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ALBERT R. MANN 
 LIBRARY 
 
 New York State Colleges 
 
 OF 
 
 Agriculture and Home Economics 
 
 AT 
 
 Cornell University 
 
Cornell University Library 
 HD 6073.F3W86 
 
 Women and the land. 
 
 3 1924 013 937 580 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tliis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013937580 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
BY THE SAME AUTHOR 
 
 GARDENING FOR WOMEN 
 WHAT TO BE ! A GARDENER 
 IN A COLLEGE GARDEN 
 
WOMEN 
 AND THE LAND 
 
 BY 
 VISCOUNTESS 
 
 WOLSELEY 
 
 CITIZEN AND GARDENER OF LONDON 
 
 * ' Lady means * bread-giver ' or ' loaf-giver, ' and Lord 
 means ' maintainer of laws,' and both titles have reference, 
 not to the law which is maintained in the house, nor 
 to the bread which is given to the household : but to law 
 maintained for the multitude, and to bread broken among 
 the multitude." — ^Johh Ruskin : Sesame and Lilies. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 CHATTO &f WINDUS 
 
 1916 
 
 n 
 
30.9038 
 
 All rifhts reserved 
 
I DEDICATE THIS BOOK 
 
 TO THE PATRIOTIC WOMEN 
 
 WHOSE FINE EXAMPLE OF UNSELFISH WOKK ON THE LAND 
 
 DURING THE YEARS OF THE GREAT WAR SHOULD HELP 
 
 TO TEACH CHILDREN, THOSE SMALL INHERITORS 
 
 OF OUR GREAT EMPIRE, WHAT THEY, TOO, CAN 
 
 DO TO RESTORE THE ANCIENT CRAFTS 
 
 OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 
 
 TO THE HIGH POSITIONS THAT 
 
 THEY ONCE HELD 
 
NOTE 
 
 I DESIRE to record my obligations to the editors of 
 The Nineteenth Century and The Contemporary Review 
 for their permission to include in this volume 
 portions of essays that first appeared in their pages. 
 Also, I wish to thankj for permission to reproduce 
 the various illustrations mentioned, the principals or 
 secretaries of the following colleges or societies: 
 For " London Children's Gardens," the London 
 Children's Garden Fund ; for the " Cheese Room " 
 and " Butter Dairy," the Radbrook Technical 
 School, Shrewsbury ; for the " Section of a Poultry 
 Department" and "First Process of Trussing," the 
 West of Scotland Agricultural College ; for " Sheep- 
 Shearing " and " Ploughing " (p. 58), Studley 
 College ; for " Stilton-Making," the Midland Agri- 
 cultural and Dairy College; for "Girl and Calf" 
 and " Picking Peas," and also for the two illustrations 
 "Cutting the Grass" opposite p. 178, Greenway 
 Court, HoUingbourne ; for " Farmyard " and " Hay- 
 Making," as well as for the illustration of " Pruning," 
 the Horticultural College, Swanley. 
 
 Vll 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CMAPTBB piOB 
 
 INTRODUCTION 1 
 
 I. HOW ALL WOMEN CAN HELP TO ADVANCE THE 
 
 CULTIVATION OF LAND IMPROVED RURAL 
 
 EDUCATION AND CO-OPERATION 18 
 
 II. PROFESSIONAL WOMEN WHO CAN ADVANCE THE 
 
 FURTHER CULTIVATION OF LAND 36 
 
 m. THE PEASANT CLASS OF THE FUTURE 50 
 
 IV. CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE 67 
 
 V. women's INSTITUTES 85 
 
 VI. WHAT THE GOVERNING CLASSES COULD DO TO- 
 WARDS HELPING THE FURTHER CULTIVATION 
 
 OF LAND 102 
 
 VII. BETTER HOUSING FOR THE LABOURER 118 
 
 VIII. THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER IS* 
 
 IX. VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 164 
 
 X. THE EDUCATION OF VILLAGE WOMEN AND GIRLS 175 
 
 XI. THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 199 
 
 msEX 
 
 IX 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PEDNING Frontispiece 
 BUTTER DAIRY To face page 28 
 
 CHEESE ROOM 28 
 
 GROUP OF GLYNDE STUDENTS 42 
 
 SHEEP-SHEARING 58 
 
 PLOUGHING 58 
 
 GIRL AND CALF 82 
 
 PICKING PEAS 82 
 
 LONDON children's GARDENS 110 
 
 STILTON-MAKING 144 
 
 SECTION OF A POULTRY DEPARTMENT 158 
 
 FIRST PROCESS OF TRUSSING 166 
 
 CUTTING THE GRASS 178 
 
 CUTTING THE GRASS 178 
 
 FARMYARD 194 
 
 HAY-MAKraa 194 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 As time goes by and the Great War still con- 
 tinues, it is with restless anxiety that the 
 civilian population, a large body of non-fighters, 
 looks round for a useful outlet for energy. In 
 va,in each day we scan the papers, hoping to 
 find that the registration of voluntary and paid 
 women workers, made many months ago, will 
 at length be more vigorously utilised, thus re- 
 leasing men for the fighting lines. Thousands 
 of energetic and patriotic women anxiously 
 wait for a lead, for guidance, so that in this 
 hour of need they, too, as well as soldiers and 
 sailors, may do their " little bit " to help the 
 country. Some have found work in munition 
 factories, others are replacing men-clerks who 
 have gone to the Front, many are with the 
 Voluntary Aid Detachments of the Red Cross, 
 rendering arduous and often unnoticed service 
 to the wounded ; but what can the rest, that 
 large number of still-expectant unemployed, do ? 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 It cannot be said, because they still await 
 orders, that Englishwomen are less patriotic 
 than men and women of other countries ; it is 
 also useless to argue that, because the war has 
 lasted over a year already, the full tide of its 
 force has passed and there is no urgent reason 
 for action. Even if this were the case and we 
 were within measurable distance of peace, 
 there are vast and important matters that con- 
 cern our future land policy which will have to 
 be speedily adjusted. The war has changed 
 much : there will be fewer men to return to 
 the posts they held before ; small incomes will 
 be so reduced that women who formerly had 
 not to earn a living will now have to do so. 
 Then, too, we have to think out a future for 
 the ex-soldier, officer as well as private, who, 
 wounded or nerve-strained, will need to have 
 occupation in health-giving surroundings 
 brought within his reach. We should look, 
 too, for a means of preventing heavy expenses 
 in the shape of imports and guard against 
 undue dependence upon foreign food supplies 
 which might be delayed in reaching our shores, 
 if further blockade were attempted. The 
 words spoken not long ago by Lord Selborne 
 perhaps convey best what we have to prepare 
 for. He said : " Supposing twenty years hence 
 our children have to face another such war, 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 supposing the enemy we were fighting had 
 built not fifty but five hundred first-class sub- 
 marines, and supposing that no answer to the 
 submarine had been found in the meantime, 
 where would be our food supply fi-om overseas ?" 
 
 This increased cultivation of our country, 
 these many questions that are connected with 
 the health, happiness, and prosperity of those 
 who till the soil and produce food in the shape 
 of corn, meat, vegetables, eggs, or whatever it 
 may be, concern very materially the women of 
 England ; for are they not the mothers and 
 watchful guardians of those little ones who 
 will be the inheritors of this wonderful Empire 
 that we are fighting for ? 
 
 This book is intended to draw the attention 
 of women to some of many subjects that are 
 connected with the Land, and with their help 
 we shall doubtless soon awake from that 
 lethargy which has hitherto hindered the de- 
 velopment of thrift, and realise the advantages 
 of a greater use of vegetarian diet, of the culti- 
 vation of waste land, and the better housing 
 and living of the labourer. Although it is 
 hoped that subjects will be touched upon which 
 may interest the practical woman farmer and 
 market gardener, these chapters are meant 
 more especially to convey suggestions for good, 
 sound, lasting work which could be carried out 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 advantageously by lay people, those who have 
 hitherto only been distantly brought into touch 
 with food supplies and rural subjects, and 
 therefore are not yet familiar with them. We 
 want, above all, to remind those who, in the 
 stress and hurry of modern life, are apt to 
 forget it, that what we eat and what we wear 
 come mainly from the land. It holds untold 
 wealth, this island of ours, and yet those two 
 most ancient sister crafts of Agriculture and 
 Horticulture, the oldest in the world, have 
 often been swept ruthlessly to one side as dull, 
 uninteresting, and unremunerative. Those 
 who have persisted in working for them have 
 been looked upon askance by their neighbours 
 as leading profitless lives, or verging upon 
 eccentricities which should neither be coun- 
 tenanced nor assisted by reasonable people. 
 The status of the country labourer, too, has 
 not been a high one, and the accounts that 
 have come to us recently from Belgian refugees 
 as to the bright prospects within reach of the 
 hard-working but happy " peasant class " that 
 prospers in their country, should hasten us in 
 our attempts to better things amongst our own 
 working people. 
 
 Much rests, we know, with those young 
 mothers upon whom, as the consequence of the 
 war, will fall the responsibility of educating 
 
 4 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 the boys and girls who, when peace returns, 
 will rebuild England. Many of these boys 
 will own land, and their sisters, too, will either 
 marry landowners or be closely connected with 
 those who pursue rural interests. It is there- 
 fore all-important that from their youth up- 
 wards they should take an interest in those 
 things which concern the land ; for most 
 assuredly it is the landowner and those closely 
 in touch with him who should lead agricultural 
 industry and be the mainstay of agricultural 
 life. It behoves the owner of land to study, 
 not only new scientific developments, but also 
 the humbler matters which may, perhaps, only 
 bear indirectly upon his own monetary returns, 
 but which relate very closely to the material 
 happiness of those who work for him. Such 
 subjects as the improvement of cottage homes ; 
 the possibility of a secure tenure in the place of 
 a yearly or temporary one, where the labourer 
 is concerned ; better pay for the men, whereby 
 they can feed and warmly clothe those children 
 of theirs who some day will be our best fighting 
 men ; education that will fit boys and girls to 
 earn a living on the land and tempt them to 
 remain away from the false attractions of town 
 life. These are a few of the many considera- 
 tions that a landowner should face. One 
 reason why these matters have until recently 
 
 5 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 been neglected is that many landowners were 
 wealthy enough to disregard the consideration 
 of making profit out of their land. In this 
 respect it is inspiriting to note that parents are 
 now wisely encouraging their boys and girls to 
 undergo serious training to fit them for the 
 business management of country property. 
 After schooldays they go through some months, 
 and often years, of preparation, which re- 
 sembles, in a measure, a university or college 
 training whereby the professional man pre- 
 pares for his future profession or the business 
 man learns how he can successfully run his 
 business. 
 
 The opinion so often expressed that land 
 cannot pay has been the source of much harm, 
 and until we teach our young people those 
 things that are worth copying from French and 
 Belgian farms and gardens, how co-operative 
 method and scientific treatment will increase 
 the yield of produce, we shall still be pursuing 
 the old-fashioned ways that have been harmful 
 and wasteful, and which the Great War was 
 doubtless sent to beat down and destroy. 
 More and more, both for boys and girls, is a 
 thorough, practical training necessary in such 
 things as the scientific treatment of land by 
 manuring, the management of woods and 
 forests, the hygienic feeding and proper hand- 
 
 6 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 ling of cows, pigs, and other live stock, poultry- 
 keeping, jam-making, bee-keeping and all that 
 appertains to the wealth to be attained for our 
 nation by means of the land. If they learn 
 these things they will then be fitted to ad- 
 minister intelligently the work of those who are 
 intellectually inferior to them. We must re- 
 member that " a position of leisured promin- 
 ence " is by no means the happiest ; far better 
 is one where the master or lady of the house, 
 through real knowledge and experience, guides 
 those who work, but have not time to study 
 modern improvements as he or she can do. 
 
 Let us bear in mind the views expressed not 
 long ago by Lord Milner when he wrote a 
 preface to Mr. Christopher Tumor's " Land 
 Problems " : 
 
 " ' Back to the Land ' is a watchword which 
 in some form or other is beginning to appeal to 
 serious men of every hue of political thought — 
 ' Back to the Land, ' not in the sense that all 
 our toUing millions are to turn their attention 
 to agriculture — a patent absurdity — but in the 
 sense that agriculture is once more to be ele- 
 vated to its proper, primary rank in the totality 
 of national production." 
 
 And again, in the same book, we have Mr. 
 Christopher Tumor's views : 
 
 " Never in the history of our country has 
 7 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 there been such need as now for a land tradition 
 which would tend to make land recognised as 
 the greatest national asset and the land problem 
 as the one problem that lies at the root of all 
 social reform." These opinions were expressed 
 long before the war began, and if they were true 
 then, how much more applicable are they now 
 in the crisis through which we are passing ! 
 How much more easily, too, could details for 
 improvement be discussed and decided upon 
 whilst party pohtics are taking a much-needed 
 rest and^we stand, men and women, working 
 together as a united nation ! 
 
 Having passed briefly in review the many 
 reasons why we should grow more food in our 
 own country and be less dependent upon our 
 Dominions and, above all, should not spend upon 
 imports from foreign countries, let us consider 
 how Belgium, a small country and not a par- 
 ticularly fertile one, less than twice as large as 
 Yorkshire, has been so successful in cultivating 
 land. She is only one-eighth the size of Great 
 Britain, but she has been able to feed her own 
 people with home-grown fruit and vegetables 
 and also to export annually £480,000 worth 
 more fruit and £230,000 worth more vegetables 
 than she imports. When we remember, too, 
 that most of her exports come to England, it 
 should prove what our market gardeners could 
 
 8 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 do for themselves if they chose. Between 1901 
 and 1905 the United Kingdom imported, on an 
 average, vegetables to the value of £2,638,787 
 per annum more than she exported, and the 
 thought of the acres of intensively-cultivated 
 gardens that such a sum represents should urge 
 our gi'owers to fresh eflForts. Belgians who are 
 at present in England assure us that they find 
 it possible in their country to make a very good 
 living indeed upon an acre of land, and they be- 
 come rich on two or three acres. 
 
 How is this achieved? Is it because they 
 have a better "climate or greater soil-fertility 
 than ours ? No ; the produce grown by our 
 market gardeners and nurserymen in any of the 
 southern counties of England compares favour- 
 ably with that of foreign countries ; so it is 
 not sunshine and rich land alone that are 
 essential. The explanation, however, is not far 
 to seek. The cultivated land of England and 
 Wales was in 1901 worked by twenty-eight 
 males to each square mile, whereas in Belgium 
 there were seventy-two workers on the land to 
 each square mile. This proves that long before 
 the war began we were short of labour. 
 
 Other figures that may be of interest are that 
 in 1913 we imported from Belgium £36,802 
 of chicory, raw or kiln-dried, £41,701 of vege- 
 tables preserved by canning with no sweeten- 
 
 9 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 ing matter, £26,040 of raw onions, and £180,388 
 of potatoes. Whilst on the subject of potatoes, 
 it may be of interest to Army men, as well as 
 to horticulturists, to note the steady annual in- 
 crease of potatoes that Germany has sent us 
 between 1909 and 1913. We know what 
 great use our enemies make of these, how they 
 dry them as a means of preservation, and, when 
 they do not know what else to do with them, 
 cut them into flakes and give them to their 
 horses. 
 
 The Annual Statement of the Trade of the 
 United Kingdom with Foreign Countries (com- 
 piled and published by the Statistical Office of 
 H.M. Customs and Excise Department) gives 
 the following : 
 
 Imports from Germany to the United Kingdom. 
 
 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 
 
 Cwts. Cwts. Owts. Cwts. Cwts. 
 
 Potatoes 21,007 34,302 336,761 494,326 2,309,057 
 
 Value £3,906 £6,356 £70,207 £94',257 £422,186 
 
 Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 
 
 Onions 53,574 245,778 66,399 19,638 150,334 
 
 Value £8,936 £29,654 £9,830 £2,524 £17,706 
 
 Unenumerated vegetables — 
 
 1909. 1910. 1911 1912. 1913. 
 
 Value £14,875 £19,330 £17,833 £l6,066 £16,999 
 
 The difference in the total number of cwts. of 
 potatoes grown and sent to England in 1909 
 and 1913 gives food for reflection ! 
 
