Tfc'-iillrfr!-' JiS!.|!-J,-li!.V- Tn!!'''HIIp['' f^' m ""NELL UNIVERSrrV LIBBABY 3 1924 067 151 815 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924067151815 Production Note Cornell University Library produced this volume to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. It was scanned using Xerox software and equipment at 600 dots per inch resolution and compressed prior to storage using CCITT Group 4 compression. The digital data were used to create Cornell's replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39. 48-1984. The production of this volume was supported in part by the New York State Program for the Conservation and Preservation of Library Research Materials and the Xerox Corporation. Digital file copyright by Cornell University Library 1993. QfarncU Unioetaitg ffiibrarg Stliaca, ^tm ^atk BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE JACOB H. SCHIFF ENDOWMENT FOR THE PROMOTION OF STUDIES IN HUMAN CIVILIZATION 1918 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF HUDSON, EMBEACING THE SETTLEMENT OF THE CITY, CETT GOYERNMENT, BUSINESS ENTERPEISES, CHURCHES, PRESS, SCHOOLS, LIBRARIES, &C. BY STEPHEN B. MILLER H n D S 0:n : BETAN & WEBB PBINTEES, 1863. INTRODUCTION, The collection of the facts embodied in the following Sketches was undertaken as a matter of amusement. That they appear in the present extended form of a Series, is due to the interest manifested in their preparation by those to whom the writer has necessarily looked for assistance. The task has been a pleasant one, yet attended with difficulties. Besides the recollections of the few old citizens living, few sources of information were available. Nothing has been attempted, ber yond a plain and connected statementof facts relative to the settlement of Hudson, (to some extent connecting them with the present,) under- taken in a desire to preserve much which a few years hence could not be collected. They are published in the hope that they may prove of interest, and, although perhaps incomplete, may, at least at some future day, serve as the foundation for a more perfect work. Tun Author. SKETCHES 0¥ HtTDSOK. CITY OF HUDSON. The City of Hudson was originally embraced within the limits of the town of Clayerack, which until the year 1786, continued to be a portion of Albany County, the County of Columbia having been formed in that year. Claverack was settled by Dutch, for the most part from Holland, at a very early date ; the organization of the first Ref. Dutch Church dating as far back as 1716, in which the services continued to be in the Dutch language for nearly a century after. We have two different versions of the meaning of its name. One is that the bluffs frontiog upon the river were called the "Elauv- ers" or Clovers, and as the limits of the town extended to these bluffs, it was called "Klauver'-rach," meaning Clover-reach. The other, which is given by the late Judge Miller, of Claveracfc, who should be deemed good authority, is that upon the river were four cliffs, or "Klaufs" in Dutch, and upon the easter- ly limits of the town were four more, hence it Was called "Elauffer-acht," meaning eight cliffs or hills. It remained the County seat of Columbia Coun- ty until the year 1805, when it was changed to Hudson, utder an act enti- tled "An act altering the place for holding the Courts in the County of Colum- bia." The present fine residence of Peter Hoffman, Esq., in Claverack village, was at that period the Court House, and in its immediate vicinity stood the County Jail, a somewhat small structure of heavy, squared timber, strongly bolted with iron. Hudson was at the date of its settlement known as Claverack Landing, and among the names of the residents here at that time, we find mention made cf Peter Hogeboom, John Van Allen, Justus- Van Hoesen, Peter Van Hoesen, Casper Huyck, John, Jacob, Jonathan and Leonard Hardick. There Were two stores kept, each having a sloop landing connected with it. One of these stood where now is the freighting establish- ment of Messrs. Haviland, Clark & Co., kept by Col. John Van Allen, whose dwelling, a brick house With the high pointed Dutch gable of that day, stood where now is the residence and store of Mr. Geo. C. Hubbel. The other, kept by Peter Hogeboom, was upon the site of the present freighting estab- lishment of Me^ts. Power, Bogardcs & Co., his house being nearly opposite, a short distance to the South, upon what was then the County road, after- wards Ferry street. There was a canoe ferry, kept by Conrad Flock, start- SKETCHES OF HTTDSON, ing from the site of the present ferry dock, and running to Loonenburg, now known as the "upper purchase" of Athens, which was also a Dutch settlement of a very early date, mention being made of a tannery in operation there in the year 1750. A single canoe was used for passengers, and two were lashed together when teams were to cross, the wagons being fastened upon the canoes, while the horses were tied to them and compelled to swim. The inhabitants at the landing were accustomed to attend religious worship at Loonenburg ; some of them were officers in the Lutheran Church at that place. One indi- vidual is still living in the city who, when a boy, regularly crossed upon the Sabbath to attend service there. The landing of the ferry upon the West side was in the vicinity of the rock, now known as the "Swallow rock." The "County road" referred to commenced at the ferry, running up the present line of Allen street, to a point near the District School house, thence over to and up the line of Partition street, to the present head of the city, then cross- ing the square and out of the city.. BURIAL GROUND. Tery near the site of the school house in the 1st District, was the private burial ground of Justus Van Hoesen, whose death, with that of his wife at the same time, from being poisoned by arsenic, a few years after the settlement of the city, occasioned great excitement. It was also used for interments, by the families living at the landing, but with the opening of a new one at the head of the town shortly after the purchase, its use was discontinued. A few interments were also made by the new settlers, upon the hill on the Iforth side of the city, where now stands the residence of F. Farrand, simply as a matter of convenience, until selection of a suitable spot for general use could be made. The bodies were subsequently removed. The ground for a new burial place was given to the proprietors by Gol. John 'Van Alien. Daniel Paddock and Cotton Gelston, having been appointed by the proprietors a committee to make selection of a lot for that purpose, called upon Col. Yan Allen for advice and assistance. After viewing several differ- ent localities they settled upon the site of the present ground; and asked Col. Van Allen his price for four or five acres. He replied that he would give that quantity to the proprietors, to be used as a burial ground forever, and for no other purpose. Additions have since been made, and the ground is now of much greater extent than as originally given. We credit modem times with the custom of choosing for the burial of the dead quiet and secludied spots, amid the beautiful snn-oundings of nature. It is a little remarkable, that at that early day a spot made so attractive by the hand of nature, and so far from SKETCHES OP HUDSON the scenes of active life, should have been selected. A portion of the ground was set apart, to be used exclusively by the Society of Friends or Quakers. The first person buiied in the new ground was Phebe, the wife of Benjamin Folger. The first man buried, was Col. Van Allen himself, who died in the year 1784. He returned -from the funeral of Mrs. Folger and in conversation with his wife relative to it, remarked, " poor Mrs. Folger lays there alone." He was then in good health, but within ten days was placed very nearly by the side of "poor Mrs. Folger." A substantial monument to his memory has been recently erected by the City, bearing the following inscription : " He was a man of strong mind and liberal heart. He took an active part in the first settlement of Hudson, was the donor of the original burying-ground, and the third person buried therein."- The original ground is that portion first entered from the small gate. Very near the entrance well preserved stones point out the resting places of the Jenkins's, Gelston and others, with whom we shall become fainiliar in the pro- gress of these Sketches. Standing by their graves, it seemed to the writer but a brief period since they first entered the waters of the beautiful river, glit- tering in the distance. They are resting, and borne upon the stillness of the morning air, came the shrill whistUng of the steam, the sound of bells upon the water, mingled with the noise of the city which will long remain a monu- ment, less perishable than marble, to their vurtues and enterprise. Beyond their tombs is an open space, where there is but little more than slight eleva- tions of ground, and a few scattered remnants of crumbling brown stones, covered with the mosses of age, tottering, ready to fall beneath the hand of time, to tell where sleep many who three score years ago were active in these streets. What, sixty years hence, will perpetuate the memory of those who, to-day, are the busy, moving throng ? It has been truly said, that in the ap- pearance of a buryal ground can be read the character of any community, and that indifference to the resting place of its dead, is an evidence of the lack of enterprise among the living of any place. For years, when Hudson was de- pressed, the burial ground bore evidence of the fact. With a returning spirit of enterprise, it was .enlarged, beautified and to-day is pointed to with pride by its citizens, and sought by crowds, who love to linger in its pleasant, shaded walks, and drink in the loveliness of the views it affords. In addition to the two stores mentioned, Peter Hogeboom also kept a grist mill in the hollow now known as " Spaulding's Hollow." Of the remain- der of the inhabitants, some were farmers and others were engaged in fishing, principally for herring, which found a ready market in New York. Such was Hudson, or "Claverack Landing, from all the information we have L 6 SKETCHES- OF HUDSON. been able to gather concerning it, at the time of its purchase by the colony from Nantucket and Providence. PKOPKIETORS' ASSOCIATION. At an early period of the Kevolution, the whale fisheries of Nantucket were broken up by the English Marine. In the year 1783, a considerable number of the inhabitants of the island, desirous of bettering their fortun.es, determined to leave it and make a settlement somewhere upon the Hudson River. The enterprise doubtless originated at Providence, but was joined by others from Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. Thomas Jenkins, to whom more than any other individual it owed its success, although a native of Nantucket, was at the time a resident of the city of Providence, and a wealthy merchant. In the Spring of 1783 he formed an association, to consist of not more than thirty members, all of whom should be merchants, or "concerned in navigating the deep." It was joined in Providence by Thomas and Seth Jenkins, David Lawrence, Hezekiah Dayton, Nathaniel Greene, Samuel Mansfield, William Wall, John Thurston, John AJsop and Cotton Gelston. In July, 1783, Cotton Gelston proceeded to Nantucket, where it was joined by Stephen Pad- dock, Joseph Barnard, Charles Jenkins, Deborah Jenkins, Gideon Gardner, Eeuben Folger, Alexander Coffin, Benjamin Hnssey, Shubael Worth, Paul Hussey, Benjamin Folger, Reuben Macy, Walter Folger, Benjamin Starbnck and John Cartwright. The two last named did not however come with the others. On his return Mr. Gelston stopped at Edgartown, Martha's Vine- yard, where Marshal and Lemuel Jenkins, Peleg Clark and John Allen, also united with the enterprise. At Newport it was joined by William Mintnm. Ezra Reed and Titus Morgan joined it after they had purchased Claveiack Landing. The articles of agreement subscribed by them were the following : ARTICLES OP AGREEMENT. We, the subscribers, being joint proprietors of a certain Tract of Land lying at Claveraek Landing on the banks of the Hudson River, purchased by Thomas Jenkins of Peter Hogeboom, Junr., and others, for the purpose of establish- ing a commercial settlement, on principles of equity, do enter into the follow- ing Articles of Agreement, to-wit : — ARTICLE THE FIRST. That each proprietor subscribe for such part of the above Tract, in propor- tion as near as may be to his Stock in Trade, with the others concerned. ARTICLE THE SECOND. No person shall be permitted to purchase lards vpithin two miles of the said landing, unless he shall give the Proprietors the refusal thereof at the rates at which he himself purchased it. SKETCHES OF HUDSON ARTICLE THIRD. That each and every one of the proprietors shall settle there in person and carry his Trading Stock on or before the first day of October, A, Dom., one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five, unless prevented by some unavoida- ble event that shall be esteemed a sufficient reason by some of the proprietors for his non-compliance, and his going immediately after that obstruction is removed. In case of Death his heirs, executors or administrators, with fully complying with these Articles, shall be entitled to the same privileges as other proprietors. ARTICLE FOURTH. That no person be permitted to dispose of his share who has not folly com- plied with these Articles, but said share revert to the other Proprietors, they paying the first cost of said share without interest, and that the proprietors, which have complied with the foregoing, shall hold possession of lands accord- ing to their several proportions. ARTICLE FIFTH. That no proprietor be permitted to enter any building on any proprietor's land, until it shall be divided, and they shall be subjected to such regulations as shall be hereafter made for regulating the Streets, Lanes, Highways, Gang- ways, &c. ARTICLE SIXTH. That we further agree that if any one or more shall forfeit the right of hia or their interest in the aforementioned lacds, according to the true intent and meaning of the preceding articles, that he or they, shall if furnished with Deeds or oth» Instrument of conveyance from Thoihas Jenkins, give up the same to the Proprietors, or furnish them with a clear Deed or Deeds of all their right, title and interest in said lands, they paying such person or persons the firat cost as described in article fourt^. ARTICLE SEVENTH. That the subscribers do solemnly agree to abide by the preceding Articles and regulations, and that this Instrument be signed and sealed by each indi- vidual proprietor, and the original be lodged in the hands of the Proprietor's Clerk. Stephen Paddock, Thomas Jenkins, Joseph Barnard, Beuben Macy, Benjamin Folger, Cotton Gelstoii, Seth Jenkins, John Alsop, William Wall, Charles Jenkina, Hezekiah Dayton, Ezra Beed, David Lawrence, Gideon Gardner, , Titus Morgan, John Thurston, Eenben Folger, Nathaniel Greene. Where these articles of agreement were executed does not appear. It is said the original were dated at Providence. All the proprietors do not ap- pear to have signed them. This is explained by the fact that two or three did not continue members, and the shares of some were included and covered by the signatures of the other proprietors. For the purpose of selecting a suitable, site, a committee was chosen by SKETCHES OP HUDSON them, and sent, probably in the summer of 17S3, to sail up the river and ex- amine different localities. Thomas Jenkins and Cotton Gelston were a part of that committee, with two others whose names- we do not know, nor do we know whether they were empowered to effect a purchase, or to what extent they proceeded in a negotiation, before reporting to the Islanders. We have not been able to get back of the fact of such committee being sent. They were urged at New York by Col. Eutgers to make a purchase upon the East River, and came near doing so. They tarried, too, at Poughkeepsie, with a view of pnichasiug, but desirous of making a full examination of the river, pro- ceeded, and finally made selection of Claverack Landing, as thesite of the " future city." The purchase when made was in the name of Thomas Jenkins, and by him the lands deeded to the other proprietors. Five hundred pounds was paid down as part of the purchase money. What decided them in their selection, does not appear — ^probably the natural beauty'of the position, con- nected with the fact that it was in the vicinity of a tolerably thickly settled and thriving farming population and at the head of ship navigation. Not- withstanding the early success of the enterprise, the selection in after years proved not to have been judicious. It has always been contended by many, that had the location of the settlement been upon the West side of the; river the career of its prosperity could not have been checked, and Hudson could not have failed to becopie what Albany now is. Of the correctness of this view it is not the province of the writer ^o speak. Whatever may be said of the position in a business point of view, it is not surpassed by any upon the ■river for healthfulness and the beauty of the scenery surrounding it. The sagacity of those " men of old," may have been at fault, but let us be grateful to them, at least, that they have made us a " city upon an Ml," with the beau- tiful and grand in nature upon every side of us. In the fall of 1783, two families arrived here from Nantucket. It would be interesting to know who those "first families" were, but we have been able to ascertain only one of them, that was the family of Seth Jenkins. The first child born after the purchase was Elizabeth Bunker, who died while young. She belonged to a family who appear to have left Nantucket some years pre- vious and settled in Dutchess County, coming to Hudson as soon as they heard of the' purchase. In the Spring of 1784, the other proprietors followed with their famjlies, bringing with them several vessels, and in some instances the frames of dwellings, prepared at Nantucket, for erection upon their arrival. One of those houses, at least, was standing in the lower part of North Front street until within a very few years since, and' its. frame is believed to be stiU a portion of a dwelling since erected upon the spot. It was brought by SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 9 Stephen Paddock. When Mr. Paddock arrived with his family, Col. Van Allen went on board of his vessel and offered them the hoapitaUty of his house which they accepted, Mr. Paddock remarking " if that was a sample of the Dutch, they were in a happy land." The proprietors afterwards found in Col. Tan Allen a warm friend."^He was a man of noble feelings and a well culti- vated mind. In stature he was large and well formed, and true to his Batch taste, wore at that time a bright red coat. After his death and the purchase of his land was completed with his widow, the proprietors presented to her a house lot upon the Southerly side of Main street, where she built a house and resided until 1787. It was then occupied by Ambrose Spencer, and in it John C. Spencer was born. Its precise locality cannot be fixed. It isjaid, at first the proprietors encountered opposition fi'om individuals in Claverack and Kinderhook, who endeavored in various ways to hinder their progress, probably foreseeing that one result of the new settlement would be to take from Claverack its position as the seat of the County buildings. Not understanding the Dutch language, the proprietors employed in the double capacity of book-keeper and spy, an individual who did, that they might be able to counteract all^efforts made to injure Miem. It is related that "they found warm friends in the Ten BroecVs, Delematers, Huyck and Elting, and the Millers and Hogebooms were not hostile." PBOPEIETOES' MINUTES. From the'minutes of the proceedings, of the proprietors, we gather the fol- lowing facts, not without interest, it is thought, as showing their progress, and the labors and duties put upon individual proprietors. Each seems in some way to have borne his share of the toil necessary to a successful fulfillment of the enterprise : 1784, May 14th. The proprietors held their first meeting at the house of Seth Jenkins, and voted to proceed to elect such officers as were necessary to regulate their internal measures, so far as their land extended. David Law- rence was chosen Moderator of the meeting ; Reuben Folger, Clerk for one year. Seth Jenkins, John Thurston, Daniel Paddock, Joseph Barnard, Thom- as Jenkins, Gideon Gardner and David Lawrence were appointed a commit- tee "to regulate streets, and to attend in a particular manner to the fixing the buildings uniformly." It was also voted, "that no person should fix his house without such direc- tion from a majority of the committee as they might thmk proper ;'' and that "no person should extend his steps more than four feet from his dooi or seller ways." 10 SKETCHES OF HTTDSON. Samuel Mansfield, Gideon Gardner and John Thurston were appointed a committee to view fences. 1784, May 15th. Alex. Coffin, David Lawrence, Chas. Jenkins and Heze- kiah Dayton were appointed a committee "to lay out, sell or lease to David Bunker and Bedwood Easton, a convenient lot for a tan yard." They reported, that they had sold one quartet of an acre near Peter Hoge- boom's gnst mill, with benefit of the mill stream, for $40, payable 810 per annum." 1784, May 17th. Cotton Gelston was voted Treasurer. Five proprietors were authorized to call a meeting, by making application in writing to the Clerk. 1784, June 2d. It was voted that a number of persons should be employed "to dig on the hill in the direction of Main street, in order to open a way to the river, and procure stone for the proprietors." This was probably the opening- of South Front street. Gideon Gardner was appointed " to superintend that business." The portion of the city first occupied, was that nearest the landing. The first houses built, were the old building, for many years known as the Swain house, standing upon the North side of Franklin Square, and the house ad- joining. These were built by Seth Jenkins and John Alsbp. The first house in Main street was built by Peter Barnard, upon the site of the present residence of Ansel McKinstiy, Esq. Below it were corn-fields and orchards. It is recorded of Peter Barnard, " that he was one of the kindest hearted, best tempered and happiest men that ever lived. Though poor and earning his bread by the sweat of his brow, no prince was richer and no king ever sat upon his throne more contentedly than Peter sat upon his trucks." The first store was opened by Cotton Gelston. 1784, June 28th. They voted that a house be Immediately built at the ex- pense of the proprietors, 20 feet by 30, to be appropriated for a Market House and that Daniel Paddock superintend such building." This was the establishment of the first or lower market. 1784, Sept. 2d. It was voted "that the three wells be stoned and masoned up." Gideon Gardner, Cotton Gelston, Daniel Paddock appointed committee "to superintend that business." The " three wells" were probably three reservoirs, then commenced, one of which is afterwards spoken of as the well in Third street," another in the vi- cinity of -Second street and the third near the market house. They contin- ued to term them "wells" for many years afterwards. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. H 1784, Oct. 24th. It was voted, "that a bridge be built over the great hol- low in Main street, with stone buttments." Seth Jenkins was appointed to superintend the work. The bridge was located in front of the present store of James Clark. 1784, Oct. 24. They jroted, "that Thomas Jenkins have privilege to erect a hay scale at his own cost on Market Square, (lower market) for five years, he promising not to exact more than Is. 6d. per load for weighing." 1784, Nov. 14th. It was unanimously agreed by the proprietors that "in- futer it should be called by the name of Hudson." We have no account of any debate on the change of name, or the suggestion by the proprietors of any other name than that given. Gov. Clinton suggested and was desirous that the settlement should be called Clinton, and was dis- pleased that the name met with no favor among the proprietors. 1784, Nov. 23d. Thomas Jenkins, David Lawrence and Gideon Gardner were appointed a committee "to wait on Col. John Van Allen, impowered by the proprietors to purchase his real estate for £2500, and one-thirtieth interest in the first purchase made." It would seem from this that all the property at the landing was not includ- ed in the first purchase. Col. Van Allen having died, the same committee were appointed "to ascertain from the widow Van Allen whether her late husband had left her power to ratify the bargain, if so to get writings drawn and executed immediately." This property was the house and store and landing before referred to, with all the land lying between Ferry street and the bay, and running easterly to Front street. INCOEPOKATION. 1785, Feb. 17th. It was voted that a "petition be draughted to be laid be- fore the Legislative authority of the State, for the purpose of getting ourselves incorporated, with city privileges." Ezekiel Gilbert, John Thurston, Ezra Reed, and Seth Jenkins were ap- poicted a committee to draught the same. Seth Jenkins, Gen. Van Eensselaer, John Thurston, Ezekiel Gilbert were appointed to repair to New York as soon as convenient and present the same before the General Assembly then in session, and use their utmost influence to gei it passed immediately. On the 22d day of April, 1785, the Act of incorporation passed, and Hud- son became a city, the third in the State. The territory of the city, as char- tered, extended from the line of the town of Livingston on the South, to 12 SKETCHES OFHtTDSON. Major Abraham's (Stockport) creek on the North, and Claverack creek on the East. A portion of the town of Stockport was taken off in 1833, and the town of Greenport in 1837, leaving Hudson with but very little more territory than that now embraced within the compact portion of the city. The news of the passage of the act incorporating tjie city, occasioned great joy. On the 4:th day of May, Mr. Gilbert arrived from New York, bringing with him the charter of the city and the appointment of Seth Jenkins by the Governor and Council as Mayor. Its reception was attended with the firing of cannon, raising of flags, and every other possible demonstration of gratifica- tion, by the citizens. On the day following the arrival of Mr. Gilbert, Seth Jenkins issued his proclamation announcing the incorporation of the city, his appointment as Mayor, and calling upon all the freemen within the limits of the city, to meet at the school house, a small frame building then standing upon the county road near the river, on the Monday following, (the 9th day of May) to choose necessary officers and to transact other important business. This was Hudson's first charter election, but it was conducted without a contest. We can find no statement of the vote cast, nor do we know the population at that time, but the city grew with great rapidity, and from 1785 to 1786, one hundred and fifty dwellings, besides wharves, barns, shops and out-houses were built. 1785, July 25th. They voted "that one honae lot on Main street should be given to Ezekiel Gilbert as a free donation for his essential services done the proprietors in bringing about the incorporation of this city." The lot given was lot number 62 Warren street, aa at present numbered. 1785, April 8th. It was voted that Thomas Jenkins and David Lawrence be a committee to name the streets ; also that Diamond street be put in a passable condition, and that the proprietors should send as many men as con- venient, until there were a sufficient number to work them, and on producing a certificate to Titus Morgan they should be entitled to receive four shillings per day. . 1785, April 1 9th. They voted that a lot 50 by 120 feet on Diamond street should be granted to any person or persons who would build a school house, not less than 40 feet by 24, such persons not to receive more than nine per cent, on the cost of the building for the use of it, and to have the power to sell it to the corporation at large, for their own use, whenever they had Op- portunity so to do, and that it should continue to be used for a School house for every description and denomination of people then settled or which should thereafter settle here. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 13 Shortly after its erection Joseph Marshall, who styled himself the "public's bumble servant," gave notice that he designed opening a school in the Dia- mond street School house, from 5 to 7 o'clock P. M. each day, for the in- struction of '-Misses" in writing, cyphering, composition, English grammar and geography. The old school house, no longer a nursery for the young ideas of "Misses," is still standing, moved to the lower part of Chapel street. 1785, June 19th. A committee was appointed to conclude upon a plan for a proprietor's school house on Market Square. 1785, Jane 9th. Land was granted to the corporation for the erection of a Gaol "on the N. E. corner of the northermost square on Fourth street." The Gaol was constructed of logs, with iron grates at the windows, and stood very nearly upon the site of the present blacksmith shop of Thomas Ty- nan. It was reached by a foot path through the field from Main street. Fourth street not yet having been opened. It is said of this Gaol, that almost the first prisoner confined in it concealed an auger upon his person, bored through the logs and escaped. The City Hall was erected nearly opposite the Gaol, upon the present site of the Presbyterian Church, which was then called the "upper end of Main street." It was commenced in the year 1786, but remained for years unfin- ished, the lower part being used at one time for the storing of hay, and was not completed until there was a certainty that Hudson would become the seat of the County Courts. It was a square brick building, in the very plain- est style of architecture, two stories in height, the upper part capable of ac- commodating four hundred people, being used for public purposes, and the lower part for offices, and for some years a school room. In the year 1805, when Hudson became the County seat, the' Common Council appropriated it to the County to be used as a Court House, voting also the sum of $2000, and a lot of land, for the erection of a new jail, which was ready for the reception of prisoners in the month of October, in that year. The present office of the Hudson Gazeiie was the building then erected as the "County prison." The Court House was occupied by each religious organization in its infancy, and still continued to be used for all public gatherings until its purchase by the Presbyterian Society, from which time until the erection of the present fine structure, Hudson was destitute of a room for public use, in the least degree comfortable or adequate to the wants of its citizens. 1806, Jan. 11th. Benjamin Birdsall was voted by the Common Council forty dollars for his services as committee-man in procuring a change of the County seat. 14 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. The present Court House and Jail were erected in the year 1835, at a cost of $35,(:00, under the direction of James Mellen, Henry C. Miller, John "W. Edmonds, John P. Mesick, Jehoiakim A. Van Yalkenburgh. 1785, June 9th. A committee was appointed to lay out plot, &c., of the city. The plot embraced Union, Main, Diamond and State streets, with Sec- ond, Third, Fourth and Fifth streets crossing them. First street was not opened until many years after. 1785, Dec. 30th. One house lot was voted to Cotton Gelston for his trouble in laying out plot of the city. PARADE HILL, ETC. 1795, March 9th. It was voted- "that the certain piece of land, known by the name of the Parade, or Mall, in front of Main street, and on the banks fronting the river, should be granted to the Common Council forever, as a public walk or Mall, and for no other purpose whatever." The " Mall" remained in an unimproved condition for many years, except the erection upon it of a house for the sale of "refreshments." This was octar gon in shape, the lower part used as a saloon for "refreshments," the upper part surrounded by a covered piazza, affording a beautiful lookout upon the river, and a flag staff surmounting the building. It was called the "Round- house," and the hill until its improvement in 1834, was .called the "Round- house hill." It was in that year enclosed, laid out into walks, the house, which had become a nuisance, removed, and after the suggestion through the press of many very fanciful names, was given its present name of "Parade Hill." Near the Southern end of the hUl, visitors cannot have failed to notice a small circular grove of trees, called "lovers' retreat." These were planted, it is said, to mark the location of a rock known in the early days of the city as "Love rock," and the spot, were "by moon-light alone," a large proportion of the marriage contracts of our Quaker ancestors were "made and entered into." During the improvement of the hill, when the rock was levelled, a writer in' one of the city papers thus alludes to it : " Could that rock speak, what then ? — ^but it is gone — ^years had it stood. — men among ns whose heads are white with the snow-flakes of time, have sat upon it with the buoyant passions of youth. Wamen who can scarce raise their feeble limbs, have leaped in glorious glee around its base. How many bright moons have shed their light upon it, how many a strain of music melt- ed away in the air above it, how many brilliant thoughts have there been in- dulged. We have sat there ourselves and might tell many curious things about it, but have given already sufficient flight to our imagination. We would say to the rock, if it had a soul, 'peace to it.' " Backs, like dead men, tell no tales. Goidd "Love rock" speak, it would doubtless give us many touching revelations. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 15 In 1795, the proprietors, upon the petition of Marshal JenkioB and Samuel Edmonds, granted a lot of land upon the corner of Union and Third streets to the Society "called Free Masons," for the purpose of erecting a building there- on suitable for their use. It was to be built upon within two years or the land "should devolve to the Council for the use of the corporation." The building was to be fifty by twenty-five feet in size, and it was a condition of the grant that it should never be used as a tavern. "The Lodge,'' as it was called, was deemed an "ornament" to the city, as originally erected. It was partially destroyed by fire about thirty-five years ago, on the 4th of July, and the present St. John's Hall built upon the ruins. As early as 1787, we find the Masons celebrating the festival of St. John by a dinner and an oration. Previous to the erection of the "Lodge" it was the custom to hold their meet- ings at some one of the public houses. In the war of 1812, the lower part of the Hall was used as barracks for soldiers who enlisted under Capt. Smith, of the U. S. Light Dragoons, and lieut. Theophilus E. Beekman, recruiting officers. It was this service that first brought Mr. Beekman to this city, of which he was long after a resident. During a row among the soldiers in the barracks, which he endeavored to quell, he received an injury for which he afterwards drew a pension. 1795, March 9th. Proprietors deeded to the Common Council the lots upon which the Gaol and City Hall stood, other lots in difi'erent parts of the city, all the streets and lands not theretofore appropriated, to be opened by them at their discretion, whenever it would benefit the public ; also the burial ground presented to the proprietors, excepting such part as was enclosed by the Society of Friends and to be conveyed to them. 1810, May 23d. The last meeting of the proprietors was held, Stephen Paddock Moderator, Erastns Pratt Clerk. Provisioh had been previously made for the delivery of the proprietors' books, plot of "the city, etc., to the Clerk of the city, and for a passage of a law by the Legislature, for a confir- mation of all the divisions made by them. Their meetings had been more fiequent than these extracts indicate, but the proceedings related principally to the disposition and exchange of their lots or "public squares" as they term- ed them, and to the laying out of the "public roads," or streets. In all the proceedings we find mention but two or three times made of their financial condition, but it is evident, from these, that the "wheels of finance" did not run perfectly smooth, as they speak at one time of being considerably pressed, and advised the disposition of certain lots for relief. We have as yet had no glimpse of the government of the city, which at the 16 SKETCHES or HUDSON. date we take leave of the proprietors, already boasted of a population of nearly 5,000. It had attained a position which they had hardly looked or hoped for, although they had brought, to bear all their energy and influence to secure its prosperity. THE PKOPEIETORS. No place can claim more for the character of its founders, than can Hudson for its original proprietors. All of them were men of influence, intelligence and activity, and are described, physically, as "stout, well formed, noble looking men." Nearly all of them were possessed of considerable pecuniary means, which they at once employed in such ways as would most encourage the bus- iness interests of the place; It is said of the Jenkins family, that they alone brought with them more than a quarter of a million of dollars. They were re- garded as the moving spirits in the enterprise, and every species of trade and commerce was for many years successfully carried on by them. Thomas Jen- kins is described as uniting the stately, dignified, princely air of an old school gentleman with the address and energy of a man of business, and few like him, it is said, are to be found at the present day, even in the great metropolis itself. When standing on his wharf, with his gold headed cane in his hand, watching and directing the preparations for the sailing of his ships, his air and manner were authoritative, but in feeling he was not in the least degree haugh- ty. His residence, built immediately after the settlement of the city, was that now occupied by P. S. Wynkoop, Esq. as a residence and by the Misses Peake as a Seminary. At the time of its erection it was considered palatial, and as his means enabled him to live in a corresponding style, and which doubtless presented a strong contrast to primitive Quaker simpUcity, it is not strange that he was thought even somewhat aristocratic. liong after emigration had added greatly to the population of the place, and many to the number of its public spirited and enterprising citizens, they con- tinued to exercise a great influence in all its affairs. For over thirty years, with the exception of the short period of two years, the office of Mayor of the city was filled by some member of the Jenkins family. Numerous and influ- ential however as it was at that time, scarce half a dozen of its descendants are at this day residents of the city, to whose early prosperity they so largely contributed, and with whose early history its name is so inseparably connected. Thomas Jenkins died in New York in the year 1808, leaving four sons, Thomas, Gilbert, Frederick and Elisha, and four daughters. His remains were brought to this city upon a sloop, and buried according to the rites of the Quaker society, in the ground belonging to them. No tombstone was ever placed upon his grave and it cannot now be identified. SKETCHES or HUDSON. 