The Adirondack Black Spruce. y- ^ ^ THE JOHN • CRAIG LIBRARY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y. SD 397.S7F7*" ""'"^'^''V Library "'■''^Adirondack black ™?,Si''^°'" "le Alin 3 1924 002 983 306 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002983306 The Forest Commission, State of New York. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. BY W^ILLIAM F. FOX, Superintendent State Forests. FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FOREST COMMISSION FOR 1894. ALBANY : JAMES B. LYON, PEINTEB. 1895. PREFACE. The following article is from a report made to the New York State Forest Commission in 1894. No claim or pretension is made to any original researches of a botanical nature. The report aims rather to furnish information of a general character concerning this, the leading merchantable species in the great forest of Northern New York. At the same time it is hoped that there may be something in these few pages which may be of interest alike to the botanist, forester and lumberman. "WILLIAM F. FOX. Albakt, N. Y., January 15, 1895. The Adirondack Black Spruce. PICEA NIGEA, Link. Black, Double, oe Eed Spbtjoe. Fr., Epinette noire,'* Ger., Schwartztanne; Sp., Aheto negro. Leaves dark green, needle-shaped, four-sided, about one-half inch in length, and set thickly on all sides of the branches; flowers in May, the cells of the antlers opening lengthwise. Nodding cones, persistent for several years, from one to one and one-half inches long, ovate in shape, recurved, with thin, rigid scales having a characteristic broken or slightly jagged edge, the cones hanging on the end of short branches. Bark thin, of a dark-brown color somewhat tinged with gray, covered with roundish scales. "While the principal habitat of this species is to be found in Nevr York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and Canada, it extends northward to Hudson Bay, and southward as far as North Carolina, although it grows but sparsely in Pennsylvania. It is found also as far west as Wisconsin. Tears ago it formed a large part of the forest which covered the Catskill mountains, but was rarely found in the western part of this State. In New York it attains a common height of 80 feet (24.38 m.), with a common diameter of 18 inches (45.7 cm.) ; and a maximum heio-ht of 105 feet (32 m.), with a maximum diameter of 36 inches (91.4 cm.). It prefers a hilly and mountainous region with an altitude ranging from 1,200 to 1,800 feet, and while it is found at its best on mountain slopes it grows readily in low, swampy valleys. It furnishes a light softwood of medium strength, with a straight close grain. The heartwood has a tinge of red ; it is very often white. The sap wood, which is generally of a lighter shade, or a pure white, is about two inches deep in trees which have attained a diameter of 20 inches or more. The smaller trees have a thicker sap proportionately. It has a specific gravity of 0.5 S4; percentage of ash, 0.27; average tensile strength, • The Frnucli Canadians call it Epinette a la bUre. 6 The Adirondack Black Spruce. 10,000 pounds to the square iach. It weighs about 28 pounds to the cubic foot, and when perfectly dry, 25 pounds. Spruce pulp- wood cut on high land, partly seasoned, will weigh about 3,800 pounds per cord ; that cut on low or swampy land about 4,200 pounds. It is the leading merchantable species of the New York forests, the white pine having, substantially, been removed many years ago. In 1893 the total product of all the mills which ob- tained their stock of logs from the Adirondack forests was as follows : Feet. Spruce 241,581,824 Hemlock 77,910,654 Pine 27,844,222 Hardwood 7,713,828 Total 355,050,528 The production was still greater in 1892, owing to the low water during the previous year ; but the figures given here for 1893 will fairly represent the average annual product of this region. In addition to the 241,581,8;i4 feet of spruce sawed in 1893, the pulp mills consumed in that year 92,135,707 feet, B. M., all of which was used in the manufacture of paper. Spruce lumber is used for various purposes, but principally for house building, a large amount of it being made into flooring and ceiling, for which use it takes the place largely of white pine. A large share of the product is also sawed into joistSj scantling, square timber and dimension stuff. In market value it is cheaper than white pine, but dearer than hemlock. The value qf the logs in the tree, or " stumpage," is about 35 cents per market log, or $1.75 per ],00u feet, the price varying somewhat more or less in proportion as the timber is accessible or within hauling distance of streams which will permit the floating or " driving " of logs to the mills. The value of the logs when delivered on the banks of these streams is about $1.30 per market, or $6.50 per 1,000 feet. The bark has no commercial value. It is peeled from standing trees, occasionally by woodmeh, guides or sports- men, who use it for covering the roof or sides of their shanties. Tbe Adirondack Black Spruce. 7 ; In the Albany lumber market the log run brings about $14 per 1,000 feet. There is very little clear stuff to be sorted out ; a small percentage of clear inch, however, is generally selected ivhich sells for $23 per 1,000 feet. For this market it is sawed largely into nine inch boards, and into two-inch planks, nine inches wide ; also into 2 by 10-inch planks. Shingles made from spruce are of inferior quality, and not durable ; hence it is seldom used for this purpose. The wood decays rapidly when exposed to the weather, but when protected it will compare favorably with other softwoods in durability. The trees of this species growing in a dense forest furnish tall tapering trunks, free from branches, with an elastic, straight-grained timber, which makes it very desirable for spars and piles. One firm of lumbermen in the Adirondack region ships annually a large quantity of this timber " in the round," the full length of the tree, for this pur- pose. It is used in boat building, the base of the tree and princi- pal roots furnishing knees, while the best quality of the straight- grained planks taken from the butt logs are manufactured into oars. In the southern part of the Adirondaok forest the best trees are selected, from which the clear butt logs are taken for the manufacture of sounding boards for pianos. Only choice logs are used for this purpose^ and these are " quarter sawed " into boards five-eighths of an inch thick. This class of lumber is worth $35 per 1,000 feet at the mills. The logs out for this pur- pose are known in the trade as " fiddle butts." Mention should be made here, also, of the resinous gum which exudes from the tree trunks of this species, and which, after undergoing a slight preparation, is sold for chewing gum. A large number of men known as gum pickers follow this industry during the winter months, obtaining a good livelihood from this peculiar work. Years ago a favorite drink known as spruce beer was made by boiling the young branches and evaporating the infusion, but its place as a beverage has been so largely taken by other drinks that now one seldom sees or hears of the old- fashioned " spruce beer." This decoction of the spruce twigs has valuable medicinal properties, and is a well-known antidote to the form of scurvy prevalent among seamen while on long voyages. The wood furnishes an inferior quality of fuel, giving out little heat comparatively, and, owing to the air contained in it, causing g TuE Adirondack Black Spbuce. a continual snapping, which makes it dangerous when burned in open fire-places. Occasionally, this species grows thickly ia masses, or what the lumbermea term "clumps," but, as a general thiao', it is distrib- uted quite evenly through the forests in which it. is found. Throughout the Adirondack woods it forms on an average from lu to 15 per cent, of the timber. The Adirondack forests, as a whole, are composed principally of hardwoods, the deciduous trees including about 70 per cent., among which the remaining 30 per cent, of conifers are, as a general thing, somewhat evenly E' 'stributed. The black spruce is here found in company with the aple, beech, and yellow birch, among which there is a further It small admixture of ash, cherry, elm, basswood, and ironwood. The conifers associated with the spruce are composed of hemlock, balsam {Abies ialsamea), tamarack and white cedar, the various species of pine having been nearly all removed by the lumber- men years ago. Michaux makes the statement that this species " often constitutes a third part of the forests by which they are uninterruptedly covered." One of our leading text-books on botany states that " dark-mountain forests are often wholly com- posed of it." "While this statement may possibly be true of other localities, there is certainly no such composition in the Adiron- dack forests, aside from the occasional but small clumps of spruce previously referred to. In some localities there are large areas along the mountain slopes covered with a heavy proportion of evergreens whose sombre hues might give rise to such an impression to a distant spectator, but a closer examination of such forests discloses a large admixture of other conifers, together with a good propor- tion of broad-leafed trees which are apparent only in summer, and which even then are liable to be overshadowed and hidden by the overtopping or dominant crowns of tall conifers. In its habit the black spruce has very little of attraction or beauty in its appearance. When growing in masses, all its branches fall oif, leaving groups of columnar, tapering shafts, each of which is surmounted by a small, sparsely-limbed and irregular crown ; and this is also the case, to a considerable extent, where it is distributed among the hardwoods with plenty of surrounding space. When growing in openings, well removed BLACK SPRUCE. Habit when grown in the Forest, (J. H. Risou, Phuto BLACK SPRUCE. Habit vv'hen grown m tlie open. G. H. RJs<.L, Pbotn Tjie Adirondack Black Spruce. 9 from other trees, its branches are persistent and cover the trunk from the ground to the crown, forming a pyramidal-shaped tree with a conical head whose regular and symmetrical outlmes elicit praise from some, while the primness and exactness of shape is objectionable to others. In growing it attains height by the annual increase of one lead- ing terminal shoot, which adds to its height 10 to 15 inches each year. From the base of this terminal shoot there is formed each year a whorl of branches which gradually shorten in passing from the lower to the upper ones, the lower ones having each one more year of growth than the one above it. The branches, which are in whorls of four or more, are horizontal with a slight tendency to an upward direction. As the trees increase in age the whorls become less distinct, owing to the decay and falling off of the branches. The black spruce derives its name from the very dark hue of its foliage which, when massed on some mountain slope, is of such a sombre color that it appears to be black rather than green. The name is also used in distinction from the white spruce, whose leaves are of a pale or glaucous hue. In many of our manuals the black and white spruce are designated respectively as the double and single spruce, but the reason for this peculiar distinc- tion is not readily apparent. These two species bear such a resemblance that it is not always easy to identify them, the cones, which differ but slightly in size and shape, furnishing the principal distinctive feature when the flowering season has past. The white spruce is far less abundant throughout the Adirondacks, being rarely seen outside of Essex county. It is a much smaller tree, and its branches are more per- sistent, most of the trees being covered with limbs from the p^- ra- midal apex down to the ground. The difference between these species is best described by Mr. Charles H. Peck, State Botanist, who in referring to their resemblance says : " The resemblance between the white spruce and some forms of the black spru -e is so close ihat it is not always easy for an un skilled person to sepante them. The descriptions of these trees, as given in the manual, indicate but a part of their distinctive features, and the characters there ascribed to the edges of the cone scales do not in all cases hold good. Having compared 2 10 The Adirondack Black Spruce. these trees at flowering time the following characters seem to me to be the most available ones for distinguishing them. White Spruce. Young branchlets glabrous. Leaves six to eight lines long. Cones oblong or cylindrical, deciduous before next flowering time. Sterile aments pale, supported on slender whitish pedicels exserted from the basal cup of scales. Fertile aments eight to ten lines long. Young leaves visible at flowering time. Black Spruce. Young branchlets pubescent. Leaves four to seven lines long. Cones ovate or oblong, still on the tree at next flowering time. Sterile aments tinged with red, sessile in the basal cup of scales. Fertile aments five to six lines long. Young leaves not yet visible at flowering time. " These trees are in flower at the same time in the same locality. They were in bloom the past season in the vicinity of Elizabeth- town the last week in May." The white spruce of the Adirondacks seems to be an inferior type of its kind. Prof. Charles S. Sargent, in his " Eeport on the Forests of North America," tenth United States census, in de- scribing this species says: " A tree 15 to 50 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; low, rather wet soU, borders of ponds and swamps ; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest development along the streams and Jakes of the Flathead region of northern Montana, at an ele- vation of 2,500 to 3,500 feet ; the most important timber tree of the American subarctic forests north of the sixtieth degree of latitude, here more generally multiplied and of larger size than the allied P. Nigra with which it is associated." There is also a tree known as the red spruce which is occasion- ally found in the Adirondacks, but more plentifully in Canada. At one time this tree was described as a distinct species {Abies rubra), but latterly it is held to be a variety of the black spruce. It has larger cones, and a reddish, softer wood, the latter feature being attributed by Michaux to some influence of the soil. Prof. N. L. Britton, of the Department of Botany, Columbia College, in an article on "New or Noteworthy North American Phanerogams"* says: " I have lately been much interested in the spruces, and have observed them closely on the Blue Rid^e in southwestern Vir- ginia, where I became familiar with two species, one of which i supposed to be the white spruce, Picea Canadensis. The same two species occur on the slopes of Mounts Alarcy and Mclntyre, in the Adirondacks, but neither of them is P. Canadensis, which species i did not see. It is reported from northern i{QVf York, but I did not encounter it. * Bulletin ol the Torres Botanical Club, Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan., 1891. Fig.l, Cone and leaves natural size. fiff. 2, A seed. From JHicfiaiuj: ' ^i^mencan Sylva,. Black Spruce 1 LcecL ni I igra- J^tbamj £n^.Gi Fig. J, Cone and leaves, natural size. Fig. 2, A seed. ^romMlchaujr .^ -American Sylea. White Spruce rice a alhcv. .^fbany En,j Ca The Adirondack Black Spruce. \ \ " The two species of the Blue Ridge and the Central Adiron- daoks are the black spruce, P. Mariana, and the red spruce, P. rubra. By most recent authors the latter has been regarded i/as a variety of the former, but this view has been ably attacked by Prof. George Lawson in a paper on 'Remarks on the Dis- tinctive Characters of the Canadian Spruces,' published, I think, in 1888. He there maintains that the red spruce is distinct from the black, and I am in entire accord with this opinion. The white spruce is very different fjom either of the others by its elongated cones, entirely glabrous and glaucous twigs and sterig- mata, and very light-green leaves. P. rubra diners from P. Ma/riana by its very slender twigs, which are sparingly pubes- cent, the sterigmata nearly or quite glabrous, its very slender light-green, nearly straight, very acute leaves, and its oblong cones, which are deciduous at the end of the season, the scales lacerated or two-lobed. P. Mariana has stout, very pubescent twigs and sterigmata, stout and thick, merely mucronate, dark- green, incurved leaves, and ovate, larger cones, which are per- sistent for two or more years, their scales entirely or merely erose. P. rubra, according to my observations, reaches a much greater altitude on Mclntyre than does P. Mariana, and this agrees with our collections in the Blue Ridge of Yirginia. The very slender twigs of P. rubra and its light-green leaves give it a much more graceful aspect than is exhibited by P. Mariana." A noticeable peculiarity of the Adirondack spruce is the large number of defective trees scattered through the forest, which are known as " seamy trees," this defect or " seam " rendering them unfit for lumber. The seam appears to be a crack which extends up and down the trunk, varying in length and extending in some cases from the butt log to the lower branches of the crown. These openings vary in depth, but sometimes the crack reaches to the heart. The edges of the seam are thickly coated with the resinous substance known as spruce gum, which exudes and then hardens, the larger and cleaner masses being gathered by the " gum pickers " who earn a livelihood by this work. The seams are mostly perpendicular, but in trees where the grain of the wood is not straight, the seam winds upward obliquely as it follows the grain. The cause of this defect has never been satis- factorily explained, although various reasons have been suggested. These seamy trees are not as observable now as before the great blight which, within the last 20 years, destroyed a large proportion of the spruce throughout the Adirondack forests. The seams were confined mostly to mature trees, as the 12 Tre Adirondack Black Spruce. blight seldom attacked trees under 12 inches in diameter. The younger spruces which were spared, and which form a large part of the forest to-day, afford now comparatively few specimens of seamy timber. About 25 years ago, the black spruce throughout the great forest of northern New York began to show signs of blight, the first appearance of which was noticed in 1868. During the next 10 years this blight spread through most of the forest, only a few localities remaining untouched. Competent authori- ties who had made a study of the matter on the ground, esti- mated that at one time one-third to one-half of the matured spruce in the Adirondack region was dead. In some townships there was a recurrence of the evil after an interval of 25 years, the time of the first appearance being fixed by some observers at a date earlier than 1868. When the trees were first attacked by this scourge, the leaves commenced falling while they were jet green. The foliage remaining on the tree soon turned to a reddish -brown, whose hues made the mountain slopes and forest areas of the valleys appear as if a scorching fire had swept orer them. About 1884 there was a noticeable cessation in this destruction of timber, and since that time there has been no recurrence of the evil. The dead trees have mostly fallen, although here and there some tall " stubs " remain as reminders of the calamity. The young trees, which everywhere escaped, now display their green foliage where the brown dead leaves of the blasted spruces were seen, and but little evidence remains of the blight that wrought such a wide- spread destruction in this class of property. The cause of this decay or death of the spruce has been the subject of much discussion, various reasons for it having been advanced. Some — among them, men who had been close observers of the blight from its beginning — attributed the death of the trees to drought ; but this reason was hardly satisfactory, because the disease killed the timber growing in damp, moist places and swamps, as well as in localities where drought might have affected them; also, on northern as well as on southern slopes. Moreover the alleged drought did not affect in any way the other species, both deciduous and coniferous, which were growing in company with the diseased spruces. G. H. Rk.m. Hholo BRANCH OF THE BLACK SPRUCE Not quite natural size. BRANCH OF THE BLACK SPRUCE." "' One-third natural size. The Adirondack Black Spbvce. 