JItltata, ^ttti fork 
 
Cornell University Library 
 QL 668 .C2B76 1882 
 
 Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia s 
 
 3 1924 024 782 215 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024782215 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 op THE 
 
 BATRACHIA GRADIENTIA 
 
 S. OAUDATA 
 
 AND 
 
 BATRACHIA APODA 
 
 IN 
 
 THE COLLECTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 GEORGE ALBERT BOULENGER. 
 
 T 
 
 LONDON: 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 
 
 1882, 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 
 ^s^^LIBRARV^ 
 
 PKINTED BY TATLOK AND PKANCIS, 
 EEB LION COTJEI, FIEET SIEBBT. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The present volume completes the Second Edition of the Catalogue 
 of Batrachians, and if compared with the first edition (prepared by 
 my predecessor nearly thirty years ago) wiU afford another proof 
 that the collection in the British Museum has held pace with 
 the progress made by science in the intervening period. 
 
 like the first volume of this edition, which was published at the 
 beginning of this year, it has been prepared by Mr. Gr. A. Boulenger, 
 who, in the meantime, has entered the permanent service of the 
 Trustees. 
 
 Our knowledge of the various forms of Tailed and Limbless 
 Batrachians may be considered to be as complete as that of any 
 other order of the Animal Kingdom : possibly Central Asia may 
 yield a certain number of additional species of Newts, and Tropical 
 Africa some hitherto unknown CoeciUas ; but we can hardly anti- 
 cipate that such new discoveries wUl be fundamentally distinct from 
 the forms with which we are acquainted at present, or lead to 
 modifications of the general results embodied in the summary of the 
 geographical distribution of the entire class of Batrachians which 
 accompanies this volume. 
 
 ALBEET GtJNTHEE, 
 
 Keener of the Department of Zoology. 
 
 British Museum, 
 NoYember 26, 1882. 
 
INTRODtJCTION. 
 
 This volume contains descriptions of, or references to, all the species 
 known at present of the Orders Caudata and Apoda. 
 
 The latest general accounts of these animals are contained in 
 J. E. Gray's first edition of this Ca'talogue, published in 1850, and 
 in vol. ix. of Dumeril and Bibron's ' Erpetologie gen^rale ' (1854). 
 The numbers of species enumerated in these two works were 63 
 and 58 respectively, which must be greatly reduced when we 
 omit synonyms. 101 species are described in the present work, 
 four fifths of which are known to the author from autoptical exami- 
 nation *. The number of species in the British-Museum collection 
 amounts to 78, and that of specimens to 1021. The number of 
 species in the collection in 1850 was 38. 
 
 The Apoda have been quite recently (1879) reinvestigated by 
 Professor Peters ; he enumerates 31 species, of which 17 were 
 known to him from direct examination. Dumeril and Bibron's 
 (vol. viii. 1842) and Gray's (1850) works contained descriptions of 
 8 and 9 species respectively. The present work contains diagnoses 
 of 32 species, 19 of which are represented in the national collection, 
 the number of specimens being 116. The collection contained only 
 5 species in 1850. 
 
 * With the exception of five, the species of Tailed Batrachians not examined 
 by the author haTe been described by American Herpetologists. 
 
VI INTROIITTCTIOir. 
 
 A summary of the principal facts of the geographical distribution 
 of Batrachians generally is appended to this volume. 
 
 The author begs to express his thanks to the following gentlemen 
 who have kindly placed at his disposal specimens from the collections 
 under their charge : — Professor Vaillant (Museum d'Histoire natu- 
 relle, Paris), M. Dupont(Musee Eoyale d'Histoire naturelle, Brussels), 
 Dr. Boettger (of the Senckenberg Museum), Professor Schneider 
 (Zoologisches Museum, Breslau). M. Lataste, of Paris, has again 
 given'him free access to his important private collection. 
 
 As far as possible, the colour is described from life. The measure- 
 ments are given from the largest specimen in the collection. 
 
 As in the preceding volume, the affixes to the names of donors 
 &c. may be explained as follows: — "[P.]" signifies "Presented 
 by"; "[C.]»=" Collected by"; «[E.]"=" Obtained by exchange." 
 
 G, A. BOULENGEE. 
 
 British Museum, 
 Nov. 25, 1882. 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 Class BATRACHIA. 
 
 Order II. GAUD AT A. 
 
 Fam. 1. Salamandeidje. 
 
 Subfam. A. Salamandrinm. 
 
 Page 
 
 +-1. Salamandra, Law 3 
 
 1. maculosa, Laur 3 
 
 2. atra, Laur 4 
 
 3. caucasica, Waga 5 
 
 2. Chioglossa, Bocage 6 
 
 1. lusitanica, Boc 5 
 
 •\^. Mol^e, Merr 6 
 
 1. cristata, Laur 8 
 
 longipes, Strauch 10 
 
 2. blasii, de I'Isle 10 
 
 3. marmorata, Latr 11 
 
 4. alpestris, Laur. 12 
 
 6. vittata, Ch-ay 13 
 
 6. vulgaris, L 14 
 
 7. palmata, Schn 16 
 
 8. montandonii, Blffr 17 
 
 9. boscae, Lataste 18 
 
 10. pyrrbogastra, Boie 19 
 
 * 11. sinensis, Gfrai/ 20 
 
 12. torosa, Eschsoh 20 
 
 13. virideseens, Raf. 21 
 
 14. montana, Sam 23 
 
 15. rusconii, Oeri^ 24 
 
 16. aspera, Biigis 24 
 
 17. poireti, Gerv. 25 
 
 18. hagenmuelleri, Lataste . . 26 
 
 19. waltlii, Michah 27 
 
 4. Salamandrina, Mtz 28 
 
 1. perspicillata, <SW 28 
 
 5. Tylototriton, Anders 29 
 
 1. verrucosus, And. 29 
 
 6. Pachytriton, Blgr 30 
 
 1. brevipes, Sauvg 30 
 
 Subfam. B. Amhlystomatinte. 
 
 7. Hynobius, Tschudi 31 
 
 1. nsevius, Sehleg 32 
 
 2. nebulosus, SoMeg 32 
 
 3. peropus, Blgr 33 
 
 8. Sahnandxella, Dyb 34 
 
 1. keyserlingii, Byb 34 
 
 2. wosnessenskyi, Strauch . . 34 
 
 Pa^e 
 
 9. Onycbodactylus, Tschudi . . 35 
 
 1. japonicus, Houtt 35 
 
 10. Banidens, Kessler 36 
 
 1. sibiricus, Kessl. 36 
 
 11. Batrachyperus, Blgr. .... 37 
 1. sinensis, Sauvg 37 
 
 12. Dicamptodon, Strauch .... 38 
 
 1. ensatus, Eschsch 38 
 
 ■V13. Amblystoma, Tschudi .... 38 
 
 '+ 1. talpoideum, Holbr 40 
 
 -4^2. opaoum, Gravh 40 
 
 ^|f^3. punetatum, L 41 
 
 4. conspersum, Cope 42 
 
 5. bicolor, Hallow 42 
 
 -+-6. tigrinum, Green 43 
 
 7. xipbias, Cope 45 
 
 8. tnsruptum, Cope 45 
 
 -|^9. jeffersonianum, Green. ... 46 
 
 10. persimile, Cfray 47 
 
 11. macrodactylum, Baird . . 48 
 
 12. paroticum, Baird 48 
 
 13. aterrimum, Cope 49 
 
 -^-14. tenebrosum, B. 8f G 49 
 
 15. texanum, Matthes 50 
 
 ^6. cingulatum. Cope 60 
 
 T17. microstomum, Cope .... 50 
 
 brevicauda, Wied 38 
 
 maculata, Wied 38 
 
 melanoleuca, Wied 38 
 
 Axolotes maculata, Owen . . 51 
 
 Subfam. 0. Plethodontinis. 
 
 V14. Anaides, Baird 52 
 
 -^1. lugubris, Sallow 52 
 
 2. ferreus, Cope 53 
 
 1-15. Pletbodon, Tschudi .'. 53 
 
 1. oregonensis, Gir 64 
 
 2. platensis, Espada 55 
 
 3. croceater, Cope • 65 
 
 4. flavipunctatus, Strauch . . 55 
 ~t5. glutmosus, Green 66 
 
 ^. intermedins, Baird 57 
 
 (7. erytbronotus, Cfreen .... 57 
 
 Vi6. Batrachoseps, Bonap 68 
 
 ■\i. scutatus, Sohkg 59 
 
 2. pacificus, Cope 59 
 
 3. nigriventris, Cope 60 
 
 -f 4. attenuatus, Eschsch 60 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 -)-17. Spelerpes, Raf. 
 \\. ruber, Daiud. 
 
 Page 
 
 60 
 
 ■^1. ruber, Daiu,A. 62 
 
 2. ? marginatus, HaUow 64 
 
 ^"3. porphyritious, Qreen .... 64 
 
 4. longicauda, Gi-een 64 
 
 4t5. guttolineatus, Rolhr 65 
 
 46. bilineatus, 6i-een 66 
 
 7. multiplicatus. Cope 67 
 
 8. chiropterus, Cape 67 
 
 9. cephalicus, Cope 67 
 
 10. leprosus, Cope 68 
 
 11. bellii, Oray 68 
 
 12. fuscus, 5p 69 
 
 13. morio, Cope 70 
 
 14. adsperaus, Ptrs 70 
 
 15. rufeacens, C(ype 71 
 
 16. altamazonicus, Cope .... 71 
 
 17. yucatanicus, Blgr 72 
 
 18. infuBoatus, Ptrs. 72 
 
 19. variegatus, Qray 73 
 
 20. parvipes, Ptrs 74 
 
 21. lineolus, Cope 74 
 
 22. unifonnis, Keferst 75 
 
 haldemani, Holhr 60 
 
 ^18. Manculus, Cope 75 
 
 •^^1. quadridigitatus, Holhr. . . 75 
 
 2. remifer, Cope 76 
 
 Subfam. D. Desmofftiathints. 
 
 -V19. Desmognathus, Baird .... 77 
 
 Xl- ochrophsBus, Cope 77 
 
 4-2. fuscus, Saf. 77 
 
 3. niger, Green 79 
 
 20. Thorius, Cope 79 
 
 1. pemiatulus, Cope 79 
 
 Pam. 2. Amphiumid.*;. 
 
 -^1. Megalobatrachus, Tschudi . . 80 
 
 "JKI. maximus, Schiey 80 
 
 -^2. Cryptobranchus, JUuck 81 
 
 -^. alleghaniensis, Daud. .... 81 
 
 fuflcua, Holbr 82 
 
 -^. Amphiuma, Gard. 82 
 
 1. tridactyla, Cuv 82 
 
 -^[^. means, Gard. 83 
 
 Fam. 3. Vrotbidm. 
 
 ««lrl. Neoturus, Raf. 84 
 
 -^1. maculatus, Baf. 84 
 
 -\-2. Proteus, Laur 85 
 
 Hfl- anguinus, Laur 85 
 
 Page 
 
 Fam. 4. SiBENiDiE. 
 
 -V-1. Siren, X 86 
 
 -^^1. lacertina, L 87 
 
 ^ 2. Pseudobranchus, Gray 87 
 
 1. striatus, Leconte 87 
 
 Order III. APOD A. 
 
 Fam. 1. C(KCiLiiD.2B. 
 
 1. Ichthyophis, Fitz 89 
 
 1. glutinosus, L 89 
 
 2. monochrous, Blkr 91 
 
 2. Urseotyphlus, Ptrs 91 
 
 1. oxyurus, D.^B 92 
 
 2. malabaricus, Bedd. .... 92 
 
 3. africanus, Blgr 92 
 
 3. Coecilia, X 93 
 
 1. tentaculata, L 93 
 
 2. isthmica, Cope 94 
 
 3. ocbrocephala, Cope .... 94 
 
 4. polyzona, Msch 94 
 
 5. pachynema, Gthr 95 
 
 6. gracilis, L 95 
 
 4. Hypogeophis, Ptrs 96 
 
 1. rostratus, Cuv 96 
 
 2. guentheri, Blgr 96 
 
 3. seraphini, A. Dum 97 
 
 5. Dermophis, Ptrs 97 
 
 1. mexicanus, D.SrB 98 
 
 2. aibiceps, Blgr 98 
 
 3. thomensis, Boo 98 
 
 4. PbrasiUensis, R. ^ L. . . 99 
 
 5. ? proximus. Cope 99 
 
 6. Psimus, Cope 99 
 
 6. Gfynmopis, Ptrs 99 
 
 1. multiplicata, Ptrs 100 
 
 2. unicolor, A. Dum 100 
 
 3. ? oligozona. Cope 100 
 
 7. Herpele, JUrs 100 
 
 1. squalostoma, Stutchh. . . 101 
 
 8. Gegepopbis, Ii:rs 101 
 
 1. carnoaus, Bedd. 101 
 
 9. Siphonops, Wagl. 101 
 
 1. annulatus, Mik 102 
 
 10. TypHonectes, Ptrs 102 
 
 1. compressicauda, D. 8f B. 102 
 
 2. dorsalis, Ptrs 103 
 
 3. natana, Fisoh 103 
 
 Siphonops syntremus, Cc^e 103 
 
 11. Ohthonerpeton, Ptrs 104 
 
 1. indistinctum, R. Sr L. . . 104 
 
 2. petersii, Blgr 104 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 OP 
 
 BATRACHIA 
 
 OAUDATA AND APODA. 
 
 BATRACHIA. 
 
 Order II. CAUDATA. 
 
 In the perfect state, four (or two) limbs and a tail. 
 
 Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies. 
 
 Fam. 1. SalamaJidridsB (p. 2). No gills in the perfect state; 
 maxillaries present ; both jaws toothed ; eyelids developed. 
 
 Subfam. A. Saiamandrin^ (p. 2). Palatine teeth in two longitu- 
 dinal series, diverging behind, inserted on the inner margin 
 of two palatine processes, which are much prolonged poste- 
 riorly ; parasphenoid toothless ; vertebrae opisthocoelian. 
 
 Subfam. B. AiiBLTSTOMATHf^ (p. 31). Series of palatine teeth 
 transverse or posteriorly converging, inserted on the hinder 
 margin or posterior portion of the vomers ; parasphenoid 
 toothless ; vertebrse amphiccelian. 
 
 Subfam. C. PiBTHODosririif^ (p. 51). Series of palatine teeth 
 transverse, on posterior portion . of vomers ; dentigerous 
 plates on parasphenoid ; vertebrse amphiccelian. 
 
 Subfam. D. DESMoeNAiHiira; (p. 76). Series of palatine teeth 
 transverse, on posterior portion of vomers ; dentigerous 
 plates on parasphenoid ; vertebrae opisthocoelian. 
 
 3i 
 
SALAMANDRID^. 
 
 Fam. 2. AmphinmidaB (p. 80). No gills in the perfect state ; 
 maxillaries present ; both jaws toothed ; vertebrae amphi- 
 coelian ; no eyelids. 
 
 Pam. 3. ProteidsB (p. 83). External giUs persistent throughout 
 life; maxillaries absent; intermaxillaries and mandible 
 toothed ; vertebrae amphicoelian ; no ej-elids. 
 
 Fam. 4. SirenidsB (p. 86). External gills persistent throughout 
 life; maxillaries absent; intermaxillaries and mandible 
 toothless ; vertebrae amphicoelian ; no eyelids. 
 
 Fam. 1. SALAMANDRID.ffi. 
 
 Salamandridae, Oray, Ann. Phil. 1825. 
 Salamandrina, TscJmdi, Classif. d. Batr. 
 Atr6tod6res, part., Bum. ^ Bih: Erp. Gin. ix. 
 Salamandrida, Strmwh, Rev. d. Salam., in M.6m. Ac. St. PHersb. (7) 
 xvi. no. 4. 
 
 Subfam. A. SALAMANDRINA. 
 
 Salamandridse, Ch'ay, Cat. Batr. Qrad. 
 
 Salamandridae, Seiranotidae, Pleurodelidaa, Tritonidse, Hallow. Joum. 
 
 Ac. Philad. (2) iii. 1858. 
 Seiranotidae, Pleurodelidae, Salamandridae, Chray, Proc. Zodl. Soe. 
 
 1858. ' ' 
 
 Salamandrinae, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859. 
 Salamandridae, Pleurodelidae, Cope, Joum. Ac. Philad. (2) vi. 1866. 
 Salamandrida mecodonta, Strauch, I. c. 
 
 Synopsis of the Genera. 
 
 I. Maxillary and pterygoid separate; latter not reaching qua- 
 
 drate. 1 
 
 No fronto-squamosal aron ; tongue adherent or slightly free behind ; 
 
 tail rounded ; toes flve 1. Salamandra, p. 3. 
 
 No fronto-squamosal arch ; tongue, posterior half free ; toes five. 
 
 2. Chioglossa, p. 5. 
 Fronto-squamosal arch present*, ligamentous or bony; tail com- 
 pressed ; toes five 3. Molge, p. 6. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch bony ; toes four . . 4. Salamandrina, p. 28. 
 
 II. Maxillary reaching quadrate ; pterygoid applied to maxillary. 
 Fronto-squamosal arch bony 5. Tylototriton, p. 29. 
 
 III. Pterygoid united broadly with maxillary. 
 Fronto-squamosal arch ligamentous posteriorly; tongue, anterior 
 
 border free 6. Pachytriton, p. 30. 
 
 * Except in Molge crisfata. 
 
1. SALAMANBRA. 
 
 1. SALAMANSRA. 
 
 Salamandra, Law. Syn. Sept. p. 41 ; Tschudi, Batr. p. 91 ; Gray 
 
 Cat. p. 16 ; Dum. Sr Bibr. ix. p. 49 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 28. 
 Exaeretus, Waga, Bev. Mag. Zool. (3) iv. 1876, p. 326. 
 
 Tongue ratlier large, suboval, free on the sides and sligMly 
 behind. Palatine teeth in two curved series. No fronto-squamosal 
 arch. Toes five. Tail subcylindrical. 
 
 Europo-Asiatie Eegion, Western Subregion. , 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 
 Tail not quite as long as head and body ; blaek 
 
 and yellow 1. macidota, p. 3. 
 
 Tail not quite as long as head and body ; uni- 
 form black 2. atra, p. 4. 
 
 Tail longer than head and body 3. caueasica, p. 5. 
 
 1. Salamandra maculosa. 
 
 Salamandra maculosa, Gh-ag, Cat. p. 16. 
 Lacerta salamandra, Zinn. S, iV. i. p. 371 ; Sturm, Deutschl. Faun. 
 Salamandra maculosa, Laur. Syn. Bept. pp. 42, 151 ; Gravenh. Delia. 
 
 p. 75 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. ; Dugis, Ann. Sc. Nat. (3) xvii. p. 259 ; 
 
 JJum. 8f Bibr. p. 52 ; De Betta, Mem. 1st. Venet. xi. p. 515 ; Leydig, 
 
 Arch. f. Nat. 1867, p. 239; Stratwh, Salam. p. 30; Fatio, Vert. 
 
 Suisse, iii. p. 491 ; Be Betta, Faun. Ital., Bett. Anf. p. 78 ; Schreib. 
 
 Serp. Fur. p. 75 ; Lataste, Serp. Gir. p. 322. 
 - — maculata, Merr. Tent. p. 185 ; Tschudi, Batr. p. 91. 
 terrestris, Latr. Hist. Salam. p. 32, pi. 1 ; Daud. Bept. viiL 
 
 p. 221, pi. 97. f. 1. 
 Corsica, Sam, Num. Giorn. Tosc. xxxvii. 1838, p. 208 ; Bonap. 
 
 Faun. Ital. ; Dugbs, I. e. p. 258 ; Dum. Sr Bibr. p. 61 ; De Betta, 
 
 Mem. 1st. Venet. xi. p. 520. 
 
 Palatine series forming two elongate J-shaped figures, the branches 
 of which do not meet in front, and extend generally a good deal 
 beyond the line of the choansB ; the shape of these series subject to 
 considerable individual variation. Head rather depressed, about as 
 broad as long, the greatest width at angles of jaws ; snout rounded ; 
 nostril equally distant from the orbit and the tip of the snout ; eye 
 large, prominent; no labial lobes. Body stout, rather depressed, 
 thrice and a third to four times the length of the head ; no crest. 
 Limbs stout; fingers and toes short, depressed, free; carpal and 
 tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail generally equal to the distance 
 from its base to the angle of the mouth. Vent a longitudinal slit, 
 the borders of which are never much swollen, but more so in the male 
 than in the female. Skin smooth, shining, porous above ; a strong 
 gular fold ; distinct parotoids pierced with large pores ; a series of 
 large pores along each side of the vertebral line ; a lateral series of 
 large warts, and more or less distinct vertical costal grooves ; tail with 
 more or less distinct circular grooves. Black, with yellow markings. 
 
 b2 
 
4 SALAMANDBID^. 
 
 6. ?• . 
 
 Total length 185 229 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 102 127 >, 
 
 Head 23 25 „ 
 
 Width of head 21 25 „ 
 
 Fore limb 35 39 „ 
 
 Hind limb 39 43 „ 
 
 Tail 83 102 „ 
 
 Central and South Europe ; Algiers ; Syria*. 
 
 «. 2 . France. „ , 
 
 .5-cT <S . Portugal. P. B. Webb, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 d-i-. Hgr. Oporto. E. Allen, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 f. Yg. Sierra de Legura, Spain. Lord Lilford [P.]. 
 
 ■a. cJ. Algiers. 
 
 h.,3. Sardinia. Prof. Bonelli [P.]. 
 
 i. cJ . Viterbo. J. J- Bianconi [P.]. 
 
 k. (J. Hungary. 
 
 /. 2 , Zebil Bulgar Dagh, Cilician 0. Q. Danford, Esq. 
 
 Taurus (4000 feet). [P.]. 
 
 m. Many larvae. Bred in Cambridge. F. Bond, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 n. Many larvae. Bred in the Zoological 
 
 Gardens, London. 
 
 o. Skeleton. Pyrenees. 
 
 p. Skeleton. Europe. 
 
 2. Salamandra atra. 
 
 Salamandra nigi'a, Grai/, Cat. p. 16. 
 Salamandra atra, Law. Syn. JRept. pp. 42, 149, pi. 1. f 2 ; Baud. 
 Rept. viii. p. 225; Merr. Tent. p. 184; Qravenh. Belie, p. 73; 
 Bonap. Faun. Ital. ; JOuffh, Ann. Sc. Nat. (3) xvii. p. 260 ; Dum. 
 ^ Bibr. p. 63 ; De Betta, Mem. 1st. Venet. xi. p. 524 ; Leydig, Arch. 
 J. Naturg. 1867, p. 271 ; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii. p. 499 ; Schreib. 
 m^p. Fur. p. 72. 
 
 fusca, Laur. I. c. p. 42. , 
 
 Lacerta atra, Sturm, DeutscU. Faun. 
 
 Much like S. maculosa; the habit not quite so stout; palatine 
 series less strongly curved ; parotoids and lateral glands more pro- 
 minent. Size smaller.. Uniform black. 
 
 d. ?. 
 
 Total length 110 113 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 59 62 „ 
 
 Head 12 13 „ 
 
 Width of head 11 13 „ 
 
 Fore limb 19 21 „ 
 
 Hind limb 24 23 „ 
 
 Tail 51 51 „ 
 
 Alps (2500 to 10,000 feet). 
 
 a- d ■ Tyrol. Milan Museum FE.! 
 6. 2- Styria. '" "" 
 
 c. 2- ? ? 
 
 * Dr. BoBttger informs me that he has recently received opecimena from the 
 Lebanon. 
 
1. SALAMANDKA. 2. CHTOGLOSSA. 5 
 
 3. Salamandra cancasica *, 
 
 Exaeretus caucasicus, Waga, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1876, p. 326. 
 
 Palatine series forming two J-shaped figures, the branches of 
 which do not meet in front, and extend a good deal beyond the line 
 of the choanae. Head depressed, slightly longer than broad, the 
 greatest width at angles of jaws ; snout rounded ; nostrils equally 
 distant from the orbit and the tip of the snout ; eye large, promi- 
 nent ; no labial lobes. Body much elongate, four and a half times 
 the length of the head. Limbs weak ; fingers and toes moderate, 
 depressed, free ; the adpressed fore limb not quite reaching the 
 adpressed hind limb; carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail 
 much longer than head and body. Vent as in S. maculosa. Skin 
 smooth, minutely tuberculated on the back ; gular fold distinct (?) ; 
 parotoids distinct, elliptical ; no lateral warts ; thirteen costal grooves. 
 Black ; upper surfaces with round yellow spots arranged rather 
 regularly in two longitudinal series on the back ; beneath with a 
 few greyish dots. 
 
 ?• 
 
 Total length 154 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 61 „ 
 
 Head 11 „ 
 
 Width of head 10 „ 
 
 Fore limb 20 „ 
 
 Hind limb 22 „ 
 
 Tail 93 „ 
 
 Caucasus. 
 
 2. CHIOGLOSSAt. 
 
 CMoglossa, Socage, Proo. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 264, and Rem Mag, Zoot. 
 (2) xvi. p. 249 ; Strauch, Scdam. p. 52. 
 
 Tongue large, oval, supported by a protractile median pedicle, 
 free everywhere except on the anterior half of the median line. 
 Palatine teeth in two curved series. No fronto-squamosal arch. 
 Toes five. Tail cylindrical at the base, compressed at the end. 
 
 Spain, Portugal. 
 
 1. Chioglossa lusitauica. i 
 
 Chioglossa lusitanica, Socage, II. cc., Proc. pi. xxi. ; Sonnaret, Arch.. 
 Cosmol. 1867, "p. 99, pi. 9 ; Strauch, I. c. ; Schreib. Rerp. Ewr. p. 64. 
 
 * Described from one specimen sent to the Paris Museum by Dr. Waga. 
 
 t Mr. Oope (Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 196) has identified this genus with 
 Newrergus, Cope (ibid. 1862, p. 343) ; but nothing in the description of the 
 unique species H. crocatus, Oope (the habitat of whioh is not stated), justifies 
 this identification. I rather feel inclined to consider N. crocatus closely 
 related to Molge montana, with which it agrees in the structure of the skuU 
 (said to resemble that of M. marmorata), in the shape and attachment of the 
 tongue, the arrangement of the palatine teeth, the proportions of the limbs, 
 and the " very broad tarsus." 
 
O SALAMAKDKID^. 
 
 No cutaneous lateral fold ; lower surfaces 
 
 orange, black-spotted 9. boscce, p. 18. 
 
 Parotoids generally very promioent ; 
 
 blackish above; carmine beneath, 
 
 black-spotted 10. jayrrhogastra, p. 19. 
 
 Loreal region nearly vertical; brown 
 
 above ; bluish black beneath, with yel- 
 low (red) spots 11. sinensis, p. 20. 
 
 Head with three longitudinal grooves ; 
 
 three large pores on' each side of the 
 
 head, behind the eyes 13. viridescens, p. 21. 
 
 2. Head much depressed. 
 
 a. Palatine teeth commencing on a line with the choanae. 
 
 Vent-opening longitudinal; tongue at- 
 tached behind 12. torosa, p. 20. 
 
 Cloaca conical, with circular opening; 
 
 male with a fibular spur 15. rvseonii, p. 24. 
 
 Cloaca conical in the female, globular in 
 
 the male, with circular opening; no 
 
 fibular spur 16. aspera, p. 24. 
 
 Vent-opening longitudinal; tongue free 
 
 behind ; palatine teeth forming a f\ ; 
 
 contour of lower law semicircular . . 17. poireti, p. 25. 
 Vent-opening longitudinal; tongue free 
 
 behind ; palatine teeth forming a ^ ; 
 
 contour of lower jaw semielliptical . . 18. Jiagenmuelleri, p. 26. 
 
 6. Palatine teeth commencing in front of the line of 
 the choanse. 
 Eibs very long, ending in a sharp point, 
 
 which frequently perforates the skin . . 19. waltlii, p. 27. 
 
 1. Molge cristata. 
 
 Triton cristatus, Graj/, Cat. p. 19. 
 Lacerta palustris, part., Linn. Fawn. iSuec. p. 281, and S. N. i. p. 370. 
 Triton cristatus, Laur. Syn. Rept.Tm. 39, 146 ; Tschidi, Batr. p. 95 
 
 Bonap. Faun. Ital. ; Bell, Brit. Mept. p. 119 : Bum. 8f Bibr. p. 131 
 
 De I' Isle, Ann. So. Nat. (4) xvii. p. 366 ; Ley dig, Arch.f. Naturg. 
 
 1867, p. 176 ; Strauvh, Salam. p. 42 ; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii. p. 520 
 
 Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 48. 
 
 : carnifex, Laur. I. c. pp. 38, 145, pi. 2. f. 3 ; Bonap. I. c. 
 
 Lacerta porosa, Retz. Fay,n. Suec. i. p. 288. 
 
 Salamandra cristata, Houttuyn, Verhand. Oenootsch. Vlissing. ix, 
 
 p. 333, pi. — . f. 4 ; Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 57 ; Latr. Hist. Salam. 
 
 p. 43, pi. 3. f. 3 ; Baud. Eept. viii. p. 233. 
 
 pruinata, Schneid. I. c. p. 69. 
 
 carnifex, Schneid. I. c. p. 71. 
 
 Lacerta palustris, Sturm, Deutschl. Faun. 
 
 Triton palustris, Fkm. Brit. An. p. 157 ; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. p. 303. 
 
 Molge palustris, Men: Tent. p. 187; Gravenh. Delia, p. 86. 
 
3. M0L9B. 9 
 
 Triton marmoratus, Bonap. I. c. 
 
 bibronii, Bell, I. c. p. 129. 
 
 Hemisalamandra cristata, Bugks, Ann. So. Nat. (3) xvii. p. 262. 
 Triton cristatus, var. icterica, Beiehenb. Nov. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. 
 xxxii. 1865, pi. 1. 
 
 No fronto-squamosal arch ; frontals wifcliout or witli very indi- 
 stinct orbital processes. Palatine teeth, in two nearly straight 
 parallel series, commencing on a line with the choanae, or a little in 
 front of these ; the series generally approximating in front, but 
 very seldom uniting. Tongue small, elliptic, the lateral borders 
 free. Head as long as broad, or a little longer ; its length con- 
 tained about four times in the female, thrice and a fourth to thrice 
 and a half in the male, in the length of the body ; the greatest 
 width of head at angles of jaws ; snout rounded, very convex ; 
 labial lobes much developed during the breeding-season. Body 
 rounded ; a very high deeply-toothed dorsal crest in the breeding 
 male, commencing between the eyes, abruptly sinking on pelvic 
 region ; a longitudinal groove in the female. Limbs moderate ; 
 fingers and toes free, depressed, rather slender in the male, shorter 
 in the female ; two small carpal and tarsal tubercles, the inner fre- 
 quently indistinct. Tail as long as, or a little shorter than, head 
 and body, ending in a point, strongly compressed during the 
 breeding-season, and with an upper and lower crest, the former 
 being very high,, and generally denticulated in the male. Skin 
 more or less strongly tuberculate above and beneath ; head and 
 parotoid region with distinct pores ; a series of pores between axilla 
 and groin ; a strong gular fold. Brown, blackish, or oUve above, 
 with more or less distinct black spots ; sides with white punctu- 
 lation ; the breeding male's head elegantly marbled with black and 
 white ; female sometimes with a yellow vertebral line ; orange 
 beneath, spotted or marbled with black ; fingers and toes yeUow, 
 with black annuli ; breeding male with a sUvery-white band along 
 the side of the tail ; female with the lower edge of the tail orange, 
 immaculate. 
 
 6- 
 
 Total length 130 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 65 
 
 Head 14 
 
 Width of head 12 
 
 Pore Umb 25 
 
 jHindhmb 27 
 
 TaU 65 
 
 Great Britain, North and Ceutral France, Belgium, JCoUand,^ 
 Switzerland, Sweden, 'Denmark, Germany, Austria, Greece, Turkey, "- 
 Kussia eastwards to TranscauoSsia. 
 
 a. 5 , with gills. Suffolk. Dr. Woodward [P.]. 
 
 ■ b-c. (S . Near London. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.j. 
 
 d-e. 2 & yg. Bayswater. E. Latham, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 y^ y_,-j k-m. Larvas & yg. Cobham, Dr. W. E. Leach [P.J. 
 
 ?. 
 
 
 145 miUim 
 
 80 „ 
 
 15 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 24i 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 65 
 
 
10 BALAMANDEIDJB. 
 
 n. cJ. Wandsworth. Dr. W. E. Leach [P.]. 
 
 0.5. Near Oldham. D. Dyson, Esq. [P. 1. 
 
 p. $. Exeter. Dr. W. E. Leach [P.]. 
 
 g-s- £?,$,& yg. Sweden. C. J. A. Thuden, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 t-w. Larvae. Hamburg. 
 
 X. S • Russia ? 
 
 y. Skeleton. Scotland. Dr. Johnson. 
 
 z. Skeleton. P 
 
 Vak. karelinii. 
 
 Salamandra platycauda, Husconi, Amours des Salam. p. 29, pis. 1, 2. 
 ? Triton nycthemeruS, Michah. Isis, 1830, p. 806. 
 Petraponia nigra, Massalongo, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bologna, vii. 1853, p. 6. 
 Triton cristatus, iJe 5e«a, Mem. 1st. Venet. xi. p. 534, and Faun, ttal., 
 Rett. An/, p. 85. 
 
 karelinii, Straiich, Salam. p. 42, pi. 1. f. 1. 
 
 cristatus, var. platyoephalus, FatiO) Vert. Suisse, iii. p. 527. 
 
 Palatine series meeting in front, sometimes forming a ^. Head 
 larger ; snout broader, more depressed. Body shorter (generally 
 15 praesacral vertebrae against 16 or 17 in M. cristata typus). Upper 
 surfaces lighter, generally greenish ; a yellowish vertebral line con- 
 stant in the female. 
 
 S. ?. 
 
 Total length 112 136 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 63 75 „ 
 
 Head 15 15 „ 
 
 Width of head 13| 14 „ 
 
 Fore limb 26 26 „ 
 
 Hind limb 29 28 „ 
 
 Tail 59 61 „ 
 
 It is not possible, as yet, to trace the geographical distribution 
 of this form. It is known from Italy, Dalmatia, and N.E. Persia ; 
 and I have recently examined a specimen from Eoutaia, Caucasus, 
 in the Senckenberg Museum. 
 
 'i,i3-8-c??. Italy. J. J. Bianconi [P.]. 
 e-e. d?. Turin. Prof. Bonelli [P.l 
 (. 5 ■ Lombardy. Milan Museum [E.]. 
 K. cJ. (Agreeing perfectly with the figure given by Strauch). ? 
 
 As another variety of M. cristata must probably be considered : — 
 Teiion LONGiPBs, Strauch, 1. c. p. 44, pi. 1. f. 2. 
 
 Proportions and shape of head as in the preceding variety, but 
 the fingers and toes much elongate. 
 
 Astrabad, in the province Mazanderan, Persia. 
 
 2. Molge blasii. 
 
 Triton blasii, De I'Isle, Ann. Sc. Nat. (4) xvii. p. 364 ; Schreib. Ilerp. 
 
 Fur. p. 46. 
 marmoratus, var. blasii, Strauch, Salam. p. 47. 
 
3. MOLOE. ' 11 
 
 This form is intermediate between, and perhaps a hybrid of, M. 
 cristata and marmorata. Some specimens approach the former; 
 others (and such are those in the British Museum) are nearer the 
 latter. 
 
 I'ronto-squamosal arch ligamentous ; frontals with orjj^^ pro- 
 cesses. Palatine teeth forming a ^. Proportions oM 
 body intermediate between the two last-named spewe^^^^S 
 crest high, toothed. Green above, spotted or marbled ^mbrown ; 
 sides, and sometimes lower surfaces, with white punctulapon ; female 
 generally with an orange vertebral line ; orange or ^IfWnish orange 
 beneath, spotted with black ; breeding male wjth 'a silvery-white 
 band along the side of the tail. •• 
 
 6. . 5- 
 
 Total length 140 ' •/ 156 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca ■ ■ ■ -j 7Jf ■ 78 „ 
 Head JF M 15 „ 
 
 Width of head n;2i 13 „ 
 
 Fore limb 27 25 „ 
 
 Hind limb 30 26 „ 
 
 TaU 70 78 „ 
 
 N.W. France. 
 
 0-6. cj?. Bretagne. Paris Museum [E.]. 
 
 3. Molge marmorata. 
 
 Triton marmoratus, Gray, Cat. p. 20. 
 ? Triton gesneri, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 38 ; Sohneid. Hist. Amph. p. 19. 
 Salamandra marmorata, Latr. Hist. Salam. p. 33, pi. 3. f. 2 ; Davd. 
 
 Sept. viii. p. 241. 
 Hemisalamandra marmorata, Dugbs, Ann. So. Nat. (3) xvii. p. 261. 
 Triton marmoratus, Dum. Sf Bilr. p. 136, pi. 106. f. 1; Be I'lsle, 
 
 Ann. Sc. Nat. (4) xvii. p. 364 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 46 ; Fatio, Vert. 
 
 Suisse, iii. p. 632 ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 43 ; Lataste, Herp. Gir. 
 
 p. 331. 
 Pyronicia marmorata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 137. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch ligamentous ; frontals with distinct orbital 
 processes. Palatine teeth in two series converging towards front, 
 forming a ^, commencing on a line with the choanse. Tongue 
 small, elliptic, free along the sides. Head about as long as broad: 
 its length contained about thrice in the male, about thrice and a 
 half in the female, in the length of the body ; the greatest width of 
 head at eyes ; snout broad, rounded, depressed ; labial lobes well 
 developed during the breeding-season. Body rounded ; breeding 
 male with an elevated straight-edged dorsal crest abruptly sinking 
 on pelvic region ; a longitudinal groove in the female. Limbs 
 moderate ; fingers and toes free, depressed, rather slender in the 
 male, shorter in the female : carpal and tarsal tubercles very indi- 
 stinct. Tail as long as, or a little longer than, head and body, ending 
 in a point, strongly compressed during the breeding-season, and 
 
12 SALAMANDEID^. 
 
 ■with an upper and lower crest. Skin more or less strongly tuber- 
 culate above and beneath ; head ^.nd parotoid region with distinct 
 pores ; a series of pores between axilla and groin ; a strong gular 
 fold. Green above, marbled with black ; dorsal and upper caudal 
 crest with vertical, alternately black and white bars ; female with 
 an orange vertebral line ; a silvery-white band along the side of the 
 tail, most distinct in the breeding male ; fingers and toes green, with 
 black annuli ; lower surfaces brown or greyish, with more or less 
 distinct darker spots, punotulated with white. (This punotulation 
 is absent in specimen i, the lower surfaces being beautifully black- 
 and-white marbled.) 
 
 d. ?. 
 
 Total length 131 133 miUim. 
 
 Prom snout to cloaca .... 62 68 „ 
 
 Head 15 15 „ 
 
 • Width of head 14| 15 „ 
 
 Pore limb 28 27 „ 
 
 Hind limb 29 27 „ 
 
 Tail 69 65 „ 
 
 France, Spain, Portugal. 
 
 a-b. <J. Fontainebleau. Gr. A. Boulenger, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 c-d, e. 5 . Nantes. 
 
 /. Yg. Montpellier. 
 
 ff-h. (J . Park in Palace-grounds H. O. Forbes, Esq. [P.], 
 
 of Quiluz. 
 
 i. (3. Oporto. 
 
 A-Z. 2 & yg- Oporto. Col. Owen, K.O.A. [P.]. 
 
 m. $ . Oporto. E. Allen, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 4. Molge alpestris. 
 
 Triton ? alpestris, GVay, Cat. p. 21. 
 
 Triton alpestris, £aur. 8yn. Rept. pp. 38, 142, pi. 2. f. 4 ; Sturm, 
 Beutschl. Faun. ; Tschudi, Batr. p. 95 ; Bonap. Faun. Hal; Bum. ^ 
 Bibr. p. 146 ; Be Betta, Mem. 1st. Venet. xi. p. 540 ; Fatio, Bibl. 
 Univ. 1864, p. 275 ; Leydig, Arch. f. Naturg. 1868, p. 198 ; Straueh, 
 Salam. p. 49 ; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii. p. 541, pi. 3 ; Be Betta, Fawn. 
 Ital, Mett. Anf. p. 87 ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 38. 
 
 wurfbainii, Laur. I.e. -p. 38. 
 
 aalamandroides, Laur. I. c. p. 40. 
 
 Salamandra cincta, Batr. Salam. p. 52, pi. 6. f. 5 : Baiid. Bent viii 
 p. 259. ir 7 r r ■ 
 
 rubriventris. Baud. I. o. p. 239, pi. 98. f. 1. 
 
 alpestris, Beohst., Laa4p. ii. p. 260 : Schneid. Hist. Amvh 
 
 p. 71. ^ 
 
 ignea, Beohst. I. c. p. 263. 
 
 Molge ignea, Merr. Tent. p. 186 ; Gravenh. Belie, p. 81. 
 
 — — alpestris, Merr. I. c. p. 187. 
 
 Triton apuanus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. 
 
 Hemitriton alpestris, Bugbs, Ann. So. Nat. (3) xvii. p. 263. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch ligamentous ; frontals with distinct orbital 
 
3. MOLGE. 13 
 
 processes. Palatine teeth in two series convergent towards front, 
 forming a ^, commencing on a line with the choanse. Tongue 
 small, suboircular, the sides free. Head a little longer than broad ; 
 its length contained about thrice in the male, about thrice and a 
 half in the female, in the length of the body ; the greatest width of 
 head at eyes ; snout broad, rounded ; breeding male with a low 
 straight-edged dorsal crest, which is not interrupted on the pelvic 
 region. Limbs moderate; fingers and toes free, depressed, short, 
 scarcely longer in the male than in the female ; two small carpal 
 and tarsal tubercles. Tail as long as, or a little shorter than, 
 head and body, ending in a point, strongly compressed during the 
 breeding-season, and with an upper and lower crest. Skin more or 
 less distinctly tuberculate on upper surfaces, smooth beneath ; head 
 and parotoid region with distinct pores ; a distinct gular fold. 
 Upper parts brown, blackish, greyish, or purplish, uniform or 
 marbled with darker ; a lateral series of small black spots on whitish 
 ground, this being bordered inferiorly in the breeding male by a 
 sky-blue band ; dorsal and caudal crests white, with round black 
 spots ; fingers and toes with black annuli ; belly orange or red, 
 immaculate ; throat frequently black-dotted ; the lower edge of the 
 female's tail orange, with round black spots. 
 
 
 cJ. 
 
 ?• 
 
 Total length 
 
 .. 83 
 
 104 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca . 
 
 .. 43 
 
 52 „ 
 
 Head 
 
 .. lOJ 
 
 11 ,, 
 
 Width of head 
 
 .. 91 
 
 10 „ 
 
 Fore limb 
 
 .. 17 
 
 17 „ 
 
 Hind limb 
 
 .. 17 
 
 17 „ 
 
 Tail 
 
 .. 40 
 
 •52 „ 
 
 North and Central France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Switzer- 
 land, Austria, North Italy. 
 
 a-6. 2 . Belgium. Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. 
 
 c, d-e. cJ $ . Alps. 
 
 jyh. (J. Fedem See, S. Germany. Dr. A. Giinther [P.\ 
 
 i-k. cJ , with gills. Lombardy. Milan Museum [E.J 
 
 5. Molge vittata. 
 
 Ommatotriton vittatus, Gray, Cat. p. 29. 
 Triton vittatus {Gray), Jenyns, Brit. Vert. p. 305 ; Guerin, Icon. 
 
 i2. A. p. 17, pi. 28. f. 2; Bugbs, Ann. Sc. Nat. (3) xvii. p. 271; 
 
 Dum. Sr Bihr. p. 144 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 60 ; Schreib. Serp. Eur. 
 
 p. 35 ; Lataste, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 359. 
 Lissotriton pahnipes, var., Bell, Brit. Mept. p. 140. 
 
 punctatus, var., Beli, I. o. 2nd edit. p. 151. 
 
 Triton ophryticils, Berihold, Getting. Nachr. 1846, p. 189 ; Strauch, 
 
 I. c. p. 47, pi. i. f . 3 ; Steindaclm. Verh. zobl.-hot. Ges. Wien, xxiv. 
 
 1874, p. 480. 
 Ommatotriton vittatus, Cooke, Our Eeptiles, p. 169, pi. 10. 
 