 10 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 Then, too, it is regrettable to think that our 
 yearly importation of meat to the Mother 
 Country amounts to about £45,000,000, and 
 of this only £8,000,000 worth comes from our 
 Colonies. Each year poultry and eggs to the 
 value of £9,500,000 reach us from other coun- 
 tries, and it has been shown by experts that, as 
 far as the supply for eating purposes is con- 
 cerned, we could, with proper organisation, pro- 
 duce the vast bulk of what we need. Thus, 
 some of these very considerable sums could be 
 brought to the homes of English agriculturists, 
 instead of going, as they do now, to other 
 countries. Surely these figures must inspire 
 educated, thinking men and women to help on 
 the ancient industries of Agriculture and Hor- 
 ticulture. You will say — It is all very weU show- 
 ing us these figures, but how are we at the 
 moment to obtain better results, when each day 
 that passes men and boys who have hitherto 
 helped to maintain our home-grown food sup- 
 plies leave the countryside in order to enlist ? 
 Small villages, where agriculture and horti- 
 culture have hitherto been the chief industries, 
 are faced with the problem of how these many 
 " hands " are to be replaced. Who will milk the 
 cows now that Ned has joined ? How can the 
 eight under-gardeners at " The Hall " be re- 
 placed ? Will Mr. Farmer be able to get assist- 
 
 11 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 ance for light farm jobs that have to be carried 
 on throughout the year ? These and similar 
 questions occupy the minds of those who are 
 living in the country. 
 
 A few skilled workmen who are indispens- 
 able to the farmer will be left, because those in 
 authority know that without them there would 
 be a shortage of food, and the Nation must 
 suifer ; but a vast problem confronts us still as 
 to how to find and train people who will fill 
 these gaps in minor, light work as more and 
 more labourers join the Army. This is the 
 problem that the women of England and all 
 those non-fighters who are Ipnging to help their 
 country are called upon at the moment to solve. 
 
 The call of the Land rings out loudly, it 
 comes now with a vigour which none can 
 overlook, although for over a hundred years 
 it has called in vain. Do not let it be lightly 
 disposed of or swept aside this time ; do not 
 allow the words " Too late " to be even 
 whispered in connection with it. We should 
 steadfastly bear in mind that the countryside 
 brings to us as a nation health-giving moral 
 and physical strength ; for are not our best 
 fighters those who till the land ? By an in- 
 crease of yield alone can we retain independence 
 of other countries, should aught betide our 
 Navy in years to come, and therefore it behoves 
 
 12 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 US, not only to train women to take the place 
 of men for light farm and garden work, or 
 those ejjpert supervisory posts which educated 
 women could, after sufficient training, success- 
 fully fill, but also to prepare at once for future 
 years of peace. It is not a mere temporary 
 remedy, but a lasting one that has to be brought 
 about. We cannot afford to lose time, because 
 any training for work on the land is a question 
 not of days, but of years, and unless we prepare 
 people adequately for their future life-work, we 
 shall only be encouraging them to settle on the 
 land in order to reap disaster. 
 
 Other countries have long ago realised the 
 responsibility which rests with a State in the 
 matter of suitable education for village, child- 
 ren, but in England we suffer still from a 
 system which has been designed by the towns- 
 man, and does not appeal sufficiently to the 
 attractions and interests of country life. It is 
 the regret of the labourer that, when our young 
 women grow up, they do not remain satisfied 
 with their home surroundings and hurriedly 
 depart to earn a living in the town. Those 
 ever-changing seasons, with the varied occupa- 
 tions that belong to a farm, all of which bring 
 us to the very root of things, because thereby we 
 are in close touch with Nature, give no pleasure 
 to them. Even in the profession of simple 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 housekeeping the skill with which the French- 
 woman wiU kindle a fire with a few sticks and 
 cook a plain but tasty meal should teach a 
 lesson to our countrywomen. Until these 
 matters are remedied, and most assuredly they 
 can be by means of an appeal to patriotism and 
 by the good example of our educated women, 
 we shall not retain the right men and women 
 on the land when hfe becomes more normal 
 after the war. We hear much of all that 
 Canadian women have done by means of their 
 Women's Institutes ; and here again is work 
 that could be well encouraged by lay people of 
 the upper classes, those who do not necessarily 
 know about the practical work of farms and 
 gardens, but have learnt to appreciate the need 
 there is to show those who live in the country 
 how to be united in work as well as in relax- 
 ation. 
 
 It is conceded by most that women are 
 persevering when it comes to anything in which 
 they wish to succeed. Certain it is that when 
 the Cry of the Land has gone forth to them 
 they will give it a ready response, but in doing 
 so it will be advisable for those who are new- 
 comers and novices in this province of work to 
 be guided only by those agricultural and 
 horticultural committees and undertakings that 
 have been long established and are in touch 
 
 U 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 with the Board of Agriculture, or have been 
 distinguished by a mark of pubhc approval. 
 
 One national characteristic is perhaps the 
 lethargic manner in which for years certain 
 public questions are ignored by the generality 
 of people in spite of being pressed and urged 
 forward by foreseeing pioneers. Suddenly 
 some spark is kindled, which develops into a 
 flame of very generally felt, enthusiastic interest 
 in this question, and there follows that patriotic 
 but impetuous, unpremeditated rush of the 
 ignorant, who, suddenly awakened to what has 
 suffered from the neglect of years, wish to 
 thrust themselves into any newly -formed 
 scheme which seems to them to meet the need 
 that they now perceive. Probably the work 
 that they thus support follows but indifferently 
 the lines which have for years past been pursued 
 by experts. If those, therefore, who wish to 
 help on agriculture and horticulture educa- 
 tionally, intensively, and co-operatively will 
 do so by working in complete unison with 
 established bodies, they wiU add untold strength 
 to the cause. In no degree could it then be 
 weakened, and they would earn for themselves 
 speedier recognition from those whose real 
 knowledge enables them to appreciate all good, 
 sound work. 
 
 It is not so much new departures that are 
 15 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 required as the strengthening and broadening 
 of established societies and institutions, and it 
 is for this reason that these pages aim chiefly 
 at constructive, not critical suggestions. 
 
 In contemplating rural conditions which 
 existed before the war began, it is stimulating 
 to find that men like Sir Horace Plunkett and 
 Sir Rider Haggard, both practical workers but 
 able to give expression to their exertions by 
 means of their example and writings for the 
 benefit of others, have for long endeavoured to 
 bring about a much-needed change. The 
 difficulties that have been increased by the 
 enlisting of men have brought home to many 
 the need for prompt action, if our farms are to 
 be maintained and our gardens kept cultivated. 
 All the same it is likely to be a long and slow 
 struggle before sufficient interest is shown in 
 these subjects and marked reconstruction takes 
 place, unless we are helped by women of all 
 ranks, spheres of life, and varied capability. 
 They have such great influence, so many 
 admirable qualities of perseverance, power of 
 organisation, and such enthusiasm for a national 
 cause, that I feel sure they will be inspired to 
 foUow in the train of land reformers. If so 
 the words of Sir Rider. Haggard will lend 
 courage to their efforts ; for if the cause is a 
 good one, who will trouble about obstacles and 
 
 16 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 difficulties ? He says : " 1 farm because I love 
 the land, which both thought and observation 
 tell me is the bed-rock of everything wherein 
 man is rooted, and out of which he draws all 
 that makes him man, as surely as he does the 
 corn and beef he eats." Another remark of 
 his that must often recur to mind is that one 
 of the great objects of life is to advance the 
 truth that " the retention of the people on the 
 land should be the great and even the main 
 endeavour of the Western nations." 
 
 WOLSELEY. 
 
 January 25, 1916. 
 
 17 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 HOW ALL WOMEN CAN HELP TO ADVANCE THE 
 CULTIVATION OF LAND — IMPROVED RUBAL 
 EDUCATION AND CO-OPEBATION. 
 
 In the Introduction I have endeavoured to 
 show how shortage of labour on the land has 
 increased for over a hundred years ; that it has 
 been ignored by many, but that now, owing to 
 the Great War and the number of men 
 who have enlisted, the nation has suddenly 
 awakened to the fact ; and that active steps 
 must be taken to remedy what might prove to 
 be a great evil. It is necessary, however, to 
 bear in mind that it is not only the temporary 
 state of things that has to be improved, but 
 that the future, when peace returns, has also to 
 be faced. 
 
 Let us go more carefully into details and 
 enumerate the advantages that more intensive 
 cultivation would bring about. 
 
 1. Independence of food supply. By utilis- 
 ing all available land and if possible bringing 
 even more under cultivation, by reclaiming 
 
 18 
 
HOME GROWN FOOD SUPPLIES 
 
 waste ground, we should obviate the incon- 
 venience of a blockade of our coasts by enemy 
 ships, and we should not suiFer if supplies that 
 came from over the seas were delayed in reach- 
 ing our shores. 
 
 2. There would be increased gain for us, 
 because seeds, bulbs, corn, bottled vegetables 
 and fruits, as well as fresh eatables, would be 
 grown by us or in the Dominions and could be 
 dried and preserved in this country. Hitherto 
 many of these and other productions such as 
 eggs have come from Europe, but by providing 
 these requirements for ourselves and establish- 
 ing factories for jam-making and vegetable- 
 pulping, we should retain in this country money 
 which has hitherto gone into the pockets of 
 foreigners. 
 
 3. We should improve the moral and physical 
 health of future generations, if we successfully 
 established more people on the land. The 
 surroundings and interests of country life 
 develop good qualities of heart and mind which 
 the town dweller, surrounded by many sordid 
 temptations, is apt to lose. Physical strength 
 and activity are increased by work in the health - 
 giving atmosphere of the countryside, which is 
 so replete with nerve-soothing influences. Our 
 endeavour should be, therefore, to induce a 
 good type of skilled workman to remain on the 
 
 19 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 land, so that when the war is at an end, through 
 improved housing conditions, a good living 
 wage and suitable, practical education, his 
 children would grow up strong and helpful 
 citizens. 
 
 If these improvements are not carried out, 
 there will be an insufficiency of well-fed, 
 healthy children, and the race of future fight- 
 ing men will be limited. 
 
 In order to make a " peasant class, " similar 
 to the French and Belgian ones, we shall be 
 wise in endeavouring to offer plots of land or 
 small farms to those who, during their working 
 days, are thrifty and put by money, so that in 
 their old age they may own property upon some 
 secure tenancy, which, unlike a yearly one, can 
 be transmitted from father to son. 
 
 Whilst our present crisis lasts, it may not be 
 possible to estabhsh many men in this way, 
 because a large number are away fighting, but 
 unless, at the moment, this future aim is con- 
 sidered in detail, we shall not be ready to Jielp 
 sufficiently those men who wiU settle on the 
 land when, later on, they return to their homes. 
 
 We can, however, at once be training boys 
 and girls and young women for these future 
 days. 
 
 4. Thus we should regain amongst all spheres 
 of life the natural, less artificial existence that 
 
 S.0 
 
THE LOVE OF WORK 
 
 had its being formerly. A good example set by 
 men and women of the upper classes, those who 
 need not work, but who do so from sheer love 
 of work and patriotism, would react favourably 
 upon the sons and daughters of farmers and 
 village lads and lasses. Much that in previous 
 years was over-luxurious, and in itself useless, 
 would be banished, and a revival of rural in- 
 dustries, with the happy interchange of ideas 
 upon countryside problems, would lend added 
 interest to country life. Steadfastness of char- 
 acter would thus be increased. 
 
 5. If more educated men and women studied 
 thoroughly the scientific side of farming, gar- 
 dening, and forestry, they could increase the 
 yield of produce, and their example would be 
 followed by the peasant class, who would reap 
 benefit from acquiring knowledge which those 
 who had more leisure and greater facilities for 
 study and experiment had learnt. 
 
 It cannot be denied that the above are im- 
 provements which every true-hearted English- 
 man would like to see brought about, but if 
 they have been difficult to achieve in the past, 
 they are even more difficult to attain just now, 
 whilst each day men are called upon to leave 
 the plough in order to face the enemy. At 
 the same time we know that many women and 
 non-fighting men anxiously look round for 
 
 21 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 useful work, and therefore hope dawns afresh, 
 and once more it seems that long-established 
 agricultural societies, co-operative unions, edu- 
 cational colleges, experimental crop-stations, 
 which, until now, have been but indifferently 
 supported and but sparsely recognised, having 
 had an uphill game to play, will at length gain 
 the help of energetic workers. 
 
 Because we ought to have been better pre- 
 pared is no reason for longer delay. Now is 
 the moment for united action, and let us hope 
 organisation will speedily be forthcoming so 
 that those who look for guidance may be steered 
 in the right direction. 
 
 Can women help ? Most assuredly they can, 
 and moreover not alone those who have been 
 trained as farmers and gardeners, but many lay 
 people, who until recently never considered the 
 importance of these professions, can assist 
 materially. Let us consider a few of many 
 ways whereby they can lend assistance ; and in 
 this chapter I should like to draw special atten- 
 tion to those established institutions which the 
 wives of landowners or wives and daughters of 
 well-to-do farmers can help either by monetary 
 aid in the shape of grants, nominations, scholar- 
 ships and prizes, or by merely showing their 
 deep interest by visiting these various establish- 
 ments and giving encouragement to those who 
 
 22 
 
THE TEACHER'S ARDUOUS TASK 
 
 have perhaps devoted many years to the arduous 
 and yet but rarely-appreciated task of teaching. 
 
 We have always to bear in mind that the 
 success of any educational work is dependent 
 upon the powers for organisation of the pro- 
 moter of the scheme, strengthened by the 
 patience and untiring energy of the staff of 
 teachers who later, when the original ground- 
 work has been laid, carry on the plan of work 
 that was originally mapped out. 
 
 Only those who have themselves had to 
 contend with the difficulties of education, and 
 to control the easily swayed and often con- 
 flicting impulses of communities of ignorant 
 students, know how much additional strength 
 and power for direction is given to teachers, if 
 an interest is shown in their work by the 
 general public. Day after day, year after year, 
 imparting the same knowledge to a diflferent 
 group of scholars is a hfe that, more than any 
 other, calls for the encouragement of onlookers. 
 
 It is also necessary to bear in mind that to 
 teach the practical side of Agriculture and 
 Horticulture well requires a lengthened study 
 of many years ; for so much that might be 
 imparted to a scholar may only be harmful, if 
 made known too soon, so many operations 
 have to be dependent upon season, weather, or 
 climate, and therefore no fixed rules or state- 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 ments can be made. To put it broadly, ten 
 years' training at least, and that a varied one, 
 in different localities, will alone make a fully 
 competent instructor, although a good grower 
 can be evolved in far less time. Then, too, for 
 both these professions a considerable amount ot 
 character-building has to be done, if future men 
 and women workers on the land are to aim at 
 the united high ideal of such a branch of it as 
 " Co-operation," and for this reason we require 
 all the support obtainable from the general 
 public in the shape of interest and financial aid. 
 Thus a better type of man or woman teacher 
 can be obtained, and, as Mr. P. de Vuyst ex- 
 presses it, " ainsi la classe des agriculteurs soit 
 consider^e comme une des plus instruites, des 
 plus distingudes, des plus influentes." His 
 book, " L'Enseignement Agricole," shows how 
 much instruction should be imparted, above aU, 
 in the art of teaching, before those who transmit 
 fresh ideas to others are qualified to do so, 
 and here we find that Germany, Austria, and 
 France are far a,head of Belgium, and that the 
 United States are yet more persevering in the 
 consideration which they give to the training 
 of good teachers. We, in England, have 
 much to improve in this respect, and we shall 
 make real progress in agricultural education 
 only when we have increased our number 
 
REFERENCE BOOKS 
 
 01 well-trained teachers. Even in primary 
 schools, although Agriculture is but one of 
 many subjects that are taught to village 
 children, it is aU-important that the instructor 
 should have real love for country life, if he is 
 to inspire such love in others. 
 
 In considering Women's Work on the 
 Land it would be well for the general reader to 
 study two recent reports that have appeared 
 and deal with this subject. One is written by 
 Mrs. Roland Wilkins and is called "The 
 Work of Educated Women in Horticulture 
 and Agriculture." It appeared in the JoMr^ia/ 
 of the Board of Agriculture for September and 
 October, 1915, and is a striking work, because, 
 in an absolutely unbiassed, detailed summary, 
 she gives an account of all that has hitherto 
 been successfully carried out in farming and 
 gardening by educated women. She shows, 
 too, how many colleges and schools are in 
 existence owing to the work and perseverance 
 of private individuals, but in no way assisted 
 by Government. My own book, written some 
 years ago, " Gardening for Women " (published 
 by Cassell and Co.), gives a further list of other 
 schools, and a perusal of these two books 
 shows what a number of women are making 
 successful careers in these professions, probably 
 to the astonishment of those who have hitherto 
 
 25 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 not given careful consideration to this kind of 
 educational work. 
 