13 Some claimed that this premature decay was due to the agita- tion of the trees by high winds, but the blight attacked also the timber standing in sheltered and protected situations. It was suggested that the evil might have been due to a hard winter, to some period of intense cold, or to some late and severe frost occurring after the sap had started in its vernal flow ; but there is no record of any such unusual weather, and no reason why all the other species, some of them closely allied to the spruce, should not have been injured by the same cause. Others, including dendrologists as well as woodsmen, held stoutly to the theory that the spruce was a short-lived species, and that the trees died of old age. There was some ground for this theory in the fact that the smaller trees — those under 12 inches in diameter or thereabouts — were uninjured. But, in reply, it has been shown that the spruce is not a short-lived tree ; that it is a hardy species which resists the extremes of altitude and latitude ; that, where it grows subject to natural forest con- ditions, it is the slowest in growth of all the native trees of our , State, and that there are live spruces standing in the Adirondacks iwhich are nearly four centuries old. Spruces of equal diameters pften vary 100 years in age, owing to difference in environment. But these trees died in masses or clumps, the same as when scat- tered, irrespective of the fact that, though of equal size, they differed a century or more in age. If the trees which died had all been planted at the same time, were all of the same size, diameter and age, and, furthermore, the limit of maturity had been ascertained and determined, then the theory of death from old age might be entertained. In view of the prevalence of insect blight elsewhere it seems strange that this cause should have been overlooked or summar- ily dismissed without consideration. Some investigators asserted that they had looked carefully for insects, both on the leaves and under the bark, and failed to find any. This proves nothing, however ; the entomologists found them when they took up the investigation. From statements made by Mr. Peck, the State Botanist, who first discovered the insect at work, and reports of entomologists whose observations justify his conclusions, there seems to be good ground for attributing the death of the Adirondack spruces 14 Tsw Adirondack Black Spruce. to the work of a small beetle known as the My lmrgus r ujypm- nis, Kirby. Mr. Peck found both the mature insect antTTfe larv« in countless numbers under the bark of the diseased trees. These insects excavate a passage between the bark and the wood, eating away a part of both, and thus, practically, girdling the tree, their numerous galleries forming an intricate network of furrows which traverse the most vital part. "Woodsmen are apt to claim that worms or insects are found only in dead or fallen timber, and entomologists have often expressed a doubt as to any borer attacking a live tree. But both Mr. Peck and Dr. Packard, in their investigations of the Adirondack spruce blight, found these beetles in live spruces, trees in which the wood was full of sap and on which the leaves were fresh and green. Mr. Peck mentions having found dead beetles in a 10-inch tree. In this case the insects had commenced work, but the resin — which is so plentiful in the young spruces — oozed from the wounds, obstructing their passage, and the insects becoming embedded in gum were found dead, each in its furrow. The older and larger trees having less resinous matter, offered no such obstruction, which may account for the fact that only the mature trees perished — a much more plausible theory than the one of old age. The reason for the sudden cessation of the blight has been a subject of discussion as well as the origin. The complete disap- pearance of these insects has been attributed, with good reason, to the woodpeckers, which were observed at work in many places, the dead trees having been pecked at by these birds in search of insect food until the bark had turned to a reddish hue. y It is not at all improbable that there may be a recurrence of this blight, and another wholesale destruction of merchantable timber from this cause . If so, the timber as fast as it is attacked should be cut and marketed instead of allowing it to be wasted and lost. Unfortunately the State law will not permit any such economic action. The sale of any timber in the Forest Preserve, not only the matured but the dead and fallen trees as well, is specifically prohibited. Neither can the law be repealed or amended, for the persons who are responsible for this remarkable legislation succeeded in having it incorporated in the Constiiution itself. w rf^i ' ''^•. » ■ mill ■ , . 1 ■,;':5^'-i'.;:' ■L.^- ■*»■ * (:;■>». :Si.'^'^:/ 83ray^9^ • ' ■;!^f.''i-/.' ■ ''•' ^v' • mM- ir. 0" " ■ ■■"' ; ■■ ■ J :,^-^"^''^ ^^„ ?■■' ■■ ad^^J^^^ t' ('!'^|ii;' l^l-^i^'tJ'';* / ",') .fti'i *^ / ■ "- ■"'"' ''J^^.?' ' '^;^^^^\^;il' p^-. ': ' W' ' ^^K^$ n'v' ■- . "JtMf ■ ^ . 1 ■ HmI U. II. Klsou. I'hoto. BAR.K ON BLACK SPRUCE. 7 ree 1 2 inches in dianieler, (t H RisOD Photo BARK ON BLACK SPRUCE. Tree 23 inches in diameter. Note.— Unlike many other species the bark on the large, old trees undergoes little r-hange, and re- tians its characteristic appearance. Tee Adirondack Black Spruce. 15 Since the organization of the Forest Commission, 10 years ago, not a tree has been cut on State land with the consent of the Commission, and, under the new Constitution, 20 years must elapse before any such permission can be given. But on the lands owned by the clubs or used as private preserves, which include one-third of the Adirondack forest, timber cutting for revenue and also for forest improvement wiU always be carried on. "Where the cutting is done with reference primarily to forest improvement, the trees are taken irrespective of size or species ; but where the thinning is done with reference to forest revenue rather than improvement, the cutting will probably be confined to one or two merchantable species, with some further restrictions to prevent the cutting of small trees or those which have not attained a mature size. Except in a few localities the hardwood timber, which con- stitutes over 70 per cent, of the average forest, is not cut, while from the remaining evergreens only two* species are taken to any extent. There is little or no white pine left in northern New York. Hemlock is valuable only for its bark, owing to the low market price for that kind of lumber, and is not cut for bark except where there is a short haul or easy ship- ment to some tannery. Balsam, cedar, and tamarack have so small a place in th e lumber m arket thatth^especies are seldom removed. BuTm^ black spruce, which forms from 5 to 10 per cent, of our northern forests is a merchantable species in great demand, and forest owners desirous of obtaining a revenue from their property can take the matured trees of this species without any serious injury to existing conditions. In fact, so few spruce trees are cut to the acre on a well-managed job that their absence would be noticed only by those familiar with the business, there being no apparent diminution in the density of the forest or quantity of foliage. Of course, such a system, however closely restricted, would not fill the requirements for forest improve- ment; but it does not necessarily imply forest injury, much less forest destruction, as recently claimed by some very good but very stupid people. Laying aside the question of cutting timber with reference to forest improvement, the cutting on the private preserves of * Spruce and hemlock. 1 6 Tbe Adirondack Black Sprvce, matured spruce for revenue only, still involves a discussion of certain points closely connected with forestry principles. No matter how well our people may become educated in the tenets of scientific forestry, or how amply provided our land- owners may be with skillful, professional foresters, the system under which the Adirondack forest must be managed for years, well or poorly, will be the one known as that of " selection." This is indicated by various conditions. Our forests are already grown, and the market price of their product wiU not warrant anything in the line of planted forests other than some experimental work. Moreover, as only one merchantable species is accessible, the cut- ting will be limited for a long time to that one species, — the t black spruce. In order to insure a future and permanent supply .■ the selection will be further confined to the matured trees, so far as the problem of tree-growth and interest account will permit. Age of thb Spbucb. Here arises the question, what constitutes a matured spruce in the Adirondack forests ? How old must it be when it grows under natural conditions ? How large, how tall, and what must its diameter be ? Under any system, whether the thinning be done for improvement or revenue, this point is one of the first to be determined. For the purpose of obtaining definite information on this sub- ject the Forest Commission instituted some researches, the result of which is here submitted. Acting under definite instructions from the Superintendent some of the foresters, specially detailed for this work, went to different localities in the Adirondack forest, where, by counting the annual rings of tree-growth as revealed by the stumps and cross sections of the trunks, they accumulated a mass of data and statistics which furnish satisfactory informa- tion on this point. In counting the rings on the stumps the for- esters used large magnifying glasses, which were necessary owing to the slow growth of the spruce and crowded condition of the annual rings. In many cases it would be impossible to count these rings, or " grains " as the woodsmen term them, with the naked eye. The rings were counted on the line of the greatest diameter, and from the center along the longest radiating line. Small pins were inserted at every inch, and the rings in each Tbe Adirondack Black Spruce. 17 inch counted and recorded separately. By the latter arrange- ment the amount of eccentricity in the growth is apparent in each case. In the black spruce the heart is seldom found in the exact center of the tree, this lack of concentricity in the rings of annual growth being a noticeable feature. The statistics offered first are based on the work done by Fores+er Humes, in St. Lawrence county, who examined and counted the rings on 237 spruce trees with reference to estab- lishing the facts as to age and maximum size only. The statistics showing number of years for each successive individual inch of diameter, together with amount of eccentricity, are given in other and subsequent tables. 3 18 Ths Adirondack Black Sprucb, TABLE I. SPECIMEN NUMBER. 1 2 3 . 4 5 6 , 7 8 , 9 . 10 , 11 . 12 , 13 1,4 , 15 , 16 17 . 18 19 20 21 , 23 , 33 , 24 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 31 , 33 33 34 35 36 37 , 38 39 , 40 41 , 43 . 43 . 44 . 45 . 46 , 47 . 48 . 49 . 50 . 51 . 52 . 53 , 54. Diameter of stump, in inches. 30 30 30 30 30 39 39 39 29 29 29 29 38 38 28 28 .28 28 28 27 37 27 37 37 37 37 27 37 27 27 27 27 27 37 37 37 37 36 26 26 26 26 36 26 26 26 26 26 26 36 26 26 25 25 Number of rings on stump. 325 289 315 275 391 333 398 321 387 312 310 273 278 393 373 347 301 300 371 381 303 398 358 359 816 373 301 298 294 284 294 274 278 304 293 278 301 301 303 293 384 354 291 274 371 385 290 358 391 231 261 293 219 291 *Iieng:tli of shaft, in feet. 72 68 54 54 58 58 54 54 58 54 54 54 58 58 54 58 60 54 54 58 54 58 54 54 51 58 54 54 58 58 54 54 58 54 58 54 58 54 58 54 54 65 54 64 54 58 54 54 58 54 54 58 44 58 Diameter Number at top, in of rings Inches. at top. 11 98 9 105 12 133 11 104 13 116 13 112 10 100 9 97 12 103 14 188 13 106 11 94 10 100 13 118 10 84 8 99 7 93 13 68 10 133 12 103 11 98 10 99 9 107 13 156 10 131 11 99 12 136 14 134 12 123 10 118 14 119 11 100 11 87 11 101 11 112 10 97 10 80 13 155 12 102 12 188 13 138 9 102 13 129 13 154 10 • 98 13 128 10 102 9 100 12 91 10 63 8 92 12 102 10 61 11 100 Total height of tree, in feet. * Not including crown or stump. The stumps average 83 inches in height. The Adirondack Black Spruce. Table I — {Continued). 19 SPECIMEN NUltlBEB. Diameter of stump, in inches. Number of rings on stump. Length of shaft, in feet. Diameter at top, in inches. Number of rings at top. Total height of tree, in feet. 55 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 35 25 35 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 28 28 28 23 23 23 23 33 281 271 219 283 261 300 300 281 300 300 291 195 208 302 271 284 293 273 284 274 281 258 274 271 198 391 267 269 264 274 261 291 272 281 800 271 299 301 291 254 239 267 381 178 367 271 256 300 278 283 291 283 283 300 54 54 48 58 54 58 54 57 58 54 54 48 54 58 54 58 54 54 54 58 54 54 58 54 54 56 48 54 54 58 54 58 54 58 62 54 54 58 54 54 54 66 58 54 54 58 54 48 54 55 54 48 58 53 11 10 12 10 9 11 11 12 14 11 18 11 8 10 12 13 10 13 9 12 14 11 10 14 10 13 15 14 11 13 11 12 11 12 11 14 13 10 14 11 18 14 12 15 11 13 12 12 11 13 14 11 11 15 81 94 99 78 51 91 98 163 152 93 100 76 80 103 94 151 103 103 133 93 153 134 119 120 104 161 126 130 101 121 104 100 93 126 158 183 121 141 132 91 106 133 85 74 124 100 92 120 100 98 141 104 106 151 63 56 80 57 63 58 59 60 61 78 71 61 61 62 71 63 67 64 61 65 63 66 57 67 64 68 71 69 67 70 71 71 71 72 72 73 71 74 61 75 75 76 91 77 83 78 92 79 81 80 81 82 91 65 82 83 71 84 73 85 80 86 69 87 71 88 80 89 86 90 71 91 70 92 80 93 65 94 95 71 61 96 97 74 80 98 68 99 71 100 69 101 67 102 70 103 78 104 71 105 106 107 70 80 73 108 80 20 Tbe Adirondack Black Spkucb. Table 1 — ( Continued ). SPECIMEN NUMBER. 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 134 135 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 153 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Diameter of stump, ia inches. 23 23 23 38 23 23 33 33 22 22 32 22 22 32 32 23 32 32 32 32 32 22 23 22 22 33 23 31 31 21 21 21 21 31 21 21 21 21 31 21 31 31 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 Number of rings on stump. 291 281 271 217 253 219 271 189 314 263 281 283 261 345 204 315 353 351 261 201 281 107 271 301 365 261 198 356 301 251 251 243 201 199 391 371 336 281 261 371 199 383 300 301 361 306 313 204 208 199 189 201 194 204 Length of ehaft, in feet. 54 58 54 54 54 54 58 48 54 54 54 54 54 58 54 58 54 54 58 48 54 54 54 54 54 58 54 48 54 48 54 54 48 64 54 56 54 54 54 54 54 58 54 48 54 64 48 54 54 48 54 54 53 Diameter at top, in inches. Number of rings at top. Total height of tree, in feet. 12 103 11 127 11 97 14 85 13 132 12 116 11 131 10 79 12 155 12 153 13 131 11 83 10 99 9 152 10 91 8 100 11 89 9 93 7 80 9 78 12 131 9 91 8 89 12 101 7 97 11 99 13 75 9 100 8 76 11 103 11 99 13 131 7 100 10 78 14 133 10 99 12 100 10 104 12 123 8 100 11 103 14 99 11 101 9 99 12 89 10 99 11 100 8 87 7 82 9 100 8 100 11 102 9 99 13 132 The Adirondack Black Spruce. Table I — {Conim,ued). 21 SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stmnp, in inches. Number of rings on stump. Length of shaft, In feet. Diameter at top, In inches. Number of rings at top. Total height of tree, in feet. 163 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 18 18 18 18 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 203 207 289 230 193 208 283 194 209 209 238 189 218 201 231 273 194 201 194 204 207 201 184 200 201 199 183 173 200 179 182 200 156 200 192 172 171 200 178 201 167 178 203 174 183 275 182 156 157 200 145 175 161 182 54 54 54 46 54 54 62 54 54 48 54 54 48 54 54 58 54 54 56 54 54 48 54 48 64 54 54 46 54 44 46 54 46 48 50 44 50 64 54 50 44 46 42 48 50 27 48 44 44 54 40 50 48 42 10 8 10 11 9 8 7 13 10 8 14 12 9 11 6 10 9 10 12 8 11 12 6 5 9 8 7 9 10 8 6 10 8 7 10 6 5 9 8 11 9 10 9 6 5 11 11 7 7 5 8 9 11 13 99 124 124 130 105 99 136 100 100 100 96 121 129 99 76 141 100 99 101 78 121 103 78 100 89 89 101 90 100 92 78 89 100 89 102 78 79 121 79 99 100 97 87 78 100 155 108 89 99 78 88 98 103 99 68 164 71 165 74 166 78 167 70 168 68 169 170 82 70 171 72 172 ; 67 173 72 174 69 175 176 74 67 177 65 178 76 179 70 180 80 181 71 182 67 183 71 184 185 69 67 186 65 187 188 70 71 189 72 190 70 191 71 193 69 193 65 194 65 195 70 196 67 197 71 198 68 199 66 200 73 201 69 202 70 203 63 204 68 205 71 206 63 207 70 208 74 209 68 210 65 211 312 213 69 64 60 214 70 215 67 216 59 22 The Adirondack Slack SpsucH. Table I — (Concluded). SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump, in inches. Number of rings on stump. Length of shaft, In feet. Diameter at top, in inches Number of rings at top. Total height of tree, in feet 217 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 176 180 157 150 200 138 162 172 192 200 48 36 42 38 44 40 34 27 38 44 4 6 7 8 10 4 6 8 7 9 35 50 60 76 102 59 87 103 96 • 136 59 218 61 219 57 220 221 57 66 222 :.... 223 58 60 224 61 225 226 70 73 Mr. Humes subsequently forwarded some additional notes ■whioli are intended to show tlie maximum size and age of the spruce. Thus far our foresters have been unable to find any black spruce over 36 inches in diameter on the stump. The stumps average about 30 inches in height, and in measuring standing timber the girth is taken at about the same height. The maximum size of the Adirondack black spruce is indicated in the follbwing figures : TABLE II. SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump, in inches. Number of rlDgs on stump. Length of shaft, in feet. Diameter at top, hi inches. Number of rings at lop. Total height of tree, in feet. 1 36 36 34 84 34 33 32 31 31 31 31 350 326 303 374 815 385 2S0 293 231 276 290 90 84 86 91 72 68 70 60 73 68 71 12 8 10 5 11 13 5 14 7 10 9 103 87 100 67 134 165 80 135 80 100 98 110 2 90 3 4 5 93 99 87 6 7 89 81 8 80 9 10 83 67 11 70 Statistics showing the age, size or other characteristics of any particular species should be accompanied by some further information regarding the various kinds of trees which are grow- ing on the same ground. To this end Forester Humes, in Tsti Adirondack Black Spruck. 23 accordance with instructions from the Superintendent, meas- ured off a tract of four acres, situated in the forest in which he made the measurements and other memoranda embodied in Tables I and II, and noted all the other trees growing there in company with the spruce. These notes are embodied in Table III. This forest is located in the south part of Township 14 (" Bloomfield "), Town of Fine, St. Lawrence county. It stands on the north slope of a hill, the spruce being thickly interspersed with hard- woods — maple, beech, and yellow birch {Betula lutea). The land on which the timber stands has an elevation of about 1,800 feet above the sea. The four acres which furnish the statistics in the following table represent the maximum yield of spruce per acre, the tim- ber being far above the average in size, height and quantity. The spruce on this piece of four acres — not including trees less than twelve inches in diameter — will yield 60,000 feet of logs, or 15,000 feet to the acre. This is a remarkable exhibit ; and, in addition to the spruce, the figures indicate 18,000 feet of hemlock on these four acres, or 4,500 feet per acre. The average quan- tity of spruce per acre throughout the Adirondack forests, on large tracts, is estimated at 3,000 feet per acre, and some town- ships have yielded as low as 2,500. TABLE III. Composition of Fokkst on Foue Aoees. S. W. J, Township 14, Town of Fvne, St. Lawrence Gotmty. DIAMETER— Inches. Spruce. Hemlock. Maple. Birch. Beech. Total. 9 14 15 5 15 12 14 18 14 14 18 4 4 12 7 10 7 3 8 5 1 2 7 4 5 3 2 i 6 14 ""ik 8 4 5 8 5 3 5 5 3 4 11 3 11 5 6 5 5 10 9 3 6 6 1 6 12 8 7 16 17 13 13 11 12 6 9 7 1 48 10 48 11 18 12 62 13 47 14 38 15 48 16 45 17 45 18 36 19 19 30 22 21 26 22 8 23 20 24 The Adirondack Black Spruce, Table III — {Contin/ued). DIAMETER— Inches. Spruce. Hemlock. Maple. Birch. Beech. Total. 34 5 4 6 4 6 3 2 2 i 2 i 2 i 1 1 2 3 '3 3 1 i 11 25 6 26 9 27 4 38 8 29 5 30 3 31 1 32 1 3 33 1 34 35 36 i 1 3 202 58 81 101 132 574 Tke average diameters are : Spruce, 17^ inclies ; hemlock, 17 inches; maple, 14f inches; yellow birch, 16|- inches, and beech, 14J inches. This average does not include trees of less than nine inches in diameter. Number of trees to the acre (nine inches or more in diameter), 14i, or less than one to each square rod.* The statistics in the next following table are based on measure ments and counts made by Foresters Olmsted and Sanf ord, who were instructed to measure and count the rings of tree growth on 1,000 trees. Of this number the first 700 were examined on Lots 33 and 34, Township 20, Town of Santa Clara, Franklin county. This piece of forest is situated about four miles west of the Upper Saranac lake and lies between Floodwocd and Long Ponds. The 203 specimens next following were examined in St. Law- rence county on Lots 3i and 35, Township 3, Town of Hopkinton. The remaining 97, embracing specimens 903-1,000, were measured and counted on Lots 50 and 63, Township 3, Town of Hopkinton, St. Lawrence county. Each locality was covered by a virgin forest, the trees examined being the first that had been cut in that vicinity. The * Not including the young trees under nine inches In diameter, of which there was the usual number Intermixed with the undergrowth. BLACK SPRUCE FOREST. Side-hill growth. Tme Adirondack Black Spruce. 