17 Another proprietor of whom we find very frequent mention made is Cotton Gelston, who seems to have been a man of very great activity and energy. He was first treasurer for the proprieitors, first postmaster, launched the first ship, opened the first store, was the first surveyor, made the first plot of the city, drew their first deeds ; in short seems to have been the "chief scribe" and man- of-all-work, for the proprietors, and from the time he was sent by Thomas Jenkins to Nantucket, to carry out the plan of his association, until his death, was the servant of the city in some capacity. We have been shown a deed, supposed to have beem drawn by him, which, although something of a curiosi- ty, being drawn upon a sheet of paper about four feet in length by one in width, as a piece of penmanship, would be coasidered creditable at the present day, and is remarkable for its paiticularity of description. Mr. Gelston was a man of medium height, rather stout, with little in his countenance indicative of the force of character he possessed. It is said of him, that be was a man of violent passions and led into frequent difficulties with those around him. In a fit of anger he once knocked down Thomas Jenkins, who was doubtless his best friend. At the last meeting of the proprietors there was much debate as to the proper disposition of the proprietors' minutes, accounts, and other papers. Mr. Gelston was violently opposed to their passing into the posses- sion of the Conmion Council, and in a moment of excitement made an effort to destroy them by bunnng. He succeeded in part, but the minutes were taken from him by Gilbert Jenkins, then a young man, after a stru^le. There is not a descendant of Mr. Gelston living in Hudson at the present time. Stephen Paddock, Joseph Barnard, Nathaniel Greene and Alexander Oof- fin are also prominently spoken of as energetic, active citizens. Beside the Jenkins's and Gelston, but few of the proprietors at first engaged in mercantile pursuits. Several of them were "searfaring'' men, others shortly after their arrival settled upon farms in the vicinity, and some early left the settlement. It has sometimes been remarked, as not a Uttle singular that of some of the proprietors there have never been any since, among th« residents of the city, bearing their names. The fact that some of them did not long remain here, will probably explain it. In giving the credit We do to the proprietors for the early prosperity of HudsoB, we should not forget the fact, that their efforts were seconded by many, not only from the immediate vicinity but from a dis- tance, who were at once attracted to the enterprise by its bright prospects. Ezekiel Gilbert, who seems very early to have taken an active interest in it, was at the time a resident of Claverack, from which place he moved his law- office in 1785, thus becoming Hudson's first lawyer ; first not only in order, but for many years first in abihty. Mr. Gilbert was not a man of great talents, 18 SKETCHES OFHUDSON. but made himself of great service to Hudson, in its early days. He was Eep- resentatire in Congress about the year 1790, and through his efforts Hudson was made a port of entry. About the year 1800 he occupied a pleasant coun- try residence standing very nearly upon the site of the public house of S. S. Martin, and gave to the city a portion of the ground for the upper public square, with the intention of having it laid out as a park. He died about twenty years ago, at an advanced age, very infirm, and in somewhat reduced circumstances. Of the firms who were shortly after the settlement so largely engaged in business, the greater part were of those who immediately followed the proprietors. CITY GOVERNMENT. The first meeting of the Common Council was held on the 9th day of May, 1785. Present — Seth Jenkins, Esq., Mayor ; Nathaniel Greene, Esq., Eecorder ; William Mayhew and Stephen Paddock, Esqs., Aldermen ; Dirck Delamater and Marshal Jenkins, Esqs., Assistants. The following individuals have held the office of Mayor, appointed by the Governor and Council of Appointment : Seth Jenkins, April, 1785. Robert Jenkins, Februaiy, 1815. Thomas Jenkins, November, 1793. John Talman, FebruaTy, 1820. Robert Jenkins, Februaty, 1808. Alexander Coffin, February, 1821. John Talman, March, 1813. ^ ELECTED BY THE COMMON COCNCIL. Rufus Reed, June, 1823 & 24. Henry Smith, January, 1833, 34 & 35. Thomas Bay, January, 1825 & 26. Robert G. Frary, January, 1836. Oliver Wiswall, January, 1827 & 28. Robert McKinstry, January, 1837. Samuel White, January, 1829. Allen Jordan, January, 1839. Samuel Anable, Jan'y, 1830, 31 & 32. George W. Cook, January, 1840. ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE. Robert G. Frary, April, 1840 & 41. George H. Power, .April, 1852. Samuel Anable, April, 1842. Joshua T. Waterman, November 1852. Charles DarUng, April, 1843. Peter S. Wynkoop, November, 1853. Cyrus Curtis, April, 1844 & 45. John 0. Dormandy, November, 1854. Robert G. Frary, April, 1846. Joshua T. Waterman, November, 1856. Matthew Mitchell, April, 1847 & 48. Jacob W. Hoysradt, December, 1858. Hugh McClellan, April, 1849 & 50. Samuel Bachman, December, 1860. Peter S. Burger, April, 1851. The only individual now living, who filled the office during the first half century of the existence of the city is Oliver Wiswall, Esq. The first Recorder of the city, appointed by the Governor and Council was Nathaniel Greene, 1785. His successors have been as follows : SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 19 Hezekiab L. Hosmer, 1793. Joseph D. Monell, 1815. Levi "Wheaton, Jr., 1794. Ambrose L. Jordan, 1821. Alexander OofBn, January, 1797. John W. Edmonds, 1827. Cotton Gelston, June, 1797. Darius Peck, 1833. Elisha Pitkin, 1801. Eobert McOIellan, 1843. David Lawrence, 1802. Bodolplius P. Skir ner, elected, 1849. Philip S. Pai-ker, 1808. Stephen L. Magoun, " 1852. Hezekiah L. Hosmer, 1810. Elijah Payn, " 1855. Joseph D. Monell, 1811. Henry MUler, " 1858 & 9 Hezekiah L. Hosmer, 1813. Alexander S. Eowley, " 1861. The first City Clerk was John Bay, 1785. The first Chamberlain was John Alsop, 1785. Of all who filled the ofiSce of Aldermen during the first fifty years, the fol- lowing only, are now living in the city : Oliver Wiswali, Israel Piatt, Robert A. Barnard, Henry D. Parkman, Henry C. Miller, Benjamin F. Deuell, Solomon Wescott, Ansel McKinstry. Charles Darling, For a full list of all the oiBScers of the city from the date of its incorporation', we refer the reader to the Civil list for Columbia County, compUed by Edwin C. Terry, Esq., in 1858. In August, 1785, a seal for the city was purchased ; Nathaniel Greene, Seth Jenkins, John Bay, Ezra Reed, Stephen Paddock, Benjamin Eolger, Dirck Delamater, John Ten Broeck and Peter Hogeboom each contributing eleven shillings and four pence to defray its cost. This seal is still in use, never having been changed. PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCIL. From the early minutes of the Council we make the following extracts : 1785, June 7th. Nathaniel Greene, William Wall and Marshal Jenkins were appointed a committee to erect a gaol within the city limits 30 feet long, 20 feet wide, and one story high. This is the log gaol before mentioned. 1785, July 26th. Abimelech Riggs was appointed keeper of gaol. 1785, July 26th. Benjamin Folger, Thomas Jenkins and Ezra Eeed were appointed a committee to regulate and rent the ferry, which appears. stiU to have been in the hands of Mr. Flock. The canoe had given place to a boat twenty feet long and very narrow, and sharp at both ends. In order to carry teams across, the horses were placed one at each end of the boat and timbers laid across it, upon which the wagon rested. The ferry did not pass 20 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. fully into the control of the city until about the year 1790, when the boat de- scribed gave way to a scow with sails, so constructed that teams could enter from either end, and the following rates and regulations had been established : "For every single person, except sucking child. Is. 6dl " man, horse, ox, cow, Is. 6d. " loaded wagon or ox cart, 2s. 6d. " empty " " . Is. 6d " hog or pig under 80 lbs. dead, M. " " " alive, 6d. " dead sheep or lamp, 3d. " live " calf, 4d. " barrel of rum, sugar and molasses, 6d " pail of butter, 1 penny, firkin or tub, 2d. " bushel of wheat, peas or grain 1 penny." One half more was charged when compelled on account of low water to go around the flats. For every neglect to pay, treble the amount of ferriage was to be forfeited. Before sunrise and in the evening, the ferryman was entitled to double rates. He was to keep two scows, with four able hands to each, and to run con- stantly from sunrise to sunset, wind and weather permitting, or forfeit twenty shillings for every neglect. On the arrival of the boat at Loonenburgh land- ing, it was the duty of some one of the ferrymen to blow a shell or trumpet, in order to give immediate notice of such arrival, and to remain there fifteen minutes. 1803, April 14th. Mayor, Recorder and Mr. Power were appointed a com- mittee to confer with the citizens on the west side of the river, respecting a "Canal through the flats." The "Canal" was not constructed until many years after. In the year 1816, the work was done under the direction of Robert Jenkins, Oliver Wiswall and Judah Paddock, a committee appointed by the Common Council. The use of scows continued until the spring of the year 1816, when they gave place to the horse-boat, which was built by William Johnson, at a cost of six thousand dollars. Its introduction was a great event in the history of the city, and considered a very decided step forward. The Mayor and a portion of the Council made a trial trip in it around the flats, when the pilot, not yet accustomed to the management of his new craft, came in collision with a vessel so forcibly as to bring the oflScial party down to a level with the deck. It continued to run, with the exception of an un- successful attempt some years ago to sustain a steam ferry, until the present steamboat did away, we trust, forever in these waters with horse flesh as a propelling power for ferries. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 21 1785, July 5th. It was resolved, "That a Stocks and Whipping Post be made and erected nigh the market in this city, and that William Wall, Esq., cause the same to be completed, and that he lay au account of the expenses thereof before this Board, who engage to provide for the payment of the same." It was a heavy post, deeply set, to which the offender was tied, receiving upon his bare back the number of lashes fixed by the Justice passing the sentence. Its cost was £3, 4s. lid. The punishment of whipping was inflict- ed for petty offences. In addition to the whipping, the offender was some- times sentenced to be driven out of the city. In that case he was tied to the tail of a cart, and commencing at the lower end of Main street, received a cer- tain number of lashes at each corner until the head of the street was reached, where he was set at liberty and directed to leave the limits of the city. The officer inflicting the punishment was called a "whipping master," and received his appointment from the Common Council. Elisha Foote officiated in this capacity for many years. 1785, Aug. 2d. It was ordained "that it should not be lawful for any person or persons whatsoever, to run or gallop his, her or their Horse or Horses through any of the Streets of the said City, and that if any person or persons should be convicted of running or galloping his, her or their Horse or Horses through any of the Streets of said City, he, she or they should, for every such offense, forfeit and pay the sum of six shillings, current money of the State of New York, to be recovered before the Mayor, Recorder, or any of the Alder- men, with Costs of Suit, one half to go to the Informer, the other half to the Overseers of Poor of the City for the use of the poor thereof." 1785, Sept. 7th. "Whereas John Dewitt, late of the city of New York, had run away and left his wife and children :" it was ordered, "That Mrs. Dewitt, wife of the said John Dewitt, with her children, be sent to the city of New York, the place from whence the said John Dewitt came." 1785, Dec. 5th. Ordinances were passed prohibiting store keepers from throwing glass in the streets, boys from swimming near the ferry landing, also prohibiting any person chopping wood on Main street "with an axe," and the running at large of "any hog or hogs, goose or geese, unless properly yoked." 1786, Daniel Pinkham, Elibu Bunker, John Powell and Shubael Worth were appointed Guagers for one year, to receive 6d per hogshead, "smaller casks in proportion, and no more." 1787, March 1st. Forty-one licenses to sell liquor were granted, for sums varying fi-om eight to sixteen shillings. It is fair to infer some liquor was drunk in early times. 22 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Daniel Paddock and Jared Coffin were voted £13, Is, 6c? each for services as assessors for one year. 1787, March 1st. Freelove Clark was ordered to be sent back to Nantuck- et, and Stephen Paddock was authorized to take proper measures to remove her. It was the custom to send vagrants back tc their former place of resi- dence ; several instances like the above are reported in the minutes of the Council. NIGHT WATCH. 1788, Jan. 5th. Citizens voluntarily associated themselves into a watch against thieves and fires, and to preserve order in the city at night. Shortly after, the Common Council, deeming it a "salutary institution" ordained that it should consist of four citizens for each night, to begin their watch at 9 o'- clock in the evening and continue until day-break. Jonathan Worth was ap- pointed to notify the citizens on the roll, at least twelve hours before they were to come on the watch, and in case of absence or inability, was to supply their places. They were empowered to interrogate any persons out at an un- seasonable hour, and unless satisfactory answers were received, to confine them in the watch house until the following morning, when they were taken before the proper of&cer and discharged or punished. Each man received one dollar a night for his services, and was provided with a heavy oak club, for the double purpose of protection and sounding the hours, which was done by heavy blows upon the posts or side-walk, and crying out. with the hour, "all's well." Night locks, wmdow fastenings, iron safes, revolvers, and the numer- ous other articles of the present day, for protection against burglars, were not yet invented, nor had the need of them been felt. Robberies, however, were frequent and rowdyism not unknown. Stoops were over-turned, gates un- hinged, signs misplaced, door-knockers mysteriously worked and many other similar pranks, which we are apt to think peculiarily belonging to a modem period, were nightly played. The press complained loudly of "the disgraceful course certain young men are pursuing," and threatened them with exposure in its columns unless they desisted from their "evil practices." Subsequently the "watch" was efficiently organized and existed for many years. Old citizens are often heard to remark, that they have never since it was abandoned, en- joyed the same pleasant sense of security at night. 1790, Oct. 23d. It was resolved that Stephen Paddock and Thomas Froth- ingham be a committee to engage and agree with the Printer to strike off one hundred pounds in small bills or notes of credit upon the Corporation. One ream of paper was directed to be furnished of suitable quality, and struck ofFin SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 23 "tickets" to be signed by the clerk of the city, of the value of one, two, three and four cents. There was a scarcity of silver and almost a total absence of "coppers" and these "tickets" circulated freely as "small change." AQUEDUCT COMPANY. I'TQl, Aug. 30th. It was resolved, "that John Kemper be appointed to take the pump brake and upper box from the public pump, and at the hour of six in the morning, at twelve at noon, and at five in the evening of each day, go with or deliver it to the hands of some careful persons to be carried to the pump, that each of the citizens applying for water might have an equal pro- portion, and that said brake and box should not be delivered at any other times of the day, until a constant supply of water should be found in the pump.'' The "town pump" was located near the lower market. In the year 1785, several citizens associated themselves together, for the purpose of bringing water into the city to supply themselves and such others "as might be deemed consistant." Each lot-holder was entitled to a share in such association, upon the payment of twenty-five dollars, with the right to take the water fi:om the main pipe which ran through Main street and "carry it into his possessions or house for the supplying of the family or families" which his house contained, but should not be allowed to sell water to his neighbor or any other person. Persons not shareholders were supplied upon the payment of an annual tax. The water first brought in was from the spring known as the Ten Broeck spring, given to them by John Tec Broeck and located upon the farm now the property of the heirs of William E. Heermance. In 1793, they purchased the "Huyck Spring," better known as "the Fountain," situated upon the road leading from Claverack to Hudson. In the year 1789 they presented a petition to the Legislature, stating that they had "at consid- erable expense brought water into the city by an aqueduct, from a fountain two miles distant," and felt the need of a regular system, to compel share- holders to bear their equal proportion of expenses for repairs, &c. In March, 1790, "An act for the better regulating and protecting the Aqueducts in the city of- Hudson'' was passed, providing for the election of officers, passage of by-laws and giving to the Common Council the right by ordinance, to fix a penalty not exceeding five pounds for a breach of any of the by-laws of the Company. Hezekiah Dayton was for many years Inspector and Collector, for which service they voted "one shilling per hour when actually engaged." It ■was the custom of Old Squire Dayton, as he was familiarly called, to detect leaks and waste by entering the cellars of shareholders and listening for the 24 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. sound of trickling or dropping water, then reporting offenders at headquarters. 1794, May 10th. Thomas Frothingham, Elisha Jenkins and Jared CoflBn, three of the principal men of the place, were appointed Scavengers. BAKEKIES. 1794, July 24th. It was ordained that all bread falling short of the estab- lished weight or price, should be forfeited to the city for the use of the poor. Thomas Frothingham was appointed an inspector of bread, whose duty it was to thoroughly enforce the ordinance. The established weight and price, which were kept standing conspicuously printed at the head of the Hudson Gazette, Was as follows : Loaf of Superfine flour, 3 !bs. 8 oz., one shilling. " 1 " 12 " sixpence. " Common " 3 " 13 " one shilling. " 1 " 14 « sixpence. Rye " 3 " 4 " sixpence. Walter Johnson was the principal baker, and carried on the business quite extensively for the supply of ships, upcHi the corner of Front and Ferry streets. Mrs. Newberry, who kept a small shop further up in Front street, was his rival in the department of cakes and buns, most of which were sold through the streets in baskets. The old lady knew how to protect as well as sup- port herself. An individual once ventured to say something in her shop which she construed into an insult. Stepping up to him she ejected him by a gentle application of her foot, sending a loaf of bread after him in close proximity to his head. He was doubtless after that a better bre(a)d man. In somewhat later years in the lower part of Union street dwelt TJiaula Bunker, better known as "Aunt Usley," who maintained the dignity of a house full of maiden sisters by carrying on a domestic bakeiy. No tea table was deemed complete upon great occasions, without a supply of "Aunt Usiey's soft tea biscuit," "the wonder of the old, the delight of the young." We be- lieve a "cloud of witnesses" might be found to confirm the statement, that since her day Hudson has seen nothing superior in that line. 1795, March 23d. Jemmy Frazer was appointed bell-man, and paid at the rate of £16 per year. The bell upon the Presbyterian Chureh was ordered to be rung, at sunrise in the morning, at twelve o'clock at noon, and at nme in the evening, not less than five minutes at any one time on working days, and at nine and ten in the morning, two in the afternoon and nine in the evening on Sunday. 1797, November 3d. Cotton Gelston and Mr. Kellogg were appointed a committee anthoiized to direct the construction and the placing of a number SKETCHES OP HUDSON. 25 of lamps not exceeding twenty in the streets, and to provide a suitable person to light the same upon the dark nights. Three hundred dollars were appro- priated for the same by the Council, 1798, May 10th. Eecorder Gelston and Samuel Edmonds were appointed a committee to build a fence three boards high, with red cedar posts and a suitable gate around the burying ground, and have the bushes cleared up ; and Beuben Polger was directed to procure a suitable lock. The cost of the fence was £84, 5s, and Sd, and of the lock four shillings. Previous to this, little had been done towards placing the ground in a condition suitable for the pur- pose for which it was given. Up to this time it was reached by a road, through a piece of woods, leading from the County road, (now Green Street,) in the vicinity of Schermerhorn town, a name by which a collection of buildings in that locality was known. 1798, June 10th. Samuel Edmonds and James Nixon were paid three dol- lars each, "for mending the cover to the well in Third street." This was one of the Reservoirs which we have before referred to. 1799, April 6th. It was resolved, "that in future the Common Council meet on Saturday after the Mayor's Court, in each month, at four o'clock, and that fif- teen minutes' grace be allowed from Mr. Parkman's time piece." ITp to and for many years after this period, the Council had no regular pla«e of meet- ing, but met at the different public houses, a sort of portable body, like the Government of the rebel Confederacy of modern times. In the year 1815 they met in a bed room, in the tavern of Samuel Bryan, upon the South- west corner of "Warren and Third streets. Eobert Jenkins, then Mayor, said that he considered "it a shame thai the Common Council of such a city as Hudson should meet in a bed room," and appointed Oliver "Wiswall and Jon- athan Frary a committee to provide a suitable room in the City Hall, in which shortly after they regularly held their meetings. 1799, June Ist. Elisha Pitkin was authorized to erect a suitable Market House on the jail square, north side of "Warren street. This was the second or upper market. 1799, October 10th. The name of Main street was by resolution of the Cottn- cil changed to "Warren. The public were informed of the change, by the fol- lowino' notice chalked upon the fences, which at that time were mostly red and yellow : "This street is -no linger Main Street, biit called Warren hy order of the Xjomrmyn Council." 1799, September 9th. The Mayor was reported absent in town, Aldermen 26 SKETCHES OFHXJDSON. Taylor absent in town, the other Aldermen and Assistants absent otrf o/town, and the Recorder, "solitary and alone," adjourned the Council to meet on the following day at Eussel Kellogg's tavern. 1800, April 7th. Peter Hall was appointed bell man, bell to be rung as usual, to be paid at the rate of thirty-eight dollars per year. Jemmy Frazer was promoted to the office of City Crier, and their respective appointments were ordered to be published in the Hudson Gazette. How Jemmy lost his office we shall learn hereafter. The city crier received "a reward of not less than one shilling for every time of service, and not more than three, agree- able to the exigencies of the weather." 1801, June 14th. Ordinances were passed, regulating the sale of lamb, preventing boys playing ball or hoop in Warren or Front streets, prohibiting the smoking of pipes or cigars in any of the streets or alleys after sunset, and providing for the killing of dogs after the 1st day of August. 1801, July 17th. It was resolved, that no meat should be exposed for sale in the market or elsewhere in the city after the hour of eight o'clock on Sunday morning. That all barber shops should be shut at the hour of ten o'clock on Sunday morning. That the Council would aid and assist the Country Magistrates iii suppress- ing all disorderly behavior on Sunday. Justus Van Hoesen, Thomas Froth- ingham and Cornelius Tobey had previously been appointed a committee "to superintend the execution of the law against Sabbath breaking." 1801, August 5th. Mr. Hathaway was authorized to purchase Daniel Allen's house on State street for the reception of the aged and other poor of the city, for a sum not to exceed $480. This house is still standing in State street, known as the Underwood house, and was used for the purpose men- tioned, until the completion of the building now occupied by the Rev. John B. Hague as a Seminary for young ladies, which was erected as a City Poor House in the year 1818, by Ephraim Baldwin, under the direction of John Tallman, Judah Paddock and Barnabas "Waterman as building committee, after a plan drawn by Robert Jenkins. Its cost was five thousand seven hun- dred dollars. In 1832 it was given up as a poor-house, and a lunatic asylum was established in it by Doct. Samuel White, which continued until the open- ing of the State Asylum, having received during its continuance three hundred, patients. The first Overseers of the Poor in the city were Cotton Gelston and John Alsop. SKETCHES OF HUDSON, 27 1801, August 15th. Erastus Pratt aud Eeuben Polger were appointed a committee to procure a suitable clock, with three dials, to be placed in the steeple of the Presbyterian Meeting House, and were authorized to loan not exceeding $200, to be appUed with the sum abeady subscribed and deposited in the Bank for that purpose. The same clock is now placed in the steeple of the old Episcopal church, where "still it moves, but' never speaks." 1801, December 9th. Daniel Burnap was paid $20 in addition to the sum agreed for clock, for additional work. The committee reported that they had placed the clock in the meeting house and had made provision to pay De- borah Jenkins $200 for borrowed money. 1802, January 3d. Overseers of the Poor were authorized to allow Phebe Oummings $2,50 per month, if she would take herself and three children out of the city. 1803, April 1st. It was resolved that any member of the Council not ap-- pearing within ^teen mmirfes after the hour of meefeug, should pay to and for the use of the Council the sum of fifty cents ; the time always to be de- termined by the city clock. Mr. Parkman's time piece had ceased to be the standard. GROWTH OF THE CITT. When the city was first settled the bulk of emigration was from Nantucket, embracing the families so numerous in the early population of Hudson, of Bunkers, Folgera, Coffins, Macys, Colemans, &c. Shortly after, a steady pop- ulation flowed in from various points in the Eastern States, principally, how- ever, from Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The growth of the city in wealth and population was rapid. The following list, which was first published some years ago, contains the names of such of the inhabitants as were assessed £100 and upwards, in the year 1797, taken from the "tax book" for that year, which was certified to as follows : "This Tax Book contains the value of each man's estate, both real and per- sonal within the city of Hudson, to the best of our knowledge according to the usual way of Assessment. Jacob Davis, | Hudson, 27th May, 1797." Jonathan Beckaft, V Assessors. Isaac Nokthrop, J Arthur, McArthur ^6140 Bunker, BarsiUa 120 Allen, Benjamin 160 Bunker, Ehhu 130 AUen, Howard 200 Becraft, Jonathan, 230 Alsop, John 400 BoUes, John E 120 Ashley, William 260 Bolles, Jeremiah 160 Barnard, Joseph Est. 210 Burk, James 100 Barnard, Abisha 130 Coffin, Alexander 300 Bunt, Jacob 250 Coffin, Jared 135 Bunker, Solomon 130 Coffin, David 340 Bunker, Silas 150 Coffin, Uriah 120 1 n 28 S K E T c HES OF HUDSON. Coventry, William 300 Jenkins, Robert & Co. 200 Gomstock, Thomas 170 Johnston, Walter 120 Clark, George 105 Kellogg, Russell 270 Clark, Daniel 170 Lawrence, David 325 Cheanee, Abiel 190 Leseure, Hyacinth 115 Delamater, Dirck 550 Mooklar, James & M. 230 Delamater, Claudius L . 470 Morgan, James 105 Delamater, Claudius 150 Morton, Reuben 115 Dakin, Paul 160 Macy, Capt. Reuben, 450 Decker, George ,225 Morrison, James 170 Dayton, Hezekiah 205 Moores, Reuben 130 Dayton, Isaac 100 Nixon, James 200 Elting, James 300 Nichols, Samuel G. 150 Everts, J. & Sons Est. 180 Northrop, Isaac 125 Ernst, John T. 120 Olcott, Josiah 225 Edmonds, Samuel 180 Paddock, Stephen 425 Folger, Reuben 225 Paddock, Daniel, Estate 130 Folger, Benjamin 100 Plass, John 435 Frothingham, Thomas 140 Power, Thomas 233 Fraiy, Giles 300 Parkman, Thomas 100 Greene, Nathaniel 820 Reed, Ezra 900 Gelston Cotton 415 Rand, Peter 190 Gilbert, Bzekiel 160 Race, Jonathan 135 Gardiner, William 120 Riley & Storrs, 100 Goldthwart, Thomas 180 Schermerhorn, John 100 Gunn, John 140 Spercer, Ambrose 180 Hardick, John F. 280 Sears, Nathan 100 Harder, Jacob Jr., 250 Stoddard, Ashbel 100 Harder, John M. 120 Slade, WiUiam 100 Hoydom, Adam 225 Thurston, John 120 Hosmer, Prosper 135 Ten Broeck, John Estate, 600 Hyatt, James 230 Ten Broeck, Jeremiah 550 Hubbell, Levi 100 Ten Broeck, Samuel 130 Hammond, Abner 110 Tobey,Seth 325 Haxtun, Benjamin 130 Tallman, John 120 Hogeboom, Peter 540 Van Hoesen, J. H. Est. 700 Hallenbeck, William 320 Van Hoesen, Abraham 190 Hallenbeck, Eobert 320 Yan Hoesen, Peter 290 Hallenbeck, Mathias 200 Van Hoesen, Jenny 105 Hallenbeck, John B. 180 Van Hoesen, Peter Estate 100 Hallenbeck, William G. 140 Van Rensselaer, Henry I, 600 Hathaway, John •^500 Van Rensselaer, William 430 Hoxie, Christopher 160 Van Densen, Tobias 300 Huyck, Casper Estate 300 Van Allen, Adam 265 Irish, Jonathan 100 Vander Bergh, Peter 165 Jenkins, Thomas 2660 Vander Bergh, James 165 Jenkins, T. & Sons 1150 Whittaker, Ephraim 210 Jenkins, Seth, Estate 850 White, Mrs. 140 Jenkins, Marshall 750 Whitlock, Thomas 145 Jenkins, Marshall & Son 310 Worth, Shubael 225 Jenkins, Charles 270 Worth, Thomas 2nd, 100 Jenkins, Lemuel, Estate, 200 Webb, Job 140 Jenkins, Deborah 195 Ward, Samuel 200 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 29 In the year 1800, the city numbered 4048, including eighty-eight slaves, ranking third in the State in commerce, and fourth in manufactures. Com- pared with the growth of many places within the last quarter of a century, this increase of population for a period of seventeen years may not seem great. It must be borne in mind that at that early day there was no foreign emigration to swell the population, and very few of the facilities for travel of the present day then existed. When the question of a removal of the seat of legislation from New York came up in the "General Assembly," Hudson needed but one mote vote to have been designated as the location for the new capital. Albany secured that "one vote" and became thenceforth the "capital city." In 1803 the following vote was thrown at a charter election, "not warmly contested and not a full vote :" FPDERAI,. DEMOCRATIC. For Supervisor — Cotton Grelston, 232 | For Supervisor — Jared Coffin, 180 In 1806, at'a charter election, a vote of 500 was cast, and in 1807 at a State election, a vote of 700. Until 1815, city officers were elected upon a gen- eral ticket, and were obliged to qualify upon the night following the day of elec- tion. In that year the law in this respect was changed, and the city divided into two wards, Third street being the line of division. In 1820 the population numbered 5310, and from that period to the present the increase has been slow. SHIP BDILDING, 4C. Ship Biulding commenced in the first year of its settlement, and for many years was extensively carried on. Many of the proprietors brought vessels with them, and in the year 1786 twenty-five vessels, carrying twenty-five hun- dred tons, were owned here ; more than were at that time owned in the city of New York. These vessels were for the most part engaged in the West India trade, ti, small number being employed in the whale and seal fishery. The first account we have of any ship yard is in 1 784, when Titus Moi^^ applied for the privilege of building one on the purchase, "adjoining the North- ermost street, and in consideration of a lease being granted him for the term of four years, he agreed to make the road or street, from Market street to the river, passable for wagons, at his own expense. This was the opening of North Front street. In 1785, in.viewJjOf his having been to "extra cost and ex- pense in blowing open said road," his lease was extended from four to ten years. His yard was located in the vicinity of the foot of State street, and was subsequently occupied by Capt. Abiel Cheney, of whom it was said in the 30 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. paper of that day, that he had "given to Hudson a great reputation for the building of substantial vessels." Other yards were opened immediately after by Obed Sears, Marshal Jenkins, John T. Lacy, James Morgan and others. One was located where the oil works of Messrs. Barnard, Curtiss and Mit- chell subsequently stood, another on the present site of the Hudson Eiver railroad depot, and still another on the site of the new soap factory in the South bay. As late as 1827, two large barges were built in the . South bay, very near the elm trees at the foot of the Universalist hill. As many as five large ships have been known to be upon the stocks in these various yards at one time. Launching days were frequent and were always kept as a hol- iday. Booths were erected outside of the yard for the sale of refreshments — which consisted principally of Mrs. Newberry's gingerbread, — schools were dismissed, the people from the country came in , and with the greater part of the population of the city, would gather at the yard and often wait patiently for hours for the moving of the vessel, which was the signal for the firing of guns and the cheers of the the crowd. In addition to the ship yards here, there were yards at Athens, at which several of the largest vessels owned by Thom- as and Marshal Jenkins were built. In 1796 Leverett Crattenden commenced the building of small boats, which he continued until the year 1812, when through the influence of Elisha Wil- liams he was induced to take charge of Congress Hall, Albany, which was built for him. In his new capacity he was afterwards known as "the prince of hotel keepers." His boat yard was a short distance South of the freighting establishment of Messrs. Haviland, Clark & Co. The first ship launched here was in 1785, by Jenkins and Gelston ; a ship of three hundred tons, called the Hudson, and commanded by Capt. Bobert Folger. The extensive commerce of the city gave great life to every branch of bus- iness connected with the building and fitting out of ships. SaU-making, black- smithing, painting, rope-making and many other branches of industry, furnish- ed employment to a large number of men. In 1785 Thomas Jenkins, Josiah Olcott and others, built a rope-walk six hundred feet long, on the westerly side of Third and North of State street, the land having been granted by the proprietors for that purpose. The making of ropes for many years was successfully carried on by Mr. Olcott, and about the year 1830, the works passed into the hands of Messrs. Durfee, May & Co., who for several years manufactured ropes of great length and size, for the use of in* clined planes upon raflroads. ,Many of these ropes were of such weight as to SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 31 require several yoke of oxen to convey them to the river, to be shipped. The rope-walk was ever, with the boys, a favorite Saturday resort, the processes of spinning and twisting amusing them, while its great length afforded an ample field for gymnastics, chief of which was the/ooi!-race. Many a staid citizen of to-day, proved himself there a "fast young man ." In 1786 a brewery was established by Benjamin Faulkins, who stated in the Gazette "that he had been regularly brought up to this philosophical branch of business in England, and he did not doubt his brewery might become of great utility to Hudson, by giving his ale the name of Hudson AJe," the prices of which were : stock ale five dollars, and mild ale three dollars per barrel. This brewery was upon the North side of the city, in the vicinity of the river. In 1787 Seth Jenkins and Stephen Paddock built a hemp and ducking fac- tory on Third street, upon the rear of the lot upon which stands the residence of the late Eobert Eainey. Of the articles manufactured a portion were sent to New York, but the greater part were used by the sail-lofts here. In 1789 Joseph Barnard built a wind grist mill upon Prospect Hill. The site undoubtedly furnished the motive power in abundance, but "canying grist to mill," must have been far from a desirable task to his customers. The mill was octagonal in shape, two stories in height, built of heavy oak timber, sides shingled, and the wings, which were very strongly constructed, were nearly seventy feet from the ground. In all the approaches to the city it was a very prominent object and visible many miles distant. It remained there several years and finally gave place to a house erected as a saloon for refreshments, with the design of making the hill a place of public resort. The undertaking did not succeed, and the building is now occupied as a dwelling at the foot of the hill. The grist mill gave to the hill the name of "Wind-mill hill," by which it was known for many years. In 1784 the first store was built and opened by Cotton Gelston, upon the site of the present residence of Garret Deyo ; his dwelling being the house now occupied hy Mr. Hiram Morrison. The store was a small two story frame buildmg, in the upper part of which he kept the Post Office, which was first established here about the year 1790, up to which time, for all their mail mat- ter, the people of Hudson had been obliged to go to Claverack village. Ha continued in the office until the election of Thomas Jefferson to the Presi- dency, when he was removed and Alexander Coffin appointed in his place. Stores were opened shortly after Gelston's, by the Jenkins's, Frothingham, Dayton, "Worth and others. 