfiGENAE, sometimes called FREGEL- LAE {-arum), a town of Etruria, on the coast between Alsmm and the Tiber, colonized by the Romans, u.c. 24C. FRENTl.NI (orum) a Samnite people dwelling on the coast of the Ad jatic, from the river Sagrus on the N. (and subsequently almost as far N. as from the Aternus) to the river Frento on the S., from which they de- rived their name. They submitted to the Romans in b.o. 304. FRENTO (-Onis: Fortore), a river in Italy^ forming the boundary between the Frentani and Apulia, and falling into the Adriatic Sea. i^RlSil (-orum), a i>eop]e in Germany, in- FRONTINUS. 170 GAIUS. habiting the coast from the E. mouth of the Rhine to the Amisia (iJms), aud boiuKled on the S. by the Bracteri. In the 5th century they joined the Saxons aud Angli in their in- vasion of Britain. PRONTINUS, SEX. JULIUS (-i), governor* of Britain (a.u. 75-78), where he distinguished himself by the conquest of the Silures. He was the author of two treatises that are still extant — one on the art of war, aud another on the Roman aqueducts. He was nomina- ted Curator Aqitarwm, or Supevlu leu dent of the Aqueducts, in 97 ; died in t06. FRONTO (-onis), M. CORNELIUS (-i), a celebrated rhetorician in the reigns of Hadri- an and M. Aurelius, born at Cirta in Nnmidia. He was intrnsted with the education of M. Aurelins and L.Verus, and was rewarded with wealth and honors. A few fragments of his works are extant. FRtJSiNO (-onis), a town of the Hemici in Latinm, and subsequently a Roman colony. FtrCENTIS, FUCENTIA. [At.ba, No. 1.] FtTCiNUS LACUS (Logo di Celano or Ca- pi8trano)f a large lake in the centre of Italy and in the country of the Marsi, about 30 miles in circumference, into which all the mountain streams of the Apennines flow. As the waters of this lake frequently inundated the surrounding country, the emperor Clau- dius constructed an eraissarium or artificial channel for carrying oif the waters of the lake into the river Liris. This emissarium is near- ly perfect: it Is almost 3 miles in length. FtJFlUS CALENUS. [Calentjb.] FULVlA (-ae). (1) The mistress of Q. Cu- rius, one of Catiline's conspirators, who di- vulged the plot to Cicero. — (2) A daughter of M. Fulvius Bambalio of Tuscnlum, and suc- cessively the wife of P. Clodius, C. Scribonius Curio, aud M. Antony ; died b.o. 40. FULVIUS FLACCUS. [Flacous.] FULVIUS NOBILIOR. [Nobiliok.3 FUNDANiUS (-i), a writer of comedies, praised by Horace. FUNDI (-orum : Fonrfi), an ancient town in Latium on the Appia Via, at the head of a narrow bay of the sea, running a considerable way Into the land, called the Laous Funda- Nus. The surrounding country produced good wine. FURCCLAE CAUDINAE. CCaubidm.] PtjRiAE. [EOMENIDES.] FlfRlUS BIBACttLUS. [Bibaoulus.] FURIUS CAMILLUS. [Camillub.] FUSCUS ARISTSUS (-i), a-friend of the poet Horace, who addressed to him an ode and an epistle. G. GXbXLI (-Brum), a people in Gallia Aqni- taiiica, whose chief towu was Andei'itum (Anterieux). GABII (-flrnm), a town in Latinm, on the Lacus Qabinus between Kome and Praeneste, a colony from Alba Longa; aud the place, according to tradition, wnere Romulus was brought up. It was taken by Tarquiuins Su- perbus by stratagem, and was in ruins in tlie time of Augustus. The cinctus Gabinus, a peculiar mode of wearing the toga at Eome, appears to have been derived from this town. In its neio^hborhood are the stone quarries from which a part of Rome was built. GlBINIUS, A. (-i), tribune of the plebs D.C. 60, when he carried a law conferring upon Pompey the command of the war against the pirates, and consul in 58, when he took part in the banishment of Cicero. In 57 he went to Syria as proconsul, and restored Ptolemy Anletes to the throne of Egypt, in opposition to a decree of the senate. On his. return to Eome in 54 he was accused both of majestas and repetuv^ae. He was defended by Qcero. He was condemned on the latter clause, and went into exile. In the civil war he fought on the side of Caesar. He died about the end of 11.0.48. GXDXRA, a large fortified city of Pales- tine, situated on an eastern tributary of the Jordan. GADES (-lum : Cadiz), a very ancient town in Hispania Baetica, fonnded by the Phoeni- cians, and one of the chief seats of their com- merce in the W. of Enrope, situated on a small island of the same name (I. de Leon), separated from the mainland by a narrow channel. Herodotus says (iv. 8) that the isl- and of Erytbia was close to Gadeira ; whence most later writers supposed the island of Ga- des to be the same as the mythical island of Brythia, from which Hercules carried off the oxen of Geryon. Its inhabitants received the Roman franchise from Julius Caesar. GAEA (-ae) or GB (-es), called TELLUS by the Romans, the personification of the earth, is described as the first being that sprung from Chaos, aud gave birth to Uranus (Heav- en) and Pontus (Sea). By Uranus she be- came the mother of the Titans, who were hated by their father. Ge therefore concealed them in the bosom of the earth ; and she made a large iron sickle, with which Cronos (Saturn) mutilated Uranus. Ge or Tellns was regarded by both Greeks and Romans as one of the gods of the nether world, and hence is frequently mentioned where they are In- voked. GAETETLIA (-ae), the interior of N. Africa, S. of Mauretauia, Numidia, and the region bordering on the Syrtes, reaching to the At- lantic Ocean on the W., and of very indefinite extent towards the E. and S. The pure Gae- tilli were not an Aethiopic (i e. negro), but a Libyan race, and were most probably of Asi- atic origin. They are probably the ancestors of the Berbers. GiiUS or CAIUS (-i), a celebrated Roman jurist, who wrote under Antoninus Pins and il. Aurelins. One of his chief wurks was an GALANTHIS. 171 GALINTHIAS. elementnry treatise on Roman law, entitled InatitutioneSf in 4 books, which was the ordi- nary text-book used by those who were com- mencing the study of the Roman law, until the compilation of the Institutiones of Jus- tinian. It was lost for centuries, until dis* covered by Niebuhr in 1816 at Verona. QXLANTHIS. [GALiNTinAS.] GALXTEA (-ae), daughter of Nereus and Doris. [Aois.] GAlXTIA or -lA (-ae), a country of Asia Minor, composed of parts of Phrygia and Cap- padocia, and bounded on the W., S^ and S.B. ny those countries, and on the N.B., N., and N.W. by Pontus, Paphlagonia, and Bithynia. It derived its name from its inhabitants, who were Gauls that had invaded and settled in Asia Minor at various periods during the 3d century b,o. They speedily overran all Asia Minor within the Taurus, aud exacted tribute from its various princes ; but Attalus I. gained a comolete victory over them (b.o. 230), and compelled them to settle down within the limits of the country thenceforth called Gnla- tia, and also, on account of the mixture of Greeks with the Celtic Inhabitants, which speedily took place, Graeco-Galatia aud Gal- lograecia. The people of Galatia adopted tO a great extent Greek habits and manners and religious observances, but preserved their own language. They retained also their po- litical divisions and forms of government. They consisted of 3 great tribes — the Tolisto- bogi, the Trocmi, and the Tectosages — each subdivided into 4 parts, called by the Greeks Tetrarchies. At the head of each of these 12 tetrarchies was a chief or tetrarch. At length one of the tetrarchs, Beiotabos, was reward- ed for his services to the Romans in the Mith- ridatic wnr by tiie title of king, together with a grant of Pontus and Armenia Minor; and after the death of his successor, Amyntas, Galatia was made by Augustus a Roman province (b.o. 26). Its only important cities were — in the S. W., Pebbintjs, the capital of the Tolistobogi ; in the centre Anoyba, the capi- tal of the Tectosages ; and in the N.E., Tavi- um, the capital of the Trocmi. From the Epistle of St Paul to the Galatians. we learn that the Christian churches iu Galatia con- sisted in great part of Jewish converts. Coin of Gnlatla, with tbo head of Roman emporor. GALBA (-ae), the name of a distinguished family in the Sulpicia gens,— (1) P. Sulpioius 6AT.BA, twice consul, b.o. 211 and 200, and in both consnlships carried on war against Philip, king of Macedonia. — (2) Seb. Sm.noius Galba, praised by Cicero ou account of his oratory, praetor in IBl, when he treacherously murdered a large number of Lusitanians, and consul in 144. — (3) Seb. Sdi-pioius Galba, Ro- man emperor, June, a.d. 68, to JanuarVj a.d. 69, was born b.o. 3. After his consulship he had the government of Gaul, a.d. 39, where he carried on a successful war against the Germans, and restored discipline among the troops. Nero gave him, in a.i>. 61, the gov- ernment of Hispania Tarraconensis, where he remained for 8 years. When Nero was mur- dered, Galba proceeded to Rome, where he was acknowledged as emperor. But his se- verity and avarice soon made him unpopular with the soldiers, by whom he was murdered, at the instigation of Otho. GiLENUS, CLAUDIUS (-i), commonly called Galen, a very celebrated physician, bom at Pergamum, a.d. 130, He was care- fully educated by his father, Nicon, who, in consequence of a dream, chose for him the profession of medicine. This subject he first studied at Pergamum, afterwards at Smyrna, Corinth, and Alexandria. He practiced ia his native city, and at Rome, where he at- tended the emperors M. Aurelius and L. Ve- rus. He died about A.n. 200, at the age of 70, in the reign of Septimius Severus. He wrote a great number or works on medical and phil- osophical subjects. There are still extant 83 treatises which are acknowledged to be his, besides many that are spurious or doubtful. GALEPSUS (-i), a town in Macedonia, on the Toronaic gulf. GALERIUS MAXiMiXNUS. [Maximia- MUS.] GXLESUS (-i), a river in the S. of Italy, flowing into the gulf of Tarentum through the meadows where the sheep grazed whose wool was so celebrated in antiquity. G5.LEUS (-i), that is, " the lizard," son of Apollo and ThemistOf from whom the Gale- Ota b, tt family of Sicilian soothsayers, derived their origin. The principal seat of the Gale- otae was the town of Hybla, which was hence called Gat.eCtis or Galeatis. QXlSLAEA (-ae), at the birth of Christ was the N.-most of the 3 divisions of Pales- tine W. of the Jordan. Its inhabitants were a mixed race of Jews, Syrians, Phoeni- cians, Greeks, and others, and were there- fore despised by the Jews of Judaea. GXLINTHIAS (-fidis) or GXLANTHIS (-idis), daughter of Proetus of Thebes, and a friend of Alcmene. When AJcmene was on the poiut of giving birth to Hercules, and the Moerae and Ilithyiae, at the re- qtiestof Hera (Juno), were endeavoring to delay the birth, Galinthias suddenly rush- ed iu with the false report that Alcmene had given birth to a son. The hostile god- desses were so surprised at this informa- tion that they dropped their arms. Thus the charm was broken, and Alcmene was enabled to give birth to Hercules. The delud- ed goddesses avenged the deception practiced upon them by metamorphosing Galinthias into a weasel lya\n). Hecate, however, took pity upon her, aud made her her attendant, GALLAECIA. 172 GALLUS. and Hercnles afterwards erected a sanctuary to her. GALLAECIA (-ae), the country of the Gal- LAEOi or Callaeci in the N. of Spain, be- tween the Astures and the Dariua. Its in- habitants were some of the most uncivilized in Spain. They were defeated with great slaughter by D. Brutus, consul b.o. 138, who obtained in consequence the surname of Gal- laecos. GALLlA (-ae), in its widest acceptation, indicated all the land inhabited by the Galli or Celtae, but, in its narrower sense, was applied to two countries : — (1) Gallia, also caned Gallia Tbansalpina or Gallia Ulte- BioB, to distinguish it from Gallia Cisalpina, or the N. of Italy. In the time of Augustus it was bounded on the S. by the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean; on the B. by the river Varus and the Alps, which separated it from Italy, and by the river Rhine, which separat- ed it from Germany ; on the N. by the Ger- man Ocean and the English Channel ; and on the W. by the Atlantic: thus including not only the whole of France and Belgium, out a part of Holland, a great part of Switzerland, and all the provinces of Germany W. of the Hhine. The Greeks, at a very early period, became acquainted with the S. coast of Gaul, where they founded, in b.o. 600, the important town of Mabbilia. The Romans commenced the conquest of Gaul b.o. 125, and a few years afterwards made the southeastern part of the countrj[ a Roman province. In Caesar's Com- mentaries the Roman province is called sim- ply ProvinciOf in contradistiuctiou to the rest of the country • hence comes the modern name of Provence. The rest of the country was sub- dued by Caesar after a struggle of several years (58-50). At this time Gaul was divided into 3 ^RTts—Aquitania^ Celtica^ and Belgica — accordmg to the 3 dift'erent races by which it was inhabited. The Aquitania dwelt in the S.W., between the Pyrenees and the Garum- na ; the Celtae, or Galli proper, in the centre and W., between the Garumna and the Se- quana and the Matrona ; and the Belgae in the N.E., between the two last-mentioned rivers and the Rhine. Of the many tribes inhabiting Gallia Celtica, none were more powei-fiil than the Aedui, the Sequani, and the Helvetii. Augustus divided Gaul into 4 provinces: 1. Oalfia Narhonensia, the same as the old Provincia. 2. Q. Aquitanica, which extended from the Pyrenees to the Liger. 3. G. LugduTiensiSf the country between the Liger, the Sequana, and the Arar, so called from the colony of Lngduuum {Lyont))^ found- ed by Munatius Plancus. 4. O. Belgica^ the country between the Sequana, the Arar, and the Rhine. Shortly afterwards the portion of Belgica bordering on the Rhine, and in- habited by German tribes, was subdivided into 2 new provinces, called Germania Prima and Secunaa, or Germania Superior and In- ferior. The Latin language gradually became the language of the inhabitants, and Roman civilization took deep root in all parts of the country. The rhetoricians and poets of Gaul occupy a distinguished place in the later his- tory of Roman literatnre. On the dissolution of the Roman empire, Gaul, like the other Roman provinces, was overrun by barbari- ans, and the greater part of it finally became subject to the Franci or Franks, under their king Clovis, about a.i>. 496. — (2) Gallia Cis- alpina, also called G. Citebior and G. To- OATA, a Roman province in the N. of Italy, was bounded on the W. by Liguria and Gal- lia Narbonensis (from which it was sepai'ated by the Alps), and on the N. by Rhaetia and Noricum ; on the E. by the Adriatic and Ve- netia (from which it was separated by the Athesis), and on the S. by Etruria and Um- bria (from which it was separated by the river Rubicon). It was divided by the Fo into Gallia Tbahspadana, also called Italia Teambpadama, in the N., and Gallia Cispa- DANA, in the S. It was originally inhabited by Liguriane, Umbrians, Etruscans, and other races ; but its fertility attracted the Gauls, who at different periods crossed the Alps, and settled in the country, after expelling the original inhabitants. After the Ist Funic war the Romans conquered the whole coun- try, and formed it into a Roman province. The inhabitants, however, did not hear the yoke patiently, and it was not till after the final defeat of the Boii in 191 that the country became submissive to the Romans. The most important tribes were: In Gallia Transpada- na, in the direction of W. to B., the Taubini, Salassi, Liuici, iNBTJitRES, Cenomami ; in G. Cispadana, in the same direction, the Boii, LiNGONEB, SemONEB. GALLIBNUS (-i), Roman emperor, a.d. 260-268, succeeded his father Valerian, when the latter was taken prisoner by the Persians in 260. Gallienus was indolent, profligate, and Indifferent to the public welfare ; and his reign was one of (he most ignoble and disas- trous in the history of Rome. Numerous usurpers spvuug up in different parts of the empire, who are commonly distinguished as The Thirty Tprants. Gallienus was slain by his own soldiers in 268, while besieging Mi- lan, in which the usurper Aureolus had taken refuge. GALLlNlRiA (-ae). (1) An island off the coast of Liguria, celebrated for its number of hens, whence its name.— (2) Silva, a forest of pine-trees near Cumae in Campania. GALLOGRAEClA. [Galatia.] GALLUS, C. CORNELIUS (-1), a Roman poet, born in Forum Julii {Frejua) in Gaul, about B.o. 66, went to Italy at an early age, and rose to distinction under Julius Caesarand Augustus. He was appointed by the latter the first prefect of the province of Egypt ; but having incurred the displeasure of Augustus while he was in Egypt, the senate sent him into exile; whereupon he put an end to his life, B.o. 26. Gallus lived on intimate terms with Asinius Pollio, Virgil, Varus, and Ovid, and the latter assigns to him the first place among the Roman elegiac poets. All his productions have perished, GALLUS, TRfiBONIANUS (-i), Roman emperor, a-d. 251-254, and the successor of Decius, purchased a peace with the Goths on very dishonorable terms, and was afterwards put to death by his own soldiers. GALLUS. 173 GEDROSIA. GALLUS <-i), a mer in Galatia, falling into the Saugarius, near Peasinas. From it the priests ofCybele are said to have obtained their namfe of 6a11i. GANDAKIDAE, GANDARITAE. orGAN- DARAE (-arum), an Indian people, in the middle of the Pnnjab, between the rivers Acesines (Chenah) and Hydraotes (Ravee), whose king, at the time of Alexander's inva- sion, was a cousin and namesake of the cele- brated Porus. GANGES (-is), the greatest river of India, which it divided into the 2 parts named by the ancients India intra Gancem {Hindostan), and India extra Gangem {BurTtiahf Cochin ChinUj Siam, and the Malay Peninsula). It rises in the highest part of the Eraodl Montea (Himalaya\ and flows by several mouths into the head of the Gangeticus Sinus {Bay of Ben- gal). The knowledge of the ancients respect- ing it was very imperfect. GlNYMlDBS (-is), son of Tros and Cal- livrboe, and brother of IIus and Assaracus, was the most beautiful of all mortals, and was carried oflfby the gods that he might All the cap of Zeus (Jupiter), and live among the immortal gods. This is the Homeric account ; GtinymedeB. but other traditions ^ive different details. He is called the son either of Laomedon, or of Hub, or of Erichthonius, or of Assaracus. Later wi'iters state that Zeus himself carried ' him off, in the form of an eagle, or by means ef his eagle. There is, fUrther, no agreement as to the place where the event occnrred; though later writers usually represent him as carried off from Mount Ida. Zeus compen^ sated the father for his loss by a pair of di- vine horses. Astronomers placed Ganymedes among the stars under the name of Aquarius. His name was sometimes corrupted in Latin into Gatamitus. GAHXMANTES (-urn), the S.-most people known to the ancients in N. Africa, dwelt far S. of the Great Syrtis in the region called Phazania {Fezzan)^ where they had a capital city, Gfirilma. They are mentioned by He- rodotus as a weak, uuwarlike people. GARGANUS MONS {Mire on the S.E., and one of the subdivisions of Ariana, bounded on the W. by Carmania, on the N. by Draugiana and Arachosia, on the E. by India, or, as the country about the lower conrse of the Indus was called, ludo-Scythin, and on the S. by the Mare Erythraeum, or Indian Ocean. It is known In history chiefly through the distress Buffered for want of water, in passing through it, by the army of Alexander. GELA. 3 74 GENIUS. GSLA (-ae), a city on the S. coast of Sicily, on a river of the same name, foiindea by Kho- dians from Lindas, and by Cretans, b.u. C90. It soon obtained great power and wealth ; and, in 582, it founded Agrigentum. Gelou transported half of its inhabitants to Syra- cuse: the place gradually fell into decay, and in the time of Augustus was not inhabited. The poet Aeschylus died here. GELDtJBA (-ae: Gelb, below Cologne), a fortified place of the Ubii, on the Bhine, in Lower Germany. GELLlUS, ATJLtJS (-i), a Latin grammari- an, who lived about a.i>. 117-180. He wrote A work, still extant, containing numerous ex- tracts from Greek and Roman writers, which he called Noct£s Atticae,^ because it was com- posed near Athens, during the long nights of winter, GELSN (-ouis), tyrant of Gela, and after- wards of Syracuse, became master of his na- tive city, 11.0. 491. In 485 he obtained the supreme power in Syracuse, and henceforth endeavored, in every possible way, to enlarge and enrich it. In 480 he gained a brilliant victory at Himera over the Carthaginians, who had invaded Sicily with an immense army, on the very same day as that of Salamis. He died in 478, after reigning 7 years at Syra- cuse. He is represented as a man of singular leniency and moderation, and as seeking in every way to promote the welfare of his sub- jects. GELONI (-orum), a Scythian people, dwell- ing in Sarmatia Asiatica, to the B. of the river Tanais (Don). GEMONIAE (scalae) or GSMSNII (gra- dus), a flight of steps cut out of the Aventine, down which the bodies of criminals strangled in the prison were dragged, and afterwards thrown into the Tiber. GENiBDM or CSNXBUM (-i : Orleans), a town in Gallia Lugdunensie, on the N. bank of the Ligeris, the chief town of the Carnutes, subsequeutly called Civitas Aurelianorum, or Aurelianensis Urbs, whence its modern name. GSNAUNI (-Orum), a people in Vindelicia, the inhabitants of the Alpine valley now called Valle di Non, subdued by Drusus. GSNSVA or GENAVA (-ae: Geneva), the last town of the AUobroges, on the frontiers of the Helvetii, situated on the S. bank of the Khone, at the spot where the river flowed out of the Lacus Lemannus. There waa a bridge here over the Rhone. GENITRIX (-Icis), that is, " the mother," used by Ovid, as a surname of Cybele, in the place of mater, or magna mater; but it is bet- ter known as a sui'uame of Venus, to whom Caesar dedicated a temple at Borne, as the mother of the Julia gens. GfiNlUS (-i), a protecting spirit, analogous to the guardian angels invoked by the Church of Rome. The belief in such spirits existed both in Greece and at Rome. The Greeks called them Daemons (Saifjovef) ; and the poets represented them as dwelling on earth, wine GenluB. (A MoBflic, from Pompeii.) GENSKKIC. 175 GERMANICUS. nnseen by mortale, as the ministers of Zeus (Jnpiter), and as the gaardiaus of men and of justice. The Greek philosophers took up this idea, and taught that daemons were assigned to men at the moment of their birth, that they accompanied men through life, and after death conducted their souls to Hades. The Romans seem to have received their notions respecting the genii from the Etruscans, though the name Genius itself is Latin (con- nected with gv-gn~o, gen^ui^ and equivalent in meaning to generator, or father). According to the opinion of the liomans, every human l)eing at his birth obtained a genius, whom he worshiped as sanctus et saTictisaimua deus, especially on his birthday, with libations of wme, incense, and garlands offlowers. The bridal bed was sacred to the genius, on ac- count of his connection with generation, and the bed itself was called lectus genialia, Ou other merry occasions, also, sacrifices were of- fered to the genius, and to indulge in merri- ment was not unfrequently expressed by ge- nio indulgere, genium curare or placare. Ev- ery place had also its genius. The genii are usually represented in works of art as winged beings. The genius of a place appears in the form of a serpent eating fruit placed before him. GENSERIC, king of the Vandals, and the most terrible of all the barbariau invaders of the empire. In a.t>. 429 he crossed over from Spain, and made himself master of the whole of N. Africa. In 455 he took Rome, and plun- dered it for 14 days. He died in 477, at a treat age. He was an Arian, and persecuted is Catholic subjects. GENTlUS (-i), king of the Illyriane, con- quered by the Romans, n.o. 168. GENCA (-ac: Genoa], an important com- mercial town in Li^ria, situated at the ex- tremity of the Ligurian gulf (Gu^ of Genoa), and subsequently a Roman municlpinm. GfiNtJSUS (-i), a river in Greek Illyrio, N. of the Apsns. GEPIDAE (-arnm), a Gothic people, who fought under Attila, and afterwards settled in Dacia, on the banks of the Danube. They were conquered by the Laugobardi or Lom- bards. GfiRAESTUS (-i), a promontory and har- bor at the S. extremity of Euboea, with a cel- ebrated temple of Poseidon (Neptune). GSRXmSA (-ae), a range uf mountains, running along the W. coast of Megaris, ter- minating in the promontory Olmiae in the Corinthian territory. GSRSNIA (-ae), an ancient town in Messe- nia, the birthplace of Nestor, who is hence called Gerenian. GERGOvSA (-ae). (1) A fortified town of the Arverni in Gaul, situated on a hi"^ and inaccessible hill, W. or S.W. of the Elaver (Allier), probably in the neighborhood of the modern Clermont— (2) A town of the Boii in Gaul, of uncertain site. GERMANIA (-ae), a countir bounded by the Rhine on the \V"., by the Vistula and the Carpathian mountains on the E., by the Dan- ube on the S., and by the German Ocean aud the Baltic on the N. It thus included much more than modern Germany on the N. and E., but much less in the W, and S. The N. and N.E. of Gallia Belgica were likewise called Germania Prima and Secunda under the Roman emperors CGalua] ; and it was in contradistinction to these provinces that Germania proper was also called Gbkmamia Magna, or G. Tuansrhrnana, or G. Barbara. The inhabitants were called Gebmani by the Romans. Tacitus says that Germani was the name of the Tungri, who were the flrst Ger- man people that crossed the Rhine ; and as these were the flrst German tribes with which the Romans came in contact, they extended the name to the whole nation. The Germans were a branch of the great Indo-Germauic race, who, along with the Celts, migrated into Europe from the Caucasus, and the countries around the Black and Caspian seas, at a pe- riod long anterior to historical records. They are described as a people of high stature and of great bodily strength, with fair complex- ions, blue eyes, and yellow or red hair. Many of their tribes were nomad, and every year changed their place of abode. The men fpund their chief delight in the perils and excite- ment of war. The women were held in high honor. Their chastity was without reproach. Both sexes were equally disiinguished for their unconquerable love of liberty. In eacli tribe we flud the people divided into 4 class- es : the nobles, the freemen, the freedmen or vassals, and the slaves. A king or chief was elected from among the nobles — his authority was very limited, aud in case of war breaking out was often resigned to the warrior that was chosen as leader. The Germani first ap- Eear in history in the campaigns of the Cira- ri and Teutones (b.o, 163), the latter of whom were undoubtedly a Germanic people. [Tku- TONK80 Campaigns against the Germans were carried on by Julius Caesai", 53-63 ; by Drusue, 12-9 ; by Varus, most unsuccessfully, A.i>. 9 ; and by Germanicus, who was gaining continued victories when recalled by Tiberius, A.n. 16, No further attempts were made bv the Romans to conquer Germany. They hatl rather to defend their own empire from the invasions of the various German tribes, espe- cially against the 2 powerful confederacies of the Alemanni and Franks [Alkmanni; Franoi]; and in the 4th and 5th centuries the Germans obtained possession of some of the fairest provinces of the empire. — The Germans are divided by Tacitus into E great tribes: 1. Ingaevones^ ou the ocean. 2. Her- miones, inhabiting the central parts. 3. Ttitae-. vones, m the remainder of Germany, conse- quently in the E. and S. parts. To these we ought to add the inhabitants of the Scaudina- vian peninsula, the Hilleviones, divided into the Smones and Si tones. GERMANICUS (-i), CAESAR (-ilris), son of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia, daugli- ter of the triumvir Antony, was born b.o. 15. He was adopted by his uncle Tiberius in the lifetime of Augustus, and was raised at an early age to the honors of the state. He as- sisted Tiberius in his war against the Panno- niaus and Dalmatians (a.]>. 7-10), and Ger- mans (11, 12). He had the command of the GERRA. 176 GLAUCUS. legions in Germauy when the alarming mu- tiny broke out among the soldiers in Germa- ny and lUyricum upon the death of Augus- tus <14). After restoring order among the troops, he devoted himself to the conguest of Germany, and carried on the war with such vigor and success that he needed only au- otSer year to reduce completely the whole country between the Ehine and the Elbe. But the jealousy of Tiberivis saved Germany. He recalled Germanicus to Home (17), and gave him the command of all the Eastern provinces ; but at the same time he placed Cn. Piso over Syria, with secret instructions to check and thwart Germanicus. German- icus died in Syria in 19, and it was believed both by himself and by others that he had been poisoned by Piso. He was deeply la- near its mouths ; but in the time of Alexan- der the Great they dwelt beyond this river and N. of the Triballi. GIQANTES (-nm), the giants, sprang ft-om the blood that fell from Uranus upon the earth, so that Ge (the earth) was their mother. They are represented as beings of a mon- strous size, with fearful countenances and the tails of dragons. They made an attack upon heaven, being armed with huge rocks and trunks of trees ; but the gods, with the assist, ance of Hercules, destroyed them all, and buried many of them under Aetna and other volcanoes. It is worthy of remark that most writers place the giants in volcanic districts ; and it is probable that the story of their con- test with the gods took its origin from vol- canic convulsions. Glgantea. mented by the Eoman people ; and Tiberius was obliged to sacrifice Piso to the public in- dignation. [Piso.] By Agrippina he had 9 children, of whom the most notorious were the emperor Caligula, and Agrippina, the mother of Nero. Germanicus was an author of some repute. He wrote several poetical works, most of which are lost. GEHRA, one of the chief cities of Arabia, and a great emporium for the trade of Arabia and India, stood on the N.E. coast of Arabia Felix. The inhabitants, called Gerraei, were said to have been originally Chaldaeans who were driven out of Babylon. GBRlfDN (-5uis) or GSEYOnES (-ae), son of Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, a monster with 3 heads, or, according to others, with 3 bodies united together, was a king in Spain, and pos- sessed magnificent oxen, which Hercules car- ried away. [Herooles.] GESORIiCUM (-i : Boulogne), a port of the Morini in Gallia Belgica, at whicn persons usually embarked to cross over to Britain ; it was subsequently called Bononia, whence its modern name. GETA (-ae), SEPTIMiUS (-i), brother of Caracalla, by whom he was assassinated, a.i>. 212. [Cabaoai-i.a.] GSTAE (-arum), a Thracian people, called Saci by the Romans. Herodotus and Thu- cydides place them S. of the Ister (Danube), GIGONUS, a town and promontory of Macedonia on the Tbermaic gulf. GLXBEIO (-onis), ACiLiUS (-1). (1) Con- sul, B.C. 191, when he defeated Antiochus at Thermopylae. — (2) Praetor urbanus in TO, when he presided at the impeachment of Ver- res, and consul in 67, and subsequently the successor of L. Lncullna in the command of the war against Mithridates, in which, how- ever, he was superseded by Cn. Pompey. GLiNIS (-is), more usually written Clanib. GLXPHY RA. [ABOHEI.AIIB, No. 6.] GLAUCE (-es). (1) One of the Nereides, the name Glance being only a personification of the color of the sea.— (2) Daughter of Cre- on of Corinth, also called Creusa. [Cueon.;) GLAUCUS (-i). (1) Of Potniae, son of Sisy- phus and father of Bellerophontes, torn to pieces by his own mares because he had de- spised the power of Aphrodite (Venus).— (2) Son of Hippolochus, and grandson of Beller- ophontes, who was commiinder of the Lycians in the Trojan war. He was connected with Biomedes by ties of hospitality ; and when they recogiilTied one another in the battle, they abstained ftom fighting, and exchanged arms. Glaucns was slain by Ajax. — (3) One of the sons of the Cretan king Minos by Pa- siphaS or Crete. When a boy he fell into a cask full of honey, and was smothered. He was discovered by the soothsayer Polyidus GLYCERA. . 177 GORGONES. of Argos, who was pointed out by Apollo for this piirpoee. Miuos then required him to restore his son to life. Being unalile to do this, he was buried with GUuciis, when a ser- pent revealed a herb which restored the dead body to life.— (4) Of Anthedon in Boeotia, a Asherman, who became a sea-god by eating a part of the divine herb which Cronos (Saturn) had sown. It was believed that Glaucus vis- ited every year all the coasts and islands of Greece, accompanied by marine monsters, and gave bis prophecies. Fishermen and sail- ors paid particular reverence to him, and watched his oracles, which were believed to be very trustworthy (5) Of Chios, a statu- ary in metal, distinguished as the inventor of the art of soldering metals, flourished a.o. 490. GLifCERA (-ae), " the sweet one," a favor- ite name of courtesans. GNOSTJS, GNOSSUS. [Cnobus.] G0L6I (-orum), a town in Cyprus, of un- certain site, a Sicyouian colony, and one of the chief seats of the worship oS Aphrodite (Venus). GOMPHI <-orum), a town in Hestiaeotia in Thessaly, a strong fortress on the confines of Epirus, commanding the chief pass between Tnessaly and Epirus. GONNI (-ornm), GONNTJS (-1), a stronely fortified town of the Perrhaebi iu Thessaly, on the river Peneus and at the entrance or the vale of Tempe. GORDiiNUS, M. ANT5NiUS (-i), the name of 3 Roman emperors — father, son, and grand- son. The father was a man distinguished by intellectual and moral excellence, and had governed Africa for many years, when he was proclaimed emperor at the age of 80. He as- sociated his son with him in the empire, but reigned only two months. His son was slain in battle, and he thereupon put au end to his own life, a.d. 238. His grandson was pro- claimed emperor by the soldiers in Rome in A.i>. 238, after the murder of Balblnus and Puplenus, although he was not more than 12 years old. He reigned 6 years, from 238 to 244, when he was assassinated by Misitbeus in Mesopotamia. GORDiUM (-i), the ancient capital of Phrygia, situated on the SangariuB, the royal residence Of the kings of the dynasty of Gor- dius, and the scene of Alexander's celebrated exploit of " cutting the Gordian knot." [Gob- nius.] GORDIUS (-i), an ancient king of Phrygia, and father of Midas, was originally a poor peasant. Internal disturbances having brok- en out iu Phrygia, an oracle informed the in- habitants that a wagon would bring them a king, who would put an end to their troubles. Shortly afterwards Gordius suddenly ap- peared riding iu his wagon in the assembly of the people, who at once acknowledged him as king. Gordius, out of gratitude, dedicated his chariot to Zeus (Jupiter), in the acropolis of Gordium. The pole was fastened to the yoke by a knot of Dark ; and an oracle de- clared that whosoever should nntie the knot should reign over all Asia. Alexander, on his arrival at Gordium, cut the knot with his sword, and applied the oracle to himself. GORDlflNE or CORDtJENB (-ea), a mount- ainous district in the S. of Armenia Mnjor, between the Arsissa Palus {Lake Van) and the Gordyaei Montes (Mountains of Kurdis- tan). Its warlike inhabitants, called Gordy- aei, or Cordueni, were no doubt the same people as the CARnuom of the earlier Greek geographers, and the modern Kurds. GORGE (-es), daughter of Oeneus and sis- ter of Deianlra, both of whom retained their original forma when their other sisters were metamorphosedbyArtemis (Diana) into birds. GORGIAS (-ae). (1) Of Leontini in Sicily. a celebrated rhetorician and sophist, born about B.0. 480, and lived upwards of 300 years. In B.o. 427 he was sent by his fellow-citizens as embassador to Athens, for the purpose of soliciting its protection against Syracuse. A dialogue of Plato bears his name. Gorgias wrote several works, which are lost, with the exception of two declamations— the Apology of Palamedes, and the Encomium on Helena, the genuineness of which, however, is doubt- ful.— (2) Of Athens, gave instruction in rhet- oric to young M. Cicero when he was at Ath- ens. GORGONES (-urn), the name of 3 frightflil maidens — Stiieno, Euryalk, and Mrdusa — daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whence they are sometimes called Phorovdics. Later tra- ditions placed them in Libya. Instead of hair, their heads were covered with hissing serpents ; and they had wings, brazen claws, and enormous teeth. Medusa, who alone of the sisters was mortal, was, according to some legends, at first a beautiful maiden, but her hair was changed into serpents by Athena (Minerva), in consequence of her having be- come by Poseidon (Neptune) the mother of Chrysaor and Pegasus, in one of Athena's temples. Her head now became so fearful that every one who looked at it was changed into stone. Hence the great difficulty which Perseus had in killing her. [Pkbsrcb.] Athe- na afterwards placed the head In the centre of her shield or breastplate. The Qorgon Medura. (Florentine Gem.) GORTYN. 178 GRAEAE. GORTYN, GORTYN A, one of the most an- cient cities in Crete, ou the river Lethaeus, 90 Btadia from its harbor Leben, and ISO stadia from its other harbor Matalia. GORTTNIA (-ae), a town in Emathia in Macedonia, of uncertain site. GDTHI (-drum), QOTHONES, GUTTONES (-um), a powerful German people, who orig- inally dwelt on the Prussian coast of the Bal- tic at the mouth of the Vistula, but afterwards migrated S. At the beginning of the 3d cent- ury they appear on the coasts of the Black Sea, and in a.d. 272 the emperor Aurelian sur- rendered to them the whole of Bacia. About this time we find them separated into 2 great divisions— the Ostrogoths or E. Goths, and the Visigoths or W. Goths. The Ostrogoths settled in Moesia and Pannouia, while the Visigoths remained N. of the Danube. The Visigoths, under their king Alaric, invaded Italy, and took and plundered Rome (410). A few years afterwards they settled permaneut- }y in the S.W. of Ganl, and established a kingdom of which Tolosa was the capital. Thence they invaded Spain, where they also founded a kingdom, which lasted more than 2 centuries, till it was overthrown by the Arabs. The Ostrogoths meantime extended their dominions almost up to the gates of Constantinople; and under their king, The- odoric the Great, they obtained possession of the whole of Italy (493). The Ostrogoths em- braced Christianity at an early period; and it was for their use that Ulphilas translated the sacred Scriptures into Gothic, in the 4th centmy. GOTHINI, a Celtic people in the S.E. of Germany, subject to the Qnadi. GRACCHUS (-i>, the name of a celebrated family of the Sempronia gens. — (1) Tib. Sem- VBONiDS Graoohus, a distinguished general in the 2d Punic war. In b.o. 212 he fell in battle against Mago, at Campi Veteres, in Lucania. His body was sent to Hannibal, who honored it with a magnificent burial. — (2) Tin. Sem- FitOKins Graooiidb, distinguished as the fa- ther of the tribunes Tiberius and Cains Grac- chus. Eor public services rendered when tribune of the plebs (187) to P. Scipio Africa- nus, he was rewarded with the hand of his youngest daughter, Cornelia. He was twice consul 'and once censor. He had 12 children by Cornelia, all of whom died at an early age, except the two tribunes, and a daughter, Cor- nelia, who was married to P. Scipio Africanus the younger.— (3) Tin. Semfronius QKAconns, elder son of No. 2, lost his' father at an early age, and was educated, together with his brother Caius, by his illustrious mother, Cor- nelia, who made it the object of her life to render her sons worthy of their father and of her own ancestors. The distressed condition of the Roman people deeply excited the sym- pathies of Tiberius. He had observed with grief the deserted state of some parts of the country, and the immense domains of the wealthy, cultivated only by slaves; and he resolved to use every eifort to remedy this state of things by endeavoring to create an industrious middle class of agriculluriets, and to put a check upon the uuuounded avarice of the rulinff party. With this view, when tribune of the plebs, 133, he proposed a bill for the renewing ana enforcing of the Licin- ian law, which enacted that no citizen should hold more than 500 jugera of the public land. He added a clause, permitting a father of 2 sons to hold 250 jugera for each ; so that a father of two sons might hold in all 1000 juge- ra. To this measure the aristocracy offered the most vehement opposition ; nevertheless, through the vigor and energy of Tiberius, it was passed, and triumvirs were appointed for carrying it into execution. These were Tib. Gracchus* App. Claudius, his father-in-law; and his brother, 0. Gracchus. About this time Attalus died, and on the proposition of Gracchus his property was divided among the poor, that they might purchase farming im- plements, etc. When tne time came for the election of tribunes for the following year, Tiberius again olTered himself as a candidate ; but in the ver^ midst of the election he was publicly assassinated by P. Scipio Nasica. He was probably about 35 years of a§:e at the time of his death. Tiberius was a sincere friend of the oppressed, and acted from worthy mo- tives, whatever his political errors may have been. Much of the odium that has been thrown upon him and his brother has risen from a misunderstanding of the Roman ugra- rian laws. — (4) C. Sempkonzus GnAonnns, brother of the preceding, was tribune of the plebs, 123. His reforms were far more exten- sive than his brother's, and such was his in- fluence with the people that he carried alt he proposed; and the senate were deprived of some of their most important privileges. His first measure was the renewal of the agrarian law of his brother. He also enacted that the jndices, who had hitherto been elected from the senate, should in future be chosen from the cquites; and that in every year, before the consuls were elected, the senate should determine the 2 provinces which the consuls should have. Caius was elected tribune a second time, 122, The senate, finding it im- possible to resist the measures of Caius, re- solved to destroy his influence with the peo- ple. For this purpose they persuaded M. LiviusDrusus, one of the colleagues of Cains, to propose measures still more popular than those of Cmus. The people allowed them- selves to be duped by the treacherous agent of the senate, and the popularity of Caius gradually waned. He failed in obtaining the tribuneship for the following year (121) ; and when his year of ofilce expired, his enemies be^an to repeal several of his ennctments. Cams appeared in the lorum to oppose these proceedings, upon which a riot ensned, and while his frienas fought in his defense he fled to the grove of the Furies, where he fell by the hands of his slave, whom he had com- manded to put him to death. About 3000 of his friends were stain, and many were thrown into prison, and there strangled. GRADIVUS (-i), i.e. the marching (proba- bly from gradior)^ a surname of Mare, who is hence called gradivus pater and rex gradious. Numa appointed 12 Salii as priests of'this god, GRAEAE (-arum), that is, "the old worn- GRAECfA. 179 GUGERNL eu," daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, were 3 in number — Pephredo, Enyo^ and DinOf also called Phorcydes. They had gray hair from their birth ; and bad only one tooth and one eye in common, which they borrowed from each other when they wanted them. GRAECiA <-ae) or HELLAS (-fidos), a conntry in Europe, the inhabitants of which were called Gbaeoi or Hellkneb. Among the Greeks Hellas did not signify any partic- ular country^ bounded by certain geographical limits, but was nsed in general to signify the abode of the Hellenes, wherever they might happen to be settled. Thus the Greek colo- nies of Cyrene in Africa, of Syracuse in Sici- ly, of Tarentum in Italy, and of Smyrna in Asia, are said to be in Hellas. In the most ancient times Hellas was a small district of Fhthiotis in The&Baly. As the inhabitants of this district, the Hellenes, gradually spread over the surrounding country, their name was adopted by the other tribes, till at length the whole of the N. of Greece from the Ceraunian and Cambunian mountains to the Corinthinn isthmus was designated by the name of Hel- las. Peloponnesus was generally spoken of, during the flourishing times of Greek inde- pendence, as distinct from Hellas proper ; but subsequently Peloponnesus and the Greek islands were also included under the general name of Hellas, in opposition to the land of the barbarians. The Bomaus called the land of the Hellenes Graecia (whence we have de- rived the name of Greece), probably from their first becoming acquainted with the tribe of the Grater, who appear at an early period to have dwelt on the w. coast of Epirus. The greatest length of Greece proper from Mount Olympus to Cape Taenarus is about 250 En- glish miles ; its greatest breadth from the W. coast of Acarnania to Marathon in Attica is about ISO miles. Its area is somewhat less than that of Portugal. On the N. it was sep- arated by the Cambunian and Ceraunian mountains fi-om Macedonia and Illyria; and on the other 3 sides it is bounded by the sea, namely, by the Ionian sea on the W., and by the Aegaean on the E. and S. It is one of the most mountainous countries of Europe, and possesses few extensive plains and few con- tinuous valleys. The inhabitants were thus separated from one another by barriers which it was not easy to surmount, and were natu- rally led to form separate political communi- ties. At a later time the N. of Greece was generally divided into 10 districts: Epiutts, TlIESBALIAt AOAItNAMIA, AeTOLIA, DOBIB, LO- Ottis, Pnoois, BoBOTiA, Attioa, and Meoakis. The S. of Greece or Peloponnesus was naually divided into 10 districts likewise : Corinthia, Stoyonia, Phliabia, Aohaia, Et.ib, Mbshenia, Laoonia, CvNuitiA, Argoi.is, and Akoadia. An account of the geography, early inhabit- ants, and history ofeach of these districts is given in separate article?. The most celebra- ted of the origfnal inhabitants of Greece were the Pelasgians, from whom a considerable part of the Greek population was undoubt- edly descended. [Pelasgi.] The Hellenes traced their origin to a mythical ancestoi: Hcllen, from whose sons and grandsons they were divided into the 4 great tribes of Do- rians, Aeolians, Achneans, and lonlans. [Hel- LEN.] GRAECiA MAGNA or G. MAJOR, a name given to the districts in the S. of Italy in- abited by the Greeks. This name was never used simply to indicate the S. of Italy ; it was always coufined to the Greek cities and their territories, and did not include the surround- ing districts inhabited by the Italian tribes. It appears to have been applied chiefly to the cities on the Tareutine gulf— Tarentum, Sy- barie, Croton, Caulonia, Siris (Heraclen), Me- tapontum, Locri, and Rhegium; but it also included the Greek cities on the W. coast, such as Cumae and Neapolis. Strabo ex- tends the appellation even to the Greek cities of Sicily. GRAMPIUS MONS {Grampian miU\ a range of mouutains in Britannia Barbara or Caledonia, separating the Highlands and Low- lands of Scotland. Agricola penetrated as far as thei^e mountains, and defeated Galga- cus at their foot. GRiNlCUS (-i), a small river of Mysfa, risins in Mount Ida, and falling into the Pro- pontis (Sea of Marmora) E. of Priapus : mem- orable as the scene of the victory of Alexan- der the Great over the Persians (b.o. 334), and, in a less degree, for a victory of LucuUus over Mithridates, b.o. T3. GR5.TIAE. [CuAitiTES.1 GR5.Ti5.NUS (-i), emperor of the Western empire, a.w. 367-3S3, son of Yalentinian I. He was deposed and slaiu by the usurper MaximuB. GRATIUS EXLISCTTS (-i), a contemporary of Ovid, and the author of an extant poem on the chase. GRiVISCAE ffirum), an ancient citjr of Etruria, subject to Tarquinii, and colonized by the Romans v.o. 183. It was situated in the Maremma, and its air was nnheulthy, whence Virgil calls it intempeatae Graviacae. GRUDll (-orum), a people in Gallia Belgl- ca, subject to the Nervii, N. of the Scheldt. GRUMENTUM (-i), a town in the interior of Lucania, on the road from Beneventum to Heraclea. GRYLLUS (-i), elder son of Xenophon, fell at the battle of Mnntinea, n.o. 362, after he had, according to some accounts, given Epam- inondas his mortal wound. GRYNIA (-ae) or -iUM <-i). an ancient city in the S. of Myaia, celebrated for its tem- ple and oracle of Apollo, who is hence called Grynaeus Apollo. GRYPS (-ypis) or GETPHUS (-J), agriffln, a fabulous animal, -with the body of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle, dwelling in the Rhipaean mountains, between the Hyper- boreans and the one-eyed Arimat^pians, and guarding the gold of the North, The Arimas- pians mounted on horseback, and attempted to steal the gold, and hence arose the hostil- ity between the hori-e and the griffln. The belief in griffins came from the East, where they are mentioned among the fabulous ani- mals which guarded the gold of India. GUGERNI or GUBERNI (-5rnm), a people GULUSSA. 180 HADRIANUS. of Germany, who crossed the Sbine, and set- tled on its left bimli:, between the Ubii and Batnvi. GULUSSA (-ae), a Numidian, 2d son of Ma- sinissa* and brother to Micipsa and Mastaua- bal. He left a son, named Mabsiva. GUTTONES. [Gothi.] QWEUS (-i) or GifiRA (-oram), one of the Cyolades, a small Island S.W. of Andros, poor and uuprodnctive, and inhabited only by fishermen. Under the Roman emperors it was a place of banishment. GlfiS or GifSS, or QT6SS (-ae), son of Uranus , he succeeded to the command in Spain. He founded New Carthage, and concluded with the Romans the celebrated treaty which fixed the Ibcrus as the boundary between the Carthaginian and Roman domin- ions. He was assassinated by a slave, whose muster he had put to death (221), and was succeeded in the command by Hannibal. — (2) Son of Hamilcar Barca, and brother of Hannibal. When Hannibal set out for Italy (218), Hasdrubal was left in the command in Spain, and there fought for some years against the 2 Scipios. In 207 he crossed the Alps and marched into Italy, in order to assist Hanni- bal ; but he was defeated on the Metaurus by the consuls C. Claudius Nero and M, Livius Saliuator, his army was destroyed, and he himself fell in the battle. His head was cut off and thrown into Hannibal's carap. — (3) Son of Gisco, one of the Carthaginian gener- als in Spain during the 2d Punic war, who must be distinguished from the brother of Hannibal above mentioned. HEBE (-es), called JtJVENTiS (-atis) by the Romans, the goddess of youth, was a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and of Hera (Ju- no). She waited upon the gods, and filled their cups with nectar, before Ganymedee ob- tained this office. She married Hercules after he was received among the gods, and bore to him 2 sons. Later tradititms represent her as a divinity who had it in her power to make aged persons young again. At Rome there were several temples of Juventas. HEBRON (-ouis), a city in the S. of Judaea, the first capital of the kino;dom of David, who reigned thereTI years, asking of Judah only. HEBRUS (-i: Maritza), the principal river in Thrace, rising in the mountains of Scomi- us and Rhodope, and falling into the Aegae- an sea near Aeuos, after forming by another branch an estuary called Stbntosis Laoub. — The Hebrus was celebrated in Greek legends. On its banks Orpheus was torn to pieces by the Thracian women ; and it is frequently mentioned in connection with the worship of Dionysus. HECALE (-es), a poor old woman who hos- pitably received Theseus when he had gone out to hunt the Marathoniau bull. HECXTAEUS (-i), of Miletus, one of the earliest and most distinguished of the Greek historians and geographers. In b.o. 500 he endeavored to dissuade his countrymen fvora revolting from the Persians. Previously to this he had visited Egypt and many other countries. His works have perished. HECATE (-es), a mysterious divinity, com- monly represented as a daughter of Persaeus or Perses and Asteria, and hence called Per- seis. She was one of the Titans, and the only one of this race who retained her power un- der the rule of Zeus (Jupiter). She was hon- ored by all the immortal gods, and the ex- tensive power possessed by her was probably the reason that she was subsequently identi- fied with' several other divinities. Hence she is said to have been Selene or Luna in heav- en, Artemis or Diana on earth, and Persepho- ne or Proserpina in the lower world. Being thus, ns it were, a threefold goddess, she is Hebb. (After Canova.) HECATOMPYLOS. 185 HELENA. described with 3 bodies or 3 heads. Hence her epithets Tergemina, THformis, Tricepftf etc. She took au active part in the search after Proserpina, and when the latter was found, remained with her as her attendant and companion. She thus became a deity of the lower world, and is described in this ca- Eacity as a mighty and formidable divinity. he was supposed to send at night all kinds of demons and terrible phantoms from the lower world. She taught sorcery and witch- craft, and dwelt at places where two roads crossed, on tombs, and near the blood of mur- dered persons. She herself wandered about with the souls of the dead, and her approach was announced by the whining and howling of dogs. At Athens, at the close of every month, dishes with food were set out for her at the points where two roads crossed ; and this food was consumed by poor people. The sacrifices offered to her consisted of dogs, honey, and black female lambs. Hecate. (Cause), Museum Romanum, vol. 1, tav. 31.) HEcXTOMPYLOS (-i), a city in the middle of Parthia, enlarged by Seleucns, and after- wards used by the Parthian kings as a royal residence. HfiCXTONNESI (-6rum), that is, the 100 islands, the name of a gronp of small islands between Lesbos and the coast of Aeolis. HECTOR (-6ri8), the chief hero of the Tro- jans in their war with the Greeks, was the eldest son of Priam and Hecuba, the husband of Andromache, and father of Scamandrius. He fought with the bravest of the Greeks, and at length slew Patroclus, the friend of Achilles. The death of his friend roused Achilles to the fight. The other Trojans fled before him into the city. Hector alone re- mained without the walls, though his parents implored him to return ; but when he saw Achilles, his heart failed him, and he took to flight. Thrice did he race round the city, pursued by the swift-footed Achilles, and then fell pierced by Achilles's spear. Achil- les tied Hector's body to his chariot, and thus dragged him into the camp of the Greeks; butlater traditions relate that he first dragged the body thrice round the walls of Ilium. At the command of Zeus (Jupiter), Achilles sur- rendered the body to the prayers of Priam, who buried it at Troy with great pomp. Hec- tor is one of the noblest conceptions of the poet of the Iliad. He is the great bulwark of Troy, and even Achilles trembles when he approaches him. He has a presentiment of the fall of his country, but he perseveres in his heroic resistance, preferring death to slav- ery and disgrace. Besides these virtues of a warrior, he is distinguished also by those of a man: his heart is open to the gentle feelingB of a son, a husband, and a father. HfiCtJBA (-ae) and HECtJBE (-es), daugh- ter of Dyraas in Phrygin, or of Cisseus, king of Thrace, She was the wife of Priam, king of Troy, to whom she bore Hector, Paris, and many other children. After the fall of Troy she was earned away as a slave by the Greeks. On the coast of Thrace she revenged the mur- der of her son Polydorus by slaying Polymes- tor. [PoL-vRouTJS.] She was metamorphosed into a dog, and leaped into the sea at a place called Cynossema, or " the tomb of the dog." HEGESINUS (-i), of Pergamum, the suc- cessor of Evander, and the immediate prede- cessor of Carneades in the chair of the Acad- emy, flourished about b.o. 185. HEGESIFPUS (-i), an Athenian orator, and a contemporary of Demosthenes, to whose political party he belonged. The grammari- ans ascribe to him the oration on Haloiiesns, which has come down to us under the name of Demosthenes. HELENA (-ne) and HELENS (-es), daugh- ter of Zens (Jupiter) and Leda, and sister of Castor and Pollux (the Dioscuri). She was of surpassing beauty. In her youth she was carried off" by Theseus and Pirithous to At- tica. When Theseus was absent in Hades, Castor and Pollux undertook an expedition to Attica to liberate their sister. Athens was taken, Helen delivered, and Aethra, the moth- er of Theseus, made prisoner, and carried as a slave of Helen to Sparta. On her return home, she was sought in marriage by the no- blest chiefs from all parts of Greece. She chose Meuelaus for her husband, and became by him the mother of Hermione. She was subsequently seduced by Paris, and carried off to Troy. [For details, see Parts and Men- Ei.Aus.] The Greek chiefs who had been her suitors resolved to revenge her abduction, and accordingly sailed against Troy. Hence arose the celeorated Trojan war, which lasted 10 years. During the course or the war she is represented as showing great sympathy with the Greeks. After the death of Paris, towards the end of the war, she married his brother Deiphobus. On the capture of Troy, which she is said to have favored, she be- HELENA. 186 HELIOS. trayed Deiphobus to the Greeks, and became reconciled to Menelaus, whom she accompa- nied to Sparta. Here she lived with him for some years in peace and happiness- The ac- counts of Helen's death differ. Accordine to the prophecy of Proteus in the Odyssey, Men- elaus and Helen were not to die, but the gods were to conduct them to Elysium. Others relate that she and Menelaus were buried at Therapne in Laconia. Others, again, relate that after the death of Menelaus she was driven out of Peloponnesus by the sons of the latter, and fled to Rhodes, where she was tied to a tree and strangled by Polyxo: the Rho- dians expiated the crime by dedicating a tem- ple to her under the name of Helena Dendri- tis. According to another tradition she mar- ried Achilles in the island of Leuce, and bore him a son, Euphorion, HELENA, FL5.VIA JD-LIA (-ae), mother of Conatantine the Great, was a Christian, and is said to have discovered at Jerusalem the sepulchre of our Lord, together with the wood of the true cross. HSLENA (-ae), a small and rocky island, between the S. of Attica and Ceos, formerly called Cranae, HfiLENXJS (-1), son of Priam and Hecuba, celebrated for his prophetic powers. He de- serted his countrymen and jomed the Greeks. There are various accounts respecting his de- sertion of the Trojans. According to some he did it of his own accord ; according to others, he was ensnared by Ulysses, who was anxious to obtain his prophecy respecting the fall of Troy. Others, again, relate that, on the death of Paris, Helenus and Deiphobus contended for the possession of Helena, and that Helenus, being conquered, fled to Mount Ida, where he was taken prisoner by the Greeks. After the fall of Troy he fell to the share of Pyrrhus. He foretold to Pyrrhns the sufferings which awaited the Gi'eeks who re- turned home by sen, and prevailed upon him to return by land to Epirus. After the death of Pyrrhus he received a portion of that coun- try, and married Andromache. When Aeneas in his wanderings arrived in Epirus, he was hospitably received by Helenus. HELIADAE <-arimi) and HELtlDES (-um), the sons and daughters of Helios (the Sun). The name Heliadea is given especially to Pha- etkusa, Lampetie, and Phoebe, the daughters of Helios and the nymph Clymene, and the sisters of Pha6thon. They bewailed the death of their brother PhaSthon so bitterly on the banks of the Eridanns that the gods In com- passion changed them into poplar-trees and their tears into amber. [Ebidanus.] HSLICE (-es). (1) Daughter of Lycaon, beloved by Zeus (Jupiter). Hera, out of jeal- ousy, metamorphosed her into a she-bear, whereupon Zeus placed her among the stars, under the name of the Great Bear. — (2) The ancient capital of Achaia, swallowed up by an earthquake, together with Bura, b.o. 3T3. HELICSN (-onis), a celebrated range of mountains in Boeotia, between the lake Co- pais and the Corinthian gulf, covered with snow the greater part of tne year, sacred to Apollo and the Muses ; the latter are hence called Hellconlddes and HU\con\des. Here sprung the celebrated fountains of the Muses, Aganippe and Hippookenb. HELiOdORUS (-i). (1) A rhetorician at Rome in the time of Augustus, whom Horace mentions as the companion of his journey to Brundusium. — (2) A Stoic philosopher at Rome, who became a delator in the reign of Nero. HELTOGABiLUS. CELAGAnAi-ns.3 HBLIOPOLIS (-is: i. e. the City of the Sun). (1) (Heb. Baalath : Baalbek, Rn.), a celebrated city of Syria, a chief seat of the worship of Baal, one of whose symbols was the sun. Hence the Greek name of the city. It was situated in the middle of Coele-Syria, at the W. foot of Anti-Libanus, and was a place of great commercial importance, being on the direct road from Egypt and the Red Sea, and also from Tyre to Syria, Asia Minor, and Europe. Its ruins, which are very ex- tensive and magnificent, are of the Roman period.— (2) O. T. On ; a celebrated city of Lower Egypt, on the E. side of the Pelnsiac branch of the Nile, a little below the apex of the Delta, and a chief seat of the Egyptian worship of the sun. Its priests were re- nowned for their learning. HELlOS (-i), called SOL (-olis) by the Romans, the god of the sun. He was the son Helioa (the Sun). (Coin of Rhodea, in the Brltleh Museum.) of Hyperion and Thea, and a brother of Se- lene and Eos. From his father, he is ft'e- queutly called Hyperionides, or Hypkhion, the latter of which is an abridged form of the patronymic, Hyperionion. Homer describes Helios as rising in the B. from Oceanus, trav- ersing the heaven, and descending in the evening into the darkness of the W. and Oceanus. Later poets have marvelously em- bellished this simple notion. They tell of a mao;nificent palace of Helios in the E., from which he starts in the morniug in a chariot drawn by four horses. They also assign him a second palace in the W., and describe his horses as feeding upon herbs growing in the islands of the Blessed. Heliosis described as the god who sees and heai-s every thing, and as thus able to reveal to Hephaestus (Vulcan) the faithlessness of Aphrodite (Venus), and HELLANICUS. J 87 HEPHAESTION. to Pemeter (Ceres) the abduction of her daughter. At a later time Helios became ideutifled with Apollo, thongh the 2 gods wcie originally quite distinct The Island of Thrinacia (Sicily) was eacred to Helios, and there he had flocks of sheep and oxen, which were tended by bia daughters Phaetusa and Lampetia. He was worshi;)ed la many parts of Greece, and especially in the island of Rhodes, where the famous Colossus was a representation of the god. The sacrifices offered to him consisted of white rams, boars, bulls, goats. Iambs, and especially white horses, and honey. Among the animals sa- cred to him, the cock is especially mentioned. HELL5.NICUS, of Mytilene in Lesbos, one of the most eminent of the early Greek histo- rians, was born about n.o. 490, and died 411. All his works have perished. HELLAS, HELLENES. [Gbaboia.I HELLE (-Ss), daughter of Athamas and NephSle, and sister of Phrixus. When Phrix- us was to be sacrificed [Pnuixus], Nephele rescued her 2 children, who rode away through the air upon the ram with the golden fleece, the gift of Hermes ; but, between Sigeum and the Chersonesus, Helle fell into the sea, which was thence called the sea of Helle {Hetleffpon- tits). HELLEN <-€nos), son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, and father of Aeolus! Dorus, and Xttthus. He was king of Phthia in Thessaly, and was succeeded by his son Aeolus. He was the mythical ancestor of all the Hellenes : from his 2 sons Aeolus and Borus were de- scended the Aeolians and Dorians ; and from his 2 grandsons Achaeus and Ion, the sods of Xnthus, the Achaeaus and louians. HELLESPONTUS (-i : Strait of the Darda- nelles)^ the long, narrow strait connecting the Propontis {Sea of Marmora) with the Aegaean sea. The length of the strait is about 60 miles, and the width varies from 6 miles at the upper end to 2 at the lower, and in some places it is only 1 mile wide, or even less. The narrowest part is between the ancient cities of Sebtcs aud Amydus, where Xerxes made his bridge of boats [Xbbxes], aud where the legend related that Leander swam across to visit Hero. [Leandee.] The name of the Hellespont (i. e. the Sea of Helle) was derived from the story of Helle's being drowned in it. [Helle.] The Hellespont was the boundary of Europe and Asia, dividing the Thracian Chersonese iu the former from the Troad and the territories of Abydus and Lampsacus in the latter. The district just mentioned, on the S. side of the Hellespont, was also called Helleepontus, audits inhabitautsHellespontil. HELLOMENUM (-i), a sea-port town of the Acarnanians ou the island of Leucas. HfiLORUS or HElORUM (-i), a town on the B. coast of Sicily, S. of Syracuse, at the mouth of the river Helorus. HfiLOS. (1) A town in Laconia, on the coast, in a marshy situation, whence its name er.] HERO (-us), an eminent mathematician, was a native of Alexandria, and lived in the reigns of the Ptolemies Philadelphus and Evergetes (u.o. 285-222). He is celebrated on HEKODES. 196 HERODOTUS. account of his mechauical inventions. Sev- eral of his works are extant. HERODES <-i8), commonly called Hekod. (1) Suruamed the Great, kino; of the Jews, was the son of Antipater. He received the kingdom of Judaea from Antony and Octa- vian in b.o. 40. He possessed a jealous tem- per and ungovernable passions. He put to death his beautiful wife, Mariamue, whom he suspected without cause of adultery, and with whom he was violently in love ; and at a later neriod he also put to death his two sous bjr mariamue, Alexander and Aristobnlus. His government, though cruel and tyrannical, was vigorous. In the last year of his reign Jesus Christ was born ; and it mast have been on his death-bed that he ordered the massacre of the children at Bethlehem. He died in the 37th year of his reign, and the 70th of his age, b.o. 4.*— (2) Hsbodes AntipaSj son of Herod the Great nyMalthace, a Samaritan, obtained the tetrarchy of Galilee and Peraea on his father's death, while the kingdom of Judaea devolved on his elder brother, Arche- laus. He married Herodias, the wife of his half-brother, Herod Philip, she having-, in de- fiance of the Jewish law, divorced her first husband. He was deprived of his dominions by Caligula, and sent into exile at Lyons, a.d. 39. It was this, Herod Antipas who impris- oned and put to death John the Baptist, who had reproached him with his unlawful con- nection with Herodias. It was before him also that Christ was sent by Pontius Pilate at Jerusalem, as belonging to his jurisdiction, on acconntoi his supposed Galilaean origin. — (3) HsnoDES AflRipPA. CAgrippa.]— (4) He- bodes Attious, the rhetorician. [Attiods.] HEu5DliNUS (-i), the author of an extant history, in the Greek language, of the Human empire in S books, from the death of M. Au- relius to the commencement of the reign of Gordianus III. (a.d. 180-238). HERODOTUS (-i), a Greek historian, and the father of history, was boru at Halicarnas- sns, a Doric colony in Ca- ria, B.O. 434. He belonged to a noble family at Efoli- carnassus. He was the son of Lyxes and Dryo ; and the epic poet Fanyasis was one of his relations. He- rodotus left his native city at an early age, in order to escape from the oppressive government of Lygdamis, the tyrant of Halicarnassus, who put to death Panyasie. He probably settled at Sa- mos for some time, and there became acquainted with the Ionic dialect; but he spent many years in his extensive travels in Europe, At a later time he returned Herodotus, Asia, and Africa. to HalicarnassuE in expelling Lygdamis from and took a prominent part his native city. * The denth of Herod took place In the anme year with the Rctunl birth of Christ, as la mentioned above, but it ia well known that this i» to be placed 4 yean before the date in i;eneral use as the Cbrlatlan era. Subsequently he again left Halicarnassus, and settled at Thurii, an Athenian colony in Ita- ly, where he died. Whether he accompanied the first colonists to Thurii in 443, or followed them a few years afterwards, can not be de- termined with cei-tainty. It is also disputed where Herodotus wrote his history. Lucian relates that Herodotus read his work to the assembled Greeks at Olympia, which was re- ceived with such universal a[)plause that the 9 books of the work were in consequence honored with the names of the 9 Muses. The same writer adds that the young Thucydides was present at this recitation, and was moved to tears. But this celebrated story, which rests upon the authority of Luciau alone, must be rejected for many reasons. Nor is there suflBcient evidence in favor of the tra- dition that Herodotus read his work at the Panathenaea at Athens in 446 or 445, and re- ceived from the Athenians a reward of 10 tal- ents. It is more probable that he wrote his work at Thurii, when he was advanced in years ; though he appears to have been col- lecting materials for it during a great part of his life. It was apparently with this view that he undertook his extensive travels through Greece and foreign countries; and his work contains on almost every page the results of his pet*sonal observation and in- quiries. There was scarcely a town of any importance in Greece Proper and on the coasts of Asia Minor with which he was not perfectly familiar. In the N. of Europe he visited Thrace and the Scythian tribes on the Black Sea. In Asia he traveled through Asia Minor and Syria, and visited the cities of Babylon, Ecbatan a, and Susa. He spent some time in Egypt, and traveled as far S. as Ele- phantine. The object of his work ia to give an account of the struggles between the Greeks and Persians. He traces the enmity between Europe and Asia to the mythical times. He passes rapidly over the mythical ages to come to Croesus, king of Lydia, who was known to have committed acts of hostil- ity against the Greeks. This induces him to give a full history of Croesus and of the king- dom of Lydia. The conquest of Lydia by the Persians under Cyrus then leads him to relate the rise of the Persian monarchy and the subjugation of Asia Minor and Babylon. The nations which are mentioned in the course of this narrative are again discussed more or less minutely. The histor3r of Cambyses and his expedition into Egypt induce him to en- ter into the details of Egyptian history. The expedition of Darius against the Scythians causes him to speak of Scythia and the N. of Europe. In the mean time the revolt of thelo- niiins breaks out, which eventually brings the contest between Persia and Greece to an end. An acconnt of this insurrection is followed by the history of the invasion of Greece by the Persians; and the history of the Persian war now runs in a regular channel until the taking of Sestos by the Greeks, it.o. 478, with which event his work concludes. In order toform a fairjudgment of the historical value of the work of Herodotus, we must distin- guish between those parts in which he speaks from his own observations and those in which HEROPOLIS. 197 HESTIA. he merely repeats what he was told by priests and others. lu the latter case he was uu- doubtedly often deceived ; but whenever he speaks from his own observations, he is a real model of truthfulness and accuracy j and the more the conntries which he describes have been explored by moderu travelers, the more firmly has his authority been established. The dialect in which he wrote is tbe Ionic, inter- mixed with epic or poetical expressions, and sometimes even with Attic and Doric forms. The excellences of his style consist in its an- tique and epic coloring, its transparent clear- ness, and the lively flow of the narrative, HSrOpOLIS (-is) or HERO (-us), a city in Lower Egypt, standing on the border of the desert E. of the Delta, upon the canal con- necting the Kile with theW. head of the Red Sea, which was called from it Siuus Heroopo- liticus. BEROSTRXTUS M), an Ephesiau, who set Are to the temple of Artemis at Ephestis on the same night that Alexander the Great was born. B.o. 356. iu order to immortalize him- self. HERSE (-es), daughter of Cecrops and sis- ter of Afijraulos, beloved by Hermes. Re- specting ner story, see Aqratjlos. HERSELiA (-ae), the wife of Romulus, wor- shiped afcer her death under the name of Hora or Horta. HEKUIil or ERtJLI (-Drum), a powerful German race, who are said to have come orig- inally from Scandinavia, attacked the Roman empire on its decline. Under the command of Odoacer, who is said to have been an He- rulian, they destroyed the Western empire, A.X). 476. HESiODUS (-i), one of the earliest Greek poets, frequently mentioned along with Ho- mer. As Homer represents the Ionic school of poetry in Asia Minor, so Hesiod represents the Boeotian school of poetry. The only points of resemblance between the 2 schools consists in their versification and dialect. In other respects they entirely difiter. The Ho- meric school takes for its subject the restless activity of the heroic age, while the Hesiodic turns its attention to the quiet pursuits of or- dinary life, to the origin of the world, the gods and heroes. Hesiod lived about a cent- ury later than Homer, and is placed about B.a 735. We learn from his own poem on Works and Days that he was born in the vil- lage of Ascra In Boeotia, whither his father had emigrated from the Aeolian Cyme iu Asia Minon After the death of his father he was involved in a dispute with his brother Perses about his small patrimony, which was decid- ed in favor of his brother. He then emigrated to Orchomenos, where he spent the remainder of his life. This is all that can be said with certaint)^ about the life of Hesiod. Many of the stories related about him refer to his school of poetry, and not to the poet person- ally. In this light we may regard the tradi- tion that Hesiod had a poetical contest with Homer, which is said to have taken place either at Chalcis or AuUs. The two principal works of Hesiod, which have come down to us, are his Works and Days, containing ethical, political, and economical precepts, and a The- ogo-nt/t giving an account of the origin of the world and the birth of the gods. HESIONE (-es), daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, was chained by her father to a rock, in order to be devoured by a sea-mon- ster, that he might thus appease the anger of Apollo and Poseidon. Hercules promised to save her if Laomedon would give him the horses which he had received from Zeus as a compensation for Ganymedes. Hercules killed the monster, but Laomedon refused to keep his promise. Thereupon Hercules took Troy, killed Laomedon, and gave Hesione to his friend and companion Telamon, to whom she bore Teucer. Her brother Priam sent Ante- nor to claim her back, and the refusal on the part of the Greeks is mentioned as one of the causes of the Trojan war. HESPfiRiA (-ae), the Western land (from tVn-epo?, vesper), the name given by the Greek ?oets to Italy, because it lay W. of Greece. D imitation of them, the Roman poets gave the name of Hesperia to Spain, which they sometimes called Oltima Hesperia, to distin- guish it from Italy, which they occasionally called Hesperia Magna. HESPfiRjDES (-um), the celebrated gaard- ians of the golden apples which Ge (Earth) gave to Hera at her marriage with Zeus. Ac- cording to some they were the daughters of Atlas and Hesneris (whence their uames— Atlantides or Hesperides) ; but their parent- age is differently related by others. Some traditions meutiouedS Hesperides, viz,, ^iej/it^, Arethnsay and Hesperia; others 4, Aegte^ Crytheia, Hestia, and Arethusa; and othern, again, 7. In the earliest legends they are de- scribed as living on the river Oceanus, in the extreme W. ; but they were afterwards placed near Mount Atlas, and in other parts of Libya. They were assisted in watching the golden ajpples by the dragon Ladon. It was one of the labors of Hercules to obtain possessiou of these apples. [See p. 192.] HESPERlDUM INStJLAE. tHEBPEEnjM.] HESPSlRIS. [Bebknioe.] HESPfiRlUM (-i : C. Verde or C. JRoxo), a headland on the W. coast of Africa, was one of the farthest points along that coast to which the knowledge of the ancients extend- ed. At a day's journey from it was a group of islands called Hespbridtjm Insitlae, wrong- ly identified by some with the Fortunatae Insulae; they are either the Cape de Verde islands, or, more probably, the Bieaagos, at the mouth of the Rio Qrande. HESPERUS (-i), the evening star, sou of Astraeus and Eos (Aurora), of Cephalus and Eos, or of Atlas. He was also regarded as the same as the morning star. [Lucifer.] HESTiA <-ae), called VESTA (-ae) by the Romans, the goddess of the hearth, or, rather, of the fire burning on the hearth, was one of the 12 great divinities of the Greeks. She was a daughter of Cronos (Saturn) and Rhea, and, according to common tradition, was the first-born of Rhea, and consequently the first of the children swallowed by Cronos. She HESTIAEOTIS. 198 HIMERA. was a maiden divinity; and when Apollo an d Po- seidon (Neptnne) sued for her hand, she swore by the head of Zeus to remain a virgin forever. As the hearth was looked upon aa the centre of domestic life, so Hestia was the goddess of do- mestic life, and, as such, was believed to dwell in the inner part of every house. Being the god- dess of the eacred fire of the altar, Hestia had a share in the sacrifices olfered to all the gods. Hence the first part of evevy sacrifice was pre- sented to her. Solemn L oaths were sworn by the goddess of the hearth ; and the hearth itself jivi was the sacred asy- „ , , — ' lum where suppli- HestU (Vesta). (From an ^nts implored the ancient stHtue.) pvotection of the in- habitants of the house. A town or city is only an extended family, and therefore had likewise its sacred hearth. This pub- lic hearth usually existed in the prytane- um of a town, where the goddess had her especial sanctuary. There, as at a private hearth, Hestia protected the suppliants. When a colony was sent out, the emi- grants took the fire which was to burn on the hearth of their new home from that of the mother town. The worship of the Roman Vesta is spoken of under Vkbta. HESTIAE5TIS (-is). (1) The N.W. part of Thessaly. [Thesbai-ia.]— (2) Or Hibtiaha, a district in Euboea, [Euboba.] HETRICtJ^LUM (-i), a town of the Brnttii. HIBERNIA (-ae), also called IBRNE, IVERNA, or JUVERNA (-ae),_ the island of Irelandj appears to have derived its name from the inhabitants of its S. coast, called Ju- verni; but its original name was probably Bergion or Vergion. It is mentioned by Cae- sar ; but the Romans never made any attempt to conquer the island, though they obtained some knowledge of it from the commercial intercourse which was carried on between it and Britain. HiEMPSlL (-filis). (1) Son of Micipsa, kins' of Numidia, and grandson of Masinissa, murdered by Jngurtha, sood after the death of Micipya, it.o. 118. — (2) King of Numidia, grandson or great-grandson ofMasinissa, and father of Juba, appears to have received the eoveieignty of part of Numidia after the Jn- ^urthine war. He was expelled from his kingdom by On. Domitius Anenobarbus, the leader of the Marian party in Africa, but was restored by Pompey m 81. Hiempsal wrote some works in the Punic language, which are cited by Sail list. HiERAPOLIS (-is), (1) A city of Great Phrygia, near the Maeander, was an early seat of Christianity, and is mentioned in St. Paul's Epistle to the Colo8siana.—{2) Formerly Bambyok, a city in the N.E. of Syria, one of the chief seats of the worship of Astarte. HlfiRON (-5nis). (1) Tyrant of Syracuse (b.o. 478-467), and brother of Gelon, whom he succeeded in the sovereignty. He gained a great victory over the Etruscan fleet near Cu- mae, b.o. 474. He was a patron of literature; and the poets Aeschylus, Pindar, and Simon- ides took up their residence at his court. — (2) King of Syracuse (b.o. 270-216), a noble Syra- cnsan, descended from the great Gelon, was voluntarily elected king by his fellow-citi- zens, after his defeat of the Mamertines, in n.o.270. He sided with the Carthaginians at the commencement of the first Punic war (b.o. 264), but in the following year he concluded a ])eace with the Romans ; and ft'om this time till his death, a period of little less than half a century, he continued the steadfast friend and ally of the Romans. He died in 216, at the age of 93. He was succeeded by his grandson, Hieronymus. Coin of Hieron. HifiR5NtMUS (-i). (1) Of Cardia,.accom- panied Alexander the Great to Asia, and after the death of that monarch (b.o. 323) served under his countryman Eumenes. He afterwards fought under Antigonus,.hi8 son Demetrius, and grandson Antigonus Gonatas. He survived Pyrrhus, and died at the ad- vanced age of 104. Hieronymus wrote a his- tory of the events from the death of Alexan- der to that of Pyrrhns, which is lost. — (2) King of Syracuse, succeeded his grandfather, Hieron II., b.o. 216, at 15 years of age, and was assassinated after a short reign of only IS months.— (3) Of Rhodes, a peripatetic phi- losopher, and a disciple of Aristotle. HIEROSOlYMA. [Jerubat-em.] HILLEVIONES. [Gkhmania.] HIMERA (-ae). (1) {Fiume Salso), one of the principal rivers in the S. of Sicily, at one time the boundary between the territories of the Carthaginians and Syracnsans, receives near Enna the water of a salt spring, and hence has salt water as far as its mouth. — ^2) A smaller river in the N. of Sicily, flciwing into the sea between the towns of Himera and Thermae.— (3) A celebrated Greek city on the N. coast of Sicily, W. of the mouth of the river Himera [No, 2], was founded by the Chalcidians of Zancle, b.o. 648, and afterwards received Dorian settlers, bo that the inhabit- ants spoke a mixed dialect, partly Ionic (Cha!- cidian), and partly Doric. In b.o. 409 it was taken by the Carthaginians, and leveled to HIPVARCHUS. 199 HISPALIS. the ground. It was never rebuilt ; but on the opposite bauk of the river Himera the Car- ihagiuiaus founded a new town, which, from a warm medicinal spriujj^ in its neighborhood, was called Thkhmak, The poet Stesichorua was born at the ancient Himera, and the ty- rant Agathocles at Thei'mae. HIPPARCHUS (-i). (1) Son of PiBistratUB. [PisibtratidakO— (2) A celebrated Greek as- tronomer, a native of Niuaea in Bithynia, who flourished b.o. 160-145, and resided both at Khodes and Alexandria. The catalogue which HipparchuB constructed of the stars is preserved by Ptolemy. HIPPiiS (-ae). (1) Son of Pisistratus. [PisiBTEATiDAK.]— (2) A Celebrated Sophist, was a native of Elie, and the contemporary of Socrates. HIPPO (-onis). (1) H. Reoids, a city on the coast of Numidia, once a royal residence, and afterwards celebrated as the bishopric of St. Augustine. — (2) H. Diautiuytds or Zabltds, a city on the N. coast of the Carthaginian ter- ritory W. of Utica.— (3) A town of the Carpe- taui in Hlspania Tarracouensis, S. of Tole- tum. HIPPOCOON (-outia), son of Oebalus and Batea. After his father's denth he expelled his brother Tyndareus, in order to secure the kingdom to himself; but Hercules led Tyn- darens back, and slew Hippocoon and his sons. HTPPOCEXTES (-is), the most celebrated physician of antiquity, was born in the island of Cos, about U.0. 460. He wrote, taught, and Sracticed his profession at home ; traveled in liferent parts of the continent of Greece ; and died at Lariasa in Thei>saly, about 357, at the age of 104. He had two sons, Thesaalns and Dracon, and a son-in-law, Polybus, all of whom followed the same profession. The writings which hixve come down to us under the name of Hippocrates were compoi?ed by several different persons, and are of very dif- ferent merit. HIPPOCRBNS (-ea), the "Fountain of the Horse," was a fountain in Mount Helicon in Boeotia, sacred to the Muses, said to have been produced by the horse Pegasas striking the ground with his feet. HIPPODXMIA (-ae). (1) Daughter of Oe- nomaus, king of Pisa in Elis. [Oenomaub and Pblgps.]— (2) Wife of Pirithous, at whose nuptials took place the celebrated battle be- tween the Centaurs and Lapithae. [Fibituo- xrs.] HIPP0L1PTE (-es). (1) Daughter of Ares and Otrera, was queen of the Amazons, and sister of Antiope and Melanippe. She wore a girdle given to her by her father ; and when Hercules came to fetch this girdle, he slew her. According to another tradition, Hippol- yte, with an army of Amazons, marched into Attica, to take vengeance on Theseus for hav- ing carried off Antiope; but being conquered by TheaeuB, she fled to Megara, where she died of grief. In some accpunts Hippolyte, and not Antiope, ts said to havb been mar- ried to Theseus. — (2) Or Astydauia, wife of Acastus, fell in love with Feleus. [Aoastus.] HIPPOLTTUS (-i), son of Theseus by Hip- polyte, queen of the Amazons, or by her sis- ter Autiope. Theseus after%vards married Phaedra, who fell in love with Hippolytus; but as her offers were rejected by her step- son, she accused him to his father of having attempted her dishonor. Theseus thereupon cursed his son, aiid devoted him to destruc- tion ; and, accordingly, as Hippolytus was riding in his chariot along the sea-coast, Po- seidon sent forth a bull from the water, at which the horses took fright, overturned the chariot, and dragged Hippolytus along the ground till he was dead. Theseus afterwards learned the innocence of his son, and Phae- dra, in despair, made away with herself. Ar- temis (Diana) induced Aesculapius to restore Hippolytus to life again ; and, according to Italian traditions, Diana, having changed his name to Virbius, placed him under the pro- tection of the nymph Egeria, in the grove of Aricia, in Latinm, where he was honored with divine worship. Horace, following the more ancient tradition, says that Diana could not restore Hippolytus to life. HIPPOMfiNES (-is). (1) Son of Megareus, and great-grandson of Poseidon (Neptune), conquered Atalanta in a foot-race. [Ata- LANTA, No. 2.]— (2) A descendant of Codrus, the 4th and last of the decennial archous. In- censed at the barbarous punishment which he inflicted on his daughter, the Attic nobles de- posed him. HIPPONAX (-actis), of Ephesus, a Greek Iambic poet, flourished n.c. 540-520. He was celebrated for the bitterness of his satires. HIPPONICUS. [Calt.ias and HirpoNious.] HIPPONiUM. [ViBo.] HIPPONOUS. [BKi.i.EiiornoN.] HIPPOtADBS (-ae), son of Hippotes, that is, Aeolus. Hence the Aeoliae Insulae are call- ed Hippotadae retjnunu HIPPOTHOUS (-i), son of Cercyon, and fa- ther of Aepytus, king of Arcadia. HIRPINI (-oruin), a Samnite people, dwell- ing in the S. of Samnium, between Apulia, Lncania, and Campania. Their chief town was Aeoulanum. HIRTIUS (-i), A., a friend of Caesar the dic- tator, and consul with Pausa, ».o. 43. Hirtius and his colleague fell at the battle of Mutina, fighting against Antony. [Adgustub,] Hir- tius divides with Oppius the claim to the au- thorship of the 8th Dook of the Gallic war, as well as to that of the histories of the Alex- andrian, African, and Spanish wars. It is not impossible that he wrote the first three, but he certainly did not write the Spanish war. HTSPXLIS (-is), more rarely HISPAL (-Slis : Seville), a town of the Turdetani in Ilispania Baetica, founded by the Phoenicians, situated on the left bank of the Baetis, and in reality a sea-port, for, although 500 stadia from the sea, the river is navigalile for the largest ves- sels up to the town. Under the Romans it was an important place ; under the Goths and Vandals the chief town in the S. of Spain ; and under the Arabs the capital of a separate kingdom. HISPANIA. 200 HISTIAEUS. HISPAI^IA (-ae : Spain)j apeninsala in the S.W. of Europe, connected with the land only on the N.E., where the Pyrenees form its boundary, and suiTounded on all other sides by the sea, and on the N. by the Cantabrian sea. The Greeks and Romans had no accu- rate knowledge of the country till the time of the Roman invasion in the 2d Punic war. It was first mentioned by Hecataeus (about «.o. 500) under the name of Iberia; but this name originally indicated only the E. coast ; the W. coast beyond the Pillars of Her- cules was called Tarteania (Tapr^io-o-i'p). It was called by the Greeks Iberia, a name usually derived from the river Iberus, and by the Romans Hispania. Spain was celebrated in antiquity for its mineral treasures. Gold was found in abundance in various parts of the country; and there were many silver mines, of which the most celebrated were near Car- thago Nova, Ilipa, Sisapon, and Gastulo. The precious stones, copper, lead, tin, and other metals, were also found in more or less abun- dance. The most ancient inhabitants of Spain were the Ibevi, who dwelt on both sides of the Pyrenees, and were found in the S. of Gaul as far as the Rhone. Celts afterwards crossed the Pyrenees, and became mingled with the Iberi, whence arose the mixed race of the Celtiberj, who dwelt chiefly in the high table land in the centre of the country. [Cel- TiuKBi.] But besides this mixed race of the Celtiberi, there were also several tribes, both of Iberians and Celts, who were never united with one another. The unmixed Iberians, from whom the modern Basques are descend- ed, dwelt chiefly in the Pyrenees and on the coasts, and their most distinguished tribes were the Abtubes, Cantabbi, Vacoabt, etc. The unmixed Celts dwelt chiefly on the river Anas, and in the N.W. corner of the country, or Gallaecia. Besides these inhabitants, there were Phoenician and Carthaginian settle- ments on the coasts, of which the most impor- tant were Gades and Cabtuaoo Nova ; there were likewise Greek colonies, such as Empo- KiAB and Saouhtum .- and lastly the conquest of the country by the Romans introduced many Romans among the inhabitants, whose civilization and language gradually spread over the whole peninsula. Under the empire some of the most distinguished Latin writers were natives of Spain, such as the two Sen- ecas, Lucan, Martial, Quintilian, Silius Itali- cus, Pomponius Mela, Piudentins, and others. The ancient inhabitauts of Spain were a proud, brave, and warlike race; lovers of their liberty, and ready at all times to sncri- flce their lives rather than submit to a foreign master. The history of Spain begins with the invasion of the countiyby the Carthagin- ians, U.O. 23S. Under the command of Har milcar (23S-229), and that of his son-in-law and successor, Hasdrubal (22S-221), the Carthagin- ians conquered the greater part of the S.E. of the peninsula as far as the Iberus ; and Hasdrubal founded the important city of Car- thago Nova. These successes of the Cartha- ginians excited the jealousy of the Romans ; and a treaty was made between the two na- tions about 228, by which the Carthaginians bound themselves not to cross the Iberus. The town of Saguntum, although on the W. side of the river, was under the protection of the Romans ; and the capture of this town by Hannibal, in 219, was the immediate cause of the 2d Punic war. In the course of this war the Romans drove the Carthaginians out of the peninsula, and became masters of their possessions in the S. of the country. But many tribes in the centre of the country re- tained their independence; and those in the N. and N.W. of the country had been hitherto quite unknown both to the Carthaginians and Romans. There now arose a louo; and bloody struggle between the Romans and the various tribes In Spain, and it was nearly 2 centuries before the Romans succeeded in subduing en- tirely the whole of the peninsula. The Cel- tiberians were conquered by the elder Cato (195), and Tib. Gracchus, the father of the 2 tribunes (179). The Lnsitanians, who long resisted the Romans under their brave leader Viriathus, were obliged to submit, about the year 137, to D. Brutus, who penetrated as far as Gallaecia; but it was not till Numantia was taken by Sciplo Africauus the younger, in 133, that the Romans obtained the undis- puted sovereignty over the various tribes in the centre of the country, and of the Lusita- nians to the S. of the Tacus. Julius Caesar, after his praetorship, subdued the Lnsitanians N. of the Tagus (CO). The Caotabri, Astures, and other tribes in the mountains of the N., were finally subjugated by Augustus and his generals. The Romans had, as early as the end of the 2d Punic war, divided Spain into 2 provinces, separated from one another by the Iberus, ana called Hispania Citerior and Hispania UUet'iffr, the former being to the E. and the latter to the W. of the river. In con- sequence of there being 2 provinces, we fre- quently find the country called Utspaniae. The provinces were governed by 2 proconsuls or 2 propraetors, the latter of whom also fre- quently Dore the title of proconsuls. Augus- tus made a new division of the country, and formed 3 provinces — TarraconenaiSi Baetica, and Lusitania. The province Tarraconensis, which derived its name from Tarraco, the capital of the province, was by far the largest of the 3, and comprehended toe whole of the N., W., and centre of the peninsula. The province Baetica, which derived its name from the river Baetis, was separated from Lusitania on the N. and W. by the river Anas, and from Tarraconensis on the E. by a line drawn from the river Anas to the promontory Charidemus in the Mediterranean. The province Lusi- tania corresponded very nearly in extent to the modern Portugal. In Baetica, Corduba or Hispalis was the seat of government ; in Tarraconensis, Tarraco ; and m Lusitania, Au- gusta Emerita. On the fall of the Roman em- pire Spain was conquered by the Vandals, A.i>. 409. HISTIAEA. [Hestiabotis.] HISTIAEUS (-i), tyrant of Miletus, was left with the other lonians to guard the bridge of boats over the Danube when Da- rius invaded Scythia (b.o. 513). He opposed the proposal of Miltiades, the Athenian, to destroy the bridge, and leave the Persians to their fate, and was in consequence rewarded HOMERUS. 201 HOMERUS. by Darius with a district in Thrace, where he built a towu called Myrcinus, apparently with the view of establishiDg an iudepeudent king- dom. This excited the suspicions of Darius, who invited Hlatiaeus to Susa, where he treated him kindly, but prohibited him ft-om returning. Tired of the restraint in which he was kept, he Induced his kinsman Aris- tagoras to persuade the lonians to revolt, hoping that a revolution in louia might lead to his release. His design succeeded. Da- rius allowed Histiaeus to depart (496) on bis engaging to reduce louia. Here Histiaeus threw off the mask, and carried on war against the Persians, He was at length tak- en prisoner, and put to death by Artapher- nes, satrap of Ionia. HOMERUS (-i), the great epic poet of Greece. His poems formed the basis of Greek literature. Every Greek who had received a liberal education was perfectly well acquainted with them from his child- hood, and had learned them by heart at school ; but nobody could state any thing certain about their author. His date and birthplace were equally matters of dis- pute. Seven cities claim- ed Homer as their conn- trymau (Smyrna, Rho- dus. Colophon, Sulamis, Chios, Argos, Atheuae) ; but the claims of Smyrna Homer. and Chios are the most plausible. The best modern writers {>lace his date about b.o. 850. With the exception of the simple fact of his being an Asiatic Greek, all other particulars respecting his life are purely fabulous. The common tradition related that he was the son of Maeon (hence called Maeonides vates), and that in hie old age he was blind and poor. — Homer was universally regarded by the au- cieuts as the author of the 2 great poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Such continued to be the prevalent belief in modern times, till the year 1795, when the German profess- or F. A. Wolf wrote his famous Prolegome- na, in which he endeavored to show that the Iliad and Odyssey were not two complete poems, but small, separate, independent epic souga, celcbratiug single exploits of the he- roes, and that these lays were for the first time written down and united, as the Iliad and Odyssey, by Pisistratus, the tyrant of Athens. This opinion gave rise to a long and animated coutroversy respecting the or- igin of the Homeric poems, which is not yet settled, and which probably never will be. The following, however, may be regarded as the most probable conclusion. An abundance of heroic lays preserved the tales of the Tro- jan war. These unconnected songs were, for the first time, united by a great genius called Homer, and he was the one individual who conceived in his mind the lofty idea of that poetical unity which we must acknowl- edge and admire in the Iliad and Odyssey. But as writing was not known, or at least little practiced, in the age in which Homer lived, it naturally followed that in such long OIKOYMENH XPQNOIIAIAS OAYSZEIA OMIiPOS MYeOI Homer enthroned. HOMOLK. 202 HORATIA. works many iiiterpoltitioiis were introriuced, and that Ihey gradually became more aucl more dismembered, and thus returned into their original state of separate independent songs. They were preserved by the rhapso- di&ts, who were minstrels, and who san^lays at the banquets of the great and at public fes- tivals. Solon directed the attention of his countrymen towards the unity of the Homeric poems ; bnt the unanimous voice of antiquity ascribed to Pisistratus the merit of having collected the disjointed poems of Homer, and of having first committed them to writing. The ancieuta attributed many other poems to Homer besides the Iliad and the Odyssey : but the claims of none of these to this honor can stand investigation. The hymns which still beai' the name of Homer probably owe their origin to the rhapsodists. Batrachomy- omaehia, or Battle of the Frogs and Mice, an extant'poem, and the Margites^ a poem which is lost, and which ridiculed a man who was said to know many things and who knew all badly, were l)oth frequently a3cril)ed by the ancients to Honjer, bnt were clearly of later cation of honor at Rome, to whom temples were built both by Marcellus and by Marius, close to the temples of Honos. Marcellus also built one to virtus : and the two deities are frequently mentioned together. HONORiUS FL5.V1US (-i), Roman em- peror of the West, a.d. 395-423, was the 2d son of Theodosins the Great. In his reign Alaric took aud plundered Rome. HSRAB (-arnm), daughters of Zeus (Jupi- ter) and Themis, the goddesses of the order of nature and of the seasons, who guarded the doors of Olympus, and promoted the fer- tility of the earth by the various kinds of weather which they gave to mortals. At Athens 2 Horae, Thallo (the Hora of spring) and Carpo (the Hora of autumn), were wor- shiped from very early times ; but they are usually represented as three or four in num- ber. Hesiod gives them the names of Eu- mmiia (good order). Vice (justice), and Irem (peace). In works of art the Horae are rep- resented as blooming maidens or youths, carrying the dift'erent products of the seasons. Horae (Scasoaa). (From a Bnss-rolicf at Kouie.) origin. — The Odyssey was evidently com- po.«ed after the Iliad ; and many writers maiu- tain that they are the works of 2 different authors. Bnt It has been observed, in reply, that there is not a greater difference in the 2 poems than we often flud in the productions of the same man in the prime of life and in old age i and the chief cause of diflerence in the 2 poems is owing to the difference of the subject. The Alexandrine grammarians paid great attention to the text of the Homeric poems ; and the edition of the Iliad and the Odyssey by Aristarchus has been the basis of the text to the present day. HOMOLI (-es). (1) A lofty mountain in Thessaly, near Tempe, with a sanctuary of Pan — (2) Or Homouom (-i), a town in Mag- nesia in Thessaly, at the foot of Mount Ossa, near the Peneus, HONOR or HONOS (-oris), the personifl- HORXTIA gens, one of the most ancient patrician genles at Rome. 3 brothers of this race fought with the Curiatii, 3 brothers from Alba, to determine whether Rome or Alba were to exercise the supremacy. The battle was long undecided. 2 of the Horatii fell; bnt the 3 Curiatii, though alive, were severely wounded. Seeing this, the surviving Hora- tius, who was still unhurt, pretended to fly, and vanquished his wounded opponents by encountering them severally. He returned in triumph, beariug his threefold spoils. As he approached the Capene gate his sister Horatia met him, aud recognized on his shoulders the mantle of one of the Curiatii, her betrothed lover. Her importunate grief drew on her the wrath of Horatius, who stabbed her, exclaiming, "So perish every Roman woman who bewails a foe." For this murder he was adjudged by the duum- viri to be scourged with covered head, and HORATIUS. 203 HORATIUS. hanged on the accnrsed tree. Horatius ap- pealed to hia peers, the burghers or populus ; and his father prontmnced nim gnutless, or lie would have pnnished him by the paternal power. The populus acquitted Horatius, but prescribed a form ofpuuishmeut. With veil- ed head, led by his father, Horatius passed under a yoke or gihhet—tigillum Boj'orium, "sisters' gibbet.'* HOrXTIUS COCLES. [Cooleb.] HOkXTIUS FLACCUS, Q. Vi), the poet, was born December 8th, it'.c. 65, at Vennsia in Apulia. His father was a libertinus or freedman. He had received his manumission before the birth of the poet, who was of in- f^enuouB birth, but who did not altogether escape the taunt which adhei'ed to persons even of remote servile origin. His father's occupation was that of collector (coactor) either of the indirect taxes farmed by the publicans or at sales by auction. With the profits of his office he had purchased a small ■farm in the neighborhood of Venusia, where the poet was born. The father devoted his whole time and fortune to the education of the future poet. Though by no means rich, he declined to send the young Horace to the common school, kept in Vennsia by one Fla^ vius, to which the children of the rural aris- tocrac;^ resorted. Probably about his 12th year his father carried him to Rome, to re- ceive the usual education of a knight's or sen- ator's eon. He frequented the best schools in the capital. One of these was kept by Orbilius, a retired military man, whose flog- ging propensities have been immortalized by his pupil. In his ISth year Horace proceeded to Athens, in order to continue his studies at that seat of learning. When Brutus came to Athens after the death of Caesar, Horace joined his army, and received at once the rank of a military tribune, and the command of a legion. He was present at the battle of Philippi, and shared in the flight of the re- publican army. In one of his poems he play- fully alludes to his flight and throwing away his shield. He now resolved to devote him- self to more peaceful pursuits, and having obtained his pardon, he ventured at once to return to Rome. He had lost all his hopes in life ; his paternal estate had been swept away ■ in ihe general forfeiture ; but he was enabled, however, to obtain sufficient money to ]jur- chase a clerkship in the quaestor's office, and on the profits of that place he managed to live with the utmost frugality. Meantime some of his poems attracted the notice of Va- rius and Virgil, who introduced him to Mae- cenas (n.o. 39). Horace soon became the friend of Maecenas, and this friendship quickly ripened into intimacy. In a year or two after the commencement of their friend- ship (37) Horace accompanied his patron on that journey to Bnindusium so agreeably described in the 5th satire of the 1st book. About the year 34 Maecenas bestowed upon the poet a Sabine farm sufticient to maintain him in ease, comfort, and even in. content (aatis beatua unidn Sabinis) during the rest of his life. The situation of this Sabine ihrm was in the valley of Ustica, within view of the mountain Lucretilis, and near the Digentia, about 15 miles from Tibur {Tivoli). A site exactly answering to the villa of Horace, and on which were found ruins of buildings, has been discovered in modern times. Besides this estate, his admiration of the beautiful scenery in the neighborhood of Tibur inclined him either to hire or to purchase a small cot- tage in that romantic town ; and all the hiter years of his life were passed between these two country residences and Rome. He con- tinued to live on the most intimate terms with Maecenas ; and this intimate friendship naturally introduced Horace to the notice of the other great men of his period, and at length to Augustus himself, who bestowed upon the poet substantial marks of his favor. Horace died on Nov. 17, jt.o. 8, aged nearly 57. — Horace has described his own person : He was of short stature, with dark eyes and dark hair, but early tinged with gray. In his youth he was tolerably robust, T>ut suftered from a complaint in hia eyes. In more ad- vanced life he grew fat, and Augustus jested about his protuberant belly. His health was not always good, and he seeins to have in- clined to be a valetudinarian. His habits, even after he became richer, were generally frugal and abstemious ; though on occasions, both in youth and maturer a^e, he seems to have indulged in conviviality. He liked choice wine, and in the society of friends scrupled not to enjoy the luxuries of his time. He was never married The philosophy of Horace was that of a man of the world. He playfully alludes to his Epicureanism, but it was practical rather than speculative Epicu- reanism. His mind, indeed, was not in the least speculative. Common-life wisdom was his study, and to this he brought a quickness of observation and a sterling common-sense which have made his works the delight of practical men. The Odea of Horace want the higher inspirations of lyric verse ; but as works of refined art, of the most skillful fe- licities of language and of measure, of trans- lucent expression and of agieeable imaj^ee, embodied in words which imprint themselves indelibly on the memory, they are unrivaled. — In the Satires of Horace there is none of the lofty moral indignation, the fierce vehemence of invective, which characterized the later satirists. It is the folly rather than the wick- edness of vice which he touches with snch playful skill. Nothing can surpass the keen- ness of hia observation, or his ease of ex- pression : it is the finest comedy of manners, in a descriptive instead of a dramatic form. — In the Epodea there is bitternes^s provoked, it should seem, by some personal hatred or sense of injury, and the ambition of imitating Archilochns; but in these he seeins to have exhausted all the malignity and violence of hia temper. — But the lipistUs are the most perfect of the Horatian poetry, the poetry of manners and society, the beauty of which consists in akind of ideality of common-sense and practical wisdom. The title of the Art of Poetry for the Epistle to the Pisos is as old as Quiiitilian, but it is now agreed that it was not intended for a comnlete theory of the poetic art. It is conjectured with great prob- HORTA. 204 HYBLA. ability that it was intended to dissuade one of the younger Pisos from devoting himself to poetry, for which he had little genius, or at least to suggest the difficulties orattaining to perfection.— The chronology of the Hora- tian poems is of great importance, as illus- trating the life, the times, and the writings of the poets. The 1st book of Satires, which was the first publication, appeared about n.o. 35, in the 30tn year of Horace. — The 2d book of Satires was published about 33, in the 32d year of Horace, — The Epodes appeared about 31, in the 34th year of Horace.— The 3 first books of the Odes were published about 24 or 23, in the 41st or 42d year of Horace.— The Ist book of the Epistles was published about 20 or 19, in the 45th or 46th year of Horace. — The Carmen Seculare appeared in 17, in the 48th year of Horace.— The 4th book of the Odes was published in 14 or 13, in bis 51st or 62d year.- The dates of the 2d book of Epis- tles and of the Am Poetica are admitted to be uncertain, though both appeared before the poet's death, B.C. 8. HOKTA (-ae) or HORTlNUM (-i), a town in Etruria, at the junction of the Nar and the Tiber, so called from the Etruscan goddess Horta, whose temple at Kome always re- mained open. HORTENSiUS, Q. (-i), the orator, was born in n.o. 114, eight years before Cicero. At the early age of 19 he spoke with great api>Iause in the forum, and at once rose to eminence as an advocate. In the civil wars he joined Sulla, and was afterwards a constant supporter of the aristocratical party. His chief professional labors were in defending men of this party when accused of malad- mlnietration and extortion in their provinces, or of bribery and the like in canvassing for public honors. He had no rival iu the forum till he encountered Cicero, and he long ex- ercised an undisputed sway over the courts of justice. In 81 he was- quaestor; in 75 nedile ; in 72 praetor ; and in 69 consul with Q. Caecilius Metellus. He died in 50. The eloquence of Hortensins was of the florid or (as It was termed) "Asiatic" style, fitter for hearing than for reading. His memory was su reaay and retentive that he is said to have been able to come out of a sale-room and repeat the auction-list backwards. His action was very elaborate ; and the pains he bestowed in arranging the folds of his toga have been recorded by ancient writers. Bos- cins, the tragedian, used to follow him into the forum to take a lesson in his own art. He possessed immense wealth, and had sev- eral splendid villas. — His son, Q.HoBT£H8ins HonTALUs, was put to death by M. Antony after the battle of Philippi. HORUS (-i), the Egyptian god of the sun, who was also worshiped iu Greece and at Home. HOSTILIA (-ae), a small town in Gallia Cisalpina, on the Po, and on the road from Mutina to Verona; the birthplace of Corne- lius Nepos. H0STIL3EUS TULLUS. [Tdli.ub Hostil- HTJNNI (-orum), an Asiatic people who dwelt for some centuries in the plains of Tar- tary, and were formidable to the Chinese empire long before they were known to the Romans. A portion of the nation crossed into Europe, and were allowed by Valens to settle in Thrace, a.t>. 376. Under their king, Attila (A.n. 434^53), they devastated the fairest portions of the empire ; but a few years after Attila's death their empire was completely destroyed. HTiCINTHLTS (-i), son of the Spartan king Amyclas, was a beautiful youth, beloved by Apollo and Zephyrus. He returned the love of Apollo ; but as he was once playing at quoits with the god, Zephyrus, out of jeal- ousy, caused the quoit of Apollo to strike the head of the youth and kill him on the spot. From the blood of Hj'acinthus there sprang the flower of the same name (hyacinth), on the leaves of which appeared the exclamation of woe, AI, AI, or the letter Y, being the ini- tial of 'YuKii'&of. According to other tradi- tions, the hyacinth sprang from the blood of Ajax. Hyacinthus was worshiped at Amy- clae as a hero, and a great festivali Hyaciu- thia, was celebrated in his honor. HYXDES (-urn), that is, the Rainers, the name of nymphs forming a group of 7 stars in the head of Taurus. Their names were Aimbrosia^ JSudora^ PediUy CoroniSy Polyxo, PhytOj and Thyene or DUnie, Their number, however, is difierentl;^ stated by the ancient writers. They were intrusted by Zeus (Ju- piter) with the care of his infant eon Diony- sus (Bacchus), and were afterwards placed by Zeus among the stars. The story which made them the daughters of Atlas relates that their number was 12 or 35, and that at first 5 of them were placed among the staVs as Hyades, and the 7 (or 10) others after- wards, under the name of Pleiades, to reward them for the sisterly love they had evinced after the death of their brother Hyas, who had been killed in Libya by a wild beast. The Romans derived their name from Sr, a pig, and translated it by Siicvlae. The most natural derivation is from veiv, to rain, as the constellation of the Hyades, when rising si- multaneously with the sun, announced rainy weather. Hence Horace speaks of the trUtea Hyades. HYAMPOLIS (-is), a town in Phocis, E. of the CephissuB, near Cleonae, founded by the H^antes, destroyed by Philip and the Amphictyons. HYANTES (-um), the ancient inhabitants of Boeotia, from which country they were expelled by the Cadmeans. Part of the Hy- antes emigrated to Phocis, where they found- ed Hyampolis, and part to Aetolia. The po- ets use the adjective Hyantiita as equivalent to Boeotian. HY5.S (-antis), son of Atlas, and father or brother of the Hyades. HYBLA (-ae), 3 towns in Sicily. (1) Ma- jor, on the S. slope of Mount Aetna and on the river Symaethus, was originally a town of the Siculi.— (2) Minor, afterwards called HYCCARA. 205 HYPERIDES. Megara.— (3) HEitAitA, in the S. of the island, on the road from Syracuse to Agrigentuin. It is doubtful from which of these 3 places the Hyblaean honey came, so frequently meu- tioned by the poets. HYCCXRA (-orum), a town of the Sicani on the N. coast of Sicily, W. of Panormus, tixken by the Athenians, and its inhabitants sold as slaves, b.o. 416. Among the captives was the beautiful Timandra, the mistress of Alcibiades and the mother of Lais. HfDASPBS (-ae or is: Jelum), the N.- most of the 5 great tributaries of the Indus, which, with the Indus itself, water the great Slain of N, India, which is bounded on the I by the Himalaya range, and which is now called the Punjab^ i.e,6 rivers. The Hydas- pes falls into the Acesines {Chenah)^ which itselffalls into the Indus. The epithet "fabu- losus," which Horace applies to the Hydas- pes, refers to the marvelous stories current among the Bomans, who knew next to noth- ing abontlndia ; and the "JWerfus Hydaspes " of Virgil is merely an example of the vague- ness with which the Koman poets refer to the countries beyond the eastern limit of the empire. HYDRA. [Heuouleb.] HTDREA (-ae: Hydra)^ a small island in the gulf of Hermione off Argolis, of no im- portance in antiquity, but the inhabitants of which in modern times played a distinguished part in the war of Greek nidependence, and are some of the best sailors in Greece. HTDRUNTUM (-i) or HYDRtTS (-untis : OtranU))^ one of the moat ancient towns of Calabria, situated on the S.E. coast, near a mountain of the same name : it had a good harbor, from which personsfreqneutly crossed over to Epirus. HYGIEA, also called HYGEA or HYGIA (-ae), the goddess of health, and a daughter of Aesculapius, though some traditions make her the wife of the latter. In works of art she is represented as a virgin dressed in a hmg robe, and feeding a serpent from a cup. HtXAEUS (-i), that is, the Woodman, the name of an Arcadian centaur who was slain by Atalante when he pursued her. Accord- ing to some legends Hylaeus fell in the fight against the Lapithae, and according to others he was one of the centaurs slain by Hercules. HYLAS (-ae), a beautiful youth, beloved by Hercules, whom he accompanied in the Argonautic expedition. Having gone on shore on the coast of Mysia to draAV water, he was carried off by the Naiads, and Her- cules long sought for him in vain. HYLE (-es), a small town in Boeotia, situ- ated on the lake Hylioe, which was called after this town. HYLIAS (-ae), a river in Brnttium, sepa- rating the territories of Sybaris and Croton. HYLICE. [Kyle.] HYLLUS (-i), eon of Hercules by Deiantra, and husband of lole. Along with the other sons of Hercules, he was expelled from Pel- oponnesus by Eurystheus, and took refuge at Athens. He was slain in battle by Eche- mus, king of Arcadia, when he attempted afterwards to enter Pelopounesus. HYLLUS (-i), a river of Lydia, falling into the Hermus on its N. side. HYMEN or HYMfiNAEUS (-i), the god of marriage, was conceived as a handsome youth, nnd invoked in the hymeneal or bridal song. The name originally designated the bridal S(nig itself, which was subsequently personi- fied. His parentage is differently stated, but ' he is usually called the son of Apollo and a Muse. He is represented in works of art as a youth, but taller and with a more seriouH expression than Eros (Amor), and carrying in his hand a bridal torch. HYMETTUS (-i), a mountain in Attica, about 3 miles S. of Athens, celebrated for its marble and its honey. HYPACYRIS, HYPACXRIS, or PACl- RIS (-is), a river in European Sarmatia, flow- ing throuo;h the country of the nomad Scythi- ans, and falling into the Sinus Carciuites in the Euxine Sea. HYpaBPA (-Oram), a city of Lydia, on the S. slope of Mount Tmolus, near the N. bank of the Caister. HYpXnis (-is: Bog), a river in European Sarmatia, falling into the Euxine Sea W. of the Borysthenes. HYpXTA (-orum), a town of the Aenianes in Thessaly, S. of the Spercheus, whose in- habitants were notorious for witchcraft. HYPERBOLUS (-i), an Athenian dema- gogue in the Pelopimnesian war, of servile origin. In order to get rid either of Nicias or Alcibiades, Hyperbolas called for the ex- ercise of the ostracism. But the parties en- dangered combined to defeat him, and the vote of exile fell on Hyperbolus himself: an ai)i3Ucation of that dignified punishment by which it was thought to have been so debased that the use of it was never recurred to. Some years afterwards he was murdered by the oligarchs at Samos, u.o. 411. HYPERBOREI or -II (-Orum), a fabulous people, supposed to live in a state of perfect happiness, in a land of perpetual sunshine, bey&nd tfie N. wirvd; whence their name {virep36peoi, fr. vir^p and Bopeas). The poets use the tenn Hyperborean to mean only nnoat northerlyfjiB when Virgil and Horace speak of the Hyperboreae &rcue and Hyperborei campi. The fable of the Hyperboreans may probably be regarded as one of the forms in which the tradition of an original period of innocence and happiness existed among the nations of the ancient world. HYPERBORfil MONTES was originally the mythical name of an imaginaiy range of mountains in the N. of the earth, and was afterwards applied by the geographers to various chains, as, for example, the Cauca- sus, the Rhipaei Montes, and others. HYPERIDES or HYpERIDES (-is), one of the 10 Attic orators, was a friend of Demos- thenes, and one of the leaders of the popular party. He was slain by the emissaries of Antipater, at the end of the Lamian war, b.o. 332. None of his orations are extant. HYPERION. 206 lAKDANES. HYPERION (-fiDis), a Titan, son of Uranns , one of the 3 ancient Dorian cities in the island of Khodes, stood on the N.W. coast of the island, abont 00 stadia S.W. of Rhodes. lAMBLlCHUS _(-i), a celebrated Neo-Pla- tonic philosopher in the reign of Constantine the Great. Among bis extant works is a life of Pythagoras. lAMNlA (-ae: O. T. Jabneel, Jabneh), a considerable city of Palestine, between Dios- Eolis and Azotua, near the coast, with a good arljor. lAMtrS (-i), son of Apollo and Evadne, re- ceived the art of prophecy from his father, and was regarded as the ancestor of the fa- mous family of seers the lamidae at Olym- pia. lANTHB. [IpniB.} IXPETUS (-i), one of the Titans, son of Uranus (Heaven) and Ge (Earth), and father of Atlas, Prometheus, Bpimetheus, and Me- noetius. He was imprisoned with Cronus (Saturuus) in Tartarus. His descendants- Prometheus, Atlas, and others — are often designated by the patrcmymics JdpMdap. (cs>, IdpitwnMae (cb), and the feminine Mpitv- dnis. iAPTDES (-um), a warlike and barbarous people in the N. of Illyricum, between the rivers Arsia and Tedanins, were a mixed race, partly lUyrian and partly Celtic, who tattooed their bodies. They were subdued by Augus- tus. Their country was called Iafyuia. lAPlfGIA (-ae), the name given by the Greeks to the S. of Apulia, from Tarentum and Brundusium to the Prom. Iapysium (C. Leuca), though it is sometimes applied to the whole of Apulia. [Apulia.] The name is derived from the mythical lapyx. llPYX (-ygis). (1) Son of Lycaon and brother of Daunius and Peucetius, who went as leaders of a colony to Italy. According to others he was a Cretan and a son of Daeda- lus.— (2) The W.N.W. wind, blowing off the coast of lapygia (Apulia), in the S. of Italy, and consequently favorable to persons cross- ing over to Greece. lARBAS or IIIARBAS (-ae), king of the Gaetulians, and son of Jupiter Ammon by a Libyan nymph, sued in vain for the hand of Dido in marriage. [Dino.] iAKDXNBS, king of Lydia, and father of Omplialc, who is hence called larddnis. lARDANES. 207 ICHTHYOPHAGI. jkULdimJxumJiunk^iJxuj^iK. lARDiNSS or lARDiNUS (-i). (1) p-. A river in Elis.— (2) A river in the N. of Crete, which flowed near the town Cydo- nia. liSiON (-ouls), liSiUS, or IXSUS M). (1) Son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Electra, be- loved by Demeter (Ceres), who became by him the mother of Pluton or Plutus in Crete. From laBion came the patronymic A^idest a name given to Paliuurus, as a de- scendant of Atlas.— (2) Father of Atalante, who is hence called Idsis,—{3) A city or Caria, founded by Argives and further col- onized by Milesians, situated on the las- ^ua or Zaa^icua Siimsj to which it gave its name. liSUS. [lABiua.] JiZYGBS (-nro), a powerful Sarmatiau people, who -originally dwelt on the const of the Pontus Euzinus and the Palus Mae- otis, bat in the reign of Claudius settled near the Quad! in Dacia, in the country bounded by the Danube, the Theiss, and the Sarmatian mountains. iBSRlA (-ae). (1) The name given by the Greeks to Spain. [ Hibpania. ]— ( 2 ) (Part of Georgia) A country of Asia, in the centre of the isthmus between the Black and Caspian seas, bounded on the N. by the Cau- casus, on the W. by Colchis, on the E. by Al- bania, and on the S. by Armenia. It was sur- rounded on every side by mountains, and was famed for a fertility of which its modern name (from Teapfot) remains a witness. Its Inhabitants, Ibehbb or Ibebi, were more civ- ilized than their neighbors in Colchis and Al- bania. Their chief employment was agri- culture. The Romans first became acquamt-' ed with the country through the expedition of Pompey, In u.o. 65. No connection can be traced between the Iberlana of Asia and those of Spain. IBERUS (-1: Ebro)t the principal river in the N.E. cyf Spain, rising among the mount- ains of the Cantabri, and falling into the Mediterranean near Dertosa, after forming a delta. IBYCUS (-1), a Greek lyric poet of Rhegi- nm, spent the best part of bis life at Samos, at the court of Polycrates, about n.o. 540. It is related that traveling through a desert place near Corinth, he was murdered by rob- bers, but before he died be called upon a flock of cranes that happened to fly over him to avenge his death. Soon afterwards, when the people of Corinth were assembled in the theatre, the cranes appeared ; and one of the murderers, who happened to be present, cried out involuntarily, "Behold the avengers of Ibycus:" and thus were the authors of the crime detected. ICiRlUS (-i) or TCiRUS (-i). (1) An Athenian, who hospitably received Dionysus in Attica, and was taught in return the culti- vation of the vine. Icarins was slain by peas- ants who had become intoxicated by some wine which he had given them, and who thought that they had oeen poisoned by him. His daughter Erigone, after a long search, fouud bis grave, to which she was conducted M Dionyeua vieltlng Icarlua. by his faithful dog Maera. From grief she hung herself on the tree under which he was buried. Zeus (Jupiter), or Dionysus, placed her and Icarins amon^ the stars, making Erig- one the Virgin^ Icanus Bootes or ArcturuSy and Maera iVoci/on, or the little dog. Hence the latter is called Icarins cams. — (2) A Lace- daemonian, son of Perieres and Gorgophftne, or brother of Tyndareus, grandson of Perie- res, and son of Oebalus. He promised to give his daughter Penelope to the hero who should conquer in a foot-race ; but when Ulysses won the prize he tried to persuade her to remain with him. Ulysses allowed her to do as she pleased, whereupon she covered her face with her veil to hide her blushes, thus iutimatlng that she would follow her husband. ICXRUS (-1), a son of Daedalus. [Daeda- lus.] iCiRUS (-i) or XC5.RIA (-ae), an island of the Aegaean sea ; one of the Sporades, W. of Samos. Its common name, end that of the surrounding sea, Icaiium Mare, were derived from the myth of Ioabub. It was first colo- nized by the Milesians, but afterwards be- longed to the Samlans. ICCiUS (-i), a friend of Horace, who ad- dressed to him an ode, in which the poet rep- rehends delicately his friend's inordinate de- sire for wealth. ICENI (-drum), a powerful people in Brit- ain, dwelling N. of the Trinobantes, in the modern counties of Suffolk and Norfolk. Their revolt from the Romans, under their heroic queen Boadicga, is celebrated In his- tory. [BoADioEA.] Their chief town was VkntaIoenorum {Cai8ter% about 3 miles from Norwich. ICHTHYOPHXGI f-5rum, i, e. Fiahr-eatera) was a vague descriptive name given by the ancients to various peoples on the coasts of Asia and Africa, of whom they knew but lit- tle. Thus we find Ichthyopnagi : 1, In the ICILIUS. 208 ILIONA. extreme S.E, of Asia, in tlie country of tlie Kinae ; 2, on the coast of Gedbosia ; 3, on tlie N.E. coast of Arabia Felix ; 4, in Africa, on the coast of the Red Sea, above Egypt ; 5, on ihe W. coast of Africa. ICILIUS (-i), the name of a celebrated ple- beian family, the most distinguished mem- ber of which was Sp. Icilins, tribune of the plebs, B.o. 456 and 455. He was one of the chief leaders in the outbreak against the de- cemvirs, 449, Virginia having been betrothed to him. [Virginia.] ICONIUM (-i: Kmiyeh),ihe capital of Ly- caouia, in Asia Minor, was, when visited oy St. Paul, a flonrishing city. IDA {-ae). <1) A mountain range of Mysia, in Asia Minor, celebrated in mythology as the scene of the rape of Ganymede (hence called Idaetis puer) and of the judgment of Paris (hence called Jdams Judex). In Homer the summit of Ida is the place from which the gods watch the battles in the plain of Troy. It is an ancient seat of the worship of Cybele, who obtained from it the name of Idaea Ma- ter. — (2) A mountain in the centre of Crete, closely connected with the worship of Zens (Jupiter), who is said to have been brought up in a cave in this mountain. IDAEI DACTfLI. [Daottli.] IDiLiUM (-i), a town in Cyprus, sacred to Venus, who hence bore the surname Idalia. SDAS (-ae), son of Aphareus and Areue, and brother of Lyucens. From the name of their father, Idas and Lynceus are called AphareiMae or Apharldae. Apollo was in love with Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus, but Idas carried her off in a winged chariot which Poseidon (Neptune) had given him. The lovers fought for her possession ; but Zeus (Jupiter) separated them, and left the decision with Marpessa, who chose Idas, from fear lest Apollo should desert her if she grew old. The Apharetidae also took part in the Calydoniau hunt, and in the expedition of the Argonauts. But the most celebrated part of their story is their battle with the Dioscuri — Castor and Pollux— which is related else- where [p. 160]. IDISTAVISUS CAMPUS, a plain in Ger- many near the Weser, probably in the neigh- borhood of the Porta Weatphalica, memora- ble for the victory of Germauicns over the Cheruaci, a.». 10. IDMON (-6nis). (1) Father of Arachne, a native of Colophon. — (2) Son of Apollo and Asteria, or Cyrene, was a soothsayer, and ac- companied the Argonauts, although he knew beforehand that death awaited him. He per- ished in the country of the Mariandynians. IDOMfiNEUS (-5i, ids, or e5s), son of the Cretan Deucalion, and grandson of Minos and Pasiphae, was king of Crete. He is sometimes called Z/uctius or CnossiuSt from the Cretan towns of Lyctus and Cnossns. He led the Cretans against Troy, and was one of the bravest heroes in th& Trojan war. He vowed to sacrifice to Poseidon (Neptnne) whatever he should first meet on his landing, if the god would grant him a safe return. This was his own son, whom he accordingly sacrificed. As Crete was thereupon visited by a plague, the Cretans expelled Idomeneus, who went to Italy, where lie settled in Ca- labria. iDUMABA (-ae), the Greek form of the Scriptural name Bdom. In the O. T., Edom is the district of Mount Seir, that is, the monnt- ainons region extending from the Dead Sea to the E. head of the Eed Sea. The decline of the kingdom of Judaea enabled the Edom- ites to extend their power over the S. part of Judaea as far as Hebron, while their original territory was taken possession of by the Na- bathaean Arabs. Thus the Idumaea of the later Jewish and of the Koman history is the S. part of Judaea, and a small portitm of the N. of Arabia Petraca, extending from the Mediterranean to the W. side of Mount Seir. Autipater, the father of Herod the Great, was an Idumaean. The Roman writers of the Augustan and of later ages use Idumaea and Judaea as equivalent terms. Both the old Edomites and the later Idumaeans were a commercial people, and carried on a great part of the traffic between the East and the shores of the Mediterranean. IDYIA (-ae), wife of the Colchian king Aeetes, and mother of Medea. lETAB (-arum), a town in the interior of Sicily, on a mountain of the same name, S.W. of Macella. tGILIUM (-i : Giglio), a small Island off the Etruscan coast, opposite Cosa. IGtJVIUM (-i : Oubbio or Eugubio), an im- portant towu in Umbria, on the S. slope of the Apennines. On a mountain near this town was a celebrated temple of Jupiter, in the ruins of which were discovered 7 brazen tables, covered with Umbrian inscriptions, and which are still preserved at Gubbio. These tables, frequently called the Bugubian Tables, contain more than 1000 Umbrian words, and are of great importance for a knowledge of the ancient languages of Italy. ILAIRA (-ae), daughter of Leucippus and Philodic^ and sister of Phoebe. The 2 sis- ters are frequently mentioned by the poets under the name of Leucippidae, Both were carried off by the Dioscuri, and Ilalra became the wife of Castor. ILERA CONES, ILERCAONENSES, or IL- LURGAVONENSES (-um), a people in His- pania Tarracouensis on the W. coast between the Iberus and Mount IdubSda. Their chief town was Dektosa. ILERDA (-ae), a town of the IlergStes in Hispania Tarracouensis, situated on a height above the river Sicoris (Segre), which was here crossed by a stone bridge. It was here that Afranins and Fetreius, the legates of Pompey, were defeated by Caesar (b.o. 49). ILERGETBS (-um), a people in Hispania Tarracouensis, between the Iberus and the Pyrenees. ILIA or RHEA SILVIA. [EoMmm] ILIENSBS, an ancient people in Sabdinia. ILiONA (-ae), daughter of Priam and Hec- uba, wife of Polymnestor or Polymestor, king of the Thraciau Chersouesus, to whom she ILIONEUS. 209 INACHUS. bore a son, Deipylns. As to her connectiou with Polydorus, see Poltdortis. II^ONBUS (-ei, Sda, or €6s), a son of Nio- b^, whom Apollo would have liked to save, because he was praying; but the arrow was no longer under the control of the god. [Nx- obbO ILIPA, a town in Hlspania Baetica, on the right bank of the Baetis, which was na^gable to this place with small vessels. 3HSSUS (-i), a small river in Attica, rising on the N. slope of Mount Hymettus, flowing through the E. side of Athens, and losing it- self in the marshes in' the Athenian plain. ILITHYlA (-ae),the goddess of the Greeks who aided women in childbirth. In the Iliad the lUthyiae (in the plural) are called the daughteiB of Hei;a (Jnuo) ; but in the Odys- sey and in later poets there is only one god- dess of this name. ILIUM. [Thoas.O ILLiBfiRIS (-Is). (1) {Tech), called Tionis or Tbouttm by the Komans, a river in Gallia Narbonensis in the territory of the Sardones, rising in the- Pyrenees and falling, after a short course, into the Mare Gallicum. — (2) (Elne), a town of the Santones, on the above- mentioned river, at the foot of the Pyrenees. Constantine changed its name into Helena, whence the modern Mne. ILLITURGIS or ILLITUKGI, an important town of the Turduli in Hispania Tarraconen- sis, situated on a steep rock near the Baetis. ILLTEICUM <-i) or ILLTRIS (-idis), more rarely ILLYRIA (-ae),was, in its widest sig- nification, all the land W. of Macedonia and E. of Italy and Rhaetla, extending S. as far as Eplrus, and N. as far as the valleys of the Savus and Dravus^ and the junction of these rivers with the Danube. The country was divided into two parts: I. Illyrib Barbaba or RoMAWA, the Roman province of Ili-yei- oiru, extended along the Adriatic Sea from Italy (Istria), from which it was separated bv the Arsia, to the river Drilo, and was bound- ed on the E. by Macedonia and Moesia Supe- rior, from which it was separated by the Drl- nus, and on the N. by Pannonia, from which it was separated by the Dravus. It thus com- prehended a part of the modern Croatia, the whole of Dalmatia, almost the whole of Bos- nia, and a part of Albania. It was divided in ancient times into 3 districts: lapydia, the intei-ior of the country on the "N., from the Arsia to the Tedaniua [Iafydes] ; Liburnia, along the coast from the Arsia to the Titius [LiBUBNi] ; and Dalmatia, S. of Liburnia, along the coast from the Titius to the Drilo. [Dalmatia.] The Liburnians submitted at an early day to the Romans ; but it was not till after the conquest of the Dalmatians in the reign of Augustus that the entire country was organized as a Roman province. From this time the lllyrians, and especially the Dal- matians, formed an important part of the Roman legions. — 11. Illybis Gbaeoa, or II- LYBiA proper, also called Epibus NovAj ex- tended from the Drilo, along the Adriatic, to the Ceraunian mountains, which separated it from EpiroB proper ; it was bounded on the E. by Macedonia. It thus embraced the greater part of the modern Albania* Its inhabitants' were subdued by Philip, the father of Alex- ander the Great ; but after the death of the latter they recovered theil* independence. At a later time the injury which the Roman trade suffered from their piracies brought against them the arms of the republic Their queen Teuta was defeated by the Romans, and compelled to pay an annual tribute, B.a 229. The lllyrians were again conquered by the consul Aemilius Paulus, 219. Their king Gentius formed an alliance with Perseus, king of Macedonia, against Rome ; but he was conquered by the praetor L. Autcius, in the same year as Perseus, 168 ; whereupon Illyria, as well as Macedonia, became subject to Rome. The Illyrian tribes were all more or less barbarous. They were probably of the same origin as the Thraciaus, but some Celts were mingled with them. ILUS (-i), son of Tros and Callirrhoe, great- grandson of Dardanus ; whence he is called Dardanidee. He was the father of Laomedon aud the grandfather of Priam. He was be- lieved to be the founder of Uion, which was also called Troy, after his father. ILVA. [AETnALIA.] ILVXTES (-um), a people in Ligaria, S. of the Po, in the modern Mon^errat IMACHiRA (-ae), a town in Sicily, In the Heraean mountains. IMXUS (-i), the name of a great mountain range of Asia, is one of those terms which the ancient geographers appear to have used indefinitely, for want of exact knowledge. , In its most definite application, it appears to j mean the W. part of the Himalaya, between tbeParopamisusand theEmodiMontes; but < when it is applied to some great chain, ex- I tending much farther to the N. and dividing I Scythia into 2 parts— Scythia intra Imaum ! and Scythia extra Imaum — it must either he understood to mean the Moussour or Altai mountains, or else some imaginary range, which can not be identified with any actually existing mountains. IMBROS or IMBRUS (-i), an island In the N. of the Aegaean sea, near the Thraclan Chersonesus, about 26 miles in circumference. Like the neighboring island of Samothrace, it was one of the chief seats of the worship of the Cabiri. InXCHIS (-idis), a surname of lo, the daughter of tnachuB. The goddess Isis is also called ItiocMs, because she was identified with lo ; and sometimes Inachie is used as synonymous with an Argive or Greek wom- an, — Znachides in the same way was used as a name of Epaphus, a grandson of Inachus, and also of Perseus, because he was bom at Argos, the city of Inachus. iNiCHUS (-i). (1) Son of Oceanus and Tethys, and father of Phoroneus aud lo, was the first king of Argos, aud said to have given his name to the river Inachus. Some of the ancients regarded him as the leader of an Egyptian or Libyan colony on the banks of the Inachns. — (2) The chief river In Argolls, rising on the borders of Arcadia, receiving INAKIME. 210 INUI. near Argoa the small river CharadiTis, and fiillinginto the Sinus Argolicus S.E. of Argos. INiElME. [Aenabia.] INiBOS <-i), son of Psammitichus, a Liby- an, and the leader of a revolt of the Egyp- tians against the Persians, b.o. 401. He was at first successful, but was eventually defeat- ed by the Persians, taken prisoner and cruci- fied, 465. INDIA (-ae), was a name used by the Greeks and Bomans, much as the modern term Boat Indies, to describe the whole of the S.E. part of Asia, including the 2 penin- sulas of Hinduatan, and of Burmah, Cochin- china, Siam, and Malacca, and also the isl- ands of the Indian Archipelago. The direct acquaintance of the Western nations with India dates from the reign of Darius, the eon of Hystaspes, who added to the Persian em- pire a part of its N.W. regions, perhaps only as far as the Indus, certaraly not beyond the limits of the Punjab. The expedition of Ai.- BXANi>£B into India first brought the Greeks into actual contact with the country ; but the conquests of Alexander only extended within Scinde and the Punjab, as far as the river llYPiiAsis, down which he sailed into the Indus, and down the Indus to the sea. The Greek king of Syria, Seleucus Nicator, crossed the Hyphasis, and made war with the Prasii, a people dwelling on the banks of the Upper Ganges, to whom he afterwards sent embas- sadors, named Megastheues and Daimachus, who lived for several years at Palibothra, the capital of the Prasii, and had thus the op- portunity of obtaining much information re- specting the parts of India about the Ganges. The later geographers made two great divis- ions of India, which are separated by the Ganges, and are called India intra Gangem, and India extra Gangem, the former includ- ing the peninsula of Hindustan, the latter the Burtnese peninsula. They were acquainted with the division of the people of Hiyuiuaian into castes, of which they enumerate 7. INDlCETAB or INDIGITBS (-um), a people in the N.E. corner of Hispauia Tarra- conensis, close upon the Pyrenees. Their chief town was Emporium. INDICUS OCEiNUS. tEBTTrniAUDM Matie.D INDlGETES (-um), the name of those indigenous gods and heroes at Rome who once lived on earth as mortals, and were worshiped after their death as gods. Thns Aeneas, after his disappearance on the banks of the Numicus, became a deus Indices, pater Indigea, or Jupiter Indiqes; and in like man- ner Komulus became Quirinus, and Latinns Jupiter Latiaris. INDUS (-i). (1) A great river of India, rising in the table-land ot Thibet, and flowing through the great plain of the Punjab into the Erythraeum Mare (Indian Oceatij, which it enters by several mouths. The ancient name of India was derived tiom the native name of the Indus (Sind).— (2) A considerable river of Asia Minor, rising m Phrypa, and flowing through Caria into the Mediterrane- an opposite to Bhodes. INDUTIOMiEUS or INDUCIOMiEUS (-i), one of the leading chiefs of the Treviri in Gaul, defeated and slain by Labienus, b.o. 64. CClNOBTOBlX.] INESSA. [Aetna, No. Z.] INEilEI (-ornm), the gods of the nether world, in contradistinction from the Superi, or the gods of heaven. But the word Inferi is also Irequently used to designate the dead, and therefore comprises all the inhabitants of the lower world, Doth the gods, viz.. Hades or Pluto, his wife Persephone (Proserpina), the Erinnyes or Furies, etc., and also as the souls of departed men. INPfiBUM MAEE. [Etbdeia.] INGAEVSNES. [Gebmahia.] INGAUNI (-orum), a people in Llguria on the coast, whose chief town was Aluidu Is- OAVNDM. INO (-us ; aee. -6), daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, and wife of Atbamas. [Atuamas.] INOUS (-i), a name both of Melicertes and of Palaemon, because they were the sons of Ino. INS^BBES (-ium), a Gallic people, who crossed the Alps and settled in Gallia Trans- padana in the N. of Italy, Their chief town was MumoLANDM. They were conquered by the Bomans, shortly before the commence- ment of the 2d Punic war. INT£MSLII (-Brum), a people in Lignria on the coast, whose chief town was Aluium Intemelium. INTEEAMNA (-ae), the name of several towns in Italy, so called from their lying between 2 streams. (1) (Temi), in Umbria, situated on the Nar, and surrounded by a canal flowing into this river, whence its in- habitants were called Interamnates Nartea. It was the birthplace of the historian Taci- tus (2) In Latium, at the junction of the Casinus with the Liris, whence its Inhabit- ants are called Interamnatea IdritMtea. INTEECATiA (-ae), a town of the Vaccaei in Hispauia Tarraconeusis, on the road from Asturica to Caesaraugasta. INTEENUM MAEE, the Mediterraman Sea, extending on the W. from the Strait of Hercules, which separated it from the At- lantic, to the coasts of Syria and Asia Minor on the E, It was called by the Bomans Maa^e Internum or Iftteatinum ; by the Greeks rt Sffia daXarra, or ft ktnot ddAaTTa, Or, more fully, fi ivTov 'HpaKXci'uv ctfiXiuv ddXarra, and by Herodotus, Hie h SoXoTra ; and from its washing the coasts both of Greece and Italy, it was also called, both by Greeks and Bomans, Our Sea {tj h/J^er^pa ^dXa-rra, h KaV ri/ua? ^dXaTTa, Mare Nostrum). The term Mare Mediterranewm is not used by the best classical writers, and occurs first in Solinus. The ebb and flow of the tide are perceptible In only a few parts of the Mediterranean, such as in the Syrtes on the coast of Africa, in the Adriatic, etc. The different parts of the Mediterranean are called by different names, which are spoken of in separate ar- INUI CASTRina. [Castbum, No. 1.] 