14 SALAMANDRIDjB. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch bony. Palatine teeth in two series, in 
 contact in their anterior third, diverging posteriorly, commencing 
 on a line with the choanae. Tongue small, suboircular, sides and 
 posterior margin free. Head a little longer than broad, its length 
 contained about thrice and a half in the length of the body ; the 
 greatest width of head at angles of mouth ; snout rounded ; labial 
 lobes well developed during the breeding-season. Body rounded ; 
 breeding male with an elevated, slightly toothed dorsal crest abruptly 
 sinking on pelvic region; a slight vertebral ridge in the female. 
 Limbs moderate ; fingers and toes moderate, latter webbed at the 
 base in the breeding male ; tarsal tubercles two, sometimes indistinct. 
 Tail a little longer than head and body, ending in a point, strongly 
 compressed during the breeding-season, and with an upper and lower 
 crest. Skin smooth or minutely tuberculate ; head and parotoid 
 region with distinct pores ; no gular fold. Grey or brown above, 
 closely black-spotted ; dorsal crest with vertical black bars, alter- 
 nately broader and narrower ; side of - body and tail with a white, 
 black-edged band ; throat black-dotted ; belly immaculate. 
 
 d. S- 
 
 Total length Ill 104 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca ... . 51 51 „ 
 
 Head 11 11 „ 
 
 Width of head 9| 10 „ 
 
 Fore limb 18 17 „ 
 
 Hind limb 20 16 „ 
 
 Tail 60 53 „ 
 
 Asia Minor, Syria. 
 
 Or-B. cJ $ . ? Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. (Types.) 
 
 d-f. (S & yg. Asia Minor. 
 
 6. Molge vulgaris. 
 
 Lophinus punctatus, Gray, Cat. p. 27. 
 Lacerta vulgaris, Idnn. Faun. Suec. p. 281, and S. N. i. p. 370. 
 
 palustris, part., Zinn. II. cc. 
 
 aquatica, Linn. II. cc. 
 
 Triton palustris, Laur. Syn. JRept.m. 39, 145, pi. 4. f. 2. 
 
 parisinus, Laur. I. c. p. 40 ; Toumeoilte, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 
 
 1879, p. 74. 
 Salamandra exigua, Laur. I. c. pp. 41, 148, pi. 8. f. 4. 
 
 taeniata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 58. 
 
 abdominalia, Latr. Hist. Salam. p. 50, pi. 5. f. 4 ; Daud. Sept. 
 
 viii. p. 250. 
 
 punctata, Latr. I. c. p. 63, pi. 6. f. 6 ; Daud. I. e. p. 257. 
 
 Lacerta taeniata, Stv/rm, lieutschl. Faun. 
 
 Molge punctata, Merr. Tent. p. 186. 
 
 Triton abdominalia, Bibr. in Bory, Exp6d. Mor4e, iii. pi. 15. f . 4 5. 
 
 Molge tseniata, Qravenh. Delic. p. 76, pi. 11 & pi 12, f. 1, 2. ' " 
 
 Salamandra vulgaris, Oray, Qnff. A. K., ix. Syn. p. 106'. 
 
 Triton vulgaris, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 158. 
 
 lobatus (OttK), Tsehudi, Batr. p, 95 ; Fatio, Vert. Suisse iii 
 
 p. 557, pi. 4 ' ■ 
 
3. MOLGE. 15 
 
 Triton punctatus, Bonap. Fawn. Ital.; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. p. 304; 
 
 S^lys, Faun. Belg. p. 182, pi. 5. f. 2; Ihigis, Ann. Sc. Nat. (3) 
 
 xvii. p. 269; Dum. ^ Bibr. p. 141. 
 
 exiguus, Bonap. I. o. 
 
 Lissotriton punctatus, BeU, Brit. Bept. p. 132, and 2nd edit. p. 143. 
 
 palmipes, BeU, I. c. p. 189. 
 
 Pyronicia punctata, Oray, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 137. 
 
 Triton tseniatus, Ley dig, Arch. f. Naturg. 1868, p. 212 ; Strauch, 
 
 Salam. p. 49 ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 24. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arcli ligamentous ; fronlals with, distinct orbital 
 processes. Palatine teeth in two series, parallel, and in contact in 
 their anterior half, diverging behind, thus forming a A-shaped figure ; 
 these series commencing on a line with the choause. Tongue small, 
 elKptical, free along the sides. Head longer than broad, its length 
 contained about thrice in the length of the body, the greatest width 
 at posterior corners of eyes ; three distinct longitudinal grooves on 
 the head ; snout rather elongate, rounded or suboonioal and truncate ; 
 labial lobes well developed during the breeding-season, most so in 
 the female. Body rounded ; breeding male with an elevated, fes- 
 tooned dorsal crest, commencing on the occiput and not interrupted 
 on the pelvic region ; female with a dorsal ridge, or very low, 
 straight-edged crest confluent with the caudal. Limbs moderate ; 
 fingers and toes depressed, shorter in the female ; during the breed- 
 ing-season the toes of the male lobate ; two small carpal and tarsal 
 tubercles, less distinct in the male. Tail a little longer than head 
 and body, strongly compressed during the breeding-season, ending 
 in a point, with an upper and lower crest ; in the male, the latter 
 festooned like the dorsal crest. Skin smooth, or nearly so ; head 
 with distinct series of pores ; gular fold absent, or very feebly 
 marked. Upper parts brown or oUve, with darker spots ; these are 
 large and rounded in the male, small and sometimes confluent into 
 a lateral band in the female and young ; head with five longitudinal 
 dark streaks, most distinct in the male ; lower surfaces yellowish, 
 with a median orange or reddish zone, and large round black spots 
 in the male or small black dots in the female, the latter frequently 
 confluent into a line along each side of the belly ; lower edge of the 
 tail uniform orange in the female, red bordered above with blue 
 and interrupted by vertical black spots in the male. 
 
 6. 2- 
 
 ■ Total length 83 83 milKm. 
 
 Prom snout to cloaca .... 40 40 
 
 Head 9i 9 
 
 Width of head 7 7 
 
 Fore limb 14| 14 
 
 Hind limb 16 13 
 
 Tail 43 43 
 
 Europe, with exception of S. France, Spain, and Portugal ; Tem- 
 perate Asia. 
 
16 
 
 SALAMANDRID^. 
 
 a,b. c??. 
 
 c,d-g,h-n. cJ, 9,&yg. 
 
 0. Several larvae. 
 
 p~s, t-v. S ? ■ 
 
 w-z. ^. 
 
 a-8. Yg. 
 
 .-, C-0- <S & yg. 
 
 i-K, X. Several spec, J $ . 
 
 «. cJ. 
 
 77- 0". Skeletons. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Near London. 
 
 Cobham. 
 
 Wandsworth. 
 
 Bridgewater. 
 
 Falmouth. 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 Hamburg. 
 Near Sarpsbourg. 
 Lombardy. 
 China. 
 
 ? 
 
 Dr. Johnson [P.l. 
 
 Dr. Leach [P.]. 
 
 C. J. A. Thuden, Esq. 
 [P.]. 
 
 — Lowndes, Esq. PP.]. 
 Milan Museum [E.]. 
 A. Adams, Esq. [C.]. 
 
 Vak. meridionaUs. 
 
 Salamandra exigua, Husconi, Amours des Scdam. p. 28, pi. 1. 
 Triton palmatus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. 
 
 lobatus, Bonap. I. e. 
 
 • — — punotatus, Dt Betta, Mem. 1st. Venet. xi. p. 546, pi. 25. 
 
 tseniatus, De Betta, Faun. ltd., Bett. Anf. p. 89. 
 
 tseniatus, var., Schreib. JSCerp. Fur. p. 25. 
 
 paradoxus (non Bazoum.), Bedriaga, Bull. Moso. 1881, p. 287. 
 
 Smaller; the body of the male subquadrangular ; dorsal crest 
 lower; tail generally ending in a filament; spots smaller. Its 
 physiognomy is similar to that of M. pahnata. 
 
 North Italy and neighbouring parts of Austria ; Greece. 
 
 X-aa.. <3- 
 
 Turin. 
 Gorz. 
 
 Prof. Bonelli [P.]. 
 
 G. A. Boulenger, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 7. Molge palmata. 
 
 Lophinus palmatus, Gray, Cat. p. 28. 
 Lacerta paradoxa seu helvetica, Bazoum. Hist. Nat. Jorat. i. p. 3, 
 
 pi. 2. f. 5. 
 Salamandra palmata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 72. 
 
 pabnipes, Latr. Hist. Salam. p. 55, pi. 6. f. 7 ; Baud. Bept. viii. 
 
 ' p. 263, pi. 98. f . 2. 
 
 Molge palmata, Me7r. Tent. p. 186. 
 
 Triton palmatus, Tschudi, Batr. p. 95 ; Sttys, Faun. Belg. p. 182, 
 
 pi. 5. f. 1; Bugbs, Ann. So. Nat. (3) xvii. p. 270; Dum. ^ Bibr. 
 
 p. 148; Fatio, Vert, ^isse, iii. p. 570, pi. 4; Lataste, Herp. Gir. 
 
 p. 339. 
 Lissotriton palmipes, Bell, Brit. Bept. 2nd edit. p. 154. 
 Triton helveticus, Zeydig, Arch.f. Naturg. 1868, p. 220 ; Strauch, 
 
 Salam. p. 50 ; Schreib. Herp. Fur. p- 31 ; Briiggemann, Arch. f. 
 
 Naturg. 1876, p. 19; Tourneville, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879 
 
 p. 74. 
 
 Pronto-fiquamosal arch bony. Vomerine teeth in two posteriorly 
 diverging series, forming a A- or A-shaped figure; these series 
 commencing on a line with the choanee. Tongue as in M. vulgaris. 
 Head as in the latter species, but the snout broader ; length of head 
 contained about twice and two thirds in the male, thrice in the 
 
3. MOLGE. 17 
 
 female, in the length of the body. Body quadrangular in the breed- 
 ing male, a more or less developed cutaneous fold bordering each 
 side ; a low, entire, vertebral crest ; in the female, the body is nearly 
 round, with a low vertebral ridge, as in M. vulgaris. Limbs mode- 
 rate ; fingers and toes depressed, the latter fully webbed in. the 
 breeding male ; two small carpal and tarsal tubercles. Tail a little 
 longer than head and body, strongly compressed during the breeding- 
 season, and with an upper and lower crest ; the male's taU truncate 
 and ending in a filament; this filament scarcely distinct in the 
 female. Skin smooth, or nearly so; head with distinct series of 
 pores ; gular fold generally distinct. Upper parts brown or olive, 
 with small darker spots; head with longitudinal dark streaks, the 
 .outer (those passing through the eyes) being constant ; in the male, 
 the head is minutely speckled with dark brown, and the dorsal and 
 upper caudal crest and feet are blackish ; lower surfaces not coloured, 
 except the median zone of the belly, which is orange ; a few small 
 blackish dots are generally scattered on the belly ; in ferior candal 
 erest immaculate, orange in the female, bluish grey in the male ; a 
 series of spots, sometimes confluent, along the upper and lower 
 border of the tail. 
 
 d. $. 
 
 Total length 72 76 miUim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 32 37 „ 
 
 Head 9 9 „ 
 
 Width of head 7^ 8 „ 
 
 Fore limb 15 13^ „ 
 
 Hind limb 15 13 „ 
 
 Tail 40 39 „ 
 
 Great Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, West 
 Germany, North Spain. 
 
 a. 2 . Scotland. Dr. Johnson [P.]. 
 
 b-c. tj ? . Nottingham. W. Higginbottom, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 d. Several spec, cJ 5 . Near Hereford. W. H. Holdaworth, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 e. Several spec, d $ . Bridgewater. Mr. Baker [P.]. 
 f-4. (S . Bridgewater. 
 
 k. cJ . Falmouth. — Cocks, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 l-o. cJ ? . Near Brussels. G. A. Boulenger, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 8. Molge montandonii. 
 
 Triton montandoni, Boideng. BvU. Soe. Zool. li-anee, 1880, pp. 37, 
 157, pi. 7. 
 
 Fronto-sqnamosal arch bony. Palatine teeth in two posteriorly 
 diverging series, forming a A-shaped figure; these series com- 
 mencing on a Hne with the choanse. Tongue moderate, oval, free 
 along the sides. Head a little longer than broad, with three distinct 
 longitudinal grooves, its length contained about thrice in the length 
 of the body, the greatest width at posterior comers of eyes ; snout 
 rounded; labial lobes well developed during the breeding-season. 
 
18 SALAMANBEIBJB. 
 
 Body quadrangular in the male, a well-developed cutaneous fold 
 bordering each side ; no dorsal crest ; in the female, the body nearly 
 round. Limbs moderate ; fingers and toes depressed, free ; carpal 
 and tarsal tubercles distinct. Tail strongly compressed during the 
 breeding-season, and with an upper and lower crest, as long as or a 
 little shorter than head and body ; in the male it ends in a fila- 
 ment. Skin smooth or rather warty above, smooth beneath ; head 
 with distinct series of pores ; a distinct gular fold. OUve or brownish 
 above, variegated with darker ; the vertebral line generally lighter 
 in the female ; in the male, the head is minutely speckled with 
 blackish, and the feet are black ; lower surfaces orange, immaculate ; 
 lower caudal edge orange, with black vertical spots in the male. 
 
 s. 2- 
 
 Total length 76 85 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 38 43 „ 
 
 Head 9 10 „ 
 
 Width of head 8 8 „ 
 
 Fore limb 15 17 „ 
 
 Hind limb 15 16 „ 
 
 Tail 38 42 „ 
 
 Moldavia. 
 
 a-c, d-f. cJ $ . ■ Moldavia. G. A. Boulenger, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 9. Molge boscae. 
 
 Pelonectes boscai, Lataste, Rev. Intern. So. iii. 1879, p. 275 ; Tourne- 
 
 ville, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 72, pi. 7. 
 Triton palmatus, var. boscai, Boettger, Zeitschr. ges. Naturw. (3) iv. 
 
 p. 516. 
 maltzani, Boettger, I. c. p. 521*. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch bony, thick. Palatine teeth in two poste- 
 riorly diverging series, forming a A-shaped figure ; these' series 
 commencing on a line with the choanse. Tongue moderate, sub- 
 circular, free along the sides and more or less behind. Head a 
 little longer than broad, with a single longitudinal groove, its 
 length contained about thrice in the length of the body; the 
 greatest width at anterior corners of eyes ; latter prominent ; snout 
 broad, truncate ; labial lobes much developed. Body subquadran- 
 gular in the breeding male, nearly round in the female ; no dorsal 
 crest. Limbs moderate ; fingers and toes depressed, free ; carpal 
 and tarsal tubercles distinct. Tail strongly compressed during the 
 breeding-season, with an upper and lower crest, as long as or a 
 little longer than head and body; in the male the tail ends rather 
 abruptly, and is shortly mucronate. Cloaca of male a longitudinal 
 
 * Having, through the kindness of my friend Dr. O. Boettger, examined the 
 type specimen (a young ^) m the Senokenberg Museum, I am able to state 
 that that species is the same as M. boscE. The larger tongue is a character of 
 immaturity, which I have frequently noticed in other species of this genus 
 
3. MoieE. 19 
 
 cleft, -with, strongly swollen lips, as in M. vulgaris, that of the 
 female subcorneal, directed backwards, with circular opening. Skin 
 smooth or slightly granulate above ; head with distinct series of 
 pores ; parotoid region thickened ; a distinct gular fold. Brown or 
 oUve above, with irregular darker spots ; no longitudinal dark 
 streaks on the head ; lower surfaces orange, with scattered round 
 black spots ; lower edge of tail yellow, with black spots in the male, 
 immaculate in the female. 
 
 <3. $. 
 
 Total length 68 97 milUm. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 31 39 „ 
 
 Head 9 10 „ 
 
 Width of head 7^ '8 „ 
 
 Fore limb I34 13 „ 
 
 Hind limb 14 13 „ 
 
 Tail 37 48 „ 
 
 Spain, Portugal. 
 
 a. Several spec, ^ $ . Oorufia. G. A. Boulenger, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 6-i. (?,$, &yg. Oporto. E. Allen, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 10. Molge pyrrhogastra. 
 
 Cynops pyrrhogaster, Gray, Cat. p. 25. 
 Molge pyrrhogastra, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 215. 
 Salamandra subcristata, ScMeg. Faun. Japan., Amph. p. 125, pi. iv. 
 
 f. 1-3, and pi. v. f . 7, 8, and AhUld. p. 122, pi. 40. f . 1-3. 
 Cynops subcnstatus, Tschudi, Batr. p. 94. 
 Triton subcristatus. Hum. ^ Bibr. p. 140. 
 pyrrhogaster, Strauch, Solum, p. 51 ; Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. 
 
 Fraiuie, 1880, p. 39. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch bony, thick. Palatine teeth forming a 
 A or a A, commencing on a Ime with the choanae. Tongue small, 
 subelliptical, the sides slightly free. Head a little longer than 
 broad, without grooves, its length contained thrice to thrice and a 
 half in the length of the body ; snout subtruncate ; cheeks widening 
 suddenly ; eyes prominent ; labial lobes much developed. Body 
 subquadrangular in the male, nearly round in the female ; no dorsal 
 crest; a prominent vertebral ridge in both sexes, produced by the 
 great development of the spinous processes of the dorsal vertebrae. 
 Limbs moderate ; fingers and toes depressed, free ; carpal and tarsal 
 tubercles generally distinct. Tail strongly compressed during the 
 breeding-season, sword-shaped, and frequently shortly mucronate in 
 the male, with an upper and lower crest ; its length exceeding 
 generally that of head and body. Cloaca as in M. vulgaris. Skin 
 generally strongly tuberculate above and beneath, sometimes smooth ; 
 parotoids distinct, more or less developed, generally much so ; a 
 similar, small, circular gland is generally visible on each side of the 
 throat ; a distinct gular fold. Dark olive or blackish above ; lower 
 surfaces carmine, spotted with black ; lower edgfr of tail uniform 
 carmine, this bright colour vanishing in the breeding male. 
 
 c2 
 
20 
 
 SAIAMANDEID^. 
 
 6. 9- 
 
 Total length 93 '111 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 46 53 ,, 
 
 Head 11 12 „ 
 
 Width of head H 10^ „ 
 
 Fore limb 18 19 ,. 
 
 Hind limb 20 20 „ 
 
 Tail 47 58 „ 
 
 Japan, China. 
 
 0-6. c? • Northern parts of Niphon. 
 
 c-e. c?. Nagasaki. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
 f-h.d2- Nagasaki. Mr. Whitely [0.]. 
 
 i-l. c? ? • Japan. Leyden Museum. 
 
 m. (J. Kiukiang Mountains, China. Mr. C. Maries [C.]. 
 
 11. Molge sinensis. 
 
 Cynops chinensis, (?my, Proa. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 229, pi. 19. f. 1 ; 
 
 Oiinth. Sepi. Brit. tnd. p. 439. 
 Triton chinensis, Strauch, Salam. p. 61. 
 
 Closely allied to the preceding species ; differs in the following 
 characters :-^Head widening more gradually ; canthus rostralis 
 strongly marked ; loreal region nearly vertical ; snout of male very 
 long. Sides of body with very prominent conical tubercles ; paro- 
 toids very small ; gular fold very strong. TaU table-knife-shaped 
 in both sexes. Upper parts uniform brown ; lower parts bluish 
 black, with small irregular yellow (red ?) spots ; lower edge of tail 
 uniform yeUow in the female, with yellow spots in the male ; latter 
 with a broad bluish band along the posterior two thirds of the tail. 
 
 c?. ?. 
 
 Total length 131 142 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 60 66 „ 
 
 Head 16 16 „ 
 
 Width of head 13 15 „ 
 
 Fore limb 23 22 „ 
 
 Hind Umb 22 24 „ 
 
 Tail 71 76 „ 
 
 China. 
 
 a-b. (J ? . N.E. coast of China, inland Mr. Fortune [0.]. 
 
 ofNingpo. (.Tj^es.) 
 
 12. Molge torosa. 
 
 Taricha torosa, Gray, Cat. p. 25. 
 Triton torosus, Eschsch. Zool. Atlas, p. 12, pi. 21. f. 15; Strauch, 
 
 Salam. p. 60. 
 Salamandi'a beecheyi, Gray in Griff. A. K. i. p. 107, and Zool 
 
 Beechey's Voy. pi. 31. f. S. f , 
 
3. MOLGET. 21 
 
 Triton ermani, Wiegm. in Erman's Seise um die JErde, p. 24. 
 Salamandra (Triton) graniJosa, SkUton, Amer. Journ. (2) vii. p. 202. 
 Notoptlialmus torosus, Baird, Journ. Ac. PhUad. (2) i. p. 284. 
 Taricha laevis, Baird ^ Oir. Proc. Ac. PhUad. 1853, p. 302. 
 
 torosa, Girard, U.S. Expl. Exped., Herp. p. 5, pi. 1. f. 1-8. 
 
 Triton Isevis, Straiich, I. v. 
 
 DiemyctyluM torosus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p, 28. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arcli bony, thick. Palatine teeth, in two poste- 
 riorly diverging series, forming a A-shaped figure ; these series 
 commencing on a line with the choanse. Tongue moderate, sub- 
 oval, the sides free. Head depressed, about as long as broad, its 
 length contained about thrice in the length of the body ; the greatest 
 width at angles of jaws ; snout rounded ; labial lobes well developed 
 during the breeding-season. Body rounded, crestless. Limbs mode- 
 rate in the female, very strong in the male ; fingers and toes short, 
 much depressed, free ; carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail 
 strongly compressed, with very low upper and lower crest, its end 
 obtusely pointed, considerably longer than head and body. Cloaca 
 as in M. vulgaris. Skin generally granular above and beneath, 
 sometimes smooth (spec, h) ; head with series of pores ; parotoids 
 more or less distinct ; a strong gular fold. Uniform brown above ; 
 beneath and lower edge of tail uniform yeUow. 
 
 6. ?. 
 
 Total length 156 159 millim. 
 
 Prom snout to cloaca .... 67 69 „ 
 
 Head 16 17 „ 
 
 Width of head 15 16 „ 
 
 Fore limb 30 24 „ 
 
 Hind limb 30 25 „ 
 
 TaU 89 90 „ 
 
 Western North America. 
 
 a-b. <S . California. 
 
 c, d. cJ & skeleton. Nass'a valley. Mr. Gruber [C.]. 
 
 e. Hgr. Chilukiveyuk Eiver. N. A. Boundary Commission. 
 
 f-g. 6 5 . Fraser's River. H.M.S. ' Plumper ' [CI 
 
 h. c? . Vancouver Island. Lieut.-Col. Hawkins [C.l. 
 
 i, k. (J2- ? Prof. St. George Mivait [P.]. 
 
 I. Hgr. ? 
 
 13. Molge viridescens. 
 
 Notophthalmus miniatus, Grm/, Cat p. 22. 
 Notophthalmus viridescens, Gray, I. c. p. 23. 
 Triturus (Diemyctylus) viridescens, Pafin. Annals of Nature, 1820, 
 no. 22 [not seen by the writer] 
 
 (Notophthalmus) miniatus, Pqfin. I. c. no. 24. 
 
 Salamandra stellio, Say, Amer. Joarn. i. p. 264. 
 
 dorsalis, Harlan, Journ. Ac. Philad. iSfp. 101 ; Wied, Noma Acta 
 
 Leop.-Carol. xxxii. p. 131. 
 symmetrica, Harlan, I. c. p. 157 ; Holhr. N. Amer. Herp. v. 
 
22 SALIMANDEIB^. 
 
 p. 57, pi. xvii.; Bekay, N. Y. Faun., Rept. p. 73, pi. xv. f. 33; 
 
 Wied, I. c. p. 125. 
 Salamandra millepunctata, Storer, Boat. Journ. W. H.ii. p. 60. 
 
 gi-eenii, Gray, Oriff. A. K. ix. Syn. p. 107. 
 
 Triton dorsalis, Holbr. I. c. p. 77, pi. xxv. ; Bum. 8f Bihr. p. 155. » 
 
 millepunctatus, Bekay, I. c. p. 84, pi. xv. f. 34. 
 
 Notoptlialmus miniatus, Baird, Jaurn. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 284. 
 
 viridescens, Baird, I. c. 
 
 Triton punctatissimus. Bum. ^ Bihr. p. 154. 
 
 symmetricus. Bum. Sr Bibr. p. 154, pi. 107. i.2. 
 
 Diemyctylus Tiridesceijs, Hallow. Journ. Ac. Philad. (n. s.) iii. p. 363. 
 
 miniatus, Hallow. I. e. 
 
 Triton viridescens, Strauch, Salam. p. 50. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch bony. Palatine teeth in two series, 
 parallel- and in contact in their anterior half, diverging behind, 
 forming a A-shaped figure ; these series commencing on a line with 
 the choansB. Tongue small, elliptical, free along the sides. Head 
 longer than broad, its length contained thrice or thrice and a half 
 in the length of the body ; the greatest width at angles of jaws ; 
 three distinct longitudinal grooves on the head ; snout truncate ; 
 loreal region high, vertical ; labial lobes well developed during the 
 breeding-season. Body rounded, no dorsal crest, but the vertebral 
 line swollen. Limbs moderate, the hind pair very strong and 
 dilated, and furnished with black rugosities on the inner surface in 
 the breeding male ; fingers and toes depressed, free ; inner and 
 outer toes extremely short ; carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. 
 Tail longer than head and body in the adult, strongly compressed 
 during the breeding-season, with an upper and lower crest ; it ends 
 in a more or less acute point. Cloaca of female as in M. vulgaris ; 
 of breeding male globiform, with inferior central opening, surrounded 
 by radiating cilia. Skin smooth or minutely tubercular; head with 
 distinct series of pores ; three very large pores on each side of the 
 head, behind the eyes; no gular fold. Eeddish or olive-brown 
 above, generally dotted with black ; on each side of the back a series 
 of four to seven red, black-edged oceUi ; a blackish streak on each 
 side of the head, passing through the eye, extending sometimes 
 along each flank ; female frequently with a red dorsal streak ; lower 
 surface red or orange, dotted with black. 
 
 6. $. 
 
 ■ Total length ! . 92 92 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 40 44 „ 
 
 Head 10 10^ „ 
 
 Width of head 8 8 „ 
 
 Fore limb 15 15 „ 
 
 Hind limb 17 15 „ 
 
 TaH 52 48 „ 
 
 United States — Eastern and Austro-riparian districts. 
 
 a-h, c,d-e. c? , S , & yg- New York, 
 y. 6 , Pennsylvania. 
 
3. MoieE. 23 
 
 g. S ■ S. Carolina. Dr. Harlan [P.]. 
 
 h-i. cJ $ . S. Carolina. 
 
 h-n. 5 & yg. N. America. Edw. Doubleday, Eaq. [P.]. 
 
 o-p. $ and breeding cJ N. America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.], 
 
 with gills. 
 
 14. Molge montaua. 
 
 Molge platycephala, part., Gravenh. Delia, p. 84. 
 
 Megapterna montana, Savi, Nuov. Giom. Tose. xxxvii. p. 211 ; Bonap. 
 
 Faun. Itcd. ; Bedriaga, Zool. Anz. 1882, p.46, and Arch.f. Nat. xlix. 
 
 p. 127, pis. 3-5. 
 Euproctus platyceplialus, part., Bonap. I. o. ; De Betta, Atti 1st. 
 
 Venet. (5) v. 
 montanus, GiglioU, An. Mm. Genov. liii. p. 699 ; Bedriaga, 
 
 Zool. Am. 1879, p. 451 ; Camerano, Zool. Anz. 1881, p. 183. 
 platycephalus P, Bouleng. Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1878, p. 305. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch ligamentouB ; frontals with distinct orbital 
 processes. Palatine teeth in two series, parallel, and in contact 
 in their anterior half, divergent behind, thus forming a J^-shaped 
 figure ; these series commencing on a line with the choanae. Tongue 
 rather large, subcircular, attached along the median line, slightly free 
 behind, protractile. Head rather large, depressed, longer than broad, 
 its length contained thrice ( c? ) or thrice and a half ( $ ) in the length 
 of the body ; the greatest width of 'head at posterior corners of eyes ; 
 snout rounded ; no labial lobes. Body rounded ; no dorsal crest. 
 Limbs moderate ; fingers and toes short, depressed ; tarsal and carpal 
 tubercles indistinct ; male with a much developed, rounded dila- 
 tation of the fibulum. Tail a little shorter than head and body, 
 compressed, ending in a point. Vent generally conical, directed 
 backwards, with circular opening ; sometimes (?) a longitudinal 
 slit, the borders of which are scarcely swollen. Skin finely tuber- 
 cular above, smooth beneath ; sides of head with distinct pores ; 
 on each side of the neck a large well-defined parotoid gland ; no 
 gular fold. Brown, immaculate, or variegated with darker and 
 lighter above and speckled with whitish beneath ; sometimes a light 
 vertebral line. 
 
 6. ?. 
 
 Total length 114 108 millim. 
 
 Prom snout to cloaca .... 56 58 
 
 Head 14 13 
 
 Width of head 11 10 
 
 Fore Umb 18 18 
 
 Hind limb 21 20 
 
 Tail 58 50 
 
 Corsica. 
 
 a-e. 6 $ , hgr., Lago d'Argento, Monte Prof. Giglioli [E.]. 
 
 & larvse. Cinto (6000 feet). 
 
 f-g. Yg. & larva. Corsica. Dr. J. v. Bedriaga [E.]. 
 
 h-i. Yg. & larva. Corsica. G. A. Boulenger, Esq. [P.]. 
 
24 SALAMANDEIDiE. 
 
 15. Molge rusconii. 
 
 Euproctus platycephalus, Oray, Cat. p. 24. 
 Molge platycephala, part., Oravenh. Belie, p. 84. 
 Euproctua rusconii, Geni, 8yn. Mept. Sard. p. 28, pLi. f. 3-5 ; Bcmap. 
 
 Faim. Ital. ; TViedersheim, An, Mus. Genov. vii. p. 545, pi. xx. ; 
 
 Giglioli, eod. he. xiii. p. 699 ; Bedriaga, Zool. Am. 1879, p. 451 ; 
 
 Camerano, eod, he. 1881, p. 183. 
 
 platycephalus, part., Bonap. I. c, 
 
 Triton platycephalus, part., Straitch, Salam, p. 50 ; Sehreib, Serp, 
 
 Eur. p. 54. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch bony. Palatine teeth in two straight 
 series, diverging behind, forming a \~ or /^-shaped figure ; these 
 series commencing on a line with the choanse. Tongue small, sub- 
 elliptical, the sides free. Head much depressed, mucli longer than 
 broad, its length contained about thrice in the length of the body ; 
 the greatest width at angles of jaws ; snout semielliptical ; labial 
 lobes well developed. Body rounded, crestless. Limbs moderate ; 
 fingers and toes rather elongate, slender, jfree ; 'in the male the 
 fibulum sends forth a pointed, spur-like process, resembling a rudi- 
 mentary toe ; no distinct carpal or tarsal tubercles. Tail about as 
 long as head and body, keeled above and beneath, with a small 
 upper and lower crest, ending in an obtuse point. Cloaca, in both 
 sexes, conical, the opening circular and turned backwards ; that of the 
 male more swollen at the base. Skin smooth or with small tubercles 
 above ; no gular fold. Brown above, variegated with darker ; lower 
 surfaces yellowish, spotted with blackish. 
 
 6. 
 
 Total length 132 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 64 
 
 Head 15 
 
 Width of head 12 
 
 2*. 
 
 76 millim. 
 40 „ 
 10 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 Fore limb 19 
 
 12 „ 
 
 Hind limb 21 
 
 12 „ 
 
 TaU 08 
 
 Sardinia. 
 a-d. S & Jigr- Mt. Gennargentu. 
 
 16. Molge aspera. 
 
 Hemitriton asper, Buqh, Ann, So. Nat. CS) 
 
 36 „ 
 
 Prof. GiglipU [E.] 
 
 xvii. V. 2G6. 
 
 i^ijjcxcuo \jL^wiii.jj uyv/t^coj f/. c. u. ^\j\j. 
 
 rugoBus {Bum), Bughs, I. e. p. 264. 
 
 punctulatus {Bum.), Bugks, I. c. p. 266, pi. 1. f. 1-3. 
 
 bibronii (Bum.), Bugis, I. c. p. 256. 
 
 Triton pyrenseus. Bum. ^ Bibr. p. 139. 
 
 rugosus, Bum. 8; Bibr, p. 160. 
 
 cinereus. Bum, Sf Bibr. p. 151. 
 
 repandus, Bum, ^ Bibr, p. 151, pi. 106. f. 2. ^ 
 
 puncticulat^us. Bum. ^ Bibr. p. 152, pi. 106. f. 8. 
 
 bibroni. Bum. ^ Bibr. p. 153. 
 
3. MOtGE. 25 
 
 Euproctus ruBconii, part., Bum. 8^ £ibr. p. 158. 
 
 Calotriton punctulatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 139. 
 
 Triton platycephalus, part., Strauch, Salam. p. 60 ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. 
 
 p. 64. 
 Euproctus pyrenseus, Lataste, Mev. Intei-n. Sc. ii. 1878, p. 496. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch bony. Palatine teeth in two series in 
 contact anteriorly, diverging behind, thus forming a A-shaped figure ; 
 these series commencing on a line with the choanse. Tongue small, 
 elliptical, the sides slightly free. Head depressed, longer than broad, 
 its length contained thrice to thrice and a half in the length of the 
 body, the greatest width at posterior corners of eyes ; snout rounded 
 or truncate ; labial lobes well developed during the breeding-season. 
 Body rounded ; no crest. Limbs moderate ; fingers and toes de- 
 pressed, free ; sometimes the tips furnished with a black, corneous, 
 nail-like sheath ; no distinct carpal or tarsal tubercles. Tail as long 
 as head and body in the female, shorter and thicker in the male ; 
 the tail keeled above, but destitute of regular crest, ending in an 
 obtuse point. Anal opening circular ; cloaca of male eubglobular ; 
 of female much produced, conical, directed backwards. Skin more 
 or less strongly tuberculate above, smooth beneath ; a more or less 
 indistinct gular fold. Olive or blackish above, uniform or with- 
 yellowish spots, which may be confluent into a broad vertebral line ; 
 lower surfaces and lower edge of tail orange, with blackish spots, 
 the median zone of the belly generally immaculate. 
 
 6. .?. 
 
 Total length 100 104 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 54 52 
 
 Head 13 12 
 
 Width of head 11 10^ 
 
 Fore limb 16 16 
 
 Hind Umb 17 16 
 
 TaU 46 52 
 
 Pyrenees ; mountains of the Pyrenean peninsula. 
 
 o-e. (5 5 . Pyrenees. 
 
 d. 2 • Lower Pyrenees. 
 
 17. Molge poireti. 
 
 Triton poireti, Ch-ay, Cat. p. 18 (not specimens*). 
 ? Triton palustris, Poiret, Voy. Barhar. i. p. 290. 
 Triton poireti, Gervais, Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. 1836, p. 313, and Ann. Sc. 
 
 Nat. vii. p. 312 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 51. 
 ? Euproctus rusconii, Guichenot, Expl. Sc. Alg., Bept. p. 29, pi. 4. f. 2. 
 Triton nehulosus, Guichen. I. c. p. 30, pi. 4. f . 1. 
 Glossoliga poireti, Gervais, Ann. So. Nat. (3) xx. p. .313, pi. xv. f. 9. 
 Euproctus poireti, Bum. Sf Bibr. p. 160, pi. 107. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch bony, thick. Palatine teeth in two slightly 
 curved series, approximating in front, forming a fl. Tongue rather 
 large, subcircular, extensively free behind and on the sides. Head 
 
 » a=:M. waltUi; b=M. cristata. 
 
26 
 
 SALAMANBEIDiE. 
 
 much depressed, as long as broad, its length contained about thrice 
 and a half in the length of the body, the greatest width at angles 
 of jaws ; snout broad, rounded, the contour of the jaws semicircular ; 
 eyes small ; labial lobes scarcely distinct. Body rounded, somewhat 
 depressed; no dorsal crest, vertebral line grooved. Limbs moderate; 
 fingers and toes much depressed, free ; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. 
 Tail compressed, keeled above and beneath, longer than head and 
 body. Skin strongly tubereulate ; parotoid region thickened ; a 
 series of iarge pores from axilla to groin ; a strong gular fold. Vent 
 a longitudinal slit, the borders scarcely swollen. Olive-brown 
 above, yellowish or reddish brown beneath, with or without darker 
 markings. 
 
 ?• 
 
 Total length 146 miUim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 70 
 
 Head 15 
 
 Width of head 15 
 
 Fore limb 19 
 
 Hind limb 22 
 
 Tail 76 
 
 Algiers. 
 
 a, 6. ? & hgr. 
 
 c. Several larvae. 
 
 d. Skeleton. 
 
 Algiers. 
 Algiers. 
 Algiers. 
 
 M. F. Lataste [P.]. 
 
 18. Molge hagenmuelleri. 
 
 GrlosBoliga poireti, ^onap. Faun. Itdl. 
 
 hagenmulleri, Lataste, Le Naturalists, 1881, p. 371. 
 
 Differs from the preceding in the following characters : — Pa- 
 latine teeth forming a A- Tongue small,, less free behind. Head 
 longer than broad ; snout narrower, contour of jaws semielliptic. 
 Limbs, and especially fingers and toes, more slender. Gular fold 
 less accentuated. Size smaller. Olive-brown above, greyish 
 beneath, with more or less distinct darker spots. Breeding male 
 with rugose plates on the inner side of the fore limbs *. 
 
 Total length 99 
 
 ■From snout to cloaca 42 
 
 Head 
 
 Width of head .. 8 
 
 Fore limb 15 
 
 Hind limb 15 
 
 Tail 57 
 
 n 
 
 Algiers. 
 1-6. d' 2 . 
 
 Bona. 
 Bona. 
 
 ?■ 
 
 98 miUim. 
 44 
 10 
 9 
 13 
 15 
 54 
 
 M. F. Lataste [P.]. 
 Dr. J. V. Bedriaga [E.]. 
 
3. MOLGE. 27 
 
 19. Molge waltlii. 
 
 Pleurodeles waltlii, Gray, Cat. p. 17. 
 Bradybates ventricosus, Gray, I. c. p. 26. 
 Pleurodeles waltlii, Michah. Isis, 1830, p. 195 ; Tschudi, Batr. p. 91, 
 
 pi. 2. f. 1 ; Bma'p. Faun. Ital. ; Bum. Sr Sibr. p. 72, pi. 103. f. 1; 
 
 Strauch, Salam. p. 32 ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 60 ; Leydig, Ai-ch. 
 
 f. Naturg. xlv. p. 211, pis. 14, 15 ; Bedriaga, Bull. Mosc. 1879, 
 
 p. 179, and Zool. Anz. 1879, p. 94 ; Wiedersheim, Zool. Anz. 1879, 
 
 p. 622 ; Lataste, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. (4) iii. p. 113 ; Wiedersh. 
 
 Jen. Zeitschr. Nat. xiv. p. 371 ; Fraisse, Inaug.- Dissert. Wurzh. 
 
 1880. 
 Salamandra major. Gray, Qriff. A. K. ix. 8yn. p. 106. 
 Bradybates ventricosus, Tschudi, I. c. p. 91, pi. 2. f . 1 ; Bonap. I. c. ; 
 
 Dum. ^ Bibr. p. 75 ; Strauch, I. c. p. 33 ; Schreib. I. c. p. 68. 
 Salamandra pleurodeles, Sehleg. Abbild. p. 122, pi. 39. f. 2-3. 
 
 Fronto-squamosal arch bony. Palatine teeth in two slightly 
 curved series approximating in front, diverging behind ; these series 
 commencing in front of the line of the choanse. Tongue rather 
 small, subcircular, the lateral and posterior borders free. Head 
 much depressed, as long as broad, its length contained three to four 
 times in the length of the body, the greatest width at temporal 
 regions ; snout sh8rt, rounded ; labial lobes weU. developed. Body 
 rounded ; no dorsal crest. Limbs moderate, of males stronger and 
 furnished on their inner side, during the breeding-season, with 
 rugose plates ; fingers and toes much depressed, free ; two small, 
 more or less distinct, carpal and tarsal tubercles. Tail strongly 
 compressed, keeled above and beneath, longer than head and body. 
 Eibs very long, ending in a sharp point, which frequently perforates 
 the skin. Latter strongly tuberculate ; a strong gular fold. Vent 
 a longitudinal slit, the borders scarcely swoUen. Olive-brown above, 
 yellowish beneath, with blackish markings ; lower edge of tail 
 yellowish or orange. 
 
 d. ?. 
 
 Total length 224 182 millim. 
 
 Prom snout to cloaca .... 93 87 „ 
 
 Head 19 20 „ 
 
 Width of head 20 20 „ 
 
 Fore limb 33 26 „ 
 
 Hind hmb' 37 30 „ 
 
 Tail 131 95 „ 
 
 Spain and Portugal ; Tangiers. 
 
 a-b. ? & yg. Madrid. Lord Lilford [P.]. 
 
 e-g. (?,$,& yg. S.Spain. Brussels Museum [E.]. 
 
 h-i. Hgr. ' Spam. Lord Lilford [P.]. 
 
 h. Skeleton. Spain. 
 
 l-m. Hgr. Tangiers. 
 
 n. cJ . N. Africa P 
 
28 SALAMANDEIBJ!. 
 
 4. SALAMANDRINA. 
 
 Salamandrina, Fitrnig. Neue Classif. Rept. p. 41 ; Tschudi, Batr. 
 
 p. 93 ; Bum. 8f Bibr. ix. p. 68 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 63. 
 Seiranota, Barnes, Amer. Jown. xi. p. 268 ; Qray, Cat. p. 29. 
 
 Tongue large, subtriangular, free everywhere except on the an- 
 terior half of the median line. Palatine teeth in two series, parallel 
 anteriorly, diverging behind. A strong, bony, fronto-squamosal 
 arch. Toes four. Tail slightly compressed. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 1. Salamandrina perspicillata. 
 
 Seiranota perspicillata, Oray,. Cat. p. 29. 
 
 Salamandra tridactyla, Daud. Sept. viii. p. 261. 
 
 Molge tridactylus, Merr. TerA. p. 188. 
 
 Salamandra perspicillata, Savi, Mem. 1820. 
 
 Salamandrina perspicillata, Fitzing. Neue Class. Bept. p. 66 ; Ch-a- 
 venh. Delia, p. 88 ; Tschudi, Batr. p. 93 ; Dum. Sf Bibr. p. 69, 
 pi. 94. f. 2 ; JDe Beita, Mem. 1st. Venet. xi. p. 528 ; Lessona, Proc. 
 Zool. Soo. 1868, p. 264 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 53 ; £e Betta, Faun. Ital., 
 Rett. Anf. p. 80 ; Schreih. Herp. Eur. p. 69 ; Wiedersh. An. Mus. 
 Gen. vii. p. 5, pis. 1-11. 
 
 Seiranota condylura, Barnes, Am.- Journ. xi. p. 268. 
 
 perspicillata, Bonap. Faun. Ital. 
 
 Palatine series forming a Aj commencing on a line with the 
 choanee. Head very distinct from neck, longer than broad, greatest 
 width at posterior corners of eyes ; snout short, rounded ; canthus 
 rostralis angular ; loreal region vertical ; eyes large, prominent ; 
 no labial lobes. Body subquadrangular, thrice or thrioe and a half 
 the length of the head ; the vertebrae and ribs very distinct through 
 the skin ; no dorsal crest. Limbs weak ; fingers and toes short, 
 depressed ; carpal and tarsal tubercles distinct. Tail much longer 
 than head and body, slightly compressed, keeled above and beneath. 
 Cloaca as in Salamandra. Skin closely tuberculate above and 
 beneath; no parotoids; no gular fold. Upper surfaces black; a 
 transverse yellow marking, triangular or chevron^shaped, the point 
 directed backwards, between the eyes ; throat black ; chin white ; 
 belly white, generally with irregular black spots. Anal region and 
 lower half of tail carmine. 
 
 6. ?. 
 
 From snout to cloaca . . 
 
 Head 
 
 Width of head 
 
 Fore limb , 
 
 . 31 
 
 . 8 
 . 6 
 . 10 
 . 11 
 
 . ' 48 
 
 40 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 11 
 
 Hind limb 
 
 12 
 
 Tail 
 
 60 „ 
 
5. TTLOTOTBITON. 29 
 
 a. Several spec., cj 2 • Lucca J. Bowring, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 b-o. 5 . Liguria. Milan Museum [E.]. 
 
 d-g. Bad state. Italy. Prof. Savi. 
 
 h-i. $ . Dalmatia (?) Hr. Jeittelea [P.]. 
 