25 foresters were directed to confine' their examinations to trees which "Were 12 inches or more in diameter on the stump, although the lumbermen were cutting the spruce there as low as 10 inches and occasionally smaller. "With the exception of the trees under 12 inches in diameter, the foresters examined every spruce stump and top within the area selected until the required number had been measured. In counting the rings of growth in these trees note was made of the number at each inch of the radius with a view to deter- mining the annual increase in diameter. In the following tabulation, Table lY, the first column con- tains the specimen number, the next the diameter inside the bark of the tree on the stump ; then follows the number of rings per inch on the stump, counting from the heart outward, and along the line of what might be termed the longest radius ; the last or right-hand column on the left-hand page shows the total number of rings, or age of the tree, as indicated at the height of the stump. On the right-hand page the statistics for each tree are continued, following the same specimen number, which, as before, is found in the first column ; the next column shows the diameter of the shaft at the top, or at the small end of the top log ; then come the number of rings per inch at the top, counting outward from the heart ; the next column shows the height of the stump ; the next the combined length of the logs into which the trunk was cut, each log being as a rule 13 feet 4 inches long ; the next shows the length of the tree top or •' leader " left by the lumber- men, and the last column the total height of the tree as indicated by the combined figures of the three preceding columns. The short dash or hyphen-mark, which appears occasionally in connection with the last figure in a line, indicates that the radius terminated in a fractional inch and, consequently, a smaller number of rings. 4 26 Tbe Adirondack Black Spruce. TABLE IV. ^d ag If Measukembntb oh Stdhp. am 11 EQ Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. a 1 1'6' 1 2 1 8 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 < 2 1 3 1 3 1 8 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 8 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 B 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 % 1 6 1 7 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 8 1 2 1 1 8 1 1 2 38 26 83 27 28 28 •i1 16 20 20 83 ao 81 28 27 81 21 88 80 15 13 33 30 19 28 21 86 ii 17 88 20 20 19 2a 20 24 25 30 a 36 30 16 86 26 84 30 88 15 24 20 38 80 86 32 30 84 4> 46 83 28 86 20 85 34 31 80 30 25 84 85 28 8 82 S!5 28 18 22 23 25 82 29 28 82 23 86 30 80 83 26 81 81 89 81 81 16 34 34 24 35 23 84 n 87 34 85 17 86 30 36 40 30 3S 88 28 88 28 30 16 18 23 30 >8 33 84 28 36 50 3L 21 36 87 83 38 16 18 84 36 34 30 %i 83 10 23 18 <6 16 15 19 20 30 ta 20 20 15 20 31 28 85 81 25 26 31 25 32 86 18 28 80 22 83 82 26 30 80 24 27 i\ 83 29 26 30 28 23 30 ii 30 19 19 84 18 84 24 24 30 20 23 23 81 23 21 35 23 30 30 81 21 36 80 80 86 18 25 10 19 84 IS 15 7 16 17 17 82 15 17 81 19 18 80 19 82 80 13 86 20 25 21 82 23 18 10 81 17 18 38 25 27 30 38 18 16 24 17 18 H 24 82 24 20 20 80 17 23 83 28 84 81 87 20 14 26 85 85 18 27 85 15 16 18 85 80 29 14 14 18 19 lu 17 a 9 13 7 14 10 13 18 17 24 17 26 17 23 19 IS 21 18 15 9 26 19 18 16 87 25 13 18 18 22 80 15 17 9 14 7 11 10 14 15 15 17 18 88 14 81 3 30 17 12 as 15 13 10 8e 15 20 80 16 16 16 82 83 10 13 14 8 18 80 16 20 19 10 17 8 12 14 15 16 16 17 18 28 13 19 80 14 16 10 18 9 26 10 18 18 20 85 11 9 10 18 13 13 15 10 15 8 11 9 8 13 9 14 6 85 13 13 la 26 8 11 IB 12 12 11 81 9 28 17 11 18 17 86 16 10 16 13 10 18 18 11 16 19 11 14 16 13 10 18 10 18 18 10- 9 10 SO 16 173 8 W 8 136 4 139 6 17 6- ISI 6 108 7 189 8 18 10 9 1?1 7 141 10 149 11 180 13 W 13 V'R 14 1''fi 15 I"!*! 16 11- 6- 10 16 17 7- 8 144 18 149 19 141 ao ll'l 81 "5I 143 22 145 83 146 24 25 8 23 15 12' 16 19 18 12 8 10 18 12 11 18- 9 10 17 16 17 .... .... .. 183 171 36 7- 5- 14 14 21 171 27 163 88 6- 165 29 1P1 30 197 31 124 3J 9 9 6 5- 7 164 33 141 34 158 35 IM 36 1114 37 1'>4 38 8 7 10 9 5- 146 39 169 40 14'i 41 1fl» 48 ..... 112 43 7 18 8 7- 7 6- 8 7 151 44 144 45 46 145 47 131 48 18 7- 18 11- 88 17 18 14 160 49 50 10- 158 51 161 5J 53 19 15 18 17 209 54 153 55 56 57 7- .... .... .... .... 140 154 58 12 17 18 11 18 10 59 27 11 1S8 BO 10 9 im 61 146 B2 18 8< 15 20 23 16 6- 163 B3 II1S 64 88 24 27 14 151 B5 7- 170 36 196 B7 " 190 98 199 39 30 159 m 118 n 12 e- , , , , • •11 • •It ■ lit .... .... 129 Tme Adirondack Black Sfrucm. 27 TABLE lY. Top Mbasdkbmknts. SB 4 i 5 t Number of rines per inch at top, o lunting from the heart outward. I 1 10 9 10 9 8 11 11 9 9 8 9 8 9 10 10 9 9 8 9 9 8 9 8 9 8 10 9 9 8 8 9 9 9 8 9 10 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 8 8 10 8 8 9 8 9 9 7 8 8 10 10 8 9 8 10 8 a * 8- 10 9 10 16 12 10 18 12 9 9 21 11 14 13 10 7 18 15 12 11 11 10 12 13 14 11 13 9 13 14 15 13 13 13 13 13 13 16 14 17 13 14 15 11 12 12 13 11 12 13 13 14 12 14 11 16 13 14 12 15 12 IS 15 13 15 16 20 15 16 19 16 18 15 17 16 13 13 16 11 9 8 15 13 11 14 13 8 23 16 15 11 13 7 11 16 n 13 14 13 13 12 18 16 14 13 14 12 16 14 12 14 13 14 16 13 10 15 18 18 13 12 1") 14 14 14 14 11 14 14 14 18 12 10 18 12 14 13 15 14 13 16 16 16 12 18 1 11 15 36 19 15 9 7 8 13 16 15 13 13 26 23 18 12 12 13 13 9 13 13 16 16 12 11 13 12 14 14 14 14 11 14 13 11 12 10 11 15 14 14 14 15 14 12 14 15 16 IS 14 13 15 13 1' 16 13 10 11 13 14 12 16 14 4 15 12 13 17 16 14 18 14 15 16 9 7 ■0 16 la 86 11 18 30 81 19 12 12 14 14 11 13 14 12 13 11 11 18 13 12 18 13 10 13 12 10 9 14 13 12 18 10 13 14 14 18 16 17 10 12 15 18 15 13 14 18 17 13 14 12 13 12 14 18 12 8- 10 13 15 19 16 10 21 4 13 14 9 9 18 13 10 6- 5- 8- 8' 8- 3 4 3 2 8 2 8 2 8 3 2 4 3 1 3 2 8 2 8 2 9 2 2 10 3 2 2 6 3 1 3 :o 3 4 3 1 8 2 3 4 2 8 3 2 8 3 8 3 1 3 3 3 3 6 3 1 3 3 3 3 6 4 3 8 3 2 3 2 8 3 4 8 3 3 8 3 3 1 2 4 3 3 2 8 3 2 11 3 4 3 2 2 7 2 4 2 6 3 2 2 8 3 4 3 2 8 4 8 4 8 6 3 4 3 8 10 2 8 2 3 8 2 4 2 2 63' 4' 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 S6 8 26 8 40 2« 8 26 8 26 8 40 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 (0 S6 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 61 40 40 40 40 26 8 40 40 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 26 8 S6 8 26 8 26 8 40 40 40 i6 8 26 8 40 26 8 40 26 8 26 8 40 40 86 8 26 8 26 8 40 63 4 63 4 26 8 40 40 40 f-3 4 53 4 40 26 8 40 26 8 26 S 31' 0- 42 38 80 30 5 26 26 32 30 34 31 25 27 31 37 35 7 32 9 27 6 29 31 7 33 8 27 86 6 24 9 80 24 9 21 6 27 24 9 20 30 6 26 4 31 33 7 89 30 6 33 31 8 30 24 4 25 30 4 84 5 39 36 29 6 27 4 E8 27 3 24 8 24 7 23 6 33 6 33 27 25 6 21 8 30 4 34 6 24 8 36 8 33 7 28 8 81 6 13 36 SO 33 8 40 4 32 6 8?' 0' a 8 10- 72 67 8 4 69 4 5 6 6- 59 4 61 4 7 55 8 11 5 65 9 , 75 1 10 ... 69 8 11 . . 63 4 12 60 4 13 53 9 14 65 8 15 .... CO 6 16 18 7- 13 14 7- 13 4 7- 18 8- 66 10 17 18 19 "s" 62 9 63 6 71 4 20 21 , 72 4 61 4 82 63 6 67 24 61 10 25 P7 9 86 8 27 28 8- 14 13 13 7- "ii" .... 67 9 64 6 70 1 30 67 9 31 49 10 74 33 12 69 5 34 63 8 11 63 5 36 59 2 37 13 11 61 2 38 39 76 8 61 6 69 8 4t 53 8 54 43 44 45 46 73 6 6- 8- 77 7 88 65 9 47 48 49 58 6 70 7 11 \2 67 4 70 3 6i 62 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 61 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 54 3 10 .... .... 64 7 66 8 18 15 76 1 62 66 2 55 4 10 15 14 *18 13 61 4 87 91 68 8 12 .... 78 76 1 18 7- 72 77 10 69 2 78 8 13 15 13 12 58 8 76 4 69 4 .... .... .... 61 i 28 Tmb Adirondack Black Spruce. Table TV — {Continued). si h Pi a " Q Measubbhents as Stuup. Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. a < 72 1'6' 1 4 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 1 5 2 3 1 6 1 6 2 8 1 4 1 6 1 6 2 8 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 8 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 8 1 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 7 1 6 1 6 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 24 2i 24 24 26 29 20 42 28 24 23 34 30 33 21 21 26 20 16 84 24 17 84 15 21 24 23 18 IB 84 23 82 14 18 84 30 84 28 17 29 18 23 3! 29 23 S8 23 28 27 83 28 22 28 30 81 24 83 24 18 28 30 38 30 80 88 85 84 80 24 28 80 84 27 82 28 30 29 17 35 20 3t 31 25 28 25 20 23 28 34 28 23 26 28 S3 28 S9 28 24 28 17 20 26 28 84 82 23 23 23 80 24 21 22 20 82 87 24 28 30 20 31 20 26 21 80 38 26 28 26 20 24 30 34 89 36 38 81 43 27 21 20 27 34 19 33 35 24 28 24 19 25 25 80 25 18 27 83 19 18 25 20 14 19 si7 24 81 30 80 26 21 19 15 20 SO 18 18 18 28 17 18 26 26 20 16 18 26 19 24 21 19 19 29 24 28 23 29 28 27 SO 25 80 28 80 89 27 26 83 19 85 22 17 22 19 17 16 19 2a 15 29 85 18 13 88 33 81 7 18 26 18 20 14 24 21 18 18 22 17 28 27 19 80 23 18 30 21 18 18 14 20 18 14 27 20 18 17 20 18 18 20 19 23 27 28 26 18 SO 20 21 22 14 18 88 10 14 28 11 17 83 29 88 16 18 IB 16 29 18 16 14 14 18 16 16 10 14 16 81 8 16 21 23 14 15 25 24 15 19 10 10 19 20 20 10 16 12 29 18 16 16 14 20 19 18 23 80 18 13 11 15 20 14 14 20 24 17 24 20 19 17 11 17 7 14 17 14 8 11 14 15 S8 18 28 10 2L 9 18 20 18 21 15 13 20 12 14 7 9 14 18 20 14 15 84 17 6 12 19 14 16 14 11 10 18 30 13 20 13 19 16 14 14 14 17 28 11 26 16 23 16 17 16 14 12 16 17 26 14 11 16 18 26 20 20 7 18 16 24 13 12 10 9 19 18 8 9 18 10 7 18 29 21 16 11 8 11 22 14 9 9 16 11 18 5 21 12 12 16 28 13 23 10 9 10 14 8- 18 15 Ml 78 14- 21 191 74 9- fm 7S 191 76 7- 9 24 10 10 18 16 6 28 6 17 18 6- 15 'ss' 160 77 6- 26 13 10 15 19 10 161 78 6- 181 79 169 80 81 10 29 8- 8 9 11 8 14 16 11 i26 9W 83 ?03 83 16 14 16 S4 917 84 173 85 10 18 18 9 13 17 14 18 15 6- 901 86 .... 905 87 18 18 16 94 1| 88 IB" 89 166 90 150 91 154 93 159 93 17 15 13 7- 8- 14 149 94 IW 95 15 176 96 159 97 147 98 18 Il- ia 18 27 161 99 \'"» 100 12 11 13 16 14 1«6 101 Hf 102 14 18 15 14 16 169 lOS ifn 104 18 18 8 22 145 105 154 106 139 107 110 108 17 16 17 10- 8 15 16 15 14 ssl 28 18 8 11 16 15 15 139 109 174 110 23 17fl Ill 138 112 14 21 16 10- 134 118 .... 14'1 114 170 116 Ifl? 116 1;31 117 147 118 IM 119 20 8 12 18 17 18 15 28 16 13 900 120 11 IRA 121 128 ... •• .... .... 173 175 128 12 iRn 184 i5n 125 30 15 8 17 9 26 12 11 10 14 8 19 13 8 13 16 8 19 17<1 126.... 14 16 11 30 vm 127.... iif 128 .... 19 11 25 6- 6- 160 129 .. 15t 130 18 13 194 181 131 182 . IM 188 13» 184 16 14 12 18 10 184 185 194 186 .... 1711 187 16 18 23 81(1 188 9- 1411 189 . 14V 140. ■ . . Iif 141 1«8 14 15 .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... 14S 101 The Adirondack Black Spruce. Table IV — {Continued ). 29 as 2-9 Top Mbasubsiibiits. 10 8 9 11 8 10 8 9 8 9 18 8 II 9 8 9 10 10 8- 7 9 lo- ll 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7- 11 7 6 8- 9 9 9 11 11 9 8 8 10 6 8- 7- 8 9 8 Number of rings per inch at top, counting from tlie heart outward. on 12 9 19 ^■? 14 7- 14 15 1" 1« I'i n n if> 14 in ifi 13 16 10 11 14 in 12 20 7- 12 18 19 21 q IS 14 8- 17 1fi I'i 10- 'ii- 16 15 18 IS 19 17 12 17 10 18 1" 15 12 )6 18 16 in IS 19! 16 19 Ifl 23 17 14 It 19 10 IS 1" 191 12 1? ?1 19 10 15 10 I'i 10 17 16 q 13 15 13 8 18 7- 8- 12 10 11 8 q 10 16 18 IS ie' .... .... ,,.. 14 18 16 9 14 10 14 9- 14 14 7- 10 12 .... ai 11 9 7- 16 7- 13 It 12 .... .... .( 1. .. ) . 3 2' 8' 2 6 3 2 4 2 3 8 3 1 2 4 3 2 8 2 10 2 8 2 4 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 10 2 9 6 1 4 3 1 3 2 8 2 9 2 11 3 3 10 3 2 8 6 3 1 2 8 3 3 2 10 3 2 4 2 8 3 2 8 3 2 2 3 2 4 8 2 3 4 2 7 2 8 2 4 3 2 6 3 4 3 3 4 3 2 8 10 3 3 2 3 2 10 3 1 3 3 4 2 10 3 > • i • . . . . 16 TsE Adirondack Black Spsuce. 31 Table IV- — {Continued), Sa-S 4^ S Top Measubbments. it P s i Number of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outward. & 143 .... 8 9 9- 8 6 8 8- 8 8 10 8H 9 E« 9 7 8 7 7 9 9 7 7 8 9 9 8- 8 9 8 14 7- 9 10 7 7 7 8 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 8- 9 8- 8 6 9 8 6 8 8 6- 7 9 7 9 9 6- 9 10 e B 9 14 16 17 16 14 18 16 19 16 87 19 14 15 16 17 .13 16 16 17 19 16 16 7 13 16 13 21 16 18 19 16 11 17 16 18 16 'is' 16 19 11 16 12 8 16 11 12 13 17 13 10 14 16 18 20 19 12 21 20 •15 17 21 19 19 17 17 '9 20 19 21 20 11 16 11 12 17 16 19 14 16 24 18 14 16 16 19 19 16 12 16 12 16 19 13 12 15 )6 17 16 17 19 18 14 11 ir 18 U 15 14 12 16 11 12 10 13 14 12 16 15 19 16 14 14 17 13 18 19 15 16 19 14 15 20 16 18 18 14 17 11 17 17 14 18 14 12 12 13 14 17 16 18 14 17 8 13 12 12 13 17 10 16 12 13 16 15 17 16 17 13 11 16 18 10 11 18 18 14 10 16 11 13 81 15 17 11 18 16 13 13 8 13 16 13 11 15 16 18 15 13 16 14 9 17 12 20 21 15 21 8 16 16 10 9 11 9- 14 14 12 11 16 10 21 11 12 10 12 11 12 IS 16 12 13 16 15 14 19 11 13 11 16 12 13 18 '3 10 14 )7 16 12 14 14 11 14 15 12 17 14 11 14 11 12 10 9 9- 11 15 8- 13 12 13 17 12 12 12 15 16 12 7 15 13 15 6- 15 15 10- 3' 0" 2 4 3 3 3 6 2 8 2 10 2 10 2 8 2 8 2 10 2 6 2 10 3 1 3 3 2 10 2 6 3 4 8 1 3 6 3 2 8 2 6 3 2 6 2 6 2 8 2 4 2 7 3 3 6 2 11 2 8 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 8 2 9 2 11 2 7 2 10 2 7 3 2 7 3 2 6 2 7 2 8 3 4 3 3 1 2 6 2 8 3 1 2 6 2 8 2 10 3 1 2 11 3 2 2 3 3 2 11 2 8 2 6 2 10 2 11 3 2 3 3 6 3 40' 0' 26 8 26 8 86 8 40 26 8 86 8 40 86 8 13 4 26 8 40 S6 8 40 86 8 26 8 86 8 26 8 40 56 8 40 26 8 40 53 4 40 86 8 40 86 8 26 8 40 40 26 8 66 8 26 8 26 8 40 86 8 40 40 86 8 26 8 13 4 26 8 86 8 86 8 86 8 26 8 86 8 53 4 53 4 40 26 8 40 40 86 8 86 8 63 4 40 40 63 4 86 8 63 4 40 V6 8 26 8 40 40 53 4 53 4 40 40 2V 8- 33 4 21 6 31 4 8 8 £9 86 6 2r 8 25 86 31 8 33 8 87 10 24 10 40 6 34 8 31 81 8 80 6 16 24 6 38 8 85 84 6 87 8 33 81 6 35 7 87 10 29 4 86 9 48 8 85 31 4 39 21 6 27 8 21 6 12 2 30 38 8 36 10 31 4 30 8 30 86 5 34 36 86 9 23 10 38 10 29 31 22 84 87 6 19 87 4 83 10 19 8 S5 87 88 4 89 43 8 19 6 24 8 23 10 23 8 31 7 29 10 71' 8' 11 51 2 61 146 148 149 7- 58 4 56 8- 9- 18 13 13 1% 13 16 70 6 153 . 10- 43 165 .... .... 67 4 157 .... 70 5 158 .. 64 2 159 160 . . . 8- 61 8 161 .. 63 7 163 .... 163 .... 12 8- 67 6 161 ... 68 167 .. 11- 15 13 13 9- 8- 11- 12 70 2 168 63 2 64 7 57 1 171 172 .... ... .... 72 4 174 . 15 18 12 72 S 175 94 4 18 15 177 . 68 4 178 64 3 179 180 18 ... .... 56 7 64 3 181 .... 55 1 182 183 13 18 11 ... .... .... E9 3 60 40 18 32 20 19 18 23 17 26 84 21 16 18 32 26 88 24 18 16 27 18 15 26 24 30 26 82 24 21 82 28 18 89 18 14 19 16 26 28 23 17 86 30 18 18 21 30 30 24 19 32 30 33 84 2/ 21 88 24 81 83 82 28 30 30 24 18 85 1^ 23 20 84 36 30 31 84 11 18 80 20 27 19 25 15 26 35 20 28 26 16 16 19 86 18 18 36 32 81 22 29 26 18 21 18 30 82 20 18 29 83 20 21 19 20 34 21 20 25 82 19 88 21 S8 20 18 18 81 17 81 17 £0 88 83 19 13 34 14 28 81 17 81 39 16 83 88 13 85 17 20 86 83 14 16 23 14 84 27 21 23 18 16 23 18 22 16 15 19 88 88 23 80 81 16 J5 17 24 20 17 17 28 28 '6 81 17 81 83 15 19 82 86 22 23 Za 87 16 85 27 24 11 14 13 17 19 23 9 16 84 18 15 83 21 88 19 17 23 30 19 SO 23 13 16 20 14 22 20 17 20 25 19 26 85 18- 85 16 21 15 16 18 22 20 IS 17 82 14 13 17 19 16 16 16 2t 94 80 SO SO 28 14 18 17 17 23 20 18 13 17 17 18 19 20 16 19 19 17 17 86 9 11 11 15 10 16 19 25 18 17 21 17 15 20 80 16 17 81 8 24 Hi 18 15 20 18 18 16 15 21 16 24 12 10 12 17 19 15 11 16 13 13 18 16 80 18 13 22 22 16 23 9 86 14 14 14 18 20 18 19 17 34 15 18 18 16 19 20 10 21 13 23 18 19 8 11 17 18 20 24 16 14 21 13 11 24 36 6 17 25 13 80 18 19 13 16 15 11 18 11 21 12 18 IB 10 M 13 16 8 14 7 14 12 17 18 27 16 20 19 27 20 24 10 80 8 14 9 7- 13 . 156 189 21B 10 816 817 119 178 143 liO 187 168 318 13 81 6- 819.... 820.... 821 »- 833 883 15 14- 14 18 13 14 10 28 17 16 14 83 13 15 15 17 83 17 11 17 17 12 16 10- « 17 12 80 10 80 9 12 8 7 16 18 16 16 80 13 7- 18 14 '22' 16 9 6 14 10 16 "if 16 16 20 18 18 13 19 7 23 824 165 160 825 11 13 14 18 13 19 13 7- Si6 167 887.... 10 888 143 839.... 10 13 16 11 151 880... 17! 831 174 838.... 165 833 14 20 16 18 17 85 SO 17 13 21 20 7- 16 27 11 24 834..., 168 235 180 836 Kt 237 17 *- 176 818 239. .. 166 155 169 194 240 841 'i4' 8 248 170 843.... 186 244.... 11 11 245 138 846.... 153 247.... 848 86 16 26 5- 85 13 S3 13 13 "ii" 17 14 10 143 849 14 ini 250.... Ssl.... 117 S1B8 180 858 13 14 854 .... 133 265 12 16 161 868.... 257 ^58 .... 135 160 160 259 260.... .... .... 261 155 268 181 888 136 103 121 118 137 167 864.... 265.... 12 'is' 18 14 10 6- 14 10 "is" 18 866 867 868 .... .... 269 2) 13 15 162 870..... 271.... 272.... 10 163 148 278 10 7 m 2!'4 110 275 276 877.... .... .... .... 139 123 8r8 279 .... .... 137 U9 280 8'il 288 87 23 19 83 11- 14- 13 80 'is' 18 221 174 194 283 2fi 196 384 .... 160 Tbb Adirondack Black Spsucs. Table IV — (Continued). 33. Sal s-a 1^ Top Msasubehsntb. || 1 1 •R Number of rings per Inch at top, counting from the heart outward. i 814 9 9 8 8 9 6- 8 8 8 IS 6- 9 10 10 9 10 10 9 9 7 8 8 10 8 7 9 7 8 8 8 8 9 7 8 8 8 9 8 7 B- 10 10 8 7 10 10 7 8 ^ 10 9 8- 7 10 8 10 8 8 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 10 10 9 11 8 28 21 19 19 19 18 19 18 S4 24 16 80 81 28 80 19 2 19 81 15 18 80 18 16 18 19 18 16 18 81 19 28 18 16 18 16 13 19 19 21 82 19 81 19 18 81 16 19 17 21 16 17 19 18 81 16 17 19 19 16 18 16 19 81 16 12 18 19 16 21 16 17 81 20 17 19 16 19 )9 81 24 15 19 2 !i0 80 19 20 20 80 IS 18 19 19 17 16 80 17 17 17 19 80 IS 19 18 18 19 19 18 16 20 16 18 16 18 88 31 19 20 19 20 15 14 19 10 21 19 82 19 14 14 17 17 19 19 81 81 32 19 17 19 19 17 16 17 19 16 12 17 16 19 19 16 18 17 20 17 19 17 18 20 10 16 19 17 19 li! 12 17 19 16 13 SO 16 16 83 10 19 16 13 15 17 13 83 19 U 17 14 15 17 16 16 19 11 13 16 19 19 17 13 16 16 16 19 18 11 31 13 17 21 21 19 19 16 16 18 16 16 13 IS 16 17 19 14 17 18 16 18 17 17 17 18 16 14 83 18 18 17 14 13 18 14 13 16 18 16 15 14 18 19 16 'if 19 18 16 15 18 11 18 18 16 14 S3 21 18 31 11 17 81 19 17 19 18 16 17 16 13 19 18 16 13 13 15 IS 15 9- 2' 6- 3 3 8 3 8 8 3 1 8 2 11 3 10 8 2 8 8 3 1 3 3 6 3 8 10 3 3 3 4 3 8 4 3 6 8 4 3 8 3 8 8 10 3 4 3 3 1 8 10 8 8 8 10 3 10 2 6 8 6 3 3 11 8 10 8 6 3 10 3 8 10 8 11 3 8 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 8 11 3 6 3 8 8 6 8 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 8 8 3 6 8 10 8 8 3 8 3 3 3 3 2 10 3 6 3 8 3 4 40' 0' 40 36 8 40 40 53 4 40 40 26 8 86 8 40 40 40 63 4 40 40 53 4 53 4 40 13 4 S3 4 63 4 40 66 8 (8 4 36 8 40 S3 4 40 40 33 8 40 40 40 36 8 bS 4 40 36 8 40 66 8 40 S3 4 40 S3 4 40 40 53 4 86 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 26 8 40 26 8 63 4 40 S3 4 S3 4 S3' 4 S3 4 26 8 26 8 40 40 40 63 4 40 ^3 4 40 26 8 30 '6- 33 10 87 88 4 37 83 86 10 25 E9 4 40 6 19 7 83 5 24 35 7 40 36 10 S3 8 26 9 88 4 27 4 19 3 23 7 36 8 19 6 33 7 34 8 83 7 81 10 86 6 as 7 37 30 8 31 27 34 9 25 8 30 6 39 4 34 7 26 10 34 8 81 9 29 6 18 4 86 10 27 4 23 30 8 31 89 6 83 4 39 7 31 4 31 89 8 27 6 23 19 8 30 6 81 6 84 4 19 6 28 7 84 8 31 8 83 19 4 37 6 23 7 81 6 84 2 73' 0' 78 10 66 4 65 4 63 S' 78 5 69 10 67 11 69 10- 70 4 63 3 65 6 67 83 5 83 79 8 89 3 83 5 71 6. 84 8- 76 1 79 8- 80 4 ti 4 79 9 (i 8- 66 7 78 3 69 4. 66 3 T3 6 78 63 6 69 6 54 6 81 11 73 4 68 6- 67 5 815 218 817 818 10- 819 880 6- 10- 221 S88 823 18 16 284 825 17 13 16 18 14 19 17 16 286 227 888 289 230 8- 831 238 233 834 8- 835 238 16 837 238 839 16 810 241 242 243 10- 8- 18 244 245 248 847 10- 6- 8- 12 7- 10 18 17 13 9- 848 249 850 851 852 253 254 77 6- 255 256 73 2 74 8 257 258 16 18 859 70 6- 860 79 7 28t 69 10 60 9 263 8- 18 17 81 11 263 59 1 884 68 5 865 73 3 266 60 6 867 63 8- 868 11 7- 10 6- 59 4 269 83 10 370 66 3 'ffl 272 8- 77 8 278 274 81 2' 275 376 51 11 377 7- 8- 7- 19 )3 13 13 6- 67 10 378 64 8- 879 65 8 880 75 8 381 70 4 888 78 & 383 16 64 8 i84 ,,,, :::: ;;;:i .*•. 53 Z 34 Tsi! Adirondack Black Spbucs. Table 1Y —^ {^ConUn/ued). MKAauBEHZNTS OH STUHP. 1 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 1 285 1 4 1 1 4 1 8 1 1 5 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 110 1 1 1 8 1 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 9 1 2 1 8 1 8 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 6 2 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 8 110 110 8 1 1 6 1 1 1 2 35 24 23 22 26 20 33 29 31 30 33 19 30 24 30 33 37 16 16 81 18 39 30 17 33 26 30 •22 23 30 16 24 28 19 24 34 80 27 34 18 26 33 36 18 84 38 23 24 81 23 81 84 30 20 17 16 ?4 8i 15 18 34 80 88 33 32 33 80 88 31 3D iO 20 36 30 24 23 18 43 36 80 16 30 27 26 2J 18 28 16 12 18 20 14 34 24 22 18 SO 22 86 18 24 2! 26 36 17 18 33 18 28 30 26 33 34 83 20 37 30 18 20 80 35 81 16 20 19 33 23 30 38 »i 24 38 38 17 26 23 86 34 31 81 25 3i '8 21 26 30 20 18 21 17 32 18 35 17 30 34 10 22 30 13 16 18 18 19 23 16 17 28 34 21 15 14 30 18 81 23 13 84 82 82 24 30 86 17 27 17 18 83 18 13 21 17 13 13 18 17 18 18 25 83 18 18 83 84 16 30 84 35 37 38 12 38 30 19 15 16 23 16 16 14 14 35 17 19 20 16 38 18 16 12 14 16 17 13 19 16 81 9 16 18 15 14 12 13 18 81 18 13 83 17 17 14 13 11 24 23 13 13 17 16 18 17 15 14 16 18 13 17 14 86 % 11 81 9 17 88 80 18 34 18 13 14 37 33 18 12 13 14 18 12 16 21 14 18 20 16 15 13 13 17 14 13 14 14 10 13 14 10 31 9 7 17 15 }J 13 16 14 13 11 IS 10 11 10 30 35 11 10 12 13 34 17 16 10 17 14 14 14 14 17 14 13 16 7. 12 18 19 13 10 86 13 18 30 17 30 8t H 13 15 18 14 13 16 18 38 18 25 17 14 7 9 16 13 14 8 J8 11 10 15 10 80 14 15 8 11 11 3^ 18 13 10 14 6 12 10 14 18 15 14 15 10 37 13 15 13 21 12 13 SO 18 7 14 13 14 18 15 10 16 13 13 21 14 23 21 20 18 11 30 24 14 16 6 25 20 1S3 S86 35 287 288 20 6- 169 289 197 290 )0O 291 15 10 14 6 11 191 892 1W 298 . 294 2115 146 898 30 2( 34 12 151 897 26 18 14 16 298 1B6 299 113 300 301 7 16 14 16 9 12 19 19 12 8 15 9 108 802 6- 9 12 10 4 106 308 115 'SU4 m 305 12 116 306 145 307 308 9 1?R £0)...;. 10^ 310 V9 311 318 114 3i8 101 314 8 10 9 12 2t 13 19 13 13 iS 10 18 IS- IS 10 14 8 83 34 18 8 18 13 13 10 11 18 11 11 37 8 83 30 18 17 8 88 IS 10- 15 8 • ■•• 111 315 16 10 6 19 15 9 10 10 8 24 18 "' 1?8 316 10 8 15 14 14 Ifll 817 int 318 176 319 \'V> 320 146 321 110 323 134 323 4- 20 8 24 119 334 139 335 8- 141 326 163 887 ITS SS8 13 13 13 7 13 17 24 13 "9- 10 9 13 14 16 1R« 329 1?9 330 831 .... ... .... ... .... .... 160 110 332 i6n 383 * 159 384 16? 335 10 15 18 *•* 1fi6 836 337 .... .... .... 1S4 133 838 18 10 13 1M 339..... 1V7 340 *' 11? 