10. 211 IPHICRATES. 10 (-u8)f daughter of luachus, first kio^ of Argos, beloved by Zens (Jupiter), and metamorphosed, throuGrh fear of Hera (Juno) into a heifer. The goddess, who was aware of the change, placed her under the care of hundred-eyea Argus, who was, however, slain by Hermes (Mercury) at the command' of Zeus. Hera then tormented lo with a gad-fiy, and drove her in a state of frenzy from land to land, until at length she found rest on the banks of the Nile. Here she re- covered her original form, and bore a sou to Zeus, called Epaphus. [Epaphus.] The wan- derings of lo were very celebrated in autic|- uity, and the Bosporus {i. e. Ox-ford) is said to have derived its name from her swimming across it. According to some traditions, lo married Ariris or Tclegonus, king of Egypt, and was afterwards identified with the Egyp- tian goddess Isis. It appears tbat lo was identical with the moon ; whence she is rep- resented as a woman, with the horns of a heifer. IObXTES, king of Lycia. [Bellebophon.] lOL. CCaesabea, No. 4.] iOLXTTS (-i), son of Iphicles and Autome- dusa. Iphicles was the half-brother of Her- cules, and lolauB was the faithful companion and charioteer of the hero. Hercules sent him to Sardinia at the head of his sons by the daughters, of Thespius ; but he returned to the hero shortly before his death, and was the first who offered sacrifices to him as. a demigod, lolans after his death obtained permission from the gods of the nether world to come to the assistance of the chil- dren of Hercules. He slew Eurystheus, aud ihen returned to the shades. lOLCUS (-i), an ancient town in Magnesia in Thessal^, at the top of the Fagaseau gulf, about a mile from the sea. It was celebrated in mythology as the residence of Pelias and Jason, and as the place from which the Argo- nauts sailed in quest of the golden fleece. I0LE (-es), daughter of Eurytus of Oecha- lia, beloved by Hercules. [Heuodles.] After the death of Hercules, she married his son Hyllus. iON (-onis), the fabulous ancestor of the lonians, son of Xutbus and Creusa, or of Apollo and Oreusa, grandson of Helen. Ac- cording to some traditions he reigned in Attica. 3EON3EA (-ae) and i5NIS (-Idis) (Roman poet.), a district on the W. coast of Asia Minor, so called from the Ionian Greeks who colonized it at a time^ earlier than any dis- tinct historical records. The mythical ac- count of "the great Ionic migration " relates that in conseqiience of the disputes between the sous of Codrus, king of Athens, about the succession to his government, his younger sons, Neleus and Androclus, crossed the Ae- gaean sea in search of a new home, 140 years after the Trojan war, or b.o. 1044. In the historical times we find 12 great cities on the above-named coast claiming to be of Ionic nrigiuj and all united into one confederacy. The district they possessed formed a narrow strip of coast, extending between, and some- what beyond, the mouths of the rivers Mean- der on the S. and Hermus on the N. The names of the 12 cities, going ft*om S. to N., were Miletus, M\ds, Pbikne, Samos (city and island), Ephebus, Coi.opuon, Leugdits, Tecs, Erytubak, Cuios (city and Island), Clazomenae, and Fuooaea ; the city of Smyrna, which lay within this district, but was of Aeolic origin, was afterwards (about B.o. 700) added to the Ionian confederacy. The common sanctuary of the league was the Panionium, a sanctuary of Poseidon (Nep- tune), on the promontory of Mycale, opposite to Samos ; aud here was held the great na- tional assembly of the confederacy, called Panlonia.* At an early period the^e citiea attained a high degree of prosperity. They were first conquered by Croesus, king of Lydia ; a second time by Harpagus, the gen- eral of Cyrus, b.o. 645; and having reviuted from the Persians, they were reconquered by the latter, 496. In no country inhabited by the Hellenic race, except at Athens, were the refinements of civilization, the arts, and lit- erature more highly cultivated than in Ionia. Out of the long list of the authors and artists of Ionia, we may mention the poets Mimner- mus of Colophon, and Anacreon of Teos ; the philosophers, Thales of Miletus, and Au- axagoras of Clrtzomenae; the early aunalists, Cadmus and Hecataeus of Miletus; and the painters, Zeuxis, Apelles, and Parrhasius. The important place which some of the chief cities of Ionia occupy in the early history of Christianity is attested by the Acts of the Apostles, and by the epistles of St. Paul to the Ephesians and of St. John to the 7 churches of Asia. IONIUM MARE, the sea between Italy and Greece S. of the Adriatic, beginning on the W. at Hydruntum in Calabria, and on the E. at Oricus iu Epirus, or at the Ceraunian mountains. In more ancient times the Adriatic was called the Ionian gulf; while at a later time the Ionium Mare itself was included in the Adriatic. In its widest sig- nification the Ionium Mare included the Mare SiculuTn, Creticwm, and Icarium. Its name was usually derived by the ancients from the wanderings of lo, but it was more probably so called from the Ionian colonies wnich set- tled in Cephallenia and the other islands off the W. coasts of Greece. I0PH5N (-ontis)j son of Sophocles by Nicostrate, was a distinguished tragic poet. For the celebrated story of his undutiful charge against his father, see Sopuooles. IPHIAS (-5dis), i. e. Evadne, a daughter of Iphis, and wife of Capanens, IPHICLES (-is) or IPHICLUS (-i). (1) Son of Amphitryon and Alcmene of Thebes, was one night younger than his half-brother Hercules, He was first married to Antome- dusa, the daughter of Alcathous, by whom he became the father of lolaus, and after- wards to the youngest daughter of Creon. — (2) Son of Phylacus of Cephalus, one of the Argonauts, and celebrated for his swiftness in running. IPHICRATES, a famous Athenian general, son of- a shoemaker, introduced into the IPHIGENIA. 212 IRA. Athenian army the peltastae or targeteers, a body of troops possessing, to a certain exteut, the advantages of heavy and light armed forces. This he effected by substitut- ing a small target for the heavy shield, adopt- ing a longer sword and spear, and replacing the old coat'of mail by a linen corslet. At the head of bis targeteers be defeated and nearly destroyed a Spartan mora, in b.o. 392, an exploit which became very celebrated throughout Greece. He married the daugh- ter of Cotys, king of Thrace, and died shortly before 348. IPHIGSNSA (-ae), daughter of Agamem- non and Glytaemnestra, according to the common tradition ; but daughter of Theseus and Helena, according to others. In conse- quence of Agamemnon having once killed a hart in the grove of Artemis (Diaua), the goddess in anger produced a calm which prevented the Greek fleet in Aulis from sail- mg against Troy. Upon the advice of the seer Calcbas, Agamemnon proceeded to sac- rifice Iphigenla, in order to appease the god- dess ; but Artemis put a hart in her pHice, and carried her to Taurls, where ehe became the priestess of the goddess. Here she aft- erwards saved her brother Orestes, wheu he was on the point of being sacrificed to Arte- mis, and fled with him to QreecCt carrying off the statue of Artemis. Iphigenia was wor- shiped both in Athens and Sparta ; and it is probable that she was originally the same as Artemis herself. IPHIMSDIA (-ae) orlPHIMfiDE (-es), wife of Aloeus, became by Poseidon (Neptune) the mother of Aloidae, Otus, and Ephialtes. IPHIS (-idia). (1) A youth in love with Anaxarete. [Anaxabbtb.] — (2) A Cretan girl, WAS brought up as a boy, and being be- trothed to lanthe, was metamorphosed by Isis into a youth. IPHITUS (-i). (1) Son of Eurytus of Oe- chalia, one of the Argonauts, afterwards killed by Hercules. CHeroui.es.]— (2) King of Elis, who restored the Olympic games, and instituted the cessation of all war during their celebration, n.o. 884. IPSUS (-1), a small town in Great Phi^gla, celebrated for the great battle in which An- tigonus was defeated and slain by Seleucus and Lysimachus, b.o. 301. IKA (-ae), a mountain fortress in Messe- nia, memorable as tlje place where Aristo- menes defended himself for 11 years against the Spartans. Its capture by the Spartans in 11.0. CCS put an end to the 2a Messeniau war. Sacrifice of Ipbigenia. (From a FointiDg nt Fompeil.) IKENE. 213 ISSEDONES. IRENE (-68), called PAX (-acis) by the Komans, the goddess of peace, was, accordlug to HeBiod, a daughter of Zeu@ and Themis, and one of the Horae. [Horae.] She was worshiped at Athens and Rome ; and iu the iatter city a magniflcent temple was built to her by the emperor Vespasian. Pax is rep- resented on coins as a youthful female, hold- ing in her left arm a coi'nucopia, and in her rijht hand an oliTe branch or the staff of Mercury. IRIS (-is or idis). (1) Daughter of Than- mas (whence she is called ThauTnanticis) and of Electra, and sister of the Harpies. In the Iliad she appears as the messenger of the gods ; bnt in the Odyssey, Hermes (Mercury) is the messenger of the gods, and Iris is never mentioued. Iris was originally the personi- fication of the raiubow, which was regarded as the swift messenger of the gods. In the earlier poets Iris appears as a vh'gin god- dess; but in the later ehe is the wife of Ze- phyrus, and the mother uf Eros (Amor). Iris is represented in works of art dressed iu a long and wide tunic, over which hangs a light upper garment, with wings attached to her shoulders, carrying the herald's staff in her left hand, and sometimes also holding a pitcher. — (2) {Yeshil-Irmak)^ a considerable river of Asia Mhior, rising on the N. side of the Anti-Taurus, and flowing through Pon- tus into the Sinus Amisenus in the Euxiue. IS (Hit)f a city in the S. of Mesopotamia, 8 days' journey from Babylon, on the W. bank of the Euphrates, and upon a little river of the same name. In its neighborhood were the springs of asphaltus, from which was obtaiued the bitumen that was used, In- ■ stead of mortar, in the walls of Babylon. iSAEUS (-i), one of the 10 Attic orators, was born at Chalcis, and came to Athens at an early age. He wrote judicial orations for others, and established a rhetorical school at Athens, in which Demosthenes is said to have been his pupil. He lived between b.o. 420 and 348. Eleven of his orations are ex- tant, all relating^ to questions of inheritance: they afford considerable information respect- ing this branch of the Attic law. iSXRA (-ae : Isire), a river in Qallia Nar- boneusis, descending from the Graian Alps, and flowing into the Rhone N. of Valentia. iSAITRjA (-ae), a district of Asia Minor, on the N. side of the Taurus, between Pisidia and Cilicia, whose inhabitants, the Isauri, were daring robbers. They were defeated by the Roman consul, L. Servilius, in b.o. 75, who received in consequence the surname of Isau- ricus. ISIONDA (-ae), a city of Pisidia in Asia Minor, near Termessua. ISIS (-is, idis, or idos), one of the chief Egyptian divinities, wife of Osiris and moth- er of Horus. She was originally the goddess of the earth, and afterwards of the moon. The Greeks identified her both with Demeter (Ceres) and with lo. [lo.] Her worship was introduced into Rome towards the end of the republic, and became very popular among the Romans under the empire. The most important. temple of Isis at Rome stood iu the Campus Martius, whence she was call- ed Isis Campensis. The priests and servants of the goddess wore liueu garments, whence she herself is called Linigera. Gnoatlc Oem of Isis, on a Scarabaeus. ISMiRUS (-i) or ISMX.RA (-orum), a town in Thrace, near Maronea, situated on a mount- ain of the same name, which produced excel- lent wine. It is mentioned in the Odyssey as a town of the Cicoues. The poets tVequently use the adjective Jamarius as equivalent to Thracian. ISMENE (-es), daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta, and sister of Antigone. ISMJINTJS (-i), a small river in Boeotia, rising in Mount Cithaeron, flowing through . Thebes, and falling into the lake Hylica. The brook Dirce, so celebrated in Thebau story, flowed into the Israenus. From this river Apollo was called lamenitts, iSOCRlTES (-is), one of the 10 Attic ora- tors, was born at Athens ».o, 436, and received a careful education. Among his teachers were Gorgias, Prodicus, and Socrates. He fii'st taught rhetoric in Chios, and afterwards at Athens. At the latter place he met wiHi great success, and gradually acquired a large fortune by his profession. He had 100 pupilt', every one of whom paid him 1000 drachmae. He also derived a large income from the ora- tions which he wrote for others; but being naturally timid, and uf a weakly constitution, he did not come forward as a public speaker himself. He was an ardent lover of his coud- try; and accordingly, when the battle of Cbneronea had destroyed the last hopes of freedom, he put an end to his life, b.o. 338, at the age of 98. He took great pains with the composition of his orations, but his style it* artificial. Twenty-one of his orations have come down to us : of these the most celebrn- ted is the Panegyric oration, in which he shows what services Athens had rendered to Greece in every period of her history. ISSA.(-ae: lAaaa)^ a amnll island in the Adriatic Sea, with a town of the same name, off the coast of Dalmatia, said to have deriveil its name from Issa, daughter of Macereus (if Lesbos, who was beloved by Apollo. The island was inhabited by a hardy race of sail- ors, whose barks {levwa laaaei) were much prized. ISSEdONES (-nm), a Scythian tribe in Great Tartary, near the Massagetae, whom they resembled in their manners. They are ISSICUS. 214 ITALIA. represented as exteuding aa far as the bor- ders of Serica. ISSlCUS SINUS, dsans.] ISSTJS (-i), a city in the S.K extremity of Cilicia, near the head of the lasicus Sinua {Gvlf of Iskenderoon), and at the N. foot of the pass of Mount Amanus, called the Syrian Gates; memorable for the great battle in "which Alexander defeated Darius Codoman- nu3 {b.0. 333), which was fought in a narrow valley near the town. to signify tlie whole country S. of Posidonia on the W. and Tarentum on the B. After the Bomans had conquered Tarentum and the S. part of the peninsula, about b.o. 2T2, the name Italia had a still further extension given to it. It then signified the whole coun- try subject to the Komans, from the Sicilian straits as far N. as the Arnus and the Eubico. The country N. of these rivers continued to be called Gallia Cisalpina and Liguria down to the end of the republic. Augustus was the first who extended the name of Italia so Battle of laaua. (From a Mosaic at Pompeii.) ISTAEVONES. [Gekmania.] ISTBE. [DANtmins.] ISTRlA or HISTBiA (-ae), a peninsula at the N. extremity of the Adriatic, separated from Venetia by the river Timavns, and from Illyi'icum by the river Arsia. Its inhabitants, the ISTEi or HisTiti, were a warlike Illyrian race, who carried on several wars with the Bomans, till their final subjugation by the consul C. Claudius Pulcher, b.o. 177. Their chief towus were Tbrgebte and Poi.a. ISTROPOLIS (-is), ISTEOS or ISTEIA (-ae), a town in Lower Moesia, not far from the mouth of the Danube ; a colony from Mi- letus. ITiLIA and iTiLlA (-ae) signified, from the time of Anguatns, the countiy S. of the Alps, which we call Italy. The name Italia was oiiginally used to indicate a much more limited extent of country. Most of the an- cients derived the name from an ancient kin<^, Italus : but there can be no doubt that Italia^ or Vitalia^ as it was also called, was the land of the Itali, Vitali, Yitelli, or Yituli, an ancient race, who are better known under the name of Sictili. This race was widely spread over the S. half of the peninsula, and may be said to have been bounded on the N. by a line drawn from Mount Gargnnus on the E. to Terracina on the W. The Greeks were ignorant of this wide extent of the name. According to them Italia waa originally oaily the S.-most part of what was afterwards called Bruttium, and waa bounded on the N. Ijy a line drawn from the Lametic to the Scylletic gulf. They afterwards extended the name as to comprehend the country from the Mar- itime Alpa to Pola in Istria, both inclusive. Besides Italia, the country was called by va- rious other names, especially by the poets. These were Hesperia, a name which the ' Greeks gave to it, because it lay to the W. of Greece, or Hesperia Magna, to distinguish it from Spain CHE8rEP,iA], and Satdhnia, be- cause Saturn was said to have once reigned in Latium. The names of separate parts of Italy were also applied by the poets to the whole country. Thus it was called Oenothia, orig- inally the land of the Oenotri, in the coun- try afterwards called Bruttium and Lucania ; AusoKiA, or OpiOA or Opioia, originally the land of the Ausones or Auaonii, Opici or Osci, on the W. coast, in the country after- wards called Campania; Tyebhenia, propei*- ly the land of the Tyrrheni, also on the W. coast, N, of Ausonia or Opica, and more espe- cially in the country afteiwards called Etru- ria; Iapyqia, properly the land of the lapy- ges, on the E. coast, in the country afterwards called Calabria; and Omurioa, the land of the Umbri, on the E. coast, alongside of Etru- rla. Italy was never inhabited by one single race. It contained a great number of ditfer- eut races, who had migrated into the coun- try at a vei7 early pei-iod. The most ancient inhabitants were Pelasgians or Oenotrians, a branch of the same great race who originally inhabited Greece and the coasts of Asia Mi- nor. They were also called Aborigines and Siculi, who, as we have already seen, were the same as the Vital! or Itali. At the time when Boman history begins, Italy was in- habited by the following races. Prom the ITALICA. 215 IXION. month of the Tiber, between its right bank and th& eea, dwelt the Etruscans, who ex- tended as far N. as the Alps. Alongside of these* between the left bank of the Tiber and the Adriatic, dwelt the Umbrians. To the S. of the Etrnscaus were the Sacraui, Casci, or Prisci, Oscan tribes, who had been driven out of the mountalDB by the Sabines, had over- come the Pelas^ian tribes of the Siculi, Ab- origines, or Latins, and, uniting with these conquered people, had formea the people called Friaci Latlni, subsequently simply Latiui. S. of these a^ain, as far as the river Laus, were the Opici, who were also called Ausoues or Aurunci, and to whom the Volsci, Sidicini, Saticuli, and Aequi^ also belonged. The S. of the peninsula was inhabited by the Oenotrians, who were subsequently driven into the interior by the numerous Greek col- onies founded along the coasts. S, of the Umbrians, extending as far as Mount Garga- nus, dwelt the various Sabellian or Sabine tribes, the Sabiues proper, the Peligni, Marsi, Marrucini, Vestini, and Hemici, from which tribes the warlike race of the Samnites sub- sequently sprung. From Mount Garganus to the S.B. extremity of the peninsula the coun- try was inhabited by the Bauuians or Apu- lians, Peucetii, Messupii, and Sallentini. An account of these people is given in separate articles. They were all eventually subdued by the Bomans, who became the masters of the whole of the peninsula. At the time of Augustus the following were the chief divi- sions of Italy, an account of which is also given in separate articles: I. Upper Italy, which extended from the Alps to the rivers Macra on the W. and Rubico on the E. It comprehended, 1, Lioukia ; 2, Gallia Cibal- pina; 3, Venbtia, including Carnia; 4, Is- TBiA. 11. Cbnteat. Italy, sometimes called Italia Propria (a term not used by the an- cients), to distinguish it from Gallia Cisalpina or»Upper Italy, and Magna Graecia or Lower Italy, extended from the rivers Macra on the W. and Rubico on the E. to the rivers Silanis on the W. and Frento on the B. It compre- hended, 1, Etruria ; 2,UiaBBiA; 3, PiOENUM, 4. Samnium, including the country of the Sa- bini, Vestini, Marrucini, Marsi, Peligni, etc. ; 5, LATtttM ; 6, Campania. III. Lowkr Italy, or Maqna Guaeoia, included the remaining part of the peninsula, S. of the rivers Silarus and Frento. It comprehended, 1, Apulia, in- cluding Calabria ; 2, Ldoawia; 3, Bruttium. — Augustus divided Italy into the following 11 Reglones: 1, Latium and Campania; 2, The land of the Hirpini, Apulia and Calabria ; 3, Lucaula and Bruttium ; 4, The land of the Frentani, Marrucini, Peligni, Marai, Vestini, and Sabini. together with Samnium ; 6, Pi- cenum; 6, Urabria and the district of Arirai- num, in what was formerly called Gallia Cis- alpina ; 7, Etruria ; 8, Gallia Cispadana ; % Liguria ; 10, The E. part of Gallia Transpa- dana, Venetla, Camia, and Istria ; 11, The W. part of Gallia Transpadana. ITAlICA. (1) A town in Hispania Baeti- ca, on the W. bank of the Baetis, N.W. of Hispalis, founded by Scipio Africanus in the 2d Punic war, who settled here some of his veterans. It was the birthplace of the em- M2 perors Trajan and Hadrian.— (2) The name given to Corfluium by the Italian Socii dur- ing their war with Rome. [Cobfiniuu.] ITXLICUS SILIUS. CSiLius.} iTlLUS. [Italia.] £THXCA (-ae), a small island in the Ionian sea, off the coast of Epirus, celebrated as the birthplace of Ulysses. It is about 12 miles long, aud 4 in its greatest breadth, and is di- vided into 2 parts, which are connected by a narrow isthmus, not more than half a mile across. In each of these parts there is a mountain ridge of considerable height ; the one in the N. called Neritum, and the one in the S. Nelum, The city of Ithaca, the resi- dence of Ulysses, was situated on a precipi- tons, conical hill, now called Aeto, or " eagle'fl cliff," occupying the whole breadth oithe isthmus mentioned above. Ithaca is now one of the 7 Ionian Islands under the protec- tion of Great Britain. ITHOmE (-es>, a strongr fortress in Messe- nia, situated on a mountain of the same name, which afterwards formed the citadel of the town of Messeue. It was taken by the Spar- tans, B.0. 723, at the end of the 2d Messenian war, and again in 465, at the end of the 3d Messenian war. ITlUS PORTUS, a harbor of the Morini, on the N. coast of Gaul, from which Caesar set sail for Britain, probably Viaaantt or Wit- sand, near Calais. ITON. [Itonia.] iTONtA (-ae), ITONIAS (-Sdis), or ItO- NIS (-idis), a surname of Athena (Minerva). derived from the town of Iton, in the S. of Phthiotis in Thessaly. Here the goddess had a celebrated sanctuary, and hence is called Tncola Itoni. iTtTRAEA or ITTRABA, a district on the N.E. borders of Palestine, Inhabited by an Arabian people of warlike and predatory habits. Augustus gave Ituraea, which had been hitherto ruled by its native princes, to the family of Herod. During the ministry of our Saviour it was governed by Philip, the brother of Herod Autipas, as tetrarcb. ITYS. [Tkrbcs.] ItTLIS (-Idis), the chief town in Ceos ; the birthplace of Simonides. [Cbos.] WLVS. (1) Son of Aeneas, usually called Ascanius. [Aboanius.] — (2) Eldest son of Ascanius, who claimed the government of Latium, but was obliged to give it up to his brother Silvius. IXION (-Onis), king of the Lapithae, son of Phlegyas, and the father of Pirithous. He treacherously murdered his father-in-law, to avoid paying the bridal gifts he had prom- ised, and when no one would purify him of this treacherous murder, Zeus (Jupiter) car- ried him up to heaven, and there purified him. But Ixion was ungrateful to the father of the gods, and attempted to win the love of Hera (Juno). Zeus thereupon created a phantom resembling Hera, and by it Ixion became the father of a Centaur. [Cbntaurl] Ixion was fearfully punished for his implona ingrati- IXIONIDES. 216 JANUS. IthomOf from tbe Stadium of Messeno. tude. His hands and feet were chained by Hermes (Mercury) to a wheel, which is eaid to have rolled pei^etually in the air. IXIOniDES (-ae), i. e, Pirithous, the son of Ixion.— The Centaurs are also called Ixi- I onidae. JACCETlNI (-omm), apeopleinHispania Tarraconensis between the Pyrenees and the Iberns. J5.NA. [Janus.] JiNiCOLUM. [Roma.] JS-NIIS (-i) and JANA (-ae), a pair of an- cient Latin oiviuitieB, who were worshiped Janofl. (From a Coin of Sex. Pompelns, Id the British Museum.) as tbe sun and moon. The names Janus and Jana are only other forms of Dianus aud Di- ana, which words contain tbe same root as dies, day. Janus occupied an important place in the Boman religion. He presided over the beginning of every thing, and was therefore always invoked first in every undertaking, even before Jupiter. He opened the year and the seasons, and hence the first month of the year was called after him. He was the porter of heaven, and therefore bore the surnames Patulous or Patulcius, the "opener," and Clusiua or Clusiviust the "shutter." On earth also he was the guardian deity of gates, and hence is commonly represented with 2 heads, because every door looks 2 ways {Ja- nus hifrons). He is sometimes represented with 4 heads (Ja7itis quadj'ifrons), because he presided over the 4 seasons. At Rome, Nu- ma Is said to have dedicated to Janus the Temple of Janua closed, on a Coin of Nero. JASON. 217 JOPPE. covered passage bearing his name, which was opened m times of war, aud closed in times of peace. This passage is commonly, but er- roneously, called a temple. It stood close by the fornm. It appears to have been left open in war to indicate symbolically that the god had gone out to assist the Roman warriors, and to have been shut in time of peace that the god, the safeguard of the city, might not escape. On new-year's day, which was the principal festival of the god, people gave presents to one another, consisting of sweet- meats and copper coins, showing on one side the double head of Janus and on the other a ship. The general name for these presents was strenae. JAS5N (-6nis). (1) Son of Aeson, and the celel)rated leader of the Argonauts. His fa- ther, Aeson, who reigned at lolcns in Thes- saly, was deprived of the kingdom by his half-brother Pelias, who attempted to take the life of the infant Jason. He was saved by his friends, and intrusted to the care of the Centaur Chiron. When he had grown up he came to lolcus, and demanded the king- dom, which Pelias promised to surrender to him, provided he brought the golden fleece, which was in the possession of king Aeutes in Colchis, aud was guarded by an ever-watch- ful dragon. Jason willingly undertook the enterprise, and set sail in the ship Argo, ac- companied by the chief heroes of Greece. He obtamed the fleece with the assistance of Medea, whom be made his wife, and along with whom he returned to lolcus. The his- tory of his exploits on this enterprise is re- lated elsewhere. [Argonautae.] In order to avenge the death of his father, who had been slain by Pelias during his absence, Me- dea, at the instigation of Jason, persuaded the daughters of Pelias to cut their father to pieces and boil him, in order to restore him to youth and vigor, as she had before changed a ram into a lamb, by boiling the ram in a caldron. Pelias thus perished miserably ; and his son Acastus expelled Jason and Me- dea from lolcus. They then went to Corinth, where they lived happily for several years, until Jason deserted Medea, In order to mar- ry Glauce or Creusa, daughter of Creon, the king of the country. Medea fearfully re- venged this insult. She sent Glance a poi- soned garment, which burned her to death when she put it on. Creon likewise perished in the flames. Medea also killed her children by Jason, and then fled to Athens in a chariot drawn by winged dragons. The death of Jason is related variously. According to some, he made away with himself from grief; according to others, he was crushed by the poop of the ship Argo, which fell upon him as he was lying under it.— (2) Tyrant of Phe- rae, was elected Tagus or generalissimo of Thessaly, b.o. 874. He possessed great pow- er, and aspired to the sovereignty of Greece, but he was assassinated in 370. JAXARTES (-is: Syr or Syhoun)^ a great river of Central Asia, flowing N.W. into the Sea of Aral: the ancients supposed it to fall into the N. side of the Caspian, not distin- guishing between the 2 seas. It divided Sog- diata from Scythia. On its banks dwelt a Scythian tribe called Jaxartae. . JERICHO or HIERlCHUS, a city of the Canaanites, in a plain on the W. side of the Jordan, near its mouth, destroyed by Joshua, but afterwards rebuilt. JERUSALEM or HlfiROSOLlfMA (-orumi, the capital of Palestine, in Asia. It was orig- inally the chief city of the Jebusites, a Ca- naanitish tribe, but was taken by David in u.o. 1050, and was made by him the capital of the kingdom of Israel. After the division of the kingdom, under Rehoboam, it remained the capital of the kingdom of Judah, until it was entirely destroyed, and its inhabitants were carried into captivity by Nebuchadnez- zar, king of Babylon, b.o. S88. In 53G the Jewish exiles, having been permitted by Cy- rus to return, began to rebuild the city aud temple ; and the work was completed in about 24 years. After the death of Alexan- der the Great, Jerusalem was subject first to the Greek kings of Egypt, and afterwards to the Greek kings of Syria; bntin consequence of the attempts made by Antiochus IV. Epiph- anes to root out the national religion, the Jews rose in rebellion under the Maccabees, and eventually succeeded in establishing their independence. JerusaleiA now became the capital of a separate kingdom, governed by the Maccabees. Respecting the history of this kingdom, see Palaestina. In a.d. 70 the rebellion of the Jews against the Romans was put down, and Jerusalem was taken by Titus, after a siege of several months, and was razed to the ground. In consequence of a new revolt of the Jews, the emperor Hadri- an resolved to destroy all vestig:es of their national and religious peculiarities ; and, as one means to this end, he established a new Roman colony on the ground where Jerusa- lem had stood, by the name of Aelta Capito- LiNA, and built a temple of Jupiter Capitoli- nus on the site of the temple of Jerusalem, A.n. 135. The establishment of Christianity as the religion of the Roman empire restored to Jerusalem its sacred character. Jerusalem stands due W. of the head of the Dead Sea, at the distance of about 20 miles (in a straight line), and about 35 miles from the Mediterra- nean, on an elevated platform, divided by a series of valleys from hills which surround it on every side. This platform has a general slope from W. to E., its highest point being the summit of Mount Zion, in the S.W. cor- ner of the city, on which stood the originjil "city of David." The S.E. part of the plat- form is occupied by the hill called Moriah, on which the temple stood, and the E. part by the hill called Acra; but these two sum- mits are now hardly distinguishable from the general surface of the platform, probal>ly on account of the gradual filling up of the val- leys between. The height of Mount Zion is 2635 feet above the level of the Mediterra- nean, and about 300 feet above the valley below. JOCASTE (-Ss) or JOCASTA (-ae), called fiPiCASTE (-es) in Homer, wile of Laius, and mother of Oedipus. [Oedipus.] JOPPE (-Ss), JOPPA (-ae: O. T. Japhor jorj:>anes. 218 JUGURTHA. Jaffa), an ancleut maritime city of Palestine, lyiiig S. of the boundary between Judaea and Samaria. J0ED5.NES (-is: Jordan), a river of Pales- tine^ rising at the S. foot of Mount Hermon (the S.-most part of Ariti-Libanus), flowing S. into the Sea of Galilee (Lake of Tiberias), and thence into the lake ABphaltites {Dead Sea)y where it is finally lost JOSEPHUS, PLAVIUS (-i), the Jewish historian, boi*n at Jerusalem, a.i>. 37, was one of the generals of the Jews in their re- volt against the Romans. He was taken prisoner by Vespasian, who spared hie life through the intercession of Titus. Josephus thereupon assumed the charact^r of a proph- et, and predicted to Vespasian that the em- pire should one day be bis and his son's. Josephus was present with Titus at the siege of Jerusalem, and afterwards accompanied him to Rome. He received the freedom of the city from Vespasian, and was treated with great favor by this emperor, and by his successors,TituB and Domitian. He assumed the name of Flavins, as a dependent of the Flavian family, and died about a.d. 100.— The works of Josephns are written in Greek. The most important, entitled Jewish Aniiq- uitieSf in 20 books, gives ah account of Jew- ish History from the creation of the world to A.7>. 66, the commencement of the Jewish revolt. An account of this revolt is given by him in hia Sistory of the Jewish WaVy in 7 boolj^a. In the former of these \vorks he seeks to accommodate the Jewish religion to heathen tastes and prejudices. JOVIANUS, FLAVIOS CLAUDiUS (-i), elected emperor by the soldiers, in June, a.d. 363, after the death of Julian [Jduatstib], whom he had accompanied in his campaign against the Persians. He made peace with the Persians, and died. in 364, after a reign of little more than 7 mouths. Jovian was a Christian ; but be protected the heathens. JtJBA (-ae). (1) King of Numidia, and son of Hiempsal, joined Pompey's party, and gained a victory over Curio, Caesar's legate, B.o. 49. He afterwards fought along with Scipio against Caesar; and after the battle of Thapsua (40) he put an end to his own life. —(2) Son of the preceding, was a child at thfe time of his father's death, and was carried by Caesar to Rome, where he received an ex- cellent education. He became one of the most learned men of his day, and wrote nu- mcions works on historical and other sub- jects. In n.o. 30 Augustus reinstated him in his paternal kingdom of Numidia, and gave him in marriage Cleopatra, otherwise called Selene, the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra. Five years afterwards (25) Au- gustus gave him Mauretania in exchange for Numidia, wMch was reduced to a Ron province. A.I>. 19. __ Roman He died in Mauretania, about JUDAEA, JUDAEI. [Palakstina.] Jti-QURTHA (-ae), an illegitimate son of Mast^nabal, and a gr^ndaoQ of Maslnis$a. JULIA. 219 JULIANUS. He loBt his father nt an early age, but was brought up by Micipaa with his own sons, Hiempsal and Adheibal. Jugurtha was a brave, able, and ambitious priuce. He dis- tinguished himself greatly while serving under Scipio against Numantia, in b.o. 134. Kicipsa, on his death in 118, bequeathed his kingdom to Jugurtha and bis 2 sous, Hiemp- sal aud Adherbal, in common, jugurtha aspired to the sole sovereienty. He assassi- nated Hiempsal soon after his father's death, s\nd a division of the kingdom between Ju- gurtha and Adherbal was then made by the Roman senate ; but shortly afterwards Ju- gurtha attacked Adherbal, took him prisoner, and put him to death (112). The Komaus had previously commanded him to abstain from hostilities against Adherbal ; and as he had paid no attention to their commands, they now declared war against him. The consul L. Calpuruius Bestia was sent into Africa (111) ; but by large sums of money Jugurtha purchased fL*oin him a favorable peace. But this disgraceful proceeding ex- cited the greatest indignation at Kome. The peace was disowned; aud the war renewed under the command of the consul Sp. Pos- tumius Albiuus; but during .the absence of the consul, his brother Aulus was defeated by Jugurtha (110). Next year (109) the cou- sul Q. Caecilins Metellus was sent into Africa at the head of a new army. In the course of 3 years Metellus frequently defeat- ed Jugurtha, and at length drove him to take refuge amoug the Gaetulians. In 107 Me- tellus was succeeded in the command by Marius. The cause of Jugurtha was now supported by his father-in-law, Bocchus, king of Mauretania ; but Marius defeated their united' forces, and Bocchus purchased the forgiveness of the Komans by surrendering his son-in-law to Sulla, the quaestor of Ma- rius (106). Jugurtha was carried a prisoner to Rome, aud after, adorning the triumph of Marius (Jan. 1, 104), was thrown into a dun- geon, and there starved to death. JtTLlA (-ae). (1) Aunt of Caesar the dic- tator, and wife of C. Marius the elder.— (2) Mother of M. Antonius, the triumvir.— (3) Sister of Caesar the dictator, and wife of M. Atlns Balbus, by whom she had Atia, the mother of Augustus. [Atia.]— (4) Daughter of Caesar the dictator, by Cornelia, was mar- ried to Cn. Pompey in 59, and died in child- bed in 64.— (5) Daughter of Augustus, by Scribonia, and his only child, born in 39, and thrice married: 1, To M. Marcellns, her flist cousin, iu 25 ; 2, After his death (23), with- out issue, to M. Agrippa, by whom she had 3 sons, C. and L. Caeear, and Agrippa Pos- tumus, and 2 daughters, Julia and Agrippina ; 3, After Agrippa"s death, in 12, to Tiberius Nero, the future emperor. In consequence of her adulteries, Augustus banished her to Fandataria, an island off the const of Cam- pania, B.O. 2. She was afterwards removed to Ehegium. She died in a.d. 14, soon after the accession of Tiberius. — (6) Daughter of the preceding, and wife of L. Aemilius Pau- lus. She inherited her mother's licentious- ness, and was, in consequence, banished by her grandfather Augustus to the little island Tremerus, on the coast of Apulia, a.d. 9. She died a-d. 28.— (7) Youngest child of Ger- manicus and Agrippina, put to death by Claudius at Messalina's instigation. — (8) Daughter of Drusus and Livia, the sister of Germanicus, also put to death by Claudius at the Instigation of Messalina, 59. JtTLIA GENS, one of the most ancient patrician houses at Rome, was of Albau origin, and was removed to Rome by TuUus Hostilius upon the destruction of Alba Lon- fa. It claimed descent from the mythical ulus, the son ofVenus and Anchisea. The most distinguished family in the gens is that OfCAESATl. JiTLliNUS, FL5.VSUS CLAUDIUS, usu- ally called JULIAN, and enrnamed the APOSTATE, Roman emperor, a.i>. 361-363. He was born at Con- stantinople, A.i>. 331, and was the son of Ju- lius Constantius, and the nephew of Con- stantine the Great. Julian and his elder . brother, GalUis, were j the only members of the imperial family whose lives were spar- ed by the sons of Con- stantine the Great, on the death of the latter In 337. The 2 brothers were educated with care, and were brought up in the principles of the Christian religion. Julian abandoned Christianity in his heart at an early period ; but fear of the emperor Constantius prevented him from making an , open declaration of his | apostasy. He devoted himself with ardor to the study of Greek literature and philosophy ; and among his fellow-students at Athens were Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil, both of whom afterwards became so celebrated in the Christian church. Julian did not remain long at Athens. Having been sent by Con- stantius into Gaul to oppose the Germans, he carried on war against the latter for 5. years (356-360) vrith great success. In 360 he was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Paris ; and the opportune death of Constantius in the following year left him the undisputed master of the empire. He now publicly avowed himself a pagan. His brief reign was chiefly occupied by his military prepara- tions against the Persians. In 363 he crossed the Tigris, and marched into the interior of the country in search of the Persian king; but he was obliged to retreat in consequence of the sufferings of his army from want of water and provisions. In his retreat he was attacked by the Persians, and slain in battle. He was succeeded by Jovian. [Jovianus.] Julian wrote a large number of works, many of which are extant. His style is remarkably Julian the Apostnte. JULIUS CAESAR. 220 JUPITER. pure, and is a close imitation of tlie style of the classical Greek writers. JffLIUS CABffAE. [Caebab.] JITNIA gens, an ancient patrician honse at Kome, to which belonged the celebrated M. Junius Bnitus, who took such an active part in expelling the Tarquins. But after- wards the gens appears as only a plebeian one. The chief families were those of Bkd- Tns and Silancs. JUNO (-onis), called HERA bjr the Greeks. The Greekgoddess is spoken of in a separate article. [ECEnA.] The word Ju-no contains the same root as JVr-piUr. As Jupiter is the ^= L The Barberini Jano. (Vntlcan Muaeum.) king of heaveu and of the gods, 80 Jnno is the queeu of heaven, or the female Jupiter. She was worshiped at Rome as the qneen of heaven from early times, with the surname of Regina. As Jupiter was the protector of the male sex, so Juno watched over the fe- male sex. She was supposed to accompany every woman through life, from the moment of her birth to her death. Hence she bore the special surname of Virginalia and Matro- nal as well as the general ones of Opigena and Sospita; and under the last-mentioiied name she was worshiped at Lanuvium. Ou their birthday women offered sacrifices to Juno, surnamed Natalis; but the great festi- val, celebrated by all the women in honor of Juuo, was called Ma- tronalia^ and took place on the 1st of March. From her presiding over the marriage of women, she was called Juga or Jugalis^ and had a variety of other names, such as Pronuba, Cinxia, Lucina, etc^ The month of June, which is said to have been originally called Ju- nonias, was considered to be the most favorable period for mar- rying. Women in childbed in- voked Juno Lucina to help them, and newly bom children were likewise under her protection ; hence she was sometimes con- founded with the Greek Artemis or Ilithyia. Juno was further, like Saturn, the guardian of the finances, and, under the name of Moneta, she had a temple on the Capitoline Hill, which contained the mint. JUPITER (J6vis), called ZEUS by the Greeks. The Greek god is spoken of in a separate article. [Zeus.3 The Roman Jupiter was originally an -elemental divinity, ana his name signifies the father or lord of heaven, being a con- traction of Diovis pater, or Dies- piter. Being the lord of heaven, he was worshiped as the god of rain, storms, thunder, ana light- nings, whence he had the epithets of Phcvitis, Fulgurator^ Tonitru- alis, Tonans, and FulTninator. He wns the highest and most power- ful among the gods, and was hence called the Best and Most High {Optimus Maximiis). His temple at Rome stood on the lofty hill of the Capitol, whence he derived the snruame of Capitolinns and Tarpeius. He was regarded as the special protector of Rome. As such he was worshiped by the consuls on entering upon their office ; and the triumph of a vic- torious general was a solemn pro- cession to his temple. He there- fore bore the surnames of Impe- ratOTf Victor^ InviciuSt Stator, Opitulits, Feretriue^ Praedator, Trivmrnhator, and the like. Un- der all these surnames he had JtrpiTEB. (Vatican Museum.) JURA, 221 JUTURNA. temples or statues at Borne. Under the name of Jupiter CapitoUntts he preBided over the great Homan games ; and under the name of Jujaiter Latialia or LatiariSf over the Feriae Latinne. Jupiter, according to the belief of the Romnns, determined the course of all human affairs. He foresaw the future ; and the events happening in it were the results of his wil]. He revealed the future to man through signs in the heavens and the flight of birds, which are hence called the messengers of Ju- piter, while the cod himself is desig- nated as Prodigialia, that is, the seuder of prodigies. For the same reason the god was invoked at the beginning of every undertaking, whether sacred or Erofane, together with Janus, who lessed the oeginning itself. Jupiter was further regarded as the guardian of law, and as the protector of justice and virtue. He maintained the sanc- tity of an oath, and presided over all transactions which were based upon faithfulness and justice. Hence Fides was his companion on the Capitol, along with Victoria; and hence a trai- tor to his country and persons guil^ of per- jury were thrown down from the Tarpeian rock.— As Jupiter was the lord of heaven, and consequently the prince of light, the white color was sacred to him: white animals were sacrificed to him, his chariot was believed to be drawn by 4 white horses, his priests wore white caps, and the consuls were attired in white when they offered sacrifices in the Cap- itol the day they entered on their oflice. The worship of Jupiter at Home was under the special care of the Mamen Dialis, who was the highest in rank of all the ftamens. Jupiter. JURA or JURASSUS MONS, a range of mountains running N. of the lake Leihanus as far as Augusta Rauracorum {Aiiguat, near Ba8le)f on the Rhine, forming the boundary between the Sequani and Helvetii. JUSTINIANUS (-i), surnamed Tub Great, emperor of Constantinople, 527-565, requires Medal of Justinian. notice in this work only on account of his legislation. He appointed a commission of jurists to draw up a complete body of law. They executed their task by compiling two great works — tine called Digesta or Pandectaef in 50 books, being a collection of all that was valuable in the works of preceding jurists ; and the other called the Jtistinianeus Codex^ being a collection of the imperial constitu- tions. To these two works was subsequent- ly added an elementary treatise, in 4 books, under the title of Institutionea. Justinian subsequently published various new constitu- tions, to which he gave the name of Novellae Constitutionea. The 4 legislative works of Justinian, the Institutiones, Digesta or Pan- dectae. Codex, and Kovellae, are included under the general name of Corpus Juris Civilis, and form the Roman law, as received in Europe. JUSTINUS (-i), the historian, of uncertain date, is the author of an extant work entitled Hiatoriarum PMlippicartt/m Libri XJAV, This work is taken from the Historiae Phi- lippiccbe. of Trogus Porapeius, who lived in the tnne of Augustus. The title Philippicae was given to it because its main object was to give thehistory of the Macedonian monarchy, with all its branches ; but in the execution of this design Trogus permitted himself to in- dulge in so many excursions that the work formed a kind of imiversal history from the rise of the Assyrian monarchy to the con- quest of the East by Rome. The original work ofTrogus, which was one of great value, is lost. The work of Justin is not so much an abridgment of that of Trogus as a selec- tion of Buch parts as seemed to him most worthy of being generally known. JtTTURNA (-ae), the nymph of a fountain in Latium, famous for its healing qualities, whose water was used in most sacrifices. A pond in the forum, between the temples of Castor and Vesta, was called Lacus Jutnrnae. The nymph is said to have been beloved by JUVENALIS. 222 LABYNETUS. Jnpiter, who rewarded her with immortality and dominion over the waters. Virgil calls her the sister of Turnua. JtjrvENlLTS (-is), DfiClMUS J^TaUS (-i), the great Roman satirist, of whose life we have few authentic particnlare. His ancient biographere relate that he was either the son or the " alumnus" of a rich freedman ; that he occupied himself, until he had nearly reached the term of middle life, In declaim- ing; that, having subsequently composed some clever lines upon Paris the pantomine, he was induced to cultivate assiduously satir- ical composition; and that, in consequence of his attacks upon Paris becoming known to the court, the poet, although now an old man of 80, was appointed to the command of a body of troops in a remote district of Egypt, where be died shortly afterwards. But the only facts with regard to Juvenal upon which we can implicitly rely are, that he flourished towards the close of the first century; that Aquinum, if not the place of his nativity, was at least his chosen residence ; and that he is in all probability the friend whom Martial ad- dresses in 3 epigrams. Each of his satires is a finished rhetorical essay — energetic, »1 ow- ing, and sonorous. He denonnces vice'in the most indignant terms ; but the obvious tone of exaggeration which pervades all his invec- tives leaves us in doubt how far this sustain- ed passion is real, and how far assumed for show. The extant works of Juvenal consist of 16 satires, all composed in heroic hexameter. Javenal. JtJVENTiS. [Heme.] LABDACIDAE. [Labdaotib.] LABDiCUS (-i), Bon of the Theban king Polydovus, by Nycteis, daughter of Nycteus. Labdacua lost his father at an early age, and was placed under the guardianship of Nyc- tens, and afterwards under that of Lyons, a brother of NycteuB. When LabdacuB had grown np to manhood, Lycus surrendered the government to him ; and on the death of labdacus, which occurred soon after, Lycus undertook the guardiauahip of his bou Laius, the father of Oedipus. The name Ldbdadidae is frequently given to the descendants of Labdacus — Oedipus, Polynices, Eteocles, and Antigone. LABDiLUM. [Stbaodsak.] LAB£ATB)S (-um), a warlike people in Balmatia, whose chief town was Scodra, and in whose territoiy was the Labeatis Palus (.Lake of Scuta%-i), through which the river Barbana runs. LiBBO (-onis), ANTISTIUS (-i). (1) A Roman jurist, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, put an end to his life after the battle of Philigpi, B.0. 42.— (2) Son of the preceding, and a still more eminent Jurist. He adopted the republican opinions of his father,audwaB in consequence disliked by Augustus. It is probable that the Labeone insanior of Horace was a stroke leveled against the jurist, in or- der to please the emperor. Labeo wrote a large number of works, which are cited in the Digest. He was the founder of one of the 2 great legal schools spoken of under Catito. LXBERiUS, DSCIMTJS (-i), a Boman eques, and a distinguished writer of mimes, was born about b.o. lOY, and died in 43, at Puteoli, in Campania. He was compelled by Caesar to appear on the stage in 45, in order to contend with Syrus, a professional mimns, although the profession of a mimns was in- famous ; but he took his revenge by pointing his wit at Caesar. LXBICI or LXVICl (-orum: Colonna), an ancient town in Latinm, on a hill oftheAlban mountain, 15 miles S.E. of Rome, W. of Prae- neete, and N.E. of Tusculixm. It was taken by the Romans b.o. 418. LXBIBNUS (-i). (1) T., tribune of the plebs, B.C. 03, was a friend and partisan of Caesar, and his chief legatus iu his wars against the Gauls ; but on the breaking out of the civil war in b.o. 49, he went over to Pompey. He was slain at the battle of Mun- da, in Spain, 46.— (2) Q., son of the preceding, invaded Syria at the head of a Parthian army in 40; but the Parthians having been defeat- ed in the following year bj; P.Ventidins, Anto- ny's legate, he fled into Cilicia, where he was apprehended and put to death. LABRANDA (-ornm), a town in Caria, 68 stadia N. of Mylasa, celebrated for its temple of Zeus (Jupiter). LABRO (-onis), a sea-port in Etruria, perhaps the same as the modern Livorna or Leghorn. LABYNETUS (-i), a name common to sev- eral of the Babylonian mouarchB, seems to have been a title rather than a proper name. LACED AEMON. 223 LAENAS. The Labynetus mentioned by Herodotus as Tneditatiu^ a peace between Cyaxares and Alyattes is the same with Nebuchadnezzar. The Labynetus mentiuued by Herodotus as a contemporary of Cyrus and Croesus is the same with the Belshazzar of the prophet Daniel. By other writers he is callea Nabo- uadins or Nabonidns. He was the last king of Babylon. LiCfiDAEMON, [Spabta.] LACETANI (-drum), a people in Hispania Tan-aeon en sis, at the foot of the Pyrenees. LXCH£;SIS (-is), one of the Fates. [Moe- BAE.] LicrNiUM (-i), a promontory on the . coast of Bruttium, a few miles S. of Crotou, and forming the W. boundary of the Taren- tine gulf. It possessed a celebrated temple of Juno, who was worshiped here under the surname of Lacinia. The ruins of this tem- ple have given the modern name to the prom- ontory, Capo delle Colonne. LACMON (-5nis) or LACMUS <-i), the N. part of Mount Pindus, in which the river Aons takes its origin. _ LiC5NlCA (-ae), sometimes called LXCO- NIA (-ae) by the Romans, a country of Felo- pounesiis, bounded on the N. by Argolis and Arcadia, on the W. by Measenia, and ou the E. and S. by the sea. Laconica was a long valley running S.-warda to the sea, and in- closed by mountains on every side except the S. This valley is drained by the river Eurotas, which falls into the Laconian gulf. In the upper part the valley is narrow, and near Sparta the mountains approach so close to eacn other as to leave little more than room for the channel of the river. It is for this reason that we find the vale of Sparta called the hollow Lacedaemon. Below Sparta the mountains recede, and the valley opens out into a plain of considerable extent. The soil of this plain is poor, but on the slopes of this mountain there is land of considerable fertility. Offthe coast shelNflsh were caught, which produced a purple dye inferior only to the Tyrian. Laconica is well described by Euripides as diiiicnlt of access to an enemy. On the N. the country could only be invaded by the valleys of the Eurotas and the Oeuus ; the range of Taygetus formed an almost in- superable barrier on the W. ; and the want of good harbors on the E. coast protected it from invasion by sea on that side. Sparta was the only town of importance in the coun- try. [Sparta.]— The most ancient inhabit- ants of the country are said to have been Cynurians and Leleges. They were expelled or conquered by the Achaeans, who were the inhabitants of the country in the heroic age. The Dorians afterwards invaded Pelopon- nesus, and became the ruling race in Lacon- ica. Some of the old Achaean inhabitants were reduced to slavery ; but a great number of them became subjects of the Dorians under the name otPerioeci, The general name for the inhabitants is Laoones or LAO&n\EMONii ; but the Perioeci are frequently called Lacedae- monii, to distinguish them from tht Spartans. LiCONiCUS SINUS, a gulf in the S. of Peloponnesus, into which the Eurotas falls. LACYDSS (-is), a native of Cyrene, suc- ceeded Arcesilaus as president of the Acade- my at Athens, and died about 215. LADii (-es), an island off the W. coast of Caria, opposite to Miletns, and to the bay into which the Maeander falls. LXDAS, a swift runner- of Alexander the Great. L5.D5N (-onis). (1) The dragon who guarded the apples of the Hesperides, was slain by Hercules. [Heeoules.]— (2) A river in Arcadia, rising near Clitor, and falling into the Alpheus, between Heraea and Phrixa. In mythology Ladon is the husband of Stympha- lis, and lather of Daphne and Metope.— (3) A small river in Elis, rising on the frontiers of Achaia, and falling intQ the Peneus. LAEBT5.NI (-5rum), a people on the E. coast of Hispauia Tarraconensis, near the mouth of the river Rubricatus, probably the same as the Laletani, whose country, Lalk- TANiA, produced good wine, and whose chief town was Bahoino. LAELAPS (-fipis), i. e, the storm wind, per- sonified as the swift dog, which Procris had re- ceived from Artemis (Diana), and gave to her husband Cephalue. When the Teumessian fox was sent to punish the Thebans, Cephalus sent the dog Laelaps against the fox. The dog overtook the fox, but Zeus (Jupitei) changed both animals into a stone, which was shown in the neighborhood of Thebes. LABLlUS (-i), C. (1) The friend of Scipio Africanus the elder, who fou^rbt under the latter in almost all his campaigns. He was consul B.O. 190. — (2) Surnamed Sapiens, son of the preceding. His intimacy with Scipio Africanus the younger was ae remarkable as his father's friendship with the elder, and it obtained an imperishable monument in Cice- ro's treatise, haeliua sive de ATnicitia, He was born about 186; was tribune of the plebs in 151, praetor in 145, and consul in 140. He was celebrated for his love of literature and philosophy, and cultivated the society and friendship of the philosopher Panaetius, of the historian Polybins, and of the poets Ter- ence and Lucilius. Laelius is the principal interlocutor in Cicero's dialogue, Z>e^mwnF?rt, and is one of the speakers in the De Sen-ectuUf and in the De Republica. His two daughters were married— the one to Q. Mucins Scoevolo, the augur, the other to C. Fannius Strabo. LAENA.S (-atis), the name of a family of the PopJlia gens, noted for its sternness, cru- elty, and haughtiness of character. The chief members of the family were : (1) C. Popilius Labnas, consul b.o. 172, and afterwards em- bassador to'Antiochus. king of Syria, whom the senate wished to abstain from hostilities against Egypt. Antiochus was just marching upon Alexandria, when Popilius gave him the letter of the senate, which the king read, and promised to take into consideration with his friends. Popilius straightway described with his cane a circle in the sand round the king, and ordered him not to stir out of it before he had given a decisive answer. This boldness so frightened Antiochus that he at once yielded to the demand of Rome. — (2) P. Popilius Laknas, consul in 132, the year after LAEETES. 224 LAODICE. the marder of Tib. Gracchus. He was charged by the victorions aristocratical party with the prosecation of the accomplices of Gracchus ; aud in this odious task he showed all the hard-heartedness of his family. He subse- quently withdrew himself by voluntary exile from the vengeance of C. Gracchus, and did not return to Rome till after his death. LAERTES (-ae), king of Ithaca, son of Acrisins, husband of AnticlSa, and father of Ulysses — who is hence called Lai:btiai>£s. Some writers call Ulysses the son of Sisy- phus. [Antiolea.] Laertes took part in the Calydonian bunt, and in the expedition of the Argonauts. He was still alive when Ulysses returned to Ithaca, after the fall of Troy. LABRTIUS, DIOGENES. [Dioqbnes.] LAESTRTGONES (-um), a savage race of canuibals, whom Ulysses encountered in his wanderings. They were governed by Amti- rHATEs and Lamub. They belong to mytholo- gy rather than to history. The Greeks placed them on the B. coast of Sicily, in the plains of Leontini, which are therefore called Laes- trygonii Campi. The Roman poets, who re- garded the prom.Circeluin as the Homeric isl- and of Circe, transplanted the Laestry^ones to the S. coast of Latium, in the neighborhood of Formiae, which they supposed to have been built by Lamus, the king of this people. Hence Horace speaks of Laeatrygonia Bacchus in a/mvhoraf that is, Formiau wine; and Ovid calls Formiae, Laestrygonis Lami XIrbs. LAEVI or LEVI (-Srum), a Lignrian peo- ple in Gallia Transpadana, on the river Tici- nns, who, in conjunction with the Marici, built the town of Ticinnm (Pam'a). LAEVINUS, VALERIUS (-i). (1) P., con- sul B.O. 280, defeated by Pyrrhns on the banks of the Siris.— (2) M., praetor in 216, when he carried on war against Philip in Greece ; and consul in 210, when he carried on the war iu Sicily, and took Agrigentum. L5.GUS. [Ptolemaeub.] LAIS (-Idis), the name of two celebrated Grecian courtesans. <1) The elder, a native probably of Corinth, lived in the time of the Peloponnesian war, and was celebrated as the most beantiful woman of her age.— (2) The younger, daughter of Timandra, proba- bly born at Hyccara in Sicily. Accoraing to some accounts she was brought to Corinth when 7 year's old, having been taken prisoner in the Athenian expedition to Sicily, and bought by a Corinthian. This story, howev- er, involves numerous difQculties, and seems to have arisen from a confusion between this Lais and the elder one of the same name. ■LMUS (-i), king of Thebes, son of Labda- cus, husband of Jocasta, and father of Oedi- pus, b'y whom he was slain. [Oedipus.} LXLXgS (-es), a common name of courte- sans, from the Greek AaXa^^, prattling, used as a term of endearment, "little prattler." LALETiNL [Laektahi.] LAMXCHUS (-i), an Athenian, the col- league of AlQibiades and Nicias in the great Sicilian expedition, n.o. 416. He fell under the walls of Syracuse, in a sally of the be- sieged. LXMIA (-ae), a female phantom. [Empuba.I LiMIA (-ae), ABLiUS (-1), a Roman fam- ily, which claimed descent from the mythical hero, Lamus. L. Aelzub Lamia, the friend of Horace, was consul A.n. 3, and the son of the Lamia who supported Cicero in the suppres- sion of the Catilinarian conspiracy. LAMIA (-ae), a town in Phthiotis, in Thes- saly, situated on the small river Acbelons, 50 stadia inland from the Maliac gulf. It has given its name to the war which was carried on by the confederate Greeks against Antip- ater after the death of Alexander, b.o. 323. When Autipater was defeated by the confed- erates under the command of Leosthenes, the Athenian, he took refuge in Lamia, where he was besieged for some months. LAMPSTiA (-ae), daughter of Helios (the Sun), and sister of Pbacthon. LAMPONIA (-ae) or -iUM (-i), a city of Mysia, In the interior of the Troad, near the borders of Aeolia. LAMPSiCUS (-i), an important city of Mysia in Asia Minor, on the coast of the Hel- lespont; acolony ofthe Phocaeans; celebra- ted for its wine, and the chief seat of the worship of Priapus. LAMUS (-1). (1) Son of Poseidon (Nep- tune), and king of the Laestrygones, said to have founded Porrniae in Italy. [Pi>rmiae ; Laestbyqones.]— (2) A river and town of Ci- licia. LANGOBARDI or LONGOBARDI (ornm), corrupted into LOMBARDS, a German tribe of the Suevic race, dwelt originally on the banks ofthe Elbe, and after many migrations eventually crossed the Alps (a.e. 6«S), and settled in the N.of Italy, which has ever since received the name of Lombardy. The king- dom of the Lombards existed for upwards of 2 centuries, till its overthrow by Charle- magne. LiNtJ VlUM (-i : Lttvigna), an ancient city in Latium, situated on a hill of the Alban Mount, not far from the Appia Via ; possessed an ancient and celebrated temple of Juno Sospita ; and was the birthplace of the em- peror Antoninus Pius. La0c05N (-ontis), a Trojan priest of the Thymbraean Apollo. He tried in vain to dissuade his countrymen from drawing into the city the wooden horse which the Greeks had left behind them when they pretended to sail away from Troy. As he was prepar- ing to sacrifice a bull to Poseidon, 2 fearful serpents swam out of the sea, coiled round Laocoon and his two sons, and destroyed them. Hie death forms the subject of a mag- nificent work of ancient art preserved in the Vatican. LAODiMIA (-ae), daughter of Acastus, and wife of Protesilans. When her husband was slain before Troy she begged the gods to be allowed to converse with him for only 3 hours.. The request was granted. Hermes (Mercury) led Protesilaus back to the upper world; and when Protesilaus died a second time, Laodamia died with him. LAODlCE (-es). (1) Daughter of Priam and Hecuba, and wife of Helicaon.— (2) The il!!l!l!!liiiliil!i!!lli!iliiiil;i!!iIi!iillJiiiii,i!iiiniiM^^^^^ Laocoon. (Group in tbe Vatican.) liAODICEA. 225 LARES. name given by Homer to the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra, who is called Electra by the tragic poets. [Eleotra.3— (3) The name of several Greek princesses of the family of the Seleuciclae, one of whom was the mother of Seleucus Nicator, the founder of the Syrian monarchy. LAODICBA (-ac), the name of several Greek cities in Asia, called after the mother of Seleucus I. Nicator, and other Syrian prin- cesses of this name. (1) L. ad Lyoum^ a city of Phrygia, near the river Lycus, a tributary of 6 ships against Troy, killed Laomedon, with all his sons except Priam, and gave He- sione to Telamon. Priam, as the son of La- omedon, is called Laomedontiadeb ; and the Trojans, as the subjects of Laomedon, arc called Laomedontiacae. LAPIDfil CAMPI. [Campi Lapidei.] LiPiTHAE ^-a^um), a mythical people in- habiting the mountains of Thessaly. They were govenied by Pirithous, who, being a son of Ixion, was a half-brother of the Centaurs. The latter therefore demanded their share in Copper Coin (" Medallion ") of Laodlcea in FhrygU, wltb Head of CommoduB, Triumphal Figure, and Name of Aslarcb. of the Maeander, founded by Antiochus II. Theos. It became one of the most flourish- ing cities in Asia Minor, and was the seat of a flourishing Christian church as early as the apostolic age. — (2) L. Combusta, 2, e. the burnt; the reason of the epithet is doubtful; a city of Lycaonia, N. of Icouium. — (3) L. at> Mabr, a city on the coast of Syria, about 60 miles S. of Antioch, built by Seleucus I., and had the best harbor in Syria,— (4) L. ad Liba- WTJM, a city of Coele-Syria, at the N. entrance to the narrow valley, between Libanus and Anti-Libanue. LlOMEDON (-ontis), king of Troy, son of Ilus, and father of Priam, Hesione, and other children. Poseidon (Neptune) and Apollo, who bad displeased Zeus (Jupiter), were doomed to serve Laomedon for wages. Ac- cordingly, Poseidon built the walls of Troy, while Apollo tended the king's flocks on Mount Ida. When the two gods had done their work, Laomedon refused them the re- ward he had promised them, and expelled them from his dominions. Thereupon Po- seidon sent a marine monster to ravage the country, to which the Trojans were obliged, from time to time, to sacviflce a maiden. On one occasion It was decided by lot that Hesi- one, the daughter of Laomedon, should be the victim ; but she was saved by Hercules, who Blew the monster, upon Laomedon prom- ising to give him the horses which Tros had once received from Zeus as a compensation for Ganymedes. But when the monster was slain, Laomedon again broke his word. Thereupon Hercules sailed with a squadron their father's kingdom ; and, as their claims were not satisfied, a war arose between the Lapithae and Centaurs, which, however, was terminated by a peace. But when Pirithous married Hippodamla, and invited the Cen- taurs to the marriage feast, the latter, flred by wine, and urged onlay Ares (Mars), attempted to carry off the bride and the other women. Thereupon a bloody conflict ensued, in which the Centaurs were defeated by the Lapithae. The Lapithae are said to have been the in- ventors of bits and bridles for horses. It is probable that they were a Pelasgian people, who defeated the less civilized Centaurs, and compelled them to abandon Mount Pelion. LXR or LARS (-tis), an Etruscan praeno- men, borne, for instance, by Porsena and To- lumuius. From the Etruscans it passed over to the Romans, whence we read of Lar Her- minius, who was consul b.o. 448, This word signified lord, king, or hero in the Etruscan. LXRA. CLabunda.} LiRANDA (-ovum), a considerable town in the S. of Lycaonia, at the N. foot of Mount Taurus, used by the Isaurian robbers as one of their strongholds. LARENTIA, [AooA Labentia.] LXRES (-ium or um), inferior gods at Rome, may be divided into 2 classes, Lares domestici and Larea publici. The former were the Manes of a house raised to the dignity of heroes. The Manes were more closely con- nected with the place of burial, while the Lares were the divinities presiding over the hearth and the whole house. It was only the LAKINUM. 226 LATIUM. Bpirits of ffood men that were honored as Lares. All the domestic Lares were headed by the Lar familiarise who was regarded as the founder of the family ; he was inseparable from the family ; and when the latter changed their abode, he went with them. Among the Lares publici we have mention made of Lares praestites and Lares compitales. The former were the protectors of the whole city; the latter were those who presided over the sev- eral divisions of the city, which were marked by the compita, or the points where two or more streets crossed each other. The images of the Lares, in great honses, were usually in a separate compartment, called lararia. When the inhabitants of the house took their meals, some portion was offered to the Lares, and upon joyful family occasions they were adorned with wreaths, and the lararia were thrown open. LlRTNUM (-i), a town of the Frentani (whence the inhabitants are sometimes called Frentani Larinatea), on the river Tifemus, and near the borders of Apulia. LARISSA (-ae), the name of several Pelas- gian places, whence Larissa is called in my- thology the daughter of Pelasgus. (1) An important town of Thessaly iir Pelasgiotis, situated on the Peneus, in an extensive plain, and once the capital of the Pelasgi. — (2) Sur- named Cbemastb, another important town of Thessaly in Phthiotis, distant 20 stadia from the Maliac gulf. — (3) An ancient city on the coast of the Troad.— (4) L. Phuioomis, a city on the coast of Mysia, near Cyme, of Pelas- fian origin, but colonized by the Aeolians. t was also called the Egyptian Larissa, be- cause Cyrus the Great settled in it a body of his Egyptian mercenary soldiers. — (6) L. Epukbia, a city of Lydia, in the plain of the Cayster. — (6) In Assyria, an ancient city on the E. bank of the Tigris, some distance N. of the month of the river Zabatas or Lycus. It was deserted when Xenophon saw it. The name Larissa is no doubt a corruption of some Assyrian name (perhaps Al-Assur), which Xenophon naturally confounded with Larissa, through his familiarity with the word as the name of cities in Greece. L5.RISSXJS (-i), a small river forming the boundary between Achaia and Elis, and flow- ing into the Ionian sea. LXrIUS LACUS {Lake of Cotno), a beauti- ful lake in Gallia Transpadana (N. Italy), run- ning from N. to S., through which the river Adda flows. Pliny had several villas on the banks of the lake. LARTiA GENS, patrician, distinguished at the beginning of the republic through 2 of its members, T. Lartius, the first dictator, and Sp. Lartius, the companion of Horatius on the wooden bridge. LiRUNDA or LXRA (-ae), daughter of Almon, the nymph who informed Juno of the connection between Jupiter and Juturna : hence her name is connected with KaXeiv. Jupiter deprived her of her tongue, and or- dered Mercury to conduct her into the lower world. On the way thither Mercui-y fell in love with her, and she afterwards gave birth to 2 Lares. LARVAE. [Lemcreb. ] LAS, an ancient town of Laconia, on the E. side of the Laconian gulf, 10 stadia from the sea, and S. of Gytheum. LASABA (-ae), a town in the S. of Crete, not far from the prom. Samonium mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. LASUS (-i), of Hermione in Argolis, a lyric poet, and the teacher of Pindar, lived at Ath- ens under the patronage of Hipparchus. His works have perished. LXTIILIS or LiTtlRIS (-is), a surname of Jupiter as the protecting divinity of Latium. The Latin towns and Rome celebrated to him every year the Feriae Latinae on the Alban mount, which were conducted by one of the Roman consuls. [Latinits.] LlTlNTJS (-i), king of Latium, son of Fau- nas and the nymph Marica, brother of Lavin- ius, husband of Amata, and father of Lavinia, whom he gave in marriage to Aeneas. [La- vinia.] According to one account, Latinus, after his death, became Jupiter Latiaris, just as Romulus became Quirinus. LXTIUM (-i), a country in Italy, was orig- inally the name of the small district between the Tiber and the Numicus, and afterwards signified the country bounded by Etruria on the N., from which it was separated by the Tiber ; by Campania on the S., from which it was separated by the Liris ; by the Tyrrhene sea on the W. ; and by the Sabine and Sam- nite tribes on the E. The greater part of this country is an extensive plain of volcanic or- igin, out of which rises an isolated range of mountains known by the name of Mons Al- BANTjB, of which the Algidus and the Tuscu- lan hills are branches. Part of this plain^ on the coast between Antium and Tarracina, which was at one time well cultivated^ be- came a marsh in consequence of the rivers Kymphaens, Ufens, and Amasenus finding no outlet for their waters [Pomptinae Paludes] ; but the remainder of the country was cele- brated for its fertility in antiquity.— The La- tin! were some of the most ancient inhabit- ants of Italy. They appear to have been a Pelasgian tribe, and are frequently called Aborigines. At a period long anterior to the foundation of Rome^ these Pelasgians or Ab- origines descended into the narrow plain be- tween the Tiber and the Numicus, expelled or subdued the Siculi, the original inhabit- ants of that district, and there became known under the name of Latiui. These ancient Latins, who were called Prisd Latini, to dis- tiugnish them from the later Latins, the sub- jects of Rome, formed a league or confedera- tion, consisting of 30 states. . The town of Alba Longa subsequently became the head of the league. This town, which founded several colonies, and among others Rome, boasted of a Trojan origin: but the whole story of a Trojan settlement in Italy is prob- ably an invention of later times. Although Rome was a colony from Alba, she became powerful enough in the reign of her 3d king, Tullus Hostilius, to take Alba and raze it to the ground. Under Servius Tullius Rome was admitted into the Latin League ; and his LATMICUS. 227 LEMNOS. succesBor^Tarquinius Superbus, compelled the other Latin towns to acknowledge Rome as the head of the league. But upon the expul- sion of the kings the Latins asserted their iu- , dependence, and commenced a struggle with Rome, which was not brought to a final close tin B.C. 340, when the Latins were defeated by the Komaue at the battle of Mount Vesuvius. The Latin League was now dissolved. Sev- eral of the towns, such as Lanuvium, Ariciaf Nomentum, Pedum, and Tusculum, received the Roman frauchise ; and the others became Roman Socii, and are mentioned in history under the general name of Nomen Latinttm or Latini. They obtained certain rights and privileges, which the other Socii did not en- joy. The Romans founded in various parts of Italy many colonies, consisting of Latins, which formed a part of the NoTnen Latinurthy although they were not situated in Latium. Thus the Latini came eventually to hold a certain status intermediate between that of Roman citizens and peregrini. LATMICUS SINUS (-i), a gulf on the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, into which the river Maeander fell, named from Mount Latmus, which overhangs it Through the changes effected on this coast by the Maeander, the galf is now an inland lake, called Akeea-CIiai or Ufa-Bastn. LATMUS (-i), a mountain in Caria, extend- ing in a S.E. direction from the Sinus Latmi- cus. It was the mythological scene of the story of Selene (Luna) and Endymiou, who is hence called by the Roman poets Latmius lieroB and talTnius venator, LATOBRIGI (-orum), a people in Gallia Belgica, neighbors of the Helvetii, probably dwelling near the sources of the Rhine in Switzerland. LiTONA. [Lbto.] LAURENTUM (-i), an ancient tovm of La- tium, the residence of,the mythical Latinus, situated on a height between Ostia and Ar- dea, not far from the sea, and surrounded by a grove of laurels, whence it was supposed to have derived its name. LAURlUM (-i), a mountain in the S. of At> tica, a little N. of the prom, Snnium, celebra- ted for its silver mines, which in early times were very productive, but iu the time of Au- gustas yielded nothing. LAURON (-onis), a town in the B. of His pania Tarraconensis, near the sea and the river Sucro. LAUS (-i), a Greek city iu Lucania, near the mouth of the river Laus, which formed the boundary between Lucania and Bruttium. LAUS POMPEII (Lodi Vecchio), a town in Gallia Cisalpina, N.W. of Placentia, and S.E. of Mediolnuum, made a municipium by the father of Pompey, wlience its name. LAUSUS (-i). (1) Son of Mezen tins, king of the Etruscans, slain by Aeneas.— (2) Son of Numitor and brother of Ilia, killed by Amulins. LAUTtTLAE (-arum), a village of the Volsci in Latinra, in a narrow pass between Tarra- cina and Fundi. N LiVERNA (-ae), the Roman goddess of thieves and impostors, from whom the Porta Lavernalis derived its name. LAVIOUM. [Labiodm.J LiVlNlA and L5.VINIA <-ae), daughter of Latinus and Amata, betrothed to Turuus, but married to Aeneas. [Tdbnus.] LiVlNlUM, LiVlNiUM, LAVINIUM (-i), an ancient town of Latium, 3 miles from the sea and 6 miles E. of Laureutum, ou the Via Appia, founded by Aeneas, and called Lavin- ium in honor of his wife Lavinio. LSANDER (-dri), the famous youth of AbydoB who swam every night acrosB the Hellespont to visit Hero, the priestess of Aphrodite (Venus), in Scstus. One night he perished in the waves ; and when his corpse was washed next morning on the coast of Sestus, Hero threw herself into the sea, LfiBADEA (-ae), a town in Boeotia, be- tween Chaeronea and Mount Helicon, at the foot of a rock, In a cave of which was the cel- ebrated oracle of Trophonius. LfiBfiDUS.(-i), one of the 12 Ionic cities, situated on the coast of Lydia, between Colo- phon and Teos. *It was nearly deserted in the time of Horace. LSBINTHUS or LEBTNTHUS (-i), an isl- and in the Aegaean sea, one of the Sporades. LECHAEUM. [Corinthcs.] LECTUM (-i), the S.W. promontory of the Troad, formed by Mount Ida jutting out into the sea. LEDA (-ae), daughter of Thestius, whence she is called ThestiaSy wife of Tyndareus, king of Sparta, and mother, either by Zeus (Jupi- ter) or by Tyndareus, of Castor and Pollux, Clytaemnestra and Helena. According to the common legend, Zeus visited Leda in the form of a swan ; and she brought forth 2 eggs, from one of which issued Helena, and from the other Castor and Pollux. LELEGES (-urn), an ancient race, frequent- ly mentioned along with the Pelasgians as the most ancient inhabitants of Greece. The Leieges were a warlike and migratory race, who first took possession of the coasts and the islands of Greece, and afterwards pene- trated into the interior. Piracy was proba- bly their chief occupation; and they are rep- resented as the ancestors of the Teleboans and the Taphians, who were notorious for their piracies. The name of the Leieges was derived by the Greeks from an ancestor^ Le- lex, who IB called king either of Megaris or Lacedaemon. They must be regarded ns a branch of the great Indo-Germanic race, who became gradually incorporated with the Hel- lenes, and thus ceased to exist as an inde- pendent people. LfiLEX. [Leleqks.] LEMANNUS or LEM5.NUS LACUS {Lake of Oeneva)y a large lake formed by the river Rliodanus, the boundary between the old Ro- man province in Ganl and the land of the Helvetii. LEMNOS or LBMNUS (-i), one of the lar- gest islands in the Aegaean sea, situated near- ly midway between Mount Athos and the LEMONIA. 228 LEONTXNI. Hellespont. It was sacred to Hephaestus (Vulcan), who is said to have fallen here wheu he was hurled down from Olympus: Hence the workshop of the god is sometimes placed iu this island. The legend appears to have arisen from the volcanic nature of Lem- 1108. Its earliest inhabitants, according to Homer, were the Thracian Sinties. When the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, they found it inhiibited only by women, who had mur- dered all their husbands.- [Hypbipyle.] By ihe Lemuian women the Argonauts became the fathers of the Minyae, who inhabited the iK-ilaud till they were expelled by the Pelas- giaus. Lemnos was conquered by one of the generals of Darius; but Miltiades delivered it from the Persians, and made it subject to Athens, LEMONIA, one of the country tribes at Home, named after a village Lemonium, situ- ated on the Via Latina before the Porta Ca- pena. LSMOVICES (-ium), a people in Gallia Aquitanica, between the Btturiges and Ar- verni, whose chief town was Augustoritum, pubsequently called Lemovices, the modern LEMOVtl (-orum), a people of Germaily, mentioned along with the Rugii, inhabiting the shores of the Baltic in the modern Pome- rani a. LEMURES (-nm), the spectres or spirits of the dead. Some writers describe Lemures as the common name for all the spirits of the dead, and divide them into 2 classes: the Lares, or the souls of good men, and the Lar- vae, or the souls of wicked men. But the common idea was that the Lemures and Lar- vae were the same. They were said to wun- der about at night as spectres, and to torment and frighten the living. In order to propiti- ate them the Romans celebrated the festival of the Lemuralia or Lemuria. LENAEUS (-i), a surname of Dionysus, de- rived from lenits (\t]i'op), the wine-press or the vintage. LENTti^LUS, a haughty patrician family of the Cornelia geua, of which the most impor- tant persons were: (1) P. Counet.ius Lektu- Lus SuEA, the man of chief note in Catiline's crew. He was quaestor to Sulla n.o. 81 ; prae- tor in 75; consul in 71. In the next year he was ejected from the senate, with 63 others, for infamous life and manners. It was this, probably, that led him to join Catiline and his crew. From his distinguished birth and high rank, he calculated on becoming chief of the conspiracy ; and a prophecy of the Sibylline books was applied oy flattering haruspices to him. 3 Cornelli were to rule Rome, and he was the 3d after Sulla and Cinna ; the 20th year after the burning of the Capitol, etc, was to be fatal to the city. To gam power, and recover his place in the sen- ate, he became praetor again in 63. When Catiline quitted the city for Etruria, Lentulus was left as chief of the home conspirators, and his Irresolution probably saved the city ■from being flred. For it was by his over- caution that the negotiation with the embassa- dors of the AUobroges was entered into: these unstable allies revealed the secret to the con- sul Cicero. The sequel will be found under the life of Catiline.^ Lentulus was deposed from the praetorship, and was strangled in the Capitoline prison on the 5th of Decem- ber.— (2) P. CoRNKnos Lemtclus SpiSthek, curule aedile in 63, praetor in 60, and consul in 57. In his consulship he moved for the immediate recall of Cicero, and afterwards re- ceived Cilicia as his province. On the break- ing out of the civil war in 49 he joined the Pompeian part^. — (3) L. CoiiNELins Lentulus Cnos, praetor in 58, and consul in 49, when he tooK a very attive part against Caesar. After the battle of Pharsalia.-he fled to Egypt, and was put to death by young Ptolemy's ministers. LE5nJd1S (-ae). (1) I. King of Sparta, B.o. 491^80, son of Anaxandrides, and suc- cessor of his half-brother Cleomenes. When Greece was invaded by Xerxes, 480, Leonidas was sent with a small army to make a stand against the enemy at the pass of Thermopy- lae. His forces amounted to somewhat more than 6000 men, of whom only 300 were Spar- tans. The Persians iu vaiu attempted to force their way through th§ pass of Ther- mopylae. They were driven back by Leonidas and his gallant band with immense slaughter. At length the Malian Ephialtes betrayed the mountain-path of the Anopaea to the Per- sians, who were thus able to fall upon the rear of the Greeks. When it became known to Leonidas that the Persians were crossing the mountain, he dismissed all the other Greeks except the Thespian and Theban forces, de- claring that he and the Spartans under his command must needs remain iu the post they hud been sent to guard. Then, before the body of Persians who wei'e crossing the mountain could arrive to attack him in the rear, he advanced from the narrow pass and charged the myriads of the enemy with his handful of troops, hopeless now of preserving their lives, and anxious only to sell them dearly. In the desperate battle which en- sued Leonidas himself fell soon. — (2) II. King of Sparta, son of Cleonymus, ascended the throne about 256. Being opposed to'the pro- jected reforms of his contemporary, Agis IV.^ he was deposed, and the throne was transferred to his son-in-law, Cleombrotus ; hut he was soon afterwards recalled, and caused Agis to be put to death, 240, He died about 236, and was succeeded by his son, Cleomenes III. LfiONNlTUS (M), a Macedonian of Pplla, one of Alexander's generals. He crossed over into Europe in n.o. 322, to assist Autipater against the Greeks ; but he was defeated by the Athenians and their allies, and fell iu battle. LEOKTINI (-orum : Lentini)^ a town in the E. of Sicily, about 5 miles from the sea, N.W. of Syracuse, founded by Chalcidians from Naxos, B.O, 730, but never attained much political importance in conseqnence of its proximity to Syracuse. The rich plains N. of the city, called Leontini Cmrtpi, were some of the most fertile iu Sicily, and produced LEOPREPIDES. 229 LETO. abandant crops of most excellent wheat. It was the birthplace of Gorgias. LEOPREPiDES, i. e. the poet Simonides, son of Leoprepes. LEOSTHENBS (-is), an Athenian com- mander of the combined Greek army in the Lamiau war, slain while besieging Antipater in the town of Lamia, b.o. 322. LESTYCHIDES. (1) King of Sparta, b.o. 491-469. He commanded the Greek fleet In 4T9, and defeated the Persians at the battle of Mycale. — (2) The repnted son of Agis II., excluded from the throne in conseqneuce of his being suspected to be the son of Alcibia- des by Timaea, the queen of Agis. His nncle, Agesilaus II., was substituted in his room. LEPiDUS, M. AEMlLlUS (-i), the trium- vir, son of M. Lepidus, consul b.o. 78, who took up arms to rescind the laws of Sulla, but was defeated by Pompey and Catuhis. His Bon was praetor in 49, and supported Caesar in the civil war. In 46 he was consul with Caesar, and in 44 he received from the latter the government of Narbonese Gaul and Near- er Spain. He was in the neighborhood of Kbme at the time of the dictator's death, and having the command of an army, he was able to render M. Antony efficient assistance. Lepidus was now chosen pontifex maximus, which dignity had become vacant by Caesar's death, and then repaired to his provinces of Gaul and Spain. Antony, after bis defeat at Mutina (43), fled to Lepidns, who espoused his cause against the senate. They crossed the Alps at the head of a powerful army, and were joined in the N. of Italy by Octnvian (afterwards Augustus). In the month of Oc- tober the celebrated triumvirate was formed, by which the Roman world m'qs divided be- tween Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus. - [See p. 74.] In the fresh division of the provinces after the battle of Philippi (42), Lepidus re- ceived Africa, where he remained till 36. In this year Augustus summoned him to Sicily to assist him m the war ngainst Sex. Pompey. Lepidus obeyed, but, tired of being treated as a subordinate, he resolved to make an efl'ort to acquire Sicily for himself. He was easily subdued by Augustus, who spared his life, but deprived him of his triumvirate, his ar- my, and hia provinces, and commanded that he should live at Circeii, under strict surveil- lance. He allowed him, however, to retain his dignity of pontifex maximus. He Avas not privy to the conspiracy which his son formed to assassinate Augustus in 30. He died in 13. Augustus succeeded him as pon- tifex maximus. LEPONTil (-orum), an Alpine people, dwelling near the sources of the Rhine, on the S. slope of the SLGothard and the Sim- plon : their name is still retained in the Val Loventina. Their chief town was Osceln (2)o- tno d'Osaola). LEPRfiUM (-i), a town of Elis in Triphylia, situated 40 stadia from the sea. LEPTINES, an Athenian, known only as the proposer of a law taking away all special exemptions from the burden of public charges against which the oration of Demosthenes is directed, usually known as the oration against Leptines, u.o.355. LBPTIS (-is). (1) Leptis Magna or Nbap- OI.18, a city on the coast of N. Africa, between the Syrtea, E. of Abrotounm, was a Phoeni- cian colony, with a flourishing commerce, though it possessed no harbor. It was the birthplace of the emperor Septimius Severus. — (2)Xkptis Minor or Pabva, usually called simply Leptis, a Phoenician colony on the coast of Byzaciam in N. Africa. LERNA (-ae) or LERNE (-os), a district in Argolis, not far from Argos, in which was a marsh and a small river of the same name. It was celebrated as the place where Hercules killed the Lernean Hydra. [See p. 190.] LEROS, a small island, one of the Sporades, opposite to the mouth of the Sinus lassius, on the coast of Caria. LESBOS or LESBUS (-i), a large island in the Aegaean, ofl* the coast of Mysia in Asia Minor. It was colonized by Aeolians, who founded in it an Hexapolis, consisting of the 6 cities Mytilene, Methyrana, Bresus, Pyrrha, Antissa, and Ariebe, afterwards reduced to 5 through the destruction of Arisbe by theMe- thymnaeans. The chief facts in the history of Lesbos are connected with its principal city, Mytilene. [Mytileme.] The island is most important in the early history of Greece, as the native region of the early school of lyric poetry. It was the birthplace of the po- ets Terpander, Alcaeus, Sappho, and Arion, of the sage Pittacns, of the historian Hellani' cus, and of the philosopher Theophrastus. LETHE (-5s), a river in the lower world, from which the shades drank, and thus ob- tained forgetfuluess of the past. LET5 (-us), called LATONA (-ae) by the Romans, daughter of tlie Titan Coeus and Phoebe, and mother pf Apollo and Artemis (Diana) by 'Zeus (Jupiter). The love of the king of the gods procured for Leto the enmity of Hera (Juno). Persecuted by this goddess, Leto wandered from place to place, till she came to Delos, which was then a floating isl- and, and bore the name of Asteria or Ortygia. Zeus fastened it by adamantine chains to the bottom of the sea, that it might be a secure Leto (Latona). (From 5 painted Vase.) XEUCA. 230 LIBERTAS. resting-place for his beloved, and there she gave birth to Apollo and Artemis. Leto vtAS generally worshiped only in conjunction with her c^hildren. Delos was the chief seat of her worship. From their mother, Apollo Is fre- quently called Letmua or Latmus, and Arte- mis (Diana) LetolOy Let. 307- 324, was a Dacian peasant by birth, and was raised to the rank of Augustus by the emperor Galerius. He afterwards had the dominion of the Bast. He carried on war first with Maximinus II., whom he defeated a.d. .S14, and subsequently with Constantine, by whom he was in his turn defeated, 316. A second war broke out between Liciuins and Constantine in 323, in which Liciniua was not only defeated, but deprived of his throne. In the following year he was put to death by Constantine, 324. LIDE (-es), a mountain of Caria, above Pe- dastis. LiGARIUS (-i), Q., fought on the side of the Pompeian party in Africa, and was defended by Cicero before Caesar in a speech still ex- tant. Ligarius joined the conspirators who assassinated Caesar in b.c. 44, and perished in the proscription of the triumvirs in 43. LiQER or LIgERIS (-is: Loire), a large river in Gaol, rising in Mount Cevenna, flow- ing through the territories of the Arverni, Aedui, and Camutes, and fallin" into the ocean between the territories of the Nam- netes and Pictones. LiGtjRiA (-ae), a district of Italy, bounded on the W. by the river Varus and the Mari- time Alps, which separated It from Trans- alpine Gaul ; on the S.B. by the river Macia, which separated it from Btmria ; on the N. LILAEA. 232 LIVIA. by the river Po ; aud on the S. by the Mare Ligusticum. The Maritime Alps and the Apennines ran through the greater part of the country. The inhabitants were called by the Greeks Lioyes and Ligystini, and by the Bomans Ltoobeb (sino^. JAguH^ more rarely Ligur). They were in early times widely spread, and inhabited the coasts of Gaul and Italy, from the mouth of the Hhone to Pisae in Etvuria. They were divided by the Ro- mans into I/igiirea l^ransalpini and Cisalpini. The names of the principal tribes were : On the W. side of the Alps, the Salyks or Salt-u- VII, OxYBii. aud Deoiates ; on the E. side of the Alps, the Intemelii, Ingadni, and Apit- AVI near the coast, the Vaoienni, Salabbi, and Tadrini on the upper course of the Po, and the Labvi and Makisoi N. of the Po. — The Lignrlans were small of stature, but Btrong, active, and brave. In early times they served as mercenaries in the armies of the Garth nginiauB, and they were not sub- (Ined by the Romans till after a long, aud fierce struggle. LiLAEA <-ae), an ancient town in Phocis, near the sources of the Oephissus. LILYBAEUM (-i : Marsala), a town in the W. of Sicily, with an excellent harbor, situ- ated on a promontory of the same name, opposite to the prom. Hermaenm or Mercurii (C. Bon) in Africa, the space between the two being the shortest distance between Sicily and Africa. The town was founded by the Car- thaginians about B.o. 397, and was the prin- cipal Carthaginian fortress in Sicily. LTMiTES (-um) ROMANI (-6r«m>, the name of a continuous series of fortifications, consisting of castles, walls, earthen ramparts, and the like, which the Romans erected along the Rhine and the Danube to protect their possessions from the attaclcs of the Germans. LIMNAE (-arum), a town in Messenia, on the frontiers of Lacouia, with a temple of Artemis (Diana) Limnatis. LIMNAEA (-ae), a town in the N. of Acar- nania, near the Ambracian gulf, on which it had a harbor. LIMONUM. [PioTONES.] LiMl?RA (-ae), a city iu the S.E. of Lycia, on the river Limyrus. LINDUM (-i: Lincoln), a town of the Co- ritani in Britain, on the road from Londinium to Eboracum, and a Roman colony. The modern name Lincoln has been formed out of Lindtim Colonia. LINDUS (-i), one of the 3 Dorian cities iu the island of Rhodes, sitaatcd on the E. coast. LINGONES (-um). (1) A powerful people in Transalpine Gaul, bounded by the Treviri on the N. and the Sequani on the S. Their chief town was Andematnrinnm, afterwards Lingones {Lanffre8),—{2) A branch of the above-mentioned people, who migrated into Cisalpine Gaul along with the Boii, and dwelt in the neighborhood of Ravenna. LINTERNUM. [Litehncm.] LINUS (-i), the personification of a dirge or lamentation, and therefore described as a sou of Apollo by a Muse (Calliope, or by Psamathe or Chalciope). Both Argos and Thebes claimed the honor of his birth. An Argive tradition related that Linus was ex- posed by his mother after his birth, and was brought up by shepherds, but was afterwards torn to pieces by aogs. Psamathe's grief at the occurrence betrayed her misfortune to her father, who condemned her to death. Apollo, iudignaut at the father's crnelty, vis- ited Argos with a plague ; and, in obedience to an oracle, the Argives endeavored to pro- pitiate Psamathe ana Linus by means of sac- rifices and dirMs, which were called lini. According to aBoeotiau ti'adition, Linus was killed by Apollo because he had ventured upon a musical contest with the god. The Thebans distinguished between an earlier aud later Linus ; the latter is said to have instructed Hercules in music, but to have been killed by the hero. LIPARA and LlPitRENSES INSULAE. [Aeoi.ia.e.;1 lilPS, the S.W. wind, corresponding to the Latin Africus. Lipa. (From the Tebiplo of the Winds, at Athena.) LIQTJENTIA (-ae: Livmza), a river in Venetia in the N. of Italy, flowing into the Sinus Tergestinus. LIRIS (-is : Garigliano), more anciently called CLANIS (-is) or GLXNIS, one of the principal rivers in central Italy, rising in the Apennines W. of lake Fucinus, flowing into the Sinus Cnietanns near Minturnae, aud forming the boundary between Latium and Campania. Its stream was sluggish, whence the "Liris qttieta aqua" of Horace. LISSUS (-i), a town in the S. of Dalmatia, at the mouth of the river Drilon, founded by Dionysius of Syracuse, b.o. 385, and possess- ing a strongly fortified acropolis called Aoeo- i^isaus, which was considered impregnable. UTANA SILVA, a large forest on the Apennines in Cisalpine Gaul, S.E. of Mutina. LITERNUM or LINTERNUM (-i: Patria), a town on the coast of Campania, at the mouth of the river Clanis or Glanis, which in the lower part of its course takes the name of LiTKBNTjs, and which flows through a marsh to the N. of the town, called Lithkna Palub. It was to this nlace that the elder Scipio Afrlcauus retired when the tribunes attempted, to bring him to trial, and here he is said to have diea. LIVIA (-ae). (1) Sister of M. Livius Dru- eus, the celebrated tribune, b.o. 91, married first to M. Porcius Cato, by whom she had LIVXUS. 233 LOCUSTA. Cato Uticeusis, and sabseqnently to Q. Ser- vilius Caepio, by whom she had a daughter, Servilin, the mother of M. Brutus, who Killed Caesar. — (2) LivrA Drusilla, the daiij^hter of Livius Drusiia Claudiaims [Ditusua, No. 3], married first to Tib. Claudius Nero; aud aft- erwards to Augustus, who compelled her hus- band to divorce her, «.o. 38. She had already borne her husband one sou, the future em- peror Tiberius, and at the time of her mar- riage with Augustus was 6 mouths pregnant witn another, who subsequently receivedthe name of Drusus. She never had any children by Augustus, but she retained his affections till his death. ■ On the accession of her sou Tiberius to the throne, she at first attempted to obtain an equal share iu the government ; but this the jealous temper of Tiberius would not brook. She died iu a.d. 29, at the age of 82 or 86 (3) Or Livilla, the daughter of DrusuB senior and Antonia, aud the wife of Drusus junior, the son of the emperor Tibe- rius. She was seduced by Sejanns, who per- suaded her to poison her husband, a.i>. 23. — (4^ Jm,iA LiviLLA, daughter of Germanicns aud Agrippina. [ Julia, No. 7.] LIVIUS <-i). T., the Roman historian, was born at Patavium {Padiia), iu the N. of Italy, 1I.O. 59. The greater part of his life was spent in Rome, but he returned to hla native town before his death, which happened at the age of 76, in the fourth year of Tiberius, a.b. IT. His literary talents secured the patronage of Augustus ; and so great was his reputation that a Spaniard traveled from Cadiz to Rome solely for the purpose of beholding him, aud haviug gratified his curiosity, immediately returned home. The great work of Livy is a Hiatoiy of Rome, extending from the founda- tion of the city to the death of Drusue, ii.o. 9, and comprised in 142 books. Of these 35 have descended to us ; but of the whole, with the exception of 2, we possess Epitomes, The \vork has been divided into decades, contain- ing 10 books each. The 1st decade (bks. i.-x.) is entire, and embraces the period from the foundation of the city to the year a.a. 294. The 2d decade (bks. xi.-xx.) is lost, and em- braced the period from 294 to 219, comprising an account, among other matters, of the in- vasion of Pyrrhus and of the Ist Punic war. The 3d decade (bks. xxi.-xxx.) is entire. It embraces the period fi'om 219 to 201, compre- hending the wnole of the 2d Punic war. The 4th decode (bks. xxxi.-xl.) is entire, and also one half of the 5th (bks. xli.-xlv.). These 16 bonks embrace the period from 201 to 167, and develop the progress of the Roman arms iu Cisalpine Gaul, in Macedonia, Greece, aud Asia, ending with the triumph of Aemiliua Paulus. Of the remaining books nothing remains except inconsiderable fragments. The style of Livy is clear, animated, aud elo- quent; but he did not take much pains in a'scertainiug the truth of the events he re- cords. His aim was to offer to bis country- men a clear and pleasing narrative, which, while it gratified their vanity, should contain no startling improbabilities nor gross perver- sion of facts. LIVIUS 'ANDRONICUS (-i), the earliest Rofnan poet, was a Greek, and the slave of M. Livius Salinator, by whom he was'manu- mitted, and from whom he received the Ro- man name Livius. He wrote both tragedies and comedies in Latin, and his first drama was acted k.o. 240. LiViUS DRtJSUS. [Deitsub.] LIVIUS SXLIN5.T0R. [Saltnatoh.] LIXUS (-i), a city on the W. coast of Mau- retania Tingitana in Africa, at the mouth of a river of the same mime : it was a place of some commercial importance. LOCRI (-6rum), sometimes called LO- CRENSES (-ium) by the Romans, the inhab- itants of two districts in Greece called LO- CRIS. — (1) Eastern Looris, extending from Thessaly and the pass of Thermopylae along the coast to the frontiers of Boeotia, and bounded by Doris and Phocis on the V^. It was a fertile and well -cultivated country. The N. part was inhabited by the Looia Epio- NitMiDTi, who derived their name from M(mut Cnemis. The S. part was inhabited by the LooKi OruNTii, who derived their name from their principal town, Opus. The 2 tribes were separated by Daphuus, a small slip of land, which at one time belonged to Phocis. The Epicnemidii were for a long time subject to the Phocians, and were included under the name of the latter people ; whence the name of the Opuntii occurs more frequently in Greek history.— (2) Wkstekn Loortb, or the country of the Loori Ozoi-af-. was bounded on the N. by Doris, on the W. by Aetolia, on the E. by Phocis, and on the S. by the Corinthian gulf. The country is mountain- ous, and for the most "part' unproductive. Mount Corax from Aetoha, and Mount Par- nassus from Phocis, occupy the greater part of it. The Loci'i Ozolne were a colony of the Western Locriaus, and were more uncivilized than the latter. They resembled their neigh- bore, the Aetolians, both in their predatory habits and in their mode of warfare. Their chief town was AsrPHissA. LOCRI tVtZtPUtntl (-ornm), one of the most ancient Greek cities in Lower Italy, sit- uated in theS.E. of Bruttium,N. of the prom- ontory of Zephyrinm, from which it was said to have derived its surname Epizephyrii, though others suppose this name was given to the place simply because it lay to thie W. of Greece. It was founded by the Locriaus from Greece, n.o. 683. The inhabitants re- garded themselves as descendants of Ajax Oileus; and as he resided at the town of Naryx among the Opuntii, the poets gave the name of Narycia Locri. For the same reason the pitch of Bruttlum is frequently called Narycia. Locri was celebrated for the excel- lence of its laws, which were drawn up liy ZaleucuR soon after the foundation of the city. [Zalbtjcub.] Near the town was an ancient and wealthy temple of Proserpina. LOCDSTA, or, more correctly, LttCUSTA (-ae>, a famous female poisoner, employed by Agrippina in poisoning the emperor Claudi- us, and by Nero for dispatching Britannicus. She was put to death in the reign of Galba. LOLLIUS. 234 LUCEEIA. LOLLIUS (-i), M., consul, b.o. 21, and gov- ernor of Qaul, u.o. 16, was appointed by An- gnstns as tutor to his grandson, 0. Caesar, whom he accompanied to the East, b.o. 2. Horace addressed an Ode (iv. 9) to Lolliue, and 2 Epistles (i. 2, IS) to the eldest son of Lollins. LONDINIDM (-i) or LONMNDM ILm- dxm)j the ca|>ita1 of the Cantil in Britain, was origmally situated on the S. banl: of the Thames m the modern Sovthwark. It after- wards spread over the N, side ofthe river, and was hence called a town of the Trino- bantes. It is lirst mentioned in the reign of Nero as a flourishiug and populous town, much frequented by Roman merchants. It was taken and its inhabitants massacred by the Britons when they revolted under Boad- icea, A.n. 62. The quarter on the N. side of the river was surrounded with a wall and ditch by Constantine the Great or Theodo- siusT the Roman governor of Britain. This wall probably commenced at a fort near the present site ofthe Tower, and continued along the Minories to Cripplegate, Newgate, ana Ludgate. London was the central jioint from which all the Roman roads in Britain diverged. It possessed a MilUarium Aure- «m, from which the miles on the roads were numbered ; and a fragment of this MilUarium, the celebrated London Stone, may be seen affixed to the wall of St. Swithin's church in Cannon Street. This is almost the only mon- ument ofthe Roman Londinium still extant, with the exception of coins, tesselated pave- ments, and the like, which have been found buried under the ground. LONGINUS (-i), a distinguished Greek philosopher and grammarian of the 3d cent- ury of our era. He taught philosophy and rhetoric at Athens for many years with great success ; and among his pupils was the cele- brated Porphyry, fie afterwards went to the East, where he became acquainted with Ze- nobia of Palmyra, who made him her teacher of Greek literature. It was mainly through his advice that she threw off her allegiance to the Roman empire. On her capture by Anrelian in 273, Longinns wVis put to death by the emperor. Longinus was a man of ex- cellent sense, sound judgment, and extensive knowledge. His treatise On the Sublime, a great part of which is still extant, is a work of great merit. LONGINUS CASSIUS. [CASsniB.] LONGOBARDL [Lanqobakdi.! LONGtJLA (-ae), a town of the Volscl in Labium, not far from Corioli. LONGUS (-i), a Greek Sophist, of uncer- tain date, the author of an extant erotic work. LORIUM (-i) or LORII (-orum), a small place in Etmria on the Via Aurelia, where Antoninus Pius was brought up and died. LORlfMA (-ornm), a city on the S. coast of Caria. LSTIS (-idis), a nymph, who, to escape the emliraces of Priapus, was metamorphosed into a tree, called after her Lotus. LStOPHXGI (-orum, i. e. lotics- eaters). Homer, in the Odj/ssej/, represents Ulysses as coming in his wanderings to a coast inhabited by a people who fed upon a fruit called lotus, the taste of which was so delicious that every one who ate it lost all wish to return to his native country. Afterwards, in historical times, the Greeks found that the people on the N. coast of Africa, between the Syrtes, nsed to a great extent, as an article of food, the fruit of a plant which they identified with the lotus of Homer, and thej; called these people Lotophagi. They carried on a com- mercial intercourse with Egypt and with the interior of Africa by the very same caravan routes which are used to the present day. LOA (-ae), also called WA MS.TER or LtfA SATURNI, one of the early Italian divinities, to whom were dedicated the arms taken in battle. LtJCA (-ae : Ltuxa), a Ligurian city in Up- per Italy, at the foot of the Apennines and on the river Ansns, N.E. of Pisae. LUCiNIA (-ae), a district in Lower Italy, bounded on the N. by Campania and Sam- nium, on the E. by Apulia and the gulf of Tarcntum, on the S. by Bruttium, and on the W. by the Tyrrhene sea. It was separated from Campania by the river Silarus, and from Bruttium by the river Lans. Lucania was celebrated for its excellent pastures : and its oxen were the fiuest and largest in Italy. Hence the elephant was at first called by the Romans a Lncanian ox (Liieaa bos). The coast of Lucania was inhabited chiefly by Greeks, whose cities were numerous and flourishing. The interior of the country was originally inhabited by the Chones and Oeno- trians. The Lucanians proper were Sam- nites, a brave and warlike race, who left their mother country and settled both in Lucania and Bruttium. They not only expelled or subdued the Oenotrians, but they gradually acqaired possession of most of the Greek cities on the coast. They were subdued by the Romans after Pyrrhus had left Italy. LtJCSNUS, M. ANNAEUS (-1), usually called LUCAN, a Roman poet, born at Cor- duba in Spain, A.n. 39. His father was L. Annaeus Mella, a brother of M. Seneca, the philosopher. Lucan was brought up at Rome at an early age. He embarked in the con- spiracy of Piso against the life of Nero ; and upon the discovery ofthe plot 'was compelled to put an end to his life. He died A.n. 65, in the 26th year of his age. There is extant an heroic poem, by Lucan, in 10 books, entitled Pkarsaliat in which the progress ofthe strug- gle between Caesar and Pompey is fully de- tailed. The loth book is imperfect, and the narrative breaks off abruptly in the middle of the Alexandrian war. LtCiNUS, OCELLUS. [OoELttis.] LUCCBIUS (-i), L., an old friend and neighbor of Cicero, was an nnsuccessful can- didate for the consulship, along with Julius Caesar, in b.o. 60. He wrote a conlempora- neons history of Rome, commencing with the Social or Marsic war. LUCSRIA (-ae : Liicerd), sometimes called NuCfiRIA, a town in Apulia, on the borders of Samuium, and subsequently a Roman col- ony. LUCIANUS. 235 LUNA. LtrciSNUS (-i), UBually called LTJCIAN. a Greek writer, born at Samosata, the capital of Commageue, in Syria, flourished in the reign of M. Aureliue. He practiced for some time as an advocate at Autioch, and after- wards traveled through Greece, giving in- struction in rhetoric. Late in life he obtained the oflSce of procurator of part of JJgypt. The most important of Lucian's writings are his Dialogues. They are treated in the greatest possible variety of style, from seriousness down to the broadest hnmor and buflfoonery. Their subjects aud tendency, too, vary con- siderably ; for while some are employed in at- tacking the heathen philosophy and religion, others are mere pictures of manners without any polemic drift. Lucian's merits as a writer consist in his knowledge of human nature, his strong common-sense, and the simplicity and Attic grace of his diction. LtrclPER {-^Ti), or PHOSPHORUS (-!), that is, the bnnger of light, is the name or the planet Veuus, when seen in the morning before sunrise. The same planet was called He»perit3, Vesjoerugo^ Vesp&r, Noctifer^ or Noc- tumii8f when it appeared in the heaveue after sunset. Lucifer as a person iflcation is called a son of Astraeus and Aurora or Eos, of Cei)halus and Aurora, or of Atlas. By Phi- lonis he is said to have been the fatlier of Ceyz. He is also called the father of Daeda- lion and of the Hesperides. Lucifer is also a surname of several goddesses of light, as Artemis, Aurora, aud Hecate. LttClLiUS (-1), C, the Koman satirist, was born at Suessa of the Aurunci, 11.0. 148, and died at Naples, 103, in the 46th year of his age. He lived upon terms of the closest fa^ miliarity with Scipio and Laelius. He was the first to mould Koman satire into that form which afterwards received fhll develop- ment in the hands of Horace, Persius, and Juvenal. LtTClNA (-ae), the goddess of light, or rather the goddess that brings to light, and hence the goddess that presides over the birth of children. It was therefore used ae a sur- name of Juno and Diana, Luclna correspond- ed to the Greek goddess Iuthxia. LUCRETIA (-ac), the wife of L. Tarquin- ■ius Collatinus, whose rape by Sex. Tarquin- ius led to the dethronement of Tarquinius Superbus and the establishment of the re- public. [Tabquinius.] LTJCRETlLIS (-is), a pleasant monntaiu in the country of the Sabines, overhanging Horace's villa, LUCRETIUS CARUS, T., the Roman poet, born B.o. 95, is said to have been driven mad by a love-potion, and to have perished by his own hano, b.c. 52 or 61. It is, however, not improbable that the story of the love-potion and of his death was an invention 01 some enemy of the Epicureans. Lucretius is the author of a philosophical poem, in heroic hexameters, mvided into 6 books, addressed to C. Memmins Gemellus, who was praetor in 58, and entitled J)e Berum Natura. It contains an exposition of the doctrines of Epicunie. This poem has been admitted by N2 all modem critics to be the greatest of didac* tic poems. The most abstruse speculati— (2) (Luni)f an Etruscan town, sit- uated on the left bank of the Macra, about 4 miles from the coast, originally formed part of Xiguria, but became the most N.-ly city of Etrnria when Augustus extended the bound- aries of the latter country as far as the Macra. It possessed a large and commodious harbor LUPERCUS. 236 LYCOPHKON". at the month of the river, called Lunae Portus {Gulf of Spezzia). In b.o. 1T7 Ltina was made a Romau colony. LtJ^PERCUS (-i), an ancient Italian divinity, worshiped by shepherds as the protector of their nocks against wolves. The Romans sometimes identltied Lupercus with the Ar- cadian Pan. Respecting the festival cele- brated in honor of Lupercus and his priests, the Lnperci, see Diet, of Antiq. LUPPiA or LUPtA (-ae : Lippe), a river in the N.W. of Germany, falling into the Rhine at Weael in Westphalia, and dn which the Romans built a fortress of the same name. LttPUS, RtJTlLlUS (-i), the author of an extant rhetorical treatise in 2 books, eutitled De Piguria Sententiarum et Elocutionis, ap- pears to have lived in the time of Augustus. L€'SlTANiA, LtTSlTANI. CHispania,] LDTXTIUS CiTCLUS. [Catulds.] LtTTETlA (-ae), or, more commonly, Lute- TiA Parisiouum (Paris), the capital of the Parisii in Gallia Lugduueusis, was situated on an island in the Sequaua (Seine), and was connected with the banks of the river by 2 wooden bridges. Under the emperors it be- came a place of importance, and the chief naval station on the Sequana. Here Julian . was proclaimed emperor, a.p. 360. LYCiBETTUS (-i: St. George), a mountain Id Attica, belonging to the range of Penteli- cus, close to the walls of Athens on the N.E. of the city. LYCAEUS or LYCBUS (-i), a lofty mount- ain in Arcadia, N.W, of Megalopolis, one of the chief seats of the worship of Zeus (Jupi- ter) and of Pan, each of whom was therefore called Lycaeiis. LYCAMBES. [AnoHiLocHtrs.] LYCAON J-6nis), king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus, an impious king, who served before Zeus (Jupiter) a dish of human flesh when the god visitea him. Lycaon and all his sons, with the exception of Nyctimus, were killed by Zeus with a flash of lightning, or, accord- ing to others, were changed into wolves. — C^listo, the daughter of Lycaon, is said to have been changed into the constellation of the Bear, whence she Is called by the poets Lyeaonia /Irctoa, Lycaonia Arctos, or I/ycaonia Virgo, or by her patronymic Lycaonis, LYCAONIA (-ae), a district of Asia Minor, forming the S.E. part of Phrygia. The iieo- ple were, so far as can be traced, an aboriginal race, speaking a language which is mentioned in the Acts o/ the Apostles as a distinct dia- ' lect ; they were warlike, and especially skilled in archery. LYCEUM (-1), the name of one of the 3 ancient gymnasia at Athens, called after the temple of Apollo Lyceus in Its neighborhood. It was situated S.E. of the city, outside the walls, and just above the river Ilissus. It is celebrated as the place where Aristotle and the Peripatetics taught LYcEUS <-i), a surname of Apollo, the meaning of which is not quite certam. Some derive it from Xukop, a wolf, so that it would mean "the wolf-slayer;" others from \vKt\, light, according to which it would mean "the giver of light;" and others again from the country of Lycia. LYCHNIDUS (-1), more rarely LYCHNI- DIUM (-i), or LYCHNIS (-idis), the ancient capital of the Dessaretii in the interior of Illyricum, situated on a height on tlie N. bank of the lake Lychuitis. LYplA (-ae), a small district on the S. side of Asia Minor, between Carta and Pamphylia. According to tradition, the most ancient name of the country was Milyns, and the earliest inhabitants were called Milyae, and afterwards Solymi ; subsequently the Termi- lae, from Crete, settled in the country; and lastly, the Athenian Lycus, the son of Pandiou, fled from his brother Aegeus to Lycia, and gave his name to the country. Homer, who gives Lycia a prominent place in the Iliad, represents its chieftains, Glaucus and Sar- pedon, as descended from the royal family of Argoa (Aeolids). He speaks of the Solymi as a warlike race, inhabiting the mountains, against whom the Greek Iiero Bellcrophontes Is sent, to fi^ht by his relative the king of Lycia. Besides the legend of Bellerophon and the Chimaera, Lycia is the stjbne of an- other popular Greek story, that of the Har- pies and the daughters of Pandareos; and memorials of both are preserved on the Ly- cian monuments now in the British Museum. On the whole, it is clear that Lycia was colouized by the Greeks at a very early pe- riod, and that its historical Inhabitants were Greeks, though with a mixture of native bl, a sea-port town on the Thracian Chereonesus. MAEANDER (-dri), a river in Asia Minor, proverbial for its wanderings, rising in the S. of Phrygia, close to the source of tne Mar- eyas, flowing between Lydia and Caria, of which it forms the boundary, and at last fall- ing into the Icarian sea between Myus and Pnene. As a god, Maeander is described as the father of the nymph Cyaue, who was the mother of Caunus. Hence the latter is called by Ovid Maeandriua juvenis. MAECENAS (-atis), C. CILKiUS (-i), a Roman eques, but descended both on his father's and mother's side from the Lucumones of Etruria. His paternal ancestors were the ainiif a powerful family at Arretium, and his maternal ancestors the Maeceuates, at Arretium. Maecenas was one of the chief friends aud ministers of Angxistus, and en- joyed for many years his confidence. But towards the latter years of his life a coolness sprang up between them, and Maecenas re- tired entirely from public life. He died b.o. 8. The fame of Maecenas, however, rests mainly on his patronage of literature, espe- cially of Virgil and Horace. Virgil was in- debted to him for the recovery or his farm, which had been appropriated by the soldiery iu the division of lands, in n.o. 41 ; and it was at the request of Maecenas that he undertook the Georgica, To Horace Maecenas was a still greater benefactor. He presented him with the means of comfortable Bubsistence, ■ a farm in the Sabine country. MAECIUS TARPA. [Tarpa.] MAEDiCA (-ae), the country of the Maedi, a powerful people in the W. of Thrace, on the W. bank of the Strymon. MAELiUS (-i), SP,, the richest of the ple- beian knights, employed his fortune in buy- ing up corn in Etruria in the great famine at Rome in b.o. 440. This corn he sold to the poor at a small price, or distributed it gratu- itously. The patricians accused him of aim- ing at the kingly power, and appointed Cin- clnuatus dictator. C. Servilius Ahaln, the master of the horse, summoned Maelius to appear before the tribunal of the dictator ; but as he refused to ^o, Ahala rushed Into the crowd and slew him. Hie property was confiscated, and his house pulled down; its vacant site, which was called the Aequimae- liurrit continued to subsequent ages a memo- rial of his fate. MAENADES <-um: sing, Maenns), a name of the Bacchantes, from /laivofxai, "to be mad," because they were frenzied in the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus). MAENXLUS (-i), a mountain in Arcadia, extending from Megalopolis to Tegea, cele- brated. as the favorite haunt of the god Pan. The Roman poets frequently use the adjec- tives Maenalivs and Maenalis as equivalent to Arcadian. MAENIUS (-i), C, consul b.o. 333, with L. Fnrins CamiHus, The 2 consuls completed the subjugation of Latium ; they were both rewarded with a triumph, and equestrian statues were erected to their honor in the forum. The statue of Maeuius was placed upon a column, called Columna MaeniUy which appears to have stood near the end of the forum, on the Capitoline. Maenius, in his censorship (n.o. 318), allowed balconies to be added to the various buildings surrounding the forum, In order that the spectators might obtain more room for beholding the games which were exhibited in the fornra : these balconies were called after him Maeniatia (sc. aedi^a), MAEONIA (-ae), the ancient name of Lydia. Hence VirgU gives the name of Maeonia to Etruria, because the Etruscans were said to be descended from Lydians. Hence also Homer, as a native of Mationia, is called Maeonidea and Maeo7mi8 senex, and his poems the Maeoniae cluxrtae^ or Maemmvm carmen. [IJYDiA.]— Makonib likewise occurs as a siu"- name of Omphale and of Arachue, because both were Lydians, MAEOTAE. EMaeotis Palus.] MAEOTIS (-idis) PALUS (,Sea of Azov), an inland sea on the borders of Europe atid Asia, N. of the Pontus Euxinus (Blaq* Sea), with which it communicates by the Bosporus Ctmmerius.. ■ The Scythian tribes on its banks were called by the collective name of MaeOtae or Maeotlci. The sea had also the names of Cimmerium or Bosporicum Mare. MAERA, the dog of Icarius, the father of Erigone. [Ioarius, No. 1.] MAEVIUS. [Bavius.] MAGDOLUM (O. T. Migdol), a city of Lower Egypt, near the N.E. frontier, where Pharaoh Necno defeated the Syrians. MAGETOBRIA {Moigte de Broie, on the Sa6ne), a town on the W. frontiers of the Sequani, near which the Gauls were defeated MAGI. 241 MANLIUS. by the GermauB shortly before Caesar's arrival in Gaul. MXGI (-6rumJ, the name of the order of Srtests and religious teachers among the [edes and Persians. [Zokoast£r.] MAGNA GEAECIA. [Gbaeoia.] MAGNA MATER. [Rhea.] MAGNENTiUS (-1), Roman emperor in the West, A.D. 350-353, obtained the throne by the murder of Constans, but was defeated by Constantins, and put an end to his own life. MAGNESIA (-ae). (1) A narrow slip of country along the eastern coast of Thessaly, extending from the Peneas ou the N. to the Pagasaean gulf on the S. Its inhabitants, the MagneteSj are said to have founded the 2 cities in Asia mentioned below.— (2) Mao- MEsrA AP SiPY7.DM, a city in the N.W. of Lydia, at the foot of Mount Sipylus, and on the S. bank of the Hermus, famous as the sceue of the victory gained by Scipio Asiaticus over Antiochns the Great, m.o. 190.— (3) Magnicsta AD Mabandbum, a city in the S.W. of Lydia, situated on the river Lethaeus, a tributary of the Maeander. It was destroyed by the Cim- merians (probably, about u.c. TOO), and rebuilt by colonists from Miletna. MAGO (-onis), the name of several Car- thaginians, of whom the most celebrated were : (1) Son of Hamilcar Barca, and young- est brother of the famous Hannibal. He carried on the war for many years in Spain ; and after the Carthaginians had been driven out of that country by Scipio he landed in Liguria, where he remained 2 years (it.o. '205- 203). — (2) The author of a work upon agri- culture in the Punic language, in 28 books, which was translated into Latin by order of the Roman senate. MAGONTliCUM. [Moqontiaoum.] M5.IA (-ae), daughter of Atlas andP?ei6n6, was the eldest of the Pleiades, aud the most beautiful of the 7 sisters. In a grotto of Mount Cyliene, in Arcadia, she became by Zeus .(Jupiter) the mother of Hermes (Mercury). Areas, the son of Zeus by Callisto, was given to her to be reared. [Pleiades.] MiLiC A (-ae : Malaga)^ an important town on the coast of Hispauia Baetica, and on a river of the same name, founded by the Phoenicians. MXLEA or -@A (-ae), a promontory on the 3.E. of Laconia, separating the Argolic and Laconic gulfs. MALllCUS SINUS. [Malis.] ' MALIS, a district in the S. of Thessaly, on the shores of the Maliacua Sinus, and opposite the N.W. point of the island of Euboea. It extended as far as the pass of Thermopylae. Its inhabitants, the Malienses, were Dorians, and belonged to the Amphictyonic League. _MALLI (-orum), an Indian people on both sides of the HYnicAOTES: their capital is sup- posed to have been ou the site of the cele- brated fortress of JiTooZtojt. MALLUS (-i), a very ancient city of Cilicia, on a hill B. of the mouth of the river Pyra- nins, said to have been founded at the lime of the Trojan war by MopsuB aiid Amphil- ochus. MlMBRCUS (-i), the name of a distin- guished family of the Aemilia gens in the early times of the republic. MXMERS (-tis), the Oscau name of the god Mabs. MAMERTINL [Messana.] MAMILIUS (-i), the name of a distinguish- ed family in Tusculum. It was to a member of this family, Octavius Mamilius, that Tai-- quiniuB betrothed his daughter; and ou his expulsion from Rome his son-in-law roused the Latin people against the infant republic, and perished in the great battle at the lake Regillus. The Mamilli afterwards removed to Rome. - MAMURIUS VETURIUS. [VETDniUB.] M5.MURRA (-ae), a Roman eques, born at Formlae, was the commander of the en- gineers (prae/ectusfdbruTn) in Julius Caesar's army in Ganl, and amassed great riches. Horace calls Formiae, in ddicule, Mamur- varum urbs, from which we may infer that the na.me of Mamurra had become a by-word of contempt. MANCINUS, C. HOSTILIUS (-i), consul B.C. 137, was defeated by the Nnmautines, and purchased his safety by making a peace with them. The senate refused to recognize it, and went through the hypocriticai ceremony of delivering him over to the enemy, who re- fused to accept him. MANDtTBlI (-5rupi), a people in Gallia Lugduuensis, in the modern Burgundy^ whose chief town was Alesia. MANDlTRiA (-ae), a town in Calabria, on the road from Tarentuni to Hydruntum. M5.NES (Sum), the name which the Ro- mans gave to the souls of the departed, who were worshiped as gods. Hence on sepul- chres we find D. M. S.— that is, Dis Manibus Sacrunt. [Lares.] MiNETHO (-finis), an Egyptian priest in the reign of the first Ptolemjf, who wrote in Greek an account of the religion and history of his country. His history of Egypt con- tained an account of thfe different dynasties of kings, compiled from genuine documents. The work itself is lost; but a list of the dynasties is preserved in Julius Africanus and Eusebius. MXNILIUS (-i). (1) C.,tribune of the plebs, B.o. 66, proposed the law {Manilia Lex) grant- ing to Pompey the command of the war against Mithj'idates, and which Cicero sup- ported in an extant oration.— (2) A Roman poet, who lived in the time of Augustus, and the author of an extant astrological poem in 5 books, entitled Astronomica. M. MANLIUS (-i), consul b.o. 392, took refuge In the Capitol when Rome was taken by tno Gauls in 390. One night, when the Gauls endeavored to ascend the Capitol, Manlius was roused from his sleep by the cackling of the geese; collecting hastily a body of men, he succeeded in driving back the enemy, who had just reached the summit of the hill. From this heroic deed he is said . MANLIUS. 242 MAROELLUS. to have received the surname of CAPiTOLiNtrs. In 385 he defended the cause of the plebeiaus, who were suft'ering severely from the harsh and cruel treatment of their patrician credit- ors. In the following year he was charged with high -treason hy the patricians; and being condemned to death by the people, he was nuiied down the Tarpeian rock by the tribunes. The members of the Manlia gens accordingly resolved that none of them should ever bear in future the praeuomen of Marcus. MANLIUS TORQUlTUS. [Toequatub.] MANTINEA (-ae), one of the most ancient and important towns la Arcadia, situated on the small river Ophle, near the centre of the B. frontier of the country. It is celebrated for the great battle fought under its walls between theSfiartans and ThebAns, in which Epaminondas fell, u.o. 362. In consequence of its treachery to the Achaeans, Aratus put to death its leadiug citizens, sold the rest of its inhabitants as slaves, and changed its name into Antigonia, in honor of Antigonus DoBon. The emperor Hadrian restored to the place its ancient name. . MANTD (-Qs). (1) Daughter of Tiresias, a prophetess, and mother of the seer Mopsus. — (2> Daughter of Hercules, likewise a proph- etess, from whom the town of Mantua re- ceived its name. MANTtJA (-ae), a town in Gallia Transpa- dana, on an island in the river Mincius, was not a place of importance, but is celebrated because Virgil, who was born at the neigh- boring village of Andes, regarded Mantua as his birthplace. MXrXCANDA (-orum: Smnarcand), the capital of Sogdiana, where Alexander the Great killed his friend Ci-itos. MXrXTHON (-onis), a village of Attica, situated near a bay on the E. coast, 22 miles from Athens by one road, and 26 miles by another. It stood in a plain, extending alon^ the sea-shore, about 6 miles in length, and from 3 miles to li miles in breadth, and sur- rounded on the other 3 sides by rocky hills. Two marshes bound the extremity of the Slain. Here was fought the celebrated battle etween the Persians and Athenians b.o. 490. The Persians were drawn up on the plain, and the Athenians on some portion of the high ground above. The tumulus raised over the Athenians who fell in the battle is still to be seen. The Marathonian plaiu is also celebrated in mythology ou account of the fierce bull here slain by Theseus. MARX.THUS (-!), an important city on the coast of Phoenicia, opposite to Aradus and near Antaradus. MARCBLLUS (-i), the name of an illus- trious plebeian family of the Claudia gens. — ^1) M. Ci-AuniDS MABOKLLtrs, celebrated as 6 times consul, and the couquei-or of Syracuse. In his first consulship, u.o.'222, Marcellus dis- tinguished himself by slaying in battle with his own hand Britomartus or Viridomarus, the king of the Insubrian Gauls, whose spoils he afterwards dedicated as ^olia cpirna in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. This was the 3d and last instance in Roman history in which such an offeriug was made. Mar- cellus was one of the chief Roman generals in the 2d Punic war. He took Syracuse In B.o. 212, after a siege of more than 2 years, in which all his powerful military eugines were rendered wholly unavailing by the superior skill and science of Archimedes, who directed those of the besieged. On the capture of the city Archimedes was one of the inhabitants slain by the Roman soldiers. Marcellus fell in battle against Hannibal in 208.— (2) M. CLAuniDs- Mabobllus, consul n.o, 61, and a bitter enemy of Caesar. In b,c. 46 he was pardoned by Caesar on the intercession of the senate ; whereupon Cicero returned thanks to Caesar in the oration Pro Marcello. which has come down to us. Marcellus, who was then living at Mytilene, set out on his returu ; but he was murdered at the Piraeus by one of his own attendants, P. Magins Chilo.— (3) The Plain anil Tumulus of Marstboa. MARCIUS. 243 MARIUS. C. Clattsius Maboetxcs, brother of No. 2, and also an enemy of Caesar, was consul in 49, when the civil war broke out— (4) C. Claudius Maboellus, first cousin of the two preceding, and, like them, an enemy of Caesar. He was consul in 60, but he did not join Pompey in Greece, and was therefore readily pardoned by Caesar.— ^5) M. Claudius Maboellub, son of the preceding and of Octavia, the daughter of C. OctaviuB and sister of Augustus, was born in 43. Augustus, who had probably destined him for his successor, adopted him as his son, and gave him his daughter Julia in marriage (b.o. 35). In 23 he was curulc aedile, but died in the same year, to the great grief of Am^uatns, as well as of his mother Octavia. The memory of Marcellus Is em- balmed in the well-known passage of Virgil (Aen. vi. 860-886), which was recited by tno poet to Augustus and Octavia. MABCIUS (-i), the name of a Homan gens, which claimed descent from Ancus Marcius, the 4tb king of Rome. [Angus Maboiub.}, Coriolanus belonged to this gens [Cobiola- Mus] ; and at a later time it was divided into the families of FniLippus, Rex, and Rutilub. MARCilTS (-i), an Italian seer, whose pro- phetic verses {Carmiiia Marciana) were dis- covered in B.a 213, and were preserved in the Capitol with the Sibylline books. Some writers mention only one person of this name, but others speak of two brothers, the MarciL MARCOMANNI (-orum), that is, men of the mark or border, a powerful German peo- ple, of the Suevic race, originally dwelt be- tween the Rhine and the Danube, on the banks of the Main ; but under the guidance of their chieftain Maroboduus they migrated into the land of thd Boii, who inhabited Bo- hemia and part of Bavaria. Here they set- tled after subduing the Boii, and founded a I)owerfnl kingdom, which extended S. as far as the Danube. C^aboboi>uub.] At a later time the Marcomanui, in conjunction with the Quadi and other German tribes, carried on a long and bloody war with the emperor M. AureUus, which lasted during the greater part of his reign, and was only brought to a conclusion by nis son Commodus purchasing peace of the barbarians as soon asne ascend- ed the throne, a.d.180. MARDI. rAMABM.] MARBONIUS (-i), a disting\iiahed Persian, son of Gobryae, and son-iu-law of Darius Hystaspis. In b.o. 492 he was sent by Darius to punish Bretria and Athens for the aid they had given to the lonians ; but his fleet was destroyed by a storm off Mount Athos, and the greater part of his land forces was de- stroyed on his passage through Macedonia by the Bi*ygiau8, a Thraciau tribe. On the accession of Xerxes he was one of the chief instigators of the expedition against Greece. ■ After the defeat of the Persians at Salamis (480) he was left by Xerxes with a large army to conquer Greece;. but he was defeated in the following year (479), near Plataeae, by the combined Greek forces, under the command of Pausanifts, and was slain in the battle. -MiREA, -EA, -IA (-ae), a town of Lower Egypt, which gave its name to the district and lake of Mareotie. The lake was separated from the Mediterranean by the neck of land on which Alexandria stood, and supplied with water by the Canopic branch of the Nile, and by canals. It served as the port of Alexan- dria for vessels navigating the Nile. MiRfiOTIS. [Mabea.] MARESA, MARESCHA, an ancient for- tress of Palestine, in the S. of Judaea, of some importance in the history of the early kings of Judah and of the Maccabees. MARGIXNA (-ac), a province of the an- cient Persian empire, bounded on the E. by Bactriana, on the N.E. and N. by the river Oxu6, and on the W. by Hyrcania. It received its name from the river Margua, which flows through it. On this river stood the capital of the district, Antiochia Margiana, which was founded by Alexander the Great, and re- built by AntiochuB I. MARGUS. CMakgiana.1 MXRI5.NAE FOSSAE. [Fossa.] MiRIANDYNI (-orum), an ancient people in the N.E. of Bithyuia iu Asia Minor. MiRiCA (-ae), a Latin nymph, the mother of Latinus by Fannue, was worshiped by the inhabitants of Minturnae, in a grove on the river Liris. Hence the country round Min- turnae is called by Horace Maricae Utora. MXRIUS (-i), C. (1) The celebrated Ro- man, who was 7 times consul, was born in B.a 157, near Arpiunm, of an obscure and humble family. He rose to distinction by his military abilities. He served. under Scipio Africauus the younger at the siege of Nu- mantia in Spain (b.o. 134), but he was not elected tribune of the plebs till b.o. 119, when he was 38 years of age. He afterwards mar- ried Julia, the sister of C. Julius Caesar, the father of the celebrated dictator. Marius was now regarded as one of the chief leaders ofthe popular party at Rome. In 109 Marius served in Africa as legate of the consul Q. Metellus in the war against Jugurtha. In 107 he was elected consul, and received the province of Numidia, and the condutt of the war against Jugurtha (107). In the following year (100) Jngnrtha was surrendered to him by the treachery of Bocchus, king of Mauretania. CoId of Marius. MARIUS. 244 MARS. rJcoTTRTHA.] Marius sent his quaestor Sulla to receive the Numidian king from Bocchus. This circumstance sowed the seeds of the personal -hatred which afterwards existed be- tween Marius aud Siilla, since the enemies of Marius claimed for Sulla the merit of bringing the war to a close by obtaining possession of the person of Jugurtha. Meantime Italy was threatened by a vast horde of barbarians, who had migrated from the N. of Germany. The 2 leading nations of which they consisted were called Cimbri and Teuton!. They had defeated one Roman army after another ; and every one felt that Marius was the ouly man capable of saving the state. Accordingly he was elected consul a 2d time (104); but the barbarians, instead of crossing the Alps, marched into Spain, which they ravaged for the next 2 or 3 years. Marius was elected consul a 3d time in 103, and a 4th time in 102. In the latter of these years the barbarians returned into Gaul, and divided their forces. The Cimbri crossed the Tyrolese Alps by the defiles of Tridentum (Trent). The Teutoni and Ambroues, on the other hand, marched against Marius, who had taken up a position in a fortified camp on the Hhone. The deci- sive battle was fought near Aquae Sextiae iAix)t in which the whole nation was anni- hilated by Marius. The Cimbri, meantime, had forced their way into Italy. Marius was elected consul a 5th time (101), and joined the proconsul Catulus in the N. of Italy. The 2 generals gained a great victory over the ene- my on a plain called the Campi Raudii, near Vercellae {Vercellf). Marius was received at Rome with unprecedented h. 19, and took refuge in Italy, where Tiberius allowed him to remain. MXrOneA (-ae), a town on the S. coast of Thrace, on the lake Ismaris, belonged orig- inally to the Cicoues, but afterwards colo- nized from Chios. It was celebrated for its excellent wine, and is mentioned by Homer as the residence of Maron, sou of Evanthes, grandson of Dionysus (Bacchus) and Aiiadoe, and priest of Apollo. MARPESSA (-ae). (1) Daughter of Eve- nns. [Idas.] — (2) A mountain m Paros, from which the celebrated Parian marble was ob- tained. Hence Virgil speaks of Marpesia cautes {i. e. Parian). MARRtTClNI or MXRtTClNl (-ornm), a brave and warlike people in Italy, of the Sa- bellian race, occupying a narrow slip of coun- try along the right bank of the river Aternus, and bounded on the N. by the Vestini, on the W. by the Peligni aud Marsi, on the S. by the Frentani, and on the E. by the Adriatic Sen. Their chief town was Tkate. Along with their neighbors the Marsi. Peligni, etc., they submitted to the Romans in b.o. 304. MARRtJVlUM or MARtTVlUM <-i), the chief town of the Marsi (who are therefore called gena Maruvia by Virgil), situated on the E. bank of the lake Fucinus, MARS (-rtis), an rtncient Roman god, idcn- Mabs. (Villa I/udoviBi, Rome.) MARS. 245 MAETIALIS. tifled by the RomaTiB with the Greek Ares. [Areb.] The name of the god in the Sablue and Oscan was Mamers ; and Mars itself is a contraction of Mateus or Matorb. Next to Jnpiter, Mare enjoyed the highest honors at Rome. He was considered the father of Hqmnlns, the founder of the nation. [Rom- TTi-UB.] He is frequently designated ns father MarSy whence the forms Marspiter and Mas- piter, analogous to Jupiter. Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinua were the 3 tutelary divinities of Rome, to each of whom king Nnma ap- pointed a flaiDfin. He was worshiped at Rome as the god of war, and war itself was frequently designated by the name of Mars. His priests, the Salii, danced in full armor, and the place dedicated to warlike exercises was called after his name (Campus Mwrtius). But being the father of the Romans, Mars was also me protector of the most honorable pursuit, i. e. agriculture ; and under the name of Sllvanus he was worshiped as the guard- ian of cattle. Mars was also ideutifled with Qnlrlnus, who was the deity watching over the Roman citizens in their civil capacity as Qnirites. Thus Mars appears underS aspects. As the warlike god, he was called Graaivus; 'fts the rustic god, he was called Silvanus; while in his relation to the state he bore the name of Quirinua. His wife was called Neria or Neri&ne^ the feminine of iVero, which in the -Sabine language signified "strong." The wolf and th^ woodpecker Cpz'cus) were sacred to Mara. Numerous temples were dedicated * to him at Rome, the most important of which Sacred Shlold of Mara, was that outside the Porta Capena, on the Appian road, and that of Mars Ultor/which was built by Augustus in the forum. MARSI (-drum). (1) A brave and warlike people of the Sabellian race, dwelt in the centre of Italy, in the high land surrounded by the mountains of the Apennines, iu which the lake PucinuB is situated. Alon^ with their neighbors the Peligni, Marrucini, etc., thejr concluded a peace with Rome, n.o. 304. Their bravery was provei'bial ; and they were the prime movers of the celebrated war waged agamst Rome by the Socii or Italian allies iu order to obtain the Roman fianchise, and which is known by the name of the Mareic or Social war. Their chief town was Makru- viuM. — ^The Marsi appear to have been ac- quainted with the medicinal properties of several of the plants growing upon their mountains, and to have employed them as remedies against the bites of serpents, and in other cases. Hence they were regarded as magicians, and were said to be descended from a sou of Circe, — (2) A people in the N.W. of Germany, belonging to the league of the Cherusci. They joined the Cherusci in the war against the Romans, which termi- nated iu the defeat of Varus. MARSIGNI (-oriim), a people in the S.K of Germany, of Suevic extraction. MARSUS, DOMITIUS (-i), a Roman poet of the Augustan age. MARSTAS or MARSHA (-ae). (1) A satyr of Phrygiaj who, having found the flute which Athena (Minerva) had thrown away in disgust on account of its distorting her features, dis- covered that it emitted of its own accord the most beautiful strains. Elated by his suc- cess, Marsyas was rash enough to challenge- Apollo to a musical contest, the conditions of which were that the victor should do what " he pleased with the vanquished. Apollo played upon the cithara, and Marsyas upon the flute. The Muses, who were the umpires, decided in favor of Apollo. As a just punish- meut for the presumption of Marsyas, Apollo bound him to a tree, and flayed him alive. Hie blood was the source of the river Marsyas, and Apollo hung up his skin in the cave out' of which that river flows. In the fora of ancient cities there was frequently placed a statue of Marsyas, which was probably in- tended to hold forth an example of the severe punishment of arrogant presumption. The statue of Marsyas in the forum of Rome is well known by the allusions of the Roman poets.— (2) A small and rapid river of Phrygia, rising in the palace of the Persian kings at Celaenae, beneath the Acropolis, and falling into the Maeander, outside of the city.