 5. TYLOTOTRITON. 
 
 Tylototriton, Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soo. 1871, p. 423, and West. 
 ' Ttmnan Exped., Zool. Res. p. 848. 
 
 Tongue small, subcircular, free on the sides and slightly be- 
 hind. Palatine teeth in two oblique series, meeting in front. A 
 thick, bony fronto-squamosal arch ; maxillary reaching quadrate ; 
 pterygoid applied to the maxillary. Toes five. Tail compressed. 
 
 Yunnan ; Himalayas. 
 
 1. Tylototriton verrucosus. 
 
 Tylototriton verrucosus, Anders. II. cc, Ywnn. pi. 76. f. 6 and pi. 77. 
 
 Palatine series forming a A, commencing on a line with, or a 
 little in front of, the choanse. Head broader than long, surrounded 
 by a prominent osseous porous ridge ; a short similar ridge along the 
 parietals; snout short, broad; eyes moderate; no labial lobes. Body 
 thrice to thrice ^nd a half the length of the head ; no dorsal crest ; 
 a broad, prominent, porous vertebral ridge, produced by the great 
 development and transverse dilatation of the spinous processes of the 
 dorsal vertebrae ; a series of sixteen knob-Uke porous glands along 
 the side, the last three being behind the leg when it is extended at 
 right angles to the body. Limbs nioderate ; fingers and toes free, 
 depressed. Tail as long as or a little longer than head and body, 
 strongly compressed, with an upper and lower crest, ending in a 
 point. Anal opening a longitudinal slit, the borders not much 
 swollen. Skin tubercular ; parotoids large, very distinct ; a strong 
 gular fold. Uniform blackish brown, paler on the lips, snout, ohiij, 
 throat, and under surface of the limbs ; lower edge of tail orange- 
 yellow. 
 
 6. 2. 
 
 Total length 146 148 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 66 72 
 
 Head 16 16 
 
 Widthofhead 18 18 
 
 Fore limb 27 26 
 
 HindHmb 28 27 
 
 TaU 80 76 
 
 Mountains of Yunnan ; Eastern Himalayas. 
 
 a. $ . Nantin valley, W. Yunnan. Dr. Anderson [P.]. 
 
 b,c. j . Ymman, 4500 feet. 
 
 d-ff. cJ,?) & yg- Daqeeling. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
 
30 SALAMANBEID^. 
 
 6. PACHTTEITON. 
 
 Pachytriton, Souknger, BuU, Soc. Zool. France, 1878, p. 72. 
 
 Tongue large, covering the floor of the mouth, adherent, its an- 
 terior border slightly free. Palatine teeth in two oblique series, 
 meeting in front. Fronto-squamosal arch present, ligamentous 
 posteriorly ; pterygoid united suturaUy with maxillary. Toes five. 
 Tail cylindrical at the base, compressed at the end. 
 
 China. 
 
 1. Pachytriton hrevipes. (Plate I.) 
 
 Triton brevipes, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 116. 
 Pachytriton brevipes, BouUng. I. c. 
 
 Skull narrow anteriorly ; nasals widely separated by nasal pro- 
 cesses of premaxUlaries ; frontals with much-developed orbital pro- 
 cesses directed towards, but not reaching, the squamosals; exoccipitals 
 large ; the pterygoids and maxillaries so united as to seem to form 
 a single bone. Palatine teeth forming a Ai the summit on a line 
 with the choanse. Head depressed, fish-like; mouth not deeply 
 cleft, with much-developed labial lobes ; eye small ; upper eyelid 
 little developed ; snout rounded ; head a little longer than broad, 
 the greatest width at temporal regions. Body rather depressed, 
 about four times the length of the head ; no dorsal crest. Limbs 
 short, clumsy ; fingers and toes very short and obtuse, depressed, 
 free ; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. Tail as long as head and body, 
 cylindrical in its anterior third, then becoming strongly compressed 
 and famished with a low crest ; its end rounded. Vent-opening 
 longitudinal, its borders not swollen, with long cilia in the breeding 
 male. Skin quite smooth ; parotoid region thickened, not porous ; 
 a distinct gular fold. OUve-brown above, punctate all over with 
 blackish ; tips of fingers and toes and lower surfaces yellowish, the 
 latter regions punctate with blackish. 
 
 Total length 187 miUim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 92 „ 
 
 Head 20 „ 
 
 Width of head 18 „ 
 
 Pore limb 23 „ 
 
 Hind limb 25 „ 
 
 Tail 95 „ 
 
 South Kiansi. 
 
 «■ 2- S. Kiansi. Psuis Museum [E.]. 
 
7. HIJfOBIUS. 31 
 
 Subfam. B. AMBLTSTOMATIN^. 
 
 Molgidee, Pletliodontidse, part., Gray, Cat. Batr. Qrad. 
 AmblystomidsB, EUipaoglossidse, Hallow. Joum. Ac. Philad. (2) iii. 
 
 1858. 
 AmblystominsB, Hynobiinse, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859. 
 AmblystomidsB, Hynobiidse, Cope, Joum. Ac. Philad. (2) vi. 1866. 
 Salamandrida lechriodonta, part., Strauch, Rev. d. Salam., in Mem. 
 
 Ac. Si. Petersb. (7) xvi. no. 4. 
 
 Synopsis of the Genera . 
 
 I. Series of palatine teeth converging backwards, forming a ^- 
 shaped figure. 
 
 Toes five 7. Hynobius, p. 31. 
 
 Toes four 8. Salamandrella, p. 34. 
 
 IT. Series of palatine teeth uninterrupted, doubly arched, forming 
 a /Y\ -shaped figure. 
 
 Fingers and toes with black claws .... 9. Onychodactylus, p. 35. 
 
 III. Series of palatine teeth in two arches convex forwards, sepa- 
 rated by a wide interspace. 
 
 Palatine series short, between the choanae ; toes five. 
 
 10. Ranidens, p. 36. 
 Palatine series short, between the choanae ; toes four. 
 
 11. Batrachyperus, p. 37. 
 Palatine series long, converging backwards. 
 
 12. Dicamptodon, p. 38. 
 
 IV. Saries of palatine teeth in a nearly straight line or an angle, 
 not separated in the middle by a wide interspace. 
 
 Tongue with radiating pUoae 13. Amblystoma, p. 38. 
 
 7. HYNOBIUS. 
 
 Pseudosalamandra, Tschudi, Batr. p. 91. 
 
 Hynobius, Tschudi, I. c. p. 94 ; Gray, Cat. p. 30. 
 
 Molge, Bonap. Faun. Ital. ; Gray, I. c. p. 31. 
 
 Ellipsoglossa, Dum. Sr Bibr. ix. p. 97 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 54. 
 
 Tongue large, elliptical, lateral borders free, anterior border 
 slightly free. Palatine teeth in two long series, converging back- 
 wards, meeting in an acute angle, with two short recurved branches 
 in front, thus forming a 'y* -shaped figure. Toes five. TaU cylin- 
 drical at the base, compressed at the end. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 
 Fifth toe well developed ; body elongate, more 
 than four times the length of the head ; 
 tail feebly compressed 1. ncevius, p. 32. 
 
32 SALAMANDBIDSl. 
 
 Fifth toe well developed ; body shorter, not 
 
 four times the length of the head ; tail 
 
 strongly compressed 2. nebulosus, p. 32. 
 
 Fifth toe rudimentary 3. peropus, p. 33. 
 
 1. Hyiiol)ius nsBvius. 
 
 Molge striata, Gray, Cat. p. 31. 
 Salamandra nrevia, SoMeg.. Faun. Japan., Amph. p. 122, pi. 4. f. 4-6, 
 ■ pi. 6. f. 9-10, and, AhhUd. pi. 39. f. 4. 
 Pseudosalamandra nssvia, Tschudi, Batr. p, 92. 
 Molge striata, Bonap. Faun. Mai. 
 
 Ellipsoglossa use via, Du,m. 8; Bibr. p. 99, pi. 101. f. 5 ; Strauch, Salam. 
 p. 55, 
 
 The length of the palatine series, from anterior border to pos- 
 terior angle, equals two thirds or three fourths the width of the 
 tongue. Head depressed, longer than broad ; snout short, rounded ; 
 eyes large, prominent ; no labial lobes. Body cylindrical, slightly 
 depressed, about four aud a half times the length of the head. 
 Limbs moderate, the adpressed limbs not meeting ; fingers and 
 toes short, depressed, free ; fifth toe well developed, halt the length 
 of fourth ; carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail shorter than 
 head and body, thick, the end rounded. Vent a longitudinal slit ; 
 in the male with a smaU papilla and a short transverse slit an- 
 teriorly ; the borders not swollen. Skin smooth, shining ; sides 
 with thirteen very distinct vertical or costal grooves, more or less 
 distinct across the belly ; parotoids large, flat, behind the angle of 
 the jaws ; a rectilinear groove from the eye to the gular fold ; latter 
 strongly marked ; back with a longitudinal groove. Blackish grey, 
 lighter beneath ; sides variegated with light grey. 
 
 d. 
 
 Total length 131 
 
 From snout to cloaca . . 78 
 
 Head 14 
 
 "Width of head 12 
 
 Fore limb 18 
 
 Hind limb 22 
 
 Tail 53 
 
 Japan. 
 <i-d. S $ ■ Japan. 
 
 2. HyuoMus nebulosus. 
 
 Hynobius nebulosus, Gray, Cat p. 30. 
 Salamandra nebuloaa, Schleg. Faun. Japan., Amph. p. 127, nL 4 
 
 f. 7-9, a«(? ^66jK pi. 40. f. 7-10. ^ 
 
 Hynobius nebulosus, Tschudi, Batr. p. 94. 
 Ellipsoglossa nebulosa, Dum. ^ Bibr. p. 100 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 55. 
 
 ?• 
 
 
 
 
 122 millim. 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 ) 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 ) 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 L« 
 
 jyden 
 
 Museum 
 
T. MtsoBiva. 33 
 
 DiflFers from the preceding in the following characters: — Ej'es 
 smaller ; body much shorter, only about thrice and a half the 
 length of the head ; taU strougly compressed and keeled in the 
 posterior two thirds, ending in a point. Eeddish brown, speckled 
 or variegated with dark brown above, with greyish beneath ; tail 
 blackish, upper and lower keels yellow. 
 
 a. ?. 
 
 Total length 99 102 miUim, 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 56 55 „ 
 
 Head 12 12 „ 
 
 Width of head 10 10 „ 
 
 Fore limb 15 13 „ 
 
 Hind limb 17 16 „ 
 
 TaU 43 47 „ 
 
 Japan. 
 
 fl!-6. (J . Japan. Leyden Museum. 
 
 c. 5 • Japan. A. Adams, Esq . [0.]. 
 
 d. Young. Nikko, C. Japan. C. Maries [C.J. 
 
 3. Hynobius peropus. (Plate II. fig. 1.) 
 
 The length of the palatine series, from anterior border to posterior 
 angle, equals half the width of the tongue. Head depressed, longer 
 than broad ; snout short, rounded ; eyes rather large, prominent ; 
 no labial lobes. Body cylindrical, slightly depressed, nearly fdur 
 times the length of the head ; the distance from snout to gnlar fold , 
 three times in the distance from latter to cloaca. Limbs moderate, 
 not meeting when adpressed ; fingers and toes more elongate than 
 in the preceding species ; fifth toe rudimentary, tuberde-like ; 
 carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail shorter than head and 
 body, strongly compressed and keeled in its posterior half, ending 
 in a point. Velit (of male) three slits meeting in front, tha 
 median longitudinal and longest, the two others obliquely directed 
 forwards, forming an angle ; the borders not swollen. Skin smooth ; 
 thirteen costal grooves ; a median dorsal groove ; parotoids indi- 
 stinct ; gular fold distinct ; no fold from eye to'gular fold. Eeddish 
 brown above, speckled and minutely marbled with dark brown ; 
 tail dark brown, with lichen-like grey variegation ; yellowish brown 
 beneath ; belly speckled with lighter. 
 
 Total length 109 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 59 „ 
 
 Head 12 „ 
 
 Width of head 9 „ 
 
 Fore limb » . . . 15 „ 
 
 Hind limb 17 „ 
 
 TaU 50' „ 
 
 a, jj . China or Japan. A. Adams, Esq. [C.]. 
 
34 SALAMANDEID^. 
 
 8. SALAMANDEELLA. 
 
 Salamandrella, Bylowshy, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1870, p. 237 
 Isodactylium, Strauch, Salam. p. 56. 
 
 Tongue large, elliptical, lateral borders free, anterior borde 
 slightly free. Palatine teeth in two series converging backwards 
 meeting in an acute angle, with two short recurved branches in front 
 thus forming a ^-shaped figure. Toes four. Tail compressed. 
 
 Eastern Siberia. 
 
 1. Salamandrella keyserlingii. 
 
 Salamandrella keyserlingii, Dyhoieshf, I, c. pi. 7. 
 Isodactylium schrenckii, Strauch, I. c. p. 56, pi. 2. f. 1. 
 
 Median branches of palatine teeth slightly curved, with the con 
 vexity outwards; recurved branches directed backwards. Hea( 
 moderately depressed, longer than broad ; snout rounded ; eye 
 rather large, prominent ; no labial lobes. Body slightly depressed 
 thrice and two thirds to four times and a third the length of the head 
 Limbs rather short, not meeting when adpressed against the body 
 fingers and toes rather short, depressed, free; carpal and tarsa 
 tubercles indistinct. Tail as long as, or shorter than the head am 
 body, strongly compressed, keeled, the end rounded. Cloaca i 
 longitudinal slit with swoUen borders, subspherical. Skin smooth 
 twelve or thirteen costal grooves, extending across the belly; ; 
 median dorsal groove ; parotoids large, flat, behind the angle of th^ 
 jaws ; a groove from the eye to the gular fold, which is strong! 
 marked. Brown, lighter beneath ; median zones of body immaculate 
 bordered by an undulous blackish line ; a blackish vertebral line 
 sides with small dark spots. 
 
 d. 5. 
 
 Total length 95 126 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 52 63 „ 
 
 Head 11 12 
 
 Width of head 9 9| 
 
 Pore limb 13 16 ',' 
 
 Hind limb 15 18 
 
 Tail 43 63 '', 
 
 UsBuri and Schilka Rivers ; Lake Baikal. 
 
 "■ c?. River Schilka. St. Petersburg Musem 
 
 [E.]. 
 6 Several spec: (J,?, Lake Baikal. Warsaw Museum fE.! 
 
 &yg. ■ ■ 
 
 c-d. 2- Lake Baikal. Godeffroy Museum. 
 
 2. Salamandrella wosnessenskyi. 
 Isodactylium wosnessenskyi, Strauch, I. c. p. 58, pi. 2. f. 2. 
 Yery closely allied to the preceding, from which it differs i 
 
8. SALAMANDEEELA. 9. OJTYOHODAOTTLIJS. 35 
 
 having 'the outer branches of palatine teeth more horizontal and the 
 median series more approximating, not curved ; besides, the tail is 
 less elevated. Judging from the unique specimen in the collection, 
 I am not convinced of the specific difference of this form. 
 Kamtschatka. 
 
 a- 2 • Kamtschatka; St. Petersburg Museum [E.]. 
 
 9. ONYCHODACTYLUS. 
 
 Onychodactylus, Tschudi, Batr. p. 92 ; Gray, Cat. p. 'SS ; Dum. Sp 
 Bibr. ix. p. 113 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 60. 
 
 Tongue large, subciroular, the lateral borders free. Palatine 
 teeth in a doubly arched, /^\ -shaped series on a line with the 
 choanse. Fingers and toes furnished with claws ; toes five. Tail 
 cylindrical at the base, compressed at the end. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 1. Onychodactylus japonicus. 
 
 Onychodactylus japonicus, Gray, Cat. p. 33. 
 Salamandrajaponica, Sbirfteyre, Verh. Genootsch, Vlissinff. ix. p. 329, 
 pi. — . f. 3. ■ 
 
 unguiculata, ScMeg. Faun. Japan., Rept. p. 123, pi. 5. f. 1-6. 
 
 Onychodactylus schlegeli, TscJmdi, I. c. ; Dum. ^ Bibr. p. 114, pi. 93. 
 
 japomcus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. ; Strauch, I. c. ; Trosckel, Arch.f. 
 
 Nat. 1877, p. 199, pi. 15. 
 
 Head small, longer than broad ; snout rounded ; eyes large, pro- 
 minent ; no labial lobes. Body cylindrical, about four times the 
 length of the head. Limbs moderate ; in the male the hind limb 
 very strong and with a broad flbulo-tarsal dilatation ; fingers and 
 toes short, depressed ; carpal and tarsal tubercles none. Tail longer 
 than head and body, cylindrical in its anterior half, becoming 
 gradually compressed and keeled towards the end, which is obtusely 
 pointed. Tent of female a longitudinal slit ; of male three slits 
 meeting in front, the median being longitudinal, the two others 
 obliquely directed forwards, forming an angle ; the borders of the 
 vent not swollen in either sex. Skin smooth ; twelve to fourteen costal 
 grooves, which may be very indistinct ; parotoids present, large, 
 flat, behind the angle of the jaws ; a rectilinear groove from the 
 eye to the gular fold, which is strongly marked ; throat with more or 
 less distinct longitudinal plaits. Brown above ; a broad zone along 
 the back and tail yellowish or reddish, mottled with brown, bordered 
 by a blackish band, the upper edge of which is well defined and 
 irregularly festooned ; flanks and limbs dark brown, variegated with 
 greyish ; naUs black ; head brownish, variegated with blackish ; 
 lower surfaces light brown, uniform or mottled with darker. 
 
 d2 
 
33 SALAMANDEIB^. 
 
 Total length 166 156 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 71 73 ,, 
 
 Head 13 14 „ 
 
 Width of head H 11 „ 
 
 Fore limb 20 21 „ 
 
 Hind limb 25 24 „ 
 
 Tail 95 83 „ 
 
 Japan. 
 
 a-b. (J & larva. Japan. 
 
 c-d. 2 ■ Oyama, near Yeddo. H.M.S. 'Challenger' [C.]. 
 
 e. Several spec. : d , Near Hakone, Niphon. H.M.S. ' Challenger ' [0.]. 
 5 , & larvae. 
 
 10. EANIDENS. 
 Ranodon, Xessler, Bull. Mosc. 1866, p. 126 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 65. 
 
 Tongue rather large, subcircular, the lateral borders free. Pala- 
 tine teeth in two short transverse arched series, convex forwards, 
 between the choanse, separated from each other by a wide interspace. 
 Toes five. Tail compressed. 
 
 Eastern Temperate Asia. 
 
 1. Ranidens sibiricas. 
 
 Triton (Ranodon) sibiricus, Kessler, I. c. pi. vii. 
 Ranodon kessleri, BaUion, Bull. Mosc. 1868, p. 138. 
 sibiricus, Strauch, I. c. p. 66, pi. ii. f. 3. 
 
 Head rather depressed, a little longer than broad; snout rounded ; 
 eyes moderately large, prominent; labial lobes slightly, developed. 
 Body rounded, thrice and a half to thrice and two thirds the length 
 of the head. Limbs moderate; fingers and toes rather short, 
 depressed, free ; the extremity of the adpressed hind Hmb reaches 
 the wrist of the adpressed fore limb. Tail as long as, or a little 
 longer than head and body, strongly compressed, orestless, keeled 
 above, obtusely pointed. Vent a longitudinal slit, in the male with 
 a small papilla anteriorly, the borders not swollen. Skin shining, 
 minutely tuberculate above ; sides with eleven to thirteen very di- 
 stinct vertical grooves ; a more or less distinct fold of the skin running 
 perpendicularly to the costal grooves along each flank ; parotoids 
 present, large, flat, behind the angle of the jaws ; a groove from the 
 eye to the parotoid ; a strong gular fold. Light brown above, with 
 more or less distinct darker spots ; beneath whitish, immaculate. 
 
 Total length 180 miUim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 85 
 
 Head 18 
 
 Width of head 16 " 
 
10. EANIDENS. 11. BATBACHYPEEUS. 37 
 
 Fore limb 27 miUiin, 
 
 Hind limb 29 „ 
 
 Tail 95 „ 
 
 Eastern Siberia ; North-eastern China. 
 
 a,b. cJ & hgr. Kopal. St. Petersburg Museum [P.]. 
 
 11. BATRACHYPERUS. 
 
 Batrachuperus, Boukng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1878, p. 71. 
 
 Tongue rather large, suboiroular, the lateral borders free. Pala- 
 tine teeth in two short transverse arched series between the choanae, 
 separated from each other by a wide interspace. Toes four. Tail 
 compressed. 
 
 China. 
 
 1. Batrachyperus sinensis. (Plate III. fig. 1.) 
 
 Salamandrella sinensis, Sauvoffe, Bvll. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 117. 
 Batrachuperus sinensis, Bouleng. I. c. p. 72. 
 
 Head depressed, longer than broad ; snout very short, rounded ; 
 eyes rather large, prominent ; labial lobes much developed. Body 
 cylindrical, fflbout thrice and a half the length of the head. Limbs 
 moderate; fingers and toes rather short, depressed, free ; the limbs 
 being adpressed along the body, the median fingers and toes meet. 
 TaU a little shorter than head and body, strongly compressed, ex- 
 cept at the base, crestless, keeled, ending in an obtuse point. Vent 
 much as in Onychodactylus, viz. a simple longitudinal slit in the 
 female, two perpendicular slits in the male, the horizontal one anterior 
 and arched ; the borders not swollen. Skin smooth ; sides with ten 
 to twelve very distinct vertical grooves ; parotoids present, large, flat, 
 behind the angle of the jaws ; a rectilinear groove from the eye to the 
 gular fold ; latter very strongly marked, extending on the sides of 
 the neck ; throat with longitudinal plaits. Greyish brown above, 
 more or less variegated with blackish ; lower surfaces lighter, mottled 
 with brown. 
 
 6. ?. 
 
 Total length 147 135 miUim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 75 70 
 
 Head 17 16 
 
 Width of head 14^ 13 
 
 Fore limb 19 19 
 
 Hind Umb 26 24 
 
 Tail 72 65 
 
 Moupin, China. 
 
 a-h. (J 2 • Moupin. Paris Museum [E.]. 
 
38 SALAMANDEIB^. 
 
 12. DICAMPTODON. 
 
 Dicamptodon, Strauch, Salam. p. 68. 
 
 Tongue nearly entirely adherent. Palatine teeth in two Ion 
 transverse arched series, convex forwards, converging backwardi 
 situated behind the liae of the choanae, separated from each othe 
 by a wide interspace. Toes five. Tail compressed. 
 
 California. 
 
 1. Dicamptodon eusatus. 
 
 Triton ensatua, Esclischottz, Zool. Atlas, p. 6, pi. 22. 
 Dicamptodon ensatus, Strauch, I. c. p. 69. 
 
 Head broad ; snout rounded. Body stout. Limbs short ; toe 
 free. Tail sword-shaped, curved upwards, as long as head an^ 
 body. Skin nearly smooth ; parotoids and costal grooves apparentl 
 absent. Eeddish-brown, back marbled with brown. Total lengtl 
 about 4 decimetres. 
 
 CaUfomia. 
 
 13. AMBLYSTOMA.* 
 
 Amblyatoma, Tsohudi, Batr. p. 92 ; Baird, Joum. A& Philad. (2) i 
 1860, p. 281 ; Gray, Cat. p. 34 ; Hum. ^ Bibr. ix.*p. 101 ; Copt 
 Proe. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 166 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 60. 
 
 Xiphonura, Tschudi, I. c. p. 95 ; Ch-ay, I. c. ; I)um. 8f Bibr. p. 161. 
 
 Salamandroides, Mtzing. Syst. Mept. p. 33. 
 
 Heterotriton, Gray, I. c. p. 33. 
 
 Desmiostoma, Sager, Penins. Joum. Medic. 1858, p. 428. 
 
 Camaratazia, Cope, Proc. Ac. PhUad. 1859, p. 122. 
 
 Pectoglossa, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 698. 
 
 Laetax Foems : — 
 
 Siredon, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 209 ; Bum. ^ Bibr. p. 176. 
 Axolotes, Owen, Ann. 8f Mag. N. IT. xiv. p. 23. 
 
 Tongue subciroular or oval, with radiating pliesB ; lateral border 
 free ; anterior border slightly free. Palatine teeth in long series 
 continuous or separated by slight interspaces. Toes five. Tai 
 more or less compressed. 
 
 North America, southward to Mexico ; one species from Siam 
 probably at a great altitude. 
 
 * The three following species are referred, for completeness' sake, to thi 
 
 genus, but not -without uncertainty, as nothing precise is said in the descriptio 
 
 of the arrangement of the palatine teeth or of the attachment of the tongue :- 
 
 Salamcmdra brevicaitda, Wied, Nova Acta Leop.-Carol. xxxii. p, 127!- 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 S. maaulaia, id.ihid. p. 129. — Pennsylvania. 
 8. melanoleieca, id. ibid. p. 130. — Pennsylvania. 
 
13. AMBLTSIOMA. 39 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 
 I. Series of palatine teeth extending to external fissure of choanae ; 
 plicse of tongue radiating from behind. 
 
 A. Costal, grooves ten or eleven. 
 
 10 costal grooves ; habit very stout ; 
 blackish, blotched or marbled with 
 
 grey 1. talpoideum, p. 40. 
 
 11 costal grooves ; habit stout ; blackish, 
 
 with grey fasciae 2. opaevm, p. 40. 
 
 10 or 11 costal grooves ; blackish, with 
 
 round yeUow spots 3. punetatum, p. 41, 
 
 11 costal grooves ; habit slender ; tail 
 shorter than the head and body ; lead- 
 coloured, with small yellow spots . . 4. conspersum, p. 42. 
 
 11 costal grooves; body stout and 
 heavy ; two very distinct tarsal 
 tubercles ; blackish above, with large 
 irregularyeUow spots; yellow beneath. 5. fticoZor, p. 42. 
 
 11 costal grooves ; head large ; paro- 
 
 toids very distinct ; uniform brown . 12. paroticum, p. 48. 
 
 B. Costal grooves twelve. 
 
 1. Two distinct tarsal tubercles. 
 
 Head large; browii or blackish, with 
 
 yellow markings 6. tigrinwm, p. 43. 
 
 Head smaller; canthus rostralis di- 
 stinct ; tail considerably longer than 
 head and body 7. osipJiias, p. 45. 
 
 Palatine teeth in four distinct patches, 
 
 with decided intervals 8. trisruptum, p. 45. 
 
 2. No or one indistinct tarsal tubercle. 
 
 Head smaU; body much elongated; 
 
 limbs npt meeting when adpressed . . 9. jeffersoniaivubm, p. 46. 
 Head small ; body less elongated ; Hmbs 
 
 meeting when adpressed 10. persimile, p. 47. 
 
 Limbs nearly meeting when adpressed ; 
 
 a light vertebral band ; toes long . . 11. macrodactylvm, p. 48. 
 
 II. Series of palatine teeth not extending beyond choanae ; 
 plicse of tongue radiating from behind. 
 
 12 costal grooves ; snout short, uniform 
 
 black 13. aterrimum, p. 49. 
 
 12 costal grooves ; snout long ; brown, 
 
 marbled with darker 14. tenebromm, p. 49. 
 
 14 costal grooves; brown, with light 
 
 spots on the sides ; below yellowish . . 15. tsxanum, p. 50. 
 
40 
 
 SAIAMANBRID^. 
 
 III. Series of palatiDS teeth between the choane ; plicae of tongti 
 radiating from a median longitudinal groove ; fourteen cost! 
 grooves. 
 
 Lower jaw shorter than snout 16. cingulafmn, p. 50. 
 
 Lower jaw longer than snout 17. microstomum, p. 50. 
 
 1. Amblystoma talpoideum. 
 
 Amblystoma ? talpoideum, Gray, Cat. p. 36. 
 Salamandra talpoidea, Holor. N. Amer. Jkerp. v. p. 73, pi. 24. 
 Arbblvstoma talpoideum, Dum. <^ Bihr. p. 109; Cope, Proc. At 
 JPhilad. 1867, p. 172 ; Stn-auch, Salam. p. 63. 
 
 Shortest, stoutest, and most clumsily formed of all the Amhly 
 stomata. Differs from A. opacum in the following characters :— 
 Head broader ; upper jaw visible beyond the lower, when viewe( 
 from below ; eyes rather small. Tail higher. Ten costal grooves 
 Dark brownish or liver-black ; upper surfaces irregularly sprinkled 
 blotched and marbled with silvery grey of a lichen-like character 
 Size of A. opaeum. 
 
 S.E. United States. 
 
 2. Amblystoma opacum. 
 
 Amblystoma opacum. Gray, Cat. p. 36. 
 palamandra opaca, Gravenh. Vebers. Zool. Syst. p. 431, and Belie 
 
 p. 75, pi. 10 ; Dum. Sr Bibr. p. 66. 
 fasciata. Green, joum. Ac. PhUad. i. 1818, p. 350 ; Sdlhr. iV 
 
 Armr. Herp. v. p. 71,- pi. xxiii.; Dehay, N. Y. Faun., Rent 
 
 p. 77, pi. 17. f. 40. 
 Ambystoma opaca, Baird, Joum. Ac. Philad. (2) i. 1860, p. 283. 
 
 fasciatum, Bum. Sr Bibr. p. 106, pi. 101. f. 6. 
 
 Amblyatoma opacum. Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 173 ; Strauch 
 
 Salam. p. 63. 
 
 Palatine teeth in three series on a line behind the choanse ; medial 
 series in a double arc, the convexity of which is turned backwards 
 lateral series about half the length of the central, separated fron 
 the latter by a decided interval. Tongue large, plicse radiating 
 from behind. Head depressed, a little longer than broad, greates 
 width at angles of jaws ; snout broad, rounded, without canthui 
 rostralis ; eyes moderate. Body slightly depressed, measuring twici 
 and a half or twice and two thirds the distance from tip of snou 
 to gular fold. Limbs moderate ; adpressed against the body, thi 
 longest fingers and toes meet ; fingers and toes not very thick, de 
 pressed; carpal and tarsal tubercles generally indistinct. Tai 
 shorter than head and body, thick at the base, becoming graduall' 
 compressed at the pointed tip, not keeled. Skin shining, clo.sel' 
 pitted, especially on back and tail ; parotoids indistinct ; a stronj 
 gular fold ; a rectilinear fold from the angle of the mouth to thi 
 latter ; eleven costal grooves. Purplish black ; back and uppe: 
 half of tail with bluish-grey transverse bars. 
 
]3. AMBLYSTOMA. 41 
 
 Total length 90 94 miUim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 49 55 „ 
 
 Head 12 13 „ 
 
 Width of head 9 11 „ 
 
 Fore limb 14 77 „ 
 
 Hind limb . .■ 16 19 „ 
 
 TaU 41 39 „ 
 
 United States, from Pennsylvania to Florida, to Wisconsin, and to 
 Texas. 
 
 a. cj. New York. 
 
 6. $. Ohio. 
 
 c-d. 5 & hgr. Georgia. 
 
 e-/". $. N.America. Dr. MacMurtrie [P.]. 
 
 g-h. cS . N. America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
 i. 5. N.America. Royal OoUege of Surgeons [P.]. 
 
 k-l, m,n,o. cJ S ■ N. America. 
 
 p. Skeleton. New York. 
 
 3. Amblystoma pimctatuiu. 
 
 Ambystoma carolinae, Cfray, Cat. p. 35. 
 Lacerta punctata, Idnn. S. iV. i. p. 370. 
 
 niaculata, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 304. 
 
 Salamandra venenoaa {Bart.), Daud. Rept. viii. p. 229 ; Solbr. W. 
 
 Amer. Serp. v. p. 67, pi. 22; 
 Lacerta subviolacea, Barton, Amer. Phil. Trans, vi. p. 108, pi. 4. 
 
 f 6. _ 
 
 Salamandra subviolacea, Harlan, Journ. Ac. PMlad. v. p. 317 ; Dekay, 
 
 N. Y. Faun., Bept. p. 74, pi. 2. f. 36. 
 Ambystoma subviolaceum, Tschudi, Batr. p. 92. 
 
 pimctata, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 283. 
 
 Ambyostoma carolinse, Gray, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 11. 
 
 Ambystoma argus, Dum. Sr Bibr. p. 103. 
 
 Amblystoma punctatum, Cope, P-oc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 176; 
 
 Strauck, Scdam. p. 63. ' 
 
 Palatine teeth in three series ; median series generally in a 
 straight line or a double arc, the convexity of which is turned 
 backwards, sometimes forming a single arc ; lateral series a little 
 in advance of the central and not quite half its length, sepa- 
 rated from the latter by a slight interval. Tongue large, plicse 
 radiating from behind. Head depressed, a little longer than broad ; 
 greatest width at angles of jaws ; snout broad, rounded, without 
 canthus rostralis ; eyes moderate. Body stout, cylindrical, twice 
 and two thirds to thrice and one fourth the distance from tip of snout 
 to gular fold. Limbs moderate ; adpressed against the body, the 
 median fingers and toes meet in the male, remain generally separated 
 in the female ; fingers and toes not very thick, depressed ; carpal 
 and tarsal tubercles scarcely distinct. Tail about as long as head 
 and body, compressed, pointed, not keeled. Skin shining, more or 
 less pitted ; parotoids rather distinct ; a vertical groove behind the 
 
42- 
 
 SALAMANDEID^. 
 
 angle of the mouth, crossed by another horizontal groove from the 
 eye to the strong gular fold ; ten or eleven costal grooves. Black, 
 lighter beneath ; on each side of the head, back, and tail a series of 
 nearly circular yeUow spots about the size of the orbit; limbs with 
 similar spots. 
 
 6. S- 
 
 Total length 132 183 miUim. 
 
 Erom snout to cloaca .... 62 93 
 
 Head 14 20 
 
 Width of head 12 18 
 
 Fore limb 17 22 
 
 Hind limb 19 26 
 
 Tail 70 90 
 
 Eastern United States. 
 
 a. ?. 
 
 b-B. S2 
 
 d. 3- 
 
 e. ?. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 U. States. 
 
 g, h, i, Jcr-l. Several spec. : N. America. 
 
 tJ, $,hgr., &yg. 
 
 OT. 2 . N. America. 
 
 n. Skeleton. ? 
 
 G. Barnstou, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
 4. Amblystoma conspersum. 
 
 Amblystoma conspersum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 123, and 
 1867, p. 177 ; Straueh, Salam. p. 63. 
 
 Palatine teeth in three patches, the median longest, commencing 
 opposite inner margin of choanae and convex to between latter or 
 nearly so. Tongue longer than broad. In proportions intermediate 
 between A. punctatum and A. jeffersmiianum. Head a broad oval. 
 Limbs short ; fingers and toes long and slender, subcylindrical ; 
 when adpjessed, the fingers reach beyond bases of toes ; two small 
 tubercles on edges of sole. Tail shorter than head and body, every- 
 where compressed. Skin smooth ; grooves behind the orbit incon- 
 spicuous, but present ; eleven costal grooves. General colour leaden, 
 paler beneath ; lower parts of sides and sides of tail more or less 
 varied with small whitish spots, the former often in a regular line ; 
 a similar line on the upper part of the sides sometimes present ; end 
 of snout sometimes pale-marbled. Total length 31 lines. 
 
 United States — Pennsylvania to Georgia. 
 
 a. Several larvse. Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Smithsonian Listitution [P.]. 
 
 5. Amblystoma bicolor. 
 
 Amblystoma bicolor, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 215 ; Cope, 
 eod. he, 1867, p. 178 ; iStrauch, Salam, p. 63. 
 
 Palatine teeth in three entirely transverse series, the interruption 
 
13. AMBLTSTOMA. 43 
 
 taking place considerably inside the line of the ohoanse ; median 
 series notched behind ; the teeth themselves are in numerous rows 
 on each of their bony crests, presenting a bmsh-Uke arrangement. 
 Tongue large, plicae radiating from behind. Head broad and obtuse, 
 entering the length to the groin 3| times. Body stout and heavy. 
 Limbs stout ; the adpressed limbs overlap by the length of the toes ; 
 fingers and toes not elongate, depressed ; two well-marked plantar 
 tubercles. Tail much compressed, a little shorter than head and 
 body. Skin smooth ; folds of throat and side of head not strongly 
 marked; eleven costal grooves. Colour above olive-brown, below 
 yellowish, olive-shaded in the middle; the inferior yellow rises on the 
 sides as short blotches ; above them are several ill-defined yellowish 
 spots ; parotoid region yellow, with a distinct black vertical bar ; 
 limbs brown cross-banded; tail yellow with brown spots. Total 
 length 5 inches 10 lines. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 6. Amblystoma tigrintim. 
 
 Heterotriton ingens, Gray, Cat. p. 33. 
 Xiphonura jefFersoniana, id. ibid. p. 34. 
 Ambystoma tigrinum, id. ibid. p. 35. 
 Ambystoma mavortium, id. ibid. p. 37. 
 Salamandra tigrina, Green, Journ. Ac. Philad. v. p. 116. 
 
 ingens, Green, I. c. vi. p. 254. 
 
 lui'ida, Baird, Amer. Journ. xxxvi. p. 322. 
 
 Triton tigrinua, HoUrr. N. Amer. Serp. V. p. 79, pi. 26 ; Dehdy, N. 
 
 Y. Faun. p. 83, pi. 15. f. 32. 
 
 ingens, Holbi: I. c. p. 85, pi. 29. 
 
 Ambystoma tigrina, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 284; Sum. 8( 
 
 bAt. p. 108 ; Hallow. Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) iii. p. 350. 
 
 lurida, Baird, I. c. ; Sallow. l.c.Tp. 353. 
 
 mavortia, Baird, I. c. pp. 284, 292 ; Hallow. I. c. p. 352. 
 
 episcopus, Baird, I. c. pp. 284, 293 ; Hallow. I. c. p. 364. 
 
 Ambyostoma califomienae, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 11, pi. 7 ; 
 
 Hallow. I. c. p. 355 ; Baird, Rep. U.S. Escpl. Surv. xiii. part iv. 
 
 pi. 30. f. 1-3. 
 Ambystoma fasciatmn, var., Dum. 4r Bibr. p. 107, pi. 106. f. 1. 
 
 nebulosum. Hallow. I. c. p. 352. 
 
 ingens, Hallow. I. c. p. 353 ; Cooper, U.S. Expt Surv. xii. part ii. 
 
 pi. 31. f. 2. 
 proserpine, Hallow. I. c. p. 354 ; U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., 
 
 Eept. pi. 35. f. 7-14. 
 maculatum, Hallozv. I.e. p. 355, and Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, 
 
 p. 215. 
 Desmiostoma maculatum. Soger, Penins. Journ. Medic. 1858, p. 428. 
 Oamarataxis maculata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 122. 
 Amblystoma tigrinum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 179 ; Strauch, 
 
 Salam. p. 63. 
 
 mexicanum, Cope, I. c. p. 184 ; Strauch, I. c. p. 64. 
 
 mavortium. Cope, I. c ; Strauch, I. c. ; Cope, in Yarrow's Report, 
 
 Zool. p. 631. 
 
 obscurum (Baird), Cope, I. c. p. 192 ; Strauch, I. c. 
 
 weismanni, Wiedersh. Zdtschr. iviss. Zool. xxxii. p. 216, pis. 
 
 11, 12. 
 
44 SAIAMANDEIDiE. 
 
 Larval ob "Axolotl" statb. 
 Gray, Cat. p. 49. 
 
 Baud. Rept. viii. p. 237 ; Cuv. in Humh. Sec. Zool. pis. 12, 14 ; 
 Home, Phil. Trans. R. 8. xii. p. 419, pis. 21, 22, 23. 
 
 Gyrinus mexicanus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. 1800, p. 343. 
 
 Siren pisciformis, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 612, pi. 140. f. 12. 
 
 Phyllhydrus pisciformis, Gray, Ch-if. A. K. ix. p. 108. 
 
 Hypochton pisciformis, Gravenh. Delic. p. 90. 
 
 Siredon axolotl, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 209, and Descr. Icon. Amph. 
 pi. 20. 
 
 Axolotes guttatus, Owen, Ann. §■ Mag. N. H. 1844, xiv. p. 23. 
 
 Siredon mexicanus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 292. 
 
 lichenoides, Baird, in Stansbury, Exped. Gr. Salt Lake Utah, 
 
 p. 336, pi. 1, and Rep. U.S. JExpl. Sun. xiii. part iv. pi. 44. f. 1. 
 
 humboldtii, Dum. ^ Bihr. p. 177. 
 
 harlanii, Dum. §■ Bibr. p. 181, pi. 95. 
 
 dumerilii, Bugis, Ann. 8c. Nat. (5) xv. p. 2, pi. 10. 
 
 tigrinus, Velasco, Nat. Mex. iv. pi. — . 
 
 [On metamorphoses, cf. A. Dum. 0. E. 1866, Ix. p. 765, and Ixi. p. 775, 
 and iNouv. Arch. Miis. ii. 1866, p. 265 ; Marsh, Amer. Journ. (2) xlvi. 
 p. 364 ; Tegetmeier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 160 ; Cope, Amer. Journ. i. 
 1871, p. 80 ; Weismann, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxv. p. 297 ; Chauvin, eod. 
 he. xxvii. p. 522.] 
 
 Arrangement of the palatine teeth extremely variable ; the series 
 continuous or slightly interrupted externally or medially, either in 
 a straight line, or an angle directed forwards, or an arch with the 
 convexity forwards, with all possible intermediate forms ; these 
 series extending externally to posterior outer border of choanae. 
 Tongue large, plicae radiating from behind. Head depressed, as long 
 as broad ; greatest width at angles of jaws ; snout broad, rounded, 
 without canthus rostralis ; eyes. moderate. Body stout, slightly 
 depressed, thrice to thrice and a half the distance from tip of snout 
 to gular fold. Limbs stout ; adpressed against the body, the median 
 fingers and toes meet or cross ; fingers and toes short, much de- 
 pressed, pointed ; carpal and tarsal tubercles perfectly distinct. Tail 
 longer than, as long as, or shorter than head and body, strongly 
 compressed, keeled posteriorly, ending in a point. Skin shining, 
 minutely granulate ; parotoids large, flat ; a vertical groove behind 
 the angle of the mouth, crossed by another horizontal groove from 
 the eye to the gular fold, latter very strong ; twelve well-marked 
 costal grooves. Brown or blackish, lighter beneath, with more or 
 less numerous irregular yeUow spots, sometimes arranged in 
 transverse bands. 
 
 s. s- 
 
 Total length 138 214 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 73 107 „ 
 
 Head 11 25 „ 
 
 Width of head 11 24 
 
 Pore limb 28 32 "„ 
 
 Hind limb 28 38 
 
 Tail 65 107 
 
 United States .: Mexico. 
 

 13. AMBLTSTOMA, 
 
 
 A. Axolott form. 
 
 a-b. c?S. 
 
 Lake Ohalco, near 
 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 c. Several spec, hgr. ' 
 
 Lake of Mexico. 
 
 d,e-g,hr-l,m-q. S, 
 
 City of Mexico. 
 
 ?,&hgr. 
 
 
 r. Hgr. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 s. 6- 
 
 Mountain-lakes of 
 
 
 California. 
 
 t-v. cJ $ . 
 
 ? 
 
 w,x. c? ? • 
 
 Bred in Paris. 
 
 y, z. Hgr. & yg. 
 
 Bred in England. 
 
 
 B. Perfect form. 
 
 a. 3. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 0. ?. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 y. d- 
 
 N. America. 
 
 8. ?. 
 
 Volcano of Orizaba. 
 
 f-T). Young. 
 
 Ciudad. 
 
 5-1. c??. 
 
 Bred in the Jardin 
 
 
 des Plantes. 
 
 (c-X. Hgr. 
 
 ? 
 
 ,x. Hgr. 
 
 ? 
 
 45 
 
 Robert James, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 G. H. White, Esq. [P.]. 
 Mr. Doorman [O.J. 
 
 Rev. F. L. Hopkins [P.]. 
 C. Darwin [P.]. 
 
 Prof Owen [P.]. 
 Dr. A. Gunther [P.]. 
 Dr. A. Gunther [P.]. 
 
 Leyden Museum. 
 M. Sall6 [0.]. 
 Mr. A. Porrer [C.]. 
 Paris Museum [E.J. 
 
 Prof. St. George Mivart 
 [P.]. 
 
 7. Amblystoma xiphias. 
 
 Amblystoma xiphias. Cope., Proc. Ac. PMad. 1867, p. 192 ; Strauch, 
 Saiam. p.. 64. 
 