3tl '20 10 6 '"** 161 S43 18 7 7- 12 ' 174 343 16 10 7- 160 314 1?1 345 9 7- 19 10 18 10 16 13 *"' 166 346 M7 347 38 17 18 7 38 13 15 13 • >• 311 848 16 13 10 10- m 349 181 860 16 17 836 851 1R6 352 8 16 10 6- ■ ••• 193 898 364 .... .... .... 120 int «S5 8 » • **• • •*• • tit • • tl 164 Tss Adirondack Black Spruck. Table IY — {ConUnued). 35 It Tor Meascrbuekts. if 9.a 6|i i 5a 1 Namber of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outwatd. 1 285 8 11 8 11 10 7 10 8 7 6 7 8 9 8 6 6 7 8 8 7 8 8 7 8 8 7 8 8 9- . 9 10 11 10 8 10 9 10 8 8- 10- 8 9 7 7 8 9 8 11 7 9 10 8 9 7 8 10 9 8 10 8 9 7 8 11 11 10 8 9 9 8 8 18 19 14 31 88 18 17 16 19 16 81 19 19 SO 16 17 16 18 19 16 17 18« 17 19 18 10 82 19 16 19 16 88 16 18 19 17 20 16 16 19 16 19 19 16 16 19 16 19 17 19 19 17 80 17 17 16 18 80 18 16 19 18 17 7 16 U 19 18 16 18 1« 21 80 16 21 17 )9 81 16 18 14 8( 16 19 19 17 11 16 18 17 19 17 18 83 81 80 20 16 )9 19 17 80 19 19 18 18 16 16 19 81 80 19 80 18 18 14 18 18 18 16 19 16 16 18 19 16 19 18 19 19 19 18 19 17 15 14 13 18 19 17 19 20 17 20 19 18 15 16 )9 80 17 11 16 16 16 18 18 16 17 19 18 17 20 14 15 13 16 17 18 20 20 13 S2 80 18 17 13 21 17 10 19 81 10 18 18 15 14 80 15 13 15 16 17 15 )6 18 19 15 17 16 18 11 17 21 10 16 14 16 )5 16 81 20 18 14 17 19 14 19 16 17 19 13 9- 11- 80 13 18 '9- 19 18 4 16 16 19 16 17 16 14 17 16 16 21 14 13 21 17 80 11 18 17 14 17 16 18 18 13 16 17 12 17 18 11 14 15 15 13 13 12 16 18 11 12 11 11 19 81 19 18 12 9 12 13 14 5- 18 7- 15 17 2' 0- 3 2 10 3 1 2 6 3 8 4 3 8 8 3 3 8 10 3 1 2 3 2 2 8 8 6 3 8 8 3 2 10 3 1 2 8 8 8 3 2 8 2 8 2 4 2 10 8 10 3 4 3 1 8 10 3 1 3 2 8 4 8 4 2 1 2 8 8 4 8 1 3 3 4 8 4 2 8 2 4 3 1 8 11 3 3 8 8 10 2 4 8 4 8 1 2 2 8 3 4 3 2 10 3 1 3 4 3 3 3 2 4 3 10 8 4 1 8 3 2 8 1 40' 0- 40 e 86 8 40 4U 86 8 40 53 4 40 40 86 8 86 8 40 40 40 40 26 8 40 40 53 4 40 26 8 40 40 26 8 40 40 '.6 8 13 4 13 4 86 8 53 4 40 53 4 40 86 8 13 4 26 8 13 4 40 86 8 13 4 40 ee 8 26 8 86 8 40 40 8 66 8 40 66 8 86 8 40 53 4 40 26 8 40 53 4 £3 4 48 40 40 66 8 hi 4 53 4 66 8 40 53 4 26 8 26 8 40 23' 0- 43 3 81 8 29 8 28 6 82 5 32 7 88 i5 4 20 28 5 81 7 27 6 21 6 21 7 19 10 21 4 2J 26 3 )8 7 27 5 33 82 9 24 8 86 5 21 6 25 3 23 44 10 29 8 23 6 18 28 8 21 10 24 10 88 4 39 29 7 S6 14 8 19 9 88 4 87 12 83 8 36 4 28 30 6 15 3 24 8 25 6 31 4 34 7 25 9 21 43 8 33 18 6 23 4 22 n 9 30 18 6 26 7 25 4 22 27 6 23 8 30 7 24 27 6 65' 10' 286 85 8 837 .... 60 8 288 .... 72 9 389 .... '" 71 290 52 1 291 18 7- 74 U 292 .... 78 4 293 .... 68 294 63 295 58 1 296 7- 15 8- 61 1 i97 70 7 298 63 6 299 64 9 800 63 G 801 50 6 303 7- 65 2 808.... 69 3 804 74 11 305 .... 9 70 3 806 61 9 SOT 65 B 808 .... 66 10 809 810 .... 56 1 64 a 311 67 11 312 .... 5- 12 8 9 16 17 '12' 7- 13 "io" 12 68 813 61 314 45 10 52 6 316 317 74 6 71 6 818 .... 78 8 67 10 820 .... 57 831 51 3 322 333 .... 58 7 51 6 321 15 5; 4 48 9 326 18 53 9 70 328 « 83 329 .... 68 8 14 7- 16 65 8 381 383 70 4 12 78 7 333 . . i 84 10 384 14 15 67 8 95 4 60 10 837 12 ' 76 U • *«• 81 fi 339 7 12 15 7- 8 8- 12 63 1 71 4 341 . .. 75 8 342 75 % 6- 84 S 344 73 10 74 10 346 73 4 6- 24 11 26 8- 16 12 8- 6- 88 6 12- 8- 83 1 340 83 a 93 6 SKI 69 10 77 8 60 3 354 58 8 855 ■ ■.■ 69 1 36 Tss Adirondack Black Spruce. Table IV — {Continued ). ., 1^ MSASDltSUSIITS OH STUHP. i §2 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. .9 1 856 1 4 1 8 1 8 111 1 1 1 8 1 6 1 1 6 1 4 1 8 1 3 1 1 8 . 1 4 1 6 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 5 1 4 8 1 6 1 4 1 8 1 4 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 8 1 8 1 a 1 4 1 7 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 8 1 4 1 8 1 5 110 1 9 1 8 1 7 1 6 1 6 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 86 £4 85 37 81 30 38 85 30 16 85 85 88 16 30 18 88 85 18 16 20 US 46 36 13 18 88 19 19 80 18 23 17 29 80 30 86 36 f8 19 83 85 84 80 12 31 81 28 87 86 28 SO 88 36 85 40 30 86 26 83 80 83 83 2i 81 f4 84 84 80 80 27 82 31 45 37 31 86 31 83 38 85 24 20 80 19 34 17 86 88 87 17 18 28 t4 14 31 36 26 19 48 28 25 19 80 8t 19 33 85 83 27 21 87 81 30 18 28 26 21 28 45 28 84 28 84 43 88 87 86 80 80 18 3t )8 26 Si8 34 33 30 86 SO 86 80 13 84 16 86 83 20 23 14 18 85 81 86 15 19 17 18 17 25 15 80 21 80 18 %i 23 8) 23 8r 32 88 80 80 SO H 16 13 17 80 18 24 i7 23 27 13 16 21 81 14 30 21 11 83 29 31 27 21 36 23 16 81 19 16 81 87 19 33 20 87 23 18 17 81 2r 30 80 28 17 85 11 80 88 13 13 16 18 13 11 16 24 17 17 18 16 18 38 81 80 16 11 18 17 35 18 18 16 85 S5 16 80 16 88 81 18 8S 17 1« 17 17 86 19 15 18 13 11 18 16 14 16 17 21 13 18 15 fO 21 83 30 21 12 16 87 20 17 21 88 17 81 13 84 10 19 13 13 13 17 80 18 9 13 16 83 8 JO 14 83 24 80 18 11 18 19 9 23 11 28 16. 13 £0 li 17 18 11 11 21 25 1) 13 16 17 16 18 19 18 11 13 13 13 11 16 12 12 17 15 16 16 17 24 18 15 I 26 14 13 17 13 15 18 23 16 81 18 IS 10 13 84 9 17 11 13 18 10 9 16 13 83 7 18 17 13 16 11 8 80 16 19 16 17 9 13 19 18 14 6 17 14 13 23 13 18 16 18 83 15 6 18 14 16 18 8 12 83 13 13 16 18 16 18 14 9 10 13 18 18 10 14 8 10 11- 28 16 8- 8 18 It 18 159 160 191 179 8S4 161 148 106 173 130 177 146 184 187 146 158 151 152 160 181 102 120 185 163 153 167 169 808 181 169 115 173 134 867 .... 16 6 6- 10 858 .... 359 .... S60 9 15 SO 24 20 361 863 863 .. 17 16 83 364 365 18 81 18 15 14 867 368 12 16 13 369 870 .... 371 10 80 10 18 16 9 )1 80 18 9 S3 8 11- 17 14 6- 13 12 23 372 11 6- 874 875 18 30 376 877..,.. 378 7- 30 19 .... - .... .... .... 879 880 881 7 13 10 10 80 13 9 18 28 18 8- 15 88 10 18 16 10 388 883 884 6 13 11 88 6 8 11 385 386 887 6 9 11 388 389 18- 9 164 890 11 13 8- 167 141 136 ?19 891.... 898. .... 398 10 8 10 13 15 18 8) 14 11 9 IS 13 19 18 17 15 11 18 9 6 14 7 10 8- 9 14 10 10 10 7 10 16 9 15 14 9 5- 83 17 13 30 8 16 12 16 18 26 394 1*9 395 VK" 896. ... 8- 17 169 397 88 193 898 I'l" 899 16 400 14 9 13 4- 16 12 26 213 401 l^l? 403 105 403 13 8i 80 14 14 14 8 16 8 16 8 8 9 149 404 10- 186 405 174 406 11 2/ )4 18 20 10 8 7 12 26 19S 407 Ift 408 17 18 23 14 18 15 26 11 11- 10 191 409 13 19 2i>7 410 1)09 411...,. 187 418 Ifil 413 14 IHfl 414 184 185 141 415 6- 416 417 418 9- 11 13 80 10 .... .... .... .... 186 113 419 4i0 'is .... .... 113 19S 481 110 438 '" 160 133 168 43B ' 484 18 10 6- 485 105 138 m • •*• **•• 1 « *. .... , , ,, TsjB Adirondack Black Spruce, Table IV — {Continued). 37 1^1 Top Meascbkhknts. It 1-* It i 4^ «^ Number of rlnga per inch at top, counting from the heart outward. 1 356 .... 8 8 8 8 10 7- 8 8 11 8 8 8 9 8- 8 11 10 9 8 8- 8 10 8 8 8 9 11 9 7 8 8 9- 7- 10 9 8 23 9 8 8 10 9 7- 14 9 8 8 8 10- 10- 9 9- 9 11 9 10 8 7 9 7 8 9 8- 9 8 8 8 13 8 8- 13 16 )7 19 8 16 17 31 31. 16 10 13 17 19 31 6 19 16 9 2 )6 17 33 9 13 30 20 8 16 8 17 10 9 7 23 18 13 31 13 14 10 15 11 16 14 16 18 12 17 9 8 21 11 12 1] 16 12 16 10 18 18 16 13 16 11 13 16 12 16 12 17 23 19 20 19 18 12 31 16 S2 9 16 19 21 16 11 12 2j 20 33 12 19 23 20 31 )9 16 33 12 20 17 18 17 16 15 19 21 19 13 17 16 21 11 'i4" 9 21 17 19 19 16 13 18 30 17 20 18 20 19 13 12 21 Ij 21 17 23 19 9 21 28 16 17 21 20 \i 12 SO 9 23 12 17 ii 28 19 11 21 20 20 2. 3l 17 19 21 10 27 19 26 19 15 8 2i 22 20 13 24 23 12 23 34 12 23 19 23 23 21 19 10 23 19 19 23 21 16 12 21 23 2S 21 22 17 19 23 13 19 23 36 26 13 17 19 20 IN 22 17 20 15 16 88 14 11 U 11 13 15 16 18 1 15 27 18 19 12 15 12 12 14 •2 15 13 17 13 8 11 19 19 13 31 15 16 12 14 21 19 12 19 17 17 12 13 20 21 IS 33 22 20 17 24 19 18 18 82 14 19 17 14 16 17 17 2« 19 21 22 30 14 10- 2' a- 3 1 8 2 2 3 2 3 2 8 2 8 2 6 2 4 2 3 3 2 8 2 6 3 10 2 4 3 3 10 2 8 2 4 3 6 2 2 8 2 10 3 3 1 2 8 3 4 2 8 2 3 2 6 2 2 3 6 3 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 9 2 4 2 8 2 10 2 8 3 3 3 2 8 3 2 2 10 2 5 2 6 3 8 3 2 10 2 8 a 7 2 2 2 2 2 6 3 5 2 4 2 6 2 3 2 2 2 6 3 1 3 10 2 10 3 11 V 0" 63 4 63 4 68 4 66 8 26 8 S:6 8 40 40 40 53 4 63 4 63 4 26 8 26 8 66 8 26 8 40 40 u 63 4 13 4 3i 8 36 8 40 36 8 40 40 40 53 4 63 4 40 40 26 8 53 4 40 26 8 36 8 13 4 40 36 8 63 4 55 4 36 8 40 53 4 40 23 8 40 40 40 53 4 53 4 53 4 S3 4 40 53 4 10 53 4 40 4U 40 40 40 40 40 26 8 40 36 8 13 4 40 36 8 24' 8- 26 8 19 4 S4 18 6 27 4 25 7 35 10 39 9 23 6 21 34 8 25 6 26 S2 10 18 6 36 33 10 23 6 83 31 6 27 5 >7 4 22 7 80 10 18 25 4 43 6 28 4 30 4 33 15 8 30 13 34 4 39 37 6 75 33 33 4 16 6 24 8 ?3 6 30 :-9 10 31 27 6 22 8 25 38 4 25 7 31 3 21 4 2) 8 40 6 26 7 23 4 27 23 7 32 8 ES 6 26 10 36 10 33 4 31 30 3 32 10 ^9 8 62 8 22 6 29 6 66' 11* 357 83 358 7- 6- 19 359 79 4 360 36t .... •• .... ... .... ,... 87 t 363 . . . . 65 3. 863 .... 7- 13 7- 12 6- 9- 12 10- 11- 12 14 16 78 6 864 9- 82 5 865 66 366 76 6 867 368 81 10 S69 370 .... .ft. .... ... .... 65 4 62 371 89 872 11- 65 373 874 65 4 375 78 3?6 8- 5- 23 7- 47 2 377 66 6 378 66 379 65 3 380 ^ 381 61 832 16 16 13 f 68 5 383 18 19 20 85 2 394 84 883 76 4 386 8- e- 12 16 13 9 76 3 387 68 2 388 58 10 389 .... e£ 10 890 77 4 391 68 892 , , , 66 6 am 394 13 18 16 10- 13 12 15 13 16 18 22 28 91 6 75 4 395 61 t 396 .•.. 73 6 397 82 9 398 9- 61 6 399 72 8 400 .... 17 12 12 13 33 96 401 73 8 402 57 2 403 9- 65 11 404 £7 8 405 19 23 23 17 9- 13 28 16 7- 27 81 6 408 81 9 407 87 408 80 2 409 81 8 410 13 iS 6 411 83 9 412 66 413 83 11 414 (5 9 415 12 74 10 416 71 417 69 3 418 9- 12 13 69 2 419 74 10 430 73 3 431 69 1 432 6- 24 9- 75 4 423 ,,,. 59 6 424 .... 21 69 10 425 ,,,. 65 4 426 ,,, • t • ,,. ...| • •• • >• 59 1 38 The Adirondack Black Sprvce. Tablb IV — {Continued). HP MKASUBKMEHTa OH StDHF. Number of rlnga per Inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. a M B7. tss.. 480., 481., 48S., 488., 484., 485., 48e., 487., 488.. 439., 440., 441.. 442., 448.. 444.. 445.. 446.. 447.. 448.. 449.. 450.. 461.. 463.. 453.. 464.. 455.. 4S«.. 457.. 458.. 459.. 460.. 461.. 46S.. 468.. 464.. 465.. 466.. 467.. 468.. 469.. 470.. 471.. 472.. 478.. 474.. 475.., 476.., 477... 478... 479... 480.., 481.., 484. 486. 487. 490.. 498. 494. 495.. 496.. 497., I'O* 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 4 1 6 1 1 1 6 2 1 1 2 1 1 6 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 8 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 6 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 2 1 8 1 4 1 3 1 1 6 1 6 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 a I 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 1 1 1 4 1 1 18 17 16 20 SO 23 17 13 16 16 17 20 16 22 13 20 14 16 28 19 19 19 18 17 19 IS 16 17 17 16 18 17 14 12 20 16 18 18 17 16 14 19 16 25 16 2i 20 86 28 SO 24 22 2i 19 24 24 21 24 18 23 26 20 80 24 20 SO 26 29 20 17 86 28 18 14 12 13 16 21 20 14 16 11 16 12 28 13 13 26 19 16 21 17 20 15 16 13 n 24 IS 13 16 12 17 18 14 17 14 16 15 17 17 17 19 16 20 24 16 12 22 16 16 17 20 23 17 16 16 17 20 20 18 10 SO 15 18 1? 17 13 14 24 13 12 11 16 14 14 15 14 19 14 14 28 18 18 84 16 16 18 11 10 23 18 13 17 14 IS 20 19 16 15 16 14 10 12 13 16 IS 14 22 17 13 27 18 13 18 23 14 17 14 15 14 12 15 21 11 16 12 13 17 16 13 11 17 8 16 27 18 15 14 21 12 10 16 13 19 17 12 12 22 13 13 17 18 16 80 22 15 14 12 14 21 17 15 16 8 12 )5 19 17 19 10 14 13 12 11 18 10 14 17 18 10 19 18 12 21 18 12 17 IS 12 14 10 12 18 16 15 12 13 13 20 19 11 13 12 18 15 22 11 17 12 14 22 11 16 15 16 15 IS 14 24 19 17 10 15 14 28 20 12 8 7 16 15 18 13 15 11 17 16 16 18 12 9 16 II 10 12 21 13 12 18 14 14 23 16 11 8 12 6- 17 19 16 18 20 16 'io^ 12 18 16 15 12 16 11 S4 23 10- 16 10 12 "iol 22 9 10 9 6- 18 13 17 12 12 17 9 12 18 9 19 15 2) 9 9- 9 11 19 18 15 'ii' 9 13- 10 10 10 9 11 12 19 12 7-. 12 24 22 9- 16 13 10 11 17 10- 12 9 5- . 20 22 8 23 "7- 23 19 It 13 6- 12 14 5-, 16 12 7 10 11 13 10- , 18- , 11 10- , 23 6- , 14 10 11 The Adirondack Black Spruce. Table IY — {Continued). 39 iil Top Measurshents. II ^1 1° 1 f ■R Number of rings per Inch at top, counting from the heart outward. i 4W 488 *■■• 8 10- 8 8 8- 10 9 10- S- 8 8 9 10- 9 8- 8 8- 11 18 8 8- 8 8 8 9 8 9 8 18 11 8 7 8 10 10 11- 10 8 9 9 10 11 10 10 8 8 7- 8 • 8 7 8 8- 9 9 9 8 it- 9 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 10 10 8 10 16 21 18 19 12 17 20 16 10 18 18 16 20 17 19 18 17 V 10 18 14 13 9 13 16 10 12 11 12 IS 18 13 8 8 16 14 11 10 16 18 15 14 16 It 18 11 8 12 18 11 10 18 14 13 18 10 13 14 11 16 16 17 14 16 18 14 16 14 16 16 16 19 23 16 11 20 28 ao 24 17 19 18 21 19 17 12 16 28 24 14 10 20 19 17 16 20 14 16 13 16 10 18 20 19 21 2i 19 20 17 12 19 21 18 20 18 '9 16 18 19 16 13 16 i9 14 19 21 17 16 19 17 21 20 19 21 17 10 16 16 18 16 19 18 10 10 23 17 19 20 12 17 21 20 19 11 18 14 21 19 20 19 14 12 17 17 28 16 23 19 21 26 9 14 19 12 19 20 18 21 17 19 14 21 12 20 19 28 20 19 18 28 14 19 21 19 20 9 17 12 21 23 20 12 10 15 17 20 19 16 19 20 19 17 18 24 17 16 12 10 11 14 11 16 17 10 23 16 18 17 19 It 20 16 16 11 12 16 20 19 19 17 12 17 18 12 16 16 12 19 21 19 23 20 15 17 12 17 12 16 28 20 21 21 23 17 10 11 18 16 20 12 17 14 IS 13 21 16 18 '0 17 11 14 12 13 17 S' 0' 3 2 2 6 3 8 10 4 2 6 2 10 2 3 2 8 2 6 3 3 4 2 10 3 3 2 3 4 4 3 6 4 2 3 6 3 2 3 4 4 8 2 2 3 3 10 4 2 3 4 4 8 3 2 3 2 2 4 3 1 4 3 4 2 8 3 3 3 4 2 4 3 8 1 3 8 3 2 8 4 3 3 1 8 10 3 3 6 3 3 1 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 8 2 8 2 10 2 8 2 7 3 2 2 6 3 2 4 3 2 3 8 2 8 2 8 3 1 28' 8- 26 8 86 8 23 8 40 40 S6 8 26 8 26 8 40 86 8 26 8 40 26 8 40 53 4 26 8 40 63 4 40 40 26 8 63 4 40 66 8 26 8 S6 8 26 8 40 40 53 4 26 8 S6 8 40 40 40 40 40 26 8 40 40 40 86 8 40 53 4 40 26 8 63 4 53 4 40 26 8 40 26 8 40 40 2i 8 26 8 40 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 86 8 26 8 40 86 8 40 40 40 40 86 8 21' 10- 86 8 24 4 28 7 80 38. 8 37 4 3i 10 29 7 35 31 4 22 6 87 9 33 6 25 7 21 6 26 3 84 7 34 6 26 8 21 4 26 10 87 9 23 9 26 4 24 6 27 4 24 37 6 40 4 2i 8 80 10 27 4 34 4 80 6 3110 29 8 21 9 24 8 26 4 28 6 33 3 36 29 6 23 6 21 8 21 6 22 4 26 8 81 6 88 10 21 8 33 34 6 SO 8 20 10 22 6 27 4 39 8 34 7 37 10 30 7 34 7 31 4 S6 7 29 34 5 31 6 36 26 6 37 4 60' 6' 12 19 66 6 429 £8 & 430 431 482 483 434 496 436 437 .... 9- 13 18 18 16 12 63 3 73 10- 82 8 66 & 10- 64 4 68 6 77 » 60 6 438 10- 16 17 18 8- 16 17 16 10 7- 52 St 12- 81 1 410 441 .... 68 68 7 77 1» 443 .... 66 a 444 .... 10- 14 T8 11 445 91 4 446 .... 70 lO' 447 .... 64 10 448 66 » 449 .... 84 1 450 .... 8- 12 67 9 451 97 S 465 63 4 458 ,,,, 11 5- 8 81 57 454 .. 54 6 455 16 8- 81 S 83 S 457 .... 80 8 453 60 S 459 67 2 460 .... 19 17 11 19 76 9 461 78 7 463 .... 14 75 10 483 ..., 73 464 64 5 465 .... 10- 14 18 19 12 18 9- 54 4 466 .... 69 4 467. .. . 71 10 468 .... 11 75 7 469 65 8 4?0 ... 72 7 471 ... 80 5 472 67 8 478 .... 60 4 474 ... 79 11 475 83 1 476 .... 64 4 477 ... 62 6 478 13 !3 2 20 GS 2 479 .... 62 8 480 77 7 481 75 488 .... 49 8 483 . 14 11 12 10 11 8 10 13 51 e 484 .... 70 485 69 486 64 1 487 . 67 S' 488 .... 69 10 489 .. 64 5 490 .... 60 6 491 .. 69 r 498 .... 58 493 18 9 15 77 7 tit::: 76 2 78 8 69 Z 497 15 ) ( •« 67 1 40 The Adirondack Black Spsuce. Table IV — (Continued). MKASnBKMEHTS ON STDMP. 1 m 03 Number of rings per Inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. a 1 498 I'l' 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 111 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 9 1 8 I 3 1 3 1 1 1 8 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 23 25 31 25 21 25 23 21 25 20 23 20 26 26 25 2! 22 30 22 15 24 32 29 27 30 m 16 17 31 31 H 28 20 27 38 31 23 36 27 26 28 24 17 21 80 27 23 27 30 16 23 33 2? 24 36 24 20 20 21 12 It 28 16 SO 14 21 16 26 18 16 14 23 27 26 19 26 20 28 27 18 26 24 29 18 36 21 16 S2 40 20 20 24 81 27 22 30 28 24 23 29 14 27 16 19 26 26 21 33 21 22 16 20 14 22 18 25 19 19 25 '8 19 27 16 83 88 12 17 19 82 22 18 20 18 12 18 21 20 J8 18 20 81 18 14 28 30 31 19 31 19 S3 80 86 19 86 85 19 22 80 19 16 19 24 14 18 86 SO 18 14 S6 18 18 14 12 16 19 13 17 19 19 89 SO 26 17 16 19 18 18 88 16 18 26 18 18 26 16 16 18 20 13 20 23 18 20 21 19 83 17 11 18 28 18 16 25 24 2? IS 11 18 18 18 13 14 16 16 18 16 17 18 80 83 12 18 13 12 13 16 14 12 14 17 18 16 19 19 16 13 13 15 18 85 13 11 20 15 14 81 84 13 81 19 17 15 35 16 14 31 10 13 18 20 SI 83 17 85 15 11 18 16 SO 11 13 11 14 15 83 1-4 8 12 )4 17 13 17 17 7 18 14 17 )S 17 13 SO 16 15 17 16 30 14 IS 17 16 15 18 12 11 18 15 22 18 11 13 15 18 17 17 19 14 12 21 18 19 16 16 17 12 13 14 14 9 10 18 21 17 9 18 11 IS 11 18 86 18 18 5- 15 7- 101 499 119 £00 15 16'! eoi l?fl fi02 11"? £03 11 16 15 13 14 8 7- 8 7 20 13 14 13 6- 11 18 14 8 14 163 804 140 S05 8 13 7- 146 -506 1AA 607 137 .60S 4- 11S 509 IW 610 7 8 131 611 IS 7 8 4- 149 5ia IW 613 18 15 140 514 11 11 14'i 515 131 616 111 617 18 16 14!^ 518 199 519 145 620 Il- 13R 581 133 622 ls 17 13 7- 11 18 S3 7- 18 19 18 12 12 13 13 7 9 ** . . . 161 623 624 11 8 "e .... ... .... ... .... .... 153 140 635 145 626 130 537 137 628 17 7- *' 1W 629 140 680 136 681 140 583 136 633 ' 1'i8 634 m 635 144 636 1«i^ 637 ' 110 588 15 15 11 12 16 13 '19' 19 10 87 14 11 14 82 21" 8- 9 9- 83 18 •" ••■ ... 1.39 539 160 640 18 80 165 511 15 173 642 1»7 543 8- ' W. 644 «4"i .... ... .... .... .... .... .... .... 187 166 £46 547 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... 130 95 648 P- 10 8 18 17 17 "" .... 105 549 11 . . • .... '" ' 149 660 551 .... .... .... .... .... ... ... .... .... 106 139 652 11 > . . . *• 174 553 651 .... .... .... .... .... ... .... 116 655 1 4 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 1 110 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 30 21 12 14 16 19 6 23 81 18 18 19 19 21 13 17 13 18 19 16 6 16 18 17 11 13 10 12 11 15 16 U 17 17 8 18 14 17 15 14 18 10 14 17 18 14 18 12 11 16 19 21 18 9 14 13 15 21 18 15 SO 17 13 17 S6 13 11 16 16 18 11 23 21 10 ' ' ' * * ' ■'•' '"* .... • >•• 1«5 656 '* ... ... .... 134 657 " .*• >. . • . ... 98 658 569 560 18 SO 14 11 9 14 18 .... ...'. .... ... !i!.' .... •;;• .... 1!4 131 n8 661 13 9 18 10 14 16 80 u- • • t . • ■ • .... 168 663 .... ... 185 111 564 ■ • • • ... . " ' ' • . .. . . *• 107 665 16 14 16 14 15 7- 7- 14 " > . . . . . > ■ .. . . 114 566 (.. !••• '* • .. ■ • . a. >•*. 116 B67 ... * . •.* • >.. .»»• im 568 13 6l •• » 1 ... ISO Tbe Adirondack Black Spruce. 41 Table IV- — ( Conivnued ). ill SB It Top Mbasdrbments . if ■si 1 1 •s i Number of riaga per Inch at top, counting from the heart outward. 1 498 .... 8 8 11 8 8- 8- 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 12 11 10 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 10 10 11 9 8 9 10 9 9 9 8 9 10 10 8 9 8- 9 9 9 8 7 11 10 10 9 8 8 8- 12 10 16 12 16 17 18 16 14 16 17 18 16 7 18 16 18 IS 10 10 10 11 10 13 10 It 12 16 14 16 17 18 IS 19 18 16 16 14 18 16 17 18 18 16 17 12 16 19 21 2i 24 12 14 16 18 12 20 16 18 16 14 19 20 19 14 19 17 19 7 7 20 20 16 18 12 12 14 16 17 16 10 16 14 IJ 18 '8 17 21 19 84 12 16 18 19 18 19 18 2J 19 £0 28 17 19 14 17 81 17 19 13 17 19 16 16 14 21 19 20 12 17 19 12 18 19 18 21 11 16 8 19 17 20 14 18 16 17 80 13 19 20 15 20 19 21 17 16 18 23 19 22 11 16 18 20 21 28 21 18 17 12 17 16 16 11 ir 11 10 2) 19 19 18 2i 19 16 18 19 12 83 iO 22 »1 2i) 9 18 12 16 21 12 18 18 23 81 20 17 15 20 18 12 22 20 13 15 18 19 17 81 23 16 18 17 16 17 19 23 84 17 12 8- 18 10 8 19 14 17 20 2' 8" 3 3 2 3 8 2 3 S 3 2 3 3 8 1 2 10 3 1 2 6 3 8 3 2 10 8 8 3 2 8 6 3 1 3 4 2 6 8 8 3 3 3 3 4 8 10 3 8 8 8 3 2 8 2 10 8 11 5 4 3 3 3 4 3 2 10 3 3 1 4 8 4 3 4 3 3 2 3 7 3 4 3 9 3 8 3 1 3 8 3 6 3 3 3 1 2 10 S6' 8" 40 26 8 26 8 i8 8 53 4 40 40 40 26 8 40 40 40 40 13 4 40 53 4 86 8 40 40 (0 40 40 40 63 4 53 4 40 26 8 28 8 40 26 8 28 6 40 40 86 8 26 8 40 26 8 28 8 40 28 8 53 4 53 4 40 40 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 49 53 4 40 40 40 88 8 26 8 46"6' 40 26 8 26 8 40 40 53 4 86 8 28 8 23 8 88 8 83 8 23 8 28 8 31' V 21 4 50 35 4 80 6 22 7 31 10 38 8 38 6 41 3 40 2 36 6 87 4 40 6 43 7 M 4 21 6 21 5 26 10 51 7 83 6 2) 4 23 7 81 6 28 4 30 28 6 41 7 43 4 26 8 31 37 3 28 4 !0 6 29 6 34 31 6 88 4 39 26 10 St 6 19 10 82 6 36 4 34 8 87 4 3t 5 33 2 86 4 31 6 27 4 81 7 27 4 31 4 *0 4 Si 10 3i"'6" 88 4 86 39 8 21 10 31 4 34 8 43 6 43 8 23 4 37 10 34 5 37 6 41 4 60' 11' 499 64 4 too .... 17 12 601 .... 508 . 9- 10 H 17 20 16 18 59 5 COS 78 11 604 .... 505 .... 79 11 508 75 7 607 508 .... .... .... .... ... 70 9 83 3 609 . 79 610 611 .... 16 18 17 13 14 18 512 .... 59 9 613 514 81 50 7 616 .... 516 69 11 517 a 518 65 619 .... 66 6*0 66 7 521 .... 532 ,,,, 78 11 683 .. 87 4 621 .... 6J'i .... 10 17 15 12 6- 11 16 17 20 10- 71 6 626 ... 72 8 53!' 638 539 .,,. 66 7 530 71 3 531 633 .... 533 , 63 11 534 .... 58 68 6 636 15 21 18 537 .... 538 .... 61 3 539 77 4 540 .... 17 12 13- 11 11 6- 541 ., 79 8 642 77 8 543 ,,.. 514 61 8 545 63 % 546 ... 70 1 547 9 18 13 21 7- 6- 75 641 83 9 549 ,,,. 5- 75 3 550 70 10 551 74 7 552 60 1 653 8- 61 4 654 .... 655 10- 7 8 10- 8 8 11 11 8- 8- 10 10 n 12 17 16 18 10 8 9 7 10 8 12 10 12 18 19 14 15 18 10 11 10 n 13 18 14 18 12 10 23 19 17 17 13 19 16 12 12 9 21 7 21 17 19 28 19 28 19 17 19 2J 19 17 20 25 88 19 10 11 2 10 3 2 10 3 2 10 2 6 3 7 3 4 3 1 2 8 3 4 2 6 3 2 3 75 10 653 71 4 657 55 6 558 20 18- 19 ..„ 69 4 559 67 8 660 73 10 561 28 21 13 8- 13 16 16 84 17- 8- 91 7 552 78 6 563 78 5 654 57 8 585 67 10 566 63 7 66? 16 67 4 668 • •*• ,,,, • * • ■ • ••• 71 42 Tbb Adirondack Black Spruce. Table IV — {Contm-ued ). gas If as Mbabubbhbnts oh Stuhp. 1 Sea % number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. a r69 1'5' 1 5 1 3 1 6 1 8 1 8 1 4 1 a 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 4 1 8 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 i 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 4 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 8 1 4 1 6 1 6 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 3 1 t 1 6 1 1 1 3 1 8 13 13 14 13 9 30 17 14 30 30 14 16 21 13 17 SO 12 11 25 15 14 12 14 12 13 16 16 IS \A 18 16 10 14 18 18 14 18 31 13 18 19 14 16 ]6 13 15 17 .3 17 10 9 10 3 18 15 19 33 33 30 18 24 28 13 1". 