 The other report, which appeared recently, 
 is that of the " Agricultural Education Con- 
 ference," dealing with the same subject, but 
 giving more especially valuable suggestions for 
 the training of farmers' daughters and village 
 girls. 
 
 In considering this report, it is only necessary 
 to give one or two extracts, in order to show 
 that so far no proper education exists for village 
 women and girls, those who, we hope, later on, 
 wiU marry ex-soldiers returning wounded from 
 the war and desirous of settling on the land. 
 The summary says : " We are now in a position 
 to review the question as a whole and to in- 
 dicate the general policy which we recommend 
 for adoption. Before doing so, however, we 
 would repeat that, broadly speaking, there is 
 no definite instruction in agriculture for girls 
 and women. The question has not been 
 thought out from the woman's point of view." 
 And, again, under the heading "Farm Schools," 
 " one may say, therefore, that except in the 
 case of indoor dairy-work there is practically 
 no instruction in agricultural work offered to 
 young women of the tenant-farmer or small- 
 holder class at any fixed institution." Surely 
 these remarks call for prompt action so that, 
 
 26 
 
THE FARM SCHOOL 
 
 attached to one at least of the many established 
 training centres, there may be a branch for 
 village women upon the model of the Danish 
 Small Holder's School that Sir Rider Haggard 
 recommended so highly in an article which he 
 wrote some time ago for The Times. Here 
 they would be taught the lighter branches of 
 agricultural work, such as dairying and goat- 
 keeping, which are absolutely within the 
 compass of any active young woman and 
 which, as the following Alsatian proverb shows, 
 form valuable additions to a small holding : 
 " La fermi^re peut faire sortir de la ferme dans 
 son tabher plus que le laboureur peut faire 
 rentrer avec quatre chevaux." 
 
 In other countries children receive from their 
 earhest childhood, sound practical education in 
 rural industries. Consequently, ploughing, 
 the care of animals, dairy -work, milking, 
 butter-making, poultry-keeping, marketing, 
 become part of a child's life, and any natural 
 bent or talent for such work is fostered. Even 
 those who have no liking for country pursuits 
 gain help towards success in other careers by 
 early initiation in healthy out-of-door work ; 
 they learn discipline and order, which are useful 
 in any profession, and they help their parents 
 long before schooldays are past, and thus holi- 
 days are a source of utility-^not a matter of 
 
 27 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 dread, which they often are to English mothers 
 who, busy themselves with cooking and wash- 
 ing, find it a hindrance to have idle boys at 
 home. How is this excellent rural education 
 given ? Chiefly by means of primary schools, 
 where subjects which are likely to prove useful 
 to country people are adhered to and those 
 that are unsuited to their probable future 
 station in life are ignored. Then, evening 
 classes are available for those children who have 
 left primary school and are occupied all day on 
 farms or in gardens. 
 
 I understand that in Denmark the school 
 hours are so arranged that they begin at 7 a.m. 
 and cease at 1 p.m., thus enabling children to 
 help their parents by working at home in the 
 afternoon. Then, too, as they go. to school only 
 on alternate days, they really can be counted 
 on for a considerable amount of farm-work. It 
 is such a good plan to give young people in- 
 terests, and if a love of work can be acquired 
 early, it is the happiest part of life. Our 
 Enghsh children do not, as a rule, possess this, 
 but in all probability if they felt their holidays 
 helped to build up what might at some future 
 time be their own, they would know that work 
 was happiness and not drudgery. 
 
 As the young people in Belgium grow up, 
 there are travelling schools that they can 
 
 28 
 
Butter Dairy 
 
 Cheese Room 
 
GOVERNMENT EXPERTS 
 
 attend ; these remain for about three months 
 at a time in one centre and teach agriculture, 
 dairying, and domestic economy. Then, besides, 
 there are official experts called Agronomes 
 ditat, and over thirty of these are dispersed 
 about the country. Each one has charge of a 
 given district, and in it he promotes all farming 
 interests, answers questions concerning diseases 
 of crops or insect pests, and makes himself 
 generally usefiil to growers. Four of these 
 experts work in the office of the Minister of 
 Agriculture ; the rest collect all local inform- 
 ation and report it to the central office. By 
 this means the Government Department is kept 
 in close touch with experimental work and is 
 fully informed of what occurs in each country 
 district, and the village people, on the other 
 hand, feel that they have a good adviser in their 
 midst, one who will give them disinterested, 
 honest counsel upon rural matters that puzzle 
 them. 
 
 In Denmark, there are open-air museums, 
 where ancient farm implements, old buildings 
 and pictures of rural customs are preserved ; 
 they contain objects that have been found in 
 the neighbourhood and these help considerably 
 to enlarge the ideas of country people and to 
 dispel monotony in their daily life. I believe, 
 too, that in the waiting-rooms of small town 
 
 29 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 railway-stations there are often very good en- 
 gravings hung upon the walls by order of the 
 Government "to encourage a sound taste in 
 art amongst the people." Perhaps if the cold, 
 dull, grey walls of our station waiting-rooms 
 had some of these pictures interspersed amongst 
 the texts and Girls' Friendly Society rules that 
 are there, good taste might penetrate to many 
 a small front parlour. There would be an end 
 to the gaudy poppy-head wall-papers, crochet 
 antimacassars and elaborate paper lamp-shades 
 that offend the eye in those airless rooms kept 
 to be looked at during the week and sometimes 
 used on Sunday. 
 
 From the foregoing it will be seen that what 
 is really needed by village children is a sound 
 knowledge of manual work, and for this reason 
 instruction in things like farm labour, bee-keep- 
 ing, farriery, farm hygiene, hedging, draining, 
 and thatching would be useful. For the 
 younger ones, the elementary school might be 
 brought back with advantage to more of the 
 old-fashioned Dame-School type, where the 
 children were given a good meal and conse- 
 quently were better able to grasp the lessons that 
 they were taught. If girls were made to cook 
 and do useful housework, they probably would 
 become interested in these things and wish 
 later on to excel in them, and if both boys and 
 
THE OLD-FASHIONED APPEENTICE 
 
 girls were given in all villages a school garden 
 and orchard in which they could work and learn 
 about vegetables and fruit, they would be much 
 more likely to gain a love for country life when 
 they grew up. Less of the rigid class system 
 is wanted, and more of the really capable agri- 
 cultural expert's teaching, if men and women 
 are to thoroughly understand the commer- 
 cial side of farming and gardening, and by this 
 alone can they prosper on the land. Perhaps 
 there were advantages in the old-fashioned 
 apprenticeship to a master. We read the 
 following, written by Samuel Butler, and there 
 is much truth in it : The old masters taught, 
 not because they Uked teaching, nor yet from 
 any idea of serving the cause of Art, nor yet 
 because they were paid by the parents of the 
 pupils. The parents probably paid no money 
 at first. The masters took pupils and taught 
 them because they had more work to do than 
 they could get through and wanted someone to 
 help them. They sold the pupil's work as their 
 own just as people do now who take apprentices. 
 When people can sell a pupil's work, they will 
 teach the pupil all they know and will see he 
 learns it. This is the secret of the whole 
 matter." 
 
 From the above we see what importance is 
 given to teaching a pupil how to learn; and 
 
 31 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 certainly practical manual work, done in a co- 
 ordinated way for some commercial purpose, 
 is the best kind of instruction for those who 
 intend to earn a living by that work in later 
 years. 
 
 All these improvements require a lead from 
 Government. No doubt this will come in due 
 time, only, meanwhile, if ladies can assist and 
 support the institutions that already exist, or 
 suggest improvement where it is possible, it will 
 have the effect of hastening our progress. State- 
 aided rural education, and lectures to be held 
 in villages on winter's nights, might help very 
 materially ; and in many cases the lecturers 
 could be easily found close at hand, for, when 
 we count up the numerous colleges, private 
 schools, experimental stations, and market gar- 
 dens all over England, where pupUs are trained, 
 we realise that we only need to make use of 
 their existing staff of teachers in order to train 
 up a sufficiency of rural workers. This would 
 be infinitely preferable to starting new colleges 
 and schools, for it must necessarily take some 
 years before those who guide them know 
 enough about local markets, weather condi- 
 tions, and soil peculiarities to be really helpful 
 to the neighbourhood. Those who have directed 
 work at a college for some time know the 
 things that sell well, and do not waste time 
 
 iJ2 
 
SUITABLE RURAL EDUCATION 
 
 upon growing crops that may not prove profit- 
 able, and are not hampered in their teaching 
 by having to learn themselves these diflferent 
 points before they can be helpful to their pupils. 
 The first step is, therefore, to provide suitable 
 helpful education for viUage boys and girls, and, 
 having thus encouraged a love of country life, 
 and provided the knowledge that, if people 
 group themselves in colonies, they benefit both 
 in business and in their amusements, we then 
 shall have laid a foundation upon which to 
 build up an interest in co-operation, which, 
 together with improved rural education, is 
 what I wish to dwell on at present. When we 
 have got so far, it wiU be comparatively easy, 
 by means of the advice and example of officials 
 like the agronomes d'dat, to establish or- 
 ganised, co-operative methods, which many of 
 our best farmers and our most successful 
 growers still refuse to join in. For instance, a 
 system of light railways would be attainable, 
 an inestimable boon to workmen and their 
 families, who thus could get more readily to 
 the neighbouring town for shopping or work. 
 Produce could be conveyed at cheap rates, and 
 " returned empties," those easily lost and often 
 most harassing packages, would reach their 
 destination easily. Then, again, seeds, manures, 
 requisites, and tools are purchased through co- 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 operation at a reduced cost to the individual, 
 because if they are bought in large quantities 
 and then split up and divided amongst small 
 people, each purchaser benefits. 
 
 A move has recently been made in the right 
 direction by the formation of County War 
 Agricultural Committees, which are able, 
 through the assistance of the Agricultural 
 Organisation Society, Queen Anne's Chambers, 
 Tothill Street, Westminster, S.W., to help 
 farmers to obtain some of the above benefits, 
 as well as to assist them in the disposal of their 
 produce. I shall deal more minutely in a 
 separate chapter with this aU-important subject 
 of Co-operation, but here I should like to add 
 for the information of ladies who wish to help 
 on village people that the Agricultural Organi- 
 sation Society can assist them in starting a local 
 village Society. 
 
 Village War Food Societies can be made to 
 fill a very useful part in focussing attention on 
 the urgent need for increasing the production 
 of certain kinds of market-garden produce in 
 the cottage and allotment gardens surrounding 
 towns and villages, as well as on the waste land 
 to be found in some districts. They might 
 help also in other directions by promoting — 
 
 (a) The collection and conservation of food 
 products, by organising such industries as fruit- 
 
 34 
 
VILLAGE WAR FOOD SOCIETIES 
 
 pulping, fruit and vegetable bottling and 
 canning. 
 
 (b) The development of the egg and poultry 
 industry. 
 
 (c) The encouragement of pig-keeping. 
 
 (d) The development of village industries. 
 
 (e) The encouragement of thrift. 
 
 (f) The encouragement of the home baking 
 of bread. 
 
 (g) The organisation of demonstrations of 
 labour-saving devices for home use, such as are 
 to be found in most of the houses and cottages 
 in Canada and America and in many countries 
 on the Continent . 
 
 (h) The formation of Women's Institutes. 
 
 This latter important development I shall 
 deal w^ith later, but the other suggestions given 
 are such as could at once be started by ladies 
 and would help both women and non-fighting 
 men who are anxiously striving to earn as 
 much as possible in order to put by some pro- 
 vision for darker days, or to procure the food 
 which their children need and which is now so 
 very expensive. 
 
 35 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 PROFESSIONAL WOMEN WHO CAN ADVANCE THE 
 FURTHER CULTIVATION OF LAND 
 
 My last chapter dealt more especially with 
 subjects which could be assisted and encouraged 
 by the financial aid and intelligent support of 
 women who are not obliged to work, but who 
 do so from love of work and patriotism. There 
 is no doubt that those wives of landlords, 
 wives and daughters of high officials, of country 
 clergymen and other professional men, could 
 help materially by their good example to induce 
 improvements such as I have already alluded 
 to. These land developments have always 
 been wanted ; the need for them increases 
 yearly and wiU increase still more as the possi- 
 bility of peace dawns upon us. Are we to 
 allow other countries alone to excel ? Can we 
 not follow their example and become more in- 
 dependent, working out our own methods of 
 agricultural education and co-operation ? 
 
 Most assuredly we can ; and the time has 
 come when we shall do so, provided we all 
 
 36 
 
WOMAN'S WORK AFTER THE WAR 
 
 work unitedly for this good cause and dis- 
 seminate widely the knowledge of what such 
 improvements would save us as a nation. 
 Until now, these matters have been left too 
 much to the decision of party politicians ; the 
 general public have remained in ignorance of 
 the true position of the land, so that we have 
 drifted on, happily unconscious and uncon- 
 cerned as to what such lethargy would lead to. 
 Let us now consider what the professional 
 woman farmer, woman gardener, or other 
 worker on the land can do to help, not only the 
 present situation caused by the war, but the 
 condition of England in years to come. With 
 regard to this, I should like to lay stress on the 
 fact that it is necessary to bear in mind that, 
 although many are wanted urgently for 
 patriotic national work, to fill gaps that have 
 been made in the ranks of rural workers, yet it 
 is important, for the sake of women's interests, 
 to guide them only towards employment which 
 will lead to a prosperous remunerative career 
 during the whole of their lives. If they are 
 willing to come forward and help in this our 
 moment of extreme difficulty, whilst farms are 
 left without carters and milkers and only a 
 head gardener is there to grow vegetables 
 where usually there are seven others, these 
 women must be safeguarded from any likeli- 
 
 87 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 hood of their future prospects being injured. 
 For this reason, we have to look ahead, to 
 reaUse that, when the war is terminated, many 
 soldiers will return to the posts they held before 
 the war, and that those women who have done 
 their work during these months of fighting 
 should be given every facihty for continuing in 
 the profession that they entered, for their 
 country's sake, at a time of crisis. 
 
 By studying the books that I have previously 
 mentioned, we can gain a very good idea of the 
 various types of women workers who will be 
 adapted to work on the land, and we can obtain 
 information as to the great variety of posts that 
 are open to them. 
 
 We can broadly divide the work that women 
 can help in under two distinct heads : 
 
 (1) Supervisory or advisory work connected 
 with farms and gardens, dairy- managing posts, 
 educational directorship of colleges and of 
 school gardens, lecturers, inspectors of cow- 
 feeding, all horticultural employment, whether 
 for market gardens or private ones, as head or 
 under-gardeners, and jobbing gardening. The 
 above occupations are suited only to educated 
 women belonging to the upper or middle 
 classes, and amongst those best fitted for such 
 work are the daughters of Army and Navy 
 officers, many of whom at the moment are 
 
 38 
 
THE VILLAGE GIRL 
 
 obliged to take up an all-absorbing, remunera- 
 tive profession. I mention these ladies in 
 especial, because their close connection with 
 men belonging to one or other of these Services 
 wiU have accustomed them to discipline, punc- 
 tuality, and a disregard for any consideration 
 of bad weather or exposure to the elements. 
 
 The above, quite apart from skill in growing 
 plants, are chief amongst the essentials which 
 make up a good farmer or gardener, and they 
 are helpful, too, in such branches as poultry- 
 keeping and fruit-growing, whether it be done 
 for personal profit or in the position of an em- 
 ployee. 
 
 It is out of the question to expect .the 
 ordinary village girl or servant to fulfil the 
 requirements of any of the above-named 
 branches of modern agricultural or horticultural 
 work, for her sphere of usefulness lies in other 
 directions. Social position, disciplined training, 
 the instinctive habit of knowing how to guide 
 others to work well, how to depute responsi- 
 bility and see that it is properly maintained, 
 and, above all, good education, will alone bring 
 success in the employments classified. If more 
 ladies take up this work seriously and do it well, 
 if they interest themselves in these higher 
 branches of farm and garden work, we shall 
 have a greater chance of gaining the assistance, 
 
 39 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 for other country work, of the village girl. 
 The example set by ladies will act as an in- 
 centive to her and make her anxious to follow 
 the fashion of having country interests in 
 preference to town ones, and if this alone were 
 the motive that compelled ladies to become 
 farmers and gardeners it would be a good one, 
 because it would be a means of laying a founda- 
 tion for that Peasant Class of men and women 
 which we shall read of later on. 
 