— (3) A considerable river of Caria, falling into the S. Bide of the Maeander, nearly opposite to Tralles. MARTiiLIS (-is), M.ViLfiRiUS (-i), the epigrammatic poet, born at Bilbilis iu Spain, A.p. 43. He came to Rome in 66 ; and after residing in the metropolis 35 ^ears he re- turned to the place of his birth in 100. His death can not have ti^en 'place before 104. His fame was widely extended, and he se- cured the patronage of the emperors Titus MARTIUS, 246 MAURETANIA. aud Domltian. His extant works consist of a collection ofsbort poems, all- included under the general appellation EpigraTnrnata, divided into 14 books. They are distin^uisbed by fertility of imagination, flow of wit, and felic- ity of language; but they are defiled by im- purity of thought and expression, and by base flattery of the emperor- Bomitian. MARTIUS CAMPUS. [Campus MaktitibO MARtJViUM. [Makbdtium.] MASCAS, an E. tributary of the Euphrates in Mesopotamia. MlSlNISSA (-ae), king of the Numidians, son of Gala, king of the Massylians, the east- ernmost of the 2 great tribes into which the Kumidians were at that time divided. In the 2d Punic war he at flrst foughf; on the side of the Carthaginians in Spam (b.o. 212), but be afterwards deserted their cause and joined the Romans. On his return to Africa he was attacked by the Carthaginians and his neigh- bor Syphax, and with ditScult^ maintained his ground till the arrival of Scjpio in Africa (u-o. 204). He rendered important sei"vice to Scipio, and reduced Oirta, the capital of Syphax. Among the captives that fell into his bauds on this occasion was Sophouisba, the wife of Syphax, who had been formerly promised in marriage to Masinissa himself. The story of his hasty marriage with her, and its tragical termination, is related elsewhere. [SopuoMiSDA.] In the decisive battle of Zama (202) Masinissa commanded the cavalry of the right wing. On the conclusion ol the peace oetweeu Rome and .Carthage he was rewarded with the greater part of the territo- ries which had belonged to Syphax, in ad- dition to his herteditary dominions. For the next &0 years Masinissa reigned in peace. He died in the 2d year of the 3d Punic war, it.c. 148, at the advanced age of 90, having re- tained in an extraordinary degree his bodily strength and activity to the last. He left 3 sons — Micipsa, Mastanabal, and Gulussa — among whom Scipio Africanus the younger divided his kingdom. MASSA (-ae), BAEBlUS or BEBIUS (-i), was accused by Pliny the younger and He- rennius Senecio of plundering the province of Baetica, of which he had been governor, A.D. 93. He was condemned, but escaped punishment by the favor of Bomitian; and from this time he became one of the informers and favorites of the tyrant. MASSAESTLI or -II. [Maueetawia : Ntr- MIDIA.] MASSXGfiTAB (-ai*um), a wild and war- like people of Central Asia, N. of the Jaxartes (the Araxes of Herodotus) and the Sea of Aral, and on the peninsula between this lake and the Caspian. Herodotus appears to in- clude under the name all the nomad tribes of Asia B. of the Caspian. It was in an expe- " dirion against them that Cyrus the Great was defeated and slain. CCybitsO MASSICUS (-i), or MASSICA (-ornm), a mountaiu in the N.W. of Campania, near the frontiers of Latium, celebrated for its excel- lent wine, the produce of the vineyards on the southern slope of the mountain. The famous Falernian wine came from the eastern side of this mouutaiu. MASSiLlA (-ae), called by the Greeks MASSALIA (Sfarfteilles), a Greek city in Gallia Narbonensis, on the coast of the Medi- terranean, in the country of the Salyes, founded by the Phocaeans of Asia Minor about b.o. 600. It was situated on a promontory, connected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus, and washed on 3 sides by the sea. Its excellent harbor was formed by a small inlet of the sea, about half a mile long and a quarter of a mile broad. This harbor had only a narrow opening, and before it lay an island, where ships had good anchorage. At an early period the Massilienses cultivated the friendship of the Romans, to whom they always continued faithful allies. Massilia was for many cent- uries one of the most important commercial cities in the ancient world. In the civil war between Caesar and Pompey (n.o. 49) it es- poused the cause of the latter, but after a pro- tracted siege, in which it lost its fleet, it -was obliged to snbmit to Caesar. Its inhabitants had long paid attention to literature and phi- losophy ; and under the early emperors it be- came one of the chief seats of learning, to which the sous of many Romans resorted in order to complete their studies. MASSIVA (-ae). (1) A Kumidian, grandson of 6a1a,king of the Massylians, and nephew of Masinissa, whom he accompanied into Spain.— (2) Son of Gnlussa, and eraudson of Masinissa, assassinated at Rome oy order of Jugurtha, because he had put in his claim to the kingdom of Niimidia. MASSYLI or -II. [Mauretania ; Nu- AIIDIA.J MASTANlBAL orMANASTlBAL (-alis), the youngest of the 3 legitimate sons of Ma- sinissa. MiTHO (-onis), a pompous, blustering ad- vocate, ridiculed by Juvenal and Martial. MiTlXNA, the S. W.-most district of Media Ati'opatine, along the mountains separating Media from Assyria, inhabited by the Matiani. MXTINUS (-1), a mountain in Apulia, run- ning out into the sea, one of the onshoots of Mount Garganus, and frequently mentioned by Horace, in consequence of his being a native of Apulia. MATISCO (Macon), a town of the Aedui in Gallia Lngdunensis, oh the Arar. MATRONA (-ae) (Mwrne), a river in Gaul, falling into the Sequaua, a little S. of Paris. MATTiXCI (-ornm), a people in Germany, dwelling on the E. bank of the Rhine, between the Main and the Lahn, were a branch of the Chatti. Their chief towns were Aqnae Mat- tiacae (Wiesbaden) and Mattiacum (Marburg). MATTiUM (Maden), the chief town of the Chatti, situated on the Adrana (Eder). MATtTTA (-ae), commonly called M5.TER MAtTTTA, the goddess of the dawn, identified by the Romans with Lencothea. Her festival, the Matralia, was celebrated on the 11th of June (Diet, of Antiq.^ art. Matralia). MAURITANIA or MAURITANIA (-ae), a connti-y in the N. of Africa, lying between the MAURI. 247 MEDEON. Atlantic on the W., the Mediterranean on the K., Nnmidia ou the E., and Gaetulia on the S. ; bnt the districts embraced nnder the names of Mauretania and Nnmidia respec- tively were of very different extent at differ- ent periods. The northern coast of Africa, from the Atlantic to the Syrtes, was inhabited at a very ancient period by 3 tribes : the Mauri or Manrusii, W. of the river Malva oi'Malucha ; thence the Massnesylii to the river Ampsaga ; and the Massylii between the' Ampsaga and the Tusca, the W. boundary of the Carthagin- ian territoi'y. Of these people, the Mauri ap- plied themselves more to the settled i>ursuit8 of agriculture than their kindred neighbors on the E. Hence arose a difference, which the Greeks marked by applying Jhe general name of Nojuddev to the tribes between the Malva and the Tusca; whence came the Homan names of Numidia for the district, and Numidae for its people. [Numidia.] Thus Mauretania was at first only the country W. of the Malva, but it afterwards embraced a considerable portion of the western part of Kumidia. The JRomans first' became ac- quainted with the country during the war with Jngurtha, b.o. lOG. [Boconns.] It was made a Roman province by Claudius, who i added to it all the country as far as the Amp- Baga, and divided it into 2 parts, of which the W7 was called Tingitana, from its capital Tingis {Tangier)^ and the E. Caesarieusis, from its capital Julia Caesarea, the boundary between them being the river Malva, the old limit of the kingdom of Bocchus I. MAUKI. [Maubbtamia.] MAURITANIA. [Mauretania.] MAUR'G'Sil. " CMauhetania.] MAUS5LUS (-i), king of Caria, eldest son of Hecatomuus, reign edn-c. 3T7-353. He was bucceeded by his wife and sister Artemisia, who erected to his memory the costly monu- ment called from him the Mausoleum. [Ab- TISMISIA.] M5.V0RS. [Mars.] MAXENTiUS (-i), Roman emperor, A.n. 806-312. He was passed over in the division of the empire which followed the abdication of his father Mazimianiis and Diocletian in A.n. 305 ; but he seized Rome, where he was proclaimed emperor in 306. He reigned till 313, when he was defeated by Constanline at Saxa Rubra, near Rome. He tried to escape over the Milviau bridge into Rome, but he perished in the river. Maxentius is repre- sented by all historians ns a monster of ra- pacity, cruelty, and lust. MAXiMllNUS (-i). (1) Roman emperor, A.D. 286-305, originally a Panuonian soldier, was made by Diocletian his colleague in the empire, but was compelled to abdicate along with the latter. [Diooi.etiawub.] When his son Maxentius assumed the imperial title in the following year (300), he resided some time at Rome; but being expelled from the city by Maxentius, he took refuge in Ganl with Constantine, who had married his daughter Fausta. Here he was compelled by Coustantiue to put an end to his own life in 310.— (2) Galebiub Maximiandb, usually called Galkriub, Roman emperor, A.n. 305-311. He was first made' Caesar by Diocletian, whose daughter he had married ; and upon the ab- dication of Diocletiau and Maximianus (305) he became Augustus or emperor. He died in 311, of the discusting disease known in modern times by the name of morbus pedi- culosus. He was a cruel persecutor of the Christians. MAXIMINUS (-i). <1) Roman emperor, a.d. 235-238, was born in Thrace, of barbarian parentage. He succeeded Alexander Severus ; but his government was characterized by the utmost cruelty. He was slain by his own soldiers before Aquileia. The most extraor- dinary tales are related of his physical pow- ers. His height exceeded 8 feet. It is said that he was able single-handed to drag a loaded wagon, and could with a kick break the le^ of a horse ; while his appetite was . such that in one day he could eat 40 pounds of meat, and drink an amphora of wine. — (2)' Roman emperor, 308-314, nephew of Galerlus by a sister, was raised to the em- pire by the latter. On the death of Galerins m 311 Maximinus and Licinlus divided the East between them; but having attacked Licinius, he was defeated by the latter, and died shortly afterwards. He was a cruel per- secutor of the Christians. MAXIMUS <-i), MAGNUS CLEMENS, Roman emperor, a.b. 383-388, in Gaul, Britain, and Spain, obtained the throne by putting Gratian to death, but was afterwards slain by Theodosius. MAXIMUS TYRTUS (-1), a native of Tyre, aGreekrhetorician and Platonic philosopher, lived during the reigns of the Antonines and of Commoous, and is the author of 41 extant . dissertations on philosophical subjects, writ- ten in an easy and pleasing style. MlZiCA. [Caesarea, No. 1.] MECYBERNA (-ae), a town of Macedonia in Chalcidice, at the head of the Toronaic gulf, E. of Olynthus, of which it was the sea-port. MEDAURA (-ae), a flourishing city of N. Africa, on the borders of Nnmidia and Byza- cena; the birthplace of Appuleius. MBDEA (-ae), daughter of AeCtes, king of Colchis, celebrated Tor her skill in magic. When Jason came to Colchis to fetch the golden fleece she fell in love with the hero, assisted him in accbmpUshing the object for which he had visited Colchis, afterwards fled with him as his wife to Greece, and prevented her father, who was in pursuit, from over- taking them by killinf^ herbrother Absyrtns, and strewing the sea with his limbs, which her father stopped to gather. Having been de- serted by Jason for the youthful daughter of Creon, king of Corinth, she took fearful venge- ance upon her faithless spouse by murdering the two children which she had had by him, and by destroying his young wife with a poi- soned garment ; and she then fled to Athens in a chariot drawn by winj^ed dragons. At Athens she is said to have married king Aegeus. Her story is given in greater detail under Abbyrtus, Aegowaotak, and Jason. MEDEON (-onis). (1) A town in the inte- MEDIA. 248 MEGAEA. rior of Acamania, near the road whicli led from Limnaea to Stratos.— (2) A town on the coast of Phocis, near Anticjrra.— (3) A town in Boeotia, near Onchestus and the lake Co- pals.— (4) A town of the Labeates in Dalma- tia, near Scodra. MEDIA (-ae), an Important country of Asia, above Persia, and bounded on the N. by the Araxes, on the W. and S.W. by the range of mountains called Zagros and Parachoatras. {MouniaiTis ttf Kxtrahtan and, Tjouristav)^ which divided it from the Tigris and Euphra tes valley, on the E. by the Desert, and on the IT.E. by the Caspii Montes (JSlburz Mountairui). It was a fertile country, well peopled, and one of the most important provinces of the ancient Persian empire. Alter the Macedo- nian conquest it was divided into 2 parts — Great Media and AtropatSne. [Atbopatenb.] The earliest history of Media is involved in much obscurity. Herodotus reckons only 4 kings of Media, namely : 1, Deiooes, b.o. 1\0 -66T; 2, Pheaortes, 65T-636; 3, CvAXAEES, 635-595 ; 4, AsTYAOES, 695-560. The last king was dethroned by a revolution, which trans- ferred the supremacy to the Persians, who had formerly been the subordinate people in the united Medo-Persian empire. [Cvans.] The Medes made more than one attempt to regain their supremacy : the usurpation of the Magian Pseudo-Smerdis was no doubt such an attempt CSmesdis] ; and another oc- curred in the reigu of Darius II., when the Medes revolted, but were soon subdued (i).a 408). With the rest of the Persian empire. Media fell under the power of Alexander ; it next formed a part of the kingdom of the Seleucidae, from whom it was conquered by the Farthians in the 2d century u.o., from which time it belonged to the Parthian, and then to the later Persian empire It is im- portant to notice the use of the names Medus and Medi by the Roman poets for the nations of Asia B. of the Tigris in general, and for the Parthians in particular. Mediae MUEUS, an artificial wall, which ran from the Euphrates to the Tigris, at the point where they approach nearest, and di- vided Mesopotamia from Babylonia. It is described by Xenophon (Anabasis, ii. 4) as being 20 paraeangs long, 100 feet high, and 20 thick, and as oullt of baked bricks, ce- mented with asphalt. MSDlOLlNtTM (-i). (1) (Milan), the cap- ital of the Insnbrea in Gallia Transpadana, was taken by the Bomans u.o. 222, and after- wards became both a municipium and a col- ony. From the time of Diocletian till its capture by Attila it was the usual residence of the emperors of the West It is celebrated in ecclesiastical history as the see of St. Am- brose. — (2) (Saintes), a town of the Santones in Aqnitania, N.E. of the mouth of the Ga- i-nmna; subsequently called Santones after the people, whence its modern name. MEDIOMATiaci (-6rnm), a people in the S.E. of Gallia Belgica, on the Moselle, S. of the Treviri. Their chief town was Divodu- rum (Metz). MfiDiTEKRiNEUM MARE. CInterhdm Mabe.] MEDOiCDS or MBDtTiCUS (-i), a river in Venetia, in the N. of lialy, falling into the Adriatic Sea near Edron, the harbor of Pa- tavium. MEDOBRIGA (-ae), a town in Lnsitania, on the road from Emerita to Scalable. MSDON (-ontis), son of Codnis, the first archon. LConBus.] M&Dfi^LI (-Orum), a people in Aqnitania, on the coast of the ocean, S. of the mouth of the Garumna, in the modern Medoc. There were excellent oysters found on their shores. MSlDULLI (-urum), a people on the E. frontier of Gallia Narboueusis and in the Maritime Alps, in whose country the Drnen- tia (IhtraTice) and Duria (Doria Minor) took their rise, MEDULLlA (-ae), a colony of Alba, in the land of the Sabi'nes, situated between the Tiber and the Anio. MEDtTSA. [GoKGOSBB.] MSGAERA. [Edmenibes.] M£GAL!A or MEgXRIA, a small island in the Tyrrhene sea, opposite Neapolis. MEGXlOpOLIS (-is), the most recent but the moat important of the cities of Arcadia, was founded on the advice of Epaminondas after the battle of Leuctra, b.o. 371, and was formed out of the inhabitants of 3S villages. It was situated in the district Maenalia, near the frontiers of Messenia, on the river Helis- son, which flowed through the city. It be- came afterwards one of the chief cities of the Achaean League. Philopoemen and the his- torian Polybius were natives of Megalopolis. MSGXEA (-ae, and pi. Megara, -orum). (1 The town of Megara, the capital of Mk- OABis, a small district in Greece between the Corinthian and Saronic gulfs, bounded on the N. by Boeotia, on the B. and N.E. by At- tica, on the S. bjr the territory of Corinth, and situated a mile from the sea, opposite the island of Salamis. Its citadel was called Alcdthde, from its reputed founder, Alcathous, son of Pclops. Its sea-port was Nisaea, which was connected with Ittegara by 2 walls, built by the Athenians when they had possession of Megara, b.o. 461-446. In front of Nisaea lay the small island Minoa, which added greatly to the security of the harbor. In an- cient times Megara formed one of the 4 divis- ions of Attica. It was next conquered by the Dorians, and was for a time subject to Corinth ; but it finally asserted its independ- ence, and rapidly became a wealthy and powerful city. Its power at an early period is attested by the flourishing colonies which it founded, of which Selymbria, Chalcedon, and Byzantium, and the Hyblaean Megara in Sicily, were the most important After the Persian wars, Megara was for some time at war with Corinth, and was thus led to form an alliance with Athens, and to receive an Athenian garrison into the city, 461 ; but the oligarchical party having got the upper hand, the Athenians were expelled, 441. Megara is celebrated in the history of philosophy as the seat of a philosophical school, usually called the Megarian, which was founded by Euclid, a native of the city. [Euolides, No. 2.]— (2) MEGAREUS. 249 MELITA. A town in Sicily on the E. coast, N. of Syra- cuse, founded Dy Boriiins from Megara in Greece, u-o. 728, on tlie site of a smal! town, Hybla, and hence called Megasa. Htblaea, and its intiabitants Megarenses Hyblaei. From the time of Gelon it belonged to Syra- case. MfiGXREUS (-el or eos), son either of Onchestus or Poseidon (Neptune), and father of Uippomenes and Evaechme. MSlGlRIS. [Mxoaha.] MEGIDDO^ considerable city of Palestine, on the river Kishon, in a valley of the same name, on the confines of Galilee and Samaria. M£LA, river. i;Meli.a.] MELA orMBLLA (-ae), M. ANNAEUS (-i), youngest son of M. Annaeus Seneca, the rhet- orician, brother of L. Seneca, the philosopher, and father of the poet Lucan. MBLA (-ae), POMPONIUS (-i), a native.of Spain, under the emperor Claudius, and the author of an extant Latin work on geography, entitled De Situ Orbis Libri III. MSLAMP^S (-6di8), son of Amythaon, a celebrated prophet and physician, and the first who introduced the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus) into Greece. He is said to nave cured the women of Argos of the madness with which they had been seized, and to have received in consequence, with his brother Bias, two thirds of the kingdom of Argos. Melampus and Bias married the 2 daughters of Proetus. MELANCHLAENI (-ornih), a people in the N. of Asia, about the upper course of the river Tanats {Don), resembnng the Scythians in manners, though of a different race. Their Greek name was derived from their dark clothing. _ MfiLANIPPB (-es), daughter of Chiron, also called Evippe. Being with child by Aeolus, she fled to Mount Pelion, and was there metamorphosed by Artemis' (Diana) into a mare. MELXNIPPIDES, of Melos, a celebrated lyric poet in the department of the dithyramb, who flourished about n.o. 440. MfiLANTHITJS (-0, a goat-herd of Ulysses. M£LAS (-inis and ae), the name of several rivers, whose waters were of a dark color. — (1) A small river in Boeotia, flowing between Orchomenus and Aspledon. — (2) A river of Thessaly, in the district Malis, falling into the Malic EUlf.— (3) A river of Thessaly m Phthl- otie, falling into the Apidanus, — (4) A river of Thrace, falling into the Melas Sinnsi — (5) A river in the N.E. of Sicily, flowing into the sea between Mylae and Nanlochns, through excellent meadows, in which the oxen of the sun are said to have fed — (6) A river in Asia Minor, the boundary between Pamphylia and Cilicia. MELAS SINUS. [Mtxab, No. 4.] MELDI (-ornm) or MELDAB (-arum), a people in the N. of Gaul, and upon the river Sequana {Seine), MELEAGER or MELEAGEUS (-gri), son of the Calydonian king Oeneus, took part in the Argonantic expedition, and was after- O wards the leader of the heroes who slew the monstrous boar '\^hich laid waste the flelds ofCalydou. According to the later tradition, he gave the hide of the animal to Atalanta, with whom he was in love ; but his mother's brothers, the sons of Thestius, took it .from her, whereupon Melcager in a rage slew them. This, however, was the cause of his own death. When he was 7 days old the Moerae or Fates declared that the boy would die as soon as the piece of wood which was burning on the hearth should be consumed. Althaea, upon hearing this, extinguished the firebrand, and concealed it in a chest ; but now, to revenge the death of her brothers, she threw the piece of wood into the flre, whereupon Meleager expired. Althaea, too late rejienting what she had done, put an end to her life. The sisters of Meleager wept unceasingly after his death, until Artemis (Diana) changed them into guinea-hens {neXea'^piieT), which were transterred to the island of Leros. ' Meleager. (From a Pftlatlng at Pompeii.) MELSTUS or MELITUS (-i), an obscnre tragic poet, but notorious as one of the ac- cusers of Socrates. MELlA (-ae) or MELlS (-es), a nymph, daughter of Oceanns, became by Inachus the mother of Phoroneus. MELlBOBA (-ae), a town on the coast of Thessaly in Magnesia, between Mount Ossa and Mount Pelion, where Philoctetes reigned, who is hence called by Virgil dux Meliboeus. MELiCEKTBS. tPALAEMon.] MELISSA (-ae), a nymph, said to have dis- covered the use of honey, and from whom bees were believed to have received their name (/leXiiTo^ai). There can be no doubt, however, that the name really came from jue\(, honey, and was hence given to nymphs. MELITA (-ae) or MELIT® (-es). (1) (Mal- ta), an island in the Mediterranean Sea, col- onized by the Phoenicians^ and afterwards belonging to the Carthaginians, from whom it was taken by the Humans in the 2d Punic MELITAEA. 260 MENANDER. war. It is celebrated as the island ou which the Apostle Paul was shipwrecked; though some writers erroneously suppose that the apostle was shipwrecked on the island of the same name off the lUyrian coast. The inhab- itants manufactured fine cloth {Melitensia ac. ve8timenta).—(2) {Hfeleda)t a small island in the Adriatic Sea, off the coast of Illyria (Dal- matla), N.W. of Epidaurus. MELITAEA, MfiLlTEA, op MELITIA (-ae), a town in Thessaly in Phthiotis, ou the N. slope of Mount Othrys, and near the river Enipeus. MfiLlTS (-es), a nymph, one of the Nere- ides, a daughter of Nereus and Doris. MELITENE (-es), a city and district of Ar- menia Minor, between the Anti-Taurus and the Euphrates. MELLA or MELA (-ae: Jlfe?Zo), a river in Gallia Transpadana, flowing by Brixia, and falling into the Ollius (Ogli^. MELL5.RIA (-ae). (1) A town of the Bas- tuli in Hispanla Baetica, between Belon and Calpe. — (2) A town in the same province, considerably N. of the former.' MELODTJNUM (-i : Melun), a town of the Senones in Gallia LugdunensiB, ou an island of th^ Seqnana {Seine). MELOS (-i), an island in the Aegaean sea, and the most W.-ly of the Cyclades, first col- onized by the' Phoenicians, and afterwards colonized by Lacedaemonians, or at least by Boriaus. Hence in the Peloponneslan war it embraced the side of Sparta. In b.o. 416 it was taken by the Athenians, who killed all the adult males, sold the women and children as slaves, and peopled the island with an Athe- nian colony. Melos was the birthplace of Dlagoras, the Atheist. MELPOMENE (-es), i, e. the singing god- dess, one of the 9 Muses, presided over Trag- edy. [MusakO MEMMtUS (-i), the name of a Roman gene, which claimed descent ft*om the Trojan Mnes- theas. — (1) C. Memmivs, tribune of the plebs B.O. 111, was an ardent opponent of the oli- garchical party at Rome during the Jugur- thine war. He was slain by the mob of Sat- urninus and Glaucia white a candidate for the consulship in 100.— (2) C.MBMMiUBGEMKi.Lr8, tribune of the plebs in 66, curule aedile in GO, and praetor in 58, was impeached for ambitus, and withdrew from Rome to My tilene. Mera- mius married Fausta, a daughter of the dic- tator Sulla, by whom he haaa son. He was eminent both in literature and in eloquence. Lucretius dedicated to him his poemDeRerum £fatura. MEMN5n (-finis). (1) The beautiful eon of Tithoqus and Eos (Aurora), was king of the Ethiopians, and came to the assistance of Priam towards the end of the Ti-ojan war. He wore armor made for him by Hephaestus (Vulcan) at the request of his mother. He slew Antilocbns, the son of Nestor, but was himself slain by Achilles after a long and fierce combat. While the 2 heroes were fight- ing, Zeus (Jupiter^ weighed their fates, and the scale containing Memuon*s sank. To soothe theg-rlef of his mother, Zeus conferred Weighing the ffttea of AchllleB and Memnon. immortality upon Memnon, and caused a number of birds to issue out of the funeral pile, which fought over the ashes of the hero. These birds were called ilfcmn^nWes, and were said to have visited every year the tomb of the hero on the Hellespont. The Greeks ^ave the name of Memnonium and Memnfinia to certain very ancient buildings and monu- ments in Europe and Asia, which they sup- posed to have been erected by or in honor of Memnon. Of these the most celebrated was a great temple of Thebes, behind which was a colossal statue (called the statue of Memnon), which, when struck by the first rays of the rising sun, was said to give forth a sound like the snapping asunder of a chord. It appears, however, that the statue repre- sented in reality the Egyptian kins Ameno- phis, T^e citadel of Susa was also called Memnonia by the Greeks.— (2) A native of Rhodes, had the command of the W- coast of Asia JImor when Alexander invaded Asia. He was an able officer, and bis death, in b.o. 333, was an irreparable loss to the Persian cause. MEMNONIUM. [Mbmnon, No. 1.3 MEMPHIS (-is and idos), a great city of Egypt, second in importance only to Thebes, after the fall of which it became the capital of the whole country, a position which it had Eveviously shared with Thebes. It is said to ave been founded by Menes. It stood on the left (W.) bank of the Nile, about 10 miles above the Pyramids. MSNAENUM or MfiNAE, a town on the E. coast of Sicily, S. of Hybla, the birthplace and residence of the Sicel chief Bncetias. MENALIPPUS. [Melamippus.] MENANDER, MENANDROS or -DRUS (-dri), of Athens, the most distinguished poet of the New Comedy, was born u.o, 342, and was drowned in 291, while swimming in the harbor of Piraeus, He was a pupil of Theo- phrastus, and an intimate friend of Epicurus. Though his comedies have been lost, we can form some idea of them from those of Ter- MENAPII. 251 MERCURIUS. ence, who was little more tUan a translator of Menander. MEnAPII (-6rnm), a powerful people in the N. of Galha Belgica, origiually dwelt on both banks of the Khine, but were afterwards driven out of their possessions on the right bank by the Uaipetes and Tenchteri, and in- habited only tbe left bank near its mouth, and W. of tne Mosa. MENDB (-es) or MBNDAE (-aram), a town on tbeW. coast of the Macedonian peninsula Fellene and on the Thermaic eulf, a colony of the Eretrians, and celebrated for its wine. MENDES, a considerable city of the Delta of Egypt, on the bank of one of the lesser arms of the Nile, named after it the Meude- fiiau mouth. MENEDEMUS (-i), a Greek philosopher of Eretria, where he established a school of philosophy, called the Eretrian. He after- wards went to Antigonus in Asia, where he starved himself to death in the 74th year of his age, probably about b.o. 277. MENELlI' PORTUS, an ancient city on the coast of Marmarica m N.Africa, founded, according to tradition, by Menelaus, where Agesilaus died. MENELilUM (-1), a mountain in Laconia, S.E. of Sparta, near Therapiie, on which the heroum of Menelaus was situated. MENELXUS (-i), son of Plisthenes or AtreuB, and Younger brother of Agamemnon, was king of Lacedaemon, and married to the benutiful Helen, by whom he became the father of Hermione. His early life, the rape of his wife by Paris, and the expedition of the Greeks to Asia to punish the Ti-ojans, are related under Agamemnon. In the Trojan war Menelaus killed man^ Trojans, and would have slain Paris also m single combat had not the latter been carried off by Aphro- dite (Venus) in a cloud. As soon as Troy was taken, Menelaus and Ulysses hastened to the house of Deiphobus, who had married Helen after the death of Paris, and put him to death in a barbarous manner. Menelaus is said to have been secretly introduced into the cham- ber of Beiphobus by Helen, who thus became reconciled to her former husband. He was among the first who sailed away from Troy, accompanied by his wife Helen and Nestor; but be was S years wandering about tbe shores of the Mediterranean before he reach- ed home. Henceforward he lived with Helen at Sparta in peace aud wealth. When Telem- achus visited Sparta to in<;[uire after his fa- ther, Menelaus was solemnizing the marriage of his daughter Hermione with Neoptolemus, and of his son Megapeuthes with a daughter of Alector. In the Homeric poems Menelaus , is described as a man of athletic figure; he spoke little, but what hs said was always im- pressive ; he was brave and courageous, but milder than Agamemnon, intelligent aud hospitable. According to the prophecy of Proteus in the Odyssey, Menelaus and Helen were not to die, but the gods were to conduct them to Elysium. Accordiug to a later tra- dition, he and Helen went to the Taurians, where they were sacrificed by Ipbigenia to Artemis. Respecting the tale that Helen never went to Troy, but was detained in Egypt, see Helena. MENENiUS (-i) LANlTUS (-i), AGRIFPA (-ae), consul, n.o. 503. It was owing to his mediation that the first great rupture oetween the patricians and plebeians, when the latter seceded to the Sacred Mount^ was brought to a happy and peaceful termination in 493; and it was upon this occasion he is said to have related to the plebeians his well-known fable of the belly and the members. MBNES, first king of Egypt, according to the Eg3'ptian traditions. MENESTHBUS (-5os, SI, or ei). (1) Son of Peteus, an Athenian kin^, who led the Athe- nians against Troy. He is said to have driven Theseus from his kingdom.— (2) A charioteer of Diomedes. MBNINX (-gis), or LOTOPHXQITIS (-is), an island close to the coast of Africa Propria, at the S.E. extremity of the Lesser Syrtis. MENIPPUS (-i), a Cynic philosopher, was a native of Gadara in Coele-Syria, and flour- ished about B.O. 60. He was noted for his satirical writings, whence VaxTo gave to his satires the name of Saturae Menippeae. MENOECEUS (-66s, Si, or ei). (1) A Theban, grandson of Pentheus, and father of Hippon- ome, Jocasta, and Creon.— (2) Grandson of the former, and son of Creon, put an end to his life because Tiresias had declared that his death would bring victory to his counti-y, when the 7 Argive heroes marched against Thebes. MENOETiUS (-i), son of Actor and Aegina, aud father of Patroclus, who is heuce called M&tioeVlddes. MENON (-onis), a Thessalian 'adveuturer, one of the generals of the Greek mercenaries in the army of Cyrus the younger, when the latter marched into Uppei'Asia against his brother Artaxerxes, i».o. 401. After the death- of Cyrus he was apprehended along with the other Greek generals by Tissaphernes, and was put to death by lingering tortures, which lasted for a whole year. His character is drawn in the blackest colors by Xenophon. He is the same as the Menon introduced in the dialogue of Plato which hears his name. MENTESA. (1) Snrnamed Babtia, a town of the Oretaui in Hispania Tarraconeusis. — (2) A town of the Bastuli in the S. of Hispania Baetica. MENTOR (-5ris). (1) Son of Alcimus and a faithful friend of Ulysses, frequently men- tioned in the Odyssey. —(2) A Greek of Rhodes, appointed by Darius Ochus to the satrap;^ of all the western coast of Asia Minor, in which he was succeeded by his brother Memnon. [Memnon.] — (3) The most cele- brated silver-chaser among the Greeks, who flourished before b.o. 356. His works were vases and cups, which were highly prized by the Romans. MERCtJRil PROMONTORIUM. [Hre- MAKUM.] MERCURIUS (-i), a Roman divinity of commerce and gain, identified by the Romans MEKIONES. 252 MESSANA. with tbe Qreek Hermes. The Komans of later times transterrecl all the attributes and myths of Hermes to their own god. [Hebmeb.] The Fetiales, however, never recognized the identity ; and, instead of the cadiuxtis, they used a sacred branch as the emblem of peace. The resemblance between Mercurius and Hermes is indeed very slight. The character of the Soman god is clear from his name, which is connected with merx and Tn^cari. A temple was built to him as early as ji.a 495 near the Circus Maximus; and an altar of the god existed near the Porta Capeua, by the side of a well. His festival was celebra- ted on the 25th of May, and chiefly by mer- chants, who visited the well near the Porta Capena, to which magic powers were ascribed. MERMNBS (-ae), a Cretan hero, son of Molus-, was one of the bravest heroes in the Trojan war, and usually fought along with his friend Idomeneus. MBSMSEUS (-i), one of the Centaurs pres- ent at the wedding of Pirithous. M£ROe (-es), the islaud, farmed by the rivers Astapus and Astaboras, and the por- tion of the Nile between their mouths, was a district of Ethiopia. Its capital, also called Meroe, became at a very early period the cap- ital of a powerful state. The priests of Meroe were closely connected in origin and customs with those ofEgypt ; and, according to some traditions, the latter sprang from the former, and they from India. For details respecting the kingdom of Meroe, see Aethiopia. MEEOPI (-es). (1) One of the Heliades or sisters of Fhaethon. — (2) Daughter of Atlas, one of the Pleiades, wife of Sisyphus of Cor- inth and mother of Glaucus. In tbe con- stellation of the Pleiades she is the Ith and the least visible star, because she is ashamed of having had intercourse with a mortal man . —(3) Daughter of Cypselns, wife of Cres- phontes, and mother of Aepytus. [Aepytos.] MSROPS (-opis), king of the Ethiopians, by whose wife, Clymene, Helios (Sol) became the father of Phaethon. MfiSBMBKiA (-ae). (1) A celebrated town of Thrace on the Pontus Euxinus, and at the foot of Mount Haemus, founded by the inhab- itants of Chalcedon and Byzantium in the time of Darius Hystaspis, and lience called a colony of Megara, since those 2 towns were founded, by the Megarlans.— (2) A town In Thrace, but of less importance, on the coast of the Aegaean sea, and In the territory of the Cicones, near tbe mouth of the Lissus. MfiSOPOTiMIA (-ae), a district of Asia, named from its position between the Euphra- tes and the Tigris, divided by the Euphrates ' from Syria and Arabia, and by the Tigris from Assyria. On the N.it was separated from Armenia by a branch of the Taurus, called Masius, and on the S. from Babylonia by the Median Wall. The name was first used by the Greeks in the time of the Selencidae. In earlier times the country was reckoned a part, sometimes of Syria, and sometimes of Assyria. In the division of the Persian em- pire it belonged to the satrapy of Babylonia. The N. part of Mesopotamia was divided into the'districts of Mvqdohia and Oshoene. In a wider sense, the name is sometimes applied to the whole country between the Euphrates and the Tigris. MESPILA (-ae), a city; of Assyria, on the E. side of the Tigris, which Xenophon men- tions as having Deen formerly a great city, inhabited by Medes, bat in his time fallen to decay. Layard places it at Kouyounjik, op- posite to Mosul. MESSA (-ae), a town and harbor In Laco- uia, near O. Taenarum. MESSALA or MBSSALtA (-ae), the name of a distinguished family of the Valeria gens at Rome. The first who bore the name of Messala was M. Valeeidb Maximos Cobvisub Mebsala, consul b.o. 263, who carried on the war against the Carthaginians in Sicily, and received this cognomen in consequence of his relieving Messina. The most celebrated mem- ber of the family was M. Valebius Mesbala CoETiNus. He fought on the republican side at the battle of Philippi (b.o. 42), but was afterwards pardoned by the triumvirB,_ and became one of the chief generals and friends of Augustus. He was consul n.o. 31, and pro- consul of Aquitauia in 28, 27. He died about B.o. i(~A.D. 3. Messala was a patron of learn- ing, and was himself n historian, a poet, n grammarian, and an orator ; but none of his works are extant. His friendship for Hor- ace and his intimacy with Tibullus are well known. In the elegies of the latter poet the name of Messala is continually introduced. MESSALINA, ViLfiRIA (-ae), wife of the emperor Claudius, and mother of Bri- tannicus,wasnoto- rious for her prof- ligacy and licen- tiouBuess, and long exercised an un- bounded empire over her weak hus- band. Narcissus, the freedman of Claudius, at length persuaded the em- peror to put Mes- Balina to death, be- cause she had pub- licly married a handsome Roman youth, C. Silius, during the absence of Claudius at Ostia, a.i>, 48. MESSiNA (-ae: Mesaiha), a celebrated town of Sicily, on the strait separating Italy from this island, which is here about 4 miles broad. The Romans called the town Messana, according to its Doric pronunciation, but Mes8&ne was its more usual name among the Greeks. It was originally a town oi the Siceli, and was called Zahole, or a Bickle, on account of the shape of its harbor, which Is formed by a singular curve of sand and shells. It was first colonized by Chalcidians, and was afterwards seized by Samians, who had come to Sicily after the capture of Miletus by the Persians (u.o. 494). The Samians were shortly afterwards driven out of Zanclc by MeBsaUoo. Mebot"'" "" KBroBK. (Bronze Statue, -Nnples.) MESSAPIA. 253 METELLUS. Auaxilas, who changecl the came of the town iuto Measarui or Mesaenet hoth because he was himeelf a Messeniau and because he transferred to the place a body of Messenians from Rhegium. In b.o. 396 it was taken and destroyed by the Carthaginians, but was re- built by Dionysius. It afterwards fell into the hands of Agathocles. Among the mer- cenaries of this tyrant were a number of Mamertiui, an Oecan people from Campania, who had been sent from home, under the pro- tection of the god Mamers, or Mars, to seek their fortune in other lauds. These Mamer- tinl were quartered in Messana ; and after the death of Agathocles (b.o. 282) they made themselves masters of the town, killed the male inhabitants, and took possession of their wives, their children, aud their proper- ty. The town was now called Mambbtina, nnd the inhabitants Mambbtini ; but its an- cient name of Messana continued to be in more general use. The new inhabitants could not lay aside their old predatory habits, and in consequence became involved in a war with Hieron of Syracuse, who would proba- bly have conquered the town had not the Carthag;iuians come in to the aid of the Ma- mertini, and, under the pretext of asslsliug them, taken possession of their citadel. The Mamertini had at the same time applied to the Romans for help, who gladly availed themselves of the opportunity to obtain a footing in Sicily. Thus Messana was the im- mediate cause of the 1st Punic war, 264. The Mamertini expelled the Carthaginian garri- son, and received the Romans, in whose pow- er Messana remained till the latest times. MESSAPf A (-ae), the Greek name of Cala- bria. MESSBNTA (-ae), a country in Pelopon- nesus, bounded on the E. by Laconia, from which it was separated by Mount Taygetus, on the N. by Ells and Arcadia, and on the S. and W. by the sea. In the Homeric times the western part of the country belonged to the Neleid princes of Pylos, of whom Nestor was the most celcbruted ; ;iud the eastern to the Lacedaemonian monarchy. On the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians, Messenia fell to the share of Cre8phoutes,who became king of the whole country. Messenia was more fertile than Laconia; and the Spartans soon coveted the territory of their brother Dorians ; and thus war broke out between the two peo- ple. The 1st Messenian war lasted 20 years, B.o. 743-723 ; and notwithstanding the gallant resistance of the Messenian king, Anstode- mus, the Messenians were obliged to submit to the Spartans after the capture of their fortress Ithome. [ABisTonEMUS.] After bearing the yoke 38 years, the Messenians again took np arms under their heroic leader Aristome- nes. [Abistomenes.] The 2d Messenian war lasted 17 years, b.o, 685-668, and terminated with the conquest of Ira and the complete subjugation of the country. Mostof the Mes- senians emigrated to foreign countries, and those who remained behind were reduced to the condition of Helots or serfs. In this state they remained till 46^ when the Messenians ana other Helots took advantage of the de- vastation occasioned by the ereat earthquake at Sparta to rise agamst tneir oppressors. This 3d Messenian war lasted 10 years, 464- 455, and ended by the Messenians surrender- ing Ithome to the Spartans on condition of being allowed a free departure from Pelopon- nesus. When the supremacy of Sparta was overthrown by the battle of Leuctra, Epami- nondaa collected the Messenian exiles, and founded the town of Messenfi (b.o. 369), at the foot of Mount IthGrae, which formed the acrop- olis of the city. Mess^ne was made the cap- ital of the country. Messenia was never again subdued by the Spartans, and it main- tained its independence till the conquest of the Achaeans and. the rest of Greece by the Romans, 146, MESTRA (-ae), daughter of Erysichthon, and granddaughter of Triopas, whence she is called Trtdpeia by Ovid. MfiTlBUS (-i), a chief of the Volsci, father of Camilla. MfiTXNlRA (-ae), wife of Celens, and mother of Triptolemus. [Celeus.] METXPONTiUM, called MfiTXPONTUM (-i) by the Romans, a celebrated Greek city in Lucania, and on the Tareutine gulf. It was founded by the Greeks at an early period^ was afterwards destroyed by the Sarauites, and was repeopled by a colony of Achaeans. It fell into the hands of the Romans with the other Greek cities in the S. of Italy in the war against Pyrrhus ; but it revolted to Hannibal alter the battle of Cannae. MfiTAXJRUM. [Metaubds, No. 2,] MfiTAURUS (-i). (1) A small river in Um- bria, flowing into the Adriatic Sea, memorable by the defeat and death of HasdrubaU the brother of Hannibal, on its banks, b.o. 207.— (2) A river on the E. coast of Bruttium, at whose mouth was the town of Metaurum. MfiTELLUS (-i), a distinguished plebeian family of the Coecilia gens at Rome. (1) L. Caeoilitis Metblltjs, consul b.o. 251, when he defeated the Carthaginians in Sicily ; consul a 2d time in 249; and afterwards pontifex maximus ; while holding the latter dignity he rescued the Palladium when the temple of Vesta was on Are, and lost liis sight in conse- quence. —(2) Q, Caeoii.ius Metei-los Maoe- DONious, was praetor in 148, when he defeated the usurper Andriscus in Macedonia, and re- ceived in consequence the surname of Mace- douicus. He was consul in 143, and carried on the war against the Celtiberians in Spain. — (3) Q. Caeoilius Metellus Numidious, consul B.0. 109, carried on the war against Jugurtha in Numidia with great succeas, and received in consequence the surname of Nuraidicus. tJronBTHA.] In 107 he was superseded in the command by Marins. [Mabius.] In 102 he was censor, and two years afterwards (100) he was banished from Rome through the intrigues of hfs eneihy, Marius. He was however recalled in the following year (99), Metellus was one of the chief leaders of the aristocratical party, and a man of unsullied character. — (4) Caeoilius Metellus Pius, son of the preceding, received the surname of Pius on account of the love which he die- METHONE. 251 MIDAS. played for his father when he besought the people to recall him from banishment iu 99. He was praetor B.a 89, and one of the com- manders in the Marsic or Social war. He Eubseqaeutly fought as one of Sulla's gener- als against the Marian party, and was consul with Sulla himself in b.o. 80. In the follow- ing year (79) he went as proconsul into Spain, where he carried on the war against Sertorius for many years (n. o. 79-72). He died iu B.O. 63, and was succeeded in the dignity of pontifex maximns by Julius Caesar.— (S) Q. Caeoiliub Metellub Celeb, praetor b.o. 63, and consul in GO, was a warm supporter of the aristocratical party. He died in 59, and It was suspected that he had been poisoned by his wire Clodia. — (6) Q. Casoiliub Mbtelltjs Ne- pos, younger brother of the preceding, trib- une II. 0.62, praetor in 60, and consul in 67, sup- ported Pompey against the aristocracy. — (7) Q. Caeoilxus MbtbllusPidsSoipio, the adopt- ed son of MetelluB Pins [No. 4], was the son of P. Scipio Nasica, praetor in 94. Pompey mar- ried Cornelia, the daughter of Metellus Scipio, in B.0. 52, ana in the same year made his fa- ther-in-law his colleague in the consulship. Scipio fought on the side of Pompey in the civil war, and after the battle of Pharsalia crossed over to Africa, where he received the command of the Pompeian troops. He was defeated by Caesar at the battle of Thapsns in 46 J and shortly afterwards he put an end to bis own life. — (8) Q. Caeoilitts Meteli-us Cbetious, consul b.o.69, carried on war against Crete, which he subdued in the course of 3 years. — (9) L. Caeoiliub Metellus, brother of the last, praetor in 71, and as propraetor the successor of Verres in the government of Sicily. — (10) M. Caeoiliub Metellub, praetor in 69, presided at the trial of Verres. MSTHSnS (-es). (1) Or Mothone, a town at the S.W. corner of Messeuia, with an ex- cellent harbor, protected from the sea by a reef of rocks, of which the largest was called Mothon (2) A town in Macedonia on the Thermaic gulf, founded by the Eretrians, and celebrated from Philip having lost au eye at the siege of the place. — (3) Or Metiiana, an ancient town in Argolis, situated on a penin- sula of the same name, opposite the island of Aegina. MSTHYMNA (-ae), the second city of Les- bos, stood at the N. extremity of the island. It was the birthplace of the poet Arion and of the historian Hellanicns. The celebrated Lesbian wine grew in its neighborhood. In the Peloponnesian war it remained faithful to Athens, even during the great Lesbian re- volt [Mytilehb]: afterwards it was sacked by the Spartans (e.o. 406). METIS (-idis), the personification of pru- dence, described as a daughter of Oceanns and Tethys, and the first wife of Zeus (Jupiter). Afraid lest she should give birth to a child wiser and more powerful than himself, Zeus devoured her in the first month of her preg- nancy. Afterwards he gave birth to AtnSna, who sprang from his head. MfiTiUS. [MiiTTius.] MStON (-5nis), an astronomer of Athens, who in conjunction with Edotemon intro- duced th^ cycle of 19 years, by which he ad- justed the course of the sun and moon. The commencement of this cycle has been placed B.0. 432. MBTEOdDRUS (-i), a native of Lampaacus or Athens, an Epicurean philosopher, and the most distinguished of the disciples of Eplcurns, died b.o. 277. METROPOLIS (-is), a town of Thesaaly in Histiaeotis, near the Fenens, and between Qomphi and Pharsalns. There were several other cities of this name. METTIUSorMfiTlUS. (l)CnftTins. CCun- Tius.] — (2) PuFPETius, dictator of Alba, was torn asunder by chariots driven in opposite directions by order of TuUus Hostilius, 3d king of Rome, on account of his treachery to- wards the Romans. METtJ^LUM (-1), the chief town of the lap- ydes in Illyricnm. MEViNIA (-ae : Bevagmt)^ an ancient city in the interior of Umbria on the river Tinea, situated in a fertile country, and celebrated for its breed of beautiful white oxen. Ac- cording to some accounts, Propertius was a native of this place. MSZENTIUS (-1), king of the Tyrrhenian Caere or Agylla, was expelled by his subjects on account of his cruelty, and took refuge with Turnus, king of the Rutulians, whom he assisted in the war against Aeneas and the Trojans. Mezentius and his son Lausus were' slain in battle by Aeneas. MICIPSA (-ae), king of Nnmidia (B.a 148 -118), eldest of the sons of Masinissa. He left the kingdom to his 2 sons, Adherbul and Ili- empsal, and their adopted brother Juouktha. MICON, of Athens, a distinguished painter and statuary, contemporary with Polygnotns, about B.o. 460. MIDAS or MiDA (-ae), son of Gordius and king of Phrygia, renowned for his immense riches. In consequence of his kind treatment of Silenus, the companion and teacher of Dio- nysus (Bacchus), the latter allowed Midas to ask a favor of him. Midas in his folly desired that all things which he touched should be changed into gold. The request was granted ; but as even the food which he touched became fold, he implored the god to take his favor ack. Dionysus accordingly ordered him to bathe in the sources of the Pactolus near Mount Tmolus. This bath saved Midas, but the river from that time had an abundance "of gold in its sand. Once when Pan and Apol- lo were engaged in a musical contest on the flute and lyre, Midas was chosen to decide between them. The king decided in favor of Pan, whereupon Apollo changed his ears into those of an ass. Midas contrived to con- ceal them under his Phrygian cap, but the servant who used to cut his hair discovered them. The secret so much harassed the man that, as he could not betray it to a hu- man being, he dug a hole in the earth, and whispered into it, "King Midas has ass's cars." He then filled up the hole, and his heart was released. But on the same spot a reed grew, which in its whispers betrayed the secret. MIDEA. 2r)5 MILETUS. Tomb of Midaa at Nacolicia. MiDSA or MtDfiA (-ae), a town in Argolis. MILANiON (-oniB), husband of Atalanta. [AtalahtaO MlLiTUS (-1). (1) Son of Apollo and Aria of Crete, fled ftom Minos to Asia, where he built the city of Miletns. Ovid calls him a eon of Apollo and Seione, and hence Deioni- des.— (2) One of the greatest cities of Asia Minor, belonged territorially to Carta and politically to Ionia, being the S.-most of the 12 cities of the Ionian confederacy. The city stood upon the S. headland of the Sinus Lat- micne, opposite to the mouth of the Maean- der, and possessed 4 distinct harbors, pro- tected by a group of islets ; its territory was 02 Ruins of MiletUB. MILO. 256 MIMNERMUS. rich in flocks, and the city was celebrated for its woolen fabrics, the Mileaia vellera. At a very early period it hecajne a great maritime state, ana founded numerous colouies, espe- cially on the shores of the Euxine. It was the birthplace of the philosophers Thales, Anazimander, and Anaximenes, and of the historians Cadmus and .Hecataeus. It was the centre of the great louian revolt against the Fereiaus, after the suppression of which it was destroyed (b.o. 494). It recovered suf- licient importance to oppose a vain resistance to Alexander the Great, which brought upon it a second ruin. Under the Koman empire it still appears as a place of some couse- ■ quence. MILO or MILON (-onis). (1) Of Crotona, a celebrated athlete, 6 times victor in wrestling at the Olympic games, and as often at the Pythian. He was oue of the followers of Pythagoras, and commanded the array which defeated the Sybarites, Ji.o. 511. Many sto- ries are related of his extraordinary feats of strength : such as his carrying a heifer four years old on his shoulders through the sta- dium at Oljfmpia, and afterwards eating the whole of it in a single day. Passing through a forest in his old age, he saw the trunk of a tree which had been partially split open by wood-cutters, and attempted to rend it far- ther, but the wood closed upon his hands, and thus held hini fast, in which state he was attacked and devoured by wolves. — (2) T. Annids Milo Pafiniantjs, was l)orn at Lanu- vium, of which place he was in u.o. 63 dictator or chief magistrate. As tribune of the plebs, u.0.57, Milo took an active part in obtaining Cicero's recall from exile ; and from this time he carried on a fierce and memorable contest with F. Clodius. In 53 Milo was candidate for the consulship, and Clodius for the prae- torship of the ensuing year. Each of the can- didates kept a gang of gladiators, and there were frequent combats between the rival ruf- fians in the streets of Kome. At length, on the 20th of January, 52, Milo and Clodms met apparently by accident at Bovillae, on the Appiaa road. An afl'ray ensued between their followers, in which Clodius was slain. At Borne such tumults followed upon the burial of Clodius that Pompey was appointed sole consul in order to restore order to the state. Milo was brought to trial. He was defended by Cicero; but was condemned, and went into exile at Massllia {Marseilles). The sol- diers who lined the forum intimidated Cice- ro, and he could not deliver the oration which he had prepared. Milo returned to Italy in 48, in order to support the revolutionary schemes of the praetoi', M. Caelius ; but he was slain under the walls of an obscure fort in Thurii. Milo, in 57, married Fausta, a daughter of the dictator Salla. MILTliDES (-is). (1) Son of Cypselus, an Athenian, in the time of Pisistratiia, founded a colony in the Thraciau Cheraonesus, of which he became tyrant. He died without children, and his sovereignty passed fnto the hands of Stesagoras, the son of his half- brother Cimon.— (2) Son of Cimon and broth- er of Stesagoras, became tyrant of the Cher- sonesua on the death of the latter, being sent out by Fisistratus from Athens to take posses- sion of the vacant in- heritance. He joined Darius Hystaspis on his expedltiou against the Scythians, and was left with the other Greeks in charge of the bridge over the Dan- ube. When the ap- pointed time had ex- pired, and Darius had not returned, Miltla- des recommended the Greeks to destroy the bridge, and leave Da- rius to his fate. After the suppression of the MUtiadea. Ionian revolt, and the approach of the Phoenician fleet, Miltiades fled to Athens. Here he was arraigned as being amenable to the penalties enacted against tyranny, but was acquitted. When Attica was threatened with invasion by the Persians under Datis and Artaphernes, Mil- tiades was chosen oue of the ten generals. Miltiades by his arguments induced the pole- march Cullimachus to give the casting vote in favor of risking a battle with the enemy, the opinions of the ten generals being equally divided. Miltiades waited till his turn came, aud then drew his army up in battle array on the memorable field of Marathon. [Mara- TuoN.] After the defeat of the Persians, Mil- tiades induced the Athenians to intrust to him an armament of 70 ships, without know- ing the purpose for which they were designed. He proceeded to attack the island of Faros, for the purpose of gratifying a private enmity. His attacks, however, were unsuccessfti! ; and, after receiving a dangerous hurt in the leg, he was compelled to raise the siege and re- turn to Athens, where he was impeached by Xanthippus for having deceived the people. His wound had turned into a gangrene, and, being unable to plead his cause in person, he was brought into court on a conch, his broth- er Tisagoras conducting his defense for him. He was condemned ; but on the ground of his sei-vices to the state the penalty was com- muted to a fine of 60 talents, the cost of the equipment of the armament. Being una- ble to pay this, he was thrown into prison, where he not long after died of his wound. The fine was subseqaently paid by bis sou Cimon. MILVtUS PONS. tRoMA.] MILYAS. [Ltoia.] MJMALLONES or MlM ALLONf DES (-um). the Macedonian name of the Bacchantes. MSMAS (-autis). (1) One of the giants who warred against the gods, slain by a flash of lightning.— (2) A promontory in Ionia, oppo- site the island of Chios. MIMNERMUS (-i), a celebrated elegiac poet, generally called a Colophonian, was properly a native of Smyrna, and was de- scended from those Colophonians who re- UiHEBTA. (Fallas Giastiniani. Taticau Mnseom.) MINCIUS. 257 MITHRAS. conqaered Smyrna from the Aeolians. He nourished from about b.o. 634 to 600, and was a contemporary of Solon. Mimnermus was the -first who Byeteraatically made the elegy the vehicle for plaintive, mournful, and erotic straluB. Ouly a few fragments of his poems are extant, MINClUS (4: Mindo), a river in GalHa Transpadana, flowing through tUe lake Benn- cns {LcMO di Garda), and falling into the Po a little below Mantua. MiNEEVA (-ae), called ATHENA by the Greeks. The Greek goddess is spoken of in a separate article [Athena], aud we here con- fine ourselves to the Homan goddess. Mi- nerva was one of the great Koman divinities. Her name probably contains the same root as mens; and she is accordingly the thinking Eower personified. In the Capitol Minerva rtd a chapel in common with Jupiter and Juno. She was worshiped as the goddess of wisdom and the patroness of all the arts and trades. Hence the proverbs "to do a thing pingui Minerva^" i, e, to do a thing in an awkward or clumsy manner ; and siis Miner- vam, of a stupid person who presumed to set right an intelligent one. Minerva also guided men in the dangers of war, where victory is gained by prudence, courage, and persever- ance. Hence she was represented with a helmet, shield, and a coat of mail ; and the booty made in war was frequently dedicated to her. She was i\ivther believed to be the inventor of musical instruments, especially wind instruments, the use of which was very important in religious worship, and which were accordingly subjected to a sort of puri- fication every year on the last day of the fes- tival of Minerva. This festival lasted 5 days, from the 19th to the 23d of March, and was called Quinquatrus. The most ancient tem- ple of Minerva at Rome was probably that on the Capitol ; another existed on the Aven- tine ; and she had a chapel at the foot of the Caelian hill, where she bore the surname of Capta, MINERVAB PR^MONTOi^UM (-i), a rocky promontory in Campania, running out a long way into the sea, 6 miles S.E. orSur- rentum, on whose summit was a temple of Minerva, said to have been built by Ulysses. Here the Sirens are reported to have dwelt. MiNtO (-onis: Mignon€),a, small river in Etruria, falling into the Tyrrhene sea, be- tween Gfaviscae and Centum Cellae. MINOA. [Megaba.] MINOS (-ois). (1) Son of Zens (Jupiter) and Europa, brother of Rhadamanthus, king and legislator of Crete, and after death one of the judges of the shades in Hades. — (2) Son of Lycastus, aud grandson of the former, was likewise a king and lawgiver of Crete. He was the husband of PasiphaS, a daughter of Helios (the Sun}, and the father of Deuca- lion, Androgeos, Ariadne, and Phaedra. In order to avenge the wrong done to his son Androgeos LAmdbogeus] at Athens, he made war against the Athenians, and compelled them to send to Crete every year as a tribute 7 youths and 7 maidens, to be devoured in the labyrinth by the Mlnotaurus. The Mino- taur was a monster, half man and half bull, and the ofifspring of the intercourse of Pasi- phae with a bull. The labyrinth in which it was kept was constructed by Daedalus. This monster was slain by Theseus, with the as- sistance of Ariadne, the daughter of Minos. [TuEBEDB.] Daedalus having fled from Crete to escape the wrath of Minos, Minos followed him to Sicily, and was there elain by Cocalus and his daughters. From Minos we have Mlnois, a daughter or a female descendant of Minos, as Ariadne, and the adjectives MvnMuB and MmdvSt used by the poets as equivalent to Cretan. MTNOTAURUS. EMiNOB.1 MINTHA (-ae) or MINTHE (-es), a daugh- ter of Cocytus, oeloved by Hades, metamor- phosed by Demeter (Ceres)^ or Per8eph6nu (Proserpiina), into a plant called after her mintka, or mint. MINTURNAE (-arum), an important town in Latium, on the frontiers of Campania, sit- uated on the Appia Via, and on both banks of the Liris, and near the mouth of this river. It was an ancient town of the Ausones or Aurunci, but surrendered to the Romans of its own accord, and received a Roman colony B.o. 296. In its neighborhood was a grove sacred to the nymph Marica, aud also eKteu- sive marshes {Palvdes Minturnensea), formed by the overflowing of the river Liris, in which MariuB was taken prisoner. (See p. 244.) MlN^ClUS (ri), the name of a Roman gens, of whom the most celebrated was M. Miuucius Rufus, ma^ister equitum to the dic- tator Q. PabiuB Maximus, b.o. 21T, in the war against Hannibal. He fell at the battle of Cannae. MINYAE (-arum), an ancient Greek race, originally dwelling in Thessaly. Their an- cient hero, Minyas, is said to have migrated from Thessaly into the N. of Bpeotia, and there to have established the empire of the Minyae, with the capital of Orchomenos. COeohomknos.] As the greater part of the Argonauts were descended iVom the Minyae, they are themselves called Minyae. The Min- yae founded a colony in Lenmos, called Min- yae, whence they proceeded to Elis Triphylia, and to the island of Thera. A daughter of Minyas was called Mlnyeias {-ddis) or Mln- peie {-Idis), His daughters were cbanged into bats because they had slighted the festival of Dionysus (Bacchus). MISENUM (-i), a promontory in Campa- nia, S. of Cumae, said to have derived its name from Miscnus, the companion and trumpeter of Aeneas, who was drowned and buried here. The bay formed by this prom- ontory was converted by Augustus into an excellent harbor, .and was made the principal station of the Roman fleet on the Tyrrhene sea. A town sprang up around the harbor. Here was the villa of C. Marius, which after- wards passed into the hands of the emperor Tiberius, who died at this place. MITHR5.S (-ae), the god of the sun among the Persians. Under the Roman emperors his worship was introduced at Rome. The MITHRIDATES. 258 MOABITIS. god is commonly represented as a handsome youth, wearing the Phrygian cap and attire, and kneeling on a bull, whose throat he is catting. MITHRIDATES (-is), the name of several kings of Poutus, of whom the best known is Mithrldates VI., snruamed the Great, and cel- ebrated on account of his wars with the Ro- mans. Be reigned ii.o. 120-63. He was a man of great energy and ability; and so powerful was his memory that he is said to nave learned not less than 25 languages. Having greatly extended his empire in the early part of his reign by the conquest of the neighboring nations, he at length ventured to measure his strength with Home. The 1st Mithridatic war lasted from b.o. S8 to 84. At first he met with great success. He drove Ariobarzanes out or Cappadocia, and Nico- medes ont of Bithynia, both of whom had been previously expelled by him, but restored by the Romans ; and he at last made himself master of the Romau province of Asia. Dur- ing the winter he ordered all the Roman and Italian citizens in Asia to be massacred ; and on one day no fewer than 80,000 Romans and Italians are said to have perished. Mean- time Sulla had received the command of the war against Mithrldates, and crossed over into Greece in 81. Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, was twice defeated by Sulla in Boeotia (86) ; and about the same time the Colo of MlthridAtea VI. king himself was defeated in Asia by Fim- bria. [Fimbria.] Mithridates now sued for peace, which was granted him by Sulla in 84. The 2d Mithridatic war (ii.o. 83-82) was caused by the unprovoked attacks of Murena, who had been left in command of Asia by Sulla. Murena invaded the dominions of Mithridates, but was defeated by the latter, and was ordered by Sulla to desist from hostilities. The Bd Mithridatic war was the most important of the three. It lasted from B.C. T4 to the king's death in 63. It broke out in consequence of the king seizing Bithynia, which had been left by Nicomedes III, to the Roman people. The consul LucuUus was ap- pointed to the command, and conducted it with great success. In u.o. 73 he relieved Cyzicus, which was besieged by Mithridates, and in the course of the next two years drove the king out of Pontus, and compelled him to flee to his son-in-law, Tigranes, the king of Armenia. The latter espoused the cause of his father-in-law ; whereupon Lucullus march- ed into Armenia, and defeated Tigranes and Mithridates in two battles, b.o. 69 and 68. But in consequence of the mntiny of his sol- diers, who demanded to be led home, Lncul- lus could not follow up his conquests ; and Mithridates recovered Pontns. In B.o. 66 Lu- cullus was succeeded in -the command by Pompey. Mithridates was defeated by Pom- pey ; and as Tigranes now reflised to admit him into his dominions, he marched into Col- chis, and thence made his way to Pautica- paeum, the capital of the Cimmerian Bospo- rus. Here he conceived the daring project of marching round the N. and W. coasts of the Dnxine, through the wild tribes of the Sarmatians and Getae, and of invading Italy at the head of these nations. But meanwhile disalTection had made rapid progress among his followers. His son, Pharnaces, at length Openly rebelled against him, and was joined by the whole army, and the citizens of Pan- ticapaeum, who proclaimed him king. Mith- ridates, resolved not to fall into the nauds of the Romans, put an end to his own life, n.o. 63, at the age of 68 or 69, after a reign of 8T years. MiTHRlDSTBS, kings of Parthia. [Ab- SAOES, 0, 9, 13.] MITULBNE. [Mttilene.] MNEMOS^^NE (-es), i. e. Memory, daugh- ter of Uranus (Heaven), and mother of the Muses by Zeus (Ju- piter). MNBSTHEUS (-« or ei), a Trojan, who ac- companied Aeneas to Italy, and is said to have been the ancestral hero of the Memmii. M5ABITIS, called MOAB in the Old Tes- tament,- a district of Arabia Petraea, E. of the Dead Sea. TheMo- abites were frequently at war with the Israel- ites. They were con- MOERIS. 259 MOPSIA. quered by David, but they afterwards recov- ered their Independeuce. MOEKIS (-idis), a king of Egypt, who is said to have dug the great lake known by his name ; but it is really natural, and not an artirtcial lake. It ia on the W. side of the Nile, in Mid- dle Egypt, and used for the reception and sub- sequent distribution of a part of the overflow of the Nile. MOESXA (-ae), a country of Europe, was bounded on the a. by Thrace and Macedonia, on the VT. by lUyricum and Paunouia, on the N. by the Danube, and on the E. by the Pon- tu9 Buxinus, thus corresponding to the pres- ent Servia and Bulgaria. This country was €ubdued in the reign of Augustus, and was made a Koman province at the commence- ment of the reigu of Tiberius. It was after- wards formed into 2 provinces, called Moesia ituperior and Moesia I->iferiorf the former be- ing the western, and the latter the eastern hiilf of the counti-y. When Anrelian surren- dered Dacia to the barbarians, and removed the inhabitants of that province to the S. of the Danube, the middle part of Moesia was called Dacia Avreliani. . MOGONTiXCUM, MOGUNTliCUM, or MAGONTllCUM (-i: Mai-nz or Sfayence), a town on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite the mouth of the river Moenus (Main). MOIRAE, called PARCAE (-arum) by the Romans, the Fates, were 3 in number, viz., Clotho, or the spinning fate ; Lachksis, or the one who assigns to man his fate; and At^Spos, or the fate that .can not be avoided. Sometimes they appear as divinities of fate in the strict sense of the term, and sometimes only as allegorical divinities of the duration of human lire. In the former character they take care that the fate assigned to every be- ing by eternal laws may take its course with- out obstruction ; and both gods and men must submit to them. These grave and mighty goddesses -weve represented by the earliest artists with staffs or sceptres, the symbol of dominion. The Moirae, as the di- vinities of the duration of human life, which is determined by the two points of birth and death, are conceived either as goddesses of birth or as goddesses of death. The distri- bution of the functions among the 3 was not Btrictlv observed, for we sometimes find all 3 described as spinning the thread of life, al- though this was properly the function of Clo- tho alone. Hence Clotho, and sometimes the other fates, are represented with a spindle; and they are said to break or cut off the thread when life is to end. The poets some- times describe them as aged and hideous women, and even as lame, to indicate the slow march of fate ; but in works of art they are represented as grave maidens, with differ- ent attributes, viz., Clotho with a spindle or a roll (the book of fate) ; Lachesis pointing with a staff to the globe ; and Atropos with a pair of scales, or a sun-dial, or a cutting in- strnment. MOLiONB. [Mot-iones. ] MOLiONES (-nm) or MOLiQNIDAE (-arum), that is, Enrytus and Cteatus, so called after their mother, Holiong. They are also called Actdridae or Actdrlone ('A(tTopia)ve), after their reputed father Actor, the husband of Molione. They are mentioned as con- querors of Nestor in. the chariot race, and as having taken part in the Calydonian hunt Having come to the assistance of Augeas against Hercules, they were slain by the latter. MOLOSSI (-orum), a people in Epirus, in- habiting a narrow slip of country, called after them MoLossiA or Molossib, which extended along the W. bank of the Arachthus as far as the Ambracian gulf. They were the most powerful people in Epirus, and their kings gradually extended their dominion over the whole of the country. The first of their kings, who took the title of king of Epirus, was Alexander, who perished in Italy b.o. 326. [Epiutjs.] Their capital was Ambuaoia. The Molossian hounds were celebrated in an- tiquity. MOLYCRTUM (-1), a town in the S. of Aetolia, at the entrance of the Corinthian M5MUS (-i)^he god of mockery and cen- sure, called by Hesiod the son of Night. Thus he is said to have censured in the man formed by Hephaestus (Vulcan) that a little door had not been left in his breast, so as to enable oneto look into his secret thoaghts. MONA (-ae: Anpleiiey)^ an island off the coast of the Ordovices in Britain, one of the chief seats of the Druids. Caesar erroneously describes this island as half way between Britannia and Hibernia. Hence it has been supposed by some critics that the Mona of Caesar is the Tsle of Man ; but it is more prob- able, on account of the celebrity of Mona in connection with the Druids, that he had beard o( Angleaepf and that he received a false re- port respecting its real position. MONABSES (-is), a Parthian general men- tioned by Horace, probably the same as Su- renas, the general of Orodes, who defeated Crassus. MONBTA (-ae), a surname of Juno among the Romans as the pro- tectress of money. Un- der this name she had a temple on the Capi- toline, which was at the same time the pub- lic mint. MONOECIPORTUS. also HERCtJ-LIS MO- NOECI PORTUS (Mo- naco), a port-town on the coast of Liguria, founded by the Massil- ians, was situated on a promontory (hence the arx Mmioeci of Virgil), andpuBsessed a temple of Hercules Monoecns, from whom the place derived its name. MOPSIA or MOPSO- iuoDem. pj^^ ^^ ancient name of Attica, whence Mopad^plus is frequently used by the poets as equivalent to Athenian. MOPSIUM. 260 MUSAE. MOPSIUM (-i), a town ol Thessaly in Pelasgiotis, sitnated on a WU of the same name uetweeu Tempe aud Larissa. MOPStJESTIA (-ae), an important city of Cilicia, on both banks of the river Pyr- amus. MOPSUS (-i), (1) Son of Ampyx and the nymph Chloris, the prophet and soothsayer of the Argonauts, died in Libya of the bite of a snake. — (2) Son of Apollo and Mauto, the daughter of Tiresias, aud also a celebrated seer. He contended in prophecy with Calchas at Colophon, and showed himself superior to the latter in prophetic power. [Calohas.] He was believed to have founded Mallos in Cilicia, in conjunction with the seer Amphil- ochus. A dispute arose between the two seers respecting the possession of the town, and both fell in combat by each other's band. MOEGANTltJM <-ii, MOEGANTINA, MUEGANTlA, MOEGENTlA (-ae), a town in Sicily, S.E. of Agyrium, and near the Symaethus, founded by the Morgetes, after they had been driven out of Italy by the Oenotrians. MOEGETES. [MoEOAMTurM.] MOIUCNI (-drum), the most N.-ly people in all Gaul, whence Virgil calls them extremi hominuTru They dwelt on the coast', at the narrowest part of the channel between Gaul and Britain. MOEPHEtrS (-»s, Si, or ei), the son of Sleep and the god of dreams. The name signifies the fashioner or moulder, because he shaped or formed the dreams which ap- peared to the sleeper. MOBS (-tis), called THXnXTOS by the Greeks, the god of death, is represented as a eon of Night and a brother of Sleep. MQSA (-ae: Maas or Meuse), a river in Gallia Belgica, rising in Mount Vogesus, and falling into the Vahalis or W. branch of the Khiue. MOSCHI (-orum), a people of Asia, dwell- ing iu the S. Part of Colchis. MOSCHUS (-i), of Syracuse, a bncolic poet^ lived about b.o. 250. There are 4 of his idyls extant, usually printed with those of BlON. MOSBLLA (-ae : Mosel, Moselle), a river in Gallia Belgica, rising in Mount Vogesus, and falling into the Ehine at Confluentes {(foHema). MOSTENI (-orum), a city of Lydia, S.B. of Thyatira. MOSYNOBCI (-6rum), a barbarous people on the N. coast of Asia Minor, in Pontus, so called from the conical wooden houses in which they dwelt. MOTtJCA (-ae), a town in the S. of Sicily, W. of the promontory Pachynus. The inhab- itants were called Matycenses. MOtS^A (-ae), an ancient town in the N.W. of Sicily^ situated on a small island near the coast, with which it was connected by a mole. It was founded by the Phoenicians, and next belonged to the Carthaginians, who trans- planted its inhabitants to the tovm of Lily- baenm, b.o. 397. MtCiUS SCAEVOLA. [Soaevola.3 " MULCIBEE (-bri), a surname of Vulcan, which seems to have been given him as a euphemism, that he might not consume the habitations of men, but might kindly aid them in their pursuits. MULtJCHA (-ae), a river in the N. of Africa, rising in the Alias, aud forming the Ijoundary between Mauretania and Nnmidia. MTJMMIUS (-i), L., consul b.o. 146, won for himself the surname of Achaicns by the con- quest of Greece and the establishment of the Eoman province of Achaia, After defeating the army of the Achaean League at the Isthmus of Corinth, he entered Cormth without op- position, and razed it to the ground. [Corin- THCS.] He was censor in 142 with Scipio Africanus the younger. MUNiTlUS PLANCUS. [Pi.A2Jons.] MUNDA (-ae), a town in Hispanla Bae- tica, celebrated on account of tne victory of Julius Caesar over the son? of Pompey, u.o. 45. MtJNYCHiA (-ae), the smallest and tbe most E.-ly of the 3 harbors of Athens. The poets use Munychian in the sense of Athe- nian. MUECIA, MUETEA, or MUETiA (-ae), a surname of Venus at Eome, where she had a chapel in the circus, with a statue. This sur- name, which is said to be the same as Myitea (from myrtus, a myrtle), was believed to in- dicate the fondness of the goddess for the myrtle-tree. MttEENA (-ae), which signifies a lamprey, was the name of a family in the Liciuia^ens, of whom the most important were: U) L. LioiNius Mdbena, who was left by Sulla as propraetor in Asia, n.o. 84, and was the cause of the 2d Mithridatic war.— (2) L. Lioihiub MuRBNA, son of the former, consul n.o. 63, was accused of bribery, and defended by Cicerb in an extant oration. MtJEGANTIA; CMobgamthjm.] MUS, DSCIUS. [Dboius.] MTJSA (-ae), ANTONiUS, a celebrated phy- sician at Eome, was brother to Euphorbus, the physician to king Juba, and was himself the physician to the emperor Augustus. He had been originally a slave. MC^SAE (-arum), the Muses, were, accord- ing to the earliest writers, the inspiring god- desses of song, and, according to later notions, divinities presiding over the dift'erent kinds of poetry, and over the arts and sciences. They are usually represented as the daughters of Zens (Jupiter) and Mnemosyne, and born in Pieria, at the foot of Mount Olympus. Their original number appears to have been 3 j but afterwards they arc always spoken of as 9 in number. Their names and attributes were: 1. Clw, the Muse of history, represented in a sitting or standing attitude, with an open roll of paper or chest of books. MUSAB. 261 MUSAE. CUOt the Mcse of History. (From a Statue now In Sweden.)' 2. Euterpe, the Mnse of lyric poetry, with a flate. ThftUa. the Muse of Comedy. (From a Statue In tho Vatican.) 4. IffelpSmine, the Muee of tragedy, with a tragic mask, the club of Hercules, or a sworfl : her head is Burrounded with Tine-leaves, and she wears the cothurnus. Euterpe, the Muse of Lyric Poetry. (From a Statue In the Vatican.) 3. Thdka, the Muse of comedy, and of merry or idyllic poetry, appears with a comic mask, a shepherd's staff, or a wreath of ivy. Melpomene, the Muse of Tragedy. (From a Statue In. the Vatican.) 5. Terpsichiri, the Muse of choral dance and song, appears with the lyre and the plectrum. MUSAE. 262 MUSAE. 6. Erdtd, the Muse of erotic poetry and mimic imitation, sometimes also has the lyre. Erato, the Mnse of Erotic Poetry. (From a Statue in the Vatican.) 7. Pdlymnla or Pdlfhymnla^ the Muse of the sublime hymn, usually appears without any attribute, in a pensive or meditatiug attitude. Polymelia, the Muso of the Sublime Hymn. (From a Statue in the Louvre.) 8. OrrfTilo, the Muse of astronomy, with a staff pointing to a globe. Uraoia, the Muse of Astronomy, (From a Statae now Lq Sweden.) 9, CalVidpi or CdlUSpea, the Muse of epic poetiy, represented in works of art with a tablet and stylus, and sometimes with a roll of paper or a book. CftlJlope, the Muse of Epic Poetry. (From a Statue iu the Vatican.) MUSAEUS. 263 MYGDONIA. The worship of the Muses was introduced fVom Thrace and Pieria iuto Boeotia; and their favorite haunt in Boeotia was Mouut Helicon, where were the sdcred fountains of Aganippe and Hippocrene. MounfcParnassus was likewise Bacred to them, with the Casta- lian spring. The sacrifices offered to the Muses consisted of Ubatious of water or milk, and of honey. The Muses were invoked by the poets as the inspiring goddesses of aoug ; and all who ventured to compete with them in song were severely punished by them. Thus the Sirens, who had done so, were de- prived of the feathers of their wings, which tiie Muses put on their own persons as orna- ments ; and the 9 daughters of Pierue, who had likewise presumed to rival the Muses, were metamorphosed into birds. Being god- desses of song, they were naturally connected with Apollo, the god of the lyre, who is even described as the leader of the choir of the Muses by the surname Muadg&tea, MlfCXLESSUS (-i), an ancient city in Boe- otia, on the road from Aulis to Thebes. In n.o. 413 it was sacked by some Thracian mer- cenaries in the pay of Athens. Mf OENAE (-arum), sometimes Ml?CSNB (-es), an ancient town in Argolis, abqut 6 miles N.E. of Argos, situated on a hill at the head of a narrow valley. Mycenae is said to have been founded by Perseus, and was sub- sequently the favorite residence of the Pelop- idae. Daring the reign of Agamemnon it was regarded as the first city in all Greece; but after the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Borians it ceased to be a place of importance. It continued an independent town till u,o, 468, when it was attacked by the Argives, and the inhabitants were compelled by famine to abandon it. Mycenae was now destroyed by the Argives ; but there are still numerous re- mains of the ancient city, which, on account of their antiquity and grandeur, are some of the most interesting in all Greece. Gate of Mycenae. MttSAEUS M), a eemi-xnythological per- sonage, to be classed with Olen and Orphens, is represented as one of the eailiest Grecian poets. The extant poem on the loves of Hero and Leander, bearing the name of Musaeus, is a late production. M-ffSAGETES. [MusAE.] MtJTlNA (-ae : Modma)., an important town in Gallia Cispadana, originally a town of the Boii, and afterwards a Roman colony. It is celebrated in the history of the civil war after Caesar's death. Decimus Brntns was be- sieged here by M. Antonius from December, , 44, to April, 43; and under its walls the bat- tles were fought in which the consuls Hirtius and Pan8ftj)erishfed. MYCXLB (-es), a mountain in the S. of Ionia in Asia Minor, N. of the montt of the Maeander, nnd opposite the island of Samos. Here a great victory was gained by the Greeks over the Persian fleet on the same day as the battle of Plataea, e.g. 479. MYCERINUS (-i), son of Cheops, king of Egypt, succeeded his uncle Chephren on the throne, and reigned with justice. He began to build a pyramid, but died before it was finished. MYCONUS (-i), a small island in the Ae- gaean sea, one of the Cycladea, E. of Delos, is celebrated in mythology ae one of the places where the giants were defeated by Hercules. MYGDDN (-onis), son of Acmon,who fought against the Amazons, and from whom some of the Phrygians are said to have been called MygA6n\d6S. MYGDONIA (-ae). (1) A district in the E. of Macedonia, bordering on the Thermaic gulf and the Cbalcidic pen instil a.— (2> A dis- trict in the E. of Mysia and the W. of Bithyn- ia, named after the Thracian people, Mygdo- nes, who formed a settlement here, but were afterwards subdued by the Bithyni. — (3) The N.E. district of Mesopotamia, between Mount Masius and the Chaboras, which divided it MYLAE. 264 MYTILENE. from OsroSne. The name of Mygdonia was first iutrodnced after the Macedonian con- quest M'?LAE (-arum), a town on the E. part of the N. coast of Sicily, founded by Zancle (Messana), and situated on a promontory running out into the sea. It was off Kylae that Agvippa defeated the fleet of Sex.Pom- peius, 11.0. 36. MIfLiSA or MYLASSA (-ornm), a flour- ishing inland city of Caria, in a fertile plain. MYNDUS (-i), a Dorian colony on the coast of Caria, situated at the W. extremity of the same peninsula on which Halicarnassns stood. MYONNESUS (-i), a promontory of Ionia, with a town and a little island of the same name, forming the N. headland of the gulf of Ephesus. MIfOS HOKMOS (6 Mo6t Sp^or, i. e. Muscle- MYEA (-ae and orum), one of the chief cities of Lycia, built on a rock 2 miles from the sea. MYRtANDETTS (-i), a- Phoenician colony ■in Syria, on the B. side of the gulf of Issue, a little S. of Alexandria. MYRINA (-ae). ■ (1) An ancient and impor- tant city of the Aeolians on the W. coast of Mysia. — (2) A town in Lemnos. MYELEA (-ae), a city of Bithynia, not far from Prusa, founded by the Colopnonians, and almost rebuilt by Prnsias I., 'who called it Apamka, after his wife. MYRMlDONBS (-um), an Achaean race in Phthiotis in Thessaly, whom Achilles ruled over, and who accompanied this hero to Troy. They are said to have inhabited originally the island of Aegina, and to have emigrated with Pelens into Thessaly ; but modern critics, on the contrary, suppose that a colony of them emigrated from Thessaly into Aeglna. The Myrmidones disappear from history at a later period. The ancients derived their name either from a mythical ancestor. Myrmidon, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Eurymedusa, and father of Actor ; or from the ants (jiipixnue!) in Aegina, which were supposed to have been metamorphosed into men in the time of Aea- cus. [Aeaous.] iMlf RON (-dnis), a celebrated Greek statu- ary, and also a sculptor and engraver, was born at Elentherae in Boeotia about b.o. 480. He was the disciple of Ageladas, the fellow- disciple of Polycletns. and a younger contem- porary of Phidias. Be practiced his art at Athens, about the beginning of the Pelopon- nesiau war (b.o. 431). MYREHA or SMYRNA.. [Adonis.] MYRTILUS (-i), son of Hermes (Mercury) and charioteer of Oenomaus, king of Pisa, thrown into the sea by Pelops. [Pelops.] After his death, Myrtilns was placed among the stars as auriga. MYETSUM MAEE, the part of the Aegae- an sea S. of Euboea, Attica, and Argolis, which derived its name from the small island Myrtus, though others suppose it to come from Myrtilus, whom Pelops threw into this sea. MYETUNTIUM (-i), called Mvbsinijs in Homer, a town of the Epeans in Blis, on the road from Blis to Dyme. MYRTUS. [MvBTODM Mabe.] MYS (-y5s), one of the most distinguished Greek engravers, who engraved the battle of the Lapitnae and the Centaurs and other fig- ures on the shield of Phidias's statue of Athe- na Promachos, in the Acropolis of Athens. MYSCELTJS (-i), a native of Achaia, who founded Croton in Italy, n.o.710. MTSIA (-ae), a district occupying the N.W. corner of Asia Minor, between the Hellespont on the N.W., the Propontis on the N., Bi- thynia and Phrygia on the E., Lydia on the S., and the Aegaean sea on the W. It was subdivided into 6 parts: 1, Mysia Minor, along the N. coast ; 2, Mysia Majob, the S.B. inlaud region, with a small portion of the coast between the Troad and the Aeolic set- tlements about the Elaitic gulf; 3, Tboas, the N.W. angle, between the Aegnean and Hel- lespont and the S. coast along the foot of Ida ; 4, Aeolis or Aeoi.ia, the S. part of the W. coast, ai'ound the Elaitic gulf, where the chief cities of the Aeolian confederacy were plant- ed ; and, 6, Teutheakia, the S.W. angle, be- tween Teranus and the borders of Lydia, where in very early times Teutbras was said to have established a Mysian kingdom, which was early subdued by the kings of Lydia. This account applies to the time of the early Eoman empire ; the extent of Mysia, and its subdivisions, varied greatly at other times. The Mysi were a Thraciau people, who crossed over from Europe into Asia at a very early period. In the heroic ages we find the great Teucrian monarchy of Troy in the N.W. of the country, and the Phrygians along the Hellespont; as to the Mysians who appear as allies of the Trojans, it is not clear whether they are Europeans or Asiatics. The Mysia of the legends respecting Telephus is the Teuthranian kingdom in the S., only with a wider extent than the later Teuthrania. Un- der the Persian empire the N.W. portion, which was still occupied in part by Phrygians, but chiefly by Aeolian settlements, was called Phrygia Minor, and by the Greeks Helles- poNTus. Mysia was the region S. of the chain of Ida ; and both formed, with Lydia, the sec- ond satrapy. Mysia afterwards formed a part of the kingdom of Peboauits (b.o. 280). With the rest of the kingdom of Pergamus, Mysia fell to the Romans in 133 by the bequest of Attains III., and formed part of the province of Asia. MtTILBNB or MlTlfLENl (-es), the chief city of Lbbuos, situated on the E. side of the island, opposite the coast of Asia, was early colonized by the Aeolians. [Lesbos.] It at- tained great importance as a naval power, and founded colonies on the coasts of Mysiiv and Thrace. At the bCjginning of the 7th century i>.o. the possession of one of theeo colonies, Sigeum, at the nlonth of the Helles- pont, was disputed in war between the Myti- lenaeans and Athenians. After the Persian war, Mytilene formed an alliance with Ath- MY us. 265 NAUCRATIS. ens ; but in the 4th year of the Peloponncsian war, B.C. 438, it hentled a revolt of the greater part of Lesbos, the progress and suppression of which forms one of the most interesting episodes in the history of the Pelopounesian war. (See the Histories of Greece.) This event destroyed the power of Hytilene. Ee- spectiug its important position in Greek lit- erary history, see Lesdos. MYtJS (-untis), the least city of the Ionian confederacy, stood in Caria, on the S. side of the Maeander. N. NIbXTAEI (-Srnm), NXbXTHAE (-amm), an Arabian people, who occupied nearly the whole of Arabia Petraea , on both sides of the Aelanitic gulf of the Red Sea, and the Idu- raaean mountaiDS, where they had their rock- hewn capital, Petba. The Roman poets fre- quently use the adjective NahathaeuB in the sense of Eastern. NABIS (-is), tyrant of Lacedaemon, noted for his acts or cruelty, succeeded Maqhanidas in the sovereignty b.c. 207. He was defeated by Philopoemeu in n.o, 192, and was soon aft- erwards assassinated by some Aetolians. NABONASSAR, king of Babylon, whose accession to the throne was the era from which the Babylonian astronomers began their calculations. This era is called the Era of Ifabonassar, and commenced b.o.747. NAEViUS (-i), CN., an ancient Roman poet, probably a native of Campania, pro- duced his flrst play n.0. 235. He was attactied to the plebeian party; attacked Scipio and the Metelli in his plays ; but he was mdicted by Q. Metellus and thrown into prison, and obtained his release only by recanting his previous imputations. His repentance did not last long, and he was soon compelled to expiate a new offense by e2:ile. He retired to Utica, where he died about n.o. 202. Nae- vins wrote a poem on the Urst Funic war, as well as comedies and tragedies. NAHARVXLI (-orum), a tribe of the Lygii in Germany, probably dwelling on the banks of the Vistula. NlliDES. [Nymphae.] NAISUS, NAISSUS, or NAESUS (-i: Nis- sa), a town of Upper MoAia, situated on an E. tributary of the Margae, and celebrated as the birthplace of Constantme the Qrea,t, NAMNBTAE (-arum), or NAMNBTES <-nm), a people on the W. coast of Gallia Lug- duneusis, on the N. bank of the Liger. Their chief town was Condivincum, afterwards Namnetea {Nantes). NANTUATAE (-arum) or NANTUATES (-um), a people in the S.E. of Gallia Belgica, at the E. extremity of the Lacus Lemanus (Lake of Geneva). NiPABAE. [Ntmphak,] N5.R (-aris: Nera), a river in Central Italy, rising in Mount Fiscellus, forming the bound- ary between Umbria and the land of the Sa- binl, and falling into the Tiber, not far from Ocriculum. It was celebrated for its sulpha- reouB waters and white color. NARBO (-onis) MARTIUS (-1), a town in the S. of Gaul, and the capital of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis, situated on the river Atax (Aude). It was made a Roman colony by the consul C^. Marcius or Martins, B.o. 118, and hence received the surname Mar- tins. It was the first colony foonded by the Romans in Gaul. NARB5NENSIS GALLIA. [Gaiaia.] NARCISSUS (-1). (1) A beautiful youth, son of Cephissus and Liriope, was inaccessi- ble to the feeling of love; and the nymph Echo, who was enamored of him, died of grief. [Bono.] But Nemesis, to punish him, caused him to see his own image reflected in a fountain, whereupon he became so enamored of it that he gradually pined away, until he was metamorphosed into the flower which bears his name. — (2) A favorite freedman and secretary of the emperor Claudius, who amassed an enormous fortune. He was put to death by order of Agrippiua, a.t>. 64. NARISCI (-orum), a people in the S. of Germany, in the upper Palatinate and the country of the Fichtelgebirge. NARNIA (-ae: Nami)^ a town in Umbria, situated on a lofty hill, on the S. bank of the river Nar, originally called Neqthmdm, and made n Roman colony b.o. 299, when its name was changed into Narnia, after the river. NARONA (-ae), a Roman colony in Dalma- tia, situated on the river Naro. NARYX f-ycis), also NARYCUS or NA- RTClUM (-i), a town of the Locrl Opuntii, on the Euboean sea, the birthplace of Ajax, son of Oileus, who is hence called A'&rpciits heros. Since Locri Bpizephyrii, in the S. of Italy, claimed to be a colony from Naryx, in Greece, we find the town of Locri called H&rpcia by the poets, and the pitch of Bruttium also named Nwrycia. NiSiMONES (-nm), a powerful but savage Libyan people, who dwelt originally on the shores of the Great Syrtis, bnt were driven iuland by the Greek settlers of Cyrenaica, and afterwards by the Romans. NiSiCA, SCIPIO. [S01P10.3 NASIDIBNUS (-i), a wealthy Roman, who gave a supper to Maecenas, which Horace ridicules in one of his satires. NASO, OVIDIUS. [OviDius.] NATTA or NACCA, " a fuller," the name of an ancient family of the Pinaria gens. The Natta satirized by Horace for his dirty mean- nees was probably a member of the noble Pinarian mmily, and therefore attacked by the poet for such condact. NAUCRiTIS (-is), a city in the delta of Egypt, on the E. bank of the Canopic branch of the Nile, was a colony of the Milesians^ founded in the reign of Amasis, about n-o. NAULOCHUS. 266 NEBO. B50, and remained a pure Greek city. It was the only place in Egypt where Greeks were permitted to settle and trade. It was the birthplace of Athenaeus, Julius Pollux, and others. NAULOCHUS (-i), a naval station on the E. part of the N. coast of Sicily, between My- lae and the promontory Felorus. NAUP ACTUS (-i: Lepanto)j an ancient town of the Locri Ozolae, near the promon- tory Antirrhium, possessing the best harbor on the N. coast of the Corinthian gulf. It is said to have derived its name from the Hera- clidae having here built the fleet with which they crossed over to the Peloponnesus (from vavv and irfjyvvnt). After the Persian wars it fell into the power of the Athenians, who set- tled here tiie Messenians who had been com- pelled to leave their country at the end of the 3d Messenian war, d.o.455. NAUPLlA (-ae), the port of Argos, situated on the Saronic gulf, was never a place of im- portance iu aDtiquit}[, but is at the present day one of the chief cities in Greece. WAUPLIUS (-i), kiue of Euboea, and father of Palamedes, who is nence called NAUPLI- ADES- To avenge the death of his son, whom the Greeks had put to death during the siege of Troy, he watched for the return of the Greeks, and as they approached the coast of Kuboea he lighted torches oh the dangerous promontory of Caphareus. The sailors, thus misguided, suffered shipwi'eck. NAUPORTUS (-i : Ober or Upper Laibach), an important town of the Taurisci, situated on the river Nauportue ^Laibach), a tributary of the Savus, in Pannonia Superior. NAUSICAA <-ae)j a daughter of Alcinous, king of the Fhaeacians, and Arete, who con- ducted Ulysses to the court of her father, when he was shipwrecked on the coast. NAUTBS. [Nadtta Gens.] ■ ' NAUTIA GENS, a patiician gens at Rome, claiming descent from Nautes, one of the companions of Aeneas, who was said to have brought with him the Palladium from Troy, which was placed under the care of the Nau- tii at Rome. NAVA C-ae : Nahe), a tributary of the Rhine, falling into the Rhine at the modern Bingen. NXvIUS, ATTUS or ATTIUS (-i), a re- nowned augur in the time of Tarquinius Pris- cus, who opposed the project of the king to double the number of the equestrian centu- ries. Tarquin then commanded him to di- vine whether what he was thinking; of in his mind could be done ; and when Navius de- clared that it could, the king held out a whet- stone and a razor to cut it with. Navius im- mediately cut it. NAXOS or NAXUS (-i). (1) An island in the Aegaean sea, and the largest of the Cy- clades, especially celebrated for its wine. Here Dionysus (Bacchus) is said to have found Ariadne after she had been cleserted by The- seus. It was colonized by lonians, who had emigrated from Athens. After the Persian wars the Naxians were the :first of the allied slates whom the Athenians reduced to sub- jection (d.o. 471).— (2) A Greek city on the B. coast of Sicily, founded b.o. 735 by the Chal- cidians of Euboea, and the first Greek col- ony established iu the island. In b.o. 403 the town was destroyed by Dionysins of Syra- cuse, but nearly 50 years afterwards (358) the remains of the Naxians scattered over Sicily were collected by Andromachus, and a new city was founded on Monnt Taurus, to which the name of Tauromeniura was given. [Tad- KOMENITTM.] NAZARETH, NAZiEA (-ae), a city of Pal- estine in Galilee, S. of Cana. NAZIANZUS, a city of Cappadocia, cele- brated as the diocese of the Father of the Church, Gregory Nazianzen. NEAERA (-ae), the name of several nymphs and maidens mentioned by the poets. NSAETHUS (-i: Nieto\ a river in Brutti- um, falling into the Tareutine gulf a little N. of Croton. Here the captive Trojan women are said to have burned the ships of the Greeks, NEAPOLIS (-is). (1) (Naples), a city in Campania, at the head of a beautiful bay, and on the W. slope of Mount Vesuvius, was founded by the Chalcidians of Cumae, on the site of an ancient place called Pabthbnope, after the Siren of that name. Hence we find the town called Parthenope by Virgil and Ovid. When the town is first mentioned in Roman history it consisted of two parts, di- vided from each other by a wall, and called respectively Palaeopolis, or the "Old City," and Neapolis, or the "New City." This di- vision probably arose after the capture of Cu- mae by the Samnites, when a large number of the Cumaeans took refuge in the city they had founded ; whereupon the old quarter was called Palaeopolis, and the new quarter, built to accommodate the new inhabitants, was named Neapolis. In b.o. 327 the town was taken by the Samnites, and in 290 it passed into the hands of the Romans, but it contin- ued to the latest times a Greek city. Under the Romans the 2 quarters of the city were united, and the name of Palaeopolis disap- peared. Its beautiful scenery, and the luxu- rious life of its Greek population, made it a favorite residence with many of the Romans. Iu the neighborhood of Neapolis there were warm baths, the celebrated villa of LucuUus, and the villa Pausilypi or Pausilypum, be- queathed by Vedius Pollio to Augustus, and which has given its name to the celebrated grotto of Posilippo, between Naples and Puz- zoli, at the entrance of which the tomb of Virgil is still shown.— (2) A part of Syracuse. [SyBAOUSAE.] NEARCHUS M), an officer of Alexander, who conducted tiie Macedonian fleet from the mouth of the Indus to the Persian gulf, b.o. 326-325. He left a history of the voyage, the substance of which has been preserved to us by Arrian. NEBO, a mountain of Palestine, on the E. side of the Jordan, and iu the S. part of the range called Abarim. It was on a summit of this mountain, called Pisgah, that Moses died. NE3R0DES. 267 NKONTICHOS, NEBROdSS (-ae), the principal chain of mouutains in Sicily, muniug through the whole of the island, and a continuation of the ApennineB. NfiCESSiTiS (-atia), called ANANKS hy the Greeks, the personification of Necessity, is represented as a powerful goddess, whom neither gods nor men can resist. She carries in her hand brazen nails, with which sheflxeB the decrees of fate. NflcessitBS. (CauHtil, Museum Bomanum, vf-l. 1, tAv. 28.) NECO or NECno, king of Egypt, b.o. 617-601, son and successor of Psammetichus, In his reign the Phoenicians in his service are said to have circumnavigated Africa. In his march against the Babylonians he defeated at Magdolus (Megiddo^ Josiah, king of Judah, who was a vassal of Babylon ; and he alter- wards defeated the Babylonians themselves at the Euphrates, and took Carchemiah or Circesium; but in 606 he was in his turn de- feated by Nebuchadnezzar. NECTANXBIS (-is). (1) King of Egypt, n.o. 374-364, who successfully resisted the invasion of the Persian force under Pharna^ bazua and Iphicrates. He was succeeded by Tachos. — (2) The nephew of Tachos, de- prived the latter of the sovereignty in 361, with the assistance of Agesilaus. He was defeated by the Persians in 3S0, and fled into Aethiopift. NELEUS (-66s, «i, or el), son of Poseidon (Neptune) and of Tyro, the daughter of Salmoueus. Together with his twin-brother Pelias, lie was exposed by his mother, bat the children were round and reared by some countrymen. They subsequently learned their parentage ; and after the death of Cretheus, king of lolcos, who had married their mother, they seixed the throne of lolcos, excluding Aeson, the son of Cretheus and Tyro. But Pelias soon afterwards expelled his brother, and thus became sole king. Thereupon Nelens went with Melampus and Bias to PyloB, in Peloponnesus, of which he became king. [PvLos.] Neleus had 12f sons, but they were all slain by Hercules, when he attacked Pylos, with the exception of Nestor. NELIDES or NSLEIXDES (-ae), patro- nymics of Neleus, by which either Nestor, the sou of Neleus, or Antilochus, his grandson, 1b designated. NfiMAUSTJS (-i: Nismes), an important town of Gallia Narbonensis, the capital of the Arecomicl and a Roman colony, was situated W. of the Rhone on the high-road from Italy to Spain. The Roman remains" at iV'TSWieji are some of the most perfect on this side of the Alps. NfiMEA (-ae) or NfiMEB (-Ss), a valley in Argolis between Cleonae and Phlius, cele- brated in mythical story as the place where Hercules slew the Nemaean lion. [See p, 190.] In this valley there was a splendid temple of Zeus Nemfius (the Nemaean Jupiter), sur- rounded by a sacred grove, in which the Ne- maean games were celebrated every other year. NEMSSiiNUS (-i), M. AURElSUS OLTM- PiUS,4i Roman poet at the court of the em- peror Cams (a.d. 263), the author of an extant poem on hunting, entitled Cynegetica. NEMESIS (-is), a Greek goddess, who meas- ured out to mortals happiness and misery, and visited with losses and sufferings all who were blessed with too manjr gifts of fortune. This is the character in which she appears iu the earlier Greek writers ; but subsequently she was regarded, like the EriAyes or Furies, as the goddess who*punished crimes. She is frequently mentioned under the surnames of Adrastia, and Rhamnusia or Rhamnusis, the latter from the town of Rhamnus, in Attica, where she had a celebrated sanctuary. NEMBTACUM or NEMETOCENNA. [Atrbuateb.] NEMETES (-um) or NEMETAE (-arum), a people iu Gallia Belgica on the Rhine, whof«e chief town was Noviomagus, subsequently Ne- metae {Speyer or Spiree). NEMORENSIS LACUS. [Aeioia.] NEMOSSUS. [Akvernt.] NEOfitTLS. [Arohiloohub.] NEOCAESAREA (-ae), a city of PontuB in Asia Minor, standing on the river Lycus. NE5N, an ancient town in Phocie, at the E. foot of Mount Tithorea, a branch of Mount Parnassus, destroyed by the Persians under Xerxes, but rebuilt and named Ti- thorea, after the mountain on which it was situatedi NE0NT*ICH0S (i. e. New Wall). (1) One of the 12 cities of Aeolis, on the coast of Mysia.— (2) A fort on fhe coast of Thrace, near the Chersouesus. NEOPTOLEMUS. 268 ■NEBEUS. NfiOPTOLfiMUS <-i), also called PYR- KHUS '3on of Achillea and Deidamia, the daughter of Lycomedes. He was named Pyrrhus on account of his fair (jruppos) hair, and Neoptolemiis hecause he came to Troy late in the war. Prom his father he . is sometimes called Achillides, and from his grandfather or great-grandfather, Pdldee and AeatAdes. Neoptoleraus was reared in Scyros, in the palace of Lycomedes, and was brought from thence by tllysses, because it had been prophesied that Neoptolemus and Philoctetes were necessary for the capture of Troy. At Troy Neoptolemus showed nimself worthy of his great father. He was one of the heroes concealed' in the wooden horse. At the capture of the city he killed Priam at the sacrea hearth of Zens (Jupiter), and sacri- flced Polyxena to the spirit of his father. When the Trojan captives were distributed among the conquerors, Andromache, the widow of Hector, was given to Neoptolemus. On his return to Greece, he abandoned his native kingdom of Phthia in Thessaly, and settled in Ejpirus, where he became the an- cestor of the Molossian kings. He married Hermioue, the daughter of Menelaus, but was slain in consequence by Orestes, to whom Her- mione had been previously promised. NSPETS or NEPET (-is : Nepi), an ancient town of Etruria, situated near the sal- tns Ciminius. NEPHELE (-es),wifeof Athamas and mother of Phrixus and Helle. Hence Helle is called NSpli^ia. [Atuamas.] NEPOS (-Otis), CORNELIUS (-i), the contemporary and friend of Cicero, At- ticus, and Catullus, was probably a na- tive of Ver6na, and died during the reign of Augustus. Nepos wrote several his- torical works ; and there is still extant under his name a work entitled Vitae ExceUentiwm Imperatorvariy containing biographies of several distingnished commanders But in all MSS. this work is ascribed to an unknown Aemilius Probus, living under Theodosius at the end of the 4th century of the Christian aera ; with the exception, however, of the life of Atticus, and the fragment of a life of Cato the Censor, which are ex- pressly attributed to Cornelius Nepos. These 2 lives may safely be assigned to Cor- nelius Nepos ; but the Latinity of the other biographies is such that we can not suppose them to have been written by a learned con- temporary of Cicero. It is probable that Probus abridged the work of Nepos, and that the biographies, as they now exist, are in reality epitomes of lives actually written by Nepos. NEPTtjNtJS (-i), called POSEIDON by the Greeks. Neptunus was the chief marine divinity of the Romans; but as the early Romans were not a maritime people, we know next to nothing of the worship of the Italian god of this name. His temple stood in the Campus Martins. At his festival the people formed tents {umbrae) of the branches of trees, in which they enjoyed themselves in feasting and drinking. In the Roman poets Neptune is completely identified with the Greek Poseidon, and accordingly all the attri- butes of the latter are transferred by them to the former. [Poseidon.] Neptune. NEREIS or NEREIS (-Wis), daughter of Nereus and Doris, and used especially in the plural, NEREIDES or NEREIDES (-um), to indicate the DO daughters of Nereus and Doris. The NereMes were the marine nymphs of the Mediterranean, in contradistinction to the N NICAEA. ticularly the Aegaean sea, whence he is some- times called the Aegaeau. He was believed, like other mariue divinities, to have the power of prophesying the future, and of appearing to mortals in different shapes ; and in the Btory of Hercules he acts a prominent part, just as Proteus in the story of Ulysses, and Glaucns in that of the Argonauts. In works of art, Nereus, like other sea-gods, is some- times represented with .pointed sea-weeds taking the place of hair in the eyebrows, the cbin, and the breast. NERICUS. [Lkucas.] NliRlNE (-es), ' equivalent to NfirSis, a daughter of Nereus. [Neueih.] NfiRlO, N£RlENB,or NERlENIS. [Maks.] NBRITUM or -US (-i), a mountain in Ithaca, and also a small rocky island near Ithaca. The adjective NerUhia is often usedby the poets as equivalent to Ithacau or Ulyssean. NERO (-onis), the ^name of a celebrated family of the Claadia gens — (1) C. Oi^audiub Nero, consul b.o, 207, when he defeated and slew Hasdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, on the river Metaurus.— (2) Tib-Clatoiub Nero, husband of Livia, and father of the emperor Tiberius and of ^is brother Drusns. [Livia.] — (3) Roman Eupbrob, a.d. 54-68, was the son of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbns, and of A^rippina, daughter of Germauicus. Nero's original name was L, Dorniiius Ahenoba/rhus^ but after the. marriage of his mother with her uncle, the emperor Claudius, he was adopt- ed by Claudius (a.d. 60), and was called JSero Claudius Caeaar I>rusus GerTnanicus, Nero was boru at Antium, a.p. 37. Shortly after his adoption by Claudius, Nero, being then 16 years of age, married Octavia, the daughter of Claudius and Messalina (53). Among; his earW instrnctore was Seneca. On the death of Cliaudins (54^, Agrippina secured the suc- cession for her son, to the exclusion of Britan- nicus, the son of Claudius. The young em- peror soon distinguished himself by bis licentiousness, brutality, and cruelty. He put to death Britannicus, his mother Agrip- " pina, and finally his wife Octavia: h^ mur- dered the latter that he might marry bis mistressi Poppaea Sabina, the wife of Otbo. The great flre at Rome happened in Nero's reign (a.p. 04), but it is haroly credible that the city was nred by Nero's order, as some ancient writers assert. The emperor set about rebuilding the city on an improved plan, with wider streets. The odium of the conflagration, which the emperor could not remove from himself, he tried to throw on the -Christians, and many of them were put to a . cniel death. The tyranny of Nero at last (a.t>. 65) led to the organization of a formid- able conspiracy against him, usually called Piso's conspiracy, from the name of one of the principal accomplices. The plot was dis- covei-ed, and many distinguished persons were put to death, among, whom was Piso himself, the poet Lucan, and the philosopher Seneca. Three years afterwards, Julius Vin- dex, the governor of Gaul, raised the stand- ard of revolt. His example was followed by Galba, who was governor of Hispania Tarra- couensis. Soon after this news reached p. Rome, Nero was deserted. He fled to a house about 4 miles from Rome, where he put an end to his life on hearing the trampling of the horses on which his pursuers were inouuted, A-u. 68. The most important ex- ternal events in bis reign were the conquest of Armenia by Doniitiua Corbulo [CoituuLoj, and the insurrection of the Britons under Boadicea, which was quelled by Suetonius Paaliuus. . . NERVA (-ae), M. C0CCEIU8 (-i), Roman emperor, a.d. 96-98, was born at Narnia in Umbria, a.d. 32. On the assassination of Domitlau, Nerva was declared emperor, and his administration at once restored tranquil- lity to the state. The class of informers was suppressed by penalties, and some were put to death. At the commencement of his reign, .Nerva swore that he would put no senator to death ; and he kept his word, even when a conspiracjf had been formed against his life by Calpuruius Crassus, Though Nerva was virtuous and humane, he did not possess much energy and vi^r. He adopted as his . eon and successor MiulpiuBTrajanus; [Tua-' JANUS.] NERVlI (-5ram), a powerful and warlike people in Gallia. Belgica, whose territory ex- tended from the river Sabia iSambre) to the - ocean. NBSIS (-idis: Nisita\ a small island off the coast of Campania, between Puteoli and Ne- apolis, a favorite residence of the Roman nobles. NESSONIS, a lake in Thessaly, a little S. of the river Peneus. NESSUS. [Herotjles, p. 193.1 NESTOR (-6ris), king of Pylos, son ofNeleus and Chloris, and the only one of the 12 sons of Neleue who was not slain by Hercules. [Neleus.] In his early manhood Nestor was a distinguished warrior. He defeated both the Arcadians and Eleans. He took Sart in the light of the Lapithae against the entaurs, and he is mentioned among the Calydonian hunters and' the Argonauts. Although far advanced in age, he sailed with . the other Greek heroes against Troy. Having ruled over three generations of men, he was renowned for his wisdom, justice, and knowl- edge of war. After the fall of Troy he re- turned home, and arrived safely in Pylos. Respecting the position of this Pylos, see Pylos. NESTUS, sometimes NESSUS <-!), a river' in Thrace, rising in MountKhodope, and faU- ing into the Aegaeau sea opposite the island of Thaeos. The Nestns formed the E. bound- ary of Macedonia from the time of Philip and ' Alexander the Great. NETUM (-i), a town in Sicily S.W.' of Syracuse. NEURI (-orum), a people of Sarmatia Europaea, to the N.W. of the sources of the Tyras (Dniester), NiCAEA (-ae).(l) A celebrated city of Asia, situated on the E. side of the lake Ascania in Bithynia, built- by Autigonus, king of Asia, and originally called Antigonea ; but Lysim- achus soon after changed the name into NICANDER. 270 NILUS. Nicaea, in honor of his wife. Under the kings of Bithynia-it was often the i-oyal resi- dence; aiK^nnder the Komana it coutiuued to be one of the chief cities of Asia. It is famous in. ecclesiastical history as the seat of the great Oecumenical .Council which Con- stantiue convoked in A.n. 325, chiefly for the decision of the Adan controversy, and which drew up the Nicene Creed. — (2) A fortress of theKpicnemidianLocrians on the sea,uear the pass of Thermopylae, ■vyhich it com- manded. — (3) {Nizza, I\'ice% a city on the coast of Ligiiria, a little E. of the river Var: a colony ol Massitia, and.suhject to that city. NICANDER (-dri), a Greek poet, gramma- rian, and physician, was a native of ClaroB, near Colophon in Ionia, and flourished about ji.o. 185-135. Two of his puems are extant, entitled Theriaca and Alexipharmaccu NICE (-es), called VIGTOrIA (-ae) by the Romana,thegoddeas of victory,i8 described as a daughter of Pallas and Styx, and as a Bister of Zelua (zeal), Cratos (strength). and Bia (force). Nice had a celebrated temple on the Acropolis of Athene, which • is still extant. She is often represented in ancient works of art, especially with other divinities, such as Zeus (Jupiter) and Athe- na (Minerva), and with conquering heroes, whose horses she guides. In her appear- ance sheresembles Athena, but has wings, and carries a palm or a wreath, and is en- gaged in raising a ti'ophy,or in inscribing the victory of the conqueror on a shield. NICEPHOI^UM (-i), a fortifled town of Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates, and due S. of Edeesa, built by order of Alexander, and l)robably completed under Sielencus. NiCBPHORfUS (-1)^ a river of Armenia Mfijor, on which Tigr'anes built his residence TiQiiANOOBETA, It was a tributary of the Upper. Tigris, probably identical with the Centrites, or a small tributary of it. NlCiAS (-ae). (1) A celebrated Athenian general, was a man of large fortune and the leader of the ai'istocratical party during the Peloptmnesian war. It was through his in- fluence that peace was concluded with Sparta in B.0. 421. He used all his efi"ort8 to induce the Athenians to preserve this peace ; but he was opposed by Alcibiades, who had now become the leader of the popular party. In 415 the Athenians resolved on sending their ffreat. expedition to Sicily, and appointed Ni- cias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus to the com- mand, although Nicias disapproved of the expedition altogether. Alcibiades was soon afterwards recalled fALoimAnES] ; and the irresolution and timidity of Nicias were the chi^f causes of the failure of the expedition. Notwithstanding the large reinforcements which'were sent to his assistance in b.o. 413, under the command of Demosthenes, the Athenians were defeated, and obliged to re- treat.— (2) A celebrated Athenian painter, flourished about b.o. 320. NICOlAUS DAMASCENUS (-i), a Greek historian, was a native of Damascus, and an intimate friend both of Herod the Great and of Augustus. Some fragments of his works have come down to us, of which the most important is a portion of a life of Augustus. NTCOmACHUS (-i). (1) Father of Aris- totle.— (2) S(m of Aristotle by the slave Her- pyllis. — (3) Of Thebes, a celebrated painter, flourished b.o. 860, and onwards. NICOMEDBS (-is), the name of 3 kiijgs of Bithyuia.— (1) Reigned b.o. 278-250, was the eldest son and successor of Zipdetes. He founded the city of Nicomedia, which he made the capital of his kingdom. — (2) Sur- uamed EpiruANEs, reigned u-o. 142-91, and was the son and successor of Fruslas 11., whom he dethroned and put to death* Ue was a faithfal ally of the Romans.— (3) Snr- named Phit-opatoe, eon and successor of the' preceding, reigned ji.o. 91-74. He was twice expelled by Mithridates, and twice restored by the Romans. Having no children, he be- queathed his kingdom to the Roman people. - Coin of Nicomedea til. NICOmEDIA (-ae), a celebrated city of Bithyuia, built by king Nicomedes-'L (b.o. 2G4), at the N.E. corner of the Sinus Asta- cenns. Under the Romans it was, a colony, and a favorite residence of several of the later emjierors, especially of Dlocletiao and Constantine the Great. It is memorable in history as the scene of HanuibaPs death. It was the birthplace of the historian Arrian. NICONIA or NICONtUM, a town in Scythia on the right bauk of the Tyraa (thiiester). NTCOpQLIS (-is), a city at the S.W. ex- tremity of Epirus, on the point of land which forms the N. entrance to the gulf of Ambra- cia, opposite to Actinm. It was built by Augustus in memory of the battle of Actiuni, andwas peopled from Ambracia, Anactorium, and other neighboring cities, and also with settlers from Aetolia. NiGER (-^ri), a great riyer of Aethio'pia Interior, which modern usage has identifled with the river called Jolir-ha {i.e.. Grent River) and Qmrra in .W. Africa. Many of the an- cients imagined the Niger to be a branch of the Nile. NIGER, C. PESCENNIUS (-i), was saluted emperor by the legions in the East after the death of Commodus, A.n. 193, but in the fol- lowing year he was defeated and put to death by Septimius Severus. NILUS (-1), one of the most important riv- ers of -the world, flowing through Aethiopia and Egypt northwards iiito the Mediterrane- an Sea, An account of its course through NINUS. 271 NISAEUS. ^gryptf and of its periodical rise, is giveu iiuder Abqyptus. NiNUS; - NINUS (-i). (1) The reputed founder of the city of NiouB, or Nineveh, and the 'husband of Semiramis. [Semibamis.] — (2). Or NiN.EVEU, the capital of the great As- Bjrrian monarchy, stood on the E. fiide of the Tigris, at the upper part of its course, in the district of Atuno. The^prophet Jonsih 'Son of Hyrtacus, and a friend of JEuryalua. The two friends accompanied Aeneas to Italy, and perished in a night at- tack against the Kutulian camp. NISTTIUS .(-i)t a email island iu the Car- pathian sea, off Caria. Its volcanic nature gave rise to the fable respecting its origin, that Poseidon (Neptune) tore it oflf the neigh- boring island of Cos to hurl it upon 'the giant Polybotes. NITIOBRTGES (-urn), a Celtic people in Oallia Aqultanica, between the Garumna and the Liger. NITSCRIS. (1) A queen of Babylon, men- tioned by Herodotus, is supposed by modern writers to be the wife of Nebuchadnezzar. — (2) A qneen of Egypt, elected to the sover- eignty in place of her brother, whom the Egyptians had killed. After putting to death the Egyptians who had murdered her brother, she threw herself into a chamber fall of ashes. She is said to have bnilt the third pyramid. NITRIAE, NITRXrJAE, the celebrated natron lakes in Lower Egypt, which lay in a valley on the S. W. margin, of the delta. NSBlLiOR (-oris), the name of a distin- § Dished family of the Fulvia gens. The most istinguished member of the family was M. Fdlvios Nobiliob, consul n.o. 189, when he conquered the Aetolians, and look the town of Ambracia. He had a taste for literature and art, and Vfas a |)atron of the poet Ennius, who accompanied him in his Aetolian campaign. NOLA (-ae : 2iola), one of the most ancient towns in Campania, 21 Roman miles S.E. of Capua, celebrated as the place where the em- peror Augustus died. In the neighborhood of the town some of the most beautiful Cam- paniau vases have beeu found in .modern times. N5MENT5.NUS (-i), mentioned by Horace as proverbially noted for extravagance' and a riotous mode of living. NOMENTUM (-i), a Latin town founded by Alba, but subsequently a Sabine town, 14 (Roman) miles from Rome. Its neighbor- hood was celebrated for its wine, NOMIUS (-i), the Pasturer, a surname of divinities protecting the pastures and shep- herds, such a@ Apollo, Pan, Hermes (Mercury), and Aristaeus. NOnXCRIS (-is), a town in the N. of Ar- cadia, surrounded by lofty mountains, in which the river Styx took its origin." From this town Evander is called Nd7idcrlu8. Ata- lanta N&tuicr'Ut, and Callisto NondcrvnaVirgo, in the general sense of Arcadian. NONIUS MARCELLUS. [MAROELLts.] NORA (-orum). (1) A city of Sardinia^ on the coast of the Sinus Caralitanus. — (2) A mountain fortress of Cappadocia, on the bor- ders ofLycaonia. NORBA (-ae). (1) A town in- Latium, on the elope of the Volacian mountains and near the sources of the Nymphaeus, originally be- longing to the Latin, and subsequently to the Volscian League. As early as b.o. 492 the Romans founded a colony atNorba.— (2) Sur- named Caesarka {A Icantara), a Roman col- ony in Lusitania, on the left bank of the Tagus. The bridge built by order of Trajan over the Tagus at this place is still extant. N0RBANU3 (-ij, C, one of the leaders of the Ma,rlan party in the war with Sulla, was consul n.o. 83. NORBANUS FLACCUS. [Flaoods.] N5RBIA {Neumarkt, in Styria), the ancient capital of the Taurisci or Norici in Noricum, from which the whole country derived its name. It is celebrated as the place where Carbo was.defeated by the Cimbri,B.a 113. NO^CUM (-i), a Roman province S. of the Danube, bounded on the N. by the Banube, on the W. by Rhaetia and Vindelicia, on the E. by Pannonia, and on thfe S. by Pannonia and Italy. It thus corresponds to the greater part oi Styria and Carinthia, and to a part of Austria, Bava/ria, aud Salzburg. One of the main branches of the Alps, the Ai.pes Nobi- ■ OAK (in the neighborhood of Salzbnrg), ran right through the province. In those mount- ains a large quantity of excellent iron was found; and the Noric swords were celebrated in antiquity. The inhabitants of the country were Celts, divided into several tribes, t>f which the Taurisci, also called Norici, after their capital Noreia, were the most important. They were conquered by the Romans towards the end of the reign of Augustus, after the subjugation of Rhaetia by Tiberius and Dru- sus, and their country was formed into a Roman province. NORTIA. 273 NYCTEIS. NORTJA or ]siURTlA ^-ae)» au Etruscan divinity worshiped at Volsinii. . NOTUS (-1), cfilled AUSTER (-tri) by the Romans, the S. wind, or strictly the S.W. wind, brought with it fogs and rain. .• Notufl. (From t]ie Temple of the Winds at Athons.) NOVXRIA <-ae: JVbuaro), a town in Gallia Transpadana^ situated on & river of the same name {Gogna)^ and on the road from Medlo- lanum to Vercellae. NOVESIUM (-1: iVettss), a fortified town of the Ubii on the Rhine, and on the road leading from Colonia Agripplua {Cologne), to Castra Vetera (Xanien), ■ N5Vl5DtJNtTM. (-i), a name given to many Geltic places fi'om their being situated .on a hill (dim). (1) (Nouan), a town of the Bituri- ges Cubi in Gallia Aquitanica.'— (2) (iVeyers), a town- of the Aedui in Gallia Lugduneneis, at the confluence of the Niveris ana the Liger, jifterwarda called Nevirnura.— (3) A town of the Suessoues in Gallja Belgica, probably the same as Augusta Suessoniim. ■ {Soissons.)^ (4) (iVioTi), a town of the Uelvetii in Gallia Belgica, on the N. bank of the Lacus Leraa- nus {Lake of Geneva). NOVIXJS (-i), Q., a celebrated " writer of Atellane plays, a contemporary of the dicta- tor Sulla. NOX (-ctis), called NYX by the Greeks, a personification of Night. She i§ described as the daughter of Chaps, and the sister of Ere- bus, by whom she became the mother of Ae- ther (Air) and Hemera (Day). Her residence was'in the darkness of Hades.- " NtJBAB (-arum), NtJBAEI (-firum), an Af- rican people, S. of Egypt, in modern Nubia, NtTCERiA (-aej. (1) Sufnamed Ali'-aterna iNocera), a town id Campania on the Sarnus (Samo), and 9 (Roman) miles from the coast. —(2) Suraamed Cametxaeta (A'ocero), a town in the interior of Umbria on the Via Flamin- ia. — (3) (lAtzzara), a small town in Gallia Gispadana-on the i?o, N.E. of Brixellum.— (4) A town in. Apulia, more correctly called Lu- OERIA. NUITHDNES J-um), a people of Germany, dwelling ou the right bank of the Albis {Elbe), iu the moderh Mecklenburg. NtJMA (-ne), POMPILIUS (-i), the 2d king of Rome, who belongs to legend and not to history. He was a native of Cures in thfe Sa- J)ine country, and was elected king. one year after the death of Romulus, whep the people became tired of the interregnum of the Benate. He was renowned for his wisdom and his pi- ety; and it was generally believed that he had derived his knowledge from Pythagorn!?.' His "reign was long and peaceful, and he de- voted his chief care to the establishment of religion among his rude subjects. He was in- BtrnCted by the Camen'a Egeria, who visitel him in a grove near Rome, and who honored him with her love. . He was revered by the Romans as the author of their whole religions worship. It was he who tti-st appointed the pontiffs, the augurs, the flamens, the virgins of Veista, and the Salii. He founded the tem- ple of Janus, which remained always shut' ■Quring his reign. He died after a reign of 39 or 43 years. NUMANTIA (-ae: Guarray, Ru.), the cap- - ital of the Arevacae or Arevaci in Hispanni Tarraconensis, and the most important town in all Celtiberia, was situated near the sources . of the Durius, on a precipitous hill.. It was taken by Scipio Africanus the younger after a long siege (b.o. 133). NtJ'MfiRlS.NUS (-i), M. AURELltS, the younger son ofthe emperor Cams, whom he accompanied in his expedition against the PersianSj a.d..283. Atler the death of his fa- ther, which happened in the same year, Nu- merianus was acknowledged as joinf emperor with his brother Carinus. Eight months aft- erwards he was murdered, ana suspicion hav- ing fallen upon Arrius Aper, praefect of the Praetorians, and father-in-law of the de- ceased, the latter was stabbed to the heart by Diocletian . [Diooleti anus.] NtJMlClUS or l^tJMICUS {-iuNumico), a small river in Latinm flowing into the Tyr- rhene sea near Ardea, on the banks orwhich was the tonib of Aeneas. NUmIdJA (-ae),-a country of N.Africa, di- . vided from Mauretania on the W. by the river Malva or Mulucha, and on the E. fronrthe ter- ritory of Carthage (aft. the Roman j)rovince of AtVica) by the river Tnsca. The iuha'bit- ants were originally wandering tribes, hence called by the Greeks Nomads i^pudiet), and this name was perpetuated in that of the country. Their 3 great tribes were the Mas- sylians and the Maseaesylians, forming 2 mon- archies, which were united into one under Maainis8a,B.tf.201. [Masin'issa.] On the de- feat of Jugurtha, in ,b.o. 106, the country be- came virtually subject to the Romans, but they permitted .the family of Masinissa to govern it, with the royal title, until «.o. 46, when. Juba, who had espoused the cause of Pompey in the civil wars, was defeated and dethroned by Julius Caesar, and Numidia was made a Roman province. Part of the coun- try was afterwards added to the province of Mauretania. [Mauretania.] The chief city of Numidia was Cirta. NtJMlTOR. [RoMULOS.l NTJRSIA (-ac), a town of the Sabiues, situ- ated near the sources of the Nar and amid tlie Apennines, whence it is called by Virgil frigidd Nursia. It was the birthplace of Ser- ■ tonus and of the mother of Vespasian. NYCTEIS. [Nyoteus.] NYCTEUS. 274 OCEANUS. NYCTEUS (-«5s, &i, or ei), son of Hyrieus aud Clonia, aud father of Antiopo, .who is heDce called Nycteisi-ldiB). Antiope was car- ried off by Epopeus, kiug of Sicyoa ; where- upon Nycteus, who governed Thebes, as the guardian of Labdacus, invaded Sicyon with a Theban army. Nyctens was defeated, and died of his wounds, leaving his brother Lycus guardian of Labdacus. [Lvoos.] NTCTfMENE.(-5s), daughter of Epopeus, king of Lesbos. Having been dishonored by her father, she concealed herself in the shade of forests, where she was metamoi'phosed by Athen0 (Minei-va) into an owl. NYMPHAE (-urum), female divinities of a lower rank, with whom the Greeks peopled all parts of nature : the sea, springs, rivers, grottoes, trees, and mountains. These nymphs were divided into various classes, according to the different parts of nature of which they are the representatives. (1) The Sea^Nympha, consisting of the .OeidnMes, or nymphs of the ocean, who were regarded as the daughters of Oceanus ; and the Nereides or Ner&Aes, the nymphs of the Mediterranean, who were re- garded as the daughters of Nerens. — (2) The .VaUddea or IfaMes, the nymphs of fresh water, whether of rivers, lakes, brooks, or springs. Many of these nymphs presided over springs, which were believed to inspire those wlio drank of them. • The nymphs themselves were, therefore, thought to be endowed with prophetic power, and to be able to inspire men. Hence all persons in a state of raptnre, such as seers, poets, madmen, etc., were said to be caught by the nymphs (lymphttti, lym- 'phatici.)—{3) Orlddea, the nymphs of mount- ains and grottoes, also called by names de- rived from the particular mountains they in- habited.— (4) Niipaeae, the nympISs of glens. — (5) Dryddes and Hdmddrifddes (from 5pCr), nymphs of trees, who were believed to die together with the trees which had been their abode, and with which they had come into existence. There was also another class of nymphs, connected with certain races or lo- cillities, and usually named from the places with which they are associated, as Nysiades, Dodonidea, Lemniae. — The sacrifices offered to nymphs consisted of goats, lambs, milk, and oil, but never of wine. They are repre- sented in works of art as beautiful niaideu», either quite naked or only half-covered. - NYMPHAEUM (-i), a mountain, with per- haps a village, by the river Aous, near Apol- lonia, in Illyricum. NYMPHAEUS (-i). (1) A small river of Latium, falling into the sea above Astura, and coutributmg to the formation of the Pomptine marshes.— (2) A small river of Armenia, a tributary of the upper Tigris. . NYSA pr NYSSA (-ae), the legendary scene of the nurture of Dionysus (Bacchus), who was therefore called Nyaaeu&t Nyi^ue, NyseiuSj yyseuHf NysiffSnat etc. Hence the name was applied to several places sacred to that god. (1) In India, at the N.W. corner of the Punjab, near the confluence of the rivers Cdphen ana Choaspes. — (2) A city of Caria, on the S. slope of Mount Messogis.— (3) A city of Cappadocia, near the Halys, the bishopric of St. Gregory ofNyssa. NTSElDES or NYSiiDES (-urn), the nymphs of Nysa, who are said to have reared DionysuSj and whose names are Ciseeis, Nysa, Erato, Eriphia, Bromia, and Polyhymuo. o. OiEUS (-i), a river of Sarmatia, rising in the country of the Thyssagetae, aud falling into the Pains Maeotis. OASIS (-is), the Greek fonn of an Egyptian word, which "was used to denote an island in the sea of sand of the great Libyan Desert. These oases are preserved from the shifting sands by steep bills of limestone round them, and .watered by springs, which make them fertile and habitable. The name is applied especially to 2 of these islands on the W. of Egypt, which were taken possession of by the Egyptians at an early period. (1) Oasis Ma joii, the Greater Oasis, was situated 7 days* .journey W. of Abydos, and belonged to Upper Egypt. This Oasis contains considerable rains of the ancient Egyptian and Roman periods — (2) Oabib Minob, the Lesser or Second Oasis, was a good day*s journey from the S.W. end of the lake Moecis, and be- longed to the Heptanomis, or Middle Egypt. — (3) A still more celebrated Oasis than either of these was that called Ammon, Hammon, Ammonium, Hammonis Obaoui.dm, from its being a chief seat of the worship and oracle of the god Ammon. It is now called Siwah. Its distance from Cairo is 12 days, and from the N. coast about 160 statute miles. ' The Ammonians do not appear to have been sub- ject to theoldEgyptianmonarchy. Cambyses, after congtiering Egypt in ii.o. 525, sent an army against them, which was overwhelmed by the sands of the desert. In b.o. 331, Alex- ander the Great visited the oracle, which hailed him as the eon of Zens Ammon, OAXES. [Oaxds.] OAXUS (-i), called Axns (-i) by Herodotus, a town in the interior of Crete on the river Oaxes. (-entis), JtTLIUS (-i), the author of a work entitled De Prodifjiis or Procligiorum, LibelUis, of which a portion Is extant. Of the writer nothing is known. SCiLS A (-ae), an anpient town in Boeotin, situated on a river of the same name falling into the lake Copais. SCEiNlDES. [Nymphae.] OCEiNUS (-i), the god of the water-which was believed to surrdnnd the whole earth, is called the son of Heaven and Earth, the husband of.Tethys, and the father of all the river-gorts and water-nymphs of the whole earth. The early Greeks regarded the earth OCELUM. 275 OEDIPUS. as a flat circle, which was encompassed by a river perpetually flowing round it, and this river was Oceanus. Out of and into this river the sun and the stars were supposed to rise and set; and ou Us banlcs were the ahodes of the dead. When geographical knowledge advanced, the name was applied to the great outer waters of the earth, in contradistinction to the inrier seas, and especially to the AtUin- ticj or the sea without the Pillars of Hercules, as distiaguished from the Mediterranean^ or the sea within that limit, and thus the At- lantic is often called simply Oceauas. The epithet Atlantic (Atlanticura Mare) was ap- ])lied to it from the mythical position of Atlas being on its shores. OCELUM (-i), a town in the Cottian Alps, was the last place in Cisalpine Oaul. before entering the territories of kmg Cottius. OCHUS (-i). (1) A surname of Artaxerxes III., king of Persia. [Abtaxbbxes III.] — (2) A great river of Central Asia, supposed by some to be the same as the Oxus. OCKICt5"LUM (-i : Otrieoli}, a town in Um- bria, situated on the Tiber, near its conflu- ence with the Nar. OCT5.v5a (-ae). (1) Sister of the emperor Augustus, married first to C. Marcellus, consul, B.0. 50, aud after his death to Antony, : the triumvir, in 40, but the latter soon abandpued her for Cleopatra. She died n.0. 11. She had 5 children, 3 by Marcellus, , a son and 2 daughters, and 2 by Antony, both daughters. Her sou, M. Marcellus, was adopted by Augustas, and was destined to be his successor, bnt died in 23. [Maboelltis, No. 5.] The descendants of her 2 dauffh- lers successively ruled the Roman world. [Antomia,]— (2) Daughter of the emperor Claudius and Messahna, and wife of Nero. She was divorced by the latter, that he mig&t marry his mistress Pdppaea, and was shortly afterwards put to death by Nero's orders, a.ii. 62. ■ OCTS-VITTS, the name of a Roman gens, to which the emperor Augustus belonged, whose original name was C. Octavius, Hence, when he was adopted by his great uncle, C. Julius Caesar, he bore the surname of Octavianus. tAvouSTua.] 0CT5DtTRUS (-i: Martigny), a town of the Veragri in the country of the Helvetii. 0CT5GBSA (-ae), a town of the Ilergetes In Hispauia Tarraconensis, near the Iberus, probably S. of the Sicoris. SCYPETE. [Haepyiae.] SgYEHOS (-6S), daughter of the Centaur Chiron. ODENiTHTJS, the ruler of Palmyra who checked the victorious career of the Persians after the defeat and capture of Valerian, a.d. 260. In return for these services, Gallienus bestowed upon Odenathus the title of Au- gustus. He was soon afterwards murdered, and was succeeded by his wife Zemobia, a.i>. 266. ODESSUS (-i: Varna), a. Greek town in Thracia (in the later Moesia Inferior) ou the P2 PontuBEnxiuuB,wasfounded by the Milesians, and carried on an extensive commerce. ODOACER (-cri), king of the Heruli, and the leader of the barbarians who overthrew the Western empire, a.d. 476. He took the title of kiug of Italy, and reigned till his power was overthrown by Theodoric, king of the Goths, a.d. 493. *^ ODRYSAE (-arum), the most powerful people in Thrace^ dwelling in the plain of the " Hebrus, whose kmg Sitatces in the time of the ' Peloponneaiau war exercised dominion over almost the whole of Thrace. The poets often use the adjective Odtys^ita in the general sense of Thraciau. Odysseus, culybbeb.i OEXGRUS, or OEAGE'r (-gri), king of Thrace, and father of Orpheus aud Linus. Hence Oedgriua is used by the poets as equiv- alent to Thracian. OEBXLUS (-i). (1) King of Sparta, and father of Tyndareus. The patronymics OebdUdes, Oebdlis^ and the adjective OehdViits^ are not only applied to his descendants, but tu the Spartans geuernlly. Hence Tarentnm is termed Oebalia arx, because it was founded by the Lacedaemonians ; and since the Sabines were, according to one tradition, a Lacedae- monian colony, we find the Sabine king Titns Tatins named OebcUlus Titus, and the Sabine women Oebdl'ides matres. — (2) Son of Telon by a nymph of the stream Sebethus, near Naples, ruled in Campania. OECHXLiA (-ae). (1) A town in Thessaly on the Peueus, near Tricca.— (2) A town in Mesaenia on the frontier of Arcadia. — (3) A town of Euboea in the district Eretria. — The ancients were divided in opinion as to which of these places was the residence of Eurytus, whom Hercules defeated and slew. The original legend probably belonged to the Thessniiau Oechalia, and was thence trans- ferred to the other towns. OEDIPUS (-i or Odis), son of Laius, kingof Thebes, aud of Jocasta, sister of Creon. His father having learned from an oracle that he was doomed to perish by the hands of his own sou, exposed Oedipus on Mount Cithaeron immediately after his birth, with his feet pierced and tied together. The child was found by a shepherd of king PolybnS of Corinth, and was called from his swollen feet Oedipus. Having been carried to the palace, the .king reared nim as his own child; but when Oedipus had grown up, he was told by the oracle at Delphi, which he bad gone to cousultf that he was destined to slay his father and commit incest with his mother. Thinking that Polybus was hie father, he re- solved not to return to Corinth ; bnt on the road between Delphi aud Daulis he met Laius, whom he slew in a scuffle without knowing that he was his father. In the mean -time the celebrated Sphinx had appeared in the neighborhood of Thebes. Seated ou a rock, she put a riddle to every Tbeban that passed by, and whoever was unable to solve it was killed by the monster. This calamity induced the Thebans to proclaim that whoever shonld deliver the country of. the Sphinx should OENEUS. 276 OLYMPIA. obtain the kiDgdom and Jocasta as his wife. The riddle rau as follows : .'* A being with'4 feet has 2 feet and 3 /eet, and only one voice ; •but its feet vary, and when it has most it is weakest." Oedipus solved the riddle by saying that it was man, who in Infantry crawls upon" all fours, in manhood stands erect upon 2 feet, and in old age supports his tottering legs with a staff. The Sphinx thereupon threw herself down from the rock. Oedipus now obtained the kingdom of Thebes, and married his mother, by whom he became the father of ^teocles, Polynlcee, Antigfine, and Ismene. In consequence of this in- cestuous alliance, the country of Thebes was visited by a plague. The oracle, on, being consulted, ordered that the murderer of Laius should be expelled ; and the" seer Tiresias told Oedipus that he was the guilty man. Thereupon Jocasta hung herself, and Oedipus put out his own eyes, and wandered from Thebes, accompanied by his daughter An- tig&ue. In Attica he at length found a place of refuse ; and at Colonus, near Athens, the Eumeuides removed him from the ' earth. The tragic fate of Oedipus and of his children formed the subject of many of the noblest of the Greek tragedies, . OENBUS (-66s, 6T, or ei), king of Pleuron aud Calydon in Aetolia, and husband of Al- thaea, father of Tydeus, Meleager, Gorge, Beianira, etc. He was deprived of his king- dom by the sons of his brother Agrius. He was subsequently avenged by his grandson Diomedes, who slew Agrius and his sons, and placed upon the throne Andraemon, the son- in-law of OeiieuB, as the latter was too old. Diomedes took his grandfather with him to Peloponnesus, but here he was slain by two of the sons of Agrius who had escaped the slaughter of their brothers. Respecting the boar which laid waste the lands of Calydon in his reign, see Meleageu. OBNiXDAE (-a^um), town of Acamania, near the mouth of the Achelous, and surround- ed by marshes. The fortress NSsus or Nasus, belonging to the' territory of Oeniadae, was situated in a small lake near Oeniadae. OENIDES (-ae), a patronymic from Oenens, and hence given to Meleager, son of Oeneus, and Diomedes, grandson of Oeneus. GENOMXUS <-i), king of Pisa in Elis, son of Ares (Mars) and father' of Hippodamia. [Pet.ops.] 0EN5NS (-es), daughter of the river-^od Cebreu, and wife of Paris, before he carried off Helen. [Paeis.] OENDpSa (-ae), the ancient name of Akgina. OENOPH1?TA (-r>rum), a town in Boeotia, on the left bank of the Asopus, memorable for the victoiy ^gained here by the Athenians over the Boeotians, n.o. 456. OENOPiON (-onis), son of Dionysus ■ (Bacchus) and husband of the nymph Helice, - and father of Merop6, with whom the giant ■ Orion fell in love. [Orion.] OENOTRI, OENOTKIA, EItajja.} OENOtRIDES, 2 small islands in the Tyrrhene sea.off the coast of Lucania, and opposite the town of Elea or Velia and the month of the Helos. OETA (-ae) or OETE (-es), a rugged pile of mountains in theS. ofThessaly, an eastern branch of Mount Pindus, extending along the S. bank of the Spercbius to the MaTiac gulf at Thermopylae, thus forming the N. barrier of Greece prm)er. Respecting the pass of Mount Oeta, see TuEHiMOPYLAE. Oeta was celebrated , in mythology as the mountain on which Hercules burned himself to death, .OPELLA (-ae), a man of sound sense and , of a straightforward character, whom Horace contrasts with the Stoic quacks of his time. Ofella was .also the name of a family in the Lucretia gens. SGtGES (-is), or OGtGUS (-i), son of Boeotus, and the first ruler of Thebes, which was called after him Ogygia. In hig reign a. great deluge is said to have occurred. The name of Ogyses is also connected with Attic story, for in Attica an Ogygian flood. i? like- wise mentioned. From Ogyges the Thebaus are called by the poets Ogp^daej and Ogyiglus is used in the sense of Theban. OILEUS (-668, Si; or el), king of the Lo- crians, and father of Ajax, who is' hence called OilideSf Oltiddes, and Ajax OU^. He wan one of the Argonauts; OLBIA (-ae). (1) Narbouensis, on a hiU called Olbianus, E. of Telo Martins.— (2) A I city near the N. end of the E. side'of the island of Sardinia, with the only good harbor on this coast; aud therefore the usual land- ing-place for persons coming from Rome.— (3) [BORYSTHENES.] OLCXDES (-um), a people in Hispania Tar- racouensis, near the sources of the Anas, in a part ofthe country afterwards inhabited by the Oretani, OLCINIUM <-i: Dulcigno)^ a town on the coast of lllyria. . 5LEX.RUS. [0L1ARD6.1 5lEN, a mythical personage, who is reure; sented as the earliest Greek lyric poet. He is called both an Hyperborean ana a Lycian, and. is said to have settled at Delos. His name seems to signify simply \.)\& Jlute-play&t, 5LENUS (-1). (1) The husband of Lethaea, changed with her into a stone.