 Differs from A, tigrinum in the smaller head, distinct canthus 
 rostralis, and longer tail, which considerably exceeds the rest of the 
 animal. YeUowish-olive, brighter yellow beneath, with more or less 
 anastomosing or reticulating bands of well-defined brown on the 
 back and sides, and a few rounded spots of the same on the belly. 
 
 Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 8. Amblystoma trisruptum. 
 
 Amblystoma trisruptum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 194 ; 
 Strauch, Salmn. p. 64. 
 
 Palatine teeth in four distinct patches, with decided intervals ; 
 they form one transverse series, nearly straight centrally, where 
 they are in a line with the posterior border of the choanse, but curv- 
 ing slightly backwards laterally ; the two central patches are wider 
 than the lateral, which vary a little in length, and are separated by 
 an interval half the diameter of the choanse ; their distance from the 
 exterior patches is about twice as great, the centre of the interval 
 falling about opposite to the inner border of choanse; the outer 
 patches extend about half a diameter beyond the outer border of 
 choanse. Head very broad, much depressed, ovate, rather pointed 
 anteriorly; The remaining characters not different from those of 
 A. tigrinum. Uniform dark blackish or bluish brown, with a single 
 
46 8ALAMANDEIl)-a:. 
 
 series of large transversely elliptical blotches of yellow from head 
 to tip of tail, the foremost one rounded and placed behind the eyes ; 
 those of opposite sides nearly meet on the back, and are confluent 
 on the upper edge of the tail. 
 Ocate Kiver, New Mexico. 
 
 9. Amblystoma jeffersonianum. (Plate II. fig. 2.) 
 
 Salamandra jeffersoniana, Green, Contr. Maclurian Lyceum, p. 4; 
 
 Holbr. N. Amer. Serp. v. p. 51, pi. 14. 
 Xiphonura jefferaoniana, Tschudi, Batr. p. 93; Dum. Sf Bibi: p. 161. 
 Triton niger, Dekay, N. Y. Fawn. iii. p. 85, pi. 15. f . 35. 
 Salamandi'a granulata, Dekay, I. v. p. 78, pi. 23. f. 66 ; Solhr. N. 
 
 Amer. Herp. v. p. 63. 
 AmhystomajeflFersoniana, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 283. 
 Amblystoma jeifersonianum, Cope, Proc. Ac. PhUad. 1867, p. 196 ; 
 
 Strauch, Salam. p. 64. 
 
 Palatine teeth in four scarcely interrupted series forming a nearly 
 straight line; these series extending laterally beyond the outer 
 border of the choanse. Tongue large, plica3 radiating from behind. 
 Head small, not much depressed, longer than broad ; greatest width 
 at eyes ; snout long and broad, rounded, without canthus rostralis ; 
 eyes moderate. Body much elongate, four times the distance from 
 snout to gular fold. Limbs moderate, not meeting when adpressed 
 against the body ; fingers and toes depressed, latter long ; a small 
 tarsal tubercle. Tail about as long as head and body, rather strongly 
 compressed, not keeled, ending in a point. Skin shining, smooth 
 or minutely granulate ; parotoids indistinct ; a strong gular fold ; 
 twelve costal grooves, extending across the belly. Dark brown, 
 lighter beneath ; sides with or without small light blue spots. 
 
 Total length 145 millim. 
 
 Prom snout to cloaca 72 ,. 
 
 Head 13 „ 
 
 Width of head 10 „ 
 
 Pore limb 17 „ 
 
 Hind limb 21 „ 
 
 Tail 73 „ 
 
 Canada ; United States — Pennsylvania and Ohio, and northward. 
 a. $. Montreal. ^ 
 
 Vae. fuscum. 
 
 Ambystoma fuscum, HaUow. Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) iii. p. 355. 
 Amblystoma iefl'ersonianum, var. fuscum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 
 1867, p. 197. 
 
 Dark brown, with an especially dark shade or band along the 
 sides ; extremely minute white points upon the body and tail, more 
 sparse upon the former ; chin yellow, clouded with brown beneath. 
 
 Indiana and Yirginia. 
 
13. AMBLTSTOMA. 47 
 
 Vae. laterale. 
 
 Ambystoma laterale, Hallow. I. c. p. 352. 
 Amblystoma jeffersonianum, vax. laterale, Cope, I. c. 
 
 About half the size of the typical form. Blact with large white 
 spots on the sides and tail, and smaller ones on the belly. 
 Canada ; N.E. United States. 
 
 Vae. platineum. 
 
 Amblystoma platineimi, Cope, I. c. p. 198 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 65. 
 jeffersonianum, subsp. platineum, Cupe, Check-list, p. 26. 
 
 Distinguished by the narrower head and more elongate body. 
 Colour leaden ; eyelids yellowish-margined ; lower surfaces with or 
 without numerous indistinct whitish blotches. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 10. Amblystoma persimile. 
 
 Plethodon persimilis, Gi-ay, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 230, pi. 19. 
 
 f. 2 ; Gfunth. Itept. Brit. Ind. p. 439. 
 Pectoglossa persimilis, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 698. 
 Amblystoma persimile, Strauch, Salam. p. 65. 
 
 Palatine teeth in four scarcely interrupted series forming a nearly 
 straight line; these series extending laterally beyond the outer 
 border of the choanse. Tongue rather large, plicse radiating from 
 behind. Head small, moderately depressed, longer than broad j 
 greatest width at angles of jaws ; snout moderate, rounded, with- 
 out oanthus rostralis ; eyes moderate. Body elongate, cylindrical, 
 thrice and a half the distance from snout to gular fold. Limbs 
 moderate ; when adpressed against the body, the tip of third finger 
 meets the tip of fourth toe ; fingers and toes long, slender, scarcely 
 depressed; carpal and tarsal tubercles not distinct. Tail shorter 
 than head and body, moderately compressed, not keeled, ending in 
 a point. Skin smooth ; parotoids indistinct ; a strong gular fold ; 
 twelve costal grooves. Blackish, with small scattered whitish spots, 
 largest on the sides. 
 
 Total length 98 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 53 „ 
 
 Head 11 „ 
 
 Width of head 9 „ 
 
 Fore limb 16 „ 
 
 Hind limb 18 „ 
 
 TaU 45 „ 
 
 Siam. 
 
 a_5. 5 p Siam (probably at a considerable M. Monhot [C], 
 
 altitude). 
 
48 SALAMANDKIDJ5. 
 
 11. Ambly stoma macrodactylum. 
 
 Ambystoma macrodactyla, Baird, Joum. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 292 
 
 and U.S. Expl. Sure. xii. part ii. pi. 31. f. 3. 
 Amblystoma macrodactylum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 198 : 
 Strauch, Salam. p. 65. 
 Palatine teeth in three [or four] series, the central largest, 
 separated from the others by a considerable interval, together form- 
 ing a line, slightly angular anteriorly, where they reach to about 
 opposite the centre of the choanse, laterally passing a little the 
 outer margin of the choange. Tongue longitudinally oval, plicEe 
 radiating from behind. Head rather large, depressed, and a little 
 longer than broad ; eyes prominent. Body cylindrical-depressed. 
 When adpressed along the body, the limbs almost meet. Toes long. 
 Carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail somewhat compressed, 
 subround. Skin smooth ; twelve costal grooves. Ground-colour 
 dark brown ; a broad light dorsal band ; sides and lower surfaces 
 sprinkled with greyish. From snout to cloaca 58 millim. 
 Oregon ; California. 
 
 a. 2 ■ Oregon, Smithsonian Institution [P.]. 
 
 12. Amblystoma paroticum. (Pjcate II. fig. 3.) 
 
 Amblystoma paroticum (Baird), Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, 
 p. 200; Strauch, Salam. p. 65. 
 
 Palatine teeth in four scarcely interrupted series, the central 
 forming a very open angle, the lateral extending externally be- 
 yond the outer border of the choanse. Tongue small, circular; 
 plioee radiating from behind. Head large, depressed, about as broad 
 as long, greatest width at angles of jaws, considerably constricted 
 at the neck ; snout rounded, without canthus rostralis ; eyes large, 
 very prominent. Body rounded, rather short, twi ce and two thirds the 
 distanoefrom snout to gular fold. Limbs strong; adpressed against the 
 body, the longest toe reaches the wrist-joint ; fingers and toes 
 moderate, depressed, latter more equal in length than in the other 
 species of the genus ; carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct Tail a 
 little longer than head and body, strongly compressed, keeled, ending 
 in a point. Skin smooth ; sides corrugated ; a distinct, large paro- 
 toid gland ; a strong gular fold ; a groove from eye to latter ; eleven 
 costal grooves. Uniform dark reddish brown, paler beneath. 
 
 Total length 144 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 69 „ 
 
 Head 16 „ 
 
 Width of head 15 „ 
 
 Fore limb 23 „ 
 
 Hind limb 25 „ 
 
 Tail 75 „ 
 
 Vancouver's Island and Washington Territory. 
 
 a. S? Vancouver's Island, Lieut.-Col. Hawkins [C.]. 
 
13. AMBLYSlOMA. 49 
 
 13. Amblystoma aterrimum. 
 
 Amblystoma aterrimum, Cope, Froo. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 201; 
 Strauch, Salam. p. 65. , 
 
 The series of palatine teeth commence only opposite the middle 
 of the posterior mar^n of the choanse, and describe a slight curve 
 round their inner margins to a point just in advance of their ante- 
 rioi?, then turn abruptly inwards and slightly backwards, making a 
 right angle with their previous course ; they converge, but do not 
 unite. Tongue large, plioae radiating from behind. Head a broad 
 oval, intermediate in form between A. tenehrosum and A. tigrinvm, ; 
 canthus rostralis distinct. Limbs very stout, jast meeting when 
 laid along the side ; toes short and flattened. TaU short and stout, 
 much compressed, shorter than head and body. Gular fold well 
 marked ; twelve indistinct costal grooves. Black above, lead- 
 coloured below. Total length 165 millim. 
 
 Northern Eocky Mountains. 
 
 14. Amblystoma tenebrosum. 
 
 Amblystoma tenebrosum, Baird 8f Oir. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, 
 
 p. 174, and U.S. Expl. Surv. xii. part ii. pi. 31, f. 1 ; Cope, Proc. 
 
 Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 202 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 65. 
 
 Xiphonura tenebrosa, Qir. U.S. Expl. Exped., Herp. p. 14, pi. 1. 
 
 f. 9-17. 
 
 Palatine teeth in two nearly straight series, each slightly convex 
 
 anteriorly, separated by a distinct interval ; these series situated 
 
 just behind the line of the choanse, not extending beyond their outer 
 
 margin. Tongue large, plicse .radiating from behind. Head very 
 
 large, depressed, a little longer than broad; greatest width at 
 
 angles of jaws ; snout long and broad, rounded, without canthus 
 
 rostralis ; eyes large. Body somewhat depressed, three times the 
 
 distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs strong; when 
 
 adpressed against the body the longest toe marks the wrisfc-joint; 
 
 fingers and toes short, much depressed ; carpal and tarsal tubercles 
 
 indistinct. Tail shorter than head and body, strongly compressed, 
 
 sharp-edged, except at the base, ending in a point. Skin smooth ; 
 
 no parotoids ; a strong gular fold ; twelve costal grooves. Grejdsh 
 
 l^own above, marbled with dark brown ; dirty white beneath, 
 
 immaculate. 
 
 Total length 150 millim. 
 
 Prom snout to cloaca 82 
 
 Head 20 
 
 Width of head 18 
 
 Fore limb 24 
 
 Hind limb 30 
 
 TaU 68 
 
 Oregon; California. 
 
 o. Hgr. 2 . Sumass Lake N. A. Boundary Commission 
 
 {J. K. Lord). 
 
50 salamandridjB. 
 
 Siredon gnwilis, Baird, Eep. U.S. Expl. Surv. xiii. part iv. p. 
 pi. 44. f. 2, is perhaps the larva of A. tenelroswrn. 
 
 15. Amblystoma texanum. 
 
 Salamandra texana, Matthes, Allgem. deutsche natarh. Zeitung 
 
 1855, p. 266. 
 Amblystoma texanum, Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Bept. p. 
 
 pi. 35. f. 15 ; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 204 ; Strauch, Sal 
 
 p. 65. 
 
 Palatine teeth forming an arched series between choanse, extend 
 to their anterior border, and not beyond their inner border 
 the lateral direction. Tongue small, (in young) plicae radiat 
 from behind. General proportions as in A. microstomum. H 
 oval, rather flattened and broad ; canthus rostralis somewhat mart 
 Skin quite smooth ; no parotoids ; gular fold slight ; fourt( 
 costal grooves. Above light brown, with a series of light sp 
 along upper part of sides ; these are small, and one between ei 
 pair of costal folds ; sides and belly yellow. Total length 95 mill: 
 
 Texas. 
 
 16. Amblystoma cingulatum. 
 
 iVmblystoma cingulatum, Cope, R-oc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 2 
 Strauch, Salam, p. 66, 
 
 Diflfers from A. microstomum in the shape of the snout, whicl 
 narrowed and projects beyond the mandible. Black, the under s 
 faces thi6kly speckled with grey ; a vertical narrow grey line pas 
 between every pair of costal grooves, and meets its fellow on 
 dorsal line, or bifurcates to meet a similar bifurcation in like manr 
 embracing an area; these narrow anuuli extend nearly as 
 forwards as the orbits, and surround the tail to its extremi 
 (Cope.) 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 ? a. Uniform blackish. New Orleans. Edw. Doubleday, Esq. [1 
 
 17. Amblystoma microstomum. (Plate II. fig. 4.) 
 
 Ambystoma porphjriitieum, Sallow. P-oc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 8 ( 
 
 Salamandra porphyritica, Green). 
 Amblystoma microstomum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 2 
 
 Strauch, Salam. p. 65. 
 
 Palatine teeth forming a slightly angular series, with convej 
 forwards, entirely between the choanse. Tongue not very lai 
 oval, with a median longitudinal groove, from which the pi 
 radiate. Head very small, very convex, slightly longer than bro 
 snout very short, broad, rounded, without canthus rostralis ; lo^ 
 jaw projecting a little beyond the border of upper ; eyes moderi 
 Body cylindrical, much elongate, four and a half times the dista 
 from snout to gular fold. Limbs short, widely separated when 1 
 
PLETHOBONTIN^. 51 
 
 against body; fingers and toes moderate, cylindrical-depressed ; carpal 
 and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail shorter than head and body, 
 subcylindrical at the base, becoming strongly compressed at the end, 
 which is obtuse. Skin shining, minutely pitted ; no parotoids ; a 
 strong gular fold; fourteen costal grooves, extending across the 
 body. Brownish black, a little paler beneath, sometimes with 
 greyish lichen-like spots on the sides. 
 
 Total length Ill millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 59 
 
 Head lOJ 
 
 Width of head 9| 
 
 Fore limb 14 
 
 HindUmb 16 
 
 Tan 52 
 
 United States — Austro-riparian and Eastern districts, west of the 
 AUeghanies. 
 
 a-c. 5. S. Illinois. Smithsonian Institution [P.]. 
 
 (As Amblystoma jefferaonianuml) 
 d„e. $ . N. America. 
 
 Axolotes maculata, Owen, Ann. & Mag. K. H. 1844, xiv. p. 23 ; 
 Gray, Cat. p. 50. 
 
 This larva I am not able to refer to any of the known species. 
 
 a. Mexico. Prof. E. Owen [P.]. 
 
 Subfam. C. PLETH01)0NTIN^. 
 
 Plethodontidse, part., Qray, Cat. Batr. Grad. 
 
 Plethodontidse, Bolitoglossidse, Hemidactylidse, Hallow. Jaurn. Ac. 
 
 PUlad. (2) iii. 1858. 
 SpelerpinsBj Cope, Proe. Ac. Philad. 1859. 
 PlethodontidsB, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) vi. 1866, and Proc. Ac. 
 
 Philad. 1869. 
 Salamandrida Lechriodonta, part., Strauch, Pev. d. Salam,, in M4m. 
 
 Ac. St. P^tersh. (7) xvi. no. 4. 
 
 Synopsis of the Genera. 
 
 I. Tongue attached along the median line to the anterior margin. 
 
 Maxillary and mandibular teeth very large, few in number, com- 
 pressed 14. Anaides, p. 52. 
 
 Teeth normal ; toes five 15. Plethodon, p. 53. 
 
 Toes four 16. Batrachoseps, p. 58. 
 
 II. Tongue free all round, attached by its central pedicel only. 
 
 Toes five 17. Spelerpes, p. 60. 
 
 Toes four 18. Manculus, p. 75. 
 
 e2 
 
52 BAlAMANBElDa;. 
 
 14. ANAIDES. 
 
 Anaides, Baird, Iconogr. Encyclop. ii. 1849, p. 256 ; Coiie, Pi-oc. Ac. 
 Philad. 1869, p. 109; Strauch, Salam. p. 74. 
 
 Tongue large, attached along the median line, the sides exten- 
 sively free. Palatine teeth in a chevron-shaped series behind the 
 ohoanae ; parasphenoid teeth in an elongate patch. Maxillary and 
 mandibular teeth few in number, compressed, knife-shaped. Toes 
 five. Tail cylindrical. 
 
 Western North America. 
 
 1. Anaides lugnhris. 
 
 Taricha P lugubris, Gray, Cat. p. 26. 
 Ambystoma punctulatum, id. ibid. p. 37. 
 Salamandra lugubris, Sallow. Journ. Ac. Philad. 1848, p. 126. 
 Anaides lugubris, Baird, leonogr. Encycl. n. 1849, p. 256 ; Baird Sf 
 Oir. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 302 ; Baird, U.S. Explor. Exped., 
 Berp. pi. i. f. 26-33, and Bep. U.S. Expl. Surv. xiii. part iv. 
 pi. 30. f . 4 ; Cope, Pruc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 109 ; Strauch, Salam. 
 p. 75. 
 
 Palatine teeth in two short series obliquely converging and meet- 
 ing behind, not extending outwards beyond the ohoanse; para- 
 sphenoid teeth in an elongate patch, narrowed anteriorly. 10 to 12 
 teeih in the upper jaw, 6 to 10 in the mandible. Head oval, longer 
 than broad, greatest width at temporal regions ; snout narrowed, 
 truncate ; eyes very large, prominent ; interorbital space narrow ; 
 maxillary outline strongly recurved posteriorly, much like what is 
 seen in the Crocodiles. Body somewhat depressed, measuring twice 
 and a half to twice and a third the distance from tip of snout to gular 
 fold. Limbs moderate, meeting when adpressed against the body ; 
 fingers and toes free, dilated at the tips, inner short but well deve- 
 loped ; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. Tail about as long as head and 
 body, cylindrical, slightly compressed towards the end. Anal opening 
 longitudinal, the borders not swollen. Skin smooth ; no parotoids ; 
 a strong gular fold ; thirteen costal grooves. Dark brown or lead- 
 coloured above, yellowish white beneath ; sides and limbs with 
 scattered whitish dots. 
 
 Total length 154 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 76 
 
 Head 17 
 
 Width of head 15 
 
 Fore limb 22 
 
 Hind limb 25 
 
 Tail 78 
 
 Pacific Eegion of North America. 
 
14. ANArOES. 15. PLEIHOBON. 53 
 
 a-b, c-d. Adult, hgr., & yg. California. 
 
 e. Adult. Farallone Islands. Hr. Gruber. 
 
 /. Hgi". Monterey. (Type ot~ Amby- 
 
 g. Skeleton. California. 
 
 stoma ptmctulatum.) 
 
 2. Anaides ferreus. 
 Anaides ferreus, Cope, Proe. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 109. 
 
 Smaller and more slender than the last. The parasphenoid 
 patch does not extend quite forwards to the middle of the orbits, 
 and is much flatter and wider anteriorly than in A. lugubris. Body 
 slender, cylindric. Limbs, and especially digits, slender ; adpressed 
 to the side they fail to meet by the length of the fingers ; thumb 
 not distinct. Fourteen costal grooves. Sides and nape greenish grey ; 
 top of head and dorsal region behind in the form of a serrate band, 
 with the tail black ; below yellowish brown, unspotted. Total 
 length 90 millim. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 15. PLETHODON. 
 
 Plethodon, Tschudi, Batr. p. 92 ; Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. 
 
 p. 282 ; Gi-ay, Cat. p. 38 ; Bum. ^ Bibr. ix. p. 82 ; Cope, Proc. 
 
 Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 99 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 69. 
 Sauropsis, FUzing. Syst. Pept. i. p. 33. 
 Cylindrosoma, part., Dum. Sj- Bwr. p. 76. 
 Ensatina, Gray, Cat. p. 76. 
 Heredia, Girard, Proe. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 140 ; Strauch, Salam. 
 
 p. 76. 
 Stereochilus, Cope, I. c. p. 100. 
 Urotropis, Espada, An. Soc. Esp. iv. p. 70. 
 
 Tongue large, attached along the median line, extensively free 
 laterally and more or less behind. Palatine teeth in two more or 
 less distinctly arched series behind the choanse; parasphenoidal 
 teeth in two elongate patches. Toes five. Tail subcylindrical or 
 compressed. 
 
 North America ; (one species in the valley of the Eio de la Plata ?). 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 
 I. Parasphenoid patches well separated ; tongue free in its posterior 
 half. 
 11 costal grooves; the length of the 
 
 parasphenoid patches equals the dis- 
 tance from their anterior border to the 
 
 intermaxillary teeth; uniform brown . 1. oregunensis, -p. 54. 
 11 costal grooves; the length of the 
 
 parasphenoid patches equals about 
 
 the distance from their anterior border 
 
 to the choanse; brown above, with 
 
 yellow spots 2. plaUnsis, p. 55. 
 
54 SALAMANDEEDiB. 
 
 13 costal grooves ; black; with red-orange 
 
 spots above ; bright red-orange below. 3. croceater, p. 55. 
 
 II. Parasphenoid patches in contact throughout ; tongue, posterior 
 border free. 
 
 13 costal grooves; palatine series very 
 oblique, not extending outwards be- 
 yond choansB ; habit moderate ; black, 
 
 with large yellowish spots 4. Jlavipunctatus, p. 55. 
 
 14 costal grooves ; palatine series slightly 
 oblique, extending outwards beyond 
 choanse ; habit moderate : black with 
 
 small greyish spots 5. glutinosus, p. 56. 
 
 13 costal grooves; palatine series not 
 
 extending outwards beyond choanse; 
 
 body elongate, Hmbs weak ; a broad 
 
 reddish-brown dorsal band 6. intermedms, p. 57. 
 
 16-18 costal grooves ; palatine series not 
 
 extending outwards beyond choange; 
 
 body much elongate, limbs very weak ; 
 
 generally a reddish-brown dorsal band . 7. erythronotws, ■p. bl . 
 
 1. Flethodon oregonensis. 
 
 Ensatina eschacholtzii, Gray, Cat. p. 48 (neo Triton ensatus, 
 Eschsoh.'). 
 Heredia oregonensis, Oirard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 235, and 
 
 U.S. Exphr. Exped., Herp. pi. i. f. 18-25 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 76. 
 Plethodon ensatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 167. 
 oregonensis, Cope, Pi-oc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 100. 
 
 Palatine teeth in two strongly curved series, meeting at a right 
 angle backwards, extending outwards a good deal beyond choanse ; 
 parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches diverging backwards, 
 well separated from each other posteriorly, and from palatine teeth 
 series ; the length of the parasphenoid patches equals the distance 
 from their anterior border to the intermaxUlary teeth. Tongue 
 very large, suboval, attached narrowly along the anterior half of 
 the median line. Head moderate, convex, longer than broad, 
 greatest width at angles of jaws ; snout rounded, projecting a little 
 beyond lower jaw ; margin of lower jaw slightly projecting below 
 the eyes; latter very large, prominent. Body cylindrical, short, 
 measuring only twice or twice and one third the distance from tip 
 of snout to gular fold. Limbs well developed ; when laid against 
 the body, the fingers and toes intercross ; fingers and toes moderate, 
 obtuse, free, inner very short ; no carpal Or tarsal tubercles. TaU 
 cylindrical at the base, slightly compressed at the end, a little 
 shorter than head and body. Skin smooth, shining ; no parotoids ; 
 a strong, arched gular fold, meeting a rectilinear groove from the 
 eye; eleven costal grooves. Uniform reddish brown, lighter be- 
 neath. 
 
15. PUSTHODON. 55 
 
 Total length 127 miUim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 67 
 
 Head 15 
 
 Widtt of head 12| 
 
 Fore limb 21 
 
 Hind limb 24 
 
 Tail 60 
 
 Oregon; California. 
 a-e. 2 & yg- Monterey. (Types of Ensatina eschscholtzii.) 
 
 2. Flethodon platensis. 
 
 Urotropis platensis, Hspada, An. Soc. Esp. iv. p. 71, pi. 1. 
 
 General characters as in P. oregonensis, but the tongue smaller, 
 the parasphenoid patches shorter, and the inner fingers and toes 
 longer. Dark brown above, with irregular yellow spots ; lower sur- 
 faces of a dirty carneous tint. 
 
 Rio de la Plata (?) 
 
 3. Flethodon croceater. 
 
 Plethodon croceater, Cope, Proc. Ac. PMlad. 1867, p. 210, & 1869, 
 p. 100 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 70. 
 
 Dentition and tongue as in P. oregonensis. Head very broad; 
 snout truQcate, projecting considerably beyond lower jaw ; margin 
 of lower jaw projecting beyond upper below the eyes. Body and 
 limbs as in P. oregonensis. Tail a little longer than head and body. 
 Skin very smooth ; thirteen costal grooves. Colour pitchy black, 
 fading into bright red-orange below ; Umbs orange, with a blackish 
 cross band below the knee ; a large red-orange spot on each parotoid 
 region, and four smaller irregular similar spots on the body to base 
 of tail, on each side of and near the vertebral line ; a pair of orange 
 spots at base of tail and a distant series on the upper face of the 
 tail. Total length 125 millim. 
 
 Fort Tejon, California. 
 
 4. Flethodon flavipnnctatus. 
 Flethodon flavipunctatus, Strauch, Salam. p. 71. 
 
 Palatine teeth in two very oblique series converging backwards, 
 separated from each other by a slight interspace, not extending out- 
 wards beyond choanee ; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches 
 in contact throughout, widely separated from the palatine teeth. 
 Tongue very large, posterior border free. Head rather long, with 
 a median longitudinal groove. Body cylindrical. Limbs as in 
 P. glutinosus, but the fingers more slender and more pointed. Tail 
 
56 
 
 SALAMANDEIDiB. 
 
 eylindrical, a little shorter than head and body. Skin smooth ; thir- 
 teen costal grooves. Black, with large irregular yellowish spots, more 
 numerous on the sides and on the upper part of the tail, smaller on 
 the throat and belly, absent on the upper surface of the head and 
 the lower surface of the tail. Total length 117 millun. 
 California. 
 
 5. Flethodou glutinosus. 
 
 Plethodon glutinosum, Gray, Cat. p. 39. 
 Salamandra glutinosa, Gireen, Journ. Ac. Philad. i. p. 357 ; Hothr. 
 
 N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 39, pi. 10; Dehay, N.Y. Faun., Hept. p. 81, 
 
 pl.l7._f. 42. 
 
 variolata, GiUiams, Journ. Ac. Philad. i. p. 460. 
 
 cylindracea, Harlan, Journ. Ac. Philad. v. p. 156. 
 
 Plethodon glutinosus, Tschudi, Batr. p. 92 ; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 
 
 1869, p. 100 j Strauch, Salam. p. 70. 
 Triton porphyriticus, Dehay, N.Y. Faun., Sept. p. 83, pi. 16. f. 37. 
 Cylindrosoma glutinosum, Iktm. Sr £ibr. p. 80. 
 
 Series of palatine teeth slightly curved, converging backwards at 
 a very open angle, separated from each other by a wide interspace, 
 extending outside of choanse ; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate 
 patches in contact throughout, widely separated from the palatine 
 teeth ; the length of the parasphenoid patches equals the distance 
 from their anterior border to the tip of the snout, or the distance 
 between the outer extremities of the palatine series. Tongue Ikrge, 
 free in the posterior fourth of its extent. Head rather small, de- 
 pressed, longer than broad ; greatest width at angles of jaws ; snout 
 rounded ; eyes large, prominent. Body cylindrical, elongate, thrice 
 to thrice and two thirds the distance from stout to gular fold. Limbs 
 moderate, not meeting when adpressed against the body ; fingers and 
 toes short, the tips slightly swollen ; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. 
 Tail cylindrical, about the length of head and body. Anal opening 
 longitudinal, the borders not swollen. Skin shining, closely pitted ; 
 parotoids indistinct ; a strong gular fold ; a more or less distiaot 
 rectilinear groove from eye to latter ; fourteen costal grooves. Black ; 
 generally with small greyish blotches, larger and sometimes con- 
 fluent on the flanks. 
 
 d. 2- 
 
 Total length 129 138 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 65 73 „ 
 
 Head 12 13 „ 
 
 Width of head 10^ 11 „ 
 
 Fore limb 16 17 „ 
 
 Hind limb 18 19 „ 
 
 Tail 64 65 „ 
 
 United States — Eastern and Austro-riparian districts. 
 
 a-b. 2- Ohio. 
 
 c. (S ■ Pennsylvania. J. Green, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 d-e. cJ ? S, Carolina. 
 
15. PIETHODON. 57 
 
 f-h. (S & hgr. N. America. Edw. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 i. $ . N. America. 
 
 k. S. N.America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
 6. Flethodon intermedius. 
 
 Plethodon intermedius (JBaird), Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 209, 
 & 1869, p. 100 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 72. 
 
 Palatine teeth in two oblique series converging backwards, sepa- 
 rated from each other by a wide interspace, not extending outwards 
 beyond ohoanae; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches in 
 contact throughout, widely separated from the palatine teeth ; the 
 length of the parasphenoid patches equals the distance from their 
 anterior border to the tip of the suout. Tongue large, posterior 
 border free. Head small, longer than broad; snout rounded ; eyes 
 large, prominent. Body cylindrical, elongate, about thrice and a half 
 the distance from snout to gular fold. Limbs short ; fingers and toes 
 short, -obtuse, free, inner rudimental ; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. 
 Tail compressed, about the length of head and body. Skin smooth ; 
 parotoids indistinct ; a distinct gular fold ; thirteen costal grooves. 
 Colour as in P. erythronotus. 
 
 Total length 81 millira. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 40 „ 
 
 Head 8 „ 
 
 Width of head 6 „ 
 
 Fore limb 8^ „ 
 
 Hind limb 11 „ 
 
 Tail 41 „ 
 
 Vancouver's Island ; British Columbia. 
 
 a-b. 5 & yg. Eraser's River. H.M.S. ' Plumper.' 
 
 7. Plethodon erythronotus. 
 
 Ambystoma erythronotum. Gray, Cat. p. 37. 
 Salamandra eiythronota, Gfreen, Journ. Ac. PMlad. i. p. 356 ; HoUrr. 
 N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 43, pi. 11 ; Behay, N.T. Faun., Sept. p. 75, 
 pi. 16. f . 38 ; Wied, Nova Acta Leop.- Carol, xxxii. p. 126. 
 
 cinerea, Oreen, I. c. 
 
 Plethodon cinereus, Tschudi, Batr: p. 92. 
 
 erythronotus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. ("2) i. p. 285 ; Ihim. 8^ 
 
 Bibr. p. 86; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 100; Strauch, Salam. 
 p. 72. 
 Palatine teeth in two oblique series, converging backwards, 
 separated from each other by a wide interspace, not extending out- 
 wards beyond choanse ; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches 
 in contact throughout, widely separated from the palatine teeth ; 
 the length of the parasphenoid patches is more than the distance 
 from their anterior border to the tip of the snout, or equals the dis- 
 
58 SALAMANDEID^. 
 
 tance between the anterior corners of eyes. Tongue large, free in 
 the posterior half of its extent. Habit very slender. Head very 
 small, longer than broad ; snout rounded ; eyes rather large. Body 
 cylindrical, much elongate, four to five times the distance from 
 snout to gular fold. Limbs very weak ; fingers and toes very short, 
 latter webbed at the base, with slightly swollen tips, inner rudi- 
 mental ; no carpal or tarsal f;ubercles. Tail generally about as 
 long as head and body, cylindrical. Anal opening longitudinal, the 
 borders not swollen. Skin smooth ; parotoids indistinct ; a distinct 
 gular fold ; sixteen to eighteen costal grooves. Greyish or brownish 
 above, with or without a broad reddish-brown, black-edged longi- 
 tudinal band ; belly greyish, speckled with brown. 
 
 d. 2- 
 
 Total length 82 95 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 43 46 „ 
 
 Head 7i 7i „ 
 
 Width of head 6 6 „ 
 
 Fore limb 8 8 „ 
 
 Hind limb 10 9J „ 
 
 Tail 39 49' „ 
 
 East of the United States ; Canada. 
 
 a,b. cJ . New York. 
 
 c-e. (3 g . Ohio. 
 
 /-«'. c? ? . N. America. Bdw. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 W, m-p. d' $ . N. America. T. Bell, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 q-s, t-x. d > ? , & yg- N. America. 
 
 y-z. ? . N. America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
 16. BATRACHOSEPS. 
 
 Hemidactylium, Tachudi, Batr. p. 94 ; Gray, Cat. p. 41 ; Cope, Proc. 
 
 Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 99 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 75. 
 Batrachoseps, Bonap. Faun. Ital. ; Qray, I. c. p. 42 ; Cope, I. c. p. 98 ; 
 
 Strauch, I. c. p. 84. 
 Desmodactylus, Dum. ^ Bibr. ix. p. 117. 
 
 Tongue oval, attached along the median line, more or less free 
 behind. Palatine teeth in a chevron-shaped series behind the 
 choanse ; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches. Toes four. 
 
 North America. 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 
 13 costal grooves ; belly yellowish, black- 
 spotted 1. scutatiis, p. 59. 
 
 1 8 costal grooves ; belly uniform yellowish 2. pacifieus, p. 59. 
 
 20 costal grooves ; belly black 3. nigriventris, p. 60. 
 
 20 costal grooves ; fore limb not reaching 
 
 angle of mouth ; belly brown 4. attenuatus, p. 60. 
 
16. BATEACHOSBPS. 
 
 59 
 
 1. Batrachoseps scntatns. 
 
 Hemidactylium scutatum, Gh-ay, Cat. p. 41. 
 Salamandra soutata, ScUeg. Faun. Japan., Amph. p. 119, ana Abbild. 
 
 pi. 40. f. 4-6. 
 
 melanosticta, Gihhes, Bost. Journ. N. H. v. p,-89, pi. 10. 
 
 Hemidactylium scutatum, Tsckadi, Batr. p, 94 ; Hallow. Journ. Ac. 
 
 Fhilad. (2) iii. p. 366 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 76. 
 Desmodactylus scutatus, Bum. ^ Bibr. p. 118. 
 melanostictus, Bum. S^ Bibr. p. 119. 
 
 Tongue free in its posterior third. Series of palatine teeth not 
 extending outwards beyond the choanse ; parasphenoid patches long, 
 separated from each other and from palatine series by a distinct 
 interspace. Head small ; snout short, rounded ; eyes large, mode- 
 rately prominent. Body cylindrical, elongate, measuring about thrice 
 and a half the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs very 
 ■weak ; fingers and toes very short, depressed, obtuse, united at the 
 base ; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. Tail subcylindrical at the 
 base, compressed towards the end, loilger than head and body. 
 Anal opening longitudinal, the borders not swollen. Skin smooth ; 
 no parotoids ; a strong gular fold ; a groove from eye to latter ; 
 thirteen costal grooves, joined to the vertebral line by other grooves, 
 which are curved with the convexity backwards. Brown above ; a 
 series of light dots, sometimes confluent, along each side of the back ; 
 yellowish beneath, with round black spots. 
 
 Total length 76 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 36 
 
 Head 7 
 
 Width of head 4J 
 
 Fore limb 8 
 
 Hind limb 9 
 
 Tail 40 
 
 United States — Rhode Island to Illinois, and to the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 a. Adult. 
 
 b. Adult. 
 
 Niagara. 
 N. America. 
 
 Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
 2. Batrachoseps pacificus. 
 
 Hemidactylium paciflcum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Fhilad. 1865, p. 
 
 Strauch, Salam. p. 76. 
 Batrachoseps pacificus, Cope, F-oc. Ac. Fhilad. 1869, p. 98. 
 
 195; 
 
 Differs from the preceding in the number of costal grooves (seven- 
 teen or eighteen) ; these are not prolonged dorsally. Brown above, 
 yellowish beneath, uniform. 
 
 South California. 
 
60 
 
 SALAMANDBID^. 
 
 3. Batrachoseps nigriventris. 
 
 Batrachoseps nigriventris, Cope, Proc Ac. PMlad. 1869, p. 98. 
 
 Resembles the preceding in general proportions, but the Urnbs in 
 more rudimental condition. Costal grooves twenty or twenty-one, 
 extending to vertebral line, but not curved. Colour above deep brown, 
 separated abruptly from the black of the lower surfaces ; tail black. 
 
 California. 
 
 a-h. Adult. Pataluma. Smithsonian Institution [P.]. 
 
 4. Batrachoseps attennatns. 
 
 Batrachoseps attenuatus, Oray, Cat. p. 42. 
 Salamandrina attenuate, Esohsch. Zool. Atlas, p. 1, pi. 21. f. 1-14. 
 Batrachoseps attenuatus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. ; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 
 1869, p. 98 ; Strawch, Salam. p. 85. 
 
 Tongue, posterior half free ; anterior attachment very delicate, 
 easily torn. Palatine teeth in two very short series, not extending 
 outwards beyond the inner margin of the choanae, separated from 
 parasphenoid patches ; latter confluent. Head small ; snout short, 
 rounded; eyes moderately large. Body cylindrical, much elongate, 
 measuring about four times the distance from tip of snout to gular 
 fold. Limbs very weak ; digits very short, rudimentary, united. 
 Tail cylindrical, as thick as body, longer than head and body. Skin 
 smooth, shining ; no parotoids ; a strong gular fold ; twenty costal 
 grooves ; tail regularly ringed. Brown ; a blackish band along 
 each side of the body ; back with diagonal darker cross lines. 
 
 Total length 108 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 41 „ 
 
 Head Q\ „ 
 
 Width of head 5 „ 
 
 Fore limb 6 „ 
 
 Hind limb 7 „ 
 
 Tail. 67 „ 
 
 United States, Pacific district. 
 
 a-e. Adult. San Francisco. 
 d-g. Adult & hgr. California. 
 h-k. Adult & hgr. ? 
 
 17. SPELERPES*. 
 
 Spelerpes, Pajin. Atlantic Journal, no. 1, p. 22 {fde Baird) ; Baird, 
 Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 283 ; Oi-ay, Cat. p. 48 ; Cope, Proc. Ac. 
 Philad. 1869, p. 104 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 77. 
 
 Qeotriton, Bonap. Faun. Ital, ; Tschudi, Batr. p, 93 ; Chray, Cat. p. 47 ; 
 Dum. 8f Bibr. ix. p. Ill ; Cope, I. c. p. 102. 
 
 Oylindrosoma, Tschudi, I. c. 
 
 Oedipus, Tschudi, I. c. ; Chray, Cat. p. 47 ; Cope, I. c. 
 
 * Salamandra haldentani, Holbr. N. Amei-. Herp. v. p. 59, pi. 13. — Pennsyl- 
 vania, Maryland, and Virginia. 
 
17. spblekpes. 61 
 
 Pseudotriton, Tsehudi, I. e. p. 94. 
 
 Saurocercus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. i. p. 34. 
 
 Batraohopsis, Mti. I. o. 
 
 Cylindrosoma, part., Bum. ^ Bibr. p. 76. 
 
 Bolitoglossa, I)um. §• Bibr. p. 88. 
 
 Oedipina, £&ferst. Arch.f. Naturg. 1868, p. 299. 
 
 0-^\ohsitcaaixas,QTay,Ann.8f Mag.N.H. (4)ii.p.297; Cope,l.c. p.lOl. 
 
 ? Stereochilus, Cope, I. c. p. 100. 
 
 Gyrinophilus, Cope, I. e. p. 108. ' 
 
 Tongue supported by the glossohyal pedicel, boletoid, free all 
 round. Palatine teeth in two series converging backwards ; para- 
 sphenoid teeth in one or two elongate patches. Toes five. 
 
 North and Central America ; three species in North-west South 
 America ; one in the West Indies. 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 I. Limbs weU developed. 
 
 A. Fingers and toes free ; palatine teeth confluent with para- 
 
 sphenoid patches. 
 15- 17 cosfal grooves ; no canthus rostralis ; 
 
 red, black-spotted 1. ruber, p. 62; 
 
 17 costal grooves ; no canthus rostralis ; 
 
 almost black above, shaded with yellow ; 
 
 a light, black-margined band from axilla 
 
 , to groin 2. marginatus, p. 64. 
 
 16 or 17 costal grooves ; canthus rostralis 
 
 well marked; greyish brown above, canthus 
 
 rostralis paler S.porphyriticus, p. 64. 
 
 B. Fingers and toes free ; palatine teeth separated from para- 
 
 sphenoid patches, not extending exteriorly beyond choanse. 
 13 costal grooves ; tail very long ; fingers 
 
 and toes rather slender ; yellow, black- 
 spotted above ; beUy immaculate 4. longicauda, p. 64. 
 
 13 costal grooves. ; tail very long ; fingers 
 
 and toes short ; back with three black 
 
 longitudinal bauds 5. guttdlineatus, p. 65. 
 
 13 or 14 costal grooves ; tail hardly longer ^ 
 
 than head and body, compressed ; yellow, 
 
 with two latero-dorsal black lines 6. bilineatus, p. 66. 
 
 21 costal grooves ; tail subround ; brown, 
 
 dorsal region darker 7. multiplicatiis, p. 67. 
 
 11 or 12 costal grooves ; tail round ; inner 
 
 digits rudimentary, wing-like 8. chiropterus, p. 67. 
 
 C. Fingers and toes slightly webbed ; palatine teeth separated 
 
 from parasphenoid patches, extending exteriorly beyond 
 choanae. 
 11 costal grooves; inner toe not distinct; 
 uniform black 9. cephalieus, p. 67. 
 
62 SAlAMANDEIDaj. 
 
 12 costal grooves ; black, with lichen-like 
 
 grey variegation 10. leprosus, p. 68. 
 
 12 costal grooves ; black, with two series of 
 
 yellow (or red) spots 11. bellii, p. 68. 
 
 D. Fingers and toes extensively webbed, the tips, however, 
 
 free. 
 10 or 11 costal grooves ; series of palatine 
 
 teeth extending exteriorly beyond choanse ; 
 
 brownish , 12. fuseus, p. 69. 
 
 12 or 13 costal grooves ; series of palatine 
 
 teeth extending exteriorly beyond choanse ; 
 
 black, with whitish dots 13. morio, p. 70. 
 
 12 costal grooves ; series of palatine teeth not 
 
 extending exteriorly beyond choanse ; black 
 
 or brown, with pale specks 14. adsperms, p. 70. 
 
 E. Fingers and toes united to the tips. 
 
 1. Series of palatine teeth not extending exteriorly beyond 
 
 choanae. 
 
 12 costal grooves; body and tail short; 
 
 brown, white-speckled beneath 15. rufescens, p. 71. 
 
 13 costal grooves ; body and tail long ; uni- 
 form dark browji 16. altamazonicus, 
 
 12 costal grooves ; body and taU long ; [p. 71. 
 blackish, upper surfaces sprinkled with 
 
 grey 17. yucatardcus, p. 72. 
 
 2. Series of palatine teeth extending exteriorly beyond 
 
 choanae. 
 
 13 costal grooves; brown, sides blackish . . 18. infuscatus, p. 72. 
 
 12 or 13 costal grooves ; blackish brown, 
 
 back yellow or with yeUow markings .... 19. variegatus, p. 73. 
 17 costal grooves : black, with white spots . . 20. parvipes, p. 74. 
 
 II. Limbs extremely small, rudimentary ; body and tail worm- 
 like. 
 
 13 or 14 costal grooves 21. lineohis, p. 74. 
 
 19 costal grooves 22. uniformis, p. 75. 
 
 1. Spelerpes ruber. 
 
 Spelerpes rubra, Oray, Cat. p. 45. 
 Salamandra rubra, Daud. Bept. viii. p. 227, jpl. 92. f. 2 ; Holhr. N. 
 
 Amer. Hem. v. p. 35, pi. 9; Dehay, N.Y. Faun., Rept. p. 80, 
 
 pi. 17. f. 43. 
 
 maculata, Oreen, Jmmi. Ac. Philad. i. p. 350. 
 
 subfusca, Oreen, I. c. p. 351. 
 
 rubriventris, Oreen, I. c. p. 353 {nee Baud.). 
 