32 SKETCHES OF HUDSON The portion of the city at first most rapidly built up, was that nearest the river ; Water and Ferry streets being the first opened. Until the fires in late years, this part of the city (that now occupied by Franklin Square, with that lying South of it, now occupied by the buildings of Messrs. Hunt & Miller, and the Hudson River Bail Road Co.,) remained very compactly built, and longer than any other retained its primitive Quaker aspect. Main, Unidn, Diamond, State, Front, Second and Third streets were im- mediately laid out and opened by the committee chosen by the proprietors at their first meeting ; but were at first little more than rough roads. In 1792, after all the machinery of a city government was in operation, the work of grading and widening the streets, and the building of sewers was ac- tively entered upon. 1793, September 1st. An ordinance was passed directing the commence- ment of the paving of the side-walks in Main street. Cotton Gelston, Am- brose Spencer and Jared OofBn were appointed a committee to superintend the work. Previous to this, there was no attempt at uniformity in the walks ; some were stone, others were plank, and a great portion were naked ground. It used to be said in wet weather, "that it cost two shillings to get a woman out of the mud." Front street, between Main and Union, required much heavy blasting and and di^ng near its junction with Union street was crossed by a deep hollow, over which was built a bridge. Through this hollow fiowed a stream of water, which was entered by another, where the County road crossed the street, thence emptying into the South bay. Main street was opened upon a ridge which sloped upon each side towards the bay, and as far as Third street presented nearly a level surface, covered with fields with a very few trees scattered through them. Upon the hills on the North bay were woods, while those upon the South were covered with beautiful and extensive orchards. Commencing nearly midway between Third and Fourth streets was a deep hollow over which at a very early date was a bridge, the remains of which were found, daring the construction of a sewer, many years after. At this point, the street or road was so narrow as to afford only room for the passage of one conveyance, and so low, that the ei trances to the first houses erected were many feet above it, requiring plank leading from the street up to the doors, in order to enter them. At the comer of Fourth street was the "great hollow" over which in 1784 was built the "bridge with stone bnttments." This was a broad, deep hollow, requiring a bridge of con- SKETCHES OP HUDSON. 33 siderable length. The work of flUing it was immediately undertaken, and so far accomplished that the bridge was in a few years removed ; the labor hav- ing been done mostly with hand carts. It remained for several years in a bad condition, loaded wagons from the country frequently requiring assistance in getting through it. Above this, the street ascended somewhat unevenly, to the head of the city, with ravines upon either side, so near, that when graded in after years, the side-walks in some places required the support of plank and timbers. About midway between Fifth and Sixth streets it was crossed by another hollow of considerable extent. Fourth street was the upper end of the city, and to the City Hall was considered a very lengthy walk. For many years there was but a single dwelling above it, and in 1798 but one store, kept by Isaac Northrop, where the store of Mr. Solomon Wescott now stands. A few years after, Mr, Northrop purchased a farm including the land upon which the village of Athens now stands. Nearly all the stores were below Second street, while Front street Was occupied for the most part by shops devoted to different mechanical branches. In a few years after, however. Front street Was built up with stores and residences of a substantial character, and becaine a £ur rival to Main street in appearance. Many of these are still standing, but are now the abodes of a far different class of citizens. Business gradually fol- lowed the growth of the city "up town," until at the present time the greater part of the principal stores are located there. The road up the Academy hill was opened by the Columbia Turnpike Com- pany in the year 1800. The Company was chartered in 1799, and was the first Turnpike Company in the State. Not long after, the road leading out of Main street in a Southerly direction, was opened by the Branch Turnpike Company. The South Bay road was opened in 1806, by the Highland Turn- pike Company, the President of which (Mr. Howland,) resided iu Netir York city. The operations of this company extended from New York to Albany. In 1823 flnd 24 the road connecting Third street and the Bay road was con- structed. Previous to this, there Was nothing but a cow path leading up the hill. In 1827 the road entering the city by Underhill's Pond was completed. The two last roads were built by the dty, and met with opposition from par- ties whose interests suffered by their construction. It was thought that each road helped to divert trade from the lower part of the city. Allen street was opened about the year 1835, called after Lieut. WiUiam H. Allen. A portion of it, that between Second and Third streets, was opened at a, much earlier date, and known as Federal street. 34 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. BUSINESS. Hudson became a port of entry in 1790, the first Government officers being Doct. Joseph Malcolm and Isaac Dayton. It was then rapidly growing in commercial importance and seemed destined to become the second city in the State. Some of the statements relative to the business of the city at that period seem almost incredible, but there is no reason to doubt their accuracy. In 1802, on the first day of March, twenty-eight hundred loaded sleighs entered the city. We find this fact stated in the Coltemhia Bcdanee of that date. It is said to have been frequently the case, that a continuous line of teams from the river extending into Main street, would be kept waiting, to dis- charge in order their loads at the different freighting establishments. The large brick store-houses near the river, built at a very early date, and some of which are still standing, confirm these statements. Fifteen vessels, heavily laden, were often known to depart at one time. The articles exported were beef, pork, shad, herring, staves, heading, hoop- poles, leather and country produce generally. The packing of beef and pork was veiy extensively carried on, a large number of cattle and hogs coming from Berkshire County in Massachusetts. The slaughtering and packing establishments were located chiefly upon the North side of the city. A gentleman engaged in business in that day states that he has sold and shipped in a single day as many as one thousand barrels each of beef and pickled her- ring. Herring were much more abundant than at the present time. A vessel of one hundred tons was known to have been fiJled, in the vicinity of Eogers' Island, at one tide. In addition to the pickling of herring, shad were to some extent put up and great quantities of herring were smoked and boxed. Staves, heading, lumber and hoop-poles were largely exported to the West Indies, the vessels in return bringing valuable cargoes of rum, sugar and molasses. The only vessel from the "old world" ever known to have entered this port, was a Dutch ship from Amsterdam, consigned to WilUam Wall, which loaded with lumber and returned to Holland. During its stay it was visited by a large number of the Dutch people in the vicinity, deUghted to see a vessel from their "father land" and a crew who could speak their own tongue. The English language was at this time scarcely ever used by the inhabi- tants of this region. There were a few who could speak it, but their religious services were in the Low Dutch tongue and in all their intercourse with each other they used no other. It is said that the "Yankees," as the proprietors were caJled, found great amusement in listening to the broken English of their Dutch neighbors. One old citizen states that they frequently drew him out 8EETCHS8 OF HUDSON. 35 in converBation, simply to have a laugh at hia expense, but he thinks he al- ways had the advantage, for he "knew what they said about him but they couldn't tell what he said about them." It is said that for years, the proprie- tors found their inability to understand the Dutch language, a difficulty in all their business transactions. The Dutchmen would hear their propositions in English, and discuss them among themselves in Dutch ; hence the proprietors could never anticipate, the decision they were coming to. We have the following amusing incident connected with a voyage of one of the vessels to St. Domingo, loaded with lumber, which had been rafted down the river very late in the fall, and shipped after the beginning of cold weather, considerably covered with ice, some of which was found, upon her arrival out, still clinging to it. It was the first ice the negroes had ever seen, and so terri- fied were they by its touch upon their naked backs that they plurged over- board Whenever the sailors applied it. The crew enjoyed the sport so long and heartily, that some severity was necessary upon the part of the Captain before he could put an end to it and finish unloading. During the winter months considerable trade was carried on with some of the Southern ports of the United States, principally with Charleston. It was a custom also for many of the mechanics of the city, to seek employment South during the close of navigation. Many branches of industry were durectly de- pendent upon the commerce of the city, and ^ve employment to a much larger number of men during the warm seasons than in winter, and those who did not choose to remain idle sought employment South, returning in the Spring. The articles of commerce with the South were provisions and general country produce, in return the vessels bringing cargoes of cotton and rice, a portion of which found a market at New York, but of the former article the greater part was consumed here. Very few woolen goods were then used, most families spinning, dyeing and manufacturing cotton into yam and clothing. We have heard much within the last ye&r of "Charleston" and "cotton ;" our ancestors were quite as familiar with both, but in a decidedly more pleasant way. The early whale fisheries were very successful, the vessels usually returning valuable cargoes of sperm oil. In 1797 the ship American Hero, Capt. Solo- mon Bunker, returned from the Pacific Ocean with a cargo of sperm oil, which at that time was the largest that had ever been brought into the United States. Capt. Alexander Jenkins was the last living member of the crew who made the voyage. In Diamond street, between First and Second streets, were the oil and 36 SKETCHES OFHUDSON. candle works of Thomas Jenkins, and on the North East comer of Second and State streets were those of Cotton Gelston. These works were as extensive as any then existing, but the amount manufactured in one year was not as large as the oil works of later years manufactured in one month. This was ascer- tained upon examination, as a matter of curiosity. When Tallyrand was travelling through the States, he visited Hudson and was shown through the oil works of Thomas Jenkins, examining thoroughly in- to all the mysteries and details of the manufacture of sperm candles. Up to about the year 1800 the seal fishery was carried on to a considerable extent. Five or six vessels were constantly engaged in it, bringing from the Falkland and other islands in the South Atlantic, large numbers of fur and hair seal skins, and usually with them, a quantity of (sea) elephant's oiL Many of the skins were sold in New York, but the greater part were tanned here, the leather being very generally used for shoes. The last voyage for seals was made in the year 1799, in the ship Ajax, Capt. Finkham, Zephaniah Coffin first mate. Some of the Captains engaged in the seal fishery were accustomed to tell wonderful stories of the islands which they visited ; among other things, they boasted that they lived upon turtles so large, that one man could not turn them over, and some of the eggs which they boiled were little less in size than a man's head. There were also several extensive tanneries located both in the Ngrth and South Bay. Robert Taylor, Nathan Sears, Marshal Jenkins, Giles Frary and David Bunker, each manufactured large quantities of leather, for a great por- tion of which they found a market in New York. Upon the site of the stove foundiy of Messrs. Hunt & Miller stood a large distillery. Two or three others, at different periods, were also in operation, and the business of distilling was for many years successfully and profitably carried on. In addition to the breweiy of Mr. Faulkins, before mentioned, there was another owned by Auchmoody, standing very nearly in the rear of the resi- dence of Mr. L. G. Guernsey, and one other in lihe vicinity of the North Bay. Near Anehmoody's brewery was also a pottery of some extent, carried on by Joseph Shove. The amount manufactured at these different establishments compared with similar establishments now, would appear veiy small, none of the breweries turning out more than five barrels per day. There were, how- ever, few more extensive than these any where to be found at that day. In 1815 Hudson ceased to be a port of entry. During the revolntionary SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 37 straggle in Prance, and long protracted war in Europe, there was a great de- mand for neutral vessels. Large prices were paid for freight, and many of the vessels owned here were engaged in the canning trade. British orders and French decrees swept many of them away from their owners, others were lost by shipwreck, and the war, embargo and non-intercourse gave a finishing stroke to the commerce of Hudson. The losses at sea produced great em- barrassment and many failures, and with the failure of the Bank of Hudson in 1819, brought losses upon many of the neighboring farmers, and the decline of the prosperity of Hudson began. In 1830 there were but twelve sloops and scows, varying from forty to one hundred tons burthen, owned here, and en- gaged in trade with New York and Albany. In 1829 the whale fishery was revived. Believing that Hadson offered equal advantages, possessed equal enterprise, and could fairly rival those east- ern cities which the whale fisheries had built up, a company was organized and commenced operations at a time when the business of Hudson was in a moat languishing condition. The return of their first ships animated their hopes, and the business was largely entered into ; as many as fourteen vessels being at one time owned and fitted out here. The most valuable cargo re- turned by a single vessel was valued at eighty thousand dollars. As many as dght thousand barrels of sperm oil were returned ia a single year by. the dif- ferent vessels. An act was passed in 1833 by the Legislature, incorporating the company, under the name of the "Hudson WhaUng Company.'' laban Paddock was President, but all its business was for many years transacted under the superintendence of Kobert A. Barnard, Esq. Three vessels were owned by the company, the remainder by individuals, and for many years the fisheiy was carried on successfully, with a prospect of its becoming a source of permanent prosperity to the city. In a few years after, however, from causes beyond the control of those engaged in it, it declined, and in the year 1845, after bringing heavy losses upon many individuals, it was abandoned. The last ship, the Martha, was sold in that year. Then it was that Hudson was called "a finished city." SLOOPS, &c. Until the year 1807, aU of the freightmg and carrying of passengers was by sloops, of which there were several lines, owned by Hathaway, CoflBn, Hoge- boom, Edmonds, Folger, Hyatt, Van Hoesen and others, all previous to 1800. Mr. Eklmonds was a clerk to Col. Tan Allen when the settlement was made, {md succeeded him in his business after his death. Capt. John Hathaway advertised that his sloops had better accommodations than any other upon 38 SKETCHES OF BUDSOK. the river. In 1790, the Captain advertised that he would be pleased to have any body to whom he was in debt, "call upon him and get their pay if they wished it." A trip to New Tork was made by sloops, under the most favorable circum- stances of wind and tide, in twenty-four hours, but oftener occupied four or five days. An average trip occupied from two to three days. The usual rate of &re was three dollars, the company finding "board and lodging," or one dollar and fifty cents, passengers "finding themselves." In the year 1806, two packets were built and nm exclusively for passengers, not even a package of goods being allowed to be carried upon them. They were each of one hundred tons burthen, with "three lengths of berths in their after cabins, five in their great cabins, the forecastle being occupied by the hands." They sailed from Hudson and New York alternately, on the Sunday and Wednesday mornings of each week, and made the trip in time varying firom ten to thirty hours, charging five dollars fare and finding everything. They were called the Experiments, and were commanded by Oapt's. Laban Paddock and EIihu''S. Banker, by whom they were built and owned, and are said to have been the first vessels ever built in this country for the canying of passengers only. In speaking of them a New York paper at that time, commented upon the utility of such a line, and hoped their success would "induce its adoption in every town of consequence upon the river. No com- petition need be feared from anything which sailed upon the river." Shortly after the establishment of this line, a steamboat commenced to run regularly and the "Experiments" were not found to be a profitable investment and were put to other uses. BTEAlfBOATS. On the 17th day of August, 1807, Fulton's steamboat, the Cleimont, passed here, through the Western channel, making the passage from New York in tihirt;'-three hours, "without the use of sails or oars, being propelled by a com- mon water wheel which was moved by the assistance of machinery with steam." On her return trip next day she gratified the citizens of Hudson by making her passage through the Hudson channel. Every spot which afibrded a view of the river, waa crowded with people eager to get a view of "the great curios- ity." Her average rate of travel was between five and six miles an hour. Not long after her first trip she came from New York in twenty-seven hours, land- ing here with one hundred aad twenty passengers, which feet was considered worthy of a special notice. About the same time, the Hudson Bee made the following announcement, doubtless a very pleasant one, to its readers : IKETCHES OF HUDSON. 39 "HERB S TOUR BEAUTIES OP LOBSTERS. "These with sea bass, cod and black fish, jumping and alive in Hudson market, aflford quite a dainty to an epicure one hundred and twenty miles from the ocean. They are brought here on the Steamboat, and sold in the brick market fresh and in good order, every time she arrives from New York." We find in the Bee of June 1808, the following curious advertisement : STEAMBOAT. For the Information of the Public. rpHE STEAMBOAT will leave New York for Axbant every Saturday -*• afternoon, exactly at 6 o'clock — and will pass West Point about 4 o'clock Sunday morning. Newburgh, 7 do. Poughkeepsie, 11 do. Esopus, 2 in the afternoon. Eedhook, 4 do. Catakill, 7 do. Hudson, 9 in the evening, She will leave Albany for New York every Wednesday morning, exactly at 8 o'clock, and pass Hudson about 3 in the afternoon. Esopus, 8 in the evening. Poughkeepsie,12 at night. Newburgh, 4 Thursday morning. West Point, 7 do. As the time at which the Boat may arrive at the different places above mentioned may vary an hour more or less according to the advantage or dis- advantage of wind and tide, those who wish to come on board will see the ne- cessity of being on the spot an hour before the time. Persons wishing to come on board from any other landing than here specified, can calculate the time the Boat will pass, and be ready on her arrival. Inn-keepers or boatmen, who bring passengers on board, or take them ashore, from any part of the river, will be allowed one shilling for each person. Prices of Passage — Prom New York. To West Point 82 50 Newburgh 3 00 Poughkeepsie 3 50 Esopus 4 00 Eedhook 4 50 Hudson 5 00 Albany 7 00 From Albany To Hudson ?2 00 Eedhook 3 00 Esopus 3 50 Poughkeepsie. 4 00 Newburgh and West Point 4 50 New York 7 00 All other passengers are to pay at the rate of one dollar for every twenty miles, and a half a dollar for every meal they may eat. 40 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Children from 1 to 5 years of age to pay one third price and sleep with the persons under whose care they are. Tonng persons fram 5 to 15 years of age, to pay half price, provided they sleep two in a berth, and whole price for each one who requests to occupy a whole berth. Servants who pay two-thirds price are entitled to a berth ; they pay half price if they do not have berth. Every person paying full price is allowed 60 ibs. of baggage ; if less than whole price, 40 lbs. They are to pay at the rate of three cents a pound for surplus baggage. Store-keepers who wish to carry light and valuable mer- chandise, can be accommodated on paying three cents a pound. Passengers will breakfast before they come on board ; dinner will be served . up exactly at 2 o'clock ; tea, with meate, which is also supper, at eight in the evening ; and breakfast at 9 in the morning ; no one has a claim on the stew- ard for victuals at any other hour. The first steamboat owned here was the Legislator, purchased in the year 1828, by the "Hudson Tow Boat Company," Previous to this a company, consisting of Messrs. Plumb, Hammond, Wiswall and Eeed had bmlt barges for the transportation of freight, which were towed to New York by steam- boats running from Albany. The Hudson Tow boat Company, succeeded the freighting firm of Judah Paddock and Co., established by Capt. Judah Paddock in 1818, doing busi- ness in the building stUI occupied for that purpose by. Havilacd, Clark & Co., It was at this period that the business interests of Hudson were in a depressed state. Power, Livingston & Co., were a firm also somewhat extensively en- gaged in the freighting business, about the year 1812. They carried on also an extensive mercantile business in the store for many years past known as the hardware store of Mr. Israel Piatt. A gentleman states that from that store in 1813 he conveyed to Boston for them, a wagon load of flour, for the use of the army. The principal members of the firm were Capt. John Power and Moncrief Livingston. Capt. Power throughout his life was an active, en- terprising citizen, alive to everything which would promote the prosperity of the city. During the close of navigation passengers were conveyed by stages, running from New York to Albany ; we find mention made of a liiie of stages as early as 1787. There was also a line connecting Hudson with Hartford, Conn., and a weekly line between Hudson and Albany, at the same time. The fare from New York to Albany' by stage was ten dollars, two trips being made in a week. The stopping place in Hudson was at the tavern of Russel Kellogg, wMth pointed itself out to the traveler by a huge sign, upon which was conspicuously painted a portrait oif Gen. Washington In full uni- form, on horseback. This was the second public house erected in Hudson SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 41 and stood upon the site of the Worth House. It was kept in later years by Samuel Bryan, "whose good coaches, excellent horses, skillful drivers, strict attention to the wants, comforts and convenience of his visitors, obtained for his house the emphatic title of the Traveller's Home." Mr. Bryan's was also the "stage house," and it was to accommodate the great amount of travel by stage, that the Hudson House (now the Worth House) was built, in the year 1837. It was not an uncommon thing at that day, for two hundred passengers to stop here daily for meals, during the winter months, and of the large num- ber of visitors to the Springs at New Lebanon during the Summer, the greater part were sent there by stages from this place. With the construction of the various railroads, this source of prosperity to Hudson was also cut off. The first public house in Hudson was kept by Col, McKinstiy, upon the site of the residence of Robert W. Evans. This house held out for its sign a por- trait of the King of Prussia. Most of the public houses in the vicinity were at that time designated by a sign bearing the portrait of some crowned head of the old world. In the year 1793 a number of the "fast young men" of that day, to whom these signs were distasteful, utade a visit to most of them and demoUshed them. On their return they paid a visit to the tavern of Joseph Horn, standing upon the site of the public house of Mr. S. S. Martin, which was then quite out of town, and converted the lower rooms of the house in a very short space of time into one. The King of Prussia next received their attention and shared the fate of the others. Their proceedings were brought to a close by honoring Mr. Kellogg's sign of Gen. Washington with three cheers ; "a tiger" probably net yet having been heard of. They were subse- quently prosecuted and made to pay heavy damages ; Horn recovering about three hundred dollars. BANKS, ETC. The first bank was chartered in 1792. This was the Bank of Columbia, and was the third chartered in the State, one other being located at New York and another at Albany. The building known in later years as the "Hosmer house," and for many years the residence of Mr. Prosper Hosmer, standing near the foot of Warren street, was built jxclusively for the use of this Bank. It was afterwards, about the year 1803, moved to the comer of Second and Main streets, and occupied the second story of the building now used by James Best & Co. as a' meat market, going thence to the building occupied at present by the Hudson Eiver Bank. Its first President was Thomas Jenkins. James Nixon first, Cashier. It failed in 1829. The second Bank was organized in 1808, called the Bank of Hudson. It 42 SKETCHESOFHUDSON. occupied, at first, the rooms on the comer of Second and Main streets, until the building now occupied as a residence by Hon. Henry Hogeboom, was erected for its use. Its first President was John C. Hogeboom, and Gorham A. Worth first Cashier. It failed in 1819. The third Bank, the Hudson Eiver, was organized in 1830, occupying the building of the present bank of same name, and continuing under the presi- dency of Oliver Wiswall, until its charter expired in the year 1855. In that year the present Hudson Eiver Bank commenced operations under Robert A. Barnard as its first President. The Farmers' Bank was organized in the year 1835, Elihu Gifford its first and present President. The Hudson Savings Bank was instituted in the year 1850. Niobe Nixon, a lady whose remains were brought here for interment dur- ing the past winter, was for many years a clerk in the Bank of Columbia. It was much more customary at that day than at the present, for women to fill positions of that nature, and in the early days of Hudson, places of business conducted by women were far more numerous than now. Particularly was this the case among the Friends or Quakers. Within the early recollection of the writer several such still existed, two or three of which, although small, had quite a local reputation. In Union street, near the comer of Second, was the store of Elizabeth Stratton ; she the embodiment of Quaker neatness, acd her store and stock partaking of it. This was a favorite trading place with Friends. Her judg- ment and taste were thought to make up for a somewhat limited stock, and it was always remarked, "that somehow Elizabeth Stratton managed to snit everybody." Near the lower end of Warren street was another store noted among Friends, that of Mary J. Coffin, who offered a greater variety than Elizabeth Stratton, but was always said "to charge more." There was still another in the lower part of Warren street, quite as well known as the two former, kept by a worthy FrienS, who is still a resident of the city. * Idleness was not tolerated by the early Quaker creed. Even the celebrated Hannah Barnard did not deem it beneath her to do something to help on the world ; so she gave to it a "soothing balm for every wound :" "Cousin Han- nah's salve." Hundreds to-day call her blessed, who remember and of old rejoiced in its relief-giving vui;ues. Its use was extensive, scarcely a family SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 43 being without it. "We have been kindly fovored, for publication, with the old lady's recipe for making it, in the hope that as one of the early "institutions" of Hudson it may be restored. It has long been numbered among the "lost arts :" "Take 2 oz. Burgundy pitch, 1-2 oz. of beeswax, and melt them with one even table-spoonful of hog's lard. Spread it when used on a piece of old nankeen or cotton cloth ; better than leather. Compress it close on the part wounded." PIKE DEPARTMENT. Of the first public movement in relation to the protection of the city against fire, we have the following facts : As early as 1'792, considerable anxiety was felt upon the subject, and the press urged upon the citizens great caution, picturing the terrible suffering which must result from a conflagration. As there was to be considerable building in that year, it suggested, as a matter of safety, that the buildings should not be placed too near together. In the month of November, 1793, a number of citizens, deeming it necessary for their safety to purchase an engine, circulated a subscription for that purpose. Twenty citizens, it is said, "im- mediately showed themselves forward enough to sign it," and the necessary amount was secured to purchase such an engine as might subsequently be agreed upon. They petitioned the Common Council that they might be privileged to form themselves into a company. Eobert Jenkins, Brastus i'ratt and Laban Paddock were appointed a committee to organize the Company and waiit on Senjamin Cady to contract for an engine, to be completed in three months. It was to cost £100, hold one hundred and eighty gallons, be con- structed with four pumps, to throw three hundred feet ! also, to "be fixed with a suction and do good execution." The engine not being finished as soon as was expected, before its comple- tion another company had been formed and an engine purchased by them. On the 17th day of April, 1791, it was resolved by the Common Council that the following persons be appointed Firemen to superintend Fire Engine No. 1, to wit : John Kemper, Jonathan Parington, Seth Jones, "Walter Johnston, Nathan Sears, Phineas Hoyt, Isaac Dayton, Christopher Hoxie, James Morgan, Silas Band, Elisha Foot, CorneUus Tobey, Thomas Manchester, Eobert Taylor, Abser Hammond, Alpheus SmitS, Shubael Haskin, Peter Truman, Joshua Tobey. 44 SKETCHES OP HUDSON That H. L. Hosmer and Levi Wheaton, be a committee to draught some Bye-laws to regulate the said Company. 1794, Nov. 10th. A Company was organized for the engine before refer- red to, calling themselves Company No. 2,. by the following persons : Samuel Mansfield, Kobert Jenkins, Peleg Thurston, Samuel Lawrence, Cotton Gelston, Erastus Pratt, John H. Dayton, James Mookler, Laban Paddock, William Jenkins, Arthur McArthur, Benjamin Lane, Amiel Jenkins, John Walgrove, Beuben Polger, Samuel Plumb, Benjamin Allen, Oliver Uelston. Zachariah Seymour, They resolved to meet monthly, on the last Saturday of every month, and adopted as their uniform "a white jacket and trowsers," with a leather cap. — The uniform of No. 1 was at first a green flannel jacket with leather cap. In 1794, the Common Council directed two houses to be built, "suitable for the wants of the companies and the protection of their engines." They were located, one in Third street and one near the lower market, and were of very small dimensions, but they managed, nevertheless to accommodate companies of considerable numbers. The "wants" of the Firemen of that early day were comparatively few. The engines were both very small. No. 2 being the largest and most powerful. No. 1 in after years was called the "pocket machine," and "sausage stufier," and finally became a plaything for the juveniles in her vicinity. In 1803, Company No. 3 was formed, and in 1808 a petition was presented to the Council for the organization of Company No. 4, but we have nothing further relative to either Company. In July, 1785, "Chimney Viewers" were appointed, and many regulations were established for the protection of the city, and for the prevention of fires. It was required by an ordinance, that the owner of every house with three fire-places should provide two leather buckets, and every house with more than three fire-places, three leather buckets, sufiBcient to contain at least two gal- lons of water. Brewers, bakers and tavern keepers were required to furnish them to hold three gallons. They were to be marked with the owners initials and kept hanging up in some conspicuous place in the entry, near the front door, ready to be used for extinguishing fires. They were to be furnished by the owner of the dwelling, or, if by the tenant, the price was deducted from his rent, and for every month after notice he foiled to provide, he was to for- feit six shillings for each bucket. SKETCHES OP HUDSON. 45 In 1794, the Overseers of the engines were required after a fire to canse all the buckets to be collected and carried to the Market House, that the citizens might know where to find them, and if injured to cause 'them to be repaired at the expense of the city ; and if any were lost, they were replaced, upon proper proof of the fact, by the city. Any person detaining them from the owner above twenty-four hours after any fire, forfeited for every one so detain- ed twenty shillings. Fire Wardens were appointed, whose duty it was, immediately upon a cry of fire, to repair to the place, to direct the inhabitants in forming themselves in- to ranks, for handing the buckets to supply the engines with water. The citi- zens were enjoined to comply with the directions of such wardens, and it was expected that all other persons would refrain from giving orders or directions, and cheerfully obey such as were given by authorized persons. It was cus- tomary for the women to aid in the lines for passing the buckets, they usually passing up the empty line, while the men returned them filled. The Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen, upon such occasions, were to carry a wand five feet, at least, in length, painted white, with a gilded fiame at the top. The Fire Warden was to carry a speaking trumpet in his hand, painted white, and each Fireman was required to provide himself with a leather cap, with the crown painted white, or forfeit the sum of six shillings for every month he neglected to do so. It was enjoined upon all the citizens, in case of a fire in the night, to place lighted candles in their windows, in order that the inhabitants might pass through the streets in safety, and to throw their buckets into the street, that there might not be delay in obtaining them. 1799, Nov. 9th. Paul Dakin was appointed to procure four small fire- hooks, chains, ropes, poles, and six ladders, from twelve to sixteen feet long, with hooks and brads, to be used at fires in pulling down buildings. Bobert Folger and others were appointed "bag-men," to preserve and secure property at fires, and were directed to procm-e bags and other implements ne- cessaiy for that purpose. Simple and curious as these regulations may seem at the present day, they were doubtless effective at a period when fires were much less frequent than now, and a fire department as efficient as that of which Hudson now boasts, was not known in the country. The first fire in the city was the bookstore and printing office of Ashbel Stoddard, in 1787 or 88, of which we find the following account : "The organization of the fire department being ertremely deficient, there 46 SKETCHES OF HUDSON being no engines, no buckets, no water, no firemen ; the fire was left to take its own course, and it accordingly raged not only unchecked, but unmolested. Fortunately the night was calm, and the flames ascended directly upwards, to the very skies, carrying with them innumerable fragments of papers and burn- ing books, blazing as they flew ; filling the whole air with their fiery forms, and then descending in every direction, covering the town as with a shower of felling stars. Such a scene, so beautiful, was not easily to be forgotten." The first fire of magnitude was in 1825, commencing in the alley south of Warren street, near First, extending through Warren to Diamond, destroying in its rapid progress a large number of buildings. First street was opened immediately after this fire. In later years few places have suffered more fre- quently and heavily from fires than Hudson ; that portion of the city nearest the river having undergone an almost entire change from that cause. There seems to have existed in the early days of Hudson a much greater military spirit than in later years, and we find a military company in existence almost as soon as the city was incorporated. The first oi^nized was pro- bably in the year 1786, a company of artillery, under the command of Capt. Daniel Gfano, called Oano's Artillery, of a parade of which we find mention made in 1787, but have no account of its numbers or ofBcers. In 1788 mention is also made of another company, under the command of Capt. Thomas Frothingham, called Frothingham's Artilleiy, numbering about fifty members, but beyond an allusion to theii appearance upon several public occasions, we have no further account of them. They aided in "duly cele- brating" the 4th of July in that year, of which celebration we have the follow- ing report: " Frothingham's Artillery ushered in the day with a salute of thirteen guns, on the eminence near the river, which with tm-ee cheers enlivened the counte- nances of the very numerous crowd present. At three o'clock in the after- noon an elegant dinner was provided at Eussel Kellogg's tavern, at which was present a large number of the most respectable inhabitants of the city. Patriotic toasts were drank, which were announced by a discharge of cannon. The day closed with a most beautiful exhibition of fire-works, at which were present a great many ladies and gentlemen from the adjacent country, who seemed to retire extremely pleased with the evening's amusement." This was the first general celebration of the day in Hudson. It was cele- brated annually with much spirit afterwards, and as the bitterness of party strife increased, political celebrations were introduced, and we have Sequent accounts of two celebrations, and occasionally the mechanics of the city, appa- rently disgusted with both parties, added a third. One party had its orations in the Presbyterian church, the other in the City Hall, and upon one or two occasions, the Episcopal church was used. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 4'7 In 1786, Ezekiel Gilbert is spoken of as Brigade Major, and in 1788 Mar- shal Jenkins as Adjutant of the Regiment. In the month of August, in the year 1788, the two companies of Gano and Frothingham, appeared in Claverack for inspection by Gen. Fish, and were highly complimented upon their "neat and soldierly appearance," each wearing the continental uniform. On the fourth day of July, 1792, intelligence was received that the Hon. John Jay that day intended to stop at Hudson, on his way from the vil- lage of Kinderhook, where he had been upon a visit. Steps were immediate- ly taken to give him a "fitting reception." A cavalcade of two hundred gen- tlemen was formed, who met and received him at the village of Claverack, and after calling upon WilliamH. Ludlow, Esq., at his residence, " where they re- galed themselves with a glass of wine," escorted him into the city. Upon his arrival he was received by a salute from Frothingham's Artillery, and af- ter " proceeding through the various streets, was taken to Russell Kellogg's tavern, where an elegant entertainment had been provided," his Honor, Seth Jenkins, then Mayor, presiding. Mr. Jay drank to "the prosperity of Hud- son," which called out the Mayor in a speech, concluding with a toast to " the Man of the dayp to which Mr. Jay replied at some length. During the eve- ning he was waited upon by a large number of citizens, and upon the morning following he sailed on board of the sloop Pompey for the residence of Gov. Lewis, leaving amid the cheers of the people and the firing of cannon. In 1793, a third company of Artillery existed, under the command of Ben- jamin Haxton, called Haxton'a Artillery, and shortly after, a company of In- fantry, under the command of Capt. Nicholas Hathaway, calling themselves Hathaway's Infantry, wearing a black cocked hat, blue coat faced with red, and white or blue pantaloons, but we find no account of either company beside an allusion to them in the following proceedings of the Council, upon the re- ceipt of the news of the death of Washington : At a Common Council, holden in and for the City of Hudson, the 26th day of Dec, 1799, Present Cotton Gelston, Esq., Recorder, Elisha Pitkin, Paul Dakin, Samuel Edmonds, Thomas Power, Aldermen. Robert Folger, Robert Taylor, Silas Band, Rafus Buckus, Assistants. The Council having received certain accounts of the Death of our illustri- ous, beloved General Washington, and being desirous of testifying their sor- row in the most public manner, do Resolve that the citizens be immediately notified to repair to the City Hall, to form a procession to the Presbyterian Meeting House, where suitable prayers will be made by the Rev. Mr. Samp- son, and an Eulogy will be spoken by Mr. Gilbert on the solemn occasion. 48 SKETCHES OF HUDSOK. The procession to move in the following order : Capt. N. Nathaway's Company of Infantry with Arms Reversed and Musick Muffled & Shrouded. Recorder and Orator. Common Council two and two. Reverend Clergy. Officers of the late Revolutionary Army. Other Officers Civil and Military. Citizens two and two. During the moving of the procession, the bell was tolled, all places of business were closed and the citizens, wearing crape upon their left arms, assembled in great numbers to listen to Mr. Gilbert's touching and eloquent eulogy, commencing with the words, "He is not dead, but sleepeth." Upon this occasion, Haxton's Artillery fired minute guns. After Hathaway 's Infantry came the Wigton Artillery, commanded by Capt. WiUiam Wigton. Their uniform consisted of a blue coat trimmed with red, blue pantaloons with red stripe, and black cocked hat with red plume. They numbered about seventy, and for many years were a large and well drilled company. At this time party feeling was strong, and seems to have been as fully carried into every department of life as at the present day. The papers were filled with the most bitter personalities, each party had its club, its bank, and each its military company. The Hudson Greens, a company of Infantry, was the Federal company. Their uniform consisted of a green coat and pantaloons, black hat and green feather. They numbered about fifty members, and were commanded at first by Capts. Samuel Canoll, Harry Croswell and Leverett Cruttenden. The "Wigton Artillery was the Republican Company. Both the Wigton Artilleiy and Hudson Greens were ordered off in the war of 1812 and stationed at New York. In this connection, it may be an interesting fact to mention, that shortly after the opening of that war. Gen. Scott, with seven hundred men, encamped over night in this city, upon the open green then lying upon the easterly side of the present Court House. Under the lead of Capt. John Hathaway, the General and his men were supplied with wood, coffee and an abundance of the best of provisions. The lighted camps were visited by a large number of citizens, and upon the fol- lowing morning Gen. Scott proceeded upon his way North, passing up Main street, himself the admiration of the hundreds crowding the sidewalks. Capt. Hathaway was a generous hearted, pubUc spirited man, at the same time ex- tremely close and particular in all matters of business. He was an ardent SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 49 supporter of the war of 1812, and gave largely in various ways in aid of the soldiers. In 1802, a company called the Hudson Eangers is mentioned as heading the funeral procession of Gen. Robert Van Rensselaer. They were com- manded by Nicholas Hathaway, Samuel Canoll and Joseph D. Monell, wear- ing as their uniform short blue coats, trimmed with red, white pantaloons and bear skin caps ; they cannot, however, properly be said to have belonged to Hudson, most of the members residing in the vicinity and in the town of Claverack. After the Wigton Artillery and Greens, came the Hudson City Guards and Scotch Plaids, both of which companies did escort duty upon the visit of Lafayette to Hudson in 1824. Hudson was one of the first cities in the Union Which sent a committee of invitation to meet Lafayette in New York, and tender him the hospitalities of the city. In the month of September, in 1824, he started upon the steamer James Kent, commanded by Capt. Samuel Wiswall, or the "Commodore" as he was styled) to visit the diifetent places upon the North riVer. Upon his arrival at the residence of the Hon. Edward P. Livingston, the evening previous to his visit herSj word was sent to the city, when a committee of citizens, consisting of Eufua Reed, Esq., Mayor, Doct. John Tallman, and Col. Strong, accompanied by the two miUtary companies mentioned, the Hudson Brass Band, Gen. Jacob R. Van Rensselaef and suite, Brig. Gen. James Fleming and suite, proceeded upon the stearttboat Richmond, Capt. William J. Wiswall, to meet Lafayette at Clermont and escort him to this city Upon the day following. In the evening the grounds and dwelling of Mr. Livingston were beautifully illuminated, and a ball given, attended by several hundred people, among them mElily of the most distinguished citizens of the State. The military compa- nies from this city were quartered over night upon the James Kent. After a short visit at CatskiU, Lafayette reached Hudson about noon of the day following, and "met with a reception the most heartfelt and joyous ever bestowed upon man." He was conducted to an elegant carriage drawn by four" black horses, attended by four grooms in livery, and accompanied by a lengthy procession of military and citizens of Hudson and its vicinity, under the direction of Col. Charles Darling as Marshal of the day, was carried through the principal streets, which were literally choked with people, to all of whom Lafayette tried in vain to bow. Arches of evergreens were erected at various points, bearing inscriptions of welcome, and that at the head of the street Was surmounted by a colossal figure of the Goddess of Liberty, bearing the Stars and Stripes in her hand. At the Court House, which was filled "by 50 SKETCHES or HUDSON. elegantly dressed women," he was welcomed by his Honor, the Mayor, to whom he replied in a brief speech. Sixty-eight veterans of the Eevolution were then presented to him, for each of whom he had a kind word ; after them the military officers, lastly the "elegantly dressed women." Dinner had been provided for a great number of people at Mr. Allen's tavern, the long room of which had been beautifully decorated by the ladies. Over the chair design- ed for Lafayette was suspended a beautiful wreath of flowers, enclosing an appropriate poetical welcome, while around the room were the most tasteful and elaborate decorations which had been anywhere seen upon his journey. But these labors of love were all lost, the want of time preventing his remain- ing for dinner ; he did, however, so great was the pressure of citizens upon him in passing this point, alight, and after remaining for a short time and partaking of a glass of wine, bade the multitude farewell, proceeded directly to the river and embarked for Albany about the middle of the afternoon. We take the particulars of this reception from the Commercial Advertiser of that date, whose reporter accompanied Lafayette upon his extended tour through the country. In the year 1820, Hudson was visited by the Cadets from the Military Acad- emy at West Point, who encamped on the Universalist Hill, remaining about four days. Their camps covered the entire hill, which at that time was of much greater extent than at present, much of it in later years having been taken up by the construction of the road leading to the Bay, and the erection of buildings. Hudson at that period, for the first time, being without a mili- tary company, their reception was by a cavalcade of citizens under the direction of a committee consisting of Cornelius Miller, Henry Dibbler and Robert A. Barnard, appointed by the Common Council. A ball was given by the citi- zens at HoUey's tavern, during their stay, and the hospitalities of the city, public and private, were so marked and generousas to draw from them a warm exi:ression of gratitude upon then- departure. The Hudson City Guards were organized about the year 1820, under Orville Holley as Capt., Daniel B. Tallmadge as 1st Lieut., Henry D. Parkman 2d Lieut., William Jenkins as Orderly Sergeant. Their uniform consisted of blue coats, silvered buttons, white pantaloons, with a high bucket shaped leather hat, surmounted by a white plume about half a yard in length. It was con- sidered in its day a fine uniform, and the company always with full ranks and spirited, was the pride of the city. The Scotch Plaids were organized about the same time, under Darius Culver as Capt., John Forbes 1st Lieut., Solomon Shattuck, Ensign. SKETCHES OP HUDSON. 51 These two companies were rivals, but with good feeling. The uniform worn by the Plaids was a frock coat and pantaloons of bright plaid, trimmed with black and bright buttons. The cap was one of black beaver, low, with a cluster of black plumes upon its front, falling upon either side. It was an attractive dress, and from its novelty, it is said, ihade the Plaids always the favorite company with young Hudson. There was also at this time a military company at Athena, known as the Athens Lafayette Guai-ds. There seems also to have been an association in this city known as the Hudson Military Association, but it numbered only a few members, and we can get no information of its particular object or character. It formed a part of the procession upon the occasion of the inter- ment of Lieut. Allen's remains in 1827. Lieut. Wm. H. Allen, who was distinguished as an officer and greatly es- teemed as a citizen, was a native of Hudson. He was appointed midshipman in 1808, and a Lieutenant in 1811. In 1813 he took a conspicuous part in the engagement between the Argus and the Pelican, and was killed while in command of the Alligator, in an attempt to rescue some merchant vessels from a gang of pirates. His remains were first interred at Matanzaa, and sub- sequently, after a correspondence between Oliver Wiswall, Esq., then Mayor of the city, and the Secretary of the Navy, were removed by the United States Government to this city. The news of his death was received here in the month of December, 1822, casting a general gloom over the city. A public meeting was held at the City Hall, at which Alexander Coffin, Am- brose L. Jordan and Doct. Samuel White presided, and a eulogy pronounced by the Hon. James Strong. On the fifteenth of December, 1827, the schooner Grampus anived at New York, having on board the remains of the lamented hero. On the reception of this intelligence, the Common Council deputed Mr. Beed, former Mayor, and Mr. Edmonds, the Kecorder, to receive and bring them to his native city. On the Wednesday following, they were removed from the Navy Yard at Brooklyn, under the escort of the marine corps of that station, and accom- panied by Commodore Chauncey and a numerous body of naval officers. The colors at the Yard, and at New York, were at half-mast, and the procession landed at New York amid the firing of a salute from the Grampus, which had been moored in the stream for that purpose. At New York the proces- sion was joined by the Coromon Council of that city, and an immense con- conrse of citizens and officers, and moved across the city to the steamboat, which brought them to Hudson. Here a'salute was fired by a detachment of 52 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. artillery, and by the marine corps, and the remains were delivered by Commo- dore Chauncey to the Hudson deputation. His remains were accompanied to Hudson by the following officers of the Navy : Lieuts. Francis H. Gregory, Geoi'ge N. Hollins, William D. Newman, John E. Coxe, John Swartwout and Alexander M. Mull ; sailing-master Bloodgood, and midshipmen Lynch, Nichols, Schermerhorn, Lawrence and Pinckney, and an-ived early on Thurs- day morning. They were welcomed by a national salute, and were escorted to the dwelUng of Capt. Alexander Coffin, and afterwards followed to the grave yard by a detachment of military and a numerous escort of citizens, which moved in the following order : Hudson City Guards. Columbia Plaids. Athens Lafayette Guards. The Military under command of Col. William A Dean, with standards furled and drums mufBed. The Reverend Clergy. The Corpse, Borne by Lieuts. Gregory, Hollins, Newman, Coxe, Swartwout and Mull, the Midshipman Lynch, and Nichols. Mourners, including Messrs. Bloodgood, Schermerhorn, Lawrence, Pinckney of the United States Navy. Hudson Military Association. Brigadier General Whiting and his suite. The Mayor and Recorder. Aldennen. Assistant Aldermen. Clerk and Marshall of the City. Clerk and Sheriff of the County. Committee of Arrangements. While the procession moved, the bells of the city were tolled, and minute guns were fired from Parade hiU. On its arrival at the grave-yard, the body was conveyed in front of the line of the military resting on arms reversed, and was committed to the earth, near the grave of Lieut. Allen's mother. The fu- neral service was read by the Eev. Mr. Stebbins, and a ToUey fired over the grave by the military. The procession then returned to the United States Hotel, where it was dismissed. At three o'clock, P. M., the naval officers sat down to a public dinner, given them by the citizens, at which about one hundred citizens were present. The evenmg was spent at the hospitable mansion of Col. Livingston. On Friday the officers paid their respects to the Mayor, and departed amid the roar of cannon, with the heartfelt gratitude of the whole city for their generous attention on this occasion. The following correspondence took place between the officers of the Navy and the committee : SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 53 Hudson, December 21, 1827. _ The officers of the Navy assembled on the present melancholy occasion, re- ciprocating the sentiments expressed by the citizens of Hudson, return their thanks for the unparalleled tribute paid to the memory of their late gallant as- sociate. They at the same time return their acknowledgments for the liberal hospitality which has characterized the whole proceeding ; and in departing, beg leave to say, that whether applied to the individual or professional stand- ing of their departed member, the conduct of the citizens is alike honorable to their feelings and principles as men and patriots. Laboring under emotions too powerful to be conveyed in adequate language, they tender the committee a grateful and affectionate farewell. Hudson, DeceroJer 21, 1827. The committee of the city of Hudson, in acknowledging the favor of the of- ficers of the Navy, assembled on this occasion of paying the last honors to the memory of the lamented Allen, gladly avail themselves of this opportunity to assure those gentlemen of the high sense entertained by this whole community of the obligation conferred upon them, by the attendance of individuals deser- vedly distinguished for their public and private worth ; as the committee can- not entertain a doubt that the lives of those officers of the Navy will be as honorable, so they cannot but hope that their deaths will be as glorious, and their memories as much respected as those of the gallant and unfortunate Wil- liam Howard Allen. By order of the committee. DAVID WEST, aiairman. William A. Dean, Secretary. The fine marble monument which marks his resting place, was erected to his memory by the citizens of his native place in 1833. With the disorganization of the two companies of Guards and Plaids, the military spirit seems entirely to have died out. The Hudson light Guards, afterwards the Worth Guards, tinder the command of Capt. E. P. Cowles, ex- isted for a few years, and attempts have since been made to organize other companies but vrithout success. Kecently two companies, composed exclu- sively of Irish citizens, have been formed which maintam thus far a creditable existence. We have spoken of Lieut. Allen, of the TJ. S. Navy. Hudson may be proud of having given birth likewise to a distinguished officer of the Army, Gen. Wm. J. Worth, whose remains also should have found a resting place here. Gen. Worth was bom in 1794, in the house, which is still standing, upon the southerly side of Union street, three doors from Second. He was for some time a clerk in this city, and entered the army in 1813. He was rapidly promoted, and after rendering valuable and distinguished service in the Mexican War, died in Texas in the year 1849. His remains were interred in New Tork city. In the summer of 1844 Gen. Worth visited this city and received bom its citizens an elegant and valuable sword as a testimonial of 54 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. the esteem in which they held him, both ns a soldier and a man. That, with several others presented by the Government of the United States and the citi- zens of other places, can at any time be seen in the State Library at Albany. The most imposing militai^ display ever witnessed in Hudson was the re- view of the companies stationed here daring the "Anti-Rent War" of 1844. In the autumn of that year the spirit of rebellion which for months previous had existed among the tenants of the Manor lands in Albany and Bensselaer counties, began to manifest itself in the Southern or Manor towns of Columbia, and frequent meetings were held for the purpose of adopting measures to re- sist the payment of their rents. The "patriots" of Albany and Rensselaer pointed their "fellow-sufferers" of Columbia to the successes in their own coun- ties, urged upon them the justice and feasibility of resisting the demands of the legal proprietors of the soil, and finally induced them to adopt their law- less views and follow their directions. In the month of November a general meeting of the tenants was held in the town of Taghkanic, the result of which was the formation of an association styling itself the "Taghkanic Mutual Association," with the following officers : John I. Johnson, President. James M. Strever, George I. Rossman, Peter Poucher, Samuel A. Tanner, George I. Finkle, Vice Presidents. Philip B. Miller, Treasurer. Anthony Poucher, Recording Secretary. Peter Poucher, Corresponding Secretary. John Bain, James M. Strever, Executive Committee. Their articles of association were prefaced by the following high-sounding preamble : "Whereas, it haa pleased the All-wise Providence to awaken the attention of this community to a Uvely sense of the great injustice of the present system of Jand ownership, by the laws of this State, permitting individuals to hold large tracts of land for which they have never rendered any equivalent to the State or Nation ; and whereas the happiness and prosperity of this and future generations depend in a great measure upon our exertions to blot from onr statute-book the last relics of Feudalism ; We, therefore, in imitation of onr Patriotic fathers who signed the Declaration of Independence, and the better to accomplish our freedom, do adopt the following Constitution, and solemnly pledge our honor to abide by the articles therein contained." After the adoption of the constitution and by-laws for the regulation and government of the association, they pledged themselves to use all lawful and honorable means to rid themselves of their unjust burthens, and that they would neither make to nor accept any proposition from any person claiming land under the Livingston patents, for the payment of rent or the purchase of the soil, without the consent of a majority of the association. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 55 In addition to this associatioif, there Wda ati extensive organization of the t enants into tribes of "Indians," under tJie djfection of Chiefs "Big Thunder," (Smith A Boughton,) and "Little Thunder," (Mortimer C. Belding,) of Rensse- laer county, whose special object was to forcibly i'esist the officers of the coun- ty in the discharge of their duties. The writer witnessed the first gathering of the "Ifldiatlg" Ifi the town of Taghltflflic, in the month of November in that jeat. It is not possible to give any description which would convey an accurate idea of their ridiculotls, yet hideous appearance. Every species of disguise had been adopted which would most successfully prevent recognition. All *ore uniforms of calico, to which were added the skins and tails of various beasts, horns and feathers, tin ornaments and other decorations, according to the fancy of the "native.'' The faces of some were covered with masks of calico, others blackened, others painted red ; and their arms were as varied as their disguises. Gune, pistols, hatchets, spears, clubs, being carried without any attempt at uniformity. After a short drill by their Chief, they were matched around for the benefit of the spectators, to the inspiring strains of "Dan Tucker," played upon a single fife, accompanied by a small drum, and were then addressed by Big Thunder, who dwelt upon their wrongs, the justice of their cause, coUnseUlDg them to stand firm by their motto "down with the rent," and resist any attempt to collect it by the strong arm of the law ; to all of which the tribes responded by a whoop of the genuine sort and a terrible brandishing of weap- ons. After this speech a song was sung, the chorus of which ran as follows : "Git out of the way, big Bill Snyder, — We'll tar your coat and feather your hide, Sirl" Before the adjournment of this interesting meeting, the writer who had been sent there, if possible to discover who participated in its proceedings, had taken the advice given to "big Bill Snyder," and was a respectable dis- tance " out of the way." On the 12th day of December, 1844, the first forcible resistance to the Sheriff, Henry C. Miller, was offered in the town of Copake, where he attempt- ed to serve processes and make sale of property belonging to disaffected par- ties. It was deemed advisable that he should undertake the duty without an accompanying force, and he proceeded to the spot with a single individual. On their approach pickets were discovered stationed along the road, and upon arriving at Copake they were met by a force of three hundred "Indians" and a concourse of about fifteen hundred people not in disguise. He was taken into a room of a public house in the vicinity, by Big Thunder and six other 56 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Chiefs, who stated that he would not be permitted to proceed in the discharge of his dttties. Swords were drawn, pistols placed at his breast, his papers demanded and given to them, which Were subsequently burned in the presence of the crowd. The return of the Sherifif and the report of his reception produced the most intense excitement in the city. It was evident that force would have to be met by force, and a general determination was manifested upon the part of the citizens to uphold and vindicate the law at any sacrifice. On the 18th day of December Big Thunder was advertised to address a meeting of the tenants of the lands under the Van Rensselaer title, at Smokey Hollow, in the town of Olayerack. The fame of the "orator (rf the day," and the curiosity to see the Indians drew together an immense concourse of peo- ple. The Indians appeared in force, and during their antics a young man among the spectators by the name of W. H. Kifenburgh was killed by the fir- ing of a pistol, whether intentionally or not could not be clearly established. News of the occurrence being received in the city, upon consultation, the Sheriff determined to proceed to the spot and attempt an arrest of Big Thun- der. Joseph D. Monell volunteered and was the only individual who accom- panied him. They i-eached Smokey Hollow towards evening, after the meet- ing had broken up and most of the Indians had laid aside their disguises. Big Thunder was found sitting very unconcernedly, in conversation with sev- eral individuals, in a back room of the tavern, and was without ceremony made a prisoner by the Sheriff, He offered no resistance until reaching the front door, where, surrounded by a number of his followers, he drew his pistol and attempted an escape, and would have succeeded but for the intrepidity of John S. Anable and Deputy Sheriff Thomas Sedgewick, who Were present at the time. During a severe straggle in which the clothing of the parties suffer- ed severely, he was overpowered and secured. Little Thunder Was also ar- rested and with his fellow chief brought in and confined in JaiL Upon their arrival in town they were followed to prison by an immense ctoWd, who gave vent to their feelings in the most vociferous cheers. On the day following, an examination was commenced before Judges Wilcoxson and Peck, at the Court House, conducted by Theodore Miller, Esq., then District Attorney, upon the pari; of the People, Henry Z. Hayner, of Troy, and James Storm, Esqrs., ap- pearittg as counsel for the prisoners. Upon the arrest of Big and Little Thun- der, the excitement was no less intense in the country than in the city. Meetings private and pub'Uc Were held and threats so freely thtown out, that if men and money could accomplish the rescue of the prisoners they should not be wanted, that it was deemed advisable to take immediate steps for the pro- SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 57 tection of the Jail and safety of the prisoners. Arms and ammunition were procured from Albany, and the fullest preparation made to meet any attempt at rescue. On Thursday following the arrest, a public meeting was held at the Court House, which was addressed by E. P. Cowles, Henry Hogeboom and Josiah Sutherland, Esqrs., urging upon the citizens the importance of taking a bold stand in favor of law and order. A committee, consiStifig of Col. Charles Darling, E. P. Cowles, KilUan Miller, Eufus Eeed and Warren Eockwell, was appointed to report some plan of otganization for the protec- tion of the city at night, fears being entertained that an attetapt to 6te it might be made. A patrol for each night of twenty citizens in each ward was established under the control of the committee mentiolledj and the Hadson Light Guard, Capt. Cowles, were ordeted to rendezvous with loaded muskets and twenty rounds of baU cartridge, at the Court House instantel', in case of ah alarm, of which notice would be given by the ringing of the bell of the Ptes- byterian church. On the Saturday fcrllowing Attorney General Eatker visited the city and advised the immediate enrolment of one hundred men, to be arm- ed and equipped, and in the pay of the State, subject to the Sheriff's order, to aid and assist him in the exercise of his official duties. The suggestion was immediately acted upon, and one hundred men were eiiroUed, under the command of Capt. Henry Whiting, late of the U. S. Army, with four pieces of artillery. From informafioil received from the country, and indications within the city, the opinion was entertained by the authorities that an attenjpt at rescue would be made on that day or the following night. Tile examination of the prisoners was suspended, men were stationed at the diffefrent chtirch bells to give the alarm, the Home Guard and Light Guard Were under arms, and the city, in consequence of the rumors, in a state of general commotion. Aid was also sent for from the village of Catskill. Col. Darling Was sent there and after caUing the citizens together at the Court House by the ringing of the bells, stated to them the condition and fears of the people of Hudson. A large number volunteered and returned with Col. D., who was joined by an- other fotce at Athens. They reached Hudson late on Saturday night, return- ing on Monday morning. A second meeting of citizens was held on the evening of the 21st of De- cember, which was addressed by John Gaul Junior, Esq. and others, and a committee consisting of Eufus Eeed, John Gattl, Jr. and Matthew Mitchell appointed to report some plan for the organization of the citizens. It was resolved to raise a volunteer company of five hundred men, to be called the "law and Order Association," to hold themselves subject at all times to the 58 SKETCHES OFHUDSON. call of the Sheriff of the County. A Committee of Safety was also appoint- ed, authorized to call upon the authorities of the State for a supply of not less than five hundred stand of arms for their use. The Association was immedi- ately filled up and placed mider the command of the following officers : Chaeles Daeling, Colonel. John S. Anablb, Chaeles A. Daeling, Aids. Leonard Preeland, Lieut. Col. "Wm. TV. Hannah, Adjt. Isaac Griffen, Major. Joseph Goodwin, Quarter Master. Eobert G. Frary, Surgeon. The force was divided into four companies, under the following officers : First Ward, Company No. 1, Capt. Thomas P. Newberry. 1st Lieut., John Smith. " " 2d Lieut., Peter S. Burger. " Company No. 2, Capt. Ichabod Rogers. " " 1st lieut., James Elmendorf. " " 2d Lieut., Justin Winslow. Second Ward, Company No. 1, Capt. Hiram Gage. " " 1st Lieut., Henry Waterman. 2d Lieut., Wm. H. Spencer. Company No. 2, Capt. Warren Eockwell. " " 1st Lieut., Charies Mitchell. " 2d Lieut., John Best. The arms desired were furnished by Gov. Bonck, and at the request of the Common Council, the Albany Burgesses Corps came down to remain until the excitement should subside. The following proclamation was then issued by the Mayor of the city : Citizens op Hudson : Deeply must all good citizens deplore the exigency which DOW demands, for the first time in our history, the gathering of a stand- ing armed force, in this city ; but, no alternative is left. The Supremacy of the laws mu»t be maintained, or the tyranny of Anarchy reigns triumphant ! We have witnessed in our County a Rebellion ; an armed resistance to Law ; the personal safety of the Sheriff violated, and life sacrificed. The Sheriff of the County, supported by the determined energy of a handful of individuals, chief among whom ranks our most respected fellow-citizen, Joseph D. Monell,' Esq., has arrested persons charged with being the ringleaders of the re- bellion. Information which can be most implicitly relied on has been received, that their aiders and abettors in this and other counties have threatened to rescue these prisoners at any and all hazards ; and, if necessary to accomplish that purpose, iafire the city ! An express sent by the Sheriff of this County, to the Attorney General of this State, at Albany, was intercepted, and for a' time detained in the county of Rensselaer. A contemplated rescue of these prisoners was discovered on Saturday last, and prevented only by a prompt and general rally of the friends of Law and Order under arms at the Court House. The design of effecting a rescue, we are informed, is not yet abandoned. Self-respect — our own reputation as friends of just laws and good order every consideration of patriotism and duty demand that all such designs should be frustrated, and impartial justice administered. SKETCHES OFHUDSON. 