16 8J 35 16 19 31 6 11 11 6 6 16 17 19 34 24 33 32 21 16 33 26 15 8 18 40 26 18 9 15 13 26 17 18 34 27 13 16 24 16 17 14 16 14 14 14 13 11 14 16 9 18 16 38 13 14 6 11 13 15 17 %i 39 21 16 17 SO 21 n 19 15 ao 33 16 14 17 19 9 24 15 7 5 16 14 35 26 33 23 18 19 18 Zi 21 23 11 13 24 37 26 8 24 3 35 38 20 15 28 9 13 21 20 18 16 13 16 28 23 18 13 15 28 14 19 17 16 19 18 9 14 17 26 20 21 26 18 20 14 19 18 16 33 16 34 81 19 19 83 16 13 14 13 7 5 16 33 17 13 14 16 18 18 16 17 23 16 14 1« 12 81 84 14 33 18 2) 26 15 14 84 10 13 18 16 20 84 15 15 81 32 17 15 17 17 24 20 20 19 17 15 12 19 28 23 80 84 21 15 21 17 16 17 18 17 19 88 18 84 84 13 S4 8 13 10 5 16 23 15 13 9 19 21 20 9 19 15 18 19 16 14 12 SS 24 87 19 13 82 80 18 18 13 12 18 18 14 16 18 1.! 16 31 11 13 14 CO 3.1 14 S3 14 14 1-2 19 30 1R 19 15 84 19 23 30 17 6 15 18 18 18 13 23 19 16 13 18 18 9 18 13 7 14 13 20 18 11 v6 16 80 14 19 16 30 18 18 17 23 28 88 19 19 32 34 2t 13 6 16 It 14 &2 15 11 24 14 14 24 9 17 14 18 26 22 13 13 32 14 19 19 15 9 15 19 12 17 14 15 9 17 17 13 14 15 16 15 27 18 21 10 IB 14 18 12 12 8 17 9 9 iO 10 22 16 23 9 19 20 "vi fO 18 30 81 18 28 14 19 •a 17 16 18 8 23 4- 9 19 17 15 13 11 m B70 571 57i 80 80 11 8 38 24 6- It* 573 14- ]^? 674 137 B7B 576 ]<10 5i7 1 n 578 4- lc4 579 580 13 151 681 141 £82 18 81 28 583 Iff) 584 3^0 585 18 31 20 140 586 18- ' 587 588 * ' ]6I 581 ](3 590 691 13 .... ... .... ... .... .... .... 167 592 80 15 14 .... 171 593 80 88 594 595 ' 143 140 59i) 18 16 6 24 10 12 13 9 14 28 13 18 36 IS 18 81 21 18 14 .... 597 4- 134 137 137 5''8 699 21 11 11 18 13 ' 600 16 10 801 60-' * 117 130 109 603 9 i... 604 805 * 606 14 14 607 14 MR 608 Ti" 609 13 19 16 610.,... 33 18 611 12 6- ' 16? 618 613 ... .... .... .... .... 141 1C6 1*14 614 20 18 17 17 8 10 16 12 16 16 12 8 '28' 16 14 13 12 13 36 16 18 16 82 15 18 16 15 18 1. • .*■• 615 'is '6 I'll 616 67 15 19 IS .... - .... .... 930 1Q7 618 20 18 16 19t 619 13 18 I'll 630 )^] 631 633 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 105 II5 623 624 635 636 637 is' 'b- ■•■' '.':. :::: ••• ":: '.'.'.'. E :;;; 105 135 133 128 119 638 * '* '* 629 ... , ^^ .. .. .... 105 110 118 1M 680 631 633 "7- 12 20 13 'is" 13 2J 'is 7- 22' 'i"r' 18 "!!. ... .... .... .... .... .... 633 **" ... 13' 684 635 636 687 633 6S9 S5 88 ... ."..; .v.. ,:!. ••*•■ 147 167 153 1S5 160 2.'S Tbs Adirondack Blj^ck Spruce. 43 Table IY — {Continued). ill '1 It Top MsAanREUEHTS. I' 4 1% ^1 1 i Number of rings per Inch at top, counting from tlie heart outward. i £69 11 10 10 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 7- 8 8- 8 10 8 7 9 8 7 8 8 8 8 •8 8- 8 8 9 8 11 8 8 8 8 8- 9 9 8 9 10 8 8 8 8 9 IJ 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 8- 8 8 8 10 fi 10 8 8 8 10 10- 7 10 11 13 18 8 16 11 13 16 13 13 14 8 10 14 16 10 14 16 17 16 13 13 8 18 13 14 14 13 11 10 17 8 10 13 16 10 10 11 11 13 18 13 8 9 8 13 15 16 16 14 9 10 10 11 10 11 11 13 14 9 8 11 11 10 10 10 13 13 16 18 18 14 17 14 IS 10 18 10 11 16 16 18 11 IS 18 16 18 11 SO 19 13 9 17 11 18 14 14 19 9 13 4 16 11 10 13 13 10 13 13 13 18 14 9. 11 9 14 14 15 17 18 14 11 13 11 11 17 10 18 11 18 11 10 14 n 13 13 10 16 17 19 16 13 •ii 19 17 16 81 17 19 9 30 19 17 14 16 17 19 17 13 14 17 18 81 16 19 31 14 31 17 81 19 83 31 17 14 18 10 16 14 16 14 17 16 14 16 S3 16 16 11 14 11 16 17 16 £0 17 19 16 13 )6 13 17 11 13 15 16 14 )6 19 17 12 16 81 17 31 19 83 14 31 10 9 13 16 17 19 10 11 13 18 9 14 16 13 17 16 IS 11 19 SO 14 IS 16 17 18 13 '\ 8 13 13 13 16 17 16 17 }? 16 31 14 14 10 16 16 13 16 17 IS 15 14 16 14 12 15 11 15 19 17 16 13 14 16 21 33 19 83 19 18 8' 6- 3 4 4 1 4 1 4 8 8 10 8 6 8 8 3 6 3 10 5 8 3 7 2 1 8 8 8 6 3 9 8 3 4 8 1 3 8 8 4 2 8 8 3 8 10 2 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 1 4 3 6 8 2 2 6 3 3 1 3 11 3 3 3 4 8 6 3 8 2 10 3 1 2 11 2 7 3 4 8 8 3 8 3 8 8 8 10 8 9 3 8 10 8 10 8 9 3 3 3 8 8 3 2 4 3 10 3 8 3 10 8 8 3 10 3 3 8 2 8 4 40' 0- 40 86 8 40 63 4 40 36 8 40 36 8 40 4U 40 40 S3 4 40 36 8 36 8 63 4 86 8 36 8 40 40 40 40 53 4 63 4 S6 8 40 40 86 8 68 4 63 4 18 4 40 86 8 40 36 8 40 40 36 8 40 40 36 8 40 i6 8 40 40 53 4 S6 6 40 40 58 4 36 8 86 8 Si6 8 36 8 26 8 26 8 40 40 36 8 36 8 36 8 40 40 40 40 63 4 40 40 53 4 86' lo- ss 6 43 86 3 27 8 31 6 33 6 31 35 4 34 6 37 33 4 16 3 38 6 38 7 34 10 36 3 20 7 33 4 20 7 3t 4 33 4 87 6 38 4 18 8 81 4 S4 7 31 6 19 8 33 8 37 10 33 9 48 8 31 6 27 33 6 80 4 29 6 30 4 27 6 31 4 36 6 SO 4 33 6 31 9 19 8 35 10 32 8 88 10 84 11 38 8 35 10 30 S3 3 31 7 80 30 4 27 8 33 33 6 84 8 23 6 36 4 81 3 87 6 34 4 26 10 31 6 34 10 36 7 83 80' y 570 71 10 671 73 9 678 80 8 578 85 2 574 64 4 576 11 61 8 576 63 ft 677 64 6 678 68 4 679 6S0 65 11 581 58 4 683 78 6- 688 8 71 1 54 3 584 685 56 ^ 586 V 11 5S7 fS 1 588 12 49 6- 699 64 8* 690 ,,,, 66 691 698 71 8 )93 74 & S94 17 8 i95 53 11 696 64 8. 697 63 4 59) 53 7 699 10 18 84 3 600 81 1 601 18 65 602 64 ' 8 608 56 8 604 71 6- 605 60 1 606 9 13 IS 73 5 607 73 7 603 56 6- 609 64 10 610 19 10 69 8 611 .... t9 lOi- 6i8 66 7 613 61 4 6H 63 3 615 69 2 816 13 16 12 14 78 3 617 .4 68 6- 618 .... 78 1 619 71 4 630 83 0- 6!1 69 5 638 61 11 633 61 1 634 69 6 6!5 59 9~ 626 17 8 57 6 637 75 638 75 8 639 64 4 630 53 6 631 16 17 7- 10 66 10 633 74 &• 633 70 4 634 77 0- 635 69 g 636 77 10 637 67 6 838 13 8 79 » 639 7- .... 90 4 44 Tbe Adirondack Black Spruce. Table IV — {^Continued). Heasubehehts oh Stdup. II 3'S' 1 2 1 4 2 1 6 1 6 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 4 1 6 1 1 8 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 5 1 4 1 8 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 6 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 6 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 8 1 5 2 1 2 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 8 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 8 1 1 1 8 1 6 1 1 9 1 2 1 1 1 a 1 4 14 16 IS 8 14 13 12 14 16 15 12 16 14 10 10 20 27 25 18 12 13 18 26 24 S6 34 33 25 14 24 18 20 23 21 20 22 S3 23 21 SI 26 25 33 33 40 IB 28 16 14 14 13 17 16 23 22 19 30 20 "9- 25 14 16 8- 17 20 24 31 30 25 13 14 IS 28 15- 16- 19 10 22 3i 11 I.S IX 19 IB 22 12 21 is ..,. .... .... 1R 25 81 IB 11- "li- 1- .... .... .... 10 15 16 13 11 9 35 20 , 13 11 16 10 8 10 15 2B 7- 24 9i .,., .... .... .... 26 2r. ,.. .... .... .... 24 14- 16 .... ..,. •••■ .... .... .','.' 10 11 14 14 23 14 ifl' .... .... 12 15 Jt- 10 11 14- "7' 21 IS .... ... .... 6 5- 20 14 8 23 13 9- 20 10 14 8- 13 12 10- 8 20 )4 17 .... ... .... 14 in 19 16 11 8 12- 15 9 14 12 20 19 16 19 17 21 11 17 21 SO 9 IS 19 6 11 8 8 24 li 17 20 30 10 9- .... "7' iV 8 19 ,,.. .... .... ... 9 8 6- 8 9 21 12 19 15 16 "ii' 11 6- 16 12 "ie' 19 9 'if 6- 9 'io' .... •• "is" .... 19 10 12 ..,. .... .... .... .... 10 16 7 .«*■ .... • * • ■ .... Thjs Adibondack Black Sprvoe, Table IY — {Continued). 45 ill ill 1- Top Mbasdrkmests. If 1" ^1 It 1 1 •s 1 ■13 Number of rings per inch at top, counting from tbe heart outward. 1 640 10 9 11 11 8 8 9 8 10 9 S 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 12H 8 9 8 8 8 7- 8 8 8 10 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 8 9 11 8 9- 9 10 8 11 9 9 8 11 8 7 8 8- 11 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 9- 9 8 12 9 7- 8 8 15 14 14 15 10 12 16 U 11 11 IS 8 8 8 8 8 11 10 16 11 11 11 12 11 12 10 10 12 11 12 10 11 14 10 11 16 16 15 12 12 12 14 15 13 14 11 10 10 12 9 12 13 10 10 13 11 13 11 8 10 16 12 13 14 16 13 15 16 14 12 13 12 14 15 15 13 16 12 12 12 12 13 10 11 12 11 12 13 14 17 12 11 16 14 16 14 15 16 U 16 U 14 12 9 16 14 11 10 13 18 10 16 11 16 14 14 17 11 12 13 13 12 12 14 13 17 14 12 16 18 14 2 9 16 16 16 17 16 16 18 13 13 14 16 9 16 IS 17 12 16 12 16 13 14 16 14 20 14 16 13 16 17 16 20 j7 16 15 12 14 14 13 13 14 15 12 15 17 13 16 13 16 14 j6 17 12 14 12 10 18 13 14 16 16 10 12 10 18 10 10 9 18 15 14 13 15 16 15 14 17 19 18 16 18 19 18 11 18 19 19 14 14 15 14 17 13 13 12 16 17 16 13 18 17 14 15 11 13 11 13 12 15 17 16 16 15 16 8 U 12 13 13 10 8 9 10 11 8 13 11 13 18 16 18 15 15 10- 10 9 23 10 9 12 10 8 13 U 82 83 80 23 18 19 16 17 9 12 17 16 8' 4- 2 10 3 6 8 3 8 3 2 3 4 3 3 8 4 4 3 10 3 3 3 4 1 2 4 4 3 3 8 3 8 3 10 4 3 3 10 4 3 4 4 1 2 10 3 2 10 2 10 4 2 2 8 2 10 2 10 3 2 2 6 2 6 2 8 2 2 3 10 3 3 3 3 4 3 10 2 10 2 4 3 2 4 4 3 8 3 6 3 10 2 10 2 10 2 6 2 4 4 2 10 3 2 8 3 4 3 2 3 8 3 8 3 4 8 1 10 3 2 4 1 -.0 3 3 i 4 40' 0' 40 40 63 4 63 4 53 4 63 4 63 4 53 4 53 4 63 4 40 40 53 4 53 4 S6 8 26 8 40 26 8 40 40 40 53 4 26 8 40 53 4 40 40 40 26 8 5) 4 53 4 40 40 36 8 40 26 8 40 <0 26 8 26 8 53 4 40 40 26 8 40 36 8 63 4 40 40 40 40 5:! 4 40 40 53 4 ie 8 40 36 8 40 40 41 26 8 40 40 26 8 40 40 26 8 40 53 4 84' 8" 39 42 6 36 9 32 4 26 7 24 6 26 8 28 6 26 19 8 31 2 28 7 21 23 6 24 8 27 21 6 38 3J 7 31 6 30 <8 4 23 6 26 8 80 7 26 a 6 23 4 34 6 18 8 31 7 37 3 27 11 88 6 31 6 39 37 37 6 ar 10 33 4 15 8 27 8 33 4 87 6 31 7 36 6 33 8 30 S6 8 28 6 31 4 19 4 S3 31 6 30 3 25 4 32 10 36 6 25 4 88 3 18 6 26 4 24 30 4 36 31 4 38 10 83 6 2i 4 33 6 78' 0" 641 81 10 642 .... 9- 13 86 93 1 641 .... 88 11 645 .... 83 1 616 7- 81 2 83 7 648 .... 15 9- 84 6 649 83 8 76 10 651 .... 64 2 653 71 9 78 5 654 .... 79 3 655 55 4 666 66 8 657 .**. 6- U 10 65 2 65S ,,. 14 11- 68 4 659 .... 76 5 75 6 661 .,,. 8- 73 663 .... 75 6 54 2 664 .... 70 665 .... 88 68 19 667 . . . 65 6 668 71 2 16 64 670 .... 16 2 671 77 7 673 .... 70 1 673 ,,.. 14 8- 16 11 10 70 9 674 ,,. 68 4 74 676 ,,,. 6N 2 677 ... 69 8 69 8 679 ,,,. R 57 4 680 B 7 53 72 3 683 11 7- 12 6- 15 16 10 71 75 2 684 ... 57 685 63 11 17 56 4 687 81 4 73 8 689 .. 69 2 690 691..... 69^ 8 8- 71 4 74 3 75 6 65 6 694 .. 11 16 "9- 63 10 19 87 7 693 697 693 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707.... 708 709 710 ... .... .... 54 10 75 10 65 10 67 8 71 5 61 2 55 8 24 83 66 4 72 4 64 6 31 17 13 77 4 71 2 63 64 6 .* t . • *•• . * . . • >* . .. . > 79 2 46 The Adirondack Black Spbucs. Table IV — (Contimied ). b A Stn * I'l* 1 t 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 8 1 7 1 8 1 8 1 7 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 4 1 8 1 5 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 112 1 3 1 1 no 1 2 1 1 1 1 8 110 1 8 1 3 1 4 1 8 1 3 1 2 1 7 1 3 1 6 1 6 1 1 1 6 1 8 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 Ueasurbubnts on Stdup. Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. Si 43 20 25 n 11 13 It 10 11 18 14 18 16 as 34 20 29 ai 24 24 12 40 30 21 20 23 17 2i 12 18 15 tli 18 16 15 17 15 18 '8 18 16 30 27 14 13 20 21 21 24 m 21 24 20 :-0 20 24 21 tit t2 14 2i iii 19 IH 11 HO 24 17 16 15 17 15 17 IB 15 19 17 29 21 27 13 Hi 26 27 20 16 16 16 14 30 22 23 23 iti 15 15 17 17 18 17 12 21 21 15 15 15 13 12 15 18 28 26 28 2« 18 13 12 34 19 18 11 18 18 15 19 18 17 21 14 28 19 38 21 40 20 27 to 24 2H 26 14 21 24 19 12 16 20 22 19 14 16 22 16 30 25 13 8 23 17 15 14 19 20 26 17 16 21 9 15 22 29 17 16 21 20 15 15 30 M 27 15 14 12 12 11 16 20 SB 21 26 31 15 10 25 18 15 IB 24 15 14 13 i!8 21 11 15 38 28 9 11 33 17 11 1» 2» 24 17 14 15 29 80 8H 26 12 10 10 27 20 16 12 27 22 14 14 14 19 10 11 20 21 13 9 34 az 14 11 23 22 10 14 22 26 30 26 17 26 87 18 2« 19 12 18 33 SO 24 R 16 19 18 20 20 24 tli 16 16 14 15 16 19 15 16 15 19 24 18 U 18 17 13 30 12 15 27 17 17 13 10 8- 10 21 15 12 lo- ll 17 14 10 10- 17 a Tsu Adirondack Black Spruce. Table IV — {Contimued). 47 ill P Top Mbasusbhents. %4 1^ i! It 1 i ^^ Number of rings per Inch at top, counting from tlie heart outward. 711 .. 8- 8 9 9 9 9 11 9 10 9 8- 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 7- 9- 7 8 9 8 8 8 8^ 8 10 10 10 8 8 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 10 9 9 8 8- 8 8 8 9 8 13 8 9 10 9 8 8 11 8 8 9 8 8 9 10 9 8 16 It 10 13 16 14 8 8 10 11 12 IS 13 14 14 11 11 11 13 11 10 18 13 16 11 13 13 14 13 14 10 11 13 16 10 13 14 13 13 14 10 17 13 18 8 16 13 16 10 13 13 19 18 31 17 19 11 16 14 16 18 14 ir 16 18 16 19 16 14 16 16 18 13 14 8 16 16 IS 14 9 9 13 13 13 13 10 16 14 11 10 11 14 10 13 16 17 13 12 14 13 17 16 11 13 16 15 14 16 18 14 16 14 17 31 IS 16 11 31 16 11 14 14 15 17 13 13 16 13 15 13 16 16 13 13 19 8 14 19 33 13 19 16 14 20 15 16 15 33 19 18 33 17 16 14 13 16 13 13 13 14 16 16 13 14 16 14 14 16 17 14 16 10 16 16 17 16 14 13 11 16 13 16 14 16 15 11 16 10 17 17 19 11 18 16 19 13 14 16 18 16 16 14 15 13 10 15 15 16 15 13 16 18 16 11 13 11 16 16 13 20 81 17 31 31 20 17 16 18 16 13 13 14 17 18 16 15 13 16 14 13 11 15 16 19 18 18 13 18 16 13 16 15 15 13 16 16 8 13 15 14 16 16 11 15 13 13 16 11 14 16 14 16 13 13 15 14 16 15 17 16 15 16 18 14 12 18 12 13 7- 2' %■ 2 1 1 8 1 10 1 6 2 2 3 6 2 6 3 3 2 4 2 8 2 1 6 2 1 10 2 2 8 3 6 2 4 1 3 3 8 2 4 3 6 3 6 1 10 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 3 1 8 3 3 1 2 4 3 8 S 2 8 2 4 1 10 1 10 8 1 3 3 4 2 1 2 6 3 8 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 8 2 10 2 10 3 3 2 4 2 3 2 3 1 3 4 2 3 3 4 3 3 2 8 3 3 3 1 3 10 2 6 2 4 2 6 3 1 2 2 26' 8' 31 8 86 8 13 4 18 4 40 63 4 63 4 66 8 e6 8 66 8 53 4 36 8 26 8 36 8 36 8 26 8 26 8 36 8 40 26 8 40 40 63 4 36 8 13 4 26 8 36 8 26 8 58 4 26 8 40 53 4 53 4 5') 4 86 8 47 86 8 26 8 40 86 8 66 8 40 40 86 8 53 4 f3 4 53 4 53 4 40 40 40 40 63 4 m 4 it 8 66 8 26 8 45 53 4 26 8 40 86 8 26 8 53 4 86 8 53 4 i% 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 88' 4' 22 6 42 6 45 10 46 4 83 7 27 26 21 4 23 6 33 8 34 80 30 8 33 9 31 4 39 10 40 37 8 37 6 29 4 34 10 33 6 34 86 10 48 6 34 9 28 4 29 26 6 38 31 10 30 2 36 8 33 27 6 34 8 89 86 7 34 4 83 8 23 4 24 10 30 28 9 26 6 21 3 23 10 25 6 28 4 85 6 84 4 36 8 33 8 27 4 34 10 19 10 31 8 28 6 30 6 28 4 26 10 45 7 41 6 27 6 39 26 8 36 10 88 4 St 3 80 33 7 67' 2' 712 66 3 718 13 16 10- 13 30 2S 34 17 19 9 714 ,, 61 715 61 2 716 717 ,,,, 19 11- 82 10 718 81 10 719 91 731 ,, 91 8 788 80 728 724 ,,, 58 10 725,,,, 62 6 726 69 10 727 14 7- 66 6 788 69 4 729 66 10 730 69 10 781 67 8 783 9- 77 6 733 74 10 734 79 10 66 785 9- 736 63 8 787 63 8 738 £8 2 739 8- 57 8 740 82 2 741 56 8 742 18 18 13 73 11 743 66 9 744 93 I 745 88 8 746 57 10 747 13 8 16 13 11 9- 84 8 748 t8 4 749 65 7 750 76 2 751 62 2 753 98 1 763 66 10 754 , 72 4 755 57 6 756 13 8- 12 83 4 757 77 S 758 80 2 759 80 10 765 8- 13 70 10 761 67 8 762 67 763 69 6 764 14 78 10 765 83 8 766 19 8 64 8 767 90 8 76? 8- 10 14 61 6 769 76 7 87 2 771 57 S 69 2 773 12 12 75 6 774 15 775. ■ ■ • • 84 776 10 68 9 777, ( ■ . • 82 10 778 66 16 U 10 5- 67 4 780 63 5 781 59 9 783..... • * •• • ■ ■ * • • • • *•*• 62 6 48 Tax Adirondack Black Spruce. Table IY — {Contirvued). UEASDREIIEHT8 OH STDUP. i^ i I'D* 1 a 1 1 3 1 6 110 110 1 1 2 lit 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 8 1 8 1 6 1 8 1 6 1 8 1 1 1 8 1 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 4 1 1 1 8 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 6 1 S 1 3 1 1 i 1 5 1 1 6 1 2 1 S Number of rings per Inch on Btump, counting from the heart outward. 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 2 1 8 1 2 1 1 1 7 1 6 110 1 8 1 8 1 1 1 4 110 1 1 6 1 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 SO 28 16 20 18 33 14 S:2 14 14 38 2t 40 33 32 34 19 25 30 24 23 37 80 23 19 26 33 27 27 28 29 25 27 17 80 31 18 21 28 19 26 23 28 18 12 14 11 I 30 10 15 7 14 24 12 15 13 15 18 10 10 12 18 13- 10- 21 13 17 14 16 21 18 12 12 12 18 20 The Adirondack Black Spruce. 49 Table I V- — {Continued). ■8 ^1 ® a Top MEASnBKMKNTS. li It 1 1 ■s to i Kiimber of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outward. H 783 8 8 8- 9 8 14 9 8 8 14 8- 9 8 8 10 10 12 8- 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 8 8- 8 8 8 8 10 9 10 8 8 8 14 9 fi 10 8 9 9 9 9 13 11 8 8- 8 11 10 1? 10 8 9 9 8 10 8 9 8 8 10 8 8 10 10 13 U 16 16 18 18 10 i2 16 18 16 12 14 16 18 14 16 14 16 )4 16 11 12 14 18 16 14 16 15 16 14 Id 19 14 16 11 16 14 18 13 13 13 14 16 H 16 '7 14 16 13 14 16 14 15 14 13 13 14 16 16 14 16 16 14 14 16 12 12 14 16 14 13 14 17 17 16 18 12 16 14 14 15 17 17 18 16 12 19 17 18 12 j6 11 9 IJ <6 12 16 15 18 17 14 17 16 15 13 16 18 12 16 15 20 13 14 16 13 14 13 14 15 12 14 14 12 n IS 12 IS 12 14 >3 14 13 13 14 13 15 15 15 14 16 18 14 14 17 ^6 14 14 19 17 10 21 19 14 15 15 12 14 16 20 14 10 14 17 14 16 13 14 n 17 15 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 14 19 12 14 14 12 13 15 16 18 15 13 15 11 12 16 14 12 14 11 11 14 11 16 12 1( 14 2 15 12 12 11 12 12 17 14 12 15 16 15 16 13 17 19 20 11 15 ir 14 14 16 17 8 10 12 10 15 16 H 12 18 14 10 li 17 11 14 10 9 12 11 10 14 16 14 12 17 14 14 12 10 15 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 11 15 14 13 13 14 14 12 12 17 16 13 14 16 16 13 10 11 12 )2 19 S' 2- 3 2 2 4 2 8 2 11 3 2 4 2 2 6 3 8 4 2 3 2 3 3 6 2 8 3 3 1 3 3 4 3 8 3 8 2 8 2 U 3 4 6 2 6 3 5 3 4 3 2 2 8 8 2 3 2 3 4 3 2 8 2 10 2 10 2 6 3 2 10 2 10 3 2 3 6 2 6 3 2 3 3 2 2 10 4 3 4 3 2 6 2 8 3 3 2 4 3 8 2 10 2 8 3 4 3 1 2 8 2 10 2 8 3 2 10 2 8 3 2 3 1 2 10 56' 8- 40 26 8 26 8 40 40 53 4 26 8 40 40 26 8 26 8 40 40 26 8 63 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 40 63 4 40 53 4 63 4 40 40 13 4 53 4 63 4 40 40 53 4 53 4 40 63 4 40 40 40 26 8 40 f3 4 26 8 53 4 26 8 40 26 8 40 26 8 53 4 53 4 63 4 40 S6 8 26 8 40 40 66 8 53 4 40 40 63 4 66 8 26 8 40 26 8 40 53 4 40 26 8 40 53 4 26 8 13 4 33' 4- 26 6 84 8 31 4 24 8 40 4 34 3 31 10 24 38 4 34 8 33 6 24 6 27 4 34 7 26 6 33 27 6 26 10 36 26 2 31 4 31 19 10 24 6 28 4 38 8 21 4 24 4 27 23 8 24 6 27 4 29 10 24 4 30 26 10 24 4 31 6 42 7 37 4 33 6 33 9 42 10 23 7 38 4 28 6 3t 4 27 11 30 4 32 8 28 4 30 31 4 38 7 37 4 27 10 31 8 36 4 26 6 28 10 21 3 31 5 33 7 34 3 31 6 27 6 26 10 43 4 26 7 36 8 42,4 4110 61' 2' 784 785 7- 12 8- 17 10 63 8 60 8 788 787 788 16 8 6- 789 91 7 60 6 790 .... 791 79 J 12 7- 10 16 8 793 65 6 794 795 67 6 70 10 63 11 82 9 89 5 796 6- 8 1« 16 10 12 10 7- 10 15 797. ... 198 799 9 800 801 802 79 8 83 2 803 804 805 87 3 76 2 69 68 10 55 77 8 81 70 2 66 2 8t 83 10 73 2 80 8 72 a 69 a 67 S 60 a 85 7 83 6 62 90 3 73 66 1 68 2 71 9 63 84 1 87 8 89 4 71 4 59 1 60 8 81 7 80 6 98 6 88 8 79 2 69 2 85 6 91 60 9 76 5 63 7 74 6 83 8 69 6 73 2 69 8 93 10 71 8 60 6 808 807 80S 809 14 810 811 r 818 813 814 815 816 10 10 11 817 818 819 830 5- 821..... 8;2 13 12 8- 6- 12 15 17 14 833 824. . . 835 826 far ' 838 12 12 13 14 14 13 829 830.... 831 832 12 11 12 883 8M 835 10 836 837 13 10 838 839 840 12 15 841 842 813 12 12 Hi 845 346 13 317 318 8 6- 349..... 350 351 10 6- 152 J53 154 15 12 14 2 8 2 4 166 16 11 11 1 .•.. ,,,, • I • • 50 ThjB Adirondack Black Sprxtcs. Tablb IV — {Contimued). ■sg Mbasubehents on Stuhp. i 03 Number of rings per inch on stump, countinf; from the heart outward. a 1 8^6 1'6- 1 7 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 3 1 8 1 1 4 1 8 1 8 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 6 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 6 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 8 1 1 1 3 1 7 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 7 1 6 1 8 1 2 1 1 * 1 2 1 6 1 5 1 8 1 3 1 2 1 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 SO 17 37 33 33 20 24 33 20 86 18 30 33 35 S5 33 34 30 26 17 39 30 28 86 34 -a 30 28 30 36 22 30 30 30 36 30 30 80 25 36 24 30 28 34 21 33 28 23 18 19 22 16 19 18 26 24 27 19 25 32 34 16 36 33 19 33 26 80 31 20 18 20 18 33 9 26 24 S3 34 28 S3 15 23 18 29 30 20 27 30 S9 15 IS 18 17 19 31 2i 33 37 17 85 36 21 28 28 18 26 22 23 24 28 fO 44 38 24 31 SO 28 14 34 33 16 31 34 16 22 20 28 26 30 16 S6 21 30 24 26 30 S6 24 30 83 34 24 21 18 21 11 6 19 80 30 21 24 3: 17 15 30 26 Si 16 SO 24 18 16 13 23 16 24 19 18 14 16 18 23 38 17 21 20 13 16 19 82 24 16 20 22 S3 28 24 17 20 16 16 24 15 19 21 16 SO 32 12 28 21 13 23 16 28 SO 17 27 25 33 34 23 21 18 14 19 23 14 10 20 20 28 18 !■; i6 SO 17 21 18 35 15 15 16 15 21 13 14 13 19 16 18 15 11 IS 11 20 11 15 18 12 16 21 16 38 18 17 14 16 33 20 16 13 18 9 12 15 13 24 17 28 S3 17 80 27 23 20 30 14 21 22 14 16 16 12 18 18 W 9 16 11 11 6 18 16 23 13 16 14 )0 6 17 23 10 17 13 18 16 16 13 14 10 9 11 15 18 13 7 7 11 14 11 14 14 8 15 17 33 10 7 7 11 24 30 13 10 31 12 13 11 13 30 16 19 24 21 21 23 80 23 16 10 15 18 17 10 21 11 17 16 21 14 16 16 14 6 17 11 18 11 16 16 19 14 17 16 9 14 12 16 16 14 10 11 9 10 13 8 16 8 8 8 13 6 18 20 16 13 11 S3 33 6 9 6 15 30 15 17 10 18 13 14 17 13 27 21 10 14 27 16 7 17 30 14 13 16 14 10 14 23 13 11 12 11 11 14 14 16 17 25 20 35 7 14 12 6 18 7 17 5 163 95 857 6- 858 8 9 16 168 168 131 136 113 133 136 163 200 860.... 861. 6 8 86i 863 864...., 17 15- 24 16 11 .... 865 866... 18- 11 867 16 16 8118 111 137 176 198 Vi 118 110 107 869 14 13 16 23 16 14 9 19 870.... 10 13 16 15 12- 21 871 878 878 874 17 10 8 8 8 11 7 11 9 8 13 9 8- 875 876 4- 106 877 878 13 9 7 6- 164 679.... 138 880.... 7 11 881.... 111 111 888 10 ' 863 119 884 8 14 16 ' ' 38'> 118 115 366 "' 387 12- 9- 15 8 w 383 11 11 369 16 13 15 10- 169 390 ]50 391..., 118 393 19 6 8 7 8- 7- 9 *" " ' 393 '" 117 394 116 ]06 395.... " ' 396 <97 "" "" 148 898 12 8 8 12- 19 8 11 16 10 9 "' ' IIR 899 133 900 13 14 TiS »1 •' 181 11? 90! '* *' 903 10 16 15 15 19 11 17 31 21 * 156 904 1M 905 * Ifjfl 906 151 101 907 ' 908 11 8 • * • • 1 • . l'*7 909 11 10 81 190 910 114 911 11 11 11 19 6 18 6 7 30 13 23 11 9 5- 33 11 16 13 18 10 16 11 11 18 11 6- 15 25 " W 913 191 918 1Ffi 914 168 915 • •■ 135 916.... 