— (2) A town in Aetolia, near New Pleuron, destroyed by the Aetolians at an early period. — (3) A town in Achaia,' between Patrae and Dyme. The goat Amalthaea, which suckled the infant Zeus (Jupiter), is called Olenia capella by the poets, either because the goat was supposed to have been born near the town of Olenns, and to have been subsequently transferred to Crete, or because the nymph Amalthaea, ti> whom the goat belonged, was a daughter of Olenus. OLiXRUS or OLEXftUS (-i), a small island in the Aegaean sea, one ofthe Gyclades, W. of Paros. OLISIPO iLisbon)^ a town in Lnsitania, near the mouth of the Tagus. OLYMPIA (-lie), a small plain in Elip, bounded on the S. by the river Alphfius, and on the W. by the river-CladSus, in which the OLYMl^IAS. 277 OMPHALE. Olympic games were celebrated. In this plain was the sacred grove of Zeus (dapiter) called Altis. The Altis aud its immediate, neigh- borhood were adorned with numerous tern- plea, statues, and public buildings, to which the general appellation ofOlympia was given ; but there was no town of this name. Among the numerous temples in the Altis the most celebrated was the Olympieum, or temple of Zens Olympius, which contained the master- piece of Greek art, the colossal statue of Zeua by Phidias. The statue was made of ivory and ^old, aiid the god was represented as seated on a throne of cedar wood, adorned with gold, ivory, ebony, aud precious stoneS. The Olympic games were celebrated from the earliest times in Greece. There was an in- terval of 4 years between each celebration of the festival; which interval was called an ' Olympiad ; but the Olympiads were not em- ployed as a chronological era till the victory of Coroebas in the foot-race, b.o.*776. An acconnt of the Ol^rmpic games and of the Olympiads is given in the l>ict of Antiq, OLYMPiAS (-adis), wife of Philip II., king of Macedonia, and mother of Alexander the Great, was the daus:hter of Neoptolemns I., king of Epirns. She withdrew from Mace- donia when Philip married Cleopatra, the niece of Attains (b.o. 337); and it Was gen- erally believed that she lent her support to the assassination of Philip in 336. In the troubled times which followed the death of Alexander she played a prominent j>art. In 317 she seized the supreme power in Mace- -dbnia, and put to death. Philip^ Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice. But being attacked by Cassander, she took refuge in Pydna, aud on the surrender of this place after a long siege, she was pnt to death by Cassander (D. 0.316). OLYMPIPS, the Olympian, asumame of Zeus (Jupiter), Herdules, the Muses (Oij/m- plddea), and in general of all the gods who were believed to live In Olympus, m contra- distinction from the gods of the lower world. . OLYMPUS (-i). (1) The range of mount- ains separating Macedonia and Thessaly, but more speciflcally the eastern part of the chain forming at its termination the.northerii wall of the vale Of Tempb. Its height is about 9700 feet, and its chief summit is covered with perpetual snow. In- the Greek mythology, Olympus was the residence of the dynasty of gods of which Zeus (Jupiter) was the h'ead. The early poets believed that the gods actually lijed on the .top of this mountain. Even the fable of the' giants scaling heaven must be understood in a literal sense; not that they placed Pelion and Ossa upon the top of Olym- ■ pus to reach the still higher heaven, but that they piled Pelion on the top of Ossa, and both on the lower slopes of Olympus, to scale the summit of Olympus itself, the abode of the gods.. Homer describes the- gods as having their several x>alficea on the summit of Olympns ; as spending the day in the pal- ace of Zeus, roijnd whom they sit in solemn conclave, while the younger gods dance be- fox*e them, and the Muses entertain them with the lyre and song. They are shut out from the view of men upon the earth by a wall of clouds, the gates of which are kept by the Hours. In the later poets, however, the real abode of the gods is transferred from the summit of Olympus to the vault of heaven (i. e. the sk;y) Itself. —"(2) A chain of lofty mountains in the N.W. of Asia Minor, usu- ally called the Mysiaii Olympus. OLYNTHUS (-i), a town of Chalcidice, at the head of the Toronaic gulf, aud the most important of the Greek cities on the coast of Macedonia. It was at the head of a con- federacy of all the Greek towns in its neigh- borhood, and maintained its independence, except foir a short interval, when it was subject to Sparta, till it was taken aud destroyed by Philip, b.o. 347. The Olyuthiac orations of Demonthenes were delivered by the orator to urge the Athenians to send assistance to the city when it was attacked by Philip. OMBI (-Srum), the last great city of Upper ^gyp^ except Syene, stood on the E. bank of the Nile, in the Ombites Nomos, and waw celebrated as one of the chief seats of the worship of the crocodile'. Juvenal's 15th satire is founded on a religions war between , the people of Ombi and those of Teuty ra, who hated the crocodile. OMPHXLS (-es), a queen of Lydia, daugh- ter of lardanus, and wife of Tmolus, after whose death she reigned herself. The story of Hercules serving her as a slave, and of his wearing her dress, while Omphale put on the skin and carried the club.'is related elsewhere (p. 192).. Omphale aod Hercnlea. (Fameae Qroup, now at Nnplea.) ONCHESMUS. 278 ORESTES, ONCHESMUS or ONCHISMUS (-i), a Bea- ' port town of Epirns, opposite Corcyra. ONGHESTUS (-i). (1) An ancient town of Boeolia, situated a little S. of the lake Copals, near Haliartus, said to have ^een founded by Onchestus, son of Poseidon (Neptune). — (2) A river in Theasaly, flowing by Cynoscepha- lae, and falling into the lake Boebeis. ONOMACRITUS (-i), an Athenian, who lived about b.o. S20-485, and made a collec- tion of the ancient oracles. Being detected ill interpolating an oracle of Musaeus, he was- bauished from Athens by Hipparchus, the son of Pisietratus. OPHION (-SniB)-. (1) One of the Titans.— (2) One of the companions of Cadmus.— (3) Father of the Centaur Amycus, who is hence called Ophldnldes. OPHltfSA or OPHIUSSA (-ae), a name given to many ancient places ii'om their abounding in snakes. It was an ancient name both of Rhodes and Cyprus, whence Ovid speaks of OpMusla arvUf that is, Cyp- rian. OPICI. [OSOI.J OPIMIDS (-i), L., consul b.o. 121, when he took the leading part in the proceedingswhich ended in the murder of C. Gracchus. Being ■ afterwards convicted of receiving a bribe from Jngurtha, he went into exile to Dyrraohinm in Epirue, where he died in great poverty. The year m which he was consul was remark- able for the extraordinary heat of the autnmn, and the vintage of this year long remained celebrated as the Vinum Opimianum, OPITEEGIUM (-i: Oderzo), a Koman col- ony in Venetia, in the N. of Italy, on the river Liqnentia. OPPiXNUS (-i), the author of 2 Greek hexameter poems'still extant, one on fishing, entitled Halieutica, and the other on hunting, entitled Cynegetica. Modern critics, however, have shown that these 2 poems were written by 2 differentpersone of this name. The author of the Halieutica was a native of Ana- zarba or Corycus, in Cilicia, and flourished about A.D. 180. The author of the C^/nmetica was a native of Apamea or Pella, m Syria, and flourished about a.i>. 206. OPPlDS, the name of a Koman gens.— (1) C, Oppids, tribune of the plebs b.o. 213, car- ried a law to curtail the expenses and luxuries of Roman wotnen. — (2) C. Oppiub, an inti- mate friend of C. Julius Caesar, whose private aiOTairs he managed in conjunction with Cor- nelius Balbus. OPS (ijreit. Opie), the wife, of Saturnns, and the Roman goddess of plenty and fertility, as is indicated by her, name, which is connect- ed with opimuSy 'opulentus, inopSy and copia. She was especially the protectress of agri- culture. OP'D'S (-untis), a town of Locris, from which the Opnntian Locrians derived their name. It was the birthplace of Patroclas. ORBlLlUS PUPILLTJS (-i), a Roman grammarian and schoolmaster, best known to ns fi-oin his having been the teacher of Horace, who gives him the epithet of plagosrtSt from the severe floggingB which his pupils received from him. He was a native of Beneventum, and after serving as an apparitor of the mag- istrates, and also as a soldier in the army, he settled at Rome in the 80th year of his age, in the consnlsbip of Cicero, b.o. 63. He lived nearly 100 years. ORCXDES(-um: OrhnmemdShetland Isles), a group of several small islands off the N. coast of Britain, with which the Romans llrst became acquainted when Agricola sailed round the N. of Britain. ORCHOMENUS (-i). (1) An ancient, wealthy, and powerful city of Boeotia, the capital of the Minyans in the ante-historical ages of Greece, and hence called by Homer the Minyan Orchomenoa. It was situated N. W. of the lake Copais, on the river Cepbis- sus. Sixty years after the Trojan war it was taken by the Boeotians, and became a mem- ber of the Boeotian League. It continued to exist as an independent town till n.c. 367, when it was taken and destroyed by the Thebans ; and though subsequently restored, it never' recovered its former prosperity.— (2) An ancient town of Arcadia, situated N.W. of Mantinea. ORCUS. [Habes.] ORDOVICES (-um), a people in the W. of Britain, opposite the island Mona (ATiglesey), occupying the N. portion of the modern WaUs. ORbADES. [Ntmphae.] OEESTAH (-Iirum), a people in the N. of Epirus, on the borders of Macedonia, original- ly independent, but afterwards subject to the Macedonian monarchs. Orestes (-ae and is), son of Agamemnon and Clytaemuestra. On the murder of his father by Aegisthus and Clytaemuestra, Ores- tes was saved from the same fate by his sister Electra, who caused him to be secretly carried to Strophius, king in Phocis, who was married to Anaxibin, the sister of Agamemnon. There he formed a close and intimate friendship with the king's son Pylades ; and when he had grown up, he repaired secretly to Argos along with his friend, and avenged his father's death by slaying Clytaemnestra and Aegis- thus. After the murder of his mother he was seized with madness, and fled from land to land, pursued by the Eriuyes or Furies. At length, on the advice of Apollo, he took refuge iu llae temple of Athena (Minerva), at Athens, where he was acquitted by the court of the Areopagus, which the goddess had appoint- ed to decide his fate. According to another story, Apollo told him that he could only re- cover from his madness by bringing the statue of Artemis (Diana) from the 'Tauric Cherso- nesus. Accordingly he went to this country along with his friend Pylades ; but on their arrival they were seized by the natives, iu Order to be sacrificed to Artemis, according to the custom of the country. But Iphigenia, the priestess of Artemis, was the sister of Orestes, and, after recognizing each other, all three escaped with the stating of the goddess. After his return to Peloponnesus, Orestes took possession of his father's kingdona at Mycenae, and married Hermione, Uio daugh- OBPiiEue AND EuBYDiOE. (Villa Albani.) .ORESTILLA. 279 ORPHEUS. ter of MenelauB, after slayiug Neoptolemns. CHeumione; Nboptolemub.] . ORESTILLA, AURKLIA. IAxtbelia.] OKETXNI (-ornrti), a powerful people in the S. W: of Hispauia Tarraconeusia. OREUS (-i), a town in the N. of Euboea, originally called Hestlaea or Histiuea/ Hav- ing revolted from the Athenians in b.o. 445, it was taken by Pericles, Its inhabitants ex- pelled, and their place supplied by 2000 Athenians. 5KICUM or GRtCUS (-i), an important Greek town on the coast of Illyriai near the Gerauniaa mountains and the frontiers of Epirus. Orion and Orion (-onis and 6ni3), son of Hyrieus, of Hyria in Boeotia, n handsome fiant and banter. Having come to Chios, e fell in love with Merope, the daughter of Oenopion ; bis treatment of the maiden so exasperated her father, that, with the assist- ance of Dionysus (Bacchus), he deprived the giant of bis sight. Being informed by an oracle that he should recover his sio;iit if he exposed his eyeballs to the rays of tne rising sun, Orion found his way to the island of Lemnos, where Hephaestus (Vulcan) gave him Cedalion as his guide, who led him to the East. After the recovery of his sight he lived as a huuteralong with Artemis (JDiana). The cause of his death is related vnrionsly. According to some, Orion was carried < iff by Eos (Aurora), who had fjallen in love with him; but as this was displeasing to the gods, Artemis killed him with an arrow in Ortygia. Accordiftg to others, he was beloved by Artemis; and Apollo, indignant at bis sister's affection for .him, asserted that she was unable" to hit with her arrow a distant point which he showed her in the sea. She thereupon took aim, the arrow hit its mark, but the mark was the head of Orion, who was swimmingin the sea. A third account, which Horace follows, states that he offered violence to Artemis, and was killed by t4ie goddess with one of her arrows. A fourth account states that he was stung to death by a scorpion ; and that Aesculapius was slain by Zeus (Jupiter) with a Ilash of lightning, when he attempted to recall the giant to hfe. After his death, Orion was placed among the stars, where he appears ins a giant with, a gii-dle, sword, a lion's skin, and a club. The constellation of Orion set at the commencement of November, at which time storms and rain" were frequent; hence he is often cajled imbriferj nimbosus, or aquosus. OrITHYIA (-ae), daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens,. and of Praxithea, who was seized by Boreas, and carried off to Thrace, where- she became the mother of Cleopatra, Ohioug, Zetes, and Calais. ORMfiNTJS (-1), Bon of Cercaphus, and father of Amyntor. Hence Amyutor is called 0r7n4n\de8, and Astydamia, his grand-daugh- ter, Oryn^is. ORNfiAE (-arum), an ancient town of Argolis, near the frontiers of the territory of thTius, subdued by the Argivea in the Pelo- ponuesian war, b.o. 416. OrODES (-ae), the names of 3 Kings of Parthia. [Arsaokb XIV., XVII.] ORONTES (-is or ae), the largest river of Syria, rising iu the Anti-Libanus, flowing past Antioch, and falling into the sea at the foot of Mount Pieria. OROPUS (-i), a town on the eastern front- iers of Boeotia and- Attica^ was long ' an object of couteution betweeu the Boeotians and Athenians. It finally remained perma- ■nently in the bauds of the Athenians. ORPHEUS' igen. -&o£, Si, or ei ; dat -ei or eo ; ace. -da or eum ; voc. -eu ; abl. -eo), a mythical persoua, a celebrated mountain in the N. of Thessaiy, connected with Pelion on the S.E., and divided from Olympus on theN.W. by the yale of Tempb. It is mentioned in the legend of the war of the Giants, respecting which see Olympus. OSTiA (-ae: 08tia\ a toWn at the mouth of the river Tiber, and the harbor of Rome, from which' it was. distant l(i miles by land, situated on the left bank of the left .arm of the river. It was founded by Ancus Martius, the 4th king of Rome, was a Roman colony, and became an iniportant and fiouiishing town. The emperor Claudius constructed anew and better harbor on the right arm of the Tiber, which was enlarged and improved by Trajan. This new harbor was called simply Pm'tua JiOTnanus or Po-rtua Augusti, and around it there sprang up a flourisliing town, also called PoriMs. The old town of Ostia, whose harbor had been already partly filled up by sand, now sank into insignificance, and only continued to exist through its salt-works (aa~ linae), which had been established by Ancus Martius. OSTORIUS SCAPttLA. [Soapttla.^ OTHO (-onis), L. ROSCIUS (-i), tribune of the plebs u.o. 07, when he carried the law which gave to the equites a special place at the public spectacles, in fourteen rows or seats {in qttattuordecim gradibua sive ordini- feufi), next to the place of the senators, which was in the orchestra. This law was very unpopular; and in Cicero's consulship (63) there was such a riot occasioned by the obnoxious measure that it required all his eloquence to allay the agitation. OTHO. (-onis), M. SALVlUS, Roman em- peror from January 16th to April 16th, a.d. 69, was born in 32. He was one of the com- panions of Nero in his debaucheries; but when the emperor took possession of his wife^ the beautiful but profligate Poppaea Sabina, Otho was sent as governor to Lusitania, which he administered with credit during the last 10 years of Nero*s life. Otho attached him- self to Galba, when he revolted against Nero, in the hope of being adopted by him, and succeeding to the empu-e. But when Galba adopted L. Piso, on the 10th of January, 69, Otho formed a conspiracy against Galba, and was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers at Rome, whoput Galba to death. Meantime VitelUus had been proclaimed emperor at Cologne by the German troops on the 3d of January. When this news reached Otho, he mai'ched into the N. of Italy to oppose the generals of Vitellius. His army was defeated in a decisive battle near Bedriacum, where- upon he put an end to his own life at Brixel- Inm, in the 37th year of his age, OTHRYlDBS and OTHRt:XDES (-ae). OTHRYS. 281 PADUS. (1) A patronymic given to !Panthous or Pau- thus, the Trojan priest of Apollo^ &b the son ofOthrys.— (2) The survivor of the 300 Spar- tan champions who. fought with the 300 Argives for the possession of Thyrea. Being ashamed to return to Sparta as the only sur- vivor, he slew himself on the field' of battle. OTHRYS and DTHRYS (-y6s), a lofty range of mountains in the S. of Thessaly, extending from Mount Tymphrestus, or the most S.-ly part of Pindus, to the E. coast. It shut In the great Thessalian plain on the S. OTUS (-i),and his brother, EPHIALTES, are better known by their name of the Aloldae. [Aloeub.] OViDlUS NASO, P. (-onis), the Roman poet, was bom at Sulmo, in the country of the Feligni, on the 20th of March, n,o. 43. He was descended from an ancient equestrian family. He was destined to be a pleader, and studied rhetoric under Arellius Fnscus and Forcius Latro. His education was com- pleted at Atheus,' and he afterwards traveled with the poet Macer in Asia and Sicily. His love for poetry led him to desert the practice of the law; but he was made one of the Centumviri; or judges who tried testamentary, and even criminal causes ; and In due time he was promoted to be one of the Decemviri^ who presided over the court of the Centum- viri. He married twice in early life at the desire of his parents, but he speedily divorced each of his wives in succession, and lived a life of licentious gallantry. He afterwards married a third wife, whom he appears tQ have sincerely loved, and by whom he had a- daughter, Perilla. After livine for many years at Rome, and enjoying tne favor ■of Augustus, he was suddeulybanished by the emperor to Tomi, a town on the Euxine, near the mouths of the Danube. The pretext of his banishment was his licentious poem on the Art of Love {Ars Amatoria)^ which had been published nearly 10 years previously; but the .real cause of his exile is unknown. It is supposed by some that he had. been guilty of an intrigae with the younger Jnlia, the granddaughter of the emperor Augustus, who was banished in the same year with Ovid, Ovid draws an affecting picture of the miseries to which he was exposed in his place of exile. He sought some relief in the exercise of his poetical talents. Not only did he write several of his Latin poems in his exile, but he likewise acgnired the language of the Getae, in which ne composed some poems in honor of Augustus. He died at Tomi, in the 60th year of his age, a.i>. 18. Besides his amatory poems, the most im- . portant of his extant works are the Metamor- phoses, consisting of such legends or fables as involved atransiormation, ffom the Creation to the time of Julius Caesar, the last being that emperor's change into a star: the Fasti^ which is a sort of poetical Roman calendar; and the Tristia, and Epistles ex,Ponto, which are elegies written during his banishment. OXUS or OXTJS (-i: Jihoun or ^tjw?*), a great river of Central Asia, forming the boundary between Sogdiana ori the NT and Bactria and Margiana on the S., and falling . into the Caspian. The Jihounnovf flows into the S.W. comer of the Sea of Aral; but there are still distinct traces of a channel in a S.W.-ly direction from the Sea of Aral to the Caspian, by which at least a portion, and probably the whole, of the waters of the OxuB found their way into the Caspian, The Oxus occupies an important place in history, having been in neany all ages the extreme boundary between the great monarchies of sonthwestern Asia and the hordes which wander over the central steppes. Herodotus does not mention the Oxus by name, but it is supposed to be the river which he calls Araxes. P. PXCHYNUS or PXCHTNTJM (-i), a prom- ontory at the S.E. extremity of Sicily. PiCOKUS (-i). (1) Sou of Orodea I., king of Parthia. His history is given under AiiSAora XIV.— (2) King of Parthia. [Ahbaobs XXIV.] PACTSLUS (-i), a small but celebrated liver of Lydia, rising ou Mount Tmolns, and flowing past Sardis into the Hei-mus. The golden sands of Pactolns have passed Into a ■proverb, and -were one of the sources of the wealth of ancient Lydia. (See illust. on p. 282.) PACTYl (-«s), a town in the Thracian Chersonesns, on the Propontis, to which Al- cibiades retired when he was banished by the Athenians, u.o. 407. ■PlCflVlUS (-i), M., the greatest of the Koman tragic poets, was born about b.o. 220, at Brnndusium, and was the son of the sister of Ennius. After living many years at Borne, where he acquired great reputation as a painter as well as a poet, he returned to Brnndusium, where he died in the 901h year of his age,B.o. 130. His tragedies were taken from the great jQreek writers ; but he did not confine himself, like his predecessors, to mere translation, but worked up his mate- rials with more freedom and independent judgment. PADUS (-1 : Po), the chief river of Italy, ideutifled by the Soman poets with the fabu- lous Eridanns, from which amber was ob- tained. This notion appears to have arisen from the Phoenician vessels receiving, at the mouths of the Padus the aniber which had been transported by land from the coasts of the Baltic to those of the Adriatic The Padus rises on Mount Vesula (Mimte Fiso), in the Alps, and flows in an E.-ly direction through the great plain of Cisalpine Ganl, which it divides into 2 parts, Gallia Cispa- -daha and Gallia Transpadaua. It receives numerous aflluents, which drilin the whole of this vast plain, descending from the Alps on the N., and the Apennines on the S. These nfllnents, increased in the summer by PAEAN. 282 PALAESTINA. Thu jfuctolua ut tiurdia. the melting: of the snow on the mountains, frequently Di'iiig down such a large body of water as to cause the Padus to overflow its banks. The whole course of the. river, in- cluding its windings, is about 450 miles. About 20 iniles from the sea the river divides itself into 2 main branches, and falls into the Adriatic Sea by several mouths, between Kavenua and Altinum* PAEiN (-anis), that is, " the healing," was originally the name of the physician of the Olympian gods. Subsequently the name was used in the more genera] sense of _deliverer from any evil or calamity, and was thus ap- plied to Apollo. From Apollo himself the name was transferred to the song dedicated to him, and to the warlike song. sung before or during a battle. PAEONES (-urn), a pov^erful Thracian peo- ple, who in historical times inhabited the whole of the N. of Macedonia, from the front- iers of Illyria to some little distance E. of the river Strymoii. Their country was called Paeon lA. PAEST5.NUS SINUS. CParstcm.] PAESTUM (-i), called POSIDONIA <-ae) by the Greeks, was a city in Lncnnia, situated 4 or 5 miles S. of the Silarus, and near the hay, which derived its name from the town (Pnestanns Sinus: G. o/Salenw). It was col- tniized by the Sybarites about n.c. 524, and floon became a povverful and flourishing city. Under the Romans it gradually sank m im- ■ portance, and in the tithe of Augustus it is only mentioned on account of the benutiful roses grown in its neighhorhood. The ruins ■ of two Doric temples at Paestnm are some of the most remarkable remains of antiquity. PAETUS (-i), a cognomen in many Bomau gentes, signified a person who had a slight cast in the eye. PAETUS, AELiUS, the iiame of 2 brothers, Publius, consul "it.o. 201, aud Sextus, consul oj.o. 198 ; both of them, and especially the lat- ter, jurists of eminence. PAETUS THRXSEA. [Thbabea.] pXgASAE <-arum) or PAgXSA (-ae), atown of Thessaly, on the coast of Magnesia, and on the bay called after it Sinus Paoasaeub or Pagabious. It was the port of lolcos, and afterwards of Pherae, and is celebrated in mythology as the place where Jason built the ship Argo. Hence the adjective Pagaaaeiis U applied to Jason, and is also used.iu the gen- eral sense of Thessalian. Apollo is called Pagasaeus from having a temple at the place. PXLAEMON <-6nis), son of Athamas aud Ino, originally called Melicertes, became a marine god when his mother leaped with him into ihe sea. [Athamas.] The Romans iden- ■ ■lifted Palaemon with their own god Portunus or Porcumnus. [Portunus.3 PXLAEOPOLIS. [Neapoi.18.] PlLAESTE (-es), a town on the coast of Epirns, aud a little S..of the Acroqeranniau mountains, where Caesar landed when he crossed over to Greece to carry on the war . against Pompey. PXLAESTINA <-ae), the Greek and Roman form of the Hebrew word which was used to denote the country of the Philistines, and which was extended to the whole country. The Romans called it Judaea, extending to- the whole country the name of its S. part. It was regarded by the Greeks and Romans as a part of Syria. It was bounded by the Med- iterranean on the W., by the mountains of PALAMEDES. 283 PAN. Lebauon on the N., by the Jordan and its lakes on the E., and. oy the deserts which separated it from Egypt on the S. The Ro- maua did not come into contact with the country till b.o. 69, when Pompey took Jern- salem. From this time the country was real- ly subject to the Komans. At the death of Herod his kingdom wae divided between his sons as tetrarbhs ; but the diifereut parts of Palestine, were eventually annexed to the ■Roman province of Syria, and were governed by a procurator. PXlXMEDbS (-is), son of Nanplius and • Clymene, and one of the Greek heroes who sailed against Troy. When Ulysses feigned madness that he mi^ht not be compelled to Fail with the other chiefs, Palamedes detected his stratagem by placing his infant son be- fore him while he was plowing. [Ulvssrs.] In order to revenge himself, tHysses bribed a servant of Palamedes to conceal under his master's bed a letter written' in the name of Priam. He then accused Palamedes of treach- ery ; upon .searching his tent they found the fatAI. letter, and . thereupon Palamedes was stoned to death by the Greeks. Later writers describe Palamedes as a sage, and attribute to him the invention of light-houses, meas- ures, scales, the discus, dice, etc. He is far-' ther said to have added the letters 0, f, %, 0, to the original alphabet of Cadmus. PiLATlNUS MONS. [Roma.] PiLATiUM . CRoM A,] PXLES (-is), a Roman divinity of flocks and shepherds, whose festival, the Palilia, was celebrated on the 2l8t of April, the day on which Rome was founded. ■ PA.LICI (-oriim) were Sicilian gods, twin sons of Zeus (Jupiter) and the nymph Thalia. Their mother, from fear of Hefu (Juno), pray- ed to be swallowed up by the earth; her prayer was granted; but m due time twin boys issued from the earth, who were wor- shiped in the neighborhood of Mount Aetna, near Palice. PXLINC^RUM (-1: C. Palixmro), a promon- •tory on the W. coast of Lucania, said Jo have" derived its name .from Palinurus, pilot of the ship of Aeneas, who fell into the sea, and was murdered on the coast by the natives. PALLADIUM (-i), properly any image of Pallas Athena (Minerva), but specially ap- plied to an ancient image of this goddess at Troy, on the preservation of which the siifety of the town depended. It was stolen by Ulys- ses and Diomedes, and was carried by the kit- tel; to Greece. According to some accounts, Troy contained two Palladia, one of which was carried off by Ulysses and Diomedes, while the other was conveyed by Aeneas to Italy. Others relate that the Palladium taken by the Greeks was a mere imitation, wliile that, which Aeneas brought, to Italy was the genuine image; But this twofold Palladium was probably a mere invention to account for its existence at Rome. PALLANTSA (-ae), the chief town of the Yaccaei, in the N. of Hispania Tarraconensis, and on a tributaiy of the Durius. PALLANTlAS (-iSdis) and PALLANTIS ( -idis), patronymics given to Aurora, the daughter of the giant Pallas. ' "PALLANTIUM (-i), an ancient town of Ar- cftdia, near Tegea,.snid to have been founded by Pallas, son of Lycaon. Bvander is said t o have come from this place, and to have call- ed the town which he founded on the banks of the Tiber Pallanteum (afterwards Fdlan- Jl'i'um andPt^idfium), after the Arcadian town. Hence JEvander is called Pallantiits lieros. ' 'PkhhA.^ (.-adis), a surname of Athena. [Atuena.] PALLAS (-ahtis). (1) 0.ne of the giants.— (2) The father of Athena, .according to some traditions. -^(3) Son .of Lycaon, and grimd- father of Evander, [Pallamtium.] — (4) Sou of Bvander, and an ally of Aeneas. — (5) Sou ' of the Athenian king Piindion, from whom the celebrated family of the Pallantidae at Athens traced their origin. — (6) A favorite fi-eedman of. the emperor Claudius, who ac- quired enormous wealth. Hence the line in Juvenal, ego poasideo plus Pallanie et Licinio. PALLSNE (-5s), the most westerly of the 3 peninsulas running out fi:om Chalcidicc in Macedonia. PALMYRA (-ae : Tadmor)^ a celebrated city of Syria, standing in an oasis of the great . Syrian Desert, which from its position was a halting-place for the caravans oetween Syria and Mesopotamia. Here Solomon built a city, which was called in Hebrew Tadmor, that is, the city of palm-trees ; and of this name the Greek Palmyra is a translation. Under Ha- drian and the Antonines it was highly favor- ed, and reached its greatest splendor. The history of its temporary elevation to the rank of a capital, in the 3d century of the Chi-istiau era, is related under Odbn athus and ZRNoinA. Its splendid ruinf?, which form a most striking object in the midst of the desert, are of the. Roman period. PAMPHYLlA (-ae), a narrow strip of the S. coast of Asia Minor, extendin,^ in a sort of arch along the Sinus Pamphylins {G. of jldaZia), between Lycia on the W. and Cilicia on the E., and on the N. bordering on Pisidia. The inhabitants were a mixture of races, whence their name Pamphyli (nn/i^wAoi), o/ aW races. There were Greek settlements in the land, the foundation of which was a^- "cribed to Mopsub, from whom the country was in early times called Mofsopia. Ic was successively a part of the Persian, Macedo- nian, Greco -Syrian, and Pergameiie. king- doms, and passed by the" will of Attains III. to the Romans (b.o. 130), under whopi it was made a province ; biit this province of Pam- ptiylia included iilso Pisidia and Isauria, mid afterwards a part oPLycia. Under Constau- tiiie Pisidia was again separated from Pam- phylia. P5.N (PanSs), the great god of flocks and shepherds among the Greeks, usually called a son of Hermes (Mercury), was originally an Arcadian god, and Arcadia was always the principal seat of his worship. From this country his name and \vorship afterwards ■ spread over other parts of C^reece ; but qt Athens his worship was not introduced till PANAETIUS. 284 PANOPEUS. the time of the battle of Marathou. He -is described as wandering amoDg the mountains and valleys of Arcadia, either amusing him- - self with the chase, or leading the dances of the nymphs. He loved niusic, and invented the syrinx or shepherd's flute. Pan, like oth- er gods who dwelt in forests, was dreaded by travelers, to whom he sometimes appeared, and whom he startled with sudden awe- or tarror. Hence sudden fright, without any visible cause, was ascribed to Fan, and was called a Panic fear. The Boraans identified their .god Paunns with Pan. [PACNns.] In works of art Pan is represented as a sensual being, with horns, puck-nose, and goat's feet, sometimes in the act of dancing, and some- times playing on the syrinx. Pan nlth a Syrinx. PiNAETlUS (4), a native of Ehodes, and a celebrated Stoic philosopher, lived some ' years at Rome,whei-e he became an intimate friend of Laelius and of Scipio Africanus the younger. He succeeded Antipater as head of the Stoic school, and died at Athens, at all events before b,o, 111. The principal work of Pauaetius was his treatise on the theory of moral obligation, from which Cicero took the greater part of his work Be OJHaUs. ■pANBiEEOS, son of Merops of Miletus, whose daughters are said to have been car- ried off by the Harpies. PANDlEUS (-i). (1) A Lycian, distin- guished in the Trojan army as an archer. — (2) Son of Alcauor, and twin brother of Bitias, one of the companions of Aeneas, slain by Turnus. PANDiTiEIA (-ae: Venduime), a small island off the coast of Campania, to which Ju- lia, the daughter of Augustus, was banished. PANDI5N (-5ni8). (1> King of Athene, son of Erichthonius, and father of Procne and Philomela. The tragic history of his daughters is given under TEREns. — \2) King of Athens, son of Cecrops, was expelled from Athens by the Metionidae, aud fled to Me- gara, of which he became king. PANDOEA (-ae), the name of the first woman on earth. When Prometheus had stolen- the fire from heaven, Zeus {Jupiter) in revenge caused Hephaestus to make a woman out of earth, who by her charms and beauty should bring misery upon the human race. AphroditS (Venus) adorned her with' beauty ; Hermes (Mercury) bestowed -upon her boldness and cunning ; and the gods call- ed her Pandora, or Ail-gifted, as each of the gods had given her some power by which she was to work the ruin of man. Hermes took her to EpimeiheuSj who' made her his wife, forgetting the advice of his brother Prome- theus not to receive any gifts from the gods. Pandora brought with her from'heaven a box containing every human ill, upon opening which they all escaped and spread over the earth, Hope alone remaining. At a still later period the box is said to have contained all the blessings of the gods, which would have been preserved for the human race had not Pandora opened the vessel, so that the wing- ed blessings escaped. PANDOSIA (-ae). (1) A town of Epirus in the district Thesprotia, on the river Acheron. —(2) A town in Bruttinm, near the frontiers of Lucania, situated on ' the river Acheron. ■It was here that Alexander of Epirus fell, b.o. 336, in accordance with an oracle. PANDEOSOS (-i), j. «. "the all-bedewing," or " refreshing," was a daughter of Cecrdps and a sister oiHerse.and Aglauros. PANGAEUS (-i) or PANGAEA (-ornm), a range of mountains in Macedonia, between the Strymon and the Nestus, and in the neigh- borhood of Philippi, with gold and silver mines, and with splendid roses. PANIONIUM (-i), a spot on the N. of the promontory of Mycale, with a temple to Po- seidon (Neptune), which was the place of meeting for the cities of Ionia. PAII^NONIA (-ae), a Eomau province be- tween the Danube aud the Alps, separated on the W. from Noricum by the Mons Cetius, and from Upper Italy by the Alpes Juliae, on the S. from lUyria by the Savus, on the B. from Qacia by the Danube, and on the N. from Germany by the same river. — ^The Pan- nonians (Palnnonii) were probably of IllyWan origin. They were a brave and warlike peo- ple, aud were con'quered by the Romans in the time of Augustus (about b.o. 33). In a.d. T the Pannonians joined the Dalmatians and the other Illyrian tribes in their revolt from' Eome, but were conquered by Tiberius after a struggle which lasted S years (a.d. 7-9). Pannonia was originally ouly one province, btjt was afterwards divided into two prov- inces, called Pa7i?M»ita5«j9en"o»' andPaTinomi'a Inferior. PANOMPHAEUS (-i), i. e. the author of all signs and omens, a surname of Zeus (Jupi- ter). PXNOPS (-es> or PXnOPAEA (-ae), a nymph of the sea, daughter of Nerens and Doris. PiNOPEUS (-i!5s or «i). (1) Son of Phocns, accompanied Amphitryon on his expedition against the Taphians or Teleboans, and was one of the Calydonian hunters.— (2) Or Piin5- pS (-es), an. ancient town in Phocis on the Cephissus, and near the frontiers of Boeotin. PANOPTES. 285 PARIS. PANOPTES. [Abgds.] PANORMUS (-i: Palermo), an 'important town on the N. coaBt of Sicily, founded by the Phoenicians, and which at a later time re- ceived its Greek name from its excellent har- bor. From the Phoenicians it passed into the hands of the Carthaginians^ and was taken by'the Komans in the 1st Punic war, b.g.2I54. PANSA (-ae), C.VlBlUS, consul with Hir- tiuS, B.C. 43. [HlRTIUB.] PANTiGliS or PANTlGlES (-ae), a small river on the E. coast of Sicily, flowing into the sea between Megara and Syracuse. PANTHEUM (-1), a celebrated temple at Rome in the Campus Martius, which is still extant and used as a Christian church, re- sembles in its general form the Colosseum in the Regent's Park, London. It was built by H. Agnppa, b.o. 27, and was dedicated to Mars and Venus. PANTHOUS, coutr. PANTHtS (voc. Pan- thU). a priest of Apollo at Troy, and father of £uphoi-DUB, who is therefore called PanthM- den. Pythagoras is also called Pdnth&ideSj be- cause he maintained that his soul had m a previous state auimated the body of Euphor- Dus. He is called by Virgil Othrpddesy or sou of Othryas. PANTICXPAEUM, a town in the Tauric Chersonesus, situated on a bill on the Cim- merian Bosporus, was founded by the Mile- sians about U.0. 641, and became the residence of the Greek kings of the Bosporus. PiNYXSIS, a native of Halicarnassus, and a relation— probably an uncle— of the histo- rian Herodotus, flourished about n.o. 480, aud was celebrated as an epic poet PAPHLXgOnIA (-ae), a country df Asia Minor, bounded by Bithynia on the W., by Pontus on the E.,by Phrygia and afterwards by Galatia on the S,, and by the Euxine on- the N. In the Trojan war the Paphlagoniana are said to have come to the assistance of the Trojans, from the land of the Heneti, under the command of Pylaemeues. The Paphla- gonians were subdued by Croesus, and after- wards formed part of the Persian empire. Uuder the Romans, Paphlagonia formed part of the province of Galatia, but it was made a separate province by Constantine. PXPHUS (-1). (1) Son of Pygmalion, and founder of the city of the same n(»me. — (2) The name of 2 towns on the W. coast of Cy- prus, called "OldPaphos" (naXaiVa^oV) and ''New Paphos," the former near the promon- tory of JZephyrium, 10 stadia from the coast ; the latter more inland, 60 stadia from the for- mer. OldPaphos was the chief seat of the worship of Aphrodite (Venus), who is said to have lauded at this place after her birth among the waves, and who iahence frequent- ly called the Paphian goddess (Papbia). Here she had a celebrated temple, the high-priest of which exercised a kind of religious super- intendence over the whole island. PAPiNIANUS (-i), AEMILIUS, a celebra- ted Roman jurist,. was praefectus praetorio under the emperor Septimius Severus, add was put to death by Caracalla, a.d. 212. PXPiNIUS STXTiCS. CStatiub.3 PXPIRIUS CARBO.' [Cabbo.] PXPIRIU3 CURSOR. [Cursor.] PXRAETXCBNB (-68), a mountainous re- gion on the borders of Media and Persis» PXRAETONIUM (-i) or AMMONIA (-ae), an important city on the N. coast of Africa, belonged politically to Egypt: hence this city on the W. and Pelusium on the E. are callett "cornua Aegypti." The adjective Paraeto- niii? is used by the poets in the general sense of Egyptian. PARCAE. [MoiBAB.] PXRIS (-idis). (1) Also called ALEXAN- DER (-dri), was the second son of Priam and Hecuba, Before his birth Hecuba drc;amed that she had brought forth a flre-brand, the flames of which spread over the whole city. Accordingly, as soon as the child was born, he was exposed on Mount Ida, but was brought up by a shepherd, who gave him the name of Paris. When he had grown up, be distin- Paria. (Aeglna Marbles.) gnlshed himself as a valiant.defender of the flocks and shepherds, and was' hence called Alexander, or the defender of men. He suc- ceeded in discovering his real origin, and was received by Priam as his son. He mar- ried Oenone, the daughter of the river god Cebren, but he soon deserted her for Helen. The tale runs that when Peleusand Thetis solemnized their nuptials, all the gods were invited to the marriage with the exception of ' Eris (Biscordia), or Strife. Euriigea at her exclusion, the goddess threw a golden apple nmoufj: the guests, with the inscription "to the fairest." Thereupon Hera (Juno), Aph- rodite (Venus), and Athena (Minerva), each claimed the apple for herself. Zeus (Jupiter) ordered Hermes (MercuiT) to take the god- desses to Mount Ida, ana to intrust the de- cision of the dispute to the shepherd Paris. The goddesses .accordingly appeared before him. Hera promised him the soverei";nty of Asia, Athena renown in war, and Aphrodite the fairest of women for his wife. Paris de- cided in favor of Aphrodite, and gave her the PARISH. 286 PAKOS. golden apple. This jud.^ment called forth in Hera and Athena fierce hatred against Troy. Under the protection of Aphrodite, Paris now sailed to Greece, and was hospitably received in the palace of Menelaus at Sparta. Here he succeeded in carrying off Helen, the wife of Menelaus, who was the most beautiful woman in the world. Hence, arose the Tro- jan war. Before her. marriage with Menelaus she had been wooed by the noblest chiefs of all parts of Greece. Her former suitors now resolved to revenge her abduction, and sailed against Troy. [Aqamkmnon.] Paris fought with Menelaus before the walls of Troy, and was defeated, but was carried off by Aphro- ■ djte. He is said to have killed Achilles, either by one of his arrows or by treachery. [Aohti.- i.KB.] On the capture of Troyi Paris was ■wounded by Philocfetes with one of the ar- rows of Hercules, and then returned to his long -abandoned wife Oenone. But as she refused to heal the wound, Paris died. Oeno- ne quickly repented, and put an end to her own life. Paris is represented in works of art as a beautiful youth, without a beard, and with' a Phrygian cap.— -(2) The name of two celebrated. pantomimes, of whom the elder lived in the reign of the emperor Nero, and the younger in'that of Domitian. PXkI^II. I^Lutetia Pakisiokum-I PArIUM (-i), a city of My8ia,on the Pro- pontis, founded by a colony from" Miletus .and Paros. PARMA (-ae: Parma)^ a town in Gallia Cispadaua, situated on a river of the same ' name, between Placentia and Mutina, origi- nally a town of the Boii, but made- a Roman colony B.C. 183. It was celebrated for its wool. PARMENIDSS (-is), a distinguished Greek philosopher, was a native of Elea in Italy, and the founder of the Eleatic school of philoso- phy, in which he was succeeded by Zeuo. He was born about «.o. 513, and visited Athens in 448, when he was 65 years of age. PARMfiNiON (-onis), a distinguished Mace- donian general in the service of Philip and Alexander the Great. In Alexander's inva- sion of Asia.P^rhienion was regarded as sec- ond in command, and is continually spoken of as the most attached of the king's frtends. But when Philotas, the son of Parmenion, was accused in Drangiana («.o. 330) of being privy to a plot against the king's life, he not only confessed his own guilt, when put to the torture, but Involved his father also in the plot. Whether, the king really believed in the guilt of Parmenion, or deemed his life a necessary sacrifice to policy after the execution of his son, he caused his aged friend to be as- sassiuated- in Media l;)efore he could receive the tidings of his son's death. PARNASSUS (-1), a range of mountains ex- tending S.E. through Dons and Phocis, and terminating at the Corinthian gulf between Cirrha and Auticyra. But the name was morfe usually restricted to the highest part of the range a few miles N. of Delphi. Its 2 highest summits were called TithorCa and LycOrua; hence Parnassus is frequently described by the poets as doubIe-es.j After the defeat of Xerxes, Paros came under the supremacy of Athens, and shared the fate of the other Cyclades. The most celebrated production of Paros was its marble, which was extensively used by the ancient sculptors. It was chiefly obtained from a mountain called Marpessa. Paros was the birthplace of the poet ArchilochuB.—In Paros was dis- covered the celebrated ins.cription called ihe Parian Chr&nide, which is now preserved at Oxford. In its perfect state it contained a chronological account of the principal events m Greek history from Cecropp, b.o. 1582, to the archonship of Diognetus, b.o. 264. PARRHASIA. 287 PARTHIA. PARRHiSiA (-ae), a district in the S. of Arcaijia. The acljective ParrhasiMa is fre- qirentl^ used by the poets as dquivaleut to Arcadian, PARRHiSlUS (-i), one of the moat cele- brated Qreek painters, was a native of Ephe- Mis, but practiced his art chiefly at Athens. lie flourished about B.p. 400. liespecLiug the t-tory , son of Meleager and Atalantn, and one of the 7 heroes who marched against Thebes.. [Ai>rastds.] PARTHENOPE. [Neapot.is.] PARTHiA, PARTHYAEA (-ae), PARTHl- Tho Parthehon. PATHINI. 288 PATULCIUS. BNE (-OS : KhoroMan), a country of Asia, to the S.E. of the Caspian, originally boirnded on the N. by Hyrcania, on the E. by Aria, on the S. by Carmania, and -on the W. by Media. The Parthians.were a very warlilse Eeople, and were especially celebrated as orse-arehers; Their tactics became so cele- brated as to pass into a proverb. Their mall- clad horsemen spread like a cloud round the hostile army, and poured iu a shower of darts, and then evaded any closer conflict by a rapid flight, during which they still shot their arrows backwards upon the enemy. The Farthiaus were subject successively to the Persians and to the Greek kings of Syria; but about n.o. 250 they revolted from the Seleucidae, under a chieftain named Arsaces, who founded an indepeudent monarchy. Their empire ex- tended over Asia from the Euphrates to the . Indus, and from the Indian Ocean to the. Faropamisus, or even to the Oxus. The his- tory of their empire till its overthrow by the Persians in a.3). 226 is given under Arsaobs. The Latin poets of the Augustan age use the names Farthi, Fersae, and Medi indifferently. FATHINI- or FAKTHENl (-drum), an Illyrian people in the neighborhood of Dyr- rhachium. FARYADEES, a mountain chain of Asia, connecting the Taurus and the mountains of ■Armenia, was considered as the boundary between Cappadocia and Armenia. PAEYSiTIS (-Idis), daughterof Artaxerxes I. Lougimanus, king of Persia, and. wife of her own brother Darius Ocbus, and mother of Artaxerxes Mnemon and Cyrus. She sup- ported the latter in his rebellion against his brother Artaxerxes, k.c. 401. . [Cyrus.] She afterwards poisoned Statira^ the wife of Ar- taxerxes, and induced the king to put Tissa- phcrnes to death, whom she hated as having been the first to discover the designs of Cyrus to his brother. PiSAEGXDA (-ae) or -AE (-iirum), the older of the 2 capitals of Fersis (the other and later being Persepolis), is said to have been founded by Cyrus the (^reat on the spot where he gained his great victory over Ae- tyages. The tomb of Cyrus stood here in the midst of a beautiful park. The exact site is doubtful. Most modern geographers identify it with Murghab, N.E. of Persepolis, where there are the remains of a great sepul- chral nionument of the ancient Persians. FiSlPHXE (-es), daughter of Helios (the Sun) and Perseis, wife of MinOs, and mother of AndrogeoS, Ariadno, and Phaedra. Hence Phaedra IS called PdAphMla by Ovid. Pasi- jihae was also the mother of the Minotanrus, respecting^whom see p. 257. PASlTHSA (-ae), or PiSlTHEE (-e6),.one of the Charites, or Graces, also called Aglaia. PASITIGEIS (-idis), a river rising on the confines of Media and Fersis, and flowing through Sqsiana into the head of the Persian gulf, after receiving the Eulaeus on its W. side. Some geographers make the Pasitigris a tributary of the. Tigris. PASSiUON (-onis), n town of Epirus in Molossia, and th^ ancient capital of the Mo- lossian kings. PXTXLA, FXTXLENB. [Fattaia, Fat- TALENE.] PAtAKA (-ae), one of the chief cities of Lycia, situated on the coast a few miles E. of the mouth .of the Xauthus. It was early colonized by Dorians from Crete, and became a chief seat of the worship of Apollo, who had here a very celebrated oracle, which ut- tered responses in the winter only. Hence Apollo is called by Horace " Delius et Pata- reuH Apollo." FiTXVlUM.(-i: PadMa), an ancient town of the Veneti iu the N. of Italy, on the Medoa- cus Minor, and on the road from Mutina to Altihum, said to have been founded by the Trojan Antenor. Under the Eomans it was the most Important city in the N. of Italy, and by its commerce and manufactures (of which its woolen stuffs were the most celebrated)' it attained great opulence. It is celebrated as the birthplace of the historian Livy. PXTERCCLUS (-i),C.VBLLEIUS, a Eoman historian, served under Tiberius in his cam- paigns in Germany in the reign of Augustus, and lived at least as late as A.n. 30, as he dedicated his history to M. Vinicius, who was consul in that year. This work is a brief compendium of Eoman history, commencing with the destruction of Troy, aud ending with A.i>. 30. PATMOS (-i), one of the islands called Sporades, In the Icarian sea, celebrated as the place to which the Apostle John was banished, and iu which he wrote the Ajioca- lypse; PATRAB (-arum : Patraa), one of the 12 cities of Achaia, situated W. of Ehinm, near the opening of the Corinthian gtil£ Augustus ■ made it the chief city of Achala. PATROCLIIS (-i), sometimes FATEOCLBS (-is), son of Menoetins of Opus and SthenSle, and grandson of Actor and Aegina, whence he is called ActorMeH. Having involuntarily committed murder while a boy, his father took him to Peleus at Phthia^ where he be- came the intimate friend of Achilles. He accompanied the latter to the Trojan wars, but when his friend withdrew from the scene of action, Patroclus followed his example. But he afterwards obtained permission to lead the Myrmidons to the flght when the Greeks were hard pressed by the Trojans. Achilles equipped him with his own armor and arms; and Patroclus succeeded in driv- ing the Trojans back to their walls, where he was slain by Hector. The desire of aveng- ing the death of Patroclus led Achilles again into the field. [Aomi.i,ES.] FATTXLA. [Fattalkne.] FATTXLKNB or FX^LENE (-es), the name of the great delta formed by the 2 prin- cipal arms by which the Indus falls into the sea. At the apex of the delta stood the city PattiSla or Pitala, the Sanscrit patdla, which means the W. country, and is applied to the W. part of N. India about the Indus, in con- tradistinction to the E. part about the Ganges. PXTULCIUS. tJANrs.] PAULTNUS. 289 PEDUM. PAULTNUS (-i);c. SUEtONjEUS, governor of Britain- a.i>. 69-62, dnriug which lime the Britous rose In rebellion under Boiidicea. [BoAi>ioEA.l In 66 he was consul ; and after the death of Nero in 68 he was one of Otho'a generals in the war against Vitellius. PAULUS (-i), the name of a celebrated pa- tncian family' in the Aemilla gens.— (1) L. Akmii-ttjs Paultjs, consul b.o. 219, when he conquered Demetrius of the island of Pharos in the Adriatic, and compelled him to fly for refuge to Philip, king of Macedonia. He was consul a 2d time in b.o. 216. with C. Tercn-. tins Varro. This was the year of the memo- rable defeat at Cannae, [Hannibat..] The battle was fought against the advice of Paulas, and he was one of the many distinguished Romans who perished in the engagement, refusing to fly from the field when a tribune of the soldiers offered him his horse. Hence we find in Horace, " animaeqne magnae pro- digum Paulum superante Foeno." Paulns was a Btanch adherent of the aristocracy, . and was raised to the consulship by the latter party to counterbalance the influence of the plebeian Terentiua Varro. — (2) L. Abmit.ids Paulus, surnamed MAORnoNioua, sou of the preceding, consul for the first time u.o. 181, and a second time in 16S, when he brought the war against Perseus to a conclusion by the defeat of the Maccdouian monarch near Pydna, on the 22d of June. [Peubkub.j Be- fore leaving Greece, Paulus marched into Epi- riia, where, in accordance with a cruel com- mand of the senate, he gave to his soldiers 70 towns to be pillaged, because they had been in alliance with Perseus. He was censor with Q. Marcius Philippus in 164, aaid died in 160, after a long and tedioits illness. The Adel- phi of Terence was brought out at the funeral games exhibited in his honor. Two of his sons were adopted into other families, and are known in history by the uames of Q. Pa- bias Mazimus and P. Scipio Africanua the younger. PAULUS Ni), JULIUS, one of the most distinguished of the Itoraau jurists, was prae- fectus pruetorio under the emperor Alexander Severn s. PAUSiNlAS (-ae). (1) Son of Cleombro- tua and nephew of Leonidas. Several writers incorrectly call him king; but he was only agent for his cousin Plistarchus, the infant sou of Leonidas. He commanded the allied forces of the Greeks at thQ battle of Plataea, n.o. 479, and subsequently captured Byzan- tium, which had been in the hands of the Persians. Dazzled by his success and repu- tation, he now aimed at becoming tyrant over the whole of Greece, with the assistance of the Persian king, who promised him his daughter in marriage. Hfs conduct became so arrogant that all the allies, except the Pe- loponnesians and Aeginetans, voluntarily of- fered to transfer to tne Athenians that pre- eminence of rank which Sparta had hitherto enjoyed. In this way the Athenian confed- eracy first took its rise. Reports of the con- duct and designs of Paueanias having reach- ed Sparta, he was recalled ; and the ephors accicfeutally obtained proofs of his treason. A man who was charged with a letter to Per- sia having bis suspicions awakened by uoticr ing that none of those sent on similar er- rands had returned, counterfeited the seal of Pausanias, and opened the letter, in which he found directions for his own death. He car- ried the letter to the ephors, who prepared to arrest Pausanias, but he took refuge in the ' temple of Athena (Minerva). The ephors stripped off the roof of the temple, and built up the door ; the aged mother of Pausanias is said to have been among the first who laid a stone for this purpose. When he was on the point of expiring, the ephors took him out, lest his death should pollute the sanctu- ary. He died as soon as he got outside, b.c. 470. — (2) Son of Plistoanax, and grandson of the preceding, was king of Sparta from it.o. 403 to 394.— (3) A Macedonian youth of dis- tinguished family. Having been shamefully treated by Attains, he complained of the out- rage to Philip; but as Philip took no notice of his complaints, he directed his vengeance against the king himself, whom he murdered at the festival held at Aegae, b.o. 336. — (4) The traveler and geographer, perhaps a na-- live of Lydia, lived under Antoninus Piua and M. Aurelius. His work, entitled a Peri- egesis or Itinerary of Greece^ is in 10 books, and contains a description of Attica and Me- garis (i.); Corinthia, SicyoniA, Phliasia, and Argolis (ii.>; Laconica (iii.), Messenia (iv.), Elis (v., vi.), Achaea (vii.), Arcadia (viii.), Boeotia (ix.), Phocis (x.). The work shows that Pausanias visited most of the places in these divisions of Greece, a fact which is clearly demonstrated by the minuteness and particularity of his descriptions. PAUSIAS (-ae), a native of Sic'yon, one of the most distinguished Greek painters, was contemporary with Apelles, and flourished about D.o. 360-330. PAUSILYPUM. [Neapolts.] PXvOr (-oris), i. e. Fear, the attendant of Mars. PAX (Pacis), the goddess of peace, called IRENE by the Greeks. JIrene.] PEdXSA (-orum) or PBDXSUM (-i), a very ancient city of Caria, originally a chief abode of the Leleges. PEDiSUS <-i), a town of Mysia, on the Satniois, mentioned several times by Homer. PEDllNUS, ASC5N1US. [Asooniub.] PEDIUS (-i), Q., the great-nephew of the dictator C. Julius Caesar, being the grandson of Julia, Caesar's eldest sister. He served un- der Caesar in the civil war, and in Caesar's will Was named one of his heirs. After the fall of the consuls Hirtins and Pansa at the battle of Mutina (in April, n.o. 43), Octavius marched upon Rome at the head of an army; and in the month of Augnst he was elected consul along with Pedlns, who died towards the end of the year, shortly after the news of the proscription had reached Rome. PEDNELXSSUS (-i), a city in the interior ofpisidia. PEDO ALBINOvXNUS. [At.btnovanob.] PEDUM (-i), an ancient town ofLatiam.on PKGAE. 290 PELIAS. the Via Lavicana, which fell into decay at an early period. PSGAE- [PagabO PEGiSIS (-idis), i. e. sprung from Pegasus, was applied to the fountain Hippocrenfi, whiQh was called forth by the hoof of Pegasus. The MuBes are also called PegdsHdes, because the fountain Hippocrene was sacred to them. Oe- none is also called Fegdsis, simply as a fonnt- aiu nymph (from Tr»i7»)). PEGiSUS (-i), the winged horse which sprang from the blood of Medusa when her head was struck off by Perseus. He was call- ed Pegasus because he made his appearance near the sources {vrjyai) of Oceanus. While drinking at the fountain of Pireue, on the Acrocormthus, he was caught by Bellerophou with a golden bridle, which Athena (Minerva) had given the hero. With the assistance of Pegasus Bellerophon couqnered the Chimae- ra,but, endeavoring to ascend to heaven upon his winged horse, he fell down upon the earth. [BjELLEKOi'noN.] Pcgflsus, howevcr, contin- ued his flight to heaven, where he dwelt * among the stars. — Pegasus was also regarded as the horse of the Muses, and in this connec- tion is more celebrated in modern times than ill antiquity ; for with the ancients he had no connection with the Muses, except producing with his hoof the inspiring fountain Hippo- crGuo. Pegasus is often represented in an- cient works of art along with Athena and Bellerophon. [See drawings on pp. 79, SO, 112.] Pegasus. (Coin of Corinth, in the British Museum.) PfiLiQONiA (-ae). (1) A district and city in Macedonia, inhabited by the Pelagones, and situated S, of Paeonia, upon the Erigon. — (2) A district in Thessaly, situated W. of Olympus, and belonging to Perrhaebia, PELASGI (-orum), the earliest inhabitants of Greece, who estaolish^d the woi'ship of the Dodonaean Zeus (Jupiter), Hephnestus (Vul- can), the Cabiri, and other divniities belong- ing to the earliest inhabitants of the country. They claimed descent from a mythical hero, Pelnsgus, of whom we have different accounts in the different parts of Greece inhabited by Pelasgians. The nation was widely spread over Greece and the islands of the Grecian archipelago; and the name oi Pelasgia was given, at one time, to Greece. One of the most ancient traditions represented Pelasgus as a descendant of Phorqneus, king of Ar- gos ; and it was generally believed by the reeks that the Pelasgi spread from Argos to the other countries of Greece. Arcadia, Attica, Epirns, and Thessaly were, in addi- tion to Argos, some of the principal eieats of the Pelasgi. They were also, found on the coasts of Asia Minor, and, according to some writers, in Italy as well. Of the language, habits, and civilization of this people we pos- sess no certain knowledge. Herodotus says they spoke a barbarous language— that is, a language not Greek ; but from the facility with which the Greek and Pelasgic languages coalesced in all parts of Greece, and from the fact that the Athenians and Arcadians are said to have been of pure Pelasgic origin, it is probable that the two languages had a close affinity. The Pelasgi are further said to have been an agricultural people, and to have possessed a considerable knowledge of the useful arts. The most ancient architect- ural remains of .Greece— such as the treasury, or tomb of Athens, at Mycenae — are ascribed to the Pelasgians, and are cited as specimens of Pelasgiau architecture, though there is no positive authority fur these statements. PELASGiOTIS, a district in Thessaly, be- tween Hestiaeotis and Magnesia. [TuassA' liaO pslasgtjs. rPELASGi.] PELETHRONIUM (-i), a mountainous dis- trict in Thessaly, part of Mount Pelion, where the Lapithae dwelt. PBLEUS (f/en., -653 or ST, ace. PelSa, voc. Pcleu, abl. Pclfio), son of Aeacus and Bndeis, and king of the Myrmidons at Phthia in Thessaly. Having, in conjunction with his brother Tclamon, murdered his half-brother Phocus, he was expelled by Aeacus from Ae- gina, and went to Phthia in Thessaly. liere he was purified from the murder by Eurytion, the son of Actor, who gave Peleus hie daugh- ter Antig&ne in marriage, and a third part of his kingaom. - Peleus accompauied Eurytion to the Calydonian hifnt; but naving involun- tarily killed his father-in-law with nis spear, he became a wanderer a second time. He now took refuge at lolcus, where he was again purified by Acastus, the king of the place. Here he was falsely accused oy Asty- damia, the wife of Acastus, and in conse- quence nearly perished on Mount Pelion. [AoASTUB.} While on Mount Pelion, Peleus married the Nereid Thetis. She was destined to marry a mortal; but having the power, like Proteus, of assuming any form she pleased, she endeavored in this way to escape from Pe- leus. The latter, however, previously taught by Chiron, held the goddess fast till she promised to marry him. The gods took part m the marriage solemnity, and Eris or Strife was the only goddess who was not invited to the nuptials. By Thetis Peleus became the father of Achilles. Peleus was too old to ac- company Achilles against Troy ; he remained at home, and sui*vived the death of his son. PELiXDES. [PEI.IA8.3 PELtAS (-ae), son of Poseidon (Neptune^ and Tyro, a daughter of Salmonens, and twin- brother of Neleus. The twins were exposed by their mother, but they were preserved and reared by some countrymen. They subse- qucntlj' learned their parentage, and after the death of Cretheus, king of lolcus, who had married their mother, they seized the throne of lolcus, to the exclusion of Aeson, the son of Cretheus and Tyro. Pelias soon PELIDES. 291 PELOPS. afterwards expelled his owu brother Neleus, and thus became sole ruler of lolcus. After Pelias had long reigned there, Jason, the son of Aeson, came to lolcns and claimed the kingdom as his right. In order to get rid of him, Pelias sent hira to Colchis to fetch the golden fleece. Hence arose the celebrated expedition of the Argonauts. After the re- turn of Jason, Pelias was cut to pieces and boiled by his own danghters (the FMlddcii), who had been told by Medea that in this manner they might restore their father to vicor aud^'outh. His son Acastns held fune- ral games m his honor at lolcus, and expelled Jason and Medea from the country, [Jasow ; Meuba; Abgonautak.] Among the daughters of Pelias was Alcestis, ttie wife of AdmetuB. PELIDES (-ae), the son of Peleus, i. e. Achil- les. PBLIGNI (-orum), a brave and warlike peo- ple, of Sabine origin, in Central Italy, bound- ed by the Marsi, the Marrucini, the Saranites, and the Frentani. They took an active part in the Social war (90-89), and their chief town, Corfinium, was destined by the allies to be the new capital of Italy in place of Rome. PEl^ON, more rarely PELIOS (-ii), a lofty range of mountains in Thessaly, in the dis- trict of Magnesia, situated between the lake Boeboia and the Pagasaeau gulf. Its sides were covered with wood, and on its summit was a temple of Zeus (Jupiter) Actaeus. Mount Pelion was celebrated in mythology. Near its summit was the cave of the Centaur Chiron. The giants, in their war with the gods, are said to have attempted to heap Ossa aiid OlyinpuB on Pelion, or Pelion ana Ossa on Olympus, in order to scale heaven. On Pelion the timber was felled with which the ship Argo w'as built. PELLA (-ae). (1) An ancient town of Mace- donia, in. the aistriet Bottiaea, situated upon a lake formed by the river Lydias. Philip made it hts residence and the capital of the Macedonian monarchy. It was -the birth- place of Alexander the Great. Hence the poets give the surname of Pellaea to Alexan- dria in Egypt; because it was founded by Al- exander the Great, and also use the word in n general sense as equivalent to Egyptian. — (2) A city of Palestine, E. of the Jordan, in Peraea. It was the place of refuge of the Christians who fled from Jerusalem before its capture by the Romans. PELLENE (-es), the most easterly of the 12 cities of Achaia, near the frontiers of Sicyo- nia, and situated on a hill 60 stadia from the city. The inhabitants of the peninsula of Pallene, in Macedonia, professed to be de- scended from the Pellenaeans in Achaia, who were shipwrecked on the Macedonian coast on their return from Troy. PELOPBA or PELOPIA (-ae), daughter of Thyestes and mother of Aegisthus. [Aegis- ■TUUS.] PELOPIDAS (-ae), a celebrated Theban general, and an intimate friend of Epaminon- as. He took a lending part in .expelling the Spartans from Thebes, n.o. 379; and from this time until his death thei'e was not a year in which he was not intrusted with some im- portant command. He was slain in battle at Cynoscephalae in Thessaly, fighting against Alexander of Pherae, n.o. 364. PELOPONNESUS ^-i : Morea)^ the S. part of Greece, or the peninsula, which was con- nected with Hellas proper by the isthmus of Corinth. It Is said to have derived its name —Peloponnesus, or the "island of Pelops" — from the mythical Pelops. [Pelops.] This name does not occur in Homer. In his time the peninsula was sometimes called Apia, from Apis, son of PhDroncus, king of Argos ; and sometimes Artjos; which names wer-e given to it on account of Argos being the chief power in Peloponnesus at that period. On the E. and S, there are 3 great gulfs— the Argolic, Laconiau, and Messenian. The an- cients compared the shape of the country to the leaf of a plane-tree ; and its modern name, the Jfoj-ca, which first occurs iu the 12th cent- ury of the Christian era, was given to it on account of its resemblance to a mulberry- leaf. Peloponnesus was divided into various provinces, all of which were bounded on ohe side by the sea, with the exception of Aroa- i>iA, which was in the centre of the country. These provinces were Achaia in the N., Elis in the W., Mkssbnia in the W. and S., L^oo- NiA in the S. and £., and CbnI^'TuIA iu the E. and N. An account of the geography of the peninsula is given under these names. The area of Peloponnesus is computed to be 7770 English miles, and it probably contained a population of upwards of a million in the flourishing period of Greek history. — Pelo- ponnesus was originally inhabited by Pelas- gians. Subsequently the Achaeans, who be- longed to the Aeolic race, settled iu the E. ancTS. parts of the peninsula, in Argolis, La- conia, and Messenia ; and the lonians in the N. part, in Achaia ; while the remains of the original inhabitants of the country, the Pelas- gians, collected chiefly in the ceutral part, in Arcadia. Eighty years after the Trojan -vjiar, according to mythical chrouology, the Bo- riaus, under the conduct of the Heraclidae, invaded and conquered Peloponnesus, and established Doric states iu Argolis, Laconia, and Messenia, from whence they extended their power over Corinth, Sicyou, and Mega ra. Part of the Achaean population remained in these provinces as tributary subjects to the Dorians, under the name of Perioeci ; while others of the Achaeans passed over to the N. of Peloponnesus, expelled the lonians, and settled in this part of the country, which was called after them Achaia. The Aetolians, who had invaded Peloponuesus along with the Dorians, settled in Ells, and became inter- mingled with the original iuhabitants. The peninsula remained under Doric influence during the most important period of Greek hi^ory, and opposed to the great Ionic city of Athens.' After the conquest of Messeuia by the Spartans it was nnder the supremacy of Sparta, till the overthrow of the power of the'latter by the Thebans at the battle of Leuctra, b.o. 371. PELOPS (-6pis), grnndflon of Zeus (Jupiter), and son of Tantalus, king of Phrygia, Being PELOPS. 292 PENATES. expelled from Phrycria, he came to Ells, where he married Hippodamla, daughter of Oeno- maus, whom he succeeded ou the throue. By means of the wealth he brought with him, hie influence became so great lu the peninsula that it was called after him "the island of l*elop8." The legends about Pelops consist mainly of the story of his being cnt to pieces and boiled, of his contest with Oenomaus and Hipp6daraia, and of his relation to his eons. 1. Pelops cut to pieces and boiled. Tantalus, the favorite of the gods, once invited them to a repast, and on that occasion killed his own fon, and, having boiled him, set the flesh be- ftjre them that they might eat it. But the immortal gods, knowing what it was, did not touch it; Demeter (Ceres) alone, being ab- sorbed by grief for her lost daughter, con- sumed the shoulder. Hereupon the ^ods or- dered Hermes (Mercury) to put the limbs of Pelops into a caldron, and thereby restore him to life. When the process was over, Clo- tho took him out of the caldron, and as the shoulder consumed by Demeter was wanting, lh£ goddess supplied its place by one made of ivory : his descendants (the Pelopidae), as a mark of their origin, were believed to have one shoulder as white as ivory. 2. Contest with Oenommts and Hippffddmla. An oracle having declared to Oenomaus, king of Pisa in Elis, that he should be killed by nis son-in- law, he declared that he would bestow the hand of his daughter Hipp6dilmia upon the man who should conquer him in the chariot- race, but that whoever was conquered should sufl'er death. This he did because his horses were swifter than those of any other mortal. He had overtaken and slain many a suitor when Pelops came to Pisa. Pelops bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer of Oenomaus, by the promise of half the kingdom, if he would as- sist him in conquering hia master. Myrtilus agreed, and took out the linch-pins of the chariot of Oenomaus. In the race the chariot of Oenomaus broke down, and he was thrown outr and killed. Thus Hippddamia became the wife of Pelops. But as Pelops had now gained his object^ he was unwilhng to keep faith with Myrtilus ; and accordingly, as they were driving along a clifl", he threw Myrtilus into the sea. As Myrtilus sank, he cursed Pe- lops and his whole race. Pelops returned with Hipp6damia to Pisa in Elis, and soon made himself master of Olympia. where he restored the Olympian games with greater splendor than ever. 3. Tlie sons of Pelops. Chrysippus was the favorite of hie father, and was in consequence envied by his bi'others. The two eldest among them, Atreus and Thy- estes, with the connivance of Hippftdumia, accordingly murdered Chrysippus, and threw his body into a well. Pelops, who suspected his sons of the murder, expelled them from the country. Pelops, after his death, was honored at Olympia above all other heroes. The name of Pelops was so celebrated that it was constantly used by the poets in connec- tion with bis descendants and the cities they inhabited. Hence we find Atreus, the son of Pelops, called Pelope'iiis AtrevSj and Aga- memnon, the grandson or great-grandson of Atreus, called Pelopelus Agamemnon. In the same way Iphigenia^ the daughter of Aga- memnon, and Hermione, the wife of Mene- Jaus, are each called by Ovid Pelopeia virgo. Virgil uses the phrase Pelopea -moenia to sig- nify the cities in Peloponnesus which Pelops and his descendants ruled over ; and. in like manner, Mycenae is called by Ovid Pelopei- ades Myce7iae, PELORIS (-idis), PELORIAS (-fidis), or PELOEUS (-i: C. Faro), the N.E. point of Sicily, and oue of the 3 promontories which formed the triangular flgure of the island. Ac- cording to the usual story, it derived its name from Pelorua, the pilot of Hannibal's ship; but the nanie was more ancient than-Hanni- bars time, being mentioned by Thucydides. PELTAE (-arum), an ancient and flourish- ing city in the N. of Phrygia. PBLtTSiUM (-i: O.T. Sin; both names are derived from nouns meaning ?n«d), a celebra- ted city of Lower Egypt, standing ou the E. side of the E.-most mouth of the Nile, which was called after it the Pelusiac mouth, 20 stadia (2 geog. miles) from the sea, in the midst of morasses, from which it obtained its name. As the key of Egypt on the N.E., and the frontier city towards Syria and Arabia, it was strongly fortifled, and was the scene of many battles and sieges. It was the birth- place of the geographer Ptolemaeus. PEN5.TES (-urn), the household gods of the Romans, both those of a private family aud of the state, as the great family of citizens. Hence we have to distinguish between private and public Penates. The name is connecteQ with penus; and the images of these gods were kept in the penetralia, or the central part of the house. The Lares were included among the Penates, and both names are often used synonymously. The Lares, however, though included in the Penates, were not the only Penates ; for each family had usually no more than one Lar, whereas the Penates are always gpoken of in the plural. Mbst ancient writers believed that the Penates of the state ' renntes. (From t^e Vfltlcan Virgil.) PENEIS. 293 PERAEA. were brought by Aeneas from Troy into Italy, and were preserved first at Laviuium, after- wards at Alba LoD^a, and finally at Kome. The private Penates bad their place at the hearth of every house, and the tsible also was sacred to them. On the hearth a perpetual fire wa3 kept up in their honor, and the table always contained the salt-cellar and the first- lings of fruit for these divinities. PENSIS (-idis), that is, Daphne, daughter of the river god Peneas. PENELOpE (-es), daughter of Icariaa and Periboea of Sparta, married Ulysses, king of Ithaca. [Respecting her mar- triage, see loABiDS, No. 2.] By Ulys- se:j Hhe bad au only child, Telemachus, who was an infant when her husband sailed against Troy. During the lone absence of Ulysses she was beleaguered by numerous and importunate suitors, whom she deceived by declaring that she must finish a large robe which she was making for Laertes, her aged father-in- law, before she could make up her mind. During the daytime she accordingly worked at the robe, and in the night she undid the work of the day. By this means she succeeded in putting off the. suitors. ' But at length her stratagem was betrayed by her servants;, and when, in consequence, the faithful Pe- nelope was pressed more and more by the impatient suitors, Ulysses at length arrived in Ithaca, after an absence of 20 years. Having recognized her husband by several signs, she heartily welcomed him, and the days of her grief and sor- row were at an end. [Ulysses.] While Homer describes Penelope as a chaste and faithful wife, some writers charge her with being the reverse, and relate that she became the mother of Pan by Hermes or by all the suitors. They add that Ulysses repudiated her when he re- turned ; whereupon she went to Sparta, and thence to Mantmea. According to another tradition, she married Telegonus, after he had killed his father, Ulysses. PENEUS (-i). (1) The chief river of Thes- ealy, rising in Mount Findus, and after receiv- ing many affluents, forcing its way tlirough the vale of Tempe between Mounts Ossa and Olympus into the sea. [Tempe.] As a god Peneus was a son of Occanus and Tethys, and father of Daphne and Gyrene.— (2) A river of ISlis, rising on the frontiers of Arcadia, and flowing into the Ionian sea. PENlUS (-i>. a little river of Pontas, falling into the Euxine. PENNINAE ALPES. [Alpeb.] PENTXPOLIS (-is), the name for any asso- ciation of 5 cities, was applied specifically to the 5 chief cities of Cyrenaica, in N.Africa — Gyrene, Berenice, ArsinoS, Ptolemais, and Apollouia. PENTfiLICUS (-i), a mountain in Attica, celebrated forits marble, is abranch of Mount Fames, from which it runs in a S.E.-ly direc- tion between Athens and Marathon to the coast. PENTHESlLEA <-ae), daughter of Area (Mars) and Otrera, and queen of the Amazons. After the death of Hector she came to the assistance of the Trojans, but was slain by Achilles, who mourned over the dying queen on account-of her beauty, youth, and valor. Thersites ridiculed the grief of Achilles, and was in consequence killed by the hero. There- upon Diomedes, a relative of Thersites, threw the body of Penthesilea into the river Scaman- der ; but, according to others, Achilles himself buried it on the banks of the Xauthus. Pehthcallea offering aid to Priam. PENTHEUS (-^08 or 5i ; aco. -5a or Sum), son of Echion and Agav6, the daughter of Oadinus. He succeeded Gadmus as kirig of Thebes; and havinELPHns, 159-138 ; At- TAi.DS III. Puii.OMETOR, 133-133. The king- dom reached its greatest extent after the de- feat of Antiochns the Great by the Romans, in li.o. 190, when the Romans bestowed upon Eiimenes II. the whole of Mysia, Lydia, both Phrygias, Lycaonia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia. It was under the same king that the cele- brated library was founded at Pergamus, which for a long time rivaled that ot Alex- andria, and the formation of which occasioned the invention of parchment, Charta Pergor- mena. On the death of Attains III., in n.o. 133, the kingdom, by a bequest in his will, passed to the Romans. The city was aii early seat of Christianity, and is one of the" Seven Churches of Asia to which the Apocalyptic epistles are addressed. Among the celebrated natives of the city were the rhetorician Apoi- lodorus and the physician Galen. PERGB. [Peiiga.3 PJERIANDER (-dri), son of Cypselus, whom he succeeded as tyrant of Corinth, b.o. 625, and reigned 40 years, to k.o. 535. His rule was mild and beueflceut at first, but afterwards became oppressive. He was a patron of liter- ature and philosophy; and Avion and Ana- charsis were in favor at his court. He was very commonly reckoned among the Seven PERiCLES (-is or i), the greatest of Athe- nian statesmen, was the son of Xanthippus and AgaristG, both of whom belonged to the noblest families of Athens. .The fortune of his parents procured for hiin a carefnl educa- tion, and he received instruction from Damon, Zeno of Elea, and Anaxagoras. In «.o. 409 Pericles began to take part in public affairs, 40 years before his death, and was soon re- garded as the head of the more democratical party in the state, in opposition to Cimon. It was at his instigation that his friend Ephial- tes proposed in 461 the measure by which the Areopagus was deprived of those functions which rendered it formidable to the demo- cratical party. This success was followed by the ostracism of Cimon. Pericles was dis- tinguished as a general as well as a states- man, and frequently commanded the Athe- nian armies in their wars with the neighbor- ing states. In 448 he led the army which assisted the Phocians in the Sacred war; and PERICLES. 295 PERSEPHONE. in 445 he rendered the most signal service to the state by recovering the island of Euboea, which had revoked from Athens, Afrer the death of Cimon in 449, the arietocratical party was headed by Thucydides, the son of Mele- pias ; but on the oetracisra of the latter in 444 Pericles was left without a rival, and through- out the remainder of his political course no (me appeared to contest his supremacy. The next important event in which Pericles was engaged was the war against Samos, which had revolted from Athens, and which he snb- dued after an arduous campaign, 440. The l)oet Sophocles was one of the generals who fought with Pericles against Samos. For the next 10 years, till the outbreak of the Pelopon- nesiau war, the Athenians were not engaged in any considerable military operations. Peri- cles employed this time of peace in adorning Athens with public buildings, which made t his city the wonder and admiration of Greece. [Phidias.] The enemies of Pericles made many attempts to ruin his reputation, but, failing in these, they attacked him through his friends. His friends Phidias and Anax- iigoras, and his mistress Aspasiaj were all ac- cused before the people. Phidias was con- demned and cast into prison [PiimiAS] ; Anax- agoras was also sentenced to pay a fine and quit Athens [Anaxagosas] ; and Aspasiawas ouly acquitted through the entreaties and tears of Pericles.— The Peloponuesian war has been falsely ascribed to the ambitious schemes of Pericles. It is true that he coun- seled the Athenians not to yield to the de- mands of the Lacedaemonians ; hut he did this because he saw that war was inevita- ble ; and that as long as Athens retained the great power which she then possessed, Sparta would never rest contented. On the outbreak of the war in 431 a Peloponuesian army under Archidamns invaded Attica, and upon the advice of Pericles the Athenians conveyed their property into thecity, and al- lowed the Peloponuesian 8 to desolate Attica without opposition. Next year (430), when the Peloponnesians again Invaded Attica, Pericles pursued the same policy as before. In this summer the pln^uQ made its appear- ance in Athens. It carried off his two sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, and most of his in- timate friends. In the autumn of 4'i9 Pericles himself died of a lingering sickness. He left no legitimate children. His son Pericles, by Aspasia, was one of the generals at the battle of Arginusae, and was put to death by the Athenians with the other generals, w,o. 406. PfiR!CLYMENUS-(-i), one of the Argo- nauts, son of Keleus, and brother of Nestor. PERILLT7S. [Pjiat-abtb.] PEKINTHUS (-1), an important town of Thrace on the Propontis, and founded by the Samiaus about k.o. ei59, situated 22 miles W. of Selymbria on a small peninsula. At a later time it was called Heraclea^ and sometimes Heraclea Thraciae or Heraclea Perinthua. PEUiPHAS (-antis). (1) A king of Attica, —(2) One of the Lapithac.— (3) A companion of Pyrrhus at the siege of Troy. PERMESSUS (-i), a river in Boeotia, de- scending from Mount Helicon, and falling into the lake Copals near Haliartus. PSrO (-6nis), daughter of .Neleus and Chlorip, and wife of Bias. PERPfiRENA (-ae), a small town of MyBla, S. of Adramyttinm. PERPERNA or PERPENNA (-ae : the for- mer is the preferable form). (I) M., consul 11.0. 130, when he defeated Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prisoner. — (2) M. PisitPicnNA Vbnto, son of the last, joined the -Marian party in the civil war, nnd was raised to the praetorsbip. He afi erwards crossed over into Spain, ana fought under Sertorius for some years; but being jealous of the latter, Per- perua and his friends assassinated Sertmius at a banquet in 72. His death soon brought the war to a close. Perperna was defeated by Pompey, was taken prisoner, and was put to death. PERRHAEBI <-orum), a powerful and war- like Pelaagic people in the N. of Thessaly. Homer places the Perrhaebi in the neighbor- hood of the Thessalian Dodona and the river TitarosiuB ; and at a later time the name of Perrhaebia'was applied to the district bound- ed by Macedonia and the Cambunian monnt- ains on the N., by Pindus on the W., by the Peneus on the S. and S.E., and by the Peiieus and Ossa on the E. The Perrhaebi weie members of the Amphictyonic League. PERSAE. [Pekbis.I PERSE (-es), or PEIISA <-ae), daughter of Oceanus, and wife nf Helios (the Sun), by whom she became the mother of AeSte;*, CircG, Pasiphaij, and Perses. PERSElS (-idle), a name given to Hecate, as the daughter of Perses by Asteria. PERSEPHONE (-es), called PROSERPINA (-ae) by the Romans, a goddess, daughter of Zens (Jupiter) and Demeter (Ceres). In At- tica she was worshiped under the name of Cdre (Ko^>j), that Is, the Daughter, namely, of Demeter ; and the two were frequently called PERSEPHONE. 296 PERSEPOLIS. Persephone (Proaerplne) enthroned. (Gerhavd, Archaolog. Zeit. tav. 11.) The Mother and. the Daufjhter. Homer de- scribes her as the wife of Hades (Pluto), and the formidable, venerable, and majestic queen of the Shades, who rules over the souls of the dead, along with her husband. Hence she is called by later writers Junolnferna, Avema, and Stygia ; and the Erinyes (Furies) are said to have been her daughters by Plato. The story of her being carried off oy Hades, the wanderings of her mother in search of her, and the worship of the 2 goddesses in Attica at the festival of the Eleueinia, are related under Dkmeter. Persephone is usually rep- resented in works of art with the grave and se- vere character of the Jnuo of the lower world. PEESEPOLIS (-is), the capital of Persis and of the Persian empire. It appears, how- ever, to have been seldom used as the royal residence. Neither Herodotus, Xenophon, Ctesias, nor the sacred writers during the Persian period, mention it at all ; though thej often speak of Babylon, Snsa, and Ecbatana, Pereepolia. PXBBEPUOHE. Q2 (Prom a Pompeiiaii Fresco, Naples.) PEliSES. 297 PERSICUS. Perseus. showed bim the way to the nymphs, who poe- seased the wiiifred sandals, the mngic wallet, and the helmet of Hades (Pluto), wiiich ren- dered the wearer invisible. Having received from the nymphs these invaluable presents, . from Hermes a sickle, and from Athena a mir- ror, he mounted into the air, and arrived at the abode of the Gorgons, who dwelt near Tiv- tessiis, ou the coast of the Ocean. He found them, asleep, and cut off the head of Medusa, looking at her figure through the mirror, for a sight of the monster herself would have changed him into stone. Perseus put her head into the wallet which he can-ied on his back, and as he went away he was pursued by the other two Gorgons: but his helmet., which rendered him invisible, enabled him to escape in safety. Perseus then proceeded to Aetliiopia, where he saved and married An- dromeda. [Andrombi>a.] Perseus is also said to have changed Atlas into the mountain of the snnie name by means of the Gorgon's head. Ou his return to Serlphos he found that his mother had taken refuge in a temple to escape the violence of Polydectes. He then went to the palace of Polydectes, and meta- morphosed him and all his guests into stone. He then gave the head of the Gorgon to Athena, who placed it in the middle of her shield or breastplate. Perseus subsequently went to Argos, accompanied by Danae and Androme- da. Acrisiue, remembering the oracle, escaped to Larissa, in the country of the Pelasglans ; but Perseus followed him in disguise, in order to persuade him to return. On his arrival at Larissa, he took part in the public games, and accidentally killed Acrisius with the discus. Perseus, leaving the kingdom of Argos to Megapenthes, the son of Proetus, received from him in exchange the government of Tiryns. Perseus is said to hove founded Mycenae. — (2) Or Peebes (-ae), the last king of Macedonia, was the eldest son of Philip V., and reigned 11 years, from Ji.o. 178 to 168. His war with the Romans lasted 4 years (b.o. 171-168), and was brought to a close by his decisive defeat by L. Aemilius Paulus at the battle of Pydna iu 168. Perseus adorned the triumph of his congueror, and was per- mitted to end his days in an honorable cap- tivity at Alba. PERSIA. [Pjsiieis,] as the capitals of the empire. It is only from the Greek writers after the Macedonian con- quest that we learn its rank iu the empire, which appears to have consii«ted chiefly in its being one of the 2 burial-places of the kings (the other being Pasargada), and also a royal treasury ; for Alexander found in the palace immonse riches, which were said to have ac- cumulated from the time of Cyrus. It pre- served its splendor till after the Macedonian conquest, when it was burned ; Alexander, as the story goes, setting Are to the palace with his own hand, at the end of a revel, by the in- stigation of the courtesan Thais, ii.o. 331. It was not, however, so entirely destroyed as some historians represent. It appears fre- quently in subsequent history, botn ancient and medieval. It is now deserted, bul its ruins ■are considerable. It was situated in the heart ofPersis, in the part called Hollow Persis, not far from the border of the Carraanian Desert, in a valley watered by the river Araxes, and its tributaries the Means and the Cyrus. PERSES (-ae), son of Helios (the Sun) and PereG, brother of Aeetes and Circfi, and father of Hecate. PERSEUS (-65s or el). (1) The fomous Argive hero, sou of Zeus (Jupiter) and DanaS, and grandson of Acri- sius. An oracle had told Acrisius that he was doomed to perish by the hands of Dunae's son; and he therefore : shut up his daughter in an apartment made of I brass or stone. But l-Zeus, having metamor- phosed himself into a shower of gold, came down through the roof of the prison, and be- came by her the father of Pereeus. Prom this circumstance Perseus is 'sometimes called auHgena. As soon as Acrisius discovered that Dana€ had given birth to a son, he put both mother and son into a chest, arid threw them into the seaj but Zeus caused the chest to come ashore at Seriphos, one of the Cyclades, when Dictys, a fisherman, fouud X>anaS and her son, and carried them to Polydec- tes, the king of the coun- try, who treated them with kindness. In course of time Polydectes fell in love with DanaS, and wishing to get rid of Perseus, who nad mean- time grown np to man- hood, he sent the young hero to fetch the heod of Medusa, o»le of the Gor- gons, Guided by Hermes piercury) and Athena (Minerva), Perseus first went to the Graeae, the took from them thfir^one tooth and their one I PERSlCUS SiNUS, PERSICUM MiRE, eye, and would vot restore them until they 1 the name given by the later geographers to Coin- of Perseus, kfnp of Macedonia. PERSIS. 298 PESSINUS. the great ^ulf of the Mare Erythraeum (Jn- dian Oeear^. extending between the coast of Arabia ana the opposite coast of Susiana, Persia, and Carmauia, now called the Persian Gulf. PERSIS (-idis), very rarely PfeRSIA (-ae), originally a smaU districtof Asia, bonudedou the S.W. by the Persian Gulf, on the N.W. and N. by Susiana, Media, and Parthia, and on the B, towards Carmania by no definite bonndaries in the desert. The only level part of the country was the strip of sea-const: the rest was intersected with mountains. The inhabitant were divided into 3 classes or castes : First, the nobles or warriors, contain- ing the 3 tribes of the Pa8\ugaj>ak, who were the most noble, and to whom the royal family of the Achaemenidae belonged. Secondly, the at;rionltui'al and other settled tribes. Thirdly, the tribes which remained nomadic. The Persians had a close ethnical affinity to the Medes, and followed the same customs and religion [Maqi; Zokoasxeii.] On their first appearance in history they are represent- ed as a nation of hardy shepherds, who under their leader Cyrus overthrew the empire of ihe Medes, and became the masters of West- ern Asia, B.o. 559. [Cvnus.] In the reign of Darius, the 3d king of Persia, the empire ex- tended from Thrace and Cyrenaicaon theW. to the Indus on the E,, and from the Etixiue, the Caucasus, the Caspian, and the Oxns and Jazartes on the N. to Aethiopia, Arabia, and the Erythraean sea on the S. It embraced, in Europe, Thrace and some of the Greek cities K. or the Euxiue ; in Africa, Egypt and Cyrenaifca; in Asia, on the W., Palestine, Phoenicia, Syria, the several districts of Asia Minor, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Bab- ylonia, Susiana, Atropatene, Great Media; on the N., Hyrcania, Margiaua, Bactriana, and Sogdiana ; on the B., the Paropamisus, Ara- chosia, and India (t. e. part of the Punjab and Scinde) ; on the S., Persis, Carmania, and Ge- drosia; and in the centre of the E. part, Par- thia, Aria, and Drangiana. The capital cities of the empire were Babylon, Susa, Ecbataua in Media, and, though these were seldom, if ■ ever, used as residences, Pasargada and Per- sepolis in Persis. (See the several articles.) Of this vast empire Darius undertook the organ i'zatiim, and divided it into 20 satrapies. Of the ancient Persian history, an abstract is given under the names of the several kings, a list of whom is subjoined: 1, Cyeub, n.o. 559-529; 2, Camuyseb, 529-522; 3, Usurpation of the pseudo-SAiRRPis.T months, 522-521 ; 4, Dabios I., sou of Hystaspes, 521-485 ; 5, Xerx- KB I., 485-465; 6, Usurpation of Atitabanus, 7 months, 465-464; 7, Aktaxerxes I. Longi- MANus, 464-425; 8, Xerxes II., 2 months; 9, SoQDiANue, 7 months, 425-424; 10, Ooiius, or Darius II. NoTnre, 424-405 ; 11, Autaxbrxrs II. Mmrmon, 405-359; 12,Oonire, or Autaxbrx- Es III., 359-338; 13, Absks, 338-336 ; 14, 1)abi- us ni. CoroMANUB, 336-331, [Alexander]. Here the ancient history of Peisia ends, ag a kingdom ; but, as a people, the Peraiuus prop- er, under the inftuence especially of their re- ligion, preserved their existence, and at length regained their independence op the downfall of the Parthian empire. [Sasbanidae]. — In reading the Roman poets, it must be remem- bered that they constantly use Persae, as well as Medi, as a general term for the peoples B. ■faf the Euphrates and Tigris, and especially for the Parthians. PERSiUS PLACCUS (-i), A., the Roman poet, was a knight connected by bloo'd and marriage with persons of the highest rank, and was born at Volaterrae in Etruria, a.d. 34. He was the pupil of Cornntus the etoic, and while yet a youth was on familiar terms with Lncan, with Caesius Bassus, the lyric poet, and with several other persons of lit- erary eminence. He was tenderly beloved by the high-minded Paetus Thrasea, and seems to have been well worthy of such affection; for he is described as a virtuous and pleasing youth. He died in a.d. 62, before he had com- pleted his 28th year. The extant works of Per- siuB consist of 6 short satires, and were left in an unfinished state. They are written in an obscure style, and are difficult to understand. PERTINAX (-acis), HELVIUS <-i), Roman emperor from January Ist to March 28th, a.d. 193, was reluctantly persuaded to accept the empire on the death *jf Commo- dns. But having attempted to check the license of the praetorian troops, he was slain by the latter, who then put \\\) the empire for sale. PERtSlA (-ae: Pej'ugia), an an- cient city in the E. part of Etrnria between the lake Trasimenus and the Tiber, and one of the 12 cities of the Etruscan con- federacy. It was Bituated on a hill, and was strongly fortified by nature and by art. . It is memorable in the civil wars as the place in which L. Antonius, the brother of the trium- vir, took refuge, when he was no longer able to oppose Octavianus (Augustus) in tne field, and where he was Icept closely blockaded by Octavianus from the end of b. a 41 to the spring of 40. Famine compelled it to sur- render; but one of its citizens having set fire to his own house, the fiames spread, and the whole city was burned to the ground. It was rebuilt by Augustus. PESSlNtTS or PESlNtTS (-untis), a city in the S.W. corner of Galatia, on the S. slope of Mount Dindymus or Agdistfs, was celebrated as a chief seat of the worship of Cyb^Ifi, un- der the surname of Agdietis, whose temple, crowdpd with riches, stood on a hill outside the city. In this templp was an image of the goddess, which was removed to Rome, to satisfy an oracle in the Sibylline books. Portlnftz. PETELIA. 299 PHALARIS. PfiTELlA or PETILIA (-ae: Strongoli), an ancient Greek town on the E. coast of Bruttiuin, founded, according to tradition, by Pliiloctetes. PETILIUS, C1PIT5L1NUS. [Capito- LINUS.] PETRA (-ae), the name of several cities built on rocke, or in rocky places, of which the mo6t celebrated was in Arabia Petraea, the capital, first, of the Idumaeans, and after- wards of the Nabathaeans. It lies in the midst of the mountains of Seir, just half-way between the Bead Sea and the head of the Aelanitic gulf of the Ked Sea, in a valley, or rather ravine, surrounded by almost inacces- sible precipices, which is entered by a narrow. gorge on the E., the rocky walls of which* approach so closely as in some places hardly to permit 2 horsemen to ride abreast. On the banks of the river which runs through this ravine stood the city itself, and fome fine ruins of its public buildings still remain. These ruins are chiefly of the Roman period, when Petra had become an important city as a centre of the caravan traffic of the Naba- thaeans. It mifintained its independence under the Romans till the time of Trajan, by whom it was taken. It was the chief city of Arabia Petraea ; and under the later empire the capital of Paiaestina Tertia. PETREIUS (-i), M., a man of military expe- rience, is first mentioned in b.o. 62, when he served as legatue to C. Antonius, and defeat- ed the army of Catiline. He belonged to the aristocratical party; and in 5f> he was sent into Spain along with L. Afranins as legatus of Pompey. He subsequently fought against Caesar in Africa, and after the loss of the battle of ThapsuSf he and Jnba fell by each other's hands. PSTRINUM (-i), a monntain near Sinu- essa, on the confines of Latium and Campania, on which good wine was grown. PETROCORII (-6mm), a people in Gallia Aquitauica, in the modern Perigord. PETRONIUS (-i), C, or T., one of the chosen compauious of Nero, and regarded as director-in-chief of the imperial pleasures (Elegantiae arbiter). The influence which Petronius thus acquired excited the jealousy of Tigellinus ; and being accused of treason, he put an end to his life ny opening his veins. He is said to have dispatched in his last moments a letter to the prince, taunting him with his brutal- excesses. It is uncertain whether he is the author of the work, which has come down to us, bearing the title Petronii Arbitri Satj/^'icon. It is a sort of comic ro- mance, filled with disgnstlng licentiousness. PEUCE (-fis), an island in Moesia Inferior, formed by the 2 sonthern mouths, of the Danube, inhabited by the Pencini, who were a tribe of the Bastarnae, and took their name from the island. PETJCESTAS (-ae), an officer of Alexander the Great, on whose death (».o. 323) he ob- tained the government of Persitu He fought on the side of Eumenes against Anligonus (317-316), and was finally deprived of his eatrapy by Antigonus. PEUCSTiA. CAvpMA.] PBUCINI. [P£uois.] ■ PHACUSSA f-ae), an island in the Aegaean sea, one of the oporades. PHAEACES (-urn), a fabulous people im- mortalized by the Odyssey, who inhabited the island Soubria {txepia), situated at the ex- treme western part of the earth, and who were governed by king Alcinous. [Aloinotts.] They are described as a people of luxurious habits; whence a glutton is called Pkaeaa: by Horace.— The ancients identified the Ho- meric Scheria with Corcyra; but it is better to regard Scheria as altogether fabulous. PHAEDON (-onis), a native of Elis, was taken prisoner, and sold as a slave at Athens. He afterwards obtained his freedom, and be- came a follower of Socrates, at whose death he was pi'esent. He afterwards returned tn Elis, where he became the founder of a school of philosophy. The dialogue of Plato, con- taining an account of the death of Socrates, bears the name of Phaedon. PHAEDRA (-ae), daughter of Minos, and wife of Theseus, who falsely accused her step- son Hippolytus. After the death of Hippo- lytus, his innocence became known to his father, aud Phaedra made away with herself. PHAEDRUS (-i), the Latin Fabulist, was originally a slave, and was brought from Thrace or Macedonia to Rome, where he learned the Latin language. He received his freedom from Augustus. His fables are 97 in number, written in iambic verse : most of them are borrowed from Aesop. PHAESTUS <-i), a town in the S. of Crete. near Gortyna, the birthplace of Epimenides. PHiETH5N (-ontis), that is, "the shin- ing," used as an epithet or surname of Helios (the Sun), but more commonly known as the name of a son of Helios by Clym^nO. He re- ceived the name of Phnethon from his father, and was afterwards so presumptuous as to request his father to allow him to drive the chariot of the sun across the heaveus for one day. Helios was induced by the entreaties of his son and of Clyrafine to yield, but the youth being too weak to check the horses, they rushed out of their usual track, and came so near the earth as almost to set it on fire. Thereupon Zeus killed him with a flash of lightning, and hurled him down into the river Eridanns. His sisters, the Hellddae or PhdMhontlddeSj who had yoked the horses to thechariotjweremetamorphosedintopoplars, and their tears into amber. [Heliauak.] PHifiTHtJSA. [Hkoadae.] PHALANTHUS (-i), the leader of the Lace- daemonians who founded Tarcntum iu Italy, about B.O. 708. . PHXLXRIS -(-idis), ruler of Agrigentum in Sicily, has obtained a pi'overhial celebrity as a cruel and inhuman tyrant. He reigned from about nlo. 570 to 604. He perished oy a sudden outbreak of the i>opular fut^. No cir- cumstance connected with him is more cele- brated than the brazen bull in which he is said to have bnrned alive the victims of his cruelty, and of which we are told that he PHALERUM. 300 PHASIS. Fhacthon, (Zannoni, Gal. di Firen-ze, eerie 4, vol. S.) made the first experiment upon its InTcntor, Perillus. The Epistles bearing the name of Phalarls have been proved by Bentley to be tbe composition of some Sophist. PHlLERUM (-i), the most E.-ly of the harbors of Athens, and the one chiefly iised b^ the Athenians before the time of the Per- sian wars. After the establishment by The- mistbcles of the harbors in the peninsula of Piraeus, Phalerum was not much used. PHANAE (-arum), the S. point of the island of Chios, celebrated for its temple of Apollo, and for its excellent wine. PHXNXGORIA (-ae), a Greek city on the Asiatic coast of the Cimmerian Bosporus, was chosen by the kings of Bosporus as their capital in Asia. PHiON (-onis), a boatman at Mitylene, is said to have been originally an u";ly old man ; but having carried Aphrodite (Venus) across the sea without accepting payment, the god- dess gave him youth ana beauty. After this Sappho is said to have fallen in love with him, and, when he slighted her, to have leaped from the Leucadian rock. [Sappho.] PH5.RAE (iarum). (1) A town in the W. part of Achaia, and one of the 12 Achaean cities, situated on the river Pierus. — (2) A town in Messenia on the river Nedon, near the frontiers of Laconia. PHARMACtTSA (-ae). an island off the coast of Miletus, where Julius Caesar was taken prisoner by pirates. PHARNABlZUS (-i), satrap of the Persian provinces near the Hellespont, towards the end of the Pelopounesian war, and for many years subsequently. His character is distin- guished by generosity and openness. He has been charged, it is true, with the murder of Alcibiades ; but the latter probably fell by the hands of others, [Axoibiadrs.] PHARNiCES (-is). (1) King of Pontus, and grandfather of Mithridates the Great, reined from about b.o. 190 to 156.— (2) King of Pontus, or more properly of the Bosporus, was the srtn of Mithridates the Great, whom he compelled to put an end to his life in C3. [MiTHiiinATES VI.] After the death of his father, Pompey granted him the kingdom of the Bopporus. fii the civil war between Cae- sar and Pompey, Phamnces seized the oppor- tunity to reinstate himself in his father's do- minions ; but he was defeated by Caesar in a decisive action near Zela (47). The battle was gained with such ease by Caesar that he informed the senate of his victory by the worda Veni, vidi, vici. In the course of the same year Pharnaces was slain by Asauder, one of his generals. [Asandek.] PHARNiCiA, a flourishing city of Asia Minor,. on the coast of Pontus, built near (some think on) the site of Cerasns, probably by Pharnaces, the grandfather of Mithridates the Great. PHARSXLUS (-i), a town in Thcssaly, in the district Thessaliotis, W. of the river Enip- eus. Near Pharsaliis was fought the decisive battle between Caesar and Pompey, w,c. 48, which made Caesar master of the Roman world._ It is fr,equently called the battle of Pharsalia, which was the name of the terri- tory of the town. PHiRUS or PHXROS (-i). (1) A small island off the coast of Egypt. When Alexan- der the Great planned the city of Alexandria, on the coast opposite to Pharos, he caused the island to-be united to the coast by a mole 7 stadia in length, thus forming the 2 harbors of the city. [Alexandhia.] The island was chiefly famous for the lofty tower built upon it by Ptolemy H. for a light-house, whence the name of Pharus was applied to all similar Btractures.— (2) An island of the Adriatic, ofi' the coasts of Dalmatia, E. of Issa. PHXsSLIS (-idis), a town on the coast of Lycia, near the borders of p'amphylin, found- ed by Dorian colonists. It became afterwards the head-quartet*s of the pirates who infested the S. coasts of Asia Minor, and was therefore destroyed by P. Serviliuslsauricus. Phaf elisis said to have been the ])lace at which the light, quick vessels called Phaseli were first built. PHXSIS (-is or idis). (1) A celebrated river of ColchiS; flowing into the E. end of the Pontus Euxinus {Black Sea). It was fa- mous in connection with the story of the Ar- gonantic expedition. Hence Medea is called Pha^ia8t and the adjective Ph&eAdcu$ is used in the sense of Colchian. [Aegonautae.] It has given name to t\ie pheasant (phasianus), which is said to have oeeu first brought to 1*HEGEUS. 301 PHILAENI. Greece from its banks. — (2) Near the mouth of the river, on its S. aide, wna a town of the same name, fouuded by the Milesians. PHEGEUS {-&6s or ei), king of P-sophis in Arcadia, purified Alcmaeou after he had killed his mother, and gave him his daughter Alphesiboea in marriage. [Alomaeon.] PHEMIUS (-i), a celebrated minstrel, who 8nng to the suitors in the palace of Ulysses iu Ithaca. PHfiNEUS (-i), an ancient town in the N.E. of Arcadia, at the foot of Mount Cylleue. PHERAE (-arum), an ancient town of Thes- ealy in the Pelasgian plain, 90 stadia from its port-town Pagasae, on the Pagasaean gulf. It is celebrated in mythology as the residence of Adraetus, and in history on account of its tyrants, who extended their powej* over near- ly the whole of Thessaly. Of these the most powerful was Jason, who was made Tiigus or generalissimo of Thessaly about b.o. 374. PHERAE. [Phabab.] PHERECKlTES (-is), of Athene, one of the best poets of the Old Comedy, contempo- rary with Aristophanes. He invented a new metre, which was named, after him, the Phereeratean. PHERECYDSS fria). (1) Of Syros, an early Greek philosopher, flourished about B.o. 544. He is said to have been the teacher of Pythagoras, and to have taught the doc- trine of the Metempsychosis.— (2) Of Athens, one of the early Greek logographers, was a contemporary of Herodotus. PHERSS (-etis), son of Cretheua and Tyro, father of Admetus andLycurgus, and founder of Pherae in Thessaly. Admetus, as the son of Pherep, is called Pli&ritiddes. PHIDIAS (-ae), the greatest sculptor and statuary of Greece, was born at Athens about K.o. 490. He was intrusted by Pericles with the superintendence of all the works of art which were erected at Athens during his ad- niiulstration. Of these works the chief were the Propylaea of the Acropolis, and, above all, the temple of Athena on th6 Acropolis, called the ParthMon^ on .which the highest efforts of the best artists were . employed. The sculptured ornaments of this temple, the remains of which form the glory of the Brit- ish Museum, were executed under the imme- diate superintendence of Phidias ; but the colossal statue of the divinity, made of ivory and gold, which was inclosed within that magnificent shrine, was the work of the art- ist's own hand. The statue was dedicated in 438. Having finished his great work at Ath- ens, he went to Elis and Olympia, where he finished his statue of the Olympian Zeus, the greatest of all his works. On his return to Athens he fell a victim tothe jealousy ngainst his great patron, Pericles, [Pebtoleb.] Phi- dias was first accused of peculation, but this charge was at once refuted, as, by the advice of Pericles, the gold had been affixed to the statue of Athena in such a manner that it could be removed, and the weight of it exam- ined. The accusers then charged Phidias with impiety, In having introduced into' the battle of the Amazons, on the shield -of ther goddess, bis own likeness and that of Peri- cles. On this latter charge Phidias was thrown into prison, where he died from dis- ease in 432. PHIDIPPIDES or PHlLIPPlDES (-is), a celebrated courier, who was sent by the Athe- nians to Sparta, in b.o. 490, to ask for aid against the Persians, and arrived there on the second day from his leaving Athens. PHIDON (-6uiB), a king of Argos, who ex- tended his sovereignty over the greater part of the Peloponnesus. In b.o. 748 he deprived the Eleans of their presidency at the Olympic games, and celebrated them jointly with the Pisans ; but the Eleans not long after defeat- ed him, with the aid of Sparta, and recovered their privilege. The most memorable act of Phidon was his introduction of copper and silver coinage, and a new scale of weights and measures, which, through his influence, became prevalent iu the Peloponnesus, and- ultimately throughout the greater portion of Greece. The scale in question was known by the name of the Aeginetan, and it is usu- ally supposed that the «oinage of Phidon was struck in Aegiha ; but this name was perhaps given to it only in consequence of the com- mercial activity of the Aeginetans. PHIGALIA (-ae), a town iu the S.W. cor- ner of Arcadia, on the frontiers of Messenia and Elis, which owes its celeNity in modern times to the remains of a splendid temple iu its territory, built in the lime of Pericles. The scnlptm'es in alto-relievo, which orna- mented the frieze in the interior, are now presei-ved in the British Museum. They rep- resent the combat of the Centaurs and the Lapithae, and of the Greeks and the Amnzons. PHILADELPHIA (-ae). (1) A city of Lydia, at the foot of Mount Tmolus, built by Attalus Philadelphus, king of Pergamus. It was an early seat of Christianity, and lis Church is one of the 7 to which the Apoea^ lypge is addressed.— (2) A city of Cilicia As- pera, on the Calycadnus, above Aphrodisias. PHlLiDELPHUS (-i), a surname of Ptole- maeus H., king of Egypt [Ptoi-emabus], and of AttalnsH,, king ofPergamum. [AyTAi-us.] PHILAE (-arum), an island in the Nile, just below the first cataract, on the S. bound- ary of the country towards Aethiofjia. It was inhabited by Egyptians and Ethiopians jointly, and was covered with magnificent temples, whose splendid ruins still remain. PHILAENI (-drum), 3 brothers, citizens of Carthage, of whom the following story is told: A dispute having arisen between the Carthaginians and Cyrenaeans about their boundaries, it was agreed that deputies should start at a fixed time from each of tlie cities, and that the place of their meeting; should thenceforth form the limit of the 2 territories. The Philaeni departed from Car- thage, and advanced much farther than the Cyrenaean party. The Cyrenaeans accused them of having set forth before the time agreed upon, but at length consented to ac- cept the spot which they had reached as a bonndavy-tine, if the Philaeni would submit to be buried alive there in the sand. The PHILAMMON. 302 PHILTPPUS. Philaeiii accordingly devoted themselves for their country iuthe way proposed. The Car- thaginianB paid high honors to their memory, ana erected altars to them where they had died; and from these the place was called . " The Altars of the PhilaenL" PHILAMMON <-6niB), a mythical poet and musician, said to have been the son of Apollo, and the father of Thamyria and Eumolpns. PHILEMON (-6ni8). (1) An aged Phryg- ian, and husband of Baucis, who hospitably entertained Zeus (Jupitert and Hermes (Mer- cury). — (2) A celebrated Athenian vjoet of the New Comedy, was a native of Soli in Cilicia, but at an early a^e went to Athens, and there received the citizenship. He flourished in the reign of Alexander, a little earlier than Menander, whom, however, he long survived. He began to exhibit about b.o. 33Q, and lived nearly 100 years. Although Philemon was inferior to Meuauder as a poet, yet he was a greater favorite with the Athenians, and often conquered his rival in the dramatic contests. [Menandiik.] — (3) The younger Philemon, also a poet of the New Comedy, was a son of the former. PHILETAEHUS. LPebgamum.] PHILBTAS (-ae), of Cos, a distinguished Alexandrian poet and grammarian, and the tutor of Ptolemy II. Philadelphus. PHSLIPPI (-orum), a celebrated cit^ in Macedonia adjecta, situated on a steep height of Mount Paugaeus, and fonuded by Phuip of Macedou on the site of au ancient town, Gbenides, a colony of the Thasiaus. Philip- pi is celebrated in history in consequence of the victory gained there by Octavianus and Antony over Brutus and Cassins, b.cI 42, and as the place where the Apostle Paul first preached the Gospel in Europe, a.i>. 53. One of St. Paul's Epistles is acldressed to the Church at Philippi. PHfLIPPOpSuS (-is: Philippopoli). an important town in Thrace, founded by Philip of Macedon, was situated in a large plain, S.E. of the Hebrns, on a hill with 3 summits, whence it was sometimes called Trimoutium. Under the Roman empire if was the capital of the province of Thracia. PHSLIPPUS (-1).— I. KiTigs of Macedonia, (1) Son of Argaeus, was the 3d king, accord- ing to Herodotus and Thucydides, who, not reckoning Cakajius and his two immediate successors, look upon Perdiccas 1. as the founder of the monarchy. — (2) Youngest son of Amyntas II. alid Eurydice, reigned b.o. 359-336. He was bom in 382, and was brought up at Thebes, whither he had been carried as a hostage by Pelopidas, and where he received a most careful education. Upon the death of his brother, Perdiccas III., Philip obtained the goveraraent of Macedonia, at first merely as guardian to his infant nephew Amyntas; but at the end of a few months he set aside the claims of the young prince, and assumed for himself the title of king. As soon as he was firmly established on the throne, he in- troduced among the Macedonians a stricter military disciplme, and organized their army on the plan of the phalanx. He then directed his views to the aggrandizement of his king- dom. He resolved first to obtain possession of the various Greek cities upon the Macedo- nian .coast. Amphipolis, Pydna, Potidaea, Methoue, and, finally, Olynthus, successively fell into his hands. Demosthenes, in his Philippic and Olynihiac orations, endeavored to rouse the Athenians to the danger of Ath- ens and Greece' from the ambitious schemes of Philip ; but the Athenians did not adopt any rigorous efibrts to check the progress of the Macedonian king. On the invitation of the Amphictyons he subdued the Phocians, and was rewarded with the place of the latter in the Amphictyonic council (u-o. 346). The Athenians at length became thoroughly alarmed at his aggrandizement; and accord- ingly, when be marched through Thermopy- lae, at the invitation of the Amphictyons, to punish the Locrians of Amphissa, they re- solved to oppose him. Through the influence of Demosthenes, they succeeded in forming an alliance with tho Thebans ; but their united army was defeated by Philip in the month of August, 338, in the decisive battle of Chaeror utja, which put an end to the independence of Greece. A congress of the Grecian states was now held at Corinth, in which war with Per- sia was determiue'd on, and the king of Mac- edonia was appointed to command tlie forces of the national confederacy. But iu the midst of his preparations for his Asiatic expedition he was murdered during the celebration of the nuptials of his daughter with Alexander of Epirus, by a youth of noble blood named Pausauias. His motive for the deed is stated by Aristotle to have been private resentment against Philip, to whom he had complained in vain of a gross outrage offered to him by Attains. His wife, Olympias, however, was suspected of being implicated in the- plot. [Olympias.] Philip died in the 47th year of his age, and the 24th of his reign, and vras succeeded by Alexander the Great.— (3) The name of Philip was bestowed by the Macedo- nian army upon An'hidaeus, the bastard son of Philip II., when he was raised to the throne after the death of Alexander the Great. He accordingly appears In the list of Macedonian kings as Philip III. CAKnaiPA.EUs.] — (4) Eld- est son of Cassander, whom he succeeded on the throne, b.o. 296, but he reigned only a few months. — (6) Son of Demetrius II., reign- ed B.o. 220-178. He succeeded his uncle, An- tigouus Doson, at 17 years of age. During the first 3 years of his reign he conducted the war against the Aetoliaus at the request of the Achaeans and Aratus. But soon after bringing this war to a conclusion he became jealous of Aratus, whom he caused to be re- moved by a slow and secret poison. Philip was engaged in two wars with the Romans. The first lasted from «.o. 215, when he con- cluded an alliance with Hannibal, to 205. The second commenced in 200, and was brought to an end by the defeat of Philip, by the consul Flamininus, at the battle of Cynos- cephalae, in 197. [Flamtminus.] Through the false accusations of his son Perseus, he put to death his other sou Demetrius ; but dis- covering afterwards the innocence of the lat- ter, her died (b.o. 179) a prey to remorse. He PHILISTUS. 303 PHILUS. was succeeded by Perseus. — II. Family of the Mardi Philippic (1) L. Mahoiub Piiilippds, consul B.O. 91, opposed with vi^or the meas- ures of the tribune Drusus. He was one of the most distinguisbecT orators of nis time. — (2) L. and Maeoios Philippub, son of the preceding, consul b.o. 56, and step-father of Au^istua, having married his mother, Atia. —III. Emperora of Rome. M. Julius Phi- iippus, the name of 2 Roman emperors, father and son, of whom the former reigned a.i>. 244r-249. He was an Arabian by Srth, and rose to high rank in the IZomau arm;^. He obniined the empire by the assassination of Gordiau. He was slain near Verona, either in battle against Decius, or by his own sol- diers. His son, whom he had proclaimed Augustus two years before, perished at the sarbe lime. PHILISTUS (-i), a Syracusan, and a friend of the younger Dionysius, commanded the fleet of the latter in a battle with Dion, and, being defeated, put an end to his life. He. was the author of a celebrated history of Sic- ily, in which he closely imitated Thucydides. PHILO (-onia]). (1) An academic philoso- pher, was a native of Larissa and a disciple of ClitomachuB. After the conquest of Ath- ens by Mithridates he removed to Rome, where he had Cicero as one of his hearers. — (2) Of Byzantium, a celebrated mechanician, and a contemporary of Ctesibius, flourished about n.o. 146.— <3) Judaeus, orsuruamed the Jew, was bom at Alexandria, and was sent to Rome in a.i>. 40 on an embassy to the emper- or Caligula. He wrote several works which have come down to us, iu which he attempts to reconcile the sacred Scriptures with the doctrines of the Greek philosophy. PHILO, (^ PUBLlLilTS, a distinguished general in the Samnite ware, proposed, in his dictatorship, n.a 339, the celebrated Publiliae Leges, which abolished the power of the patri- cian assembly of the curiae, and elevated the plebeians to an equality witb the patricians for all practical purposes. PHlLOCTETSS (-is), a sou of Poeas (whence he is called Foeantlddes), was the most celebrated archer in the Trojan war. He was the friend and armor-bearer of Her- cules, who bequeathed to him his bow and the poisoned arrowe, for having set Are to the pile on Mount Oeta, on which Hercules perished. Philoctetes was also one of the suitors of Helen, and thus took part in the Trojan war. On his voyage to Troy, while staying iu the island of Chryse, he was bitten on the foot by a snake, or wounded by one of his arrows. The wound produced such an in- tolerable stench that the Greeks, on the ad- vice of Ulysses, left Philoctetes on the solitary coast of Lemnos. He remamed in this island till the 10th year of the Trojan war, when Ulysses and Diomedes came to fetch him to Troy, as an oracle had declared that the city ■conld not be taken vnthout the arrows of Hercules. He accompanied these heroes to Troy, and on his arrival Aesculapius or his sons cured his wound. He slew Paris and many other Trojnns. On his return from Troy he is said to have settled in Italy. PHILOdSMUS (-i),of Gadara in Palestine, an Epicurean philosopher, and epigrammatic poet, contemporary with XJicero. He is also mentioned by Horace (Sat. 1., 2, 121). PHlLOLlUS (-i), a distinguished Pytha- forean philosopher, was a native of Croton or 'arentum, and a contemporary of Socrates. PHILOMELA (-ae), daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, and sister of Procno, who had married Tereus, kingof Thrace. Being dishonored by the latter, Philomela was met- amorphosed into a nightingale. The story is given under Tebeus. PHlLOMlLtUM or PHILOMELUM (-i), a city of Phrygia, on the borders of Lycaonia and Pisidia, said to have been named from the numbers of^ nightingales in its neighborhood. PHILOPOEMEN (-Snis), of Megalopolis in Arcadia, one of the few great men that Greece produced in the decline of her political in- dependence. The great object of his life was to infuse into the Achaeans a military spirit, and thereby to establish their independence on a Arm and lasting basis. He distinguished himself at the battle of Sellasia (n.g. 221), in which Cleomenes was defeated. Soon after- wards he sailed to Crete, and served for some years iu the wars between the cities of that island. In n.o. 208 he was elected strategus, or general of the Achaean League, and in this year slew in battle with his own hand Ma- chanidas, tyrant of Lacedacmon. He was 8 times general of the Achaean League, and discharged the duties of his office with honor to himself and advantage to his country. In u.o. 183, when he wfls marching against the Messenians who had revolted from the Achae- an League, he fell in with a large body of Messeman troops, by whom he was taken prisoner, and carried to Messene, wliere he was compelled to drink poison. PHlLOSTRiTUS, FLlVlUS (-i). (1) A native of Lemnos, flourished iu the 1st half of the 3d century of the Christian era, and taiight rhetoric first at Athens and afterwards at Rome. He wrote several works, of which the most important is the Life of Apollonivs of Tyana in 8 books. — (2) The younger, and a grandson of the preceding. He wrote a work entitled Imagines. PHIlOTAS (-ae)^ sou of Parmenion, en- joyed a high place m the friendship of Alex- ander, but was accused in n.o. S30 of being privy to a plot against the kind's life. There was no proof of his guilt; but a confession was wrung from himTjy torture, and he w»9 stoned to death by the troops. [Paumenion.] PHlLOXfiNUS (-i), of Cythera, one of the most distinguished dithyrambic poets of Greece, was born b.o. 435 and died 380. Ho spent part of his life at Syracuse, where he was cast into prison by Dionysius, because he had told the tyrant, when asked to revise one of his poems, that the best way of correctinjj; it would be to draw a black line through the whole paper. Only a few fragments of his poems have come down to us. PHILUS, L. FtTRIUS <-i), consul ii.o. 136, was fond of Greek literature and refinement. PHILYRA. 304 PHOCYLIDES. and is introduced by Cicero as one of the speakers iu his dialogue Z>e E^ublica. PHIL"?RA (-ae), a nymph, daughter of Oceanus, and mother of the Centaur Chiron, was changed into a linden -tree. Hence Chiron was called PhMprides^ and his abode Pkll^reia tecta. PHINEUS {-&6a, 5i, or ei). (1) Son of Be- lus and Anchinoe, and brother of Cepheus, slain by Perseus. [Ampromeda and Pekbeps.] T-(2) Son of Aeenor, and king of Salmydessus in Thrace, and a celebrated soothsayer. He deprived his sons of sight, in consequence of a false accusation madeagainst them by Idaea, their step-mother. The gods, in consequence, punishea him with the loss of his sight, and i^fint the Harpies to torment him. [Harpyiae.] When the Argonauts visited Thrace, he was delivered from these monsters by Zetea and Calais, the sons of Boreas. Phineus in re- turn explained to the.Argonauts the further course ihey had to take. According to other accounts he was slain by Hercules. ■ PHINTIAS. CDamon.] PHLEGETHON t-ontis), i, e. the flaming, a river in the lower world, in whose channel flowed flames instead of water. PHLEGKA. CPallene.] PHLEGRAEI CAMPI (-orum), the name of the volcanic plain extending along the coast of Campania from Cumae to Capua, so called because it was believed to have been once on Are. PHLEgYAS (-ae), sou of Ares (Mars) and Chryse, and king of Orchomenos, in Boeotia. He was the father of Ixion and Coronis, the latter of whom became by Apollo the mother of Aesculapius. Eurafxed at this, Phlegyas set Are to the temple of the god, who killed him with his arrows, and condemned him to severe punishment in the lower world. His descendants, Phlegyae, are represented as a mythical race, who destroyed the temple at .Delphi. PHLliTS (-untis), the chief town of a small province in the N.E, of Peloponnesus, whose territory, Phliasta, was bounded by Sicyonia, Arcadia, and Argos. PHOCAEA (-ae), the N.-most of the Ionian cities on the W. coast of Asia Minor, cele- brated ay a great maritime state, and espe- cially as the founder of the Greek colony of Mabsilia, in Gaul. The name of Phocaean is often used with reference to Maasilla. PHSCiON (-onis), an Athenian general and statesman ■ born about b. c. 402. He frequently opposed the measures of Demosthenes, and recommended peace with Philip; but he was not one of the mercenary supporters of the Macedonian monarch. On the contrary, his virtue is above suspicion, and his public con- duct was always influenced by upright mo- tives. When the Piraeus was seized by Alex- ander, the son of Polyspei'chon, in 318, Pho- cion was suspected of having advised Alex- ander to take this step; whereupon he fled to Alexander, but was basely surrendered by Polysperchon to the Athenians. He was condemned to drink the hemlock, and thus perished in 31T, at the age of 85. The Athe- nians are said to have repented of their cou- duct. PHOCIS (-idis), a connti-y in Northern Greece, bounded on theN. by the Locri Epic- nemidii and Opnntii, on the E. by Boeotia, on the W. by the Locri Ozolae and Doris, and on the S. by the Corinthian gulf. It was a mountainous and unproductive country, and owes its chief importance in history to the fact of its possessingthe Delphic oracle. Its chief mountain was Parnassus, and its chief river the Cepuissus. The Phocians played no conspicuous part in Greek history till the time of Philip of Macedon ;' but at this period they became involved in a war, called the Phocian or Sacred War, in which the princi- pal states of Greece took i>art. At the insti- gation of the Tbebans, the inveterate enemies " of the Phocians, the Amphictyons imposed a fln^ upon the Phocians, and, upon their re- fusal to pay it, declared the Phocian laud for- feited to the'god at Delphi, Thereupon the Phocians seized the treasures of the temple at Delphi for the purpose of carrying jon the war. This war lastecl 10 years («.o. 357-346), and was brought to a close by the conquest of the Phocians by Philip of Macedon. All their towns were razed to the ground with the exception of Abae ; and the 2 votes which they had, in the Amphictyonic council were taken away and given to Philip, PHOCUS (-1), son of Aeacus and the Nereid Psamathe, was murdered by his half-brothers Telamon and Pelens, [Pet.euS.] PHOCt LiDES (-i8)rof Miletus, a gnomic poet, contemporary with Theognea, was bora B.o. 560. PHOEBE. 305 PIIRYGIA. PHOEBS (-es). (1) A surname of Artemis (Diann) as the goddess of the moon (Luna), the moon being regarded as the female Phoe- bus or sun.— (2J Daughter of Tyndareos and Leda, and a sister of Clytaemuestra. — (3) Daughter of Leucippust PHOEBUS (-i), the Bright or PurCf an epithet of Apollo. PHOENICE (-es), a country of Asia, on the coast of Syria, extending from the river Eleutherus on the N. to below Mount Carmel on ihe S,, and bounded on the E. by Coele- Syria and Palestine. It was a mountainous strip of coast land, not more than 10 or 12 miles broad, hemmed in between the Mediter- ranean and the chain of Lebanon, whose lat- eral branches -run out into the sea in bold promontories, upon which were situated some of the greatest maritime states of the ancient world. Por the history of those great cities, see SiDON, TvRus, etc. The people were or the Semitic race, and their language was a dialect of the Aramaic, closely related to the Hebrew and Syriac. Their written characters" were the same as the Samaritan or Old He- brew ; and from them the Greek alphabet, and through it most of the alphabets of Europe, were undoubtedly derived ; bence they were regarded by the Greeks as the inventors of letters. Other inventions in the sciences and arts are ascribed to them : such aa arithmetic astronomy, navigation, the manufacture of glass, and the coining of money. That, at a very early time, they excelled in the fine arts, is clear from the aid which Solomon received from Hiram, king of Tyre, in the building and the sculptured decorations of the temjHe at Jerusalem, and from the references in Homer to Sidonian arTiists. In the sacred history of the Israelitish conquest of Canaan, in that of the Hebrew monai'chy, and in the earliest Greek poetry, we find the Phoenicians already a great maritime people. Their voyages and their settlements extended beyond the pil- lars of Hercules to the W. coasts of Africa and Spain, and even as far as the British islands. [Beitawnia.] Within the Mediterranean they planted numerous colonies, on its islands, on the coast of Spain, and especially" on the N. coast of Africa, the chief of which was Car- THAOO. They were successively subdued by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Mace- donians, and Romans; but these conquests did not entirely ruin their commerce, which was still considerable at the Christian era. Under the Romans. Phoenice formed a part of the province of Syria. • PHOENIX (-icis). (1) Son of Agenor and brother of Europa. Being sent by his father in search of his sister, who was carried off by Zeus (Jupiter), he settled in the country, which was called after him Phoenicia. — (2) Son of Amyntor by Cleobule or Hippodamia. His father having neglected his wife, and at- tached himself to a mistress, Cleobule per- suaded her son to gain the affections of the latter. Phoenix succeeded, in the attempt, but was in consequence cursed by his father. Thereupon be fled to Phthia in Thessaly, where he was hospitably received by Pelena, who made him ruler of the Bolopes; and in- trusted to him the education of his sou Achil- les. He afterwards accompanied Achilles to the Trojan war. According to another tradi- tion, Amyntor put out tbe ey«s of his son, who fled in this condition to Peleus; but Chiron restored his sight. PHOLOe (-es), a mountain forming the boundary between Arcadia and Etis; men- tioned as one of the seats of the Centaurs. [Phoi.osO PHOLUS (-i), a Centaur, accidentally slain by one of the poisoned arrows of Hercules, and buried in the mountain called Pholoe after him. For the details of this story, see p. 191. PHORCUS (-1), PHORCYS (-yfls), or PHORCYN (-yn&s), a sea deity, son of Pontus and Ge, and father of the Graeae mid Gor- gones, who are hence called Phorcides, Phor- cydes, or Phorcynides (-um). PHORMtON (-onis), a celebrated Athenian general in the Peloponnesian war* PHORONEUS (-66s or Ci), son of Inachns and Melia, one of the fabulous kings of Ar- gos, and father of Niobe and Apis. Hence Phoroneus and Phdronis are used in the gen- eral sense of Argive. PHRXaTSS (-ae), the name of 4 kings of Parthia. [Aesaoes V., VII., XII., XV.] PHRXORTBS, 2d king of Media, son and successor of Deioces, reigned u.o. C56-4>34. He was killed while laying siege to Ninus (Nineveh). PHRIXUS (-1), son of Athamas and Nephele, and brother of Helle. In consequence of the intrigues of his siep-mother, Ino, he was to be sacrificed to Zeus (Jupiter) ; but Nephele res- cued her 2 children, who rode away through the air upon the ram with the golden fleece, the gift of Hermes (Mercury). Between Sige- um and the Chersonesus, Helle fell into the sea, which was cabled alter her the Hellespont ; but Phrixus arrived in safety in Colchis, tbe kingdom of Aectes, who gave him his daugh- ter Chalciope in marriage. Phrixus sacrificed to Zeus the ram which had carried him, and gave its fleece to Aeetes, who fastened it to an oak-ti'ee in the grove of Ares (Mars). This fleece was afterwards carried away by Jason and the Argonauts. [Jason.] PHRYGiA MATER. [Phrygia.] PHRYGIA (-ae), a country of Asia Minor, which was of different extent at different periods. Under the Roman empire, Phrygia was bounded on the W. by Mysia, Lydia, and Caritt, on the S. by Lycia and Pisidia, on the E. by Lycaonia (which is often reckoned as a part of Phrygia) and Galatia (which formei-- ly belonged to Phrygia), and on the N. by Bithynia. The Phrygians are mentioned by Homer as settled on the banks of the Saugu- rius, where later writers tell us of the power- ful Phrygian kingdom of Gordhts and MrnAS, It would seem that they were a branch of the great Thracian family, originally settled in the !N. W, of Asia Minor, as far aa the shores of the Hellespont and Propontls, and that the successive migrations of other Thracian peoples, as tbe Thyni, Bithyni, Mysians, and PHKYNICHUS. 306 PICENTIA. Tencriana, drove them farther inlaud. They were not, however, entirely displaced by the Mysians and Teucrians from the country be- tween the shores of the Hellespont and Pro- pontiB and Mounts Ida and Olympus, where they continued side bjr side with the Greek colonies, and where their name was preserved in that of the district under all subsequent changes, namely Piirygia MiNor or Phuygia Hblt.bsfontus. The kingdom of Phrygia was conquered by Croesus, and formed part of the Persian, Macedonian, and Syro-Greciau em- pires ; bnt, under the last, the N.E. part, ad- jacent to Paphlagonia and the Halys, was conquered by the Gauisi and formed the W. part of Gai.atia ; and under the Romans was included in the province of Asia. In connec- tion with the early intellectual culture of Greece, Phrygia is highly important. The earliest Greek music, especially that of the flute, was borrowed in partj through the Asiatic colonies, from Phrygia. With this country also were closely associated the orgies of Dionysus (Bacchus), and of Cybele, the Mother of the Gods, the Phrygia Mater of the Roman poets. After the Persian con- quest, however, the Phrygians seem to have lost all intellectual activity, and they became proverbial among the Greeks and Romans for snbmissiveness and stupidity. The Ro- man poets constantly use the epithet Phry- gian as equivalent to Trojan. PHRYNICHTJS (-i), an Athenian, and one of the early tragic poets, gained his first tragic victory in n.o. 611, 12 years before Aeschylus (499). PHTHIA. [PnTniOTTS] PHTHIOTIS (-Idis), a district in the S.E. of Thessaly, bounded on the S. by the Maliac gulf, and on the B. by the Pagasaean gulf, and inhabited by Achaeans. [Tuessalia.] Homer calls it PuthiAj and mentions a city of the same name, which was cdlehrated as the residence of Achilles. Hence the poets call Achilles Phthius heyo, and his father Pe- leus Phthius rex. PHYCUS (-untis), a promontory on the coast of Cyrenalca, a little W. of ApoUonia. PHYLXCE C-es), a small town of Thessaly in Phthiotis, the birthplace of Protesilaus, hence called Phylctcides ; his wife Laodamia is also called Phylaceia. PHYLE (-es), a strongly fortified place in Attica, on the confines of Boeotia, and mem- orable as the place which Thrasybnlns and the Athenian patriots seized soon after the gnd of the Peloponnesian war, n.o. 404, and from which they directed their operations against the 30 Tyrants at Athens. PHYLLIS. [Demopuon.] PHYLLUS (-1), a town of Thessaly in the district The.esaliotis. The poets use Phylleis and PhyllBiis in the sense of Thessalian. PHYSCON. [ProinMAUs.] PICENI. [PlOENUM.] PICENTIA (-ae : Vicenza), a town in the S. of Campania at the head of the Sinus Paes- taiius. The name of Picesntini was not con- fined to the inhabitants of Picentia, but .was given to the inhabitants of the whole coast of the Sinus Paestanus, from the promontory of Minerva to the river Silarus They were a poition of the Sabine Picentes, who were View of Phyle. PICENTINI. 307 PINDENISSUS. trausplauted by the Romans to this part of Ciimpaiiia- after the couqueat of Picenum, ji.o. 268,at whicli time tliey founded the town of Piceutia. PICENTINL [PioJSNTiA.: PICBNUM (-i), a country iu ceut'ral Italy, was a narrow strip of land along the coast of the Adriatic, and was bounded ou the N. by Umbria, on the W. by Umbria and the territory of the Sabines, and on the S. by the territory of the Marsi and Vestini. It is said to have derived its name from the hird piciiSf which directed the Sabine immigrants into the laud. Tliey were conquered T)y the Ro- mans in n.o. 208, when a portion of them was transplnnted to the coast of the Sinus Paesta- nns, where they founded the town of Piceutia. [PlOBNTlA.] PICTI (-Orum), a people inhabiting the northern part of Britain, appear to have been either a tribe of the Caledonians, or the same people as the Caledonians, though under an- other name. They were called Picti by the Romans, ft-om their practice of painting their bodies. They are first mentioned in a.d. 296 ; and after this time their name frequently occurs in the Roman writers, and often iu connection with that of the Scoti. PICTONES (-urn), subsequently PICTlVI (-orum), a i)owerfnl people on the coast of Gallia Aquitanica. Their chief town was Limonum, subsequently Pictavi (Poitiers), PICUMNUS and PSLUMNUS (-ij, two gods of matrimony iu the rustic religion of the ancient Romans. Pilumnus was considered the ancestor of Turnus. PJCUS (-i), a Latin prophetic divinity, son of Saturnus, husband of Caneus, and father of Fannus. The legend of Picus is founded on the notion that the woodpecker is aprophetic bird, sacred to Mars. Pomona was beloved by him; and when Circe's love for him was not requited, she changed him into a wood- pecker, who retained the prophetic powers which he had formerly possessed as a man. PifiRiA <-ae), (1) A narrow slip of country on the S.B. coast of Macedonia, extending from the month of the Peneus in Thessaly to the Hali&cmon, and bounded on the.W. by Mount Olympus and its oifshoots. A portion of these mountains was called by the ancient writers Pieutts, or the Pierian mountain. The inhabitants of this country were aThra- cian people, and are celebrated in the early history of Greek poetry and music, since their country was one of the earliest seats of the worship of the Muses, who are hence called PUrMes. After the establishment of the Macedonian kingdom in Bmathia iu the Tth century n.o., Pieria was conquered by the Macedonians, and the inhabitants were driven out of the country. — (2) A district in Macedonia, E. of the Strymon, near Mount Pangaeum, where the Pierians settled who had been driven out of their original abodes by the Macedonians, as already related. — (3) A district on the N. coast of Syria, so called fi'om the mountain Pieria, a branch of the Amanus, a name given to it by the Macedo- nians after their conquest of the Eust. PISRIDES (-urn). (1) A snniame of the Muses. [PiEKiA, No. 1.3— (2) The nine daujjh- ters of Pierus, king of Emathia (Macedonia), to whom he gave the names of the niue Muses. They afterwards eiftered into a contest with the Muses, and, being conquered, were meta- morphosed into birds. PIERUS. (1) Mythological. [Pierideb.]— (2) A mountain. CPieria, No, 1.] PILUMNUS. [PiouMNus.] PIMPLEA (-ae), a town in the Macedonian province of Pieria, sacred to the Muses, who were hence called PimpUldes. Horace uses the form PiTtipUa iu the singular, and not Pvmpleia. PINXRA (-orum), an inland city of Lycia. PINARII and POTITII (-orum), the name of two ancient Roman families, who presided over the worship of Hercules at Rome. PINXRUS (-i), a river of Cilicia, rising in Mount Amilnus, and falling into the gulf of Issus. PINDXRUS (-i), the greatest lyric poet of Greece, was born at-Cy_noscephnlae, a village in the territory of The- bes, about ii.o.K22. He commeuced his career as a poet at an ear- ly age, and was soon employed by different states and princes in all parte of the Hel- lenic world to com- pose for them choral songs for special oc- casions. He received money and presents for his works ; bnt he neverdegeneratedinto a common mercenary poet, and he continued to preserve to his lat- est days the respect of all parts of Greece. The praises which he bestowed upon Alexan- der, king of Macedonia, are said to have been the chief reason which led Alexander the Great to spare the house of the poet when he destroyed the rest of Thebes. He died in his SOth year, b.o. 442. Pindar wrote poems of various kinds, most of which are mention- ed in the well-known lines of Horace : " Sen per audnccs hovr dlthymmboa Verba devolvlt, numerifique fertiir Lef;e boIuUb: Sell deoB (Aymna and paeans) re^esve (encomia) can it, deorum SanRuinem : . . , Sive qiioa Elea domum reductt Pnlmn cneleBtes ((A'e Spinicia) : . . . Flebili epoiiene juvenemve raptum Plorat" (fAe dirgei). But his only poems which have Come down to us entire are his Bpinicia, which were composed in commemoration of victories in the public games. They are divided into 4 books, celebrating the victories gained in the Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian games. PINDfiNISSUS (-i), a fortified town of Cilicia, which was taken by Cicero when he was proconsul of Cilicia. Pindar. PINDUS. 308 PIRAEEUS. PINDUS (-1) (1) A lofty nnge of mount- niiiij in iimthern Gieece, a poition of the (,'ieat backbone winch runs through the centre of Greece from N. to S. The name of Pindus was confined to that part of the chain which separates Thessoly and Epirus; and its most N.