59 Such considerations should be our ruling motive ; but, our pecuniary inter- est is also at stake. Remember, Citizens, that no Policy of Insurance, will cover Losses by Fire, when caused by "Invasion, or Insurrection or Civil Commotion." So -far, Citizens, we have done our duty : thus setting a noble example, which it is hoped, our sister Cities and Counties will emidate. En- ergy, resolution and vigilance are all that are required. At the invitation of the Recorder of this City, the State Attorney General has visited us, who highly commends the course taken by our Judicial and Executive officers, and strong- ly urges a perseverance, pledging aid from the State if needed. The Ex- ecutive of the State has furnished us with 500 stand of arms and a large sup- ply of ball cartridge. An efficient force of One Hundred armed men enlisted for thirty days with four pieces of artillery, and all under the command of Capt. Henry Whitin", late of the United States Army, is stationed at the Court House. The Hudson Light Guard, under command of Capt. E. P. Cowlea, are fully supplied with ammunition and ready for duty at a moment's warning. The Albany Burgesses Corps, a gallant band of citizen soldiery, by the invi- tation of our Common Council, arrived here yesterday, under the command of Maj. Franklin Townsend, and reported themselves to mefor duty. They have in charge one piece of artillery, and 300 stand of arms, forwarded by the Com- mander-in-Chief for the defence of our City. By the hands of the Governor's Private Secretary, I have received official information from the Commander-in-Chief, through the Adjutant General of the State, that a large body of troops, consisting of mounted artillery, cavalry and infantry will hold themselves in readiness for actual service, and will be ordered to this place, if required. It is desirable for the citizens of Hudson to organize an armed force of 500 minute men. Such an organization has already been commenced, under charge of a proper committee. Our oldest and most respectable citizens have already joined it, and when completed, this corps, together with the Hudson Light Guard, will be under the command of Col. Charles Darling ; and in case of alarm, will rendezvous at Davis's City Hall. Arrangements have been made by which the approach of a hostile force will be known and reported long be- fore its arrival, and notice given to the citizens by ringing the bell of the Pres- byterian Church. An efficient city patrol is also constantly kept up. And now. Citizens, let us do our duty ; prompt action now may, and no doubt will, eventually save much treasure and many lives. Criven under my hand and seal of the City of Hudson, the 2Gth day of De- cember, 1844. CYRUS CURTISS, Mayor. An address signed by a large number of the leading citizens of Hudson was sent to the tenants, warning them of the penalties they were bringing upon ■themselves, and appealing to them to cease their attempts to obstruct the ad- ministration ot justice ; but without any good effect. Bands of disguised men continued to fire upon and arrest officers, taking from them their papers, and it was found necessary for the Governor to send here an additional militaiy force, consisting of the Emmet Guards, the Van Rensselaer Guards, Albany Republican Artillery, Washington Riflemen, and a German Company of Cav- alry from New York, under the command of Capt. Krack. These were quar- tered at the various public houses and upon the boats then wintering at the 60 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. wharves. Hudson presented the appearance of a military encampment. Can- non were planted in front of the Conrt House, the streets resounded with martial music and the tramp of soldiery. Sentinels walked "their lonely round" night and day, and at all times their bright uniforms were seen in every part of the city. Aided by detachments of military, arrests were made in rapid succession, and in a very short time comparative quiet was restored and the military force gradually withdrawn, having remained here about one month. They Jeft for their homes with ranks not in the least thinned by the enemy they came to meet, of whose fire, we believe, the nearest approach was upon the sentry of the Emmet Guards stationed at the Hudson (Worth) House, at whom a ball was fired upon a very dark night, about the midnight hour, by a "solitary man on horseback." The sentry escaped, a column upon the stoop receiving the charge intended to put an end to his "military career," which still shows the spot where it entered. Not the shghtest clue to the individual who fired it was ever obtained. With the exception of a few midnight excursions for the purpose of making arrests, their stay was marked by very little adventure, and was a lengthened holiday to the military ; and after the disappearance of the panic which at first pervaded the city, afforded a pleasant excitement to the citizens. The officers of the various companies were entertained at the resi- dences of the Mayor, Sheriff and other citizens. A ball was given by the Light Guard at the Hudson House, and every attention which could relieve their visit of its monotony was bestowed upon them by the grateful citizens of Hudson. In the month of Januaiy a review of the whole force by the Mayor took place, including the Home Guard, light Guard and Volunteers, after which a parade, the whole forming a lengthy procession, the like of which Hudson will not soon again look upon. Big and Little Thunder were both indicted and the former brought to trial in the month of March before Judge Amasa J. Parker. Great interest was manifested throughout the trial, and the court room was densely thronged. John Van Buren, Esq., the State Attorney General, and Theodore Miller, Esq., conducted the prosecution, Ambrose L. Jordan and James Storm, Esqr's, ap- pearing for the prisoners. The result of the trial, after occupying nearly two weeks, was the disagreement of the Jury. In the month of September he was again tried before Judge Edmonds, the same interest as before being manifest- ed in the trial, which resulted in his conviction and confinement in the Clinton County State Prison, from which he was shortly after pardoned by Gov. Young. During this trial a personal encounter took place between Ambrose SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 61 L, Jordan and John Van Buren, Esq., growing out of a heated debate. Little Thunder was not tried, but after a year's confinement in the county jail, was discharged. Of the other parties arrested and indicted, some were subsequently discharged, others followed Big Thunder into retirement, and peace was finally restored throughout all the "infected district," although for some time it was not deemed safe for officers to venture into it imarmed or without an armed es- cort. Looking back to all this military preparation, it is often remarked that it was wholly unnecessary. It may have been so. It is difiScult to tell to what length of ontrage the misguided tenants, calling themselves Indians, under the lead of wicked men, might not have gone, had not this force been arrayed against them. THE PEESS, INCIDENTS, *C. Ashbel Stoddard was the pioneer printer of Hudson. Two years after it was founded, in company with Charles E. Webster, who had been an ap- prentice with him at Hartford, in the office of the Connecticut Coubant, he commenced the publication of a weekly paper called the Hudson Gazette, on the corner of Warren and Third streets. The first number was issued on the seventh day of April, 1785. In it he points out to the public the many advantages which would result to "our already flourishing place," from ' the establishment of an impartial newspaper. "To the curious," he says, "it will afford a rich fund of entertainment, it will bring chaps to the merchant, cus- tomers to the mechanic, show the husbandman where he can best dispose of his produce, to the poor man who has but a penny, where he can best lay it out to advantage, and will point out to the world in general the method of obtaining riches, by commerce and agriculture." "Being deprived of so many privileges, must be seriously felt by Hudson,'' therefore he had commenced the publication of the Hudson Gazette, to be issued weekly at the rate of twelve shillings per year ; money to be refunded to subscribers who were not satisfied with the paper. It was small, being about fifteen inches square in size, printed upon coarse paper of a yellowish tint, but in very fair type. It seems at first to have received a poor support, veiy few advertisements, save Mr. Stoddard's own, being found in its business columns. Its editorials were few ; selections and correspondence principally from abroad filled its col- umns, now and then an item of local interest finding its way in. The number of communications upon the subjects of "slavery," and "human freedom," is particularly striking. Poetical contributions of the same nature 62 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. were frequent. An early number contained a poem of two hundred lines in lengthen the "Miseries of Slavery and the happiness of Freedom." Advertisements of the sale of negroes, and rewards offered fot runaway .: negroes were numerous. Cotton Gelston advertised a negro ^'as having w^ed ' away, being too lazy to run.'' r ' We give the substance of a few other curious advertisements and commnn£'' cations in its columns : In the winter of 1785, Mr. Kobardet, from Connecticut, advertised that he would open a class, for "instruction in the polite accomplishment of dancing after the most approved method." Scholars would be taken from seven to fifty years of age. A Connecticut dancing master, advertising for scholars fifty years old, in a Quaker city ! Ambrose liverpool advertised that he would open a Seminary, "where he would teach all the English branches, also Latin and Greek classics ; also at convenient times the principles of several musical instruments, and that he had also several dozen strong English beer which he wished to dispose cf" In 1786, Mrs. Hussey notified the ladies of Hudson that she would beiap- py to wait upon their commands in millinery and mantua making, after the mc^t approved fashions regularly received from New Tork City, at her house on the hill near the wharf. Monsieur Hyacinth Lescure stated that he kept a "choice lot of Essences near the Market House," also, that he would furnish "cushions to ladies, and quieus to gentlemen of excellent human hair," for which he would take his pay "in wheat and Indian corn." Monsieur Lescure had been a drummer under Burgoy«e and was barber to the corporation, there being no other at this time in the city. He is described as having a frizzled head, broad low forehead, little black eyes, high cheek bones, wide mouth and triangular visage, accus- tomed to walk backward and foi-ward before his little shop door, humming a tune and snapping his fingers. His dress was in keeping with his person and profession ; a long broad striped calico gown, a short white apron, tight nan- keen small clothes, ruffled shirt, completed with silk stockings and yellow slip- pers. On the 15th day of August, 1786, Mr. Pool advertised the exhibition of a circus "on the green," stating that he was the first American who had ever attempted wonderful feats of equestrianship, and among other wonderful things which he would exhibit, were two horses which at word of command would "lay down and groan as if in pain." The price of admission was thr«e shillings, and ladies and gentlemen were "beseeched not to bring any dogs with them to the peiformance." SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 63 About the same time, two camels were advertised for ezliibition, described as "stupendous animals, being the greatest curiosity on the continent, having necks three feet eight inches long, a high bunch on the back like a pedestal, four joints in their legs, will lie down and get up at word of command and can travel fourteen days without water." The curious were invited to come and see them without fail. Admission one shilling. From what would be called its "chip basket" at the present day, we take the following : "A good wife should be like three things, which three things she should not be like. First, like a snail, keep within her own house, but not like a snail, carry ctUske has upon her hack. Second, like an echo, answer when spoken to, but not like an echo, have the last word. Third, like a town clock, keep time and regularity, but not Uke a town clock, be heard all over town." To which Miss Barbara Crabtree replied, "That a good husband should be like three things, which he should not be like. First, like a snail, he should have a house over his head, but not like a snail be a creeping thing, but brisk and active. Second, like an echo, he should always speak in union and accord with his wife, but not like an echo teU tales. Third, like a clock he should be regular in his Iiabits, but not Uke a clock, be often wound up." It published the following as a "wonderful tale :" "Robert White was married to Betsey Harris on Tuesday, May 1st, (1'78'7) who was brought sick on Wednesday, delivered of three children on Thursday, who all died on Friday, and were buried on Saturday." In 1792 the Gazette was somewhat enlarged, and its columns gave evidence of prosperity, but throughout its publication it was deficient in matters of local interest. Mr. Webster being also engaged in the publication of the Albany Grazetle, shortly after the commencement of the Hudson Gazette, retired from the concern and Mr. Stoddard remained its sole publisher until 1803 or 4, when it was discontinued, other poUtical papers having taken the field. Mr. Stoddard then confined himself exclusively to his printing and bookselling business. In 1785 he commenced the publication of the "Columbian Alman- ac," the only one ever published in this city, and still issued at the old stand, being better known now as Wynkoop's Almanac. In olden times it was deemed the only one reliable, and there are many at the present day, who ask for and will have no other than "Stoddard's old Almanac," and if it were the same as when commenced, would be satisfied to regulate their domestic affairs by its weather table. He also printed the Columbian Magazine, edited by Eev. John Chester, and the Messenger of Peace, which continued but for one year (1824) edited by Richard Carrique, Esq. 64 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Mr. Stoddard was small and of a slender constitution, but lived to the age of seventy-eight years, dying in the month of October, 1840, a worthy and great- ly respected citizen. Up to within a few days of his death his silvered head and trembling, bent form, were seen in personal attention to his business. In 1801 the publication of the Balance and Colombian Kepositoey was commenced by Ezra Sampson, George ChitteEden and Hany CrosWell, in the upper part of a store which then stood upon the spot now occupied as a garden connected with the residence of Mrs. Erastus Patterson, in Warren near Second street. Mr. Sampson was a Presbyterian clergyman who, in the simplicity and force of his style, was said to resemble Dr. Franklin. He was for a short time, previous to 1800, settled over the Presbyterian church in this city, as a tem- porary supply. He died at an advanced age in the city of NewTork, and was buried in Hudson. Mr. Chittenden was a book-binder, and for some years Carried on his busi- ness in the small building so long known as "old Mr. Leslie's tailor shop," which stood upon the site of the present residence and store of A. Behrens. Shortly after, Mr. Chittenden went into the manufacture of paper in -the town of Stockport, then a wilderness, in which he continued for nearly half a centu- ry, dying there in the year 1845, aged sizty-nine years. Mr. Croswell waa a printer, and not long afterwards became an Episcopalian minister, and was settled for a great many years in New Haven, where he died at an advanced age. The Balance was first published as a neutral paper, but before the expira- tion of its firat year became the organ of the Federal party, the proprietors refunding to such of the subscribers as did not like the change, their due proportion of subscription money. It was printed in small quarto form, upon coarse, dingy paper, but being edited with ability, had a large subscription and circulated throughout the United Stales. In 1808 it was removed to Albany, and in 1811 was discontinued. In 1802 the publication of the Bee was commenced by Mr. Charles Holt, in the upper part of the store of Judgfe Dayton, which stood upon or very near the site of the present residence of Mrs. Peter G. Coffin ; the lower part of the store being used for many years as the headquarters of the Democratic club. "There, 'round a red hot stove, in an atmosphere blue with tobacco smoke, seated upon old pine benches and wooden-bottomed chairs, with the ■dust and cobwebs of twenty years remaining undisturbed upon the shelves met the gfeat Anti-Federal fathers of the city." Prominent among them SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 65 were Eobert Jenkins, described as "abrupt and decisive in his tone and man- ner"— Judge Dayton, "a good citizen and upriglit man, fond of argument ; never convinced and never convincing" — Robert Taylor, "well-dressed, portly- looking, a little obstinate and a little crusty," — David Lawrence, "a man of great respectability, keen observation, strong sense and ready wit," — John Hftthaway, "it worthy citizeri and honest man,"— 'Squire Worth, "a man of integrity, good sense, but excessively odd ; short, round-shouldered and red- haired! who once quarreled with an artist for making him look, in his portrait, he said, like a one-story house with the chimney on fire," — and, lastly, Capt. Alexander Coffin, "frank, generous, warm-hearted and brave." Mr. Holt, with some interruptions, had published the Bee for the previous five years, at New London, Conn. Having incurred a fine and imprisonment there, under the sedition act, it became necessary for him to seek another lo- cation, and being invited by the Republicans of Hudson, transferred his print- ing materials and paper to this city. Its circulation was about one thousand. On the appearance of the Bee in Hudson, a small paper less than a letter sheet in size was issued from the ofBce of Mr. OrosweU, called the Wasp, edited by "Robert Rusticoat, Esq." Its object was indicatedby the following couplet : "If perchance there comes a Bee, A Wasp shall come as well as he." It was published but a short time, and both Wasp and Bee stung with personal abuse. Thelre was much violent controversy between Messrs. Holt and OrosweU, and the columns of the Bee and Balance were filled with harsh personalities, which led the editors into frequent difficulties. Both papers were ably con- ducted and Warmly supported by their respective parties. While the Repub- lican or Democi'atic club was composed of citizens of the "more rough and honest sort," the Federal club was made up of "lawyers and men of distin- guished ability,'' and it was said had among its members, the wit, talent and gentlemen of the city. Elisha Williams, one of the most influential politicians in the State, was its acknowledged leader, but prominent among its members •were Bay, Grosvenor, MdKinstry, Hyatt, Hosmer, Hubbel, Gelston and many other of the leading citizens of that day. Their meetings were always held in the best furnished room of some one of the public houses. In addition to the clubs, each party maintained a large and well-trained in- strumental band, composed exclusively of members of the party. The uniform 66 SKETCHES OF HUDSON of the Eepublican band was white ; that of the Federal Was a red coat with white pantaloons. Party strife at this time and long after was bitter to a degree not exceeded, if equalled, at the present day. Not only in the press did this manifest itself, but in the social and business circles, indeed everywhere. Personal collisions were not unfrequent. An article appeared in the Bee which bore heavily upon Elisha Williams. Mr. "Williams, taking with him two or three of his political friends, whom he stationed in the cellar of an unfinished building, that they might by their aid secure him fair play, if needed, waited near Mr. Holt's office, and upon his appearance in the street knocked him down. The afiair, from the position of the parties engaged in it, created a great excitement in the political ranks. Capt. Alexander Cof&n, who was a noble-hearted old man, as well as an ardent Democrat, said that since the Federals had begun that kind of work, the Dem- ocrats had better make a finish of it, and ofiered to be one of twenty men to meet twenty picked Federals and fight the matter out I The Captain's novel method of settling political difficulties was not adopted, but he undoubtedly meant it. He was a man of strong poUtical prejudices, fiery temperament, and always ready for a fight. At the poUs upon an election day, a dog un- fortunately passed between his legs, causing him to fall. Upon arising, ignor- ant of the cause of his misfortune, and attributing it to some political oppon- ent, he turned in a belligerent attitude, shouting, "Come on, I can whip the whole d — n lot of you !" Upon another occasion, it is related of him, that a young man wishing to explain some matter then in dispute, laid his hand upon the Capt's shoulder and requested him to step to the door. Mistaking the object of his request, he replied, "Yes Sir*— fist or pistols ; don't care a d — ^n which !" The absurdity of the thing brought down a hearty laugh, in which the Capt, perceiving his mistake, readily joined. He was at that time over, eighty years of age, and throughout his long life was a man of great personal respectabiUty, possessing many noble qualities. His portrait, after his death, was placed by the City in the Common Council room, where it still remains. In 1810 Mr. Holt sold out his establishment and went to New York, Mr. Samuel W. Clark becoming his successor in the publication of the Bee. Mr. Clark was its proprietor until 1821. It was the organ of that portion of the public who justified the war of 1812, and numbered among its contributors Martin Van Bm'en, Benj. F. Butler, John "W". Edmonds, and others of equal talent and position. Its next proprietor was John W. Dutcher, who changed the name to that of Columbia Centinel, and two years thereafter united it with the Columbia Bepnblican. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 67 Mr. Holt difid not many years since in Jersey City, having in Ms old age obtained a remission of his fine, with an allowance of interest by the Govern- ment, Mr. Clark died in this city in 1832, aged 53 years. In 1807 a paper in the interest of the Lewisite portion of the Democratic party was established, but shortly afterwards discontinued. It was caEed the Republican Fountain. In 1808 Francis Stebbins commenced the Northern Whig, and was suc- ceeded by Wm. L. Stone, (afterward of the N. T. Commercial Advertiser,) from 1811 to 1816. Mr. Stone's successor was Richard L. Corse, a writer of ability, who continued it till 1821, when it passed into the hands of Wm. B. Stebbins, son of the original proprietor, who discontinued it in 1824. Its circulation was large, and it was considered cne of the ablest Federal papers in the State. It numbered among its regular contributors Elisha Williams, William W. Van Ness, Thomas P. Grosvenor, James Van Derpoel and others of that stamp. In 1817 a literary paper, called the Spirit of the Forum and Brief Re- MABKER appeared, but seems to have had a short existence. The Columbia Republican commenced its existence in 1820, under the charge of Solomon WUber, as a Democratic paper. In 1824, through the efforts of Ambrose L. Jordan, by whom it was purchased, its poUtical charac- ter was changed. From 1824 to 1834, it was at different times published by Ambrose L. and AUen Jordan, Charles F. Ames, and Samuel Curtiss. From 1834 to 1843 its proprietor was Lawrence Van Dyke. P. Byron Barker was ■ next, for about one year, its owner, when it was disposed of to Messrs. Palen & Jordan, Mr. Barker remaining editor. In 1845 it was purchased by Messrs. Bryan & Moores, Mr. Moores retiring in 1851. It is now published by Messrs. Bryan & Webb. It has been since 1824 the organ of the Whig party, and in later years of the Republican, and is ably and judiciously conducted. After the purchase of the Republican by Mr. Jordan, the Hudson Gazette, (2d) was established, mainly through the efforts of Oliver Wiswall and Solomon Wescott. It was commenced in the year 1824 by Peleg Sturtevant, in the upper part of the store of Reuben Folger on the North-east corner of Warren and Second streets. There was a Democratic reading room also in the same building. Mr. Sturtevant a few months afterwards transferred it to Hiram Wilber. Mr. WEber continued its publication until the year 1834, when it passed into the possession of P. Dean Carrique, who was its proprietor for near a quarter of a century. In the year 1854 it passed into the control of 68 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. S. L. Magoun, Esq., as Assignee, and after a succession of changes of owner- ship it was purchased by Messrs. Williams & Brother, in 1859, by one of whom it is now neatly published and ably edited. It has always been the organ of the Democratic party, or of some one of its divisions. The Columbia Washinqtonian- urder J. K. S. VanYleet was commenced in 1842, as the advocate of "total abstinence." In 1843 it was transferred to Warren Rockwell. In 1847 Mr. Rockwell sold the establishment to Alexander N. Webb, who, in the year 1850, changed its name to the Hudson Weekly Star, and still continues to publish it. In 1847, Mr. Webb also commenced the publication of the Daily Evening Stab, and still continues it as the Hudson Daily Stak. In 1824, a semi-monthly literary paper, called the Rural Repository, was started by Wm. B. Stoddai'd, neatly printed, in quarto form. It was discon- tinued in the year 1851, to the great regret of the large number of families in which for so long a time it had been a regular and welcome visitor. The Columbla & Greene Co. Envoy was commenced in 1831 by Edward G. Linsley, and continued two years. The Diamond, semi-monthly, was published in 1833 by George P. Stone. The Magnolia, a semi-monthly, was published by P. Dean Carriqne in 1834. The Flail and the Thbashbk were political campaign papers, in the Tip- pecanoe times of 1840. The Temperance Palladium was published by John W. Dntcher in 1851. The Democeatic Freeman, an organ of the Free Soil Democracy, was brought to this city from Chatham Four Corners in the year 1848, and under the editorship of Charles H. Collins, published until 1851. In that year it passed into the control of Wm. Caldwell, and was shortly after discontinued. The American Repository, a paper supporting Fillmore for the Presidency in 1856, was commenced in that year, but discontinued shortly after the elec- tion. Its editor was R. Van Antwerp, who, a short time previous to the Repository, also commenced the publication of a Daily which continued for two months. The Columbia County Family Journal, a semi-monthly literary paper, was commenced in 1861, by F. H. Webb, but discontinued after the expiration of six months, Mr. Webb having become associated in the proprietorship of the Republican. SKETCHES or HUDSON. 69 LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS, &0. The first public library of which we find any mention made, was established as early as 1186. It was a circulating library of three hundred volumes which were furnished to subscribers at the following rates : four dollars per year, one dollar and twenty five cents per quarter, and to occasional readers at the rate of two cents per day. Subscribers were allowed to retain books as long as desu-ed, except books new and in great demand, which must be returned within one week, and for the use of the library they could pay either in money or desirable books. We find nothing more concerning it, save a notice that persons desirous of subscribing, could do so by leaving their names at the printing office of the Gfazette. Another library was founded shortly after this, by an association of gentle- men, called the "Columbia Library Association," but of its rules and regula- tions we find no account, nor of its officers, save that Shubael Worth was for many years Librarian, and Henry P. Skinner Clerk. The library was at first and for a long time after kept in the store of Mr. Worth, built by him on the JN'. West corner of Main and Second streets, better known in later years as "Sprague's comer." It received a poor support and never was in a prosperous condition, but kept up an existence for many years ; Robert A. Barnard, Esq. acting as its last President. Being constantly and considerably in debt, all their effects, including books, were finally sold, that the association might at least die honorably. In 1786 a debating society was established calling itself the "Union Debat- ing Club." We have nothing in relation to it, save that the following questions were discussed at its fii"st meeting : First. "Will the establishment of the Union Debating Society prove a ben- efit to Hudson ?" Second. "Is the Slave trade consistent wiCk principles of liumaniiy ?" The Hudson Forum was established in the year 1826 and existed until about 1835. Its Officers consisted of a President, Vice President, Secretary and Board of Directors, who decided upon the questions for debate, and at each meeting assigned the disputants for the next. It was supported by a membership fee of twenty-five cents per year, and having a large number of members, this afforded an ample fund for all of its expenses. The debates of the Forum were extremely popular, and drew audiences quite as crowded as the lectures of the F. L. Association at the present day. Nearly all of the younger members of the bar of that day, and students, many of whom are 70 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. now eminent in their profession, participated in them. In 1839 the following question was debated : "Is there a prospect of a dissolution of the Union within the next fifty years ?" And in December, 1834, the following : "^re the principles of the Colonization Society more deserving the support of the people of the United States than those of the Anti-Slavery Society ?" We have no accouet of the debate or decision upon the former, but great interest was manifested in the debate upon the latter question, and from one of the papers of that date, we take the following account of it : "Colonization Debate. — We do not recollect a question which has excited such general and deep interest as the one selected by the members of the Hudson Forum, for the subject of their first discussion. At an early hour on the appointed evening, the Court-House was thronged to overflowing by an auditory of the highest respectability from this and its adjacent towns. The public excitement in regard to the removal and colonization of the blacks has reached us in full force, and the intimate connection which the subject has with the honor and destiny of the country, is profoundly realized. Indeed, every thinking person must be convinced that the agitation of the public mind throughout the country upon this subject is not uncalled for, though it may be premature. As if slavery did not of itself present a sufficiently alarming prospect, associations have been formed having as their object its immediate abolition. Pamphlets have been published, and public meetings held with this purpose. Fire-brands from the press have been thrown into the Southern States, having the tendency to excite and hasten a general insurrection of the blacks. Meanwhile the Colonization Society offering a benevolent project for the amelioration of the negro's condition, and his eventual emancipation and removal, is assailed with a violence of opposition and virulence of lan- guage which manifest anything but the spirit of philanthropy. The principal advocate of the Anti-Slavery measures appears before a British audience and there traitorously slanders the country that gave him birth and to which he owes allegiance. The North is now called upon to decide between the rival societies ; with the South there is no question about it. Such a decision ex- pressive of the public sentiment in this City has been recently had." "Upon the first evening of the debate, the question was argued by Edwin C. Litchfield, Esq. and Hon. H. Hogeboom on the affirmative, and J.W. Fairfield, Esq., for the negative. Upon the adjourned meeting the discussion was con- ducted by Mr. Litchfield, Campbell Bushnell, Esq. and Eev. Jared Waterbuiy in the affirmative, and John D. Parker, Esq., J. W. Fairfield, Esq., and a black man whose name if he has one, we are not in the possession of, in the negative. We were never more struck with the quizzing propensities of our laughter-loving citizens than on this occasion. 'Negative,' 'negative,' 'negative,' issued from many a man friendly to the Colonization Society, but determined to enjoy the joke of astonishing its advocates upon the floor with the Uttle effect their learned arguments had produced. As it was, however, the Affirmative was carried by an overwhelming majority. We are not dis- posed to make critical remarks upon the debate, but must say that we con- sidered the speech of Campbell Bushnell, Esq., a master-piece of argument and eloquence. The Negative was also ably and zealously sustamed." SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 'Jl In 1835 an association styling itself the "Hudson Association for mutual improvement," was organized with the following officers : Elisha Jenkins, President. Cyrus Curtiss, Rufus Eeed, Joseph D. Mob- ell, James Mellen, Vice Presidents. Edwin C. Litchfield, Secretary. The exercises consisted alternately of lectures, addresses and debates. It continued only through the first winter of its organization. The Franklin Library Association was organized in the year 1837. la the year 1834, a few young men, most of whom were connected by family ties, met at the tallow chandler's shop of William A. Carpenter, (then on Cross street, the lot being now occupied by the Hudson River Rail Road as a wood yard,) and organized a debating club, which they called the PrankUn Debating Society. It's design being that all should engage in debate, new officers were chosen at each meeting. The first meeting for debate was held in the Orthodox Friends meeting house in Union street, January I'Zth, 1835. Robert Smith was chosen Moderator, Geo. W. Carpenter Secretary, the following individuals in addition embracing the entire membership at that time : Hiram Macy, James Batchellor, "William A. Carpenter, Thomas Marshall, William R. Steel, Edward B. Macy, Richard M. Remington and John Hamlin. The ques- tion discussed was the following : "Ought mechanical labor in state prisons to be abolished ?" Trirain Macy and William A. Carpenter opening the debate and choosing the disputants to follow. The club continued to meet regularly for debate, declin- ing to admit any new members during that winter. The method subsequently adopted.for the admission of members was to ballot for the candidate proposed for membership, without his knowledge, and if the vote was unanimous apprise him of the fact of his election and invite him to become a member. Its support was from individual contributions. The first annual meeting was held in the building then known as the Select Academy, in Third Street ; George W. Carpenter, by appointment, delivering the address, which' was followed by brief remarks fi:om the members generally. At this meeting a proposition was made by Wm. A. Carpenter to connect with the Association a library and to take measures to secure a permanent location. The proposition was adopted and resulted in the erection of a small but convenient room in Union Street, upon the lot now occupied by Capt. George Barker ; the building having been since removed is now occupied as a Chapel by the Episcopal church. It was built by an association of members of the debating club called the Franklin Hall Association, with a capital of three hundred and seventy-five dollars in shares of five dollars each. The work of collecting a library was immediately entered upon, and in 1837 the Y2 SKETCHES OF HUDSON Franklin Library Association was regularly orgamzed, with Wm. R. Steel as President, James Batchellor Secretary, and during the following winter was incorporated with Wm. A. Carpenter as President, Hiram Macy, Vice Presi- dent, Chas. A. Darling, Secretary ; the other officers consisting of a Treasurer, and a Board of Directors. It still acts under the same charter, the only original members now belonging to it being Hiram Macy and William A. Carpenter. With the exception of Edward B. Macy, its founders are all living, five of them now residents of the city. The first lecture before the Association was delivered by Prof. Potter (now Bishop) of Union College, in 1838, in the old Episcopal Church ; his sub- ject, "'i'ruth." In 1837 through the hberal contributions of fifty dollars each from James Mellen, (whose portrait the Association has placed in its Library room,) Cyrus Curtiss and Elihu Gifford, a philosophical apparatus was purchased, at a cost of about six hundred dollars, the remainder being made up by stock in shares of ten dollars each. This apparatus was in later years disposed of by the As- eociation and is now in use in the Female Academy of Rev. J. B. Hague. The first lawyer admitted as a member of the F. L. Association was Theo- dore Miller, Esq., by whom the first annual report of its executive committee was drawn. Prom this small beginning has grown an Association now numbering a membership of nearly two hundred and fifty ; possessing a library of about twenty-five hundred volumes, sustaining annually a course of lectures, and with an income during the last year from all sources, of about fourteen hundred dollars. We find frequent mention made in early years of the establishment of Schools, the granting of various lots for the erection of school houses, and the building of a Proprietors' school house, but no provision seems to have been made for free education until the year 1816. In the month of September in that year, a number of gentlemen met at the Library room, for the purpose of taking into consideration the practicability of establishing a Lancaster School, for the gratuitous education of the children of the poor. Ezra Sampson was chosen chairman, Josiah Underhill Secretary. The result of the meeting was the organization of a Society called the "Hudson Lancaster Society,'' which was incorporated by an act of the Legislature passed April 15th, 1817, with the following Trustees : Elisha Williams, James Strong, Robert Taylor, SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 73 Judah Paddock, Daniel Coffin, Samuel White, Thomas Jenkins, Patrick Fanning, Eobert Alsop, Prosper Hosmer, Samuel Plumb, Thomas Bay. Josiah Underhill, The erection of a building was commenced in 1817, the lot having been granted for that purpose by the Common Council, the other expenses being defrayed by donations. The first teacher employed by the Trustees was Josiah Underhill. It was not wholly a free school, one hundred scholars at first re- ceiving gratuitous education, the number afterwards being changed according to the financial condition of the Society. A committee of the Trustees visit- ed the school monthly, and no scholar Was admitted Without the inspection of a physician, if required by the teacher, and none continued in the school whose parents would not keep them clean in all respects and decently clothed. For its support it received from the Common Council the school money, the excise fund, and that from lottery licenses, the balance needed being raised by individual contributions. Not long after its establishment an effort was made to withdraw from it a portion of the fund received from the city. It was strongly opposed and did not succeed ; it seems, however, at one time to have seriously interfered with its successful operation, for we find Henry Dibblee and Cornelius Miller offering to become personally responsible for the educa^ tion of fifty children, until the Council should abandon the effort to take from the school the fund apportioned to it. In 1828, a committee of the society reported the number of children in the compact portion of the city, between the ages of five and sixteen, to be 1012. In the same year steps were taken for the support of an "African School" in connection with the Lancaster. The committee appointed to raise funds, reported that the different religious societies would contribute annually to its support as follows : Universalist, S25 ; Presbyterian, $25 ; Friends, $25 ; Episcopal, $20 ; Methodist, $12 ; Baptist, $12. The Lancaster Society appropriated $25, and petitioned the Common Council for and received an annual donation of $50. The school was immediately established in the old or first Methodist Church in Third street, not now standing. The Lancaster School was sustained until the year 1841, but in its later years had not an income adequate to its support, the ladies at last coming to its aid with the proceeds of a fair. In that year the Board of Trustees con- veyed their school property to the Common Council. In the same year the present public schools of the city were organized. The last Trustees of the Lancaster School were : Laban Paddock, Gayer Gardner, Charles Darling, 74 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Charles McAiihur, John Power, Israel Piatt, Cyrus Curtiss, A. V. V. Elting, Eobert McKinstry, Charles Paul. Its earliest supporter and the most liberal contributor to it, is said to have been Capt. Judah Paddock, with whom it was a favorite project. At his death he also left a fund to be devoted to its support. Capt. Paddock was a man of wealth, energetic and benevolent. He retired from the seas in 1807. Nearly every one is familiar with the narrative of his shipwreck on the coast of Barbary and subsequent confinement among the Arabs, published many years ago, and recently re-published in the columns of the Hudson Oazette. Previous to this he was engaged in trade with the West Indies, afterwards with Liverpool and Eu'ssia. He died in the year 1822. Both Jndah and Laban, who recently died, an old and greatly respected citizen, for almost four score years identified with the history of Hudson, were sons of Stephen Pad- dock, one of the original proprietors. There is preserved in the Masonic Lodge of this city, a sword presented prior to 1800, to Judah Paddock, by the Empress Catharine, of Russia, for rleeiving a Russian man-of-war when in distress, and by him presented to the Lodge, of which he was one of the earli- est members, in 1807, "as a token of his high regard for masonry." llie Hudson Academy was chartered in the year 1807, with the following Trustees : Ezra Sampson, Timothy Babcock, Noah Gridley, Peter Van Denbergh, William Frazer, William Whiting. Harry Croswell, Peter Van Rensselaer, Sam! J. Ten Broeek, John Swift, William Ashley, William Shaw, Reuben Sears, Luther Dunning, Cornelius Tobey, Elisha WilUams, Joseph Mosely, Wililam Noyes, Jr., Wm. W. Van Ness, Benjamin Miller, Obed W.Foteer. Ebenezer Reed, John Bennett, The erection of the building was commenced in the year 1805, the land for that purpose having been given by Captain Seth G. Macy, another of that class of citizens so numerous in the early days of Hudson, who, retiring from the seas, became active in everything that could promote the prosperity of the city. Capt. Macy built and occupied the fine residence now belonging to Capt. Lathrop, in Stockport, (then Hudson) and estabUshed the works afterwards purchased by Joseph Marshall, and so extensively known as Marshall's Print works. The small collection of buildings on the Academy hill was at that time known aa Unionville. The first house erected there was by Capt. Wm. Ashley, now the residence of George McKinstry, Esq. To the first individual who should SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 75 erect a house there, was to be given the privilege of naming the hill. Capt. Ashley claimed it, and after some disagreement with others interested, declar- ed that he "named that hill Prospect hill, and Prospect hill it shall be." It had previously been called Windmill hiU, but has ever since been known by the name given to it by Mr. Ashley. It could not have been more appro- priately named, for it affords a prospect which for extent, beauty and variety, is rarely equalled. The first teacher in the Academy was Andrew M. Carshore. He remained but one year and was followed by Ashbel Strong. Among those who subse- quently filled the position were Amasa J. Parker, now Judge of the Supreme Ooort of this State, and Josiah W. Fairfield, Esq., of this city. Among the many who have studied within its walls, was one to whom all eyes are now directed and who fills a large place in the nation's heart : Gen. H. W. Ilalleck. He was connected with the institution about three years, under the name of Wager ; taking the name of his grandfather, to avoid the cruelty of an unnat- ural and tyrannical father. The Hudson Select Academy in Third street, was built in 1813, by an asao- iation of which Seth Jenkins, who was chiefly interested in its establishment, was President. It ceased many years ago to be used for the purpose for which it was erected and was never deemed a successful undertaking. Mr. Jenkins made a great effort to secure the passage of an Act by the Legislature, granting to the Academy the fishing grounds in the vicinity of Hudson, with the right to impose a tax upon all persons fishing upon them, the income to go to the support of the institution. He was strongly opposed and failed in his attempt, but it gave to the building the name of the "Shad Academy," by which for many years it was known. The first School opened in Hudson was by James Bums, in the year 1783, in a small building then standing upon the County road, near the river, upon the site of the present store of William Poultney, built by the inhabitants at Claverack Landing for a school house. It remained there until Front street was opened. During the blasting of rocks necessary in opening the street, Mr. Bums always dismissed his school, seeking some place of safety until the firing was over. Laban Paddock, Seth Jenkins and many others, who were after- wards leading citizens, were pupils of Mr. Bums. Henry Harder or "old Doct. Harder" as he is now familiarly called, who is still living, was also a pupil, then seven years old. With the opening of Front street, the building was demolished, and the Diamond street school house, before mentioned, was erected. 