 Pseudotriton siibfiiscus, Tschudi, Batr, p. 95. 
 
 ruber, Baird, Journ. Ae. Philad. (2) i. p. 286. 
 
17. SPBLBEPES. 63 
 
 Bolitoglossa rubra, Bum. ^ Bihr. p. 89, pi. 93. f. 2. 
 Pseiidotriton flavissimus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 130. 
 Spelerpes ruber, Cyie, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 107 ; Strauch, Salatn. 
 p. 83. 
 
 Labta : 
 Siren operculata, Pal. de Beauv, Amer. Phil. Trans, iv. p. 279, pi. — . 
 
 f. 3. 
 Proteus neocEesareanus, Green, I. cp. 358. 
 
 Series of palatine teeth, extending outwards beyond choanse, con- 
 fluent with parasphenoid patches ; latter well separated, diverging 
 posteriorly. Head small, longer than broad, greatest width at angles 
 of jaws ; snout short, rounded, without canthus rostralis ; eyes small. 
 Body thick, cylindrical, elongate, measuring thrice and a half to four 
 and a half times the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs 
 short ; fingers and toes very short, obtuse, free ; no carpal or tarsal 
 tubercles. Tail shorter than head and body, cylindrical at the base, 
 strongly compressed and keeled at the end. Skin smooth, shining ; 
 no parotoids ; a strong gular fold ; fifteen or sixteen costal grooves. 
 Vermilion-red, the back sometimes brown, closely spotted with 
 dark brown ; the spots absent or reduced to dots on the lower 
 surfaces. . q 
 
 Total length 120 166 mUlim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 69 90 „ 
 
 Head 14 17 „ 
 
 Width of head 11 14 „ 
 
 Fore limb 12| 16 „ 
 
 Hind limb 16 21 „ 
 
 TaU 51 76 „ 
 
 United States — Eastern and Austro-riparian districts. 
 
 a, b, c-e. cj , 5 , & New York. 
 
 larvae. 
 
 f-g, hr-l. (J , 5 , & Near Philadelphia. 
 
 larvae. 
 
 m. Skeleton. Philadelphia. 
 
 n. (S . Pennsylvania. 
 
 u. Hgr. S. Carolina. Prof. Verauxen [P.]. 
 
 p-s. 5. N.America. Dr. J. Green [P.], 
 
 t,u. 5 . N. America. 
 
 v-w, x-z. S & larvse. N. America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
 a-jS. (J & larva. Mexico (?). 
 
 Yab. montanus. 
 
 Pseudotriton montanus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 293. 
 
 Head more elongate, occiput more convex ; tail longer ; seventeen 
 costal grooves. 
 Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to South Carolina. 
 
 Mr. Cope (l. c.) distinguishes another variety, S. stictieeps (Baird, 
 MS.), from South Carolina, but does not characterize it. 
 
64 SilAMANDEIB^. 
 
 2. Spelerpes ? marginatus. 
 
 Pseudotriton marginatus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 130. 
 Stereochilus marginatum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 101. 
 Spelerpes marginatus, Strauch, Salam. p. 83. 
 
 Dentition as in S. ruber. Head small, depressed ; no canthns ros- 
 tralis. Body slender, cylindrical. Extremities weak. Tail compressed, 
 a little shorter than head and body. Costal grooves seventeen. 
 Dark ash-colour above, almost black, shaded obscurely with yellow ; 
 a lateral band of dusky white margined with black on each side near 
 the abdomen, extending from the anterior to the posterior extremities; 
 under parts dusky white, very minutely spotted or blotched with 
 black. Total length 75 millim. 
 
 Greorgia. 
 
 3. Spelerpes porphyriticus. 
 
 Spelerpes ? salmonea, Oray, Cat. p. 46. 
 Spelerpes ? porphyxitica, id. ibid. 
 Salamandra porphyritica, Oreen, Contr. Maclur. Lye. i. 1827, p. 3, 
 
 pi. 1. f. 2. 
 salmonea {Storer), Holbr. N. Amer. Htrp. v. p. 38, pi. 8; 
 
 Bekay, N.Y. Faun., Sept. p. 76, pi. 16. f. 39. 
 Triton porphyriticus, Holbr. I. u. p. 83, pi. 28. 
 PseudotritoD salmoneus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 287. 
 Ambystoma salmoneum. Bum. 8j- Bibr.^'p. 110. ' 
 
 GryrinophiluB porphyriticus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 108. 
 Spelerpes salmoneus, Strauch, Salam. p. 83. 
 
 Besides certain osteological peculiarities which have been pointed 
 out by Cope (premaxiUary bones remaining distinct, basal bones well 
 separated, peculiar prootic squamosal crest) this species differs from 
 S. ruber in the larger eyes and the presence of a distinct canthus 
 rostralis. Sixteen or seventeen costal grooves. Purplish grey above, 
 with small, rather indistinct darker marblLngs ; canthus rostralis 
 paler. Lower surfaces dirty white, with or without brown' dots. 
 
 Total length 161 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 95 ,, 
 
 Head 16 „ 
 
 Width of head 13 „ 
 
 Fore limb 18 „ 
 
 Hind limb 21 „ 
 
 Tail 66 „ 
 
 Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Alabama. 
 
 a-b. 5 . Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Smithsouian Institution [P.]. 
 
 4. Spelerpes longicauda. 
 
 Spelei'pes longicauda, Crray, Cat. p. 43. 
 Salamandra longicauda, &>-een, Journ. Ac. Phiiad. i. p. 851 ; Hoik; 
 N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 61, pi. 19: Deleay, N.Y. Fawn,, Bept, 
 p. 78, pi. 17. f. 41. 
 
17. SPBIEEPBS. 65 
 
 Spelerpes lacifuga, Rajm. Atlant. Journ. i. 1832, p. 22 {fide Baird). 
 
 Oylindrosoma longicauda, Tsohudi,^ Batr. p. 93. 
 
 Spelerpes lono;icauda, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 287 ; Cope, 
 
 Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 107 ; Strauch, Sdlam. p. 82.. 
 Cylindrosoma longicaudatum, Dam. Sr Bihr. p. 78. 
 
 Palatine teeth forming a short chevron, not extending externally 
 beyond choanse, separated from parasphenoid patches by a large 
 interspace ; parasphenoid patches separated, scarcely diverging pos- 
 teriorly. Head small, longer than broad, greatest width at angles 
 of jaws ; snout rounded, without canthus rostralis ; eyes rather 
 large. Body cylindrical, elongate, measuring from thrice to thrice 
 and a half the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs short ; 
 fingers and toes rather slender, free ; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. 
 Tail much longer than head and body, slightly compressed, keeled 
 above, becoming very thin towards the end. Skin smooth, shining ; 
 no parotoids ; gular fold distinct, arched, with the convexity for- 
 wards ; thirteen costal grooves. Yellow ; upper surfaces with small 
 black spots, which may be confluent in narrow cross bands on the 
 tail ; belly immaculate. 
 
 S. ?. 
 
 Total length 133 144 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 49 50 „ 
 
 Head 9^ 9^ „ 
 
 Width of head 7 7 „ 
 
 Fore limb 14 15 „ 
 
 Hind Umb 16 16 „ 
 
 Tail 84 94 „ 
 
 United States — ^Eastern and Austro-riparian districts,, except Texas. 
 
 a,h. c? & hgr. Ohio. 
 
 c. Hgr. N, America. Dr. J. Green [P.]. 
 
 d-e. cJ 5 . N. America. Edw. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 /. cJ. N. America. Lord Ainpthill [P.]. 
 
 ^. $ . N . America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
 h. Hgi-. Mexico (?). 
 
 5. Spelerpes guttolineatus. 
 
 Spelerpes guttolineata, Ch-ay, Cat. p. 45. 
 Salamandra guttolineata, Holhr. N. Amei: Herp. v. p. 29, pi. 7. 
 Spelerpes guttolineatus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad (2) i. p. 287 ; Cope, 
 
 Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 107 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 82. 
 Cylindrosoma guttolineatum, Dum. ^ Bihr. p. 79. 
 
 Very closely allied to the preceding, differing only in the shorter 
 fingers and toes and coloration. Yellowish above ; back with 
 three black longitudinal bands, as wide as the interspaces between 
 them; the two outer bands commence from the eye and extend 
 along the side of the tail ; a few light dots on these bands, one be- 
 tween each two costal grooves ; greyish beneath, clouded with 
 darker. 
 
66 BALAMANDEIDiE. 
 
 Total length 149 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 64 „ 
 
 Head 11 „ 
 
 Width of head 81 „ 
 
 Fore limb 13 „ 
 
 Hind limb 16 „ 
 
 Tail •. 95 „ 
 
 North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. 
 
 a. (S . N. America. 
 
 b. (S . N. America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
 6. Spelerpes bilineatus. 
 
 Spelerpes cirrigera, Gray, Cat. p. 44. 
 Spelerpes bilineata, id. ibid. 
 Salamandra bilineata, Cfreen, Journ. Ac. PhUad. i. p. 352 ; HoUn: 
 
 N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 55, pi. 16 ; Dehay, N. Y. Faun., Mept. p. 79, 
 
 pi. 23. f. 67. . 
 
 flavissima, Harlan, Amer. Jowrn. 1826, p. 286. 
 
 cirrigera, Green, Journ. Ac. PhUad. iv. p. 253 ; HoVrr. I. e. 
 
 p. 53, pi. 15. 
 Spelerpes bilineatus, Baird, Journ. Ac. PhUad. (2) i. p. 287 ; Cope, 
 
 Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 107 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 82 ; Cope, 
 
 Amer. Nat. iv. p. 401. 
 
 cirrigerus, Maird, I. c. ; Strauch, I. c. 
 
 Bolitoglossa bilineata, Bum. ^ Bibr. p. 91. 
 
 Palatine teeth forming a short chevron, not extending externally 
 beyond the choanse, separated from parasphenoid patches; latter 
 separated. Head small, longer than broad ; snout rounded, without 
 canthus rostralis ; eyes rather large. Body cyhndrical, elongate, 
 measuring about thrice and a half the distance from tip of snout to 
 gular fold. Limbs short ; fingers and toes moderate, free ; no carpal 
 or tarsal tubercles. Tail as long as, or not very much longer than, 
 head and body, compressed, keeled, ending in a point. Skin 
 smooth, shining ; no parotoids ; gular fold strong, arched, with the 
 convexity forwards ; thirteen or fourteen costal grooves. Yellowish 
 brown above, with two lateral dark brown bands, commencing from 
 the eyes and extending along the tail ; sometimes a very narrow 
 dark brown vertical Une ; lower surfaces yellowish, immaculate. 
 
 Total length 67 84 mUUm. " 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 35 38 „ 
 
 Head 6 6 „ 
 
 Width of head 4 44 „ 
 
 Fore limb 8 7 „ 
 
 Hind limb 10 9i „ 
 
 Tail 32 46 , 
 
17. SPELEEPES. 67 
 
 United States — Eastern and Austro-riparian districts, except Texas. 
 
 a. 2 • United States. 
 b-c. cJ. ? 
 
 7. Spelerpes multiplicatus. 
 Spelerpes multiplicatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 106. 
 
 Palatine teeth forming short series, each rather suddenly bent 
 backwards, not extending outwards beyond choanae, well separated 
 from parasphenoid patches ; latter separated. General proportions 
 as in Batrachoseps scutatus. Head flat; snout rather thick and 
 short. Fingers and toes free, short, especially inner and outer. Tail 
 a little compressed and considerably thickened, keeled at the end. 
 Twenty-one costal grooves. Brown, inferior surfaces paler ; some- 
 times the brown colour forms a broad dorsal band with dark points ; 
 the sides are of a pinkish grey, and the under surfaces light yellow. 
 Total length 82 millim. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 8. Spelerpes cMropterus. 
 
 Spelerpes cHropterus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1863, p. 64, and 1869, 
 
 p. 106 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 83. 
 orculus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 196 ; Strauch, I. c. 
 
 Series of palatine teeth arched, not extending outwards beyond 
 the choanee, separated from parasphenoid patches ; latter separated. 
 Head moderate ; snout truncate. Body moderately elongate, mea- 
 suring not quite three times the distance from snout to gular fold. 
 Limbs moderate ; fingers and toes short, free ; a prominent wing- 
 like rudiment only of the inner digit on both pairs of extremities. 
 Tail cylindrical, slightly longer than head and body. Skin smooth ; 
 a distinct gular fold; eleven (or twelve) costal grooves. Dark 
 brown above, with or without a reddish or yellow dorsal band ; 
 sometimes uniform black. The single specimen at my disposal 
 is dark brown above, with two yellow dorsal bands, narrower 
 than the space between them, commencing on the parotoid region, 
 uniting and continuing on the taU ; the lower surfaces light brown. 
 Head and body 24 millim. ; tail 26 millim. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 a. HgT. ? Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
 9. Spelerpes cephalicus. 
 
 Spelerpes cephaUcus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 196, and 
 1869, p. 106 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 83. 
 
 The shortest and stoutest species of the genus, the form being more 
 that of AmbJystoma opacum. Series of palatine teeth nearly straight, 
 not in contact, externally extending beyond choansB, separated from 
 
 f2 
 
68 SALAMAWDEIDiB. 
 
 parasphenoid patches; latter distinct from each other. Snout rounded, 
 truncate. Posterior limb stout; fingers and toes flat, depressed, 
 margined, inner very rudimental. Tail a little shorter than head 
 and body, swollen, little compressed, constricted at base. Skin 
 everywhere finely wrinkled ; a gailar fold ; eleven costal grooves. 
 Colour dull black, paler on the sides ; lips and gular region minutely 
 marbled with ashen. Total length 65 mUlim. 
 Mexico. 
 
 10. Spelerpes leprosus. 
 
 Spelerpes leprosus, Cope, R-oc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 105. 
 
 Palatine teeth in two slightly arched series, extending externally 
 beyond choanae, separated from parasphenoid patches by a slight 
 interspace ; parasphenoid patches narrow, well separated, diverging 
 posteriorly. Head moderate, depressed, longer than broad ; greatest 
 width at angles of jaws ; mouth rounded, without canthus rostralis ; 
 eyes moderately large. Body cylindrical, measuring three to three 
 and a half times the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs 
 rather weak ; fingers and toes short, depressed, webbed at the base, 
 inner very short. Tail cylindrical, about the length of head and 
 body. Skin smooth, closely pitted ; no parotoids ; gular fold dis- 
 tinct ; twelve costal grooves. Black ; sides of body and tail, and 
 sometimes back, splotched Hchen-hke with grey. 
 
 c?. ?. 
 
 Total length 91 105 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 46 53 „ 
 
 Head Qi 11 „ 
 
 Width of head 8 9 „ 
 
 Fore limb 12 14 „ 
 
 Hind limb 15 17 „ 
 
 TaU 45 52 „ 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 a-d. 6 S ■ Mexico. M. Sall^ [O.j. 
 
 e-g. <S & yg. Jalapa. Mr. Hoege [0.]. 
 
 11. Spelerpes bellii. 
 
 Spelerpes bellii, Gray, Cat. p. 46. 
 Bolitoglossa mexicana, Dum. Sf Bibr. p. 93, pi. 104. f. 2. 
 Spelerpes bellii, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 372, and 1869; 
 p. 105 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 84. 
 
 Palatine teeth in two slightly arched series, extending externally 
 beyond choanse, separated from parasphenoid patches by a small 
 interspace; parasphenoid patches well separated, diverging pos- 
 teriorly. Head moderate, depressed, slightly longer than broad, 
 greatest width at angles of jaws ; snout short, rounded, without 
 canthus rostralis ; eyes large. Body slightly depressed, measuring 
 
17. 8PE1EEPES. 69 
 
 thrice to thrice and two thirds the distance from tip of snout to 
 gular fold. Limbs moderate ; fingers and toes very short, depressed, 
 very obtuse, united at the base. Tail thick, cylindrical, about the 
 length of head and body. Skin smooth, closely pitted ; no parotoids ; 
 a vertical groove behind angle of Jaws, crossed by a horizontal groove 
 extending from posterior corner of eye to gular fold ; latter strong ; 
 twelve costal grooves. Black ; back with two series of yellow spots 
 (red during life), which may unite and form regular chevrons ; 
 these spots sometimes very close together, separated by linear black 
 interspaces resembling scutes. 
 
 6. ?. 
 
 Total length 176 205 millim. 
 
 Prom snout to cloaca .... 91 101 „ 
 
 Head 17 17 „ 
 
 Width of head 15 16 „ 
 
 Forelimb 21 24 „ 
 
 Hind limb 23 24 „ 
 
 Tail 85 104 „ 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 a. ?. Mexico. Th. Bell, Esq. [P.]. (Type.) 
 
 b-c. 5 & hgr. Mexico. 
 
 d-e. cJ & hgr. City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.]. 
 
 /. tJ. Putla. M. Boucard [C.]. 
 
 ■^, Yg. Jalapa. Mr. Hoege [0.]. 
 
 12. Spelerpes fascus. 
 
 Geotriton fuacus, Gray, Cat. p. 47. 
 Geotriton fuscus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. ; Gen4, Syn. Rept. Sard. p. 282 ; 
 
 Bum. ^ Bibr. p. 112; Be Betta, Mem. 1st. Tenet, ii. p. 632; 
 
 Cope, Proa. Ac. PUlad. 1869, p. 102 ; Be Betta, Faun. Ital., B^tt. 
 
 Anf. p. 84 ; Wiedersh. Ann. Mus. Oen. vii. p. 106. 
 Salamandra g&am, ScMeg. Faun. Japan., Amph. p. 115, and Ahhild. 
 
 p. 122, pi. 39. f. 5-7. 
 Geotriton genei, Tschudi, Batr. p. 94, pi. 6. f. 8. 
 Spelerpes fuscus, Strauch, Salam. p. 83 ; Schreib. Serp. Eur. p. 66. 
 
 Palatine teeth in two slightly arched series, extending externally 
 beyond choanae, separated from parasphenoid teeth ; latter in two 
 patches close together anteriorly, diverging posteriorly. Head 
 moderate, longer than broad ; snout truncate, with distinct canthus 
 rostralis and very oblique loreal regions ; a more or less marked 
 swelling below each nostril, remnant of the cirrhus apparently 
 common to the young of all the species of this genus ; in the young 
 the nostril is enormously large, as in the genus Thorius ; eye rather 
 large, prominent. Body short for the genus, measuring only about 
 twice and a half the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs 
 moderate, meeting when laid against the body ; fingers and toes 
 short, the tips very obtuse, almost truncate, half webbed ; no carpal 
 or tarsal tubercles. Tail cylindrical, shorter than head and body. 
 
70 SALAMANDRID^. 
 
 Skin smooth, porous ; no parotoidB ; a strong gular fold ; a groove 
 from the eye to the latter ; ten or eleven costal grooves. Brown or 
 olive above, frequently with indistinct lighter markings ; light brown 
 beneath, uniform or speckled with darker. 
 
 6. ?. 
 
 Total length 96 84 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 54 46 „ 
 
 Head 12 10 „ 
 
 Width of head .9 8 „ 
 
 Forelimb 16 14 „ 
 
 Hind limb 18 15 „ 
 
 Tail 42 38 „ 
 
 Italy ; France, Alpes Maritimes. 
 
 a-b. 5 & hgr. Italy. J. J. Bianconi [P.]. 
 
 v-e. cj, hgr., & yg. Spezia. Marquis G. Doria [P.]. 
 
 13. Spelerpes morio. 
 Oedipus morio, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 103. 
 
 Dentition as in 8. fuscus. Head rather small, longer than broad ; 
 snout slightly truncate, without canthus rostralis ; eye moderate. 
 Body elongate, measuring about three times the distance from tip of 
 snout to gular fold. Limbs rather weak, not meeting when ad- 
 pressed ; fingers and toes very short and broad, truncate, webbed, 
 the tips free. Tail cylindrical, about the length of head and body. 
 Skin smooth, porous ; no parotoids ; a strong gular fold ; twelve or 
 thirteen costal grooves. Black, with indistinct whitish dots. 
 
 Total length 97 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 50 „ 
 
 Head 9| „ 
 
 Width of head." 7| „ 
 
 Forelimb 12 
 
 Hind limb 13 
 
 Tail 47 
 
 Mexico; Guatemala. 
 
 a-c. 2 , hgr., & yg. Jalapa, Mexico. Mr. Hoege [C.]. 
 
 14. Spelerpes adspersus. 
 
 Spelerpes (Oedipus) adspersus, Peters, Mm. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 468 ; 
 
 Strauch, Salam. p. 84. 
 Oedipus adspersus. Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 103. 
 
 Palatine teeth forming a short, very open chevron, not extending 
 externally beyond ehoanae, separated from parasphenoid teeth ; latter 
 forming a pyramid-shaped patch, notched posteriorly. Head as in 
 S. fuscus. Body measuring about three times the distance from tip 
 
17. SPELEEPES. 71 
 
 of snout to gular fold. Limbs weak, not meeting when adpressed; 
 fingers and toes very short and broad, truncate, webbed, the tips 
 free ; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. Tail cylindrical, shorter than 
 head and body. Skin smooth ; no parotoids ; gular fold strong ; 
 twelve costal grooves. Black or dark brown, with pale specks 
 which may form series on the back. 
 
 Dimensions given by Peters : — 
 
 Total length 79 millim. 
 
 From snout to claoca 42 „ 
 
 Head 9 „ 
 
 Width of head 7 
 
 Fore limb 10 „ 
 
 Hind Kmb lOJ „ 
 
 TaU 37 „ 
 
 Colombia, 
 a -6. Adult, not good state. Bogota. Prof. Peters [P.]. 
 
 15. Spelerpes rufescens. 
 
 Oedipus rufescens, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 104. 
 
 Spelerpes (Oedipus) lignicolor, Peters, Man. Berl. Ac. 1873, p. 617. 
 
 Dentition as in 8. adspersus. Head small, longer than broad ; 
 snout truncate, without canthus rostralis ; eye moderate. Body 
 short, measuring not quite three times the distance from tip of snout 
 to gular fold. Limbs weak, not meeting when adpressed; fingers 
 and toes entirely united ; no carpal or tarsal tubercles. Tail 
 cylindrical, shorter than head and body. Skin smooth; no parotoids ; 
 a distinct gular fold ; twelve costal grooves. Brown, white-speckled 
 beneath ; a triangular darker marking on the nape. 
 
 Total length 52 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 30 ,, 
 
 Head 7 „ 
 
 Width of head 5 ,, 
 
 Fore limb 7| „ 
 
 Hind limb 9 „ 
 
 Tail 22 
 
 Mexico, Vera Cruz ; Chiriqui. 
 
 a. Hgr. ? 
 
 16. Spelerpes altamazonicus. 
 
 Oedipus altamazonicus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 120. 
 
 Palatine teeth in two short arches meeting in the middle, not 
 extending outwards beyond choanse, separated from the parasphenoid 
 teeth ; latter forming a single patch anteriorly. Head an elongate 
 oval ; end of snout tumid, notched in the middle. Body elongate. 
 
72 SALAMANDBrOa;. 
 
 Limbs weak ; digits palmate to the tips. Tail long, swollen at the 
 base, a vertical oval in section. Skin smooth, porous; thirteen 
 costal grooves. Uniform dark brown. 
 
 Total length 82 millim. 
 
 Head and body 40 „ 
 
 Head 7 „ 
 
 Width of head 5 
 
 Pore limb 7 „ 
 
 ITauta, Upper Amazon. 
 
 17. Spelerpes yucatanicns. 
 
 Palatine teeth in two slightly arched series meeting in the middle, 
 not extending outwards beyond the choanse, separated from the 
 parasphenoid teeth; latter in a single, pyramidal patch. Head 
 small, depressed, longer than broad ; snout rounded, without canthus 
 rostralis ; eye moderately large. Body rather depressed, elongate, 
 measuring thrice and a half the distance from snout to gular fold. 
 Limbs weak; fingers entirely united. Tail thick, cylindrical, as 
 long as head and body. Skin smooth, porous ; gular fold distinct ; 
 twelve costal grooves. Blackish brown ; upper surfaces sprinlded 
 with grey, lichen -like ; lower surfaces with grey specks, some of 
 which are confluent into short longitudinal lines. 
 
 Total length 107 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 56 „ 
 
 Head 10 „ 
 
 Width of head 7J „ 
 
 Fore limb 12 „ 
 
 Hind limb 13 „ 
 
 Tail 51 
 
 Yucatan. 
 a. (J. Yucatan. 
 
 18. Spelerpes infuscatus. 
 
 Spelerpes (Oedipus) infuscatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 778. 
 
 Palatine teeth series extending outwards beyond the choanse, sepa- 
 rated from parasphenoid teeth; latter in asinglepatch. Bodyelongate; 
 length of head and body equals seven times the width of the head. 
 Limbs weak ; digits entirely webbed. Gular folds distinct ; thirteen 
 costal grooves. Brown, sides blackish. 
 
 Total length (tail injured) 43 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 21 „ 
 
 Head ^ „ 
 
 Width of head 3 „ 
 
 Fore limb 4 „ 
 
 Hind Hmb 4 ,, 
 
 Hayti. 
 
17. SPELEEPBS. 73 
 
 19. Spelerpes varieg'atus, 
 
 Oedipus variegatus, Gray, Cat. p. 48. 
 ? Oedipus platydactylus (CuvX Tsehudi, Batr. p. 93. 
 Salamandra variegata, Gray m Griff. A. K. ix. p. 107. 
 Bolitoglossa mexioana, part., Dum. 8^ Bibr. pi. 104. fig. 1. 
 Geotriton carbonarius, Vope, Proc. Ac. PMlad. 1860, p. 373. 
 Oedipus salvinii. Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. (4) ii. p. 297. 
 
 carbonarius. Cope, Proc. Ac. PMlad. 1869, p. 103, 
 
 Spelerpes variegatus, Strauch, Salam. p. 84. 
 
 salvinii, Strauch, I.e. 
 
 sp., Midler, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, vi. p. 645, pi. 3. figs. 0, D. 
 
 Series of palatine teeth, extending outwards beyond the choanse, 
 separated from the parasphenoid teeth ; latter forming a single patch, 
 with or without a distinct notch posteriorly. Head small, longer 
 than broad, depressed ; snout rounded, slightly truncated ; eyes 
 moderately large. Body elongate, measuring thrice and a half to 
 thrice and two thirds the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. 
 Limbs weak ; digits very short, entirely united ; no carpal or tarsal 
 tubercles. Tail cylindrical, generally longer than head and body. 
 Skin smooth, shining, porous ; no parotoids ; a distinct gular fold ; 
 twelve or thirteen costal grooves. Black ; back and head generally 
 yellow (red ?), or with yellow spots or bands. 
 
 6. ?. 
 
 Total length 175 184 miUim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca .... 84 88 
 
 Head 14 15 
 
 Width of head 12 13 
 
 Fore limb 20 19 
 
 Hind limb 20 20 
 
 Tail 91 96 
 
 Central America. 
 
 The specimens may be referred to the following varieties of color- 
 ation : — 
 
 A. Blackish brown, with two longitudinal yellow bands. 
 
 a. S, bleached. Mexico. (Type.) 
 
 B. Blackish brown ; head, back, and upper surface of tail yellow, 
 
 with or without a few small black spots. 
 
 b. (S. Mexico. (Type.) 
 
 c. Q . Mexico. 
 
 d-f. 5 & hgr. Mexico. M. SalW [0.]. 
 
 g-h. (J ? & hgr. Cordilleras. 
 
 i. 5 . City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [0.]. 
 
 h. 2 ■ Orizaba. 
 
 I. Yg. Jalapa. Mr. Hoege [0.]. 
 
 C. Blackish brown ; head, back, and upper surface of tail yellow, 
 
 with large irregular black spots, with a very narrow white 
 margin. 
 
 OT. jj.. Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 
 
 (Type of Oedipu8 salvinii.) 
 n. 5 . Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [C], 
 
74 
 
 SALAMANDKIDja. 
 
 D. Blackish brown, with few irregular yellow spots on head, 
 
 back, and base of tail. 
 
 0. 5 . Pacific coast of Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 
 
 E. Blackish brown ; head vermiculated with yellow ; upper surface 
 
 of back and tail with scute-like yellow spots, as in some speci- 
 mens of S. hellii ; limbs, sides, and lower surfaces closely 
 speckled with grey. 
 p. c? . Mexico. M. SalW [C.]. 
 
 20. Spelerpes parvipes. 
 
 Spelerpes (Oedipus) parvipes, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 778. 
 
 Series of palatine teeth extending outwards beyond the choansej 
 separated fi'om the parasphenoid teeth ; latter forming a single patch. 
 Body much elongate ; head and body measuring eleven times the 
 width of the head. Limbs very weak ; fingers and toes little developed, 
 united. Tail longer than head and body. Gular fold distinct ; 
 seventeen costal grooves. Black; upper surface of head chiefly 
 white ; gular fold white ; beUy and sides of tail blotched with white ; 
 arm, elbow, and base of thigh with a white spot. 
 
 Total length 100 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 44 „ 
 
 Head 7 „ 
 
 Width of head 4 „ 
 
 Fore limb 6 „ 
 
 Hind limb 9 „ 
 
 Tail 56 
 
 Colombia. 
 
 21. Spelerpes lineolus. 
 
 Speerpes lineolus, Cope, Proc.Ao. Philad. 1865, p. 197; St ranch, 
 
 Salam. p. 83. 
 Opheobatiachus lineolus, Cope, eod. he. 1869, p. 101. 
 
 Palatine teeth forming a chevron, extending outwards slightly 
 beyond the choanse, separated from parasphenoid teeth ; latter in 
 two patches, confluent anteriorly, diverging posteriorly. Habit 
 worm-like. Head very small, longer than broad ; snout rounded, 
 without eanthus rostralis ; eyes rather large. Body much elongate, 
 cylindrical, measuring four and a half to five times the distance from 
 tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs extremely weak ; digits rudimental. 
 Tail at least twice as long as head and body, cylindrical, as thick 
 as the body in a considerable portion of its extent. Skin smooth, 
 shining; no parotoids; a distinct gular fold; thirteen or fourteen 
 costal grooves. Uniform black. 
 
18. MANCUITJS. 75 
 
 Total length 121 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 36 „ 
 
 Head 5 „ 
 
 "Width of head 3i „ 
 
 Fore limb 3| „ 
 
 Hind limb 3^ ,, 
 
 Tail 85 „ 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 a. Adult. Orizaba. 
 
 b-e. Adult. Mexico. M. Sall^ [C.]. 
 
 22. Spelerpes uniformis. 
 
 Oedipina uniformis, Kef erst. Arch.f. Natiirg. 1868, p. 299. 
 Ophiobatrachus vermicularis, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. (4) ii. 1868, 
 
 p. 298. 
 Opheobatrachus vermicularis, Cope, Proc. Ac. PMlad. 1869, p. 102. 
 Spelerpes uniformis, Strauch, Salam. p. 84. 
 
 , Differs from the preceding in the following characters : — Parasphe- 
 noid teeth in a single patch. Habit more worm-like still. Tail as 
 thick as the body in its whole extent, rounded at the end. Nine- 
 teen costal grooves. 
 
 Total length 178 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 54 „ 
 
 Head 6 „ 
 
 Width of head 3^ „ 
 
 Fore limb 4 „ 
 
 Hind limb 4 J „ 
 
 Tail 124 „ 
 
 Costa Eica. 
 
 a. Adult. Costa Rica. O. Salvin, Esq. [0.]. (Type of 
 
 Ophiobatrachus vermicularis.) 
 
 18. mANCULtrS. 
 
 Batrachoaeps, part., Oray, Cat. p. 42 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 84. 
 Manculus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 101. 
 
 Tongue supported by the glossohyal pedicel, boletoid, free aU 
 round. Palatine teeth in two short series, converging backwards ; 
 parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches. Toes four. 
 
 North America. 
 
 1. Manculus quadridigitatns. 
 
 Batrachoseps quadridigitatus, Gray, Cat. p. 42. 
 Salamandra quadridi^itata, Solbr. ]V. Amer. Herp. v. p. 65, pi. 21. 
 Batrachoseps quadridigitatus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 287; 
 
 Strauch, Salam. p. 85. 
 Manculus quadridigitatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 101. 
 
76 
 
 SALAMANDEina!. 
 
 Palatine teeth in two very short series, converging posteriorly, 
 touching the parasphenoid teeth ; latter in two wellnseparated series, 
 strongly diverging posteriorly. Head small, longer than broad; 
 snout rounded, without canthus rostralis ; eyes large. Body elon- 
 gate, nearly four times the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. 
 Limbs weak; fingers and toes rather slender, free. Tail longer 
 than head and body, cylindrical, slightly compressed at the end. 
 Skin smooth ; no parotoids ; gular fold strong, strongly arched, with 
 the convexity forwards ; fifteen costal grooves. Light brown ; a 
 dark brown lateral band commencing from the eye. 
 
 Total length 69 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 28 „ 
 
 Head 5 „ 
 
 Width of head 3 „ 
 
 Fore limb 5 „ 
 
 Hind limb 7 „ 
 
 TaU . . : 41 „ 
 
 North Carolina to Florida. 
 
 o. Adult. N.America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
 2. Manculus remifer. 
 
 Manculus remifer, Cope, Report Pedbody Acad, for 1869, p. 84. 
 
 Differs from the preceding in the following characters: — Parasphe- 
 noid teeth well separated from palatines. Body shorter. Tail 
 shorter, about the length of head and body, compressed, with a low 
 fin in its distal half. Colour black above, and dark brown below ; 
 lower part of the sides of the head, body, and basal third of taU 
 with dusted fine white dots. 
 
 Total length 58 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 30 „ 
 
 Fore limb , 5| „ 
 
 Hind limb 7 „ 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Subfam. D. DESMOGNATHIN^. 
 
 Plethodontidse, part., Gray, Cat. Batr. Qrad. 
 
 Desmognathidse, Cope, Joum. Ac. Philad. (2) vi. 1866, and Proo. Ac. 
 
 Philad. 1869. 
 Thoriidse, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869. 
 Salamandrida Lechriodonta, part., Strauch, Pev. d. Salam., in Mem. 
 
 Ac. St. PHersb. (7) xvi. no. 4. 
 
 Two genera : — 
 
 Tongue attached along the median line. 19. Desmoguathus, p. 77. 
 
 Tongue boletoid, free all round ; nostrils 
 
 extremely large 20. ThoriuB, p. 79. 
 
19. B-ESMOGNATHUS. 77 
 
 19. DESMOGNATHUS. 
 
 Desmognathus, Baird, Journ. Ac. PMlad. (2) i. p. 282 ; Gray, Cat. 
 
 p. 40 ; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 112 ; IStrauch, Salam. 
 
 p. 72. 
 tUylindrosoma, part., Dum. ^ Bibr. ix. p. 76. 
 Plethodon, part., Hum. ^ Bibr. p. 82 ; HaMow. Journ. Ac. Philad. 
 
 (2) iii. p. 342. 
 
 Tongue free laterally and posteriorly. Palatine teeth forming a 
 very open chevon directed posteriorly, occasionally missing ; para- 
 sphenoid teeth in two elongate patches. Toes five. 
 
 North America. 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 
 14 costal grooves; tail rounded; male 
 
 with posterior half of mandible concave 
 
 and edentulous 1. ochrophmus, p. 77. 
 
 13 or 14 costal grooves; tail compressed, 
 
 keeled 2. fuscus, p. 77. 
 
 12 costal grooves ; tail compressed, finned 
 
 above ; black above and below 3. niger, p. 79. 
 
 1. Desmognathus ochrophseus. 
 
 Desmognathus ochrophsea. Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 124, aud 
 
 1869, p. 113. 
 haldemanni, Strauch, Salam. p. 74. 
 
 Palatine teeth very small and few when present, often wanting ; 
 their basal line on a ridge which is convex backwards, nearly con- 
 tinuous medially ; parasphenoid teeth on two narrow plates well 
 separated from each other, especially behind, and from palatine 
 teeth. Male with posterior half of mandible concave and edentulous, 
 this structure being much like that of the genus Anaides. Tongue 
 an elongate oval, considerably free behind. Head oval, with rounded 
 depressed snout ; the commissure of the mouth slightly flexuous. 
 Body rather elongate. Limbs rather weak, not meeting when laid 
 against the body ; fingers and toes moderate, free. Tail quite slender, 
 rounded, onlj' compressed at the tip, about as long as head and body. 
 Skin smooth ; gular fold distinct ; a more or less distinct groove 
 from latter to eye ; fourteen costal grooves. Bright brownish yellow, 
 darker in the male, fading to dirty white below ; a dark lateral band 
 from the eye to the end of the tail ; belly immaculate. Total length 
 75 millim. 
 
 Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Georgia. 
 
 2. Desmognathus fuscus. 
 
 Desmognathus fuscus. Gray, Cat. p. 40. 
 Triturus fuscus, Safin. Annals of Nature, 1820 (fide Baird). 
 Salamandra intewnixta, Green, Cord. Mad. Lye. i. p. 827. 
 
 picta, Harlan, Journ. Ac. Philad. v. p. 138. 
 
 q^^uadrimaculata, Hottn: N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 49, pi. 13. 
 
78 
 
 SALAMANDEID^. 
 
 Desmognathus fuscus, Baird, Journ. Ac. PhUad. (2) i. p. 285 ; Cope, 
 
 Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 115 ; Straitch, Satam. p. 74. 
 Plethodou fuscum, Dum. ^ Bibr. p. 85, pi. 101. f. 3. 
 
 Palatine teeth frequently wanting ; if present, forming a poste- 
 riorly convex series behind and not extending outwards beyond the 
 choanse ; parasphenoid patches diverging posteriorly, widely sepa- 
 rated from palatine teeth. Tongue rather large, oval, extensively 
 free laterally and posteriorly. Head moderately large, longer than 
 broad, gradually widening to temporal regions, depressed; snout 
 rather elongate, rounded ; eyes moderate, prominent. Body slightly 
 depressed, measuring thrice to thrice and a half the distance from tip 
 of snout to gular fold. Limbs short,' not meeting when laid against 
 the body ; fingers and toes rather slender, free. Tail measuring about 
 the length of head and body, subcylindrical at the base, becoming 
 gradually compressed and strongly keeled, ending in a point. Skin 
 smooth or minutely granulate ; a tubercle in anterior angle of upper 
 eyelid ; parotoid region and sides of throat swollen ; a strong gular 
 fold ; a groove from the eye to the latter ; a vertical groove at angle 
 of jaws ; thirteen or fourteen costal grooves. Above brown, with 
 grey and pink shades ; sometimes a dark lateral band ; lower surfaces 
 more or less mottled with brown ; no red spots on sides. 
 
 Total length 125 95 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 63 44 „ 
 
 Head 14 9 „ 
 
 Width of head 11 7^ „ 
 
 Fore limb 14 9 „ 
 
 Hind limb 18 13 „ 
 
 Tail 62 51 „ 
 
 Eastern United States. 
 
 a, b-c. c? & hgr. New York. 
 
 d. Several spec. : ^ & hgr. Near Philadelphia. 
 
 e. Many spec. ; <?,?, hgr., N. America. Dr. J. Green [P.]. 
 
 yg., & lai'VBS. 
 f~h. (S . N. America. Prof. St. George 
 
 Mivart [P.]. 
 
 Vae. auriculatus. 
 
 Desmognathus auriculatus, Oray, Cat. p. 41. 
 Salamandra auriculata, Holhr. N. Amei: Herp. v. p. 47, pi. 12. 
 Desmognathus auriculatus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 286 ; 
 
 Strauck, Salam. p. 74. 
 Cylindrosoma auriculatum, Dum. 8f Bibr. p. 81. 
 Desmognathus fusca, var. auriculata, Cope, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1869, p. 116. 
 
 Body more sleuder. Dark brown, with a lateral series of small 
 red spots ; belly brown marbled, the dark predominating. 
 South Carolina to Lousiana. , 
 
 i-l. c? ? . New Orleans. Edw. Douhleday, Esq. [PJ. 
 
 OT. (J • N. America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 
 
19. BESMOGNATHTJS. 20. THOKIUS. 79 
 
 3. Desmognathus niger. 
 
 Desmognatlius niger, Gray, Cat. p. 40. 
 Salamandra nigra, Ch-een, Journ, Ac. Philad. i. p. 363. 
 Triton niger, Holhr. N. Amer. Serp. v. p. 81, pi. 27. 
 Desmognathus niger, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 286 ; Cope, 
 
 Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 117 ; Strauch, Salam. p. 73. 
 Ambystoma nigrum, Sum. 8^ Bibr. p. 105. 
 Plethodon niger, HaUow. Jawrn. Ac, Philad. (2) iii. p. 344. 
 
 Differs from the preceding in the following characters : — Series of 
 palatine teeth generally better distinguished, separate ; parasphenoid 
 patches approaching very near the palatine teeth in most instances, 
 generally confluent anteriorly. Tongue nearly round. Body stouter. , 
 Tail more compressed and extensively finned. Twelve costal grooves. 
 Colour uniform black. Size larger (nearly 180 miUim. from tip of 
 snout to end of tail). 
 
 Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania southward. 
 
 20. THORIUS. 
 
 Thorius, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1869, p. 222, and Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, 
 p. 111. 
 Tongue supported by its central pedicel, free all roundj boletoid. 
 Palatine teeth in a short transverse series ; parasphenoid teeth in a 
 single patch. Nostrils extremely large. Toes five. 
 Mexico. 
 
 1. Thorius pennatulus. (Plaie III. fig. 2.) 
 
 Thorius pennatulus. Cope, II. cc. 
 Head small, longer than broad; snout truncate; loreal regions 
 high, nearly vertical ; nostril elliptical, oblique, extremely large. 
 Body cylindrical, elongate, nearly four times the distance from tip 
 of snout to gular fold. Limbs weak; digits rudimentary. Tail 
 stout, cylindrical at the base, slightly compressed distally, about 
 as long as head and body. Skin smooth ; no parotoids ; a distinct 
 gular fold ; thirteen costal grooves. Brown ; a dark lateral band, 
 whitish-margined above, commencing from the eye ; lower surfaces 
 uniform or dotted with whitish. 
 
 Total length 48 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 25 
 
 Head 5 
 
 Width of head 3^ 
 
 Fore limb 4 
 
 Hind limb 5 
 
 Tail 23 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Or-e. Adult. Orizaba. 
 d-h. Adult. ? 
 
so AMPHITTMID^. 
 
 Fam. 2. AMPHIUMID-ffi. 
 
 Amphiumidas, Crray, Ann. Phil. 1825. 
 
 Tritonides, Tachudi, Classif. d. Bair. 
 
 Proteideae, part., TschvAi, I. c. 
 
 ProtonopsidsB, AmpHumidse, Gray, Cat. Bair. Grad. 
 
 Atrfitoderes, part., Tr^matoderes Amphiumides, Bum. Sr JBibr. Hrp. 
 
 Gen. ix. 
 Amphiumidse, Protonopsidse, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) vi. 1866. 
 Ichthyodea, part., Stratich, Sev. d. Salam. 
 
 Synopsis of the Genera. 
 
 Digits 4 — 5 ; no spiraculum 1. Megalobatrachus, p. 80. 
 
 Digits 4 — 5 ; spiraculum present. ... 2. Cryptobranchus, p. 81. 
 
 Digits 3 — 3 or 2 — 2 ; spiraculum present. 
 
 3. AmpMuma, p. 82. 
 
 1. MEGALOBATEACHUS. 
 
 Megalobatrachus, Tschudi, Batr. p. 96. 
 
 Cryptobranchus, part.. Van der Hoeven, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 25. 
 
 Sieboldia, Bonap. Fam. Ital. ; Gray, Cat. p. 62. 
 
 Tritomegas, Dum. Sr Bibr. ix. p. 163. 
 
 Tongue covering the floor of tbe mouth, entirely adherent. A 
 strong series of vomerine teeth betvreeu the choanse, parallel with 
 and close to the intermaxillary and maxillary teeth. No spiraculum 
 or gill-openings. Two branchial arches. Digits 4 — 5. 
 
 Japan; China. v 
 
 1. Megalobatrachus maximus. 
 
 Sieboldia maxima, Gray, Cat. p. 52. 
 Salamandra maxima, Schley. Faun. Japan, p. 127, pis. 6-8. 
 Megalobatrachus sieboldii, Tschudi, I. c. " • ' 
 
 Cryptobranchus japonicus, Van der Hoeven, I. c, and Tijdschr. v. Nat. 
 