 The lead must be given by those who are 
 earnest in spirit and willing to place themselves 
 under good guidance ; for the elegant milk- 
 maids and butter makers of the "Petit Trianon " 
 remained Court' ladies, treating their work too 
 much as a pastime for it to be really helpful to 
 their country. No time should be lost in 
 securing a good training for this work, because 
 farming and gardening are not learnt quickly, 
 and both require many years of experience. 
 All the branches of work that I have enu- 
 merated should be considered more as the need 
 of the future, and, if possible, those who possess 
 some capital of their own should go in for them, 
 because the courses of instruction are neces- 
 sarily somewhat costly, and the length of train- 
 ing is an additional matter of expense, for board 
 and lodging have to be allowed for. 
 
 We will now consider more especially the 
 40 
 
THE WIFE OF THE EX-SOLDIER 
 
 crying need of the moment, or (2) the light 
 branches of farm work such as milking cows, 
 butter-making, poultry-keeping, bee-keeping, 
 jam-making, fruit-bottUng, fruit-spraying, and 
 fruit-picking. These occupations, together 
 with domestic economy, or, in other words, the 
 profession of simple, economical, hygienic 
 housekeeping, whereby a family can be kept 
 healthy and be well fed and warmly clothed at 
 small cost, come absolutely within the range of 
 usefulness of the village girl. During her 
 apprenticeship to such work she will find many 
 other matters connected with the life of a farm 
 that she will be fully competent to help in. 
 Moreover, all such work should train her to be 
 a really helpful wife to the ex-soldier or labourer 
 on the land. 
 
 The question of fitting these two classes of 
 women workers to fulfil the positions of trust 
 that they wish to occupy is one which, as 
 regards (1) the educated worker, only requires 
 some slight enlarging and broadening, for 
 plenty of suitable colleges and schools already 
 exist. We have seen how much strength could 
 be imparted to these, if Government, as well as 
 the general public, would only interest them- 
 selves more in them. A further advance would 
 be, if one of the existing colleges could be 
 adapted more especially for the education of 
 
 41 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 those who would later become teachers of 
 Agriculture and Horticulture. By this means, 
 all instruction would be upon a more fixed 
 basis, which should be advantageous. 
 
 The education required for (2) the village 
 girl we have seen is practically non-existent, 
 and this, as it is the crying need of the moment, 
 so that she may quicMy learn sufficient to take 
 the place of Ned the milkman and Tom who 
 usually looks after the poultry, who have both 
 joined the Army, should at once, without 
 further delay, be decided upon. 
 
 Here let me point out what the experience 
 of soine fourteen years has taught me, during 
 which time I have supervised work done at 
 the College of Women Gardeners, which I 
 founded at Glynde, in Sussex. I am strongly 
 of opinion that short courses are only possible 
 for certain branches of light agricultural work, 
 and cannot ever be considered as suitable for 
 the occupations which I have mentioned under 
 (1) the work of educated women. More 
 especially perhaps does this apply to garden 
 work, where even fruit pruning, spraying, and 
 picking are hardly to be acquired satisfactorily 
 in one season of instruction. Under the excep- 
 tional circumstances in which we find ourselves 
 at present, short courses in farming, dairy-work, 
 and poultry-keeping may_ prove beneficial, but 
 
THE MODERN WOMAN-GARDENER 
 
 for really competent work suited to modern, 
 scientific, intensive gardens and farms a long 
 and thorough course of tuition is essential. 
 Even a two years' course will only teach the 
 bare essentials of work required for a twentieth- 
 century garden, run either for profit or pleasure. 
 How is it possible to consider for a moment 
 that less than this time, which represents the 
 growth and development of each plant seen but 
 twice and each time under varying climatic 
 conditions, wUl convey sufficient experience ? 
 Apart from knowledge of the rotation of 
 crops, the best varieties to grow, book-keeping, 
 and the management of under-gardeners, there 
 is needed watchfulness with insect pests, careful 
 staking, judicious feeding, ventilation, shading, 
 watering, and all the thousand details that go 
 to make up the highest cultivation. During 
 the past our progress in gardening has often 
 been sadly handicapped and delayed by the 
 old-fashioned, rule-of-thumb, uneducated man- 
 gardener. The time has come for improvement. 
 We still want him, and cannot do without his 
 muscular arm for digging and rough, hard 
 work, but a more educated, foreseeing leader 
 should direct him if we aim at competing with 
 the high standard of cultivation that Chelsea 
 and Holland House show us yearly. Do not 
 let us allow these short courses either in farm- 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 ing or gardening to be a temptation to turn 
 out indifferent workers, who at first sight may- 
 appear likely to rescue us from shortage of 
 " hands," but will in the long run do harm to 
 the now established reputation of good work 
 that well-trained women are capable of carrying 
 out. 
 
 It is to be hoped that, in a matter which is 
 of such serious national importance, a far- 
 reaching organisation will soon be undertaken, 
 whereby each existing educational centre will 
 be encouraged to specialise as regards its teach- 
 ing. In this way, one school would be specially 
 adapted to showing village girls everything con- 
 nected with a dairy ; another would concentrate 
 upon poultry-keeping ; and several Others would 
 take educated upper-class and middle-class 
 women and train them to be farmers and gar- 
 deners. Here they would be shown the advan- 
 tages of Co-operation and the additional social 
 pleasures of country life, when Women's In- 
 stitutes are created. A further development 
 would be that each mother college should have 
 in its vicinity land which could be divided into 
 plots of five or twenty acres, and even into 
 larger farms, which might become the property 
 of those students who passed out of the college 
 with a high certificate at the completion of their 
 training. There would be a great gain to these 
 
THE TEACHING OF THE MOTHER-COLLEGE 
 
 settlers in having, close at hand, the possibility 
 of obtaining advice from the expert college 
 staff. Instead of learning only by their own 
 mistakes, which is, after all, what the majority 
 of growers have to do, they could refer their 
 troubles to experts, and thus often be saved 
 much unnecessary expense. They would have 
 the advantage, too, of attending college lec- 
 tures after their college course was completed, 
 and there would not be that somewhat home- 
 less, deserted feeling which those have who are 
 obliged to start their career in entirely new 
 surroundings. 
 
 What are we training up these women 
 workers for, you will perhaps ask. Are they 
 all to work their own land eventually, or are 
 they to be employed by others ? 
 
 These questions are not easily answered, 
 because each individual has to consider her own 
 tastes, peculiarities, and qualities. There is no 
 doubt that both the (1) educated workers and 
 (2) village girls can at the moment easily 
 obtain weU-paid posts both in farms and gardens, 
 provided they have undergone sufficient train- 
 ing, but, as I have explained, it is necessary to 
 think also of their future after the war. 
 
 Let us suppose, then, that they have all 
 successfully held posts in farms or gardens 
 during war-time and that some have given such 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 satisfaction to their employers that they have 
 been retained even after the return of the men. 
 Others, however, may have to seek employment 
 elsewhere, because their posts were to be given 
 back to the men who had previously filled them. 
 What can these women workers do ? 
 
 Let us take first the educated ones, who will 
 have no difficulty in obtaining other employ- 
 ment as lecturers and teachers, because, if the 
 Government and the general public fulfil their 
 obligations and encourage this land work for 
 women, in a year or two there will be many 
 more openings of an educational kind awaiting 
 them. Those, however, who have some small 
 amount of capital could combine their resources 
 with one or two other ladies similarly placed, 
 and by so doing they could obtain a larger 
 house and garden than if each lived in a small 
 cottage of her own. They would have, too, the 
 pleasure of companionship. Under the same 
 roof, they could pursue the rural industry they 
 liked best ; for one would do book-keeping, 
 another would superintend the market garden 
 and sales, a third would keep poultry, etc. If 
 other similar groups of workers were not far 
 distant, life could not be monotonous, for aU 
 would share the same pursuits and form a 
 social centre of their ovm. After all, when 
 men and women have serious work to do, they 
 
 46 
 
RURAL COLONIES OF GROWERS 
 
 look only for very occasional relaxation, and 
 any pastime that requires exceptional effort or 
 leads to excitement is not eagerly sought for by 
 them. It would be easy, by means of combined 
 resourcefulness, to form a communal fund for 
 amusements, whereby a village hall could be 
 built and with it a library or reading-room. 
 This would bring pleasure to the lives of the 
 older people, whilst others would organise 
 concerts and lectures, reviving too, perhaps, 
 some of the old-fashioned morris-dances and 
 mystery-plays that have nearly died out. 
 
 There are already in England such groups of 
 farms, market gardens and orchards, where the 
 sons and daughters of gentlemen work or 
 supervise rural business for profit, and one of 
 the most successful of these colonies is at Per- 
 shore in the midst of productive apple and plum 
 orchards. 
 
 In opposition to these ideas of the re- 
 colonisation of England, it may be suggested 
 that they would interefere with shooting, and 
 that the houses would disfigure our beautiful 
 country. These are surely but small con- 
 siderations in comparison with the large national 
 gain that would be accomplished, and no 
 patriotic landowner would allow love of sport 
 alone to stand in the way of his offering a 
 lease of some few hundred acres, which he 
 
 47 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 would barely miss out of the thousand or more 
 that he might possess, if it meant an increase 
 of food to others. It certainly seems feasible 
 in Norfolk to combine good shooting with 
 farming, and, therefore, there could hardly be 
 an objection to the arrangement in other 
 counties. Then, too, a few small but pictur- 
 esquely-built homesteads, partially hidden in 
 their own orchards, need in no way lessen the 
 calm and quiet of the coimtryside. The. ad- 
 vantages gained thereby to many people would 
 far outweigh any scruples of the individual. 
 
 Only those, perhaps, who have experienced 
 somewhat of the absorbing interest and freedom 
 of a settler's life and' the delight of planting 
 and tending trees that bear after a year or two 
 a goodly yield of fruit can vouch- for the health- 
 giving, nerve-steadying advantages of years 
 devoted to farming, market gardening, poultry- 
 keeping and bee-keeping, occupations which 
 men and women can join together in advancing. 
 Hitherto, the attention of our leaders has been 
 mostly concentrated upon encouraging men 
 and women to settle in our Colonies, but I 
 cannot help thinking that a change is now about 
 to take place and that it will be a beneficial 
 one, not only as regards the spirit for co- 
 ordinated work, the physical health, and moral 
 advantages that it will bring to England, but 
 
 48 
 
THE FRENCH PEASANT 
 
 also in financial prosperity through the re- 
 colonisation of our own country and the 
 growing of our own food supplies. 
 
 If we could thus have groups of educated 
 men and women (for although this book deals 
 chiefly with women's work, it is always con- 
 sidered in a spirit of true relationship to work 
 with men) who would employ and direct the 
 ex-private soldier and his wife, teaching them 
 what profit can be made out of the land by 
 scientific study of it, by acting in co-operative 
 groups and not as helpless, single units, we 
 should be assisting a fine national work. The 
 village girl, having been taught by means of a 
 thoroughly organised scheme of education to 
 prepare herself for future work, would be 
 inspired to copy the French peasant in her 
 good cooking, combined with thrift, which has 
 so greatly impressed our men during their 
 sojourn in France. Thus would be built up 
 the Peasant Class of which I hope now to give 
 some slight outline, which would work for the 
 educated men and women already alluded to, 
 helpingthem in all the branches of outdoor work 
 that require manual labour but which, if super- 
 vised by others, do not need overmuch thought. 
 
 49 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE PEASANT CLASS OF THE FUTURE 
 
 We have seen how all-important it is for us to 
 make our farming and gardening more pro- 
 ductive, more intensive than it has hitherto 
 been. This view is given expression to by one 
 of our greatest agricultural reformers, who 
 dwells strongly upon the fact that we must 
 have better farming, better business and better 
 living in the country, and, although these three 
 are equally necessary, better business should 
 come first. If we can settle educated men and 
 women in colonies upon the land, as has been 
 suggested, they wiU by their forethought and 
 knowledge lead all such improvement. They 
 will need the help, however, of the rural 
 labourer, his wife and family, and, by estabhsh- 
 ing them also near by, we shall gain that 
 Peasant Class that we know exists in other 
 countries and which we have for long felt the 
 want of in England. What are the chief 
 factors that make for success in settling this 
 type of man, woman, and child on the land ? 
 
 50 
 
NOT ONLY A HOUSEWIFE 
 
 In discussing the various kinds of professional 
 women whose work is now sought, I en- 
 deavoured to show the present urgent call for 
 village women and girls, and I indicated that 
 what they could learn now on the farm and in 
 the poultry-yard would be of very great use to 
 them later on, in working their own home- 
 steads. We know that, in those countries 
 where the peasant class flourishes, the women 
 are an important element towards success. 
 They are not, like our labourers' wives, mere 
 housewives who supplement the family earnings 
 by doing a day or two a week of charing or of 
 washing other people's clothes. They take 
 their full share of the man's work either in 
 fields, orchards or gardens, and thus are true 
 helpmates, working intelligently and unitedly 
 side by side with him. If war comes and he is 
 called out to the fighting-lines, they are not 
 helpless or ignorant of work outside their own 
 special province of the kitchen or wash-house. 
 They know exactly what is wanted to make the 
 land yield her produce, and can join forces with 
 old men and boys who are not required for the 
 Army, and they can help to plough, scatter 
 seed, or bring in the harvest, even within sight 
 of the trenches, if need be. We read how 
 when France was in the depths of defeat in 
 1870 the peasant women cut open their mat- 
 
 51 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 tresses and lent their gold, which they had 
 earned by the work of their hands, to pay the 
 blood tax to the Prussian invader, und if women 
 in one country can do this, surely others can do 
 likewise ; for I am quite sure we Englishwomen 
 do not wish to be less actively patriotic than 
 the women of other nations. 
 
 Here, again, we get back to the much- 
 deplored fact that, because land questions have 
 been considered mostly from the point of view 
 of party politics, there has been no very stead- 
 fast line of improvement in them. Then, too, 
 women of the upper and middle classes have 
 not been taught to take a personal interest in 
 these questions, and, therefore, those in the 
 lower grades of social rank have followed their 
 example, with the result that now it is only by 
 means of the bugle call of Patriotism that we 
 can hope to rally the village woman and girl to 
 our help. She will come — of that I have no 
 doiibt ; and what our efforts should be centred 
 on now is to have a thoroughly practical and 
 suitable education ready prepared for her and 
 for the young children who will in the next 
 generation form the backbone of thiis great 
 Empire. 
 
 Having dwelt upon the woman of the 
 Peasant Class, let us consider the man whom 
 she will marry, and how best he can be given a 
 
 52 
 
THE FUTURE OF THE LABOURER 
 
 profitable, happy profession which will help to 
 keep him in the country. Sir Horace Plunkett 
 has said that " modern civilisation is one-sided 
 to a dangerous degree — that it has concen- 
 trated itself in the towns and left the country 
 derelict." If this Rural Exodus is not checked, 
 it will ultimately, we know, bring about the 
 decay of the towns themselves, and eventually 
 the whole civilisation will be weakened and 
 suffer, because towns draw their supply of 
 strong, healthy people from the countryside. 
 
 We know that the country labourer who is 
 at present fighting will require some strong in- 
 ducement to return to a quiet country life when 
 the excitement and adventures of the war are 
 over. He will scarcely be satisfied with the 
 indifferent housing and restricted pay that he 
 received before he enlisted. If we want him 
 to work in the fields and orchards, we shall 
 have carefully to consider the welfare of his 
 family, and give him a good cottage and vege- 
 table garden, with some means of saving for 
 his later days. 
 
 In most continental countries, the paid 
 labourers hold some future happiness in view, 
 for they know that after their hardest years of 
 work they have a good prospect of owning 
 some land of their own. It is, above all, this 
 " social status " that is wanting at present, and 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 until we can give " a dignity, a glimpse of free- 
 dom " to those who have plodded for genera- 
 tions with hoe and spade, we shall not be able 
 to outrival the attractions of the town by any- 
 thing that can be offered in the country. Words 
 written long ago by Arthur Young recur to 
 one's mind. He said : " Give a man the secure 
 possession of a bleak rock and he will turn it 
 into a garden ; give him a nine years' lease of 
 a garden, and he will convert it into a desert." 
 We see, then, that better production, greater 
 yield will come by security of tenure, for by 
 that alone shall we retain good, skilled labourers 
 on the land. 
 