76 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. The system under which the Public Schools of the city are at present con- ducted was adopted in the year 1841. They exist imder a special act of the Legislature, and are under the control of Superintendents, who receive their appointment from the Common Council. The schools are four in number, three white and one colored. Ample provision is made for their support and they rank among the most efficient and thorough in the State. The first Su- perintendents were Oliver Bronson, Josiah W. Fairfield and Cyrus Curtiss. The present Superintendents are Robert B. Monell, Lorenzo G. Guernsey and Hiram Morrison. The average number of children in attendance is about seven hundred and fifty. The number of children in the city between the ages of four and twenty-one is twenty-three hundred and eighty-three. The present number of teachers engaged is seventeen. The amount expended for the support of the schools is about the sum of five thousand dollars. The number of volumes in the public school library is twelve hundred and fifty. In private schools of a high order, Hudson has never been deficient. Those existing at the present day, the Eev. J. B. Hague's and the Misses Peake's for young ladies, the Eev. E. Bradbury's, Eev. J. E. Coe's and Wm. P. Sny- der's, for boys, are among the very best in the country. MASONIC OKDBR. We have before alluded (page 15) to the grant of a lot by the proprietors and the erection of St. Johns Hall, by the Masonic Lodge of this city. The Lodge was organized in the year 1787, three years after the settlement of the place. In the month of March in that year, a petition, signed by Seth Jenkins, Thomas Frothingham, Thomas Worth, Jared Coffin, Robert Polger, William Wall, Joseph Hamilton, Lemuel Jenkins, Daniel Gano, John McKinstiy, Shubael Worth, David Lawrence, John 'I'hurston, Joseph Olney, Benjamin Chace, John Pennoyer, Isaac Bateman, Samuel Mansfield, was presented to the Grand Lodge of the State of New York by Daniel Gano, requesting that a charter might be granted them, "for the purpose of making, passmg and raising Free Masons." It was given them in the month of May, and in June the following individuals proceeded to Albany, and were installed the first officera of Hudson Lodge, by the Worshipful Senior Grand Warden : Worshipful Seth Jenkins, Master ; Jared Coffin, S. W.; David Lawrence J. W.; Samuel Mansfield, Treas'r ; Daniel Gano, Sec'y ; Thomas Frothingham' S.D.; Simeon Stoddard, J. D.; Shubael Worth, Benjamin Chace, Stewards.' The first celebration of the Festival of St. John the Evangelist, in the SKETCHES OF HUDSOK. 1'J County of Columbia, took place at Hudson in 1787, under the direction of Lemuel Jenkins, Shubael Worth and Paul Hussey. Ezekiel Gilbert delivered "an elegant oration," for which he received the thanks of the Lodge through David Lawrence and Levi Wheaton. After the oration, the Lodge proceeded to a dinner at the house of Brother Joseph Gordon. The Festival of St. John the Baptist was first celebrated in 1788, under the direction of Ambrose Spencer, Samuel Mansfield and Joseph Gordon, "at which time, a sensible and well adapted oration," was delivered by Doct. Levi Wheaton. Prior to the erection of a hall, it was the custom of the Lodge to hold its meeting at some one of the public houses. The first meeting was held at the house of John McEinstry, whom we have before mentioned as the keeper of the first public house in Hudson. In Stone's life of Brant, we find related the following interesting incident in the life of Mr. McEinstry : He was an officer in the Revolutionary army, was engaged in the battle at Bunker's Hill, and during the Canadian campaign, commanded a company at Cedar Eeys on the river St. Lawrence, where his command was sharply en- gaged by a body of Indians under Brant, before whom his troops were several times compelled to retire. Eallying however with spirit, the Indians were repulsed in tarn, and the. respective forces were thus successively driven by each other back and forth, according to the doubtful and varying fortunes of the hour, until the Americans were overpowered by numbers and compelled to surrender. Capt. McEinstry being wounded, fell by the side of a tree and was taken prisoner by the Indians. He subsequently ascertained that he had been selected by them as a victim, and that the usual preparations had been made for putting him to death by the torture of fire. He remembered to have heard that Brant was a Mason, and gaining his eye, gave him the proper sign, and thus secured his release and subsequent kind treatment. Through the personal exertions of Brant, in connexion with some humane English offi- cers, a sum of money was raised, and an ox purchased which was given to the Indians and by them roasted in the flames kindled for their gallant prisoner. Capt. McEinstry never forgot the kindness of Brant. He afterwards became a Colonel, and after a residence of a few years in this city, moved upon a farm in the Manor of Livingston, where he several times entertained Brant as his guest. Brant's last visit was in 1805, when, in company with Col. McEinstry, he visited the Lodge in this city, where his presence attracted great attention. The erection of a building was commenced by the Lodge in 1795, in which year it seems to have had a large accession to its numbers. Laban Paddock was an active member of the building committee, It was occupied in 1796, and we have the following account of the 78 BKETCHES OF HUDSON "PEEFOEMANCES of the dedication of Mason HaU, Hudson, AnnoLucis 5796, coiresponding to December 27, 1796." PEOCESSION, &o. On the morning of the Festival the Brethren convened at Brother Joseph Gordon's, and moved from thence in the following order to the Lodge Eoom, viz,: Tyler with drawn Sword. Deacons, with Eods. Four Brethren, supporting the altar, two and two. Six Brethren, two and two. A Brother with Pitcher of Wheat. Three Brethren. A Brother with Pitcher of Wine, Three Brethren. A Brother with Pitcher of Oil. Nine brethren, three and three. Stewards, with Wands. First LIGHT, carried by an Officer. Three Brethren. Second LIGHT, by an OfBcer. Three Brethren. Third LIGHT, by an Officer. Three Brethren. Wardens, with Jewels. ARCHITECT, with Square, Level and Plumb. Brethren, Workmen on Lodge, two and two with Instmments. Officer, carrying Bible, Square and Compass on velvet Cushion. Secretary, with Bag and Jewels. Two Brethren. Treasurer, with Staff and Jewels. Two Brethren. Chaplains for the Day, with Gtown and Scar&. Brethren of Hudson Lodge, two and two. Visiting Brethren of different Lodges, not in Office, two and two. Officers of Lodges not engaged previously, two and two, with Scarfe and Jewels. MASTER of Hudson Lodge, with Book of Constitutions. Deacons of Hudson Lodge, with Bods. In the above order the Procession arrived at the LODGE EOOM, where they were accosted by Brother Ernst and the Choristers with the following Anthem, composed and set to Music by him, accompanied with Instmments of Music, until the Procession had gradually walked three times round the Hall. ANTHEM.* Meditate : Mortal Creature ! on Death Summons. Hesitate : Not one Moment on God's Judgment seriously to contemplate ! *The Words of this Anthem are but a feeble Display of its musical Excel- encies and Variations, when properly performed. SKET'CHESOFHUDSON. 79 Be in constant Eeadiness ; For without Pleasure and e'er thou dost guess, May'st thou experience a deadly Distress. How shall then Divine Justness — on thy Goodness — Sentence give — When contrary to His Statutes thou did'st live ? Shalt thou not in Anguish hover — Shall thy Heart within not shiver — When Eeproaches thee do cover : at God's Bar ? When to avenge Transgression — God hears no Intercession — But makes a Declaration — just and fair.— Therefore, Mortal ! at present give Ear. For to die happy, be times thee prepare : Or thou wilt suffer eternally there ! When the ALTAE was placed in the center of the Hall on which were de- posited the three pitchers, and the three great and three lesser LIGHTS, on proper Pedestals, and in ancient Form, the Masters and Past Masters took their seats ; the rest of the Brethen standing and joining in the following Anthem. To Heaven's high Architect all praise, All praise, all gratitude be given. Who deign 'd the human Soul to raise, By mystic Secrets sprung from Heaven. CHOEUS. Sound aloud the GEEAT JEHOTAH'S praise, To HTM the Dome, the Temple raise ! The Anthem ended,. the Architect, in behalf of himself and working Breth- ren, advanced to the Master, and offered the return of the Implements used in erecting and finishing the Building : The Master, expressing his appro- bation in behalf of the Society, requested his Officers to take the Implements and place them on a triangular Pedestal, erected for the purpose ; and all the Brethren then seated themselves, and assisted in singing the following An- them, composed by Brother Ernst. (Tune, "God save Great Washington.") I. m. O Thou great Architect ! Time flies on Wings away, WE, who're yet full Defect, Makes for us here no stay. On Thee now call : But hastes in flight. In a rough State we are, LOED ! may each Moment be Graciously US prepare, Improved carefully : According to Thy Square, For an Eternity Lord over all. Before thy sight. H. rv. There is a Day of Grace, Signs of Mortality Given the human Eace : May teach HumiUty : For them t' improve. Men as we are. Let t« do as the Wise : LOED ! let not Death's dire Blow Pray, work and rest precise. Lay all our Prospects low. Follow but thine Advice But teach vs Thee to know LOED God of Love ! And to prepare. 80 SKETCHES OF HUDSON, V. As WE advance in Light, So shall we more unite : In Bonds of Love. May every Hand and Heart, Unite in pious Art ; To give the due Desert : To GOD above. VI. To an industr'ons Bee "We condescend and see : Order and Wealth. May WE, while here in Life, Be subject without strife ; Sheltered by our Hive Have Bread and Health. vn. In thy great House, LORD ! Beauty and Strength accord. These ne'er give 'Way. May strength and Beauty be : Pillars of Masonry And the Fraternity : Never decay. vin. Let AU exalt their Voice, Let All at once rejoice : To sound thy Fame, Thou great ! great Architect I Thy Children aU connect With Liove and joint Eespect : To bless thy Name. IX. From AU beneath the skies, JEHOVAH'S Praise arise, His Name confes'd ; And may his sovereign Grace ; Shine upon every Face And render Adam's Race Happy and bles'd. After which, the Brethren were called on to join in the PEAYEB of DEDICATION, by Brother GAEDINEE. The Master then ordered the Lodge tyled. The Lodge being opened, the Secretary informed the Master that it is the desire of the Society to have the Lodge dedicated ; on which intimation the Master requested the Officers and Chaplains present to assist in that ceremony. The Brethren all standing. CEREMONY OF DEDICATION. The Master and Wardens advanced and took each a Pitcher ; then the Offi- cers and Master followed the Junior Warden with the Pitcher of Com, who at the end after first round poured out the Corn : "WE do in the Presence of the Supreme Architect of Heaven and Earth, DEDICATE THIS HALL TO MASONEY !" Which being proclaimed by the Secretary ; the Grand Honors were given by all present. The Master and Officers then followed the Senior Warden once round ; who then poured out the Contents of the Pitcher of Wine, and "In the Name of Holy St. John !" dedicated the Hall to VIETUB ; which being proclaimed by the Secretary, the Grand Honors were again given. At the end of the third Procession, the Master then poured out the Pitcher of Oil, and "In the name of all the Brethren present," dedicated the Lodge to UNIVERSAL BENEVOLENCE, when the Grand Honors were given ! While the above ceremony was performing, solenm Music was given by Brother Ernst. Immediately after the Dedication the following Anthem was sung by all the Brethren present. "Oh Masonry ! our hearts inspire." And warm us with thy sacred fire : SKETCHES OFHUDSON. 81 Make us obedient to thy Laws, And zealous to support thy cause : For thou and Virtue are the same, And diflfer only in the name. "Pluck narrow notions from the mind, And plant the love of Human Kind, Teach us to feel a brother's woe, And feeling comfort to bestow. Let none unheeded draw the sigh. No grief unnoticed, pass us by. "Let swelling pride a stranger be. Our friend, compos'd Humility, Our hands let steady justice guide. And Temp'rance at our boards preside ; Let Secresy our steps attend, And injur'd Worth our tongues defend. Drive Meanness from us ; fly Deceit, And Calumny, and rigid Hate : O ! may our highest Pleasure be, To add to man's Felicity ; And may we, as thy Vot'ries true. Thy paths, Oh MASONRY ! pursue. The Anthem being finished, the Brethren proceeded to the Meeting-IIouse in the following order. Tyler, with drawn Sword. Deacons, with white Kods. Workmen on Lodge, two and two. Architect — (Brother Hathaway.) Brethren of Hudson Lodge, two and two. A Brother with Bible on Cushion. Chaplains, or Orators of the Day. Brethren of the neighbouring Lodges, not in office. „ , ( Officers of Hudson Lodge. Wardens, j Qg^g^.^ ^j visiting Lodges. Visiting Masters and Past Masters. MASTER of Hudson Lodge. Stewards with Wands, &c. When seated in the Meeting-House, the following Anthem, set to Music by Brother Ernst, was performed, by the Choristers in the Gallery, viz.: "Solo. Praise thou my Soul, the most mighty and great Lord of Glory." After which the Brethren and Congregation received the Benefit of a Prayer by Brother ERNST. After the Prayer, the following Ode was sung by the Choristers. Set to Music by Brother Ernst. Blessed, who with constant Pleasure, Studies GOD'S revealed Will ; Seeking there for heavenly Treasure, Day and Night, his Soul to fill. 82 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. He is like a living Tree, Which by gentle streams we see : Stretching forth its fruitful Branches 'Till the gath'ring Time advances. An ORATION by Brother GARDINER was then deUvered. Tlie ORATION being ended, a Collection was made for the suffering Poor in the City of Hudson, by Brother TEN BROECK ; and then the following ODE was sung by the Brethren and Choristers of the Gallery jointly, viz. : Praise GOD from whence all Blessings flow ! Praise HIM all creatures here below ! Praise HIM all ye Angelic Host ! Praise FATHER, SON and HOLT GHOST. Which concluded the Devotional Exercises of the Festival : when the Brethren retm-ned in the same order they came, to Brother Joseph Gordon's to Dinner. N. B. Brother Andrew Mayfield Carshore was appointed Master of the Ceremonies for the Day." The "meeting house" in which these services took place was the Presbyte- rian, the use of which had been granted by the trustees, after much hesitation, and not until the Lodge agreed that an oration should be delivered instead of the preaching of a sermon, as at first intended. The Lodge was organized as No. 13, but was incorporated in the year 1824 as Hudson Lodge No. 7, the property being vested in the Masters and War- dens. From it have originated the following organizations connected with the Order : Hudson Royal Arch Chapter No. 6, charter granted by the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the Northern States, dated 1798 and signed by De- Witt Clinton, Deputy Grand High Priest ; Thomas Frothingham, Deputy Grand King ; Jedediah Sanger, Deputy Grand Scribe. Charter members were Samuel Edmonds, High Priest ; Thomas Frothingham, King ; Elisha Jenkins, Scribe. Chapter is still in existence. Hudson Council No. 2, a Lodge of Royal Masters, was organized by a charter from the Grand Council of the State of New York in 1824. Charter members were CampbeU Bushnell 1st officer, Charles Waldo 2d, Clark Smith 3d. The Council is not now in existence. Lafayette Encampment was chartered by the Grand Encampment of the State of New York in the year 1824, with Lionel U. Lawrence 1st, Orrin B, Osbom 2d, and Gordon Dickson 3d ofBcer, and is still existing. Hudson Lodge, during the political excitement in the days of Anti-Mason- ry, kept up its organization through the persevering efforts of a few of its mem- bers. In 1841 the spirit of Masonry revived, from which period the Lodge SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 83 has steadily grown in numbers and now has a membership of one hundred and fifty. The present officers are, Cornelius Bsselstyn, W. Master ; H. H. Cran- dall, S. Warden ; Frederick Best, J. Warden ; W. H. W, Loop, Sec'y ; Theo- dore Snyder, Treasurer ; J. M. Houck, S. Deacon ; Nelson Dutcher, J. Deacon. The Past Masters (who are honorary members for Ufe, not subject to the pay- ment of dues) now living, axe Cyrus Curtiss, Stephen A. Coffin, George Bar- ker, Cornelius Bortle, James Batchellor and WilUam A. Carpenter. Bichard Carrique, who died in 1849, was at the time of his death Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of the State of New Tork. He was in- terred by the Grand Lodge, Hon. John D. Willard, Grand Master, of Troy, officiating, and a monument to his memory has been erected by the Grand Lodge in the burial ground of this city. Hudson Lodge No. 7, may be considered about the oldest "public institu- tion" in the city with which very nearly from the time of its settlement it has been co-existent. The society of Quakers only date their organization a short period previous to the Lodge, which was in a strong and flourishing condition years before any other church organization than the Quaker had been under- taken, and embraced in its membership most of the prominent citizens of that early day. INDEPENDENT OEDER OP ODD PELI.OWS. Allen Lodge No. 92 was chartered by the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of the State of New Tork, August 3d, 1843, and instituted August 12th of the same year. Charter members were Alfred Drake, James Batchellor, Wm. H. Morey, M. L. Pnltz, Alfred Heermance, M. D. Chariot. First officers : M. D. Chariot, Noble Grand ; M. L.Pnltz, Vice Grand ; James Batchellor, Secretary; Alfred Heermance, Treasurer. The officers for the term ending December 31, 1862, were Wm. U. Con- verse, Noble Grand ; Henry Smith, "Vice Grand ; Esdras Shear, Eecording Sec- retary ; Wm. S. Taylor, Permanent Secretary; Charles C. Malcher, Treasurer. Present number of members one hundred and twenty. Hudson City Lodge No. 389 was chartered by the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of the State of New Tork, August 2d, 1849, and instituted August 9 , 1849. Charter members were Abm, G. Vosburgh, Silas W. Tobey, M. W. Leland, Henry Miller, Wm. H. Coons, Wm. L Traver, Wm. H. Crapser, Chaa. Mitchell, M. H. Chrysler, John Crapser, Edward Grossman, John H. Chariot. First officers : Abm. G. "Vosburgh, Noble Grand ; M. H. Chrysler, Vice Grand ; E. Grossman, Recording Secretary ; Henry MiUer, Permanent Secretary ; Chaa. Mitchell, Treasurer. 84 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Officers for the term ending December 31st, 1862 : John Peeper, Noble Grand ; Samuel Kline, Vice Grand ; Wm. H. Crapser, Secretary ; Allen Rey- nolds, Treasurer. Present number of members thirty-five. PATRIARCHAL BRANCH OF THE ORDER. Union Encampment No. 10 was chartered by the Grand Encampment of the State of New Tork, July 8th, 1844, and instituted July 18th, 1844. Charter members were James Batchellor, M. L. Pultz, Chas. P. King, "Wm. E. Steel, H. G. Fowler, Henry Doty, Stephen A. Coffin, Hazard Morey, Wm. H. Morey, Gordon Dickson, E, E. Abrahams, John L. Hills. First officers James Batchellor, Chief Patriarch ; M. L. Pultz, H. P.; Stephen A. Coffin, Senior Warden ; Wm. E. Steel, Scribe ; Henry Doty, Treasurer ; Gordon Dick- son, Junior Warden. Officers for the term ending December 31st, 1862, were E. C. Terry, Chief Patriarch ; J. H. Chariot, H. P.; Frankhn Taylor, Senior Warden ; Wm. S. Taylor, Scribe ; Charles Myers, Treasurer ; J. T. Waterman, Junior Wg,rden. OTHER BENEVOLENT BOCIETIES. There have been at different periods. Divisions of the Eechabites, Sons of Temperance, United American Mechanics, and Daughters of Samaria organ- ized, but, existing for a short time only. About the year 1800 we find in ex- istence an Association styled the "Hudson Mechanics' Association,'' and another the "Mechanics' Benevolent Association," but we can gather no facts relative to either. The Hudson Orphan and Eelief Asylum was incorporated in the year 1846, with Messrs. Aaron C. Macy, Carey Murdock, Eobert McKinstry, Elihn GifFord and Cyrus Curtiss as Trustees. It was established chiefly, indeed we may say wholly, through the eflbrts of Mrs. Robert Mc- Kinstry in the year 1843, and occupied the building, now the residence of Heniy McCann, in Diamond street. Abner Hammond paid the rent of the building for the first year, and Mrs. McKinstry labored unceasingly to provide for its support and secure its estabhshment. In the year 1847 the present building was erected, the lot being given by Mr. Hammond, and the cost of the building, six thousand dollars, being paid by individual contributions. Mrs. McKinstry during her life never ceased her active efforts for the com- fort of its inmates or for its support, which has been chiefly hitherto fi-om donations, aided by annual appropriations from the State and Comity. It was the desire and aim of her life that it should become self-sustaining ; a desire which she lived to see almost accomplished. It has now a permanent fund of near fifteen thousand dollars, with the certainty of additions which ere long will probably place it beyond need of the care and effort which past years have SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 85 called for. Upon the death of Mrs. McKinstry, which took place on the 22d day of June of the present year, the Managers of the Association paid their tribute to her self-denial and benevolence in the following resolution : "That in the death of Mrs. McKinstry the Association has lost its earliest, warmest and most devoted friend and supporter ; that while we feel her loss can never be made up to the Association, or the city and county in which she resided, her example of unparalleled benevolence and self-denying efforts for this institution and to ameliorate the condition of the poor generally, calls upon us all to exert ourselves to imitate her example and follow in the foot- steps of one whose whole life was spent in doing good to others." CHURCHES. The first religious organization in the city was that of the society called Friends or Quakers. In the proprietors' minutes we find a resolution to the following effect, passed Sept. 8th, 1784. Whereas, divers of the Proprietors were members of the society called Quakers, and had requested that a piece of ground be set apart on their right for a meeting-house and school-house, that they should be authorized and empowered to make choice of such one of the public squares or lots, for a meeting-house as they should think proper, the lot to be given by the Propri- etors, if built upon before any other society should make application. The half of another lot adjoining, was to be selected also, for a school-house. A deed of conveyance of the lots was to be given for the purpose mentioned, and that only. A lot upon the South side of Union street, seventy-five by sixty feet, near the comer of Third street was selected and conveyed to them where now stands the residence of Mr. E. M. Hedges, upon which a small frame building was erected. The society increasing rapidly in numbers, purchased the lot upon the opposite side of Union street, Corner of Third, where in the year 1794 they erected a large brick building, fifty-two by thirty-eight feet, two stories in height, capable of accommodating sis hundred people, and in which they worshipped until the year 1853. In that year an exchange having been effect- with the Methodist society, the old buOding was demolished and the Friends occupied the building vacated by the Methodists, where they worship at pres- ent. This will doubtless be their last "meeting-house," the society having dwindled to a very few families in number. The old brick meeting-house was bmlt in strict accordance with the simpli- city of taste and character which marked the sect at that day. It was totally devoid of exterior ornament, not boasting for many years even of a garb of paint, and with so httle to designate its use that a stranger would not readily SKETCHES OP HUDSON. have taken it to be a house of worship. The interior was fitted up with plain, high-backed, hard benches, upon which a protracted sitting was trying to flesh and blood. Facing these were arranged a few elevated seats upon which sat the elders and scribes of the society and from which the preachers discoursed, whenever the spirit moved them so to do. We were in our youthful days always made to believe, that from those seats the elders kept close watch of the juveniles, and if any one was caught napping, or in any impropriety, he was gently approached and reminded of the fact, by a friendly tap upon the head. Perhaps some one was specially deputed to this portion of the service. Few juveniles, we are certain, ever entered the "temple gate," without leaving behind every inclination to levity, or without the fear of a quakerly cane before their eyes. The building was divided by a moveable partition, 'which upon particular occasions was used to entirely separate the sexes. On all occasions the men occupied the left side of the house, the women the right. No part of the interior was ever painted. It would be difficult to imagine a more unat- tractive room in appearance, yet it harmonized closely with the gravity and silence of its occupants. Their worship was ordinarily silent. There were preachers among them who did however occasionally discourse to them : mention has been particularly made of Thomas Comstock and Hannah Bar- nard. Thomas Comstock not only preached to the society at home, but often felt himself impelled to visit and speak to Friends in different parts of the country. Hannah Barnard was an extraordinary woman, one of the most gifted of her day, and probably the most intelligent female Friend in the country. She was of medium size and spare, with a keen black eye, and pleasing expression of countenance. She possessed great power of language, a remarkably inquisitive turn of mind, was a woman of much thought and extensive reading, and had travelled considerably in Europe ; but all her good qualities could not save her from falling uader the censure of the society and being "read out of meeting." Durmg a visit to England and Ireland, which she proposed to extend to Germany, for the purpose of preaching, she fell into a controversy with Friends in England, who charged her with not being "in unity" in her belief respecting various parts of the Old and New Testament. After many interviews with her they recommended her to desist from speaking and "quietly return to her own habitation." They reported her to the meeting at Hudson as holding ideas inconsistent with the principles of truth as believed by the Friends of England, and upon her return here she was dealt with in a spirit of kindness, but Ming SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 87 to convince her of her error, she was at first silenced as a preacher. After frequent conferences with her the committee appointed by the meeting at Hudson reported that they had no hope of her recoveiy from the dark and bewildered state of mind into which she had fallen, that she had so far become clouded in her mind as to be led away by the spirit of delusion and at last dis- owned her as a member of the society of Friends. This occurrence at the time attracted the attention of Friends throughout the country, from the great reputation she enjoyed among them. Determined and independent, she did not fear to face committees or resolves of meetings. "I tell thee," said she to one of the old elders, who dealt with her, "thy 'ipse dixit' doesn't pass for law with me." In her last remarks before the society she predicted that the "meeting of Hudson would come to nought." The "Friends" were not only numerically strong, but the society embraced much of the wealth and influence of the city, and numbered among its mem- bers many of the most active and enterprising business men. It is said that at one time, fully two thirds of the families of the city were Quakers, and of the remaining third, the greater part were "half Quakers." In the year 1828 a division occurred in the society throughout the country. Several families here, styling themselves "Orthodox," seceded from the old meeting, and built a small place of worship on the Southerly side of Union near Fourth street, where, few in number, they still meet. The original soci- ety was called "Hicksite," and after the division still remained very strong in numbers and influence. In their discipline they were strict. Neglecting to attend public worship, sleeping in church, departures from plainness of speech or apparel, neglect to read the scriptures, indulging in the corrupt conversation of the world, read- ing of pernicious books, marrying or attending a marriage out of the society or where a "priest officiated," attending places of diversion or taverns, tale- bearing, backbiting, neglect of poor, nonpayment of just debts, holding of slaves, were a few among the many matters which were made the subjects of regular inquiry and report at their meetings. In aU these particulars the great- est care and watchfulness Were exercised by the society. Tie same simplicity which marked their place and form of worship, marked their whole character and was carried into every department of Mfe. They never uncovered their heads in worship, nor upon any pubUc occasion, nor did they in their intercourse with each other or the "world's people," ever make use of any titles in their address, simply calling each other by their giveft names. In dress they observed the most severe plainness in eveiy respect, 88 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. probably for many years not varying from a particular style, or certain variety of shades and material. No approach to ornament was ever attempted and jewelry never tolerated. They were cheerM and hospitable at their homes, but in their interior arrangements and mode of living the same simplicity was to be seen. Perhaps nowhere was their dislike of show more noticeable than upon funeral occasions. Until within quite a recent period nothing but the plain white pine cofiSu was ever seen, unstained, unvarnished and most fre-. quently carried without even the customary black pall to hide it from public gaze. It may truly be said of them, they were a "peculiar people." Lovers of order, temperate, frugal, benevolent, regalar in all their habits of life, indos- trious and peaceful in their pursuits, they were not only greatly respected as a class, but well calculated to increase the prosperity of their new home. No sketch of Hudson would be complete without this tribute to the worth of the "Friends" of early days. There are at present, but few of the scwsiety, left, and they to a great extent have laid aside the peculiarities which distm- guished them in former days from the "world's people." It cannot be many years before the last plain Friend will have been seen in the streets of Hudson. PEESBYTEEIAN.