 Gesch. en Physiol, iv. p. 376, pi. v. a. f. 6, 6 ; Ilyrtl,'3Ionogr. 1866. 
 Sieboldia maxima, Bonap. I.e. ' - 
 
 Tritomegas sieboldii, Dum, SfBihr. p. 164. 
 Sieboldia davidiana, Blnnchard, C. li. Ac. Paris, 1871, Ixxiii. p. 79 ; 
 
 Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. JV. IT. (4) xii. p. 188. 
 
 Habit very stout. Head large, broad, much depressed ; snout 
 rounded ; nostrils very small, at the end of the snout, near the labial 
 border ; eyes extremely small. Body squat, depressed. Limbs short, 
 stout ; fingers and toes short, depressed ; outer fingers and toes and 
 fibula bordered with membranes. Tail short, strongly compressed, 
 
1. MBeALOBATKACETTS. 2. CBTPTOBEANCHTTS. 81 
 
 finned, the end rounded. Skin very porous, tubercular, tubercles 
 largest and most prominent on the head ; a thick cutaneous fold 
 along each side. Brown, lighter beneath, spotted with black. 
 
 Total length 87 centim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 53 „ . 
 
 Head (to constriction of neck) .... 13 „ 
 
 Width of head 14 „ 
 
 Fore limb 12 „ 
 
 HindUmb 12 „ 
 
 Tail 34 „ 
 
 Japan ; China. 
 
 a. Adult, stuffed. Japan. Leyden Museum. 
 
 6. Skeleton of a. Japan. Leyden Museum. 
 
 c-rf. Adult &hgr. Japan. < Challenger' Expedition. 
 
 e. Skeleton. Japan. 
 
 /. Hgr. China. R. Swinhoe [C.]. 
 
 2. CRYPTOBRANCHUS. 
 
 Cryptobranchus, Leuckart, Isis, 1821, p. 260. 
 
 Abranchus, Harlan, Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. p. 221. 
 
 Menopoma, Harlan, eod. loo. p. 270 ; Tschudi, Batr. p. 96 ; Dum. Sf 
 
 £ibr. ix. p. 205. 
 Salamandrops, Waffl. Syst. Amph. p. 209. 
 Eurycea, Rafin. Atlant. Journ. 1832, p. 121 (Jide Baird). 
 Protonopsis (Bart.), Gray, Cat. p. 53. 
 
 Tongue covering the floor of the mouth, anterior border free. A 
 strong series of vomerine teeth between the choanse, parallel with 
 and close to the intermaxillary and maxillary teeth. Spiraculum 
 or giU-opening present (at least on the left side). Four branchial 
 arches. Digits 4 — 5. 
 
 North America. 
 
 1. Crjrptobranchus alleghaniensis. 
 
 Protonopsis horrida, Gra^, Cat. p. 53. 
 Salamandra alleghaniensis, Daud. JRept. viii. p. 231. 
 
 gigantea, Barton, On Siren lacertina. 
 
 Molge gigantea, Men: Tent. p. 187. 
 
 Cryptobranchus salamandroides, Letickart, I. c. 
 
 Abranchus alleghaniensis, Harlan, I. c. 
 
 Menopoma alleghaniensis, Harlan, I. c. ; Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. 
 
 p. 96, pi. 32 ; Dekay, N. Y. Faun., Rept. p. 89, pi. 18. f. 44 ; Bum. 
 
 i^ Bibr. p. 207, pi. 94 f. 1 ; Wied, Nova Acta Zeop.- Carol, xxxii. 
 
 p. 133, pi. 6. 
 Salamandrops gigantea, Wagl. I. c. 
 Eurycea mucronata, Bafin. I. c. 
 Menopoma gigantea, Tmhudi, I. c. 
 Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis, Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. v. Nat. 
 
 Oesch. en Physiol, iv. p. 384, pi. v. a, f. 3-4, & v. b. 
 
 Habit very stout, exactly as in the preceding species. Head 
 large, broad, much depressed; snout rounded; nostrils very small, 
 
82 AMPHltTMID^. 
 
 close to the labial border ; eyes extremely small. Body squat, de- 
 pressed. Limbs short, stout ; fingers and toes short, depressed ; 
 outer fingers and toes and limbs externally bordered with much 
 developed membranes. Tail short, strongly compressed, finned, 
 the end rounded. Skin very porous, smoothish ; head with scat- 
 tered tubercles ; sides of body with a well-marked thick cutaneous 
 fold. Brown or greyish, with darker blotches ; tips of fingers and 
 toes yellowish. 
 
 Total length 418 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 280 „ 
 
 Head 44 „ 
 
 Width of head 50 „ 
 
 Fore limb 42 „ 
 
 Hind limb 49 „ 
 
 Tail 138 „ 
 
 All tributaries of the Mississippi, and streams of the Louisianian 
 district to Korth Carolina. 
 
 a, b. Hgr. Ohio. 
 
 c-d. Adult. Pemisylvania. 
 
 (In one of the specimens the right spiraculum has disappeared, as in 
 the advanced larvas of most tailless Batrachians.) 
 e,f. Adult & hgr. N. America. 
 
 Menopoma fuscum, Holbr. I. c. p. 99, pi. 'i'd, is probably only a 
 variety of this species. Reddish brown above, whitish beneath, 
 immaculate. Head-waters of the Tennessee River. 
 
 3. AMPHIUMA. 
 
 Arnphiuma, Garden, in Smith's Correspondence of Linnoeus, i. p. 599 ; 
 
 Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 209 ; Tschudi, Satr. p. 67 ; Orm/, Cat. p. 55 ; 
 
 Dum. Sr Bibr. ix. p. 201. 
 Chrysodonta, MitchtU, Medical Mecorder, 1822, p. 629. 
 Sirenoides, Fitzing. Syst. Rept. p. 34. 
 Mursenopsis, Fitting. I. <f. ; Gray, I. c. 
 
 Tongue indistinct, covering the floor of the mouth, entirely ad- 
 herent. A strong series of vomerine teeth, parallel wiih the inter- 
 maxillary and maxillary teeth. Spiracula present. Pour branchial 
 arches. Limbs rudimentary ; digits two or three. 
 
 North America. 
 
 1. Arnphiuma tridactyla. 
 
 MuvEenopsis tridactyla, Gi-ay, Cat. p. 56. 
 Arnphiuma tridactyla, Cuv. M6m. Mus. xiv. p. 7, pi. 1. f. 4-6; 
 
 Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 93, pi. 31 ; Ttchudi, Batr. p. 97 ; 
 
 Bum. ^ Bibr. p. 203 ; Byder, Proe. Ac. Philad. 1879, p. 14. 
 Mursenopsis tridactyla, Fitmg. Syst. Rept. p. 34. 
 
 Body much elongate, eel-like. Head small ; snout elongate, sub- 
 
tKOTEIDiE. S3 
 
 acuminate ; nostrils small, close to the tip of the snout, near the 
 labial border ; eyes very small ; upper and lower labial lobes much 
 developed. Limbs extremely small ; digits 3 — 3. Tail short, com- 
 pressed, keeled above. SMn smooth, slimy. Uniform blackish 
 brown, somewhat lighter beneath. 
 
 Total length 755 mUlim. 
 
 ' From snout to cloaca 575 „ 
 
 Head 40 „ 
 
 Width of head 31 „ 
 
 Fore limb 13 „ 
 
 Hind limb 21 „ 
 
 TaU 180 „ 
 
 Mississippi and Louisiana. 
 
 a. Adult. Louisiana. 
 
 b. Hgr. Florida. Dr. B. Harlam [P.]. 
 
 c. Adult. Mexico (?). 
 
 d. Young. ? 
 
 2. AmpMuma means. 
 
 Amphiuma means, Graj/, Cat. p. 55. 
 Amphiuma means, Garden, I. c. ; HoJbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 89, 
 
 pi. 30 ; Bum. Sf BOr. p. 203. 
 Chrysodonta larvseformia, Mitch. I. c. 
 Amphiuma means s. didactyla, Cuv. Mim. Mus. xiv. p. 4, pi. 1 . 
 
 didactyla, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 209. 
 
 Sirenoides didactylum, Mtz. I. e. 
 
 Digits 2 — 2. Otherwise as in the preceding. 
 
 S.E. United States, from North Carolina to Mississippi. 
 
 ffl-c. Hgr. & yg, N. America. T. Bell, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 Fam. 3. PROTEID^. 
 
 SirenidsB, part., Chay, Ann. Phil. 1825. 
 
 Proteidese, part., Tschudi, Classif. d. Batr. 
 
 Proteidse, Gray, Cat. Batr. Chad. 
 
 Tr^matoderes prot6ides, part.,i)M»i. ^ 5i6r. Erp. G&n, ix. 
 
 Proteidse, Ccype, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) vi. 1866. 
 
 Ichthyodea, part., Strauch, Rev. d. Salam. 
 
 Two genera : — 
 
 Digits 4 — 4 ; eyes exposed 1. Necturus, p. .83. 
 
 Digits 3 — 2 ; eyes hidden 2. Proteus, p. 85. 
 
 1. NECTURUS. 
 
 Nectm^us, JRaJm. in de Blainv. Journ. Phys. Ixxxviii. (1819), p. 417 j 
 Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 210 ; Gray, Cat. p. 66. 
 
 g2 
 
84 PROTBIDi. 
 
 Phanerobranohus, part., Le^ickart, Isis, 1821, p. 260. 
 Menobranchus, Harlan, Ann. Iajc. N. Y. i. 1826, p. 221 ; Tschudi, 
 
 JBatr. p. 97 ; Sum. ^ Bibr. iz. p. 183. 
 Phanerobranohus, Fitzing. Neae Classif. Sept. p. 68. 
 
 Tongue large, anterior border free. Vomero-palatine teeth in a 
 strong series. Eyes exposed. Fingers and toes four. 
 North America. 
 
 1. Necturas maculatus. 
 
 Necturua maculoaus, Gh-ay, Cat. p. 66. 
 Necturus lateralis, id. ihid. p. 67. 
 Necturus maculatus, Rafln. I. c. ; SoThr. N. Amer. Herp. \. p. Ill, 
 
 pi. 37. 
 Triton lateralis, Say, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mount, i. p. 6. 
 Phanerobranohus tetradactylus, Zeuckai-t, I. c. 
 Menobranchua lateralis, Harlan, I. c. ; Tschudi, Batr. p. 97 ; Holbr. 
 
 I. c. p. 115, pi. 38; Dekay, N.Y. Faun., Rept. p. 87, pi. 18. f. 45 ; 
 
 Ihim. 8f Bzbr. p. 183; Wied, Nova Acta Leop.- Carol, xxxii. p. 138, 
 
 pi. 7. f. 1. 
 tetradactylus, Harlan, Journ. Ac. PhUad. iv. p. 324; Qray, 
 
 Ann. Philos. x. 1825, p. 216. 
 
 aayi, Ch-ay, I. c. 
 
 Proteus maculatus, Barnes, Amer. Jown. xi. p. 268. 
 Menobranchua lacepedii, Gray, in Griff. A. K. ix. p. 108. 
 Phanerobranchua lacepedii, Fitz. I. c. 
 Necturus lateralis, Wayl. I. c. 
 
 Teeth strong. Snout narrowed ; eyes small ; upper and lower 
 labial lobes much developed. Body thick, elongate. Limbs short, 
 well developed ; digits slightly depressed, obtuse, free. Tail short, 
 strongly compressed, finned, the end rounded. Skin smooth ; a 
 well-marked vertebral groove ; a very strongly marked gular fold. 
 Brown, lighter beneath, with more or less distinct round blackish 
 spots ; sometimes a blackish lateral band. 
 
 Total length 323 millun. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 213 
 
 Head (to gular fold) 39 
 
 Width of head 40 
 
 Fore limb 38 
 
 Hind Umb 42 
 
 Tail 110 
 
 East United States ; Canada. 
 
 a~b, c-d. S & yg- Montreal. 
 
 e. (S . Canada. 1 
 
 /. Hgr. Ohio. 
 
 g. ^. N. America. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. 
 
 h, i, k. ^ 2- N' America. 
 
 I. Skeleton. United States. 
 
2. PKOTEtrs. 85 
 
 2. PROTEUS. 
 
 Proteus, sp., Lour. Syn. Bept. p. 87. 
 
 Proteus, Schreibers, Phil. Trans. 1801, p. 241 ; Grai/, Cat. p. 65 ; JDum. 
 
 ^ Bibi: ix. p. 185. 
 HypocLton, Merrem, Tent. p. 188; Woffl. Syst. Amph. p. '210; 
 
 Tschudi, Batr. p. 97. 
 Plianerobranchus, part., Leuckart, Isis, 1821, p. 260. 
 
 Tongue small, free in front. Vomero-palatine teeth in two feeble 
 series. Eyes concealed under the skin. Pingers three, toes two. 
 Carniola. 
 
 1. Proteus anguimis. (Plate II. figs. 5-7.) 
 
 Proteus anguinus, Gray, Cat. p. 65. 
 Proteus anguinus. Law. I. c. pi. 4. f. 3 ; Sehreib. I. c. ; Daud. Bept. viii. 
 
 p. 266, pi. 49. f. 1 ; Configl. 8f Rusconi, Monogr. ; Cuv. in Sumb. 
 
 Obs. Zool. i. p. 119, pi. 13 ; Dum. 8( Bibr. ix. p. 186, pi. 96. f. 2 ; 
 
 Cope, Joum. Ac. Philad. (2) vi. 1866, p. 104 ; Sehreib. Herp, Eur, 
 
 p. 11. . 
 Siren anguina, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 608, pi. 139. 
 Hypochton laurentii, Merr. Tent. p. 188 ; Fitzing. Sitx. Ah. Wien, 
 
 V. 1850, p. 301. 
 Phanerobranchus platyrhynchus, Leuehart, I. c. 
 Hypochton anguinus, Tschudi, Batr. p. 97. 
 
 schreibersii, Fitz. I. e. p. 299. 
 
 freyeri, Fitz. I. c. 
 
 haidingeri, Fitz. I. c. p. 300. 
 
 xanthostictus, Fitz. I. c. p. 301. 
 
 Proteus xanthostictus, Cope, I. c. p. 103. 
 schreibersii. Cope, I. c. p. 104. 
 
 Head elongate ; snout long, narrowed, the tip truncate ; mouth 
 small ; labial lobes much developed. Body slender, elongate ; limbs 
 very weak ; fingers and toes obtuse, free. Tail short, strongly 
 compressed, finned, the end rounded or obtusely pointed. Cloacal 
 opening as in Onyehodactylus. Skin smooth ; a more or less distinct 
 gular fold ; twenty-six or twenty-seven costal grooves. Uniform 
 flesh-coloured. 
 
 'Total length 283 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 193 
 
 Head (to middle of gular fold) . . 31 
 
 Width of head 18 
 
 Fore limb * 24 
 
 Hind limb 20 
 
 TaU 90 
 
 Subterranean waters of the Alps of Carniola. • 
 
 a. Adult. Carniola. Vienna Museum. (As typi- 
 
 cal of H. laurentii.') 
 
 b-c. Adult. Carniola. Vienna Museum. (As typi- 
 
 cal of H. schreibersii.) 
 
 d. Adult. Carniola. Vienna Museum. (As typi- 
 
 cal of H. freyeri.) 
 
00 SlfiENID^. 
 
 e-f, g, h. Adult. Gamiola. 
 
 i-k. Hgr. Carniola. M. Drummond, Esq. [P.], 
 
 I. Adult. Carniola. B. Tyndall, Esq. [F.]. 
 
 m-n. Adult & ysf. Maffdalenenerotte. 
 
 0. Hgr. — - ? Miss BeU [P.]. 
 
 p. Skeleton, bad state. ? 
 
 Vak. carrarsB. 
 
 Hypochton Carrarse, Mtzmg. I. e. p. 300. 
 Proteus carrarse, Cope, I. c. p. 103. 
 
 Snout more elongate, very narrow ; twenty-four costal grooves. 
 Dalmatia. 
 
 q. Adult. ? Prof. Qarrara [P.]. 
 
 Vae. zoisii. 
 
 Hypochton zoisii, FUzmg. I. c. p. 298. 
 Proteus zoisii, Cope, I. c. 
 
 ' Stouter ; head much shorter, pear-shaped, snout rounded ; twenty- 
 five costal grooves. 
 E.upa, Carinthia. 
 
 r. Adult. Carniola. Vienna Museum. (As typi- 
 
 cal of S. zoisii.) 
 
 Fam. 4. SIRENID.ffi. 
 
 Sirenidse, part., Orai/, Ann. Phil. 1825. 
 
 Proteidese, part., Tachudi, Classif. d. Batr. 
 
 Sirenidse, Oray, Cat. Batr. Qrad. 
 
 TrSmatoderes protfiides, part., Dum. Sf Bibr. Erp. G4n. ix. 
 
 Sirenidse, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) vi. 1866.. 
 
 Ichthyodea, part., Strauch, Rev. d. Salam. 
 
 Two genera : — 
 
 Three spiraoula on each side ; digits four. 
 
 1. Siren, p. 86. 
 One spiraculum on each side ; digits three. 
 
 2. Pseudohranchus, p. 87. 
 
 1. SIREN. 
 
 Siren, Linn. S. N'. i. Addenda ; Tachudi, Batr. p. 98 ; Oral/, Cat 
 
 p. 68; Dvm. ^ Bibi: ix. p. 191. 
 Phanerohranchus, part, Leuckart, laia, 1821, p. 260. 
 
 Tongue covering the floor of the mouth, free in front. Jaws with 
 a horny sheath. Vomerine teeth numerous, forming two large 
 patches converging anteriorly. Spiraoula three on each side, below 
 the giUs. Limbs two, posterior absent ; fingers four. 
 
 North America. 
 
1. SIEEN. 2. PSBTTDOBEANCHUS. 87 
 
 1. Siren lacertiaa. 
 
 Siren laceitina, Oray, Cat. p. 68. 
 Siren intermedia, id. ibid. p. 69. 
 Siren lacertina, Linn. I. c. ; Cuv. in Sumb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 28, pi. 11- 
 14 ; Baud. Bept. viii. p. 272, pi. 49. f. 2 ; Holbr. N. Amer. Het-p. 
 V. p. 101, pi. 34 ; Tsclmdi, I. c. ; Bum. ^ Bih: p. 193 (part.). 
 Phanerobranchus dipus, Leuchart, I. c. 
 I Siren intermedia, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1828, p. 133, pi. 1; Holbr. 
 I. e. p. 107, pi. 35. 
 
 Body elongate, eel-like. Head rather small ; snout short, broad ; 
 nostrils in the upper Hp ; eyes very small ; labial lobes much deve- 
 loped. Limbs short ; fingers well developed, pointed. Tail shorter 
 than body, strongly compressed, finned, ending in a point. Skin 
 smooth. Blackish, uniform or with small white dots. 
 
 Total length 670 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 460 „ 
 
 Head (to spiracle) 52 „ 
 
 Width of head 35 „ 
 
 Limb 38 „ 
 
 Tail 210 „ 
 
 S.E. United States. 
 
 a. Adult. N. America. Dr. Garden [P.]. 
 
 b. Adult. N. America. Lord Ampthill [P.]. 
 c-e. Young. S. Carolina. Zool. Soc. 
 
 /. Hgr. Texas. 
 g. Young. ? 
 
 2. PSEUDOBRANCHUS. 
 Pseudobranchus, Gi-ay, Ann. Phil. 1825, p. 216, and Cat. p. 69. 
 
 Tongue covering the fioor of the mouth, free in front. Jaws with 
 a horny sheath. Vomerine teeth numerous, forming two large 
 patches converging apteriorly. Spiraculum single on each side, 
 below the gUIs. Limbs two, posterior absent ; fingers three. 
 
 North America. 
 
 1. Pseudobranchus striatus *, 
 
 Pseudobranchus striatus, Oray, Cat. p. 69. 
 Siren striata, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1824, p. 52, pi. 4 ; Tschvdi, 
 
 5afr. p. 98; Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 109, pi. 36; Bum.'^ 
 
 £ibr. pi. 96. f. 1. 
 Pseudobranchus striatus, Oray, Ann. Phil. 1825, p. 216. 
 
 Body elongate, eel-like. Head rather small ; snout short, narrowed ; 
 eyes small ; labial lobes much developed. Limbs very short ; fingers 
 well developed, pointed. Tail shorter than body, compressed, finned, 
 
 * Described from two specimens in the Paris Museum. 
 
so COBCILIID^. 
 
 ending in a point. Skin granulate above. Dark brovn, with a 
 broad yellow band on each side, and a narrower one below. 
 
 Total length 180 millim. 
 
 From snout to cloaca 106 „ 
 
 Head (to spiraculum) 11 „ 
 
 Width of head 4^ „ 
 
 Limb 4| „ 
 
 Tail 74 „ 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Order III. APODA. 
 
 No limbs ; tail rudimentary. Males with an intromittent copu- 
 latory organ. Adapted for burrowing. 
 
 Fam. 1. CffiCILIID^. 
 
 Coeciliadae, Orai/, Ann. Phil. 1825. 
 
 Ccecilise, Tschudi, Classif. d. Batr. 
 
 Ophiosomes ou CSciloidea, Dum. 8^ Bibr. Erp. 04n. viii. 
 
 CoeciUidsB, Chray, Cat. Batr. Qrad. 
 
 The classification recently proposed by Prof. Peters is adopted here, 
 as being based on more scientific characters than that which was 
 generally used before. It is to be regretted that the characters taken 
 from the structure of the tentacle are rather difficult of application. 
 
 Synopsis of the Genera. 
 
 I. Cycloid imbricated scales imbedded in the skin, at least on the 
 borders of the circular folds. 
 
 A. Eyes distinct or concealed under the skin. 
 
 Tentacle conical, exsertile, surrounded by a ring-shaped groove, 
 situated between the nostril and the eye, near the lip. 
 
 1. Ichthyophis, p. 89. 
 
 Tentacle as in the preceding, but situated below the nostril. 
 
 2. UrseotypMus, p. 91. 
 
 Tentacle flap-like, the tentacular groove horseshoe-shaped, situated 
 below the nostril 3. Coecilia, p. 93. 
 
 Tentacle as in the preceding, but situated posteriorly to the nostril. 
 
 4. Hypogeophis, p. 96. 
 
 Tentacle globular, surrounded by a ring-shaped groove, situated 
 below and in front of the eye ... . 6. Dermophis, p. 97. 
 
1. ICHTHTOPHIS. 89 
 
 B. Eyes below the cranial bones. 
 
 Tentacle globular, surrounded by a ring-shaped groove, nearer 
 the commissure of the jaws than the nostril. 
 
 6. Grymnopis, p. 99. 
 
 Tentacle as in the preceding, but nearer the nostril than the com- 
 missure of the jaws 7. Herpele, p. 100. 
 
 II. No scales. 
 
 A. Squamosals in contact with parietals. 
 
 Eyes below the cranial bones ; tentacle globular, surrounded by a 
 ring-shaped groove 8. Gegenophis, p. lol. 
 
 Eyes distinct ; tentacle flap-shaped, tentacular groove horseshoe- 
 shaped, much nearer the eye than the nostril. 
 
 9. Siphonops, p. 101. 
 
 Eyes distinct ; tentacle as in the preceding, but nearer the nostril 
 than the eye ; end of body compressed. 
 
 10. Typhlonectes, p. 102. 
 
 B. Squamosals separated from parietals. 
 
 Tentacle flap-shaped, in the middle between the nostril and the eye. 
 
 11. Chthonerpeton, p. 104. 
 
 1. ICHTHYOPHIS. 
 
 Ichthyophis, Fitziru). Neue Classif. d. JRepf. p. 36 ; Gray, Cat. p. 60 : 
 
 Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 931. 
 Epicrium, Wagl. Isis, 1828, p. '743, and Syst. Amph. p. 198; 
 
 Tschudi, Batr. p. 90 ; Bum. ^ Bibr. viii. p. 285 ; A. Bum. Mhn. 
 
 Soc. Cherb. ix. p. 319. 
 Rhinatrema, Bum. Sr Bibr.^p. 288 ; Gray, I. c. ; A. Bum. I. c. p. 320. 
 
 Squamosals in contact with parietals. Two series of teeth in the 
 lower jaw. Tentacles cultriform, exsertile, between the eye and the 
 nostril. Cycloid scales imbedded in the skin. 
 
 East Indies. 
 
 1. Ichthyophis glutinosus. (Plate IV. fig. 2.) 
 
 Ichthyophis glutinosus, Gray, Cat. p. 60. 
 Rhinatrema bivittatum, id. ibid. p. 61. 
 Ooecilia glutinoaa, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fred. p. 19, pi. 26. f. 2, and 
 
 S. N. i. p. 229 ; Baud. Rept. vii. p. 418 : Petei-s, Mon. Berl. Ac. 
 
 1864, p. 303. 
 
 Viscoi3.,Latr. Rept. iv. p. 238. 
 
 Ichthyophis hasseltii, Fitzing..Neue Classif. Bept. p. 63. 
 
 Ooecilia hypocyanea, .ETasse/i, Isis, 1827, p. 565; Miiller, Zeitsehr.f. 
 
 Phys. iv. p. 195, and Arch. Anat. Phys. 1835, p. 391, pi. 8. 
 
 f. 12-14; Schleg. Abbild. p. 119, pi. 39. f. 1. 
 
90 
 
 CCBClLIIDiB. 
 
 Coecilia bivittata, Ctm. R. A. Snd ed., ii. p. 100. 
 
 Epicrium hypocyanea, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 198 ; Tschudi, Batr. 
 
 p. 90. 
 glutinosum, Bum. 8f Bibr. p. 286; Giinth. Sept. Brit. Ind. 
 
 p. 441. 
 Rhmatrema bivittatum, Bum. Sr Bibr. p. 288, pi. 86. f. 4. 
 Ichthyophis glutinosus, Peters, Man. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 931, pi. — . 
 
 f. 1-3. 
 beddomii, Peters, I. c. p. 932, pi. — . f . 4. 
 
 Both, rows of mandibular teeth well developed. Snout rounded ; 
 the width of the head between, the eyes equals the distance of the 
 eye from the end of the snout ; eye easily distinguishable ; tentacle 
 below and in front of the eye, generally much nearer the eye than 
 the nostril. Body subcylindrical, rather depressed, moderately 
 elongate, with very numerous (240 to 400) distinct circular folds, 
 angular on the belly. TaU very short though distinct, pointed. 
 Dark brown or bluish black ; a yellow band along each side of the 
 body, from the head to the tail. Total length 380 millim. ; greatest 
 diameter of body 14 millim. 
 
 In the larva the head is flsh-like, greatly resembling that of 
 Amphiuma, provided with much developed labial lobes ; the tongue 
 is extensively free in front, as in the larvse of Salamandridm 
 aud the Perennihranchiata. The tentacle-pit is either absent or 
 close to the eye. The latter is much more developed than in the 
 adult, about as much as in the AmpJiimnidm. I cannot find any 
 branchise. The spiracula are large. The tail is much more distinct 
 than in the adult, strongly compressed, and finned above and be- 
 neath, the upper membrane extending somewhat in advance of the 
 vent. The circular folds are very indistinct in the youngest speci- 
 mens, become gradually more distinct as the animal grows. The 
 anal opening is a longitudinal cleft. 
 
 East Indies. 
 
 a. Hgr. Ceylon. 
 
 b-f,g,h,i-k,l. Ad., hgr., Ceylon. 
 
 & larva. 
 
 7n. Adult. Ceylon. 
 
 n. Adult. Wynaad. 
 
 0. Several spec, ad. & Nilgherries. 
 
 hgi-. 
 
 p-q. Hgr. Darjeehng. 
 
 r. Adult. Elassya, 
 
 s. Adult. Khaasya. 
 
 t-u. Hgr. & yg. Tenasserim. 
 
 V. AdiUt. Siam. 
 
 jp-y. Hgr. & larvse. Matang. 
 
 z. Adult. ? 
 
 a. Adult. — --? 
 
 Sir J. Banks [P.]. 
 
 Sir J. E. Tennent [P]. 
 
 Col. Beddome [C.]. 
 
 T. 0. Jerdon, Esq. [C.]. 
 T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [0.]. 
 Sir J. Hooker [P.]. 
 Dr. Cantor. 
 M. Mouhot [0.]. 
 
 Royal College of Sur- 
 geons [P.]. 
 — Samsbury, Esq. 
 
 The examination of a large series of specimens of this species 
 collected by Col. Beddome in S.W. India shows that the characters 
 upon which /. beddomii was established by Prof. Peters do not hold 
 
1. lOHIHTOPHIS. 2. TTBJJOTTPHLTJS. 
 
 91 
 
 good. I have seen all the possible transitions between the two ex- 
 treme positions of the tentacle ; the number of circular folds does not 
 correspond with the position of the tentacle — one specimen with 
 anterior tentacle having 270 folds, another, with the tentacle close 
 to the eye, having 280. 
 
 2. IcMhyopMs monochrous. (Plate IV. fig. 1.) 
 
 Ichthyophis glutinosus, var., Cantor, Cat. Mai. Sept, p. 137. 
 Epicrium monochroum, Bleeker, Nat. Tydsehr. Nederl. Ind. xvL. 
 
 1858, p. 188; GUnth. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 443. 
 Ichthyophis monoohrous, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 932. 
 
 Differs from /. glutinosus in the following characters : — Head 
 shorter, the distance between the eyes being more than the length 
 of the snout. Inner series of mandibular teeth indistinct, composed 
 of a few teeth only. 235 to 360 circular folds. Uniform blackish 
 brown or lead-coloured, without lateral band. Total length 330 
 mUlim. ; greatest diameter of body 13 mUlim. 
 
 Java, Borneo, Singapore, Malabar. 
 
 a. Adult. 
 
 b. Adult, 
 e. Adult. 
 
 d. Adult. 
 
 e. Larva, large size. 
 
 Sinkawang, W. 
 
 Borneo. 
 Java. 
 Singapore. 
 Malabar. 
 Malabar. 
 
 Dr. Bleeker. 
 
 Dr. Cantor. 
 Col. Beddome 
 Col. Beddome 
 
 m. 
 
 2. UR.ffiOTYPHLUS. 
 
 CcecUia, sp., Dum. 8^ Bibr. viii. p. 274; Ch-ay, Cat. p. 57; A. Dum. 
 
 Mem. Sac. Cherb. ix. p. 311. 
 Urseotyphlus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 933. 
 
 Squamosals free from parietals*. Teeth small, numerous in jaws 
 and palate ; two scries in the lower jaw. Eyes visible. Tentacle 
 cultriform, exsertile, below the nostril. Cycloid scales imbedded in 
 the skin. 
 
 East Indies. 
 
 Synopsis of tJie Species. 
 
 Snout moderately prominent, its length 
 
 equalling the distance between the eyes ; 
 
 about 200 circular folds 1. oxyurus, p. 92. 
 
 Snout very prominent, measuring more 
 
 than the distance between the eyes; 
 
 240 to 260 circular folds 2. malabaricvs, p. 92. 
 
 Snout moderately prominent, its length 
 
 equalling the distance between the eyes ; 
 
 130 circular folds 3. africanus, p. 92. 
 
 U. africanus not examined. 
 
92 CffiCILlID^. 
 
 1. Uraeotyphlus oxyurus. (Plate V. fig. 2J) 
 
 Coecilia oxynra, Gray, Cat. p. 68. 
 CcBcilia oxyura, Dum. ^ Bihr. p. 280 ; A. Bum. I. c. p. 22, pi. 1. f. 8 ; 
 
 Oiinth. kept. Brit. hid. p. 443. 
 Urseotyphlus oxyurus, Peters, I. c. p. 933, and Sitzb. Oes. not. Fr. 
 
 1881, p. 90. 
 
 Teeth small, subequal ; both rows of mandibular teeth well deve- 
 loped. Snout narrowed, rounded ; the width of the head between 
 the eyes equals the distance of the eye from the tip of the snout ; 
 tentacle small, below the nostril, close to the lip ; eyes easily dis- 
 tinguishable. Body cylindrical, moderately elongate, with numerous 
 (200 to 210) distinct circular folds, widely interrupted on the belly 
 (except those on the hindermost part of the body), alternately 
 longer and shorter. Tail very short, though distinct, pointed. 
 Blackish or purplish brown, lighter (sometimes white) beneath ; lips 
 and folds on the sides lighter. Total length 280 millim. ; greatest 
 diameter of body 13 millim. 
 
 Malabar. 
 
 0-5. Adult. Anamallays. Col. Beddome [0.1. 
 
 c, d, e-f. Adult. Malabar. Ool. Beddome [C' . 
 
 g-i. \e., with spiracula. Tinnevelly. Col. Beddome I C' . 
 
 h-l. Adult & hgr. ? — Samsbury, Esq. 
 
 2. XJrsBotyphlus malabaricus. (Plate V. fig. 3.) 
 
 Coecilia malabarica, Beddome, Madras Monthl. Journ. Med. So. ii. 
 
 1870, p. 176. 
 Urffiotyphlus malabaricus, Peters, I. c. p. 938. 
 
 Well distinguished from the preceding by the following charac- 
 ters : — Snout more narrowed, more prominent, measuring more 
 than the distance between the eyes. Plicse more numerous (240 to 
 260), interrupted on the belly by a very narrow interspace. 
 Dark oHve-brown, a little lighter beneath ; lips and end of snout 
 yellowish. Total length 230- miUim. ; greatest diameter of body 
 8 millim. 
 
 Malabar. 
 
 a. Hgr. Malabar. , Col. Beddome [0.]. (Type.) 
 
 h-f. Adult. Malabar. Col. Beddome [C.]. 
 
 3. Urseotyphlus africanus. (Plate V. fig. 1.) 
 
 Teeth small, subequal ; inner row of mandibular composed of a 
 few teeth. Snout narrowed, rounded, moderately prominent ; the 
 width of the head between the eyes equals the distance of the eye 
 from the tip of the snout ; tentacle very distinct, below the nostril; 
 close to the lip ; eyes perfectly distinct. Body cylindrical, not much 
 elongate ; 90 circular folds, and shorter folds between each two of 
 the last 40 (= 130 folds); these folds widely interrupted on the 
 
2. TTR^OTTPHLTTS. 3. CCECILIA. 93 
 
 belly except the last 15, which are complete ; the anterior 50 
 narrowly interrupted on the dorsal region; a very distinct gular 
 fold. Tail extremely short, hardly distract, obtusely conical. Dark 
 brown ; the gular fold and the folds on the sides yellowish. Total 
 length 165 miUim. ; greatest diameter of body 6 miUim. 
 
 West Africa. 
 a- West Africa. J. C. Salmon, Esq. [P.]. 
 
 3. CCECILIA. 
 
 Ooecilia, part., lAnn. St/st. Nat. i. p. 229. 
 
 Coecilia, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 198; Tschudi, Batr. p. 90; Dum. ^ 
 
 Sibr. viii. p. 274; Gray, Cat. p. 67; A, Dum. MSm. Soc. Cherb. ix. 
 
 p. 311 ; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 934. 
 
 Squamosals in contact with parietals. Two series of teeth in the 
 lower jaw. Tentacle flap-shaped, tentacular groove horseshoe- 
 shaped, situated below the nostril. Cycloid scales imbedded in the 
 skin. 
 
 South America. 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 
 I. The total length not 60 times the greatest diameter of the body. 
 
 135-150 circular folds, the majority inter- 
 rupted on the dorsal and ventral lines ; 
 last 40-50 folds not interrupted on the 
 dorsal line 1. tentaeulata, p. 93. 
 
 115-140 circular folds, the majority inter- 
 rupted on the dorsal and ventral lines ; 
 last 16-20 folds not interrupted on the 
 dorsal line 2. isihmica, p. 94. 
 
 200 circular folds, complete above and 
 
 below 3. ochroeephala, p. 94. 
 
 II. The total length more than 60 times the greatest diameter 
 
 of the body. 
 
 207 or 209 circular folds, nearly all com- 
 plete above and below 4. polyzona, p. 94. 
 
 160-170 circular folds, interrupted on the 
 
 dorsal and ventral lines ; teeth very large 5. pachynema, p. 95. 
 
 210-255 circular folds, interrupted on the 
 
 dorsal and ventral lines 6. gracilis, p. 95. 
 
 1. Coecilia tentaeulata. 
 
 Coecilia tentaeulata, Gray, Cat. p. 58. 
 Coecilia tentaeulata, part., lAnn. Mus. Ad. Fred. p. 19. 
 
 tentaeulata, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 599, pi. 136; Peters, Mon. Berl. 
 
 Ac. 1879, p. 934. 
 albiventris, Baud. Rept. vii. p. 423, pi. 92 ; Dum. 8f Bibr. p. 277. 
 
94 CffiCILIIDiE. 
 
 Teeth moderately large ; on each side — maxiUaries 6 to 8, vomero- 
 palafcines 5, outer mandibulars 6 or 7 ; inner mandibulars very 
 small, few. Snout rounded, prominent, shorter than the distance 
 between the eyes ; latter visible ; tentacle below the nostril. Body 
 cylindrical, elongate, robust ; 135 to 150 circular grooves, inter- 
 rupted on the dorsal and abdominal lines ; the last 40 or 50 are not 
 interrupted on the dorsal line, and the hindermost are complete. 
 Tail indistinct, rounded. Blackish brown, marbled with white 
 beneath. Total length 590 mUlim. ; greatest diameter of body 20 
 millim. 
 
 Surinam. 
 
 a. Adult. P Named by Dr. Shaw. 
 
 6. Hgr. Surinam. 
 
 2. Coecilia isthmica. (Plate VI. fig. 1.) 
 
 Coecilia rostrata, O'unth. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1859, p. 417. 
 
 iathmica, Cope, R'oo. Amer. PhUos. 8oc. 1877, p. 91. 
 
 giintheri, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 936. 
 
 pachynema, Saideng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 48. 
 
 Teeth moderately large ; on each side — maxillaries 11, vomero- 
 palatines 5, outer mandibulars 8 ; inner mandibulars very small, 
 few. Snout truncate, very prominent, shorter than the distance 
 between the eyes ; latter visible ; tentacle below the nostril, on the 
 lower face of the snout. Body cylindrical, elongate, robust ; 124 
 circular folds*, interrupted on the dorsal and abdominal liues, the 
 last eighteen complete. Tail indistinct, rounded. OUve-brown, 
 lighter beneath, uniform ; lips whitish. Total length 660 mUlim. ; 
 greatest diameter of body 21 miUim. 
 
 Isthmus of Darien ; W. Ecuador. 
 
 a. Adult. W. Ecuador. Mr. Eraser [0.]. 
 
 3. Coecilia ochrocephala. 
 
 OoecUia ochrooephala, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 132. 
 
 Proportions near those of Dermophis mecoicanus ; length 51 
 times the diameter at middle. Head narrowed ; snout decurved, 
 not truncate, projecting acutely beyond mouth ; eyes not visible ; 
 tentacle a little below the angle of the snout. Circular folds 200, 
 equidistant, complete above and below. Tail obtuse, depressed. 
 Yellowish plumbeous ; the plicae dark ; throat and head ochre-yellow. 
 Total length 325 millim. 
 
 Panama. 
 
 Coecilia polvzona, Fischer, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1870, p. 937, and Arch, 
 f. Naturg. 1880, p. 215, pi. 8. f. 1-4. 
 
 4. Coecilia polyzona, 
 
 \scher, Mon. Berl. Ac. 
 ). 215, pi. 8. f. 1-4. 
 
 Maxillary teeth (on each side) 11 or 12, vomero-palatines 10 or 1 1, 
 * 142 in the type, 116 in a speoimen in the Brussels Museum. 
 
3. coECiiiA. 95 
 
 outer mandibulars 10, inner mandibulars 5 or 6. Snout prominent, 
 pointed ; eyes hidden ; tentacle below the nostril, on the lower face 
 of the snout. Body much elongate ; 207 or 209 circular folds, com- 
 plete, except a few which are interrupted on the belly ; accessory folds 
 between the ten hindermost, not meeting on the belly. Tail indistinct, 
 rounded. Brownish grey, head and belly lighter ; annuli marked 
 with black. Total length 670 millim. ; greatest diameter of body 
 11 millim. 
 Colombia. 
 
 5. Coecilia pachynema. (Plaib VI. fig. 2.) 
 
 CoecUia pachynema, Ounth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 417 ; Peters, 
 Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 935. 
 
 Teeth large, few, widely separated ; inner mandibulars very small, 
 few ; outer mandibulars very large, anterior longest, 5 ; maxHla- 
 ries 6 ; vomero-palatines 9. Snout broad, rounded ; eyes rather 
 indistinct; tentacle below the nostril. Body cylindrical, very 
 much elongate ; 168 circular folds, widely interrupted on the dorsal 
 and ventral regions. Tail indistinct, rounded. Olive, lighter 
 beneath ; a subquadrangular yellow spot between each two costal 
 folds, forming a lateral band interrupted by vertical olive lines. 
 Total length 930 roiUim. ; greatest diameter of body 12 miUim. 
 
 W. Ecuador. 
 
 a. Adult. W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [0.]. (Type.) 
 
 6. Coecilia gracilis. 
 
 Coecilia gracilis, Gray, Cat. p. 57. 
 Coecilia tentaculata, part., Linn. Mus. Ad. Fred. pi. 5. f. 2. 
 gracilis, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 597 ; Ounth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, 
 
 p. 417 ; Peters, Mon. Perl. Ac. 1879, p. 937. 
 lumbricoidea, Daud. Rept. viii. p. 420, pi. 92 ; Bum. Sf Bibr. 
 
 p. 275 ; A. Bum. M4m. Soc. Cherb. ix. p. 313. 
 
 Teeth rather large, 16 to 20 in the upper as well as in the lower 
 jaw ; palatine and inner mandibular teeth small, few ; anterior 
 mandibular tooth much the longest. Snout narrow, rounded, 
 very prominent ; eyes indistinct, exceptionally slightly visible ; 
 tentacle on the lower face of the snout, below the nostril. Body 
 cylindrical, extremely elongate ; 210 to 255 circular folds, inter- 
 rupted on the dorsal and ventral regions, except the hindermost. 
 Tail indistinct, rounded. Uniform brown or ohve. Total length 
 700 millim. ; greatest diameter of body 8 miUim. : a very slender 
 specimen («) measures 650 and 5 millim. 
 
 Northern South America. 
 
 Hr. Kappler[C.]. 
 
 J. Hadfield, Esq. [P.]. . 
 
 a-b. Adult. 
 
 Sm-inam. 
 
 c. Adult. 
 
 Cayenne. 
 
 d. Adult, bad state. 
 
 Demerara. 
 
96 
 
 CCECILIID^. 
 
 e. Adult. 
 
 W. Ecuador. 
 
 / Adult. 
 
 Canelos, Ecuador, 
 
 g. Adult, bad state. 
 
 ? 
 
 h. Adult. 
 
 ? 
 
 i. Several spec. 
 
 p 
 
 h. Adult. 
 
 ? 
 
 Mr. Eraser [0.1. 
 Mr. Buckley [0.1 
 Named by Dr. Snaw. 
 Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
 
 4. HYPOGEOPHIS. 
 
 Coecilia, sp., Bum. Sr Bibr. viii. p. 274 ; Ch-ay, Cat. p. 57 ; A. Bum. 
 
 MSm. Soo. Cherh. ii. p. 311. 
 Hypogeopbis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 936. 
 Geotrypetes, Peters, Sitzh. Oes. naturf. Fr. 1880, p. 55. 
 
 Squamosals in contact with parietals. Two series of teeth in the 
 lower jaw. Tentacle flap-shaped, tentacular groove horseshoe- 
 shaped, situated below and behind the nostril. Cycloid scales im- 
 bedded in the skin. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 
 Nearly all the circular folds completely sur- 
 rounding the body 1. rostratus, p. 96. 
 
 The anterior 40 folds interrupted on the 
 
 dorsal and ventral lines 2. guentheri, p. 96. 
 
 All the circular folds, except the hindennost, 
 
 incompletely surrounding the body 3. seraphini, p. 97. 
 
 1. HypogeopMs rostratus. (Plate VII. fig. 2.) 
 
 Coecilia rostrata, Grny, Cat. p. 68. 
 Coecilia rostrata, Ouv. M. A., 2" ^d. ii. p. 100 ; Bum. Sf Bibr. p. 279 ; 
 
 Petefs, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1877, p. 456. 
 Hypogeophis rostratus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 936, and 
 
 Sitz. Oes. naturf. Fr. 1880, p. 63. 
 
 Teeth small, eubequal, few in inner mandibulary row. Head 
 small; snout narrowed, acuminate, prominent, a little longer than 
 the distance between the eyes ; eyes visible ; tentacle near the lip, 
 much nearer the nostril than the eye. Body short, stout; about 
 125 circular folds, nearly all complete ; a more or less distinct 
 raised line along each side of the back ; a median groove along the 
 abdominal face. Tail indistinct, obtuse. Dark brown. Total 
 length 280 miUim. ; greatest diameter of body 10 millim. 
 