 There is a further aspect of this question. 
 For many generations the "soldier broke in 
 the wars " has been difficult to place in suitable 
 employment when his military career has come 
 to an end. Our nation could not contemplate 
 the possibility of anyone who had risked life 
 or limbs in this desperate struggle, the like of 
 which has never been, dying a pauper's death. 
 This subject has been dealt with recently in 
 The Broad Arrow, and with the kindly per- 
 mission of the Editor I quote from one of the 
 articles that have appeared there : 
 
 " It will not, to put it on the lowest possible 
 ground, pay us to allow our soldiers to become 
 charges on the public funds ; we must aid them 
 
 54 
 
A STATE ASSET 
 
 in maintaining themselves, so that they may 
 become a State asset rather than a national 
 liability. 
 
 " The nation owes to the broken soldier the 
 duty of enabling him to earn his own living, if 
 he is capable of doing so ; and if he cannot do 
 this, it still owes him something more than it 
 can ever repay — it should still, if it is humanly 
 possible, provide some means by which he can 
 be maintained without suffering the ignominy 
 of bearing the stigma of pauperism." 
 
 The article goes on to say that the able- 
 bodied men will be difficult enough to place, 
 when the war is ended, but that maimed ones 
 wiU require even more careful consideration. 
 " A Departmental Committee has decided, as 
 an experiment, to train fifty partially-disabled 
 men for work on the land for a limited period, 
 and if the experiment proves successful, it is 
 proposed to place them in small holdings. The 
 spirit of this is excellent, but what a very 
 elementary step ! It is proposed that the first 
 course shall cover a period of twelve weeks." 
 Now to anyone who has had any experience at 
 all of cultivating land it will appear to be an 
 utter absurdity to suppose that twelve weeks 
 will teach a man anything but a very superficial 
 knowledge of handling tools. Of course, if it 
 is only intended to undertake this charitable 
 
 55 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 act of instruction with a view to ascertaining 
 how much spade or hoe work a partially-dis- 
 abled man can execute, it may not be time and 
 money thrown away in vain. When it has been 
 decided that these men can be made to work 
 on their own homesteads or can assist the 
 wealthier grower in his work, it will surely be 
 desirable to make some arrangement whereby 
 a thorough and lengthened course of training 
 will be available for them. Again, I should 
 like to urge that existing centres of education, 
 such as colleges and schools, should be enlarged 
 and a suitable allowance provided, so that the 
 staff of expert teachers can attend and give 
 instruction to these men. If it were feasible 
 from a military point of view to cultivate some 
 acres of land in the vicinity of our English 
 camps, they could, to a certain degree, be under 
 the supervision of officers, who could see that 
 they worked the proper number of hours each 
 day, and that they grew vegetables that were 
 useful to the camp requirements. At the same 
 time, manure from the camp as well as refuse 
 could be utilised to enrich the ground, and it 
 would thus be an economy to the Government, 
 for the wastage of such riches has been a source 
 of much comment. The neighbouring agri- 
 cultural college or school would send over at 
 intervals an instructor, paid by Government, 
 
 56 
 
HOMESTEADS 
 
 who could set a plan of work for these wounded 
 men and give them demonstrations, so that 
 when seed-sowing time came, they would know 
 enough to let no fitting opportunity go by for 
 preparing future crops. There are many colleges 
 in existence, and, if they were not always close 
 to the camps, they would, in all probability, be 
 in sufficient proximity to allow of teachers 
 coming over occasionally for a whole day, and 
 where they were not able to attend, the men 
 would still be under military discipline, more 
 or less, as daily supervision would be provided 
 from the camp itself. The writer in The Broad 
 Arrow says : " Let us, then, create a true 
 peasant class. If a soldier is maimed, but can 
 work on the land, put him there. If he is 
 married, give his wife a training also. Let it 
 be known that any man or woman who has 
 suffered in the war (for it is as much the woman 
 who suffers by the injuries of those dear to 
 her) that the country is willing to recompense 
 them as far as is possible, not by doles or charity, 
 but by making them seK-dependent." 
 
 It cannot be long before this important sub- 
 jefct is dealt with, not only as regards the 
 training, but also in respect to what can after- 
 wards be- offered in the shape of a homestead 
 for these men. Perhaps the most efficient way 
 of working it out will be, not by means of 
 
 57 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 County Council offers of small holdings, but by 
 approaching individual landowners who will, in 
 the neighbourhood of an Agricultural or Horti- 
 cultural College, offer some few hundred acres 
 to a group of educated men and women farmers 
 or growers of the upper or middle classes. 
 Amongst these will be retired or wounded 
 Army officers, the daughters, too, of officers, 
 and the sons and daughters of men of other 
 professions. These, having some capital of 
 their own, could form themselves either into a Co- 
 operative Society or even if they preferred at 
 the commencement to work as single units, they 
 could, by applying to a Building Society, easily 
 erect houses for themselves and cottages for the 
 peasant or ex-soldier. 
 
 The farms or market gardens would consist 
 of from five acres to twenty acres, and, attached 
 to each, would be one or more cottages sur- 
 rounded by a quarter or half an acre of land, 
 and in these their employees would live. 
 Probably some arrangement could be arrived at 
 by which, after a given number of years of 
 steady work, the labourer could purchase his 
 cottage and piece of land. Meanwhile, until 
 he wished to work for himself only, he and his 
 wife and children could add much to their 
 means of subsistence in the employment of the 
 educated growers ; for it is wonderful what an 
 
 58 
 

 
 
 ^ ,; ^.v^r?^ 
 
 
 M ''■ :■■ '^'y :'' t:'^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
BROTHERLY UNDERSTANDING 
 
 addition to the weekly wage can be made by 
 overtime work if a labourer is industrious. 
 Then, too, his wife could do charing or washing 
 for the farmer or market gardener ; she could 
 help with fruit-picking, fruit-spraying and jam- 
 making, and the labourer's children, too, would 
 often find work on Saturdays or after school 
 time on other days ; so that all these earnings 
 could be put by towards the eventual purchase 
 of a home and land. Only by having colonies 
 of workers close together are such successes 
 achieved ; for it is the single units who fail, 
 and until we make this fact better known 
 amongst rich and poor, we shall be incapable of 
 following in the footsteps of foreign cultivators. 
 
 It is only necessary to read the Dedication 
 in Sir Rider Haggard's " Rural Denmark " to 
 realise how deeply impressed he was with the 
 thorough understanding of the Danish farmers 
 in this great necessity of the agriculturist, 
 the wisdom whereby a brotherly understanding 
 exists as to the importance to all of co-ordinated 
 action. It is important for the individual, but 
 it is everything to the successful feeding of a 
 nation. In Denmark the " tenant " has been 
 practically eliminated, and " ownership " exists, 
 which makes for further prosperity. 
 
 We know that George Meredith considered 
 that the first essential of an Empire was to 
 
 59 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 raise the average standard of the home popula- 
 tion, for he said, "Let us have an Imperial 
 People at home." In reality, however, our 
 land reformers have been more concerned with 
 expansion abroad in our Colonies than with 
 lending encouragement to people settling on 
 the land in England. Proof of this is evident 
 in the number of male agriculturists who 
 emigrated from Great Britain to non-European 
 countries in the following years : 
 
 In 1900 
 
 9,000 emigrated. 
 
 „ 1907 
 
 26,000 
 
 ,, 1908 
 
 15,000 „ 
 
 „ 1911 
 
 33,000 
 
 There is no doubt that those who settle on 
 the land in Canada receive more assistance 
 educationally than the grower in this country. 
 By means of the Canadian Experimental 
 Farms, information is spread which must assist 
 the farmer to no small degree in planting the 
 right kinds of fruit trees and in the treatment 
 of land generally. As Prince Kropotkin has 
 truly said : " If one tenth of what is done in 
 the States and in Canada for favouring Agri- 
 culture and Horticulture were done in this 
 country, English fruit would not have been so 
 shamefully driven out of the market as it was a 
 few years ago." This, together with the fact 
 that there is not much prospect of the English 
 
 60 
 
GOOD SPADE WORK 
 
 labourer's rising high, that his poor wages and 
 consequently indifferent feeding deprive him of 
 stimulative force, and that he does not trouble 
 to exert himself much to improve his condition, 
 is what has hitherto kept him in a servile 
 position. 
 
 Those who are most apt to keep the possi- 
 bility of owning homesteads in view are 
 wheelwrights, blacksmiths, and masons, who, 
 when they grow older, like to feel that they 
 can obtain land of their own and can retire from 
 active business. But these are not the men 
 who will make the greatest success of the small 
 farm or market garden. It is the labourer 
 whom we want, the man who, before the war 
 began, worked in a rather abject, depressed 
 condition on the land and whose father before 
 him worked there too, and so an inherited 
 tradition of good spade work and a thorough 
 knowledge of soil and weather conditions have 
 been transmitted, quahties which are far more 
 valuable than any of the most scientific short 
 course lessons that can be given. 
 
 We know what importance the Ancients 
 gave to all land operations, how the sower of 
 the parable is for all time represented in art 
 and in poetry as the supreme craftsman — we 
 have only, in order to obtain an insight into 
 his early history, to study the writings upon 
 
 61 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 the monuments of Egypt. Our New Testa- 
 ment shows it to us, and again, in the Middle 
 Ages, we find the varied tasks of the husband- 
 man depicted upon the coloured pages of 
 missals. We may say that the Calendar of the 
 year, in the minds of those old-world people, 
 revolved only round the operations which were 
 connected with the cultivation of land ; but in 
 these modern days we have lost sight of all 
 this, and our eyes turn more intently upon 
 aircraft and submarines than they do upon the 
 honourable works of producing food from the 
 rich treasure house of the land. 
 
 It is time these omissions were remedied, 
 and perhaps the thought of helping brave 
 soldiers to regain that nerve-calm that their 
 struggle abroad will most assuredly have de- 
 prived them of may make many return willingly 
 to the consideration of our most indispensable 
 industries. There will then be no truth in 
 those opening lines of Edwin Markham, given 
 in F. E. Green's " Tyranny of the Country- 
 side," which, when read now, leave, alas ! a sad 
 feeling of the many bowed forms that yet linger 
 in our fields and could be taken as typical 
 models for this picture. 
 
 The verses are worth reading, and will en- 
 lighten many who have not hitherto given 
 thought to the country labourer. It is true 
 
THE SOLDIER'S WIFE 
 
 that, at the moment, whilst men are daily 
 joining the Army, but little can be done for 
 their side of the question. We can but con- 
 jecture what those in authority are doubtless 
 ably planning for their future education and for 
 their ultimate settlement in orchards and 
 gardens of their own. The cry, at present, is 
 necessarily for the women of the peasant class, 
 and this is a matter which all can help in. A 
 short time ago I had a letter from a very well- 
 known fruit-grower, one of those educated men 
 who, with pioneer foresight, settled some years 
 ago amidst a colony of other growers in Wor- 
 cestershire. He told me that his experience 
 among working women (agricultural) in that 
 district is that they are less inclined to work on 
 the land now than before the war began. Their 
 services are urgently required, for there is much 
 work of a comparatively light nature which can 
 be done by women wherever the cultivation of 
 fruit and vegetables is carried on upon a large 
 scale. With their husbands absent, and pos- 
 sessed of comfortable separation allowances, 
 however, they are disinclined to exert them- 
 selves, and it is his opinion that only by an 
 appeal upon large and important posters will it 
 be possible to galvanise these country women 
 into any form of activity. Perhaps the glamour 
 of feeling that they could serve their country 
 
 63 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 might tell ; but the highest incentive will pro- 
 bably come, if they realise that women of the 
 upper classes are as ready to assist in solving 
 land problems as they are to devote hours of 
 activity to the manufacture of munitions. It 
 will be necessary to bring to the minds of all 
 that the food supply is an important line of 
 defence and one which our enemy, with the in- 
 herited traditions of a thirty yeaks' war, is not 
 likely to overlook or neglect. Then only shall 
 we secure the help of those village women and 
 girls who could milk the cows, feed the 
 chickens, and bring in the harvest, without 
 whose aid, if war continues, we shall find our- 
 selves in want of food. 
 
 From the outside observer's point of view, it 
 would seem as if we required some Govern- 
 ment scheme, ably administered by one or more 
 energetic organisers, women of the upper 
 classes, perhaps, who by distributing patriotic 
 posters and obtaining the help of local workers 
 in each district, could achieve success in the 
 way that Lord Derby's scheme obtained men 
 recruits. 
 
 As a good example of what has already been 
 done in one district and in the hope that others 
 may feel impelled to copy it, I am able, by the 
 kind permission of the West Kent District 
 Representative, Miss Edith Bradley, to give a 
 
 64 
 
THE PEASANT CLASS OF THE FUTURE 
 
 model of what has there been organised. It is 
 an inspiring letter, because our Food Supply is 
 mentioned in its true position as the Second 
 Line of Defence : 
 
 WEST KENT 
 WOMEN'S COUNTY AGRICULTURAL COMMITTEE. 
 
 President - Lady Habdinge. 
 
 HOLLINGBOURNE RURAL DISTRICT 
 
 (23 Villages) : 
 
 HoUingbourne. 
 
 Sutton Valence. 
 
 Lenham. 
 
 Detling. 
 
 Harrietsham. 
 
 Chart Sutton. 
 
 Boughton Malherbe, 
 
 , Boxley. 
 
 Leeds. 
 
 East Sutton. 
 
 Otterden. 
 
 Thurnham, 
 
 Langley. 
 
 Uloombe. 
 
 Wicliling. 
 
 Huoking. 
 
 Broomfleld. 
 
 Headcorn. 
 
 Frinsted. 
 
 Bioknor. 
 
 
 
 Wormshill, 
 
 Stockbury. 
 Bredhurst. 
 
 District Representative : Miss Edith BbadlbYj 
 
 Greenway Courtj HoUingbourne. 
 
 WAR WORK. WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Dear Mrs 
 
 May I ask you to read the enclosed official Leaflets ? 
 They relate to the all-important question of our Food 
 Supply. 
 
 All Women living in the Country are asked to help. We 
 have been called the Sfxond Line of Defence. 
 
 By Organisation we can justify this title. Lord Selborne 
 outlines the plan of Organisation, as you will see. It is 
 left to the Women in every County and in every Rural 
 District to draw up their plan of campaign. 
 
 I have been' requested to represent the District of 
 HoUingbourne with its 23 villages. I have to find a 
 Registrar for each Village, and to mobilise the entire Dis- 
 trict, during the first month of the New Year. 
 
 As personal acquaintance is most essential, it seems 
 advisable to hold Meetings to discuss plans in four at least 
 
 Q5 F 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 of the Villages, and I suggest Ulcombe or Sutton, Lenham, 
 Detling, and Hollingboume. 
 
 Mrs. Deakin, The Manor House, Hollingboume, has 
 kindly promised the use of her Drawing Room early in 
 January. The Date will be announced in the Kent 
 Messenger. Residents from any of the Villages will be 
 most welcome, and are indeed urged to attend, especially 
 those from Hollingboume, Harrietsham, Broomfield, Leeds, 
 and Langley. 
 
 Suggestions, and the offer of Rooms at Ulcombe or 
 Sutton, Lenham and Detling, will be gratefully received 
 by me. The Morning (about 11 o'clock) would be, I 
 think, the most convenient hour. Personal interest and 
 willing help must be the key-note of the movement, 
 because the Call has come to every Woman, rich or poor, 
 gentle or peasant, strong or weak, to do something, and to 
 do it NOW. 
 
 May I hear from you by Monday, January 3, before 
 the Meeting of the Central Committee takes place, as I am 
 anxious to be able to report progress. 
 Believe me, 
 
 Yours faithfully, 
 
 Edith Bradley. 
 
 December 27, 1915. 
 
 But having gained these women recruits, 
 have we a formulated system of education for 
 them ? They will need training in the same 
 way that Lord Kitchener's New Army was 
 trained, and maybe this may take longer than 
 people think. But this must form the subject 
 of a future chapter. 
 