- The second religious organization was that of the Presbyterian denomina- tion, second in order, and at that time second in numbers and influence. In the year 1790, Marshal Jenkins applied to the proprietors for a grant of land upon which the society might er"ect a place of worship. The lot ^ven by the proprietors, was upon the Easterly side of Second street. South of Union, now lying between Partition and Allen street, then known as Federal street. The erection of the building was commenced in the year 1790, and it was com- pleted in 1792. It was a plain, but substantial brick building, capable of sea1> ing about five hundred people, and was surmounted by a spire of considerable height. The site ofthechm-ch was a very beautiful one, commanding a full view of the river and mountains, and in an approach to the city from the South, the building was a very prominent object. The society was organized in 1790, by the election of Nathaniel Greene, MarshallJenkins, Eussel Kellogg and Thomas Frothingham as Trustees. Until the erection of their church edifice, they worshipped in the City Hall. For several years the society was weak, and was supported mainly by the contributions of its wealthy members, but about the year 1800 grew rapidly in wealth and numbers. Shortly after they entered their building, a writer signing Mmself "Selah," censured them through the columns of the news- SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 89 paper for tolerating such poor singing, and urged tliem to patronize liberally a singing school which was soon to be opened. They were at that time without a choir, which he explained by stating that it had disbanded probably "disgusted" with its own music, and that the congregation certainly were. The first pastor, Rev. John Thompson, was installed in the Spring of 1793, at a salary of one hundred and seventy-five pounds, and dismissed in the year following. In 1795 the Rev. Bildad Barney was settled as Pastor, for a short time only, the Kev. Ezra Sampson supplying the pulpit until the Spring of 1798, when the Rev. Chauncey Lee was settled, soon followed by the Rev. Reuben Sears, who remained its pastor until the year 1810. In that year the Rev. John Chester was ordained and remained until the year 1815, when the Rev. Benjamin F. Stanton was installed, who was dismissed in 1824. Upon the installation of both Mr. Chester and Mr. Stanton, a dinner, by direction of the church, was provided at Messrs. Nichols and Bement's, at which the Mayor and Corporation were invited to dine with the Presbytery. Mr. Stan- ton was succeeded by the Rev. "William Chester, who remained its pastor until 1832. In the Spring of 1833, Rev. Jared B. "Waterbury was settled and remained until 1846, when he was succeeded by Rev. Henry DarUng. Its present pastor. Rev. WiUiam S. Leavitt, was settled in 1853. The.edifice now occupied by the society was erected in the year 1836, upon the site of the old City Hall, then generally known as the "old Court House," which at that time had stood just half a century. The present membership of the church is about three hundred and sixty. The number of families con- nected with the society is about two hundred. METHODIST. The thu'd religious society organized was the Methodist. On the 12th day of March, in the year 1790, leave was granted by the Proprietors, upon appli- cation of Samuel Wigton, to build a place of worship upon some one of the public lots owned by them and to be selected by him. Marshall Jenkins and Cotton Gelston were appointed a committee to wait upon and confer with Mr. Wigton and give him his choice of land, not previously granted, "sufficient to accommodate him and his society." They reported to the Pro- prietors that they had selected a lot on the South East Corner of Third and Diamond streets, "back of John Hathaway's lot," and wore then empowered by the Proprietors to convey same to the society. How long previous to this it had been established we cannot ascertain, but at that time it was small and occupied a building erected as a place of worship, afterwards used as a school- 90 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. house and owned by Mr. Wigton, situated upon the hill in Cherry Alley, run- ning up from South Front Street. After the grant of a lot to Mr. Wigton a small frame building was erected capable of accommodating two hundred persons, upon the site of their present parsonage, which they occupied until the erection, in the year 1825, of the building now occupied by the society of Friends. Their present Church edifice was erected in <4he year 1853. Owing to the peculiar organization of the Methodist church, their minutes are wide-spread and we have been able to gather but few particulars con- cerning the society in this city ; and so frequent their change of ministers, that it would be difficult to fui-nish their names. The society at present num- bers, in communicants four hundred and thirteen, and in families about one hundred and twenty. EPISCOPAL. In the month of March, 1795, John Tallman and John Powell presented a petition in behalf of the Episcopal society, for a grant of land.upon which to erect a house of worship. The petition was submitted to Thomas Jenkins, Alexander Coffin and David Lawrence, as a committee, who subsequently re- commended that a quit-claim deed be given to John Talhnan and John Powell as Wardens of the Episcopal church, in trust for said society, for a lot for the purpose of building a church thereon, and "that use only." The location of the lot first selected is not mentioned, but it was granted with the privilege to the Wardens of changing it, and subsequently was changed for the lot upon the corner of- Second and State streets. It was conditioned that the church should be erected within five years or the land should revert to the Proprietors. The building was commenced im- mediately, but progressed slowly from pecuniary embarrassments, and was not completed until the year 1802, and then not wholly, remaining without a steeple until the year 1823. The Proprietors, however, seem not to have taken advantage of the condition of the grant. The society suffered heavily from the defalcation of an individual by the name of Gardner, their first minister, who held the greater part of their building fund, and decamped with some three or four thousand dollars in his possession. In 1802 they adopted the title of Christ church. Previous to the erection of their church edifice they worshipped in the Diamond street school-house. Of the first organization of the society or of its early strength we have no account save that among its supporters are found the names of several of the most prominent citizens of that day. BKETCHESOFHUDSON, 91 The church was consecrated by Bishop Moore in October, 1803, but the first service in it was upon Christinas day, in the year previous, and at the same time the first renting of the pews took place, amounting to nearly three hun- dred dollars. Upon the first visit of Bishop Moore to Hudson, before the com- pletion of the building, the trustees of the Presbyterian church offered to the Episcopal society for the service of the Bishop, the use of their new edifice, then just completed. It was not accepted. Eev. Bethel Judd was the first Rector settled, after Mr. Gardner, receiving a salary of three hundred dollars, oflciating every other Sabbath. John Mal- cher was the first sexton, receiving for his services ten dollars a year, after- wards increased to sixteen. In 1803 a charity school was established in connection with the church, numbering at one time forty scholars. In its behalf, a sermon was preached monthly by the rector, and a collection taken up for its support. It is said that the first Sabbath-school in the State of New York (probably outside of the city of New York) was established by Christ church of Hudson, how early we do not know. In 1811, their first organ was erected, at a cost of four hundred and fifty dollars. The old church was occupied until the month of October in the year 1857, when their new and beautiful edifice upon the corner of Union and East Court streets was consecrated by Bishop Potter. After the Eev. Mr. Judd, its rectors have been Eev. Messrs. Prentice, Cooper, Croswell, Bedell, Stebbins, Andrews, Cairns, Pardee, Babbitt, Tuttle and Watson. "We have before spoken of Mr. Croswell as one of the editors of the Hudson Balance and Eepository. After his entry upon the ministry his first sermon was preached in Christ church in this city. The occasion drew out a large attendance of his former political friends and acquaintances. Mr. Croswell solemnly addressed them, teUing them, "they had seen how weU he had served his political masters, and should bear witness how much more faithfiilly he should follow the new master upon whose service he had entered." The present rector is Eev. George F. Seymour. The society numbers one hundred and ninety-one communicants and one hundred and forty-eight fam- ilies. BAPTIST. In the year 1810, on the 4th day of August, a number of individuals of the Baptist persuasion met at the house of H. P. Skinner for the purpose of 92 SKETCHES OFHUDSON. forming themselves into a Baptist society, under the direction of Elder Daniel Steers, a Missionary from New York. On the 28th day of August delegates from several churches in the vicinity met in the Court House to deliberate upon a constitution to be adopted by them, and after the examination of twelve individuals, as to their qualifications for membership, organized them as the First Baptist church of the City of Hudson. Their first Pastor was Eev. Harvey Jenks. For a short time they worshipped in private houses, and in the year 1811, leased the school-house, owned by Thomas Power, in Union street near Second, at a rent of fifty cents per week, as a regular place of wor- ship. Increasing in numbers, they occupied the Mayor's Court room, in the Court House, and in 1818 on the 7th day of June, entered and dedicated the church which they have recently vacated. It was described as "new, neat and commodious." The society was then under the pastoral care'of Eev. Avery Briggs, who preached the dedicatory sermon, from Exodus 39th chapter, 30th verse, to a numerous audience. The cost of the building or room was fifteen hundred dollars. The society at this period numbered one hundred members. Mr. Briggs was succeeded by Rev. Howard Malcom, of Philadelphia, who re- mamed with them many years, an able and successful preacher. Their present church edifice was dedicated in the month of October, 1861. The society is now under the pastoral charge of Eev. G. "W. Polwell and has a membership of one hundred and fifty-nine. The number of families connected with it is about one hundred. Its pastors since Mr. Briggs, have been Eev. Messra. James G. Ogilvie, Howard Malcom, Ebenezer Loomis, WilUam Eichards, Israel Eobords, Moses Field, John W. Gibbs. E. D. Towner, T. G. Freeman, Leroy Church, G.W. Hervey, Wm. B. Smith, William C. IHyat, G. W. FolweU. tJNIVEESALIST. The Universalist society was organized in the year 1817. In the winter of the previous year, Capt. John Hathaway, who was one of the founders of the Presbyterian church in this city, requested Abner Kneeland, a Universalist minister of considerable reputation, to visit Hudson and preach. Capt. Hath- away personally invited a large number of families and individuals to hear him at the Court House, made aU necessary arrangements for the meeting, bore all the expenses, and secured for Mr. Kneeland a large audience. The result of the meeting was the immediate organization of a society, and the taking of steps to build a place for worship. Capt. Hathaway gave to them a lot of land and contributed UberaUy to the erection of the building, which was completed SKETCHES OP HUDSON. 93 and occupied in the same year, 1817, being the building occupied by the soci- ety at the present time. Until its completion they continued to worship in the City Hall. The records of the society being very incomplete, we have been able to gather few particulars concerning its early strength, but it imme- diately drew to its support a large number of influential citizens and maintain- ed a leading position. The first minister regularly employed was Rev. Joshua Flagg, at a salary of six hundred dollars. Rev. Messrs. Pickering, Carrique, King, Smith, Whit- comb, Whittaker, Bunker, Ackley,| Lefevre, Collins, Browne, Borden, have since Mr. Flagg, been its ministers. Rev. A. R. Abbott, their present minister, was settled in 1860. The present number of communicants in the church is forty-eight, of families in the parish between eighty and ninety. EEFOHMED DUTCH. Believing that there existed room and necessity for another church organi- zation in this city, a few individuals then connected with the Presbyterian church, in the Summer of 1835, met at the oflSce of Joseph D. Monell for con- sultation. The meeting consisted of Joseph D. Monell, John Gaul, Killian Miller, Stephen W. Miller, A. V. V. Elting, Wm. B. Heermance and James E. Delamater. Desirous that the new organization should be of the Reformed Dutch order, they with other citizens made application to the Classis of Rensselaer, and on the 20th day of September, 1835, a society was organized, by a committee corsisting of Rev. Messrs. Andrew N. Kittle, Peter S. Wyn- koop and Richard Sluyter, as the First Reformed Protestant Dutch church of Hudson. A sermon was preached on the occasion by Rev. Peter S.Wynkoop. Their first services were held in the old Court House, and the first sermon was preached by Rev. John B. Hardenburgh, D. D., then of Rhinebeck, now of N. T. City. The first consistory ordained consisted of the following per- sons : Eldeks. — John Watrous, A. V.V. Elting, Jonathan Stow, Thos. F. Mesick. Deacons. — Robt. D. Van Deusen, Jacob C. Everts, Jacob Van Deusen. The first pastor, Rev. George H. Fisher, was called from the First Reform- ed Dutch church of Fishkill, and installed October 20th, 1835. A sermon was preached by Rev. Christopher Hunt, from John ii. 17 : "The zeal of thine house hath eaten me up." The form was read, and charge to the pastor delivered by Rev. Andrew N. Battle. The charge to the congregation was delivered by the Rev. Richard Sluyter. 94 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Mr. Fisher was dismissed, to become pastor of the Broome street church, in New York, December 28, 1841. After the sale of the Court House, the congregation met on several Sab- baths, in the Baptist church. St. John's Hall was then occupied, until the completion of the church edifice, which was built in the year 1836, under the direction of a building committee, composed of Stephen W. Miller, Joseph D. Monell, James E. Delemater, William E. Heermance, Abraham V. V. Elting. It was dedicated December 18, 1836, when a sermon was preached by Bev. John H. Van Wagenen, pastor of the church at Linlithgow, from John x. 22 : "And it was at Jerusalem, the feast of the dedication, and it was winter." The Lord's Supper was administered for the first time on the last Lord's day in January, A. D. 1836. At that time there were seventeen communi- cants, and at the first renting of pews, the society numbered about fifty families. The second pastor, Eev. John Gosman, D. D., was called from the Ee- formed Dutch churches of Coeymans and New Baltimore, and mstalled May 15th, 1842. The installation services were performed by Eev. Andrew N. Kittle. Dr. Gosman was, at his own request, which the state of his health compelled him to make, released fro.m the pastoral charge, April 20th, 1852. The third and present pastor, Eev. David D. Demarest, D. D., was called from the Seo«nd Reformed Dutch church of New Brunswick, N. J., and installed August 1st., 1852. A sermon was preached by Eev. John G. Johnson, from Gal. vi. 14 : "But God forbid that I should glory," &c. The form was read by Eev. Ira C. Boice. The charge to the pastor was delivered by Eev. Cornelius E. Crispell. The charge to the congregation was delivered by Eev. Jacob N. Voorhis. The present number of members is two hundred, number of families about one hundred and sixty. CATHOLIC. St. Mary's Church, Catholic, was established as a mission about twenty years ago, under the charge of a pastor at first from Saugerties, afterwards from Al- bany, who held occasional services here, occupying the lower part of St.' John's Hall. The congregation growmg rapidly, a church was erected in 1848, at a cost of about ten thousand dollars, including additions subsequently made to it. It was consecrated by Bishop McCloskey, was then under the charge of Father Howard, and numbered about one hundred communicants. Its pre- SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 95 sent pastor is Father O'Sullivan, and it numbers about one thousand commu- nicants, and two hundred families, with an income of fifteen hundred dollars from pew rents. In connection with the church, a free day school is sustained, numbering two hundred and forty-seven scholars, with an average attendance of two hundred. There are at present two African churches in existence, which have organ- ized, dis-organized, and re-organized so often, as to make it impossible to fix their beginning. They occupy, one the old Episcopal church, the other the old chapel connected with it, and together embrace nearly the entire colored population of the city, a very few being connected with the other churches. They are rival organizations, and both look for their support to the white population, through the medium of fairs and strawberry festivals. THE PROFESSIONS. Among her early native born citizens there have been many to whom Hud son may point with pride, who have risen to distinction, some in professional life, others in mercantile pursuits, unaided by the advantages of either wealth or power. Among her residents, also, there have been many, alike distin- guished for political eminence and professional ability. To more than mention them would be to open a field which we dare not enter. Gen. William J. Worth, lieut. William H. Allen, Martin Van Buren, Elisha Williams, William W. Van Ness, John C. Spencer Ambrose L. Jordan, Ambrose Spencer, Amasa J. Parker, Daniel B. Tallmadge, John W. Ed- monds, Thomas P. Grosvenor^ Joseph D. Monell, Killian Miller, Elisha Jenkins, Thos. W. Olcott, make up a list, the equal of which, without men- tioning others Uttle less prominent in a public point of view, few places can furnish. From those who have at different periods been connected with the legal profession in this city, ten have occupied the bench of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, William W. Van Ness, Ambrose Spencer, Daniel B. Tallmadge, John W. Edmonds, Amasa J. Parker, Edward P. Cowles, Henry Hogeboom, Josiah Sutherland, Theodore Miller and Claudius L. Monell. Among the early physicians of the place were several eminent for their skill and ability. Doctors Hamilton, Wheaton, TaUman, Malcohn and White 96 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. are particularly mentioned. All of them were here previous to the beginning of the present century. Dr. Wheaton was the earliest, and is spoken of as a careful, judicious physi- cian. His first residence was near the foot of Warren street, upon the South- erly side, but he afterwards built the large brick dwelling, in Union street, recently occupied by Mr. Israel Piatt. In the year 1791, he entered into partnership with Dr. Younglove, celebrated for his successful treatment of the small pox. Dr. Hamilton is described as "an original in mind and manner as well as practice, whose three great remedies were calomel, bark and brandy. He was nevertheless a well educated, strong-minded man ; but fond of hearing himself talk, careless of time, and often rendered himself disagreeable by his long visits and still longer stories." His residence was in Diamond, between Second and Fu'st streets. Dr. Tallman enjoyed a large practice and was called one of the finest looking men in the city : "large, portly, always well dressed and of the most polished and gentlemanly manners." When appointed to the office of Mayor, it was said his good looks secured his appointment. He was "in personal appear- ance, air and manner, the beau ideal of the medical faculty." His practice was larger than that of any other physician. His first residence was upon the North-west corner of Union and Second streets ; in later years he occupied the present residence of the Misses Peake. Dr. Malcohn, it is said, was a "gentleman in the highest sense of the word, a man of education, talent and science, who literally starved in his profession." Dr. White also enjoyed a large practice. In some branches of his profession he was superior, and has left behind him a reputation equal to that of any other physician in the State. We have before mentioned the Lunatic Asylum established by him, and for years so successfully conducted. Doctors are proverbial for disagreeing. We have an illustration of this truth in the practice of two of the most eminent of these old physicians of Hudson. A son of Cotton Gelston returned sick from sea ; one of them pronounced his disease scurvy and treated him accordingly. Not improving, he placed him- self under the care of another, who called his difficulty incipient dropsy. A little feeling grew out of the afiair, ending in a dispute, which found its way into print, and finally ended in a six months' controversy of the bitterest chai^ acter, carried on through the columns of the Bee, in which such epithets as "country booby," "smutty doctor," &c., were freely used. The doctors exhausts ed themselves, and the patient died without a settlement of the question. SKETCHESOFHUDSON. 97 The controversy to the parties doubtless seemed important, but at this distant day appears trivial and amusing. It was early said that Hudson was "noted for the eminence of its physi- cians." From the days of the old physicians mentioned, the medical faculty of the city has always embraced many educated, skillful, gentlemanly physi- cians. Of their present number, one, (Dr. K. G. Frary,) who has long been eminent for his ability, laboring under the weight of years, must soon cease from his active duties, missed by a large circle to whom his presence has brought comfort and healing. Speaking of the ministers of Hudson, prior to 1800, the author of "Random Recollections" says : "Hudson, though she has figured greatly on the bar and on the bench, even in the Senate and the Executive chair ; though she has added to the laurels of the Army and Navy, and performed wonders in the political world, yet she has contributed nothing to the splendor and but little to the comfort of the church." Little can be said of them for the simple reason that there were few at that early period to speak of. In the early days of the city, as we have before remarked, the Friends overshadowed every other denomination, greatly ex- ceeding all combined, ifl number. Of their ministers, Thomas Oomstock and Hannah Barnard, we have spoken. Of Rev. Ezra Sampson and Reuben Sears, Presbyterian ministers, the same author thus speaks : of the former, tha the was "distinguished for classical and biblical learning. He was indeed an excellent writer, a man of sound practical sense and great purity of mind." Of the latter, that he was "a man of moderate talents, without art, without force, and without even an occasional gleam of eloquence ; but honest, warm hearted, and of the most exemplary piety. His sermons were exceedingly dull, but not exceedingly tedious, for they had one redeeming admirable quality, they were short. In this they were in excellent keeping with his compensation and the patience of his hear- ers. Four hundred dollars was the amount of one, and fifteen minutes the extent of the other." Of the Episcopal church he says, "for many years itwas without any regular or established minister." The first allusion we findto any is to the Rev. Mr. Judd in 1803, who is spoken of as a "man of education and a faithful minister." Samuel "Wigton seems to have been the only minister of the Methodist church, up to the period mentioned. His strength lay in his voice, and his pulpit efforts were mostly confined to singing. 98 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Wo think we do not err in saying, that since the year 1800, the pulpits of no city of the same population as Hudson, have been filled by a higher order of talent or men of greater purity of character, than those of Iludson. ODDITIES. We turn to a different class of personages, a few of whom are found in every community, and are too prominent to be omitted from any pictm'e drawn of it ; a mixture of "vagrant, loafer and lunatic." We shall call them oddities. We cannot do better, and we take the liberty of drawing from the pages of "Kandom EecoUections" descriptions of several of that species, belonging to Hudson in early times. There flourished in the city about the same'period three Johns, the first "a crazy, wild, fire-eyed fellow known by the name of old John Willod, whose wife, it was said, had turned his brain, and whose relations, it was beUeved,had picked his pockets. He was a sort of erratic meteor in the moving world ; sometimes mild and sometimes mischievous. He sung psalms and catches up- on the hills, threw up his arms into the air, and cut such terrific capers as frightened the boys out of their wits, and even attracted the attention of the cattle in the field. At the sound of his voice in the streets, the housemaids iaa in and hasped their doors, while the youngerlings dropt their marbles and fled like quicksilver. He seemed to take especial pleasure in frightening the smaller boys whenever he came across them either in the town or fields." The second was familiarly known as "old Brooks." "Brooks belonged to the antiquities of the old world. He certamly had all the appearances of an antediluvian. Tet I never could learn that his history had been traced further back than to the period of the Van Ti-oomps of the Netherlands. He came, it was said, from Amsterdam, in or about the year 1652, and was supposed to be at the time somewhere in the vicinity of one hundred years of age ! But I do not vouch for the accuracy of these traditions. I first saw him in 1788, and after the lapse of eighteen or twenty years, he still appeared in all respects unchanged. His habits were unaltered, his faculties unabated, and the light of his eye undimmed. Time, in that interval at least, seemed to have made no impression upon him. There was, indeed, no place left for a new twist or a new wrinkle. As for the ordinary signs of age, he had long since ran through the catalogue, and exhausted their number. His head, his hands, and his voice had been shaldng, as if with the palsy, for half a century, and were shaking still. His little twinkling eye and the tip of his nose, were all that SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 99 could be soen of his face. His language was a dialect compounded of three other dialects — high dutch, low dutch, and broken English, and to those un- used to it, utterly unintelligible. His outside gai'ment, which was always the same, winter and summer, was composed of as many colors as Joseph's coat. The original texture had long since been lost and covered under a cloud of patches. His shoes were fastened to his feet by thongs and fibres of bark. He wore a little cocked hat, banded and braided with divere colored strings, which might, from its form and fashion, have been worn by De Euyter himself. His pipe, black with the smoke of a thousand years, still answered the ends for which it w^ created, and gave to his figure in a frosty morning an addi- tional sign of vitality. He lived about three miles from the city, to which he traveled on foot, twice or three times a week, the year round. He carried- a willow basket strapped upon his back, filled with roots and herbs, mostly of a medicinal chai-acter. These simples he gathered with his own hands, and it was by the sale of these he obtained his livelihood. Old and poor as he was, and lone and miserable as he seemed, yet he was never known to beg or to complain. On the contrary, he seemed to enjoy good health, was always cheerful and apparently contented." Hudson in later days furnished an almost exact counterpart, in appearance, at least, to old Brooks, in the person of "Bill Moms, the root digger," as he was generally called. No more accurate description of his "external" man could be written of Morris, than that furnished of Brooks. His knowledge of roots and herbs was extensive and he frequently made it his boast that no root grew within ten miles of Hudson which he did not know. Morris was a man of depraved habits, but we think he will be remembered as a "useful insti- tution." The third John was "Copper John." "Copper John, though resembling Brooks in some things, was very unlike him in others. He had no knowledge of the medical qualities of roots and herbs. He had no taste for the culling of simples, and no disposition to traffic in any thing. He took no thought for the morrow, either as to what he should eat or what he should drink ; it was sufficient for him to know that he could find his way into a kitchen in the day time, and into a bam at night. But John was is no sense a responsible person. His intellectual pitcher was cracked, and the vessel was therefore unfit for use. Tet he possessed great bodily strength, and was certainly capable of some things if not others. He could spUt wood and fetch water ; he could beg, too, but not like a beggar ; he could work, but not like a man ; he was in size a giant, but huge and strong as he was, he nevertheless submitted to any show 100 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. of authority, and put up with any kind of treatment ; hence, he was always in the hands of the boys, who played him an endless variety of tricks ; they did him some good and much evil ; they forced him to work, and learned him to drink, though ho had no great taste for either. He had a natural antipathy to cats, which the boys soon found out, and John, to his hon-or, every now and then, found one attached by a cord to the tail of his coat. His first impres- sion on these occasions, was to run and roar, — the cat had no choice but to follow his example ; and such a roaring on the one side, and such a caterwaul- ing on the other, was never heard before in any civilized town ! The boys were in fact John's best friends and worst enemies. They were Uberal in their gifts, (his whole wardrobe indeed came from them,) but they made him pay for their Uberdi^y in various and most annoying ways. They contrived, with- out his perceiving it, to tar the inside of his hat ; they even put powder in his pipe, and ipecac and gmges: in his gin ; all of which he bore like a philosopher, — nay, the medicated gin fee swallowed without making a wry face. But that which most particularly distinguished John from all other loafers, cracked or uncracked, was his passion for coppers ; and as he was never known to part with one, it was believed that he hid them ijo holes, or buried them in the ground. He would take no other coi©, jaot even sue a gift, and hence his name of Copper John. He loitered abo»t tije town aad its vicinity for some ten or fifteen years, without any occupation, home or common resting place ; and yet, was never seen in a suffering condition. He .was, seeuijaglj, proof against all diseases, winds and weathers. Though he readily comprehended whatever was said to him, yet his mind was little better thon a, tabula rasa. At length, however, John disappeared ; and, as he came, no one knew whence, so he went, no one knew whither ; and bat for this incidental notice, the tnowNge of his existence on earth, might have been lo3.t forever !" The iwriter can bear personal testimony to the accuracy of the foregoing sketch. In his sarUest recollection "Copper John" was still Hie butt of all the jokes of the older and the terror of the younger boys, and manya coin he has laid in the old man's pahn. In future days should a vein of copper ever be found in this vicinity, it may be set down as old Copper John's bank. It would be safe to say that a quarter of the present adult population of Hudson were threatened in early life with being passed bodily over to old John for bad behavior. It can never be known how many "honoi-able citizens" of to-day, are such from then- fear of becoming the property of the old man when young. "FU give you to Copper John," was the standing menace of provoked mothers to bring back their rebellious juveniles to good conduct. SKETCHES or HUDSON. 101 Cotemporaiy with Copper John was another, always held up as a terror to youthful evil doers, an old half-breed, called "Indian Harry." Tradition said that this individual had for many years lodged in the barns in the vicinity, from which at midnight he made excursions to the neighboring gardens for his subsistence, milking cows in a clam-shell, and now and then as a rehsh "eating up" some very naugMy Utile one. This might or might not have all been true of him, but it is certain that the appearance of his long locks in the distance, was always seen to put an end to all sport, and send every juvenile "homeward bound" at a rapid rate of speed. Three others there were, a Frenchman, Belgian and Hessian, who had all served under Burgoyne. The Frenchman, Monsieur Lescure, we have before mentioned. "ITie Belgian commenced his career in Hudson, (and ended as he began), by peddhng clams and whiie sand, which he carried about from door to door, in an old ricketty one horse wagon, taking his pay in ashes ! His appearance in the streets was a subject worthy of the study of Teniers, or even of Eubens himself. His horse was as blind as a beetle, and every bone in his body might have been counted as easy as the spokes in the wheel of the wagon to which he was attached. As for the old Belgian himself, he was, if possible, more of a wreck of bones than his horse ; almost as blind and twice as much of a scare- crow. His frame seemed to be a mere complication of angles. There was nothing about him curved or round, save his head. His dress, if dress it might be called, was composed of sundry specimens of ancient costume, seemingly selected by the hand of taste to set him off to advantage. His coat, which had probably been in more wars than one, came down to his very heels — at least one tail of it : the other, it was said, had been left on the Plains of Abraham. A part of one sleeve, too, was missing. Thai was believed to have been lost at Saratoga. The cotor had been originally blue, but had grown grey, partly through age, and partly through the mystifying influence of sand and ashes. Its buttons had shared the fate of the tail and sleeve ; they had been detached and left behind in the wars. His nether garment stopped short at the knees, and all below that point was in a state of nature. To crown all, his hat was crownless — ^that is to say, entirely open at the top. It was, moreover, minus two-thirds of the brim. Such a team, man, horse and wagon, no human eye ever beheld before, or will ever behold again !" "Human eyes" in Hudson, since this subject passed away, have seen two, very nearly answering the above description. One is still living, and to his calling as "ashman" has added that of collector of bones. The other was one 102 BKETCIIES OF HUDSON who for years provided with clams the lovers of that delicacy ; who passed, with his estabUshment, long since from these streets, but whoso song is fresh in the recollection of many : He — yers Yer fine clams ter be sold. Co me a -11 Ye gentlemen and ladies. For you 've all got money. And I haint got none. Come and buy my fine clams And let me go home. He '■ ^yers Yer fine clams ter be sold. Sung in a clear musical voice, it never failed to waken numerous echoes, or bring him numerous customers. John Little had a black skin, but he de- serves to go on record with the Belgian. "The Hessian was a surly dog, and though cowardly, kept the boys at bay ; few of them were hardy enough, when they saw him passing, to set up their usual shout of 'Tliere goes one of Burgoyne's men !' And yet a sly egg from an unseen hand occasionally overtook him in turning a corner, and left a mark sufficiently evident to more than one of the senses." Jemmy Prazer has appeared in these sketches before as an early "official" of Hudson. He was familiarly known by the name of Jemmy — ^though on the list of the civil dignitaries of the town, he was written down James Frazer — for Jemmy had found favor in the eyes of the Common Council, and had re- ceived the high and lucrative appointment of town crier. But Jemmy loved a glass of grog, and was happier, it is said, with two than with one. Be this as it may, he was popular in the lower wards, and his office gave him influence at the polls. Hence he was looked up to, as one dog does to another who wears a collar. His evening levees were generally held in and about the mar- ket-place, and were numerously attended by the boys, who encored his speech- es and applauded his gyrations, sometimes by shouts, and sometimes by a volley of eggs, which Jemmy too often discovered were none of the sweetest. Of the style in which he performed his official duties, the following may be taken as a specimen : Mr. Nixon, Cashier of the Bank of Columbia, in going late in the evening from the office to his house, lost the key of the Bank ; but it was near midnight before he missed it. Not wishing to create an alarm by a search at that late hour, he concluded to say nothing about it till morning ; but the search in the morning proved unsuccessful, and as the last resort, Jemmy was sent for. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 103 The particulars were related and Jemmy was directed to cry the lost key through the streets, with a reward of two dollars to the fiuder, but was special- ly charged to let no one know that it was the key of ike Bank. So, a little after sunrise, Jemmy commenced his round, bell in hand — CUng-ding ! cling- ding ! Hare ya ! hare ya ! But early as it was. Jemmy had been up long enough to get pretty well corned, and as the boys were collecting and shouting at his heels, his memory became somewhat confused, and the several particulars of time and place, with his instructions what to say and what not to say, got somehow or other aU jumbled together ; — But, ringing his beU stoutly, as if to clear up his ideas, he began again, 'Hare ya ! hare ya ! Lost between Jamy Nixon's and twelve o'clock at night a large kay !' Here the boys interrupted him with — ^"What sort of a key vaaa iiV 'Go to the deil!' cried Jemmy, turning short upon them, 'and I tell ye that, ye'U be after getting into the Bonk with it !' For this very natural and judicious answer. Jemmy lost his com- mission. ' "Old Miner," as he was called, "city crier'' of Hudson at a later period, in two particulars, his love of "the beverage''^ and his popularity with the boys, was not unlike Jemmy Frazer. The ring of his bell upon the corners never failed to call around him a crowd of juveniles, who came with the double pur- pose of listening to his humor and playing some joke upon him, to which he always made a show of resentment, so far as to make a short pursuit after his tormentors ; but it was only show, for the old man was really kind-hearted and always merry, although he lived by crying. PROSPBEITY OP THE CITY. In a work recently published, entitled "Men and Times of the Revolution, including a journey of travels in Europe and America from 1777 to 1842," the writer thus speaks of Hudson : "In 1788, 1 visited the new city of Hudson, then first starting into being through the energy and enterprise of New England emigrants, and exhibiting a pronress at that time almost withoui a parallel in American history. It had emerged from a Dutch farm into the position of a commercial city, with considerable population, warehouses, wharves and docks, ropewalks, sbijjping and the din of industry. All these remarkable results had been accomphshed in the brief term of four years. The streets were broad and spacious." At this day, when towns and cities not unfrequently double their population in a single year, the figures which we give below, do not seem to iis to justify a statement like the above. Yet of the same character, is evei-y 104 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. allusioii we have found to the early prosperity and enterprise of Hudson ; uniformly mentioned and regarded for a time, as the most flourisMcg place in the State. From a table pubhshed by the State in 1845, we find the population in 1790 to have been 2,584, of which we estimate about two thousand to have been within the compact portion of the place. In 1800, it was 3,664. We have previously stated it at that time as a little over 4000, having taken the figures fi-om an early Gazeteer of the State. It did not exceed 4000 until 1810 when it was 4,048. In 1814, 4,725 ; 1820, 5,310 ; 1825, 5,004. We have before given 1819 as the year when the prosperity of the city began to decline. A period of five years and the only period in the history of the city, in which there was a loss, shows then a decrease of population. In 1830, it had again increased to 5,392. At this tune the whale fisheries had been revived and were successfuly carried on. In 1840, the population num- bered 5,672, after losing during the previous ten years about 1,800 taken off by the formation of the towns of Greenport and Stockport. In 1845, the whal- ing business had again been abandoned and the population was 5,677. In 1850, 6,286 ; 1855, 6,720 ; 1860, 7,265 ; showmg for the last ten years not a large but steady increase. With the population of the towns taken from it since 1830, it would now number very nearly 11,000. Their formation should be borne in mind in making comparison of the present with the earlier con- dition of the city. Another fact to be remembered is that Hudson possesses little territory, save that contained within its compact limits. Its suburbs lie within the limits of the town of Greenport and embrace a population who in every way contribute to its support and prosperity as fully as its own citizens. Prom one of the city papers, in 1830, we take the following article relative to the pubUc bmldings of the city at that time : "It is often and very sneeringly remarked, 'Hudson will never recover from the slumber into which it has fallen. The summer-like days of her commercial prosperity have passed, and public spirit and public pride are buried, with no prospect of resurrection.' We do not mean, at the present time, to cross a lance with those adventurous knight errants who make it a point, on all occasions, to assail our ancient city j this we may do, when our leisure will permit us to enter the lists and silence the calumnies of all gainsayers. Our object now is, while our citizens are look- ing about them for objects of improvement, and are not only able, but willing to expend their means in the public good, humbly to suggest a channel where their efforts might be most usefully directed. We mean, the improvement of our pvblio buildings. With the exceptions of the Lunatic Asylum and the Bank, there is not a single edifice among them which is honorable to the city. This is a sweeping remark, but no one doubts or denies its truth. Let us take SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 106 for inatance the Court House, occupying a prominent position in Warren street, thronged, during the terms of (Jourt, by the inhabitants of this and adja- cent counties, an object of intense curiosity to the traveler who his heard that there a Van Ness, a Spencer, a Van Buren, a Grosvenor, and last, but not least of the shining group, a Williams, have earned their immortality ; and while we realize what such a building should be, we blush when we see what it is. A large, unaymmetrical, decaying pile, from the exterior surface of which the paint has been obliterated long since, the ceilings of which are cracking, and the timbers trembling like the limbs of an ague patient, or the shrunk bones of Ezekiel's valley. Will the Board of Supervisors permit such a struc- ture to stand ? If something is not done speedily, the trouble of demolishing it will be saved ; it will come down of its own accord ; the very swallows whose countless tribes have tenanted its belfry for years, are forsaking it. 