 Seychelles. 
 
 Or-h. Adult & hgr. Seychelles. 
 c-g. Youne:, with spiracula. Seychelles. 
 h. Adult. " ? 
 
 Dr. E. P. Wright [C.l. 
 Dr. Giiother [P.]. 
 
 2. Hypogeophis guentheri. (Pxaib YII. fig. 1.) 
 Teeth small, subequal, few in inner mandibulary row. Snout 
 
4., HTPOGEOPHIS. 5. DEEMOPHIS. 97 
 
 narrowed, acuminate, prominent, its length slightly more than the 
 distance between the eyes ; latter rather indistinct ; tentacle below 
 and behind the nostril, much nearer the latter than the eye. Body 
 short ; 100 circular folds, the anterior 40 interrupted on the dorsal 
 and ventral lines, the others complete. Tail indistinct, rounded. 
 Uniform olive-brown. Total length 260 millim. ; greatest diameter 
 of body 11 millim. 
 Zanzibar. 
 
 a. Adult. Zanzibar. Capt. J. E. Parish, R.N. [P.]. 
 
 h-g. Young, with spiracula. Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C.]. 
 
 3. Hypogeophis seraphini. 
 
 Ccecilia seraphim, A. Bum. Arch, du Mas. x. p. 222, and Mem. Soe. 
 
 Cherb. ix. p. 314. 
 Hypogeophis seraphim, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 937. 
 Geotrypetes seraphini, Peters, Sitzb. Oes. naturf. Fr. 1880, p. 55. 
 
 Teeth rather large, subequal, numerous in inner mandibulary row. 
 Snout moderately prominent, rounded, slightly longer than the 
 distance between the eyes ; latter visible ; tentacle near the lip, not 
 far beyond the vertical of the nostril. Body moderately elongate ; 
 120 circular folds, the hindermost only complete, those on the an- 
 terior two thirds of the body interrupted on the dorsal and ventral 
 lines, the remainder interrupted inferiorly. Tail indistinct, obtusely 
 conical. Dark brown, the folds yellowish. Total length 195 
 millim. ; greatest diameter of body 6 millim. (Dumeril gives 280 
 and 8 as the measurements of the adult.) 
 
 West Africa. 
 
 a. Hgr. Lagos. 
 
 5. DERMOFEIS. 
 
 Siphonops, sp., Dum. Sr Bibr. viii. p. 281 ; Gray, Cat. p. 59 ; A. 
 
 Bum,. M&m. Soc. Cherb. ix. p. 317. 
 Dermophis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 937. 
 
 Squamosals in contact with parietals. Two series of teeth in the 
 lower jaw. Tentacle globular, tentacular groove circular, situated 
 in front of the eye. Cycloid scales imbedded in the skin. 
 
 Tropical America ; West Africa. 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 I. 150 to 170 circular folds, the secondary folds included. 
 
 Tentacle distinctly below the eye; belly 
 
 lighter, annuli dark 1. mexicanus, p. 98. 
 
 Tentacle scarcely below the eye ; blackish, 
 
 head white 2. alhiceps, p. 98. 
 
98 CCECILIID^. 
 
 II. 125 to 145 circular folds. 
 Circular folds on the median portion of the 
 
 body alternately complete or incomplete 3. thomensis, p. 98. 
 Circular folds on the median portion of the 
 
 body all incomplete 4. brasiliensis, p. 99 . 
 
 Tentacle close to the eye 5. proooimus, p. 99. 
 
 III. 228 circular folds, complete; tentacle 
 
 close to the eye 6. dmus, p. 99. 
 
 1 . DermopMs mexicanus. (Plate VIII. fig. 2.) 
 
 Siphonops mexicana, Gray, Cat. p. 59. 
 Siphonops mexicanus, Dum. Sf Bibr. p. 284 ; A. Dum. I. c. p. 2.3, 
 
 pi. — . f. 10. 
 Dermophis mexicanus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 937, pi. — . 
 
 f. 6. 
 
 Teeth small, subequal ; inner mandibulary teeth few, indistinct. 
 Snout rounded, moderately prominent, about as long as the distance 
 between the eyes ; latter distinct ; tentacle below and in front of 
 the eye, nearer the latter than the nostril. Body stout, moderately 
 elongate ; 150 to 170 circular folds, those on the anterior half and on 
 the hindermost part of the body complete, the others alternately 
 complete or interrupted on the belly. Tail indistinct, rounded. 
 Greyish brown above, whitish beneath ; the folds dark brown. Total 
 length 425 millim. ; greatest diameter of body 20 mUlim. 
 
 Central America. 
 
 a-h. Adult. Mexico. Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher [P.]. 
 
 c. Adult. Mexico. 0. Johnston, Esq. [P.], 
 
 rf, e. Adult. Pacific coast of Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [P.], 
 
 /. Adult. Panama. Capt. J. C. Dow [P.]. 
 
 g. Hgr. ? Derby Museum [P.]. 
 
 2. Dermophis albiceps. (Plate VIII. fig. 1.) 
 
 Teeth small, subequal. Snout rounded, moderately prominent, 
 as long as the distance between the eyes; latter distinct; tentacle 
 in front of, and slightly lower than, the eye. Body elongate ; 170 
 circular folds, those on the anterior half and on the hindermost part 
 of the body complete, the others alternately complete or interrupted 
 on the belly. Tail indistinct, rounded. Blackish grey, the head 
 white. Total length 210 miUim. ; greatest diameter of body 4^ 
 millim. 
 
 Ecuador. 
 
 a. Hgi-. ? Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [0.]. 
 
 3. Dermophis thomensis. 
 Siphonops thomensis, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lish. xv. 1873, p. 224. 
 
 breTirostris, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1874, p. 617, pi. 1. f. 2, 
 
 ,pl. 
 
5. DEEMOPHIS. 6. OTMNOPIS. 99 
 
 DermopMs brevirostris, Peters, eod. he. 1879, p. 937. 
 thomeimis, Peters, I. c. p. 938, & 1880, p. 223. 
 
 Snout subacuminate, moderately prominent ; eyes distinct; ten- 
 tacle in front of and below the eye. Body moderately elongate ; 
 125 to 145 circular folds, those on the anterior t-vro thirds and on 
 the hindermost part of the body complete, the others alternately 
 complete or incomplete. Tail indistinct, rounded. Yellowish, 
 brownish, or grejdsh. Total length 320 millim. ; greatest diameter 
 of body 15 millim. 
 
 West Africa. 
 
 4. Sermophis ? brasiliensis. 
 
 Siphonops brasiliensis, Peinh. ^ IMk. Vidensk. Meddel. 1861, p. 202. 
 Dermopnis ? brasiliensis, Peters, Mon. Perl. Ac. 1879, p. 938. 
 
 Tentacle near the eye, in front and below. Head narrow, elon- 
 gate. 133 annuli, the 20 anterior and the 13 posterior complete, 
 the others incomplete. Total length forty-six times the greatest 
 diameter. Dark grey. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 S. Dermophis ? proximus. 
 
 Siphonops proximus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xvii. 1877, p. 90. 
 Dermophis P proximus, Peters, I. c. 
 
 Much resembling D. mexicanus, but the general form more elon- 
 gate and slender, and the tentacle close to the eye, 129 annuli. Total 
 length 425 millim. ; diameter 17 millim. 
 
 Coast of Eastern Costa Rica. 
 
 6. DermopMs ? simus. 
 
 Siphonops simus. Cope, I. c, p. 91. 
 Dermophis ? simus, Peters, I. c. 
 
 Snout wide, truncate ; tentacle close to the eye. Annuli complete, 
 228. Dark brown, below a little paler. Total length 308 millim. ; 
 diameter at middle 11 millim. 
 
 Costa Bica. 
 
 6. GYMNOPIS. 
 
 Khinatrema, sp., A. Dum. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ix. p. 320. 
 Gymnopis, Peters, Mon. Perl. Ac. 1874, p. 216, & 1879, p. 938. 
 
 Squamosals in contact with parietals. Eyes overroofed by bone. 
 Two series of teeth in the lower jaw. Tentacle globular, surrounded 
 by a circular groove, situated considerably behind the nostril. Cy- 
 cloid scales imbedded in the skin. 
 
 Tropical America. 
 
100 CCEOILIID^. 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 
 250 circular folds, complete or alternately 
 
 complete and incomplete 1. multiplicaia, p. 100. 
 
 180 to 190 circular folds, complete 2. unicolor, p. 100. 
 
 166 circular folds, mostly incomplete .... 3. oligozona, p. 100. 
 
 1. Gymnopis multiplicata. 
 
 Gymnopis multiplicata, Peters, Mon. Be)-l. Ac. 1874, p. 616, pi. 1. f. 1, 
 & 1879, p. 939, pi. — . f. 7. 
 
 Teeth small, numerous, subequal. Snout rounded, prominent. 
 Body moderately elongate ; 250 circular folds, the anterior 20 and 
 the posterior 31 complete, the others alternately complete and in- 
 complete. Tail indistinct, rounded. Bluish grey ; belly dark grey, 
 passing into yellowish on the posterior part. Total length 500 
 miUim. ; dia,meter of body 19 millim. 
 
 Veragua and Antioquia. 
 
 2. G-ymnopis unicolor. 
 
 Rhinatrema vinicolor, A. Bum. M6m. Soc. Cherb. ix. p. 321, pL 1. 
 
 f. 6-8. 
 Gymnopis unicolor, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 939. 
 
 Snout rounded, prominent. Body moderately elongate ; 180 to 
 190 circular folds, complete. Tail indistinct, rounded. Olive ; head 
 and tail light greenish yeUow. Total length 225 millim. ; diameter 
 of body 6 millim. 
 
 Cayenne. 
 
 3. Gymnopis ? oligozona. 
 
 Siphonops oligozonus, Cope, Proa. Amer. Phihs. Soc. xvii. 1877, 
 
 p. 91. 
 Gymnopis ? oligozona, Peters, Mon. Perl. Ac. 1879, p. 939. 
 
 Snout narrow, projecting. Body elongate ; 166 annuli, anterior 
 14 and posterior 25 complete, 15th to 73rd incomplete, the others 
 alternately complete and incomplete. Plumbeous brown ; head 
 yellowish. Total length 263. miUim. ; diameter 5 miUim. 
 
 ffab. •? 
 
 7. HERPELE. 
 
 Coecilia, sp., Gray, Cat. p. 59 ; A. Bum., M4m. Soc. Cherb. ix. p. 311. 
 Herpele, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 939. 
 
 Squamosals in contact with parietals ; eyes overroofed by bone. 
 Two series of teeth in the lower jaw. Tentacle globular, surrounded 
 by a ring-like groove, situated below and posteriorly to the nostril. 
 Cycloid scales imbedded in the skin. 
 
 West Africa. 
 
7. HERPBLE. 9. SIPHONOPS. 101 
 
 1. Herpele sqnalostoma. (Plate IX. fig. 1.) 
 
 Ooecilia squalostoma, Gray, Cat. p. 59. 
 Coeeilia squalostoma, Stutchhury, Trans. Lmn. Soe. xvii. p. 362, 
 
 A. Bum. Arch. MJus. z. p. 222, and Mem. Soc. Cherh. ix, p. 314. 
 Herpele squalostoma, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 939, pi. — . 
 
 f. 8. 
 
 Teeth, small, numerous, subequal ; inner mandibulary teeth few. 
 Snout rounded, very prominent. Body elongate, cylindrical ; 130 
 or 135 (140 to 150 according to Stutchbury and Dumeril) annuli, 
 all complete. Tail indistinct, rounded. Olive-brown, sometimes 
 with yellow spots. Total length 450 miUim. ; greatest diameter of 
 body 11 mUlim. 
 
 W. Africa. 
 
 a. Adult. Gaboon. 
 
 h. Adult. ? Dr. Wright [P.]. 
 
 8. GEGENOPHIS. 
 
 Gegenes (non Subner), Cfuieth. Proa. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 577. 
 Gegeneophis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 932. 
 
 Squamosals in contact with parietals. Two series of teeth in 
 the lower jaw. Eyes overroofed by bone. Tentacle globular, 
 surrounded by a circular groove, situated behind and below the 
 nostril. No scales. 
 
 India. 
 
 1. GegenopMs carnosus. (Piate VIII. fig. 8.) 
 
 Epicrium carnosum, Seddome, Madras Month. Jburn. Med. So. 1870. 
 
 p. 176. 
 Gegenes carnosus, Cfiinth. I. e. 
 
 Teeth small, subequal. Snout narrowed, projecting; tentacle 
 near the lip. Body elongate ; 115 to 120 circular folds, all rather 
 indistinct, interrupted on the back, the hindermost complete. Tail 
 indistinct, rounded. Light brown ; head yellowish. Total length 
 177 millim. ; greatest diameter of. body 3 j mUlim. 
 
 Wynaad. 
 
 a-b. Hgr. ? Periah Peak. Col. Beddome [C.]. (Types.) 
 
 9. SIPHONOPS. 
 
 Siphonops, Wagkr, Isis, 1828, p. 740, and Syst. Amph. p. 198 : 
 Tschudi, Pair. p. 90 ; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 940. 
 
 Siphonops, sp., iJum. Sr Bibr. viii. p. 282 ; Gray, Cat. p. 59 ; A. Bum. 
 Mim. Soc. Cherh. ix. p. 317. 
 
 Squamosals in contact with, parietals. A single series of teeth in 
 the lower jaw. Tentacle flap-shaped, tentacular groove horseshoe- 
 shaped, situated in &ont of the eye. No scales. 
 
 Tropical America. 
 
102 
 
 CCECILIID^. 
 
 1. Siphonops anmilatus. (Plate VIII. fig. 4.) 
 
 Siphonopa interrupta (Ouv.), Gray, Cat. p. 59. 
 Coecilia annulata, Mikan, Delect. Flor. Faun. Bras. ; Spix, Serp. Bras. 
 
 p. 74, pi. 26. f. 1. 
 Siphonops annulatus, Wagl. I. c. pi. x. f . 1-2 ; Dum. ?f Bihr. p. 282, 
 
 pi. 85. i.\; A. Bum. I. a. pi. 1. f. 2 ; Peters, I. c. 
 
 Teeth small, numerous, subequal. Snout broad, rounded, mode- 
 rately prominent, shorter than the distance between the eyes ; latter 
 distinct ; tentacle in front of and below the eye. Body stout, cylin- 
 drical, moderately elongate ; 85 to 95 circular folds, all complete, 
 ceasing before the vent. Tail indistinct, rounded. Blackish or 
 olive ; annuli and borders of the vent whitish. Total length 390 
 miUim. ; greatest diameter of body 16 millim. 
 
 Guianas ; Brazil ; Ecuador ; Peru. 
 
 a, b. Ad. & 
 
 IS- 
 
 Bahia. 
 
 Dr. Wucherer [0.]. 
 
 c. Hgr. 
 
 
 Bahia. 
 
 
 d, e. Adult. 
 
 
 Kio Janeiro. 
 
 A. Fry, Esq. [P.]. 
 Lord Stuart [P.]. 
 
 /. Adult. 
 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 9- Hgr. 
 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 
 h. Hgr. 
 
 
 Sarayacu, Ecuador. 
 
 Mr. Buckley [0.1. 
 
 -k. Adult. 
 
 
 Mpyobamba. 
 
 Mr. A. H. RoftTC; 
 
 /, m. Ad. & 
 
 7S- 
 
 9 
 
 Derby Museum [P. 
 
 n. Adult. 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 10. TYPHLONECTES. 
 
 Coecilia, sp., Dum. §• Bibr. viii. p. 274 ; Orai/, Cat. p. 57 ; A. Dum. 
 
 M4m. Soe. Cherb. ii. p. 311. 
 Typhlonectes, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 940. 
 
 Squamosals in contact with parietals. Two series of teeth in the 
 lower jaw. Tentacle flap-shaped ; tentacular groove horseshoe- 
 shaped, situated behind the nostril. No scales. Body more or less 
 compressed towards the end. Vent surrounded by a sort of adhe- 
 sive disk. 
 
 South America. ' 
 
 Synopsis of the Species. 
 
 135 to 167 circular folds, interrupted 
 
 on the back 1. compressicauda, p. 102. 
 
 99 circular folds, all complete; snout 
 
 very prominent 2. dorsalis, p. 103. 
 
 Circular folds indistinct ; snout very 
 
 prominent 3. natans, p. 103. 
 
 1. TjrpMonectes compressicauda. 
 
 Coecilia compressicauda, Gray, Cat. p. 58. 
 Coecilia compressicauda, Dum. Sr Bibr. p. 278 : Peters. Mon. Berl. 
 
 Ac. 1874, p. 45, & 1875, p. 483, pi. — . 
 Typhlonectes compressicaudus, Peters, eod. loc. 1879, p. 941, pi. — . 
 
10. ITPHX0NECTE8. 103 
 
 Snout broad, rounded ; eyes distinct ; tentacle close to the nostril. 
 Body stout, moderately elongate, becoming gradually compressed 
 and keeled above towards the end ; 135 to 167 circular folds, inter- 
 rupted on the back. Tail indistinct. Olive-brown. Total length 
 470 millim. ; diameter of body 20 millim. 
 
 Guianas ; Venezuela. 
 
 2. Typhlonectes dorsalis. 
 
 Coecilia dorsalis, Petms, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1877, p. 469, pi. — . 
 Typhlonectes AoxsaXis, Peters, eod. he. 1879>, p. 941. 
 
 Snout rounded, very prominent ; eyes distinct ; tentacle behind 
 and below the nostril, twice as far from the eye as from the latter. 
 Body rather slender, elongate ; a raised line on the hinder part of 
 the back, continued on the distinct, compressed, rudiment of tail ; 
 circular folds 99, all complete ; anal disk very distinct. Yellowish, 
 brownish olive, theannuli black. Total length 265 millim. ; diameter 
 of body 7 millim. 
 
 Angostura, Venezuela. 
 
 3. Typhlonectes natans. (Plate IX. fig. 3.) 
 
 Coecilia natans, Fischer, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 941, and Arch. f. 
 
 Nat. 1880, p. 217, pi. viii. f. 5-7. 
 Typhlonectes natans, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 941. 
 
 Inner row of mandibular teeth composed of 12 to 14 teeth. 
 Snout very prominent ; eyes distinct; tentacle behind and slightly 
 below the nostril, three times nearer the latter than the eye. Body 
 moderately elongate, strongly compressed posteriorly, with a more 
 or less distinct prominent ridge on the posterior part of the back ; 
 skin granulate; circular folds very indistinct. Tail distinct. 
 Brownish grey, a little lighter beneath ; anal disk white. Total 
 length 360 millim. : greatest diameter of body about 10 miUim. 
 
 Cacera, Colombia. 
 
 a. Adult. Berlin Museum [E.]. 
 
 The following species is referred, with doubt, by Prof. Peters to 
 this genus ; but nothing in Mr. Cope's description would seem to 
 indicate the correctness of that view : — 
 
 SiPHONOPS SYNTRBMTTS, Cope, Proc. Ac. PMlad. 1866, p. 129. 
 
 " This species differs from the four hitherto known {S. indi- 
 stinctus, H. & L., annulatus, Mik., hrasiltensis, Liitk., menokanus, 
 D. & B.) in the close approximation of the narial atid tentacular 
 openings ; the latter lie behind the former, and are slightly larger. 
 The minute eyes are just visible ; the internal nares are some dis- 
 tance behind the palatine arch. Muzzle projecting, obtuse in pro- 
 file ; from above narrowed, rounded. Teeth large, five on each 
 ramus mandibuli. A gular and strong postgular fold ; 130 annular 
 plicae, which are complete, except slight ventral interruption ante- 
 
104 ccECiinD^. 
 
 riorly ; the posterior third of the length with intermediate annuli, 
 which are first lateral only, then complete above, entirely complete 
 on the terminal inch : the whole number will then be about 170 
 annuli. Perm of body rather slender; tail depressed attend, short, 
 acuminate. Colour dark plumbeous, annuli yellow-lined; head 
 yellowish brown." 
 Belize. 
 
 11. CHTHONERPETON. 
 
 Chthonerpeton, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 940. 
 
 Squamosals separated from parietals. Two series of teeth in the 
 lower jaw. Tentacle flap-shaped, the tentacular groove crescent- 
 shaped, situated between the nostril and the eye. No scales. 
 
 South America. 
 
 1. Chthonerpeton indistinctum. 
 
 Siphonops indistinctus, Seinh. 8^ Liith. Vidensk. Meddel. 1861, p. 203; 
 
 A. Bum. Mim. Soc. Cherb. ix. p. 318. 
 Chthonerpeton indistinctum, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 940. 
 
 Teeth small, numerous, subequal. Snout rounded, prominent ; 
 eyes distinct ; tentacle between the nostril and the eye, below the 
 line which would unite them. Body moderately elongate ; circtdar 
 folds 78 to 100, rather indistinct, incomplete. Tail indistinct, 
 rounded. Blackish grey, with or without irregular lighter spots. 
 Total length 320 millim. ; greatest diameter of body 12 millim. 
 
 Porto Alegre ; Buenos Ayres. 
 
 2. Chthonerpeton petersii. (Plate IX. fig. 2.) 
 
 Teeth small, numerous, subequal. Snout rounded, moderately 
 prominent ; eyes not distinct through the skin ; tentacle close to 
 and behind the nostril. Body elongate ; 145 circular folds, com- 
 plete except the anterior 28, which are interrupted on the dorsal 
 and ventral line. Tail indistinct, rounded. Uniform dark olive- 
 grey, the eyes indicated by a whitish spot. Total length 620 millim. ; 
 greatest diameter of body 16 millim. 
 
 Upper Amazon. 
 
 a. Adult. Upper Amazon. 
 
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 
 
 OP THE 
 
 BATRACHIA. 
 
 Op the various primary Geographical Divisions which have heen 
 proposed, that recognized by Giinther for Freshwater Fishes, into. 
 Northern, Equatorial, and Southern zones, agrees best with the facts 
 deducible from a study of Batraehians. "We have, however, to make 
 one modification, as for Batraehians a separate Southern zone does 
 not exist. Tasmania and Patagonia do not differ in any point 
 regarding their Frog-fauna from Australia and South America re- 
 spectively. In other words, the geographical distribution of the 
 Batrachia agrees in general with that of Freshwater Fishes ; whilst 
 other groups of cold-blooded Vertebrata, the LacertUia for instance, 
 were subject to a totally different plan of dispersion, which is better 
 expressed by the divisions proposed by Sclater. 
 
 In spite of the objections that have been made to the practice of 
 specialists to define geographical regions from considerations derived 
 from their own particular study, I still believe, this to be the only 
 successful way of dealing with the subject ; and I consider that 
 fallacious conclusions would be arrived at if a division of the Globe's 
 surface made for Eeptilia were applied, without modification, to 
 Bactrachians, or even to the several orders of the former Class. 
 
 The following are the principal divisions adopted : — 
 
 I. The Northern Zone. — Characterized by abundance of Caudata 
 and absence of Apoda, 
 
 1. Europe-Asiatic or Palmarctic Region. — Numerous Salaman- 
 
 drince. Absence of Hylidce with a single exception. Dis- 
 coglossidce. 
 
 2. North- American Region. — Sirenidce ; few Salamandrince ; 
 
 Plethodontince, Amhlystomatinae, and Hylida numerous ; 
 Desmognathinoe. 
 
 II. The Eqttaiortal Southern Zone. — Characterized by Apoda or 
 
 absence of Gavdata. 
 
 A. Mrmistemia Division (=: Cyprinoid Division of Giinther). — 
 
 Firmisternia greatly predominate (260 species out of 300). 
 Absence of Hylidce and Cystignathidce. 
 
 1. Indian Region. — No Aglossa or Dendrobatidce. 
 
 2. African Region. — Dactylethridm or Dendrobatidce. 
 
 B. Ardfera Division { = Aeyprinoid Division of Giinther). — 
 
 Areifera greatly predominate (370 out of 420). Hylidce, 
 Cystignathidce. 
 
 1. Tropical American Region. — Apoda, Pipidce, Hemiphractidce, 
 
 Amphignathodontidce, Dendrophryniscidce, Dendrobatidce. 
 Bufo numerous. 
 
 2. Australian Region. — Absence of Apoda and Bvfo. 
 
106 geographical disibibittion 
 
 1. The Ettropo- Asiatic ob Pal^ arctic Kesion. 
 
 This region is limited in the south-west by the Sahara, all 
 the species hitherto recorded from Morocco, Algiers, and Tunis 
 being truly Palsearctic, and not less than four species of the order 
 Gaudafa (which is altogether absent in the African Eegion) occurring 
 in this part of North Africa. Northern Egypt presents an in- 
 teresting mixture of Palaearotic and African forms ; of the four 
 Ecaudata known from that country, two (Bufo viridis and Eyla 
 arhorea) are widely distributed in the Europe-Asiatic, the two 
 others (Rana mascareniensis and Bufo regularis) in the African 
 Eegion ; a species of Tailed Batrachian also occurs, but is known 
 from the larva only *. Little is known of Arabia, but the northern 
 parts appear to agree with Northern Egypt. Syria is decidedly 
 Palsearctic, as is also North-eastern Persia, where the widely dis- 
 tributed Rana esculenta, Bufo viridis, Eyla arborea, and Molge 
 cristata occur without the addition of any African or Indian form. 
 Afghanistan appears to be Indian. In Southern China we meet 
 with a gradual predominance of Indian types. Eoughly speaking, 
 the 30° lat. N. may be considered the line separating the Europo- 
 Asiatic Eegion from the African and Indian. 
 
 The Europo-Asiatic Eegion is poorer than any other in the 
 number of species ; as regards genera it equals the North- American 
 and Australian Eegions. 
 
 The BiscoglossidcB only, the least specialized of aU the families of 
 Ecaudata, can be regarded as peculiar to this region, although one 
 representative occurs outside its boundaries, viz. the genus Liopelma 
 of New Zealand, which thus affords a remarkable and perfectly 
 analogous instance of the distribution of the Salmonoid genera Os- 
 merus and Retropinna. The other families of Ecaudata are : — the 
 Ranidce, occurring in every other part of the World but Australia ; the 
 Bufonidoe, which are cosmopolitan ; the Hylidm, a widely distributed 
 group, rich in species, represented in this Eegion by a single species ; 
 and the Pelohatidce, a small group represented, besides, in the North- 
 American and Indian Eegions and in New Guinea. The Caudata 
 are chiefly Salamandridce, which family occurs wherever the Order 
 is represented ; one genus of the small families Amphiumidce and 
 ProteidcB are also represented by single species, the former reaching 
 its greatest development in the North-American Eegion. 
 
 T\^o Subregions may be distinguished — the European and the 
 Asiatic, the Oural and the Aralo-Caspian steppes forming the line 
 of separation. Japan does not differ in any important character 
 from Eastern Asia, and about half of its species (6 out of 13) occur 
 also in China. 
 
 The European Subregion is characterized by Pelohatidce and Disco- 
 glossidoe, and by the numerous Salamandrince and the genus Proteus ; 
 very curiously, a species of the otherwise entirely American genus 
 
 * M. F. Lataste has received seTeral larvre of a Salamandroid collected near 
 Alexandria by M. Letourneux. It will probably turn out to be Salam. maculosa, 
 which has recently been diBCOvered in Syria, and which will accordingly be 
 Circummediterranean. 
 
OP THE BiTKAOHIA. 
 
 107 
 
 Spelerpes occurs in Italy. The Asiatic Subregion is characterized 
 by the presence of two outposts of the Indian genus Bhacophorus ; 
 no Felohatidce have as yet been found within its boundaries ; and,' 
 the Discof/lossidce are represented by the European BombinaM 
 igneus only. The Gaudata belong mostly to the Amblystomatince, 
 the Salamandrince bein^ represented by only 4 species (against 19 
 in the European Subregion), one of which is widely distributed in 
 Europe. We must also notice the occurrence of Megalobairachus, 
 closely allied to the Forth-American Cryptohranchus. 
 
 The following table wiE show the proportions of the known 
 genera and species in the two subregions. The Euro'pean Subregion 
 appears at present richer both as regards genera and species ; but we 
 may expect this fact to be reversed when the fauna of Central Asia 
 is better known. 
 
 ECAUDATA. 
 
 FlBMISTEBNIA. 
 
 Sanidee. 
 
 Rana 
 
 Rhacophorus 
 
 AaCIFBBA. 
 
 Bufonicke. 
 
 Bufo 
 
 HylidcB. 
 
 Hyla 
 
 PelobatidcB. 
 
 Pelobates* . . 
 
 Pelodytes* . . 
 DisBoglossidts 
 
 Discoglossus* 
 
 Bombinator* 
 
 Alytes* 
 
 CAUDATA. 
 
 Salamandridce. 
 
 Salamandrince. 
 
 Salamandra* 
 
 Molge 
 
 Salamandrina*. . . . 
 
 Pachytriton* .... 
 Amblystomatina. 
 
 Hynobias* ...... 
 
 Salamandrella* . . 
 
 Onychodactylus* 
 
 Ranidens* 
 
 Batrachyperus* . . 
 Piethodontinte. 
 
 Spelerpes 
 
 ProttddeB. 
 
 Proteus* 
 
 Amphiumidts. 
 
 Megalobatrachus* , 
 
 3 J3 
 ^^ rn 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 R 
 
 
 Those groups marked with an asterisk (*) are peculiar to the Region. 
 
108 GEOeRAPHICAL DIoTMBTJXION 
 
 Thus we have 9 genera and 34 species peculiar to the European, 
 and 8 genera and 20 species to the Asiatic Subregion ; -whilst 5 
 genera and 7 species are spread over both. 
 
 It is also interesting to observe the gradual transition of the 
 European Gaudafa into the North- American fauna, as is shown in 
 the following table : — 
 
 Number of Species in the 
 European Asiatic N.-American 
 Subregion. Subregion. Begion. 
 
 Salamandrinse 20 4 2 
 
 AmblystOmatinse . . 8 17 
 
 Amphiumidse , . . 1 3 
 
 whilst, on the other hand, we must notice the presence of Peh- 
 batidce in Europe and North America, they being absent in the inter- 
 mediate Asiatic Subregion ; also the presence in Europe of a species 
 of Spelerpes, a genus abundantly represented in North America and 
 not in Asia ; and, finally, the affinity which exists between the 
 European Proteus and the North-American Neeturus. 
 
 No species is known to be common to the Europo-Asiatic and 
 North-American Eegions, but some, such as Rana temporaria, Bufo 
 calamita, &c., and their North-American representatives, are ex- 
 tremely closely related, and to be distinguished with difiiculty only. 
 
 If we except the very widely distributed genera Sana, Bufo, and 
 Syla, we have only two genera which are common to both regions, 
 viz. Molge and Spelerpes. 
 
 2. The North-American Ebsion. 
 
 It is difficult to draw a boundary line between the North- American 
 and the Tropical- American Eegions; a large territory, extending 
 from the Eio Grande del Norte to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, has 
 a North- American fauna in its elevated parts, whilst a tropical 
 flourishes in its low country ; besides, as in aU intermediate districts, 
 a gradual mixing of the two faunae obtains. We adopt the boundary- 
 line drawn by Wallace. 
 
 The North -American Eegion is particularly characterized by the 
 great abundance of Gaudata, viz. 55 species (that is, more than half 
 of those actually known) occurring within its boundary. It has one 
 family peculiar to it, the Sirenidm. The Salamandroid subfamilies 
 Desmognathince and Plethodontince are also characteristic of this 
 region, although the latter has one representative occurring in Europe 
 and a few in the Troijical-American Eegion. The family Amphi- 
 umidce may also be considered characteristic of the North- American 
 Eegion, as it possesses three out of four species and two out of three 
 genera. The Ecaudata are chiefly Sana and Hylidce : of Bufo there 
 are relatively few species ; the Pelobatidce are represented by the 
 genus Scaphiopus. In the South two outposts occur from the 
 Tropical-American Eegion, viz. Engystoma and Hylodes, both repre- 
 sented by a single species. 
 
OF THE BATEACHIA. 109 
 
 The two Subregions into ■whicli this Region is frequently divided 
 do not present the same marked distinctive features as the corre- 
 sponding Subregions of the Eastern Hemisphere; but we may- 
 notice that the small groups Sirenidce, Proteidce, Amphiumidce, and 
 Desmognathince are restricted to the Eastern Subregion, whilst all 
 other groups are distributed also in the Western. With one or two 
 exceptions the species are different. 
 
 ECAUDATA. 
 
 FlKMlSTBENIA, Number of SpecieB. 
 
 Sanidce. 
 
 Rana 16 
 
 EngystomatidcB. 
 
 Engystoma 1 
 
 Abcifera. 
 
 Cystignathidce. 
 Hylodes 1 
 
 Bufonidee. 
 
 Bufo 7 
 
 Eylidcs. 
 
 Chorophilus 7 
 
 Aoris * < 1 
 
 Hyla 13 
 
 PelobatidcB. 
 
 Scaphiopus * 8 
 
 CAUDATA. 
 
 Salamandrida. 
 
 Salamandrincs. 
 
 Molge 2 
 
 Ambh/stomatiruz. 
 
 Dicamptodon * 1 
 
 Amblystoma 16 
 
 Plethodontinie. 
 
 Anaides * 2 
 
 Plethodon * 6 
 
 Batrachoseps * 4 
 
 Spelerpes 12 
 
 Maneulus * 2 
 
 Desmognathince.* 
 
 Desmognathus * 3 
 
 Thorius * 1 
 
 Am2yhiumidce. 
 
 Oryptobraochus* 1 
 
 Amphiuma * 2 
 
 Proteidce. 
 
 Necturus * 1 
 
 Sirenidm *. 
 
 Siren* 1 
 
 Pseudobranchus * 1 
 
110 GEOaBAPHICAL DISTEIBTTTIOlf 
 
 3. The Apeican Eegion. 
 
 This Eegion, which comprises the whole of Africa (with the ex- 
 ception of the Northern part), Southern Arabia, Madagascar, the 
 SeycheUe and Masoarene Islands, is characterized by an almost 
 entirely Firmisternian Frog-fauna, the Arcifera belonging to two 
 genera only, viz. Nedophryne, which occurs in the Indian Eegioa 
 with three species and here with one, and the nearly cosmopolitan 
 Bufo. This character is still moremarked intheMadegasse Subregion, 
 whose numerous Frogs are exclusively Firmistemia. A striking 
 feature of the African continent is the development of an Aglossous 
 family, Dactylethridce. The Caudata are totally absent. The Apoda 
 represented by few species, 3 in West Africa, 1 in East Africa, and 
 1 in the Seychelles ; they have not been found either in South 
 Africa or in Madagascar. These five species of Apoda belong to 
 three genera, of which one is peculiar to the Eegion, the two others 
 occurring also either in the Indian or Tropical-American Eegion, 
 Of the 20 genera of Ecaudata Firmistemia, 17 are peculiar to Africa, 
 amongst which Rappia deserves special notice, as representing the 
 Indian Ixalus. 
 
 Two well-marked Subregions may be distinguished — the Conti- 
 nental and the Madegasse. The former is characterized by the 
 Dactylethridce, the presence of Bufonidce, and the genera Ghiro- 
 mantis, Phrynobatrachus, Cassina, Hylamhates, Phrynoimantis, Bre- 
 viceps, and probably Hemisus*. One Indian species, the widely 
 distributed Ba,na cyanophlyctis, occurs in Arabia {B. ehrenhergii, 
 Ptrs.) ; and the West-African Bana occipitalis is so closely allied to 
 the Oriental B. tigrina that it is extremelj' difficult to distinguish 
 them. 
 
 The Madegasse Subregion is of high interest, presenting an 
 assemblage of African, Indian, and Tropical-American forms. The 
 first, however, greatly predominate, whilst Indian types are repre- 
 sented by numerous species of BMcophorus and one species of Galo- 
 phrynus. We must also mention the small family Dyscophidce, of 
 which six species inhabit Madagascar and one the Indian Eegion. 
 The genus Mantdla, which is peculiar to Madagascar, forms with 
 the closely allied South-American Dendrohates the family Dendro- 
 hatidce. As mentioned already, we do not know yet one single 
 representative of the Arcifera ; therefore no two parts of the world 
 are more different in their Batrachian fauna than Madagascar and 
 Australia, the former being composed solely of Firmistemia, the 
 latter solely of Arcifera. They, however, agree in some negative 
 characters, being the only two parts of the world which entirely 
 lack the "genus Bufo and have neither Caudata nor Apoda. 
 
 * It is doubtful whether Grandidier'B Hemisus obscurus has been referred to 
 the proper genus. 
 
or THE BATRACHIA. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Number of Speciea. 
 
 EOAUDATA. 
 Phanbboglossa. 
 
 FlEMISTERNIA. 
 
 ManidcB. 
 
 Bana 
 
 Rhacophorus 
 
 Chiromantis* 
 
 Phrynobatrachus* . 
 
 Arthroleptis * 
 
 Rappia* 
 
 Megalixalus* 
 
 Cassina* 
 
 Hylambates* 
 
 DendrobatidcB. 
 
 Mantella* 
 
 EngystomatidcB. 
 
 Calophrynus .... 
 
 Scaphiophryne * . . 
 
 Phrynomantis .... 
 
 Breviceps * 
 
 Rhombophryne*. . 
 
 Hemisus* 
 
 Dyscophidce. 
 
 Dyscophus * 
 
 Pletbodontohyla * 
 
 Platypelis * 
 
 Cophyla* 
 
 AncrPBHA. 
 Biifonidce. 
 Nectopbryne . 
 Bufo 
 
 Aglossa. 
 '• Dactylethrid(B *. 
 Xenopus* 
 
 APODA. 
 
 Cmciliidis. 
 Uraeotypblus . 
 Hypogeopbia*. 
 Dermopbis . . . 
 
 'Is u 
 
 23 
 
 "3 
 3 
 
 7 
 19 
 6 
 2 
 9 
 
 
 10 
 13 
 
 B 
 
 ■5b 
 02 
 
 4. The Indiaw Eeoion. 
 
 As previously observed, 30° N. lat. may be taken as the northern 
 boundary of this Region, vrbich is limited westwards by the Persian 
 Gulf; its eastern boundaries are in the islands of the Molucca 
 and Banda seas, where the fauna commences to pass into that of 
 Australia. In its general character this Region bears a strong 
 resemblance to Tropical Africa, whilst it is most distinct from 
 Australia. It exceeds the African fauna as regards the number 
 
112 GEO&EAPRICAL DISTRIBUTION 
 
 of species (167 : 130), the number of genera being about the 
 same (27 : 26). There is no family peculiar to it. The Firmister- 
 nian families Banidce and Engystomatidm are represented by nume- 
 rous genera and species, and the Dyscophidce by one ; the Areifera 
 by Bufonidce, Pelohatidm, and Hylidoe ; the latter, however, occur in 
 the northern parts only, in two species very closely related to 
 the Europo-Asiatic Hyla arborea. Two forms of Caudata occur, 
 viz. Tylototriton, in Yunnan and the Himalayas, and a species 
 of the otherwise entirely North-American genus Amblystoma, 
 which has been found in the mountains of Laos. These forms, 
 however, cannot be considered to be characteristic of the Indian 
 Eegion, but should be regarded as immigrants from the Northern Zone ; 
 and, in fact, they seem to be limited to such altitudes as compensate 
 the difference of latitude. Another Europo-Asiatic immigrant in 
 the northern parts is the widely distributed Bufo viridis.^ Pive 
 species of Apoda occur belonging to three genera, two of which are 
 peculiar to the Eegion, the other being represented by a species in 
 West Africa. 
 
 ECAUDATA. 
 
 FiEMlSTEBNiA. Number of Species. 
 
 Hanidcs. 
 
 Oxyglossus* 3 
 
 Rana ■ 48 
 
 Rhacophorus i^3 
 
 Ixalus* 27 
 
 Oornufer 2 
 
 Nyctibatrachus* 2 
 
 Nannobatraohus* 1 
 
 Nyctixalus * 1 
 
 Nannophrys* 2 
 
 Engystomatidee, 
 
 Melanobatrachus * 1 
 
 Calophrynus 2 
 
 Microhyla * 5 
 
 Oallula* 7 
 
 Oacopua* 2 
 
 Glypnoglossus* 1 
 
 DysoophideB. 
 
 Calluella* 1 
 
 Arcipbba. 
 
 Nectophryne 3 
 
 Bufo 22 
 
 Nectes * 1 
 
 Hylida. 
 
 Hyla 2 
 
 PelohatidcB. 
 
 Leptobrachium* 2 
 
 Xenophjys * 1 
 
 Megalopnrys* 2 
 
OF IHE BAIKACHTA. 113 
 
 CAUDATA. 
 
 Salamand/rida. Number of Species. 
 
 SalamandrincB. 
 
 Tylototriton* 1 
 
 Ambh/stomatinis. 
 Amblystoma 1 
 
 APODA. 
 
 Cmailiidce. 
 
 Iclithyopliis * 2 
 
 UrsBotyphlus 2 
 
 GegeneopUs * 1 
 
 5. The Teopical-Ameeican Eegion. 
 
 The Tropical- American Eegion comprises the whole of South 
 America, Central America to the limits of the North-American 
 Eegion, and the West Indies. It exceeds every other Eegion with 
 regard to the number of families, genera, and species, the total 
 number of the latter being about four ninths of all those actually 
 known. 
 
 The Eeaudata are represented by : — very numerous Oystignathidm 
 and HylidcB, these two families alone equalling in number a^. the 
 rest ; numerous Bufonidm and Engystomatidm ; few Banidce, a few 
 of which only belong to the genus Bana ; the DendrobMidae, the 
 second genus of which inhabits Madagascar ; the Dendrophryniscidce, 
 Anvphignathodontidm, and HemvphractidcB, three small families con- 
 fined to this region ; and, finally, the PipidcB, which, with the African 
 DaetyleihridcB, constitute the suborder Aglossa. 
 
 A small number of Caudata, belonging to the genus Spelerpes, 
 inhabit Central America — two species, favoured by altitude, extend- 
 ing southwards to Colombia, and a third reaching a few degrees 
 south of the equator. A species of the same genus has also been 
 recently described from the West Indies. But the most extraordi- 
 nary instance of geographical distribution, if it be confirmed, will 
 be the presence in the valley of the Plate river of a species of 
 Pleihodon extremely closely allied to the Californian forms. 
 
 The Apoda are represented by 6 genera and 21 species. Out of 
 these 6 genera, 5 are peculiar to the region ; the other, curiously 
 enough, it has in common with West Africa. 
 
 The striking character of this region is the great proportion 
 (224 : 38) oiArdfera, and especially of Cystignathidce and Hylidce, it 
 in this respect resembling the Australian region. Its afiinities with 
 the Indian and African regions are shown by the development of 
 EngystomatidcE, and with the latter region particularly by the pre- 
 sence of Aglossa, Dendrobatidm, and the Apodal genus DermopMs. 
 As to its affinities with the North-American region, it is well 
 known that one fauna passes gradually into the other ; but if we 
 compare the fauna of the United States with that of South America, 
 the difference between them is as great as between those of any 
 other two Eegions, Africa and Australia excepted. 
 
 ■>v 
 
114 6B0GKAPHICAI. DISIEIBUIIOIT 
 
 ECAUDATA. 
 Phaneboglossa. 
 
 riBMiSTEimiA. Number of Species. 
 
 Manidce. 
 
 Rana ^ 
 
 Hylixalus* 2 
 
 Prostherapis * 2 
 
 Phyllodromus * 1 
 
 Oolostetlius* 1 
 
 Dendrobatides. 
 
 Dendrobates* 7 
 
 Mngystomatidee. 
 
 Khinoderma * 1 
 
 Phrynisciis * 11 
 
 Brachycephalua * 1 
 
 Stereocyclops * 1 
 
 Hypopa'clius * 2 
 
 Engystoma 4 
 
 Abcipeba. 
 
 Cystignathidie. 
 
 Pseudis* 4 
 
 Centrolene* 1 
 
 Cycloi'hamphus* 1 
 
 Calyptocephalus* 2 
 
 Telmatobius* 6 
 
 Elosia* 3 
 
 Phyllobates* 8 
 
 Hylodes 45 
 
 Ceratophrys * 11 
 
 Edalortina* 2 
 
 Paludicola* 17 
 
 Leptodactylus* 19 
 
 Plectromantis* 2 
 
 Limnomedusa* 1 
 
 Hylorhina * 1 
 
 Borborocoetes* 11 
 
 Zachsenus* 1 
 
 Dendrophryniscides *. 
 