-ly and also highest part was called Laoaion. — (2) One of the 4 towns in Doris. PINNA (-ae), the chief town of the Vestini, at the foot of the Apennines. PIRAEEUS (-los) or PIRAEUS (-i : Porto Leone or Porto Dracone), the most important of the harbors of Athens, was sitnated in the peninsula about 5 miles S.W. of Athens. This peninsnln, which is sometimes called by the general name of Piraeeus, c. 18, in order that he might thwart 'and oppose Germanicus, who had received from the emperor the government of all the eastern provinces. Plancina, the wife of Piso, was also urged on by Livia, the mother of the em- peror, to vie with and annoy Agrippina. Ger- manicus and Agrippina were thus exposed to every species of insult and opposition ftom Piso and Plancina; and when Germanicus fell ill in the autumn of 19, he believed that he had been poisoned by them. Piso, on his return, to Rome (20), was accused of murder- ing Germanicus ; the matter was investigated by the senate • but before the investigation came to an end Piso was found one morning iu his room with his throat cut, and his sword lying by his side. The powerful influence of Livia secured the acquittal of Plancina. — (9) C. CALPtTBNins Piso, the leader of the well-known conspiracy against Nero in a.i>. 65. On the discovery of the plot he put an end to his life by opening his veins. PISTOR (-oris), the Baker, a surname of Jupiter at Rome, because when the Gauls were besieging Rome he suggested to the besieged the idea of throwingloaves of bread among the enemies, to moke them believe that the Romans had plenty of provisions. PISTORIA (-ae), or PISTORlUM (-i : Pistoia), a small place in Etruria, on the road from ■ Luca to Florentia, rendered inemo- PITANE. 311 PLATO. rable by the defeat of Catiline in its neigh- borhood. PiTiNS (-68), a sea-port town of Mysia, on the coast of the Blaitic gulf; the birthplace of the Academic philosopiier Arcesilaus. PITHECtJSA. [Aenabia.] PITHO (ua), the Greek goddess of persua- Bion, called Suaua or Suadrla by the Romans. Her worship was closely connected with that of Aphrodite (Venus). PITTXCTJS (-i), one of " the Seven Wise Men " of Greece, was a native of Mytilene in Leabos, and was highl;^ celebrated as a war- rior, a statesman, a philosopher, and a poet. lu B.o. 606 he commanded the Mytileuaeans in their war with ihe Athenians tor the pos- session of Sigeum, and signalized himself by killing in sinjgle combat Phryn on, the com- mander of the Athenians. The supreme power at Mytilene was fiercely disputed be- tween a succession of tyrants and tne aristo- cratic i>arty, headed by Alcaeus, and the latter was driven into exile. As the exiles tried to effect their return by force of arms, the poi5u- liir party chose Pittacus as their ruler, with absolute power, under the title of Aesijmnetes. He held this office for 10 years (589-679), and then voluntarily resi<2;ned it, having restored order to the state. He died in 569, at an ad- vanced age. PITTHEUS (-568 and tST),king of Troezene, was. son of Pelops, father of Acthra, and grandfather and instructor of Theseus. Aethra as hJs daughter is called Pittfieis. PLiCBNTiA (-ae: Piacenza), a Roman colony in Cisalpine Gaul, founded at the same time as Cremona, v.o. 219, and situated on the right bank of the Po, not far from the mouth of the Trebia. It was taken and destroyed by the Gauls in n.o. 200, but was soon rebuilt by the Romans, and became an important place. PLANASiA (-ae : Pianosa)^ an island be- tween Corsica and the coast of Etruria, to which . Augustus banished bis grandson Agrippa Postumus. PLANCINA. [Piso,No.9.] PLANCiUS (-i);CN,,whom Cicero defend- ed B.a 54, in an oration still extant, when he was accused of having practiced bribery in order to gain his election as curule nedile. PLANCTJS {-i). the satne of a distinguished family of the Mnnatia geus. The surname Plancus signified a person having flat splay feet without any bend in them. (1) L. Muna- TiDS Plamoub, a friend of Julius Caesar, who nominated him to the government of Trans- alpine Gaul for b.o. 44. Here he joined Antony and Lepidus. He was consul in 42, and govei*ned in succession the provinces of Asia and Syria. He deserted Antony and Augustus shortly before the breaking out of the civil war between the two in 31. Both the public and private life of Plancus was stained by niiraerous vices. One of Horace's odes {Carm,^ i., 7) is addressed to him.— (2) T. McNATiTTs Plakoos BunsA, brother of the former, was tribuue of the plebs b.o. 52, and was condemned to banishment on account of R his proceedings in this year. He fought on Antony's side in the campaign of Mutina. — (3) Cn. MuNATius Planous, Drother of the two preceding, was praetor in 43.— (4) L. Plautiub Plaptous, brother of the three pre- ceding, was adopted by an L. Plautiua. He was included in the proscription ofthe triumvirs, 43, with the consent of bis brother Lucius, and was put to death. PLiTAEA (-ae), more commonly PLi- TAEAB (-arum), an ancient city of Boeotia, on the N. slope of Mount Cithaeron, not far from the sources of the Aeopiis, and on the frontiers of Atlica. It was said to have de- rived its name from Plataea, a daughter of Asopus. At an early period' the Plataeans deserted the Boeotian confederacy and placed themselves under the protection of Athens ; and when the Persians invaded Attica, b.o. 490, they sent 1000 men to the assistance of the Athenians, and fought on their side at the battle of Marathon. Ten years afterwards (480) their city was destroyed by the Persian armv under Xerxes at the instij^ation of the Tbebans; and the place was still in ruins in the following year (479), when the memorable battle was fought in their territoryj in which Mardonius was defeated, and the indepeud- euce of Greece secured. In consequence of this victory, the territory of Plataea was de- clared inviolable. It now enjoyed a prosperity of 50 years ; but in the 3d year of the Pelo- pounesian war (429) the Tbebans persuaded the Spartans to attack the town, and after a siege of 2 years at length succeeded in obtain- ing possession of the place (427). Plataea was now razed to the ground, but was again rebuilt after the peace of Antalcidas (387). It was destroyed the 3d time by its inveterate enemies the Tbebans in 374. It was once more restored under the Macedonian suprem- acy, and ctmtinued in existence till a very late period. PLXTO (-onis). (1) The Athenian comic poet, was a contemporary with Aristophanes, and flourishea from B.o. 428 to 389. He ranked- among the very best poets ofthe Old Comedy. —(2) The philoso- pher, was the eon of Ariston and Pe- rictione or Potone, and was born at Athens either in u.o.429or42S. Ac- cording to others, he was born in the neighboring island ofAegina. Hispa- teruaVfamily boast- pjnto. ed of having de- scended from Co- druB; his maternal ancestors, of arelationship with Solon. He was instructed in grammar, music, and gymnastics by the most distin- guished teachers of that time ; and iu his 20th year he became a follower of Socrates, and oue of his most ardent admirers. After the death of SocratCb (399) he withdrew to Megara, and PLAUTUS. 312 PLISTOANAX. subsequently visited Egypt, Sicily, aud the* Greek cities in Lower Italy, through his eager- ness for knowledge. During his residence in Sicily he became acquainted with the 61der DionysiHS, but soon fell out with the tyrant. According to a common story, .he was sold as a slave by .the tyrant, but was set at liberty "by Anniceris of C^reue. After his return he began to teach m the gymnasium of the Academy and its shady avenues, whence his school was subsequently called the Academic Over the vestibule of his house he set up the inscription, "Let no one enter who is nnac- quaiiited with geometiy." Plato's occupa- tion as an instructor was twice interrupted by his voyages to Sicily; first when Dion Sersuaded him to try to win the younger Honysius to philosophy ; the second time, a few years later (about 360), when the invita- tion of Dionysius to reconcile the disputes which had broken out between Mm and Dion brought him back to Syracuse. His eflforts were both times unsuccessful and he owed his own safety to n.Qthiug but the earnest in- tercession of Archytas. He died in the S2d year of his age, n.o. 347. Plato, wrote a great number of works on different philosopnical subjects, which are still extant. They are in the fcn-m of dialogue, and are distinguished by purity of langoage and elegance of style. PLAUTtJS(-i),T.MACClUS(notACCiUS), the most celebrated comic poet of Rome, was a native of Sarsina, a small village in Umbria, and was born about ii.o. 254. In early life he was in needy circumstances. He was first employed in the service of the actors, and, having savtd a little money, he left Rome and set up in business. But his speculations having failed, h'e returned to Rome, and en- tered the service of a baker, who employed him in turning a. hand-mill. While thus en- gaged he wrote 3 plays, the sale of which to the managers of the public games enabled him to quit his drudgery and begin his liter- ary career. He was then probably about 30 years of age (224). He continued his literary occupation for about 40 years, and died in 184, when he was 70 years of age. 20 of his comedies have come down to us. They en- joyed unrivaled popularity among the Ro- mans, and continued to be represented down to the time of Diocletian. They appear to be all founded upon Greek models; but he takes greater liberties with the originals than Terence, PLeUDES or PLEIXDBS (-urn), were the daughters of Atlas and P16i6ne, whence they bear the name of the Atlmitidee. They were called Vergiliae by the Romans. They were the sisters of the Hyades, and 7 in number, 6 of whom are described as visible, and the 7th as invisible. Some call the 7th Sterope, and relate that she became invisil)le from shame, because she alone had- loved a mortal man. The Pleiades were virgin companions of Ar- temis ^Diana), and, together wjth their moth- er Pleione, were pursued by the hunter Orion in Boeotia; their prayer to be rescued from him was heard by the gods, and thev were metamorphosed into doves (TreAeiader), and placed among the stars. The rising of the Pleiades in Italy is about the beginning of May, and their setting about the beginning of November. Their names are Electra, Maia, Taygete, Alcyone, Celaeuo, Sterope, and Merope. . PLEMMY RIUM (-i), a promontory on the S. coast of Sicily, immediately S. of Syracuse. PLEIONE (-es), a daughter of Oceanus, and mother of the Pleiades by Atlas. [Atlas; PLEiAnr.s.] PLEUMOXil (-drum), a small tribe in Gal- lia Belgica, subject to the Nervii. PLEURON C-<>i»8)» an ancient city in Aeto- lia, situated at a little distance from-the coast. It was abandoned by its inhabitants when Demetrius II., king of Maced(mia, laid waste the siTrrounding country, and a new city was built under the same.name near the ancient one. The 2 cities are distinguished by ge- ographers under the names of Old Plenron and New Pleuron respectively. PLiNiUS (-i). (1) C. pLTNius SEruNnus, frequently called Pliuy the Elder, was born A.i>. 23, either at Verona or Novum Comum (Ccrnio) in the N. of Italy. In his youth he served in the army in Germany, and after- wards practiced, for' a time as a pleader at. Rome. But he spent the greater part of his time in study, and was one of the most labo- rious students that ever lived. He perished in the celebrated eruption of Vesuvius, which' overwhelmed Herculaneum and Pompeii, in A.i), 79, being 56 years of age. He was at the time stationed at Misenum in the command of the Roman fleet ; and it was his anxiety to examine more closely the extraordinary phe- nomenon which led him to sail to Stabiae, where he landed and perished. Pliuy wrote a great number of works, but the only one which has come down to us is his Historia Naiuralift. It is divided into 37 books, and is dedicated to Titus, th& son of Vespasian, with whom Pliny lived on veiy intimate terms. — (2) C. Pi-iNCs CAEon.ins Seounddb, frequently called Pliuy the younger, was the son of C. Caecilius, and of PUnia, the sisterof the elder Pliny. He was born at Comum in a.d. 01 ; and having lost his father at an early age, he was adopted by hie uncle. From hia youth he was devoted to letters. In his 14th year he wrote a Greek tragedy, and in hia 19th year he began to speak in the forum, and be- came distinguished as an orator. He was a friend of the historian Tacitus. In A.n. 100 he was consul, and in 103 he was appointed propraetor of the province Pontica, wliere he did not stay quite 3 years. His extant works are his Panegy^'icus, which is a fulsome eulo- gium on Trajan, and fhe 10 books of the £pi8tolae. PLISTHENES (-is), son of Afreus, and husband of A6r6pe or EriphylS, by whom he became the father of Agamemnon, Alenelaus, and Anaxibia; but Homer makes the lat- ter the children of Atreus, [Aoamkmnon; Atbeub,] PLiSTOiNAX or PIISTSNAX (-actis), king of Sparta b.o. 45S— 408, was the eldest son of the Pausanias who conquered at Pla- taea, n.o. 479. During ID years of his reign PLISTUS. 313 POLEMON. (445-426) he lived in exile, but was after- wards recalled, in obedience to the Delphic oracle. PLISTUS (-i), a small river in Phocis, ris- ing in Mount Parnassus, and falling iuto the Cnssaean gulf. PLDTINA, POMPEIA (-ae), the wife of the emperor Trajan, who persuaded her husband to adopt Hadrian. PLOTINUS (-i), the founder of the Neo-Pla- tonic system, was born in Egypt, about a.i>. 203. He taught during the latter part of his life at Rome, where be bad among his disci- ples the celebrated Porphyry, Hia works, which have come down to us, were put into their present form by Pofpbyry, Piotinus died at Puteoli, in Campania, a.d. 262. PL^OTARCHUS C-i), the biographer and philosopher, was born at Chaeronea, in Boe- otia, probably in the rei^ 'of Claudius. He lived for some time at Rome, and in other parts of Italy ; and he was lectunng at Rome during the reign of Domitian. He spent the ' later years of his life at Chaeronea, where he discharged various magisterial offices, and held a pnesthoud. The time of his death is unknown. The work which has immortalized Plntarch'a name ia' hia Parallel Lives of Greeks and Romang. Perhaps no work of antiquity, has been so extensively read in modern times as these Lives. The reason of their popularity is that Plutarch has rightly conceived the business of a biographer: his biography is true portraiture. His other writings, above CO in number, are placed un- der the general title of Moralia, or Ethical works. The best of them are practical ; and their merits consist in the soundness of hia views on the ordinary events of human life, and in the benevolence of his temper. PLUTO or PLC'TON (-onis). the giver of wealth, at first a surname of Hades, the god of the lower world, and afterwards use(f as the real name of the god. An accouut of the god is given under IlAnEs. PLt^TUS (-i), the god of wealth, ia de- scribed as a son of lasion and Demeter (Ce- res). [Iasion.] Zeus (Jupiter) ia said to have deprived him of sight, that he might distrib- ute his gifts blindly^ and without auy regard to merit, PLttVlUS (-i), i. e. " the sender of rain," a snrnamc of Jupiter among the. Romans, to whom sacrifices were offered during long- protracted droughts. " PODlLTRiUS (-i), son of Aesculapius, and brother of Machaon, along with whom he led the Thessalians of Tricca against Troy. He was, like his brother, skilled in the medical art. On his return from Troy he was cast by a storm on the coast of Syros, in Caria, where he is said to have settled. PODARCBS (-is). (1) The original name. of Priam. [Priamu80"(2) Son of Iphichis, and grandson of Phylacus, was a yonnger ■ brother of Prot^silaus, and led the Theesa- liaos of Phylace against Troy. PODARGS. [Haepviae.] POEAS (-antis), father of Philoctetes, who is hence called Poeantiades^ Poeantms h&ros, Poeantia proleS, and Poeante 8atus. Poeas is mentioned among the Argonauts. [Herou- LEBJ PhILOOTETKB.] POENI (-orum), a common name of the Carthaginians, because they were a colony of Phoenicians. POgON (-Snis), the harbor of Troezen, in Argolia. POLA (-ae), an ancient town in Islria, situ- ated on the W. coast, and near the promon- tory PoLATiotiM, said to have been fonnded by the Colcbians, who had been sent in pur- suit of Medea. It was subsequently a Roman colony, and an important commercial town, being united by good roads with Aqnileia and the principal towns of Illyria. Its importance is attested by its magnificent ruins, of which the principal are those of an amphitheatre, of a triumphal arch, and of several temples. P0LEM5.N (-onis). (1) L, king of Pontus and the Bosporus, was the son of Zenon, the orator, of Laodicea. He was appointed by Antony in n.c. 39 to the government of a part of Cilicia; and he subsequently obtained in exchange the kingdom of Pontus. After the battle of Actium he was able to make his peace with Angustns, who confirmed him in his kingdom. About n.o. 16 he was intrusted by Agrippa with the charge of reducing the kingdom of Bosporus, of which he was made king after conquering the country. He after- wards feTl in an expedition against the bar- barian tribe of the Aspurgians. He was suc- ceeded by bis wife, Pythodoris. — (2) II., son of the preceding and of Pythodoris, was raised to the sovereignty of Pontus and Bosporus by Calignla, in a.d. 30. He was induced by Nero to aodicate the throne in A.n. 62, and Pontus was reduced to the condition of a Roman province,— (3) Of Athens, an eminent Platonic philosopher. In his youth he was extremely profiigate; but one day, when he was about 30, on his bursting into the school of Xenoci-a- tes, at the head of a band of revellers, his at- tention was so arrested by the discourse, which chanced to be upon temperance, that he tore ofi* his garland, and remained an at- tentive listener. From that day he adopted an abstemious course of life, and continued to frequent the school, of which, on the death of Xenocrates, he became the head, n.o. 316. He died in 273, at a great age.— (4) A Stoic philosopher and an eminent geographer, snr- named Pcriegetes, lived in the time of Ptole- my Epiphanos, at the beginning of the 2d century b.o. — (5) Aktonids, a celebrated sophist and rhetorician, flourished under Tra^. jan, Hadrian, and the first Antoninus. He was born of a consular family, at Laodicea, but Ei)eut the greater part of his life at Smyr- na. His most celebrated disciple was Aristi- des. During the latter part of his life he was so tortured oy the gout that he resolved to put an end to his existence; he caused him- self to be shut up in the tomb of his ancestors at Laodicea, where he died of hunger, at the age of 65 .(6) The author of a short Greek work on Physiognomy, which is still extant. POLEMOi^lUM:. 314 POLYBIUS. He probably lived in the 2d or 3d century after Christ. POLfiMONiUM (-1), a cityon the coast of Pontus in Asia Minor, bnilt by King Polemon (probably the 2d), on the site of the older city uf Side, and at the bottom of a deep gulf. POLIAS (-&dis), i. e. " the goddess protect- ing the city,t* a surname of Athena at Athena, where she was worshiped as the protecting divinity of the acropolis. POLIORCETES, DEMETRIUS. [Deme- TEIUS,] POLITSS (-ae), son of Priam and Hecuba, and father of Priam the younger, was slain by Pyrrhus. tOLITORiUM (-i), a town in the interior of Latium, destroyed by Aucus Martins. POLLA^ ARGENTArIA (-ae), the wife of the poet Lncan. POLLENTIA (-ae: Polenza), a town of the Statielli in Liguria, at the confluence of the Stnria and the Tanarus. It was celebrated fur its wool. In its neighborhood Stilicho jjained a victory over the Goths under Alaric. POLLiO (-5nis), XSlNiUS (-i), a distin- guished orator, poet, and historian of the Angnstan age. He was born at Rome in b.o, 76, and became distinguished as an orator at an early age. In the civil war he fought on Caesar's side, and at the death of the dic- tator held the command of Further Spain. He subsequently united his forces to those of Octavian. Antony, and Lepidus. He was afterwards appointed by Antony to settle the veterans in the lauds which hart been assigned to them in Transpadane Gaul. It was upon this occasion that he saved the j)roperty of the poet Virgil at Mantua from connscation. In B.C. 40 PoTlio took an active part in effect- ing the reconciliatiou between Octavian and Antony at Brandusium. lu the same year he was consul ; and it was during his consulship thatVirgil addressed to him his 4th Eclogue. In n.o. 3i& Antony went to Greece, and PoTlio. as the legate of Antony, defeated the Parthini and took the Dalmatian town of Salouae. It was during his Itlyriau campnien that Virgil addressed to him the 8th Eclogue. From this time Pollio withdrew from political life, and devoted himself to the study ofliterature. He died a.d. 4, in the ROth year of his age. Pollio was not only a patron of Virgil, Horace, and other great poets and writers, but he was also the first person to establish a public library at Rome. N(me of PoUio^s own works have come down to ua, but they possessed sufficient merit to lead his contemporaries to class his name with those of Cicero, Virgil, and Sallust, as an orator, a poet, and an his- torian. It was as an orator that he possessed the greatest reputation; and Horace speaks of him as "Insigne maestis praesidium reis et consulenti, Pollio, curiae." Pollio wrote t he history of the civil wars in 17 books, com- mencing with the consulship of Metellus and Afrivnins, n.o. 60. Ap a poet, Pollio was best known by his t^lgertie^', which are spoken of iu high terms by Virgil and Horace, but which probably did not possess any great merit, as they are hardly mentioned by Bubsequeut writers. POLLIO (-onis), VEDlUS, a friend of Au- fustus, who used to feed his lampreys with uman flesh. Whenever a slave displeased him, the unfortunate wretch was forthwith thrown into the pond as food for the fish. He died b.o. 15, leaving a large part of hia property to Augustus. It was this Pollio who built the celebrated villa of Pausilypum uear Naples. POLLUX OF POLlfDEUCES. [Drosouni.] POLLUX (-ucis), JtJLlUS (-1), of Naucratis iu Egypt, a Greek sophist and grammarian, whoTived in the reign of Commodus. H6 fs the author of an extant work, entitled Chioma' sticon^ in 10 books, containing explanations of the meanings of Greek words. P0l1?AENUS (-i). (1) Of Lampsacus, a mathematician and a friend of Epicurus. — (2) A Macedonian, the author of the work on Stratagems in war, which is still extant, lived about the middle of the 2d century of the Christian era. POLYBIUS (-J), the historian, the son of Lycortas, and a native of Megalopolis in Arcadia, was born about b.o. 204. His father Lycortus was one of the most distinguished men of the Achaean League ; and P(»lybius at an early age took part in public affairs. After the conquest of Macedonia by the Romans, in i(.o. 168, Polybius was one of the 1000 distin- guished Achaeans who were carried as prison- ers to Rome. On his arrival in Italy he ac- quired the friendship of the younger Scipio Africanus. After remaining in Italy 17 years, Polybius returned toPelopounesuSin 11.0. 151, with the surviving Achaean exiles, who were at length allowed oy the senate to revisit their native land. Soon afterwards he joined Scipio in his campaign against Carthage, and was freseut at the destruciion of that city iu 146. mmediately afterwards he hurried to Greece, where he arrived soon after the capture' of Corinth; and he exerted all his influence to alleviate the misfortunes of his countrymen, and to procure favorable terms for them. He undertook journeys into foreign countries for the purpose of visiting the places which he had to describe in his history. He died at the age of 82, in consequence of a fall from his horse, about b.o. 122. His history con- sisted of 40 books. It began n.o. 220, where the history of Aratus left off, and ended at 146, in which year Corinth was destroyed. It consisted of 2 distinct parts. The first part comprised a period of 35 years, be'nu- ning with the 2d Punic war and the Social war in Greece, and ending with the conquest of Perseus and the downfall of the Mace- donian kingdom, in 168. This was in fact the main portion of his work, and its great object was to show how the Romans had iu this brief period of 63 years conquered the greater part of the world; but since the Greeks were ignorant, for the most part, of the early history of Rome, he gives a survey of Roman history from the taking of the city by the Gauls to the commencement of the 2d Punic war in the first 2 books, which thus fm-rn an introduction to the body of the work. FOLYBUS; 315 POLYSPERCHON. The second part of the work, which formed a kind of supplement bo the-former part, com- prised the period from the conquest of Perseus III 163 to the fall of Corinth in l4G. This his- tory of Polybius is one of the most valuaeble works that has come down to us from an- tiquity; but nnfoituuately the greater part of it has perished. We possess the first 5 books entire, bnt of the rest we have only fraj^ments andiextracts. FOlYBUS (-i), king of Corinth, by whom Oedipus was brought up. [Okdipus.] POL^CLETUS (-i), of Argos, probably by citizenship, aud.of Sicyoi), probably by birth, was one of the most celebrated statuaries of the ancient world. He was also a sculptor, an architect, and an artist in toreutic. He was somewhat younger than Phidias, and fionrished about b.o. 452-412. Phidias was unsurpassed in making the images of the gods, Polycletus in those of men. POLYCRATES (-is), tyrant of Samos, and one of the most powerful of all tlie Greek tyrants. He possessed a large navy, and ex- tended his sway over several of the neigh- boring islands. The most eminent artists and poets found a welcome at his court ; and his friendship for Anacreon is particularly celebrated. But in the midst of his prosper- ity, Oroetes, the satrap of Sardis, allured him to the mainland, where he was arrested soon after his arrival, and crucified, d.o. 522. POlYdIMAS (-antis), son of Panthons and Phrontis, was a Trojan hero, a friend of Hector, and brother of Euphorbus. PQlYDECTES (-ae), king oftheisland of Seriphos, received kindly DanaS and Perseus. [Pkhsetis.] POlYDEUCES, called by the Romans Pollux. [DiOSODRlO POLt'DORUS (-i). (1) King of The- bes, SOU of Cadmus and Harmonia, hus- band of Nyctei's, and father of Labdacus. —(2) The youngest among the sons of Priam and Laotoe, was slain by Achilles. This is the Homeric account; but later traditions make him a son of Priam and Hecuba, and give n different account of his death. When Ilium was on the point of falling into the hands of the Greeks, Priam intrusted Polydoi*ue and a large sum of money to Polymestor or Polym- nestor, king of the Thracinn Chersoue- sus. After the destruction of Troy, Polymestor killed Polydorus for the purpose of getting possession of his treasures, and cast his body into the sea. Sis body was afterwards washed upon the coast, where it was found and recog- nized by his mother Hecuba, who took vengeance upon Polymestor by killing his two children, and putting out his eyes. Au- other tiadition stated that Polydorus was intrusted to his sister Iliona, who was mar- ried to Polymestor. She bron<2,ht him up as her own son, while she made every one else believe that her own son Dei'philus or Deipy- ]us was Polydorus. Polymestor, at the insti- gation of the Greeks, slew his o-^n son, sup- posing him to be Polydorus ; whereupon the latter persuaded hia sister Iliona to put Poly- mestor to death. POLYGNOTUS (-i), one of the most celebrated Greek painters, was the son of Aglaophon, and a native of the island of Thasos; but he received the citizenship of Athens, on which account he is sometimes called an Athenian. He lived ou intimate terms with Cimou and his sister Elpinice; and he probably came to Athens in b.o. 463. After tlie subjugation of Thasos by Cimon he continued to exercise his art almost down tti the beginning of the Pelopimnesian war (431). POLtHYMNIA. CMdsak.] POlITMESTOR or'POLYMNESTOR. tPo- LYDOKUS.] POLYMNfA. [MuBAK.] POLf NICBS (-is), son of Oedipns and Jocasta, and brother of Eteocles and An- tigone. [Eteooleb ; Adbastus.] POLYPHEMUS (-i), son of Poseidon (Neptune) and. the nymph Thoosa, was one of the Cyclopes in Sicily. [Cyol'opeb.] He is represented as a gigantic monster, having only one eye, in the centre of his forehead, caring naught for the gods, and devouring human flesh. He dwelt m a cave near Mount Aetna, and fed his flocks upon the mountain. He fell in love with the nymph Galatea, but as she rejected him ft)r Acis, he destroyed the latter by crushing him under a hu«;e rock. Wlyen Ulyssep was driven upon Sicily, Poly- phemus devoured some of hie companious; The Cyclops Polyphemus. (ZoSga, Baaslrilievl, tnv. 51.) and Ulysses would have shared the same fate had he not put out the eye of the monster while he was asleep. [Ulyssks.] P0LYSPERCH5N (-ontis), a Macedonian, and a distinguished officer of Alexander the Great. Antipater on his death-bed (b.o. 319) appointed Polysperchon to succeed him as regent in Macedonia, while he assigned to his own son Cassanderthe subordinate station of Cbiliarcb. Polysperchon soon became in- POLYXENA. 316 POMPEIUS. volvecl in war with Cassander, aud finally sabmitted to the latter. POLYXENA (-ae).* daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was beloved by Achilles. [See p. 13.] Wben the Greeks, on their yoyage home, were sllU lingering on the coast of Thrace, the shade of Achilles appeared to them, de- manding that Polyxena should be sacriticed to him. Neoptolemus accordingly slew her on the tomb of his father. POLYXO (-us). (1) The nurse of queen Hypsipyle in Lemuos, celebrated as a proph- etess. — (2) An, Argive woman, married to Tlepolemns, son of Hercules, followed her husband toBhodes, where, according to some traditions, she put to death the celebrated Helen. [Hblbna.] POMONA (-ae), the Roman divinity of the fruit of trees, ^ence called Pwnnoninn Patr&na. Her name is derived from Pomum. She is represented by the poets as beloved by sev- eral of the rustic divinities, such as Silvanus, picnSfVerbumnus, aud others. POMPETA (-ae). (1) Daughter of Q. Pom- peius Rufus, sou of the consul of b,o. 88, nnd of Cornelia, the daughter of the dictator Siilla. She married C. Caesar, subsequently the dic- tator, in B.o. 67, but was divorced by him in Clj because she was suspected of intriguing with Clodins, who stealthily introduced him- sell* into her husband's bouse while she was celebrating the mysteries of the Bona Dea. — . (2) Daughter of Fompey, the triumvir, by his third wife Mucia. She married Fnustus Sulla, the son of the dictator, who perished in the African war, 46.— (3) Daug:hter of Sex. Pom- pey, the sou of the triumvir and of Scribonia. At the peace of Mlsenum, in 39, she was be- trothed to M. Marcellns, the son of Octavia, the sister of Octavian, but was never married to him. POMPEII (-orum), a city of Campania, wassituatedon the coast, at the foot of Mount Vesuvius ; but in coiisequence of the physical changes which the surrounding country has ■undergone, the ruins of Pompeii are found at present about 2 miles from the sea. It was overwhelmed in a.i>. 79, along with Hercu- lanenm and Stabiae^Jiy the great eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The lava did not reach Pompeii, but the town was covered with suc- cessive layers of ashes and oiher volcanic matter, on which a soil was gradually formed. Thus a great part of the city has been pre- served; and the excavation of it in modern timeshfts thrown great Ijghtupon many points of antiquity, such as the construction of Ro- man houses, and, in general, all subjects con- nected with the priyate life of the ancients. About half the city is now exposed to view. POMPEIOPOLIS. [Soloe.] POMPEIUS (-i). (1) Q. PoMPEius, said to have bfeen the son of a flute-player, was the first of the family who rose to digiiity in the state. He was consul in 141, when he earned on war unsuccessfully against the Numantines in Spain.— (2) Q. Pompeius Ropns, a zealous supporler of tlie aristocratical party, was con- sul K.O. 83, with L. Sulla. When Sulla set out for the East to conduct the war against Mith- ridates, he left Italy in charge of Pompeina Rufus, and assigned ta him the army of Cu. Pompeius Strabo, who was still engaged in carrying on war against the Marsi. Strabo, however, who was unwilling to be deprived of tlie command, caused Pompeius Rufus to be murdered by the soldiers.— (3) Cn. Pom- PEiuB Stbabo, consul 11,0. 89, when he carried on war with success against the allies, sub- dning the greater number of the Italian peo- ple who were still in arms. He continued in the S, of Italy as proconsul in the following year (88), when he caused Pompeius Rufus to be assassinated. Shortly afterwards he was killed by lightning. His avarice and cruelty had made him hated by the soldiers to such a degree that they tore his corpse from the l3ier, and dragged it through the streets.— (4) Cn. Po-mpkidb Magnus, the Tbiumvik, son of the last, was born on the 30th of September, li.o. 106, and was consequently a few months younger than Cicero, who was born on the 3d of January in this year, and 6 years older than Caesar; He foucht under his father in 89 against the Italians, when he was only 17 years of age. When Sulla returned to Italy Cn. PompefuB Magnus. (84), Pompey marched to his assistance ; and in the war which followed against the Marian party be distinguished himself as one of Sulla's most successful generals. In conse- quence of his victories in Africa over the Marian party, he was greeted by Sulla with the surname of Maqnds, a name which he bore ever afterwards. He was allowed to enter Rome in triumph (SI), although he was still a simple eques, and had not held any public office. Pompey continued faithful to the aristocracy afier fiulla's death (78), and supported the consul Catulus in resisting the POMPKIUS. 317 FOMPTINAE. attempts of his colleague Lepidns to repeal the laws of Sulla. He was afterwards sent into Spain as proconsul, to asBist Metcllus against Sertorius, antl remained hi that* coun- try for five years (76-71). [Sertohiob.] On- his return to Rome he was consul with M. Crassns, b.o. 70. In his consulship he ojienly broke with the aristocracy, and became the great popular hero. He carried a law restor- ing to the tribunes the power of which they had been deprived by Sulla. In 67 the tribune A. Gabinins brought forward a bill propos- ing to conler upon Pompey the command of the war against the pirates, with extraor- dinary powers. This Dill was carried, and in the course of three months he cleared the Mediterranean of the pirates, who had long been the terror of the Romans. Next year (66) he was appointed to succeed Lucnlhis in the command of the war against Hithridates. The hill conferring upon him this command was proposed by the tribune C.Mauilius, and was supported by Cicero in an oration which has come down to us. He easily defeated Mltbridates, who fled to the Cimmerian Bos- porus. He received the submission' of Tigra- nes, king of Armenia; made .Syria a Roman province; took Jerusalem; and, afcer settling the affairs of Asia, returned to Italy in 62. He disbanded his army after landing at Brun- disium, and thus calmed the apprehensions of many, who feared that he would seize upon the supreme power. He entered Rome in triumph on the 30th of September, ii.o. 60. The senate, however, refused to ratify his acts in Asia; wherenpon Pompey entered into a close alliance with Caesar. To be more sure of can'yiug their plans into execution, they t. 62 the country was con- stituted by Nero a Roman province. It was divided into the 3 districts of Pontus Ga- T.ATiocB in the W., bordering on Galatia; P. PoLEMONiAODs ju the Centre, so called from its capital Por-EMONiuM ; and P. Oappa- nooius in the E., bordering on Cappadocia (Armenia Minor). Pontus was a mouutain- oua counti*y ; wild and barren in the £., where the great chains approach the Enxine ; but in the W. watered by the great rivers Halys hnd Irib, and their tributaVies, the valleys of which* as well as the land along the coast, are extremely fertile. The E. part was rich in minerals!, and contained the celebrated iron mines of the Chalybes. PONTUS EUXINUS, or simply PONTUS (-1: tTie Black Sea), the great inland sea in- clofiedby Asia Minor on the S., Colchis on the B., Sarmatia on theN., and Dacia and Thracia on the W., and having no other outlet than the narrow Bosporus Thraoius in its S-W. corner. Its length is about TOO miles, and its breadth varies from 400 to 160. The Argo- uautic legends show that theGreekd had some acquaintance .with this sea at a very early period. It is said that they at first called it "A^evov {inhoi^itahle)f from the savage charac- ter of the peoples on its coasts ancTfrom the supposed terrors of its navigation, and that afterwards, on their favorite principle of euphemism (i. e., abstaining ft'om words of evil omen), they changed its name to ESHvo9,lon. 'ESSeivov, hospitaole. The Greeks of Asia Minor, especially the people of Miletus, found- ed many colonies and commercial emporiums on its shores. POPILLIUS LAENAS. CLaenas.3 POPLICOLA. [PriiLTooLA.] POPPAEA SlBlNA. [Sadina.] POFPAEUS SABTNUS. ESabinds.1" POPtJLONlA (-ae), or POPtLDNlUM (-i), an ancient town of Etruria, situated on n lofty hill, sinking abruptly to the sea, and forming a peninsula. It wa ~ Sulla in the civil wars. PORCIA (-ae). (1) Sister of Cato Uticen- sls, married L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul B.C. 54, who was slain in the battle of Pharsn- lia.— (2) Daughter of Cato Uticensis, married first to M. Bibnlns, consul. ii.c. 59, and after- wards to M. Brutus, the assassin of Julius Caesar. She indnced her husband on the night before the 15th of March to disclose to her the conspiracy against Caesar's life, and she is reported to have wounded herself In the thigh in order to show that she had a courageous soul, and could be trusted with the secret. She put an end to her own life after the death of^Brutus in 42. PORCSUS CXTO. [Cato.] PORClUS FESTUS. [Festus.] PORCiUS LATRO. [Latro.] rORClUS LIC5NUS. [LioiNue.] P0RPH"?RI(5N (-onis), one of the giants who fought against the gods, slain by Zeus (Jupiter) and Hercules. PORPHYRiUS (-i), usually called POR- PHYRY, a Greek philosopher of the Neo- Platouic school, was born a.I). 233, either in Batanea in Palestine or at Tyre. His original name was MalchuSj the Greek form of the Syrophoenician Melech, a word which signi- fied king. He studied at Athens under Longiuus, who changed his name into Por- phyrius (in allusion to the usual color of royal robes). He t^ettled at Rome in his SOtb year, and there became a disciple of Plotinus, whose writings he corrected and arranged. [Plotintjs.] His most celebrated work was his treatise against the Christian religion, which was puolicly destroyed by order of the emperor Theodosius. PORSfiNA. PORSENA, or PORSENNA (-ae), LARS (-tis), king of the Etruscan town of Clusium, inarched against Rome at .the head of a vast army, in order to restore Tar- quiuiua Superbus to the throne. He took possession of the hill Janiculhm, and would have entered the city by the bridge which connected Rome with the Janiciilum had it not been for the superhuman prowess of Ho- ratius Codes. [Cooi.k's.] He then proceeded to lay siege to the city, which soon begaii to sufi'er from famine. Thereupon a young Ro- man, named C. Mucins, res'olved to deliver his country by murdering the invading king. PoBBiDON. (Dolce Collection.) PORTUNUS. 319 posp:idon. He accordingly went over to the Etruscau camp, but, ignoraiit of the person of Porseua, killed the royal secretary instead. Seized, and threatened with torture, he thrust his right hand into the fire on the altar, and there let it burn, to show how little he heeded pain. Astonished at his courage, the king hade him depart in peace ; and Scaevula, as he was henceforward called, told hira, out of grati- tude, to make peace with Rome, since 300 noble youths had sworn to take the life of the king, and he was the first upon whom the lot had fallen. Porsena thereupon made peace with the Romans, and withdrew his troops from the Janiculum after receiving 20 host- ages from the Romans. Such was the tale by which Roman vanity concealed one of the earliest and greatest disasters of the city. The real fact is that Rome was completely conquered by Porsena, and compelled to pay tribute. PORTffNUS or PORTXJMNUS (-i), the pro- tecting genius of harbors amoue the Romans, identified with the Greek Palaemon. [Pa- I.A.EMON.] P5RUS (-i). (1) King of the Indian prov- inces E. of the river Hydaspes, offered a for- midable resistance to Alexander when the latter attempted to cross the river, b.o. 327. He was conquered by Alexander, and was afterwards received into his favor. We are told that Porus was a man of gigantic stature — ^not less than five cubits in height — and that his personal strength and prowess in war were not less conspicuous than his valor. — (2) Another Indian monarch at the time of Alexander's expedition. His dominions were subdued by Hephaestlon, and annexed to those of the preceding Poms, who was his kinsman. POSEIDON, called WEPTtTNTTS (-i) by the Romans, was the god of the Mediterranean . Sea. His name seems to he connected with TTOTor, n-ovToc, and Trorajuop, according to which he is the god of the fluid element. He was a son of Cronos (Satnrnus) and Rhea, whence he is called Cronius^ and by Latin poets Sa- turnivs. He was accordingly a brother of Zens (Jupiter) and Hades (Pluto), and it was determined by lot that he should rule over the sea. Like his brothers and sistersi he Poseidon (Neptuno). Neptune and a Kympb. was, after his birth, swallowed by his father Cronos, but thrown up again. In the Ho- meric poems Poseidon is described as equal to Zens in dignity, but less powerful. He re- sents the attempts of Zens to intimidate him ; he even threatens his mightier brother, and once conspired with Hera (Juno) and Athena (Minerva) to put hlip in chains ; but on other occasions we find him submissive to Zens. The palace of PoseidoO was in the depth of the sea near Aegae in Euboea, where be kept his horses with brazen hoofs and golden mane^. With these horses he rides in a char- iot over the waves of the sea, which become smooth as he approaches, while the monsters of the deep play around hie chariot. Posei- don, in conjunction with Apollo, is said to have built the walls of Troy for Laomedou, whence Troy is called Neptunia Pei^gcmia. Laomedon refused to give these gods the re- ward which had been stipulated, and even dismissed them with threats. Poseidon in consequence sent a marine monster, which was on the point of devouring Laomedon's daughter, when it was killed by Hercules. He continued to bear an implacable hatred against the Trojans, and he sided with the Greeks in the war against their city." In the Odyssey he.appears hostile to Ulysses, whom he prevents from returning home, in conse- quence of his having blhided Polyphemus, a son of Poseidon by the nymph Thoosa. He is said to have created the horse, when he disputed with Athena as to which of them should give name to the capital of Attica. [Athena.] He was accordingly believed to have taught men the art of-mauagin^ horses by the bridle, and to have been the originator POSIDONIA. 320 PRIAPUS. and protector of horee-races. He even meta- morphosed himself into a horse, for the pnr- pose of deceiving Demeter (Ceres). Poseidon was married to Amphitrite, by whom he had three children, Triton, Rhode, and Beuthe- sicyme; but he had also a vast number of children by other divinities and mortal wom- en. The sacrifices offered to him generally consisted of black and white bulla, but wild boars and rams were also sacrificed to him. Horse and chaiiot races were held in his honor on the Corinthian isthmus. The sym- bol of Poseidon's power was the trident, or a spear with three points, with which he used to shatter rocks, to call forth or subdue storms, to shake the earth, and the like. In works of art Poseidon may be easily recognized by his attributes — the dolphin, the horse, or the trident, and he is frequently represented in groups alon^ with Amuhitrite, Tritons, Ne- reids, dolphins, eta The Roman ^od Nkp- TUNDS is spoken of in a separate article. POSIDOnIA. [Paestum.3 POSIDOnSUS (-i), a distinguished Stoic philosopher, born at Apamea in Syria, about B.C. 135. He studied at Athens uuder Penae- tius, and taught at Rhodes with great success. He gave instruction to Cicero, and numbered Pompey among his friends. lu b,o. 51 Posi- donius removed to Rome, and died soon after at the age of 84. POSTtJMiUS. [Albinus.] POSTtJMTJS (-i), assumed the title of em- peror in Gaul A.n. 258, and reigned till 267, when he was slain by his soldiers. POSTVERTA or POSTVORTA (-ae), a Ro- man goddess presiding over childbirth. POTENTIA <-ae), a town of Picenum, on the river Flosis. POTIDAEA <-ae), a town in Macedonia, on the narrow isthmus of the peninsula Pallene, was a colony of the Corinthians. It after- wards became tributary to Athens, and its revolt from the latter city, in n.c. 432, was one of the immediate causes of the Peloponnesian war. It was taken by the Athenians in 429, after a siege of more than 2 years, its inhab- itants expelled, and their place supplied by Athenian colonists. In 35G it was taken by Philip, who destroyed the city and gave its territory to the Olynthians. CassaDder built a new city on the same site, to which he gave the name of Cassandren, and which soon be- came the most flourishing city in all Mace- donia. POTITIL CPinahia Gens.] POTNIAE (-firnm), a small town in Boeo- tla, on the Asopus. The adjective Potniades (sing. PHniaa) is an epithet frequently given to the mares which tore to death .Glarucus of Potniae. [Glauods, No. 1.] . PRAENESTE (-is : PalesMna), one of the most ancient towns of Latlnm, situated on a steep and lofty hill about 20 miles S.E. of Rome. It was said to have been founded by TelegonuB, the son of Ulysses. It was strong- ly fortified bv nature and by art, and frequent- ly resisted the attacks of the Romans. To- {fether with the other Irooottcs. Their capital city was Palibothra (Patna). PRATINAS C-ae), one of the early tragic poets at Athens, and a contemporary of Aes- chylus. PRAXITELES (-ia), one of the most distin- guished sculptors of Greece, flourished about u.o. 364 and onwards. He was a citizen, if not a native, of Athens. He stands, with Scopns, at the head of the later Attic school, so called* in contradistinction to the earlier Attic school of Phidias. Without attempting those sublime impersonations of divine maj- esty in which Phidias had been so inimitably successful, Praxiteles was unsurpassed in the exhibition of the softer beauties of the human form, etjpecially in the female flgure. His most celebrated work was a marble statue of AphrodU6 (Venus), which was distinguished from other statues of the goddess by the uam& of the Coidiaus, who purchased it. PRiXMIDES or PRTXmIdES (-ae), that is, a eon of Priam, by which name Hector,Paris, Helenus, Deiphobus, and the other sons of Priam, are frequently called. PRIXMUS (-i>, the famous king of Troy at the time of the Trojan war, was a son of LaomQdon. His original name was Pbdarces, t e. "the swift -footed," which was changed into Priamus, "the ransomed" (from n-pta- yuat). because he was ransomed by his sister, Hesione, after he had fallen into the hands of Hercules. He was first married to Arisba, and afterwards to Hecuba. According to Homer, he was the father of 50 sons, 19 of whom were children of Hecuba. In the ear- lier part of his reign Priam supported the • Phrygians in their war against the Amazons. When the Greeks landed on the Trojan coasi Priam was advanced in years, and took no active part in the war. Once only did hn venture upon the field of battle, to conclude the agreement respecting the single combat between Paris and Menelaus. After thedeath of Hector, Priam went to the tent of Achilles to ransom his sou's body for burial, and ob- tained it. Upon the capture of Troy he was slain by Pyrrnns, the son of Achilles. . PRilPUS (-i). (1) Son of Dionysus. (Bac- chus) and Aphrodftfi- (Venus), was born at Lampsacus, on the Hellespont, whence he is sometimes called Iletleitpontiacits. He wasit regarded as the god of fruitfulness in general, and was worshiped as the protector of flocks of sheep and goats, of bees, of tlie vine, and of all garden produce. He was represented PBIENE. 321 PROETUS. Friapuft. (VlicoDtl, Mui. Flo. Clem., vol. 1, pi. CO.) In carved images, mostly in tlie form of Her- mae, carrying fruit in liis garment, and either ft sickle or cornucopia In liis hand — (2) A city of Mysia, on the Fropontis, B, of Parium, a colony of the Milesians, and a seat of the worship of the god Priapus. PElSNE (-es), one of the 12 Ionian cities on the coast of Asia Minor, stood in the N. W. corner of Caria, at the foot of Mount Myeale. It was the birthplace of Bias, one of the Sev- en Sages of Greece. PRIMUS, M. ANT5NIUS (-i), a general of Vespasian, who gained a victory over the Vi- tellian army at Bedriacum, A.n. 69. PRISCliNUS (-i), a Roman grammarian, flourished about a.p. 450, and taught gram- mar at Constantinople. Several of his gram- matical works are extant. PEISCUS, HBLVIDIUS (-1), son-in-law of Thrasea Paetiis, distinguished by his love of virtue, philosophy, and liberty, was put to .death by Vespasian. . PKIVERNUM (-i), an ancient town of La- tinm, on the river Amasenus. PROBUS, AKMILIUS. [Nepos, Cobnk- J-IIIB.] p'rOBUS, M. AURSLIUS (-i), Roman em- peror A.j>. 276-282, was the successor of Taci- tus. During his reign he gained many brill- iant victories over the barbarians on the frontiers of Gaul and Illyricum, and in other parts of the Roman empire. He was killed in a mutiny of his own soldiers. PROCAS (-ae), one of the fabulons kings of Alba Longa, father of Numitor and Amu- llua. PROOHYTA (-ae: Procida),'an island off the coasj, of Campania, near the promontory Misenum. PROCLBS, one of the twin sons of Arlsto- demus. LEurybthknes.] PROCLUS (-i), one of the most celebrated teachers of the Neo-Platonic school, was born at Byzantium a.i>. 412, and died a.s, 485. He laid claim to the possession of miraculou:^ power, and his philosophical system Is char- acterized by vagueness and mysticism. Sev- • eral of his works are still extant. PHOCNE (-es), daughter of king Pandion of Athens, and wife ofTereus. [Tbbeus.] PROCONNBSUS (-1: Marmora), an island of the Propontis, which takes from it its mod- ern name (Sea of Marmora), off the N. coast of Mysia, N.W. of the peninsula of Cyzicus or Dollonis. The island was celebrated for Its marble, and hence its modern name, PROCRIS (-is), daughter of Erechthens, and wife of Cephalus. [Cephalus.] PROCEUSTSs (-ae), that is, "the Stretch- er," a surname of the famous robber Polype- mou. or Damastes. He used to tie all travel- ers who fell into his hands upon a bed; if they were shorter than the bed, he stretched their limbs till they were of the same length ; if they were longer than the bed, he made them of the same size b}[ cutting off some of their limbs. He was slain by Theseus. PROCtfLElUS, C, a Roman egues, one of the friends of Augustus, is said to have di- vided his property with his brothers (perhaps cousins), Caepio and Murena, who had lost their property in the civil ware. PEOCBLUS (-i), the jurist, was the con- temporary of. the jurist Nerva the younger, who was probably the father of the emperor Nerva. The fact that Procnlus g.ave his name to the school or sect (Proetiliani or Proculei- ani} which was opposed to that of the Sabini- ani shows that he was a jurist of note. PEOCtJLUS, JtlLiUS (-0, a Roman sen- ator, is said to have informed the Roman .people, after the death of Romnlus, that their King had appeared to him, and bade him tell the people to honor him in future as a god, under the name of Quirinus, PRODICTJS (-i), a celebrated sophist, was a native of lulls in the island of Ceos, and lived in the time of the Peloponnesian war and subsequently. He frequently visited Ath- ens. PROETIDES. [PaoETDS.] PEOETUS (-1), son of Abas and Ocalea, and twin-brother of Acrisius. In the dispuie between the 2 brothers for the kingdom of Argos, Proetus was expelled, whereupon he fled to lobates in Lycia, and maiTied AntSa or Stheneboea, the daughter of the latter. With the assistance of lobates, Proetus re- turned to his native land, aud Acrisius gave him a share of his kingdoni, surrendering to him Tiryns, Midea, and the coast of Argolis. Proetus had 3 daughters, Lyslppe, Iphinck', andlphlanassa.who are often mentioned un- der the general name of Peoetides. When these daughters arrived at the age of maturi- PEOMETHEUS. 322 PROTOGENES. ty they were stricken with madness, either from despising the worship of Dionysus (Bac- chus), or from presuming to compare their beauty with that of Hera (Juno). [Melaji- pus.] The frenzy spread to the other women of Argos, till at length Proetus agreed to di- vide his kingdom between Melampus and his brother Bias, upon the former promising that he would cure the women of their madness. Proetus also plays a prominent part in the _ stoiT of Bellerophou. [Bellebophon.] — Ac- ' cording to Ovid, Acrisius was expelled from his kingdom by Proetus ; and Perseus, the grandson of Acrisius, avenged his grandfa- ther by turning Proetus into stone by means of the head of Medusa. PROMETHEUS (-«6s or iT), son of the Ti- tan lapetus and Clymene, and brother of At- las, Menoetius, and Epimetheus. Hlo name signifies " forethought," as that of his broth- er Epimetheus denotes "afterthought." He is represented as the great benefactor of men in spite of Zeus (Jupiter), He stole fire from heaven in a hollow tube, and taught mortals all useful arts. In order to punish men, Zeus gave Pandora as a present to Epimetheus, in consequence of which diseases aud sufferings of every kind befell mortals. [Pandoba.] ,He also chained Prometheus to a rock on Mount Caucasus, where in the day-time au eagle consumed his liver, which was restored in each succeeding night. Prometheus was thus exposed to perpetual torture ; but Her- cules killed the eagle and delivered the suf- ferer, with the consent of Zeus, who in this way had an opportunity of allowing his son to gain immortal fame. There was also a legend which related that Prometheus cre- ated man out of earth and water. He is said to have given to men a portion of all the qual- ities possessed by the other animals. Protnethens, (Bellorfi, Ant. Lncern. Sepolc. tav. 3.) PRSNtfBA (-ae), a surname of Jnno among the Romans, describing her as the deity pre- siding over maiTiage. PEOPERTIUS (-i), SEX. AURBLltrs, the Roman poet, was a native of Umbria, and was born about b.o. 61. He began to write goetry at a very early age, and the merit of is productions attracted the attention and patronage of Maecenas. The year of his death IS unknown. Propertlus is one of the prin- cipal of the Roman elegiac poets. PROPONTIS (-Wis : Sea of Marmora), so called from its position with reference to the Pontus (Euxinus), being irpo to5 Oovtou, "be- fore thePontns," is the small sea uniting the Euxine and the Aegnean, and dividing Eu- rope (Thracia) from Asia (Mysia and Bithy- nia). PROSERPINA. [Pekskphone.] PROTAGOBAS (-ae), a celebrated sophist, was born at Abdera in Thrace, probably about B.0. 480, and died about 411, at the age of nearly TO years. He was the first who called himself a sophist, and taught for pay ; and he practiced his profession for the space of 40 years. His instructions were so highly valued that he sometimes received 100 miuac from a pupil ; and Plato saj^s that Protagoras made more money than Phidias. aud 10 other sculptors. In 411 he was accused of impiety bj; Pythodorus, one of the Four Hundred. His impeachment was founded on his book on the gods, which began with the statement— "Respecting the gods, I am unable to know whether they exist or do not exist" The impeachment was followed by his banish- ment, or, as others affirm, only by the burn- ing of his book. PROTESILlUS (-i), son of Iphiclus and Aetyoche, was a native of Phylace in Thessa- ly. He is called Phyladus and Phylacides, either from that clrcnmetauce or from his be- ing a grandson of Phylacus. He led the war- riors of several Thessalian places against Troy, and was the first of all the Greeks who was killed by the Trojans, being the first who leaped from the ships upon the Trojan shore. According to the common tiadition, he was slain by Hector. PROTEUS (-«6s, «i, or ei), the prophetic old man of the sea, is described in the' earliest lepeids as a subject of Poseidon (Neptune), whose flocks (the seals) he tended. Accord- ing to Homer, he resided in the island of Pha- ros, at the distance of one day's journey from the river Ae^yptns (Nile); whereas Virgil places his residence in the island of Carpa- thos, between Crete and Rhodes. At mid- day Proteus rose from the sea, and slept in the shade of the rocks, with the monsters of the deep lying around him. Any one wish- ing to learn futurity from him was obliged to catch hold of him at that time : as soon as he was seized he assumed every possible shape, in order to escape the necessity of prophesy- ing, bnt whenever he saw that his endeavors were of no avail he resumed his usual form, and told the truth. After finishing hie proph- ecy he returned into the sea. Homer ascribes to him a daughter Idothea.— Another set of traditions describes Proteus as a son of Po- seidon, and as a king of Egypt, who had two eons, Telegonus and Polygonns or Tmolus. PROTOGfiNSS (-is), a celebrated Greek painter. He was a native of Caunus in Caria, a city subject to the Rhodiane, and flourished B.O. 332-300. He resided at Rhodes almost entirely ; the only other city of Greece which he is said to have visited is Athens, where he execntftd one of his great works in the Pro- pylaea. Up to his SOth year he is said to have lived in poverty and in comparative obscu- rity. His fame had, howevel-, reached the PROXENUS. 323 PTELEUM. ears of Apelles, who, as the surest way of making the raerite of Protogenes known to his iiellow-citizeoB, offered him fbr his finished works the enormous sum of 50 talents apiece, and thus led the Khodiaus to undertitana what an artist they had among them. PKOXENUS (-i), a Boeotian, was a disciple of Gorgias, and a friend of Xenophon. PKtrSA or PRtJSlAS (-ae). (1) A great city of Bithynia, on the N. side of >fount Olympus, 15 Roman miles from Gins and 25 froraWicaea.— (2) Some writers distinguish . from this a smaller city, which stood N. W. of the former, and was originally called Cikrus. PR'O'SSAS (-ae). (1) King of Bithynia from about B.O. 228 to 180. He was the son of Zie- las, whom he succeeded. He appears to have been a monarch of vigor and ability, and raised his kingdom of Bithynia to a much higher pitch ol power and prosperity than it had previously attained. He basely surren- dered Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his court, to the Romans ; but who escaped fall- ing into the hands of liis enemies by a volun- tary death. — ([2) The son and successoc of the preceding, reigned from about 180 to 149. H6 courted assiduously the alliance of the Ro- mans. He carried on war with Attalas, king of Perffamus, with whom, however, he was compelled by the Romans to conclude peace , in 164. PSAMMBNITUS (-i), king of Egypt, suc- ceeded his father Amasis in b.o. 626, and reigned only 6 months. He was conquered by Cambyses in 625, and his country made a province of the Persian empire. PSAMMIS, king of Egypt, succeeded his father Necho, and reigned from b.o. 601 to ti95, PSAMMlTfCHUS or PSAMMfiTlCHUS (-i), a king of Egypt, and founder of the Saitic dynasty, reigned from b.o. 671 to 617. He was originally one of the 12 kin^s who obtained an independent sovereignty m the confusion which followed the death of Setho. Having been driven into banishment by the other kings, he took refuge in the marshes ; but shortly afterwards, with the aid of some Ionian and Carian pirates, he conquered the other kings, and became sole ruler of Egypt. The employment of foreign mercenaries by Psammitichus gave great offense to the mili- tary caste in Egypt ; and being indignant at other treatment which they received from him, they emigrated in a body of 240,000 men into Ethiopia, where settlements were assign- ed to them by the Ethiopian king. PSOPHIS (-idis: Khaii of THpotamo), a town in the N.W, of Arcadia, on the river Erymanthus, ia said to have been originally called Pheoia. PSrCHE (-es),- "the sou!/' occnra in the later times of antiquity as a personification of the human soul. Psyche was the youngest of the 3 daughters of a kine, and excited by her beauty the jealousy ana envy of Venus. In order to avenge herself, the goddess order- ed Cupid or Amor to inspire Psyche with a love for the most contemptible of all men; but Cupid was so stricken with her beauty that he himself fell in love with her. He ac- cordingly conveyed her to a charming spot, where unseen and unknown he* visited her every night, and left her as soon us the day began to dawn. But her jealous sisters made her believe that in the darkness of night she was embracing some hideous monster, and accordingly once, while Cupid was asleep, she drew near to him with a lamp, and, to her amazement, beheld the most handsome and lovely of the gods. In- the excitement of joy and fear, a drop of hot oil fell from her lamp upon his shoulder. This awoke Cnpid, who censured her for her mistrust, and fled. Psyche's happiness was now gone, and after attempting in vain to throw herself into a river, she wandered about from temple to temple, inquiring after her lover, and -at length came to the palace of Venus. There her rea\ sufferings began, for Venus retained her, treated her as a slave, and imposed upon her the hardest and most humiliating labors. Psyche would have perished under the weight of her sufferings had not Cupid, who still loved her in secret. Invisibly comforted and assisted her in her toils. With hie aid she at last succeeded in overcoming the jealousy and hatred of Venus; she became immortal, and wiis united to him forever. In this pleas- ing story Psyche evidently represents the human soul, which is purified by passions and misfortunes, and thus prepared for the enjoyment of true and pure happiness. In works of art Psyche is represented as a maid- en with the wingS of a butterfly, along with Cupid in the different situations described in the allegory. pBycbe. (From an ancient Qem.) PSTLLI (-6rumJ, a Libyan people, the earli- est known inhabitants of toe district of N. Africa called Cyrenaica. PSYTTALfiA. [Salamis.] PTELEUM (-i), (1) {Ptelia), an ancient sea- port town of Thessaly in the district Phthio- tis, at the S.W. extremity of the Sinus Pa- gasacns, was destroyed by the Romans.— (2) A town in Elis Triphylin, said to have been PTOLKMAEUS. 324 PTOLEMAEUd. ft colony from the preceding.— (3) A fortress of louia, on the coast of Asia Minor, belong- ing to Erytttrae. PTOLEMAEUS (-i), nsnallx called PTOL- EMY, the name of several kings of Egypt. I. Surnamed Soter, the Preserver, but more commonly known as the son of Lagus, reign- ed B.o. 323-285. His father Lagus was a Macedonian of ignoble birth, but his mother Arsinoe had been a concubine of Philip of Macedon, on which account it seems to nave been generally believed that Ptolemy was In reality the oflfspring of that monarch. Ptolemy accompauied Alexander throughout his campaigns in Asia, and on the division of the empire which followed Alexander's death (323), obtained- the government of Egypt. He nfterw^ards enlarged his dominions by seizing upon the important satrapy of Phoe- nicia and Coele-Syria, and made himself master of Jerusalem by attacking the city on the Sabbath-day. These provinces he lost, but again recovered in a war with Antigonus and his sou Demetrius. Ptolemy subsequently crossed over to Greece, where he announced himself as the liberator of the Greeke^, but he effected little. In 306 he was defeated by Demetrius in a great sea fight off Salamis in Cyprus, by which helostthatimportant island. Next year (305) Ptolemy rendered the most important assistance to the Rhodians, who were besieged by Demetrius; and when Demetrius was at length compelled to raise the siege (304), the Rhodians paid divine honors to the Egyptian monarch as their saviour and preserver (Soter)i The latter years of Ptolemy's reign appear to have been devoted almost untirely to the arts of peace, and iu 285 he abdicated in favor of his young- est sou Ptolemy Philadelphus. He survived this event 2 years, and died in 283. The char- acter of Ptolemy does not merit unqualified praise; but he distinguished himself as a ruler and as a patron of literaUire and sci- ence. He is thought to have founded the Library and the museurp of Alexandria. Many men of literary eminence were gather- ed around the Egyptian king:. among whom may be especially noticed Demetrius of Pha- lerus, the great geometer Euclid, -the philoso- phers Stilpo of Megara, Theodorus of Gyrene, and Diodorus surnamed -Cronus ; as well as the elegiac poet Philetas of Cos, and the gram- marian Zenodotus. Ptolemy was himself an author, and composed a history of the wars of Alexander. — IL Puilatiki.phds (it.o. 235- 24T), the son of Ptolemy I. by his wife Bere- nice, was born in the island of Cos, 309. His Cola of Ptolemy Pbitadelphui. long reign was marked by few events of a striking character. He wa"s long engaged in war with his half-brother Magas for the pos- session of the Cyrenaica, which he eventually ceded to Magas. Ptolemy also concluded a treaty with the Romans. He was frequently engaged in hostilities with Syria, which were terminated towards the close of his reign by a treaty of peace, by which Ptolemy gave his daughter Bereuice in marriage to Aiitiochus II. Ptolemy's chief care, however, was di-. rected to the internal administration of his kingdom, and to the patronage of literature and science. Under him the Museum of Alex- andria became the resort and abode of all the most distinguished men of letters of the day, and in the nbrary attached to it were accu- mulated all the treasures of ancient learning. According to a well-known tradition, it was by his express command that the Holy Script- ures of the Jews were translated into Greek. The new cities or colonies founded by him in difi'erent parts of his dominions were ex- tremely numerous. All authorities ccmcur In attesting the great power and wealth to which the Egyptian monarchy was raised \xn- der Philadelphus, but his private life and re- lations do not exhibit his character in as fa- vorable a light as we might have inferred from the splendor of his administration. — III. Ederoetrs (b.o. 247r-222), eldest son and suc- cessor of Philadelphns. Shortly after his ac- cession he invaded Syria, iu order to avenge the death of his sister Berenice. He advanced as far as Babylon and Snsa, and after reduc- ing all Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Susiaua, received the submission of all the upper prov- inces of Asia as far as the confines of Bactria and India. From this career of conq^uest he was recalled by the news of seditions in Egypt, and returned to that country, carry- ing with him an immense booty, comprising amon,^ other objects all the statues of the Egyptian deities which had been carried off by Cambyses to Babylon or Persia, and which he restored to their respective temples. Hence he obtained the title of Euergetes (the Benefactor). His fieets were equally success- ful ; but it appears that the greater jiart of the eastern provinces speedily fell again into the hands of Seleucus, while Ptolemy retain- ed possession of the maritime regious and a great part of Syria itself. During the latter years of his reign he subdued the Ethiopian tribes on his southern frontier, and advanced as far as Adule, a port on the Red Sea. Ptol- emy Euergetes is scarcely less celebrated than his father for his patronage of literature and science. — IV. Philopator (b.o. 222- 205), eldest son and successor of Euergetes, was very far from inher- iting the virtues or abilities of his father, and his reign was the com- mencement of the decline of the Egyptian kingdom. Its beginning was stained with crimes of the darkest kind. He put to death his mother Berenice, his brother Ma- gas, and his uncle Lysimachus, and then gave himself up without re- straint to a life of indolence and luxury, while he abandoned to hia FTOLEMAEUS. 325 PTOLEMAEUS. minister Sosibins the care of all pollttcnl af- fairs, Autiochus the Great, king. of Syria, nvailed hifneelf of this state of disorder, una cbnqiiered the greater part of Coele-Syriii and Pale.'^tine ; but m the 3d year of the war (217) lie was completely defeated by Ptolemy in person, at the decisive battle of Raphia. On his return from his Syrian expedition Ptole- my gave himself up more and more to every species of vice and debauchery, and thus shortened his life. He died in 205. Like his predecessors, he encouraged philosophers and men of letters, and especially iiatronized the distinguished grnmmariaTi Aristarchue. — ^V. Efifhanes (d.o. 20S-181), son and successor of Ptolemy IV. He was a child of 5 years old at the death of his father (206). Philip, king of Macedonia, and Antiochua III., of^ Syria, took advantage of the minority of Ptolemy, and entered into a league to divide his do- minions between them. In pursuance of this arrangement Antiochus conquered Coele- Syria^ while Philip reduced the Cyclades and tbc cities in Thrace which hi\d still remained subject to Egypt ; but the Romans command- ed both monarchs to refrain from further hos- tilities and to restore all the conquered cities. In 196 the young kin^ was declared of age, and the ceremony of his Anacleteria or coro- nation was solemnized with great magnifi- cence, on which occasion the decree was is- sued which has been preserved to us in the celebrated inscription known as the Rosetta stone. As long as Ptolemy continued under the guidance and influence of Aristomenes his administrntiun was equitable and popular. Gradually, however, he became estranged from his able and virtuous minister, and at length compelled him to take poison. To- wards the close of his reign Ptolemy con- ceived the project of recovering Caele-Syria from Seleucus, the successor of Antiochus, as the latter monarch had not restored that proviuce, according to treaty, when Ptolemy married his daughter Cleopatra. But having by an unguarded expression excited the ap- prehensions of some of his friends, he was cut off by poison in the 24th year of his- reign and the 29th of his age (181). His reign was marked by the rapid decline of the Egyptian monarchy, and at his death Cyprus and the Cyrenaica were almost the only foreign pos- sessions still attached to the crown ol Egypt. — VI. PniLOMETOB (b.c. 181-146), eldest son and successor of Ptolemy V. He was a child at the death of bis father in 181, and the re- cency was assumcid during his minority by His mother Cleopatra. After her death, in 173, bis ministers had the rashness to engage in war with Antiochus Epiphanes, king of Syria, In the vain hope of recovering the provinces of Coele-Syria and Phoenicia. But their army was totally defeated by Antiochus near Pelusium, and Antiochus advanced as far as Memphis (170). The young king him- self fell into his hands, but was treated with kindness and distinction^ as Antiochus hoped by his means to make himself the master of Egypt. But being unable to take Alexandria, which was defended by Ptolemy's younger brother, Antiochus withdrew into Syria, after establishing Philometor as king at Memphis, but retaining in his hands the frontier' for- tress of Pelusium. This last circumstance, together with the ravages committed by the. Syrian troops, awakened Philometor, who bad hitherto been a mere puppet in the hands of the Syrian king, to a sense of his true po- sition, aud he hastened to m&ke overtures of peace to his brother, who during Ptolemy's cnptivi^ had assumed the title of king Euer- getes II. It was agreed that the two broth- ers should reign together, and that Philome- tor should marry his sister Cleopatra. Upon thls'Antlochus advanced a second time to the walls of Alexandria, but withdrew to his own dominions (168) at the command of M. Popil- lius Laenas, the Roman embassador. Dis- sensions soon broke out between the two brothers, and Euergetes expelled Philometor from Alexandria. Hereupon Philometor re- paired in person to Rome (104), where he was received by the senate with the utmost honor, aud deputies-were appointed to reinstate him in the sovereign power. The remainder of his reign was chieHy occupied with Syrian af- fairs. In 146 he gained a decisive victory over Alexander Balas, but died a few days after- wards In consequence of a fall from his horse during the battle. He had reigned 35 years from the period of his first accession, aud 18 from his restoration by the Romans. Philo- metor is praised for the mildness and human- ity of his disposition ; and if not one of the greatest, be was at least one of the best of the race of the Ptolemies. — VII. Euerqktes II., or PuYSooN (that ii?, Big-Belly), reigned U.0. 146-117. In order to secure undisputed possession of the throne, be married his sis- ter Cleopatra, the widow of his brother Philo- metor, and put to death his nephew Ptolemy, who had been proclaimed kins under the sur- name of Eupator. A reign thus commenced in blood was continued in a similar spirit. Many of the leading citizens of Alexandria, who had taken part against him on the deatn of his brother, were put to death, and the streets of the city were repeatedly delnged with b)ood. At the same time that he thus incurred the hatred of his subjects by his cruelties, he rendered himself an object of their aversion and contempt by abandoning himself to the most degrading vices. He be- came enamored of his niece Cleopatra (the oflfspring of his wife by her former marriage with Philometor), and he did not hesitate to divorce the mother and receive her daughter instead as his wife and queen. By this pro- ceeding he alienated still more the minds of his Greek subjects, and his vices and cruelties at length produced an insurrection at Alexan- dria. Thereupon he fled to Cyprus, and the Alexandrians declared his sister Cleopatra queen. (130). Enraged at this, Ptolemy put to death Memphitis, his son by Cleopatra, and sent his head and hands to his unhappy moth- er. But Cleopatra having been shortly after- wards expelled from Alexandria in her turn, Ptolemy ft)und himself unexpectedly reinstat- ed on the throne (127). He died after reigning 29 years from the death of his brother Philo- metor. Although the character of Ptolemy Physcon was stained by the most infamous vices and by the most sanguinary cruelty, ho PTOLEMAEUS. 326 PUBLICOLA. etill retained that love of letters which appears to have been hereditary in the whole race of the Ptolemies. — VIII. Sotek II., and also Pui- LouEToit, but more commonly called Latuyrds or LATiinBcs, reigned b.o. IIT-IOI, and also 89-81. Although lie was of full age at the time of his father's death (IIT), he was obliged to reign jointly with his mother Cleopatra, who had been appointed by the will of her late husband to succeed him on the throne. After reigning lOyears he was expelled from Alexandria by an insurrection of the people, which she had excited against him (107). His brother Alexander now assumed the sover- eignty of Egypt, in conjunction with his mother, and reigned for 18 years. After the death ofCleopatra and the expulsion of Alex- ander in 89, Ptolemy Lathyrus, who had es- tablished himself at Cyprus, was recalled by the Alexandrians, and established anew ou the throne of Egypt, which he occupied thence- forth without interruption till his death in 81. The most important evSnt of this period was the revolt of Thebes, in Upper Egypt, which was taken after a 3 years' siege, and reduced to the state of ruin in which it has ever since remained. — IX. Ai.£XiVNuxB I., 3fouiigest son of Ptolemy VII., reigned con- joiutTy with his mother Cleopatra from the expulsion of his brother Lathyi-us, n.o. 107 to 90. lu this year he assassinated his mother ; but he had not reigned alone a year when he was compelled hy a general sedition of the Sopulace and military to quit Alexandria '.. Alkxandeb II., son of the preceding, put to death by the Alexandrians shortly after his accession, — XI. Diohysps, but more com- monly known by the appellation of Auletes, the flute-player, an illegitimate son of Ptole- my Lathyrus, was on the death of Alexander II. proclaimed king by the Alexandrians, b.o. SO. To obtain the ratification of his title from the Komaus, he expended immense sums, which he was compelled to raipe by the im- position of fresh taxes, and the discontent thus excited combining .with the contempt entertained for his character, led to his expitl- sion by the Alexandrians in 58. Thereupon he proceeded in person to Home to solicit as- sistance ; but it was not 'till 65 that A. Gabin- ius, proconsul in Syria, was induced, by the influence of Pompey, aided by the enormous bribe of 10,000 taXents from Ptolemy himself, to undertake his restoration. One of his first acts was to put to death his daughter Bere- nice (whom the Alexandrians had placed on the throne) and many of the leading citizens of Alexandria. He died in 51, after a reign of 29 years from the date of his first accession. —XII. Eldest son of the preceding. By his father's will the sovereign power was left to himself and his sister Cleopatra jointly ; but the latter was expelled by the minister Pothi- nus after she had reigned in conjunction with her brother about 3 years. Hereupon she took refuge in Syria, and assembled an army, with whicri she invaded Egypt Shortly after, Caesar arrived in Egypt, and as Cleopatra's charms gained her his support, Pothinus de- termined to excite an insurrection against him. Hence arose what is usually called the Alexandrian war. Ptolemy, who was at first in Caesar's hands, managed to escape, and Eut himself at the head of the insurgents, but e was defeated by Caesar, and was drowned in an attempt to escape by the river (47). — XIII. Youngest son of Ptolemy Auletes, was declared king by Caesar in conjunction with Cleopatra, aiter the death of hiselder brother ; but in 4.S Cleopatra put him to death. — Kings ■ 0/ other Countries: (1) Ptolemy, surnained Alouites, that is, of Alorus, regent, or, accord- ing to some authors, king of Macedonia, as- sassinated by Perdiccas III., 364. — (2) Sur- named Apion, king of Cyrene (117-96), an il- legitimate son of Ptolemy Physcou, king of Egypt.— (3) Surnamed Cekaunus, son of Ptol- emy I., king of Egypt, assassinated Seleucus (280) and took possession of the Macedonian throne. After reigning a few months he was defeated in battle by the Gauls, taken prison- er, and pat to death.— (4) Tetrarch of Cualcis, in Syria, reigned from about 70 to 40.— (6) King of Cypeus, the younger brother of Ptol- emy Auletes, king of Egypt, put an end to his own life, 57.— (a) King of Epiuds, the 2d sou of Alexander II. The date of his reign can not be fixed with certainty, but it may be placed between 239-229. — (7) King of Maube- TANiA, was the sou and successor of Juba 11^ By his mother, Cleopatra, he was descended from the kings of Egypt, whose name he bore. He reigned ftom a.d. 18, or earlier, till a.1). 40, when he was summoned to Rome by Caligula, and shortly after put to death. PTOLfiMAEUS (-1), CLAUDIUS, a cele- brated mathematician, astronomer, and geog- rapher. Of Ptolemy himself wc know abso- lutely nothing but his date. He certainly observedinA.D.139, at Alexandria; and since he survived Antoninus Me was alive a.d. 161. His Geography, in 8 books, is his most cele- brated work. PTOLSMAIS (-idis). (1) Also called ACE (in Old Test. ACCO : Arab. Akka, Er. St. Jean d'Aci'e, Bug. Acre), a celebrated citv on the coast of Phoenicia, S. of Tyre, andN. of Mount Carmel, lies at the bottom of a bay surround- ed by mountains, in a position marked out by nature as a key of the passage between Coele-Syria and Palestine. It is one of the oldest cities of Phoenicia, being mentioned in the Book of Judges (i. 31) (2) (At or near ' El-Lahum), a small town of Middle Egypt, in the Nomos Arsinoites.— (3) P. Heemii (iWen- sjdeh, Eu.), a city of Upper Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile, below Abydos.— (4) P. Thb- EON, or Epithekas, a port on the Red Sea, on the coast of the Troglodytae.— (6) {TohneUa, or Tolometa, Eu.), on the N.W. coast of Cyre- naica, one of the 5 great cities of the Libyan Pentapolis. PUBLtCOLA, or POPLlCtJLA, or f OPLl- COLA (-ae), a Roman cognomen, signifying "one who courts the people" (from popiilwi and colo), and thus "a friend of the people." The form Poplictila or Pqplicola was tne more ancient, but PubUcola was the one usually employed by the Eomans in later times (1) P. Vai-eehjs Pdulioola took an active part in expelling the Tarquius from the city, and was thereupon elected consul with Brutus (b.o. 509). He secured the liberties of the PUBLILIA. 327 PYLENE. people by proposing several laws, and oi'dev- ed the lictors to lower the fasces before the people, as an acUuowIcdgmeut that their power was superior to that of the consuls. Hence he became so great a favorite with the people that he received the surname 'of Fublicola. lie was consul 3 times again, namely, in 508, 607, and 604. He died in 603. — (2) L. Grt.liub Fddlioola, consul with Cu. Lentulus Clodiaiuis, b.o. 72. He belonged to the nrietocratical party. In 63 he warmly supported Cicero in the suppression of the Catilinarlan conspiracy.— (3) L. Gkmadb Pub- LTOOLA, son of the preceding, espoused the re- publican party and went with M. Brutus to Asia, but deserted to the triumvirs Octavian and Antony, for which treachery he obtained the consulship in 36. In the war between Octavian and Antony he espoused the side- of the latter, and commanded the T\ght wing of Antonyms fleet at the battle of Actiura. PUBLILIA f-ae), the 2d wife of M. Tullius Cicero, whom he married b.o. 46. PUBLiLlUS PHILO. [Puilo.] PUBLtLiUS, (-i), VOLERO (-onis), tribune of the plebs, ii.o. 472, and a^in 471, effected an important change in the Roman constitu- tion. In virtue of the laws which he proposed, the tribunes of the plebs and the aediles were elected by the comitia tributa, instead of by the comitia centuriata, as had previously been the case, and the tribes obtained the power of deliberating and determining in all matters affecting the whole nation, andnot such only as concerned the plebs. PUBLIUS Sl^RtTS. CSyhtjs.] PUDlCiTIA (-ae), a personification of modesty^ was worshiped both in Greece and at Home. At Athens an altar was dedicated to her. At Rome two sanctuaries were dedi- cated to her, one under the name of Pvdicitia Patricia, and the other under that of Pudidtia plebeia. PULCHER, CLATTDIUS. [Ci,ATn>iu80 PULCHRUM PROMONTORIUM (-i), a promontory on the N. coast of the Carthagin- ian territory in N. Africa, probably identical with the ApoLtiNis Peomontokium. . PUPIENUS MAXIMUS, M. CLOdIUS (-i), waB elected emperor with Balbinus In a.j>. 238, when the senate received intelligence of the death of the two Gordians ia Africa ; but the new emperors were slain by the soldiers at Rome in the same year. PO'PIUS (-i), a Roman dramatist. PURPURiRlAE INStJLAE (-arum) (prob. the Madeira group), a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, off the N.W. coast of Africa. PtJTEOLiNUM (-i), a country-house of Cicero near Puteoli, where he wrote bis QtmeHtionea Academicae, and where the em- peror Hadrian was buried. ■ PtlTEOLANUS SiNUS (-i : Ba7j of Naples)^ . a. bay of the sea on the coast of Campania between the promontory Misenum and the promontory of Minerva, which was originally called Cnmanus. PtJTEOLI (-orum : Pozzuoli), originally named DlC AEARCHIA, a celebrated sea-port town of Campania, situated on a promontory on the E. side of the Puteolanus Sinus, and a little to the E. of Cumae, was founded by the Greelcs of Cumae, u.o. 521, under the name of Dicaearchia. It obtained the name of Puteoli either from its numerous wells or from the stench arising from the mineral springs in its neighborhood. The town was indebted for its importance to its excellent harbor, which was protected by an extensive mole to which Caligula attached a floating bridge, which ex- tended as far as Baiae, a distance of 2 miles. Puteoli was the chief emporium for the com- merce with Alexandria and with the greater part of Spain. The town was colonized by the Romiftis in n.o. 194, and also anew by Au- gustuSi Nero, and Vespasian. It was destroy- ed by Alaric in a.d. 410, by Genseric in 455, and also by Totilas in 545, but was on each occasion speedily rebuilt. There are still many ruins of the ancient.towu at the modern Pozzuoli. PYDNA (-ae : Kitron), a town of Macedonia in the district Pieria, was situated at a small distance W. of the Thermaic gulf, on which it had a harbor. It was orignmlly a Greek colony, but it was subdued by the Macedonian kings, from whom, however, it frequently re- volted. It was subdued by Philip, who en- larged and fortified the place. It is especially memorable on account of the victory gained under its walla by Aemilius Paulus over Per- seus, the last king of Macedonia, 16S. Under the Romans it was also called Citrum or Ci- trus. PYGfiLA or PHYGELA (-ae), a small town of Ionia, on the coast of Lydia. PYGMAEl (-orum), i. e. men of the height of a nvYiit^j i. e. IH inches, a fabulous people first mentioned by' Homer as dwelling on the shores of Ocean, aud attacked by cranes in spring-time. Some writers place them in Aethiopia, others in India, and others in the extreme N. of the earth. PYGMXLiON (-onis). (1) King of Cyprus. He is said to have fallen in love with the ivory image of a maiden which he himself had ma^e, and to have i)rayed to Aphroditd (Venus) to breathe life into it. When the request was granted, Pygmalion married the maiden, and became by her the father of Paphus.— (2) Son of Bolus and brother of Dido, who murdered Sichaeus, Dido's hus- band. [Dido.] PYlXDES (-is). (1) Son of Strophiue and Anaxibia, a sister of Agamemnon. His father was king of Phocis ; and after the death of Agamemnon, Orestes wag secretly carried to his father's court. Here Pylades contracted that friendship with Orestes which became proverbial. He assisted Orestes in murdering his mother Clytaemnestro, and eventually married his sister Electra. [Obesteb,]— (2) A pantomime dancer in the reign of Augustus. PYLAB (-arum), a general name for auy narrow pass, such as Thermopylae, Pylae Albaniae, Caspiae, etc. PYLENE (-es), an ancient town of Aetolia near the coast, mentioned by Homer. The Aeolians who took Pylene afterwards re- pyLos. 328 PYRRHO. moved higher up into the country and found- ed Pbosohium. Pif LOS (-i>, the name of 3 towns on the W. coast of Peloponiiesns. (1) In Elis, at the foot of Mount Senilis, and about 70 or 80 stadia from the city of Blis on the road to Olympia, near the conilnence of the Ladon and the Peneus — (2) lu Triphylia, about 30 stadia from the coast, on the river Mamaus, W. of the mountain Minthe, and N. of Leprenm (3) In the S.W. of Messenia, was situated at the foot of Mount Ae^aleos on a promontory at the N. entrance of the basin, now called the Bay of Navarino, the largest and safest harbor in all Greece. This harbor was front- ed and protected by the small island of Spliac- 20; their greatest height is between 11,000 and 12,000 feet. The continuation of the mountains along the Mare Cautabricum was called Saltus Vasconum, and still further W. M(ms Vindius or Vinuius, PTEINBS PEOMONTORIUM, or PEOM. VENERIS (C Cnm\ the S.E. extremity of the Pyrenees in Spain, on the frontiers of Gaul, derived its 2d name from a temple of Venue on the promontory. PTRGI (-orum). (1) The most S.-ly town of Triphylia, .in Elis, near the Messenian frontier, said to have been founded by the Miuyae. — (2) [,Sania Seoera)^ an ancient Pelas- eic town on the coast of Etraria, was used as the port of Caere or Agylla, and was a place fiay of NavariDO. teria (Sphagia), which stretched along the coast about li miles, leaving only 2 narrow entrances at each end. Pylos became mem- orable in the Peloponnesian war, wheu the Athenians under Demosthenes built a fort on the promontory Coryphasinm a little S. of the ancient city, and just within thfe N. entrance to the harbor ^u.o. 42S). . The attempts of the Spartans to dislodge the Athenians proved unavailing ; and the capture by Cleon of the ' Spartans who had landed on the island of ^Sphacteria was one of the most important events in. the whole war. PtEACMON. [CvoLoPES.] PTEAMUS. [Thisbb.] PYEXMUS (-i : Jihan), one of the largest rivers of Asia Minor, rises in the Anti-Taurus range, near Arabissus, in Cataonia (the S.B. part of Cappadocia), and after running S.E., first underground, and then as a navigable rivef, breaks through the Taurus chain by a deep and narrow ravine, and then flows S.W. through Cilicia, in a deep and rapid stream, about 1 stadium (60G feet) in width, and falls into the sea near Mallns. PYEBNE (-es) or PTESNAEI (-orum) MONTES (Pyreneee), a range of mountains extending from the Atlantic to the Mediter- ranean, and forming the boundary between Gaul and Spain. The length of these mount- ains is about 270 miles In a straight line ; their breadth varies from about 40 miles to of considerable importance as a commercial emporium. PYEGOTSLES (-is), one of the most cele- brated gem-engravers of ancient Greece, was a contemporary of Alexander the Great, who placed him on a level with Apelles and Lysip- pus, by naming him as the only artist who was permitted to engrave seal-rings for the king. . PYEIPHLEGETHON (-ontis), that is, flam- ing with fire, the name of one of the rivers in the lower world. PYEEHA (-ae). (1) CDhdoai-ioh.]— (2) A town on the«W. coast of the island of Lesbos, on the inner part of the deep bay named after it, and consequently on the narrowest part of the island — (3) A town and promontory of Fhthiotis, in Thessaly, on the Pagasaeaiignlf, and near the frontiers of Magnesia. Ofl^his promontory there were 2 small islands named Pyrrha and Deucalion. PYREHO (-Onis), the founder of the Skep- tical or Pyrrhonian school of philosophy, wiis a native of Elis, in Peloponnesus. He is said to have been poor, and to have followed, at first, the profession of a painter. He is then said to have been attracted to philosophy bv the hooks of Democritus, to have attended the lectures of Bryson, a disciple of Stilpon, to have attached himself closely to Annxar- chus, and with him to have joined the expe- dition of Alexander the Great. He asserted PYKRHUS. 829 PYTHAGORAS. that certain knowledge on any subject was nnaltainable, and that the great object of man ought to be to lead a viriuous life. Pyr- rho wrote no works except a poem addressed to Alexander, which was rewarded by the latter in a royal manner. His philosophical system was first reduced to writing by his disciple Tlmou. He reached the age of 90 years, but we have no mention of the year either of his birth or of his death. PYRRHUS (-i). (1) Mythological. [Neo- noLEMDs.]— (2) I. Kiug of Epims, Bon of Coin of Pyrrhua, with Head of Dodonean ZeuB. Aeacides and Phthia* was bom it.o. 318. Cas- eander having prevailed upon the Epirots to expel their young king, Pyrrhus, who was only 17 years of nge, accompanied his brother-in- law Demetrius to Asia, and was present nt the battle of Ipsus, 301, in which he g;ained great renown for his vjilor. Afterwards he went a;s a hostage for Demetrius into Egyp^ where he married Antijjone, the daughter or Berenice. Ptolemy now supplied him with forces, with which he regained his kingdom (296). After this he made an attempt to con- quer Macedonia, nnrtacrnnlly obtained a share of the throne with Lyeimachus, but was driven out of the country after a reien of T months (286). For the next few years Pvrrhus reign- ed quietly in Epirns ; but in 280,he accepted the invitation of the Tarentines to assist them in their war against the Romans. He crossed over to Italy with a large army, and in the let campaign defeated the Roman consul, M. Valerius Laevinus, near Heraclea. The battle was long and bravely contested ; and it was nottill Pyrrhns brought forward his elephants, which bore down every thing before them, that the Romans took to flight The loss of Pyr- rhus, though Inferior to that of the Romans, was still very considerable. Hence he ad- vanced within 24 miles of Rome ; but as he found it impossible to compel the Romans to accept peace, he retraced his steps, and with- drew into winter-gnnrlera to Tarentum. In the 2d campaign (279) Pyrrhus gained another victory near Asculum over the Romans, who were commanded by the consuls P. Decius Mus and P. Sulpicius Saverrio. The battle, however, was followed by no decisive results, and his forces were so much exhausted by it that he lent a ready ear to the invitations of the Greeks in Sicily, who begged him to come to their assistance against the Carthagiuiiius. He accordingly crossed overinto Sicily, where he remained from the middle of 278 to the end of 2T6. At first he met with brilliant success, but having failed in an attempt upon Lilybaeum, he lost his popularity with thb Greeks, who began to form cabals and plots against him. His position in Sicily at length became so uncomfortable and dangerous that he returned to Italy in the autumn of 276. The following year he was defeated with great loss near Beneventum by the Roman consul Gurius Dentatus, and obliged to leave Italy. ■ He brought back with him to Epirus only 8000 foot and 500 horse, and had not money to main- tain even these without un- dertaking, new wars. He therefore invaded Macedo- nia, of which he became king a second time, and afterwards turned his arms agaiust Sparta and Argos. In the lastclty he was killed (272) by a tile hurled by a woman from the house-top, in the 46th year of his age and 23d of his reign. Pyr-' rhus was the greatest war- rior and one of the best princes of hia time. — (3) II. King of Epirus, son of Alexander II. and Olyrapias, and grandson of Pyrrhus I. PYTHXgORAS (-ae). (1) A celebrated Greek philosopher, a native of Samos, flour- ished in the times of Polycrates and Tarquin- ius SuperbuB (u.o. MO-SIO). He studied in hia own country under Creophilus, Pherecydes of Syros, and others, and is said to have visit- ed Egypt and many countries of the East for the purpose of acquiring knowledge. He be- lieved iu the transmigration of souls ; and ia said to have pretended that he had been Eu- phorbus, the son of Panthos, in the Trojan war, as well as various other characters. He paid ^reat attention to arithmetic, and its ap- plication to weights, measures, and the theory of music He pretended to divination and prophecy; and he appears as the revealer of a mode of life calculated to raise his disciples above the level of mankind, and to recom- mend them to the favor of the gods. Having settled at Crotoua, iu Italy, he mrmed a select brotherhood or club of 300, bound by a sort of vow to Pythagoras and each other, for the purpose of cultivating the religious and as- cetic observances enjoined by their master, and of studying his religions and philosoph- ical theories. It appears that they had some secret conventional symbols by which mem- bers of the fraternity conld recognize each other, and they were bound to secrecy. But the populace of Crotoua rose against them ; the building \i\ which they assembled was set on fire, and only the younger and more active members escaped. Similar commotions en- sued in the other cities of Magna Graecia iu which Pythagorean clubs had been formed. Respecting the fate of Pythagoras himself, the accounts varied. Some saythat he perish- ed iu the temple with his disciples; others that he fled first to Tareutum, aud that, being PYTHEAS. 330 QUIEINUS. driven thence, he escaped to Metapoutuni, and there starved himself to death (2) Of Khegiunii one of the moat celebrated statua- ries of Greece, probably flourished b.o. 480- 430. PYTHSAS (-ae). (1) An Athenian orator, distinguished by his unceasing animosity against Demosthenes. — (2) Of Massilia, in Gaul, a celebrated Greek navigator, wlio probably lived iu the time of Alexander the Great, or shortly afterwards. He appears to have undertaken voyages, one in which he visited Britain and Thule, and a second in which he coasted along the whole of Europe from Gadira (Cadiz) to the Tanais, and the description of which probably formed the subject of his Paiplus. Pytheas made Thnle a C days' sail from Britain; and said that the day and the night were each 6 months long in Thuie. Hence some modern writers have supposed that he must have reached Iceland ; while others have maintained that he advanced as far as the Shetland Isl- ands. But either supposition is very im- probable. PYTHIUS (-i), the Pythian, a surname of the Delphian Apollo. [Python.] PYTHON <-onie), the celebrated serpent which was produced from the mud left on the earth after the dehige of Deucalion. He lived in the caves of Mount Parnassus, but was slain by Apollo, who founded the Pythian games in commemoration of his victory, and received in consequence the surname Ptjthiv£. PYXUS. CBuxEMTnM.3 Q. QTJADI, a powerful German people of the Suevic race, dwelt in the S.E. of Germany, be- tween Mount Gabreta, the Hercyuian forest, the Sarmatian mountainB, and the Danube. They were hounded on the W. by the Mai'co- ihauni, with whom they were always closely united, on the N. by the Gothini and Osi, on the E. by the lazyges Metanastae, from whom they were separated by the river Granuas {Qran)t and on the S. by the Pannonians, from whom they were divided by the Danube. In the reign of Tiberius the Quadi were taken under the protection of the Komans. In the reign of M. Aurelius, however, they joined the Marcomannt and other German tribes iu the long and bloody war against the empire, which lasted during the greater part of that emperor's reign. Their name is especially memorable in the history of this war by the victory which M. Aurelius gained over them iii 174. The Quadi disappear from history to- wards the end of the 4th century. QUADRiFRONS (-ontis), a surname of Janus. It is said that after the conquest of the Faliscans an image of Janus was found with 4 foreheads. Hence a temple of Janus Quadrifrona was afterwards built iu the Forum transitorium, which had 4 gates. The fact of the god being represented with 4 heads is considered by the ancients to be an indica- tion of his being the divinity presiding over the year with its 4 seasons. QUADRlGiRlUS, Q. CLAUDIUS (-i), a Roman historian who flourished jj.o. 100-78. His work commenced immediately after the destruction of Rome by the Gauls, and must in all probability have come down to the death of Sulla. Q.UINTILIUS VARUS. [Vakub.] QUINTILIANUS, M. FABlTJS (-i), the most celebrated of Roman rhetoricians', was born at Calagurris (Calahorra), in Spain, a.d. 40. He completed his education at Rome, and began to practice at the bar about 68. But he was chiefly distinguished as a teacher of eloquence, bearing away the palm in this de- partment from all his rivals, and associating his name, even to a proverb, with pre-emi- nence in the art By Domitian he was invest- ed with the insignia and title of consul {con- sularia or'na'nienta)^ and is, moreover, cele- brated as the first public instructor who, iu virtue of the eiidowment by Vespasian, re- ceived a regular salary from the imperial ex- chequer. He is supposed to have died about 118. The great work of Quintiliau is a com- plete system of rhetoric, in 12 books, entitled De Institutione Oratoria Lihri XIL, or some- times Tnstitutiones (h-atoriae, dedicated to' his friend Marcellua Victoi-ius, himself a celebra- ted orator and a favorite at court. This pro- duction bears throughout the impress of a clear, sound judgment, keen discrimination, and pure taste, improved by extensive read- ing, deep reflection, and long practice. There are also extant 164 declamations under the name of Qnintilian, but no one believes these to be genuine, and few suppose that they proceeded from any one individual. T, QUINTiUS CiPiTOLlNUS BARBl- TUS (-i), a celebrated general in the early history of the republic, and equally distin- guished in the internal History of the state. He was six times consul, namely, in jj.o. 471, 468, 465, 446, 443, 439.— Several of his descend- ants held the consulship, but none of these require mention except T^ Qcintids Pennws Capitomnus Crtspinds, who was consul 208, and was defeated by Hannibal. QUINTIUS CINCINNATUS. [Cinoinna- TUB.] QUINTIUS FLAMININUS. [Flamini- NUS.] QUINTUS CURTIUS. CCTniTius.3 QUINTUS SMYRNAEUS (-i), commonly called QUINTUS CALABER, author of a Greek epic poem on the events of the Trojan war from the death of Hector to the return of the Greeks. Quintus closely copied Homer, but not a single poetical idea of his own seems ever to have inspired him. QUIRINALIS MONS. [Roma.] QUIRINUS (-i), a Sabine word, perhaps de- rived from quiriSj a lance or spear. It occurs RABIRIUS. 331 KEGULUS. first of all as the name of Bomnlus,' after he had been raised to the rank of a divinity ; and the festival celebrated in his honor bore the name of Quirinalia. It is also used as a sm*naine of Mars, Janus, and oven of Au- gustus. R. RXBIRIUS (-i). (1) C„ an aged senator, was accused in u.c, 63, by T. Labienus, tribune of the plebs, of havingput to death the tribune L. Appnleius Saturninus in 100, nearly 40 years before. (.Satubninus.] The accusation was pet on foot at the instigation of Caesar, who judged it necessary to deter the senate from resorting to arms against the popular party. The l>uu7nviri Perdxiellionis (au obsolete tri- bunal) appointed to try Kabirius were C. Caesar himself and his relative L. Caesar. Itabirins was condemned, but appealed to the people in the comitia of the centuries. The case excited the greatest interest; since it was not simply the life or death of Rabirius, but the power and authority of the senate, which were at stake. Rabirius was defended by Cicero ; but the eloquence of his advocate was of no avail, and the people would have ratified the decision of the duumvirs had not the meetiug been broken up by the praetor, Q. Metellus Celer, who removed the military flag which floated on the Jauiculum.— (2) C. Rahiuius Pobtumus was the son of the sister of the preceding. After the restoration of Ptolemy Auletea to his kingdom by means of Gabinius in b.o. 55, Eabirius repaired to Alex- andria, and was invested by the king with the ofilce of Dioecetes, or chief treasurer. In this . ni^ce his extortions were so terrible that Ptolemy had him apprehended ; but Rabirius escaped from prison, probably through the connivance of the kiu^, and returned to Rome. Here a trial awaited him. Gabinius had been sentenced to pay a heavy fine on account of his extortions in Egypt; and as he was un- able to pay this fine, a suit was instituted against Rabirius, who was liable to .make np- the deflciency, if it could be proved that he had received any of the money of which Ga- binius had illegally become possessed. Rabi- rins was defended by Cicero, and was proba- bly condemned. — (3) ARoinan poet, who lived in the last yeara of the republic, and wrote a poem, on the Civil Wars. RAMSES, the name of many kings of Egypt of the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties. RAPHTA or RAPHEA (-ae : Repha), a sea- port town in the extreme S.W. of Palestine, beyond Gaza, on the edge of the desert. KASfiNA. [ETBtiRTA.3 EATOMXGUS or ROTOMiQUS (-i : Itou- en), the chief town of the Vellocasses in Gallia Lugdunensis, KAUDil CAMPL [Campi RAunn.] RAXJRiCI (-5rutn), a people in Gallia Bel-, gica, bounded on the S. by the Helvetii, on . the W. by the Sequani, on the N. by the Tri- boccitandou the E. by the Rhine. They must have been a people of considerable impor- tance, as 2.1,000 of them are said to have emi- grated with the Helvetii in u.c. 5S, and they possessed several towns, of which the most important were Augusta {Augv^t) and Basilia {Basle or Bdle). RJLVENNA (-ae : (Northern Italy) Iiavemia\ an important town in Gallia Cisalpiua, on the river Bedesis, and about a mile from the sea, though it is now about 5 miles in the interior, in consequence of the sea having receded all along this coast. Ravenna was situated in the midst of marshes, and was only accessible in one direction by land, probably oy the road leading from Ariminum. It was said to have been founded by Thessaliaus (Pelasgian^, and afterwards to have passed into the hands of the Umbrians, but it long remained an in- significant place, and its greatness does not begin till the time of the empire, when Au- gustus made it one of the 2 chief stations of the Roman fleet. Ravenna thus suddenly be- came one of the most important places in the N. of Italy. When the I^oman empire was threatened by the barbarians, the em- perors of the West took up their residence at Ravenna, which, on account of its situa- tion and fortifications, was regarded as im- pregnable. After the downfall of the West- ern enipirCjTheodoric also made it the capi- tal of his kingdom; and after the overthrow of the Gothic dominion by Narses, it became the residence of the exarchs, or the governors of the Byzantine empire in Italy, tilfthe Lom- bards took the town, a.d. 762. Rfi5.TS (-is : Rieti)^ an ancient town of the Sabines In Central Italy, said to have been founded by the Aborigines or Peln8wians,was situated on the Laciis Velinus and the Via Salaria. It was the chief place of assembly for the Sabines, and was subsequently a prae- fectura or a municipiura. The valley in which Reate was situated was so beautiful that it received the name of Tempe ; and in its neigh- borhood is the celebratea waterfall, which is now known under the name of the fall of Terni or the Cascade delle Marmore. REDONES (-nm), a people in the interior of Gallia Lugdunensis, whose chief town was Condate (Rennes). REGILLTJS LACUS (-1), a lake in Latium, memorable for the victory gained on its banks by the Romans over the Latins, d.o. 498. It was E. of Rome, in the territory of Tueculum, and between Lavicum and Gabii; but it can not be identified with certainty with any modern lake. REGIUM LfiPiDI, REGIUM LEPIDtTM, or simply REGlUM, also FORTJM LEPIDI (Reggio), a town of the Boil in Gallia Cisal- pina. REGtTLUS (-i), the name of a family of the Atllia gens. — (1) M. Atilius Rkgulus, consul B.C. 267, conquered the Sallentini, took the townof Bmndusium, and obtained in conse- RKGULUS. 332 RHAETIA. quence the honor of a trinmph. In 256 he was coutsul a second time with L. Manlius Vulso Lougus. The 2 consuls defeated the Cartha- ginian fleet, and afterwards lanlJed in Africa •with a large force. They met with great and •striking success ; and aRer Manlius returned to Rome with half of the army, Regnlus re- mained in Africa with the other half, and prosecuted the war with the utmost vigor. The Carthaginian generals, Hasdrubal, Bos- tar, and Hamilcar, withdrew into the mount- ains, where they were attacked by RegnluSj and defeated with great loss. The Cartha- ginian troops retired within the walls of tbe city, and Regulus now overran the country without opposition. The Carthaginians in despair -sent a herald to Regulus to solicit peace ; but the Roman generul would only giaut it on such intolerable terms that the arthnginians resolved to continue the war, and hold out to the last. A Lacedaemouian named Xauthippus pointed out to the Car- thaginiaus that their defeat was owing to the incompetency of their generals, and not to the superiority of the Roman arms. Being j}laced at the head of their forces, he totally defeated the Romans, and took Regulus him- self prisoner (255).. Regnlus remniued in cap- tivity for the next 5 years, till 250, when the Carthaginians, after their defeat by the pro- Coln of a Llvlneiufl, witb Head of Regulus. consul Metellus, sent an embassy to Rome to solicit peace, or at least an-excbange of pris- oners. They allowed Regulus to accompany the embassadors on the promise that he would return to Carthage if their proposals were de- clined. This embassy of Regulus is one of the most celebrated stories in Roman history. It is related that he dissuaded the senate from assenting to a peace, or even to an exchange of prisoners, and that, resisting all the per- suasions of his friends to remain in Rome, he returned to Carthage, where a martyr's death awaited him. On his arrival at Carthage he is said to have been put to death with the most excruciating tortures. When the news of the barbarous death of Regulus reached Rome, the seniate is said to have given Hamil- car and Bostar, 2 of the noblest Carthaginian prisoners, to the family of Regulus, who re- venged them'selves by putting them to death with cruel torments. But many writers have supposed thafrthis tale was invented in order to excuse "the cruelties perpetrated by the family of Regulus on the Carthaginian pris- oners committed to their custody. Regnlus was dne of the favorite characters of early Roman story. Not only was he celebrated on account of his heroism in giving the senate advice which secured him a martyr's death, but also on account of his frugality and sim- plicity of life.— <2) C, suruamed Serbancs, consul in 257, wheu'he defeated the Carthagin- ian fleet off the Lipareau islands, and obtaiu- ed possession of the islands of Lipara and Melite. He was consul a second time in 250, with L. Manlius Vulso. This Regulus is the first Atiliua who hears the eurnarae of Ser- ranus. REMI or RHEMI (-orum), one of the most powerful people in Gallia Belgica, inhabited the country through which the Axon a flowed, and were bounded on the S. by the Nervll, on the S.E. by the Veromaudni, on the E. by the Suessioues and BellovacI, and on the W. by the Nervii. They formed an alliance with Caesar, when the rest of the Belgae made war against him, b.o- 67. Their chief town was Durocortorum, afterwards called Reml {Rheims). REMUS. [ROMDLD8.T RESAINA, RESAENA, RESINA (-ae : RaS'el-Ain), a city of Mesopotamia, near the sources of the Chaboi'as, on the road from Carrae to Klsibis. After its restoration and fortification by Theodosius, it was called Tu KODOSIOPO LIB. REUDIGNI (-Srum), a people in the N. of Germany, on the right bank of the Albie, N. of the Langobardi. REX (R6^is>, MARCSUS. (1) Q., praetor U.0. 144, built the aqueduct called Aqua. Mar- da.— {2) Q., consul in 118, foundea in this year the colony of Norbo Martins in Gaul.— (3) Q., consul in OS, and proconsul in Cillcla lu the tnllowing year. Being refused a trinmph on his returu to Rome, he remained outside the city till the Catillnarian conspiracy broke out in 03, when the senate sent him to Faeau- 'lae.to watch the movements of C.Mallins or Manlius, Catiline's general. RHA (Volga)ttL great river of Asia, first mentioned by Ptolemy, who describes it as rising in the N. of Sarmatla, in 2 branches, Rha Occideutalis and Rha Orientalls (the Volga and the Jfama), after the junction of which it flowed S.W., forming the boundary between Sarmatla Asiatica and Scythia, till near the TauaTs {Dos.] KHOdIUS (-i : prob. the 'brook of the Dar- daneUe8)y a small nver of the Troad, raentiou- I ed both by Homer and Hesiod. It rose on | the lower slopes of Mount Ida, and flowed I N.W. into the Hellespont, between Abydus ' and Dardanus, after receiving the Selleis from the W. RHOdOpE (-6b), one of the highest ranges of mountains in Thrace, extending from Mount Scomius, E. of the river Nestus and the boundaries of Macedonia, in a S.B.-ly di- rection almost down to the coast. It is high- est in its northern part, and is thickly covered with wood. Rhodope, like the rest of Thrace, was sacred to Dionysus (Bacchus). RHOdOPIS (-idis). a celebrated Greek courtesan, of Thracian origin, was a fellow- slave with the poet Aesop, both of them be- longing to the Samiau ladmon. She after- wards became the property of Xauthus, anoth- er Samian, who carried her to Naucratis in Egypt, in the reign of Amasis, and at this great sea-port she carried on the, trade of an hetaera for the benefit of her master. While thus employed, Charaxns, the brother of the poetess Sappho, who had come to Naucratis as a merchant, fell in love with her, and ran- somed her from slavery for a large sum of money. She was in consequence attacked by Sappho in a poem. She continued to live at Naucratis, and with the tenth part of her gains she dedicated at Delphi 10 iron spits, which were seen by Herodotus. She is called Rho- dopis by Herodotus, but Sappho in her poem apoke of her under the name of Doricha. It is therefore probable that Doricha was her real name, and that she received that of Rhodopis, which signifies the "rosy-cheeked," on ac- count of her beauty. RHODOS, sometimes called RHODK (-es), daughter of Poseidon (Neptune) and Helia, or of Helios (Sol) and Amphitrite, or of Poseidon and Aphrodite (Venus), or lastly of Oceanus. From her the island of Rhodes is said to have derived its name ; and in this island she bore to Helios 7 sons. RHODUS (-i: Rhxfdoet Rhodes), the most easterly island of the Aegaean, or, more spe- cifically, of the Carpathian sea, lies off the S. coast of Caria, due S. of the promontory of Cynossema (C. Aloupo), at the distance of about 12 geog, miles. Its length, from N.E. to S. W., is about 45 miles ; its greatest breadth about 20 to 25. In early times it was called Aethraea and Ophiussa, and several other names. There are various mythological stories about its origin and peopling. Its Hellenic colonization \b ascribed to Tlepolemus, the son of Hercules, before the Trojan war, and after that war to Althaeraenes. Homer men- tions the 3 Dorian settlements in Rhodes, uameljr, Lindus, lalysna, and Camirus; and these cities, with Cos, Cnidus, and Halicavnas- sua, formed the Dorian Hexapolis, which was established, from a period of unknown antiq- uity, in the S.W. corner of Asia Minor. Rhodes soon became a gre'at maritime state, or rather confederacy, the island being par- celed out between the 3 cities above men- tioned. The Rhodians made distant voyages, and founded numerous colonies. At the be- ginning of the Pelopounesiau war, Rhodes was one of those Dorian maritime states which were subject to Athens ; but in the 20th year of the war, b.o. 412, it joined the Spartan alliance, and the oligarchical party, which had been depressed, and their leaders, the Erati- dae, exT)elled, recovered their former power, under Dorieus. In 40S the new capital, called RuoDUs, was built, and peopled from the 3 ancient cities of lalysus, Liudus, and Cami- rus. At the Macedonian conquest the Rho- dians submitted to Alexander] but upon his death expelled the Macedonian garrison. In the ensuing wars they formed an alliance with Ptolemy, tbe son of Lagus, and their city, Rhodes, successfully endured a most famous siege by the forces of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who at length, in admiration of the valor of the besieged, presented them with the engines he had used against the city, from the sale of which they defrayed the coat of the celebrated Colossus. At length they came into connec- tion with the Romans, whose alliance they joined, with Attains, king of Pergamus, in the war against Philip IIL of Macedon. In the ensuing war with Antiochus the Rho- dians gave the Romans great aid with their fleet; and, in the subsequent partition of the Syrian possessions of Asia Minor, they were rewarded by the supremacy of S. Caria, where they had had settlements from an early period. A temporary interruption of their alliance with Rome was caused by their espousing the cause of Perseus, for which they were severe- ly punished, 168; but they recovered the fa- vor of Rome by the important naval aid they rendered in the Mithridatic war. In the civil wars they took part with Caesar, and suffered in consequence from Casaius, 42, but were afterwards compensated for their losses -by the favor of Autonius. They were at length deprived of their independence by Claudius ; and their prosperity received its final blow from an earthquake, which laid the city of Rhodes in ruins, in the reign of Antoninus Pius, A. n. 155, RHOECUS (-i). (1) A Centaur, who, in con- junction with Hylaeus, pursued Atalanta in Arcadia, but was killed by her with an arrow. The Roman poets call him Rhoetus, and re- late that he was wounded at the nuptials of Pirithous.— (2) Son of Phileas or Philaeus, of Samoa, an architect and statuary, flourished about 1J.0. 640. He invented the art of cast- ing statues in bronze and iron. RHOETEUM (-i : C. Intepeh or BarUeri), a promontory, or a strip of rocky coast, break- ing into several promontories, in Mysia, on the Hellespont, near Aeanrium, with a town of the same name (prob. PaUo Gaatro). RHOETUS. (1) A Centaur. [Rhobodo.! RHOXOLANI. 336 KOMA. —(2) One of the gianta who was slain by Dionysus ; he is usually called Eurytus. KHOXOLANI or ROXOLANI (-dium), a warlike people in Earopean Sarmatia, on the coast of the Palus Mneotis, and between the Borysthenes and the Tanais, usually supposed to be the ancestors of the modern Hnssians. EHYNDlCTJS (-i: Edrenos), or Lyodb, a considerable river of Asia Minor. Rising in Mount Dindymeae, opposite to the sources of the Hermus, it flows K. through Phrygia, then turns N. W. , then W._, and then N. through the lake ApoUoniatis, into the Propontis. From the point where it left Phrygia, it form- ed the boundary of Mysia and Bithyuia. RHYPE8, one of the 12 cities of Achaia, situated between Aegiam and Patrae. It was destroyed by Augustus, and its inhabitants removed to Patrae. RHYTlUM <-i), a town in Crete, mentioned by Homer. IdClMER (-oris), the Roman "King-Mak- er," was the son of a Snevian chief, and was brought up at the court of Valentiniau III. In A.D. 472 he took Rome by storm, and died 40 days afterwards. ROBIGUS or ROBIGO (-i or inis), is de- scribed by some Latin writers as a divinity worshiped for the purpose of averting blight or too great heat from the young corn-fields. The festival of the Eobigalia was celebrated on the 25th of April, and was said to have been instituted by Numa. ROBUS J-iJ, a fortress In the territory of the Rauraci, m Gallia Belgica. E5MA (-ae: Rome), the capital of Italy and of the world, was situated on the left bank of the river Tiber, on the N.W. confines of Lati- um, abont 16 miles from the sea. Rome is said to have been a colony from Alba Longa, and to have been founded by Romuhis abont n.o. 753. [RoMur.TJS.] All traditions agree that the original city comprised only the Mima Pdlatinua or PalatiuTn, and some por- tion of the ground immediately below it. It was surrounded by walls, and was built in a square form, whence it was called JRoma Qua- drata. On the neighboring hills there also existed fi*om the earliest times settlements of Sablnes and Etruscans. The Sabine town, probably called Qui7-ium, and inhabited by Qiiirites, was situated on the hills to the N. of the Palatine, that is, the Quirinalis and Cajiitolinus, or Capitolium, on the latter of which hills was the Sabine Arx or citadel. According to traditions, the Sabines were united with the Romans, or Latins, in the reign of Romulus, and thus was formed one people, under the name of "Populus Roma- nuB (et) Qnirites." The Etniscans were settled ou Mons Caelius, and extended oyer Mons Cis- piv^ and Mons Oppttis, which are part of the Escjuiline. These Etruscans were at an early period incorporated in the Roman state, but • were compelled to abandon their seats on the hills, and to take up their abode in the plains between theCaelius and the Esquiline, whence the Vicus Tuecus derived its name. Under the kings the city rapidly grew in population and in size. Ancns Hartms added the Mono Aven- tinus to the city. The same king also built a fortress on the JaniculuSy a hill on the other side of the Tiber, as a protection against the Etruscans, and connected it with the city by- means of the Pons Sublicius. Rome was still farther improved and enlarged by Tarquinius Priscus and Servius Tullius. The completion of the city, however, was ascribed to Servius Tullius. This king added the Moiis Vimina- 1(8 and Mons ISsquilimts, and surrounded the whole city with a line of fortifications, which comprised all the seven hills of Rome {Pala- tinuSf Capitolinits^ Quirinalis, Caelius, Aven- tinuSt ViminaliSf Esquilinits). Hence Rome was called Urbs SepticoUis. These fortifica- tions were about 7 miles in circumference. lu B.o. 390 Rome was entirely destroyed by the Gauls, with the exception of a few houses on the Palatine. On the departure of the bar- barians it was rebuilt in great haste and con- fusion, without any attention to regularity, and with narrow and crooked streets. After the conquest of the Carthaginiaus and of the monarchs of Macedonia and Syria, the city began to be adorned with many public build- ings and handsome private houses; and it was still further embellished by Augustus^ who used to boast that he had founathe city of brick and had left it of marble. The great fire at Rome in the reign of Nero (\.i>. 64) destroy- ed two thirds of the city. Nero availed him- self of this opportunity to indulge his passion for building;; and the city now assumed a still more reguFar and stately appearance. The emperor Aurelian surrounded Rome with new walls, which embraced the city of Servius Tullius and all the suburbs which had subse- quently grown up around it, such as the M, Janiculus on the right bank of the Tiber, and the Collis Hortulwurrif or M. JPinciantis, on the left bank of the river, to the N. of the Quiri- nalis. The walls of Aurelian were abont 11 miles in circumference. They were restored by HonoriuB, and were also partly rebuilt by Belisarius. Rome was divided by Servius Tullius into 4 Regiones or districts, corre- sponding to the 4 city tribes. Their names were: 1, SuWrana, comprehending the space from the Subura to the Oaelius, both inclu- sive ; 2, Esquiliiia, comprehending the Esqui- line hill ; 3, CoHina, extending over the Quiri- ual and Viminal ; 4, PotoMna, comprehend- ing the Palatine hill. The Capitoliue, as the seat of the gods, and the Aventine, were not included in these Regiones. These Regiones were again subdivided into 27 Sacella Argae- orum, which were probably erected where two streets {compita) crossed each other. The division of Servius Tullius into 4 Regiones remained unchanged till the time of Augus- tus, who made a fresh division of the city into 14 Regiones, viz. : 1, Porta Capenaj 2, Caeli- montium; 3, Zsia et Serapia; 4, Via Sacra; 5, Eequilina cum Colle Viminali; 6, Alta Se- mita; 7, Via Lata; S^ Forum Itomanum,; 9, CircxLS Plaminius; 10, Pdlatium; 11, Circua MaxiwAts ; 12, Piscina PUblica ; 13, Avetitinus ; and, 14, Trans TiberiTn, the only region on the right bank of the river. Each of these Regiones was subdivided into a certain number of Vic?, analogous to the Sacella of Servius Tullius. The houses were divided KOMA. 337 ROMA. fiome : Bird's-eye View of the Forum from the Capitol. into 2 different classes^ called respectively domus and insulae. The former were the dwellings of the Roman nobles, correepond- jng to the modern palazzi ; the latter were the habitations of the middle and lower class- es. Each insula contained several apartments or sets of apartments, which were let to dif- ferent families; and it was frequently sur- rounded with shops. The number of insulae of course greatly exceeded that of the domi. It is stated that there were 46,602 insulae at Rome, but only 1790 domas. We learn from the Monumentum Aucyrauum that the plebs urbana, in the lime of Augustus, was 320,000. This did not include the women, nor the sen- ators nor knights; so that the free popula- tion could not have been less than 650,000. To this number we must add the slaves, who must have been at least as numerous as the free population. Consequently the whole population of Rome in the time of Augustus must have been at least 1,300,000, and in all ROMULEA. 338 RUBKA SAXA. probability greatly exceeded that number. Moreover, aa we kuow that the city coutiuued to increase in size and popnlatiou down to the time of Vespasian and Trajan, we shall not be far wrong in supposhig that the city contained nearly 2 millions of inhabitants in the reigns of those emperors. The Aqueducts {Aqtuuductus) supplied Rome with an abun- dance of pure water from the hills which sur- round the Campagna* The Romans at first had recourse to the Tiber and to wells sunk in the city. It was not till n.o. 313 that the first aqueduct was constructed, bat their num- ber was gradually increased, till they amount- ed to 14 m the time of Procopius, that is, the 6th century of the Christian era. ROMULEA (-ae), an ancient town of the Hirpini in Sanmium, on the road from Beue- ventum to Tareutum. ROM'OLUS (-i), the founder of the city of Rome, must not be regarded as a real per- sonage. The stories about him are mythical. According to the common legend, Romulus and Remus were the sous of Rhea Silvia by Mars. Silvia was the daughter of Numitor (a descendant of lulua, the son of Aeneas), who had been excluded from the throne of Alba Longa by his brother, Amulius ; and as Silvia was a vestal virgin, she' and her twin offspring were condemned to be drowned in the Tiber. The cradle in which the childien were exposed having stranded, they were suckled by a she-wolf, which carried them to her den,where they were discovered by Faus- tulus, the king's shepherd, who took the chil- dren to bis own house, and gave them into the care of his wife, Acca Larentia. When they were grown up, Romulus and Remus left Alba to found a city on the banks of the Tiber. A strife arose between the brothers as to where the city should be built, and after whose name it should be called, in which Remus was slain by his brother. As soon as the city was built, Romulus found his people too few in numbers. He therefore set apart, on the Capitoline hill, an asylum, or sanctuary, in which homicides and runaway slaves might take refuge. The city thus became filled with men, but they wanted women. Romulus therefore pro- claimed that games were to be celebrated in honor of the god Consus, and invited his neighbors, the Latins and Sabines, to the fes- tival, during which the Roman youths rushed upon their guests, and carried off the virgins. This produced a war between the two nations ; but during a long and desperate battle the Sabine women rushed in between the armies, and prayed their husbands and fathers to be reconciled. Their prayer was heard ; the two people not only made peace, but agreed to form only one nation. But this union did not last long. Titus Tatius, the Sabine king, who reigned conjointly with Romulus, was slain at a festival at Lavinium by some Lau- rentines, to whom he had refusecl satisfaction for outrages which had been committed by his kinsmen. Henceforward Romulus ruled alone over both Romans and Sabines. After reigning 37 years, he was at length taken away from the wtu'ld by his father, Mars, who carried him up to heaven in a fiery chariot. Shortly afterwards he appeared injnore than mortal beauty to Julius Proculus, and bade him tell the Romans to worship him as their guardian god, under the name of Quirinus. Such was the glorified end of Romulus in the genuine legend; bwt, according to another tale, the senators, discontented with the ty- rannical rule of their king, murdered him dur- ing the ^loom of a tempest, cut up his bi^dy, and carried home the mangled pieces under their robes. R5Mt?LUS ATJGUSTtJLUS. [Augubtd- LUS.] ROMttLUS SILViUS. [Silviub.] ROSCliNUM (-1 : Rossano)^ a fortress on the E. coast of Bruttiuni between Thurii and Paternum. ROSCiUS. (1) L., a Roman embassador sent to Fidenae in b.o. 438. — (2) Skx., of Ameria, a town in Umbria, accused of the murder of his father, and defended by Cicero fn.o. 80) in an oration which is still extajit. — (3) Q., the most celebrated comic actor at Rome, was a native of Solonium, a small place in. the neighborhood of Lanuvium. His his- trionic powers procured him the favor of many of the Roman nobles, and, among others, of the dictator Sulla, who presented nim with a gold ring, the symbol of equestrian rank. lioscins enjoyed the friendship of Cicero, who constantly speaks of him in terms both of ad- miration and affection. Rosciua was consid- ered by the Romans to have reached such per- fection in hiB profession that it became the fashion to call every one who became partic- ularly distinguished in the histrionic art by the name of Roscius, He realized an immense fortune by his profession, and died in 62. ROTOMXGUS. [Ratomagus.] ROXANA, daughter of Oxyanes the Bac- trian, fell into the hands of Alexander on his capture of the hill -fort in Sogdiana named " the Rock," b.o. 327. Alexander was so cap- tivated by her charms that he married her. Soon after Alexandei's death (233) she gave birth to a son (Alexander Aegus), who was admitted to share the nominal sovereignty with Arrhidaeus, under the regency of Perdic- cas. Roxana afterwards crossed over to Eu- rope with her son, placed herself under the protection of Olympias, and threw herself into Pydna along with the latter. In 316 Pydna was taken by Cassnnder; Olympias was put to death; and Roxana and her son were placed in confinement in Amphipolis, where they were murdered by Cassauder's orders in 3U. ROXOLANI. [RnoxoT.ANi.3 RUBI (-drum : Ruvo)^ a town in Apulia, on the road from Canusium to Brundusium, RttBiCO (-6nis), a small river in Italy, fall- ing into the Adriatic a little N. of Ariminum, formed the boundary in the republican period between the province of Gallia Cisalpina and Italia proper. It is celebrated in history on account of Caesar's passage across it at the head of his army, by which act he declared war against the republic RUBRA SAXA, called Rubrae breves (so. RUJ5RESUS LACUS. 339 SABATE. petrae) by Martial, a small place in Etruria, only a few miles from Kome, uear the river Cremero, and on the Via Flamiuia. RUBRESUS LiCUS. [NarboO RCBRUM MARE. [Erythraedm Mabe.] RtJDlAE (-arum: Rotigliano or Ruge)^ a town of the Peucetii in Apulia, on the road from Brundusium to Venusia, was originally a Greek colony, and afterwards a Roman nmnicipium. Rudiae is celebrated as the birthplace of Ennius. R^QII (-drum), an important people In Germany, originally dwelt on the coast of the Baltic between the Viadns {Oder) and the Vistula. After disappearing a long time from history, they are found at a later time in At- tila's army; and after Attila's death they founded a new kingdom on the N. bank of theDanube,in Austria aiidHungary, thename of which is still preserved in the modern Ru- Qiland. They have left traces of their name in the country which they originally inhabit- ed, in the modern Rugen, Rugenwalde^ Rega^ RULLUS, P. SERVSLIUS (4), tribune of the plebs n.o. 63, proposed an agrarian law, which Cicero attacked in 3 orations, which have come down to us. RtJ"PlLiUS (-1), P., consul b.o. 132, prose- cuted with the utmost vehemence all the ad- herents of Tib. Gracchus, who had been slain in the preceding year. As proconsul in Sicily in the following year he made various regu- lations for the government of the province, which were known by the name of Leges Ru- piliae. Rupiliuawas condemned in the tribu- nate of C. Gracchus, 123, on account of his illegal and cruel acts in the prosecution of the friends of Tib. Gracchus. RUSCINO (-onis), a town of the Sordones or Sordi, In the S.E. part of Gallia Narbonen- bis, at the foot of the Pyrenees. RUSELLAB (-flrum: nr. GrosaetOj Ru.), one of the most ancient cities of Etruria, situated on an eminence E. of the lake Prelius and on the Via Aurelia. The walls of Rusellae still remain, and are some of the most ancient in Italy. RUSTICUS (-i), L. JtTNIUS ARTJLENUS, was a friend and pupil of Paetus Thrasea, and an ardent admirer of the Stoic philosophy. He was put to death by Domitiau, because he had written a panegyric upon Thrasea. RtJTENI (-orum), a people in Gallia Aqui- tanica, on the frontiers of Gallia Narbonen- sis, in the modern Rovergne. RtjTiLiUS L^PUS. [Lupns,] RtJTiLiUS RUPUS (-i), P., a Roman states- man and orator. He was military tribune nnder Scipio in the Numantine wor, praetor it.o. Ill, consul in 105, and legatus in 95 under Q, Mucins Scaevola, proconsul of Asia. While acting in this capacity he displayed so much honesty and firmness in repressing the extor- tions of the publicani, that he became an ob- ject of fear and hatred to the whole body. Accordingly, on his return to Rome, he was impeached of malversation {de repetundia), found guilty, and compelled to withdraw into banishment, 92. RtJ'TtJBA (-ae : Roya\ a river on the coast of Lignria, which flows into the sea near Al- bum Intemelinm. RtJT&LI (-orum), an ancient people in Italy, inhabiting a narrow slip of country on the coast of Latiura, a little to the S. of the Tiber. Their chief town was Ardea, which was the residence of Turnus. They were subdued at an early period by the Romans, and disap- pear from history. R'CTtJ'PAE or Rt^Tfi-plAE (Richborough), a port of the Cantii, in the S.E. of Britain, where there are still several Roman remains. S. SlBA (-ae). (1) (O, T. Sheba), the capital- of the Sabaei, in Arabia Felix, lay on a high woody mountain, and was pointed out by an Arabian tradition as the residence of the "Queen of Sheba." — (2) There was another city of the same name in the interior of Ara- bia Felix, where a place Sabea is still found, nearly in the centre of El-Yemen.— (3) A sea- port town of A.ethiopia, on the Red Sea, S. of Ptoleraais Theron. SABXCON, a king of Ethiopia, who invad- ed Egypt in the reign of the blind king Anysis, whom he dethroned and drove into the marsh- es. The Ethiopian conqueror then reigned over Egypt for 50 j'cars, bnt at length quitted the country in consequence of a dream, where- upon Anysis regained his kingdom. This is the account which Herodotus received from the priests (ii. 13T-140) ; bnt it appears from Manetho that there were 3 Ethiopian klnj;8 who reigned over Egypt, named Sabacon, Se- bichiiSy and Tarcunes, whose collective reigns amount to 40 or SO years, and who form the 25th dynasty of that writer. The account of Mnnetho is to be preferred to that of Herod- otus. SXBAEI or SXBAE (-Orum or ftrum ; O. T. She])aiiin), one of the chief peoples of Arabia, dwelt in the S.W. corner of the peninsula, in the most beautifal part of Arabia Felix, the N. and centre of the province of El -Yemen. So at least Ptolemy places them ; but the fact seems to be that they are the chief represent- atives of a race which, at an early period, was widely spread on both sides of the S. partof the Red Sea, where Arabia and Aethio- pia all but joined at the narrow strait of Ba6- eUMandeb; andhence, probably, the confusion often made between the Sheba and Scba of Scripture, or between the Skebaiivi of Arabia and the SehaiVm of Aethiopia. Their country produced all the most precious spices and perfumes of Arabia. SABXTE, a town of Etruria, on the road from Cosa to Rome, and on the N.W. corner SABATINI. 340 SABIN US. of a lake, whicli was named after it Laoub Sabatinus {Lago di Braceiano). SABATINI (-onim), a people in Campania, who deiivcd their name from the river Saba- tus (Sabiato), a tributary of the Calor, which flows into the ValturnpB. SABAZiUS (-i), a Phrygian divinity, com- monly described as a sou of 1-ihea or Cybele. In later times he was identified with the mys- tic Dionysus (Bacchus), who hence is some- times called Dionysus Sabazius. I'or the same reason Sabazins is called a son of Zeus (Jupi- ter) by Persephone, and is said to have been reared by a nymph, Nysa ; though others, by philosophical speculations, were led to con- sider him a son of Cabirus, Dionysus, or ■ Cronos. He was torn by the Titans into 1 pieces. SABELLI. [Sabihi.J SiBlNA (-ae), the wife of the emperor Hadrian, was the grand-niece of Trojan, being the daughter of Matidia, who was the daugh- ter of Marciana, the sister of Trajan. Sabina was married to Hadrian about a.d. 100, but the marriage did not prove a happy one. Sa- bina at length put an end to her lite, probably in 138, and there was a report that she had even been poisoned by her husband. SiBINA, POPPAEA (-ae), a woman of sur- passing be.inty, but licentious morals, was the daughter of T. Ollius, but assumed the name of her maternal grandfather, Poppaeus Sabi- nua,who had been consul a.i>. 9. She was first married to Rnflua Crispinus, and afterwards toOtho,who was one or the boon companions' of Nero. The latter soon became enamored of her ; and in order to get Otho out of the way, Nero sent him to govern the province of Lusitania (58). Poppaea now became the acknowledged mistress of Nero, over whom she exercised absolute sway. Anxious to be- come the wife of the emperor, she persuaded Nero first to murder his mother Agrippina (69), who was opposed to such a disgraceful union, and next to divorce and shortly after- wards put to death his innocent and virtuous wife Octavia (62). She then became the wife of Nero. In 66, Poppaea, being pregnant, was killed by a kick from her brutal husband. SXBINI (-nrnm), one of the most ancient and powerful of the peoples of Central Italy. The ancients usually derived their name from Sabinus, a son of the native god Sancns. The difterent tribes of the Sabine race were wide- ly spread over the whole of Central Italy, and were connected with the Opicans, Umbrians, and those other peopleswhose languages were akin to the Greek. The earliest traces of the Sabines are found in the neighborhood of Amiternum, at the foot of the main chain of the Apennines, whence they spread as far S. as the confines of Lucania and Apulia. The Sabines may be divided into 3 great classes, called by the names of Sabini, Sabelli, and Samnites respectively. The Sabihi proper inliabited the country between the Nar, the Anio, and the Tiber, between Latium, Etruria, Umbrio, and Plcenum. The Sabblli were the smaller tribes who Issued from the Sabines. To these belong the Vestini, Marsi, Marrucini, Peligni, Preutaui, and Hirpini. The Picentes, the Picentini, and the Luoani were also or Sabine origin. The Sammiteb, who were by far the most powerful of all the S.ibine peo- ples, are treated of in a separate article. [Samniom.] There were certain national characteristics which distinguished the whole Sabine race. They were a people of simple and virtuous habits, faithful to their word, and imbued with deep religions feeling. Hence we find frequent mention of omens and prodigies in their country. They were a migratory race, and adopted a peculiar sys- tem of emigration. With the exception of the Sabines in Lucania and Campania, they never attained any high degree of civilization or mental culture ; but they were always dis- tinguished by their love of freedom, which they maintained with the greatest bravery. The Sabiues formed one of the elements of which the Roman people was composed. In the time of Romulus, a porticm of the Sabines, after the rape of their wives and daughters, became incorporated with the Romans, and the 2 peoples were united into one under the general name of Qnirites. The remainder of the Sabiui proper, who were less warlike than the Samnites and Sabellians,were finally sub- dued by M. Cnrius Dentatns, b.o. 290, and re- ceived the Roman franchise, sine suffragio. SXBINUS (-1). (1) A contemporary poet and a friend of Ovid, who informs us that Sabinus had written answers to six of his japistolae Heroidum. — (2) Flavius, brother of the emperor Vespasian, governed Moesia for 7 years during the reign of Claudius, and held the important office of praefectus nrbis dur- ing the last 11 years of Nero's reign. He was removed from this office by Galba, but was replaced in it on the accession of Otho, who was anxious to conciliate Vespasian. He con- tinued to retain the dignity under Vitellius. During the struggle for the empire between Vespasian and vitellins, Sabinus took refuge ill the Capitol, where he was attacked by the Vitelliau troops. In the assault the Capitol was burned to the ground, Sabinus was taken prisoner, and put to death by the soldiers in the presence of Vitellins, who endeavored in vain to save his life. Sabinus was a man of distinguished reputation, and of unspotted SABIS. 34:1 SALAMIS. character. — (3) MABBmtins, was a distinguish- ed jurist in the time of Tiberius. This is the Sabinus A^om whom the school of theSnbiui- ani took its name. [Capito.]— (4) Poppaeus, consul A.D, 9, was appointed in the life-time of Aufjustus governor of Moesia, and was not only confirmed in this government by Tiberi- us, but received from the latter the provinces of Achaia and Macedonia in addition. He continued to hold these provinces till his death in 35, having ruled over Moesia for 24 years.— (5) Q. Titdriub, one of Caesar's leg- ates in Gaul, who perished along with L. Au- ranculeius Cotta m the attack made upon them by Ambiorix in li.o. 54. SABIS (-is : Sombre). (1) A broad and deep river in Gallia Belgica and in the territory of the Ambiani, falling into the river Mosa. — (2) A small river on the coast of Carman ia.