10- • • • • t • •• 147 917 '"* '*" W 918 13 9 13 1- 18 18 13 11 7- ' • • • r7 319 930 16 18 *' • •*. •S3 931 l^ifi S33 11 S6 159 988 ' ' Tf 934 ** 120 936 8- 6- 8- 10 ' \f> 936 • •• ' int 937 ' ' ' * i?fi 938 6- .... • ••• .**. ' «»» «».. *>*• • It! !*• • 136 The Adirohdack Black Sprucs. 51 Table IV — {Continued). Ill QD ■8| 1-9 Top Mkasdbembhts. = 0. n Is £ 1 "S 1 i Number of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outwara. '3 856 9 8 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 10 9 8 12 10 9 9 8 10 8 8 8- 10 9 8 8 8 8- 10 9 7- 9 8 9 '0 8- 9 8 8- 8 9 8 12 8 10 8 7- 9 9 8 9- 9- 8 10 9 9 10 9 8 9 8 13 9 10 10 9 10 9 i^ 10 8 14 14 14 16 12 )4 16 14 10 9 12 12 16 10 14 16 14 16 12 14 16 14 16 14 10 14 16 6 16 14 12 16 11 17 14 14 12 16 14 18 16 14 16 19 19 14 16 U IJ 11 14 2 13 12 16 16 14 12 13 14 16 14 4 14 ]3 16 12 14 12 13 2 14 15 10 16 15 13 13 12 18 16 11 11 16 11 16 17 14 11 13 13 14 12 17 12 19 16 13 14 12 16 11 14 16 12 11 16 11 19 12 14 13 14 17 16 18 10 14 11 14 14 13 16 14 IS 14 15 13 11 13 16 16 11 12 <2 12 16 13 14 11 13 13 13 14 12 11 la 12 17 12 15 lO 16 17 12 17 14 11 8 13 10 11 10 14 11 13 13 13 10 12 10 11 12 15 9 10 18 10 15 11 13 •7 14 15 17 )8 13 17 13 14 14 14 10 12 IS 3 9 8 12 3 14 13 12 H 14 13 13 12 i4 14 11 H 14 14 11 11 12 13 10 13 14 14 11 13 12 '2 16 10 10 11 13 17 14 17 9 8 10 17 15 18 11 9 11 13 10 U 13 10 14 10 16 14 14 13 10 10 14 13 14 12 9 16 17 13 9 14 18 14 10 9 10 13 14 16 13 13 14 11 13 13 12 13 6 16 15 10 10 14 16 3' 4- 3 6 3 4 3 6 3 2 8 8 3 2 8 8 2 6 8 8 3 2 2 8 4 8 2 3 i 10 2 7 2 5 2 6 2 8 3 4 2 11 8 a 2 10 2 8 2 4 3 1 2 10 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 11 4 3 10 2 4 2 4 2 8 2 4 2 6 2 2 2 2 3 2.8 3 1 2 4 2 4 2 6 •2 8 3 1 10 2 2 4 3 2 8 3 3 2 3 4 8 3 3 2 4 4 4 1 3 10 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 3 10 2 8 2 6 a 10 58' 4' 66 8 iO 53 4 26 8 53 4 26 8 26 8 40 40 26 8 S3 4 86 8 26 8 S3 4 66 8 40 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 26 8 40 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 40 26 8 40 26 8 63 4 5) 4 13 4 40 26 8 25 8 26 8 13 4 26 8 26 8 S3 4 66 8 V6 8 26 8 40 53 4 40 26 8 86 8 40 66 8 26 8 53 4 S3 4 B3 4 40 40 3t 8 53 4 40 SJ 4 S3 4 26 .8 40 40 26 8 26 8 40 2S 8 40 28' 3- 22 7 27 6 26 S 33 8 23 4 36 82 6 86 11 34 9 45 4 82 10 31 7 33 !1 4 26 10 34 3 42 8 34 11 37 3 34 8 32 5 26 10 31 6 SO 8 27 4 26 27 6 24 7 26 27 29 3 39 6 25 8 Sf7 6 45 10 2S 6 27 4 29 3 21 8 42 10 31 4 43 8 24 3 21 10 41 2 34 10 33 27 33 7 31 2 36 21 6 19 10 30 22 6 21 4 30 8 34 11 29 7 29 22 10 42 4 31 8 29 8 41 6 34 10 43 43 6 40 8 32 7 43 6 29 8 , 84' U 857 868.... 11 io 8 9 83 3 860.... 861 8« 65 8 86B 6- 14 19 10 5- 61 S 864 865 77 8 866 74 8 867 868 63 5 869 63 870 10 U 7- 15 871 96 6 87i 873 874 64 875 66 K 876 877. ... 7- 11 10 63 t 878 69 & 879 8.... 959.... 937.... * 158 958 .. 9.59.... 8- 4- 9- 8J 13 12 9 10- 20 960,.., 139 961.,.. 146 962..,. .... 963.... 964.... 18 10 16 12 ' 196 965 ... 14 18 *»n9 966.... 181 967..,. 158 968.,.. 138 969,,.. 13 18 17 18 14 7- 970 ,. 196 971,,.. 972.,.. ... 133 973..,. 4 ... 974.,.. ' 975.... 12 19 10- 9 20 6- 17 16 14 14 14 15 9 11 9- ' lo-> 976 ... 1^5 9(7.... 978 ,,. * .... ... 134 979.... 1)4 980.... ... '* 107 931.... 83 18 16 10 18 20 12 .... 144 98'J.... ... ... IfiR 933.... 10 9 ' 17fi 984.... 147 985.... ^ ' mo 986.... 17 10 15 9 ... ' 186 987.... 148 988.,,. >• ■ . • . . . • •• 128 989.... 13 17' 8 8- • ■ >. " ' 1-17 990. . . . 991..,. ,.,. ,,.. .,,. ,,, .... .... .... .... 133 99-3.... 11 13 11 ... .... I . *• 148 114 994,,,. ... .... 05 695.,,, 26 14 'is' 8 8 " . . .. *" 1711 996.,.. 16 io' 13 4- 13 28 . • a . .. . > .... .. >. »oo 997, . . 993,,. .... .... ..,, ,,. .... ..,, .,. 184 154 999... 17 ' ..*. ' 148 1000.,,. — 31 2'J .... .... ,., 154 Tub Adirondack Black Spruce. Table IV — {Conoluded). 53 13 Top Measubshents. Number of rings per inch at top, counting from tne heart outward. II 939... 9i0... 931... 933... 938... 9:!4 .. 935... 940. 941. 943. 943. 944. 945. 946. 9tr 943. 919. 95 1. 951 953. 953, 954. 955 956. 95?. 958. 9'i9. 960. 961. 963 963. 964 965. 937.. 968 . 969.. 970., 971., 9I'3,. 973.. 974., 975., W6. 977 9 8. 979 980 981. 98 j. 933. 981. g^s. 986. B87.. 988.. 939 , 990.. 991.. 993.. 993.. 994.. 995.. 993.. 997.. 1000... U 13 8- 9 9 10 13 9 10 10 10 8 9 8- 11 9 13 10 8 8 8 10 9« 9 8 &^ 9 9 13 9 10 13 1^ 8 8 10 8 8 8 9 10 9 a IS 14 10 13 13 14 13 11 10 14 13 13 It 13 13 10 11 18 14 11 10 1,! 14 14 13 13 16 13 14 15 14 'fi IB 12 13 IB Vi 14 14 13 13 13 14 ^4 14 14 10 13 14 IB 14 14 16 14 16 13 10 14 14 11 18 ■3 13 14 12 13 16 4 14 12 16 11 12 IB 13 14 13 14 14 IB 13 16 17 9 17 19 11 13 \i 14 18 11 13 11 14 14 14 15 5 6 9 14 13 11 11 7 8 14 16 12 13 13 17 14 16 11 19 14 10 9 31 17 16 19 11 10 18 17 9 7 13 13 i« 16 17 30 13 12 19 16 )6 11 15 14 H 17 14 11 IS IB 11 15 16 11 13 14 1-3 18 16 13 19 31 17 13 19 18 11 30 14 19 19 19 13 IB IB 10 11 >9 13 14 16 15 12 19 13 14 16 •3 14 14 19 IB 12 17 14 13 19 19 18 14 19 21 20 31 19 17 11 17 IB 13 19 17 16 13 19 14 16 18 19 14 40' 0" 2 10 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 1 3 10 3 4 3 3 2 6 2 10 2 10 3 6 3 8 3 2 2 10 4 4 3 6 3 10 3 4 3 6 8 2 2 7 3 8 2 10 2 6 2 8 3 3 3 4 2 10 2 8 3 3 3 1 3 4 2 6 3 3 3 3 4 1 10 2 4 2 1 11 2 2 2 4 3 3 3 10 2 6 1 4 3 2 10 3 8 2 9 1 11 2 2 2 4 2 6 3 3 8 3 1 2 63 40 53 6 8 26 8 4 40 40 40 26 8 26 8 40 40 51 4 13 4 ^3 4 63 4 26 8 S6 8 36 8 S6 8 40 40 40 i.'6 8 40 40 40 26 8 53 4 ,10 26 8 96 8 26 8 18 4 36 8 36 8 40 26 8 26 8 40 40 36 8 40 40 40 16 8 40 38' 10" 3Q 11 26 4 23 6 8J 7 44 7 33 8 31 3 86 7 36 10 VI 7 39 10 ii 4 38 6 31 4 31 £0 4 49 10 ill 4 38 4 86 10 27 4 38 6 ■i6 4 19 6 S3 2 30 10 88 3 33 4 26 8 24 10 29 8 43 7 30 3 28 11 28 7 19 10 26 4 25 31 10 82 6 35 7 30 26 9 4^ 3 36 10 39 31 3 36 10 38 6 84 9 40 26 8 40 4 33 26 10 27 6 31 8 86 34 10 28 6 f,i 2 34 6 81 4 54 1'bs AbiRONbACK Slack Spruos. In connection with the preceding tables it may be stated that all of the 700 trees first examined were found on Township 20, Franklin county, between two large ponds, Floodwood and Long Pond. The two main slopes on this land run north and south, with little or no difference in the timber on either slope. This township has an average elevation of about 1,600 feet above the sea. Tlie spruce was above the average in quantity per acre, and in quality it was first class. The trees were thrifty, but few- being found that were rotten at the stump. Not a tree had died within the past ten years, the absence of any dead spruce having been noted by the foresters. In size the trees were above the average diameter for Adirondack black spruce. • On Township 20, in a few places where the spruce was stand- ing in " clumps," there was a yield of 40 standard logs (8,000 feet, B. M.) per acre ; where it was scattered through the other timber, 15 standards (3,000 feet) would be a fair average. On Lots 34 and 35, Township 3, St. Lawrence county, the spruce growing in clumps measured, in two different places, 35 standard logs (7,000 feet) to the acre. "Where it was scattered among other species, it measured 12 standards per acre on an average. Oi Lots 50 and 63, Township 3, St. Lawrence county, the spruce did not grow in clumps at all, but averaged 15 standard logs to the acre. The spruce in each case was growing either in small clumps or was scattered among hardwoods composed of beech, hard maple, and yellow birch, the beech predominating in number of trees, although of inferior diameter and height. The black spruce over- tops the hardwoods where its diameter exceeds 14 inches ; when standing in clumps it is taller than the scattered spruces ol the same diameter growing among the hardwoods. "Where it grows in clumps the spruce has a small crown, the limbs being small and short ; but in a scattering growth the spruces, as soon as they overtop surrounding hardwoods, put out their limbs thickly and large. I A spruce 20 inches in diameter growing in a clump of spruces will yield five logs, 13 feet 4 inches in length, while one of the same diameter in a scattered growth mixed with hardwoods will yield but llfour logs. In the one growing among hardwoods, after four logs The ADiRONbACK Slack Spruce. 55 have been cut from its trunk, the diameter of the last or top log at its small end will be from 10 to 12 inches, but the limbs above this point will be so thick and large that the fifth log would not be over five or six inches at the top, and would not be accepted by the lumbermen. A tree of the same species and size growing in a clump will yield five logs, because the shaft does not diminish in size so fast owing to the lighter growth of limbs that form its top. "While the largest spruces are found scattered among the hardwoods, the tallest ones of like diameters are found growing in the spruce clumps. A coarse, gravelly soil, with a southern or western slope, seems most favorable for the best development of this species. Before the axemen came into this locality there was an ample growth of young spruces or nurslings thickly scattered through- out the timber ; but where the spruce grew thickly, the felling of trees scarred and broke down most of the nurslings. Where the spruce was scattered through the hardwoods the young trees did not suffer so much from the careless felling of the axemen. The spruce blight of twenty years ago did not make its appear- ance in Township 20, on which the first 700 trees examined were growing. In fact, this locality is remarkable for its exemption from injury in that respect. There are but few balsams (Abies halsamea) growing among the spruces which furnished the specimens examined by the foresters, although many' trees of this species are growing along the edges or shores of neighboring swamps and ponds. The balsam in this vicinity is small, ranging from three to seven inches in diameter near the ground. It is very scarce, however, in the vicinity of this spruce growth, there being many acres on which no balsam is found ; neither was there any cedar. There are a few tamaracks {La/rix Americana) on these lots, but they are all dead, having succumbed to the attacks of the sawfly {Nematus Erichsonii) which within a few years has destroyed all the tamarack in the Adirondacks. But little white pine was found among the spruce where these measurements were taken. On the north shore of East Pine Pond, there was a piece of timber composed almost wholly of that species, — nice, thrifty, sound timber of large size. The owner, Mr. Snell, said 56 The Adirondack Black Spruce. that he cut 1,000 standards (200,000 feet, B. M.) of white pine logs on less than ten acres of land near the west end of East Pine Pond. There were a few black ash trees scattered through- out the timber where the spruce was growing, but no cherry. In Township 3, St. Lawrence county, a few elms were growing among the spruces and hardwoods, a species rarely seen in the Adirondack forest. A noticeable feature in the growth of the black spruce is that the annual accretion of wood in the trunk is not concentric, the total growth being considerably greater on one side of the heart than on the opposite side. The extent of this eccentricity is apparent in some of the figures given in Table IV, in which the diameter of each tree is not only given, but the number of inches and growth per inch of the longest radius. For instance. Specimen No. 1 had a diameter of 18 inches on the stump, but the figures showing the number of annual rings for each inch in growth indicate that instead of nine inches, which would have been one half the diameter, there were eleven inches between the heart and the bark. Specimen j^o. 77 is fourteen inches in diame- ter, but the heart is nine inches from the bark. Specimen Ho. 135, with a diameter of thirteen inches, shows that there were nine inches between the bark and the heart. In Specimen 237 it wiU be seen that the heart was two inches nearer one side of the tree than the other. In No. 383 the radius is 17 instead of 12 inches. This lack of concentricity, as measured by the abnormal length of the longest radius, varies from one to five inches. A remarkable feature of this one-sided growth is that it is mostly in one direction. The foresters who examined the trees in Township 20 were instructed to note carefully the compass point to which in each case the longest radius of tree growth pointed. Of 700 trees examined in Township 20, Franklin county, (the first 700 specimens in Table IT,) this abnormal or one- sided growth was directed as follows : The Adirondack Black Spruce. 57 Direction. Trees. North 471 Northeast 81 East 106 South 1 West 27 Southwest 6 Northwest 8 700 There seems to be no satisfactory explanation of this tendency of the black spruce to a one-sided growth. After careful observa- tions in search of some reason, no regular conditions of slope, exposure or environment were found upon which to base any theory. It has been asserted frequently, however, that this uneven growth on either side of the heart was due to an uneven distribution of the roots ; and that the greater accretion in the tree trunk would be found on the side of the tree on which lay the largest roots. In the preceding tables the indicated age of the tree is based upon the number of rings revealed by the stump ; but in each case if the tree had been cut close to the ground a greater num- ber of rings would have been found and consequently a greater age indicated. This should be borne in mind in connection with the statistics referred to. The stumps varied in height from one to four feet, the height of the stump depending in each case upon the convenience of the axeman and the position in which he stood while at work. One column of figures in Table lY indicates the length of the section taken by the lumbermen for their logs, and represents one, two, or three logs of 13 feet 4 inches each, that being the length cut by the log- choppers in the Adirondack forests. For instance; in Specimen No. 6 (right-hand page), 26 feet and 8 inches of trunk were taken, showing that two logs were obtained from that tree. Specimen 19 shows that a section of the trunk 40 feet long was removed, from which it appears that this tree furnished three logs ; and specimen 60, that 53 feet and 4 inches of 8 58 Tbe Adirondack Black Spruce. the tree trunk, making four logs, were taken. Specimen 83 shows that five logs aggregating 66 feet and 8 inches were taken, the top log being only eight inches in diameter at the top or small end. In this tree it appears, from the next column of figures, that only 15 feet and 5 inches of top remained, indicating that this tree, which was 84 feet 9 inches high, was not only tall, but cylindrical and free from limbs nearly to its crown. Specimen 87 was 93 feet and 7 inches high, and although taller than the one just men- tioned, furnished the same number of logs, the top log, however, being 12 inches in diameter at its small end. The tallest tree mentioned in Tabl^ IV is Specimen 839, which was Vt8 feet 6 inches high, and 22 inches in diameter on the stump. Specimen 832 was 26 inches in diameter, but only 87 feet 8 inches high, and furnished four logs instead of five. It will be noticed that many of the trees furnished only two logs and some only one, although they were of a fair height. The small number of logs obtained from a tree was due in some instances to rotten butts, or to the fact that there was too great a limb development at the top of the tree, the top measurements indicating in many cases that the trunk diminished in diameter, or " tapered " too rapidly. In Table IV the figures showing the number of rings per inch indicate that the Adirondack black spruce when growing under natural conditions, where the trees are overcrowded and de- prived of light, requires on an average over 24 years for an increase of two inches in diameter ; but an examination of the figures shows that many of the trees, which had attained a height enabling them to dominate the surrounding ones, required from six to eight years only to gain two inches. Thus the tree repre- sented by Specimen 43 was 30 years in gaining the third inch of radius while it was only seven years in growing an inch after its crown had reached to where it could gain proper nourishment. Specimen 456 evidently had the advantage of light and air from the time that it was a nursling, as is indicated by the compara- tively small number of years required in adding each inch to its diameter. From the measurements and notes made by Forester Humes — in Township 14, Town of Fine, St. Lawrence county — the fol- lowing deductions as to the average age of the spruce are made: The Adirondack Black Spbuce. 59 TABLE V. DIAMETER IN INCHES. Number of trees.* Maximum and minimum ages. Average age. 13 10 9 4 5 6 4 23 15 15 19 16 19 29 15 18 7 7 5 4 1 1 3 2 138—200 145—275 174—203 167—201 156—200 173—200 184—283 189— i89 199—291 107-345 189—300 178—301 195—302 . 231—354 258—316 271—301 273—333 2-, 5—325 231—293 290—... 285—... 302—374 326—351 173 14 181 15 184 16 183 17 183 18 184 19 211 20 212 21 346 22 248 23 266 24 270 25 270 26 285 288 28 281 304 30 299 272 32 . , 290 285 34 330 338 237 ' These trees do not represent any definite area or yield per acre, but were selected with reference to securing specimens of each diameter. 60 TsE Adirondack Black Spruce. And from the measurements and notes made by Foresters Olmstead and Sanford in Township 20, Franklin county, and Township 3 (" Atherton "), St. Lawrence county, the following deductions as to the average age of the Adirondack spruce are made: TABLE VI, DIAMETER IN INCHES. Number of spruce trees. Minimum and maximum ages. Average age. 12 217 177 187 71 113 53 77 17 53 4 12 4 10 1 1 3 96—185 102 - 210 104—214 114-217 116—212 121—236 130—209 95—200 133 — 235 156-227 162—224 149—234 160—226 213—... 197—... .217—226 128 13 139 14 143 15 151 16 154 17 18 161 154 19 174 184 20 , 21 185 22 189 23 11-6 195 213 24 25 26 197 222 27 1,000 We are unable to account satisfactorily for the difference in average age as indicated in the two preceding tables. It may be that if the figures in the first had included as large a number of trees and as wide a scope of territory as are embraced in the second table, that the two results would agree better. The aver- age age as indicated in Table V corresponds substantially with that of the black spruce in Maine, as based upon measurements made by Mr. Austin Gary, whose report shows that the average age of the 12-inch spruce is 171 years; the 13-inch, 174 years; the 14-inch, 189 years, and the 15-inch, 185 years. A remarkable feature in connection with the biology of the spruce is the exceedingly wide range of ages in trees of the same diameter. Thus, in Table Yl it will be noted that of 187 trees all 14 inches in diameter on the stump, there is a difference of 110 years in some of the ages. Some will readily explain this Tbe Adirondack Black Spruce. 61 wide divergence by claiming that in many cases there were two or more rings formed in single years owing to climatic effects, which is discussed later on. But, in view of the short season in the Adirondacks during which the flow of sap is not checked, as might occur in trees which feel the influence of an early spring, only one ring could reasonably be expected for each year's growth. It is more reasonable to account for the rapid growth of some of the trees by the fact that these trees stood where they received more light and air; and for the slow growth of the others by the deprivation of the same. Although the black spruce is the slowest in growth of all our forest trees, it does not require the number of years to attain maturity that are indicated by the preceding statistics. It must be t^rne in mind that these tables indicate the age of the spruce when growing under natural conditions, where it is deprived of a proper amount of light and air during the greater period of its growth. Starting as a seedling, the young tree struggles for many years in the cold and gloom of the underbrush, the first decade of its existence being merely a struggle for survival. This IB evident from the figures in Table IV, in which so many trees show that over 30 years, were passed in attaining their first inch of radius or two inches of diameter. Only through the sur- vival of the fittest do these nurslings struggle upward until by overtopping the surrounding growth they gain light and air, after which their increase in rapidity of growth is plainly noticeable. !Now the black spruce of the Adirondacks does not require any such number of years to attain a merchantable size. On Lot 9i, Township 21, in the Town of Long Lake, Hamilton county, there is at the present time a thick growth of spruce on a piece of land where the Kev. Hobert Shaw, a local clergyman, according to his statement, mowed grass 26 years ago. Many of the trees in this clump of spruce are over 30 feet high and nine inches in diame- ter. Emerson* mentions seven spruce trees of 31 years' growth, in the Botanic garden, which averaged 30 inches in diameter, or one-third of an inch annual growth in diameter. * Trees and shrubs oC Uassachusetts, by Oeorge B. Emerson. 