 66 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 Upon the sunny slope of one of the soft, 
 rounded hills of the South Downs stands a 
 large, square farmhouse. I often go there 
 during my walks, for it has a very charming 
 little garden, in which are all the earliest spring 
 flowers, and as the wall that separates it from 
 the narrow, winding country lane is a low one, 
 it is possible to lean over it and look for the 
 snowdrops, blue hepaticas, and Daphne Meze- 
 reum that herald the coming of warm days. 
 A very ancient, solidly-buUt barn lies at the 
 back of the house, and, close beside it, separ- 
 ated only by an orchard of gnarled and twisted 
 fruit-trees, are the labourers' cottages. One 
 winter's evening, as the sun was slowly sinking 
 below the distant hills upon the other side of 
 the flat marshland, and the sky all rose-coloured 
 seemed to prophesy a change to cold and frosty 
 weather, my mind turned instinctively to 
 thoughts of firehght within these cottage 
 homes. I wondered whether the extra cost 
 
 m 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 of food and coal had troubled the inhabitants 
 of this little group of dwellings. One of the 
 labourers is an old friend, and, as he chanced 
 to be going towards home, looking somewhat 
 weary after his day's work, which for his seventy 
 years is an arduous one, I thought I would 
 have a little talk with him. I asked what they 
 were all paying for coal. To my surprise, he 
 told me that they could not get it deUvered to 
 their homes under 38s. per ton. As I can 
 obtain a really good, slow-burning quality of 
 coal and have it carried into my coal-ceUar for 
 28s. per ton, it seemed to me that these hard- 
 working people were paying a fabulous price. 
 I told him so, and explained that, as I am a 
 member of a co-operative society near by, and 
 can accommodate a truck-load at a time, I was 
 able to get coal at 10s. per ton less than they 
 were paying. "Why do you not all join 
 together and order a truck-load at a time ? 
 Think of the money it would save you," I said. 
 " Oh, that is all very well," he replied ; " but 
 you have only yourself to please. Now, if we 
 was to try and do that, none of the misuses, 
 that lives in this row of cottages, would agree 
 as to liking the same kind of coal. Each thinks 
 her own kind best for cooking, and so they 
 would all disagree and we should have no 
 peace." " But, surely," I said, " if they aU 
 
 68 
 
CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 understood what a saving it would be and how 
 they could each put by their own ten shillings, 
 they would agree to buy the same kind ?" I 
 urged. "No," said he very decidedly, "my 
 mate and I has often tried to talk them round, 
 but they won't see it, and yet he and his wife 
 are great people for believing in the co-opera- 
 tive shop, for they gets all their groceries from 
 it, and any savings they puts in and leaves 
 there." 
 
 I think the above is a good specimen of what 
 is mostly to be found amongst our labourers' 
 wives ; but they are not alone in this, for the 
 " intense individualism " of the farmer is still 
 more deplorable, because it materially affects 
 the amount of foodstuff that he can produce. 
 If only those who cultivate land, or are even 
 distantly connected with those who own land, 
 would study this large and important subject 
 more, they would realise what untold advan- 
 tages co-operation brings with it. 
 
 We see it in foreign countries, where the 
 growers succeed, not only because their climate 
 and soil are good, but also because they have 
 learnt that combined action is more remunera- 
 tive than individual action. Because they bulk 
 their produce, that is to say, make one con- 
 signment instead of sending each package 
 separate and with a high railway rate to pay 
 
 69 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 on it, they lessen their transport bill. This is 
 evident ; for often vegetables and fruit, grown 
 by an English grower, who persists in acting 
 as a solitary unit, bear a higher proportion of 
 cost than what is sent in a combined consign- 
 ment from abroad to the same market. That 
 is to say, the individualistic Englishman will 
 have to pay more on transit, proportionately, 
 for a short distance than the foreigner does 
 who is intelligent enough to bulk his parcels 
 and thus obtain a considerably lower railway 
 rate, even though the distance he sends, together 
 with the sea journey, is far greater. Another 
 advantage of this system is that, when produce 
 reaches a market, that which comes in a large 
 consignment usually stands a better chance of 
 fetching a good price than do innumerable little 
 packages which come from wholly independent 
 growers. It stands to reason that the less a 
 man pays upon railway costs, the more money 
 he will retain from his sale profits for his own 
 use. Another aspect, and one which most 
 materially concerns the farmer, the poultry- 
 keeper, the fruit-grower, and the market gar- 
 dener, in these hard times, when feeding stuffs, 
 seeds, and all kinds of requisites are so exor- 
 bitantly expensive, is that co-operation cheapens 
 production. If farmers or growers belong to 
 a society that makes a speciality of bujriaig 
 
 70 
 
CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 their requirements in large quantities and then 
 doling them out to each individual, not only 
 is the cost lessened to each grower, but he can 
 also rely upon obtaining a better quality in his 
 purchases. The society's agent makes it his 
 business to inquire into the fertility of the 
 seeds and to obtain a proper analysis of the 
 chemical manures, and in each case a guarantee 
 of good quality has to be given, which no 
 solitary grower, buying for himself, would be 
 absolutely sure of obtaining. 
 
 The same applies to machinery, such as horse- 
 rakes, mowing machines for hay, motor lorries, 
 etc., which can, moreover, be bought by Co- 
 operative Societies for the joint use of their 
 members, and this is a point which should, 
 during the present shortage of men for work 
 upon farms, count for much with the farmer. 
 By means qf machinery, so much more work 
 could be quickly done and, if these implements 
 are bought for the general good, the outlay does 
 not hit the individual. Thus, we see that a 
 motor lorry for fetching consignments of 
 requisites from the railway station, or for con- 
 veying packages of garden produce direct to a 
 market, comes through a co-ordinated purchase 
 and use within the reach of all growers. It 
 probably would never enter the wildest dreams 
 of the individual to contemplate having the use 
 
 71 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 of such a speedy means of conveyance, but 
 when he is willing to unite with others, a 
 throbbing motor van can, by arrangement, be 
 waiting for his bulked packages any day. 
 
 Then, again, in the matter of sales, it is so 
 much easier for a grower to work through his 
 own agent. To put it more plainly, perhaps, 
 to those who have never had the opportunity or 
 the wish, maybe, to consider how such ordinary 
 things as vegetables are placed on the market, 
 I will take as example what often occurs 
 amongst literary people. An author, engrossed 
 in the sensations which he wishes to depict for 
 his readers' amusement, absorbed, perhaps, in 
 the intricacies of planning the plot of a novel 
 or the sudden surprises and denouements of an 
 exciting detective story, cannot tolerate every- 
 day interruptions. He has to supplement his 
 income by writing, but P^ine Art to him is 
 above all the aim he has in view, and to have 
 the letter-writing, the harassing dissappoint- 
 ments and the violent elations even of daily 
 correspondence with editors and publishers 
 thrust upon him must necessarily interrupt the 
 even tenor of existence that he finds it best to 
 indulge in. The author, perhaps, more than 
 any other artist, requires uninterrupted quiet 
 and, as a consequent result, he then can keep 
 " on the top of everything," doing good work, 
 
 72 
 
CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 so to gain this he puts all his business into the 
 hands of a skilled literary agent. From that 
 day on life becomes easy ; for he knows that, 
 when a letter comes enclosed in that quaintly 
 shaped envelope that he knows so well and so 
 much looks forward to receiving, it will merely 
 contain a brief rdsumd of business, a settled 
 offer of future work, and he will have been 
 protected from the unnecessary jostlings and 
 bustlings that would have ruffled his good 
 temper and made the hero in his book brusque 
 and ungallant, when he should have been 
 romantic. So in the same way that the liter- 
 ary agent can oil the wheels of life for the 
 author, the co-operative society agent can 
 aid the hard-worked grower or farmer in the 
 disposal of his produce. If the latter is attend- 
 ing carefully to the proper cultivation of crops, 
 if he is watchful as to how his staff of men are 
 tending plants, and observant as to ventilation, 
 feeding, and watering, his whole time is fully 
 occupied, and unless he has a partner who can 
 fulfil all business transactions and see to the 
 marketing of produce, he wiU succeed only in 
 growing stuff, but will probably fail in selling 
 it advantageously. 
 
 Germany has long ago realised the ad- 
 vantages of co-operation, and the source of her 
 stability at present is largely due to her Agri- 
 
 73 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 culture being organised upon co-operative lines. 
 How are we going to make those who own land 
 and cultivate it awake from this individualistic 
 tendency, which impedes all progress ? It 
 would seem that better education is the only 
 means by which we can do it. 
 
 I should like to hear of plain, common-sense 
 lessons upon co-operation being given to all 
 classes of children. Not dull ones, or a mere 
 string of difficult sentences read out of a book, 
 but bbject-lessons by which they would learn 
 the advantages and pleasures that come within 
 the reach of a community, but which one child 
 alone can never hope to attain. If they were 
 shown in their school gardens how, by each 
 subscribing one penny, the number of seed 
 packets and plants that could be obtained 
 would help to make a reserve garden of 
 marketable plants, and how those plants, by 
 being disposed of by one of themselves, as 
 personifying a Co-operative Society's agent, 
 could be sold at a good price, and the profits 
 utilised for giving them all some pleasurable 
 holiday, some useful tool, some artistic garden 
 ornament that they would be proud of, they 
 would soon imbibe ideas of co-operation. 
 
 At present, they grow up ignorant of its 
 many advantages, and they go back to their 
 cottage homes to hear it abused or ignorantly 
 
 74 
 
CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 discussed, and then, when they farm land or 
 have gardens of their own, they merely look 
 with suspicion upon those who support it. 
 
 What applies to the village children is 
 equally important for the sons and daughters 
 of country squires, clergymen, and large land- 
 owners. If they understood about co- ordinated 
 work, it would be possible for them to act as 
 propagandists of this fine movement and, when- 
 ever they were talking to a labourer or having 
 a little chat with one of the cottage women, 
 they could so easily point out the benefits that 
 it brings to many. 
 
 Most of our English country people resemble 
 those South African farmers who, we are told, 
 met Lord Selborne's plea for improvement in 
 agricultural methods by saying : " What was 
 good enough for our fathers is good enough 
 for us." After some time, when they were 
 going out shooting and were demonstrating to 
 him the up-to-date make of their new guns, he 
 asked to be shown the very antiquated one that 
 hung, as a great curiosity, on the wall. " Surely, 
 this is the gun you are going to take out with 
 you," he said, " for what was good enough for 
 your fathers is good enough for you." 
 
 How few of those whose hfe-work lies in 
 obtaining those productions which sustain 
 vitality in us, whether it be eggs, chickens, 
 
 75 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 turkeys, cows or wheat, value the work that 
 has been done by the Agricultural Organisation 
 Society of Queen Anne's Chambers, Tothill 
 Street, Westminster, in aiding the foundation 
 of small local Co-operative Societies. My own 
 acquaintance with the members of this society 
 was made in a casual way. Some years ago, 
 I was asked to organise a two days' congress 
 of women farmers and women gardeners, to be 
 held at the White City. Being desirous of 
 making it as interesting as possible and of 
 obtaining the help of representative speakers, 
 I started off one day, early in the spring, to 
 search for various offices in London where I 
 should find information about agricultural 
 departments. I came to one of those many- 
 storied modern buildings in the vicinity of 
 Victoria Street, where a quick-speeding lift 
 worked by an Army commissionaire takes one 
 rapidly up towards the leaden sky and the 
 many chimney stacks of our great city. As 
 the iron gates were flung open and I was 
 directed to turn to the left and then several 
 times to the right, in order to find the object 
 of my search, which was connected with 
 Poultry, T chanced to see a brightly glittering 
 brass plate upon one of the doors that opened 
 into the cold, bare, stone-paved passage. Upon 
 it was inscribed " Agricultural Organisation 
 
CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 Society," and, as the name appealed to me and 
 seemed to carry with it a sensation that it was 
 likely to prove helpful in my own market 
 garden school at Glynde, I made a mental note 
 that I would call at the office and inquire 
 further about the business that was transacted 
 upon the other side of the brass-plated door. 
 Having ascertained what I wanted to know in 
 the Poultry Department, I lost no time in 
 returning, and, upon inquiry, I found that Mr. 
 Nugent Harris, the secretary, was able to help 
 me as regards a question of bulking packages 
 of produce that were sent several times a week 
 from our college to London. This chance 
 introduction paved the way to many other 
 matters upon which we were given assistance, 
 and I found, to my surprise, that for several 
 years we had lived in ignorance of the many 
 benefits that we were able to attain by belong- 
 ing to a local Farmers' Co-operative Society, 
 only three miles distant from the garden at 
 Glynde. 
 
 I should here explain that the work of the 
 A.O.S., as it is familiarly spoken of, is a pro- 
 pagandist one. The Society exists for the 
 purpose of making known amongst agricul- 
 turists the principles of co-operation. It 
 gives advice and assistance in the formation 
 and organisation of properly registered Co- 
 
 77 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 operative Agricultural Societies in all the 
 districts of England and Wales. It was 
 founded only in 1901, and for many years it 
 was supported by voluntary funds ; but now it 
 receives grants from the Development Fund 
 and the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. 
 Small local Societies become affihated to it, 
 but they are themselves entirely self-supporting 
 and self-governed, which is an admirable 
 arrangement ; because they gain by having 
 the advice of experts who are in touch with the 
 Government Departments, but need, in no 
 way, lose a jot of their own individuality. 
 
 We have already passed in review several 
 of the important branches that Co-operative 
 Societies deal with in the matter of purchasing 
 requisites and helping to sell produce, but there 
 are many other helpful things that they do for 
 their members. In especial, I might draw 
 attention to their being able to organise the 
 milk supply on a co-operative basis, so that a 
 larger proportion of the profits may be secured 
 for the farmers ; they can establish co-operative 
 Butter and Cheese Factories, Egg and Poultry 
 Depots ; they aid in grading and packing fruit, 
 so that it can be placed on the market in a fresh 
 and attractive condition. Then, too, they can 
 prganise the disposal of wool, so that sheep 
 breeders may have it properly classed and 
 
 78 
 
CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 packed to secure a good price from the wool 
 merchants ; they also orgainise co-operative 
 markets and break down the rings that are 
 formed against the producer ; and last, but not 
 least, they can reduce the cost of transport by 
 bulking consignments and by arranging terms 
 with railway companies and carriers. 
 
 These headings give but a brief outline of 
 some of the many advantages that are to be 
 gained by working in co-ordinated groups, as 
 increased production now should become a 
 patriotic question, and our only way of carrying 
 this out is by doing away with old methods and 
 hanging them up on the walls like the anti- 
 quated gun of the South African farmers. It 
 is to be hoped that we shall do so and study 
 new methods. 
 
 There is, I believe, no reason why the United 
 Kingdom should not endeavour to become 
 practically self-contained from the point of 
 view of production, and, further, the Empire 
 should itself supply its own needs. If this is 
 to come about, however, old machinery and old 
 systems of agricultural education wUl need to 
 be put on one side, and energy, together with 
 organisation, must be put into the production 
 of staple foods. In working for this aim, we 
 have to bear in mind that we are handicapped 
 now by a shortage of men, and that this makes 
 
 7» 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 it all the more imperative for us to make what 
 use we can of machinery, which can best be 
 obtained by combined purchase. We must 
 train our women, too, to take part not only 
 in the manual branches of hght agi-icultural 
 work, but also in the dissemination far and 
 wide of the knowledge of co-operation. We 
 are not working only for results which will 
 bear fruit this year or next ; we are endeavour- 
 ing to alleviate hardships which will come long 
 after peace is proclaimed. 
 
 The following quotation jfrom a message 
 given by the Hon. Martin Burrel, Minister of 
 Agriculture for Canada, shows what reliance 
 is being placed upon the efforts of Canadian 
 women, and surely we Englishwomen do not 
 wish to be behind them in patriotism. He 
 says : " To the women of Canada my message 
 is — Keep on working and giving, and stimulate 
 the men to do their full duty in the time of 
 national peril. Canada is passing through a 
 trial that she hardly realises as yet. May the 
 women of Canada prompt us who stay at home 
 to do our full duty and help us to bear the 
 burden that inevitably follows war." 
 
 Unfortunately, the agricultural co-operative 
 movement has hitherto not drawn to its ranks 
 a sufficient number of people representing 
 different classes of the community, and this 
 
 80 
 
CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 is especially noticeable amongst women in rural 
 districts, who have, so far, hardly been influ- 
 enced by it. Yet it is evident that, until 
 women come into it and take a practical in- 
 terest in the movement, it will never develop 
 its highest ideals. We have, up to now, been 
 considering the business side of co-operation, 
 but the moral good that should react from its 
 establishment exceeds all other benefits. It 
 brings with it an unselfish desire to benefit the 
 whole community, and only by this sharing of 
 responsibility and the joint participation in good 
 and bad do we see the wonderful character- 
 building advantages that it brings to a nation. 
 