 Batrachoplirynus* 2 
 
 DendropEryniscus* 1 
 
 Bufonidce. 
 
 Engystomops* 3 
 
 Bufo 36 
 
 EHnopbrynus* 1 
 
 Sylid(s. 
 
 Thoropa* 1 
 
 ChoropHlus 1 
 
 Hyla 87 
 
 Nototrema* 5 
 
 Hylella 4 
 
 Ptemohyla* 1 
 
 Nyotimantis* 1 
 
 Agalychnis* 2 
 
OP THE BATBACHIA.. 115 
 
 Number of Speciea. 
 
 PhyUomedusa* 13 
 
 Triprion* 2 
 
 AwphignathodoniidcB *. 
 
 Amphignathodon* 1 
 
 Grypiscus* 1 
 
 ffemiphractidcB *. 
 
 Hemiphraotus* 2 
 
 Ceratohyla* 5 
 
 Amphodus * 1 
 
 Aglossa. 
 PipidcB*. 
 Pipa* 1 
 
 CAUDATA. 
 
 Salamandridcs. 
 
 PlethodontmiB. 
 
 (Plethodon ?1) 
 
 Spelerpes 9 
 
 APODA. 
 
 Coecilia* 6 
 
 Dermophis 6 
 
 Gymnopis* 3 
 
 Siphonops*. . . . : 1 
 
 Typhlonectes * 3 
 
 Ckthonerpeton* 2 
 
 6. The Attstkalian EEeioN. 
 
 Besides Australia, tMs Region comprises Tasmania, New Zealand, 
 New Guinea, and tte islands of the Pacific. Three well-marked 
 Subregions maybe distinguished : — 1. theAustromalayan, comprising 
 New Guinea and neighbouring islands. Cape York, and Polynesia ; 
 2. the Australian, comprising the continent of Australia and 
 Tasmania ; arid 3. New Zealand. 
 
 The general character of the Australian fauna is negative, and 
 consists in the absence of Apoda, Gaudata, Bufo, and Rana (except 
 in the Austromalayan or transitional subregion). The fauna consists 
 mainly of the two families Gystignaihidm and Hylidae, which are 
 likewise most developed in Tropical America. 
 
 The Austromalayan Subregion presents an interesting blending of 
 the Indian and Australian faunae. To the former must be reckoned 
 12 Firmisternia, belonging to 6 genera of the families Sanidce and 
 Engystomatidoe, and 3 Pelohatidce, each of which is the type of a 
 genus restricted to the subregion. Eleven Hylidm (Hyla and 
 Hylella) are Australian types. A curious fact is the occurrence 
 (according to Peters) of a third species of the African genus Phry- 
 nomantis in Amboyna and Batanta. The small islands of the Pacific 
 are inhabited by but few species, viz. a Bana and a Hyla in the 
 Solomon Islands, and 3 Oomuferi in the Caroline and Fiji Islands ; 
 
 K 2 
 
116 
 
 GEOS-RAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 
 
 a species of Bv,fo, closely related to American forms, occurs in the 
 Sandwich Islands t. Few Caledonia, which has lately heen well 
 investigated, has not yielded a single Batrachian. 
 
 The Frog-fauna of the Australian Subregion is composed of the 
 families OystignaiMdce, Bufonida, aaiEylidce— the ^csthemg repre- 
 sented by seven genera, all of which are peculiar to the Subregion, 
 the second by three genera, also peculiar to the Subregion, and the 
 third by Syla and by Eylella. 
 
 From the third, or New-Zealand Subregion, a single species is 
 known, lAopebma hochsUtteri, very curiously a member of the 
 family Discoglossidce, which is otherwise restricted to the Europo- 
 Asiatic Eegion. 
 
 ECAUDATA, 
 
 EmiOSTEENIA. 
 
 RanideB. 
 
 Rana 
 
 Oomufer 
 
 Engystomatidce. 
 
 Sphenophryne* . 
 
 Xenobatrachiis* . 
 
 Phrynomantis . . . 
 
 Xenorhina* 
 
 Arcifeba. 
 Cystignathidee. 
 
 Mixophyes* 
 
 Limnodynastes * . 
 
 Cryptotis* 
 
 Crinia* 
 
 Hyperolia* 
 
 Chu:oleptes* . . , 
 
 Heleioporus* . . 
 Bufonido!. 
 
 Pseudophryne* 
 
 (Bufo 
 
 Notaden* 
 
 Myobatrachus* 
 Hyhdc^. 
 
 Hyla 
 
 Hylella 
 
 PelooatidcB. 
 
 Lechriodus*J . . 
 
 Asterophrys* . . 
 
 Eanaster* 
 
 Ditcoglosmdce. 
 
 Liopelma* . . . . 
 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 •<1 M 
 
 S-2 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 LO 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 t This fact bears a strong analogy to the occurrence in the Sandwich Islands 
 of a Siluroid (Arivji) closely allied to a Central- American species. 
 
 X The name Batrachopsis, proposed by me for this genus, being preoccupied 
 (Ktzinger, Syst. Kept.), is changed inio Lechriodits, 
 
OP THE BATRACHIA. 117 
 
 "With, regard to the number of genera and species, the six regions 
 would take the following order : — 
 
 1. The Tropical- American R. . . 58 genera, 48 peculiar to R. ; 375 species. 
 
 2. The Indian R 28 „ 19 „ 168 „ 
 
 3. The African R 26 „ 19 „ 141 „ 
 
 4. The North-American R. . . 23 „ 14 „ 108 „ 
 
 5. The Australian R 23 „ 17 „ 75 „ 
 
 6. The Eiuopo- Asiatic R 22 „ 16 „ 60 „ 
 
 There exists great diversity with respect to the extent to which 
 the several families have been dispersed over the globe, as may be 
 seen from the following arrangement : — 
 
 1. Families represented in the 6 Regions. 
 
 Bufonidce. Cosmopolitan, except Madagascar, New Guinea, and 
 New Zealand. 
 
 JtanidcB. Most abundant in the Indian and African Regions, few 
 in the Tropical-American Region, absent from the Australian and 
 New-Zealand Subregions. 
 
 2. Families represented in 5 Regions. 
 
 Hylidce. Very numerous in the Tropical- American Region; 
 numerous in the Australian and North- American Regions ; two 
 species in the northernmost parts of the Indian, and one throughout 
 the Europo-Asiatic Region. 
 
 Engystomatidce. Nearly equally abundantin the Tropical-American, 
 Indian, and African Regions ; several forms in the Austro-Malayan 
 Subregion, and one species in the Southern parts of North America. 
 
 3. Families represented in 4 Regions. 
 
 Pelohatidce. Europo-Asiatic, North- American, and Indian Regions, 
 and Austro-Malayan Subregion. 
 
 Salamandridoe. Very abundant in the North-American and 
 Europo-Asiatic Regions; few in the Tropical- American Region; 
 two species in the Northern parts of the Indian Region. 
 
 4. Families represented in 3 Regions. 
 
 C(eciliid(e. Tropical-American, African, and Indian Regions. 
 
 Cystignathidce. Tropical-American Region and Australian Sub- 
 region ; one species in the Southern parts of the North-American 
 Region. 
 
 5. Families represented in 2 Regions. 
 
 Dendrohatidce. Tropical-American Region and Madegasse Sub- 
 region. 
 
 Dyscophidoe. Madegasse Subregion and Indian Region. 
 Discoglossidce. Europo-Asiatic Region and New Zealand. 
 Amphiumidce. North-American Region and Asiatic Subregion. 
 Froteidce. North-American Region and European Subregion. 
 
118 SEOORAPHICAL DIBTRIBXTTION OP THE BATBACHIA. 
 
 6. Families restricted to 1 Eegion. 
 
 Dendrophryniscidm. Tropical-American Eegion. 
 AmpMgnaihodontidce. Tropical-American Eegion. 
 Hemiphraetidce. Tropical-American Eegion. , 
 
 Dactylethridce. African Subregion. 
 Pipidce. Tropical- American Eegion. 
 SirerddcB. North-American Eegion. 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 abdominalis 
 
 dra), 14. 
 abdominalis (Triton), 14. 
 Abrancbus, 81. 
 adspersus (CEdipas), 70. 
 adspersus(Spelerpes), 70. 
 africanus (Uraeotyphlus), 
 
 92. 
 albioeps (Dermophis), 98. 
 albiventris (Coecilia), 93. 
 alleghanienBis (Abran- 
 
 chus), 81. 
 alleghaniensis (Crypto- 
 
 branchus), 81. 
 alleghaniensis (Meno- 
 
 poma), 81. 
 alleghaniensis (Salaman- 
 
 dra), 81. 
 alpestris (Hemitriton), 12. 
 alpestris (Molge), 12. 
 alpestris (Salamandra), 
 
 12. 
 alpestris (Triton), 12, 
 altamazonious (CEdipuB\ 
 
 71. 
 altamazonicus (Speler- 
 
 pes), 71. 
 Amblystoma, 38. 
 Amblystomatinse, 31. 
 Amblystomidse, 31. 
 AmbljstominsB, 31. 
 Amphiuma, 82. 
 Amphiumidse, 80. 
 Anaides, 52. 
 anguina (Siren), 85. 
 anguinus (Hypoohton), 
 
 85. 
 anguinus (Proteus), 85. 
 annulata (Coecilia), 102. 
 annulatus (Siphonops), 
 
 102. 
 Apoda, 88. 
 
 apuamis (Triton), 12, 
 aquatica (Laoerta), 14. 
 argus (Amby stoma), 41. 
 asper (Hemitriton), 24. 
 aspera (Molge), 24. 
 atemmum(Amblystoma), 
 
 49. 
 atra (Lacerta), 4. 
 
 atra (Salamandra), 4. 
 AtrStoderes, 2, 80. 
 attenuata (Salaman- 
 
 drina), 60. 
 attenuatus (Batracho- 
 
 seps), 60. 
 auriculata (Salamandra), 
 
 78. 
 auriculatum (Cylindro- 
 
 soma), 78. 
 auriculatus (Desmogna- 
 
 thus), 78. 
 Axolotes, 38. 
 axolotl (Siredon), 44. 
 
 Batraohopsis, 61. 
 Batraohoseps, 58, 75. 
 Batraohyperus, 37. 
 beddomii (Ichthyophis), 
 
 90. 
 beecheyi (Salamandra), 
 
 20. 
 beUii (Spelerpes), 68. 
 bibronii (Hemitriton), 24. 
 bibronii (Triton), 9, 24. 
 bioolor (Amblystoma), 42. 
 bilineata (Bolitoglossa), 
 
 66. 
 bilineata (Salamandra), 
 
 66. 
 bilineata (Spelerpes), 66. 
 bilineatus (Spelerpes), 66. 
 bivittata (Coecilia), 90. 
 bivittatum (Rhinatrema), 
 
 89, 90. 
 blasii (Molge), 10. 
 blasii (Triton),- 10. 
 Bolitoglossa, 61. 
 Bolitoglossidffl, 51. 
 boscse (Molge), 18. 
 boscai (Pelonectes), 18. 
 Bradybates, 6. 
 brasiliensis (Dermophis), 
 
 99. 
 brasiliensis (Siphonops), 
 
 99. 
 brevicauda (Salamandra), 
 
 38. 
 brevipes (Paohytriton), 
 
 30. 
 
 brevipes (Triton), 30. 
 brevirostris (Dermophis), 
 
 99. 
 brevirostris (Siphonops), 
 
 californiense (Amby- 
 
 stoma), 43. 
 Calotriton, 7. 
 Camarataxis, 38. 
 carbonarius (G-eotriton), 
 
 73. 
 carbonarius (CEdipus), 
 
 73. 
 carnifex (Salamandra), 8. 
 carnifex (Triton), 8. 
 carnosum (Epicrium), 
 
 101. 
 carnosus (Gegeneophis), 
 
 101. 
 carnosus (Gegenes), 101. 
 oarolinse (Ambystoma), 
 
 41. 
 carrarsB (Hypochton), 86. 
 carrarse (Proteu.s), 86. 
 caucasica (Salamandra), 5. 
 caucasicus (Exaeretus),5. 
 Caudata, 1. 
 cephalicus (Spelerpes), 
 
 67. 
 ebinensis (Cynops), 20. 
 chinensis (Triton), 20. 
 Chioglossa, 5. 
 chiroplerus (Spelerpes), 
 
 67. 
 Chrysodonta, 82. 
 Chthonerpeton, 104. 
 eincta (Salamandra), 12. 
 cinerea (Salamandra), 
 
 57. 
 cinereus (Heraitriton),24. 
 cinereus (Plethodon), 57. 
 cinereus (Triton), 24. 
 cingulatum (Ambly- 
 stoma), 50. 
 eirrigera (Salamandra), 
 
 66. 
 eirrigera (Spelerpes), 66. 
 cii'rigci'us (Spelerpes), 
 
 66. 
 
120 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LNDEI. 
 
 OoecUia, 91, 93, 96, 100, 
 
 102. 
 CceoilisB, 88. 
 Cceoiliid£e, 88. 
 compressicaudafCoecilia), 
 
 102. 
 eompresaicaudus (Ty- 
 
 phloneotes), 102. 
 condylura (Seiranota), 
 
 28. 
 conspermitn (Ambly- 
 
 stQma), 42. 
 Corsica (Salamandra), 3. 
 cristata (Hemisalaman- 
 
 dra), 9. 
 cristata (Molge), 8. 
 cristata (Salamandra), 8. 
 cristatus (Triton), 8, 10. ( 
 crooatUB (Neurergus), 5. 
 croceater (Plethodon), 
 
 55. 
 Cryptobranehus, 80, 81. 
 oylindracea (Salaman- 
 dra), 56. 
 Cylindrosoma, 53, 60, 61, 
 
 77. 
 Cynops, 6. 
 
 daTidiana (Sieboldia), 
 
 80. 
 Dermophis, 97. 
 Desmiostoma, 38. 
 Desmodactylus, 58. 
 DesmognathidEC, 76. 
 Desmognathinae, 76. 
 Desmognathus, 77. 
 Dicamptodon, 38. 
 didactyli, (Amphiuma), 
 
 83. > 
 didactylum (Sirenoidfis), 
 
 82. 
 Diemyctylus, 6. 
 dipus(Phanerobranchus), 
 
 87. 
 dorsalis (Ccecilia), 103. 
 dorsalis (Salamandra), 
 
 21. 
 dorsalis (Triton), 22. 
 dorsalis (Typhloneetes), 
 
 103. 
 dumerilii (Siredon), 44. 
 
 EUipsoglossa, 31, 
 EUipsogloBsidee, 31. 
 Ensatina, 53. 
 ensatus (Dicamptodon), * 
 
 38. 
 ensatue (Plethodon), 54. 
 ensatus (Triton), 38, 54. 
 episcopus (Ambystoma), 
 
 43. 
 
 ermani (Triton), 21. 
 
 erytkronota (Salaman- 
 dra), 57. 
 
 erythronotum (Amby- 
 stoma), 57. 
 
 erythronotus (Pletho- 
 don), 57. 
 
 esohsclioltzii (Ensatina), 
 54. 
 
 Buproetus, 6. 
 
 Earyoea, 81. 
 
 Exaeretus, 3. 
 
 exigua (Salamandra), 14, 
 16. 
 
 exiguua (Triton), 15. 
 
 fasciata (Salamandra), 
 
 40. 
 fasciatum (Amblystoma), 
 
 40, 43. 
 ferreus (Anaides), 53. 
 flavipunotatus (Pletho- 
 don), 55. 
 flaviaaima (Salamandra)j 
 
 66. 
 flavissimua (Pseudotri- 
 
 ton), 63. 
 freyeri (Hypoohtpn), 85. 
 fusca (Salamandra), 4. 
 fuscum (Amblystoma), 
 
 46. 
 fuseum (Menopoipa), 82. 
 fuaeum (Plethodijii), 78. 
 fusciis (Desmogtathus), 
 
 77, 78. T 
 
 fusoua (Q-eotritou), 69. 
 fusous (Spelerpes), 69. 
 fuscus (Triturus), 77. 
 
 Gegeneophis, 101. 
 
 Gegenes, 101. 
 
 genei (Q-eotriton), 69. 
 
 genei (Salamandra), 69. 
 
 Geotriton, 60. 
 
 G-eotrypetes, 96. 
 
 gesneri (Triton), 11. 
 
 gigantea (Menopoma), 
 81. 
 
 gigantea (Molge), 81. 
 
 gigantea (Salamandra), 
 81. 
 
 gigantea (Salamandrops), 
 81, 
 
 Glossoliga, 6. 
 
 glutinosa (Coeoilia), 89. 
 
 glutinosa (Salamandra). 
 56. 
 
 glutinosum (Cylindro- 
 soma), 56. 
 
 glutinosum (Epicrium), 
 90. 
 
 glutinosum (Plethodon), 
 56. 
 
 glutinosua (lehthyophis), 
 89, 90, 91. 
 
 glutinosuB (Plethodon), 
 56. 
 
 gracilis (Ccecilia), 95. 
 
 gracilis (Siredon), 50. 
 
 granulata (Salamandra), 
 46. 
 
 granulosa (Salamandra), 
 21. 
 
 greenii (Salamandra), 
 22. 
 
 guentheri (Hypoge- 
 ophis), 96. 
 
 giintheri (Ccecilia), 94. 
 
 guttatus (Axolotes), 44. 
 
 guttolineata (Salaman- 
 dra), 65. 
 
 guttolineata (Spelerpea), 
 65. 
 
 guttolineatum (Cylindro- 
 soma), 65. 
 
 guttolineatus (Spelerpes), 
 65. 
 
 Gymnopis, 99. 
 
 GyrinophiluB, 61. 
 
 h'agenmuelleri (Molge), 
 
 26. 
 hagenmuUeri (Glosso- 
 liga), 26. 
 haidingeri (Hypochton), 
 
 85. 
 haldemani (Salamandra), 
 
 60. 
 haldemanni (Desmogna- 
 
 thus), 77. 
 harlanii (Siredon), 44. 
 hasseltii (lehthyophis), 
 
 89. 
 helvetica (Lacerta), 16. 
 helveticus (Triton), 16. 
 Hemidactylidse, 51. 
 Hemidaotylium, 58. 
 Hemisalamandra, 7. 
 Hemitriton, 7. 
 Heredia, 53. 
 Herpele, 100. 
 Heterotriton, 38. 
 horrida (Protonopsis), 
 
 81. 
 huraboldtii (Siredon), 
 
 44. 
 Hynobiidse, 31. 
 Hynobiince, 31. 
 Hynobius, 31. 
 Hypochton, 85. 
 hypocyanea (Ccecilia), 
 
ALPHiBBTIOiL IWDEI. 
 
 121 
 
 hypoeyanea (Epiorium), 
 
 Hypogeophis, 96. 
 
 Ichthyodea, 80, 83, 86. 
 Ichthyophie, 89. 
 iotericus (Triton), 9. 
 ignea (Molge), 12. 
 iguea (Salaraandra), 12. 
 indistincfcum (Ohthoner- 
 
 peton), 104. 
 indistinetus (Siphonops), 
 
 104. 
 infuscatus (Spelerpes), 
 
 72. 
 ingens (Ambystoma), 43. 
 ingens (Heterotriton), 
 
 43. 
 ingens (Salamandfa), 43. 
 ingens (Triton), 43. 
 intermedia (Siren), 87. 
 interinediuB (Plethodon), 
 
 57. 
 intermixta (Salaraandra), 
 
 77. 
 interrupta (Siphonops), 
 
 102. 
 Isodaotylium, 34. 
 iathmica (CoeoiLia), 94. 
 
 - japonica (Salaraandra), 
 35. 
 
 japonieus (Crypto- 
 branehns), 80. 
 
 japonieus • (Onychodao- 
 tylus), 35. 
 
 jeffersoniana (Amby- 
 stoma), 46. 
 
 jeflPersoniana (Salaraan- 
 dra), 46. 
 
 jeffersoniana (Xipho- 
 nura), 43, 46. 
 
 jeffersonianura (Ambly- 
 stoma), 46, 47. 
 
 karelinii (Triton), 10. 
 kessleri (Eanodon), 36. 
 keyserlingii (Salaraan- 
 
 laoepedii (Menooran- 
 
 chus), 84. 
 laeepedii (Phanero- 
 
 branchus), 84. 
 lacertina (Siren), 87. 
 IsBvis (Tarieha), 21. 
 Isevis (Triton), 21: 
 larvaeformis (Ohryso- 
 
 donta), 82. 
 laterale (Amblystoma), 
 
 47. 
 
 lateralis (Menobranchus), 
 
 84. 
 lateralis (Keoturus), 84. 
 lateralis (Triton), 84. 
 laurentii (Hypochton), 
 
 85. 
 Leehriodonta, 31, 51, 76. 
 leprosus (Spelerpes), 68. 
 Uohenoides (Siredon), 44. 
 lignicolor (SpelerpesX 
 
 71 
 lineolus (Opheoba- 
 
 trachus), 74. 
 lineolus (Spelerpes), 74. 
 Ijissotriton, 6. 
 lobatus (Triton), 14, 16. 
 longicauda (Cyliudro- 
 
 soma), 65. 
 longicauda (Salaraan- 
 dra), 64. 
 longicauda (Spelerpes), 
 
 64, 65. 
 longicaudatum (Cylin- 
 
 droBoma), 65. 
 longipes (Triton), 10. 
 Lophinus, 7. 
 lucifuga (Spelerpes)^ 65. 
 lugubris (Anaides), 52. 
 lugubris (Salaraandra), 
 
 52. 
 lugubris (Tarioha), 92. 
 lumbricoides (Coecilia), 
 
 95. 
 lurida (Ambystoraa), 43. 
 lurida (Salaraandra), 43. 
 lusitanica (Chioglossa), 5. 
 
 macrodactyla (Amby- 
 stoma), 48. 
 
 macrodaotylum (Ambly- 
 stoma), 48. 
 
 raaculata (Caraarataxis), 
 43. 
 
 maoulata (Lacerta), 41. 
 
 raaculata (Salamandra), 
 3, 38, 62. 
 
 raaculatum (Ambysto- 
 ma), 43. 
 
 maculatum (Desraio- 
 storaa), 43. 
 
 maoulatus (Ifeoturus), 84. 
 
 raaculatus (Proteus), 84. 
 
 maculo8a(Salamandra),3. 
 
 maculosus (Neoturus), 
 84. 
 
 major (Salaraandra), 27. 
 
 malabarica (Coecilia), 92. 
 
 malabaricus (UrseoW- 
 phlus), 92. 
 
 raaltzani (Triton), 18. 
 
 Manculua, 75. 
 
 marginatum (Stereo- 
 
 chilus), 64. 
 raarginatus (Pseudo- 
 
 triton), 64. 
 marginatus (Spelerpes), 
 
 64. 
 marmorata (Hemisala- 
 
 mandra), 11. 
 raarmorata (Molge), 11. 
 marmorata (Pyronioia) 
 
 marmorata (Salaraan- 
 dra), 11. 
 
 marmoratus (Triton), 9, 
 10, 11. 
 
 raaTortia (Ambystoraa)!, 
 43. 
 
 mayortiura (Ambly- 
 storaa), 43. 
 
 maxima (Salamandra), 
 80. 
 
 maxima (Sieboldia), 80. 
 
 maximus (Megaloba- 
 trachus), 80. 
 
 raeans (Araphiuma), 83. 
 
 Meeodonta, 2. 
 
 Megalobatrachue, 80. 
 
 Megaptema, 6. 
 
 raelanoleuca (Salaman- 
 dra), 38. 
 
 melanosticta (Salaraan- 
 dra), 59. 
 
 melanostictus (Desmo- 
 dactylus), 69. 
 
 Menobranchus, 84. 
 
 Menoporaa, 81. 
 
 raeridionaUs (Molge) 
 16. 
 
 raexicana (BoUtoglossa), 
 68, 73. 
 
 raexicana (Siphonops), 
 98. 
 
 mexicanura (Arably- 
 storaa), 43. 
 
 mexioauus (Dermophis), 
 98. \ 
 
 mexicanus (Gyrinua), 44. 
 
 mexicanus (Siphonops), 
 98. 
 
 mexicanus (Siredon), 44. 
 
 microsternura (Arably- 
 stoma), 60. 
 
 millepunctata (Salaman- 
 dra), 22. 
 
 millepimctatus (Triton), 
 22. ■ 
 
 miniatus (Diemyctylus), 
 22. 
 
 rainiatus (Notophthal- 
 raus), 21. 
 
 miniatus (Triturus), 21. 
 
122 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 Molge, 6, 31. 
 
 Molgidffl, 31. 
 monoohroum (Eplcrium), 
 
 91. 
 monocliroue (lohthyo- 
 
 phis), 91. 
 montana (Megaptema), 
 
 23. 
 montana (Molge), 23. 
 montandoni (Triton), 17. 
 montandonii (Molge), 17. 
 montanuB (Euprootus), 
 
 23. 
 montanua (Pseudotriton), 
 
 63. 
 montanua (Spelerpes), 63. 
 morio (Oedipus), 70. 
 morio (Spelerpes), 70. 
 mucronata (Eurycea), 
 
 81. 
 multiplioata (Gymnopis), 
 
 100. 
 multiplioata (Spelerpes), 
 
 67. 
 Mursenopsis, 82. 
 
 nsevia (EUipsoglossa), 32. 
 nseria (Pseudosalaman- 
 
 dra), 32. 
 nsevia (Salamaudra), 32. 
 nserius (Hynobius), 32. 
 natans (Coeoilia), 103. 
 natans (Typhlonectes), 
 
 103. 
 nebulosa (EUipsoglossa), 
 
 32. 
 nebulosum (Ambystoma), 
 
 43. 
 nebulosua (Hynobius), 
 
 32. 
 nebulosus (Triton), 25. 
 Neeturus, 83. 
 neoceesareanus (Proteus), 
 
 63. 
 Neiirergus, 5. 
 niger (Desmognathus), 
 
 79. 
 niger (Plethodon), 79. 
 niger (Triton), 46, 79. 
 nigra (Petroponia), 10. 
 nigra (Salamandra), 4, 
 
 79. 
 nigriyentris (Batraoho- 
 
 seps), 60. • "» 
 
 nigrum (Ambystoma), 79. 
 Notophtlialmus, 6. 
 nycthemerus (Triton), 
 
 10. 
 
 obscurum (Amblystoma), 
 43. 
 
 ochrocephala (Coeoilia), 
 
 94. 
 oohropbseus (Desmo- 
 gnathus), 77. 
 Oedipina, 61. 
 Oedipus, 60. 
 Oiacurus, 6. 
 oligozona (Qymnopis), 
 
 100. 
 oligozonuB (Siphonops), 
 
 100. 
 Ommatotriton, 7. 
 Onychodaotylus, 35. • 
 opaea (Ambystoma), 40. 
 opaca (Salamandra), 40. 
 opacum (Amblystoma), 
 
 40. 
 operoulata (Siren), 63. 
 Ophiobatrachus, 61. 
 Ophioeomes, 88. 
 ophryticus (Triton), 13. 
 orouIuB (Spelerpes), 67. 
 oregonensis (Heredia), 
 
 54. 
 oregonensis (Plethodon), 
 
 54. 
 oxyura (Oceoilia), 92. 
 oxyurus (Urieotyphlus), 
 
 92. 
 
 pachynema (Oceoilia), 94, 
 
 95. 
 Pachytriton, 30. 
 paoifioum (Homidaoty- 
 
 lium), 59. 
 paoifious (Batraohoseps), 
 
 59. 
 palmata (Molge), 16. 
 palmata (Salamandra), 
 
 16. 
 palmatus (Lophinus), 16. 
 palmatuB (Triton), 16, 18. 
 palmipes (LisBotriton), 
 
 13, 15, 16. 
 palmipes (Salamandra), 
 
 16. 
 palustris (Lacerta), 8, 14. 
 palustris (Molge), 8. 
 palustris (Triton), 8, 14, 
 
 25. 
 paradoxa (Laoerta), 16. 
 paradoxus (Triton), 16. 
 parisinus (Triton), 14. 
 parotioum (Amblystoma), 
 
 48. 
 parvipeB (Spelerpes), 74. 
 PeotogloBsa, 38. 
 Peloneotes, 6. 
 pennatulus (Thoriua), 
 
 79. 
 peropuB (Hynobius), 33. 
 
 persimile (Amblystoma) 
 47. 
 
 persimilis (Pectoglossa), 
 47. 
 
 persimilis (Plethodon), 
 47. 
 
 perspioillata (Salaman- 
 dra), 28. 
 
 perspioillata (Salaman- 
 drina), 28. 
 
 perspioillata (Seiranota), 
 
 petersii (Ohthonerpeton), 
 
 104. 
 Phanerobranchus, 84, 85, 
 
 86. 
 picta (Salamandra), 77. 
 pisoiformis (Hypoohton), 
 
 44. 
 piscifopmis (PhyUhy- 
 
 drus), 44. 
 pisoiformis (Siren), 44. 
 platensis (Plethodon), 
 
 55. 
 platensis (TJrotropis), 
 
 55. 
 platineum (Amblystoma), 
 
 47. 
 platyoauda (Salamandra), 
 
 10. 
 platyoephala (Molge), 23, 
 
 24. 
 platycephalus (Euproo- 
 tus), 23, 24. 
 platycephalus (Triton), 
 
 10, 24, 25. 
 platydaoylus (Oedipus), 
 
 73. 
 platyrhynohuB (Phanero- 
 
 branohus), 85. 
 Plethodon, 53, 77. 
 PlethodontidsB, 31, 51, 
 
 76. 
 PlethodontinsB, 51. 
 Pleurodeles, 6. 
 pleurodeles (Salamandra), 
 
 27. 
 PleurodelidsB, 2. 
 poireti (Euprootus), 25. 
 poireti (Glosaoliga), 25, 
 
 26. 
 poireti (Molge), 25. 
 poireti (Triton), 25. 
 polyzona (Oceoilia), 94. 
 poroBa (Laoerta), 8. 
 porphvritica (Salaman- 
 dra), 50, 64. 
 porphjritioa (Spelerpes), 
 
 64. 
 porphyritioum (Amby- 
 stoma), 50. 
 
ALPHABETICAL litDEX. 
 
 123 
 
 porphyritiouB (Gyrino- 
 
 philus), 64. 
 porpliyritioii8(Spelerpes), 
 
 porpliyriticus (Triton), 
 
 56, 64. 
 proBerpine (Ambystoma), 
 
 43. 
 Proteidse, 83. 
 ProteidesB, 80, 83, 86. 
 Proteus, 85. 
 ProtonopsidsB, 80. 
 Protonopsis, 81. 
 proximus (Dermophis), 
 
 99. 
 proximus (Siphonops), 
 
 99. 
 pruinata(Salamandra), 8. 
 Pseudobranohus, 87. 
 Fseudosalamandra, 31. 
 Psaudotriton, 61. 
 punctata (Ambystoma), 
 
 41. 
 punctata (Laeerta), 41. 
 punctata (Molge), 14. 
 punctata (Pyronicia), 15. 
 punctata (Salamandra), 
 
 14. 
 punctatissimus (Triton), 
 
 22. 
 puuctatum (Ambly- 
 
 stoma), 41. 
 punctatus (Lissotriton), 
 
 13, 15. 
 punctatus (Lophinus), 
 
 14. 
 punctatus (Triton), 15, 
 
 16. 
 puncticulatus (Triton), 
 
 24. 
 punctulatum (Amby- 
 stoma), 52. 
 punctulatus (Oalotriton), 
 
 25. 
 punctulatus (Hemitri- 
 
 ton), 24. 
 pyrenffius (Euproctus), 
 
 25. 
 pyrenseus (Triton), 24. 
 Pyronicia, 7. 
 pyrrhogaster (Oynops), 
 
 18. 
 pyrrhogaster (Triton), 19. 
 pyrrhogastra (Molge), 19. 
 
 quadridigitata (Sala- 
 mandra), 75. 
 
 qnadridigitatus (Batra- 
 choseps), 75. 
 
 quadridigitatus (Mancu- 
 lus), 75. 
 
 quadrimaculata (Sala- 
 mandra), 77. 
 
 Eanidens, 38. 
 
 Eanodon, 36. 
 
 remifer (Manculus), 76. 
 
 repandus (Triton), 24. 
 
 Ehinatrema, 89, 99. 
 
 rostrata (OoBcilia), 94, 96. 
 
 rostratus (Hypogeophis), 
 96. 
 
 ruber (Pseudotriton), 62. 
 
 ruber (Spelerpes), 62, 63. 
 
 rubra (Bolitoglbssa), 63. 
 
 rubra (Salamandra), 62. 
 
 rubra (Spelerpes), 62. 
 
 rubrirentris (Salaman- 
 dra), 12, 62. 
 
 rufeecens (Oedipus), 71. 
 
 rufesoens (Spelerpes), 71. 
 
 rugosus (Hemitriton), 24. 
 
 rugosus (TriEon), 24. 
 
 rusoonii (Euproctus), 24, 
 25. 
 
 rusoonii (Molge), 24. 
 
 Salamandra, 3. 
 salamandra (Laeerta), 3. 
 Salamandrella,^ 34. 
 Salamandrida, 2. 
 Salamandridse, 2. 
 Salamandrina, 2, 28. 
 Salamandrinse, 2. 
 Salamandroides, 38. 
 salamandroides (Crypto- 
 
 branchus), 81. 
 salamandroides (Triton), 
 
 12. 
 Salamandrops, 81. 
 salmonea (Salamandra), 
 
 64. 
 salmonea (Spelerpes), 64. 
 salmoneum(Ambystoma), 
 
 64. 
 salmoneus(Pseudotriton) , 
 
 64. 
 salmoneua (Spelerpes), 
 
 64. 
 salvinii (Oedipus), 73. 
 salvinii (Spelerpes), 73. 
 Saurocerous, 61. 
 Sauropsia, 53. 
 sayi (Menobranchus), 84. 
 schlegeli (Onychodac- 
 
 tylus), 35. 
 scbreibersii (Hypochton), 
 
 85. 
 scbreibersii (Proteus), 85. 
 schrenokii(Isodactylium), 
 
 34. 
 scutata (Salamadra), 59. 
 
 soutatum (Hemidaety- 
 lium), 59. 
 
 scutatus (Batraehoseps), 
 59. 
 
 scutatus (Desmodae- 
 tylus), 59. 
 
 Seiranota, 28. 
 
 Seiranotidse, 2. 
 
 serapbini (Cceeilia), 97. 
 
 serapbini (Geotrypetes), 
 97. 
 
 serapbini (Hypogeophis), 
 94. 
 
 sibiricus (Ranidens), 36. 
 
 sibirious (Banodon), 36. 
 
 sibiricus (Triton), 36. 
 
 Sieboldia, 83. 
 
 sieboldii (Megalobratra- 
 ohus), 80. 
 
 sieboldii (Ttitomegas), 80. 
 
 simus (Dermophis), 99. 
 
 simua (Siphonops), 99. 
 
 sinensis (Batrachyperus), 
 37. 
 
 sinensis (Molge), 20. 
 
 sinensis (Salamandrella), 
 37. 
 
 Siphonops, 97, 101. 
 
 Siredon, 38. 
 
 Siren, 86. 
 
 Sirenidse, 83, 86. 
 
 Sirenoides, 82. 
 
 Spelerpes, 60. 
 
 Spelerpinse, 51. 
 
 squalostoma (Herpele), 
 101. 
 
 stelUp (Salamandra), 21. 
 
 Stereochilua, 53, 61. 
 
 stictioeps (Spelerpes), 63 
 
 striata (Molge), 32. 
 
 striata (Siren), 87. 
 
 striatas (Pseudobran- 
 ohus), 87. 
 
 subcristata (Salamandra), 
 19. 
 
 suboristatus (Oynops), 19. 
 
 subcristatus (Triton), 20. 
 
 subfusca (Salamandra), 
 62. 
 
 subfuscus (Pseudotriton), 
 62. 
 
 subviolacea (Laeerta), 41. 
 
 subviolacea (Salamandra), 
 41. 
 
 subviolaeeum ^Amby- 
 stoma), 41. 
 
 symmetrica (Salaman- 
 dra), 21. 
 
 symmetricus (Triton), 22. 
 
 syntremus (Siphonops), 
 103. 
 
124 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 tseniata (Iiacertp.), 14. 
 tssniata (Molge), 14. 
 taeniata (Salamandra), 
 
 14. 
 tsaniatuB (Triton), 15, 16. 
 talpoidea (Salamandra), 
 
 talpoideum (Ambly- 
 
 stoma), 40. 
 Taricha, 7. 
 tenebrosa (Xiphonura), 
 
 49. 
 tenebrosum (Ambly- 
 
 stoma), 49. 
 tentaculata ((^eciliaV 93, 
 
 95. 
 terre8tris(Salamandra),3. 
 tetradactylus (Meno- 
 
 branchus), 84. 
 tetradactylus (Phanero- 
 
 branohue), 84. 
 texana (Salamandra), 50. 
 texanum (Amblystoma), 
 
 50. 
 thomensis (Dermophis), 
 
 98, 99. 
 thomensis (Siphonops), 
 
 98. 
 Thoriidae, 76. 
 Thorius, 79. 
 
 tigrina (Ambystoma), 43. 
 tigrina (Salamandra), 43. 
 tigrinum (Amblystoma), 
 
 43. 
 tigrinus (Siredon), 44. 
 tigrinus (Triton), 43. 
 torosa (Molge), 20. 
 torosa (Taricha), 20, 21. 
 torosua (Diemyotylns), 
 
 21. 
 torosus(Notophthalmus), 
 
 21. 
 Trematod^res, 80, 83, 86. 
 
 tridactyla (Amphiuma), 
 82. 
 
 tridactyla (Mursenopsis), 
 82. 
 
 tridactyla (Salamandra), 
 28. 
 
 tridaotylus (Molge), 28. 
 
 trisruptum (Ambly- 
 stoma), 45. 
 
 Tritomegas, 80. 
 
 Triton, 6. 
 
 Tritonidffi, 2. 
 
 Tritouides, 80. 
 
 Triturua, 6. 
 
 Tylototriton, 29. 
 
 Typhlonectes, 102. 
 
 unguiculata (Salaman- 
 dra), 35. 
 
 unicolor (Qymuopis), 
 100. 
 
 unicolor (Ehinatrema), 
 100. 
 
 uniformis (Oedipina), 75. 
 
 uniformia (Spelei-pes), 75. 
 
 TTraeotyphlus, 91. 
 
 TJrotropis, 53. 
 
 variegata (Salamandra), 
 
 73. 
 variegatua (Oedipus), 73. 
 variegatus (Spelerpes), 
 
 73. 
 variolata (Salamandra), 
 
 56. 
 TenenoBa (Salamandra), 
 
 41. 
 ventricosus (Brady- 
 bates), 27. 
 vermicularie (Opheoba- 
 
 trachus, 75. 
 vermicularis (Ophioba- 
 
 trachus), 75. 
 
 rBrrucosus(Tylototriton), 
 
 29. 
 virideaoens (Diamyo- 
 
 tylus), 22. 
 viridescena (Molge), 21. 
 viridesoena (Notophthal- 
 
 mus), 21. 
 Tirideacens (Triton), 22. 
 viridesoena (Triturna), 21. 
 visoosa (Coeoilia), 89. 
 Tittata (Molge), 13. 
 vittatus (Ommatotriton), 
 
 13. 
 vittatus (Triton), 13. 
 vulgaris (Laoerta), lA 
 vulgaris (Molge), 14. 1 
 vulgaris (Salamandra)! 
 
 I vulgaris (Triton), 14. 
 
 waltlii (Molge), (27. 
 vraltlii (Pleurodeles), 27. 
 wei8manni( Amblystoma), 
 
 43. 
 wosnesaenskyi (Isodacty- 
 
 lium), 34. 
 wosnesaenskyi (Salaman- 
 
 drella), 34. 
 wurfbainii (Triton), 12. 
 
 xanthostiotuB (H'ypodi- 
 
 ton), 85.. 
 xantho^iotus (Proteus), 
 
 85. 
 xiphias (Amblystoma), 
 
 45. 
 Xiphonura, 38. 
 
 yucatanious (Spelerpes); 
 72. 
 
 zoisii (Hypochton), 86. 
 zoisii (Proteus), 86. 
 
 PRINTED BT TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 Plate I, 
 
 Pachytriton hrevipes, Sauvg., p. 30, with view of mouth and 
 profile of head. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 Pig. 1. Hynohius jperopus, Blgr., p. 33. 
 
 1 a. , lower view. 
 
 1 6. , profile of head. 
 
 1 c. , open mouth, 1| nat. size. 
 
 2. Amhlystoma jeffirsonianwm, Green, p. 46, open mouth, 
 
 1^ nat. size. 
 
 3. Amblystoma jaaroticum, Baird, p. 48, open mouth, 1^ 
 
 nat. size. 
 
 4. microstomwm, Cope, p. 50, upper view of head, 
 
 1| nat. size. 
 
 4 a. , profile of head, 1| nat. size. 
 
 4 b. , open mouth, Ig nat. size. 
 
 5. Proteus anguinus, Laur., p. 85, upper view of head. 
 6. , var. carrarce, upper view of head. 
 
 7. , var. zoisii, upper view of head. 
 
 Plate III. 
 
 Fig. 1. Batraehyperus sinensis, Sauvg., p. 37. 
 
 1 a. , lower view. 
 
 1 b. , profile of head. 
 
 1 c. , open mouth, Ij nat. size. 
 
 2. Thorius pennatulus, Cope, p. 79, profile of head, x 4 
 nat. size. 
 
126 IISI OP PLATES. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 Fig. 1. IchthyopJiis monochrom, Blkr., p. 91, larva. 
 
 1 a. , profile of head. 
 
 1 6. . open mouth, x 2 nat. size. 
 
 1 c. , lower view of end of body and tail. 
 
 2. glutinosus, L., p. 89, upper view of head. 
 
 2 a. , profile of head. 
 
 2 h. , tentacle, front view, much enlarged. 
 
 2 e. , tentacle, lateral view, muCh enlarged. 
 
 2 d. , section of the belly. 
 
 2 e. , lower view of end of body, 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 Fig. 1. Urxotyphlus africanus, Blgr., p. 92. 
 
 1 a. , upper view of head, x 2 nat. size. 
 
 1 b. , profile of head, x 2 nat. size. 
 
 1 c. , tentacle, lateral view, much enlarged. 
 
 1 d. , tentacle, front view, much enlarged. 
 
 1 e. , lower view of end of body, x 2 nat. size. 
 
 2. oxyurus, D. & B., p. 92, upper view of head. 
 
 2 a. , profile of bead. 
 
 3. malabaricus, Bedd., p. 92, upper view of head. 
 
 3 a. , profile of head. 
 
 Plate VI, 
 
 Fig. 1. Ccecilia isthmica. Cope, p. 94, profile of head and 
 anterior part of body. 
 
 1 a. , upper view of head and anterior part of 
 
 body. 
 
 1 6. , lower view of posterior part of body. 
 
 2. pachynema, Gthr., p. 95, profile of head and 
 
 anterior part of body. 
 
 2 a. , tentacle, front view, much enlarged. 
 
 2 6. , upper view of head and anterior part of 
 
 body. 
 2 c. , lower view of posterior part of body. 
 
LIST or PLATES. 127 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 Fig. 1. Hypogeophis guentheri, Blgr., p. 96. 
 
 1 a. , profile of head, X 2 nat. size. 
 
 2. rostratus, Cuv., p. 96, profile of head, x 2 nat. 
 
 size. 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 Fig. 1. Dermophis albiceps, Blgr., p. 98. 
 
 1 a. , profile of head, x 2 nat. size. 
 
 2. mexicanus, D. & B., p. 98, profile of head. 
 
 3. Gegenophis carnosus, Bedd., p. 101. 
 
 3 a. , profile of head, x 2 nat. size. 
 
 3 6. , tentacle, front view, much enlarged. 
 
 3 c. , tentacle, lateral view, much enlarged. 
 
 4. SipJionops annulatus, Mik., p. 102, profile of head. 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 Fig. 1. Herpele squalostoma, Stutohh., p. 101, profile of head 
 and anterior part of body. 
 
 1 a. , tentacle, front view, much enlarged. 
 
 1 6. , tentacle, lateral view, much enlarged. 
 
 1 e. , lower view of posterior part of body. 
 
 2. Chthonerpeton petersii, Blgr., p. 104, upper view of 
 
 head and anterior part of body. 
 
 2 a. , profile of head and anterior part of body. 
 
 2 6. , lower view of posterior part of body. 
 
 3. TypMonectes natans, Fisch., p. 103, profile of head 
 
 and anterior part of body. 
 
 3 a. , lower view of posterior part of body. 
 
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