— (3) [Sapis]. SABRATA. [Adbotondm.] SABEINA (-ae), also called SABEliNA (Severn), a river in the W. of Britain, whicb flowed by Venta Silurum iuto the ocean. SXCAE (-arum), one of the most numerous and most powerful of the Scythian nomad tribes, had their abodes E. and N.E. of the Massagetae, as far as Serica, in the steppes of Central Asia, which are now peopled by the Kirghiz Khasaks, in whose name that of their ancestors is traced by some geographers. They were very warlike, and excelled espe- cially as cavalry, and as archers ^oth on hor&e and foot. The name of the Sacae is often used loosely for other Scythian tribes, and sometimes for the Scythians in general. SXCER MONS. (1) An isolated hill in the country of the Sabines, on the right bank of the Anio and W. of the Via Nomentana, 3 miles from Borne, to which the plebeians re- paired in their celebrated secessions. — (2) A mountain in HispaniaTarraconensis near the Minius. SACRA VIA, the principal street in Rome, ran from the valley between the Caelian and Esquiline hills, through the arch of Titus, and past the Forum Romanum, to the Capitol. SACRiPORTUS (-us), a small place in La- tium, of uncertain site, memorable for the victory of Sulla over the younger Marine, B.O. 8'Z. SACRUM PRSMONTSRIUM. (1) (C. St. Vincent), on the W. coast of Spain.— (2) (C. C&rsa), the N.E. point of Corsica.— <3) (C. Iria, also Makri, Efta Kavi or Je^i Burum, i. e. the 7 points), the extreme point of the mountain Cragus, in Lycia, between Xanthus and Tel- missus. — (4) (C. Khelidoni), another promon- tory in Lycia, near the confines of Pamphylia, and opposite the Chelidoniau islands, whence it is also called Prom. Chet.idonitjm. •SADYATTES (-is), a king of Lydin, suc- ceeded his father Ardys, and reigned n.o. 629 -61T. He carried on war with the Milesians for 6 years, and at his death bequeathed the war to his son and successor, Alyattee. [Aly- ATTBS.] SAEPINUM or SEPINUM (-is : Sepino), a municipium in Samnium, on the road from AlJifae to Beneventum. S2 SAETXBIS (-is). (1) (Afcoyf), a river on the S. coast of Hispania Tarraconensi8,W. of the Sucre — (2) Or Sktabis (Setabitanus : Jativa), an important town of theContestani, in Hispania Tarraconensis, and a Roman municipium, was situated on a hill S. of the Sucpo, and was celebrated for its manufacture of linen. SAGALASSUS (-i: Allakaun, Ru.), a large fortified city of Pisidia, near the Phrygian border, a day's journey S.E. of Apamea Cibo- tuB. ■ It lay, as its large ruins still show, In the form of an amphitheatre on the side of a hill, and had a citadel on a rock BO feet high. sXgXRIS (-is), a river of Sarraatia Euro- paea, falling into a bay in the N.W. of the iSaxine, which was called after it Sagabioub Sinus, and which also received the river Axi- aces. SAGARTII (-orum), according to Herodo- tus, a nomad people of Persis. Afterwards they are found, on the authority of Ptolemy, in Media and the passes of Mount Zagros. SAGRA (-ae), a small river in Magna Grne- cia, on the S.E. coast of Brnttium, falling into the sea between Caulouia and Locri. SAGUNTUM, more rarely SXGUNTUS (-i : Murviedro)j said to have been founded by the Zacyuihians, a town of the Edetaui or Sede- tani, in Spain, S. of the Iberus, on the river Palantins, about 3 miles from the coast. Al- though S. of the Iberus, it had formed an alli- ance with the Romans ; and its siege by Han- nibal, B.O. 219, was the immediate cause of the 2d Punic war. The ruins of a theatre and a temple of Bacchus are extant at ^furviedro, which is a corruption of Jtfitri veteres. SATS (-is: Sa^el-Bajjarj Ru.), a great city of Egypt, in the Delta, on the E. side of the Canopic branch of the Nile, It was the an- cient capital of Lower Egypt, and contained the palace and burial-place of the Pharaohs, as well as the tomb of Osiris. The city gave its name to the Saites Nomos. SAlTIS, a surname of Athena, under which she had a sanctuary on Mount Pontinus, near Lerna, in Argolis. The name was traced by the Greeks to the Egyptians, among whom Athena was said to have been called Sais. SALA (-ae: Saale). (1) A river of Germany, between which and the Rhine Drnsns died. It was a tributary of the Albis.— (2) (Saale), also a river of Germany, and a tributary of the Moenus, which formed the bqundaiy be- tween the Hermuuduri nnd Chatti, with great salt springs in its neighborhood. SXLACiA (-ae), the female divinity of the sea among the Romans, and the wife of Nep- tune. The name is evidently connected with sal (a\r), and accordingly denotes the wide, open sea. SXlXMIS (-inis). (1) (Koturi), an island off the W. coast of Attica, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. It forms the S. ooundary of the bay of Eleusis. Its great- est leugth, from N. to S., is about 10 miles, and its width, in its broadest part, from E. to W.. is a little more. It is said to have been called Salamis from a daughter of Asopus, of this name. It was colonized at an early SALAPIA. 342 SALLUSTIUS. time by the Aeacidae of Aegina. Telamon, the Bou of Aeacus, fled thither after the mur- der of his half-brother Phocns, and became sovereign of the island. His son Ajax ac- companied the Greeks with 12 Salaminian ships to the Trojan war. Salamis continued an independent state till about the beginning of the 40th Olympiad ftrraconensis, and a Roman colony. SXlXRIA VIA, a Roman road which ran from the Porta Salaria through Fidenae, Reate, and Asculum Picenum, to Castrum Trnentinum, aud thence along the const to An con a. SALASSI (-6rnm), a brave and warlike peo- ple in Gallia Transpadana, in the valley of the Duria, at the foot of the Graian and Pen- nine Alps, whom some regarded as a branch of the Salyes or Sallii vii, in Gaul, Their chief town was Augusta Praetoria {A osta). SALENTINI or SALLBNTlNI (-orum), a people in the S. part of Calabria, who dwelt around the promontory lapygium, which is hence called Salentinuai ofSalentina. They were subdued by the Romans at the conclu- sion of their war with Pyrrhus. SXLERNUM (-i: Salerno), an ancient town in Campania, at the innermost -corner of the Sinus Paestanns, situated on a hill near the coast. It was made a Roman colony m.o. 194; hut it attained its greatest prosperity in the middle ages, after it had been fortified by the Lombards. SALGANfiUS or SALGANEA (-i or ae), a small town of Boeotia, on the Euripus, and on the road from Anthedon to Chalcis. SXLINAE (-arum), salt-works, the name of several towns which possessed salt-works in their vicinity. — (1) A town in Britain, on ihe E. coast, in the S. part of Lincolnshire.— (2) A town of the Suetni, in the Maritime Alps, in Gallia Narbonensi^, E. of Reii. — (3) {Toi^re (telle Saline), a place on the coast of Apulia, near Snlapia. — (4) A place in Picenum, on the river Sauuus (Satoo).— (5) (Tarda), a place in Dacia. — (6) Salinak Heeouleae, near Hercu- laneum, in Campania. . SXLINlTOR (-oris), LTVIUS. (1) M., con- sul li.o. 219, with L. Aemilius Paulus, carried on war along with his colleague against the Illyrians. On their return to Rome both consuls were brought to trial ou the charge of having unfairly divided the booty among the soldiers. Livius was condemned, but the sentence seems to have been an unjust one, and Livius took his disgrace so much to heart that he retired to his estate. In 210 the consuls compelled him to return to the city, and in 20T he was elected consul a 2d time with C. Claudius Nero. He shared with his colleague in the glory of defeating Has- drubal on the Metaurus. [NEno, Ci.A.Tn>ius.] Next year (206) Livius was stationed in Etru- ria, as proconsul, with an army, and his im- l)erinm was prolonged for 3 successive years. In 204 he was censor with his former colleague in the consulship,ClaudinsNero, and imposed a tax upon salt, in consequence of which he received the surname of Sali7iatoi', which seems to have been given him in derision, but I which became, notwithstanding, hereditary i in his family.— (2) C, cnrule aedile, 203, nnd praetor in 202j in which year he obtained Bmt- tii as his province.— (3) C., praetorin 191, when he had the command of the fleet in the war against Antiochus. He was consul iu 188, and obtained Gaul as his province. , SALLENTSNL [Salbntini.3 ' SALLUSTIUS CRISPUS, C, or SALUS- ; TIUS (-i). (1) The Roman historian, belong- ed to a plebeian liimily, aud was born b.o. 86, at Amiternum, in the country of the Sabines. He was quaestor about 59, and tribune of the plebs in 52, the year in which Clodius was killed by Milo. In his tribunate he joined the popular party, and took an active part In opposing Milo. In 50 Sallust was expelled from the senate by the censors, probably be- cause he belonged to Caesar's party, though some give as the ground of his ejection from the senate his adultery with the wife of Milo. In the civil war he followed Caesar's fortune. In 47 we find him praetor elect, by obtaining which dignity he was restored to his rank. SALMANTICA. 343 SAMARIA. He nearly lost his life in a mutiuy of some of Caesar's troops in Campania, who had been led thither to pass over into Aft'ica. He ac- companied Caesar in his African war (46), and was left by Caesar as the governor of Numidia, in which capacity he is charged with having oppressed the people, and en- riched himself by nnjnst means. Tne charge is somewhat confirmed by the fact of his be- coming immensely richj aa was shown by the expensive gardens which he formed {horti Sallvstiani) on the Qnirinalis. He retired into privacy after he returned from Africa, and passed quietly through the troublesome period after Caesar's death. He died in 34, about 4 years before the battle of Actinm. The story of his marrying Cicero's wife, Te- rentia, ought to be rejected. It was probably not till after his return from Africa that Sal- lust wrote his historical'works, namely, the Catilina, or Belliim. Catilinarium, a history of the conspiracy of Catiline during the consul- ship of Cicero in 63 ; the Jugurtha^ or BRllwni Jugurthinmn^ the history of the war of the Romans against Jugnrtha, king of Numidia ; and the Historiaru7n TAbri Quinque, This last work is lost, with the exception of frag- ments which have been collected and ar- ranged. Besides these, there are attributed to oallust Duae Epistolae de Republica m-di- iianda, and a Declamatio i7i Ciceronem. Some , of the Roman writers considered that Sallust imitated the style of Thucydides. His lan- guage is generally concise and perspicuous; perhaps his love of brevity may have caused the ambiguity that is sometimes fouud in bis sentences. He also affected archaic words. He has, however, probably the merit of being the first Roman who wrote what is usually called history. — (2) The grandson of the sister of the historian, was adopted by the latter, and inherited his great wealth. On the fall of Maecenas he became the principal adviser of Augustus. He died in a.d. 20, at an &^- variced age. One of Horace's odes {Cai'm. ii. 2) is addressed to him. SALMANTICA (-ae: Sala'manca)y called HELMANTICA or HERMANDICA by Livy, and ELMANTICA by Polybius, an important town of the Vettoues in Xusitania, S. of the Durius, on the road from Emerita to Caesar- augusta. SALMONA or SALM5NIA (-ae), a town of EUs, in the district Pisatis, on the river Enipeus, said to have been founded by Sal- mon ens. SALMONEUS (-fi6s or ef), son of Aeolus and Enarete, and brother of Sisyphus. He origi- nally lived in Thessaly, but emigrated to Elis, where he built the town of Salmone. His presumption and arrogance were so great that he deemed himself equal to Zeus (Jupi- ter), and ordered sacrifices to be offered to himself; nay, he even imitated the thunder and lightning of Zeus, but the father of the gods killed nim with his thunderbolt, de- stroyed his town, and punished him in the lower world. His daughter Tyro bears the patronymic Salmonis. SALMTDBSStrS (-1), called HALMYDES- SUS also in later times {Midja or Midjeh), a town of Thrace, on the coast of the Euxiue, S. of the promontory Thynias. The name was originally applied to the whole coast from this promontory to the entrance of the Bos- porus; and it was from this coast that the Black Sea obtained the name of Fontus Axe- no8, or inhospitable. SXLO (-onis: Xahn), atributary of thelbe- rus, in Celtiberia, which flowed by Bilbilis, the birthplace of. Martial, who accordingly frequently mentions it in his poems. SXLONA (-ae), SXLONAE (-arum), or SA- LON (-onis: Salona)^ an important town of Illyria, and the capital of Dalmatia, was sit- uated on a small bay of the sea. The em- peror Diocletian was born at the small villagd of Dioclea, near Salona; and after his abdi- cation he retired to the neighborhood of this town, and here spent the rest of his days. The remains of his magnificent palace are still to be seen at the village of Si)alatrOf the ancient Sfolatum, 3 miles S. of Salona. SALViUS OTHO. [Otho.] SXLUS (-utis), a Roman goddess, the per- sonification of health, prosperity, and the pub- lic welfare. In the first of thetfe three senses she answers closely to the Greek Hygiea, and was accordingly represented in works of art with the same attributes as the Greek goddess. In the second sense she represents prosperity in general. In the third sense she is the goadess of the public welfare {Salus puhlica or Romano). In this capacity a temple was vowed to her in the year b.o. 307 by the censor C. Junius Bubnlcus, on the Quiriual hill,which was afterwards decorated with paintings by C. Fabius Pictor. She was worshiped publicly on the 30th of April, in conjunction with Fax, Concordia, and Janus. Salus was represented, like Fortuna, with a rudder, a globe at her feet, and sometimes in a sitting posture, pouring from a patera a libation upon au altar, round which a ser- pent is winding. SALUSTIUS. [Sallubtius.] SALT ES (-um) or SALLUVlI (-6rum), the most powerful and most celebrated of all the Ligunan tribes, inhabited the S. coast of Gaul from the Rhone to the Maritime Alps.' They were troublesome neighbors toMassilifl,with which city they frequently carried on war. They were subdued by the Romaus in b.o. 123, after a long and obstinate struggle, and the colony of Aquae Sextiae was founded in their territory by the consul Sextius. SAMXRA. [Samauobriva,] SXMiRfA (-ae : Heb. Shomron, Chaldee, Shamrain ; Samarltes, pi. Samaritae), afL Sk- BASTK {SBbustieh, Ru.), one of the chief cities of Palestine^was built by Omri, king of Israel (about u.o. 922), on a hill in the midst of a plain surrounded by mountains, jut*t iu the centre of Palestine W. of the Jordan. Its name was derived from Shemer, the owner of the hill which Omri purchased for its site. It was the capital of the kingdom of Israel, and the chief seat of the idolatrous worship to which the ten tribes were addicted, until I it was taken by Shalmaneser, king of Assyria 1 (about li.o, 720), who carried nwuy the iuhabit- SAMAROBRIVA. 344 SAMOS. auts of the city and of the surrounding coun- try, which is also kncwn in history as Sama- ria [see below]» and replaced them by hea- then peoples from the E. provinces of his em- pire. When the Jews returned from the Babylonish captivity, those of the Samaritans who worshiped Jehovah offered to assist them in rebuilding the Temple at Jerusalem ; but their aid was refused, and hence arose the lasting hatred between the Jews and the Samaritans. Under the Syrian kings and the Maccabaean princes, we And the name of Samahia used distinctly as that of a province, which consisted of the district between Gali- lee on the N. and Judaea on the S. Pompey assigned the district to the province of Syria, and Gabinius fortified the city anew. Au- gustus gave the district to Herod, who great- ly renovated the city of Samaria, which he called Sebaste in honor of his patron. By the 4th century of our era it had become a place of no importance. Its beautiful site is now occupied by a poor village, which bears the Greek name of the city, slightly altered, viz., SebvMieh. As a district of Palestine, Samaria extended from Giuaea {Jenin) on the N. to Bethhoron, N.W. of Gibeon, on the S. ; or, along the coast, from a little S. of Caesarea on the N. to a little N. of Joppa on the S. It was intersected by the mountains of Ephra- im, running N. and S. thraugh its middle, and by their- lateral branches, which divide their country into beautiful audfertile valleys. [Palaebtina.j S_AMAROBRTVA (-ae), afterwards AM- BIANT (AmienaX the chief town of the Am- biani in Gallia Belgica, on the river Samara ; whence its name, which signifies Samara- Bridge. SXME (-es) or SJtMOS (-i), the ancient name of Cephalleuia. [Cepballbnia.] It was also the name of one of the 4 towns of Cephallenla. The town Same or Samos was situated on the E. coast, opposite Ithaca, and was taken and destroyed by the Romans, n.o. 189. SAMNiUM (-i) (Samnites, -um, more rare- ly Samuitae, pi.), a country in the centre of Italy, bounded on the N. by the Marsi, Pelig- ni, and Marrucini, on the W. by Latium and Campania, on the S. by Liicauia, and on the E. by the Fientani and Apulia. The Samnites were an ofishoot of the Snbines, who emigrat- ed from their conutry between the Nar, the Tiber, and the Anio, before the foundation of Home, and settled in the country after- wards called Samiilum. [Sabini.] This coun- try was at the time of their migration inhab- ited by Opican8,whom the Samnites conquer- ed, and whose language they adopted ; for we find at a later time that the Samnites spoke Opican or Oscan. Samnium is a country mai-ked by striking physical features. The greater part of it is occupied by a huge mass of mountains, called at the present day the Matcse, which stands out from the central line of the Apennines. The Samnites were distinguished for their bravery and love of i^eedom. Issuing from their mountain fast- nesses, they overran a great part of iCampania; and It was in consequence of Capua applying to the Romans for assistance against the Samnites that war broke out between the 2 peoples in b.o. 343. The Romans found the Samnites the most warlike ond formidable enemies whom they had yet encountered in Italy ; and the war, which commenced in 343, was continued with few interruptions for the space of 53 years. The civil war between Marias and Sulla gave them hopes of recov- ering their independence; but they were de- feated by Sulla before the gates of Rome (82)j the greater part of their troops fell in battle, and the remainder were put to death. Their towns were laid waste, the inhabitants sold as slaves, and their place supplied by Roman colonists. SlMOS or SiMUS (-i: Greek Samo^ Turk- ish Susam AdasH), one of the principal islands of the Aegaean sea, lying in that portion of it called the Icarian sea, off the coast of Ionia, from which it is separated only by a narrow strait formed bjr the overlapping of its E. promontory Posidium {C. Colonna) with the W.-most spur of Mount Mycale; Pr. Trogilium (C. S. Maria). This strait, which is little more thau three fourths of a mile wide, was the scene of the battle of Myoale. The islan d is formed by ft range of mountains extending fl'om E. to W., whence it derived its name ; for sdjuop was an old Greek word signifying a mount- ain. The circumference of the island is about 80 miles. According to the earliest traditions, it was a chief seat of the Carians and Leleges, and the residence of their first king, Ancaeus ; and was afterwards colonized by Aeolians from Lesbos, and by lontane' from Epidaurus. The Samians early ac- quired such power at sea that, besides ob- taining possession of parts of the opposite coast of Asia, they founded many colonies. After a transition from the state of an heroic monarchy, through an aristocracy, to a de- mocracy, the island became subject to the fnost distinguished of the so-called tyrants, PoLYCP.ATEB (b.<3. 532), uuder whom its power and splendor reached their highest pitch, and Samos would probably have become the mis- tress of the Aegaean but for the murder of Polycrates. At this period the Samians had extensive commercial relations with Egypt, and they obtained from Amasis the privilege of a separate temple at Naucratis. The Samians now became subject to the Persian empire, under which they were governed by tyrants, with a brief interval at the time of the Ionic revolt, until the battle of Mycale, which made them independent, u.o. 479. They now joined the Athenian confederacy, of which they continued independent members until B.o. 440, when an opportunity arose for reducing them to entire subjection and de- privingthem of their fleet, which was eflfect- ed by Pericles after an obstinate resistonce of 9 months' duration. In the Peloponnesian war, Samos held firm to Athens. Transfeifed to Sparta after the battle of Aegospotami, 405, it was soou restored to Athens by that of Cnidus, 394 ; but it went over to Sparta again in 390. Soon after it fell into the bunds of the Persians, being conquered by the satrap Tigranes ; but it was recovered by Timothens for Athens. In the Social war, the'Athenians SAMOSATA. 345 SAPPHO. Bucceasfully defended it against the attacks. of the confederated Chiaus, Rhodians, and Byzantines, and placed in it a body of 2000 clevuchi, b.o. 352. After Alexander's death it was taken from the Athenians by Perdiccas, 323 ; but it was restored to them by Polysper- chon, 319. In the Macedonian war SainoB was taken by the Rhodians, then by Philip, and lastly by the Rhodians again, b.o. 200. It took part with Mithridates in his flrst war against Rome, on the conclusion of which it was finally united to the province of Asia, jt.o. 84. Meanwhile it had greatly declined, and during the war it had been wasted by the incursions of pirates. Its prosperity was partially restored under the propraetorship of Q, Cicero, b.c. 62, but still more by the reaiaence in it of Antony and Cleopatra, 32, and afterwards of Octavianus, who made Sa- moa a free state. It sank into insignificance as early as the 2d century. Samoa may be regarded as almost the chief centre of Ionian manners, energies, luxury, science, and art. In very early times there was a native school of statuary, and Samian architects became famous beyond their own island. In painting, the island produced Calliphon, Theodorus, Agatharchus, and Timantnes. Its pottery was celebrated throughout the ancient world. In literature, Samoa was made illustrious by the poets Aains, Choerilus, and Aeschrion ; by the philosophers Pythagoras and Melissus ; and by the historians Pagaeus and Dui'is. — The capital city, also called Samos, stood on the S.E. side of the island, opposite Pr. Tro- gilium, partly on the shore, and partly rising on the hills behind in the form of an amphi- theatre. It had a magnificent harbor, and numerous splendid buudings, among which, besides the Heraeum and other temples, the chief were the senate-house, the theatre, and a gymnasium dedicated to Eros. In the time ofHerodotus, Samos was reckoned one of the finest cities of the world. Its ruins are so considerable as to allow its plan to be traced : there are remains of its walls and towers, and of the theatre and aqueduct. SiMOsATA (Someisat)t the capital of the province, and afterwards kingdom, of Com- magene, in the N. of Syria, stood on the right bank of the Euphrates, N.W. of Edessa. It is celebrated in literary history as the birth- place of Lucian, and in Church history as that of the heretic Paul, bishop of Antioch, in the 3d century. Nothing remains of it but a heap of ruins. SiMOTHRiCE (-es) and SlMOTHEXClA <-ae : Swrnothraki)^ a small island in the N. of the Aegaean sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus in Thrace, from which it was 38 miles distant. Ii is about 32 miles in cir- cumference, and contains in its centre a lofty mountain, called Saooe, from which Homer says that Troy could be seen. Samothrace was the chief seat of the worship of the Ca- biri [Cabibi], and was celebrated for its re- ligious mysteries, which were some of the most famous in the ancient world. The po- litical history of Samothrace^s of little impor- tance. SAMPSICERAMUS (-1), the name of a petty prince of Emesa in Syria ; a nickname given by Cicero to Cn. Pompeius. SANCHUNIATHON (-onis), said to have beeu an ancient Phoenician writer, whose works were translated into Greek by Philo Byhlins, who lived in the latter half of the 1st century of the Christian era. A considerable fragment of the translation of Philo is pre- served by Eusebius in the first book of his Praeparatio Evangelica; hut it is now gen- erally agreed among modern scholars that the work was a forgery of Philo, SANCUS, SANGUS, or SEMO SANCUS (-1), a Roman divinity, said to have been original- ly a Sabine god, and identical with Hercules and Dius Fiaius. The name, which is etymo- logically the same as Sanettis, and connected with Sancirej seems to justify this belief, and characterizes Sancus as a divinity presiding over oaths. Sancus had a temple at Rome, on the Quirinal, opposite that of Quirinus, and close by the gate which derived from him the name of Sanqualia porta. SANDROCOTTUS (-i), an Indian king in the time of Sclencua Nicator, ruled over the powerful nation of the Gangaridae and Prasii on the banks of the Ganges. SANGiRlUS (-i), SANGlRIS, or SX- GXRIS (Sakariyeh), the largest river of Asia Minor after the Halys, had its source in a mountain called Adoreus, near the little town of Sangia, on the borders of Galatia and Phrygia, whence it flowed first N. through Galatia, then W. and N.W. through the N.E. part of Phrygia, and then N. through Bithyn- la, of which it originally formed the eastern boundary. It fell at last into the Eiixine, abont half-way between the Bosporus and Heraclea. SANGIA. [Sangabitjs.] SANNiO (-flnis), a name of the buflToon in the mimes, derived from jjanno, whence cornea the Italian Zanni (hence our Zany). SANNYRION (-onis), an Athenian comic poet, flourished b.o. 40T and onwards. His excessive leanness was ridiculed by Strattls and Aristophanes. SANTONES <-um) or SANTONI (-6rum), a powerful people in Gallia Aquitanica, dwelt on the coast of the ocean, N. of the Garnmna. Under the Romans they were a ft-ee people. Jheir chief town was Mediolanum, afterwards Santones (Saintes). SXPAEI (-drum), a ncople in Thrace, dwelt on Mount Pangaeus, netween the lake Bis- tonis and the coast. SAPIS (-is: Savio). a small river in Gallia Cisalpina, rising in the Apennines, and flow- ing into the Adriatic S. of Ravenna, between the Po and the Aternus. SXPOR. [Sabbanibak.] SAPPH5 (-us), one of the two great leaders of the Aeolian school of lyric poetry ( Alcaeus being the other), was a native of Mytilene, or, as some said, of Eresos in Lesbos. Sappho was contemporary with Alcaeus, Stesichorus, and Pittacus. That she was not only con- temporary, bat lived in friendly intercourse with Alcaeus, is shown by existing fragmenta SARANCAE. 346 SARDINIA. of the poetry of both. Of the events of her life we have no other informatiou than an ohscure allusion in tlie Parian Marble, and in Ovid (Her.xv. 51), to herflightfrom Mytilene to Sicily, to escape some unknown danger, between 604 and 592 ; and the common story that, being in love with PhaoD, and finding her love unrequited, she leaped down from the Leucadlan rock. This story, liowever, seems to have been an invention of later times. At Mytilene, Sappho appeal's to have been the centre of a female literary society, most of the members of which were her pupils in poetry, fashion, and gallantry. Theancieut writers agree in expressing the most unbound- ed admiration for her poetry. Her lyric poems formed 9 books, but of these only fragments have come down to ns. The most important is a splendid ode to Aphrodite (Venus), of which we perhaps possess the whole. AlcneuB and Sappho. . SAHANCAE, SAEANGAB or -ES (-Brum), a people of Sogdiana. SARDiNXPlLTJS (-i), the last king of the Assyrian empire ofNinns or Nineveh, noted for his luxury, licentiousness, and effeminacy. He passed his time in his palace nnseen by- any of his subjects, dressed in female apparel, and surrounded by concubines. At length Arbnces, satrap of Media, and Belesys, the noblest of the Chaldaean priests, resolved to renounce allegiance to such a worthless mon- arch, and advanced at the head of a formida- ble army against Nineveh. But all of a sud- den the eftemlnnte prince threw off his luxuri- ous habits, and appeared an undaunted war- rior. Placing himselfat the head of his troops, he twice defeated the rebels, but was at length woisted and obliged to shut himself up in Nineveh. Here he sustained a siege for two years, till at length, finding it impossible to hold ont any longer, he collected all his treas- ures, wives, and concubines, and placing them on an Immense pile which he had constructed, set It on fire, and thus destroyed both him- self and them, ii.a. 876. This is the account of Ctesias, which has been preserved by Dio- dorus Siculus, and which has been followed bymost subsequent writers and chronologists. Modern writers however have shown that the whole narrative of Ctesias is mythical, and it is in direct contradiction to Herodotus and the writers of the Old Testament. SAHDI. [SAKniNiA.] SAEDINiEA (-ae : Sardi : Sardinia), a large island in the Mediterranean, is in the shape of a parallelogram, upwards of 140 nautical miles In length from N. to S., with an average breadth of 60. It was regarded by the an- cients as the largest of the Mediterranean islands, and this oplniou, though usually con- sidered an error, is now found to be correct ; since it appears by actual admeasurement that Sardinia is a little larger than Sicily. Sardinia lies in almost a central position be- tween Spain, Gaul, Italy, and Africa. A chain of mountains runs along the whole of the E. side of the island from N. to S., occupying about one third of its surface. These mountains were called by the ancients lusani Montes, a name which they probably derived from their wild and savage appear- ance, and from their being the haunt of numerous robbers. Sardinia was very fertile, but was not extensively cultivated, in consequence of the un- civilized character of its inhabitants. Siill the plains in the W. and S. parts of the island produced a great quan- tity of corn, of which much was ex- ported to Rome every year. Among the products of the Island one of the most celebrated was the Sardonica fter&a, ft poisonous plant, which was said to produce fatal convulsions in the person who ate of it. These con- vulsions agitated and distorted the mouth so that the person appeared to laugh, though in excruciating pain : hence the well-known risus Sardoni- cua, Sardinia contained a large quan- tity of the precious metals, especially silver, the mines of which were worked in antiquity to a great extent. There were likewise nu- merous mineral springs ; and large quantities of salt were manufactured on the W . and S. coasts.— The population of Sardinia was of a very mixed kind. To what race the original inhabitants belonged wc are not informed; but it appears that Phoenicians, Tyrrhenians, and Carthaginians settled in the Island at different periods. The Greeks are also said to have planted colonies in the island, but this account is very suspicious. Sardinia wos known to the Greeks as early as n.o. 600, since we find that Histiaeus of Miletns prom- ised Darius that he would render the 6land of Sardo tributary to his power. It was con- quered by the Carth,iginiaus at an early period, and continued in their possession till the end of the first Punic war. Shortly after this event the Bomaus availed themselves of the dangerous war which the Carthaginians were carrying on against their mercenaries in Africa to take possession of Sardinia, ao. SARBIS. 347 SARMATIA. 238. It was now formed into a Roman province under the government of a prnetor ; but a large portion of it wae only nominally Bubject to the Romans; and it was not till afrer many years and numerouB revolts that the inhabitants submitted to the Roman do- minion. Sardinia continiTed to belong to the Roman empire till th^ 5th century, when it was taken possession of by the Vandals. SARDIS (-is) or SAEDES (-ium: Sardiani: Sart, Ru.)) one of the moat ancient and famous cities of Asia Minor, and the capital of the great Lydian monarchy, stood on the S. ed^e of the rich valley of the Hermns, at the N. foot of the Mount Tmolus, on the little river Pactohis, 30 stadia (3 geog. miles) S. of the junction of that river with the HerAins. On a lofty precipitous rock, forming au outpost of the range of Tmolus, was the almost im- pi-egnable citadel, which some suppose to be the Hyde of Homer, who, though he never mentions the Lydians or Sardis by name, speaks of Mount Tmolus and the lake of Gyges. The erection of this citadel was as- cribed to Meles, an ancient king of Lydia, It was surrounded by a triple wall, and con- tained the palace and treasury of the Lydian kings. At the downfall of the Lydian empire it resisted all the attacks of Cyras, and was only taken by surprise. Under the Persian and Greco-Syrian empires, Sardia was the residence of the aatrap of Lydia. The rise of Pergamus greatly diminished its impor- tance ; but under the Romans it wa» still a considerable city, and the scat of aconventus juridicus. In the reign of Tiberius it was almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake, but it was restored by the emperor's aid. It was one of the earliest seats of the Christian religion, and one of the 7 churches of the province of Asia to which St. John addressed the Apocalypse; but the apostle's langunge implies that the Church at Sardis had already sunk into almost hopeless decay (Rev. iii. l, foil.). In the wars of the middle ages the city was entirely destroyed, and its site now presents one of the most melancholy scenes of desolation to be found among the ruins of ancient cities. SARMiTAE or SAUROMXTAE (-arum), a people of Asia, dwelling on the N.E. of the Pains Maeotis (Sea of Azov), E. of the river Tanais (Don), which separated them from the Scythians of Europe. [Sabmatia.] SARMiTiA (-ae), (the E. part of Polarid and S. part of Russia in HJurope), a name first used by Mela for the part of N. Europe and Asia extending from the Vistula {Wiftla) and the Sarmatioi Months on the W., which di- vided it from Germany, to the Rha (Volga) on the E., which divided it from Scythia ; bound- ed on the S.W. and S. by the rivers Ister (Danube), Tibiscns {Theie8)yaLiiA Tyras (Dnies- ter), which divided it from Pannoniu and Da- cia, and, farther, by the Euxine, and beyond it by Mount Caucasus, which .divided it from Colchis, Iberia, and Albania; and extending on the N. as far as the Baltic and the nnknown regions of N. Europe. The people from whom the name of Sarmatia was derived inhabited Kulns of Sftrdie. SARMATICAE. 348 SASSANIDAE. only a small portion of the country. The greater part of it was peopled by Scythian tribes ; but some of the inhabitants of its W. part seem to have been of German origin, as the Vknepi on the Baltic, and the Iazygeb, Rhoxola.ni, and Hamaxobii in S. Russia; the chief of the other tribes W. of the Tanais were the Alauni or Alani Scythae, a Scythian peo- ple who came out of Asia and settled in the centi-al parts ot Russia. The whole country was divided by the river Tanais (Don) into 2 parts, called respectively Sarmatia Europaea and Sarmatia Asiatica; but it should be ob- served that, according to the modern divis- ion of the continent, the whole of Sarmatia belongs to Europe. It should also be iioticed that the ChersonesusTaurica{OH'm«a), though falling within the specified limits, was not considered as a part of Sarmatia, but as a separate country. SARMXTICAE PORTAE (-ilrum), (Pass of Dariel), the central pass of the Caucasus, lead- ing from Iberia to Sarmatia. SARMATICI MONTES (part of the Car- vathian Mountains), a range of mountains in Central Europe, extending from the sources of the Vistula to the Danube, between Ger- many on the W. and Sarmatia on the B. SARMiTlCUS OCEiNTJS and PONTUS, SARMXTiCUM MXRE (Baltic), a great sea, washing the N, coast of European Sarmatia. SARNUS (-i : Sarno), a river in Campania, flowing by Nuceria, and falling into the Sinus Puteolanus near Pompeii. SXRONJCUS SINUS {G.-ofAegina), a bay of the Aegaean sea lying between Attica and Argolis, and coipmencing between the prom- ontory of Sunium in Attica and that of Scyl- Ineum in Argolis. SARPEDON (-6nis). (1) Son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Europa, and brother of Minos and Rhadamanthus. Being involved in a quaiTel with Minos about Miletus, he took refuge with Cilix, whom he assisted against the Lyciaus. [Mit.ktub.} He afterwards be- came king of the Lycians, and Zeus granted him the privilege of living 3 generations.— (2) Son of Zeus and Laodamia, or, according to others, of Evander and Deidamia, and a brother of Claras and Themon. He was a Lycian prince, and a grandson of No. 1. In the Trojan war he was an ally of the Trojans, and distinguished himself by his valor, but was slain by Patroclus. SARPSDON PR5MONT0RIUM {C.Liasan el Kapeh), a promontory of Cilicia, in long. M° E., 80 stadia W. of the mouth of the Caly- cadnus. SARPEDONIUM prom, (-i), a promon- tory of Thrace, between the mouths of the rivers Melas and Erginus, opposite the island of Imbros. SARRASTES. [Sarntjs.] SARSiNA (-ae : Sarsina), an ancient town of TJmbria, on the river Sapis, S.W. of Ari- minum, and subsequently a Roman muni- cipium, celebrated as the birthplace of the comic poet Flautus, SARTJS (-i : Seihan), a considerable river in the S.E. of Asia Minor. Rising in the Anti- Taurus, in the centre of Cappadocia, it flows S. past Comana to the borders of Cilicia, where it receives a W. branch that has run nearly parallel to it; and thence, flowing through Cilicia Campestris in a winding course, it falls into the sea a little E. of the mouth of the Cydnus, and S.E. of Tarsus. SXSO or SAS5NIS INSttLA {Saseno, Saa- sono, Sassft), a small rocky island off" the coast of Illyria, N- of the Acrocerauuian promon- tory, much frequented by pirates. SA8PIRES (-um) or SASFIRI (-orum), a Scythian people of Asia, S. of Colchis and N. of Media,, in an inland position (t. e. in Ar- menia), according to Herodotus, but accord- ing to others on the coast of the Euxine. SASSANIDAE (-arum), the name of a dy- nasty which reigned in Persia from a.d. 226 to A.n. 651. — (1) Artaxkbxes (the AnnisHia or Akdsuir of the Persians), the founder of the dynasty of the Sassanidae, reigned a.t>., 226-240. He was a son of one BAbek, an in- ferior officer. Artaxerxes had served with distinction In the army of Artabanus, the king of Parthia, was rewarded with ingratitude, and took revenge in revolt. He claimed the throne on the plea of being descended from the ancient kings of Persia, the progeny of the great Cyrus. The people warmly sup- ported his cause, as he declared himself the champion of the ancient Persian religion. In 226 Artabanus was defeated in a decisive bat- tle; and Artaxerxes thereupon assumed the pompous but naiional title of "King of Kings." One of his first legislative acts was the restoration of the religion of Zoroaster and the worship of fire. Having succeeded in establishing his authority at homoj Artax- erxes demanded from the emperor Alexander Severus the immediate cession of all those f tortious of the Roman empire that had be- onged to Persia in the time of Cynis and Xerxes, that is^ the whole of the Roman pos- sessions in Asia, as well as Egypt. An im- mediate war between the two empires was the direct consequence. After a severe con- test, peace was restored, shortly after themur- der of Alexander in 237, each nation retaining the possessions which they held before the breaking out of the war. — (2) Sapor I. (Sha- pur), the son and successor of Artaxerxes I., reigned 240-2T3. He carried on war first against Gordian, and afterwards against Va- lerian. The latter emperor was defeated by Sapor, taken prisoner, and kept in captivity for the remainder of his life. Afrer the capt- ure of "Valerian, Sapor conquered Syria, de- stroyed Antioch, and, having made himself master of the passes in the" Taurus, laid Tar- sus in ashes, and took Caesarea. His further progress was stopped by Odenathus and Ze- iiobia.— (3)HoBMisnA8l. (Hobmitz), son of the preceding, who reigned only one year, and died in 274.— (4) Vabames or Varakanes I. (Bahbam orBAUABAM), son of Hormisdas I., reigned 274r-27T. He carried on unprofitable wars against Zenobia, and, after her captivity, was involved in a contest with Aurelian, which, however, was not attended with any Bust of Satdbn (Cronos). (Vftticau Maseam.) SASSULA. . 349 SATUKNUS. eerions results^ ou account of the sudden death of Anvehnu in 276. lu bis reign the celebrated Mani was put to death. — (6) Va- BA.NKB II. (Bauram), SOU of Varaiies I., reign- ed 277-294. He was defeated by Cams, who took both Seleacia and Cteaiphon, and his dominions were only saved from further con- quests by the sudden death of Cams (233). — (6) Vabankb ni. (Baiieam), elder son of Va- ranes IL, died after a reigu of 8 months, in 294. — (7) Narsics (NAnsi), younger son of Va- raues II., reigned 294-303. He carried on a formidable war against the emperor Diocle- tian ; but in the second campaign Narses was defeated with great loss, and was obliged to conclude a disadvantageous peace with the Eomans. In 303 Narses abdicated in favor of his sou, and died soon afterwards — (8) Hor- MiSDAB II. (Houmdz), son of Narses, reigned 303 -310. During his reign nothing of importance happened regarding Rome. — (9) Sapou II. PosTUMus (SiiAi'UR), SOU of Hormisdas II., was born after the de»th of his father, and was crowned in his mother's womb, the Magi placing the diadem with great solemnity upon the boay of his mother. He reigned 310-381, His reigu was signalized by a cruel persecu- tion of the Christians. He carried on a suc- cessful war for many years against Constan- tius II., and his successors. Sailor has been suruamed the Great, and no Persian king had ever caused such terror to Rome as this mon- arch. Sapor was succeeded by 18 princes of the same dynasty ; but in 651 Yesditijerd III., the last king, was defeated and slain by Kaleb, general of the Caliph Abu-Bekr. Persia then ecame a Mohammedan country, SASStJLA (-ae), a town in Latium, belong- ing to the territory of Tiber. SXtXLA (=-Orum), a considerable town in the N.B. of Armenia Minor, important as the key of the mountain passes into Pontus. It stood at the junction of 4 roads leading to places on the Euxine, a little N. of the Eu- phrates, in a valley surrounded by mountains, 825 Roman miles from Caesarea in Cappa- docia, and 135 from Trapezus. SiTICtJLA (-ae), a town of Samnium, situated upon a mountain on the frontiers of Campania. SATRlCUM (-1: Casale di Coma), a town in Latium, near Antium. SXTt5"RAE PXLTJS {Lago di Paola), a lake or marsh in Latium, formed by the river Nym- phaeus, and near the promontory Circeium. SiT'&RIUM or SATUREIUM (-i : Sat/uro), a town in the S. of Italy, near Tarentum, cel- ebrated for its horses- (Hor., Sat. i. 6. 59.) SATURNlA (-ae). (1) An ancient name of Italy [Italia].— (2) (Satumia), formerly called Atieinia, an ancient town of Etrurin, said to have been founded by the Pelasgiaus, was situated in the territory of Caletra, on the road from Rome to Coea, about 20 miles from the sea.* SATURNINUS (-i). (1) One of the Thirty Tyrants, was a general of Valerian, by whom he was much beloved. Disgnsted by the de- bauchery of GflUieuus, he accepted from the Boldiei'S the title of emperor, but was put to death by the troops, who could not endure the sternness of his discipline.— (2) A native of Gaul, and an able officer, was appointed by Aureliaii commander of the Eastern frontier, and was proclaimed emperor at Alexandria during the reign of Probus, by whose soldiers he was eventually slain, SXTURNINUS (-i), L. APPULEITJS, the celebrated demagogue, was quaestor u.o. 104, and tribune of the plebs for the first time in 102. He entered into a close alliance with Marius and his friends, and soon acquired great popularity. He became a candidate for the tribunate Tor the 2d time in 100, and ob- tained it by the murder of his rival. As soon as he had entered upon office, he brought for- ward au agrarian laiv, which led to the ban- ishment of Metellus Numidicus, as is related elsewhere. [Metellus.] SaturniuuB proposed other popular measures, such as a Lex Pru- mentaria, and a law for founding new colonies in Sicily, Achaia, and Macedonia. In the comitia for the election of the magistrates for the following year, Saturninus obtained the tribunate for the third time. At the same time there was a struggle for the consulship between Glancia and Memmius, and as the latter seemed likely to carry his election, Sat- urninus and Glaucia hired some ruffians who murdered him openly in the comitia. This last act produced a complete reaction against Saturninus and his associates. The senate declared them public enemies, and ordered the consuls to put them down by force. Ma- rius was unwilling to act against his friends, but he had no alternative, and his backward- ness was compensated by the zeal of others. Driven out of the forum, Saturninus, Glaucia, and the quaestor Sanfeius took refuge in the Cnpitol, but the partisans of the senate cut ' off the pipes which supplied the Capitol with water. Unable to hold out any longer, they surrendered to Marius. The latter did all he : could to save their lives : as soon as they de- l Bcended from the Capitol, he placed them for j security in the Curia Hostilin, but the mob pulled off the tiles of the Eenate-house,..aud pelted them with the tiles till they died. S5.TURNIUS (-i), that is, a son of Saturnus, and accordingly used as a surname pf Jupiter, Neptune, and Plirto. For the same reason ; the name of Satuenia is given both to Juno and Vesta. SATURNUS (-1), a mythical king of Italy, whom the Romans invariably identified with the Greek Cronos, and hence made the for- mer the father of Jupiter,Neptune, Pluto, Juno, etc. [Cronos]; but there is in reality no re- semblance between the attributes of "the two deities, except that both were regarded as the most ancient divinities in their respective countries. The resemblance is much stronger between Demeter (Ceres) and Saturn, for all that the Greeks ascribe to their I)emeter is ascribed by the Italians to Saturn, Saturnus derived his name from sowing {sero, sevi, eatum), and was reputed the introducer of civilization and social ordei*, which are insep- arably connected with agriculture. His reign is conceived for the same reason to have beeu the golden age of Italy. As agricultural in- SATYRI. 350 SCAEVOLA. duBtry is the source of wealth, his wife was Ops, the representative of plenty. The story rail that the god came to Italy in the reigu of Janus, by whom he was hospitably re- ceived, and that he formed a settlement on the Capitoline hill, which was hence called the Satnrnian hill. At the foot of that hill, on the road leading up to the Capitol, there stood in after-times the temple of Saturn. Saturn then taught the people agriculture, suppressed their savage mode of lire, aud in- troduced among them civilization and moral- ity. The result was that the whole countiT was called Saturuia, or the land of plenty. It is further related that Latium received its name (from lateo) from the disappearance of Saturn, who was suddenly removed from earth, and who for the same reason was re- garded by some as a divinity of the nether world. Respecting the festival solemnized by the Bomans In honor of Saturn, see Diet, ofAntig. s, v. Saturnalia. The statue of Sa- turnuB was hollow and filled with oil, proba- bly to denote the fertility of Latium iu olives ; in his hand he held a crooked pruning-knife, aud his feet were surrouuded with a woolen ribbon. The temple of Saturn was used as the treasury of the state, and many laws were also deposited in it. SXTYRI (-orum), the name of a class of be- ings in Greek mythology, who are insepara- bly connected with the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus), and represent the luxuriant vital powers of Nature. They are commonly said to be the sons of Hermes and Iphthima, or of the Naiades. The Satyrs are represented with bristly hair, the nose round and somewhat tnrned upward, the ears pointed at the top, like those of animals, with 2 small horns Satyr's Hoad. growing out of the top of the forehead, and with a tail like that of a horse or goat. In works of art they are represented at different stages of life ; the older ones were commonly called Sileni, and the younger ones are termed Satyrisci. The Satyrs are always described as fond of wine (whence they often appear either with a cup or a thyrsus in their hand), and of every kind of sensual pleasure, whence they are seen sleeping, playing musical in- struments, or engaged in voluptuous dances with nymphs. They are dressed with the skins of animals, and wear wreaths of vine, ivy, or fir. Like all the gods dwelling in for- ests and fields, they were greatly dreaded by mortals. Later writers, especially the Ro- man poets, confound the Satyrs with the Ital- ian Fauni, and accordingly represent them with larger horns and goats' feet, although originally they were quite distinct kinds of beings. SiTYEUS (-i), a distinguished comic actor at Athens, is said to have given instructions to Demosthenes in the art of giving full effect to his speeches by appropriate action. SiVO (-8nis : Saime), a river in Campania, which flows into the sea S. of Sinuessa. SiVUS (-i: Save or Sau), a navigable trib- utary of the Danube, which rises in the Car- nic Alps, forms first the boundary between Noiicum and Italy, and afterwards between Fanuouia and Illyria, and falls into the Dan- ube near Singiduunm. SAXA (-ae), DSClDiUS, a native of Celti- beria, and originally one of Caesar's common soldiers, eventually accompanied Antony to the East, aud was made by him governor of Syria. Here he was defeated by "the younger Labieuus and the Parthiaus, and was slain iu the flight after the battle (40). SAXA (-ae), Q. VOcSNIUS, tribune of the plebs^ n.o. 169, proposed the Voconia lex, re- specting which see Diet, of Antiq. s. v, SAXA RUBRA. [Ruhba Sax a.] SAXONES (-um), a powerful people in Ger- many, who originally dwelt in the S. part of the Cimbric Cfiersonesus, between the rivers Albis iMie) and Chnlusus (T^ro-ye), consequents ly in the modern Holsteiu. The Saxones first occur in history in a.d. 286, and afterwards appear at the head of a powerful confederacy of Geimau peoples, who became nulted un- der the general name of Saxons, and who eventually occupied the country between the Elbe, the Rhine, the Lippe, and the German Ocean. A portion of the Saxons, in conjunc- tion with the Angli, conquered Britain about the middle of the Bfch century. SOAEVA (-ae), CASSiUS, a centurion in Caesar's army, who distinguished himself by his extraordinary feats of valor at the battle of Dyrrhachium. SCABVOLA (-ae), the name of a distin- guished family of the Mncia gens (1) C. Mn- oiDS Soaevola. When King Porsenna was blockading Rome, C. Mucins went out of the city with the intention of killing him, but by mistake stabbed the king's secretary instead of Porsenna himself. The king in bis pas- sion and alarm ordered him to be burned alive, upon which Mucins thrust his right hand into a fire which was already lighted for a saoriflce, and held it there without flinch- ing. The king, amazed at his firmness, or- dered him to be removed from the altar, aud SCALms. 351 SCAUEUS. bade him go away free and uninjured. To make some return for his generous behav- ior, Mucins told him that there were 300 of the first youths of Rome who had agreed with one another to kill the king, that the lot fell on him to make the first attempt, and that the rest would do the same when their turn came. Porseiina being alarmed for his life, which he could not secure against bo many desperate men, made proposals of peace to the Roraanp, and evacuated the territory. Mucius received the name of Scaevola, or left-handed, from the clrcumstauce of the loss of hie right hand.— (2) P, Mucins Soaevoi.a, tribune of the plebs in 141 ; praetor in 136 ; and consul in 133, the year in which Tib. Gracchus lost his life. In 131 he succeeded his brother Mucianus as pontifex maximus. Scaevola was distiuguished for his knowledge of the Jua Pontificium. His fame as a lawyer is re- corded by Cicero in several passages. — (3) Q. Mucins SoAEVOLA, the augur^ married the daughter of C. Laelius, the friend of Scipio Africanus the younger. He was tribune of the plebs in 128, plebeian aedile in 125, and as prae- tor was governor of the province of Asia in 121, the year in which C. Gracchus lost his life. He was prosecuted after his return from his province for the offense of repetundae, in 120, by T. AlbuciuSj but •vr&a acquitted. He was consul in 117. He lived at least to the tri- bunate of P. Sulpicius Rufiis, 88. Cicero, who was born in lOU, informs us that after he had pat on the toga virilis, his father took him to Scaevola, who was then an old man, and that he kept as close to him as' he could, in order to profit by his remarks. After his death Cicero became a hearer of Q. Mucius Scaev- ola, the pontifex. The augur was distin- guished for his knowledge of the law; but none of his writings are recorded. He is one of the speakeis in the treatise De Ora- tore^ in the Laelius^ and in the De Hepublica (i. 12). — (4) Q. Mucins Soaetola, pontifex maximus, son- of No. 2, was tribune of the, plebs in 106, curule aedile in 104, and consul in 95, with Liciuiua Crassus, the orator, as his colleague. After his consulship Scaevola was proconsul of Asia, in which capacity he gain- ed the esteem of the people under his gov- ernment. Subsequently he was made ponti- fex maximus. He lost his life in the consul- ship of C. Mariua the younger and Cn. Papi- rius Carbo (82), having been proscribed by the Marian party. The virtues of Scaevola are recorded by Cicero, who, after the death of the augur, became an attendant (auditor) of the pontifex. The purity of his moral character, his exalted notions of equity and fair dealing, his abilities ae an administrator, an orator, and a jurist, place him among the first of the illustrious men of all ages and countries. He is the first Roman to whom we call attribute a scientific and systematic handling of the Jus Civile, which he accom- plished in a work in 18 books. SCALDIS ("is: Scheldt)^ an important river in the N. of Gallia Belgica, flowing into the ocean, but which Caesar erroneously makes a tributary of the Mosa. SCiMANDER (-dri). (1) A river in the W. part of the N. coast of Sicily, falling into the sea near Segesta.-~(2) The celebrated river of the Troad. [Tboas.] As a mythological personage, the river-god was called Xanthua by the gods. SCAMANDRIUS (-i), son of Hettor and Andromache, whom the people of Troy call- ed Astyanax, because his father was the pro- tector of the city of Troy. SCANDEA. [Cytheba.] SCANBIA or SCANDINAVIA (-ae), the name given by the ancients to Norway, Swe- den, and the surrounding islands. SCANDlLA (-ae: Scatidole), a small island in the N.E. of the Aegaean sea, between Pep- arethos and Scyros. SCANTIA SILVA (-ae), a wood in Cam- pania. SCAPTE HYLE (-es), also called, but less correctly, Soaptesyle, a small town on the coast of Thrace, opposite the island oTThasosr It contained celebrated gold mines, which were oriffically worked by the Thraaians. Thucydides here arranged the materials for his history. SCAPTiA (-ae), an ancient town in Latiam, which gave its name to a Roman tribe, but which disappeared at an early period. SCiPiJLA (-ae), P. OSTORIUS, governor of Britain about a.d. 60, defeated the power- ful tribe of the Silures, took prisoner their king Caractacus, and sent him in chains to Rome. SCARDITS or SCORBUS MONS (-i), a range of lofty mountains, forming the boundary be- tweeu Moesia and Macedonia. SCARPHE (-Ss), SCARPHEA, or SCAR- PHIA (-ae), a town of the Epicnemidii Locri, at which the roads leading through Thermop- ylae united. SCAURUS (-i), the name of a family of the Aemilia gens. — (1) M. Aemilius Soattrus, raised his family from obscurity to the high- est rank among the Roman nobles. He was born in u.o. 163. Notwithstanding his patri- cian descent, he at first thought of carrying on some mean trade, like his lather, but final- ly resolved to devote himself to the study of eloquence, with the hope of rising to the honora of the state. He likewise served in the army, where he appears to have gained some distinction. He was cnrule aedile in 123. He obtained the consulship in 115, when he carried on war with success against sev- eral of the Alpine tribes. In 112 he was sent at the head of an embassy to Jugurtha; and in 111 he accompanied the consul L. Calpnr- nius Bestia, as one of his legates, in the war against Jugurtha. Both he and the consul took large bribes from the Numidian king to obtain for him a favorable peace, for which oflfense an indictment was brought forward by C. Mamilius, the tribune of the plebs ; but though Scaurus had been one of the most guilty, such was his influence in the state that he contrived to be appointed one of the three quaesitores, who were elected under the bill, for the purpose of prosecuting the crim- inals. He thus secured himself, but was un- SCELEBATUS. SCIPIO. able to save any of his accomplices. In 109 Scaurus was censor -with M. Livius Drusus. In his consulship he restored the Milvian bridge, and constructed the Aemilian road. In lOT he was elected consul a 2d time, in place of L. Cassias Longinus. ' In the strug- gles between the aristocratical and popular parties, Scaurus was always a warm support- er of the former. He died about 89— (2) M. Aemilicfs Soaijrds, eldest son of the preced- iug, and stepson of the dictator Sulla, served under Pompey as quaestor in the 3d Mith- ridatic war. After this he commanded an army in the East. He was curule aedile in 68, when he celebrated the public games with extraordinary splendor. In 56 he was prae- tor, and in the following year goveruea the province of Sardinia, which he plundered without mercy. On his return to Rome he was accused of the crime of repetundae. He was defended by Cicero, Hortensius, and oth- ,ers, and was acquitted, notwithstanding his guilt. He was accused again in. 52, under Pompey's new law against ambitus, and was condemned.— (3) M. Abmii.ius Soatjkus, son of No. 2 and Mucia, the former wife of Pompey the triumvir, and consequently the half-broth- er of Sex. Pompey. He accom.panied the lat- ter into Asia, after the defeat of his fleet in Sicily, but betrayed him into the hands of the generals of M. Antonius in 35.— (4) Mamebous AEMII.1U8 SoAURus, SOU of No. 3, was a dis- tinguished orator and poet, but of a dissolute character. Being accused of majestas under Tiberius, a.i>. 34, he put an end to his own life. SCELERlTUS CAMPUS (-i), a place in Rome, close to the Porta Collina, where ves- tals who had broken their vows were en- tombed alive. SCENITAB C-arum) (le. dwellers in tents), the general name used by the Greeks for the Bedawee (Bedouin) tribes of Arabia Deserta, SCEPSIS (prob. Eski-UpsU, or Mski^Shup- «ftp, Ru.), an ancient city in the interior of the Troad, S.E. of Alexandria, in the mountains of Ida. SCHERtA. [Phaeaoes.] SCiXTHUS (-1: Skiatho), a small island in the Aegaeau sea, N. of Euboea and E. of the Magnesian coast of Thessaly, with a town of the same name upon it. SCILLtJS (-untis). a town of Elis in the dis- trict Triphylia, on the river Selinus, 20 stadia S. of Olympia. SCiONB (-es), the chief town in the Mace- donian peninsula of Pallene, on the W. coast. SCIPIO {-onis), the name of an illustrious patrician family' of the Cornelia gens, said to have been given to the founder of the family because he served as a staff in directing his blind father. This family produced some of the greatest men in Rome, and to them slie was more indebted than to any others for the empire of the world. The family tomb of the Sci^ios was discovered in 1780, and the inscriptions and other curiosities are now deposited in the Museo Pio-Clementino, at Rome. — (1) P. Cornelius Soipio, magister equiium, n.o. 396, and consular tribune in 395 and 394.— (2) L.Corn. Scipio, consul in 360. — (3) P.Conw. Soipio Bakbatus, consul in 323, and dictator in 306. He was also pontifex maxi- mus. — (4) L. Corn. SoipioBaebatus, the great- great-grandfather of the conqueror of Han- nibal, consul in 298, when he carried on war against the Etruscans, and defeated them near Volaterrae. — (5) Cn. Corn. Scipio Asiwa, son of No. 4,wa8 consul in 260, in the 1st Punic war, and a 2d time in 254.— (6) L. Corn. Soip- io, also son of No. 4, was consul in 259. He drove the Carthaginians out of Sardinia and Corsica, defeating Hanno, the Carthaginian commander. He was censor in 258. — (7) P. Corn. Soipio Asina, son of No. 5, was consul in 221. and carried on war, with his colleague M. Mmucius Rufus, against the Istri, who were subdued by the consuls.— (8) P. Corn. Soipio, son of "No. 6, was consul, with Ti. Sempronius Longus, in 218, the 1st year of the 2d Punic war. He encountered Han- nibal, on his march into Italy, in Cisalpine Gaul; but the Romans were defeated, the consul himself received a severe wound, and was only saved from death by the courage of his young son Publins, the future conqueror of Hannibal. Scipio now retreated across the Ticinus, crossed thePo also; first took up his quarters at Plncentia, and subsequently with- drew to the hills on the left bank of the Tre- bia, where he was joined by the other consul, Sempronius Longus. The latter resolved upon a battle, in opposition to the advice of his col- league. The result was the complete defeat of the Roman army, which was obliged to take refuge within the walls of Placentia. In the following year, 21T, Scipio, whose impe- rium had been prolonged, crossed over into Spain, where, with his brother Cueius, he made head against the Carthaginians till 211, when they were defeated and slain.— (9) Cw. Corn. Soipio Calvus, son of No. 6, and broth- er of No. 8, was consul in 222, with M. Claudius Marcellus. — (10) P. Corn. Scipio Afrioanus Major, eon of No. 8, was born in 234. He was unquestionably one of the greatest men of Rome, and he acquired at an early age the confidence and admiration of his countrymen. His enthusiastic mind led him to believe that he was a special favorite of the gods ; and he never engaged in any public or private busi- ness without first going to the Capitol, where he sat some time alone, enjoying communica- tion from the gods. He is flrst'^mentioned in 218 at the battle of the Ticinus, when he saved the life of his father, ns has been already re- lated. He fought at Cannae two years after- wards (216), when he was already a tribune of the soldiers, and was one of the few Roman officers who survived that fatal day. He was chosen along with Appius Claudius to com- mand the remains of the army, which had taken reftige at Canusiura ; and it was owing to his youthful heroism and presence of mind that the Roman nobles, who had thought of leaving Italy in despair, were prevented from carrying their rash project into effect. He had already gained the favor of the people to such an extent that he was elected aedile in 212, although he had not yet reached the le- gal age. In 210, after the death of his father and uncle in Spain, Scipio, then barely 24, SCIFIO. 353 SCIPIO. was cbosen with euthuainsm to take the com- mand in that country. His snccees was strik- ing and rapid. In the first campaign (210) he took the important city of Carthago Novo, and in the course of the next 3 years he drove the Carthaginians entirely out of Spain. He returned to Kome in 206, and was elected con- sul for the following year (205), although he had not yet filled the ofSce of praetor, and was only 30 years of age. He was anxious to cross over at once to Africa, and bring the contest to an end at the gates of Carthage; and, after much opposition, obtained a fleet and army for that purpose. After spending the winter in Sicily, and completing all his preparations for the invasion of Africa, he crossed over to the hitter country in the course of the following year. Success again attend- ed his arms. The Carthaginians and their ally Syphax were defeated with great slaugh- ter; and the former were compelled to recall Hannibal from Italy as the only hope of sav- ing their country. The lone struggle be- tween the two peoples was at length Drought to a close by the battle fought near the city of Zama on the 19th of October, 202, in which Scipio gained a decisive and brilliant victory over Hannibal. Carthage had no alternative but submission ; but the final treaty was not concluded till the following year (201). Scip- io returned to Italy in 201, and entered Rome Scipio AfricaauB. in triumph. He was received with universal enthusiasm, and the surname of Africanus was conferred upon him. He took no prom- inent part in public affairs during the next few years. He was censor in 199 with P. Aelius Paetus, and conaul a second time in 194 with Ti. Sempronius Lougus. In 193 he was one of the 3 commissioners who were sent to Africa to mediate between Masinlssa and the Carthaginians ; and in the same year he was one of tne embassadors sent to Anti- ochus at Ephesus, at whose court Hannibal was then residing. In 190 Africanus sei-ved as legate under his brother Lucius in the war against Antiochus the Great. After their re- turn, Lucius and, subsequently, Afiicanus himself were accused of having received bribes from Antiochus to let the monarch off too leniently, and of having appropriated to their own use part of the money which had been paid by Antiochns to the Homau state. The successful issue of the prosecution of Lucius emboldened his enemies to bring the great Africanus himself before the peopTe. His ac- cuser was M. Naevius, the tribune of the peo- ple, and the accusa-tion was brought iu 185. When the trial came ou, and Africanus was summoned, he proudly reminded the people that this was the anniversary of the day ou which he had defeated Hannibal at Zama, and called upon them to follow him to the Capitol, in order there to return thanks to the immortal gods, and to pray that they would grant the Koman state other citizens like himself. Scipio struck a chord which vi- brated ou every heart, and was followed by crowds to the Capitol. Having thus set all the laws at defiance, Scipio immediately quit- ted Some, and retired to his country-seat at Liturnnm. The tribunes wished to renew the prosecution, but Gracchus wisely per- suaded them to let it drop. Scipio never re- turned to Home. The year of his death is un- certain ; but he probably died iu 183.— (11) L, Corn. Scipio Asiatiods, also called Abiaqenes or AsiAQKNDS, was the son of No. 8, and the brother of the great Africanus. He served under his brother in Spain ; was praetor iu 193, when he obtained the province of Sicily; and consul in 190, with C. Laelius. He de- feated Antiochus at Mount Sipylus in 190, en- tered Home iu triumph in the following year, and assumed the surname of Asiaticus. His accusation and condemnation have been al- leady related in the life of his brother. — (12) P Corn. Soipio Afbioanus, elder son of the great Africanus, was prevented by his weak health from taking any part in public afi'airs. — (13) L. or Cn, Corn. Soirio Afrtoands, younger son of the great Africanus. He ac- companied his father into Asia in 190, and tt as taken prisoner by Antiochus. This Scip- io was a degenerate son of *an illustrious sire (14) L. Corn. Soipio Abiatious, a de- scendant of No. 11, belonged to the Marian party, and was consul in 83 with C. Norbauus. —(16) P, Corn. Soipio Akmim anus Africanus Minor, was the younger son of L. Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia, and was adopted by P. Scipio [No. 12], the son of the conqueror of Hannibal. He was born about 185. In his 17th year he accompanied his fa- ther Paulus to Greece, and fought under him at the battle of Pydna, 168. Scipio devoted himself with ardor to the study of literature, and formed an intimate friendship with Po- lybiuB and Panaetius. He likewise admitted the poets Lucilius and Terence to his inti- macy, and is said to have assisted the latter in the composition of his comedies. His friendship with Laelins, whose tastes and pur- suits were so congenial to his own, has been immortalized by Cicero's celebrated treatise entitled "Laelius, sive de Amicitla.*' Al- though thus devoted to the study of polite literature, Scipio is said to have cultivated the virtues which distinguished the older SCIPIO. 354 SCODRUS. Bomane, and to have made Cato the model of hia conduct. Scipio first served in Spain with great dietinction as military tribune un- der the consnl L. Lucnllus in 151. On the hreakiDg out of the 3d Punic war in 149 he ac- companied the Eoman army to Africa, again with the rank of military tribune. Here he fained still more renown. By his personal ravery and military skill he repaired, to a great extent, the mistakes of the consul Ma- niliuB, whose army on one occasion he saved from destruction. He returned to Borne in 148, and had already gained such popularity that when he became a candidate for the aedilcship for the following year (147) he was elected consnl, although he was only 37, and hadnottherefore attained the legal age. The senate assigned to him Africa as his prov- ince, to which be forthwith sailed. He pros- ecuted the siege of Carthage with the utmost vigor ; and, in spite of a desperate resistance, captured it in the spring of 146. After re- ducing Africa to the form of a Eoman prov- ince, Scipio returned to Borne in the same year, and celebrated a splendid triumph on account of his victory. The surname of Afri- canus, which he had inherited by adoption from the conqueror of Hannibal, had oeeu now acquired by him by his own exploits. In 142 Scipio was censor, and in the admin- istration of the duties of his ofidce he attempt- ed to repress the growing luxury and im- morality of his contemporaries. In 130 Scip- io was accused by Ti. Claudius Asellus of majestas, but acquitted. The speecheswhich he delivered on the occasion obtaiued great celebrity, and were held in high esteem in a later age. It appears to have been after this event that Scipio was sent on an embassy to Egypt and Asia, to attend to the Eoman in- terests in those countries. The long contin- uance of the war in Spain again called Scipio to the consulship. He was appointed consul in his absence, and bad the province of Spain assigned to him in 134. His operations were attended with success ; and in 133 he brought the war to a conclusion by the capture of the city of Nuraantia after a long siege. He now received the surname of Numantinus in ad- dition to that of Africanus. During his ab- sence in Spain, Tib. Gracchus had been put to death. Scipio was married to Sempronia, the sister of the fallen tribune, but he had no sympathy with his reforms, and no sorrow for hia fate. Upon his return to Home in 132 he took the lead in opposing the popular party, and endeavored to prevent the agra- rian law of Tib. Gracchus from being carried into effect In the disputes that arose in con- sequence he was accused by Carbo with the bdtterest invectives as the enemy of the peo- ple; and upon his again expressing his ap- proval of the death or Tib. Gracchus, the peo- ple shouted out, "Down with the tyrant!" In the evening he went home with the inten- tion of composing a speech for the following day ; but next day he was found dead in his room. He is supposed to have been murder- ed, and Cicero mentions Carbo as his assas- sin. — (16) P. Corn. Soipio Nasioa, that is, *' Scipio with the pointed nose," was the son of Cn.'Scipio Calvus, who fell in Spain In 211 CNo. 9]. He is first mentioned in 204 as a young man who was judged by the senate to be the best citizen in the state, and was there- fore sent to Ostia along with the Boman ma- trons to receive the statue of the Idaean Mother,^ which had been brought from Pessi- nus. He was curule aedile in 196 ; praetor iu 194, when he fought with success iu Farther Spain ; and consuTin 191,wheu he defeated the Boii, and* triumphed over them on his return to BoDie. Scipio Nasica was a celebrated jurist, and a house was given him by the state in the Via Sacra, iu order that he might be more easily consulted.— (17) P. Corn. Soip- io Nasioa Cokodlum, son of No. 16, inher- ited from hie father a love of jurisprudence, and became so celebrated for his discernment, and for bis knowledge of the pontifical and civil law, that he received the surname of Corculum. He was elected pontifex maxi- mus in 150.— (18) P. Corn. Soipio Nasioa Se- KAPio, son of No. 17, is chiefly knowu as the leader of the senate in the murder of Tib. Gracchus. In consequence of his conduct on this occasion, Nasica became an object of such detestatiou to the people that the senate found it advisable to send him on a pretend- ed mission to Asia, although he was pontifex maximua, and ought not, therefore, to have quitted Italy. He did not venture to return to Borne, and, after wandering about from place to place, died soon afterwards at Perga- mum.— (19) P. Corn. Soipio Nasioa, soni of No, 18, was consul iu 111, and died during his consulship. — (20) P. Corn, Soipio Nasioa, sou of No. 19, praetor in 94. This Scipio became the father-in-law of Cn.Pompey the triumvir, and fell in Africa in 46. His life is given under Metei.i.08. — (21) Cn. Corn, Soipio Hispalltts, son of L. Scipio, who is only known as a broth- er of the 2 Scipios who fell in Spain. Hispal- lus was praetor in 1T9, and consul in 171. — (22) Cw. Corn. Soipio Hisfalt^us, son of No. 21, was praetor in 139, when he published an edict that all Chaldaeaus (i. e. astrologers) should leave Eome and Italy within 10 days. SCIEITIS, a wild and mountainous district in the N. of Laconia, on the borders of Ai'- cadia, with a town called Soircs. SCIRCN (-onis), a famous robber who in- fested the frontier between Attica and Mp- garis. He not only robbed the travelers who passed through the country, but compelled them on the Scironian rock to wash his feet, and kicked them into the sea while they were thus employed. At the foot of the rock there was a tortoise, which devoured the bodies of the robber's victims. He was slain by The- seus. SCIeONIA SAXA <-6rum : Derveni Bouno), large rocks on the E. coast of Megaris, be- tween which and the sea there was only a narrow, dangerous pass, called the Scironian road. The name of the rocks was derived from the celebrated robber Sciron. SCODRA (-ae; Scodar or Scuta/r{)j one of the most important towns in lUyricum, on the left bank of the river Barbana, at the S.E. corner of the Lacus Labeatis, and about 17 miles from the coast. SCODBUS. [SCABDITSJ SCOMIUS. 355 SCYLLA. SCOMIUS (-i) MONS, a mountain in Mace- donia, which runs E. of Mount Scai'dns, in the direction of N. to S. towards Mount Haemus. SCOPAS (-ne). (1) An Aetolian, who held a leading position among his countrymen at the period of the outbrealc of the war with Philip and the Achaeans, b.o. 220. in the first year of which he commanded the Aetolian army. After the close of the war with Philip he withdrew to Alexandria. Here he was received with the utmost favor by the minis- ters of the young king, Ptolemy V., and was appointed to the chief command of the army against Antiochus the Great, bnt was ulti- mately unsuccessful. Notwitnstanding this, he continued in high favor at the Egyptian court ; but having iorraed a plot in 196 to ob- tain by force the chief administration of the kingdomj he was arrested and put to death. — (2) A distinguished sculptor and architect, was a native of Paros, and appears to have belonged to a family of artists m that island. He flourished from b.o. 395 to 3S0. He was the architect of the temple of Athena Alea, at Tegea, in Arcadia, which was commenced soon after b.o. 394. He was one of the artists employed in executing the bass-reliefs which decorated the frieze of the mausoleum at Halicarnassus in Caria, a portion of which is now deposited in theBntish Museum. Among the single statues and groups of Scopaa, the best known in modern limes is hie group of figures representing the destruction of the sons and daughters of Niobe. But the most esteemed of all the works of Scopas, in an- tiquity, was his group representing Achilles conducted to the island of Leuce by the divin- ities of the sea. SCOEDISCI (-drum), a people in Pannonia Superior, are sometimes classed among the Illyriaiis, but were the remains of an ancient and powerfhl Celtic tribe. They dwelt be- tween the Savus and Dravus. SC5TI (-orum), a people mentioned, togeth- er with the PiOTi, by the later Koman writers as one of the chief tribes of the ancient Cale- donians. They dwelt in the S. of Scotland and in Ireland^ and from them the former country has derived its name. SCOTUSSA (-ae), a very ancient town of Thesaaly, in the district Pelasgiotis, near the source of the Ouchestus. SCETBONIA (-ae), wife of Octavianns, aft- erwards the emperor Augustus, had been married twice before. By one of her former husbands, P. Scipio, she had two children, P. Scipio,whowasconsulinB.o. 16, and a daugh- ter, Cornelia, who was married to PauTus Aemilius Lepidus, censor in b.o. 22. Scribo- nia was the sister of L. Scribonius Libo, who was the father-in-law of Sex.Pompey. Au- gustus married her in 40, on the advice of Maecenas, because he was then afraid that Sex. Pompey would form an alliance with Antony to crush him ; but having renewed his alliance with Antony, Octaviau divorced her in the following year (39J, on the very day on which she had borne him a daughter, Julia, in order to marry Livia. Scnbonia long survived her separation from Octavian. In A.n. 2 she accompanied, of her own accord, T her daughter Julia into exile to the Island of Pandataria. SCRTBONITJS OtmiO. [Cukio.3 SCRIBOnIUS LiBO. [LiBO.3 SCRTBONIUS PROCtJLUS. [Phootiltis.] SCULTBNNA (-ae: Panaro), a river in Gallia Cispadaua, rising in the Apennines, and flowing to the E. of Mutina into the Po. SCYLXClUM, also SCfLiCEUM or SCYLLETIUM (-1 : Squillace), a Greek town on the E. coast of Bruttium, was situated on 2 adjoining hills at a short distance from the coast, between the rivers Caecinus and Car- cines. Prom this town the Soylaoius or ScTLLETions Sinus derived its name. SCYLAX (-ficis). (1) Of Caryanda, in Caria, was sent by Darius Hystaspis on a voyage of discovery down the Indus. Setting out from the city of Caspatyrus and the Pactyican dis- trict, Scylax reached the sea, and then sailed W. through the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea, performing the whole voyage in 30 months. There is still extant a Periplus bearing the name of Scylax, but which could not have been written by the subject either of this or of the following article. — (2) Of Halicarnassus, a friend of Panaetius, distinguished for his knowledge of the stars, and for his political inflaeucc in his own state. SCYLLA (-ae) and CHXRYBDIS (-is), the names of two rocks between Italy and Sicily. In the one nearest to Italy was a cave, in which dwelt Scylla, a daughter of Crataeis, a fearful monster, barking like a dog, with 12 feet, and G long necks and heads, each of which contained 3 rows of sharp teeth. The opiposite rock, which was much lower, con- tained an immense fig-tree, under which dwelt Charybdis, who thrice every day swal- lowed down the waters of tjhe sea, and thrice threw them up again. This is the Homeric account; but later traditions give different accounts of Scylla's parentage. Hercules is said to have killed her, because she stole some of the oxen of Geryon ; but Phorcys is said to have restored her to life. Virgil {AerUj-vi. 286) speaks of several Scyllae, and places them in the lower world. Charybdis 18 described as a dauffhter of Poseidon (Nep- tune) and Gaea (TelTus), and as a voracious woman, who stole oxen from Hercules, and was hurled by the thunderbolt of Zeus (Jupi-' ter) into the sea. Scylla. (From a coin of Agrigeutum.) SCYLLA. 356 SEBETHUS. SCYLLA (-ae), danghter of king Nisns of Megiira,who fell in love with Minos. [Nisos, and MiNoe.] SCYLLAEUM (-i). (1) (Scigrflo), a promon- tory on the coast of Bruttlnm, at the N. en- trance to the Sicilian strait, where the mon- ster Scylla was suppoaed to live. [Soyi.t.a.] — (2) (Scilla or Sciglio), a town in Brnttinm, on the above-named promontory. There are ptill remains of the ancient citadel. — (3) A promontory in Argolis, on the coast of Troe- zen, forming, with the promontory of Sauinm in Attica, the entrance to the Saronic gulf. SCYLLBTICUS SlNUS. CScylaoiuh.] SCYLLBTITTM. [Soylacium.] SCYMNUS (-i), of Chins, wrote a Periegeais, or description of the earth, iu prose, and which is consequently different ftom the Feriegesis in Iambic metre which has come down to us. SCYROS (-i : Scyro), an island in the Ae- gaean sea, E. of Eaboea, and one of the Spor- ades. Here Thetis concealed her son Achilles iu woman's attire among the daughters of Lycomedes, and here also Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles by Beidamla, was brought up. Ac- cording to another tradition, the island was conquered by Achilles, in order to revenge the death of Theseus, who is said to have been treacherously destroyed in Scyros by Lycomedes. The bones of Theseus were discovered by Cimon iu Scyros, after his con- quest of the island, n. o. 476, and were conveyed to Athens, where they were preserved in the ThesSum. Froni this time Scyros continued subject to Athens till the period of the Mace- donian supremacy ; but the Romans com- pelled the last Philip to restore it to Athens, 11.0. 196. SC?THIA <-ae : Scythes, Scytha, -ae, pi. Scythae,-!irum ; fern. Scythi8,-ldis, Scythissa), a name applied to very different countries at different times. The Scythia of Herodotus comprises, to speak generally, the S.E. parts of Europe, between the Carpathian mount- ains and the river Tanai's {Von). The people who inhabited this region were called by the Greeks ZKvDai, a word of doubtful origin, which first occurs in Hesiod; but, iu their own language, SkoXotoi, i* e. Slavonians. They were benevcd by Herodotus to be of Asiatic origin ; and his account of them, taken in connection with the description given by Hip- pocrates of their physical peculiarities, leaves no doubt that they were a part of the great Mongol race, who have wandered, from un- known antiquity, over the steppes of Central Asia. Herodotus says further that they were driven out of their abodes in Asia, N. of the Araxes, by the Mnssagetae ; and that, migrat- ing into Enrope, they drove out the Cim- merians. The Scythians were a nomad peo- ple, that is, shepherds or herdsmen, who had no fixed habitations, but roamed over a vast tract of countiy at their pleasure, and accord- ing to the wants of their cattle. They lived in a kind of covered wagons, which Aeschy- lus describes as "lofty houses of wicker-work, on well-wheeled chariots." They kept large troops of horses, and were most expert in cavalry exercises and archery ; and hence, as the Persian king Darius found, when he in- vaded their country (b.o. 50T), it was almost impossible for an invading army to act against them. They simply retreated, wagons and all, before the enemy, harassing him with their light cavalry, and leaving famine and ex- posure, in their bare steppes, to do the rest. An important modification of their habits had, however, taken place, to a certain ex- tent, before Herodotus described them. The fertility of the plains on the N. of the Euxine, and the influence of the Qreek settlements at the mouth of the Borysthenes, and along the coast, had led the inhabitants of this part of Scythia to settle down as cultivators of the soil, and had brought them into commercial and other relations with the Greeks. Accord- ingly, Herodotus mentions 2 classes or hordes of Scythians who had thus abandoned their nomad life and turned husbandmen. In later times the Scythians were gradually overpow- ered by the neighboring people, especially the Sarmatiaus, who gave their name to the whole country. [Sarmatia.] In writers of the time of the Roman empire the name of Scythia denotes the whole of N. Asia, from the river Rha {Volga) on the W., which di- vided it from Asiatic Sarmatia, to Serica on the B., extending to India on' the S. It was divided, by Mount Imaus, into 2 parts, called respectively Scythia intra Imaum, i. e. on the N.W. side of the range, and Scythia extra Imaum, on its S.E. side. Of the people of this region nothing was known except some names; but the absence of knowledge was supplied by some marvelous and not unin- teresting fables. SCYTHINI (-orum), a people on the W. border of Armenia, through whose country the Greeks under Xenophon marched 4 days' journey. SCYTHOPOLIS (-is: O.T. Bethshan : BeU san, Ru.), an important city of Palestine, in the S. B. of Galilee, according to the nsuol division, but sometimes also reckoned to Samaria, sometimes to Decapolis, and some- times to Coele-Syria. It is often mentioned iu O. T. history, iu the time of the Macca- bees, and under the Romans. It had a mixed population of Canaanites, Philistines, and Assyrian settlers. Under the late Roman empire it became the seat of the archbishop of Palestina Secunda, and it continued a flourishing city to the time of the first Cru- sade. SfiBASTE (-es: = Augusta). (1) (Ayash, Eu.), a city ou the coast of Cilicia Aspera.— (2) iSegikler), a city of Phrygia, N.W. of Euinenia.— (3) A city iu Pontns, also called Cabira. [Cabiha.]— (4) [Samaeia]. SEBBNNYTUS (-i : Semennoiit, Ru.), a con, sideraftle city of Lower Egypt, in the Delta, on the W. side of the branch of the Nile, called after it the Sebennytic Mouth. It was the capital of the Nomos Sebennytes or Se- bennyticus. SEBETHUS (-i : Maddalena), a small rivet in Campania, flowing around Vesuvius, and falling into the Sinus Pnteolanus at the E. side of Neapolis. SEDETANI. 357 SELEUCIA. SBDETZNI. [Edetani.J SEDtTNI (-orum), an Alpiue people in Gal- lia Belgica, E. of the lake of Geneva, in the valley of the Bhone, iu the modern Vallais. SEDTJSil (-orum), a German people, form- ing part of the army of Ariovistus, when he invaded Gaol ia b.o. 58. Their site can not be determined. SEGESTA (-ae: nr. Alcamo, Ru.), the later Roman form of the town called by the Greeks Eqebta or Ab&ebta, in Virgil Aoksta; sit- uated in the N.W. of Sicily, near the coast between Fauormns and Drepanum. It is said to have been founded by the Trojans on 2 small rivers, to which they gave the names of Simois and Scamander ; hence the Romans made it a colony of Aeneas. SEGESTES (-is), a Cheruscan chieftain, the opponent of Arminius. SEQNI (-onim), a German people in Gallia Belgica, between the Treverl and Eburones, the name of whom is still preserved lu the town of Sinei or SigTiei, SEGOBRIGA (-ae), the chief town of the Celtiberi, in Hispauia Tarracoueusis, S. W. of Caesarangustu. SEGONTIA or SEGUNTlA (-ae), a town of the Celtiberi, in Hispania Tarracouensis, 16 miles from Caesaraugusta. SEGOVIA (-ae). (1) (Segovia), a town of the Arevaci, on the road from Emerita to Caesaraugusta. A magnificent Roman aque- duct is still extant at Segovia.— (2) A town in Hispania Baetica on the Flumen Silicense, nearSacili. SEGUSl5.NI (-6rnm), one of the most im- portant peoples in Gallia Lugdunensis, bouud- ed by the Allobroges on the S.,by the Sequani on the E., by the Aedui on the N., and by the AiTerni on the W. In their territory was the town of Lugdunum, the capital of the modern province. SEGTTSIO (-onis : Susa), the capital of the Segusini and the residence of king Cottius, was situated in Gallia Transpadana, at the foot of the Cottiau Alps. The triumphal nrch erected at this place by Cottius in honor of Augustus is still extant. SEJANUS (-i), AELiUS, was born at Vul- sinii, in Etruria, and was the soil of Seius StrabOjWho was commander of the praetorian troops at the close of the reign of Augustus, A.i>. 14. He succeeded his father in the com- mand of these bands, and ultimately gained such influence over Tiberius that he made him his confidant. For raany years he gov- erned Tiberius ; but, not content with this high position, he formed the design of obtain- ing the imperial power. With this view he ■Bought to make himself popular with the sol- diers, and procured the poisoning of Drusns, the son of Tiberius by his wife Livia, whom he had seduced. After Tiberius had shut himself up in the island of Capreae, Sejanus had full scope for his machinations ; and the death of Livia, the mother of Tiberius (39), was followed by the banishment of Agripplna iiud her sons Nero aud Drusns. Tiberius at last began to suspect the designs of Sejanas, and sent Sertorius Macro to Rome, with a commission to take the command of the prae- torian cohorts. Macro, after assuring him- self of the troops, and depiiving Sejanus of his usual guard, produced a letter from Tibe- rius to the senate, in which the emperor ex- pressed his apprehensions of Sejanus. The senate decreed his death, and he was imme- diately executed. His body was dragged about the streets, aud finally thrown into the Tiber. Many of the friends of Sejanus per- ished at the same time; and his eon aud daughter shared his fate. SELEUCIA (-ae), and rarely SSLEUCEA, the name of several cities iu different parts of Asia, built by Seleucus I., king of Syria. (1) S. AD TiGRiN, also called S. Babvj.onia, S. AssYRiAE, and S. Partiiobum, a great city on the confines of Assyria and Babylonia, and for a long time the capital of W. Asia, until it was eclipsed by Ctkbipiton, Its exact site has been disputed; but the most probable opinion is that it stood on the W. bank of the Tigris, N. of its junction with the Royal Canal, opposite to the mouth of the river Delas or Silla {Diala), and to the spot where Ctesiphon was afterwards built by the Par- thians. It was a little to the S. of the modern city of Bagdad. It was built in the form of an eagle with expanded wings, and was peo- pled by settlers from Assyria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Syria, and Judaea. It rapidly rose, and eclipsed Babylon iu wealth aud splendor. Even after the Parthian kings had become masters of the banks of the Tigris, and had fixed their residence at Ctesiphon, Seleucio, though deprived of much of its im- ?ortauce, remained a very considerable city, n the reign of Titus it had, according to Pliny, 600,000 iuhabitiints. It declined after its capt- ure by Severus, aud iu Julian's expedition it was found entn-ely deserted.— (2) S. Pikria (called Seleukeh or Kepee, near Suadeiah, Ru.), a great city aud fortress of Syria, founded by Seleucus iu April, b.o. 300. It stood ou the site of an ancient fortress, on the rocks over- hanging the sea, at the foot of Mount Pieria, about 4 miles N. of the Orontes, aud 12 miles W. of Autioch. Its natural strength was im- f roved by every known art of fortification, n the war with Egypt which ensued upon the murder of Antiochus IL, Seleucia surren- dered to Ptolemy III. Euergetes (b.o. 240). It was afterwards recovered by Antiochus the Great (219). In the war between Antio- chus VIII. aud IX. the people of Seleucia made themselves independent (109 or 108). The city had fallen entirely into decay by the 6th century of our era. There are considerable ruins of the harbor aud mole, of the walls of the city, and of its necropolis. The surround- ing district was called Set.buois.— (3) S. ad Belum, a city of Syria, in the valley of the Orontes. near Apamea. Its site is doubtful. — (4) S. Traohrotib (SelefkeJi, Ru.), an impor- tant city of Cilicia Aspera^ was built by Se- leucus I. on the W. bank of the river Calycad- nus, about 4 miles from its mouth, and peopled with the inhabitants of several neighboring cities. It had au oracle of Apollo, and annual games in honor of Zens Olympius (the Olynl- SELEUCIS. 358 SELEUCUS. pian Jupiter). It was the birthplace of the philosophers Athenaens and Xenarchus, and of other learned men.— (5) S. in Mebofotauia (Bir), on the left bank of the Euphrates, op- posite to the ford of Zeugma, was a fortress of considerable importance in ancient military history. — (6) A considerable city of Margiana, built by Alexander the Great, in a beautiful situation, and called Alexandria ; destroyed by the barbarians, and rebuilt by Antiochns 1., who named it Seleucia after Ms father. — (7) S. IN Caria [TBAI.1.E6] There were other cities of the name, of less importance, in Fisi- dia, Pamphylia, Palestine, and Elymais. S£L£UCIS, the most beautiful and fertile district of Syria, containing the N.W. part of the country, between Mount Amanus on the N., the Mediterranean on the W., the districts of Cyrrhestice and Chalybonitle on the N.E., the desert on the E., and Ooele-Syria and the mountains of Lebanon on the S. SSLEDCUS (-1), the name of several kings of Syria. I. Surnamed Nioator, the founder of the Syrian monarchy;, reigned u.o. 312-280. He was the son of Antiochus, a Macedonian of distinction among the officers of Philip II., and was born about 358. He accompanied Alexander on his expedition to Asia, and dis- tinguished himself particularly in the Indian campaigns. After the death of Alexander (323) he espoused the side of Perdlccas,whom he accompanied on his expedition against Egypt; but he took a leading part in the mutiny of the soldiers, which ended in the death of Ferdiccas (.'521). In the 2d partition of the provinces which followed, Seleucus ob- tained the wealthy and important satrapy of Babylonia ; but it is not till his recovery of Babylon from Antigonus, in 312, that the Syrian monarchy is commonly reckoned to commence. He afterwards conquered Snslana and Media, and gradually extended his power over all the eastern provinces which had form- ed part of the empire of Alexander, from the Euphrates to the oanks of the Oxus and the Indus. In 306 Seleucus formally assumed the regal title and diadem. Having leagued him- self with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassan- der against Antigonus, he obtained, by the defeat and death of that monarch at Ipsus (301), a great part of Asia Minor, as well as the whole of Syria, from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean. Seleucus appears to have felt the difficulty of exercising a vigilant control over so extensive an empire, and accordingly, iu 293, he consigned the"government of all the provinces beyond the Euphrates to his son Antiochus, upon whom he bestowed the title of king, as well ae the hand of his own youth- ful wife, Stratonice, for whom the prince had conceived a violent attachment In 286, with the assistance of Ptolemy and Lysimachus, he defeated and captured Demetrius, king of Macedonia, who had invaded Asia Minor. Per some time jealousies had existed between Seleucus and Lysimachus ; but the immediate cause of the war between the 2 monarchs, which terminated in the defeat and death of Lysimachus (281), is related in the life of the latter. Seleucus now crossed the Hellespont in order to take possession of the throne of Macedonia, which had been left vacant by the death of Lysimachus ; but he had advanced no farther than Lysimachia when he was as- sassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, to whom, as the son of his old friend and ally, he had ex- tended a friendly protection. His death took place in the beginning of 280, only 7 months after that of Lysimachus, and in the 32d year of his reign. He was in his T8th year. Seleu- cus appears to have carried out, with great energy and perseverance, the projects orij^i- nally formed by Alexander himself for the HeUenization of his Asiatic empire ; and we And him founding in almost every province Greek or Macedonian colonies, which became so many centres of civilization and refine- ment II. Surnamed Callinious (246-226), was the eldest son of Antiochus II. by his first wife Laodice. The first measure of his administration, or rather that of his mother, was to put to death his stepmother, Berenice, together with her infant son. To avenge his sister, Ptolemy Euergetes, king of Egypt, in- vaded the dominions of Seleucus, and not only made himself master of Antioch and the whole of Syria, but carried his arms unop- Sosed beyond the Euphrates and the Tigris. »uring these operations Seleucus kept wholly aloof; but when Ptolemy had been recalled to his own dominions by domestic disturb- ances, he recovered possessi(m of the greater fiart of the provinces which he had lost. S&- eucus next became involved in a dangerous war with his brother, Antiochus Hierax, and afterwards undertook an expedition to the East, with the view of reducing the revolted provinces of Parthia and Bactria. He was, however, defeated by Arsaces, king of Parthia, in a great battle, which was long after cele- brated by the Parthians as the foundation of their independence. Seleucus appears to have been engaged iu an expedition for the recovery of his provinces in Asia Minor, which had been seized by Attains, when he was accident- ally killed by a fall from his horse, in the 21st year of his reign, 226.— III. Surnamed Ckrac- Nua (226-223), eldest son and successor of Se- leucus II.,was assassinated by 2 of his officers, after a rei^n of only 3 years, and was succeed- ed by his brother, Antiochus the Great.— -IV. Surnamed Philopator (187-175), was the son and successor of Antiochus the Great. The reign of Seleucus was feeble and inglorious. He was assassinated in 175 by one of his own ministers V. Eldest son m Demetrius II., assumed the royal diadem on learning of the death of his father, 125; but his mother, Cleopatra, who had herself put Demetrius to death, was indignant at hearing that her son had ventnred to take such a step without her authority, and cansed Seleucus also to be assassinated — VI. Surnamed Epiphanks, and also Nioator (96-93), was the eldest of the 6 sons of Antiochus Vltl. Grypus. On the death of his father, in 95, he ascended the throne, and defeated and slew iu battle his nncle, Antiochns Cyzicenus, who had laid claim to the kingdom. But shortly after Seleucus was in his turn defeated by Antiochus Ensebes, the son of Cyzicenus, and expelled from Syria. He took refuge in the city of Mop- suestia, in Cilicia ; but, in consequence of his SELGE. 359 SENECA. tyranny, was burued to death by the in- habitauts. SELGE (-53: Surkt Ku.), one of the chief of the independent mountain cities of Pi&idia, Btood on the S. side of Mount Taurus, on the Eurymedon, just where the river breaks through the mountain chain. SSLTNtTS (-untis). (l) A small river on the S.W. coast of Sicily, flowing by the town of the same name.— (2) unted the walls with a few brave fol- lowers, and obtained possession of the place. Ninus was so charmed by her bravery and beauty that he resolved to make her his wife, whereupon her unfortunate husband put an end to [lis life. By Ninus Semiramis had a son, Ninyas, and on the death of Ninus she succeeded him on the throne. Her fame threw into the shade that of Ninus ; and later ages loved to tell of her marvelous deeds and her heroic achievements. She built numer- ous cities and erected many wonderful build- ings. In Nineveh she erected a tomb for her husband 9 stadia high and 10 wide ; she built the city of Babylon, with all its wonders ; and she constructed the hanging gardens in Media, of which later writers give us such strange aceouuts. Besides conquering many nations of Asia, she subdued Egypt and a great part of Ethiopia, but was uusuccessful in an attack which she made upon India. After a reign of 42 years, she resigned the sovereignty to her son Ninyas, aud disappear- ed from the earth, taking her flight to heaven in the form of a dove. The fabulous nature of this narrative is apparent. It is probable that Semiramis was originally a Syrian god- dess, perhaps the same who was worshiped at Ascalon under the name of Astarte, or the heavenly Aphrodite, to whom the dove was sacred. Hence the stories of her voluptuous- ness, which were curreut even in the time of Augustus. SEMNONES, more rarely SENNONES (-nm), a German people, described by Tacitus as the most powerful tribe of the Snevic race, dwelt between the rivers Viadus (Oder) and Albls {Elbe)t from the Rieseugebirge in the S. as far as the country around Frankfort on the Oder and Potsdam in the N. SEMO SANCUS. [Sancus.] SEMPRONIA (-ae). (1) Daughter of Tib. Gracchus, censor in u.o. 169, and sister of the 2 celebrated tribunes, married Scipio Afri- canus minor. — (2) Wife of D. Junius Brutns, consul in 77, was a woman of great personal j attractions and literary accomplishments, but ■ of a profligate character. She took part in I Catiline's conspiracy, though her husband was not privy to it. I SEMPRSNIUS GRACCHUS. [Gbaoohus.] I SENA (-ae). (1) {Seniganlia), surnamed 1 Galtaoa, and sometimes called Senooali-ia, ' a town on the coast of Umbria, at the month ' of the small river Sena, founded by the Seno- ' lies. — (2) {Sieiia), a town in Etruria, and a ' Roman colony, on the road ft'om Clusium to Elorentia, SEt^ECA (-ae). (1) M. Annaeub, the rhet- orician, was born at Cordnba {Cordova) in Spain, about b.o. 61. Seneca was at Rome in 1 the early period of the power of Augustus. I He afterwards returned to Spain, aud married SENECA. 360 SEPTEMPEDA. Helvia, by whom he had 3 sons, L. Anuaeus Seneca, L. Auiiaeus Mela or Mella, the father of the poet Lucan, and M. Novatus, Senecft was rich, aud belonged to the equestrian class. At a later period he returned to Rorae,-where he resided till his death, which probably oc- curred near the end of the reign of Tiberius. Two of Seneca's works have come down to us. 1. Controverdiarum lAhri deceTn, of which the 1st, 2d, 7th, 8th, and 10th books only are ex- tant, and these are somewhat mutilated. 2. Suaaoriarum Liber, which is probably not complete. Seneca's works are for the most part commonplace aud puerile, though now and then interspersed with some good ideas and apt expressions. — (2) L. Annakus, the philosopher, the son of the preceding, was born at Corduba, probably a few years b.o., and brought to Rome by his parents when he was a child. Though he was naturally of a weak body, he was a hard student from his youth, and devoted himself with great ardor to rhetoric and philosophy. He also soon gained distinction as a pleader of causes, aud excited the jealousy and hatred of Caligula by the ability with which he conducted a case in the senate before the emperoi*. In the first year of the reign of Claudius (a.d. 41), Seneca was banished to Corsica, on account of his in- timacy with Julia, the niece of Claudius, of whom Messalina was jealous. After 8 years' residence in Corsica, Seneca was recalled (49) by the influence of Agrippina, who had just married her uncle the emperor Claudius. He now obtained a praetorship, and was made the tutor of the young Domitins, afterwards the emperor Nero, who was the son of Agrip- pina by a former husband. On the accession of his pupil to the imperial throne (54) after the death of Claudius, Seneca became one of the chief advisers of the young emperor. He exerted his influence to check Nero's vicious propensities, but at the same time he profited from his position to amass an immense for- tune. He supported Nero in his contests with his mother Agrippina, and was not only a party to the death of the latter (60), but he wrote the letter which Nero addressed to the senate in justification of the murder. After the death of his mother, Nero abandoned himself without any restraint to his vicious propensities ; and the presence of Seneca soon became irksome to him, while the wealth of the philosopher excited the emperor's cupid- ity. Seneca saw his danger, asked the em- peror for permission to retire, and offered to surrender all that he had. Nero affected to be grateful for his past services, refused the jjroffered gift, and sent him away with per- tidioiis assurances of his respect and affection. Seneca now altered his raocfe of life, saw little company, and seldom visited the city, on the ground of feeble health, or being occupied with his philosophical studies. But this did not save him. After the conspiracy of Piso (65), Nero sent a tribune to him with the order ofdeath. Witboutshowin^auysign ofalarm, Seneca cheered his weeping friends by re- minding them of the lessons of jphiloBophy. Embracing his wife, Pompeia Paulina, he prayed her to moderate her grief, and to con- sole herself for the loss of her husband by the reflection that he had lived an honorable life. But as Paulina protested that she would die with him, Seneca consented, and the same blow opened the veins in the arms of both. Seneca's body was attenuated by age and meagre diet ; the blood would not flow easily, and he opened the veins in his legs. But even this did not suffice ; aud after enduring much torture he was taken into a vapor Btove,where he was quickly suffocated. Seneca died, as was the fashion among the Romans, with the courage of a stoic, but with somewhat of a theatrical affectation which detracts from the dignity of the scene. Seneca's fame rests on his numerous writings, which are chiefly on moral and philosophical subjects. The most important is the De Benejiciis, in 7 books. He was also the author often tragedies; which, however, seem more adapted for recitation than for the stage. Yet they contain many striking passages, and have some merit as poems. That Seneca possessed great mental powers can not be doubted. He had seen much of human life, aud he knew well what man was. His philosophy, so far as he adopted a system, was the stoical, but it was rather an eclecticism of stoicism than pure stoicism. His style is antithetical, aud ap- pareutly. labored; and where there is much labor there is generally aft'ectatiou. Yet his language is clear aud forcible ; it is not mere words : there is thought always. SEnONES (-um), a powerful people in Gallia Lugduneusis, dwelt along the upper coni-se of the Sequana {Seine). Their chief town was Agendicum, afterwards called Se- nones(Sens). A portion of this people crossed the Alps about u.c. 400, in order to settle in Italy, and took np their abode on the Adriatic Sea between the rivers Utis and Aesis (between Ravenna and Aucona), after expelling the Umbrians. lu this country they founded the town of Sena. They not only extended their ravages into Etruria, but marched against Rome and took the city, n.o. 390. From this time we find them euga^ed in constant hostilities with the Romans, till they were at length completely subdued, and the greater part of them destroyed by the consul Dola- bella in 283. SBNTINUM (-i: nr. Sasso/errato, Ru.), a fortified town in Umbria, not far from the river Aesis. SEPiAS (-fidis: St. Qem-ge)^ a promontory in the S.E. of Thessaly, in the district Mag- nesia, on which a great part of the fleet of Xerxes was wrecked, SEPLXSIA (-orum), one of the principal streets in Capua,where perfumes andluxunes of a similar kind were sold. SEPPHORIS iSefurieh), a city of Palestine, in the middle of Galilee, was an insignificant place until Herod Antipas fortified it, and made it the capital of Galilee, under the name of DiOOAESABEA. SEPTEM AQUAE, a place in the territory of the Sabiui, near Reate. SEPTEMPirDA (San Severino), a municipi- um in the interior of Picenum, on the road from Auximu'm to Urbs Salvia. SEPTIMIUS GKTA. 361 SERVILIA. SEPTIMIUS GfiTA. [Geta.] SEPTIMIUS SfiVERUS. [Seveuub.] SEPTIMIUS TiTiUS (-i), a Koman poet, sppken of by Horace. SSQUXNA (-ae : Seine), one of the princi- pal rivers of Gaul, rising iu the central parte of that country, and flowing through the province of Gallia Lugdunensls into the ocean opposite Britain. It is 346 miles in length. Its principal affluents are theMatrdna {Marne), Esia (Oiae), with its tributary the Axfina (Aisne), and lucauuus {Yontie). This river has a slow current, and is navigable be;yond Lutetia Parisiorum {Paria), SBQUANI (-orum'), a powerful Celtic people in Gallia Belgica, inhabiting the country since called Franche CompU and Burgundy, In the later division of the provinces of the empire the country of the Sequani formed a special province under the name of Maxima Sequa- norum. They derived their name from the river Sequann, which had its source in the N.W. frontiers of their territory. Their chief town was Vesoutio {Besancon). SEQUESTER (-trl or tris) VTBlUS, the name attached to a glossary which professes to give an account ot the geographical names contained in the Roman poets. SSRA. [SemoaO SEr5.PI0N C-onis), a physician of Alexan- dria, who lived in the 3d century b.o. SERAPIS or SAR5.PIS (-is or idis), an Egyptian divinity, whose worship was intro- duced into Greece in the time of the Ptole- mies. His worship was introduced into Rome together with that of Isis. CIsis.] SERDiCA or SARDICA (-ae), an impor- tant town iu Upper Moesia, and the capital of Dacia Interior, derived its name from the Thracian people Sbri>i. It bore in the Middle Affes the name of Triaditza. Its extensive rums are to be seen S. of Sophia. SERENUS (-i), Qm SAMMONlCUS (or Sa- nnonicus), a man of high reputation at Rome for taste and learning, murdered by command of Caracalla iu a.p. 212. He left behind him many works. SERES. [SnaiOA.] SER6IUS. CCatilina.] SERICA (-ae. SSres; also rarely in the sing. Ser), a country in the extreme E. of Asia, famous as the native region of the silkworm, which was also cal]edz,t/p ; and hence the ad- jective "sericus" for Rilken. The name was known to the W. nations at averyenrly period, through the use of silk, first in W. Asia, and afterwards in Greece. It is clear, however, that until some time after the commencement of our era the name had no distinct geograph- ical signification. The Serica oi Ptolemy corresponds to the N.W. part of China and the adjacent portions of Thibet and Chitiese Tartary. The capital, Sera, is supposed by most to be Singan, on the Hoa7ig~ho, but by some Peking, The Great Wall of China is mentioned oy Ammianus Marcellinus under the name of Aggeres Serium. SERIPHUS (-i : Serpho), an island in the Aegaean Sea, and one of the Cyclades. It is celebrated in mythology as the island where Danae and Perseus lauded after they had been exposed by Acri sins, where Perseus was brought up, and where he afterwards turned the inhabitants into stone with the Gorgon's head. Seriphus was coloni/ed by lonlans from Athens, and it was one of the few islands which refused submission to Xerxes. The island was employed by the Roman emperors as a place of banishment for state crimmals. SERRlNUS. [REQiiLtTS.] SERTORIUS (-ij. Q.,one of the most ex- traordinary men m tlie later times of the republic, was a native of Nursia, a Sabine village, and was born of obscure but respect- able parents. He served under Marius iu the war against the Teulones; and before the battle of Aquae Sextiae (Aix), m.o. 102, he entered the camp of the Teutones iu disguise as a spy, for which hazardous undertaldng his iutreuid character and some knowledge of the Gallic language well qualified him. He also served as tribunus milltum in Spain un- der T. Didius (97). He was quaestor in 91, and had before this time lost an eye in battle. On the outbreak of the civil war in 88 he de- clared himself against the party of the nobles, and commanded one of the 4 armies which besieged Rome under Marius and Cinna. He was, however, opposed to the bloody massacre which eusuetiatter Marius and Cinna entered Rome. In 83 Sei-torius was praetor, and either in this year or the following he went into Spain ; whence he crossed over to Maure- tania, and gained a victory 'over Paccianus, one of Sulla's generals. After this, at the re- quest of the Xusitanians, he became thev" leader; and for some years euccessfully re- sisted all the power of Rome. He availed himself of the superstitious character of that people to strengthen his authority over them. A fawn was brought to him by one of the natives aa a present, which soon became so tame as to accompany him in his walks and attend him on all occasions. After Sulla had become master of Italy, Sei-toriua was joined by many Romans, and among the rest by M, Perperna,with 53 cohorts. [Pkbpekna]. To give some show of form to his formidable power, Sertorius established a senate of 300, into which no provincial was admitted. The continued want of success on the part of Me- tellns, who had been sent against Sertorius in T9, induced the Romans to send Pompey to his assistance, but with an independent com- mand. Pompey arrived in Spam in 76, with a large force, but was unable to gain any de- cisive advantages. For the next 5 years Ser- torius kept both Metellus and Pompey at bay, and cut to pieces a large number of their i forces. . Sertorius was at length assassinated in 73 by Perperna and some other Roman ofllcers, who had long been jealous of hia authority. SERVILIA (-ae). (1) Daughter ofQ. Ser- vilius Caepio and the daughter of Livia, the sister of the celebrated M. Livius Brnsus, tribune of the plebs in n.o, 91. Servilia was married twice: first to M. Junius Brutus, by whom she became the mother of the murderer SEUVILIUS AHALA. 362 SEVERUS. of Caesar, and eccondly to D. Jiiuius Silanus, consul in 62.— (2) Sister of the preceding, was the 2d wife of L. Lucullus, conan] in 74. SERVlLiUS XHALA. [Auala.] SEEVILITJS CAEPIO. [CAEno.] SERVlLiUS CASCA. [Casoa.] SERVILIUS RULLUS. [Rdllus.: SERVIUS MAURUS HONORATUS (-i), or SERVlUS MARlUS HONORlTUS, a cele- brated Latin grammarian, contemporary with Macrobiua, wlio introduces him among the dramatis persouae of the Saturnalia. His moat celebrated production was an elaborate commentary upon Virgil. SERVIUS TULUUS. [Tm-uns.] SfiSOSTRIS (-is or idie), the name given by the Greeks to the great king of Egypt, who is called in Manetho and on the monuments Ramses or Ramesses. Ramses is a name common to several kings of the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties; but Sesostria must he identitled with Ramses, the 3d king of the 19th dynasty, the son of Seti, and the father of Menephtnah. Sesostris was a great con- queror. He is said to have subdued Ethiopia, tlie greater part of Asia, and the Thraciana in Europe. He returned to Egypt after an absence of 9 years, and the countless captives whom he brought back with him were em- ployed in the erection of numerous public works. Memorials of Ramsea-Sesoatria still exist throughout the whole of Egypt-, from the mouth of the Nile to the south of Nubia. SESTINTJM {-i ; Seetirw), a town in Umbria on the Apennines, near the sources of the Pisaurus. SBSTIUS. [Sextids.] SESTUS (-1: lalova), a town in Thrace, situated at the narrowest part of the Helles- pont, opposite Abydoa in Aaia, from which it WA8 only 7 stadia distant. It was founded by the Aeoliane. It waa celebrated in Grecian poetry on account of the loves of Leander and Hero [Leawdeu], and in history on account of the bridge of boats which Xerxes here bnilt across the Hellespont. SETiBIS. [Saetabib.] SfiTHON, a priest of Hephaestus, made himaelf master of Egypt after the expulsion of Sabacon, king of the Ethiopian!!, and was succeeded by the Dodecarchiaj or government of the 12 chiefs, which ended in the sole sov- ereignty of Psammitichus. SETIA (-^ei Seaa or Se»»e), an ancient town of Latium in the E. of the Pontine Marshes. It was celebrated for the excellent wine grown in its neighborhood, which was reckoned in the time of Augustus the finest wine in Italy. S8VSRUS (-i), M. AURBLlUS ALEXAN- DER, usually called ALEXANDER SEVg- RUS, Roman emperor a.i>. 222-235, the eon of Gessius Marcianus and Julia Mamaea, and firat cousin of Elagabalus, was born at Arcc, in Phoenicia, the 1st of October, a.k. 205. In 221 he waa adopted by Elagabalus, and created Caesar ; and on the death of that emperor, on the 11th of March, a.d. 222, Alexander as- Alez&Qder Severua. ceuded the throne. After reigning in peace some years, during which he reformed many abnses in the state, he was involved in a war with Artaxerxes, king of Persia, and gained a great victory over him in 232 ; but was unable to prosecute his advantage in consequence of in- telligence having reached him of a great movement among the German tribes. He celebra- ted a triumph at Rome in 233, and in the following year, 234, set out for Gaul, which the Germans were devastating ; but waa waylaid by a small band of mu- tinous soldiers, in- stigated, it is said, by Maximinus, and slain, in the 30th year of his age and the 14th of his reign. Alexander Severus was distinguished by justice,wiadom, and clemen- cy in all public transactions, and by the sim- plicity and purity of his private life. SfiVBRUS, A. CAECINA. [Cakoima.] SEVERUS (-i), PLAVIUS VALERIUS, Ro- man emperor A.n. 306-307. He was pro- claimed Caesar by Galerius in 30C, and was soon afterwards sent against Maxentiua, who had assumed the imperial title at Rome. The expedition, however, was unsuccessful ; and Severus, having surrendered at Ravenna, was taken as a prisoner to Rome, and compelled to put an end to hie life. SEVERUS (-i), LIBIUS, Roman emperor A.D. 461-456, waa a Lnoanian by birth, and owed his accession to Ricimer, who placed hira on the throne after the assassination of Mivjorian. During his reign the real govern- ment waa in the hands ofRicimer. Severus died a natural death. SEVERUS (-i), L. SEPTlMlUS, Roman emperor A.n. 193-211, waa born in 146, near Leptis in Africa. After holding various im- portant military commands under M.Aureliua and CommoduB, he was at length appointed commander-in-chief of the army in Pannonia and Ulyria. By this army he was proclaimed emperor after the death of Pertinax (193). He forthwith marched upon Rome, where Julia- nus had been made emperor by the praetorian troops. Julianus was put to death upon his arrival before the city. [Juliands.] Severus then turned his arms against Pescennius Niger, who had been saluted emperor by the Eastern legions, defeated him in a battle near Issus, and shortly afterwarda put him to death (194). SeveruB next laid aiege to Byzantium, which refused to submit to him even after the death of Niger, and which was not taken till 196. During the continuance of this siege Severus had crossed the Euphrates (19B) and subdned the Mesopotamian Arabians. He returned to Italy in 196, and in the same year SEVERUS. 363 SICILIA. Septimiui Sevarue, Eroceeded to Ganl to oppose AlbinuBf who ad been proclaimed emperor by the troops in that country. Albinus was defeated and Blain in a terrible battle fought near Lyons on the 19th of February, 197. Severus re- turned to Home lu the same year ; but after remaining a short time in the capital he set out for the East in order to repel the invasion of the Parthians, who were ravaffing Meso- potamia. After spending 3 years id the East, where he met with the most brilliant success, Severus returned to Rome in 202. For the next T years he remained tranquilly at Rome ; but in 208 he went to Britain with his sons Caracalla and Gcta. Here he carried on war against the Caledonians, and erected the cel- ebrated wall, which bore his name, from the Solway to the mouth of the Tyne. After re- maining 2 years in Britain, he died at Ebora- cum (York) on the 4th of February, 211, in the GSth year of his age and the 18th of his reign. Arch of Septlmias &ev«raB. T2 SEXTIAE IQUAE. CAqitae Sextiab.] SEXTSUS or SESTlUS (-i), P., quaestor in B.o. 63, and tribune of the plebs iu 57. Like Milo, he kept a band of armed retainers to oppose P. Clodius and his partisans; and in the following year (56) he was accused of Vis on account of his violent acts during his tri- bunate. He was defended by Cicero iu an oration still extant, and was acquitted on the 14th of March, chiefly in consequence of the powerful influence of Pomney. On the break- ing out of the civil war m 49, Sextius first e8j)oused Pompey's party, bnt he afterwards joined Caesar. SBXTUS BMPIRiCUS (-i), aphyaician.was a contemporary of Galen, and li vecl in the first half of the 3d century of the Christian era. Two of his works are extant. SEXTUS RtFUS (-i). (1) The name pre- fixed to a work entitled De Regionibtis Urbia RoTnae. — (2) Sextus Rdfus is also the name prefixed to an abridgment of Roman history m 28 short chapters, entitled Breviarium de Victoriia et Provindis Populi Romania and executed by command of the emperor Valens, to whom it Is dedicated. SIBYLLAS (-arum), the name by which several prophetic women are designated. The first Sibyl, from whom all the rest are said to have derived their name, is called a daughter of Dardanus and Neso. Some authors men- tion only 4 Sibyls, but it was more commonly believed that there were 10. The most cele- brated of them is the Gumaean, who is men- tioned under the names of Herophllu, Demo, Phemonoe, Deiphob6, Demophilo, and Amal- thea. She was consulted by Aeneas before he descended into the lower world. She is said to have come to Italy from the East, and she is the one who, according to tradition, appeared before king Tarquinius, offering him the Sibylline books for sale. Respecting the Sibylline books, see Diet, of Antiq.^ art. Sibyllini Libri. SiCAMBRI. [Stgambiii.] SlC5.NI, SiCfiLI. SICELIOTAE. [Si- 01 LI A J SICCA VENERlA (prob. Al-Kaff), a con- siderable city of N. Africa, on the frontier of Numidia and Zengltana, built on a hill near the river Bagra- das. SICHAEUS, also called Acerbas. [AOBBBAS.] SlOiLiA (-ae: Sicily), one of the largest Islands in the Mediterranean , Sea. It was supposed by the ancients to be the same as the island named Thrinacia by Homer, and it was there- fore frequently called Thrinacia, Trinaoia, orTBiNAOMS, aname which was believed to be derived from the triangular figure of the Island. For the same reason the Roman poets called it Tkiqtjktea. Its more usual name came from its later inhabitants, the Siceli, whence it was called Si- OEi.iA, which the Romans changed into SioiLiA. As the Siceli also bore the name of Sicani, the island was SICILIA. 364 SICYONIA. also called Sioania. Sicily is separated from the S. coast of Italy by a narrow channel called Fbetum SicuLifM, sometimes simply Fretum, and also Soyllaeum Frbtum, of "Which the modern name is Faro di Messina, The sea on the E. and S. of the island was also called Mare Sioui^um. A rauge of mount- ains, which are a continuation of the Apen- nines, extends throughout the island fromE. to W. Of these the most important were the celebrated volcano Aetna on the B. side of the island, Bryx {St. Giulano) in the ex- treme W. near Brepanum, and the Heraei Montes {Sfonti Sori)m the S., running down to the promontory Pachynus. A large num- hei' of rivers flow down fi'om the mountains, but most of them are dry, or nearly eo, in the summer. The soil of Sicily was very fertile, and produced in antiquity an immense quan- tity of wheat, on which the population of Kome relied to a great extent for their sub- sistence. So celebrated was it, even in early times, on account of its corn, that it was rep- resented as sacred to Demeter (Ceres), and as the favorite abode of this goddess. Hence it was from tbis island that her daughter Per- sephone (Proserpina) was carried away by Pluto. Besides corn, the island produced ex- cellent wine, saffron, honey, almonds, and the other Southern fruits. The earliest inhabit- ants of Sicily are said to have been the sav- age Cyclopes and LnestrygSnes ; but these are fabulous beings, and the first inhabitants men- tioned in history are the Sioani, or Siodli, who crossed over into the island from Italy. The next immigrants into the island were Cretans; but these, if, indeed, they ever visit- ed Sicily, soon became incorporated with the Sicnli. The Phoenicians, likewise, at an early period formed settlements, for the purposes of commerce, on all the coasts of Sicily, but more especially on the N. and N.W. parts. But the most important of all the immigrauts into Sicily were the Greeks, who founded a number of very flourishing cities, such as Naxos in b.o. 735, Syracuse in 734, Leontini and Catana in 730, Megara Hyblaea in 726, Gela in 690, Selinus in 626, Agrigentum in 579, etc. The Greeks soon became the ruling race in the island^ and received the name of Sioem- OTAB, to distinguish theni from the earlier in- habitants. At a later time the Carthaginians obtained a firm footing in Sicily. After tak- ing Agrigentum in 405, the Carthaginians be- came the permanent masters of the W. part of the island, and were engaged in freqnent wars with Syracuse and the other Greek cities. The struggle between the Carthaginians and Greeks continued, with a few interruptions, down to the 1st Panic war ; at the close of which (241) the Carthaginians were obliged to evacuate the island, the W. part of which now passed into the hands of the Romans, and was made a Roman province. The E. part still continued under the rule of Hierou of Syracuse as an ally of Rome ; but after the revolt of Syracuse in the 2d Punic war, and the conquest of that city by Marcellus, the whole island was made a Roman province, and was administered by a praetor. On the downfall of the Roman empire, Sicily formed part of the kingdom of the Ostrogoths; but It was taken from them by Belisarius In A.n. B36, and annexed to the Byzantine empire. It continued a province of this empire till 828, when it was conquered by the Saracens. SICINiUS (-i). (1) L. SioiKiDS BELLm-ns, the leader of the plebeians in their secession to the Sacred Mount in b.c. 494. He was chosen one of the first tribunes. — (2)L. Sioin- lus Dentatds, called by some writers the Roman Achillea, from his personal prowess. He was tribune of the plebs in 454. He was Eut to death by the decemvirs in 450, because e endeavored to persuade the plebeians to secede to the Sacred Mount. The persona sent to assassinate him fell upon him in a lonely spot, but he killed most of them be- fore they succeeded in dispatcluug him. SICiNUS (-1: Sikino), a small island in the Aegaean sea, one of the Sporades, between Pholegandrus and los, with a town of the same name. SICORIS ^-is: Segre), a river in Hispania Tarraconensis, which had its source in the territory of the Cerretani, and fell into the Iberus near Octogesa, SfCttLI. [SiCILIA.] SiCtLUM FRETUM, SIC&LUM MlRE. [SlOXLIA.] SICULUS FLACCUS. [Flacous.] SiCYONlA c-ae), a small district in the N.E. of Peloponnesus, bounded on the E. by the territory of Corinth, on the W. by Achaia, on the S. by the territory of PhUus and Cleo- nae, and on the N. by the Corinthian gulf. Its area was about 100 square miles. The land was fertile, and produced excellent oil. Its almonds and its fish were also mnch prized. Its chief town was Sioyon, which was situ- ated a little to the W. of the river Asopus, aud at the distance of 20, or, according to others, 12 stadia from the sea. Sicyon was one of the most ancient cities of Greece. It is said to have been originally called Aegi- alea or Aegiali, after an ancient king, Aegi- aleus ; to have been subsequently named Me- cone, and finally^ Sicyon, from an Athenian of this name. Sicyon is represented by Ho- mer as forming part of the empire of Aga- memnon ; but on the invasion of Peloponne- sus it became subject to Phalces, the son of Temenus, and was henceforward a Dorian state. Sicyon, on account of the small ex- tent of its territory, never attained much po- litical importance, aud was generally depend- ent either on Argos or Sparta. At the time of the 2d Messenian war it became subject to a succession of tyrants, who administered their power with moderation and justice for 100 years. On the death of Clisthenes, the last of these, about 570, a republican form of government was established. Sicyon was for a long time the chief scat of Grecian art. It gave its name to one of the great schools of painting, which was founded bv Eupom- pus, aud which produced Pamphilus and Apelles. It is also said to have been the ear- liest school ofstatuary in Greece; butltscar- liest native artist of celebrity was Canachus. Lysippus was also a native of Sicyon. The town was likewise celebrated for the taste SIDA. 365 SILA SILVA. aud skill displayed in the vavious articles of dress made by its inhabitants, among which we find mention of a particular kind of shoe, which was much prized in all parts of Greece. SIDA, SIDE (-ae or es). (1) {Bahi Adalia^ Rn.), a city of Paraphylis^ on the coast, a lit- tle W. of the river Melaa. It was an Aeolian colony from Cyme in Aeolis, and was a chief seat of the worshii) of Athena (Minerva), who is represented on its coins holding a pome- granate {aiin) as the emblem of the city.— (2) The old name of Polemomium. SIDICINI (-Grum), an Ausonian people in the N.W. of Campania and on the borders of Samnium, who, being hard pressed by the Samnites, united themselves to the Campa- nlans. Their chief town was Teanum. SIDON (-onis and 6nis) (O. T. Tsidon, or, in the English form, Zidon : Saida, Kn.)) for a long time the most powerful, and probably the most ancient of the cities of Phoenice. It stood in a plain about a mile wide, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 200 stadia (20 geog. miles) N. of Tyre, 400 stadia (40 geog. miles) S. of Berytus, 66 miles W. of Damascus, and a day's journey N.W- of the source of the Jordan at Faneas. It had a fine double har- bor, now almost filled with sand, and was strong^ly fortified. It was the chief seat of the maritime power of Phoenice, until eclipsed by its own colony. Tyre [Tybus] ; and its power on the land side seems to have extend- ed over all Phoenice, and at one period (in the time of the Judges) over at least a part of Palestine. In the time of David and Sol- omon, Sidon appears to have been subject to tbe king of Tyre. It probably regained its former rank, as the first of the Phoenician cities, by its submission to Shnlmanezer at the time of the Assyrian conquest of Syria, for we find it governed by its own king un- der the Babylonians and the Persians. In the expedition of Xerxes against Greece the Sidoniana furnished the best ships in the whole fleet, and their kiug obtained the high- est place, next to Xerxes, in the council, and above the king of Tyre. Sidon received the great blow to her prosperity iu the reign of Artaxerxes III. Ochus, when the Sldonians, having takeu part in the revolt of Phoenice and Cyprus, and being betrayed to Ochus by their own king, Teuues, burned themselves with their city, n.o. 351. In addition to its commerce, Sidon was famed for its manufact- ures of glass. STDONIUS (-i) XPOLLINARIS (-is), was bom at LngduDum {Lyons) about a.d. 431. He was raised to the senatorial dignity by the emperor Avitus, whose daughter he had married. After the downfall of Avitus he lived some time in retirement, but in 46T appeared again in Rome as embassador from the Ar- verni to Anthemius. He gained the favor of that prince by a panegyric ; was made a pa- trician, and prefect of the city; and soon aft- erwards, though not a priest, bishop of Cler- mont in Auvergne. His extant works are some poems ana 9 books of letters. STGA, a considerable sea-port town of Mau- retania Caesarieusis. SIGEUM (-i: Yenisheri), the N.W. prom- ontory of the Troad, and the S. headland at the entrance of the Hellespont. It is here that Homer places the Grecian fleet and camp during the Trojan war. Near it was a sea- port town of the same name. SIGNIA (-ae : Segni), a town in Latium on the E. side of the Volscian mountains, found- ed by Tarqninius Priscus. It was celebrated for its temple of Jupiter Uriua, for its astrin- fent wine, for its pears, and for a particular ind of pavement for the floors of houses, called opus Signinwrn. SILA SILVA (-ae: Sila)^ a large forest in Bruttium on the Apennines, extending S. of Consentia to the Sicilian strait. SILANION. 366 SIMMIAS. SILANION, an Athenian, a distingnishcd Etatuary in bronze, was a contemporary of Lyeippus, and flourished n.o. 324. His statue of Sappho, which stood in the prytaiiewm at Syracuse in the time of Verres, is alluded to by Cicero in terms of the highest praise. SILANUS (-i), JUNIUS. (1) M.j was praetor In n.c. 212. In 210 he accompanied P. Scipio to Spain, and served under him with great dis- tinction during the whole of the war in that country. He Tell in battle against the Boil in 196.— j;2) M., consul in 109, fought in this year against the Cimbri in Transalpine Gaul, and was defeated. He was accused in con- sequence, in 104, by the tribune Cn.Domitius Ahtiuobarbns, but acquitted.— (3) D., stepfa- ther of M. Brutus, the murderer of Caesar, having married his mother Servilia. He was consul in 62, with L. Licinius Murena, along with whom he proposed the Lex Licluia Julia. — (4) M., son of Wo. 3 and of Servilia, served in Gaul as Caesar's legatus in 53. After Cae- sar's murder in 44 he accompanied M. Lepi- dus over the Alps ; and in the following year Lepidus sent him with a detachment of troops into Cisalpine Gaul, where he fought on the side of Antony. He was consul in 25. SiIARUS (-i : SilaroY a river in lower It- aly, forming the boundary between Lucania and Campania, rises in the Apennines, and falls into the Sinus Faestanus a little to the N. of Paestum. SILENUS (-i>. It is remarked in the article Satybi that the older Satyrs were generally termed Sileni ; but one of these Sileui is com- monly the Silenus, who always accompanies Dionysus (Bacchus), whom he is said to have brought up and instructed. Like the other Sllenua natride npon a Wlno-akin. Satyrs, he is called a son of Hermes {Mer- cury) ; but some make him a son of Pan by a nymph, or of Gaea (Tellus). Being the con- stant companion of Dionysus, he is said, like the god, to have been born at Nysa. More- over, he took part in the contest with the Gi- gantes, and slew Enceladns. He is described as a jovial old man, with a bald head, a puck nose, fat and round like his wine-bag, which he always carried with him, and generally in- toxicated. As he could not trust hia own legs, he la generally represented riding on an ass, or supported by other Satyrs. In every other respect he is described as resembling his brethren in their love of sleep, wiue, and music. He is mentioned along with Marsyus and Olympus as the inventor of the flute, which be is often seen playing; and a spe- cial kind of dance was called after him Sile- nuB, while he himself is designated as the dancer. But it is a peculiar feature in his character that he was an inspired prophet; and when he was drunk and asleep he was in the power of mortals, who might compel him to prophesy and sing by suVrouuding him with chains of flowers. SILIUS ITiLiCUS (-i), C, a Eoman poet, was born about a.i>. 25. He acquired great reputation as an advocate, and was after- wards one of the centumviri. He was consul in 68, the year in which Nero perished; he was admitted to familiar intercourse with Vitellius, and was subsequently proconsul of Asia. In his 75th year, in consequence of the pain caused by an incurable disease, he starved himself to death in the house once occupied by Virgil. The great work of Silius ItalicuB was a heroic poem in 17 books, en- titled Punica^ which has descended to us en- tire. SILttEES (-um), a powerful people in Brit- ain, inhabiting South Wales^ long offered a formidable resistance to the Romans, and aft- erwards to the Saxons. SILVlNUS (-i), a Latin divinity of the fields and forests. He is also called the pro- tector of the boundaries of fields. In con- nection with woods (sylvestris deus), he es- peciallv presided over plantations, and de- lighted in trees growing wild, whence he is represented as carrying the trunk of a cy- §ress. Sylvanus is further described as the ivinity protecting herds of cattle, promoting their fertility and ariviug away wolves. Later writers identified Sylvanus with Pan, Fau- uus, Inuus, and Aegipau. In the Latin poets, as well as in works of art, he always appears as an old man, but cheerful and in love with Pomona. Tiie sacrifices offered to him con- sisted of grapes, ears -of corn, milk, meat, wine, and pigs. SILVIUM <-i), a town of the Peucetii in Apulia, on the borders of Lucania, 20 miles S.E. ofVennsfa. SILViUS (-i), the son of Ascanius, is said to have been so called because he was born in a wood. AH the succeeding kings of Alba bore the cognomen Silvius. SIMMIAS (-ae). (1) Of Thebes, first the dis- ciple of the Pythagorean philosopher Philo- SIMOIS. 367 SINOPE. la&s, and afterwards the friend and disciple of Socrates, at whose death he was present. Simmias wrote 23 dialogues on philosophical subjects, all of which are lost. SIMOIS (-entis). [Troas.] Ab a mytho- logical personage, the river-god Simois is the son of Oceanus and Tethye, and the father of AstyochuB and Hieromneme. SIMON C-onis), one of the disciples of Soc- rates, and by trade a leather-cutter. SiMONlDES (-is). (1) Of Amorgos, was the 2d, both in time and in reputation, of the 3 principal iambic poets of the early period of Greeli: literature — namely, Archilochns, Si- monides, and Hipponax. He was a native of SamoB, whence he led a colony to the neigh- boring island of Amorgos. He flourished about M.o. 664.— (2) Of CeoB, one of the most rclebrated lyric poets of Greece, was born at Inlis, in Ceos, b.o. 656, and was the son of Leoprepes. He appears to have been brought up to music and poetry as a profession. From his native islandhe proceeded to Athens, and thence into Thessaly, where he lived under the patronage of the Aleuads and Scopads. He afterwards returned to Athene, and in 489 conquered Aeschylus in the contest for the prize which the Athenians offered for an elegy on those who fell at Marathon. He composed several other works of the same desci'iption ; and in his 80th year his long po- etical career at Athens was crowned by the victory which he gained with the dithyrara- bic chorus (477), being the 56th prize which he had carried off. Shortly after this he was invited to Syracuse by Hiero, at whose court he lived till his death in 467. He still con- tinued, when at Syracuse, to employ hie muse occasionally in the service of other Grecian states. He made literature a profession, and is said to have been the first who took money for his poems. The chief characteristics of the poetry of Simonides were sweetness (whence his surname of Melicertes) and elab- orate finish, combined with the truest poetic conception and perfect power of expression ; though in originality and fervor he was far inferior, not only to the early lyric poets, such as Sappho and Alcaeus, but also to his contemporai7 Pindar. SIMPLiCiUS (-i), one of the last philoso- phers of the Neo-Pl atonic school.was a native of Cilicia and a disciple of Ammonius and Damascius. In consequence of the persecu- tions to which the pagan philosophers were exposed in the reign of Justinian, Simplicius was one of the 7 philosoi)hers who took refuge at the court of the Persian king Chosroes. He returned home about 543. Simplicius wrote commentaries on several of Aristotle's works, which are marked by sound sense and real learning. He also wrote a commentaiT on the Enchiridion of Epictetus, which is like- wise extant SINAE (-arum), the B.-raost people of Asia. Ptolemy describes their country as bounded on the N. by Scrica, and on the S. and W.'by India extra Gangera. It corresponded to the S. part of China and the E. part of the Bur- SINA? or SINA (Jebel-et-Tur), a cluster of dark, lofty, rocky mountains in the S. angle of the triangular peninsula inclosed between the 2 heads of the Bed Sea, and bounded on the N. by the deserts on the borders of Egypt and Palestine. The name, which signifies a region of broken and cleft rocks, is used in a wider sense for the whole peninsula, which formed a part of Arabia Petraea, and was peo- pled, at the time of the Exodus, by the Amal- ekites and Midianites, and afterwards by the Nabathaean Arabs. Sinai and Horeb in the O. T. are both general names for the whole froup, the former being used in the first 4 ooks of Moses, and the latter in Deuteron- omy. The summit on which the law was given was probably that on the N., or the one usually called Horeb. SINDI (-orum). (1) A people of Asiatic Sarmatia, on the £. coast of the Euxiue, and at the foot of the Caucasus. They are also mentioned by the names of Sindomiis and SiNi>iANA.--(2) A people on the E. coast of India extra Gangem (in Cochin China), also called SiNDAE, and with a capital city, Sinda. SINDlCE. [SiNM.] SINGiRA (-orum: Sinjarf)^ a strongly fortified city and Koman colony in the in- terior of Mesopotamia, 84 Roman miles S. of Nisibis. SINGITICUS SINUS. [Singus.] SINGUS (-i), a town in Macedonia on the E. coast of the peninsula SI thonia, which gave its name to the Sinus Singiticus. SiNIS or SINNIS (-is), son of PolypSmon, PeraoD, or Poseidon (Neptune), by Sylea, the daughter of Corinthus. He was a robber, who frequented the isthmus of Corinth, and killed the travelers whom he captured by fastening them to the top of a fir-tree, which he bent, and then let spring up again. He himself was killed in this manner by Theseus. SINON (-5nis), son of Aesimus, or, accord- ing to Virgil lAen. ii. 79), of Sisyphus, and grandson of Autdlycus, was a relation of Ulysses, whom he accompanied to Troy. He allowed himself to be taken prisoner by the Trojans, and then persuaded them to admit into their city a wooden horse filled with armed men, which the Greeks had constructed as a pretended atonement for the Palladium. The Trojans believed the deceiver, and drag- ged the horse into the city ; whereupon Sinon in the dead of night let the Greeks out of the horse, who thus took Troy. SINSPS (-es: Sinope, Sinoub^"Ra.), the most important of all the Greek colonies on the shores of the Euxine, stood on the N. coast of Asia Minor, on the W. headland of thegreat bay of which the delta of the river Halys forms the E. headland, and a little E. of the N.