52 TsE Adirondack Black Spbugs. In the office of the Forest Commission there are some carbon paper impressions showing growth rings taken from the stumps of spruce trees recently cut by lumbermen — trees which were growing in a spruce forest that had been lumbered 24 years ago, at which time all the larger, spruce was taken out. The acceler- ated growth of the young spruces which were left, due to the admission of light and air through the removal of the large trees, is plainly seen in the wider rings shown by the carbon impres- sions taken from the stumps. Up to and just preceding the time when the lumbermen first went into this forest these spruces were growing at a rate of 26 rings to the inch. Immediately after this thinning and interlucation there was an increased growth, as shown by the impression paper, at the rate of 11 rings , to two inches. We regret exceedingly that we are unable to reproduce in print these impression papers of tree rings so as to furnish them with this publication, for they argue plainly and incontestably as to the increased product and revenue which can be derived from our spruce forests where the cutting is done under an intelligent system. That the number of rings disclosed by the cross-section of a tree-trunk indicates the years of age is a generally accepted fact. It is so taught in all text-books pertaining to the subject. Asa Gray states that " the trunk of an exogenous tree, when cut oft ^t the base, exhibits as many concentric rings of wood as it is years old." Emerson* says of these tree rings that " a single circle attains maturity, in temperate regions, every year." Goodalef states that this " development of the film of growth is usually continuous in a given season, but it may be interrupted, in which case it is possible to have two rings added to the wood in a single year, whereas, as everyone knows, there is usually only one new ring for each year's growth^ The " interrupted " growth just referred to is the result of a period of cold weather acting upon trees which in the same sea- son have felt previously the influence of an early spring. But in * Trees and shrubs of Massachusetts, by Qeorge B . Emerson, taardeo and I'oreat, Vol. II, March JO, 1889: Principles of Physiological Bjtany, as applied to Forestry; by Qeorge Linooln Goodale. hs-section of Black Spruce, 115 years old, 12 inches in diameter on the stump. From an impression made with carbon paper. '1 he greater thickness of the outer rings is due to interluca- tion made by lumbermen eighteen years ago, Alhtiny Eng. Co Tbe Adirondack Black Spruce. 63 the cold, backward climate which prevails in the habitat of the Adirondack spruce there is no early spring, and no premature starting of the sap or liability to such interruptions. In that region spring is late in coming, and barely ushers in the summer. Hough * says : " The record of the seasons for a long period may be determined, at least in effect, by the width of the rings of annual growth. "We sometimes find, at recurring intervals, a narrow ring, perhaps every third year, that may have been caused by the loss of leaves from worms that appear at that interval, and that have thus left their record when every other proof of their presence has perished. "We have seen sections of trees in the museums of Schools of Forestry, in which these proofs were recorded through a century or more of time, and the years could be definitely fixed by counting inward from the year when the tree was felled. " "When the bark and wood of a tree are cut or wounded by accident, as by the marking hammer of the forester, or the axe of a surveyor, the growth from the side will gradually close over the injury, and fill in the inequalities, so that, when afterward split off, it will often show in relief any depressions or cuts on the original trunk. Many Forest Academies in Europe have in their museums specimens of timbermarks thus cut or stamped into wood, with the oast taken by nature from the mold. The land- marks of surveyors have thus been found more than a hundred years afterward. Some scar, or, in coniferous trees, perhaps a gum spot, would be noticed upon the outside, and by cutting down through as many rings of growth as there had been years since the former survey, the marks of the ax would be found." It is no new idea. Over 400 years ago, Leonardo da Yincif, who was an. observant botanist as well as a great painter, wrote : " The rings of the branches of trees show how many years they have lived, and their greater or smaller size whether they were damper or drier. They also show the direction in which they were turned, because they are larger on the north side than on the south, and for this reason the center of the tree is nearer the bark on the south than on the north side." But these statements need not rest upon any botanical theory. In the course of our work we have often found it necessary to •Elements of Forestry, by Franklin B. Hough, Ph. D. tlJ Nuovo Qiornale Botanico Italiano : Vol. I, No. 1, 1889. 64 The Adirondack Black Sfruce. re-establish the old boundary lines of various townships in the Adirondack forest. The surveyors have repeatedly cut blocks out of line trees in which the old original " blaze " was grown over with wood and hidden from sight ; but the number of tree rings outside the original but concealed scar of the blaze mark corresponded exactly with the number of years which had elapsed since the time when the surveyors first ran the line. This curious and interesting phenomenon has been observed so often in the course of our work that it has ceased to attract attention as a novelty. Many suits involving the title to or possession of land have been decided in courts on the evidence of some surveyor who proved the date of an old survey by introducing as evidence a block of wood cut from a line tree. In view of the general belief that the annular grains of tree growth are coincident in number with the years of age, it is interesting to note that this idea is strongly combated by some careful observers. While we do not agree with the conclusions in the following article, it is reproduced here as an interesting contribution to the literature pertaining to this subject. The article is reprinted from the Saw-Mill Gazette : Growth Eings on Trees. Age said not to be indicated by them. " There is an old landmark on the DeLarm farm that is of considerable interest. The farm is located on what is known as the ' high road' to DuBois from Keynoldsville. The landmark, which is a notch in atree, locates a corner of the DeLarm farm, which is in JefiEerson county. The landmark also locates the boundary line between Jefferson, and Clearfield counties. When the notch was cut Clearfield and J-fferson counties had not been organized, and the line ran between two other counties. The line still remains, though it does not now mark the boundary of either of the original counties. The notch was cut into the tree in 1785, just 108 years ago. This fact is proven by the rings in the tree that are visible and which number 108. Sometimes parts of a tree containing a notch similar to this one, establishing a comer, are taken into court and are accepted as evidence. The date, designated by the number of rings, is also accepted." — Reynoldsville Volunteer, Pa. '' The above item is from a recent copy of a Pennsylvania journal, andsftrveB to show how tenaciously man clings to old fallacies . Of all silly notions this idea of rings being an indicator of the age of trees seems to be most senseless, and yet, according to the above authority, the rings of a tree are accepted as evidence in courts. If the determining of the age of a tree by the rings was one of those things that was difficult to controvert, then there might be some excuse for depending upon them, but when there are so many opportunities at hand to disprove the theory, to adhere to the fallacy is worse than ignorance— It becomes a species of bigotry. The Adirondack Black Spbuck. 65 Just how the notch proves what Is asserted is not made clear, as any cut into the side of a healthy tree is sure to fill up by the outer growths after a series of years, but somewhere the authority for the statement found 108 rings, and forsooth the notch was cut 108 years ago ; logic, and as a matter of course, "ahorse chestnut must be a chestnut horse." Had a section from an opposite side of the tree been cut there would have been found, with- out doubt, another number of rings, either less or more, or had the count been several feet above the notch the number would have been less, or below it a short distance there would have been found a greater number. If the believers in the rings are to tell us the age of a tree thereby, they must settle just at what point the count is to be made for beginning at the ground and going upwards, it is found that the number of rings grows less as you ascend. This must be so from the natural course of things, as new shoots put out from the top and continue the upward growth of the tree every year. We can see no way out unless we make our count at the ground, but here even we encounter another difficulty, and one that is serious, it the tree should be one that has grown where one side is fully exposed to the sun and the other shaded. In that case, ciunting from the heart, it will be found that on the exposed side of the tree the number of rings is greatly in excess of the number on the shaded side. A notable case is called to mind of a second-growth white ash that grew in a hedge on the south side of a fence. This tree showed forty clearly defined rings upon the south side of the heart, and, by a liberal allowance, after examining with a magnifying glass, thirty was the most that could be defined on the north side, so that it was just as easy to prove the tree thirty as it was to prove it forty years old. The same butt was cut oS eight feet above the cutting kerf, and the number of rings had been reduced to twenty and sixteen. Curiosity led to a fur- ther examination and the stump was cut close to the ground, where no difQculty was experi- enced in counting sixty and forty-five rings, respectively. A further proof was furnished by the recorded facts of the fence having been erected on that line thirty- five years before, as a boundary line between the estates of two brothers, being a part of a plot that was divided up between heirs, and the tree grew after the fence was built. Of course, such a case would cot count against the prejudice of ages, but it becomes a stub- born fact, nevertheless. Let anyone plant a number of seed— apple, peach or plum, something that grows quickly— care for the sprouts, and after three or four years cut them and count the growth-rings and thus satisfy himself. It is doubtful if two out of a dozen will contain the same number of rings, or if anyone will show a number corresponding with the age. The thriftier the shoot the greater the number of rings, and the more stunted and weak the specimen the less the number, and yet all may be of the same age and grown under similar conditions. All roots, those used for food as well as those that are not, are of a woody nature, and where the circumstances are unfavorable the least thrifty of the edible show a fibrous, woody compo- sition, and at times some are found that can not be cooked to make them fit for food. In all the growth rings are defined, but in none so clearly as in the beet. Not only does it show the rings, but it shows the porous state and medullary rays as well. These rings neither indicate days, months, moons or other time divisions. On a tender, thrifty root there may be a dozen or more rings, while a less thrifty one grown at its side may not show half that number. What will our seer tell us regarding the ages of these beets ? Leaving all other tests aside, there is a law of nature that upsets all this annular ring growth theory. Everything has its growing, ripening and decaying season. The tree, like the straw of wheat, grows to its full, ripens and then dies. A tree may be vigorous and put on wood, or, in other words, grow for one hundred years, but that hundred years does not mark its life; for fifty or even a hundred more years ths life sap may be sufficient to nourish and maintain the growth already made, but not enough to put on new wood, and another fifty or hundred years may pass, during which no new growth is made, and during which the vital fluid is sufficient to maintain the tree in full vigor, dtu-ing which it slowly but surely dies. Here may be three hundred years of life, and yet, during two hundred years, not an ounce of new wood has been added, and yet, in face of all, men will assert that they can determine the age of a tree by its rings. What, then, are these rings and what do they determine ? The common-sense answer is, they are growth rines —nothing more. One may be the result of a year, a month or a week or any other division of time; ail depends upon circumstances. If an entb-e summer has been moist 9 66 Tbe Adirondack Black Spruce. and vegetation has suffered no drawback from drouth or cold, It is barely possible that the entire growth of that season will be represented by a single ring, but even this is doubtful, as it is the thin sap which flows nearest the bark that nourishes the growth, and if an extra large growth is formed the su^ar and glutinous matter in the sap may thicken and impede the flow of the more watery portion, and by forcing it into the nev inner bark cause a new growth; but if, after a growing period, there comes a drouth sufficient to rob th" roots of the necessary moisture, the sap in the wood thickens and the more watery seeks the inner bark, through which it carries nourishment to the leaves. This is often insufficient, and many leaves fall and others wilt, but with a fall of rain the supply of vital fluid is increased, the leaves brighten up and the smaller ones grow. New life is imparted, and with this new life comes a new growth, another ring is formed, and so on through the entire season. Who living in tbe north has not seen the leaves nipped by a frost after they were full and fall to the ground f After a few warm days and a warm rain new leaves start and the tree is soon In full foliage, but there has been a check to growth and a new growth starts with the new leaf. Thus, one cause another checks one growth and invites another, making a ring each time entirely independent of years.^^ — Saw-Mill Gazette. Mr. Austin Gary, of Bangor, Me., who, acting under instruc- tions from the National Forestry Bureau, has been engaged in the Maine forests in counting tree rings with a view to establish- ing the age of the black spruce in that State, calls attention in his report to certain facts which throw some light on this matter of variable or retarded tree growth : " While carrying out the field work, which is behind all these statements, facts were found proving the influence of the weather on the growth of trees. In May, 1893, while at work on the Androscoggin river, word came from Mr. J. A. Pike, of Berlin, N. H., that record was to be seen in the spruces of a series of cold years which occurred in the early part of the century. This was richly worth examination, and I immediately set about in- vestigating the matter. Beginning the count of rings with the bark, it was found on the first log examined that a number of rings, being in that case the seventy-ninth to the eighty-third from the bark, were very distinctly thinned. Continuing the search, every tree was found to have a belt of thin rings in sub- stantially the same position, these being reduced in some cases almost to microscopic. " As soon as access could be had to books the history of the matter was looked up, and it was found that the years 1812 to 1816 in Maine were very extraordinary years. The temperature was unusually low as an average, and in 1812, 1815 and 1816 at least, frosts or snows or both occurred in the summer. In 1815 and 1816 crops through the State were very seriously impaired and many people despairing of the agricultural prospects of the TsE Adirondack Black Spsvcb. 67 country emigrated to the Ohio vaUey. This severe weather then was without doubt the cause of the thin rings so regularly found in the spruce trees. " Since that time this zone of rings has been found in spruce trees m all parts of the State and in the northern portion of New Hampshire. Careful notes of its character and occurrence were taken, in the course of other study, and the facts observed and inferences drawn will be found in full in the publications of the United States Forestry Division. "This belt of thin rings can be seen by anyone who will take the trouble to examine carefully any good sized spruce log. It demonstrates the effect of inclement seasons on the growth of trees, and it is further of value in that while there is some varia- tion about it, the approximate regularity of its position, the close correspondence in number of the rings outside the thin belt with the seasons that have elapsed since the cold year, gives added confidence in the substantial regularity of ring deposit and con- sequently in the results of investigation which proceed on that assumption. " An instance of the effect Oi exposure on the growth of trees I am able to present through the interest of Mr. William Monroe, of Bangor. In the winter of ■ 893-94 he scaled* a landing of spruce hauled into Silver lake in the Town of Katahdin Iron Works, from a piece of ground on the south slopes of Saddle Eock Mountain, which had never before been cut. The soil was a deep red loam, and the spruce was gathered along brook runs or scattered amongst the hardwood growth intervening. But the point is that the timber was divided between two separate slopes of the mountain, the upper one of wl ich was some 200 feet above the lower, and considerably more exposed. " The timber from each slope was yarded on the more level land at its base, ard Mr. Monroe kept a separate scale of the two lots. A marked difference in the size of the trees is found. The logs cut on the upper and more exposed slope were 4,3TY in number, and scaled 435,726 feet, B. M., or 99-J^ feet to the piece. The lower lot numbered 2,598 sticks, and the total scale was 320^811 feet, or 123^ feet to the piece. The difference is 24 per * Measured. 68 The Adirondack Black Spruce. cent, of the smaller piece. No other cause for it being apparent, the difference in the size of the trees seems to be due to their greater or less exposure." FoBKST Composition. Throughout the entire forest, covering the Adirondack Plateau, where the altitude exceeds 1,300 feet, the hardwood growth accompanying the black spruce is in almost every locality made up of maple, beech and yellow birch. Here and there, but at widely separated intervals, are scattering specimens of the white and black ash, black cherry, elm, basswood, "hard- hack "* [Ost/rya Virgmica), and white birch. On burned areas or reforested clearings the poplars and "pin" cherries {Primus Pennsylvanica) grow in abundance, but are seldom seen growing with the spruce in the primeval woods. In order to give some idea of the general composition of the Adirondack woods, the foresters were directed to measure oflf in different places an acre or more of ground and count each tree within the space, noting, also, its diameter and species. They were further instructed to take pains that the localities selected should be ones in which the growth had no unusual character- istics, and which would fairly represent the number and propor- tion of the various species per acre. Foresters Olmstead and Sanford accordingly selected four acres on Lot 39, Township 20, Franklin county^ in the immediate vicinity of the forest in which they examined the trees embraced in the first 700 specimens of Table lY. These four acres are situated about four miles west of the head of the Upper Saranac Lake, and near the line of the Adirondack division of the New York Central railroad. Their notes do not embrace the young trees of seven inches in diameter or less, of which there was the usual proportion standing among the others. The undergrowth, like that of all the Adirondack forests, was somewhat dense, being composed largely of " witch hopple " {Viburmim lan- tanoides) and striped maple {Acer Pennsylvanioum). The moun- tain maple {Acer spicatum) was not plentiful, this species appa- rently seeking the roadsides or openings. • Local, for Iron-wpud. The Adirondack Black Spruce. 69 TABLE VII. Acre No. 1. Lot 39, Township 20, FrankUn CownMj. DIAMETER. Spruce. Hemlock. Balsam, Birch. Maple. Beech. 8 inches 20 6 8 4 4 7 1 8 5 2 1 J. 4 2 1 2 1 1 22 7 13 6 11 3 3 53 9 " 19 10 " 11 " 12 " 13 " 1 1 4 1 8 3 2 30 11 29 13 14 " 2 2 2 8 15 " 2 16 " 5 4 11 17 " 18 " 2 2 4 19 " 20 " 1 1 . 3 4 9 21 " • 22 " 1 1 23 " 24 " 1 . 1 2 25 " 26 " 27 ■' 28 " 1 1 51 22 6 13 31 70 193 Average diameter, including eight inches and upwards . Spruce, 10 inches ; hemlock, 10^ inches ; balsam, 9^ inches ; yellow birch, Vl\ inches ; maple, 14-^ inches ; beech, V)\ inches. 70 Tbe Adirondack Black Sprucm. TABLE VIII. ACEB No. 2. Lot 39, Township 20, Fromklvn Gowniy. DIA. METER. Spruce. Hemlock. Balsam. Bireh. Maple. Beech. Total. 8 inches 9 " 18 3 T 6 5 5 3 1 1 1 3 13 3 4 2 11 2 3 5 2 1 16 2 8 2 10 53 10 10 " 3 2 1 22 12 11 " 12 " 13 " 1 3 3 2 31 10 14 " 3 1 12 1 15 " 16 " 1 2 1 1 5 2 4 17 " 18 " 1 19 " 20^ " 2 2 53 39 8 15 9 40 164 Average diameter, including eight inches : Black spruce, 10|^ inches ; hemlock, lOf inches ; balsam, 8| inches ; yellow birch, 13J inches; hard maple, 13f inches; beech, 9^ inches. Tbe Adirondack Black Spruce. 