 It may be suggested that there are excellent 
 charitable works, such as the Girls' Friendly 
 Society, Mothers' Meetings and many Workers' 
 Guilds, which instil these good qualities into 
 village girls and women. The fault, however, 
 of some of these is that they do not teach the 
 women to manage or think for themselves, and 
 until they feel the importance of belonging to 
 a society in which a share of the management 
 as well as a portion of the profit gained comes 
 to them individually, just as it does to the other 
 members, they will not exercise their own in- 
 telligence and learn to support co-operation. 
 
 1 believe that it rests greatly in the hands of 
 the women of the educated classes to act 
 
 81 G 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 as propagandists of these new agricultural 
 methods, and I should like to see a National 
 Society of women formed throughout the whole 
 of England, grouped either according to 
 parishes or under military or other divisions 
 and districts, similar to the organisation of 
 workers who belong to the Soldiers' and Sailors' 
 Families' Association. I suggest this latter 
 arrangement because, by its means, and per- 
 haps by working in conjunction with some of 
 the Soldiers' and Sailors' Families' Association 
 oflfice-bearers, it would be possible to enlist for 
 work of all kinds on the land the assistance of 
 those wives of soldiers who at present are being 
 given separation allowances. Each parish or 
 fixed centre would have its appointed President 
 and staff of three or four paid as well as some 
 voluntary workers. Amongst these there 
 might be some who would fill, more or less, 
 the place of the expert agrondmes d'etat that 
 we read of in Belgium, who could, no doubt, be 
 supplied by the officials belonging to the Agri- 
 cultural Organisation Society, as having a 
 thorough knowledge of land questions. These 
 officials would naturally be of the greatest 
 assistance to those lay workers who had but 
 recently become interested in questions con- 
 nected with the land. 
 
 The construction of this network of office- 
 82 
 
Girl and Calf 
 
 kfc^, i^.t-^L 
 
 Vkh'ing Peas 
 
CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 bearers would be outlined by the central Agri- 
 cultural Organisation Society, but each Presi- 
 dent appointed would have to obtain her own 
 staflF of helpers. This would ensure that in 
 each agricultural province or county, the wives 
 of lord-lieutenants, large landowners, estate 
 agents, those related to the heads of agricultural 
 colleges, all market gardeners, growers and 
 producers would constitute "divisions" of 
 propagandists. The ideal of all organisation 
 is to have both men and women urging on the 
 same cause, so that some groups would consist 
 of both men and women office-bearers. 
 
 Inspiration and enthusiasm would be infused 
 into this large body of workers by those in 
 authority upon the Central Board. This is an 
 important matter, because a directing lead is 
 always most necessary where many paid and 
 unpaid workers are employed. I remember 
 well that, as a young girl of eighteen, when I 
 was given a plan of the desired Soldiers' and 
 Sailors' FamiUes' Association, which was at 
 that time non-existent but to be introduced 
 into the whole of Ireland, it was the inspiration 
 transmitted to me by my leader and head that 
 made me wish to work. Sir James Gildea was 
 kind enough to give me detailed instructions as 
 to what he wanted carried out, and con- 
 sequently I spared no efforts until I could hand 
 
 83 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 to my chief a full and complete list of energetic 
 voluntary workers for each of the counties of 
 Ireland. I was able, later, to do the same for 
 the East of London district, and to direct the 
 many workers during the South African War. 
 By this means we should gain the guidance 
 centrally of an able body of experienced leaders, 
 who would see that the activities of local 
 workers were directed into the best channels. 
 We have in this country a mass of information 
 which, when tabulated and filtered through 
 organisations that are competent to carry such 
 information into effect, would make, in a very 
 short time, a much more productive country 
 than we now possess. In this respect it rests 
 largely with the women of England to see that 
 our staying powers in this war are ensured, and 
 thus our secondary line of defence, or, in other 
 words, our food supply, is certain to hold out. 
 
 84 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 women's institutes 
 
 Although the work done by these Institutes 
 has, until recently, been best known in Canada 
 and in Belgium, they are likely before long to 
 become a very important factor in widening the 
 outlook of those who work on the land in 
 England, and it is for this feason that I wish to 
 give as many details as I can about them. 
 Those that exist in Ontario, the place where 
 Women's Institutes originated, bear, as their 
 motto, " For Home and Country," and these 
 words briefly describe the aims they have in 
 view. They are set forth in the Rules and 
 Regulations as follows : 
 
 The aims and objects of the Institutes are to improve 
 conditions of rural hfe, so that settlement may be perma- 
 nent and prosperous in the farming communities : 
 
 (a) By study of home economies, child welfare, preven- 
 tion of disease, local neighbourhood needs, industrial and 
 social conditions, and laws affecting women and their work. 
 
 (b) By making the Institute a social and educational 
 centre, and a means of welcoming new settlers. 
 
 (c) By encouragement of agricultural and other local 
 and home industries for women. 
 
 85 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 Their origin was a very humble one, and it 
 came about in this way. In 1 897, just nineteen 
 years ago, a few women met in a little village 
 under the direction of one woman, a great 
 personality; the work was organised, and it 
 was arranged that, as a commencement, a 
 little band of women should meet together 
 from month to month in order to discuss the 
 affairs of the household, to exchange recipes, 
 and help one another as best they could in all 
 matters that concerned their households. We 
 can picture what a boon such intercourse must 
 have been for those who were living in a vast 
 tract of country, far, perhaps, from each other, 
 and certainly not within easy reach of the in- 
 terests that are to be obtained in towns. Such 
 interchange of ideas and thoughts upon subjects 
 which all shared in common would naturally 
 relieve the monotony of a woman settler's 
 life. Out of this mere handful of original 
 members, the work grew and broadened, and 
 now there are in Ontario 850 branches and 
 30,000 members. 
 
 At that time, their thoughts were concen- 
 trated chiefly upon household affairs, but now 
 they include in their discussions those things 
 which bear upon the school, child welfare, and 
 all matters which appertain to the immediate 
 surroundings of each particular branch. They 
 
 86 
 
WOMEN'S INSTITUTES 
 
 represent, in many of these scattered com- 
 munities, a centre of social life, and they unite 
 people of all creeds and every social rank. 
 
 It may be contended by some that life in 
 England is different from that in our Colonies ; 
 so much more established, and divided socially 
 into such definitely fixed lines that it would be 
 almost impossible to form any sort of social 
 centre where those of every sphere of life could 
 meet upon common ground. The war is, 
 however, changing much and each day it shows 
 us that, unless we can keep young people — 
 especially village girls — interested and satisfied 
 with their surroundings, we shall find our 
 national problems exceedingly difficult to solve. 
 How often in talking to a ploughman or 
 labourer, do I hear the remark : " Oh, the boy 
 who helps with my horses, or the young mate 
 who works along with me, is not happy in his 
 work. His only thought is to get away as 
 quick as he can, when evening comes, put on a 
 smart thin pair of shoes and go off to the town." 
 These men trace most of their own and their 
 neighbours' difficulties, both in home life and 
 work hours, to the fact that the young genera- 
 tion of women are discontented with their 
 country homes. The bright lights behind shop 
 windows, the ever-changing pictures at the 
 
 87 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 Cinema Palace, are the only things that bring 
 them pleasure. 
 
 The moving pictures and the halfpenny 
 paper have done much harm ; but can we not 
 at aU events endeavour to stem further advances 
 of this restless spirit of the age ? If anything 
 can help, it wiU be Women's Institutes. 
 
 I have already alluded to the good propa- 
 ganda work done by the Agricultural Organis- 
 ation Society, Queen Anne's Chambers, Tothill 
 Street, Westminister, S.W., and I hope that 
 the public will speedily now become more 
 appreciative of all the sympathy and encourage- 
 ment which its members have given to co- 
 operative undertakings, when they learn that 
 they are also taking an active part in forming 
 Women's Institutes in England upon somewhat 
 similar lines to those which exist in Canada. 
 They have obtained the valuable assistance of 
 Mrs. Watt, the secretary of the Advisory Board 
 of Women to the Department of Agriculture 
 in British Columbia, and she has already held 
 many meetings in various parts of the country. 
 The result of this has been that Women's 
 Institutes have already been formed in Wales, 
 Dorset, Kent, and Sussex, and in each of these 
 neighbourhoods the representatives of the 
 
 Agricultural Organisation Society have either 
 
 88 
 
WOMEN'S INSTITUTES 
 
 spoken upon the work, have provided Uterature 
 or have given expert advice. 
 
 In order to show how such work can best be 
 adapted to the requirements of English people, 
 I am able, by the courtesy of Mr. Nugent 
 Hai^ris, to give a report of what has already 
 been done in this respect in East Dorset. 
 
 THE AGRICULTURAL ORGANISATION SOCIETY. 
 
 Women's Institutes — East Dorset. 
 
 Mrs. Alfred Watt, of the Department of Agriculture, 
 British Columbia, Canada, at present with the Agricultural 
 Organisation Society, visited Dorset to take part in a 
 series of meetings inaugurated at the suggestion of Mr. 
 Nugent Harris, of the Agricultural Organisation Society, 
 as the result of a visit paid by him in this county. 
 
 There was a general wish on the part of those interested 
 that the feelings of persons in that neighbourhood as to 
 how fowl production could be increased might be ascer- 
 tained, and perhaps some effective measures taken. 
 
 The audience at the first meeting was composed of 
 members of a local women's guild, which had been meet- 
 ing for some years every Monday evening in a neighbouring 
 Church Room. 
 
 Mrs. Watt was introduced, and an attentive hearing 
 was urged on the score df the immediate war needs of the 
 country. Several ways were pointed out in which women 
 living in the country districts could stimulate lines ot 
 agricultural activity, and a plea was made for a sympa- 
 thetic reception of new ideas so necessary now in the 
 present economic condition of the country. Mrs. Watt 
 then spoke for half an hour of the work of the Women's 
 Institutes in Canada, showing how the activities of women 
 living in country districts in Canada were at once directed 
 towards increasing the wealth of the Dominion by growing 
 more food, and by trying to manage better in the homes. 
 She described the details of these organisations, and how 
 
 89 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 they could be adapted to meet the present crisis in this 
 country. She told of the work of the Women's Institutes 
 in Wales, and how they were binding women together in 
 rural parts, regardless of politics, religion, social distinc- 
 tions, or any other line of social demarcation. Some 
 special activities of the Women's Institutes were dealt 
 with at some length, such as better methods of home- 
 making, use of labour-saving contrivances in the home, 
 keeping of more poultry, more vegetable and fruit gardens, 
 taking up village and home industries which would add to 
 the wealth of the country. She showed that social life 
 was as necessary as industrial effort for the successful 
 carrjring on of agricultural work, and recommended that 
 special lines of work for the development of the coni- 
 munity and the betterment of home be undertaken by the 
 women at the present juncture. She pointed out that it 
 was only in the linking up of everyday duties to com- 
 munity life, and so on to the nation's need, that country- 
 women might do their part in bringing the war to a suc- 
 cessful conclusion. Discussion was then invited. In the 
 course of this it was mentioned that the Guild had these 
 objects in mind, and had already done a useful work, and 
 were at present supplying Red Cross needs and comforts 
 for the troops, and that it would be glad to see still 
 more active work done in the ways pointed out. A good 
 deal of interest was shown by the questions asked by the 
 audience. The immediate needs of the home and home 
 industries seemed to have especial interest. The Com- 
 mittee agreed to meet Mrs. Watt later on, and see in what 
 way a Women's Institute could be carried on in connection 
 with the Guild. 
 
 A meeting was held on the following Friday, and a full 
 discussion took place, and the views of all the Committee 
 were ascertained. Finally, it was decided to hold a 
 Women's Institute meeting on the second Monday of each 
 month, and to see if this meeting could progress side by 
 side with the Guild meeting. As the Guild meetings are 
 chiefly recreational, although some work of some kind, 
 such as knitting, etc., was always brought, it was felt that 
 a more educational feature could successfully fill a gap in 
 the Guild's work. 
 
 90 
 
WOMEN'S INSTITUTES 
 
 A programme was drawn up for a meeting in December, 
 in line with this idea. A President, Vice-President, Secre- 
 tary, and Treasurer were elected, and a Committee named, 
 so that an organisation now exists, and will carry out 
 specifically the ideas of conserving and developing the 
 local resources. 
 
 The Committee is that already existing for the Guild. 
 
 Business. 
 
 Address, " How to get more Eggs." Illustrated by 
 
 home-made poultry apparatus. 
 Discussion, " Care and Feeding of Poultry." 
 Christmas carols. 
 
 Demonstration, " Home-made Sweets." 
 Tea served by a member. 
 
 At this meeting a pleasing and touching incident took 
 place. One of the women said that she would be glad to 
 join a Women's Institute because her son, who had gone 
 to Canada and had enlisted there, wrote that near where 
 his battalion was in winter quarters at Crystal Bear, 
 Canada, there was a Women's Institute, which looked 
 after the soldiers and had given them a party and a social 
 evening. 
 
 Although meetings of the Guild are held in the Church 
 Room, the membership is not confined to members of the 
 Church ; it is practically unsectarian, and it says a great 
 deal for the efforts of the local organisers, and for the 
 determination and energy of the women, that such an 
 organisation could have been carried on for thirteen years 
 without help from any outside source. The members state 
 that the Guild is almost entirely composed of women who 
 are working. They have managed their own affairs, and 
 have shown a fine spirit of co-operation. It may be not 
 too much, therefore, to assume that from such likely 
 material a good Women's Institute may result, and that 
 an immediate effect may be felt, especially in the matter 
 of food production. 
 
 The next meeting was held at a neighbouring village. 
 This meeting also received the suggestion of a Women's 
 Institute favourably. Stress was laid on the need of a 
 
 91 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 more neighbourly feeling, of better home-makers, and the 
 country's present needs. 
 
 Mrs. Watt took up especially community work and how 
 it might lead to a better social order ; she dwelt for some 
 time upon the woman as the spender of the nation, 
 criticising the lack of business and technical knowledge 
 among women. 
 
 She showed the great money loss resulting from lack of 
 home efficiency, explaining how adulteration of foods and 
 textiles is carried on. She said this should be of immediate 
 interest, women were spending the money and not getting 
 in return what th^ were entitled to receive. This was 
 because women did not know the difference. She advo- 
 cated education along these lines and the need for better 
 homes, better schools, better care and feeding of children. 
 She stated that the uncleanly conditions in which food 
 was exposed for sale in England was a great shock to 
 people from other parts of the Empire. She said women 
 had all these matters in their own hands. 
 
 Another meeting was held on the Tuesday following, 
 when there were present a number of women who wished 
 to hear more about Women's Institutes. Those who spoke 
 emphasised the immense war needs of the country, and 
 urged that every effort be made to save money and put it 
 in the War Loan. A good many questions were asked, 
 and those present seemed satisfied that by binding them- 
 selves together in the way suggested by the speakers, they 
 could do much to help end the war. 
 
 A resolution was passed that a Women's Institute be 
 formed, and Officers and Committee were elected. 
 
 The general feeling of the meeting was that the first 
 meeting should take up more economical cooking in the 
 house. An informal discussion took place on the differences 
 in flours and need for home-baked bread. A meeting of 
 the Committee is to be called presently to draw up a pro- 
 gramme of meetings. 
 
 The third meeting was held at another village on VVed- 
 nesday. This was an especially good audience, with a 
 number of intelligent women who displayed great interest 
 and asked many questions, and seemed alive to the need 
 of some further war work among rural women. The chair- 
 
 92 
 
WOMEN'S INSTITUTES 
 
 man recalled the early history of social movements in the 
 neighbourhood, showing how many good lines of work had 
 been carried on and how a pleasant social order had been 
 evolved. Attention was drawn to the further possibilities^ 
 especially along the lines of garden work and poultry- 
 keeping and further co-operation in urgent war work. 
 Mrs. Watt then took up the possible interests and occupa- 
 tions of women living in the country. She explained how 
 in Canada a great deal of the exodus to towns had been 
 stopped by opening up opportunities for women and girls 
 in the country. She showed that the little everyday con- 
 cerns might all lead through gradual stages to national 
 good and prosperity. She pointed out that after the war 
 there would be efforts to bring more people on the land, 
 and that many women would be both making homes in the 
 country or entering into agricultural work. It would be 
 most important then that all smaller communities should 
 be prepared to welcomethis new influx and to help broaden 
 rural life. 
 