-most promontory of Asia Minor. It appears in his- tory as a very early colony of the Milesians. Having been destroyed in the invasion of Asia by the Cimmerians, it was restored by a new colony from Miletus in b.o. 632, and soon became the greatest commercial city on the Euxine. Its territory, called Sinopis, extend- ed to the banks 6f the Halys. It was the birthplace and residence of Mithridates the SINTICA. 368 SISENNA. Great, who enlarged and beautified it. Shortly before the murder of Julius Caesar it was colonized by the name of Julia Caesarea Fe- lix Sinope, and remained a flourishing city, though It never recovered its former impor- tance. At the time of Constautine it had de- clined so much as to be ranked second to Amasia. It was the native city of the re- nowned cynic philosopher Diogenes, of the comic poet Diphilus, and of the historian Baton. SINTiCA, a district in Macedonia, inhabit- ed by the Thraciau people Sinti, extended E. of Crestonia and N.of Bisaltia as far as the Strymon and the lake Prasias. Its chief town was Heraclea Siutica. SIN'&ESSA (-ae: RoccadiMandragone), the last city of Latinm on the confines of Cam- pania, to which it originally belonged, was situated on the sea-coast and on the via Ap- pia. It was colonized by the Romans, to- gether with the neighboring town of Mintur- nae, in b.o. 296. It possessed a good harbor, and was a place of considerable commercial importance. In its neighborhood were cele- brated warm baths, called Aquae Sikuessa- MAIC SIGN. [Jeeosalem.3 SIPHNUS (-i : Siphnd), an island in the Aegaean sea, forming one of the Cyclades, S.E. of Seriphus. It is of an oblong form, and about 40 miles in circumference. Its original name was Merope, aud it was colo- nized by lonians from Athens. In conse- quence of their gold and silver mines, of which the remains are still visible, the Siph- nians attained great prosperity, aud were re- garded in the time of Herodotus as the wealth- iest of the islanders. Siphnus was one of the few islands which refused tribute to Xerxes ; and one of its ships fought on the side of the Greeks at Salamis. The moral character of the Siphnians stood low, and hence to act like a Siphnian {i.t4>vid^eiv) became a term of reproach. SiPONTUM or SIPtJNTUM (-i : Siponto), called by the Greelcs Sipds (-untis), an ancient town in Apulia, in the district of Bauuia, on the S. slope of Mount Garganus, and on the coast. It is said to have been founded by Diomede, and was of Greek origin. It was colonized by the Romans, under whom it be- came a place of some commercial importance. StPYLUS <-i : Sipuli-Dagh), a mountain of Lydia, In Asia Minor. It is a branch of the Tmolus, from the main chain of which it pro- ceeds N.W. along the course of the river Iler- mns as far as Magnesia and SipyJum. It is mentioned by Homer. The aucient capital of Maeonia was said to have been situated in the heart of the mountain chain, and to have been called by the same name ; but it was early swallowed up by an earthquake, and its site became a little lake called Sale or Saloe, near which was a tumulus, supposed to be the grave of Tantalus. The mountain was rich in metals, and many mines were worked in it. SIRBONIS LiCUS {Sabakat Bardowal), a large and deep lake on the coast of Lower Effypt, E. of Mount Casius. Its circuit was lO&O stadia. It was strongly impregnated with asphaltus. SIRENES (-urn), sea-njrmpha who had the gower of charming by their songs all who card them.- When Ulysses came near the island, on the beach of which the Sirens were sitting, and endeavoring to allure him and his companions, he stufffed the ears of his companions with wax, and tied himself to the mast of his vessel, until he was so far ofi' that he could no longer hear the Sirens' song. According to Homer, the island of the Sirens was situated between Aeaea and the rock of Scylla, near the S.W. coast of Italy; but the Roman poets place them on the Campanian coast. Some state that they were 2 in num- ber, Aglaopheme and ThelxiepTa ; and others that there were 3, Pisiuoe, Aglaope, and Thel- xiepia, or Parthen()pe, Ligia, and Leucosia. They are called daughters of Phorcus, of Achelous and Sterope, of Terpsichdre, of Mel- pomfiue, of Callifipe, or of Gaea. The Sirens are also connected with the lesends of the Argonauts and the rape of Persepnftne. When the Argonauts sailed by the Sirens, the latter began to sing, but in vain, for Orpheus sur- passed them ; and as it had been decreed that they should live only till some one hearing their song should pass by unmoved, they threw themselves into the sea, and were metamorphosed into rocks. SiREKtrSAE (-iirnni),called by Virgil {Am. v. 864) Sihknum SooruLi, 3 small uninhabited an d rocky islands near the S. side of the Prom. Misenum, off the coast of Campania, which were, according to tradition, the abode of the Sirens. SIRiS (-is). (1) {Simw\ a river in Lucania flowing into the Tarentine gulf. — (2) {Torre di Senna), an ancient Greek town in Lucania at the mouth of the preceding river. SIRMiO (-onis: Sirmicne), a beautifal promontoiT on the S. shore of the Lacns Benacus {Lago di Garda), on which Catullus had an estate. SIRMiUM (-i: Mitrovitz)^ an important city in Pannonia Inferior, was situated on the leii bank of the Savus. It was founded by the Taurisci, and under the Romans became the capital of Pannonia, and the head-quarters of all their operations in their wars against the Dacians and the neighboring barbarians. SISiPON (-onia: Almaden in the Sierra Morena), an important town in Hispania Baetica N. of Corduba. SISCiA (-ac : Sissek)^ called Seotjista by Ap- pian, an important town in PiiiinoniaSuperior, situated upon an island formed by the rivers Savus, Colapis, and Odro, and on the road from Aemona to Sirmium, SISENNA (-ae), L. CORNELIUS, a Roman annalist, was praetor in the year when Sulla died (n.o. 78), and probably obtained Sicily for his province in TT. During the piratical war (67) he acted as the legate of Pompey, and having been dispatched to Crete in command of an army, died in that island at the age of about 52. His great work was a history of his own time, but he also trausloted the Mi- SISYGAMBIS. 369 SMYRNA. lesian fables of Aristides, and composed a commeutary upon Plautos. SISYGAMBIS (-ts), mother of Darina Co- domannns, the last king of Persia, fell into the hands of Alexander atier the battle of Issus, B.O. 333, together with the wife and daugh- ters of DavmB. Alexander treated these cap- tives with the greatest generosity and kind- ness, and displayed towards Sisygambis, in particular, a reverence and delicacy of con- duct which is one of the brishtest ornaments of bis character. After his "death she put an end to her life by voluntary starvation. SISYPHUS (-i), son of AeOlus ftndEnargte, whence he is called Aeolldes. He was mar- ried to Mer5pe, a daughter of Atlas or a Pleiad, and became by her the father of Glaucus, Ornytion (or Porpbyrion), Thersander, and Halmns. In later accounts he is also called a sou of Autolycus, and the father of Ulysses by AnticleaCANTioLEA] ; whence we find Ulys- ses sometimes called Sieimhldes. He Is said to have built the town of Ephyra, afterwards Corinth. As king of Corinth he promoted navigation and commerce, but he was fraudu- lent, avaricious, and deceitful. His wicked- ness during life was severely punished in the lower world, where he had to roll up hill a huge marble bhjck, which as soon as it reach- ed the top always rolled down again. Sisypliua, Ixion, nnd Tnntalua. (Bartoli, Sepolc. Ant,, SITiCE or SITTXCE (-6s: Eski-Bagdad, Eh.), a great and populous city of Babylonia, near but not on the Tigris, and 8 parasan^s within the Median wall. Its probable site is marked by a ruin called the Tower of Nimrod. It gave the name of Sittocene to the district on the lower course of the Tigris, E. of Baby- lonia and N.W. of Snsiana. STTIIONIA (-ae), the central one of the 3 peninsulas ruuning out from Chalcidice in Macedonia, between the Toronaic and Singitic gulfs. The Thracians were originally spread over the greater part of Macedonia ; and the ancients derived the name of Sithouia from a Thracian king, Sithon. We also find men- tion of a Thracian people, Sithonii, on the shores of the Pontus Euxinus ; and the poets frequently use Sithonis and Sithonma in the general sense of Thracian, ' SITONES (-um), a German tribe in Scandi- navia, belonging to the race of the Suevi. SITTIUS or SITIUS (-i), P., of Nuceria in Campania, was couu'ected with Catiline, and went to Spain in jj.c. 64, from which country he crossed over into Mauretaiiia in the fol- lowing year. He joined Caesar when the lat- ter came to Africa, in 40, to prosecute the war against the Porapeian party. He was of great service to Caesar in this war, and at its con- clusion was rewarded by him with the west- ern part of Numidia, where he settled, dis- tributing the land among his soldiers. After the death of Caesar, Arabio, the son of Masi- nissa, returned to Africa, and killed Sictius by stratagem. SMXRAGDUS MONS (Jehel Zdburah), a mountain of Upper Egypt, near the coast of the Red Sea, N. of Berenice. It (ibtained its name from its extensive emerald miues. SMERDIS, the son of Cyrus, was murdered by order of his brother Cambyses. A Magian, named Patizithes, who had been left by Cam- byses in charge of his palace and treasures, availed himself of the likeness of his brother to the deceased Smerdis to proclaim this brother as king, representing him as the younger son of Cyrus. Cnmbyses heard of the revolt in Syria, but he died of an accident- al wound in the thigh as he was mounting his horse to march against the usurper. The false Smerdis was acknowledged as king by the Per- sians, and reigned for 7 months with- out opposition. The fraud was dis- covered by Phaedima, who had been one of the wives of Cambyses, and had been transferred to his succes- sor. She communicated it to her father, Otanes, who thereupon form- ed a conspiracy, and, in conjunction with 6 other noble Persians, suc- ceeded in forcing his way into the galuce, where they slew the false merdis and his brother Patizithes in the 8th month of their reign, B21. SMINTHEUS (-66s, cl, or gi), a sur- name of Apollo, which is derived by some from ofxiv^o^, a mouse, and by others from the town of Sminthe in Troas. ■ The nunise was regarded by the ancients as inspired by the vapors arising from the earth, and as the symbol of prophet- ic power. SMYRNA, or MYRRHA. [Adonib.] SMYRNA, and in many MSS. ZMYRNA (-ae : Smyrtux,, Turk. Izmir), one of the most ancient and flourishing cities of Asia Minor, and the only one of the great cities on its W. coast which has survived to this day, stood in a position alike remarkable for its beauty and for other natural advantages. Lying just about the centre of the W. coast of Asia Minor ; on the banks of the little river Meles, at the bottom of a deep bay, the Sinus Her- maeus or Smyrnaeus ((?. of Sfnyrna), which formed a safe and immense harbor for the largest ships up to the very walls of the city ; at the foot of tne rich slopes of Tmolus, and at the entrance to the gi-eat and fertile valley tav. 56.) SMYRNAEUS SINUS. 370 SOCRATES. of the Hermns, in which lay the great and wealthy city of Savdis; and in the midst of the Greek colonies on the B. shore of the Aegaean— it was marked out by nature aa one of the greatest emporiums for the trade be- tween Europe and Asia, and has preserved that character to the present day. There are various accounts of its origin. The most probable is that which represeuts it as an Aeolian colony from Cyme. At an early pe- riod it fell by a stratagem into the bauds of the lonians of Colophon, and remained an Ionian city from that time forth : this appears to have happened before 01. 23 (b.o. 688). Its early histoiy is very obscure. This much is clear, however, that at some period the old city of Smyrna, which stood on the N.E. side of the Hermaean gulf, was abandoned ; and that it was succeeded by a new city on the S.E. side of the same gulf (the present site), which is said to have been built by Antigonus, and which was enlarged and beautified Dy Ly- simachus. This new city stood partly on the sea-shore and partly on a hill called Mastusia. The city soon became one of the greatest and most prosperous in the world. It was es- pecially favored by the Komaus on account of the aid it rendered them in the Syrian and Mithridatic wars. It was the seat of a con- ventus Juridicus. In the civil wars it was taken and partly destroyed by Dolabella, but it soon recovered. It occupies a distinguish- ed place in the early history of Christianity, as one of the only two among the 7 church- es of Asia which St. John addresses, in the Apocalypse, without any admixture of re- buke, and as the scene of the labors and mar- tyrdom of Polycarp. There are but few ruins of the ancient city. In addition to all her other sources of renown, Smyi-na stood at the head of the cities which claimed the birth of Homer. The poet was worshiped as a hero in a magnificent building called the Home- reum. SMYRNAEUS SlNUS (ff. of Igmir or Smyrna), the great gulf on the W. coast of Asia Minor, at the bottom of which Smyrna stands. SOCEiTES (-is). (1) The celebrated Athe- nian philosopher, was born in the demus Alopfce, in the immediate neighborhood of Athens, n.o. 469. His father, Sophroniscus, was a statuary ; his mothei', PhaenarSte, was a midwife. In his youth Socrates followed the profession of his father, and attained sufficient proficiency to execute the group of clothed Graces which was preserved in the Acropolis, and was shown as his work down to the time of Fansanias. The personal qualities of Soc- rates were marked and striking. His phys- ical constitution was healthy, robust, and en- during to an extraordinary degree. He was capable of bearing fatigue or Hardship, and indifferent to heat or cold, in a measure which astonished all his companions. He went bare- foot in all seasons of the year, even during the winter campaign at Potidaea, uiJder the severe frosts of Thrace ; and the same home- ly clothing sufficed for him in winter as well as in summer. His ugly physiognomy ex- cited the jests both of his friends and enemies, Socrates. who inform us that he had a flat nose, thick lips, and prominent eyes, like a satyr or Si- lenus. Of the circumstances of his life we are almost wholly ignorant; he serv- ed as a hoplite at Potidaea, Uelium, and Amphip61is with great credit to himself. He seems never to have filled any po- litical office until 40G, in which year he was a member of the senate of Five Hundred, and one of the Prytd- nes when, on the occasion of the trial of the 6 gen- erals, he refused, in spite of all per- sonal hazard, to put an unconsti- tutional question to the vote. He displayed the same moral courage in refusing to obey the order of the Thirty Tyrants for the apprehension of Leon the Salaminian At what time Socrates re- linquished his profession as a statuary we do not know ; but it is certain that at least all the middle and later part of his life was de- voted to the self-imposed task of teaching, to the exclusion of all other business, public or private, and to the neglect of all means of fortune. But he never opened a school, nor did he, like the Sophists of his time, deliver public lectures. He was persuaded that he had a special religious mission, and that he constantly heard the monitions of a divine or supernatural voice. Every where, in the mar- ket-place, in the gymnasia, and in the work- shops, he sought aud found opportunities for awakening and guiding, in boys, youths, and men, moral consciousness, and the impulse after knowledge r^ecting the end and value of our actions. His object, however, was only to aid them in developing the germs of knowledge— to practice a kind of mental mid- wifery, just as his mother Phaenardte exer- cised the corresponding corporeal art ; and he therefore fought unweariedly against all false appearance and conceit of knowledge. This was probably the reason why he was selected for attack by Aristophanes and the other comic writers. Attached to none of the pre- vailing parties, Socrates found in each of them his friends and his enemies. Hated and persecuted by Critias, Charicles, aud others among the Thirty Tyrants, who had him specially in view in the decree which they issued forbidding the teaching of the art of oratory, he was impeached after their banish- ment and by their opponents. An orator named Lycon, and a poet . 379. He was a pupil of Ammonms and Helladins, and followed the profession of an advocate in his native city, whence lie is eurnamed Scholasticus. The JEcclesiaatical History of Socrates extends from the reign of Constautine the Great (306) to that of the younger Theodosius (4it9). SOdOMA (-orum and ae ; also -um, gen. -i ; and -i, gen, -orum), a very ancient city of Ca- naan, in the beautiful valley of Siddim, close- ly connected with Gomorrha, over which and the other 3 " cities of the plain " the king of Sodom seems to have had a sort of suprem- acy. In the book of Genesis we find these cities as subject, in the time of Abraham, to the king of Elam and his allies (an indication of the early supremacy in W. Asia of the mas- ters of the Tigris and Euphrates valley), and their attempt to cast oflf the yoke was the occasion of the first war on record. (Gen. xiv.) Soon afterwards the abominable sins of these cities called down the divine venge- ance, and they were all destroyed by fire from heaven, except Zoar, which was spared at the intercession of Lot. SOBMIS or SOABMiAS, JtTLlA, daughter of Julia Maeea, and mother of Elagabalus, became the chosen counselor of her son, and encouraged and shared his follies and enor- mities. She was slain by the praetorians on the 11th of March, a.d. 222. SOGDIANA (-ae) (Old Persian, Sughda: parts of Wurkeatan and Bokhara, including the district still called Sogd), the N.B. prov- ince of the ancient Persian empire, separated on the S. from Bactriaua and Margiana by the upper course of the Oxus {Jikoun) ; on the E. and N. from Scythia by the Sogdii Comedarum and Oscii M. {Kara-DofjTi, Alatan, and Ak Tagh) and by the upper course of the Jaxartes {Siho^m), and bounded on the N.W, by the great deserts E. of the Sea of Aral. S0QDI5.NUS (-i), one of the illegitimate . sons of Artaxerxes I. Longimanus, acquired the throne on the death of His father, 11.0. 425, by the murder of his legitimate brother Xerx- es II. Sogdianus, however, was murdered in his turn, after a reign of 7 mouths, by hia brother Ochus. SOGDII MONTES. [Sogmana.] SOL. [Hblios.] SOLI (-orum) or SOLOS. (1) (Mezetlu, Eu.), a city on the coast of Cilicia, between the rivers Lamus and Cydnus, said to have been colonized by Arglves and Lydiaus from Rhodes. Pomuey restored the city, which had been destroyed by Tigranes, and peopled it with the survivors of the defeated bauds of pirates ; and from this time forth it was called PoMPBiopoi.is. It was celebrated in literary history as the birthplace of the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus, of the comic poet Philemon, and of the astronomer and poet Aratns. — (2) {Aliqora, in the valley of Soleay Ru.), a considerable sea-port town in the W. part of the N. coast of Cyprus. SOLINUS (-i), C. J'DLIUS, the author of a geographical compendium, divided into 57 chapters, containing a brief sketch of the world as known to the ancients, diversified by historical notices, remarks on the origin, habits, religious rites, and social condition of various nations enumerated. It displays but little knowledge or judgment. SolinuB may perhaps be placed about a.t>. 238. S5LIS EONS. [Oabib, No. 3.] SOLOe. [Soli.] BQLOIS (C. Cantin, Arab. Ras el lloudik)^ a promontory running far out into the sea, iu the S. part of the W7 coast of Mauretania. S5l5N (-onis), the celebrated Athenian legislator, was born about w.o. 638. His fa- ther, ExecestideSjWaa a descendant of Codrus, and his mother was a cousin of the mother ofPisistratus. Execestides had seriously crip- pled his resources by a too prodigal expend- iture ; and Solon consequentlj; found it either necessary or convenient in his youth to be- take himself to the life of a foreign trader. It is likely enough that while necessity com- pelled him to seek a livelihood in some mode or other, hia active and inquiring epii-it led him to select that pursuit which would fur- nish the amplest means for its gratification. Solon early distinguished himself by his po- etical abilities. His first eft'usions were in a somewhat light and amatory strain, which afterwards gave way to the more dignified and earnest purpose of indicating profound reflections or soge advice. So widely indeed SOLON. 372 SOPHOCLES. did his reputation spread that he was rank- ed as one of the famous seven sages. The occasion which first broiiglit Solon promi- nently forward as an actor on the political stage was the contest between Athens and Mef^ara respecting the possession of Salamis. Indignant at the dishonorable renunciation of their claims by the Athenians, he feigned madness, rushed into the agora, and there re- cited a short elegiac poem of 100 lines, in which he called upon the Athenians to re- trieve their disgrace and reconquer the loveln island. The pusillanimous law was rescind- ed ; war was declared, and Solon himself ap- ■ pointed to conduct it. The Megarians were '■ driven out of the island, but a tedious war en- ' sued, which was finally settled by the arbi- ; tration of Sparta. Both parties appealed, in support of their claim, to the authority of i Homer ; and it was currently believed in an- i tiquity that Solon had surreptitiously insert- - ed the line {II. it 553) which speaks of Ajax as ranging hisshipswith the Athenians. The Spartans decided in favor of the Athenians, about n.o. 596. Solon himself, probably, was one of those who received grants of land in Salamis, and this may accotint for his being termed a Salaminian. Soon after these events (about 595) Solon took a leadiug part in pro- moting hostilities in behalf of Delphi against Cirrha, and was the mover of the decree of the Amphictyous by which war was declared. It was about the time of the outbreak of this war that, in consequence of the distracted state of Attica, which vras rent by civil com- motions, Solon was called upon by all par- ties to mediate between them, and alleviate the miseries that prevailed. He was chosen archon in 694, and under that legal title was invested with unlimited power for adopting such measnrea as the exigencies of the state demanded. In fulfillment of the task intrust- ed to him, Solon addressed himself to tlie re- lief of the existing distress, which he effect- ed by his celebrated disbwde7iing ordinance (o-eiffdxS'e'o). This measure was framed to relieve the debtors with as little infringement as possible on the claims of the wealthy cred- itors; and seems principally to have consist- ed of a depreciation of the coinage. The suc- cess of the Seieachtheia procured for Solon such confidence and popularity that he was further charged with the task of entirely re- modeling the constitution. He repealed all the laws of Draco except those relating to bloodshed, and introduced a great many re- forms by a new distribution of the different classes of citizens, by enlarging the functions of the Eccleaia, or popular assembly, and by instituting the BouU, or senate of 400. Be- sides the arrangement of the general political relations of the people, Solon was the author of a great variety of special laWs, which do not seem to have been arranged in any sys- tematic manner. The laws oTSolon were in- scribed on wooden rollers (afovec) and trian- gular tablets (kiV/?c«), and were set up at first in the Acropolis, afterwards in the Pryta- neum. The Athenians were also indebted to Solon for some rectification of the calendar. It is said that Solon exacted from the people a Bolemu oath that they would observe his laws without alteration for a certain space, and then absented himself from Athena for 10 years. He first visited Egypt;. and from thence proceeded to Cyprus, where he was received with great distinction by Philocy- prus, kinw of the little town of Aepea. Solon persuaded the king to remove from the old site, and build a new town on the plain. The new settlement was called Soli, in honor of the illustrious visitor. He is further said to have visited Lydia; and his interview with Croesus was one of the most celebrated stories in antiquity. CCroesus.] During the absence of Solon the old dissensions were re- newed, and shortly after his arrival at Ath- ens the supreme power was seized by Pisis- tratns. The t;^rant, after his usurpation, is said to have paid considerable court to Solon, and on various occasions to have solicited his advice, which Solon did not withhold. Solon probably died about 653, two years after the overthrow of the constitution, at the age of 80. Of the poems of Solon several fragments remain. They do not indicate any great de- gree of imaginative power, but their style is vigorous and simple. SOLYMA (-orum). (1) {TaUalu-Dagh\ the mountain range which runs parallel to the E. coast of Lycia, and is a S. continuation of Mount Climax. — (2) Another name for Jkeu- SALKM. SOLt-MI. [Ltoia.] SOMNUS (-i), the personification and god of sleep, is described as a brother of Death, and as a son of Night. In works of art, Sleep and Death are represented alike as two youths, sleeping or holding inverted torches in their hands. [Mons.] SONTiUS (-i : Isonzo)^ a river in Venetia, in the N. of Italy, rising in the Carnic Alps, and falling into the Sinus Tergestinus, E. of Aquileia. SOPHENS (-Gs), a district of Armenia Major, lying between the ranges of Antitau- rus and Masius ; separated from Melitene, in Armenia Minor, by the Euphrates, from Meso- potamia by the Antitaurus, and from the E. part of Armenia Major by the river Nymphius. SOPHOCLES (-is). (1) The celebrated tragic poet, was born at Colonus, a village little more than a mile to the N.W. of Athens, H. 0.495. He was 30 years younger than Aeschylus, and 15 years older than Euripides. His father's name was Sophilus, or Soph- illus, of whose condition in life we know nothiu^ for certain ; but it ia clear that Soph- ocles received an Sophocles. education not in- ferior to that of the sons of the most distingnished citizens of Athens. In both of the leading branches SOPHOCLES. 373 SORANUS. of Greek edacntion, music and gymoastics, he was carefully trained, and In botli he gained the prize of a garland. Of the skill which he had attained iu music and dancing in his 16th year, and of the perfection of his bodily form, we have conclnsive evidence in the fact that, when the Athenians were assembled in solemn festival around the trophy which they had set up iu Salamis to celeorate their victory over tne fleet of Xerxes, Sophocles was chosen to lead, naked, and with lyre in hand, the chorus which danced about the trophy, and sang the songs of triumph, 4S0. His first appearance as a dramatist took place in 463, under peculiarly interesting circum- stances; not only from the fact that Soph- ocles, at the age of 27, came forward as the rival of the veteran Aeschylus,whose suprem- acy had been maintained during an entire generation, but also from the character of the judges. The solemnities of the Great Diony- sia were rendered more impoyiug by the oc- casion of the return of Cimon from his expe- dition to Scyroa, bringing with him the bones of Theseus. Public expectation was so ex- cited respecting the approaching dramatic contest, and party feeling ran so high, tbat Apaejjhion, the arcbon Eponymus, -whose duty it was to appoint the judges, had not yet ventured to proceed to the flual act of drawing the lots for their election, when Cimon, with his 9 colleagues in the command, having entered the theatre, the archon de- tainea them at the altar, and administered to them the oath appointed for the judges in the dramatic contests. Their decision was in favor of Sophocles, who received the first prize ; the second only being awarded to Aeschylus, who was so mortified at his defeat that be left Athens, and retired to Sicily. Prom this epoch Sophocles held the suprem- acy of the Athenian stage until a formidable rival arose iu Euripides, who gained the first prize for the first time in 441. In the spring of 440 Sophocles brought out the Antigone^ a play which gave the Athenians such satisfac- tion that they appointed him one of the ten strategic of whom Pericles was the chief, in the war against Samos. In his last years his son lophon, jealous of his father's love for his grandson Sophocles, and apprehending that he purposed to bestow upon this grandson a large proportion of his property, is said to have summoned his father before the Phra- tores, on the charge that his mind was affect- ed by old age. As his only reply, Sophocles exclaimed, "If I am Sophocles, I am not be- side myself; and if I am beside myself, I am not Sophocles ;" and then read from his Oedi- pus at Colonus, which was lately written, but not yet brought out, the magnificent j?arodos, begiJiniug— Eliinirov, ^eve, raarSe xtitpax, whereupon the judges at once dismissed the case, and rebuked lophon for his nndutifnl conduct. Sophocles died soon afterwards, in 406, iu his 90th year. The manner of his death is variously and fictitiously related. Less heroic than those of Aeschylus, less homely and familiar than those of Euripides, the tragedies of Sophoclea are the perfection of the Greek drama. The number of plays ascribed to him was 130 ; and it is remarka- ble, as proving his growing activity and suc- cess, that of tnese 81 were brought out after his 54th year. Only 7 are extant.— (2) Sou of Aristou and grandson of the elder Sophocles, was also an Athenian tragic poet. In 401 he brought out the Oedipvs at Colorms of his fraudfather ; but he did not begin to exhibit is own dramas till 396. SOPHONISBA <-ae), daughter of the Car- thaginian general HasdrubaM^e son of Gisco. She had been betrothed by her father, at a very early age, to the Numidian prince Masi- nissa, but at a subsequent period Hasdrubal, being desirous to gain over Syphax, the rival monarch of Numiclia, to the Carthaginian al- liance, gave her in marriage to that prince. After the defeat of Syphax, and the capture of his capital city of Cirta by Masinissa, Sophonisba fell into the hands of the con- queror, upon whom her beauty exercised so powerful an influence that he determined to marry her himself. Their uuptials were ac- cordinglycelebrated withoutdelay ; but Scipio (who was apprehensive lest she should exer- cise the same influence over Masinissa which she had previously done over Syphax) refused to ratify this arraugement, and, upbraiding Masinissa with his weakness, insisted on the immediate surrender of the princess. Unable to resist this command, the Numidian king spared hfer the humiliation of captivity by sending her a bowl of poison,which she drank without hesitation, and thus put an end to her own life. SOPHRON (-6nis), of Syracuse, was the principal writer of that species of composition called the Mime (/iT/ior), which was one of the numerous varieties of the Dorian Comedy. He flourished about b.o. 460-420. When So- phron is called the inventor of Mimes, the meaning is that he reduced to the form of a literary composition a species of amusement which the Greeks of Sicily, who were pre- eminent for broad humor and merriment, had practiced from time immemorial at their pub- lic festivals. Plato was a great admirer of Sophron ; and the philosopher is said to have been the first who mi\de the Mimes known at Athens. The serious purpose which was aimed at in the works of Sophron was always, as in the Attic Comedy, clotlied under a sport- ive form. SOPHRONISCUS. CSooRATKS.] SORA <-ae). (1) (Sora), a town in Latium, on the right bank of the river Liris and N. of Arpinnm, with a strongly fortified citadel.— (2) A town in Paphlagonia. SORACTB (-is: Monte di S. Oreste)^ a cele- brated mountain in Etruria, in the territory of the Falisci, near the Tiber, about 24 miles from Rome, but the summit of which, fre- quently covered with snow, was clearly visible Irom the city. (Hor., Cttrm. i. 9.) The whole mountain was sacred to Apollo, and on its summit was a temple of this god. SOrINUS (-i). (1) A Sabine divinity, usually identified with Apollo, worshiped on Mount Soracte. — (2) A physician, a native of SOSIGENES. 374 SPAKTA. Ephesns, practiced his profession first at Alex- audriOf aud afterwards at Rome, in the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian, a.d. 98-138. There are several medical works still extant under the name of Suranus, hut whether they were written by the native of Ephesus can not be determined. SOSlGfiNES (-is), the peripatetic philoso- pher, was the astronomer employed by Jnlins Caesar to superintend the correction of the calendar (b.o. 46). SOSlUS (-i). (1) C, quaestor b.o. 66, and praetor in 49. He was afterwards one of An- tony's principal lienteiiauts in the East, and in 3T placed Herod upon the throne of Jeru- salem.— (2) The name of two brothers (Sosii), boolisellers at Rome in the time of Horace. SOSPITA (-ae), that is, the "saving god- dess," was a surname of Juno at Lannvmm aud at Rome, in both of which places she had a temple. SOSTHiTUS (-i), the son of Dexiphanea, of Cnidu3,was one of the great architects who llonvished during and after the life of Alex- ander the Great. SOTSR (-Oris), i.e. "the Saviour" (Lat. Ser- vator or Sosjies)^ occurs as the snrname of sev- eral divinities, especially of Zeus (Jupiter). It was also a suraame of Ptolemaeus 1., king of Egypt, as well as of several of the other later Greek kings. SOTTIATES or SOTIATES (-um); a power- ful and warlike people in Gallia Aquitanica, ou the frontiers of Gallia Karbonensis, were subdued by P. Crassus, Caesar's legate. SPARTA (-ae : Spnrtiates, Spartanns), also called LACEDABMON (Lacedaemonius), the capital of Laconia and the chief city of Pelo- ponnesus, was situated on the rl^ht bank of the Eurdtas (/ri), about 20 miles Irom the sea. It st.ood on a plain which contained within it several rising grounds and hills. It was bounded on the E. by the Eurotas, on the N.W. by the small river Oenus {Kdesina), and on the S.E. by the small river 'Tisia (Magula), both of which streams fell into the Eurotas. The plain in which Sparta stood was shut in on the E. by Mount Menelaium, and ou the W. by Mount Taygtitus; whence the city is called by Homer ''the hollow Lacedaemon." It was of a circular form, about 6 miles in cir- cumference, and consisted of several distinct quarters, which were originally separate vil- lages, and which were never united into one regular town. Its site is occupied by the modern villages of Jf(Xf7u(aand P/tykhiko; and the principal modern town in the neighbor- hood is Mistraj which lies about 2 miles to the W. on the slopes of Mount Taygfitus. During the flourishing times of Greek inde- pendence, Sparta was never surrounded by walls, since the bravery of its citizens, and the difficulty of access to it, were supposed to ren- der such defenses needless. It was first forti- fied by the tyrant Nabis ; but it did not pos- sess regular walls till the time of the Romans, Sparta, unlike most Greek cities, had no prop- er Acropolis, but this name was only given to one of the steepest hills of the town, on the summit of which stood the temple of Athena (Minerva) Poliuchos, or Chalcioecus. Sparta IS said to have been founded by Lacedaemon, a son of Zeus (Jupiter) and 'rnygete,who mar- ried Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, and call- ed the city after the name of his wife. In the mythical period, Argos was the chief city in Peloponnesus, and Sparta is represented as subject to it. Here reigned Menelaus, the younger brother of Agamemnon; and by the marrnige of Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, with Hermioue, the daughter of Menelaus, the two kingdoms of Argos and Sparta be- came united. The Dorian conquest of Pelo- ponnesus, which, according to tradition, took place 80 years after the Trojan war, made Sparta the capital of the country. Laconia fell to the share of Eurysthenes and Procles, the 2 sons of Aristodemus, who took up their residence at Sparta, and ruled over the king- dom conjointly. After the complete subju- gation of the country, we find three distinct classes in the population : the Dorian con- querors, who resided in the capital, and who were called Spartiatae or Spartans ; the Pe- rioeci, or old Achaean inhabitants, who be- came tributary to the Spartans, and possessed no political rights; ana the Helots, who were also a portion of the old Achaean inhabitants, but were reduced to a state of slavery. From various causes the Spartans became distracted by intestine quarrels, till at length Lycurgus, who belonged to the royal family, was selected by all parties to give a new constitution to the state. The constitution of Lycurgus,which is described in a sejjarate article [Lyodrgus], laid the foundation of Sparta's greatness. In j).o. 743 the Spartans attacked Messenia, and after two wars conquered it, and made it an integral portion of Laconia. CMessbnia.] After the close of the 2d Messenian war the Spartans continued their conquests in Pelo- ponnesns. At the time of the Persian inva- sion they obtained by unanimous consent the chief command in the war. But after the final defeat of the Persians the haughtiness of Pausanias disgusted most of the Greek states, particularly the lonians, and led them to transfer the supremacy to Athens (477). The Spartans, however, regained it by the over- throw of Athens in the Peloponnesian war (404). But the Spartans did not retain this supremacy more than 30 years. Their deci- sive defeat by the Thebans under Epaminon- das at the battle of Leuctra (371) gave the Spartan power a shock from which it never recovered ; and the restoration of the Mes- senians to their country 2 years afterwards completed the humiliation of Sparta. About 30 years afterwards the greater part of Greece was obliged to yield to Philip of Macedon. The Spartans, however, kept haughtily aloof from the Macedonian conqueror, and refused to take part in the Asiatic expedition of his son Alexander the Great. Under the later Macedonian monarchs the power of Sparta still further declined. Agis endeavored to restore the ancient institutions of Lycurgns ; but he perished in the attempt (240). Cleo- meues III., who began to reign in 286, was more successful. His reforms infused new blood into the state; and for a short time he carried on war with success against the SPARTACUS. 375 STATILIUS TAURUS. Achaeans. But his defeat in 221 was followed by the capture of Sparta, which now sank iuto iu significance, ana was at length compelled to join the Achaean League. Shortly after- wards it fell, with the rest of Greece, under the Homan power. SPARTiCUa (-i), by birth a Thraclan, was Buccessively a shepherd, a soldier, and a chief of banditti. On one of his predatory expe- ditious he was taken prisoner, and sold to u trainer of gladiators. In 73 he was a member of the company ofLentulus, and was detained in his school at Capua, in readiness for the games at Rome. He persuaded his fellow- prisoners to make an attempt to gain their n-eedom. About 70 of them oroke out of the school of Lentulus, and took refuge in the crater of Vesuvius. Spartacus was chosen leader, and was soon joined by a number of runaway slaves. They were blockaded by C. Claudius Pnlcher at the head of 3000 men, but Spartacus attacked the besiegers and put them to flight His numbers rapidly increased, and for 2 years . 79, when it was overwhelmed along with Pompeii and Herculanenm. It was at Stabiae that the elder Pliny perished. STAGIRUS (-i), subsequently STAGIRA (-ae: Stavro)j a town of Macedonia, in Chal- cidice, on the Stryraonic gulf, aud a little N. of the isthmus which unites the promontory of Athos to Chalcidice. It was a colony of Andros, was founded b.o. 656, aud was origi- nally called Orthagoria. It is celebrated as the birthplace of Aristotle. STASiNUS (-i), of Cyprus, au epic poet, to whom some of the ancient writers attributed the poem of the Epic Cycle, entitled Cypria, and embracing tbe period antecedent to the Hiad. STXTiELLI (-omm), STXTIELLITES, or STiTlBLLENSES (-ium), a small tribe in LigurJa, S. of the Po, whose chief town was Statiellae Aquae {Acqui)j on the road from Genoa to Placentia. STJtTlLlA MESSALTNA. [Mesbalina.3 STATILIUS TAURUS. [Taurus.] STATIRA. 376 STOECHADES. STATSEA (-ae). (1) Wife of Artaxerzes 11., king of Persia, was poisoned by Pary- satis, the mother of the king.— (2) Sister and wife of Darins III., celebrated as the most beautiful woman of her time. She was taken prisoner by Alexander, together with her mother-in-law Si^y^arabis, and her daughters, after the battle of'^Issus, b.o. 333. They were all treated with the utmost respect by the conqueror ; but Statira died shortly before the battle of Arbela, 331.— (3) Also called Barbine, elder daughter of Darius III. [Babsinb.] STATiUS.(-i), P. PAPINSUS, was born at NeapoHs about a.i>. 61, and was the son of a distingaished grammarian. He accompanied his father to Rome, where the latter acted as the preceptor of Domitian, who held him in high honor. Under the skillful tuition of his father, the young Statins speedily rose to fame, and became peculiarly renowned for the brilliancy ofhis extemporaneous effusions, 80 that he gained the prize three times in the Alban contests; but having, after a long ca- reer of popularity, been vanquished in the quinquennial games, he retired to Neapolis, the place of his nativity, along with his wife Claudia, whose virtues he frequentljr com- memorates. Hediedabont A.i). 96. His chief work is the ThebaiSj a heroic poem, in 12 books, on the expedition of the Seven against Thebes. There is also extant a collection of his miscellaneous poems, in 5 books, under the title oi Silvae; and an unfinished poem called the Achilleis. Statins may justly claim the praise of standing in the foremost rank among the heroic poets of the Silver Age. STATOnSA (-ae), a town in Etrnria, and a Roman praefectura, on the river Albinia, and on the Lacns Statoniensis. STXTOR (-oris), a Roman surname of Ju- piter, describing him as staying the Romans in their flight ft-om an enemy, and generally as preserving the existing order of things. STENTOR (-6ri8), a herald of the Greeks in the Trojan war, whose voice was as loud as that of 50 other men together. STENTORIS LiCUS. [HebktjbO STfiNYCLKRUS (-i), a town in the N. of Messenia, which was the residence of the Do- rian kings of the country. STEPHAnUS (-i), of Byzantium, the author of the geographical lexicon, entitled Ethnica (of which, unfortunately, we possess only an epitome). Stephanna was a grammarian at Constantinople, and lived after the time of Arcadius and Honorius, and before that of Justinian II. His work was reduced to an epitome by a certain Herraolaus, who dedi- cated bis abridgment to the emperor Justin- ian II. STEROpE (-es), one of the Pleiads, wife of Oenomaus and daughter of Hippodamla. STfiROPES. [Cyolopbb.] STESiCHORUS (-i), of Himgpa,in Sicily, a celebrated Greek poet, contemporary with Sappho, Alcaeus, Pittficus, and Phalaris, is said to have been born n.o, G32, to have flour- ished about 608, and to have died in 652, at the age of 80. Stesichorus was one of the 9 chiefs of lyric poetry recognized by the an- cients. He stands, with Alcman, at the head of one branch of the lyric art, the choral po- etry of the Dorians. STESIMBROTUS (-i), of Thasos, a rhapso- dist and historian in the time of Cimou and Pericles, who is mentioned with praise by Plato and Xenophon. STHfiNEBOEA (-ae), called ANTEA by many writers, was a daughter of the Lj'ciau king lobates, and the wife of Proetus. CBei^ LEBOPHONTKS,] STHENfiLUS (-i). (1) Sou of Perseus and Andromeda, king of Mycenae, and husband of Nicippe, by whom he became the father of AlcinSo, Medusa, and Eurystheus.— (2) Son of Androgeos, and grandson of Minos. He accompanied Hercules from Pares on his ex- pedition against the Amazons, and, together with his brother Alcaeus, he was appointed by Hercules ruler of Thasos. — (3) Sou of Actor, likewise a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. — (4) Son of Capaneus and TEvadne.was one of the Bpig- 6ni, by whom Thebes was taken, and com- manded the Argives under Diomedes in the Trojan war, being the faithful friend and com- panion of Diomedes.— (6) Father of Cycnus, who was metamorphosed into a swan. Hence we find the swan called by Ovid Stheneleie volucris and Stheiieleia protes.—ffi) A tragic poet, contemporary with Aristophanes, who attacked him in the Wasps. STHENO. [Gougones.] STILICHO (-oniB), son ofa Vandal captain, became one of the most distinguished gen- erals of Theodosius T., on whose death he be- came the real ruler of the West under the emperor Houorius, He was put to death at Ravenna in 408, STILO (-6nis),L.AELlUS PRAECONINUS, a celebrated Roman grammarian, one of the teachers of Varro and Cicero. STILPO (-onis), a celebrated philosopher, was a native of Megara, and taught philoso- phy in his native town. He is said to have surpassed his contemporaries in inventive power and dialectic art, and to have inspired almost all Greece with a devotion to the Me- garian philosophy. STiMtTLA (-ae), the name of Semele, ac- cording to the pronunciation of the Ro- mans. STOBAEUS (-i), JOANNES, derived his surname apparently from being a native of Stobi in Macedonia. Of his personal history we know nothing. Stobaeus was a man of extensive reading, in the course of which he noted down the most interesting passages ; and to him we are Indebted for a large pro- portion of the fragments that remain of^the, lost works of poets. STOBI (-ornm), a town of Macedonia, and the most important place in the district Paeo- nia, was probably situated on the river Erigon, N. of ThcBsalonica, and N.E. of Hcraclea. It was made a Roman colony and a municipium, and under the later emperors was the capital of the province Macedonia II. or Salutans. STOECHADES (-um) INStJLAE {Isles d^HUres)j a group of 5 small islands in the STOENI. 377 SUADA. Mediterranean, off tbe coast of Gallia Nar- bonenais, and E. of Maasilia. STOENI (-orum), a Liguvian people, in the Maritime Alps, conquered by Q. Marcius Res zi-o. 118. ^ STRXBO (-onis), a cognomen in many Ro- man gentes, signified a person who squinted, and is accordinglyclassedwithPcwitifi, though the latter word did not indicate such a com- plete distortion of vision as Strabo. STRABO, the geographer, was a native of Amasia, in Pontus. The date of his birth is nnknown, but may perhaps be placed about B.o. 54. He lived during the whole of the reign of Augustus, and dnrin^ the early part, at least, of the reign of Tiberius. He is sup- posed to have died about a.d. 24. He lived some yenis at Rome, and also traveled much In various countries. We learn from his own work that he was with his friend Aelius Gal- lus in Egypt in u.o. 24. He wrote an histor- ical work in 43 books, which is lost. It began where the history of Polybius euded, and was probably continued to the battle of Actium. He also wrote a work on Geography (rew- 7pa^tKd), in 17 books, which has .come down to us entire, with the exception of the 7th, of which we have only a meagre epitome. Strabo's work^ according to his own expres- sion, was not intended for the use of all per- sons: it was designed for all who had had a good education, and particularly for those who were engaged in the higher departments of administration. His work forms a striking contrast with the geography of Ptolemy, and the dry list of names, occasionally relieved by something added to them, in the geographic- al portion of the Natural History of Pliny. STRABO SEIUS. [Sejanus.] STRXTON (-onis), sou of Arcesllaus, of Lampsacus, was a distinguished peripatetic philosopher, and the tutor of Ptolemy Phila- delphus. He succeeded Theophrastus as head of the school in b.o. 288, and, after presiding over it 18 years, was succeeded by Lycou. He devoted hiniself especially to the study of natural science, whence he obtained the appellation of Physicus, STRiTONlCE (-5s), daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes and Fhila, the daughter of An- tipater. In n.o. 300, at which time she could not have been more than 17 years of age, she was married to Seleucus, king of Syria. Not- withstanding the disparity of their ages, she lived in harmony with the old king for some years, when it was discovered that her step- son Antiochus was deeply enamored of her, and Seleucus, in order to save the life of his son, which was endangered by the violence of his passion, gave up Stratonice in marriage to the young prince. STRiTONlCSA <-ae: Eeki-Hisar, Rii.), one of the chief inland cities of Caria, bniit , by Antiochus I. Soter, who fortified it strong- ly, and named it in honor of his wife Stratoni- ce. It stood B. of Mylasa and S. of Alabanda, near the river Marsyas, a S. tributary of the Maeander. Under the Romans it was a free city. STRATUS (-i : Nr. Lepenu or Lepanon^ Ru.)j the chief town in Acarnania, 10 stadia W. of the Achelous. Its territory was called Stratioe. STROPHiUES (-urn) INStLAE, former- ly called Plotae {Strofadia and Strivali), 2 islands in the Ionian sea, off the coast of Messenin and S. of Zacynthus. The Harpies were pursued to these islands by the sons of Boreas ; and it was from the circumstance of the latter returning from these ishmds after the pursuit that they are supposed to have obtained the name of Strophades. STROPHiUS (-i), king of Phocis, son of Crissus aiid Antiphatia, and husband of Cy- dragora, Anaxibia, or Astyochia, by whom he became the father of Astydamia and Pylades. [Orestes.] STRTMON (-onis: Struma, called by the Turks Karasu)j an important river in Mace- donia, forming the boundary between that country and Thrace down to the time ofPhilip. It rose in Mount Scomius, flowed first S. and then S.E., passed through the lake Prasias, and, immediately S. of Amphipolis, fell into a bay of the Aegaean sea, called after it Stry- MONiooB Sinus. STYMPHALIDES. [StYMPnALns.] STYMPHALUS (-i), a town in the N.B. of Arcadia, the territory of which was bounded on the N. by Achuia, on the E.. by Sicyonia and Phliasia, on the S. by the territory of Mautiuea, and on the W. by that of Orcho- meims and Pheneus. The town itself was situated on a mountain of the same name, and on the N. side of the lake Stvmphalis {Zaraka)y on which dwelt, according to tradi- tion, the celebrated birds, called Stymphali- DEs, destroyed by Hercules. STYRA (-orum : Stura), a town in Euboea on the S.W. coast, not far from Carystus, and nearly opposite Marathon in Attica. STYX (-ygis), connected with the verb iTTUf^a, to hate or abhor, is the name of the principal river in the nether world, around which it flows 7 times. Styx is described as a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. As a nymph she dwelt at the entrance of Hades, in a lofty grotto which was supported by silver coUimns. As a river, Styx is described as a branch of Oceanus, flowing from its 10th source; and the river Cocytus again is a branch of the Styx. By Pallas, Styx became the mother of Zelus (zeal), Nice (victory), Bia (strength), and Cratos (power). She was the first of all the immortals who took her children to Zeus (Jupiter), to assist him against the Titans; and, in return for this, her children were allowed forever to live with Zeus, and Styx herself became the divinity by whom the most solemn oaths were sworn. When one of the gods had to take an oath by Styx, Iris fetched a cup full of water from the Styx, and the god, while taking the oath, poured out the water. STYX {Mam'Or-neria), a river in the N. of Arcadia, near Nonacris, descending from a high rock, and falling into the Crathis. SUADA (-ae), the Roman personification of persuasion, the Greek Pitho (xiei^iit), also called by the diminutive Sttadela, SUBLAQUEUM. 378 StJLLA. SUBLiQtJEUM ^-i : Subiaco), a small town of the Aequi in Latium, on the Anio, near its Bource. SUBLICIUS PONS, the oldest of the bridges at Rome, said to bare been built by Ancus Martins. It was of wood (Swfti'lcae ; piles) ; and being often carried away by the noods, was always to the latest period rebuilt of that mateiial, from a feeling of religious respect S'OBtTRA or SUBUREA (-ae), a populous district of Rome, comprehending the valley between the Esquiliue, Quirinal, and Vimiual. SpCRO (-onis). (1) (Xucar), a river In His- Sania Tarraconensis, rising in a S. branch of [ount Idubeda in the territorj; of the Celti- beri, and falling S. of Valentia into a gulf of the Mediterranean called after it Sinus Sucro- nensis (Gulf of Valencia).— (2) (,CuUera), a town of the Edetani in Hispania Tarraco- nensis, on the preceding river, and between the Iberus and Carthago Nova. StTESSA AURUNCA (-ae : Seem), a town of the Auninci in Latium, E. of the Via Appia, between Minturnae and Teanum, on the W. slope of Mount Massicus. It was the birth- place of the poet Lucilius. StfBSSA POMSTIA (-ae), also called POMETlA simply, an ancient and important town of the-Volsci in Latium^ S. of JPorum Appii, taken by Tarquinins Priscns. It was one of the 23 cities situated in the plain after- wards covered by the Pomptine Marshes, which are said indeed to have derived their name from this town. SUESSET5.NI(-iirum),apeople in Hispania Tarraconensis, mentioned m connection with the Edetani, SUESSISNES or STTESSONES (-nm), a powerful people in Gallia Belgica, who were reckoned the bravest of all the Belgic Gauls after the Bellovaci, and who could briugBO.OOO men into the field in Caesar's time. The Suessiones dwelt in an extensive and fertile country E.oftheBellovaci.S.of the Veroman - dui, and W. of the Remi. They possessed 12 towns, of which the capital was Noviodunum, subsequently Augusta Suessonum or Snesso- nes ISoiesons). StfESStJLA (-ae : Torre di Sesaola), a town in Samnium, on the southern slope of Mount Tifata. SUETONIUS PAULINUS. [Patilinus.] SUETONIUS (-i), TRANQUILLUS, C, the Roman historian, was born about the begin- ning of the I'eign of Vespasian, and practiced as an advocate at Rome m the reign of Traj an. He lived on Intimate terms with the younger Pliny, many of whose letters are addressed to him. At the request of Pliny, Trajan granted to Suetonius the jue trimn liberorti/m, for, though he was married, he had not 3 children, which number was necessary to relieve him from various legal disabilities. Suetonius was afterwards appointed private secretai'y (Magister Epistolarum) to Hadrian, but was deprived of this office by the emperor, along with Septicius Clams, the praefect of the Praetorians, on the ground of associating with Sabina, the emperor's wife, without his permission. His chief work is his Lives of the Caesars. Suetonius does not follow the chronological order in his Lives, but groups together many things of the same kind. His language is very brief and precise, sometimes obscure, without any affectation of oraament. The treatise De illusiribus Grammaticia and that oSDe Claris Rli£toribu8 are probably only Sarts of a larger work. The only other pro- uctions of Suetonius still extant are a few lives of Roman authors. SUEVI (-orum), one of the greatest and most powerful peoples of Germany, or, more properly speaking, the collective name of a great numoer of German tribes, who were grouped together on account of their migra- tory mode of life, and spoken of in opposition to the more settled tribes, who went under the general name of Ingaevones. The Suevi are described by all the ancient writers as oc- cupying the greater half of all Germany ; but the accounts vary respecting the part of the conntry which they inhabited. SUIDAS (-ae), a Greek lexicographer, of whom nothing is known. The Lexicon of Suidas, though without merit as to its execu- tion, is valuable both f(n' the literary history of antiquity, for the explanation of words, and for the citations from many ancient writers. SUIONES (-nm), the general name of all the German tribes inhabiting Scandinavia. SULLA (-ae), the name of a patrician family of the Cornelia gens.— (1) P., great-grand- father of the dictator Sulla, and grandson of P. Cornelius Rufinns, who was twice consul in the Samuite wars. CRufinus, Cornelius.] His father is not mentioned. He was llamcii dialis, and likewise praetor urbanus and pere- grinus in it.o. 212, wnen he presided over the first celebration of the Ludt Apollinares — (2) L., suinamed Fei.ix, the dictator, was born in i).o. 138. Although his father left him only a small property, his means were sulflcient to secure for him a good education. He studied the Greek and Roman literature with dili- gence and success, and appears early to have imbibed that love for literature and art by which he was distinguished throughout life. At the same time he prosecuted pleasure with equal ardor, and his yonth, as well as his man- hood, was disgraced by the most sensual vices. He was quaestor in 107,when he eei-ved under Marine in Africa, and displajred both zeal and ability iu the discharge of his duties. Sulla continued to serve uiider Marius with great distinction in the campaigns against the Cim- bri and Teutones; but Marius becoming jeal- ous of the rising fame of his officer, Sulla left Marius in 102, and took a command under the colleague of Marius, Q. Catulus.who iu trusted the chief management of the war to Sulla. Sulla now returned to Rome, where he ap- pears to have lived quietly for some years. He was praetor in 93, and in the following^ year (92) was sent as propraetor into Cilicin, ' with special orders from the senate to restore Ariobarzanes to his kingdom of Cappadocia, from which he had been expelled by Mithri- dates. Snlla met with complete success. He defeated Gordius, the general of Mithridatea, SULLA. 379 SULPICIA. in Cappadocia, and placed Ariobavzanes on. the throne. The enmity between Marins and Sallanowassumeda more deadly form. Sa11a*B ability and increasing reputation had already led the aristocratical party to look up to him as one of their leaders, and thus political ani- mosity was added to private hatred ; but the breaking out of the Social war hushed all pri- vate quarrels for the time, Marius and Sulla both took an active part in the war against the common foe. But Harius was now ad- vanced in years ; and he had the deep morti- tlcation of finding that his achievements wero thrown into the shade by the superior energy of his rival. Sulla gained some brilliant vic- tories over the enemy, and took Bovianum, the chief town of the Samnites. He was elected consul for 83, and received from the senate the command of the Mithridatic war. The events which followed — his expnlsiou from Rome by Marins, his return to the city at the head of his legions, and the proscrip- tion of Marius and his leading adherents — are related in the life of Marins. Sulla re- ■ mained at Rome till the end of the year, and set out for Greece at the beginning of 87, in order to carry on the war against Mithridates^ After driving the generals of Mithridates out of Greece, Sulla crossed the Hellespont, and early in 84 concluded a peace with the king of Pontus. Sulla now prepared to retani to Italy, where during his absence the Marian f)arty had obtained the ascendency. After eaving his legate, L. Licinius Mtvrena, in command of the province of Asia, with two legions, he set sail with his own army to Athens. While preoaring for his deadly struggle in Italy, he did not lose his interest in literature. He carried with him from Athens to Rome the valnable library of Apel- licon of TeoB, which contained most of the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus. [Apel- LiooN.] He landed at Brundusium in the spring of 83. The Marian party far outnum- bered him in troops, and had every prospect of victory. By bribery and promises, how- ever. Sulla gained over a large number of the Marian soldiers, and he persuaded many of the Italian towns to espouse his cause. In the field his efforts were crowned by equal success ; and he was ably supported by several of the Roman nobles. In the following year (82) the struggle was brought to a close by the decisive battle gained by Sulla over the Samnites and Lucaiiiana under Pontius Tele- sinus before the Colline gate of Rome, This. victory was followed by the surrender of Praeneste and the death of the younger Ma- riua,who had taken refuge in this town. Snlla was now master of Rome and Italy; and he resolved to take the most ample vengeance upon his enemies, and to extirpate the popu- lar party. One of his first acts was to draw up a list of his enemies who were to be ^it to death, called a Proacriptio. Terror now reigned, not only at Rome, but throughout Italy. Fresb lists of the proscribed constant- ly appeared. No one was safe ; for Sulla gratified his friends by placing in the fatal fists their personal enemies, or persons whose property was coveted by his adherents. At the commencementof these horrors Sulla had U been appointed dictator for as long a time as he judged to be necessary, during which pe- riod he endeavored to restore the power of the aristocracy and senate, and to diminish that of the peoplfe. At the beginning of 81 he celebrated a splendid triumim on account of his victory over Mithridates. In order to strengthen his power, Sulla established mili- tary colonies throughout Italy : 23 legions, or, according to another statement, 47 legions, re- ceived grants of land in various parts of Italy. Sulla likewise created at Rome a kind of body- guard for lis protection, by giving the citizen- ship to a great number of slaves, who had be- longed to persons proscribed by him. The slaves thus rewarded are said to have beeii as many as 10,000, and were called Cornelii after him as their patron. After holding the dictatorship till the beginning of 79, Sulla re- signed this office, to the sumrise of all classes. He retired to his estate at Puteoli, and there, surrounded by the beauties of nature and art, he passed the remainder of his life in those literary and sensual enjoyments in which he had always taken so mnch pleasure. His dis- solute mode of life hastened his death. The immediate cause of his death was the rupture of a blood-vessel; but some time before he had been suffering from the disgusting dis- ease which is known in modern times by the name of Morbus Pediculosus, or Phthiriasis. He died in 78, in the 60th year of his age.— (3) Faustub, son of the dictator by his fourth wife, Caecilia Metella, and a twin brother of Paasta,wa8 born not long before 88^the year in which his father obtained his first consul- ship. Faustus accompanied Pompey into Asia, and was the first who mounted the walls of the Temple of Jerusalem in 63. In 60 he exhibited the gladiatorial games which his father in his last will had enjoined ui)oii him. In 64 he was quaestor. He married Pompey's daughter, and aided with his father- in-law in the civil war. He was present at th% battle of Pharsalia, and subsequently joined the leaders of his party in Africa. After the battle of Thapsus, in 46, he at- tempted to escape into Mauretania, but was taken prisoner by P. Sittius, and carried to Caesar. Upon his arrival in Caesar's camp he was murdered by the soldiers in a tumult. — (4) P., nephew of the dictator was elected consul along with P. Autronius Paetus for the year 05, but neither he nor his colleague en- tered upon the office, as they were accused of bribery by L. Torquatus the younger, and con- demned. It was currently believed that Sulla was privy to both of Catiline's conspiracies. In the civil war Snlla espoused Caesar's cause. He served under him as legate in Greece, and commanded along with Caesar himself the right wing at the battle of Pharsalia (48). He died in 45. — (5) SEBV.,brothe. of No. 4, took part in both of Catiline's conspiracies. SULMO (-onis). (1) (SulTnona)^ a town of the Peligni in the country of the Sabines, cele- brated as the birthplace of Ovid.— (2) (Sermo- iieta)j an ancient town of the Volsci in La- tium, 01^ the XJfens. SULPlCtA (-ae), a Roman poetess who flourished towards the close of the 1st cent- SULPICIUS GALEA. 380 SYGAMBRI. ury, celebrated for Bundry amatory effusions, addressed to her husband Calcnus. SULPICIUS GALEA. [Galba.] SULPICIUS EtJFUS (-i). (1) P., one of the most distinguished orators of his time, was born b.o. 124. lu 93 he was quaestor, and in 89 he served as legate of the consul Cu. Pompeius Strabo in the Marsic war. In 88 he was elected to the tribunate; but he deserted the ariatocratical party, and joined MariuB. When Sulla marched upon Rome at the head of his army, Marins and Sulpicius took to flight. Marius succeeded in making his esca]>e to Africa, bat Sulpicius was dis- covered in a villa, and put to death.— (2) P., probably son or grandson of the last, was one of Caesar's legates in Gaul and in the civil war. He was praetor in 48.— (3) Sebv., with the surname Lemonia, indicating the tribe to which he belonged, was a contemporary and friend of Cicero, and of about the same age. He became one of the best Jurists as well as most eloquent orators of his age. He was quaestor of the district of Ostia in 74 ; curule aedile in 69; praetor in 65; and consul in SI with M. Claudius Marcellus. He appears to have espoused Caesar's side in the civil war, and was appointed by Caesar proconsul of Acbaia (46 or 45). He died in 43 in the camp of M. Antony, having been sent by the eenate on a mission to Antony, who was be- sieging Sec. Brutus in Mutina. Snlpicins wrote a great number of legal works. SUMM5.NUS (-i), a derivative foi-m from stmimua, the highest, an ancient Koman or Btruacan divinity, who was of equal or even of higher rank than Jupiter. As Jupiter was the god of heaven in the bright day, so Sum- manus was the god of the nocturnal heaven, and hurled his thunderbolts during the night. Summanus bad a temple at Home near the Circus Maximus. SENIUM <-i: C. Colonnt), a celebrated promontory forming the S. extremity of At- tica, with a town of the same name npon it. Here wua a splendid temple of Athena, ele- vated 300 feet above the sea, the columns of which are still extant, and have given the modern name to the promontory. SUEENAS, the' general of the Parthians, who defeated Crassns in b.o. 54. [Cbasbub.] StJpERUM MXRE. [Adbia.] SURRENTUM (-i: Sorrento), an ancient town of Campania, opposite Caprea«, and situated on the promontory {ProTn. Minervae) separating the Sinus Paestanus from the Sinus Puteolanus. StJSA (-orum: O.T. Shuaan: Sftt«, En.), the winter residence of the Persian kings, stood in the district Cissia of the province Susiana, on the eastern bank of the river Choaspes. StTSiRlSN (-onis), to whom the origin of the Attic Comedy is ascribed, was a-native of Megara, whence he removed Into Attica, to the village of Icaria, a place celebrated as a seat of the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus). The Meptaiic Comedy appears to have flourished, in its full development, about u.o. 600 and on- wards; and it was introduced by Susarion into Attica between 580-564. StTSIiNAB (-ae or es) or Sfl^SIS (-idis : nearly corresponding to Kkuzistan), one of the chief provinces ui the ancient Persian em- pire, lay between Babylonia and Persis, and between Mount Parachoatras and the head of the Persian gulf. In this last direction its coast extended from the junction of the Euphrates with the Tigris to about the month of the river Oroatis (STot). It was divided from Perais on the S.E. and E. by a mountain- ous tract, inhabited by independent tribes, who made even the kings of Persia pay them for a safe passage. On the N. it was separa- ted from Great Media by Mount Charbanus ; on the W. from Assyria by an imaginary line drawn S. from near the Median pass in Mount Zagros to the Tigris ; and from Babylonia by the Tigris itself. SUTRIUM (-i: 5««ri),.an ancient town of Btruria on the B. side of the Saltus Ciminins, and on the road from Vulsinii to Rome, mads a Roman colony in n.o. 383. SifBiElS (-is). (1) {Cosctle or Sibari), a river in Lucania, flowing by the city of the same name, and falling into the Crathis — (2) A celebrated Greek town in Lucania, was sit- uated between the rivers Sybaris and Crathis, at a short distance from the Tarentiue gull^ and near the confines of Bruttium. It was founded b.o. 720 b3r Achaeana and Troezen* ians, and soon attained an extraordinary de* free of prosperity and wealth. Its inhabitants ecame so notorious for their love of luxury and pleasure that their name was employed to indicate any voluptuary. S1?B0TA (-onim ; Syvota), a, number of small islands olTthe coast of Epirus, and op- posite the promontory Leucimne in Corcyra, with a harbor of the same name on the main- land. 8TCHAEUS or SICHAEUS (-i), also called ACBRBAS. [AoEBBAS.] SifBNS (-B8! .4e«o?«in, Rn.), acltyofUpper Egypt on the E. bank of the Nile, just below the First Cataract It was an important point in the astronomy and geography of the an- cients, as it lay just under the tropic of Can- cer, and was therefore chosen as the place through which they drew their chief parallel of latitude. SYENNfiSIS, a common name of the kings •of Cilicia. Of these the most important are : (1) A king of Cilicia, who joined with Labyne- tus (Nebuchadnezzar) in mediating between Cyaxares and Alyattes, the kings respective- ly of Media and Lydia, probably in b.o. 610. T— (2) Contemporary with Barins Hystaspis, to whom he was tributary. His daughter was married to Pixodoius (3) Contempora- ry*with Artaxerxes II. (Mnemon), ruled over Cilicia when the younger Cyrus marched through his country in his expedition against his brother Artaxerxes. StGAMBRI, StJGAMBRI, SIGAMBRI, S¥CAMBRI,orSlCAMBRI(-orum),oneofthe most powerful peoples of Germany at an early time, belonged to the Istaevones, and dwelt originally N. of the Ubii on the Rhine, from SYI.LA. 381 SYRACUSAE. whence they spread towards the N. as far as the Lippe. They were conquered by Tiberius in the reign of Angfustus. Shortly afterwards they disappear from history, and are not men- tioned again till the time of Ptolemy, who ijlaces them much farther N., close to the Brncteri and the Langobardi, somewhere be- tween the Vecht and the Yesel. At a still later period we find them forming an impor- tant part of the confederacy known under the name of Franci. SYLLA. [Sulla.] SYLVANUS. [Silvanus.] SYLVIUS. [Sii.vius.] SYMAETHUS C-i: Giaretta), a river on the E. coast of Sicily and at the foot of Mount Aetna, forming the boundary between Leon- lini and Catana. SYMS (-SB), a small island off the S.W. coast of Oaria, lay in the mouth of the Sinus Doridis to the W. of the promontory of Cyuos- sema, SYMMXCHUS (-i), Q. AURELIUS, a dis- tinguished scholar, statesman, and orator in the latter half of the 4th century of the Chris- tian aera, remarkable for his zeal in upholding the ancient pagan religion of Rome. He was proconsul of Afi-ica in 373 ; and in 391 Theo- dosins raised him to the-consnlship. Of his works there are still extant 10 books of epis- tles and some fragments of orations. SYNNXDA (-ae), also SYNNAS i-M\s: 'prob. Afiour-Kara-Himr, Ru.), a city In the N. of Phrygia Salutaris, at first inconsiderable, but afterwards a place of much importance, and from the time of Constautiue the capital of Phrygia Salutaris. SYPHAX (-acis), king of the Massaesylians, the W.-moBt tribe of the Nuraidians. His history is related in the life of his contempo- rary and rival, Masimibsa. Syphax was taken prisoner by Masinissa, b.o. 203, and was sent oy Scipio, under the charge of Laelius, to Rome, where he died shortly after. STRiCrSAB (-arum : Siracusa in Italian, Syracuse in English), the wealthiest and most populous town in Sicily, was situated on the S. part of the E. coast, 400 stadia N. of the promontory Plemmyvium, and 10 stadia N.E. of the mouth of the river Anapus, near the lake or marsh called Syracoj from which it derived its name. It was founded b.o. 734, one year after the foundation of Naxos, by a colony of Corinthians and other Dorians, led by Archias the Corinthian. The town was originally conilned to the island Ortygia, lying immediately ofi" the coast; but it afterwards spread over the neighboring mainland, and at the time of its greatest extension, under the elder Dionysins, it consisted of 5 distinct towns, namely, Obtygia, often called simply the Iblanp, in which was the fountain of Arethusa, Aohradina, Tycuk, Nkapolib, and Bpipolab. After Epipolae had been added to the city, the circumference of Syracuse was 180 stadia, or upwards of 22 English miles; and the entire population of the city is sup- posed to have amounted to BOO.OOO souls at the time of its greatest prosperity.— Syracuse had 2 harbors. The Great Harbor, still called Porto Magfjiore, is a splendid bay, about 6 miles in circumference, formed by the island Orty- gia and the promontory Plemmyrium. Tno Small Harbor, also called Laccuut, lying be- tweeu Ortygia and Achradiua, was capacious enough to receive a large fleet of ships of war. — There were several stone quarries (Eautu- miae) in Syracuse, which are frequently men- tioned by ancient writers, and in which the unfortunate Athenian prisoners were con- fined. On one side of these quarries is the remarkable excavation called the Ear of Dionysius, in which it is said that this tyrant confined the persons whom he suspected, and that he was able from a little apartment above to overhear the conversntion of his captives. This tale, however, is clearly an invention. — Coin of Syracuse. The modem city of Syracuse is confined to the island. The remaining quarters of the ancient city are now uninhabited, and their position marked only by a few ruins. Of these the most important are the remains of the great theatre, and of an amphitheatre of the Roman period. — The government of Syr* acuse was originally an aristocracy, and aft- erwards a democracy, till Gelon made him- self tyrant or sovereign of Syracuse, n.o. 4S5. ' Under his rule and that of his brother Hieron, Syracuse was raised to an unexampled degree of wealth and prosperity. Hieron died in 467, and was succeeded by his brother Thrasybii- luB : but the rapacity and craelty of the lati er soon provoked a revolt among his subjects, which led to his deposition and the establish- ment of a deniocratical form of government. SYRIA DEA. 382 SYRIAE PORTAE. The next most important event in the history of Synicuse was the siege of the city by the Athenians, which eudud in the total destruc- tion of the great Athenian armament in 413. The democracy continued to exist in Syracuse ■till 406, when the elder Dionysius made him- self tyrant of the city. After a long anA pros- perous reign he was succeeded iu 367 by his son, the youn§;er Dionysiua, who was finally expelled by Timoleou in 343. A republican form of government was nmnn estaolished ; bnt it did not last long ; ana in 31T Syri\cuse fell under the sway of Agathocles. This ty- rant died in 289 ; and the city being disti-acted by factions, the Syracnsans voluntarily con- ferred the supreme power upon Hieron II., with the title of king, in 270. Hieron cultiva- ted friendly relations with the Komans; but on his death in 216, at the advanced age of 92, his grandson Hieronymus, who succeeded him, espoused the side of the Carthaginians. A Koman army under Marcellus was sent against Syracuse ; and after a siege of 2 years, during which Archimedes assisted his felUnv- citizeus by the construction of various engines of war [Akouimbdes], the city was takeu by Marcellus iu 212, Prom this time Syracuse became a towu of the Bomau province of Sicily. SlfRlA DEA (-ae), "the Syrian goddess," a name by which the Syrian Astarte or Aphro- dite (Venus) is sometimes designated. There can be no doubt that the worship of Aphrodite came from the East to Cyprus, and thence was cai-ried into the south of Greece. SYRiA (-ae: in Aramaean Surja: Soristan, Av&h. JSsh-ShaTrij i. e. the land on the left, Syria)y a country of W. Asia, lying along the E. end of the Mediterranean Sea, between Asia Minor and Egypt. In a wider sense the word was used for the whole tract of country bound- ed by the Tigris on the E., the mountains of Armenia and Cilicia on the N., the Mediter- ranean on the W., and the Arabian Desert on the S. ; the whole of which was peopled by the Aramaean branch of the great Semitic (or Syro-Arabian) race, and is included in the O. T. under the name of Aram. The people were of the same races, and those of the N. of the Taurus in Cappadocia and Ptmtus are called White Syrians [Lrucobybi], in contra- distinction to the people of darker complexion iu Syria Proper, who are sometimes even called Black Syrians (Su^o* fieXavec). Even when the name of Syria is used in its ordinary nar- rower sense, it is often confounded with As- syiia, which only diifers from Syria by having the definite article prefixed. Again, in the narrower sense of the name, Syria still in- cludes two districts which are often considered as not belonging to it, namely, Puoenice and Pat-bsj'ine, and a third which is likewise oft- en considered separate, namely, Coelesyria. ; but this last is generally reckoned a part of Syria. In this narrower sense, then, Syria was bounded on the w;. (beginning fron\ the S.) by Mount Hermon, at the S. end of Anti- Libauus, which separated it from Palestine, by the range of Libanus, dividing it from Phoe- uice, by the Mediterranean, and by Mouut Amanu?, which divided it from Cilicia; on the N. ^where it bordered on Cappadocia) by the mam chain of Mount l^aurus, almost exactly along the parallel of 38° N. lat., and striking the Euphrates just below Juliopolis, and con- siderably above Samosata: hence the Euphra- tes forms theB. boundary, dividing Syria, first from a very small portion of Armenia, and then from Mesopotamia, to about or beyond the 36th parallel of N. Int., whence the S.E. and S. boundaries, towards Babylonia and Arabia, in the Great Desert, are exceedingly indefinite. [Cora. Abauia.] The W. part of the S. boundary ran just below Damascus, being formed by the highlands of Trachonitis. The W. part of the country was intersected by a series of mountains, running S. from the Taurus, under the names of Amanub, Pieria Casius, Bargylits, and Libanus and Anti- LiiJAKUS ; and the N. part, between the Ama- nus and the Euphrates.was also mountainous. The chief river of Syria was the Oboktes, and the smaller rivers Cualus and Chuysohchoas were also of importance. In the earliest his- torical period, Syria contained a number of independent kingdoms, of which Damascus was the most powerful. These were subdued by David, but became again independent at the end of Solomon's reign ; till Tiglath-Pile- ser,king of Assyria, took Damascus and prob ably conquered all Syria, about «. 0.740. .Hav- ing been a part successively of the Assyr' ian, Babylonian, Persian, and Macedonian em piresjit fell, after the battle of Ipsus (n.o. 301), to the share of Seleucus Nicator, and formed a part of the great kingdom of the Seleucidae, whose history is given in the articles Seleu- cus, Antioouus, Dembtriub, etc. In this par- tition, however, Coelesyria and Palestine went, not to Syria, but to E^ypt, and the pos- session of those provinces oecame the great source of contention between the Ptolemies and the Seleucids. By the irruptions of the Parthians on the E., and the unsuccessful war of Antiochus the Great with the Romans on the W,, the Greek Syrian kingdom was re- duced to the limits of Syria itself, and became weaker and weaker, until it was overthrown by TiGRANEB, king of Armenia, n.o. 79. Soon afterwards, when the Komans had conquered Tigmues as well as Mithridates, Syria was quietly added by Pompey to the empire of the republic, and was constituted a province, n.o. 64; butitsN. district, Cojumagene, was not included in this arrangemeut. The attempt of Zenobia to make Syria the seat of empire is noticed under Palmyra and Zbnobia. while the Roman emperors defended this precious possession against the attacks of the Persian kings with varied success, a new danger arose, as early as the 4th century, from the Arabians of the Desert, who began to be known under the name of Saracens; and when the rise of Mohammed had given to the Arabs that great religious impulse which revolutionized the E. world, Syria was the first great conquest that they made from the E. enipire, A.n. 632-633. SMiAE TOUT AE i-»Tum: Pass of Beilan), a most important pass between Cilicia and Syria, lying between the shore of the Gulf of Issue on the W. and Mount Amanus on theE. SYRINX. 383 TACITUS. SYEINX (-ingis), an Arcadian nymph, who being pursued By Pan fled Into the river La- don, and at her own prayer was metamor- phosed into a reed, of which Pan then made his flute. STROS or STRUS (-1: Syra), an island in the Aegaean sea, and one of the Cyclades, lyiug between Rheiiea aud CythnuB. SYRTICA RfiGlO (W. part of Tripoli), the special name of that part of the N. coast of Africa which lay between the 2 Syrtes, from the river Triton, at the bottom of the Syrtis Minor, on the W., to the Philaerforum Arae, at the bottom of the Syrtis Major, on the £. It was for the most part a very narrow strip of sand, iuterspersea with salt marshes, be- tween the sea aud a range of mountains form- ing the edge of the Great Desert (Sahara), with only here and there a few spots capable of cultivation, especially about the river Ci- nyps. It was peopled by Libyan tribes. Under the Romaus it formed a part of the province of Africa. It was often called Tiiip- OLiTANA, from its 3 chief cities, Abhotowum, Oea, and Lisptis Magna ; and this became its usual name under the later empire, and has been handed down to our own time in the modern name of the regency of Tripoli. SYRTIS (-is and idis) and SYRTES (-lum), the 2 great gulfs in the E. half of the N. coast of Africa. Both were proverbially dangerous, the Greater Syrtis from its sand-l^anlK^s ana quicksands, and its unbroken exposure to the N. winds, the Lesser from its shelving rocky shores, its exposure to the N.E. winds, and the consequent variableness of the tides in it.— (1) Syrtib Major {Gulf of Sidra), the E. of the two, is a wide and deep gulf on the shores of Tripolitana and Cyreuaica, exactly opposite to the Ionic sea, or mouth of the Adriatic, be- tween Sicily and Peloponnesus. The Great Desert comes down close to its shores, form- ing a sandy coast [Syrtioa Ri:gio1. The ter- ror of being driven on shore in it is referred to in the narrative of St Paul's voyage to Italy (Acts xxvii. 17).— (2) Syutib Minob (Gulf of Khaba) lies in the S.W. angle of the great bend formed by the N. coast of Africa as it drops down to the S. from the neighborhood of Carthage, and then bears again to the E. : in other words, in the angle between the E. coast of Zeugitana aud Byzaceua (Tunis) and the N. coast of Tripolitana (Tripoli). StRUS (-i), P'&BLIUS, a slave Ijrought to Rome some years before the downfall of the republic, who sooif became highly celebrated as a mimographer. He may be said to have flourished ii-o. 45. A compilation containing probably many lines from his mimes is still extant under the title Publii Syri Sententiae. T. TiBEENAE. [Tees Tabeenae.] TiBURNUS (-i : 'I'abumo), a mountain be- longing half to Campania and half to Sam- nium. It shut in the Caudine pass on its S. side. TXCiPE (-es : Khabs, large En.), a city of N. Africa, in the Eegio Syrtica, at the inner- nlost angle of the Syrtis Minor, to which the • modern town gives its name. TACFAEINAS, a Numidian, and Eonian anxiliary, who deserted, and became the lead- er of the Musulnmii, a people bordering on Mauretania. He was at length defented and slain in battle by Dolabella, a.s. 24. TACHOMPSO, also TACOMPSOS, aft. CONTRAPSELCIS, a city in the Dodeca- eohoenns— that is, the port of Aethiopia im- mediately above Egypt. TACHOS, king of Egypt, sncceeded Acoris, aud maintained the independence of his coun- try for a short time dnring the latter end of the reign of Artaxerxes IL TACITUS (-i). (1) C. CoBNET-ms, the his- torian. The time and place of his birth are unknown. He was a little older than the younger Pliny, who was born a.d. 61. Tac- itus was first promoted by the emperor Ves- pasian, and he received other favors from his sons Tltiis and Domitian. In 78 he married the daughter of O. Julius Agricola, to whom he had been betrothed in the preceding yeaij while Agricola was consul. In the reign of Domitian, and in 88, Tacitus was praetor, and he assisted as one of the qnindecemviri at the solemnity of the Lndi Seculares which were celebrated in that year. Agricola died at Eome in 93,but neither Tacitus nor the daugh- ter of Agricola was then with him. It is not known where Tacitus was dnring the last ill- ness of Agricola. In the reign of Nerva, 97, Tacitus was appointed consul snffectns, in the place of T. Virginius Eufus, who had died in that year, and whose funeral oration he de- livered. Tacitus and Pliny were most inti- mate friends. In the collection of the letters of Pliny there are 11 letters addressed to Tac- itus. The time of the death of Tacitus is un- known, but he appears to have survived Tra- jan, who died in 117. The extant works of Tacitus are a Life of Agricola, his father-in- law : the Historiae, which comprehended the Eeriod from the second consulship of Gal- a, 6S, to the death of Domitian, 96, the author designing to add the reigns of Nerva and Trajan — the ilrst 4 books alone are ex- tant in a complete form ; the 6th book is im- perfect: the AnnaleSt which commence with the death of Augustus in 14, and comprise the period to the death of Nero in 68, a space of S4 years ; the greater part of the 5th book is lost, and also the 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, tlie begin- ning of the 11th. and the end of the Ifith, which is the last book : the treatise De Moribus et Populis Qermaniaef describing the Germanic nations: and lastly the i)tal0(7Mflde (h-atoribuB^ a work whose genuineness has been disputed, but probably without reason. The moral dig- nity of Tacitus is impressed upon his works ; the consciousness of a love of truth, of the in- tegrity of his purpose. His great power is in the knowledge of the human mind, bis Insight TAENARUM. 384 TANTALUS. into tbe motives of human conduct; and he found raateiials for this study in the history of the emperors, and particularly Tiberius, the arch-hypocrite, and perhaps half madman. The style of Tacitus is peculiar, though it bears tsome resemblance to that of Sallust. In the Annals it is concise, vigorous, aud pregnant with meaning; labored,*but elaborated with art, and 8trii>ped of every superfluity. A single word sometimes gives effect to a sentence, aud if the meaning of the word is missed, the sense of the writer is not reached.— (2) M. Ci.Aumns, Boman emperor from the 25th of September, a.d. 276, until April, a.i>. 276. Tacitus was at the time of his election 70 years i>f age, and was with difficulty persuaded to accept the purple. The high character which he had borne before his elevation to the throne he amply sustained during his brief reign. He died either at Tarsus or at Tyana, about the 9th of April, 276. TAENXUUM (-i: C. Matapan)^ a promon- tory in Lacouia, forming the S.-ly point of thePeloponnesns, on which stood a celebrated temple of Poseidon (Neptune), possessing an Inviolable asylum. A little to the N. of the temple and the harbor of Achillens was a town also called Taenarum or Tabnarus, aud at a later time Caenepoi^ib. On the promon- tory was a cave, through which Hercules is said to have dragged Cerberus to the upper world. Here also was a statue of Arion seat- ed on a dolphin, since he is said to have lauded at this spot after his miraculous preservation by a dolphin. In the time of the Komans there were celebrated marble quarries on the promontory. TXGES (-etis), a mysterious Etruscan being, who is described as a boy with the wisdom of an old man. Tages, the sou of a Genius Jovialis, and grandson of Jupiter, rose sud- denly out of the grouud, and instructed Tar- chon and the Etruscans iu the art of the haru- spices. The Etruscans afterwards wrote down .111 he had said, aud thus arose the books of Tages, which, acQording to some, were 12 in number. TlGUS (-i: Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tego, English TaguH)^ one of the chief rivers iu Spain, rising in the land of the Celtiberians, between the mountains Orospeda and Idu- beda, and, after flowing in a W.-ly direction, falling into the Atlantic. TiLiUS (-i), son of Bias and Pero, and king of Argos. He was married to Lysim- ache (Eurynome, or Lysianassa), and wus father of Adrastus; Parthenopaeus, Pronax, Mecisteus, Aristomachus, and Eriphyle. The patronymic TdlS^nWes is given to his sous Adrastus and Mecisteus. TALOS. [PEunix.] TALTHYBIUS (-i), the herald of Agamem- non at Troy. He was worshiped as a iiero at Sparta and Argos, where sacrifices also were offered to him. tXMASSUS or TXmXSUS (-i),_probably the same as the Homeric TEMESB, a town in the middle of Cyprus, N.W. of Olympus, rind 29 miles S.E. of Solue. TXmSSIS (-is) or TXMESA (-ae : Thames), a river in Britain, on which stood Londinium, flowing into the sea on the E. coiut Caesar crossed the Thames at the distance of 80 Roman miles from the sea, probably at Cowey Stakes, near Oatlauds and the confluence of the Wey. TAM5S, a native of Memphis in Egypt, was lieutenant-governor of Ionia under TiFsapher- ues, and afterwards attached himself to tbe service of the younger Cyrus. TiNiGEE (-gri: Nepro\ a river of Luca- nia, rising in the Apennines, which, after flow- ing in a N.E.-ly direction, loses itself under the earth near Polla for a space of about 2 miles, and Anally falls into tne Silarus near Fornm Popilii. TXnXGRA (-ae: Ch'imadha or Grimala), a celebrated town of Boeotia, situated on a steep ascent on the left bank of the As5pus, 13 stadia ^om Oropus, and 200 stadia from Plataeae, in the district Tanagraea,which was also called Poemandris. Tanagra was sup- posed to be the same town as the Homeric Gi-aea. Being near the frontiers of Attica, it was frequently exposed to the attacks of the Athenians; and near it the Athenians sus- tained a celebrated defeat, u.c. 457. TXNAiS ("is or Idis). (1) (Don, i,e.Water)t a great river, which rises in the N, of Snrma- tia Europaea (about the centre ofRimaia). and flows to the S.E. till it comes near the Volga^ when it turns to the S.W., and falls into the N.E. angle of the Palus Maeotis {Sea of Azov), It was usually considered the boundary be- tween Europe and Asia. — (2) (Ru., near Kaa- aatchei), a city of Sarmatia Asiatica, on the N. side of the S. mouth of the Tauais, at a little distance from the sea. TlNlQUIL. [Tahquinius.] TANETUM (-i : Taneto), a town of the Boii, in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina aud Parma. TANIS (O. T. Zoan: 5a«, Ru.), a very an- . cient city of Lower Egypt, in the E. part of the Delta, on the right bank of the arm of the Nile, which was called after it the Ta- nitic, and on the S.W. side of the gieat lake between this and the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, which was also called, after the city, Ta- nis {Lake of Memaleh). It was one of the cap- itals of Lower Egypt under the early kings, and the chief city or the Tanites Nomos. TANTALUS (-i). (1) Son of Zeus (Jupiter) and the nymph Pluto. His wife is called by some Enryanassa, by others Taygete or Dione, and by others Olytia or Eupryto. He was the father of Pelops, Broteas.andNiobe. All traditions agi'ee in stating that he was a wealthy king ; but while some call him king of Lydia, others describe him as king of Argos or Corinth. Tantalus is particularly celebrated in ancient story for the terrible punishment inflicted upon him after his death. According to the common-account, Tantiilus divulged the eecrets intrusted to him by Zeus, and was punished in the lower world by being afllicted with a raging thirst, and at the same time placed in the midst of a lake, the waters of which always receded from him as so(m as he attempted to drink them. Over his head, TAOCHI. 385 TARPEIA. Tnntalus. (From an anciaDt Gem.) moreover, hung branches of fruit, which re- ceded in like mnnner when he stretched out his hand to reach them. In addition to all this there was suspended over his head a huge rock, ever threatening to crush him. Another tradition relates that,wishiug to test the ^ods, he cut his son Felops in pieces, boiled them, and set them before the gods at a repast; while a third account states that he stole nectar and ambrosia from the table of the ^ods. According to a fourth story, Tantalus incurred his punishment by receiving a gold- en dog, which Rhea had appointed to watch Zeus and his nurse, and which was stolen by Paudareus. The punishment of Tantalus was proverbial in ancient times, and from it the English language has borrowed the verb "to tantalize," that is, to hold out hopes or pros- pects which can not be realized. — (2) Son of Thyestes, who was killed by Atreus.— (3) Son of Amphion and Niobe. TAOCHI (-orum), a people of Fontus, on the borders of Armenia. TiPHiAE INS"0"LAB (-firnm), a number of small islands in the Ionian eea, lying be- tween the coasts of Leticadia and Acarnauia. They were also called the islands of the Tel- eboae, and their inhabitants were in like manner named Taphii, or Teledoae. The largest of these islands is called Taphub by Homer, but Taphiub or Tapujuba by later writers. • TiPHUS. [Taphiae.] TAPEOBXNE (-6s : Ceylon)^ a great island of the Indian Ocean, opposite to the S, extrem- ity of India intra Gangem. TXRAS. [Tarentum.] TARBBLLI {-orum)^ one of the most im- portant people m Gallia Aquitanica, between the ocean and the Pyrenees. Their chief town was Aquae Taebellioab or Auqustae, on the Aturns {Dtzcqs^ on the Adour). TARCHON (-onis or 6ntis), son of Tyr- rhenuB,who is said to have built the town of Tarquinii. CTabquinii.] Virgil represents him as coming to the assistance of Aeneas against Turnus. TXRENTINUS SiNTJS (ff. 0/ Tarentum), ft great gulf in the S. of Italy, between Brut- tlum, Lucania, and Calabria, beginning W. near the Prom. Laciuium, and ending E. near the Prom. lapygium, and named after the town of Tarentum. TXRENTUM (-i), called TXRAS (-antis) by the Greeks (Taranto), an important Greek city in Italy, situated on the W. coast of the penin- sula of Calabria, and on a bay of the sea, about 100 stadia in circuit, forming an excellent har- bor, aud being a portion of the great gulf of Tarentum. The city stood iu the midst of a beautiful and fertile country, S. of Mount Au- lon aud W. of the mouth of the Gnlaesns. It was originally built by the Iapygians,who are said to nave been joined by some Cretan colo- nists from the neighboring town of Uria, and it derived its name from the mythical Taras, a son of Poseidon. The gi-eatuess of Tarentum, however, dates from b.o. 70S, when the original inhabitants wei-e expelled, and the town was taken possession of by a strong body of Lace- daemonian Partheniae under the guidance of Phalanthus. [Puai.antuus.] It soon became the moBt powerful and flourishing city in the whole of Magna Graecia, and exercised a kind of supremacy over the other Greek cities iu Italy. With the increase of wealth the citizens became luxurious and effeminate, and being hard pressed by the Lucanians and other bar- barians in the neighborhood, they were obliged to apply for aid to the mother-country. Archi- damuB, son of Agesilaus, was the first who came to their assistance, in b.o. 338; and be- fell in battle fighting on their behalf. The next prince whom they invited to succor them WHS Alexander, king of Epirus, aud uncle to Alexander the Great. At first he met with considerable success, but was eventually de- feated aud slain by the Bruttii in 326, near Fauclosia, on the banks of the Acheron. Short- ly afierwiirds the Taren tines had to encounter a still more formidable enemy. Having at- tacked some Roman ships, and then grossly insulted the Roman emDaasadors who had been sent to demand reparation, war was de- clared against the city by the powerful repub- lic. The Tarentines were saved for a time by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who came to their help in 281 ; but two years after the defeat of this monarch and his withdrawal from Italy, the city was taken by the Romans (272). In the 2d Punic war Tareutum re- volted from Rome to Hannibal (212) ; but it was retaken by the Romans in 207, and was treated by them with great severity. From this time Tarentum declined in prosperity and wealth. It was subsequently made a Roman colony, and it still continued to be a place of considerable importance in the time of Augustus. Its inhabitants retained their love of luxury and ease; and it is de- scribed by Horace as molle Tarentu/m and im- belle Tarentum. TARICHEA (-ae), or -fiAE (-arum: El- Kereh, Ru.), a town of Galilee, at the S. eud of the lake of Tiberias. TARl^E (-Ss), a city of Lydia, on Mount TmoJns, mentioned by Homer. TARPEIA <-ae), daughter of Sp. Tarpeius, the governor of the Roman citadel on the Saturnian hill, afterwards called the Capito- line, was tempted by the gold on the Sabine bracelets ana collars to open a gate of the fortress to T. Tatiua and his Sabines. As 'they entered, they threw upon her their shields, and thus crushed her to death. The Tarpeian rock, a part of the Capitoline, was named after her. (See illustration on p. 38G.) TARPHE. 386 TAKQUINIUS. TAEPHE (-5s), a town in Locris, on Mount Oeta, mentioued by Homer, and subsequently called Pharygae. TAEQUINIA. [Tarquinius.: TAEQUlNlI (-onim: Turchina, nr. Cor- neto), a city of Etruria, situated on a hill and on the vivcr Mai'ta, S.B. of Cosa, and on a road leading from the latter town to Rome. It was one of the 12 Etruscan cities, and was probably regarded as the metropolis of the confederation. It is said to have been found- ed by Tarchon, the son or brother of Tyrrhe- nus, who was the leader of the Lydian colony from Asia to Italy. It was at Tarquinii that Demaratus, the father of Tarquinius Prisons, settled ; and it was from this city that the Tarquinian family came to Rome. Tarquinii was subsequently made a Roman colony and a municipinm; but it gradually declined in importance; and in the 8th or 9th century of the Christian aera it was deserted by its in- habitants, who founded Corneto on the op- posite hill. Some of the most interesting re- mains of Etruscan art have been discovered at Tarquinii. TARQUiNlUS (-i),the name of a family in early Roman history, to which the Bth and 7th kings of Rome belonged. The legend of the Tarquins ran as follows: Demaratus, their ancestor, who belonged to the noble family of the Bacchiadae at Corinth, settled at Tar- qninii in Etruria, where he married an Etrus- can wife, by whom he had two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. Demaratus bequeathed all his property to Lucumo, and died himself shortly afterwards. But although Lucumo was thus one of the most wealthy persons at Tarquinii, and had married Tauaquil, who belonged to a family of the highest rank, he was excluded, as a stranger, from all power and Influence in the state. Discontented with this inferior position, he set out for Rome, riding: in a chariot with his wife, and accompanied by a large train . of followers. When they had reached the Janicnius, an eagle seized his cap, and, after carrying it away to a great height, placed it again upon his head. Tana- quil, who was skilled in the Etruscan science of augury, bade her husband hope for the highest honor from this omen. Her predic- tions were soon verified. The stranger was received with welcome, and he and nis fol- lowers were admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. He took the name of L.Tarquikius, to which Livy adds Pkisous. His wealth, his courage, and his wisdom gained him the love both of Ancus Marcins and of the people. The former appointed him guardian of his children ; and, when he died, the senate and the people unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant throne. The reign of Tarquin- ius was distinguished by great exploits in war, and by great works in peace. He de- feated the Latins and Sabincs ; and the lat- ter people ceded to him the town of CoUatia, where he placed a garrison under the com- mand of Egerius, the son of his deceased brother Aruns, who took the surname of Col- latinns. Some traditions relate that Tarquin- ius defeated theEtruscans likewise. He erect- ed many public buildings, and other works, at Rome, the most celebrated of which are the vast sewers which still remain. Tarquin- ius also made some important changes in the constitution of the state. He was murdered after a reign of 38 years, at the instigation of the sons of Ancus Marcins. But the latter did not secure the reward of their crime, for Seifius Tullins, with the assistance of Tana- qnil, succeeded to the vacant throne. Servius Tullius, whose life is given under Tni.i.ius, was murdered, after a reign of 44 years, by his son-in-law, L. Tarquinius, who ascended TAliQUINlUS. 387 TARSUS. the vacant throue.— L. Tahqdiniits Supkkkus commenced his reign without any of the forms of election. One of his first acts was to abol- ish the rights which hnd been conferred upon the plebeians by Sevvius ; and at the siime time all the senators and patricians whom he mis- trusted, orwhose wealth he coveted, wei'e put to death or driven into exile. He surrouiicled himself by a body-guard, by meane of which he was enabled to do what he liked. His cruelty and tyranny obtained for him the sur- name ot Sitjf}erbtis. But, although a tyrant at home, he raised Rome to great influence and power among the eurrouuding nations. He Sive his dai^hter in marriage to Octavius amilius of Tusculum, the most powerful vt the Latin chiefs ; and under his sway Rome became the bend of the Latin confederacy. He defeated the Vulscians, and took the wealthy town of Suessa Poinetia, with the spoils of which he commenced the erection of the Capitol, which his father had vowed. In the vaults of this temple he deposited the 3 Sibylline books, which he purchased from a Sibyl, or prophetess, for 300 pieces of gold ; a price which lie had at first scornfully refused. He next engaged in war with Gabii, one of . the Latin cities, which refused to enter into the league. Unable to take the city by force of arms,Tarquinius had recourse to stratagem. His son Sestus, pretending to be ill-treated by his father, and coverecTwith the bloody marks of stripes, fled to Gabii. The infatuated inhabitants intrusted him with the command of their troops; whereupon, at a hint of his father, who struck off the heads of the tallest poppies in his garden before the eyes of Sex- tns's messenger, he put to death or banished all the leading men of the place, and then had no difliculty in compelling it to submit to his father. In the midst of his prosperity, Tar- quinius fell through n shameful outrage com- mitted by his son Sextus on Lucretia, the wife of his cousin, Tarquinlus Collatinus. As soon as Sextus had departed, Lucretia sent for her husband and father, Collatinus came, accom- panied by L. Brutus; Lucretius by P. Valerius, who afterwards gained the surname of Pub- licola. They found her in an agony of sorrow. She told them what had happened, enjoined them to avenge her dishonor, and then stab- bed herself to death. They all awore to avenge her. Brutus threw off" his assumed stupidity, and placed himself at their head. Brutus, who was Tribunus Celeriim, summoned the people, and related the deed of shame. All classes were inflamed with the same indigna- tion. A decree was passed deposing the king, and banishing him and his family from the city. Tarquinins, with his two sons, Titus and Arune, took refuge at Caere in Etruria. Sextus repaired to Gabii, his o\yn principality, where he was shortly after murdered oy the friends of those whom he had pnt to death. Tarquinins reigned 24 years. He was ban- ished B.O. 510. The people of Tarquinii and Veii espoused the cause of the exiled tyrant, and marched against Rome. The two ctnisuls advanced to meet them. A bloody battle was fought, in whichBrutusandArnns,thenephew and son of Tarquinins, slew each other. Tar- quiniiis next repaired to Lars Porsena, thepo w- TJ2 erful king of Clusium, who marched against Rome at the head of a vast ariAy. The his- tory of this memorable expedition is related under Porsena. After Porsena quitted Rome, Tarquinins took refuge with his son-in-law, Mamilins Octavius of Tuscuhim. Under the guidance of the latter, the Latin states es- poused the cause of the exiled king, aud de- clared war against Rome. The contest was decided by the celebrated battle of the lake Regillus, in which the Romans gained the victory by the help of Castor and Pollux. Tarquinins now fled to Aristobulus at Cumae, where he died a wretched and childless old man. Such is the story of the Tnrquins ac- cording to the ancient writers; but it con- tains numerous inconsistencies, aud must not be received as a real history. TARRiClNA (-ne: Terracina), more an- ciently called ANXUR (-ftris), an ancient town of Latium, eituuted S8 miles S.E. of Rome^ on the Via Appia and upon the coast, with a strongly fortified citadel upon a high bill, on which stood the temple of Jupiter Anxurus. (See illustration on p. 38S.) TARRXCO (-onis: Tan'agona)^ an ancient town on the E. coast of Spain, situated on a rock TOO feet high, between the river Iberne and the Pyrenees, on the river TuJcis. It was founded by the Massiliane, and was made the head-quarters of the two brothers P. and Cn, Scipio in their campaigns against the Cartha- f;^inians in the 2d Pnnic war. It subsequent- y became a populous and flourishing town ; aud Augustus, who wintered here (n.o. 26) after his Cantabrian campaign, made it the capital of one of the three Spanish provinces (Bispania Tarracmierms)^ and also a Roman colony. TARSlUS (-i : Tatza or Balikefiri), a river of Mysia, rising in Mount Temnns, and flow- ing N.E., through the Miletopolites Lacus, into the Macestus. TARSUS, TARSOS (-i : Tersm, Ru.), the chief city of Cilicia, stood near the centre of Cilicia CampestriB,on the river Cydnus, about 12 miles above its mouth. All that can be de- termined with certainty as to its origin seems to be that it was a very ancient city of the Syrians, who were the earliest known inhab- itants of this part of Asia Minor, and that it received Greelc settlers at an early period. At the time of the Macedonian invasion it was held by the Persian troops, who were about to burn it, when they were prevented by Alexander's arrival. After playing an im- portant part as a military post in the wars of the successors of Alexander, and under the Syrian kings, it became, by the peace between the Romans and Antiochus the Great, the frontier city of the Syrian kingdom on the N.W. As the power of the Seleucidae de- clined, it suffered much from the oppression of its governors, and from the wars between the members of the royal family. At the time of the Mithridatic war, it suffered, on the one hand, from Tigranes,who ovei-ran Cilicia, and, on the other, from the pirates, who had their strongholds in the mountains of Cilicia Aspera, and made frequent incursions int'> the level country, From both these enemies TAKSUS. 388 TARSUS. it was rescued by Pompey, who made it the capital of the new Roman province of Cilicia, ».o. C6. Under Augustus, the city obtained immunity from taxes, through the influence of the emperor's tutor, the Stoic Athenodorus, who was a native of the place. It enjoyed the favor, and was called by the names, of several of the later emperors. It was the scene of important events in the wars with the Persians, the Arabs, and the Turks, and TARTAEUS. 389 TECT0SA6ES. nlso in tbe Crnsndes. Tarsns was the bicth- place or man; distingoished meu, and, above all, of the Apostle Paul. TARTiHUS (-i), son of Aether and GS, and by his mother Oe the father of the Gi- gantes, T^phoeus, and Echidna, In the Iliad Tartarus is a place beneath the earth, as far below Hades as Heaven is above the earth, and closed by iron gates. Later poets use the name as synonymous with Hades. TARTESSUS (-i), an ancient town in Spain, and one of the chief settlements of the Phoe- nicians, probably the same as the Tarshiah of Scripture. The whole country W. of Gibral- tar was also called Tabtkssis. TARUSCON orTARASCON (-onis: Taras- C071), a town of the Salyes in Gaul, on the E. banic of the Rhone, N. of Arelate, and E. of Nemausus. TARVISiUM (-i: Treviao), a town of Vene- tia in the N. of Italy, on the river Silis, which became the seat of a bishopric, and a place of importance in the middle ages. TXTIUS, T., king of the Sabines. CEomu- J.D6.] TATTA (Tia-GoT), a great salt lake in the centre of Asia Minor. TAULANTlI (-6r«m), a people of Illyria, in the neighborhood of Epioainnus. TAUNXIS (-i : Tanmta), a ran^e of mount- ains in Germany, at no great distance from the confluence of the Moeuus {Xain) and the Rhine. TAUEASiA. [TAnniNi.] TAURENTUM (-1) and TAUEOIS (-cutis); a fortress belonging to Massilia, and near the latter city. TAURI (-ornm), a wild and savage people in European Sarmatia, who sacrificed all strangers to a goddess whom the Greeks identified with Artemis (Diana). The Taiiri dwelt in the peninsula which was called after them Chersonesns Taurica. TAURlNI (-orum), a people of.Liguria dwelling on the upper course of the Po, at the foot of the Alps. Their chief town was Taurasia, afterwards colonized by Augustus, and called Augusta Taurinorum \Turm). TAURISCl (-ornm), a Celtic people In Nor- icnm, and probably the old Celtic name of the entire population of the country. TAUROIS. [TAnKENTHM.] TAUROMENIUM (-i : Taormimi), a city on the E. coast of Sicily, situated on Mount Taurus, from which it derived its name, and founded n.o. 358 by Aridromachns with the remains of the inhabitants of Naxos. TAURUS (-i: from the Aramaean Tnr, a high Tnountain: Taurus, Ala^Dagh, and other special names), a great mountain-chain of Asia. In its widest extent, the name was ap- plied, by the later geographers, to the whole of the great chain which runs through Asia from W. to B. ; but in its usnal signification It denotes the mountain-chain in the S. of Asia Minor, which begins at the Sacrum or Ohelidoninm Prom, at the S.E. angle of Ly- cia, surrounds the gnlf of Pamphylia, passing through the middle of Pisidia ; then along the 8. frontier of Lycaonia and Cappadocia, which it divides fromCilicia and Commagene; thence, after being broken through by the Euphrates, it proceeds almost due E. through the S. of Armenia, forming the water-shed between the sources of the Tigris on the S. and the streams which feed the upper Eu- phrates and the Araxes on the N. ; thus it continues as far as the 5. margin of the lake Arsissa, where it ceases to bear the name of Taurus, and is continued in the chain which, under the names of Niphutes, Zagros, etc, forms the N.B. margiu of the Tigris and Euphrates valley. TiVlUM (-i ! prob. Boghaz Kieni, Ru.), thf capital of the Trocmi, in Gnlatia, stood on the E. side of the Halys, but at some distance from the river, and formed the centre of meeting for roads leading to all parts of Asia Minor. TAXlLA or TAXliLA (-Brum), an im- portant eitv of India intra Gaugem, stood in a large and fertile plain between the Indus and the Hydaspes, and was the capital of the Indian king Tuxiies. TAXiLES. (1) An Indian prince or king, who reigned over the- tract between the Indus and the Hydaspes at the period of the expe- dition of Alexander, b.o. 827. His real name was Mophis or Omphis, and the Greeks ap- pear to have called him Taxiles or Taxilas, from the name of his capital city of Taxila. —(2) A general in the service of Mitbridates the Great. TJLIfGfiTE (-Ss), daughter of Atlas and Pleione, one of the Pleiades, fi'om whom Mouut Taygetus In Lactmia is said to have derived its name. By Zeus (Jupiter) she be- came the mother of Lacedaemon and of Euio- tas. TiYGETUS or TilfGfiTUM (-i), or TJi-YGETA (-orum), a lofty range of mount- ains, of a wild and savage character, separat- ingLaconia andMessenia, and extendingfrom the frontiers of Arcadia down to the Prom. Taenarum. (See illustration on p. 390.) TSiNUM (-i). (1) Apolum (nr. Ponte Rotto)^ a town of Apulia, on the river Erento and the confines of the Frentani, 18 miles from Larinnm (2) Simoimum {Teano), an important town of Campania, and the capital of the Sidlcini, situated on the N. slope of Mount Massicus and on the Via Praenestina, miles W. of Cales. TEXRUS (-i : Teara, Deara, or Dere), a river of Thrace, the waters of which were useful in curing cutaneous diseases. TEATB (-is: C/ii«(i), the capital oftheMar- rncini, situated on a steep hill on the river Aternus, and on the road from Ateruum to Corfininm. TECMESSA (-ae), the daughter of the Phrygian king Teleutas, whose territory was ravaged by the Greeks during a predatory excursion from Troy. Tecmessa was taken prisoner, and was given to Ajax, the son of Telamon, by whom she had a son, Eurysaces. TECT0SXGE8 .(-nm). (1) In Gallia. [Voi.oAK.]— (2) In Asia Minor. [Oalatia.] TEGEA. 390 TELEGONUS. Mount Taygetufl from the Bite of Sparta. TSQfiA (-ae). (1) (P«i!i), an important city of Arcadia, and the capital of the district Tegeatis, which was bounded on the £. by Ai'golis and Locdtaica, on the S. by Laconia, on the W. by Maenalia, and on the N. by the territory of Mautinea. It waa one of the most ancient towns of Arcadia, and la said to have been founded by Tegeates, the eon of Lycaon. The Tegeatae sent 3000 men to the battle of Flataea, in which they were distinguished for their bravery. They remained faithful to Sparta In the Feloponnesian war; but aft- er the battle of Leuctrn they joined the rest of the Arcadians in establishing their iude- Eendeace. During the wars of the Achaean eague, Tegea was taken both by Cleomenes, king of Sparta, and Antigonus Doson, king of Macedcmia, and the ally of the Achaeans. — (2) A town in Crete, said to have been founded by Agamemnon. TSLXMON (-onis), son of Aeacns and En- deia, and brother of Peleus. Having assisted PeleuB in slaying their half-brother Phocus [Pm.BDB],Telamon was expelled from Aegiua, and came to Salamis. Here he was first mar- ried to Glauce, daughter of Cychreus, king of the island, on whose death Telamon became king of Salamis. He afterwards married Peri- boea or Eriboea, daughter of Alcathous, by whom he became the father of Ajax, who is hence frequently called TelamoniddSa, and Telamon^us heron. Telamon himself was one of the Calydonian hunters and one of the Argonauts. He was also a great friend of Hercules, whom he joined in his expedition against Laomedon of Troy, which city he was the first to enter. Hercules, in return, gave to him Theauira or Hesione, a daughter of Laomedon, by whom he became the father of Teucer and Trambelus. T^LXMON iTelamone)^ a town and harbor of Etruria, a few miles S. of the river Umbro, said to have been founded by Telamon on his return from the Argonantic expedition. TELCHINES (-nm), a family or a tribe said to have been descended from Thalassa or Poseidon (Neptune). They are represented in 3 different aspects: (1.) As cultivators of the soil and ministei-s of the gods. As such they came from Crete to Cyprus, and fi-om thence to Rhodes, where they founded Cami- rns, lalysus, and Liudus. Rhodes.which was named after them Telchinis^ was abandoned by them, because they foresaw that the island would be inundated. Poseidon was intrusted to them by lihea, and they brought him up in conjunction with Capbira, a danghter of Oceanus. Rhea, Apollo, and Zeus (Jupiter), however, are also described as hostile to the Telchines. Apollo is said to have assumed the shape of a wolf, and to have thus destroyed the Telchines, and Zeus to have overwhelm- ed them by an inundation. (2.) As sorcerers and envious daemons. Their very eyes and aspect are said to have been destructive. They had'it in their power to bring on hail, rain, and snow, and to assume any form they pleased; they further mixed Stygian water with sulphur, in order thereby to cleBlroy ani- mals and plants. (3.) As artists, for they are said to have invented useful arts and institu- tions, and to have made images of the gods. They worked in brass and iron, made the sickle of Cronos and the trident of Poseidon. TBLEBOAE. [Tai-hiae.] TELEGONUS (-i), son of Ulysses and Circe. After Ulysses had returned to Ithaca, Circe sent out TelegonuB in search of Ma father. A storm cast his ship on the coast of Ithaca, and being pressed by hunger, he began to plunder the fields. Ulysses and Telemachns, being informed of the ravages caused by the stranger, went out to fight against him ; but Telegonus ran Ulysses through with a spear which he had received from hia mother. At the command of Athena (Minerva), Telego- nus, accompanied by Telemachns and Penel- ope, went to Circe in Aeaea, there buried the TELEMACHUS. 391 TEMPE. body of Ulysses, and married Penelope, by whom he became the father of Italus. TELEMXCHUS (-i)^ son of Ulysses and Penelope. He was still an infant when his father went to Troy ; and when the latter had been absent from home nearly 20 years, Telemachus went to Pylos and Sparta to gather information concerning him. He was hospitably received by Nestor, who sent his own son to coliduct Telemachus to Sparta. Menelaus also received bim kindly, and com- municated to him the prophecy of Proteus concerning Ulysses. From Sparta Telema- chus returned home ; and on his arrival there he found his father,whom he assisted In slay- ing the suitors. TELEMUS (-i), son of lEurymus, and a cele- brated soothsayer. TELEPHUS <-i), son of Hercules and Au^^e, the daughter of king Aleus of Tegea. On reaching manhood, he consulted the Delphic oracle to learn his parentage, and was order- ed to go tokingTeuthrasiuMysia. He there found nis mother, and succeeded Teuthras on the throne of Mysia. He married Laodice or Astyoche, a daughter of Priam ; and he at- tempted to prevent the Greeks from landing on the coast of Mjjsia. Dionysus (Bacchus), however, caused him to stumble over a vine, whereupon he was wounded by Achilles. Being informed by an oracle that the wound could only be cured by him who. had inflicted it, Telephus repaired to the Grecian camp; and as the Greeks had likewise learned from ' an oracle that without the aid of Telephus they could not reach Troy, Achilles cured T^Uephus by means of the rust of the spear with which he had been wounded. Telephus, in return, pointed out to the Greeks the road which they had to take. TBLESIA (-ae: Z'eZeae), a town in Samuium, on the road from Allifae to Beneventum. TfiLfiSILLA (-ae), of Argos, a celebrated lyric poetess and heroine, flourished about B.O. 510. She led a band of her country- women in the war with the Spartans. TELESmUS, PONTIUS. [Pontius.] TELLBNAE (-arum), a town in Latium, between the later Via Ostieusis and the Via Appia. TELLUS. [Gaea-] TELMESSUS or TBLMTSSUS (-1). (1) {Mii^ the port of Maori, Ru.), a city of Lycia, near the borders^of Caria, on a gulf called Telmissicus Sinus", and cloye to the promon- tory Telmissis.— (2) A townof Caria, 60 stadia (6 geog. miles) from Halicarnassns. TSLO (-onis), MARTIUS (Toulon), a T)ort- towu of Gallia Narbonensis on the Mediter- ranean. TELOS (-i : Telo8 or Piskopf), a small island of the Car|)athian sen, one of the Sporades. TELPHUSSA. [Thei^ptjba.] TeMENIDAE. [Temends.3 TBMENUS (-i), son of Aristoraachus, was one of the HeracUdae who invaded Pelopon- nesus. Afcer the conquest of the peninsula, he received Argos as his share. His descend- ants, 'the Teraenidae, being expelled from Ar- gos, are said to have founded the kingdom of Macedonia, whence the kings of Macedonia called themselves Temenidae. TEMESA or TEMPSA (-ae: TorreM Lnpf), a town in Bruttium on the Sinus Terinaeus, and one of the most ancient Ausonian towns in the 8. of Italy. TEMPE (neut. pi. indecl.), a beautiful and romantic valley in theN. of Thessaly, between Vale of Tempe. TENCTEKI. 392 TEKENTIUS. Mounts Olympus and Osea, thronjjh which the Peneiis escapes Into the sea. The lovely scenery of this glen is frequently aescribed by the ancient poets and declaimers ; and it "was also celebrated as one of the favorite haunts of Apollo, who transplanted his laurel from this spot to Delphi. So celebrated was the scenery of Temp6 that its name was given to any beautiful valley. Thus we find a Temp6 in the land of the Sabines, near Reate, throngh which the river Velinus flowed ; and also a Tempi in Sicily, through which the river Helorus flowed, hence called by Ovid Tempe Heloria. TENCTEEI or TENCHTEEI (-orum), a people of Germauy dwelling on the Rhine between the Ruhr and the Sieg, S. of the Usi- petes, in conjuuctiou with whom their name usually occurs. TfiNEDOS or TfiNfiDTJS{-i), a small island of the Aegaean sen, ofl' the coast of Troas, of an importance very dii*proportionate to its size, on account of its position near the mouth of the Hellespont, from which It is about 12 miles distnut. It appears iu the legend of the Trojan war as the station to which the Greeks withdrew their fleet, in order to induce the Trojans to think that they had departed, and to receive the wooden horse. In the Per.?ian war it was used by Xerxes as a naval station. It afterwards became a tributary ally of Ath- ens, and adhered to her during the whole of the Peloponnesian war, and down to the peace, of Antafcidas, by which it was surrendered to the Persians. At the Mncedtmiau conquest the Tenedians regained their liberty. TENES or TENNES, son of Cycnus and Proclea, and brother of Hemithca. Cycnus was king of Colonae in Troas. His 2d wife was Philonome,who fell in love witli her step-son ; but as he repulsed her advan- ces she accused him to his father, who put ■ both his sou and. ■ daughterintoachest j and threw them into the sea. But the [ chest was driven on , the coast of the isl- and of Leucophrya, of which the inhab- itants elected Tenes king, and which he called Tenedos, after his own name. TENDS (-i ! Tino), n small island in the Aegaean sea,S.E, of An- dros and N. of Delos. TENTTRA (-8rnm: Denderah, Eu.), a city of Upper Egypt, on the western bank of the Nile, between Abydos and Ooptos, with cele- brated temples of Alhor (the Egyptian Venus), Isis, and Typhon. There are still magnificent remains of the temples of Athor and of Isis: In the latter was found the celebrated Zodiac, which is now preserved at Paris. TEOS (-1: Sighajik), one of the Ionian cities on the const of Asia Slinor, renowned as the birthplace- of the lyric poet Anacreon. It stood at the bottom of the bay, between the promontories of Coryceum and Myounesus. TfiEENTiA (-ae). (1) Wife of M. Cicero, the orator, to whom she bore 2 children, a son and a daughter. She was a woman of sound sense and great resolution ; and her firmness of character was of no small service to her weak and vacillating husband in some im- portant periods of his life. During the civil war, however, Cicero was ofliended with her conduct, and divorced her in jj.o. 46. Terentia is said to have attained the age of 103 (2) Also called Terbntit-la, the wife of Maeceuas, and also one of the favorite mistresses of Au- gustus. TERENTIUS (-i) AFEE, P., usually called Terkkoe, the celebrated comic poet, was born at Carthage, b.o. 195. By birlh or purchase he became the slave of P.Terentiua liUcauus, a Roman senator. A handsome person and gromising talents recommended Terence to is master, who afforded him the best educa- tion of the age, and Anally manumitted him. On his manumission, according to the usual practice, Terence assumed bis patron's name, Terentius, havingbeen previously called Pub- lius or Pnblipor. The Andria was the first play offered by 'Terence for repret^entation. The cnrule aediles referred the piece to Cae- cilius, then one of the most popular play- writers at Rome. Unknown and meanly clad, Terence began to read from a low stool his opening scene. A few verses showed the elder poet that no ordinary writer was before him, and the yonng aspirant, then in his 2Tth yeni', was invited to share the couch and sitp- per of his judge. This reading of the ^ndWa, however, must have preceded its performance Mednllion of Terence. nearly two years, for Caeciliua died in 168, and it was not acted till 166. Meanwhile copies were in circulation, envy was awaken- ed, and Luacius Lavinius, a veteran and not very successful play-writer, began his un- wearied attacks on the dramatic and per.ion- al character of the author. The Andria was successful, and, aided by the accomplishmeniB and good address of Terence himself, was the means of introducing him to the most refined and intellectual circles of Rome. His chief patrons were Laelins and the younger Scipio, TERENTIUS VAKKO. 393 TEUTONES. both of whom treated hitn as an equal, and ure eaid even to have aBsisted him in the composition of his plays. After residing some years at Rome, Terence went to Greece, where he devoted himself to the study or Meuander's comedies. He never returned to Italy, and we have various, hut no certain) accounts of his death. He died in the 3Cth year of his age, in 159, or in the year follow- ing. Six comedies are all that remain to us ; and they are probably all that Terence pro- duced. They are founded on Greek originals ; bat we have corresponding fragments enough of Menander to prove that Terence retouched and sometimes improved his model. In sum- ming up his merits, we ought not to omit the S raise which has been universally accorded ira — that, nlthtmgh a foreigner and a freed- man, he divides with Cicero and Caesar the palm of pure Latinity. TERENTIUS VARRO. [VAttRO.] TBREUS (-80s or ei), son of Arcs (Mars), king of the Thracians in Daulis, afterwards Phocis. Pandiou, king of Attica, who had 2 daughters, Philomela and Procne, called in the assistance of Tereus against eonre enemy, and gave himhis daughter Procne in marriage. Tereus became by her the father of Itys, and then concealed her in the country, that he might thus marry lier sister Philomela,whom he deceived by saying that Procne was dead. At the same time he deprived Philomela of her tongue. Ovid {Met. vi. 666) reverses the story by stating that Terens told Procne that her sister Philomela was dead. Philomela, however, soon learned the truth, and made it known to her sister by a few words wliich she wove into a peplus. Procne thereupon killed her own son Itys, and served up the flesh of the child in a dish before Tereus. She then fled with her sister. Terens pur- sued them with an axe, and when the sisters were overtaken they prayed to the gods to change them into birds. Procne, accordingly, became a nightingale, Philomela a swallow, and Tereus a hoopoo. According to some, Procne became a swallow, Philomela a night- ingale, and Tereus a hawic. TER6BSTE {-is t Trieste), a town of Istria, on a bay in the N.E. of the Adriatic gulf, call- ed after it Tergestinus Sinus. It was made a Roman colony by Vespasian. TERIDATES. [TiniDATES.] TfiRINA <-ae : St. Evfemia), a town on the W. coast of Bruttinm, from which the Sinus Terinaeus derived its name. TERIOLIS or TERIOLA CASTRA, a for- tress in Rhaetia, which has given its name to the country of the Tyrol. TERMESSUS <-i : prob. Shemt, En.), a city of Pisidia, high up on the Taurus. TERMINUS (-i), a Roman divinity, pre- siding over boundaries and frontiers. His worship is said to have been instituted by Numa, who ordered that every one should mark the boundaries of his landed property by stones consecrated to Jupiter, and at these boundary-stones every year sacrifices slionld be ofl'ered at the festival of the Terminalia. The Terminus of the Roman state originally stood between the 6th and 6th milestone on the road towards Laurentum, near a place called Festi. Another public Terminus stood in the temple of Jupiter in the Capitol. TERPANDER (-dri), the father of Greek music, and through it of lyric poetry. He was a native of Antissa in Lesbos, and flourished between b.o. 700 and 660. He established the flrst musical school or system that existed in Greece, and added 8 strings to the lyre, which before his time had only 4. TERPSICHORE (-«s), one of the 9 Mnses, presided over the choral song and dancing. CMtjsab.] TERRA. [Gaea.] TERRACINA. [Tauuaoina.] TESTA (-ae), C. TREBATIUS, a Roman jurist, and a contemporary and friend of Cicero. Trebatius enjoyed ctnisiderable rep- utation under Augustus as a lawyer. Horace addressed to him the 1st Satire of the 2d Book. TBTHTS (-yos! ace. -yS'and yn), daughter of Uranus and Gaea, and wife of Oceauup,.by whom shehecame the mother of the Oceanidea and of the numerous river-gods. TETRICA (-ae), a mountain on the fron- tiers of Pisenum and the land of the Sabines, belonging ,to the great chain of the Apen- nines. TETRICUS (-i), C. PESUVIUS, one of the Thirty Tyrants, and the last of the pretenders Who ruled Gaul dnring its separation from the empire under Galheuus and his succes- sor, A.n. 26T-2T4. TBUCER (-cri). (1) Son of the rivec-god Scamander by the nymph Idaea, was the iirst king of Troy, whence the Trojans are some- times called Teucr'i (2) Son of Telamon and Hesione, was a step-brother of Ajax, and the best archer among the Greeks at Troy. He founded the town of Salamis in Cyprus, and married Euue, the daughter of Cyprus, by whom he became the father of Asteria. TEUCRI. [TnoAB.] TBUMESS0S (-i), a mountain in Boeotia, near Hypatns, and close to Thebes, on the road from the latter place to Chalcis. TEUTHRiNlA. [Mysia.] TEUTHRAS (-antis), an ancient king of Mysia. He was succeeded in the kingdom of Mysia by Telephus. [Tklki-hus.! The 60 daughters of Teuthras, given as a reward to Hercules, ure called by Ovid Teuthrantia turba. TEUTHRAS (prob. Demirji-DagJi), a mount- ain in the Mysian district of Teutlirania, a S.W. branch of Temnus. TBUTOBURGIENSIS SALTUS, a range of hills in Germany, extending from Opnabrtick to Paderborn (the Teutoturper Watd or Lip- pische Wald). It is celebrated on account of the defeat and destruction of Varus and 8 Roman legions by the Germans under Armin- ius, A.n, 9. TEUTONES (-urn) or TEUTONI (-Brum), a powerful people in Germany, who probably dwelt on the coast of the Baltic, near the THABOR. 394 THEBAE. Cimbri. They invaded Qaul and the Roman dominions, along with the Cimbri, at the lat- ter end of the 2d century b.o. THABOK, TABOE, or ATABTElUM (-i: Jehel Tur)y an isolated mountain at the £. end of the plain of Esdraelou in Qalilee. THiiS (-idis), a celebrated Athenian cour- tesan, who accompanied Alexander the Great on his expedition into Asia. After the death of Alexander, Thais attached herself to Ptol- emy Lagi, by whom she became the mother of two sons, Leontiscus and Lagus, and of a daughter, Irene. THALA (-ae), a great city of Numidia, mentioned by Sallust and other writers, and probably identical with Tbluptb or Tueleptj!;, a city in the S. of Numidia, Tl Boman miles N. W. of Capsa. THiLASSlUS, TiLASSIUS (-i), or Ti- LASSSO (-onis), a Roman senator of the time of Romulus. At the time of the rape of the Sabine women, when a maiden of surpassing beauty was carried oflf for Thalassius, the per- sons conducting her, in order to protect her a^inst any assaults from others^ exclaimed, *' For Thalassius." Hence, it is said, arose the wedding shout with which a bride at Rome was conducted to the house of her bride- groom. THiLBS (-Stis and is), the Ionic philoso- pher, and one of the Seven Sages, was born at Miletus about u.o. 636, and died about 646, at the age of 90, though the exact date neither, of his birth nor of his death is known. He is eaid to have predicted the eclipse of the sun which happened in the reign of the Lydian l^ing. Alyattes ; to have diverted the course of the Halys in the time of Croesus ; and later, in order to unite the lonians, when threatened by the Persians, to have instituted a federal council in Teos. He was one of the founders in Greece of the study of philosophy and mathematics. Thales maintained that water is the origin of things, meaning thereby that it is water out of which every thing arises, and into which every thing resolves itself. Thales left no works behinoT him. THXLES or THALfiTAS (-ae), the cele- brated musician and lyric poet, was a native of Gortyna in Crete, and probably flourished shortly after Terpauder. THiLIA (-ae). (1) One of the 9 Muses, and, at least in later times, the Muse of Comedy. [MusAE.]— (2) One of the Nereides. — (3) One of the Charites or Graces. THALLO. [HoBAit.] THiMYRIS (-is), or THiMtRAS (-ae), an ancient Thracian bard, was a son of Phil- ammon and the nymph Argiope. In his pre- sumption he challenged the Muses to a trial of skill, and being {>vercome in the contest, was deprived by them of his sight and of the power of singing. He was represented with a broken lyre in his baud. THXnATOS. [Moks.] THAPSiCOS (-i: O. T. Thipaach: an Ara- mean word, signified a ford: at the ford of El-ffamTtmnf near Hahkah, Ru.), a city of Syria, in the province of Chalybonitis, on the left bank of the Euphrates, 2000 stadia S. of Zeugma, and 15 parasangs from the mouth of the nver Chaboras (the Araxes of Xeno- phon). THAPSUS (-1). {1) A city on the E. coast of Sicily, on a peninsula of the same name {Isola degli Magnisi). — (2) (Demos, Ru.), a city on theB. coast of Byzacena, in Africa Propria. THiSOS or THASUS (-i : Thaso or Tasao), an island in the N. of the Aegaean sea, oiTthe coast of Thrace, and opposite the mouth of the river Nestus. It was at a very early period taken possession of by the Phoenicians, on account of its valuable gold mines. Accord- ing to tradition the Phoenicians were led by ThasuB, son of Poseidon (Neptune) or Ageuor, who came from the East in search of Europa, and from whom the island deiived its name. Thasos was afterwards colonized by the Pa- rians, B.o. T08, and among the colonists was the poet Archilucbus. The Thracians once possessed a considerable territory on the coast of Thrace, and were one of the richest and most powerful peoples in the N. of the Ae- gaean. They were subdued by the Persians under Merdonius, and subsequently became part of the Athenian maritime empire. They revolted, however, from Athens m B.o. 405, and, after sustaining a siege of 3 years,_ were subdued by Cimon in 463. They again re- volted from Athens in 411, and called in the Spartans ; but the island was again restored to the Athenians by Thrasybulus in 407. THAtTMAS (-autis), son of Pontus and G6, and, by the Oceanid Electra, the father of Iris and the Harpies. Hence Iris is called Tltau- Tnantias, ThaximaniiSt and Thmvnmniea virgo. THfiANO (-us). (1) Daughter of Cisseus, wife of Autenor, and priestess of Athena (Minerva) at Ilion. — (2) A celebrated female philosopher of the Pythagorean school, ap- pears to have been the wife of Pythagoras, and the mother by him of Telauges, Mnesar- chus, Myia, and Arignote; but the accounts respecting her were various. THEBAE (-arum), in the poets sometimes THEBE (-es), aft. DIOSPOLIS MAGNA, i. e. Great City of Jove, in Scripture NO, or NO AMMON, was the capital of Thebais, or Upper Egypt, and for a long time of the whole country. It was reputed the oldest city of the world. It stood in about the cen- tre of the Thebaid, on both banks of the Nile, above Coptos, and in the Nomos Coptites. It appears to have been at the height of its splendor, as the capital of Egypt', and as a chief seat of the worship of Amnion, about B.o. 1600. The fame of its grandeur had reached the Greeks as early as the time of Homer, who describes it, with poetical ex- aggeration, as having a hundred gates, from each of which it could send out 200 war char- iots, fully armed. Its real extent was calcu- lated by the Greek writers at 140 stadia (14 geog. miles) in circuit. That these computa- tions are not exaggerated is proved by the existing ruins, which extend from side to side of the valley of the Nile, here about 6 miles wide; while the rocks which bound the val- ley are perforated with tombs. These ruins, which are perhaps the most magnificent in THEBAE. 395 THEMISTIUS. the world, iDclose within their site the 4 mod- ern villages of Camact huxor^ Medinet Abou^ and Gournou. THSBAE (-arum), in Eurove^ (1) (Tkeba, Turkish Stiva)^ the chief city in Boeotia, was Bitnated in a'p^aiu S.£. of the lulce Hy]ice, and N.E. of Plataeae. Its acropolis, which was an oval eminence of no great hei";ht, was called Cadmka, because it -^as BnicT to have beeu founded by Cadmus, the leader of a Phoenician colonj^. It is said that the for- tificatiouB of the city were constructed by Amphion and his brother Zethus; and that, when Amphion played his lyre, the stoneti moved of their own accord, and formed the wall. The territory of Thebes was called TiiEBATS, and extended E.-wards as f^r as the Euboean sea. I^Io city is more celebrated ' in the mythical ages of Greece than Thebes. It was here that the ute of letters was first introduced from Phoenicia into W. Europe. It was the reputed birthplace of the 2 great divinities Dionysus (Bacchus) and Hercnlei^. It was also the native city of the seer Tire- Bias, as well as of the great musician Am- phion. It was the scene of the tragic fate of Oedipus, and of the war of the " Seven against Thebes." A few years afterwards "The Epig- From an Intaglio representing five of tho heroes who fought Against Thtibes. oni," or descendants of the seven heroes, marched against Thebes to revenge their fa- thers' death : they took the city, and razed it to the ground. It appears at the earliest his- torical period as a large and flourishing city ; and it is represented as possessing 7 gates, the number assigned to it iu the ancient le- gends. The Thebans were from an early pe- riod inveterate enemies of their neighbors, the Athenians. In the Peloponnesian war they espoused the Spartan siaie, and contrib- uted not a little to the downfall of Athens. But, in common with the other Greek states, they soon became disgusted with the Spartan supremacy, and joined the confederacy form- ed against Sparta in n.o. 394. The peace of Antnlcidas, in 38T, put an end to hoatilitieB in Greece; but the treacherous seizure of the Cadmea by the. Lacedaemonian general, Phoebidae, in 382, and its recovery by the Theban exiles iu 379, led to a war between Thebes and Sparta, in which the former not only recovered its independeuce, but forever destroyed the Lacedaemonian supremacy. This was the most glorious period in th& Theban annals; and the decisive defeat of the Spartans at the battle of Leuctra, in 371, made Thebes the first power in Greece. Her greatness, however, was mainly due to the pre-eminent abilities of her citizens Epaml- nondas and Felopidas; and with the death of the former at the battle of Mantiuea, in 362, she lost the supremacy which she had so recently gained, Tne Thebans were induced, by the eloquence of Demosthenes, to f*)rget their old animosities against the Athenians, and to joiu the latter in protecting the lib- erties of Greece against Philip of Macedon ; but their united forces-were defeated by Phil- ip at the battle of Ghaeronea in 338, Soon after the death of Philip and the accession of Alexander, the Thebans made a last at- . tempt to recover their liberty, but were cru- elly punished by the young king. The city . was taken by Alexander in 336, and was en- tirely destroyed, with the exception of the temples and the house of the poet Pindar; 6000 inhabitants were slain, and 30,000 sold as slaves. In 316 the city was rebuilt by Cas- eander, with the assistance of the Athe- nians. In 290 it was taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, and a^ain suffered greatly. After the Macedonian period Thebes rap- idly declined in importance ; and it re- ceived its last blow from Sulla, who gave •half of its territory to the Delphians. — (2) Surnamed Piituiotioab, an important city of Thessaly, in the district Phthiotis. THEBAIS. CAEGYrrus.] THESE (-es), a city of Mysia, on the wooded slope of Mount Placue, destroyed . by Achilles. It was said to have been the birthplace of Andromache and Chryseis. THEMIS (-idis), daughter of Uranus and Go, was married to Zeus (Jupiter), by whom she became the mother of the Horae, Eu- nomia. Dice (Astraea), Irene, and of the Moerae. In the Homeric poems, Themis is the person iflcation of the order of things established by law, custom, and equity, whence she is described as reigning iu the assemblies of men, and as convening, by the command of Zeus, the assembly of the gods.' She dwells in Olympus, and is on friendly terms with Hera (Juno). She is also described as a prophetic divinity, and is said to have been in possession of the Delphic oracle as the successor of Ge, and predecessor of Apol- lo. Nymphs, believed to be daughters of Zens and Themis, lived in a cave on the river Erid- anus, and the Hesperides also are called daughters of Zeus and Themis. On coins she often bears a resemblance to the figure of Athena (Minerva), and holds a cornucopia and a pair of scales, THEMISCYRA, a plain on the const of Pontus, extending E. of the river Iris, be- yond the Thermodon, celebrated from very ancient times as the country of the Amazone. THEMISTIUS (-i), a distinguished philos- opher and rhetorician, was a Faphlagouian, THEMISTOCLES. 