71 TABLE IX. ACEE Ko. 3. Lot 39, Townshvp 20, FramMin CovmMj. DIAMETEB. Spruce. Hemlock. Balsam. Birch. Maple. Beech. Total. 8 inches 9 " 18 6 17 5 14 6 11 1 2 15 2 1 25 61 6 10 " 11 ' ' 10 2 6 1 2 1 10 3 6 40 11 12 " 13 " 8 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 36 7 14 " 16 ' ' 2 1 1 3 20 4 16 " 3 7 17 " 1 18 " 1 2 6 19 " 20 " 21 " 1 1 1 22 " 23 " 1 1 3 24 " 29 " 1 2 1 1 2 5 1 33 " 1 83 42 3 22 9 50 209 Average diameter, including eight inches : Black spruce, llf inches; hemlock, ISJ inches; balsam, 9 inches; yellow birch, \Z\ inches ; hard maple, Vl\ inches ; beech, 9|- inches. 72 TsE Adirondack Black Spruce. TABLE X. ACEE No. 4. Lot 39, Township 20, IramMvn Cov/nty. DIAMETER. Spruce. Hemlock. Balsam. Birch. Uaple. Beech. Total. 8 inches 14 9 1 1 5 30 9 " 10 " 9 5 11 4 6 3 4 1 1 5 2 5 20 11 " 7 12 " 4 4 1 1 1 3 1 25 13 " 5 14 " 2 2 1 4 2 4 13 15 " 8 16 " 8 17 " 2 4 2 18 " 1 5 19 " , 20 " 2 1 1 3 21 " 1 1 2 22 " 1 23 " 24 " 1 1 28 " 1 1 1 33 " 1 60 21 2 14 1 28 132 Average diameter, including eight inches : Black spruce, 11^^ inches; hemlock, llf inches; balsam, 9 inches; yellow birch, 14 inches; hard maple, 164 inches; beech, 12|^ inches. The trees noted in the next table were counted and measured by Foresters Olmstead and Sanford on an acre located on Lot 31, Township 19, Town of Altamont, Franklin county. On this acre all trees above four inches in diameter were included in the for- ester's notes. Although in a different township and several miles to the westward it will be, noticed that the composition of this piece of forest is essentially the same as that shown in the four preceding tables. The Adirondack Black Sprtjce. 73 TABLE XI. ACEK No. 6. Lot 31, Township 19, FrcmJdvn County. DIAMETER. Spruce. Hemlock. Balsam. Birch. Maple. Beech. Total. 5 inches 6 " 1 " 21 7 7 15 1 3 2 1 13 6 4 12 1 1 1 2 1 14 37 19 14 8 " 9 " ..., 1 43 10 " 11 " 13 2 9 2 1 4 1 4 1 4 3 5 2 15 4 3 1 2 23 5 12 " 13 " 2 1 2 33 5 14 " 15 " 3 1 1 12 2 16 " 17 ' ' 11 4 2 23 18 ' ' 8 2 1 11 19 ' ' 1 2 1 20 ' ' 2 21 ' ' 1 1 22 ' ' 3 1 4 23 ' ' 24 " 2 1 1 4 101 27 37 14 9 51 239 Average diameter, including five inches : Black spruce, lO^V inches ; hemlock, 12| inches ; balsam, 6| inches ; yellow birch, 14^ inches ; hard maple, \^ inches ; beech, lOf inches. The general composition of the Adirondack forest is fairly rep- resented by the species shown in the five preceding tables. But in traveling through the wilderness exceptional forest tracts will be often noted. In some localities, as shown in Table XII, the hemlock predominates, and the spruce is of secondary importance. In others the white pine, which has nearly disappeared from the Adirondaoks, is still to be found. Then, again, in some places only one of the three dominant hardwoods is growing. In illustration of these exceptional types of timber land we fur- nish here some tables based on notes and measurements made by Forester Frank C. Parker, who was instructed to examine certain tracts in Essex county. 10 74 The Adirondack Black Sprvck. TABLE XII. ACEE No. 1. Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook TVacl, Essex County, JV. Y. SPECIES. Black Spruce {F^cea nigra) Hemlock (Tsuga Caiia- densis) Yello-w Bircli {Betula Itttea) Hard Maple {Acer sacchar- inum) Beech {Fagus ferruginea) . Basswood [Tilia Ameri- cana) , Totals Trees. 11 35 6 5 36 94 Diameters in inches. 12 — 16 12—40 8- 30 19—28 10—24 20— Standards * 6.90 92 '.00 98.90 Feet, B. M. 1,262 16,836 18,098 Cords. Notes.— This acre was selected in a virgin forest, situated on a gentle slope, well watered, with an easterly exposure. Ground slightly rolling. A fair type of forest in which the hem- lock predominates. The altitude Is about 1,700 feet. The land is owned by the State. TABLE XIII. ACBB No. 2. Zot JVb. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, JV. Y. SPECIES. Trees. Diameters in inches. Standards. Feet, B. M. Black Spruce {Ricea nigra) Hemlock ( Tsuga Canadensis) Balsam {Abies balsamea) White ( Jedar ( Thuya occidentalis) Yellow Birch {Betula lutea) Beech {Fagus ferruginea) 11 7 10 13 38 7 8—17 16-28 7-16 10—20 10-21 12—20 4.55 12.08 2.96 9.13 832 2,210 541 1,671 Totals 86 28.72 5 254 NoTKS — On high land with an easterly exposure. The surrounduig forest has the appear- ance of having been burned over at some previous time, many years ago. The original fleld- notes pertainingto the survey of this lot call for a corner on a burned hill. This corner is only a short distance from the strip on which these measurements were made. The hardwood has the appearance of a second growth, and some of the larger ones show the effects of fire. •A "standard" log is 18 feet long and 19 inches in diameter at the smallest end, inside the bark, and contains 188 feet of lumber, board measure. In the Adirondack forests the lumber- men out all their logs 18 feet long. The Adirondack Black Spruce. 75 TABLE XIY. ACEE No. 3. Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, JV. Y. SPECIES. Trees. Diameters in inches J Standards. Feet, B. M. Cords. Black Spruce {Picea nigra). Hard Maple {Acer sacchar- inum) Beech (Fagus ferruginea) . 28 47 43 8—21 10—28 7—21 21.54 3,942 6 Totals 118 21.54 3,942 6 Notes. — This acre is a primitive forest in which the hardwoods predominate. It is on a piece of table land, well watered from slopes on either side. The maples and beeches are thrifty and tall, this acre being a good type of an Adirondack forest in which there is a good growth of spruce intermixed among the hardwoods. The undergrowth is composed largely of Mountain Maple (Acer spicatum) and small Yellow Birch. TABLE XV. ACEB No. 4. Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, N. Y. SPECIES. Black Spruce {Picea nigra). Hemlock {Tsuga Canaden- sis) White Cedar (Thuya occi- dentalis) "White Pine {Pinusstrobus). White Birch (Betula papy- racea) , Totals Trees. 73 3 46 12 11 145 D'ameters in inches. 9—18 12—30 9—22 24—37 8—16 Standards. 37.00 9.98 18.24 101.55 166.77 Feet, B. M. 6,771 1,826 3,338 18,583 30,518 Cords. 12 12 Notes— This acre represents a portion of virgin forest situated on rising ground, well watered, a small brook running through a portion of it. The slope has a westerly exposure. It is a fair example of the ridges on which the spruce predominates, and where it grows in com- pany with other conifers. 76 The Adirondack Black Spruce. TABLE XVI. ACEK No. 5. Lot No. 12, Hearing BrooJc Tract, Essex Gowniy, If. Y. SPECIES. Trees. Diameters In inches. Standards. Feet, B. M. CJords. Black Spruce {Picea nigra). Hemlock [Tsuga Vana- densis) 36 40 6 12 43 1 9-20 8—26 9—26 11—28 6—19 20— 15.49 17.37 6.60 2,834 3,178 1,208 4 White Ceda,r {TAuy a ocd- deatalis) Hard Maple {Acer sacohar- inum) Beech {Migus ferruginea) . White Ash (M-axinus Americana) Totals 138 39.46 7,220 4 NoTss.— This acre was selected in a primitive forest, growing on a '^bench'*^ or naiural ter- race, well watered, with a northerly exposure. The undergrowth, in addition to the nursllQ^ of the dominant species, was composed largely of fountain Maple O^cer spicatum), with occasional specimens of Striped Maple C^cerPennsylvanicum). The growth under and near the hemlocks was completely covered in places wi ih the American Yew or Ground Hemlock CTaxics Canadensis). TABLE XYII. ACRB No. 1. Zot JVb. 206, Township 11, 0. M. Tract, Essex County, N. Y. SPECIES. Trees. Diameters in inches. Standards. Feet, B. M. Cords. Black Spruce {Picea nigra). Hemlock ( Tsuga Cana- densis) 52 26 44 37 14 5—16 9—28 7—16 6—20 8—22 14.49 20.00 9.00 2,651 3,660 1,647 4 Balsam (Abies balsamea) . . Yellow Birch(Be<«/a lutea) Hard Maple (Acer sacchar- inum) Totals 173 43.49 7,958 A Notes.— This lot C8C6, Township 11) was lumbered about 33 years ago by 0. F. Norton, at which time the pine and spruce were cut ; but the spruces under 10 inches in diameter were not taken. Smce then — about 16 years ago — it was cut over again, at which time some white ash and yellow birch was taken, as well as the larger spruce. This acre strip was measured off on level land, not low enough to be swampy, but a bench of table land. The crown covering is dense; and the timber, with the exception of the hemlock and some of the hardwoods, seems to be a second growth,— that is, it has been growing among flrst-growth trees, and has made a rapid progress after the interlucation made by cutting out he larger trees. Tbe Adirondack Black Spruce. 77 TABLE XVIII. • ACEE No. 2. Lot Ko. 206, Township 11, 0. M. Tract, Essex County, JV. Y. SPECIE 3. Black Spruce(Ptc;ea nigra). Hemlouk ( Tsuga Cana- densis) Balsam {Abies balsamea) . . Tamarack {Larix Ameri- cana) Yellow Birch {Betula lutea) Soft Maple {Acer dasycar pum) Totals Trees. 51 15 38 5 30 14 153 Diameters in inches. 5—16 10—24 7 -16 7—12 10—23 8—20 Standards 20.00 24.00 10.00 64.00 Feet, B. M. 3,660 4,392 1,830 9,882 Cords. Notes.— This acre was measured off at the I- xtreme end o( a bench of table land extending toward a swamp. The undergrowth is mostlr small yellow birches and mountain maples, the latter appearing only where the cutting had been severe, evidently places where the ground was originally cleared for skidways. TABLE XIX. AcEE No. 3. Lot 206, Township 11, 0. 31. Tract, Essex County, JV. Y. SPECIES. Black Spruce {Picea nigra) Balsam {Abies balsamea).. Hard Maple {Acer sacchari- num.) Beech ( Fagus ferruginea) Totals Trees. Diameters in mches. Standards Feet, B. M. Cords. 15 8—22 9.00 1,647 3 5 Y-14 30 9—28 39 7—20 89 9 00 1,647 5 Notes. This acre was selected on a hardwood slope with a northerly exposure. Inter- spersed with the larger trees there was a large number of small yellow birches and maples, and In places, groups of small balsams, all under five inches m diameter. Only a '.vn of the hard- wood trees had been out by the lumbermen. The crown development was dense, and the forest in good condition. 78 Tsn Adirondack Black Spruce. TABLE XX. ACEK No. 4. Lot 206, Township 11, 0. M. Tract, Essex County, JV. T. SPECIES. Trees, Diameters n inches. Standards. Feet, B. U. Cords. Black Spruce {Picea nigra). Hemlock {Isuga Canaden- sis) 36 30 10 27 40 3 8-22 12-27 6-12 7-2 1 8-20 6-20 15 20 2,745 3,660 5 Balsam (Abies balsamea) . . Yellowr Birch {Betula lutea) Beech (Fagus ferrugiiea) . Black Cherry \Prunus sero- tina) Totals 146 35 6,405 5 Notes. — This acre is on land sloping toward the east On this strip there is a claster of spruces Ibat have all the appearances of being a "first -growth," although the trees are not large. It is evident that at the time of the first cutting iheae trees were considered too small for saw logs. In several instances the owners of spruce timber lands in northern New York have shown an encouraging and commend- able tendency to manage their property with reference to sus- tained productivity. Instead of taking all the merchantable tim- ber available for immediate profit, they have restricted their cutting materially with the intention of securing further growth and further revenues in future. The cutting of small spruces for pulpwood has been prohibited on many large tracts, although the revenue derivable from this source is large and available at any time. Furthermore, the cutting for lumber or saw-logs is restricted to trees 12 inches in diameter on the stump. Although this is a step in thfe right direction, and something of an improvement on previous methods, there is little in it worthy of the name of forestry. As an approach to scientific or even intelligent forestry methods it is a very slight advance indeed. It is true that spruce lands in our State have been cut /over a second and even a third time, at intervals of 25 years or there- about, and that such cuttings have proved remunerative. But this was not rendered possible altogether by any increase in the 0, « W ffl The Adirondack Black Spsvce. 79 rate of growth due to the interlucation resulting from a previous thinning of the trees ; nor in any great degree to the natural increase in size during the intervals. These successive crops of spruce were due for the most part to other reasons. In the first cutting only the larger and easily accessible trees were taken. Large trees were often left because it did not pay to cut roads to them, the roads being confined to the areas on which the timber grew thickly. In the second cut- ting roads were extended into these areas of scattered spruces, some slight increase in market price warranting this additional expense. The large trees left at the first cutting were then taken out, together with many others which had become large enough through this additional period of growth. The third cutting becomes feasible 25 years later by reason of increased market values, improved means of access, and the demand for pulpwood — the latter demand alone making it profitable in many instances to cut over an old tract where the sawing timber by itself would not yield enough to pay the expense of "lumbering" it. Of course, the younger spruces increase in size during the intervals between operations, and at each return the axeman finds some trees large enough for saw-logs which previously were too small. But too much stress has been laid on this factor in the question, while too many other and important points have been ignored. Assuming that our spruce forests are to be managed, for a period at least, under the well-recognized and accepted forestry method known as that of " selection," we will waive the all- important question of cutting for improvement, and turn to that of cutting for revenue — for future and continuous revenue as some of our well-intentioned forest owners are pleased to term it. This method, which for convenience may be termed cutting for revenue, can not secure the desired result — that of the perpetual maintenance of a merchantable species — unless the cutting is confined to mature trees only. Nothing short of this will answer. Now, it would be difficult to say just what diameter should be assumed in defining a matured spruce. This is evident from the figures in the preceding tables. Moreover, this diameter must vary in different localities. Such diameter can not be ascertained, if at all, until working plans covering a century of improve- ment cutting, seeding or planting have been exploited. It vs^ould be idle to discuss it here. 80 Tbe Adirondack Black Spbucs. Bat if there is to be no improvement cutting, if our forest owners prefer to start with a fixed diameter as a basis for restric- tion in revenue cutting — "a rule of thumb," as Dr. Fernow calls it — such diameter can be fixed approximately in each locality ; and when thus determined, if it approximates closely the average diameter of the matured spruce, it may answer as a first step in a right direction. Such diameter need not be fixed at the maxi- mum. On the contrary, something should be subtracted to offset what is termed in forestry the interest account. A perfectly managed forest is one that will produce the greatest possible revenue and maintain it. It is evident that as a tree approaches maturity there comes a time in its slowly waning growth after which the increment will not equal in value the interest on the money obtainable if cut at that time. Before felling a tree it is not necessary to wait for the signs of decay that announce the cessation of growth. The tree may be turned into money before that, and, in view of the interest account, thus yield a greater profit than to wait for its maximum development. It would be impossible to name any diameters here which should govern such cutting. But any owner of spruce lands can arrive approximately at the proper size if the question is approached intelligently and honestly. Ceri ainly, the twelve inch limit now in use falls far below such requirements. A tree six- teen inches in diameter yields twice as much lumber as one of twelve inches ; and one twenty inches yields four times as much. By harvesting matured trees only, the land owner receives the legitimate income from his property, and makes it a perpetual, interest-bearing investment ; by harvesting the timber before it attains its growth, he decreases the future productivity of his land, and, for the sake of immediate returns, makes a heavy draft upon the principal. Moreover, if he confines his cutting for revenue to mature trees he not only preserves his principal intact, but by adding to his work some judicious improvement cutting he can increase the value of the principal and its corresponding productivity. Many owners of spruce lands have been encouraged by the repeated crops attainable from cutting on a basis of ten or twelve inches in diameter on the stump to assume that such returns may be obtained perpetually. Even if this could be done the yield The Adirondack Black Sprvce. 81 thus obtained must be inferior in quantity and value, like any crop that is gathered before it is ripe or has attained its full growth. It is maintained by experienced foresters, and with good rea- son, that the persistent cutting of any one species, especially where it is done before the trees have attained their full size, tends to the deterioration and, ultimately, to the extinction of such species. This ought to be evident without going into the technical reasons. It is not intended in this report to criticise unfavorably the land owners who are willing to accept pay for twelve-inch spruce. It is their property, and if they prefer the cash in hand to future payment they have the right to accept it without comment. In fact, many who advocate other methods would probably do the same if they were fortunate enough to own spruce timber lands. But the owners of woodlands who are able to hold them, and who may wish to manage their forest so that it will yifeld the greatest revenue, and are willing to waive immediate returns in favor of a permanent, revenue producing investment will do well to study this question carefully. The felling of immature spruce merely for revenue should be discontinued. Mature trees, however, should be converted into money. Part of this money could be set aside with advantage as a fund from which to pay the expense of improvement cuttings, through which the growth of desirable species would be fostered and inferior ones eliminated. The work of the axeman should not be limited to the mature trees which are cut for revenue, but should include the removal of all diseased trees and inferior species, large and small, even though such timber does not yield one cent to pay for the work. Then, again, it might be necessary often to allow sound, mature trees to remain, because their removal might influence surrounding conditions so unfavorably as to inflict a loss greater than their value. But to go further into this subject would involve the recital of technical details of management which are foreign to the scope of this article. Some mention should be made here of the natural tendency of the Adirondack spruce to reproduce itself, a fortunate character- istic that, under the guidance of skillful foresters, could be utilized with great advantage in the work of forest improvement. But 11 82 Tee Avibohvack Black Sprvce. land owners who persist in cutting down to a small diameter on the stump should not rely on this natural seeding of the spruce to correct their faulty system. In the dissemination of spruce seed and starting of natural plantations, nature has proved whimsicals and while the young spruces generally succeed the poplars and bird cherries on the burned lands, they often fail to restock the lands of their own habitat which have been rendered bare by injudicious cutting. The thrifty landowner who would manage his spruce lands rightly should not only confine his cutting to sound methods, but should employ a skillful forester whose judicious, fostering care of the seedlings, together with some provision for the dissemina- tion of seed, will insure that future stability of income which is the main object and aim of intelligent, scientific forestry. The foregoing paragraphs have dealt solely with the question of the black spruce, because the other merchantable species in the Adirondack forests growing in company with it, are seldom accessible. The white pine, except in few localities, was removed years ago. The hemlock is valuable mainly on account of its bark, and in many townships is not cut at all. The hardwoods, though merchantable near the borders of the forest, owing to their accessibility, are not marketable for the most part, as the logs can not be fioated down the streams. Still, tbe roads and railways which are penetrating the forest in increased numbers are fast rendering the hardwoods accessible. The time is near when most of the broad-leaved trees in the Adi- rondacks, as well as the conifers, will become merchantable spe- cies. The same provisions which should regulate the cutting of the spruce will apply to them also. The value and pro- ductivity of these timber lands will be correspondingly increased, and with the proper management of our woodlands American forestry will occupy its rightful place as a beneficent factor in our political economy. "Z