'Twill make a monstrous gap in the legal profession, should it fall in term time. Why may not that piece of ordnance, vulgarly y'cleped a nine pounder, which stands before the market, with its greedy mouth directed to these Halls of Justice, he employed with effect ? We must likewise enter our remonstrance against the location of a gaol in front of our principal thoroughfare, and suggest a speedy removal. Our churches are also in a mi.-erable condition. Every strong wind shakes their steeples, and enters within door most unceremonious- ly. There is nothing of architectural finish, or even comfort about them. The same remarks may apply to our Academies. Fellow citizens, shall these things be ? It has been said that "the public buildings of a city are its ornament or disgrace." Let us weigh well the truth of this remark, and be up and doing." At a later period, 1847, the author of "Random Recollections of Hudson," speaks of its population having greatly diminished. "It was indeed," he says, "for many years one of the most beautiful and flourishing towns on the noble river whose nailie it beafs. The days of its prosperity have long since passed away. Its wealth has diminished, its business sources have dried up and almost every vestige of its former glory has disappeared. There are now no shipping at its docks and no ships building. There is no song of the anvil to be heard, no sound of the axe or hammer. There is no bustle of seamen along its wharves, no song of the rope-maker upon its hills, no throng of wagons from the interior, no crowds of men in its streets. The ship-yards are overgrown with grass, the wharves have mouldered away, the rope-walk is deserted, the warehouses are empty and the once busy crowds have long since disappeared. It is only on the arrival or departure of a steamboat that any decided signs of life are visible. The silent half-depopulated town seems to communicate a melancholy air to everything around it." In this dark picture, he throws just one streak of Ught, He adds : "Not- withstanding this total absence of life add spirit, there is no appearance of wretchedness or Want in any part of the city. There is no exhibition of vice, no spectacle of misery in any quarter. On the contKiiy, there is a general appearance of neatness, finigality and order. But for the want of business no- Js 106 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. thing can compensate, for the tedium of eternal dullness nothing can atone. The spirit of enterprise is indeed dead." The cause he finds in the unwilling- ness of its citizens who have the means, '-to risk one farthing for the general good, having neither the public spirit nor energy of character to employ those means to advantage." We are not willing to admit the correctness of this overdrawn picture of the desolation of Hudson, and we particularly notice it as it has helped to give to Hudson the reputation it has so long enjoyed as a "deadtown,'^ a "finished city.''' While we do not claim for it that life and growth which have marked many other places, we are safe in saying, that there has been no time when it has either been "half-depopulated," or its former glory had entirely departed. In 1830 its population was 5,392. Greenport and Stockport (in part) were then taken from it, and we still find instead of being greatly diminished it had a population increased to 6,286, in 1850 ; showing most satisfactorily that the statement in "Recollections" is erroneous. In fairness, it should also have been stated that Hudson was just then suffering, not so much from lack of enterprise, as from unsuccessful enterprise. The capital of its citizens, invest- ed in the Hudson & Berkshire Rail Koad, the whale fishery, the erection of the Hudson House and other enterprises, had nearly all been sacrificed, and two destructive fires had just brought additional loss to many of them, and thus under an accumulation of misfortunes every business interest had become de- pressed. But that period has passed, and we are glad to know that the days of its prosperity have in a measure returned, notwithstanding we still hear it persistently asserted abroad that "the place is about used up." Not unfrequently, too, we hear it remarked by visitors, that they "cannot see that Hudson has changed in the least ; everything is just as it was thirty years ago." This seems passing strange to us, in view of the fact, that in that period almost everything about it has changed. Let us walk through it, and see if we do not discover, not only evidences of change but of prosperity. We take our stand upon Parade Hill. Looking off, the same unequalled view of river and mountains, which nothing human ever can change, still meets ns ; but around us all is different. The hill itself, instead of a naked rock, has been transformed into a pleasant and shaded resort, where the lover of the beautiful or the seeker after pleasure or health may comfortably linger in their search. From its base, instead of the gentle dashing of the waves, we hear the heavy rumbling of trains, and the shrill whistle, whose echo comes back thrice repeated by the opposite hills. Across the river's breast, instead of the horseboat, the butt of so many jokes, the ruin of so much horseflesh and the SKETCHES or HUDSON. 107 unconscious cause, we fear, of so many "hard words," flits like a bird, one of the neatest and swiftest steam ferry boats upon the river. For this change, made in 1858, we are indebted to the enterprise of Messrs. Morton & Edmonds, of Athens. Should it be the latter part of the day, we shall see entering her wharf, returning from her daily trip to Albany, a fleet, beautiful little steamer, the "City of Hudson,'' owned by Messrs. Power, Martin & Co., with groups of passengers upon her pleasant decks. At the same hour we shall see a splendid steamer, either the Oregon, owned by Messrs. Haviland, Clark & Co., or the Connecticut, by Messrs. Power, Bogardus & Co., boats in no particular second to any upon this or any other liver, leaving for New Tork, and with a weight of freight and passengers which would call for the combined capacity of all the sloops of olden Hudson. Who shall say that in facilities for travel and business Hudson is not enjoying the advantages of great change ? Looking from the Southerly end of the hill, we see little beside the large store houses, to remind us of the ancient order of things in that portion of the city. Heavy fires, with the construction of the Hudson Eiver Bail Eoad, have produced an entirely changed appearance. Instead, however, of "decayed wharves, ship-yards overgrown with grass," and "empty store-houses," we see a net-work of railroad tracks, trains constantly passing, depots, foundries, fur- naces, etc., from which come sounds quite as indicative of life as the "song of the rope-maker," or the "ring of the hammer." In the distance are the exten- sive works of the Hudson Iron Company, organised in 1849, with a capital of $350,000— nearer to us are those of the Columbia County Iron Company, organised in 1857, with a capital of $75,000, now carried on by Messrs. J. A. Griswold & Company, — the depot of the Hudson & Boston Raih-oad Compa- ny, organised upon the failure of the Hudson & West Stockbridge Rail Road Company, and now in successful operation — the extensive stove foundry of Messrs. Hunt & Miller— the depots of the Hudson River Rail Road Company —the works of the Hudson Gas Company— the freighting establishments of Messrs. Haviland, Clark & Co., Power, Martin & Co., Power, Bogar- dus & Co., while Upon the North side of the city stands the extensive brewery of Messrs. E. W. Evans & Co., and that of Messrs. Millard & Bar- nard— all giving employment to a large number of men, and furnishing good proof that this end of Hudson, although greatly changed in its business, is not entirely "dead." Passing through Warren street, we find it difficult to point out a residence or place of business which has not been modernized, greatly improved, or wholly changed in external appearance. The same is true of Union, while the 108 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. beautiful residences on Allen street and vicinity, and at the head of the town, have all been built within a few years. Turning to what is generally termed the business end of the city, we notice the extensive establishment of Mr. James Clark, for the manufacture of cloth- ing- that of Messrs. Charles White & Co., for the manufacture of boots and shoes, the machine shop of C. H. Prentiss, the extensive furnace and adjoining works of Messrs. E. Gifford & Sons- -all in ordinary times furnish- ing employment to many individuals. We find many spacious stores erected and scarcely one remaining not greatly enlarged and improved, indicating, and all of them doing, in times of general prosperity, an amount of business which, if stated, would not be believed by those who assert that "there is little or nothing done in Hudson." Looking at our public buildings, we note still a greater change. The "shaky" houses of worship have all disappeared, and we see four new edifices erected within a few years, and two but a short time previous, so that every congrega- tion now enjoys increased and comfortable church accommodations. The census of I860 puts the valuation of the churches of Hudson at $120,000 with accommodationg for six thousand people. The old Court House, deemed so disgraceful thirty years since, has given place to a fine marble structure, and we have added a City Hall at the cost of $27,000, capable of accommodating twelve hundred people, of which we justly have reason to be proud. We have in that period also erected a public house, an ornament to the city, and which, although tor a while not meeting the expectation of its originators, is now in successful operation. We find the Press of the city all established with greatly enlarged and improved facilities for doing business ; we see our streets well paved and well lighted with gas ; we enjoy greatly increased water privileges ; we have a Fire Department full and efficient, the pride of the city ; and in every respect the equal of any other city ; and in every particular, the Hudson of to- day, instead of being the "same old," is a very different and greatly improved place, from the Hudson of a quarter of a century ago. Tet, in spite of all these evidences of a comfortable degree of prosperity and sure growth, although it may be slow, we find many constantly speaking of it as the "same old place,'' "no change," "dead" and "finished." Much more than it is, Hudson indeed might be, but we claim for it, and especially from those who have gone from among us, the credit due it for just what it is : a healthy , pleasant, improved,.living and growing place, neither dead, deserted, half-de- poulated, nor in the midst of melancholy surroundings. We can never know how much of capital or wealth has been turned from Hudson by this false impression given of its condition ; but we believe it is SKETCHES OF H^tT D S O N - 109 rapidly being corrected, and it is gratifying to those interested in its welfare, to hear frequent expressions of pleasure and surprise at its thrifty and prosper ous appearance from visitors who have come among us prepared to see nothing bnt decay and dilapidation. In 1855 the number of dwellings was g^ven at nine hundred and six : the real estate valued at about one and a half million of dollars. The census of 1860 shows the number of dwellings to be one thousand and fifty eight, and the real estate valued at about two million of dollars. Bom "within her waUs," his ancestors numbered among its early settlers, attached by many and strong ties to Hudson, it would be pardonable, perhaps, in the writer, should he even claim more for his native city thar would seem to others less interested, just. In presenting briefly what would be deemed of any place the evidences of its life and prosperity, this feeling has led him into no exaggeration. What is needed to make Hudson what it might be, and all its citizens would be glad to see it become, is as evident to him as others ; and while it would be idle to claim for it a position to which it is not entitled, we should, on the other hand, no longer suffer it to bear a reputation which facts and figures do not justify. We believe the first step toward a still better condition than now enjoyed, is for her citizens, whenever opportunity occurs, to correct this impression and not eiiher by silence encourage, or hy deprecia- tive re/marks strengthen it. The acknowledgments of the writer are due to many who have aided him in the preparation of these sketches, but more particularly to Messrs. Oliver Wiswall, Robert A. Barnard and Heniy P. Skinner. With the exception of Mr. Henry Harder, the recollection of Mr. Wiswall dates back to an earlier period than any other citizen now living. Mr. Harder, or "Doctor," as he is familiarly called, was a boy of about seven years of age, playing in the fields and woods, where now are busy streets, when the settlers of Hudson landed. He remembers their coming, but very little connected with it. At the time, he was living with his uncle, Justus Van Hoesen, of whom we have before spokeB. whose dwelling was upon the site of the present residence of Mr. Daniel Limbrick, and whom he describes as a "good old man, and didn't like it if the boys didn't all come in to prayers," and is said to have shared with most of his neighbors their dislike of "the Yankees." In 1838, during the opening of Allen street, when the remains of Mr. Van Hoesen and family were removed from the old family ground in the orchard upon the hillside, Doct. Harder was the only relative left to follow them to their new burial place. Hia memory is not perfectly clear, but we are indebted to him for suggestions 110 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. and information. He has always been an industrious, respected citizen, is still active, but must soon pass away, and in his death the last link connecting the city of to-day with the Claverack Landing of 1783, will be broken. Mr. Wiswall was born upon the island of Martha's Vinyard, where his father died, but came here as early as the year 1T89, six years after the settle- ment of the city, the first residence of his mother and brothers being the house for many years occupied by the late Samuel Bryan. He was then nine years of age, and after a brief period spent at school, under the instruction of Dorrance Kirtland and Mrs. Wilson, or "Mann Wilson," as she was usually called, a.t the age of thirteen commenced his business life in the store of his uncle, Marshall Jenkins, then doing business in the building now occupied as a residence by Mr. Ebenezer H. Gifford. In 1801 he entered into business for himself, in partnership with Capt. Beriah Pease, who came here immediate- ly after the Proprietors, and continued until that time to sail from Hudson in the merchant service. Their first place of business was the small &ame building one door below the present residence of Hon. Henry Hogeboom, (the Bank of Hudson, originally,) that locality then being the "business cen- tre." In 1804 they built the large brick building now the residence of Mrs. B. Hyatt, occupying it for many years as the residence of Capt. Pease, and as their place of business until 1819. The large brick residences opposite were erected and occupied by different members of the Jenkins family. In 1820 Mr. Wiswall entered into the freighting business, with othera, under the firm of Wiswall, Smith and Jenkins, in which he continued until he retired from active business life, occupying the building upon Franklin Square known as the McArthur store, and the brick warehouse adjoining, and doing what he represents as an immense business. In 1830 he became the President of the Hudson Eiver Bank, remaining in that position until the expiration of its charter. Mr. Wiswall is now the only resident of Hudson who was in any way connected in business with the Proprietors and early settlers, and the oldest citizen living who came here after its settlement. A nephew of one of the Proprietors, connected with many others, and in constant intercourse with them all, he is familiar with everything relative to that period of the history of the city. Familiar, too, with all ihe early business interests of the city, active for many years in promoting them, early entering warmly into political life, and thus coming in contact with the politicians of that day, his recollec- tion is stored with personal incidents and anecdotes, full of interest to one desirous of hearing of "by-gone days." He has served the city as Mayor, Alderman, Supervisor and Member of Assembly, and in 1848 was nominated SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Ill as an elector upon the Cass ticket. Until disabled by an accident during the past winter, he was remarkable for his energy and activity. Enfeebled somewhat by confinement, he still possesses a clear and active mind, and much contained in these sketches must have been lost to Hudson but for his retentive memory. In his departure from the city which he has known and where he has dwelt for nearly three quarters of a century, will pass away the last living representative of its earliest business men and interests. Judge Barnard is among, if not the oldest of the native-bom citizens of Hudson. He is a descendant of Stephen Paddock and Joseph Barnard, two of the Proprietors of the city. He was born in the year 1787, and is living in the house erected in 1784, in which his father and grandfather lived and died before him, and in which he expects to finish his days. During a visit to England and Scotland a few years since, in reply to the charge made in his hearing, that the "Americans were a people so fond of change that it could not be told one year where they would be the next," the Judge remarked that he was an exception, and stated the above fact. It could hardly be credited, and it was said such a fact in England would place him among the aristocracy. The very few years of schooling which in common with most of the boys of that day were allotted to him, were also commenced under the guidance of "Marm Wilson," with John C. Spencer and a numerous class of the boys of that period. Always an active business man, and particularly interested in the whale fishery when revived in 1829, he has done much to promote the prosperity of the city his ancestors helped to found, is now President of the Hudson Kiver Bank, and has fiUed the positions of Alderman, Supervisor, Postmaster, Senator, Associate Judge and Presidential Elector. He is still vigorous, possessing a clear recollection of what he knew and has heard of Hudson, in its early days, and has also furnished for these sketches much valuable and interesting matter. Mr. Skinner is a native of Columbia County but not of Hudson, and came here a boy in the year 1798, at the age of thirteen years. He commenced life as a clerk with Erastus Pratt, his uncle, then doing business as a merchant in the building now occupied by Batchellor's Bazaar. He has always been in active business, familiar and identified with the business interests of the city ; one whose quiet tastes and retiring disposition have never led him into public life or station, yet who has sustained the character of a benevolent, use- ful and prominent citizen. Although nearly fourscore years have passed over him, he is yet erect, strong and active, still attending daily to his business and never failing to take his accustomed walk of miles before breakfast, which he 112 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. has followed for many years, and to the benefit of which his well preserved condition of mind and body bears the best testimony. May it be long yet, before he shall be called to give up his position as King in the "Bee-hive,"' or his active step be missed from these streets. In bringing these sketches of Hudson to a conclusion, it is due to himself that the writer should again state that when undertaken, there was no thought in his mind of their attaining the form of a book, or the facts they contain might have been presented with a more systematic and careful arrangement. From a general sketch prepared without particular reference at first to the order of events, they have been changed to a series, embodying much more and covering a much wider field than at first intended. Much may be hereaf- ter brought to light which ought to have found a place in them, but all the information from sources available to him he has given, and they are submitted in the hope that they may prove of value, and not without interest. SKETCHES OF HUDSON 113 OFFICERS OF THE CITY. MAYORS, APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR AND COUNCIL OP APPOINTMENT. Seth Jenkins, April, 1785. Thomas Jenkins, November, 1793. Robert Jenkins, February, 1808. John Talman, March, 1813. Robert Jenkins, February, 1815. John Talman, February, 1820. Alexander Coffin, February, 1821. ELECTED BY THE COMMON COUNCIL. Rufus Reed, June, 1823. Rufus Reed, January, 1824. Thomas Bay, January, 1825. Thomas Bay, January, 1826. Oliver Wiswall, January, 1827. Oliver "Wiswall, January, 1828. Samuel White, January, 1829. Samuel Anable, January, 1830. Samuel Anable, January, 1831. Samuel Anable, January, 1832. Henry Smith, January, 1833. Henry Smith, January, 1834. Henry Smith, January, 1835. Robert G. Frary, January, 1836. Robert McKinstry, January, 1837. Allen Jordan, Januaiy, 1839. George W. Cook, January, 1840. ELECTED BT THE PEOPLE. Robert G. Frary, April, 1840. Hugh McOlellan, April, 1850. Robert G. Fiary, ' " 1841. Peter S. Burger, " 1851. Samuel Anable, " 1842. George H. Power, " 1852. Charles Darling, " 1843. Joshua T. Waterman, Nov. 1852. Cyrus Curtiss, " 1844. Peter S. Wynkoop, " 1853. Cyrus Curtiss, " 1845. John C. Dormandy, " 1854. Robert G. Frary, " 1846. Joshua T. Waterman, " 1855. Matthew Mitchell, " 1847. Jacob W. Hoysradt, Dec, 1858. Matthew Mitchell, " 1848. Samuel Bachman, " 1860. Hugh McCleUan, « 1849> RECORDERS. Nathaniel Greene, 1785. Hezekiah L. Hosmer, 1793. Levi Wheaton, Jr., 1794. Alexander Coffin, January, 1797. Cotton Gelston, June, 1797, Blisha Pitkin, 1801, David Lawrence, 1802. Philip S. Parker, 1808. Hezekiah L. Hosmer, 1810. Joseph D. Monell, 1811. Hezekiah L. Hosmer, 1813. Joseph D. Monell, 1815. Ambrose L. Jordan, 1821. John W. Edmonds, 1827. Darius Peck, 1833. Robert McClellan, 1843. Rodolphus P. Skinner, elected, 1849. Stephen L.Magoun,. " 1852. EUjah Payn, " 1855. Henry Miller, " 1858. Henry MiUer, " 1859. Alexander S. Rowley, " 1861. 114 SKETCHES OF HUDSON, CITY CLEEKS. John Bay, ITSS. Levi Wheaton, 1787. Ambrose Spencer, 1789. Thomas Prothmgham, 1804. Erastus Pratt, 1806. Cotton Gelston, 1810. Erastus Pratt, 1811. Abner Austin, 1813. Jonathan Frary, 1814. Gayer Gardner, 1815. James Barton, 1821. Nathan ChamberUn, 1829. Fletcher M. Beekman, 1832. Gayer Gardner, 1835. Stephen L. Magoun, 1845. Wilham Bryan, 1848. William Caldwell, 1851. Wilham Bryan, 1852. CHAMBEELAINS. John Alsop, 1785 to 1790. Stephen Paddock, 1790 to 1802. Robert Jenkins, 1802. Samuel Edmonds, 1803. William Slade, 1804 to 1808. Robert Folger, 1808 to 1813. Jacob Davis, 1813 to 1815. Robert Folger, 1815 to 1822. Joseph Goodwin, 1822. Alexander Coffin, 1823 to 1829. David West, 1829 to 1832. Stephen Cnrrie, 1832. Silas A. Stone, 1833 to 1835. Edward Hyatt, 1835. Henry Smith, 1836 to 1841. William Hudson, 1841 to 1844. Silas A. Stone, 1844 to 1846. William A. Dean, 1846. Heniy Jenkins, 1847 to 1849. John R. Currie, 1849. Robert Coffin, 1850. William H. Clark, 1851. Philip K. Burger, 1852 to 1855. CITY TREASURERS. Robert W. Evans, 1855. William H. W. Loop, 1856. Alexander Meech, 1857 to 1859. George B. Allen, 1859 to 1860. Ralph Utley, 1860 to 1861. Ebenezer H. Giffisrd, 1861 to 1862. Ebenezer H. Giffijrd, 1862 to 1863. SUPERVISORS. Henry I. Van Rensselaer, 1787 & 88. Thomas Jenkins, 1789, 90 and 91. John Thurston, 1792. Stephen Paddock, 1793, 94 and 95. EUsha Jenkins, 1796, 97 and 98. Robert Jenkins, 1799, 1800 and 01. Cotton Gelston, 1802, and 3. James Hyatt, 1804 and 5. Moses Younglove, 1806. Robert Taylor, 1807 and 8. Samuel Edmonds, 1809. Nathan Sears, 1810, 11 and 12. Amariah Storrs, 1813 and 14. Robert H. Van Rensselaer, 1815. John P. Jenkins, 1816. James Nixon, Jr., 1817 and 18. Barnabas Waterman, 1819 and 20. SlSy,}l821,22,23,&24. John Power, 11825^^^26. - --, )■ Thomas Bay, j ' John Power, ] Charles Waldo, OHver WiswaU, i Charles Waldo, J OHver WiswaU, ' ) , „„- Joseph D.Monell,^^^''- Robert G. Frary, ) , „„, JosephD. Monell, p^"*^- ^ 1827 and 28. i 1829. SKETCHES OF HUDSON 115 Lovett R. Mellen, \ -,o^n Robert McKinstry, f ^'**"- Henry O.Miller,), ,, Henry Hubbel, p*'*^- Heniy 0. MiUer, ) , . „ James Storm, f ^***''- Robert G. Fraiy, ), Leonard Freeland, j ^''*'*- Robert G. Frary, 1 James Storm, 1 1850. ^1851. ^844. Seneca Butts, ) tq^e KUlian Miller, P*^^^- Henry Hogeboom, ) , „ . „ Hiram Gage, \ ^°*°- Robert G. Frary, ) , Joseph D. Monell, j ^''*'- Robert A. Barnard, Henry Waldo, , Peter S. Burger, ),„.„ Volkert Whitbeck, j" ^"*^- 'h848. Peter S. Burger Hem-y Miller, John 0. Dormandy, Allen Rossraan, Philip K. Burger, K .„ Edwin 0. Terry, \ ^S^-*- John C. Dormandy, ) ,„-„ Frederick A.Gifford, p"'"'- Philip K. Burger, } TarA Volkert Whitbeck, ["■'*• Oornehus Bortle, ) ^ r,,- - Robert F. Groat, r''^''- Henry Hubbel, ) ^ q-„ Edwin C. Terry, \ ^^°^- William A. Carpenter, ) i qj-p, kq George H. Power, ^857, 58. Sylvenus E. Heath, ) i „-„ , Josiah W. Fairfield, f ^^°^' "^ Sylvenus B. Heath, ) -, „„, John M.Welch, P""^- Sylvenus E. Heath, ) t „/.« William H. Crapser. \ '-^^'^■ 60. MEMBERS OF COMMON COUNCni. ALDERMEN. ASSISTANTS. Stephen Paddock, Ezra Keed, Stephen Paddock, Alexander Cofdn H. I. Van Rensselaer, David Lawrence, 1785. Benjamin Polger, Dii'ck Delamater, William Mayhew. John Ten Broeck, 1786. Dirck Delamater, Marshal Jenkins, Peter Hogeboom, Jr. Thomas Prothinghara, Samuel "Walworth. Stephen Paddock, David Lawrence, H. I. Yau Rensselaer, Marshal Jenkins. Stephen Paddock, Beiyamin Folger, Stephen Paddock, Thomas Jenkins, Stephen Paddock, James Nixon, Stephen Paddock, Benjamin Folger, Stephen Paddock, James Nixon, Samuel Mansfield, John Ten Broeck, 1787. Dirck Delamater, John Ten Broeck, 1788. Dirck Delamater, John Ten Broeck, 1789. Dirck Delamater, John Ten Broeck, 1790. John Ten Broeck, Thomas Worth, 1791. John Ten Broeck, Justus H. Van Hoesen, Thomas Worth, 1793. Justus H. Van Hoesen. John Ten Broeck, Duncan Ingraham. Claudius I. Delamater, David Smith. 1793. Matthew Marvin, Claudius I, Delamater, David Smith, Thomas Jenkins, James Nixon. James Nixon, Beiyamin Folger. Thomas Jenkins, Benjamin Folger. James Nixon, Thomas Frothingham. Benjamin Chace. Thomas Frothingham, Thomas Worth. Thomas Frothingham, Thomas Worth. Thomas Frothingham, Justus H. Van Hoesen. Thomas Frothingham, Claudius I. Delamater. Thomas Frothingham, Thomas Frothingham, Zachariah Seymour, Peter Kand, Samuel I. Tea Broeck. 116 SKETCH ES OFHUDSON. Samuel Mansfield, Zachariab Seymour, 1794. Claudius I. Delamater, Peter Rand, David Smith. Daniel Clark, Samuel I. Ten Broeck, Paul Dakin. Stephen Paddock. Alexander Coffin, 1795. David Smith, Peter Rand, Claudius I. Delamater, Paul Dakin, Samuel I. Ten Broeck, Daniel Clark. Stephen Paddock, Alexander Coffin, Joseph Shove, Reuben Macy. 1796. Peter Rand, Paul'Dakin, Benjamin Haxstun, Daniel Clark. Joseph Shove, Thomas Power, 1797. Samuel I. Ten Broeck, Paul Dakin, Russell KeUogg. William Ashley, John Gunn, Claudius 1. Delamater. David Smith, Paul Dakln, Russell Kellogg, Samuel Edmonds. 1798. Ebenczcr Comstock, Samuel I, Ten Broeck, James Nixon, Jr., Claudius I. Delamater. Elisha Pitkin, Samuel Edmonds, Thomas Power, Paul Dakin, 1799. Rufus Backus, Robert Taylor, Robert Polger, Silas Rand. Thoma? Power, Elisha Pitkin, Daniel Clark, Paul Dakin. 1800. Peter Van DeBurgh, Robert Taylor, Ebenezer Comstock, James Nixon, Jr. John Hathaway, Kobert Taylor, Ezra Sampson, Alexander Coffin. 1801. Erastus Pratt, Nathan Sears, Peter Van De Burgh, John Hardick. Benjamin Haxstun, Paul Dakin, Samuel Edmonds, Robert Taylor. 1803. John Hardick, James Nixon, Jr., Samuel I. Ten Broeck, John B. Hallenbeck. James Hyatt, Daniel Penfleld, Samuel Edmonds, Thomas Power. 1803. Prosper Hosmer, Ebenezer Rand, Claudius I. Delamater, Jonathan Becraft. Thomas Power, Daniel Penfield, Prosper Hosmer, Cornelius Tobey. 1804. Amariah Storrs, Ebenezer Rand, .Claudius I. Delamater, Jonathan Becraft. Paul Dakin, John M. Mann, John M. Mann, George Burch, Erastus Pratt, Cornelius Tobpy. Thomas Power, Nathan Sears. 1805. Nathan Sears, Richard M.Esselstyn, 1806. Claudius I. Delamater Nicholas Ten Broeck, John Hardick, John Keeney. John Hardick, John R. Hallenbeck. Paul Dakin, Nathan Sears, Robert Jenkins, Samuel Wigtou. 1807. Solomon Bunker, John Hardick, 1808. John R. Hallenbeck, Henry Burchsted. Paul Dakin, Nathan Sears, Samuel "Wigton, Henry Burchsted. Seth G. Macy, John Tompkins, 1809. James Van Deusen, John Hardick. John M. Mann, Samuel White, Ezekiel Gilbert, Joshua Tobey. Alexander Van Alstyne,Thomas WhiUock, Obed W. Polger, Samuel I. Ten Broeck. 1810. Henry Burchsted, Paul Dakin, Abiel Cheeney, Josiah Olcott, James Tan Deusen. Reuben Moores, John R. HaUenbeck, John Hardick. 1811. Henry Burchsted, Paul Dakin, Abiel Cheeney, Joshua Tobey. Reuben Moores, Josiah Olcott, John Hardick, John B. HaUenbeck, Paul Dakin, James Van Deusen, Joshua Tobey, Daniel Clark. 1813. John Hardick, John R. Hallenbeck, Peter P. Hardick, R. H. Van Rensselaer. SKETCHES OP HUDSON. 117 Joshua Tobey, Nicholas Ten Broeck, James Nixon, Jr., Alex. Van Alstyne. 1813. John M. Harder, Samuel Stocking, Barnabas Waterman, Samuel Beckley. Barnabas Watennan, James Nixon, Jr., 1814. Nicholas Ten Broeck, Levi Hubbel, Alex. Van Alstyne. John M. Harder, R. H. Van Rensselaer, Thomas Bay. Paul Dakin, WilUam Johnson, 1815. Barnabas Waterman, John R. HaUenbeck, Nicholas Ten Broeck. John Hai'dick, James Strong, Thomas Whitlock. Judah Paddock, John R. HaUenbeck, 1816. Barnabas Waterman, Oliver Wiswall, Jonathan Frary. Thomas Whltlock, John Hardlck, Alfred Gibbs. Barnabas Watennan, Jonathan Frary, John Talman, Judah Paddock. 1817. Oliver WiswaU, John Tompkins, Thomas Whitlock, John Weir. John Raynor, Christopher Hoxle, Henry Dibblee, Judah Paddock. 1818. R. H. Van Rensselaer, John Tompkins, Robert A. Barnard, Cornelius MiUer. Robert A. Barnard, John Raynor, Seth Morton, Henry Dibblee. 1819. John Tompkins, Noah Gridley, CorneUus MiUer, WilUam Woods. Robert A. Barnard, Henry Dibblee, Sett Morton, John Raynor, 1830. WiUiam Woods, John Tompkins, Noah Gridley, WUliam Rowley. Charles Darling, Jonathan Frary, John Raynor, Seth Morton. 1831. Noah Gridley, John R. HaUenbeck, PhUip White, Wm. H. Coleman. Oliver Wiswall, Peter Tan DeBurgh, Joseph Goodwin,* Seth Morton. 1832. John R. HaUenbeck, Ezekiel Butler, Philip White, Lionel U. Lawrence. Oliver WiswaU, Job B. Coffin, 1833. Barnabas Waterman, John R. HaUenbeck, PhUip White. Ezekiel Butler, Charles Waldo, Uriah Roraback. Job B. CofBn, Samuel Coleman, James MeUen, PhiUp White. 1834 George Coventry, Alexander J. Coffin, Charles Waldo, Robert McKinstry. Gayer Gardner, Luke Power, James Mellen, Philip White. 1835. Seth G. Macy, John F. Jenkins, Charles Waldo, Lionel U. Lawrence. David West, Luke Power, Solomon Wescott, James MeUen. 1836. Laban Paddock, Ezekiel Butler, Samuel Anable, Henry W. Bessac. THIIiam HaUenbeck, Luke Power, Solomon Wescott, Samuel Anable. 1837. Henry C. MiUer, Israel Piatt, WiUiam Nash, John I. Tobey. Luke Power, Seth G. Macy, CampbeU Bushnell James H. Teackle. 1838. , Israel Piatt, WUliam Wight, John W. Jenkins, John 1. Tobey. Henry C. MiUer, John Hunt, Samuel Anable, Wmiam R. Macy. 1839. Henry Anable, Jeremiah Bame, Ansel McKinstry, Abm. I. Hardick. Henry C. MiUer, Henry Anable, Samuel Plumb, WiUlam R. Macy. 1830. Benjamin P. DeueU, Wm. W. TreusdaU, Wm. Van Deusen, Wm. C. Ten Broeck. Charles Darling, Robt. L. Livingston, Abner Hammond, WUliamR. Macy. 1831. Charles Dakin, John Chapman, Samuel N. Blake, Charles Everts. *Died November, 1822 ; Ezra Reed elected to £11 vacancy. 1 118 S K E T C H E or HUDSON Ghales Darling, Henry Smith, Amoa Carpenter, Robt. A. Barnard, Charles Darling, Job B. Coffin, Jacob Carpenter, Robert McKinstry, Jacob Carpenter, "William Hudson, Isaac Power, Silas A. Stone, Robert G. Frary, Amos Carpenter, Robt. A. Barnard, Erastus Patterson, Israel Piatt, Oliver H. Allen, Israel Piatt, Matthew Mitchell, Israel Flatt, Matthew Mitchell, George W. Cook, Charles Paul, Chester Belding, WUliam E. Heath. Austin Stocking, William. A. Dean, Austin Stocking, WlUiani A. Dean. John Chapman, WiUiam E. Heath. William E. Heath, Robert McKinstry, Stephen W. Miller, Frederick Mesick. ■ William E. Heath, William Nash. Frederick Mesick, Charles Mitchell. Edmund Hatfield, Charles MitchelL Edmund Hatfield, Hiram Macy. Peter B. Barker, Jacob C. Evarts. Peter B. Barker, Jacob C. Evarts. Jacob C. Evarts, Philip White. Sidney S. Durfee, Jacob Van Deusen, John V. Deuell, Frederick D. Gardner. Nicholas Kittle, Wm. E. Heenuance. Matthew Mitchell, Samuel N. Blake, Joshua T. Waterman, Joseph White. 1832. Charles Dakln, John Chapman, 1833. Henry D. Parkman, Andrew Lane, 1834. Allen Jordan, John Chapman, 1835. Allen Jordan, John V. Deuell, 1836. Silas A. Stone, Alexander Dakin, 1887. Stephen Cunie, Stephen Waterman, 1838. William A. Carpenter, Robert Rossman, Henry Smith, Henry S. Belding. 1839. George W. Cook, John Crissey, Charles Paul, Hiram Macy. 1840. Henry B. Van Deusen, Joshua T. Waterman, Solomon Shattuck, Warren Rockwell. Matthew Mitchell, Silas W. Tobey. 1840. Henry B. Van Deusen, Joshua T. Waterman, Thomas P. Nash, Warren Rockwell. Robert Cofiin, Ira D. Richmond. 1842. Joshua T. Waterman, Thomas J. Weir, George H. Power, Allen Rockefeller, 1843. Milo B. Root, Benj. R. Millard, 1844. Donald Ross, Samuel N. Blake. George H. Power, William Hall Matthew Mitchell, Stephen Waterman, George Barker, Jehu W. Smith,* George Barker, Benjamin F. Deuell. Robert Coffin, Joshua T. Waterman, John Crissey, 1845. JehuW. Smith, John C. Newkii-k, 1846. George Storrs, Peter Decker, 1847. George Storra. Henry B. Van Deusen. Peter Decker, 1848. Hiram Macy, Philip K. Burger, Hiram Macy, Elihu Giflord. Hiram Macy, Daniel Hoffman, Samuel N. Blake, William Brown, Conrad J, Houghtaling, Henry Waterman, VolkertWhltbeck. Allen Rossman, Tolkert Whitbeck. John S. Anable, Conrad J. Houghtaling, Augustus McKinstry, Hem'y Miller. Robert CotEn, PhiUp K. Burger, Robert Coffint Philip K. Burger, Henry Dakin, 1849. Richard M. Remington,Elbridge Simpson, George Ston-s. ^ ._ __^ Conrad J. Hougntaling.Abner H. McArthur, , James 't. PeridnsJ 1850. Elbridge Simpson, William Poultney, Jr., Lorenzo G. Guernsey, James T. Perkins. Alexander Meech, George N. Simpson. *Died August 4th, 1846 ; William A. Carpenter elected to fill vacancy. tDeclined. S K E T C H E OF HUDSON. 119 Richard F. Clark, Abner H. McArthur, Allen Rockefeller, Samuel H. Blake. Joshua T. Waterman, Hiram Macy, Richard M. RemiDgton,Heiiry Miller. Benjamin F. Deuell, Hiram Macy, Sylvenus E. Heath, Peter S. Wynkoop. Rich*d M. Remington, "Wm. H. Crapaep, Abijah P. Cook, Major M. Bullock. 1851. John T. Burdwin, George 0. Tolley, 1853. H. I. Van Rensselaer, Theodore Burdwin, 1853. William Moore, Wm. H. W. Loop, 1854. ■William French, Franklin Roberta, William H. Terry, Abel W. Baker. George L. Little, George W. Baringer. Major M.Bullock, Wm. H. Crapaer. Alvin Calkins, Peter Bogavdus. ALDERMEN. ALDERMEN. Robert H. Burns, Hiram Morrison, Benjamin F. Deuell, Robert H. Burns, Henry J. Baringer, Jacob W. Hoysradt, Henry J. Baringer, Jacob W. Hoysradt, Ebenezer H. Giffoi'd, James Best, James Best, Ebenezer H. Gifford, Ebenezer H. Gifford, Lemuel Holmes, Lemuel Holmes, Robert W. Evans, James Batchellor, Robert B. Lawton, James Batchellor, Robert B. Lawton. 1855. Benjamin F. Deuell, Jacob Ten Broeck, WilHam A. Carpenter. David D. Rose, 1856. Abner H. McArthur, David D.Rose, James Batchellor. Alfred Wattles, 1857. Samuel Bachman, Henry C. Avery,* 1858. Samuel Bachman, Abel W. Baker, 1859. Abner H. McArthur, Amiel Polger, ■William Parmenter, Charles A. Stevens, 1860. David A. Rainey, Amiel Polger, ■William Parmenter, ■William H. Crapser, 1861. William Pai-menter, William H, Crapser, Benjamin F. Deuell, Abram Bogavdus, 1862. BenjamJn P. Deuell, Abram Bogardus, Augustus Behrens, William H . Terry, Peter Bogardus, Alfred Wattles. Samuel Bachman, Henry Miller. Henry Miller, Wm. A. Jordan.t Henry Miller, Peter Bogardus. James N. Townsend, Allen Rockefeller. James N. Townsend, Augustus McKinstry. Augustus McKinstry, James Gifford. James Gifford, James N. Townsend. *Died September 16, 1S57 ; Abel W. Baker elected in November to fill vacancy. tRemoved from, the city in May, 1857 ; Peter Bogardus elected in November to fill vacancy. 120 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. ADDENDA, ETC. A few years since, in digging the cellar for the house now occupied by Mr. E. Cheeney, in Warren street, the remains of a human skeleton were found. It is thought from this circumstance that there might have been a burial place there in early times. This is possible, but we have no account of any other than those mentioned on page 4. Elizabeth Bunker was the first female, but not the first child bom in Hud- son. John Van Hoesen, now a resident of Athens, bom near the present residence of Duncan Hood, in 1785, is believed to have been the first. John P. Jenkins, now a resident of Albany, was bom in the same year, a few months after Mr, Van Hoesen. Ezekiel Gilbert was a representative in Congress in the year 1793, remain- ing such until the year 1797. Upon his first return from Washington he brought with him a piano, the first in the city of Hudson. He represented Columbia Coimty in the Assembly in the years 1790, 1800, and 1801. Thomas Jenkins was Presidential Elector in 1800. Elisha Jenkins was Comptroller of the State in 1801. Secretary of State in 1806, 1808 and 1811. In addition to the newspapers named, the Hudson Muror and Columbia County Farmer was pubUshed by P. D. Cairique in the year 1838, and dis- continued in the year following. The cost of the first Presbyterian church, erected in 1790, was ^£865. We find the following individuals mentioned as subscribers to the building fund. Marshal Jenkins £100, Nathaniel Greene £40, Russell Kellogg £20, Samuel Nichols £17, John Hathaway £16, and Elisha Jenkins £12. The Columbia Tm-npike Company -was the third chartered in the State, and not first, as stated on page 33. The Albany and Schenectady and Great West- ern were each chartered before it. Daniel B. TaUmadge and Claudius L. Monell were Judges of the Superior Court of New York City, and not of the Supreme Court. Eobert A. Barnard is a descendant of Abisha and not of Joseph Barnard.