396 THEODOKICUS. and flonriehed, first at Constantinople, and ■ afterwards at Borne, in the reigns of Con- BtantiuB, Jalian, Jovian, Valena, Gratian, and Tbeodosius. THEMISTOCLSS (-is), the celebrated Athe- nian, was the son of Neocles and Abrdtouon, A Thracian woman, and was born abont b.o. 514. In his youth he had an impetuous char- acter ; he displayed great intellectnal power, combined with a lofty ambition and a desire for political distinction. He began his career by setting himself in opposition to those who had most power, and especially to Aristides, to whose ostracism (in 483) he contributed. From this time he was the political leader in Athens. In 481 he was Arcbon Eponymus ; abont which time he persuaded the Athe- nians to employ the produce of the silver mines of Laurium in building ships, instead of distributing it among the Athenian citi- . zens. Upon the invasion of Greece by Xerx- es, Themislocles was appointed to the com- mand of the Athenian fleet ; and to his energy, prndence, foresight, and courage the Greeks mainly owed their salvation from the Persian dominion. Upon the approach of Xerxes, the Athenians, on the advice of Themistocles, deserted' their cit^, and removed their wom- en, children, and infirm persons to Salamis, Aegina, and Troezeu. A panic having seized the Spartans and other Greeks, Themistocles sent a faithful slave to the Persian command- ers, informing them that the Greeks intend- ed to make their escape, and that the Per- sians had now the opportunity of accomplish- ing a noble enterprise, if they would only cut ofi' their retreat. The Persians believed what they were tpld, and in the night their fleet occupied the whole of the channel be- tween Salamis and the mainland. The Greeks were thus compelled to fight ; and the result was the great and glorious victory in which the greater part of the fieet of Xerxes was de- stroyed. This victory, which was due to The- mistocles, established his reputation among the Greeks. Yet his influence does not ap- pear to have survived the expulsion of the Persians from Greece and the mrtification of the ports of Athens, to which he had advised the Athenians. He was probably accused of peculation,andperhaps justly, for he was not very scrupulous ; at all events he was ostra- cized in 471, and retired to Argos. After the discovery of the treasonable correspondence of Fausanias with the Persian king, the La- cedaemonians sent to Athens to accuse The- mistocles of being privy to the design of Pau- sanias; whereupon the Athenians sent ofl" persons with the Lacedaemonians with in- structions to arrest him (466). Themistocles, hearing of what was designed against him, first fled from Argos to Corcyra ; men to Epi- rus, where he took refuge in the house of Admetns, king of the Molossi, and finally reached the coast of Asia in safety. Xerxes was now dead (465), and Artaxerxes was on the throne. Themistocles went up to visit the kiu^ at his royal residence; and on his arrival he sent the king a letter, in which he promised to do him a good service, and pray- ed that he might be allowed to wait a year, aud then to explain personally what brought him there. In a year he made himself mas- ter of the Persian language and the Persian usages, and, being presented to the king, ob- tained the greatest influence over him, and was presented with a handsome allowance, after the Persian fashion. Magnesia supplied him with bread, Lampsacus with wine, and Myus with the other provisions. But before he could accomplish any thing he died, prob- ably by poison, administered by himself, from despair of accomplishing auy thing aeaiust his country. Themistocles had great talents, but little morality: and thus ended his ca- reer unhappily and ingloriously. He died iu 449, at the age of 6S. THEOCLlfMENUS (-i), a soothsayer, eon of Polypbides of Hyperasia, and a descend- ant of Melampus. THEOCRITUS (-1). (1) Of Chios, an ora- tor, sophist, aud perhaps an historian, in the time of Alexander the Great. None of his works are extant with the exception of 2 or 3 epigrams, among which is a very bitter one upon Aristotle, — (2) The celebrated bucolic poet, was a native of Syracuse, and the son of Praxagfiras and Philinna. He visited Alex- andria during the latter end of the reign of Ptolemy Soter, where he received the instruc- tion of Philetns and Asclepiades, and began to distinguish himself as a poet. His first efforts obtained for him the patronage of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who was associated in the kingdom with his father, Ptolemy So- ter, in n.0. 235, and in whose praise the poet wrote the 14th, 15th, and 17th Idyls. Theocri- tus afterwards returned to Syracuse, and lived there under Hiero II. It appears from the 16t;h Idyl that he was dissatisfied, both with the want of liberality on the part of Hiero in rewarding him for his poems, and with the political* state of his native country. It may therefore be supposed that he devoted the latter part of his life almost entirely to the contemplation of those scenes of nature and of country life on his representations of which his fame chiefly rests, Theocritus was the creator of bucolic poetry as a branch of Greek, and through imitators, such as Virgil, of Komau literature. The bucolic idyls of Theocritus are of a dramatic and mimetic character, aud are pictures of the ordinary life of the common people of Sicily. THEODECTES <-ae), of Phaselis, in Pam- phylia, was a highly distinguished rhetori- cian and tragic poet in the tiijie of Philip of Macedon. The greater part of his life was spent at Athens, where he died at the age of 41. THEODCRICUS or THfiODERlCUS. (I.) King of the Visigoths from a.d. 418 to 451, fell fighting on the side of Aetius aud the Romans at the great battle of Chalons, in which Attila was defeated, 451.— (II.) King of the Visigoths A.n. 4C2-466, 2d son of Theo- doric I., was assassinated in 466 by his broth- er Euric, who succeeded him on the throne. Theodoric IL was a patron of letters and learned men — (III.) Surnamed the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, succeeded his father Theodemir in 475. Thoodoric entered Italy in 489, and after defeating Odoacer in 3 great THEODORUS. 397 THEOX. battlcB, and laying siege to Kavenua, com- pelled Odoacer to capitulate on condition that he and Theodonc should rule jointly over Italy : but Odoacer was soon afterwards murdered by his more fortunate rival (493). Theodonc thus became master of Italy, which he ruled for 33 years, till his death in 626. His loDg rei^ was prosperous and beneficent. Theodonc was a patrou of literature ; and among his ministers were Cassiodorns and BoSthras, the two last writers who can claim a place in the literature of ancient Rome. THE0d5RUS (-i). (1) Of Byzantium, a rhetorician, and a contemporary of Plato. — (2) A philosopher of the Cyrenaic school, usu- ally designated by ancient writers "the Athe- ist." He resided for some time at Athens; and being banished thence, went to Alexan- dria, where he entered the service of Ptolemy, son of Lagus.— (3) An eminent rhetorician oi the age of Augustus, was a native ofGadara. He settled at Rhodes, where Tiberius, after- wards emperor, during his retirement (n.o. C- A.7>. 2) to. that island, was one of his hearers. He also taught at Rome. Theodoras was the founder of a school of rhetoricians called " Theodorei." THEODOSIUS (-i). (I.) Surnamed the Great, Roman emperor of the East, a.I).3TS- 395, was the son of the general Tbcodosius, and was bom in Spain about 346. He ac- quired a considerable military reputation in the lifetime of his father, under whom he served ; and after the death of Valens, was proclaimed emperor of the East by Gra- tian. The Roman empire in the East was then in a critical position, owing to the in- roads of the Goths; but Theodosius gained two signal victories over the barbarians, and concluded a peace with them in 382. In 387 he defeated and put to death Maximus, whom he had previously acknowledged emperor of Spain, Gaul, and Britain. In 390 Theodosius gave a signal instance of bis savage temper i A serious riot having broken out at Thessa- , lonica, in which the imperial officer and sev- eral of his troops were murdered, Theodosius resolved to take the most signal vengeance upon the whole city. The inhabitants were invited to the games of the Circus; and as soon as the place was fnll, the soldiers were Employed for 3 hours in slaughtering them It was on this occasion that St. Ambrose, archbishop of Milan, after representing his crime to Theodosius, refused him admission to the church, and finally compelled him to entreat pardon before all the congregation. Theodosius died at Milan 17th January, 395.* — {II.) Roman emperor of the East, a.d. 408- 450, was born in 401, and was only 7 years of age at the death of his father Arcadius, whom he succeeded. Theodosius was a weak prince ; and his sister Pulcheria fjossesped the virtual government of the empire during his long reign. The compilation called the Codex Theo- dostanus was begun in his reign. THEOGNIS (-idis), of Megara, an ancient elegiac and gnomic poet, is said to have fiour- Ished B.O. 64S or 644. He was a noble by birth ; and all his sympathies were with the nobles. He was banished with the leaders Column of Theodosius at CoustHntiiiople. of the oligarchical party, having previously been deprived of all his property : and most of his poems were composed while he was an ex- ile. The genuine fragments of Theognis con- tain much that is highly poetical in thought, and elegant as well as forcible in expression. THEON (-ouis). (1) The name of 2 mathe- maticiauB — namely,The(>n the elder, of Smyr- na, an arithmetician, who lived in the time of Hadrian ; and Theon the younger, of Alex- andria, the father of Hyi>atia, best known as an astronomer and geometer, who lived in the time of Theodosius the elder.— (2) Aeliub TiiEON, of Alexandria, a stiphist and rhetori- cian of uncertain date, wrote several works, of which one, entitled Progymnasmataf is BtlU THEONOE. 398 THERMODON. extaut.— (3) Of Samos, a paiuter who flour- ished from the time of Philip onwards to that of the successors of Alexauder. THEOnOb (-es), daughter of Proteus and Psammathe, also called Idothea. [Idothea.] THEOPHANSS <-i8), Cn. POMPEIUS, of Mytilene in Lesbos, a learned Greek, was one of the most intimate friends of Pompey, and wrote the history of his campaigns. THEOPHRASTUS (-i), the Greek philoso- pher, was a native of Eresus in Lesbos, and studied philosophy at Athens, first under Plato and afterwards under AriBtotle. He became the favorite pupil of Aristotle, who named Theophrastue his successor in the presidency of the Lyceum, and in his will be- queathed to him his library and the origi- nals of his own writings. Theophrastus was a worthy successor of his great master, and no- bly sustained the character of the school. He is Baid to have had 2000 disciples, and among them such men as the comic poet Menander. He was highly esteemed by the kings Philip- pus, Cassander, and Ptolemy, aud was not the less the object of the regard of the Athe- nian people, as was decisively shown when he was impeached of impiety ; for he was not only acquitted, but his accuser would have fallen a victim to his calumny, had not Theo- Shrastus generously interfered to save him. [e died in b.o. 28T, having presided over the Academy about 35 years. His age is various- ly stated. According to some accounts he lived 86 years, according to others 107 years. He is said to have closed his life with the complaint respecting the short duration of human existence, that it ended just when the insight into its problems was beginning. He wrote A great number of works, the great ob- ject of which was the development of the Ar- istotelian philosophy; his Characteres and his work On Plants are extant. THEOPOMPUS (-i). (1) King of Sparta, reigned about b.o. 770-720. He is said to have established the ephoralty, aud to have been mfiinly instrumental in bringing the 1st Mes- eeniau war to a successful issue. — (2) Of Chios, ft celebrated Greek historian, was the son of Damasistratus and the brother of Caucalus the rhetorician. He was boru about n.o. 378, and attended the school of rhetoric which Isocratea opened at Chios. He accompanied his father into banishment, when the latter was exiled on account of his espousing the interests of the Lacedaemonians, but he was restored to his native country in the 45th year of his age (333), in consequence of the letters of Alexander the Great, in which he exhorted the Chians to recall their exiles. On his re- turn, Theopompus, who was a man of great wealth as welt as learning, naturally totSc an important position in the state; but his ve- hement temper, and his support of the aris- tocratical party, soon raised against him a host of enemies. Of these one of the most foiTuidable was the sophist Theocritus. As Jong as Alexander lived, his enemies dared not take any open proceedings against The- opompus; and even after the death of the Maficdonian monarch, he appears to have en- joyed for some years the protection of the royal house ; but he was eventually expelled from Chios as a disturber of the public peace, and fled to Egypt, to Ptolemy, about 8U5,being at the time 75 years of age. We are informed that Ptolemy not only refused to receive The- opompus, but would even have put him to death as a dangerous busybody had not some of his friends interceded for his life. Of his farther fate we have no particulars. None of the works of Theopompus have come down to us. Besides his Histories, he composed several orations. His style resembled that of his master Isocrates, and he is praised by the ancients for his diligence and accuracy, but censured for the severity aud acrimony of his judgments. THERA (-ae: Santorin), an island in the Aegaean sea, and the chief of the Sporades, distant from Crete 700 stadia, and 20 Roman miles S. of the island of los. THERAMENES (-is), an Athenian, son of Hagnon, was a leading member of the oli- garchical goverpment of the 400 at Athens, in B.o. 411. Subsequently, however, he not only took a prominent part in the deposition of the 400, but came forward as the accuser of Autiphon aud Archeptolemus, who had been his intimate friends, out whose death he was now the mean and cowardly instrument in Erocuring. After the capture of Athens by ysander, Therameues was chosen one of the Thirty Tyrants (404). But as from policy he endeavored to check the tyrannical proceed- ings of his colleagues, Critias accused him before the council as a traitor, and procured his condemnation by violence. When he had drunk the hemlock, he dashed out the last drop from the cup, exclaiming, "This to the health of the lovely Critias !" THERAPNAE (-arum), a town in Laconin, on the left bank of the Eurotas and a little above Sparta, celebrated in mytholoej' as the birthplace of Castor aud Pollux. Meuelaus and Helen were said to be buried here, THERAS, a Spartan, who colonized and gave name to the island of Thera. THERASiA (-ae), a small island west of Thera. THERMA, a to^vn in Macedonia, afterwards called Thesealonica [Tuesbalonioa], situated at the N.E. extremity of a great gulf of the Aegaean sea, calledTHERMAiousorTuEKWAErs Sinus from the town at its head. This gulf was also called Macedonicus Sinus; its mod- ern name is Gulf of Salonica. THERMAE (-iirum), a town in Sicily, built by the inhabitants of Himera after the de- struction of the latter city by the Carthagin- ians. [HiMBBA.] THERMAICUS SINUS. [Tuerma.] THERMODON (-ontis: Th&i-nieh), a river of Pontus, in the district of Themiscyra, the reputed country of the Amazcnis, rises in a mountain called Amazouius Mountain (and still Mason Daah), near Phanaroea, and falls into the eea aoont 30 miles E. of the mouth of the Iris. At its mouth was the city of Themiscyra: and there is still, on the W. side of the mouth of the TAermeft, a place of the same name, Thcrmeh. THERMOPYIiAE. 399 THESEUS. View of Thermopylae, THERMOPYLAE, often called simply PY- LAE (-arum), that is, the Hot Oaten or the Gates, a celebrated pass leading from Thes- saly into Locris. It lay between Monnt Oeta and an inaccessible morass, forming the edi^e of the Malic gulf. At one end of the pass, close to Anthela, the mountain approached so close to the morass as to leave room for "only a single carriage between ; this narrow en- trance formed the W. gate of Thermopylae. About a mile to the K the mountain again approached close to the sea, near the Locrian town of AJpeni, thus forming the E. gate of Thermopylae. The space between these two gates was wider and more open, and was die- tinguished by its abundan t flow of hot springe, which were sacred to Hercules: hence the name of the place. The pass of Thermopylae is especially celebrated ou account of the he- roic defense of Leouidas and the 300 Spartans against the mighty host of Xerzes. THERMUM (-i) or THERMA (-atis), a town of the Aetolians near Stratus, witb warm min- eral springs, and regarded for some time as the capital of the country. THERON (-flnis), tyrant of Agrigentum, in Sicilv, reigned from about b.o. 488 till his death in 472. He shared with Qelon In the great Tictory gained over the Carthaginians in 480. THERSANDER (-dri), son of Pclynices and Argia, and one of the Epigoni, went with Ag- amemnon to Troy, and was slain ip that ex- pedition by Telephne. THBRSITES (-ae), son of Agrius, the most deformed man and impudent talker among the Greeks at Troy. According to the later poets he was killed by Achilles, because he had ridiculed him for lamenting the death of Fenthesilea, queen of the Amazons. THESEUS (-e6s, &i, or eT), the great legend- ary hero of Attica, was the son of Aegeus, king of Athens, and of Aethra, the daughter ofPittheus, kingofTroezen. He was brought up at Troezen; and when he reached matu- rity he took, by his mother's directions, the sword and sandals, the tokens which had been left by Aegeus, and proceeded to Ath- ens. Eager to emulate Hercules, he went by land, displaying his prowess by destroying the«vobbers and monsters that infested the country. By means of^the sword which he carried, Theseus was recognized by Aegeus, acknowledged as his eon, and declared hie successor, to the exclusion of the sons of Pal- las. The capture of the Marathonian bull, which had long laid waste the surrounding country, was the next exploit of Theseug. After this he went of his own accord as one of the 7 youths whom the Athenians were obliged to send every year, with 7 maidens, to Crete, in order to be devoured by tlie Min- otaur. When they arrived at Crete, Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, became enamored ot Theseus, and provided him with a sword with which he slew the Minotaur, and a clew of thread by which he found his way out of the labyrinth. Having effected his object, The- seus sailed away, carrying off Ariadne. There were various accounts about Ariadne ; but according to the general account Theseus abandoned her in the island of Naxos on his way home. [Abiadme.] He was generally believed to have had by her two sous, Oeno- pion and Staphylus. As the vessel in which Theseus sailed api)roached Attica, he neglect- ed to hoist the white sail, which was to have been the signal of the success of the expedi- tion ; whereupon Aegeus, thinking that his son had perished, threw himself into th^ sea, [Akokus.] Theseus thus became king of Ath- ens. One of the most celebrated of the advent- THESEUS. 400 THESPKOTI. nres of Theseus was his expedition against the Amazons. He is said to have assailed them before they had recovered from the at- taclc of Hercules, and to have carried off their cjueen, Antiope. The Amazons in their tnrn invaded Attica, and penetrated into Athens itself; and the final battle, in which Theseus overcame them, was fought in the vei-y midst of the city. By Antiope, Theseus was said to have had a son named Ilippolytus or Demo- phoon, and after her death to have married Phaedra. [HippoLvrus, PnAEnnA.] Theseus iigures in almost all the great heroic expedi- tions. He was one of the Argonauts ; he joined in the.Calydonian hunt, and aided Adrastus in recovering the bodies of those slain before Thebes. He contracted a close friendship with Piritlious, and jiided him and the Lapithae a£;ainst the Centaurs. With the assistance- of Pirithous, he carried off Helen from Sparta while she was quite a girl, and placed her at Aphidnae, imder the care of Aethra. Iii return, he assisted Pirithous in his attempt to carry off Persephone frimi the lower world. Pirithous perished in the en- tei-prise, and Theseus was kept in hard dnr- auce nntil he was delivered by Hercules. Meantime Castor and Pollux invaded Attica, and carried off Helen and Aethra, Academus having informed the brothers where they were to be found. [AcAnEMns.] Menestlietis also endeavored to incite the people against Theseus, who on his return found himself un- able to re-establish his authority, and retired to Scyros, where he was treacherously slain by Lycomedes. The departed hero was be- lieved to have appeared to aid the Athenians at the battle of Marathon. There can be no donbt that Theseus is a purelylegendary hero, though the Athenians in later times regarded him as an historical personage, and as th^ au- thor of several of their political institutions. THESPIAE (-arum) or THESPlA (-ae : Br- emo ov Mimokastro), an ancient town in Boeo-. tla on the S.E. slope of Mount Helicon, at no great distance from the Crissaean gulf. It was burned to the ground by the Persians, but subsequently rebuilt. At Thespiae- was preserved the celebrated marble statue of Eros by Praxiteles, who had given it to Phry- ne, by whom it was presented to her native town. [Pbaxitblhs.] From the vicinity of Thespiae to Mount Helicon the Muses are called TheepiMes, and Helicon itself is named the 2'he»pja rupee, THESPIS (-is), the celebrated father of Greek tragedy, was a contemporary of Pisis- tratus, and a native of Icarus, one otthe demi in Attica, where the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus) had long prevailed. The altera- tion made by Thespis, and which gave to the old tragedy a new and dramatic character, was very simple but very important. He in- troduced an actor, for the sake of giving rest to the chorus, in which capacity he prooably appeared himself, taking various parts in the same |)iece, under various disguises, which he was enabled to assume by means of linen masks, the invention of which is ascribed to him. The first representation of Thespis was in n.o. 5.35. For further details, see Diet, of Antv].,nrt.Tragoedia. THESPIUS (-i), son of Erechlheus, who, according to some, founded the town ofThes- piae in Boeotia. His descendants are called Thespiadae, THBSPRSTI (-orum), a people of Epirus, inhabiting the district called after them Thes- PKOiiA or Tuespuotib, which extended along the coast from the Ambracian gulf N.-wards as far as the river Thyamis, and inland as far as the territory of the Molossi. The Thes- proti were the most ancient inhabitants of statue of Theaeus, from the FedlmcDt of the FarthenoD. .THESSALIA. 401 THESTOR. Bpirua, and are said to have derived . their Bame from. Thesprotus, the son of Lycnon. They were Felasgiaos, and in their country was the oracle of Dodona, the great centre of the Pelasgic worship. From Thesprotia is- sned the Theasalianfi, who took possession of the country afterwards called Thessaly. THESSALIA (-ae), the largest division of Greece, was hounded on the N. by the Cam- bunian mountains, which separated it from Macedonia ; on the "W. by Mount Pindus, which separated it from Epn-us ; on the E. by the Aegaeau sea ; and on tne S. by the Maliac gulf and Mount Oeta. which separated it from Locris, Phocis, and Aetolia. Thessaly prop- er is a vast plaiu, shut in. on every side by mountain barriers, broken only at the N.E. corner by the valley and defile of Tempe, which separates Ossa from Olyrapns. This plain is drained by the river Pen6us and its affluents, and is said to have been originally a vast lake, the waters of which were after- wards carried off through the vale of Tempe by some sudden convulsion, which rent the rocks of this valley asunder. In addition to the plain already descrijjed, there were two other districts included Under the general name of Thessaly : one, called Magnesia, be- ing a long, narrow strip of country, extend- ing along the coast of the Aegaean sea from . Tempe to -the Pagasaean gull, and bounded on the W. by Mounts Ossa and Olympus ; and the other being a long, narrow vale at the extreme S. of the country, lyin^ between Mounts Othrys and Oeta, and drained by the river Spercheus. Thessaly proper was .divid- ed in very early times into 4 districts or tet- rarchies — a division which we still flud sub- sisting in the Peloponuesian war. These dis- tricts were: (1). Hebtiaeotis, the N.W. part of Thessaly, bounded on the N. by Macedo- nia, on the W. by Epirus, on the E. by Pelas- giobis, and on the S. by Thessaliotis : the Pe- neua may be said in general to have formed its S. limit. — (2) Pelasgiotis, the E. part of the Thessalian.plain, was bounded on the N. by Macedonia, on the W. by HestiaeotiSj on the E. by Magnesia, and on the S, by the Smus Pagasaeus and Phthiotia.— (3) Tuessaliotis, the S.W. part of the Theasalian plain, was bounded on the N. by Hestiaeotis, on the W. by Bpirus, on the B. by Pelasgiotis, and on the 8. byDolopin audPhthiotis.— (4) Phthio- Tis^he S.B. of Thessaly, bounded on the N. by Thessaliotis, on the W. by Dolopia, on the S. by the Sinus Maliacus, and on the E. by the Pagasaean gulf. It is in this district that Homer places Phthia and Hellas proper, and the dominions of Achilles. Besides these there were 4 other districts, viz. : (6) Magne- sia. [Magnebia.1— (6) Dolopia, a small dis- trict bounded on the E. by Phthiotis, (fa the N. by Thessaliotis, on the W. by Athamania, and on the S. by Oetaea. The Bolopes were an ancient people, for they are not only men- tioned by Homer as fighting before Troy, but they also sent deputies to the Amphictyonio assembly.— (7) Oetaea, a district in the upper valley oi*^the Spercheua, lying between Mounts Othrys and Oeta, and bounded on the N..by Dolopia, on the S. by Phocis, and on the E. by Malis.— (8) Malib. [Malib.]— The Thessa- liana were aThesprotiantribei and under the guidance of leaders who are^aid to have been descendants of Hercules, invaded the W. part of the country, afterwards called Thessaliotis, whence they subsequently spi'ead over the other parts of the country. For some time after the conquest, Thessaly was governed by kings of the race of Hercules ; but the kingly power seems to have been abolished In early times, and the government in the separate ' cities became oligarchical, the power being chiefly in. the hands of a few great families descended from the ancieflt kings. Of these, two of the most powerful were the Aleuadae . and the Scopadae, the former of whom ruled at Larissa, and the latter at Cranon or Gran- ' non. At an early period the Thessalians were united into a confederate body. Each of the 4 districts into which the country w'as divided probably regulated its afi'airs by some kind of provincial council ; and in case of war, 4 chief magistrate was elected, nnder th^ name of Tagus (Tavov), whose commands were obeyed by all the 4 districts. This con- federacj', however, was not of much practical benefit to the Thcssalian people, and appears to havfi been only used by the Thessaliau no- bles as a means of cementing and maintain- ing their power. The Thessalians never be- came of much importance in Grecian his- tory. In B.0. 344 Philii> con^pletely subjected Thessaly to Macedonia, by placing at .the head of the 4 divisions of the country gov- ernors devoted to his interests. The vic- tory of T. Plamininus atCjTioscephalae, iul97, again gave the Thessalians a semblance of independence under, the protection of the Romans. THESSALONICA (-ae: Saloniki), more an- ciently THERMA, an ancient city in Mace- donia, situated at the N.E. extremity of the Sinus Thermaicus. Under the name of Ther- ' ma it was not a place of much importance. It was taken and occupied by the Athenians a short time before the commencement of the Peloponnesian war (b.o. 432), but was soon after restored by them to Perdiccas. It was made an important city by Cassander, who collected in this -place the inhabitants of sev- eral adjacent towns (about u.o. 315), and who fave it the name of Thessalonica in honor of is wife, the daughter of Philip and sister of Alexauoer the Great. From this time it be- came a large and flourishing city. It was vis- ited by the Apoptle Paul about a.d. 68, and j about two years afterwards he addressed from Corinth two epistles to his converts in the city. (See illustration on p. 402.) THESTlUS (-1), s(m of Ares (Mars) and De- monice or Androdice, and, according to oth- ers, sou of Agenol' and grandson of Pleuron, the king of Aetolia. He was the father of IphicUisi Euippus, Plexippus, Eurypylue, Le- da. Althaea, and Hypermnestra. The patro- nymic TiiEBTiAnEB is given to his grandson Meleager, as well as to his sons ; and the fe- male patronymic Tuebtias to his daughter Althaea, the mother of Meleager. THESTOR (-Sris), son of Idmon and Lao- thoe, and father of Calchas, Theoclymenus, ■Leuclppe, and Theonoe. The patronymic THETIS. 402 THOANTEA. Thestobides is frequently given to bis 6on Cftlchftp. THfiTIS (-idis), one of the daughters of Ne- reu8 and Doris, was a marine divinity, and dwelt— like her sisters, the Nereids— in the depths of the sea, with her father Nereua. She there received Dionysus (Bacchus) on his flight from Lycurgus, and the god in his grati- tude presented her with a golden nrn. When Hephaestus (Vulcan) was thrown down from heaven, he was likewise received by Thetis. She had been brought up by Hera (Juno), and when she reached the a^e of maturity, Zeus (Jupiter) and Hera gave her, aeainst her will, in marriage to Peleus. Poseidon (Nep- tune) and Zeus himself are said by some to have sued for her hand; but when Themis declared that the son of Thetis would be more illustrious than his father, both gods desisted from their suit. Others state that Thetie rejected the offers of Zeus, because she bad been brought up by Hera, and the god, to revenge himself, decreed that she should, marry a mortal. Chiron then informed his friend Peleus how he might gain possession of her, even if she should metamorphose her- self; for Thetis, like Proteus, had the power of assuming any form she pleaded. Peleus, instructed by Chiron, held the goddess fast till she assumed her proper form, and prom- ised to marry him. The wedding was hon- ored with the presence of all the gods, except Bris or Discord, who was not invited, and who avenged herself by throwing am*ong the assembled gods the apple which was the source of so much miscrj'. [Paris.] By Pe- leus, Thetis became the mother of Achilles, on whom she bestowed the tenderest care and love. [Aouit.i.kb.3 THIA (-ae), daughter of ITi'ilnus and Ge, one of the female Titans, became by Hyperion themother of Helios (Sol), Eos (Aurora), and Selouo (Luna)— that is, she was regarded as the deity from whom all light proceeded. THIS, a great city of Upper Egypt, capital of the Thinites Nomos, and the seat of some of the ancient dynasties. THISBK (-Ss), a beautiful Babylonian maid- en, beloved, by Pyramus. The lovers, living in adjoining houses, often secretly conversed with each other through an opening in the wall, as their parents would not sanction their marriage. Once they agreed upon a ■ rendezvous at the tomb of Niuus. Tbiebe arrived first, and, while she was waiting for Pyramus, she perceived a lioness, which had just torn to pieces an ox, and took to flight. While running she lost her garment, whicli the litmess soiled with blood. In the mean time Pyramus arrived, and finding her gar- menticovered with blood, he imagined that she had been murdered, and made away with himself under a mulberry-tree, the fruit of which henceforth was as red as blood. This- be, who afterwards found the body of her lover, likewise killed herself. THISBE (-es), afterwards THISBAE (-arum : Kakosia), a town of Boeotia, on the borders of Phocis, and between Mount Helicon and the Corinthian gulf. THOANTEA (-ae), a surname of the Tau- THOAS. 403 THRASYBULUS. riau Artemis (Blana), derived from Thone, king of Tauris. THOAS (-antis). (1) ^ou of Andraemon and Gorge, was king of Calydon and Pleurou, iu Aetolia, aud sailed with 40 ehii^s against Troy.— (2) Son of Dionysus (Bacchus) ana Ari- adne, was king of Lemnos, and married to Myrina, by whom he became the father of Hypsipyle and Siciuua. Wheu the Lemniar women killed all the men iu the island, Hyp- sipyle saved and concealed her father, Thoas. The patronymic Tuoantias is given to Hyp- sipyle, as the daughter of Thoas. — (3) Son of Borj^sthenea and king of Tauris, into whose dominions Iphigenia was carried by Artemis when she was to have been sacrificed. THORICUS (-i: Tkeriko), one of the 12 an- cient towns in Attica, and subsequently a de- mus belonging to. the tribe Acamantis, was situated ou the S.E. coast, a little above Su- uium. THR5.CiA (-ae) was in earlier times the name of the vast space of country bounded on the N. by the Danube, ou the S. by the PropontiB and the Aegaeau, ou the E. by the Pontus Euxinns, and on the W. by the river Stryraon and the easternmost of the Illyrian tribes. It was divided into two jparts by Mount Haemus (the Balkan), running from W. toE., and separating the plain of the low- er Danube.from the rivers which fall into the Aegaean. Two extensive mountain ranges branch off from the S. side of Mount Haemus — one running 9.E. towards Constantinople; and the other, called Rhodope, E. of the pre- ceding one, also running in a S.E.-ly direc- tion near the river Nestus. Between these two ranges there are many plains, which are drained by the Hebrus, the largest river in Thrace. At a later time the name Thrace was applied to a more limited extent of conn- try. Thrace, iu its widest extent,* was peo- pled in the times of Herodotus and Thucyd- ifles by a vast number of different tribes, but their customs and character were marked by great uniformity. They were savage, cruel, and rapacious, delighting iu blood, but brave and warlike. In earlier times, however, some of the Thracian tribes must have been dis- tinguished by a higher degree of civilization than prevailed among them at a later period. The earliest Greek poets — Orpheus, Linus, Musaeus, and others— are all represented as coming from Thrace. Eumolpus, likewise, who founded the Eleusinian mysteries in At- tica, is said to have been a Thracian, and to have fought against Erechtheus, king of Ath- ens. We find mention of the Thracians in other parts of southern Greece, and also in Asia. The principal Greek colonies along the coast, beginning at the Strymon and co- iug E.-wardB, were Amphipoi*i8, Audrra, Di- OARA or DiOAKPows, Mabonba, Stbyme, Mk- BEMimiA, and Aenor. The Thracian Cherr sonesus was probably colonized by the Greeks at an early period, but it did not contain any important Greek settlement till the migration of the first Miltiades to the country during the reign of Pislstratus at Athens. CChkr- 6ONEB0B.] On the Propontie the two chief Greek eeitleraents w^re those of Pkuikthtts and Sfxymuuia, and on the Thracian Bospo- rus was the important town of Byzantium. There were only a few Greek settlements on the S.W. coast of the Euxine ; the most im- portant were those of Apollonia, Odkbbus, Cam.atib, Tomi (reuowned as the place of Ovid's banishment), and Istbia, near thie S. mouth of the Danube. The Thracians are said to have been conquered by Sesostris, king of Egypt, and subsequently to have been Bubaued by the Teucriaus and Mysians; but the first really historical fact respecting them is their subjugation by Megabaziis, the gen- eral of Darine. After the Persians had been driven out of Europe bythe Greeks, the Thra- cians recovered their independence; and at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war al- most all the Thracian tribes were united un- der the dominion of Sitalces, king of the Odrysae. whose kingdom extended from Ab- derato the Euxine and the mouth of the Dan- ube. In the third year of the Peloponnesian war (li.o. 429), Sitalces, who had entered into an alliance with the Atheniane, invaded Mac- edonia with a vast army of 150,000 men, but was compelled by the failure of provisions to return home, after remaining in Macedonia 30 days. Sitalces fell in battle against the Tri- balli in 424, aud was succeeded »y his nephew Seuthes, who during a long reigu raised his kingdom to a height of power and prosperity which it had never previously attained. Aft- er the death of Seuthes, which appears to have happened a little before the close of the Peloponnesian war, we find his powerful kingdom split up into different parts. Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, reduced the greater part of Thrace, and after the death of Alexander the country fell to the share of Lysimachus. It subsequently formed a part of the Macedonian dominions. We do not know at what period it became a Roman province. THRXSEA (-ae), P. PAETUS, a distin- guished Roman senator and Stoic philoso- pher in the reign of Nero, was a native of Patavium, and was pi-obably born soon after the death of Au^^ustus. He made the young- er Cato hie model, of whose life he wrote an account. He married Arria, the 'daughter of the heroic Arria who showed her husband Caecina how to die ; and his wife was worthy of her mother and her husbaud. At a later period he gave his own daughter in marriage to Helvidius Priscus, who trod closely iu the footsteps of his father-in-law. After iucur- *ring the hatred of Nero by the independence of nia character and the freedom with which he expressed his opinions, he was condemn- ed to death by the senate by command of the emperor, a.d. 66. THRiSYBtJLUS (-1). (1) Tyrant of Mile- tns, was a contemporary of Periander and Alyattes, the king of Lydia.— (2) A celebrated Athenian, son of Lycus. He was zenlously attached to the Athenian democracy, and took an active part in overthrowing the oligarchi- cal government of the 400 in b.o. 411. On the establishment of the Thirty Tyrants at Athens he was baniBhed, but, by the assist- ance of the ThebauB, succeeded in overthrow- THRASYMACHUS. 404 TIBARENI. lug the Ten, who had succeeded to the gov- * ernmeut, and eventually obtained possession of Athens, and restored the democracy, 403. In 390 he commanded the Athenian fleet in the Aegaean, and was slain by the inhab- itants of Aspendns.— (3) Brother of Gelon and Hieron, tyrants of Syracuse, the latter of whom he succeeded in u.o. 4ti7, but was soon, afterwards expelled by the Syracnsans,whom he had provoked by his rapacity and cruelty. THEiSlfMXCHtrS (-i), a native of Chalce- don, was a Sophist, and one of the earliest cultivators of the art of rhetoric. He was a contemporary of Gorgias. THEiStMSNUS. [TiiASiMEKUs.] THEONIDM <-i: Romant), the chief town of the Locri Bpicnemidii, on the river Boa- grins, at a short distance from the sea, with a harbor upon the coast. THtJCfDiDlS (-is). (1) An Athenian statesman, and leader of the aristocratic party in opposition to Pericles. He was 0Btraci7.ed in B.C. 444. — (2) The great Athenian historian, of the demus Halimus, was the son of Olorns or Orolus and Hegesip- yle, and was boru in b.o. 471. Thucydides is said to have been instructed in oratory by Autiphon, and in philosophy by Anaxagoras. Either by inheritance or by mar- riage he possessed gold mines in that part of Thrace which is opposite to the island of Thasos, where he was a .person of the greatest influence. He commanded an Athe- nian squadron of T ships at Thasus, 424, when En- cles, who commanded in Amphipolis, sent for his assistance against Brasidas; but, failing in that enterprise, he became an exile, proba- bly to avoid a severer punishment. He him- self says that he lived 20 years in exile (v. 26), and as it commenced in the beginning or 423, he may have returned to Athens in the beginning of 403, about the time when Thras- ybnlus liberated Athens. Thucydides is said to have been assassinated at Athens soon after his -return ;■ at all events his death can not be placed later than 401. With regard to his vvork, we may conclude that we have a more exact history of a long eventful period by Thucydides than we have of any.period in modern history equally long and equally eventful. THVLB (-es), an island in the N. part of the German Ocean, regarded by the ancients as the most N.-ly point in the whole earth, and by some supposed to have been Iceland ; by others, one of the Shetland group. THtJEII (-ornm), more rarely THfl^EITTM (-i: Terra Nuova), a Greek city in Lucania, founded n.o. 443, near the site of the ancient Sybaris, which had been destroyed more than 60 years befoi'e. [Svbaiiis.] It was built by the remains of the population of Sybaris, as- Thucydides. sisted by colonists from all parts of Greece, but especially from Athens. Among these colonists were the historian Herodotus and the orator Lysias. The new city, from which the remains of the Sybarites were soon ex- pelled, rapidly attained great power and pros- perity, and became one of the most impor- tant Greek towns in the S. of Italy. THYAMIS.(-is: Kalama), a river in Epirus, forming the boundary between Thesprotia and the district of Cestryna. THYi.DES. [TnviA.] THYESTES (-ae), son of Pelops and Hippo- damia, was the brother of Atreus and the fa- ther of Aegisthns. [Atbeus and Aegistiius.] THYIA (-ae), a daughter of C,i.stalius or Cephisseus, became by Apollo the mother of Delphus. She is said to have been the first to have sacrificed to Dionysus (Bacchus), and to have celebrated orgies in his honor. From her the Attic women, who went yearly to Mount Parnassus to celebrate the Diouysiac orgies with the Delphian Thyiades, received themselves the name of Thyiabes or Thy- ABES. This word, however, comes from Siim, and properly signifies the raging or frantic women. THYMBEA (-ae>. (1) A city of the Troad, N. of Ilium Vetus, with a celebrated temple of Apollo, who derived from this place the epithet Thymbraeus (2) A wooded district in Phrygia, no doubt connected with Thy.-.!- BRIUM. THYMBEiUM (-i), a small town of Phrj-g- ia, 10 parasangs W. of Tyriaeum,with the so- called fountain of Midas. THYMBEiUS (-i: TMmbrek), a iiMer of the Troad, falling into the Scamauder. THY MfiLB (-es), a celebrated mima or fe- male actress in the reign of Domitian, with whom she was a great lavorite, THifMOETES (-ae), one of the elders ot Troy, whose son was killed by the order of Priam, because a soothsayer had predicted that Troy would be destroyed by a boy born on the day on which this child was born. THTKI (-ornm), a Thracian people, whose original abodes* were near Salmydessus, but who afterwards passed over into Biihyhia. THTNIA (-ae).- (1) The land of the Thyni in Thrace.— (2) Another name for Bituynia. THifONE (-es), the name of Sem^lo, under which Dionysus (Bacchus) brought her from Hades, and introduced her among the im- mortals. Hence Dionysus is also called Thy- OMEUS. THtEEA (-ae), the chief town in Cynuria, the district on the borders of Laconia and Argolis, was situated upon a height on the bay of the sea called after it Sinus Tuyke' AXES. The territory of Thyrea was called Thyheatis. THYSSXGfiTAE (-arum), a people of Sar- matia Asiatica, on the B. shores of the Palua Haeotis. TIBXEENI or TIBlEI (-ornm), a quiet ag- ilcnltnral people on the N. coast of Pontus, E. of the river Iris. TIBERIAS. 405 TIBERIUS. TIBSEJAS. (1) A city of Galilee, on the S.W. shore of the Lake of Tiberias, built by Herod Antipas in honor of the emperor Ti- berius — (2) Or Gennebaubt, also' the Sea op Gaulke, in the O. T. Chinneekth (Bahr Tu- bariyeh), the 2d of the 3 lakes in Palestine formed by the coarse of the Jordan. [Job- DANES.] Its length is 11 or 12 geographical miles, and its breadth from 5 to 6. It lies deep among fertile Mils, has very clear and- sweet water, and is full of excellent fish. TIBfiRINUS {-i), one of the mythical kings of Alba, Boa of Capetua, and father of Agrip- pa, is said to have been drowned in crossing the river Albula, which was hence called Ti> beris. TIBEEIS, also TIBRIS, TYBRIS, THY- BEIS (-is or Idis), AMNIS TlBfiRlNUS, or simply TIBERINUS (-i: Tiber or (Teuere), the chief river in-Central Italy, on which stood the city of Rome. It is said to have been originally called Albula^ and to have received the name of TibeHs in consequence of Ti- berinns, king of Allia, having been drowned Tiberis. The poets also give it the epithets of TyrrhenuSt because -it flowed past Etruria during the whole of its coarse, and otl/udiua, because the Etruscans are said to have been of Lydian origin. TlBSiRlUS (-i), emperor of Riome, a.d. 14- 37. His full name was Tibebids Ciaotjids • Neeo Caksab. He was the sou of T. Clau- dius Nero and of Livia, and was born on the 16th of November, ji.o. 42, before his mother married Augustus. He was carefully edu- cated, and became well acquainted with Greek and Latin literature. In 20 he was sent by Augustus to restore Tigranes to the throne of Armenia. In 13 Tiberius was consul, with P. Qnintilius Varus. In 11, while his brother Drusna was fighting against the Germans, Tiberius conducted the war against the Dal- matians and Pannonians. In 6 he obtained the tribnnitia potestas for 6 years, but during this year he retired with the emperor's per- mission to Rhodes, where he spent the next T years. His chief reason for this retirement was to get away from his wife Julia, the PerBOBiflcAtion of the River Tiber. in it. The Tiber rises from 2 springs of lim- pid water in the Apennines, near Tifernum, and flows in a S.W.-ly direction, separating Etruria from Urabria, the landoftheSabines, and Latinm. After flowing about 110 miles, it receives the Nar (JV«ra), and from its con- fluence with this liver its regular navigation begins. Three miles above Rome, at the distance of nearly 70 miles from the Nar, it receives the Anio (Tevarone), and from this point becomes a river of considerable im- portance. Within the walls of Rome the Tiber is about 300 feet wide, and from 12 to 18 feet deep. After heavy rains the river in ancient times, as at the present day, fre- quently overflowed its banks, and did con- siderable mischief to the lower parts of the city. (Hor., Carm. i. 2.) The waters of the river are muddy and yellowish, whence it is frequently called by the' Roman poets.y!ai«»8 daughter of- Augustus, whom he had been compelled by the emperor to marry. He re- turned to Rome A.n. 2. From the year of his adoption by Augustus, a.i>. 4, to the death of that emperor, Tiberius was in command of "the Roman armies, though he visited Rome several times. On the death of Augustus at Nola, on the 19th of August, a.d. 14, Tibe- rius, who was on his way to Illyricum, was immediately eummo'ned home by his mother , Livia, and took possession of the imperial ' power without any opposition. He began his reign by putting to death Poatumus Agrippa, the surviving grandson of Augustus. When he felt himself sure in his place, he began to exercise his craft. He took from the popular assembly the election of the magistrates, and transferred it to the senate. Notwithstand- ing his suspicions nature, Tiberius gave his complete confidence to Sejanus, who tor many TJBISCUS. 406 TIBUR. years possessed the real government of the Ktate. lu A.T>. 26 Tiberius left Kome, and withdrew JHto Campania. He never return- ed to the city. He left on the pretext of ded- icating temples in Campauiaf but his real motives were bis dislike to Rome, where he heard a great deal that was disagreeable to him, and (lis wish to indulge his eensual pro- pensities in private. In order to secure still greater retirement, he took up his residence (27) in the island of Capreae, at a short dis- tance from the Campauian coast. In 31 Se- janus, who aimed at nothing less than the imperial power, was put to an ignominious death, which was followed by the execution of his friends ; and for the remainder of the reign of Tiberius Rome continued to be the scene of tragic occurrences. Tiberius died on the 16th of March, 37, at the villa of Lu- cullus, at Misennni, having been smothered by the order of Macro, the prefect of the f)rae- turlans. TIBISCUS or TIBISSUS (-i), probably Ihe same as the PARTHISCUS or PARTHIS- StJS iTheisa)f a river of Dacia, forming the W. boundary of that country. ■TiBULLUS (-i), ALBIUS, the Roman poet, was of equestrian family. His birth is placed by conjecture n.o. 54, and his death u.o. IS. Of his youth and education, absolutely noth- ing is known. The estate belonging to the equestrian ancestors of Tibiillns was at Pe- dum, between Tibur and-Praeneste, and the poet spent there the better portion of his short but peaceful and happy life. His great patron was Messala, whom he accompanied in 31 into Aquitania, and the following year into the East Tibullus, however, was taken ill, and obliged to remain .in Corcyra, from whence he returned to Rome. So ceased the active life of TihuUua; his life is now the chronicle of his poetry, and of those tender passions which were the inspiration of his po- etry. His elegies are addressed to two mis- tresses, under the probably fictitious names of Delia and Nemesis ; besides whom, as we learn from Horace (Od. i. 33), he celebrated another beauty named Glycera. The poetry of his contemporaries shows Tib.ullus as a. gentle and singularly amiable man. To Hor- ace especially he was an object of warm at- tachment, and his epistle to Tibullus gives the most full and pleasing view of his .poet- ical retreat and of his character. TiBttR (-ilrifi : Tivoli), one of the most an- cient towns of Lalium, 16 miles N.E. of Rome, situated on the slope of a bill (hence called by Horace svpinum Tibur), on the left bank of the Anio, which here forms a magnificent waterfall. It became subject to Rome with the other Latin cities on the final subjugation of Latiqm in ij.c. 338. Under the Romans Tibur continued to be a large and flourishing town, since the salubrity and beautiful scen- ery of the place led many of the most dis- tinguished Roihau nobles to build here mag- nificent villas. Of these the most splendid was the villa of the eipperor Hadrian, iii the extensive remains of which many valuable specimens of ancient art have been discover- ed. Here also the celebrated Zenobia lived after adorning the triumph of her conqueror, Tkoli, the ancient Tibur. TICIJIUM. 407 TIMOLEON. Aurelian. Horace likewise had a countiy- houae iu the neighborhood of Tibur, which he preferred to all his other residences. TICINUM (-1 : Pavia), a town of the Laevi, or, according to others, of the Insnbres, iu Gallia Cisalpiua, on the left bank of the Ti- cinus. TICINUS (-1 ! Tesaint)), an important river in Gallia Cisalpina, rises in Mods Adnla, and after flowing through Lacus Verbanns (tojtf Maggiore), falls into the Po near Ticiuum. It was upon the bank of this river that Han- nibal gained his first victory over the Ro- mans by the defeat of P. Scipio, b.o. 218. TIPiTA, a mountain in Campania, E. of Capua. TIPBENTJM (-i). (1) Tibebindm (C«ta di Castello), a town of Umbria, near the sources of the river Tiber, whence its surname, and upon the confines of Btruria.— (2) Mbtau- BKNSB {S. Angela in Vado), a town in Umbria, E. of the preceding; on the river Metaurus. — (3) A town iu Samnium, ou the river Tiferuus. TIFBENtrS (-i: Bi/erno), a river of Sam- nium, rising in the Apennines, and flowing through the country of the Freutani into the Adriatic TiGELLINXJS, SOPHONlUS (-i), son of a native of A^rigentum, the minister of Nero*a worst passions, and of all his favorites the most oDuoxions to the Eoman people. On the accession of Qtho, TigellinUs was com- pelled to put an end to his own life. TIGELLIUS HEKMOGfiNES. [Hrnuao- OENEB.] TiGEiKES (-is), kings of Armenia. (I.) Beigned b.o. 96-56 or S5. In 83 he made him- self master of the whole Syrian monarchy. Tigianea. from the Euphrates to the sea. In 69, hav- ing refused to deliver up his son-in-law, Mith- ridates, to the Eomaus, Lncullus iuvaded Ar- menia, defeated the mighty host which Ti- granes led against him, and followed up his victory by the capture of Tigranocerta. Sub- sequently Tigranes recovered his dominions ; but on the approach of Pompey, in 66, he has- tened to make overtures of submission, and laid his tiara at his feet, together with a sum of 6000 talents. Pompey left him In posses- sion of Armenia proper, with the title of king. Tigranes died in 66 or B5.— (II.) Son of Artavas- des, and grandson of the preceding. TIQEANOCEETA (-orum, i. e. in Arme- nia, the City of Tigranes : Sert, En), the later capital of Armenia, built by Tigranes on a height by the river Nicephorins, Iu the val- ' ley Detweeu Mount Hasius and Niphates. TIGEIS (-idis and is), a great river of W. Asia, rises from several sources on the S. side of that part of the Taurus chain called Ni- phates,in Armenia, andflowsS.E.,firstthrough the narrow valley between Mount Maslus and the prolongation of MouutNlphates, and then through the great plain which is bounded on the E. Dy the last-named chain, till it falls into the head of the Persian Gulf, after receiving the Euphrates from the west. TIGUEINI (-orum), a tribe of the Helve- til, who joined the Oimbri in invading the country of the Allobroges iu Gaul, where they defeated the consul L. Cassias Longiuus, b.o. lOT. They formed in the time of Caesar the most important of the 4 cantons (yapi) into which the Helvetii were divided. TILPHUSIUM (-i), a town in Boeotia, situ-' ated upon a mountain of the same name, S. of lake Copals, and between Coronea and Haliartus. It derived its name from the fountain Tilphusa, which was sacred to -Apol- lo, and where Tii'esias is said to have been bnrie'd. TIMAEUS (-i). (1) The historian, was the son of Andromachns, tyrant of Taurome- ninm in Sicily, and was born about ji.c. 3S2. He was banished from Sicily by Agathocles, and passed his exile at Athens, where he had lived 60 years when he wrote the 34th book of his history. He probably died about 256. The great work of Timaeus w'as a history of Sicily from the earliest times to 264.— (2) Of Locri, in Italy, a Pythagorean philosopher, is said to have been a teacher of Plato. TIMlGfiNES (-is), a rhetorician and an his- torian, was a native of Alexandria, from which place he was carried as a prisoner to Eome< where he opened a school of rhetoric, and taught with great success. TIMANTHES (-is), a celebrated Greek painter at Sicyon, contemporary with Zeuxis and Pavrhasiua, about d.o.400. The master- piece of Timanthea was his celebrated picture of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, in which Aga- memnon was-painted with his face hidden iu his mantle. TIMiVUS (-i), a small river in the N. of Italy, forming the boundary between Istria and Venetia, and falling into the Sinus Ter- gestinns in the Adriatic, between Tergeste and Aquileia. TIMOCEfiON (-ontis), of Ehodes, a lyric poet, celebrated for the bitter and pugnacious spirit of his works, and especially, for his at- tacks on Tbemistocles and Simouides. TIMOLSON (-onls), son of Timodemus or Timaenetus and Demariste, belonged to one of the noblest families at Corinth. His early life was stained by a dreadful deed of blood. We are told that so ardent was his love of liberty, that when his brother Timophanes endeavored to make himself tyrant of their native city, Timoleon murdered him rather than allow htm to destroy the liberty of the state. At the request of the Greek cities of TIMON. 408 TIRYNS. Sicily, tbe Coi-intliiana dispatched Timoleon with a small force iu b.c. 344 to repel the Cartha^lniaus from that island. He obtained possession of Syracuse, and then proceeded to expel the tyrants from the other Greek cities of Sicily, hnt was interrapted in this andertaking by a formidable invasion of the Carthaginians, who landed- at Lilybaeum, in 339, with an immense army, nndei* the com- mand of Hasdrabal and Hamilcar, consisting of 70,000 fool and 10,000 horse. Timoleon could only induce 13,000 men to march with him against the Cai'tfaaginiaua ; b{it with this small force he gained a .brilliant victory over the Carthaginians on the river Crimissus (339). The Carthaginians were glad to con- clude a treaty with Timoleon in 338, by which the river Halycus was fixed as the boundary of the Carthaginian and Greek dominions iu Sicily. Subsequently he expelled almost all the tyrants from the Greek cities in Sicily, and established democracies instead. Timo- leon, however, was in reality the ruler of Sicily, for all the states consulted him on ev- ery matter of importance ; and the wisdom of his rule is attested, by the flourishing con- dition of the island for several years even after his death. He died in 33T. TIMON <-onis). (1) The son of Timarchus of Fhlius, a philosopher of the sect of the Skeptics, flourished iu the reign of Ptolemy Fhiladelphns, about n.o. 279, and onwards. He taught at Chalcedou as a Sophist with such success that he realized a fortuue. He tjien removed to Athens, where he passed the remainder of his life, with the excejition of a short residence at Thebes. He died at the age of almost 90.— (2) The Misanthrope, an Athenian, lived in the time- of the Pelopoii- nesian war. In consequence of the ingrati- tude he experienced and the disappointments he suffered from his early friends and com- panions, he secluded himself entirely f^om the world, admitting no one to his society except Alcibiades. !He is said to have died in consequence of refusing to have a broken limb set. TIMOTHBUS (-i). (1) A celebrated musi- cian and poet of the later Athenian dithy- ramb, was a native of Miletns, and the son of Thersander. He was born b.o. 446, and died in 357, in the 90th year of his age. He was at first unfortunate in his professional efforts. Even the Athenians, fond as they were of novelty, were offended at the bold innova- tions of Timotheus, and hissed his perform- ance. On this occasion it is said that Ku- ripides encouraged Timotheus by the pre- diction that he would soon have the theatres at his feet. This prediction appears to have been accomplished in the vast popularity which Timotheus afterwards enjojred. He delighted in the most artificial and intricate forms of musical expression, and he used iii- Btrnmental music, without a vocal accompa- niment, to a greater extent than any previous composer. Perhaps the most important of bis innovations, as the means of introducing all the others, was his addition to the num- ber of the strings of the dthara, which he seems to have increased to 11.— (2) A distin- faished flute-player of Thebes, flourished uu- er Alexander the Great. TINGIS (-is: Tangier), a. city of Manve- tania, on the S. coast of the Fretum Oadi- tanum (Strait of QihTaXtar\ was a place of very great antiquity. It was made by Augus- tus a free city, and Iiy Claudius a colony, and the capital of Mauretanla Tingitana. TlNIA (-ae), a small river in Umbria, rising near Spoletium, and falling into the Tiber. TIEES15.S (-ae), a Theban, was one of the most renowned soothsayers iu all antiquity. He was blind from his seventh year, but lived to a very old age. The occasion dThis blind- ness and of his prophetic power is variously related. In the war of the Seven against Thebes, he declared that .Thebes should be victorious if Menoecens would sacrifice him- self; and during the war of the Epigoni, when the Thebans had been defeated, he ad- vised them to commence negotiations of peace, and to avail themselves of the oppor- tunity that would thus be afforded them to take to flight. He himself fled with them (or, according to others, he was carried to Delphi as a captive), but on his way he drank from the well of Tilphusa, and died. Even in the lower world Tiresias was believed to retain the powers of perception, while the souls of other mortals were mere shades, and there also he continued to use his golden staff. The blind seer Tiresias acts so prom- inent a part'in the mythical history of Greece, that there is scarcely any event with which he is not connected in some way or other; and this introduction of the seer in so many occurrences, separated by long intervals of time, was facilitated bythe belief iu his long life. TlRlDiTlS or TERlDATES (-is). (1) The second king of Farthia. [Aksaoes II.]— (2) King of Armenia, and brother of Vologeses I. (Arsaces XXXIl.), king of Parthia. He was made king of Armenia by his brother, but was driven ont of the kingdom by Cor- bnlo, the Roman general, and finally received the Armenian crown from Nero at Rome in A.n. 63. TIRO £-onis), M. TULLIUS, the freedmau of Cicero, to whom he was an object of ten- der affection. He appears to have been a man of yety amiable disposition and highly cultivated intellect. He was not only tlie amanuensis of the orator, and his assistant ill literary labor, but was himself au author of no mean reputation, and notices of sev- eral works from his pen have been preserved by ancient writers; After the death of Cic- ero, Tiro purchased a farm iu t)ie neighbor- hood of Pnteoli, where he lived until he reached his 100th 3;ear. It is usually believed that Tiro was the inventor of the art of short- hand writing {Notae Tironianae). TIRYNS (-this), an ancient towi^^in Argo- lis, S.E. of Argos, and one of the most an- cient in all Greece, is said to have been found- ed by Proetus, the brother of Acrisius, wlio built the massive walls of the city with the help of the Cyclopes. Proetus was succeed- ed by Perseus ; and it was here that Hercules TISAMENUS. 409 TITHRAUSTES. was brought up. Heuce we find hia mother, Alcmena, called Tirynthia, and the hero him- self TiryrUhiua. The remnips of the city ate some of the moat iutereetiug in all Greece, and are, with those of Mycenae, the moet an- cient specirueus of what Ib- called Cyclopeau architecture. Arch of Tirycs. ' TiSiMENUS C-i). (1) Son of Orestes and Hermioue, was king of Argoe, but was de- prived of his kingdom when the Heraclidae invaded Peloponnesus. He was slain in a battle against the Heraclidae. TiSiPHONE. [EUMENIDAE.] TISSAPHERNES (-is), a famous Persian, who was appointed satrap of Lower Asia in n.o.414. He espoused the cause of the Spar- tans in the PeloponDesian war, but he did not give them any efi'ectnal assistance, since his pdlicy was to exhaust the strength of both parties by the continuance of the war. His plans, however, were thwarted by the ar- rival of Cyrus in Asia Minor in 407, who sup- plied the Lacedaemonians with cordial and effectual assistance. At the battle of Cu- uaxa, in 401, Tissaphernes was one of the 4 generals who commanded the army of Artax- erxes, and his troops were the only portion of the left wing that was not put to flight by the Greeks. When the 10,000 had begun their retreat, Tissaphernes promised to conduct them home in safety;. but in the course of the march he treacherously arrested Clear- chus and 4 of the other generals. As a re- ward for his services, he was invested by the kiu°[, in addition to his own satrapy, with all the authority which Cyru^ had enjoyed in western Asia. This led to a war with "Sparta, in which Tissaphernes was unsuccessful ; on which account, as well as by the influence of Pai^satis, the mother of Cy\ us, he was put to death in 395 by order of the king. TIT5.NES (-urn). (1) The sons aud daugh- ters of UrSnus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth), originally dwelt in heaven, whence they are called Uranidae. They were 12 in number, 6 sons and 6 daughters, namely, Oceanus, Coe-' us, Crius, Hyperion, lapfitus, Cronus, Thia, Rhea, Themis. Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and Te- thys ; but their names are different in other accounts. It is said that Uranus, the first ruler of the world, threw his son9,_ the Heca- toncheires (Hundred-Handed) — ^Briareus,Cot- tys, and Gyes— and the Cyclopes— Arges, Ster- X2 5pes, aud Brontes— into Tartarus. Gaea, in- dignant at this, perauaded the Titans to rise against their father, aud gave to Cronus (Sat- urn) an adamantine sickle. They did as their mother bade them, with the exception of Oceanus. Cronus, with his sickle, unmanned his father, and threw the part into the sea ; from the drops of his blood there arose the Erinyes — Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera. The Titans then deposed Uranus, liberated their brothers who had been cast iuto Tarta- rus, and raised Cronus to the throne. But Cronus hurled the Cyclopes back iuto Tarta- rus, and married his sister Rhea. It having been foretold to him by Gaea- and Uranus that he should be dethroned by one of his own children, he swallowed successively his children Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), Hera (JunoV Pluto, and Poseidon (Neptune). Khea, therefore, when she vas pregnant with Zeus (Jupiter), weut to Crete, and gave birth to the child in the Dictaean cave, where he was brought up by the Curetes. When Zeus had grown up he availed himself of the as- sistance of Thetis, the daughter of Oceanus, who gave to Cronus a potion which caused him to bring up the stone and the childreu he had swallowed. United with his broth- ers* and sisters, Zeus now began the contest against Cronus and the ruling. Titans, This contest (usually called the Titauomachia) was carried on in Thessaly, Cronus and the Ti- tans occupying Mount Othrys, and the sons of Cronus Mount Olympus. Jt lasted 10 years, till at length Gaea promised victory to Zeus if he would deliver the Cyclopes and Hecntoncheires from Tartarus. Zens accord- ingly slew Campe.who guarded the Cyclopes, aud the latter furnished him with thnnder and lightning. The Titans then were over- come, and hurleJ down into a cavity below Tartarus, and the Ilecatoncheires were set to guard them. It must be observed that the ght of the Titans is sometimes confounded by ancient writers with the fight of the Gi- gantes.— (2) The name Titans is also given to those divine or semi-divine beings who were descended from the Titans, such as Prome- theus, Hecat^ Latona, Pyrrha, and especially Helios (the Sun) and Seliine (the Moon), as the children of Hyperion and Thia, and even to the descendants of Helios, such as Circe. TiTiRESiUS (-i: Elasaonitiko ovXeraghi), a river of Thessaly, also called Europus, rising in MountTitarus, flowine through the country of the Perrhaebi, and falling into the Peneus, S.E. of Phalanna. TITHONUS (-i), son of Laomedon and Stry- mo, and brother of Priam. By the prayera of Eos (Aurora), who loved hftn, he obtained from the gods immortality, but not eternal youth, in consequence of which he complete-. ly shrank together in his old age; whence a decrepit old man was proverbially called Tithouus. Eos changed him into a cicada, or grasshopper. TITHOREA. [Neon.] TITHRAUSTES, a Persian, who succeeded Tissaphernes in his satrapy, and put him to death by order of Artaxerxes Mnemon, b.c. 395. ■ TITUS. 410 TOLUMNIUS. TITUS FLAVIUS SlBlNUS VESPiSt- ANUS (-i), Roman emperor, a.t>. 79-81, com- monly called by liis prncnomen TITUS, was the eon of the emperor Vespasianns and his wife Flavia DomitiTla. He was born on the 30th of December, a. p. 40, When a yonng man, he served as tribunus militum in Britain and in Germauy with great credit. After having been quaestor, he had the command of a legion, and served under his father in the Jewish wars. Vespasian returned to Italy, after he had been proclaimed emperor on the 1st of July, A.D. 69 ; but Titus remained in Palestine to prosecute the siege of Jerusalem, during which he showed the talents of a gen- eral with the daring of a soldier. The siege of Jerusalem was concluded by the capture of the place, on the 8th of September, 70. Ti- tus returned to Italy in the following year (71 ), and triumphed at Kome with his father. He also received the title of Caesar, and became the associate of Vespasian in the government. His conduct at this time gave no good prom- ise, and his attachment to Berenice, the sister of Agrippa II., also made him unpopular ; but he Bent her away from Rome after lie became emperor. Titus succeeded his father in 79, and his government proved an agreeable sur- prise to those who had auticipated a return of the times of Nero. During his whole reign Titus displayed a sincere desire for the hap- piness of the people, and he did all that he could to relieve them in times of distress. He assumed the office of Pontifex Maximus after the death of his father, and with the purpose, as he declared, of keeping his hands free from blood, a resolution which he kept. The Ist year of his reign is memorable for the great eruption of Vesuvius, which desolated alarge f)art of the adjacent country, and buried with ava and ashes the towns omerculaneum and Pompeii. Titus endeavored to repair the rav- ages of this great eruption ; and ne wafi also at great care and expense in repairing the damage done by a great Are at Rome, which Arc)i of ptua. lasted 3 days and nights. He completed the Colosseum, and erected the baths which were called by his name. He died on the 13th of September, a.i>. SI, after a reign of 2 years and 2 months and 20 days. He was iu the 41st year of his age ; and there were suspicions that he was poisoned by his brother, Domitian. TITYUS (-i), son of Gaea, or of Zeus (Jupi- ter) and Elara, the daughter of Orchomeuus, was a giant iu Euboea. Instigated by Hera (Juno), be attempted to offer viuleuce to Arte- mis (Diana) when she passed through Pano- poeus to Pytho, but he was killed by the ar- rows either of Artemis or Apollo ; accordinc to others, Zeus destroyed him with a flash of lightning. He was then cast into Tartarus, and there he lay outstretched on the ground, covering O-acres, while 'I vultures or 2 snakes dev.oured his liver. TLEPOLEMUS (-i), son of Hercules by Astyoche, daughter of Phylas, or by Astyda-- mia, daughter of Amyntor, He was kin^ of Argos, but, after slaying his uncle Licymnms, he settled in Rhodes. He joined the Greeks iu the Trojan war with 9 ships, and was slain by Sarpedou. TLOS, a considerable city in the interior of Lyoia, about 2i miles £. of the river Xanthus. TMSLUS (-i). (1) God of Mount Tmolus in Lydia, is described as the hnsband of Pluto (or Omphale) and father of Tantalus, and is said to have decided the musical contest be- tween Apollo and Pan.— (2) (Dagk), a cele- brated mountain of Asift Minor, running E. and W. through the centre of Lydia, and di- viding the plain of the Hermus on Ihe N. from that orthe Cayster on the S. TOLSNUS or TELONIUS (-i : Turano), a Tiver in the land of the Sahines, rising in the country of the Marsi and Aequi, and falling into the Veliuus. TOLETUM (-i : Toledo), the capital of the Carpetaul in Hispnnia Tarrnconensis, situated on the river Tagus, which nearly en- compasses the town, TOLISTOBOGI, TOLISTOBOH. [Galatia.] TOLOSA (-ae : Toulouse)^ a town of Gallia Narbouensis, and the cap- ital of the Tectosages, was situated on the Garumua, near the frontiers of Aquitania. It was subsequently made aRomau colony, and was sur- named Palladia. It was a large aud wealthy town, and contained a cele- brated temple, in which is said to have been preserved a great part of the booty taken by Brenuns from the temple of Delphi. The -town and temple were plundered by the consul Q. Servilins Caepio In b.o. 106. . T0LUMN2US (-i),LlR (-tis),king of the Veientes, to whom Fidenae revolted in b.o. 438, aud at whose Instigation the Inhabitants of Fide- nae slew the 4 Roman embassadors who had been sent to inquire into the reasons of their recent conduct. In the war which followed, Tolum- TOMI. 411 TEAJANUS. nin8 was slain in single combat by Cornelius .Cossus. TOMI (-Snim) or TO^IS (-is : Tomimar or Jegni Pangola), a town of Ttivace (subsequent- ly Moesia), situated on the W. shore of the Euxine, and at a later time the capital of Scy- thia Minor. It is renowned as the place of Ovid's banisltmeut. .TDMlfRIS (-is), a queen oftheMassagetae, by whom Cynis was slain in battle, u.o. 629. T0e0N8 (-SS), a town of Macedonia, in the district of Chalcidice, and on the S.W. side of the peninsula Sithonia, from which the cnlf between the peninsulas Sithouia and Pallene was called Sinus Torouaicus. TOEQUiTUS (-i), the name of a patrician family of the Manila gens.— (1) T. Manmus Imfkbiosus Torqtjatub, the son of L. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus, dictator ju.o. 863, was a favorite hero of Roman* story. Manlius is said to have been dull of mind in his youth, and w;is brought up by his father in the closest retirement lu the country. In 361 he served under the dictator T. Qunitius Fennus in the ■ war •■■''-■ . - - . earnei combat a gigantic Qaul. From"the"dead body of the barbarian he took the' chain Itorques) which had adorned him, and placed it around his own neck ; and from this circumstance he obtained the surname of Torquatus. He was dictator in 353, and again in 349. He was also three times consul, namely, in 347, 344, and in 340. In the last of these years Torquatus and his colleague, P. Decius Mus, gained the great victory over the Latins at the foot of Vesu- vius, which established forever the suprem- acy of Borne over Latium. Shortly before the battle, when the two armies were en- camped opposite to one another, the consuls published a proclamation that no Roman shpuld engage in single combat with a Latin on pain of death. This command was violat- ed by yonng Manlius, the consul's son, wlio was in consequence executed by the lictor in presence of the assembled army. This severe sentence rendered Torquatus an object of de- testation among the Roman youths as long as he lived ; and the recollection of his seven- ty was preserved in after ages by the expres- sion Manliana i-mperia. — (27 T. Manlios Ton- QUATirs, consul b.o. 235, when he conquered the Sardinians ; censor in 231 ; and consul a 2d time in 224. He j)0S8essed the hereditary sternness and severity of his family ; and we accordingly ^nd him opposing in the senate the ransom of those Romans who had been taken prisoners at the fatal battle of Cannae. He was dictator in 210. — (3) L. Mant.ius Tor- . 7), and was instructed by Augustus to introduce the Roman jurisdiction into that newly conquered country. The Germans, however, were not prepared to submit thus tamely to the Roman yoke^ and found a lead- er in Arminius, a noble chief of the Cherusci, who organized a general revolt of all the German tribes between the Visurgis and the Weser. When he had fully matured his plans, he suddenly attacked Varus, at the head of a countless host of barbarians, as the Roman general was marching with hia 3 legions through a pass of the Saltus Teutoburqitmsis, a range of hills covered with wood, which ex- tends N. of the Lippe from Osnabruck to Pa- derborn,'and is known in the present day by the name of the Teutohurgerwaid or Lippische Wald. The battle lasted 3 days, and ended with the entire destruction of the Roman army. Varus put an end to his own life. His defeat was followed by the loss of all the Ro- man possessions between the Weser and the Rhine, and the latter river again became the boundary of the Roman dominions. When the news of this defeat reached Rome, the whole city was thrown into consternation; and Augustus, who was both weak and aged, f'ave way to the most violent grief, tearing is garments and calling upon Varus to give him Dack bis legions. VARUS (-i : Var or Varo), a river in Gallia Narbonensis, forming the boundary between that province and Italy, rises in Mount Cema in the Alps, and falls into the Mediterranean Sea between Antipolis and Nlcaea. VASCONES (-um>, a powerful people on the N. coast of Hispania Tarraconensis, be- tween the Iberus and the Pyrenees^ in the modern Xavarre and Guipiizco. Their chief towns were Pompelon and CALAQtrniKS. VXTINIUS (-i). (1) P.. a political advent- urer in the last days of the republic, who is described by Cicero as one of the greatest scamps and villains that ever lived. Vati- nius was quaestor b.o. G3, and tribune of the plebs in 59, when he sold his services to Caesar, who was then consul along with Bibulua. In 66 he appeared as a witness against Milo and Sestius, two of Oicero's friends, iu consequence of which the orator made a vehement attack upon the character of Vatinius, in the speech which has come down to us, Vatinius was Kraetor in 55, and in the following year (54) e was accused by C. Licinius Calvus of hav- ing gained the praetorship by bribery. He was defended on this occasion by Cicero, in order to please Caesar, whom Cicero had of- fended by his former attack upon Vatinius; During the civil war Vatinius attached him- self to the fortunes of Caesar.- (2) Of Beue- ventum, one of the vilest and most hateful creatures of Nero's court, equally deformed in body and in mind, and who, after being a shoemaker's apprentice and a buffoon, ended by becoming a delator^ or public informer. VECTIS or VECTA {Isle of Wight), au island off the S^coast of Britain. VEBlUS POLLiO. CPoi-Lio.] VEGETlUS (-i), FLiVlUS RENiTUS, the author of a treatise, Rei MilitaHs Insti- tuta, or EpitoTne Rei Militaris, dedicated to the emperor Valentinian II. VEII (-orum: India FarneBe), one of the most ancient and powerful cities of Etrurin, situated on the river CremSra, about 12 miles from Rome. It was one of the 12 cities of the Etniscau Confederation; and apparently the largest of all. As far aa we can judge from its present remains, it was about 7 miles in circumference, which agrees with the state- ment of Dionyslus that it was equal in fiize to Atl)ens. Its territory {Ager Veienn) was VEIOVIS. 424 VENTI. extensive, and appears originally to have ex- tended on the S. and E. to the Tiber ; on the S,W. to the sea, embracing the galinae or salt- works at the month of the river ; and on the W. to the territory of Caere. The Cirainiau forest appears to have been its N.W. bonnd- ary ; on the E. it must have embraced all the district S. of Soracte and B.-ward to the Tiber. The cities of Capena and Eidenae vyeve colo- nies of VeiL The Veientes were engaged in almost unceasing hostilities with Rome for more than three centuries and a half, and we have records of 14 distinct wars between the 2 peoples. Veil was at length taken by the dicta- tor Oaraillus, after a siege which is said to have lasted 10 years. From this time Veii was abandoned ; but afler the lapse of ages it was colonized afresh by Augustus, and made a Boman municipium. The new col- ony, however, occupied scarcely a third of the ancieut city, and had again sunk into decay in the reign of Hadrian. VElOViS (-is), a Roman deity, whose name is explained by some to mean "little Jupiter ;" while others interpret it " the destructive Jupi- ter," and identify him with Pluto. Originally Veiovis was probably an Etruscan divinity, whose fearful lightnings produced deafness, even before they were actually hurled. His temple at Rome stood between the Capitol and the Tarpeian rock. He was represented as a youthful god armed with arrows. VlLABRUM (-i), a district in Rome, origi- nally a morass, on the W. slope of the Pala- tine, between the Vicus Tuscus and the Forum Boarium. ' VELAUNI or VELLAVI (-orum), a people in Gallia Aquitanica, in the modern Velay,viho were originally subject to the Arverni, but subsequently appear as an independent peo- ple. VELEDA (-ae), a prophetic virgin, who by birth belonged to the Brncteri, and in the rei^n of Vespasian was regarded as a divine bemg by most of the nations in Central Ger- many. VfiLiA or SLEA <-ae), also called HYELB. (-Ss: CasteW a Mare delta Brucca), a Greek town of Lucania, on the W. coast between Paestum and Buxentum, was fouuded by the Phocaeans, who had abandoned their native city to escape from the Persian sovereignty, about i3.o. B43. It was situated about 3 miles E. of the river Hales, and possessed a good harbor. It is celebrated as the birthplace of the philosophers Parmenidcs and Zeno, who founded a school of philosophy usually known under the name of the Eleatic. VSLINUS (-i: Yelino), a river in the terri- tory of the Sabines, rising in the central Apen- nines, and falling into the Nar. This river in the neighborhood of Beate overflowed its banks, and formed several small lakes, the largest of which was called Laous Vblimus (Pie di Lago, also Logo delle Mar-more). VELITEAE (-orum: Velktrtj, an ancient town of the Volscians in Latium, but subse- qnently belonging to the Latin League. It is chiefly celebrated as the birthplace of the emperor Augustus. VELLAUNODUNUM (-i : Beaune), a town of the Seuones in Gallia Lugdunensis. VBLLAVL [VEI.ATJNI.] VELLEIUS PiTEECtJLUS. [Patebod- ms.] VELL0CA8SES, a people in Gallia Lugdu- nensis, N.W. of the Farisii, extending^ alone: the Sequana as far as the ocean ; their chief town was Eatomagos. VENiFEUM (-i: Veiuifri), a town in the N. of Samnium, near the river Vulturaus, and on th& conflnes of Latium, celebrated for the excellence of its olives.^ VBNEDI (-orum) or VENEDAE C-firum), a people in European Sarmatia, dwelling on the Baltic, E. of the Vistula. The Sinus v enebi- otrs (Gulf of Riga), and the Vehedioi Montbs, a range of mountains between Poland and Bast Prussia, were called after this people. VENETIA (-ae). (1) A district in the N. of Italy, was originally included under the gen- eral name of Gallia Cisalpina, but was made by Augustus the 10th Ecgio of Italy. It was bounded on the W. by the river Athesis,which separated it from Gallia Cisalpina ; on the N. by the Carnic Alps; on the E. by the river Timavus, which separated it from Istria ; and on the S. by the Adriatic gulf. Its inhabit- ants, the Venkti, frequently called" Heneti by the Greeks, were not an Italian race, but their real origin is doubtful. In consequence of their hostility ts the Celtic tribes in their neighborhood, they formed at an early period an alliance with Rome ; and their country was defended by the Romans agaiust their dangerous enemies. On the conquest of the- Cisalpine Gauls, the Veneti likewise became included under the Roman dominions. The Veneti continued to enjoy great prosperity down to the time of the Ma.rconiannic wars, in the reign of the emperor Aurelius; but from this time their country was frequently devastated by the barbarians who invaded Italy ; and at length, in the 5th century, many of its inhabitants, 'to escape the ravages of the Huns under Attila, took refug§ in the islands off' their coast, on which now stands the city of Venice. The chief towns of Veue- tia in ancient times were Patavium, Altinu.m, and Aquilkia (2) A district in the N.W. of Gallia Lugdunensis, inhabited by the Veneti. Off their coast was a group of islands called Insdlae Venetioae. VENETUS LX.CDS. [Bmqantinus Laous.] VENILIA (-ae), a nymph, daughter of Pilumnus, sister of Amata, wife of king Latinus, and mother of Turuus and Juturua by Daunns. VENNONBS (-um), a people of Ehaetia, and according to Strabo the most savage of the Rhaetiau tribes, inhabiting the Alps near the sources of the Athesis (Aaige). VENTA (-ae). (1) Belqaeom (Winchester), the chief town of the Belgae in Britain. The modern city still contains several Boman re- mains. — (2) lOENOEUM, [I0BNI.J — (3) SlT,U- KUM ^Caerwent), a town of the Silnres in Britain, in Monmouthshire. VENTI (-6rum), the winds. They appear VENTI. 425 VENUS. personified even in the Homeric poems, but at the same time they are couceived as ordi- nary pheuomeua of uAtare. The master aud ruler of all the winds la Aeolus, who resides in the island Aeolia [Aeolus] ; but the other gods also, especially Zeus (Jupiter), exercise a power over ihem. Homer meutious by name Boreas (N. wind), Eurus (E. wind), Notns (S. wind), and Zephyrus (W. wind). According to Hesiod, the beneficial winds — Notus, Borens, Argestes, and Zephyrus— were the sons of As- traetis and Ews; aud the destructive ones — such as Typhon— are said to be the sons of Typhoens. Later, especially philosophical, writers endeavored to define the winds more accurately, according to their places on the compass. Thus Aristotle, besides the 4 prin- cipal winds (Boreas or Aparetias, Eurus, No- tus, and Zephyrus), mentions 3, the Mcses, Caicias, and Apeliotes, between Boreas and Eurus ; between Eurus and Notus he places the Phoenicias; between Notus and Zeph- yrus he has only the Lips ; and between Zeph- yrus and Boreas he places the Argestes (Olym- "pias or Seirou) and the Thrascias, It mbst further be observed that, accordin;^o Aristo- tle, the Eurus is not due E. but SJB. In the Museum Fio-Clemeutiuum there exists a mar- ble monument u^jon which the winds are de- scribed with their Greek and Latin names, viz., Septentrio (Aparetias), Eurus (Euros or S.B.), and between these 2 Aquilo (Boreas), Vulturnus (Caicias), and Solan ns (Apeliotes). Between Eurue and Notus (Notos) there is only one, the Euro-Aus^ter (Euro-Notns) ; be- tween Notus and Favonius (Zephyrus) are marked Austro-Africus (Libouotus) and Afri- CUB (Lips); and between Fnvonius and Sep- tentrio we find Chrus (lapyx) aud Circius (Thracius). The winds were lepresentecl by -poets aud artists in various ways ; the latter usually represented them as beings with winss at' their heads and shoulders. Black iambs were offered as sacrifices to the destructive winds, aud white ones to favorable or good winds. VENTlDiUS BASSUS (-i). P., a celebrated Roman general, at first gained a poor living by jobbing mules and carriages. Caesar, however, saw his abilities, aud employed him in Ganl, aud iu the civil war. After Caesar's VentI, tlie Wiada. (BRrtoIi, Vatican Virgil. Mednl commemomtlnR the Porlhian triumph of Veiitldlus. death Veutidius sided with M. Antony, and in 43 was made consul sufl'ectus. In 3!> Antony sent Ventidius into Asia, where he defeated the Parlhiaus and Lubieuus; aud in the 2d campaign gained a still more brilliant victory over tTie Parthians, who had again invaded Syria, For these services, he ob- tained a triumph in 38. VENUS (-6ri9), the goddess of love among the Romans. Before she was identified with the Greek Aphroditii, she was one of the least im- f)ortant divinities in the re- igiou of the Romans; but still her worship seems to have been established ac Rome at an early time. Hero she bore the surnames of Murtea or Murcia^ from her fondness for the myrtle-tree (■niir/)-(M8), and of Ciortcma aud Caiva. The etymology of Che last two epithets is variously given. That of Cdlva proba- bly refers to the fact that im her wedding-day the bride, either actnnlly or symbolic- ally, cut off a lock of hair to sacrifice it to Veims. In later times the worship of Venus became much more cxleiid- ed, and her identification with the Greek Aphrodito introduced vnirious new at- tribute§. ■ At the beginning of the second Punic war the worship of Venus Erycina was introduced from Sicily. VENUSIA. 426 VERTUMNUS. In the yeRT b.o. 114, on fic(!ouut of the <;eneral. cori*aption, and especially amoug the vestals, a temple was biiilt to Venus Verticoidia (the j«)ddess who turns the human heart). After the close of the Samnite war, Pabius Gurges founded the worship of Venus Obsequens and Postvorta ; Scipio Africanus the younger that of VeuuB Genitrix, in which he was after- wards followed by Caesar, who added that of Venus Victrlx. The worship of Venus was promoted by Caesar, who traced his descent from Aeneas, supposed to be the son of Mars and Venus. The month of April, as the be- ginning of spring, was thought to be pecul- iarly sacred to the goddess of love. Respect- ing the Greek goddess, see Apubodite. VfiNtJ'SiA (-ae : Venosa)^ an ancient town of Apulia, S. of the river Aufldus, and near Mount Vultur, situated in a romantic country, and memorable as the birthplace of the poet Horace. VERiGRI or VAR5.GRI (-orum), a people in Gallia Belgica, on the Pennine Alps, near the confluence of the Dranse aud the Rhone. VERBiNUS LlCTJS (Lcmo Maggi&re), a lake in Gallia Clsalpiua, and the largest in all Italy, being about 40 milesan length ft-ora N. toS. ; its greatest breadth is 8 miles. VERCELLAE (-arum : Vercelli), the chief town of the Libici in Gallia Cisalpina. VBRCiNGETORIX ^^igis), the icelebrated chieftain of the Arverni, who caiTied on war with groat ability agaiust Caesar in b.o. 52. He was taken to Rome after the capture of Alesia, where he adorned the triumph of his conqueror in 45, aud was afterwards put to death. VERBTUM ("i: Aleasano). more anciently called Basis, a town in Calabria, on the road from Leuca to Tarentum, and COO stadia S.E. of the latter city. . VERGELLUS (-i), a rivulet in Apulia, said to have been choked by the dead Dodies of the Romans slain in the battle of Cannae. VEROLAMIUM or VERULAMIUM (-i : Old Verulam^ near St. Albans), the chief town of the Catuellani in Britain, probably the resi- dence of the king Cassivellaunus, which was conquered by Caesar, VEROMANDUI (-orum), a people in Gallia Belgica, between the Nervii nud Suessiones, in the modern- Vermandoia. Their chief town was Augusta Vebomanduobitm {StQuentin). Verona (-ae .• Verona), an important town in Gallia Cisalpina, on the river Athesis, was originally the capital of the Enganei, but sub- sequently belonged to the Cenoraani. At a still later time it was made a Roman colony, with the surname Augusta; and under the empire it was one of the largest and most flourishing towns in the N. of Italy. It was the birthplace of Catullus ; and, according to some accounts, of the elder Pliny. There are still many Roman remains at Verona, and amoug others an amphitheatre in a good state of preservation. VERRSS (-is), C, was quaestor in n.o. 82 to Cn. Papirius Carbo, and therefore at that period belonged to the Miu'ian party ; but he afterwards went over to Sulla. After being legate and proquaestor of Dolabella in Cili- cia, Verres became praetor urbanus in'74, and afterwards propraetor in Sicily, where he re- mained nearly 3 years (73-71). Theextortions and exactions of Verres in the island have be- come notorious through the celebrated ora- tions of Cicero. His three years' rule deso- lated the island more eflfectually than the two recent Servile wars, or the old strugglebetween Carthage aud Rome for the possession of the island. As soon as he left Sicily, the inhab- itants resolved to bring him to trial. They committed the prosecution to Cicero, whi> had been Lilybaean "quaestor in Sicily in 75, and had promised his good offtces to the Si- cilians whenever they might demand them. Cicero heartily entered into the cause of the Sicilians, and spared no pains to secure a con- viction of the great crimiual. Verres was de- fended by Hortensius, and was supported by the whole power of the aristocracy. Horten- sius endeavored to substitute Q. Caecilins Niger as prosecutor instead of Cicero; but the judges decided in favor of the latter. The- oration whicji Cicero delivered on this occa- sion was the Divinatio in Q. Caecilium. Cic- ero was allowed 110 days to collect evidence, but, assisted by his cousin Lucius, completed his researches in 50. Hortensius now grasped at his last chance of an acquittal — that of pro- longing the trial till the following year.when he himself would be consul. Cicero therefore abandoned all thought of eloquence or dis- play, and, merely introducing his caee in the tirst of the Verriue orations, rested all his hopes of success on the weight of testimony nlone. Hortensius was quite unprepared with coxinter-eyi deuce, and after the first clay abandoned the cause of Verres. Before the nine days occupied in hearing evidence were over, Verres quitted the city in despair, anil was condemned in his absence. He retired to Marseilles, retaining so many of his treas- ures of art as to cause eventually his proscrip- tion by M, Antony in 43. VERTiCORDlA. [Vemus.] VERTUMNUS or VORTUMNUS (-i). Is said to hnve been an Etruscan divinity, but this story seems to be refuted by his genuine Roman name, viz., from ve^'tOf to change. The Romans connected Vertumuus with all occurrences to which the verb verto applies, such as the change of seasons, purchase and sale, the return of rivers to their proper befls, etc. But in reality the god was conncctecl only with the transformation of plants and then* progress from blossom to fruit. Hence the story that when Vertumuus was in love with Pomona he assumed all possible forms, until at last he gained his end by metamor- phosing himselt into a blooming youth. Gardenei's accordingly oft'ered to him the first produce of their^ardens and garlands of budding flowers. The whole people cele- brated* a festival to Vertumuus on the 23d of August, under the name of the Vortum- nalia^ denoting the transition from the beauti- fnl season of autumn to the less agreeable one. The importance of the worship of Vertumuus- at Rome is evident from the fact that it was Vksta. VKRULAE. .427 VESTA. attended to by a Bpecial fltimen (Jlame^i Vor- VertuDiDus. (Muaiie BoaiAoa, voJ. 3, pi, ]4.> VBRULAE (-arum: FeroZi), a town of the Hernici in Latmm, S.E. of Aletrium, and N. of Frusino, subsequently a Roman colony. VBRULAMIUM. [Verolamium.] VBRtrS (-i), L. AURBLIUS, the colleagne of M. Anrelius in the empire, a.i>. 161-169. He was adopted by M. Antonius, and on his death succeeded to the empire aloi)g[ with M. AtUreliufl. The history of his reign Is given under Axjrelitjs. Verus died suddenly at Altinum, in the country of the Veueti, to- wards the close of 169. VESCJNUS AGER, a district of the Au- ruuci in Latium. VESEVUS. [Vesdtids.] VfiSONTiO (-onis: Beaancon), the chief town of the Sequani in Gallia Belgica, situated on the river Dubis (Doubs), which flowed around the town, with the exception of a space of 600 feet, on which stood a mountaiUf forming the citadel of the town. VESPlSlANUS (-i), T. FLiVlUS SABI- NITS, Roman emperor, a.j>. 70-79, was born on the 17th of November, a.d. 9. His father was a man of mean condition, of Reate, in theconn- try of the Sablni. His mother,Vespasia Polla, ■ was the daughter of a praefectns castroruni, and theeisterofaRoman senator, Vespasian served as trihunus militum inThrace,and was quaestor in Crete and-Cyrene. He was after- wards aedile and praetor. About this time he took to wife Flavia Domitilln, the daughter of a Roman eques, by whom he had 2 sons, both of whom succeeded him. In the reign of Claudius he was sent into Germany as legatus legionis; and in 43 he held the same com- mand in Britain, and reduced the Isle of Wight. He was consul in 51, and proconsul of A-fnca under Nero. He was at this time very poor, and was.accused of getting money by dishonorable means. But he had a great military reputation, and he was liked by the soldiers. Nero afterwards sent him to the East (66), to conduct the war against the Jews. His conduct of this war raised his reputation, and when the war broke out between Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian was proclaimed em- peror at Alexandria ou the 1st of July, 60, and soon after all through the East. He came to Rome in the following year (70), leaving hia son Titus to continue the war against the Jews. On his arrival at Rome, he worked with great industry to restore order in the city and in the empire. The simplicity and frugality of bis mode of life formed a striking contrast with the profusion and luxury of some of his predecessors, and his example is said to have done more to reform the morals of Rome than all the laws which had ever been enacted. He was never ashamed of the meanness of hia origin, and ridiculed all at- tempts to make out for him a distinguished genealogy. He is accused of avarice, and of a taste for low humor. Yet it is admitted that he was liberal in all his expenditures for purposes of public utility. Xu 71 Titus returned to Rome, and both father and son triumphed together on account of the conquest or the Jews. The reign of Vespasian was marked by few striking events. The most important was the conquest of North Wales and the island of Anglesey by Agricola,who was sent into Britain in 78. In the summer of 79, Ves- pasian, whose health was failing, weut to spend some time at his paternal house in the mountains of the Sabinl, and expired on the 24th of June in that year, at the age of 69. VESTA (-ae), one of the greatRoman divini- ties, identical with the Greek Hestia [Hestia]. She was the goddess of the hearth, and there- fore inseparaoly connected with the Penates ; for Aeneas was believed to have brought the eternal fire of Vesta from Troy, along with the images of the Penates ; and the praetors, consul^and dictators, before entering upon their official functions, sacrificed, not only to the Penates, but also tP Vesta at Laviniura. In the ancient Roman house, the hearth was VcBtal virgin. VESTINI. 428 VICTORIA. the ccutral part, and arouud it all the inmates daily assembledfor their common meal (coeria); every meal thus taken was a fresh bond of union and affection among the members of a family, and at the same time an act of wor- ship of Vesta, combined with a sacrifice to her and the Penates. Every dwelling-house therefore was, in some sense, a temple of Ves- ta ; but a public sanctuary united all the citi- zens of the state into one large family. This sanctuary stood in the Forum, between the Capitoline and Palatine bills, and not far from the temple ofthe Penates. The god- dess was not represented in her- temple by a statue, but the eternal fire burning on her hearth or altar was her living symbol, and was kept up and attended to by the Vestals, her virgin priestesses, who were chaste and pure like the goddess herself. Hespectiug their duties and obligations, see Vict, of Antiq., art. VeetaUe. On the 1st of March iu every year the sacred Are .of Vesta, and the laurel-tree which shaded her hearth, were re- newed, and on the 16th of June her temple WHS cleaned and purified. The dirt was car- ried into an angiuortus behind the temple, which was locked oy a gate that no one might euter it. The day on which this took place was a dies rwfasttis, the first half of which was thought to be so iuauspicious that the priest- ess of Juno was not allowed to comb her hair or t9 cut her nails, while the second .half was very favorable to contracting a marriage or enteriug upon other important undertakings. A few days before that solemnity, on the 9lh of June, the Vestalia were celebrated in hon- or of the goddess, on which occasion none but women walked to the temple, and that with bare feet VESTINI (-orum), a Sabellian people in • Central Italy, lying between the Apennines and the Adriatic Hea, and separated from Piceuum by the river Matrinns, and from the Marniciui by the rivpr Aternns. They were conquered by the Romans in n. o. 328, and from this time appear as the allies of Rome. VESUVIUS (-i), also called VfiSEVUS, VBSBIUS, or VESVIUS, the celebrated vol- canic mountain in Catnpania, rising out ofthe plain S.E, of Neapolis, There are no records of any eruption of Vesuvius before the Chris- tian era, but the ancient writers were aware of its volcanic nature from the igneous ap- pearance of its rocks. In a.u. 63 the volcano gave the first symptoms of agitation in an earthquake, which occasioned considerable damage to several towns in its vicinity ; and im the 24th of Augnst, A.n. 79, occurred the first great erui)tiou of Vesuvius, which over- whelmed the cities of Stabiae, Herculaneum, and Pompeii. It was in this eruption that the elder Pliny lost his life. VETRANIO (-onis) commanded the legions in Illyria and Pannonia in a.d, S50, when Constans was treacherously destroyed, and was proclaimed emperor by his troops; but at the end of 10 months resigned in favor of Constautius. VETTiUS (-i), L., a Roman eques, in the pay of Cicero in n.o. 63, to whom he gave some valuable information respecting the Catilinariau conspiracy. In 69 be accused CuriOjCicero, L. Lucnllus, and many other dis- tinguished men, of having formed a conspir- acy to assassinate Porhpey. Cicero regarded this accusatiou as the work of Caesar, who used the tribune Vatinins as his iustruraeut. On the day after he had given his evidence, Vettius was found strangled in prison. VETTONES orVECTONES (-um), a people in the interior of Lnsitauia, E. ofthe Lusitani, and W. ol the Oarpetaui, extending from the Durius to the Tagns. VETfJLONiA <-ae), VETtfLONlUM (-i), or VETtJLONII (-orum), an ancient city of Etruria, and one of the 12 cities of the Etrus- can confederation. From this city the Ro- mans are said to have borrowed the insignia of their magistrates — the fasces, sella curulis, and toga praetexta — as well as the use of the brazen trumjiet iu war. Its site has been dis- covered within the last few years near a small village called Magliano, between the river Osa and the Albegua, and about 8 miles inland. VETtjRiUS MAMURIUS (-1) is said to have been the armorer who made the 11 an- cilia exactly like the one that was sent from heaven in the reign of Numa. His praises formed one of Jhe chief subjects ofthe songs of the Salii. VIADUS (-i: Oder), a river of Germany, falling into the Baltic. VIBIUS PANSA. [Pansa.] . VIBIUS SEQUESTER. [Seqttesthk.] VIBO (-onis : Bivona), the Roman form of the Greek town Hipponium, situated on the S.W. coast of Bnittium, and on a gulf called after it Sinus Vibonknsis, or Htpponiatkb. It is said to have been founded by the Locri Epizephyrii ; but it was destroyed by the el- der DionysiuB, who transplanted its inhabit- ants to Syracuse. It was afterwards restored ; and at a later time it fell into the hands ofthe Brnttii, together with the other Greek cities on this coast. It was taken from the Bruttii by the Romans, who colonized it b.o. 194, and called it Vino Valewtia. Cicero speaks of it as a mnnicipium ; and in the time of Augns- tns it was one of the most flourishing cities in the S. of Italy. VICENTIA or VlCSTlA (-ae), less cor- rectly VINCBNTiA (Viceraa), a town on the river Togisonus in Venetia, iu the N. of Italy, and a Roman municipium. VICTOR (-oris), SEX. AURKLlUS, a Latin writer, was born of humble parents, but rose to distinction by his zeal in the cultivation of literature. Having attracted the attention of Julian when at Sirmium, he was appointed by that prince governor of one division of Pannonia. At a subsequent period he was elevated by Theodosins to the high oflice of city praefect. He is the reputed author of a work entitled Be Caeaaribua; besides which 2 or 3 others are ascribed to him. VICTORIA (-ae), the personification of vic- tory among the Romans. VICTORIA or VIOTORINA (-ae), the mother of Victorinus, after whose death she was hailed as the mother of camps (ISuter ViOToniA. (Munich.) Y2 VICTORINCS 429 VIRGILTUS. Castrorwm) 'j and coins were struck bearing her efflgy. She transferred her power first to Mariiis, and then to Tetricus. VICTDRINUS (-i), one of the Thirty Tyrants, was the 3d of the usurpers who in Bu^cesslon ruled Gaul during the reigu of Gallienus. He was assassinated at Agrip- pina by one of his own officers in a.i>. 2C8, after reigning somewhat more than a year. VICTIUX. [VENU8.J VIENNA (-ae : Vienne), the "chief town of the Allobroges in Gallia Lugduneusis, situ- ated on the Khone, S. of Lugdunum. VlMlNiLIS (-is), PORTA, a gate of Rome iu the Servian walls, leading to the Via Tiburtina. . VIND£LiCiA (-ae), a Roman province, bounded on the N. by the Danube, wnich sep- arated it from Germany, on the W. by the territory of the Helvetii in Gaul, on the S. by Rhaetia, and on the E. by the ri ver Oenus (Inn), which separated it from Noricum, thus cor- responding to the N.B. pact of Switzerland, the S.E. of Baden, the S. of Wurtembei;g and Bavaria, and the N. part of the Tyrol, It was originally part of the province of Khaetia, and was conquered by Tiberius in. the reign of Augustus. At a later time Rhaetia was divided into two provinces, Rhaetia Prima andHhaetia Secunda, the latter of which names wna gradually supplanted by that of Vindeli- cin. It was drained by the tributaries of the Danube, .of which the most important were the Licias, or Licus {Lech), with its tributary theVindo,Vinda,orVirdo(JFcj-iacA),thel8arus {Isar), and Oenus {Inn). The E. part of the Lacua Brigantinus {Lake of Conatance) also belonged to Vinclellcia. It derived its name from its chief inhabitants, the Vindelioi, a warlike people dwelling in the S. of the coun- try;. The other tribes in Vindelicia were the Brigantii on the Lake of Constance, the Licatii or Licates on the Lech, and the Breuni in the N. of the Tyrol on the Brenner. The chief town in the province was Augusta Vindelico- rum {Auq8bur0j at the confluence of the Vlndo and the Licus. VINDlCiUS (-i), a slave, who is said to have given information to the consuls of the con- spiracy which was fonned for the restoration of the Tarquina, and who was rewarded in consequence with liberty and the Roman franchise. VINDILL CVandili.2 VINDOBONA (-ae: Henna, Engl. ; Wien, Germ.), a town in Pannonia, on the Danube, was originally a Celtic place, and subsequent- ly a Roman municipium. Under the Romans it became a town of importance ; it was the chief station of theRoman fleet on theDanube, and the head-quarters of a Roman legion. VINDONISSA (-ae: Windisch)^ a town in Gallia Belgica, on the triangular tongue of land between the Aar and Reuss, was an im- portant Romau.fortress in the country of the Helvetii. VIPSlNlA AGRIPPINA (-ae). (1) Daugh- ter of M.Vipsanius Agrippa by his first wife Pomponia. Augustus gave her in marriage to his etep-son Tiberius, by whom she was much beloved ; but after she had borne him n son, Drusus, Tiberius was compelled to divorce her by the command of the emperor, in order to marry Julia, the daughter of tho latter. Vipsania afterwards married Asinius Gallua. She died in a.d. 20. — (2) Daughter of M.Vipsanius Agrippa by his second wife Julia, better known by the name of Agrippina. [Agkippina.] VIPSlNlUS AGRIPPA, M. [Agkippa.] VIRBiUS (-i), a Latin divinity worshiped along with Diana in the grove at Aricia, at the foot of the Alban Mount. He is saicl to have been the same as Hippolytus, who was restored to life by Aesculapius at the request of Diana. VIRDO. [ViNDELlOIA.] VIRGILIUS (-i) or VERGlLIUS MXRO, P., the Roman poet, was born on the 3Bih of October, b.o. 70,- at Andes (Pietola), a snlall village near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul. Vir- gil's father probably had a small estate which he cultivated: his mother's name was Maia. He was educated a t C lemona and Medio! an urn {Milan), and he took the toga virilis at Cre- mona in 55, on the day on which he com- menced hiy 16th year. It is said that he sub- sequently studied at Neapolis {Naples) under Parthenius, a native of Bithyuia* from whom he learned Greek. He was also instructed by Syron, an Epicurean, and probably at Rome. Virgil's writings prove that he received a learned education, and traces of Epicurean opinions are apparent iu them. After com- pleting his education, Virgil appears to.have retired to his paternal farm, and here he may have written some of the small pieces which are attributed to him. In the division of land among the soldiers after the battle of Philip- pi (42), Virgil was deprived of his property ; but it was afterwards restored at the com- mand of Octavian. It is supposed that Virgil wrote the Eclogue which stands first in our editions to commemorate his gratitude to Octavian. Virgil probably became acquainted with Maecenas soon after writing his Ec- logues, iu which Maecenas is not mentioned. His most finished work, the Georgica, was un- dertoken at the suggestion of Maecenas {Oem-g. iii. 41) ; and was c(minleted after the battle of Actium, n.o. 31, while Octavian was in the East. The A€7ieid was probably long con- templated by the poet. While Augustus was iu Spain (27), he wrote to Virgil expressing a wish to have some monument of his poetical talent. Virgil appears to have commenced the Aeneid about this time. In 23 died Mar- cellus, the son of Octavia, Caesar's sister, by her first husband ; and as Virgil lost no op- Sortunity of gi-atifying his patron, he iiitro- uced into his 6th book of the Aeneid (883) tlie well-known allusion to the virtues of this youth, who was cut off by a premature death. Octavia is said to have been present when the. poet was reciting this allusion to her son, and to have fainted from her emotions. She re- warded the poet munificently for his excusa- ble flattery. As Marcellus did not die till 23, these lines were of course written after his death, but that does not prove that the whole . of the Gtli book was written so late. A pas- VIRGINIA. 430 VITELLIUS. sage in the 7th book (606) appears to allude to AugnstuB receiving bacK the Parthian standards, which event belongs to 20. When Augustus was returning from Samos, where he had spent the winter of 20, he met Virgil at Athens. The poet,- it is said, had intended to make a tour of Greece, but he accompanied the emperor to Megara, and thence to Italy. His health, which had beeu long decliHing, wns now completely broken, and he died soon after his arrival at Brundusium, on. the 22d of September, 19, not having quite completed hie Slat year. His remains were transferred to Naples, which had been his favorite resi- dence, and interred near the road from Naples to Puteoli {Pozzuoli), where a monument is still shown, supposed to be the tomb of the poet. Virgil haa been enriched by the liber- ality of his patrons, and he left behind him a considerable property and a house on the Esqniliiie hill, near the gardens of Maecenas. In his fortunes and his friends Virgil was a happy man. Munificent patronage ijave him ample means of enjoyment and oF leisure, and he had the friendship of all the most accomplished men of the day, among whom Horace entertained a strong affection for him. He was an amiable, good-tempered man, free from the mean passions of envy and jealousy ; and iu all but health he was prosperous-. Besides the Bitcolica, Georgica^ and Aeneid, several shorter pieces are^ittribnted to Virgil, which may possibly have been the productions of his youth. Such are the Culex,Ciri8^Copa, etc. Of all his works the Georgica are both the most finished and the most original. The Aeneid leaves on the whole a feeble impres- sion, notwithstanding the exquisite beauty of some passages, and the good taste which reigns throughout. Nevertheless, Virgil must be considered as by far the ftret of all the Ro- man epic poets. VIRGINIA (;ae), daughter of L,Virgiuius, a brave centurion, was a beautiful and inno- cent girl, betrothed to L. Iciliiis. Her beauty excited the lust of the decemvir Appius Chui- dius, who instigated one of his clients to seize the damsel and. claim her as his slave. Her father, who had come from the camp the morn- ing on which Claudius gave judgment assign- ing Virginia to his client, seeing that all hope was gone, prayed the decemvir to be allowed tospeak one word to the nurse in his daugh- ter's he^riiiff, in order to ascertain whether she was really his daughter. The request was granted ; Virginiua drew them both aside, and Buatching up a butcher^s knife from one of the stalls, plunged it in his daughter's breast, ex- claiming, "There is no way but this to keep thee free:" then, holding his bloody knife on high, he rushed to the gate of the city, and hastened to the Roman camp. The result is known. Both camp and city rose afjainst the decemvirs, who were deprived oi their j)ower, and the old form of y:overnment was jestored. L, Virginias was the first who was elected tribune, and by his orders Appius was dragged to prison, where he put an end to his own life. VIRGINIA or VERGlNiA GENS, patri- cian and plebeiair. The patrician Virginii f^-equently filled the highest honors of the state during the early years of the re- public. VIRGINIUS (-i), L., father of Virginia, whose tragic fate occasioned the downfall of the decemvirs, b.o. 449. [Vibsinia.] ViRlATHUS (-i), a celebrated Lusltanion, is described by the Romans as originally a shepherd or huntsman, and afterwards a rob- ber, or, as he would be called in Spain in the present day, a guerrilla chief. He was one of the Lusitanians who escaped the treacherous ■and savage massacre of the people by the pro- consul Galba iu n.o. 150. [Gaxua, No. 2.] He collected a formidable force, and for several successive years defeated one Roman army after another. In '140, the proconsul Pabius Servilianus concluded a peace with Viriathus iu order to save his army, which had been inclosed by the Lusitanians iu a mountain pass. But Servilius Caepio, who succeeded to the command of Farther Spain in 140, re- newed the war, and shortly afterwards pro- cured the assassination of Viriathus by brib- ing 3 of his friends. VIRIDOMAEUS <-i). (1) Or Britomautus, the leader of the Gauls slain by Marcellus. [Makoisllus, No. 1.]— (2) Or Vikdumabub, ii chieftain of the Aedui, whom Caesar had raised from a low rank to the highest honor, but who afterwards joined the Gauls in their great revolt in k. c. 52. ■ VIRTUS (-litis), the Roman personification of manly valor. She was represented with a short tunic, her right breast uncovered, a helmet on her head, a spear in her left hand, a sword in the right, and standing with her right foot on a helmet. A temple of Virtus was built by Marcellus close to one of Honor. [Honor.] VIST'OLA (-ae : Vistulaj Engl. ; Weichsel, German), an important river of Germany, forming the boundary between Germany and Sarmatia, rising in the Hercynia Silvn and falling into the Mare Suevicum or the Baltic. ViSURGIS (-is: Weser)^ an important riv- er of Germany, falling into the German Ocean. VITELLIUS (-i), A., Roman emperor from January 2d to December 22d, a.d. 69, M'lis the son of li.Vitellius, consul in a.d. 34. He had some knowledge of letters and someeloquence. His vices made him a favorite of Tiberius, Cai- ns Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, who loaded him witn favors. People were much surprised when Galba chose such a man to command the legions iu Lower Germany, for he had no military talent. The soldiers ofVltellius pro- claimed him emperor at Colonia Agrippinen- sis (Cologne) on the 2d of January, 01). Hip generals Fabius Valens andCaeciua marched into Italy, defeated Otho's troops at the de- cisive battle of Bedriacum, and thus secured for Vitelli us the undisputed command of Italy. He displayed some moderation after his ac- cession; but he was a glutton and an epicure, and his chief amusement was the table, on which he spent, enormous sums of money. Meantime Vespapian was proclaimed emperor VITRUVIUS POIiLIO. 431 VOLCAE. at Alexandria, on the 1st of July; niid the legions of Illyricum, under Antouius Primus, entered the N. of Italy and declared for him. Vitellius dispatched Caeciua with a powerful force to oppose Primus ; but Caeciua wns not faithful to the emperor. Primus defeated the Vitellians in two battles ; then marched upon Home, and forced his way into thd city^ after much fighting. Vitellius was seized m the palace, led through the streets with every circumstance of ignominy, and dragged to the Germoniae Scalae, where he was killed with repeated blows. VITRUVipS POLLiO (-onis), M., the author of the celebrated treatise on Archi- tecture, appears to have served as a military engineer under Julius Caesar in the African war, 11.0. 46, and he was brokeu down with age- when he composed his work, which is dedi- cated to the emperor Augustus. Compara- tively unsuccessful as an architect, for we have no building of hia mentioned except the basil- ica at Fanum, he attempted to establish his reputation as a writer upon the theory of his art. Hia style is so obscure as to be ofceu un- intelligible. VOCONTil (-drum), a powerful and im- I)ortant people in Gallia Narbouensis, inhab- itiug the S.E. part of Dauphin6 and a part of Provence between the Drac and the Durance, bounded on the N. by the AUobroges, and on the S. by the Salyes and Albioeci. They were allowed by the Komans to live under their own laws. VOGESUS or VOSGfiSUS (-i: Vosges), a range of mouutains of Gaul, in the territory of the Lingones, running parallel td the Rhine, and separating its basin from that of theMo- sellft. ' The rivers Sequaua {Seine\ Atar (Sadne)t and Mosella (Moaelle) rise %n these mountains. VOlATERRAE (-arum : Volaterra), called by the Etruscans V ELATHRI, one of the V^ cities of the Etruscan coufederation, was built on a lofty and precipitous hill, about 1800 English feet above the level of the sea. Jt was the most N.-ly city of the confederation, and - its domiuitms extended E.-ward as far as the territory of Arretium,which was 50 miles dis- tant; W.-ward as far as the Mediterranean. ■ which was more thtCn 20 miles off; and 8. -ward at least «,s far aa Populonia, which was either a colony or an acquisition of Volaterrae, . In consequence of possessing the 2 great ports of Luna and Populonia, Volaterrae, though ao far inland, was reckoned as one of the power- ful maritime cities of Etrurla. We have no record of its conquest by the Romans. Like most of the Etruscan cities, it espoused the Marian partj^ against Sulla; and it was not till after a siege of two years that the city fell into Sulla's hands. After the-fall of the Western empire, it was for a time the resi- dence of the Lombard kings. The modern town contains several interesting Etruscan remains. VOlITERRANA VXDA, a small town in the territory of Volaterrae. ■* VOLCAE (-arum), a powerful Celtic people in Qallia Narbonensis, divided into the 2 tribes of the Volcae Tectosagea and Volcae Arecomici, exleuding from the Pyrenees and the frontiers of Aqmtnnia along the coast as far as the Rhone. They lived under their own laws, without being subject to the Ro- man governor of the province, and they also Arcli o( Volntei VOLCI. 432 XANTHUS. posseBsed the Jus Latii. The chief town of the Tecfoaages was Tolosa. A portiou of the ■ Tectoaagea left their native country tmder Brennus, and were one of the 3 great tribes into which the Oalatians in Asia Minor were divided. [Gaiatia.] VOLCI or VULCI. (1) iVulci), an inland city of Btrnria, about 18 miles N.W. of Tar- quinii. Of the history of this city we know nothing, bnt its extensive sepulchres, and the vast treasures of ancient art which they con- tain, prove that Vulci mhst at ojie time have been a powerful and flourishing city. — (2)' (Vallo), a town in Lucania, 3G miles S.£. of Paestum on the road to Buzeutnm. VOLfiRO PUBLILiUS. [Pni>i.iLiD8.] VOLOGESES, the name of S kings of Par- thla. [Absaoes XXIU., XXVII.,T£XVI1I., XXIX., XXX.] VOLSOI (-orum), an ancient people in La- tium, but originally distinct from the Latins, dwelt on both sides of the river Liris, and ex- tended down to the* Tyrrhene sea. They were not completely subdued by the Somans till B.C. 338. VOLSlNlI or VULSlNlI (-5rnm: Bolaena), called VELSINA or VELSUNA by the Etrus- cana, one of the most ancient and most pow- erful, of the 12 cities of the Etruscan confed- eration, was situated on a lofty hill on the N.E. extremity of the lake called after it Laods VoLeiNjENsis and Vulsiniensis {Lago di Bol- aena), The Volstnienses carried on war with the Komaus in b.o. 392, 311, 294, and 280, but were oti each occasion defeated, and In the last of these years appear to have been finally subdued. Their cl^ was then razed to the ground by the Romans, and its Inhabitants were compelled to settle on a less defensi- ble site in the plain, that of the modern Bol- fiena. VOLTDRCiUS or VULTUEClTJS (-1), T., of Crotona, one of Catiline's conspirators, who turned informer upon obtaining the promise of pardon, VOlTJMNIA (-ae), wife of Corlolanus. LCottioLAwns.] VOLflPiA(-ae) or VOLUPTAS (-fttis), the personification of sensnal pleasure amouj? the Romans, who was honored with a temple near the Porta Romanula. VOMiNUS (-i : Vomano), a small river In Plcennm. VONDNES (-is), the name of two kings of Parthla. [Absaobs XVIII., XXII.] VOPISCUS (-i), a Roman praenomen, sig- nified ft twin-cnlld, who was born safe, while the other twin died before birth. Like many other ancient Roman praeuomeus, it wa.s afterwards used as a cognomen. VOPISCUS, (-1), FLlVlUS, a native of Syr- acuse, aud>one of the 6 Scriptores Hiaioriae Avgnstae, flourished about a.d. SOp. VOSGESUS. [VoQEsns.] VULCiNiAE mStJLAB. [Aeoliab In- BDLAX.] VULCiNUS (-1), the Roman god of flre, whose name seems to be connected with fulgerCf fyXyur^ and fulmen. 'fatlus la re- ported to have established the worship of Vul- can along with that of Vesta, and Roninlns to have dedicated to him a quadriga after his victory over the Fidenatana, and to have set up a statue of himself near the temple of the god. According to others the temple waa also nnllt by Romulus, who planted near it the sacred lotus-tree which still existed in the days of Pliny. These circumstances, and what is related of the lotus-tree, show that the temple of Vulcan, like that of Vesta, was regarded as acentral pointof the whole state, and hence it was perhaps not without a mean- ing that the terfiple of Concord was subse- quently built within the same district. The moat ancient featival in honor of Vulcan seems to have been the Fornacalla or Furnalia, Vul- can being the god of furnaces; bnt his great festival was called Vulcanalla, and was cele- brated on the 23d of August. The Rimian poets transfer all the stories which are re- lated of thp Greek Hephaestus to their own Vulcan. [Hkpuakstub.] VULCL CVoi.oi.] VULGIENTES, an Alpine people in Gallia Narbonensis, whose chief town waa Apta Julia (Apt). VULSiNiL [VoLBiHii.] VULTUR (-firis), a mountain divldinc; Apnila and Lncanianear Vennsia, is a branch of the Apennines. It is celebrated by Horace as one of the haunts of hia youth. From it the S.E. wind was called Vdltdknds by the Romans. VDLTURNUM (-i: Caetel di Vollurno), a town in Campania, at the month of the river Vnlturiins. VULTURNUS (-1: VoUunio), the chief river in Campania, rlaing in the Apennines in Samnlnm, and falling Into the Tyrrhene sea. Its principal afllnents are the Calor iCalare), Tamarns (Tamaro), and Sabotns iSabato). X. XANTHIPPE (-es), wife of Socrates, said to have been of a peevish and quarrelsome disposition. XANTHIPPUS (-1). (1) Son of Ariphron and father of Pericles. He succeeded The- mlstocles as commander of the Athenian fleet in b.o. 479, and commanded the Athe- nians at the decisive battle of Mycale. — (2) The Lacedaemonian, who commanded the Carthaginians against Regulna. [Reodlos] XANTHUS (-i), rivers. . (1) [Soamandeii.] —(2) {Echen Chat), the chief river of Lycia, rises in Mount Taurus, and flows S. through Lycia, between Mount Cragns imd Mount Vdloam. (Bronze Statue in the BvitiBh Musenm.) XANTHUS. 433 XENOPHON. MaBsicytas, falling at last into' tlie Mediter- mneiin Sea a little west of Patara. It is navigable for a considerable part of its course. XANTHUS (-1 : Otmik, Ku.), the most fa- mous city of Lycia, stood on the W. bank of the river of the same name, 60 stadia from its mouth. Twice in the course of its history it sustained sieges,which terminated in the self- destruction 01 the iuhabitauta with their prop- erty, first against the Persians under Harpa- gus, and long afterwards against the Komans under Bnitns. The city was never restored after its destruction on the latter occasion. Xanthus was rich in temples and toinbs, and other monnmentB of a most Interesting char- acter, :uid several important remains of its works of art are now exhibited iu the British* Museum. XENOCRXTES (-is), the philosopher, was a native of Chalcedon. He was born n.c. 396, and died in 314 at the age of 82. He attached himself first to Aeschiues the Socratic, and afterwards, while still a youth, to Plato, whom he accompanied to S^^racuse. After the death of Plato he betook himself, with Aristotle, to Hermias, tyrant of Atarneus ; and, after his return to AthenSj'he was repeatedly sent on embassies to Philip of Macedonia, and at a later time to Antipater during the Lamian -war. He became president ofthe Academy even before the death of Speusippus, and oc- cupied that post for 25 years. — The importance of Xeuocrates is shown by the fact that Aris- totle and Tiieophrastus wrote upon his doc- trines, and that Panaelius and Cicero enter- tained a high regard for him. Only the titles of his works have come down to us. XEnOPH^NES (-is), a celebrated philoso- pher, was a native of Colophon,- and flouriah- ed between b.o. 540 and 600. He was also a poet, and considerable fragments have come down to us of his elegies, and of a didactic poem "Ou Nature." According to the frag- ments of one of his elegies, he left his native land at the age of 25, and had already lived 67 years in Hellas, when, at the age of 93, he composed that' elegy. He quitted Colophon as a fugitive or exile, and must have lived some time al;-Elea(Velia) in Italy, as he is mentioned as the founder ofthe Eleatic school of philosophy. Xenophanes was usually re- garded in antiquity as the originator of the Eleatic doctrine of the oneness of the uni- verse. X£N0PH5N (-6ntis). (1) The Athenian, was the son of Gryllus, and a native of the demus Erchia. The time of his birth is not known, but it may probably be placed in about B.O. 444, and he appears to have lived above .90 years. Xenophon is said to have been a pupil of Socrates at an early age, and the latter saved his life at the battle of Delinm in 424. The most memorable event in Xeno- phon's life is his connection with the Greek army which marched under" Cyrus against Artaxerxes In 401. He accompanied Cyrus into Upper Asia. In the battle of Cunaxa, Cyrus lost his life, his barbarian troops were dispersed^ and the Greeks were left alone on the wide plains between the Tigris and the Euphrates. It was after the treacherous mas- sacre of Clearchus and others of the Greek comraanSers by the Persian satrap Tissapher- nes that Xenophon came forward. He had held no command iu the army of Cyrus, nor had he in fact served as a soldier. He was now elected one of the generals, and took the principal partiu conducting the Greeks in their memorable retreat along the Tigris over the high table-lands of Armenia to Trapezus {Trebizond), on the Black Sea. Prom Trape- zus the troops were conducted to Chrysopolis, which is opposite to Byzantium, The Greeks were in great distress, and some of them un- der Xenophon entered the siervice of Seuthes, king of Thrace. As the Lacedaemonians un- der Thimbron were now at war with Tissa- phernes and Pharnabnzus, Xenophon and his troops were invited to join the army of Thim- bron, and Xenophon led them back out of Asia to join Thimbi'on in 399. Socrates was put to death in 399, and it seems probable that Xenophon was banished from Athens , either shortly before or shortly after that event. In 396 he was with Agesilaus, the Spartan king, who was commanding the Lace- daemonian forces in Asia againstthe Persians. When Agesilaus was recalled (394), Xenophon accompanied him ; and he was on the side of the Lacedaemonians in the battle which they ionght at Coronea (394>against the Athenians. It seems that he went to Sparta with Agesila- ns after the battle of Coronea, and soon after he settled at Scillus in EMs, not far from OJym- pia, where he was joined by his wife Philesia and his children. Xenophon was at last ex- pelled from his quiet retreat at Scillus by the Eleans after remaining there about 20 years. The sentence of banishment from Athens was repealed pn the motion of Eubulus, but it is uncertain in what year. There is no evidence that Xenophon ever returned to Athens. ' He is said to have retired to Corinth after his ex- pulsion from Scillus, and, as we know noth- ing moi'e, we assume that he died there. The two principal woi'ks qf Xenophon are the Anabasis and the Cyropasdia. Iji the former he describes the expedition of Cyrus and the retreat of the Greeks ; the latter is a kind of political romance, the basis of which is the history of Cyrus,. the founder ofthe Persian monarchy. His Hellenica, a continuation of the history of Thncydides, is a dry narrative of events. The Meniorahitia of Socrates, in 4 books, was written by Xenoijhon to defend the memory of his master against the charge of irreligion and of corrupting the Athenian youth. That it is a genuine picture of the man is indisputable, and it is the most valua- ble memorial that we have of the practical philosophy of Socrates. Besides these, Xeno- phon was the author of several minor works. All antiquity and all modern writers agree in allowing Xenophon great merit as a writer of a plain, simple, perspicuous, and unaffected style ; but his mind was essentially practical, and not adapted for pure phijosophical spec- ulation.— (2) The Ephesian, the author of a romance, still extant, entitled Sphesiaca.ov the Loves of Anthia and Abrocomas. The age of Xenophon is uncertain ; but he is XERXES. 434 ZALMOXIS. probably the oldest of the Greek romance writers. XERXSS (-is). (I.) King of Persia, B.a485 -46B,waa the son of Darius and Atosga. After reducing the revolted Effyptians to subjection, Xerxes, m the spring of 480, set out from Sar- dis on his tneolorable expedition against Greece. He crossed the Hellespont by a bridge of boats, and continued his march through the Thracian Chersoueee till he reached the plain of Doriscus. Here he re- solved to number both his land and naval forces, which are said by Herodotus to have amounted to 2,641,610 tighting men. This statement is incredible ; yet we may well be- lieve that the nnmbers of Xerxes were greater than were ever assembled in ancient times, or perhaps at any known epoch of history. Xerxes, continuing his march, ordered his fleet to sail through tbe canal that had been previously dug across the isthmus of Athos —of which the remains are still visible [Atiios] — and await bis arrival at Thevme. Hence he marched through Macedonia and Thessa- ly, and arrived in safety with his land forces before Thermopylae. Here the Greeks had resolved to make a stand, and when Xerxes attempted to force his way through the pass, his troops were repulsed again and again by Leonidas, the Spartan king ; till a Maliau, of the name of Ephialtes, showed the Fersjans n pass over the mountains of Oeta, and thus enabled them to fall on the rear of the Greeks. Leonidas and his Spartans disdained to fly^ and were all slain. [Leokidas.] Hence Xerx- es marched through Phocis and Boeolia, and at length reached Athens. About the same time as Xerxes entered Athens, his fleet, which had been crippled by storms and engagements, arrived in the bay of Phalerum. He now re- solved upon an engagement with the Greek Heet, The histojy of the memorable battle of Salamis is related elsewhere. [Thkmisto- oi-EB.] Xei"xes witnessed, from a lofty. seat on one of the declivities of Mount Aegaleos, the defeat and dispersion of his mighty arma- ment. Xerxes now became alarmed for his own safety, and leaving Mardouius with 300,- 000 troops to complete the conquest of Greece, with the remainder set out on his march homewards. He entered Sardls towards the end of the year 48U. In the following year, 479, the war was continued in Greece ; but Mardonius was defeated at Plataea by the combined forces of tbe Greeks, and on the same day ariother victory was gained over the Petsiane at Mycale in Ionia. We know little more of the personal history of Xerxes. He was murdered by Artabanus in 465, after a reign of 20 years.— (II.) The son of Ar- 'taxerxes I., succeeded his father as king of Persia in 425, but was murdered after a reign of only 2 months by his half-brother Sogdiauus. XOiS or CHOiS, an ancient city of Lower Egypt, N. of Leoutopolis, on an island of the Nile, in the Nomos Sebeuuyticus, the seat, at one time, of a d-ynaety of Egyptian kings. Its site is very douDtfuL XtJTHUS (-1), son of Hellen by the nymph Orseis, and a brother of Dorns and Aeolus. He was king of Peloponnesu?, and the hus- band of Creusa, the-daughter of Erechtheus, by whom he became the father of Achaeus and Ion. Others state that after the death of his fathei-, Hellen, Xuthns was expelled from Thessaly by his brothers, and went to Athens, where he married the daughter of Erechtheus. After the death of Erechtheus, Xuthus being chosen arbitrator, adjudged the . kingdom to his eldest brother-in-law,Cec;rop-"=, in consequence of which he was expelled ny the other sons of Erechtheus, and settled in Aegialus, in Peloponnesus. Z. ZAB TUS. tLvnus, No. 6.] ZiOYNTHUS (-i : ZanU), an Island in the Ionian sea, off tlie coast of Elis, about 40 miles in circnmference. It contained a large and flouriflliing town of the same name npon the E. coast, the citadel of which was called Pflophis. Zacynthus was inhabited by a Greek population at an early period. It is Paid to have derived its name from Zacyn thus, a son of Dardanus, who colonized the island from Psophis in Arcadia. It w.ns afterwards colonized by Achaeans from Peloponnesns. It formed part of the maritime empire of Athens, and continued faithful to the Athe- nians during the Peloponneaian war. At a later time it was suliject to the Macedonian monnrchs, and on the conquest of Macedonia by the Bomans passed into tlie hands of the latter. It is now one of tbe Ionian islands, under the protection of Great Britain. ZAGRE0S, a surname of the mystic Dio- nysus (Bacctms), whom Zeus (Jupiter), in the form of a dragon, is said to have begotten by Persephone (Proserpina), before she was car- ried -off by Pluto. He was torn to pieces by the Titans, and Athena (Minerva) carried his heart to Zens. ZXLEUCDS (-i), the celebrated lawgiver of the Epizephyrian Loerians, is said by some to have been originally a slave, but is de- scribed by otbers as a man of good family. He conld not, however, have been a disciple of Pythagoras, as some writers state, since he lived upwards of 100 years before Pythag- oras. The date of the leglsilation of Zaleucus IS assigned to b.o. 660. His code, which was severe, is stated to have been the first col- lection of written laws that the Greeks pos- ZALMOXIS or ZiMOLXIS (-is), said to have been so called from the bear's skin (z and at the age of 40 accompanied Parmeu- ides to Athens, where he resided some time. His love of freedom is shown by the courage with which he exposed his life in order to deliver his native country from a tyrant. Zeno devoted all his energies to explain and develop the philosophical system of Par- menides. [Parmenides.]— (3) An Epicurean philosopher, a native of Sidou, was a con- temporary of Cicero, who heard him when at Athens. ZENOBiA (-ae), queen of Palmyra. After the death of her husband, Odenathns, whom, according to some accounts, she assassinated (a.d. 206), she assumed the imperial diadem, as regent for her sons. But not content with enjoymg the independence conceded by Gal- lienus and tolerated by Claudius, she sought to include all Syria, Asia, and Egypt within the limits of her sway, and to make good- the title which she claimed of Queen of the East. By this rash ambition she lost both her kingdom and her liberty. She was de- feated by Aurelian, taken prisoner on the capture of Palmyra (273)» aud carried to Rome, where she adorned the triumph of her conqueror (274). Her life was spared by Aurelian, and she passed the remainder of her years with her sons in the vicinity of Tibur (Tivoli). Longinus lived at her court, aud was put to death on the capture of Palmyra. [Lomoinus.] ZENODOTUS (-i), of Ephesus, a celebrated grammarian, superintendent of the great li- brary at Alexandria, flourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, about n.o. 203. Zenodotus was employed by Philadelphus, together with his 2 contemporaries, Alexander the Aetolian and Lycophron the Chalcidian, to collect and re- vise all the Greek poets. ZfiPHlfRlUM (-i), i. e. the western promon- tory., the name of several promontories of the ancient world, not all of which, however, faced the west. The chief of them were: (1) (C di Bo'ussano), a promontory in Bruttiura, forming the S.E, extremity of the country, from which the liOcri, who settled in the neighborhood, are said to have obtained the name of JUpize- phyrii, [Looiti,] — (2) A promontoTry on the W. coast of Cyprus.- (3) In Cilicia (prob. C. Cavaliire), ,a far-projecting promontory, W. of Prom. Sarpedon. ZEPH"?R"aS (-ij, the personification of the W. wind, is described by Hesiod as a son of Astraeus aud Eos. Zepbyrus and Boreas are ZephyruE, (From ihn Temple of the Winrts nl Athen*.> ZERYNTHUS. 436 ZEUS. frequently mentioned together by Homer, and boyi dwelt together in a piilace in Thrace. By the Harpy Podarge, Zephyrus became the fa- ther of the horses Xauthns and Balins, which belonged to Achilles ; but he was married to Chloris,whom he had carried offby force, and by whom he had a son. Carpus. ZERYNTHUS (-1), a town of Thrace, in the territory of Aenos, with a temple of Apollo and a cave of Hecate, who are hence called ZeryntMuS and Zerynthia respectively. , ZBTES (-ae) and CiLXiS (-is), eons of Bo- reas and Orithyi a, frequently called the Bobea.- T>AE, are mentioned among the Argonauts, and are described as winged beings. Their sister, Cleopatra, who was married to Phineus, king of Salmyaessus, had been thrown with her sous into prison by Phineus, at the instiga- tion of his second wife. Here she was found by Zetes and Calais when they arrived at Salmydessus in the Argonantic expedition. They liberated their slater and her children, gave the kingdom to the latter, and sent the second wife of Phinens to her own country, Scythia. Others relate that the Boreadae delivered Phineus from the Harpies; for it had been foretold that the Harpies might be killed by the sons of Boreas, but that. the sons of Boreas must die if they should not be able to overtake the Harpies. Others again state that the Boreadae perished in their pursuit of the Harpies, or that Hercules kill- ed them with his arrows near the island of Tenos. ZETHUS (-i), brother of Amphion. [Am- PUION.] ZEUGIS, ZEUGITlNA EEGIO (N. part- of Tunie), the N. district of Africa Propria. [Afrxoa.3 ZEUGMA (-Stis : prob. RumkaUh), a city of Syria, on the borders of Commagene and Cyrrhestice, built by Seleucns Nicator on the W. bank of the Euphrates, at a point where ' the river was crossed by a bridge of boats, which had been constructed by Alexander the Great. ZETJS (Dios), called JtJPlTER by the Ro- mans, the greatest of the Olympian gods, was a son of Cronus (Saturnus) andRhea, a brother of Poseidon (Neptnnus), Hades (Pluto), Hestia (Veatt^, Demeter (Ceres), Hera (Juno), and was also married to his sister, Hera, when Zeus and his brother's distributed among themselves the government of the world by lot, Poseidon oljtaiued the sea. Hades the lower world, and Zeus the heavens and the upper regions, but the earth became common to all. According to the Homeric account, Zeus dwelt on Mount Olympus in Thessaly, which was believed to penetrate with its lofty summit into heaven itself He is called the father of gods and men, the most high and powerful among the immortals, whom all others obey. He is the supreme ruler, who with his counsel manages every thing; the founder of kingly power, and of law and or- der, whence Dice, Themi8,and Nemesis are his assistants. Every thing good, as well as bad, comes from Zeus ; according to his own choice he assigns good or evil to mortals; and fate itself was subordinate to him. He is armed with thunder and lightning, and the shaking of his aegis produces storm and tem- pest: a number of epithets of Zeus, in the Homeric poems, describe him as the thuuder- er, the gatherer of clouds, and the like. By Hera he had two sons. Ares (Mars) and He- phaestus (Vulcanus), and one daughter, Hebe. Hera sometimes acts as an independent di- vinity ; she -is ambitious, and rebels against her lord, but. she is neverthfeless inferior to him, and is punished for her opposition ; his amours with other goddesses ormortal women are not concealed from her, though they gen- erally rouse her jealousy and revenge. Zeus, no doubt, was brigiually a god of a portion of nature. Hence the oak, with its eatable fruit, and the proliiBc doves, were sacred to hiin at Dodona and in Arcadia. Hence, also, rain, storms, and the seasons were regarded as hiij work. Heaiod also calls Zens the son of Cro- nus and Rhea, and the brother of Hestia, De- meter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon. Croiina Jnpiter, from a Cfiineo, swallowed his children immediately after their birth; but when Rhea was pregnant with Zeus, she applied to Uranus and Ge to save the life of the child. Uranus and Go therefore sent Rhea to Lyctos in Crete, re- qnesting her to bring np her child there. Rhea accordingly concealed Zeus in a cave of Mount Aegaeon, and g.ave to Cronus a stone wrapped up in cloth, which he swallowed in the belief that it was his eon. Other tradi- tions state that Zeus was born and brought np on Mount Diete or Ida (also the Trojan Ida), Ithome in Messeiiia, Thebes in Boeotia, Aegiou in Achaia, or Olenos in Aetolia. Ac- cording to the common account-, however, Zeus grew np in Crete. In the mean time Cronus, by a cunning device of G« or Metis, Hbai> of ,. ZEOB. (Mas'' f""'"'' at Otricoli. Vatican MusDiim.) ZEUS. 437 ZOPYRUS. was made to briug up the children he had swallowed, and first of all the stone, which was afterwards set up by Zeus ut Delphi. The young god now delivered the Cyclopes from the bonde with which they had beeu fettered by Crouus, and they, in their gratitude, pro- vided him with thunder and lightning. On the advice of Q6,.Zeaa also liberated the hundred- armed Gigan tea— BriareuB,Cottu8,andGyes — chat they might assist him in his fight against the Titans. The Titans were conquered and shut up in Tartarus, where they were hfence- forth guarded by the Hecatoncheires. Tlicre- npoa Tartarus and Gu begot Typhoeus, who began a fearful struggle with Zeus, but was conquered. Zeus now obtained the dominion , of the world, and chose Metis for his wife. When she was pregnant with Athena (Min- erva), he took the child out of her body and concealed it in his head, on the advice of Uranus and Ge, who told him that thereby he would retain the supremacy of the world ; for if Metis had given birth to a son, this sou