 Various ways of saving time and money in the homes 
 were pointed out, Mrs. Watt emphasising the need for 
 time for women's highest duties, especially in the care ot 
 children. She said that the aim of all workers in country 
 life was to conserve resources, and that whUe we were 
 talking of growing more food there must never be over- 
 looked that among the greatest of our resources are the 
 children who are to carry on the Empire. 
 
 At the close of the meeting a full discussion took place 
 on how these objects could be achieved, and the idea of a 
 Women's Institute was generally approved. 
 
 In reply to some objections raised to increased food pro- 
 duction, it was pointed out that it was an economic truth 
 that the more production the better sale, the more poultry 
 and eggs produced in any one locality the better position 
 each producer was in with regard to market, transit, etc. 
 Where there were enough poultry people they could com- 
 bine co-operatively, get cheaper foodstuffs, learn from one 
 another's methods, and have a good and steady sale. A 
 Committee was formed and Officers elected to take further 
 steps in the direction of forming a Women's Institute. 
 Several persons present stated they would be only too glad 
 
 93 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 to exchange ideas and methods of work with their neigh- 
 bours, and to make a centre for the activities of the women 
 in the neighbourhood such as Mrs. Watt had described. 
 
 It is expected that a meeting of this Committee will 
 soon be held. As they already have a meeting-place and 
 some energetic residents willing to take up the matter, 
 there may be some result later. At all events, interest has 
 been aroused in work of rural women in war-time along 
 these special lines. 
 
 A fourth meeting was held at a private house to discuss 
 the general needs of the situation. An earnest appeal was 
 made for a concerted effort to deal with the urgent needs 
 created by the war. The meeting was told of the steps 
 which had been taken of various County and Patriotic 
 Associations and of the Government appeals, which should 
 strike a responsive chord everywhere. Ways were pointed 
 out in which by all acting together they could both make 
 money and save it. A striking illustration was given with 
 statistics of how our money was diverted to other countries, 
 and what it might mean if this money were kept in Eng- 
 land. Increased poultry production was in itself a patriotic 
 proceeding, particularly at the present time, when the 
 soldiers in the hospitals could not get all the eggs they 
 needed, and that in every way we were hampered by not 
 growing our own food supply. Mrs. Watt 'followed with a 
 talk on constructive rural sociology. She took as text the 
 building up of a social order as a stimulus to agriculture, 
 showing how step by step all the factors going to the build- 
 ing up of country life can be welded together to make the 
 country prosperous. She quoted from various students of 
 rural economics, Sir Horace Plunkett, Mr. Pye-Smith, 
 Mr. Pratt, and various Canadian and American authorities, 
 to show that the state of society in the country is as 
 important to agricultural development as the factors of 
 science, transit, markets, and so on. She said this would 
 embrace many activities and conditions, a better state of 
 society meant schools suitable to rural life, efficient county 
 organisations, the spread of agricultural education, recrea- 
 tions, and social life generally, but most of all it meant 
 better homes. This was the condition aimed at primarily, 
 
 94 
 
WOMEN'S INSTITUTES 
 
 to make the country home the foundation of the social order 
 which would lead to the active development of agriculture. 
 
 The efficiency of the country home is of special import- 
 ance, as it is closely related to the main business of the 
 country. In this it is different from the town home. She 
 advocated the formation of Women's Institutes in order to 
 bring about better homes, improved community of life, 
 and more profitable rural activities for women. She dwelt 
 upon the work which could be undertaken, domestic and 
 scientific, in all its branches, hpme industries, agricultural 
 occupations for women, and the bringing about of better 
 social conditions in the villages. A programme of one of 
 the Women's Institutes was explained in detail. In con- 
 clusion, she urged the immediate consideration of how 
 countrywomen could help to end the war, saying that no 
 avenue should be overlooked which meant keeping more 
 money in England, and putting women in the way to earn 
 more. 
 
 One of the audience then addressed the meeting, ex- 
 plaining how he had been able to start Poultry Clubs in 
 some of the villages, and his hopes that more of these 
 little Poultry Clubs might be begun. He explained that 
 the mode of operations was very simple, that the only 
 necessities were a place to store feeding-stuffs, and some 
 person who would apportion these once a week among the 
 members. He considered that the machinery of some of 
 the regular Poultry Societies was too complicated, that 
 the main thing to aim at was to get cheaper foodstuffs in 
 the easiest possible way : in this way more people would 
 keep more poultry. He also proposed that an expert 
 should be in attendance to give practical hints in the care 
 of poultry. 
 
 The next speaker, who spoke on the advantages of a Co- 
 operative Society, pointed out that these societies were 
 carefully organised by the Agricultural Organisation 
 Society, and were of great assistance, especially to small 
 holders. He thought some such society would be of 
 advantage to the neighbourhood, and gave illustrations of 
 instances where increased poultry production had resulted 
 from forming a Co-operative Society. 
 
 In support of the first speaker's contention, it was sug- 
 93 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 gested, as a practical outcome of the meeting, that names 
 be taken of persons willing to buy poultry food co-opera- 
 tively, and to form a society which, later on, might aifiliate 
 to the Agricultural Organisation Society, or, failing that, 
 to get the names of those who would be willing to 
 start Poultry Clubs. A discussion followed, and the 
 opinion was generally expressed that efforts should be 
 made at once to get more poultry kept in the neighbour- 
 hood. At the close of the meeting there were enrolled 
 the names of twenty-three persons who were willing to 
 take part in a movement of this nature. 
 
 A small conference of persons especially interested was 
 held later, when matters relating to increased food pro- 
 duction, especially along the lines of poultry, were more 
 informally discussed. 
 
 It will readily be seen that a great deal of indirect good 
 will result from this series of meetings, besides the 
 practical results already noted. A great many people have 
 been reached, and interest awakened in home and agricul- 
 tural topics ; the need for co-operation in spirit as well as 
 in fact has been proved. There has been definitely 
 pointed out a number of ways in which rural women 
 especially, in whatever circumstances, can help fill the 
 present needs of the nation. There would seem some 
 grounds for hope that even more practical patriotism will 
 be shown in smaller communities. It is the intention of all 
 concerned to carry on this work energetically. 
 
 From all the accounts of work done by the 
 Women's Institutes of Canada we arrive at the 
 conclusion that their success has been due to 
 the support, both financial and advisory, that 
 they have had from Government. It must 
 have often been brought home to those who, 
 during the past strenuous eighteen months, 
 have been upon Committees for various ex- 
 cellent charities, organised as a means of incul- 
 96 
 
WOMEN'S INSTITUTES 
 
 eating thrift or teaching those things that would 
 help many of our unenlightened people to act 
 for the general good, that, without adequate 
 financial aid, no prolonged success can be 
 achieved. How many of our leading women 
 have worked day after day, endeavouring to 
 enUst sympathy, aid, or subscriptions for some 
 object that they knew must help materially to 
 strengthen our national resources, and then, 
 after months of endurance and of struggle to 
 maintain an office and typists, have reluctantly 
 been forced to give up their work ! Perhaps 
 some other society, better supported, and 
 started more recently than their own, has the 
 same objects in view, but, having had time in 
 which to embrace other more far-reaching aims, 
 is likely to oust the original undertaking from 
 its already insecure position. 
 
 What is regrettable about these effiorts of 
 the charitably-minded is that they often over- 
 lap, and thus money is wasted. How badly a 
 General Organiser is required for aU charitable 
 undertakings, whereby they would be worked 
 as a co-ordinated scheme to help the whole 
 country ! 
 
 One very marked feature about the Canadian 
 work has been the calm, non-hysterical way in 
 which their women have united for this 
 common cause. Such things as petty jealousy, 
 
 97 H 
 
WOMEN AND THE LANJ) 
 
 narrowness, and severity of judgment have 
 almost vanished from their work, and this is 
 probably due to the care with which each 
 branch chooses its President. These leaders 
 are selected, not because they hold a high social 
 position, but because they are quahfied in 
 character to organise the work of others. A 
 President must be what one of these Canadians 
 said of another, " a woman who possesses the 
 power to discover the best that is in everyone 
 with whom she comes in contact and who, 
 somehow or other, awakens the talents of each, 
 whatsoever those talents may be." All the 
 members must necessarily work harmoniously 
 together, if they are to be successful ; they 
 must all be enthusiastic, but each has to be 
 allowed sufficient freedom to develop to the 
 full her own special department. 
 
 Let us examine more closely how they are 
 strengthened by Government. There is a 
 central organisation of rural Women's Insti- 
 tutes in almost every Province in Canada, 
 supported by the Departments of Agriculture 
 and, in the case of two Provinces, by the 
 Provincial Universities. 
 
 This central organisation arranges branch 
 Women's Institutes in all parts of each 
 Province, and especially devotes itself to the 
 interests of rural communities. The branches, 
 
 98 
 
WOMEN'S INSTITUTES 
 
 when once started, manage their own affairs 
 and do the work which their members think is 
 best suited to their locaUty, having due regard 
 to certain general principles defined by the 
 rules and regulations. They are registered 
 by the Department of Agriculture and receive 
 certain money grants and assistance, in return 
 for which they comply with the requirements 
 of the Acts of Parliament under which they 
 are registered. 
 
 Generally speaking, the Departments of 
 Agriculture provide literature, give some 
 assistance lin money, arrange for demonstra- 
 tors and lecturers, pay fees to branch secretaries, 
 supply stationery, draft rules and regulations, 
 and co-operate in educational, agricultural, 
 exhibition and other work. At all times they 
 are ready to give advice and help to the branch 
 institutes, and all preliminary expenses are met 
 by the central authority. As an example of 
 what these Women's Institutes can do, one 
 may instance, besides lectures, entertainments, 
 and parties for young people and children, a 
 few things outside the home that have been 
 helped owing to their members co-operating 
 together. They buy household supplies, seeds, 
 bulbs, etc., co-operatively, and, in a few in- 
 stances, manage co-operative jam factories, 
 laundries, creameries, and egg stations. They 
 
 99 
 
WOMEN AND THE XAND 
 
 maintain certain expensive household imple- 
 ments, such as vacuum cleaners, knitting ma- 
 chines, etc., for the use of the members. They 
 work together with farmers' institutes to de- 
 velop and stimulate agriculture, and thus 
 increase the food supply, and at present their 
 aim is to double that supply, for many of the 
 Canadian gifts to troops come from these 
 Women's Institutes. 
 
 Sometimes a member who possesses a beauti- 
 ful garden will throw it open for the afternoon, 
 and, by charging an entrance fee, will thus 
 collect money for some useful local object. If 
 rich and poor unite in their donations, quite a 
 number of things can be done for the improve- 
 ment of a village. Perhaps a good-sized hall 
 can be built, and, if each member contributes a 
 gift of a piece of furniture, this can be made 
 cosy and kept warm by means of a stove or 
 fire, so that members can use it as a reading 
 room. A wealthy member will, perhaps, send 
 down papers each evening, and so there is 
 formed a social centre where women can meet 
 and get away sometimes from their somewhat 
 narrow domestic circles. If the community 
 cannot obtain anything so luxurious as a hall, 
 then they will, pefhaps, concentrate their eflForts 
 upon other ^ork, such as a swimming-bath, a 
 good street lamp, a village clock, or a restful 
 
 100 
 
WOME^PS INSTITUTES 
 
 garden, where women can sit and work whilst 
 their children play near by. Many are the 
 helpful things that can be done by means of 
 this co-operative spirit. It may be that it 
 will be many years before such organised effort 
 is completed in our country, but all the same 
 it is well to ponder how such work could be 
 best carried out upon a large scale. It was 
 our King who said : " The strength of the 
 Empire is in the Homes of her People," and 
 only by teaching boys and girls how to make 
 home life happy, only by training women to 
 learn the serious profession of housekeeping, 
 can we hope to improve the outlook and widen 
 the interests of young village girls. If they 
 are taught at school the value of co-operative 
 work, they will be able to put it into practice 
 later on, when they become members of these 
 Women's Institutes. 
 
 101 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 WHAT THE GOVERNING CLASSES COULD DO 
 TOWARDS HELPING THE FURTHER CULTI- 
 VATION OF LAND 
 
 Under conditions of peace, most people either 
 ignore or pass by Agriculture, because they 
 find it dull and unprofitable. Even gardening 
 has only recently, in the last few years, become 
 popular, and but a restricted number of people 
 study it seriously ; for the chief supporters of 
 the Royal Horticultural Society are amateurs 
 who seek, through the medium of nurserymen, 
 to beautify their gardens in preference to 
 making them profitable. The war, it is true, 
 has banished some ornamental flower borders, 
 and carpet bedding is confined within measured 
 limits, but it is certain that our kitchen gardens 
 could, if properly ordered, yield a far larger 
 return of profitable crops. 
 
 All these matters concern but a minority of 
 educated people, and the town-dweUer, so long 
 as he is comfortably housed and can obtain 
 fresh vegetables, allows other questions of 
 
 102 
 
THE PEACE OF THE COUNTRY 
 
 national interest to engross him rather than the 
 consideration of rural subjects. To him the 
 thought of the countryside suggests a place 
 where the rich have large houses for the enter- 
 tainment of their friends and where the best 
 hunting and shooting can be had. It is looked 
 upon " very much as a plaything," a happy 
 holiday resort for week-end relaxation, where 
 those who are overdone with strenuous social 
 activities, charities, or political business seek 
 fresh air and well-earned rest. 
 
 The main attraction of the country to the 
 Londoner is to be found in its solitude. He is 
 accustomed to a stream of people, passing in- 
 cessantly to and fro upon business bent, and 
 therefore the wide open Downs, where only 
 one grey figure watches beside a flock of sheep, 
 or deep-sunk country lanes, where joyful 
 shouts of boys and girls returning from school 
 alone disturb his train of thought, are welcome 
 to him. What cares he about the rural 
 exodus ? He merely goes upon his way re- 
 joicing over fresh ideas that an open stretch of 
 sky and country can give. He loves waste 
 land beside streams that wild duck haunt, the 
 rough commons, too, where the colour and 
 scent of gorse revive his drooping spirits. 
 What does it matter to him, if properties are 
 large and owned by a few rich men, and if 
 
 103 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 well-trained labour is scarce ? During his 
 holiday from work he is content to walk amidst 
 sunshine, and to be blown upon by soft breezes 
 that help him to forget smoke -begrimed 
 houses of the City. These feelings, shared by 
 so many, and this apathy as regards the im- 
 provement of real "business" on the land, 
 have been the great impediments in the past. 
 Yet we know that it is an axiom in the com- 
 mercial world that, " when the head of a busi- 
 ness can no longer grasp all its details, then 
 that business is on too large a scale for economic 
 working " ; and is not this oft-times applicable 
 to very large estates ? The trouble has been, 
 no doubt, that they have not been held for 
 business but for pastime ; there has, in most 
 cases, been no real necessity for the owner to 
 make them pay. Perhaps the war, with all 
 the troubles that it brings in its train, will, 
 more than anything, teach us that if we wish 
 to become independent of imported food, 
 which we have already seen is a national neces- 
 sity, the only way by which we can bring this 
 about will be to make the land pay. In order 
 to do this, the owner should be competent to 
 supervise the work that goes on upon his 
 property, and although he still may find it 
 necessary to employ a land agent or "go- 
 between," yet he should be capable himself of 
 
 104. 
 
THE EDUCATION OF THE LONDONER 
 
 devising new methods, so that his estate can 
 be developed to suit the changing conditions 
 of the times. It must, therefore, not be too 
 large a property, or it will be beyond his 
 personal grasp, and, above aU, he should, from 
 childhood, be made aware of the importance to 
 himself of undergoing a thorough training for 
 his future work. Such a life trust, not a mere 
 personal one but of consequence to the country, 
 cannot be lightly undertaken. Thus, therefore, 
 we come to the conclusion that our territorial 
 class requires education to fit them for the 
 ownership of land and that, if they are to 
 succeed in making their land pay, the size of 
 properties will need reducing so as to be within 
 control. 
 
 It will, no doubt, be objected to as intro- 
 ducing more of a " commercial " spirit and 
 eliminating some of the pleasures derived from 
 wide tracts of shooting, but viewed from the 
 business standpoint of increased production, 
 there is no other way of achieving success. 
 
 In comparing the size of properties in Great 
 Britain with those of other countries, it is in- 
 teresting to note in Great Britain there are 
 5,000 large landowners (of over 1,000 acres), 
 and yet this handful of men owns about half 
 the land ; that in Germany there are 5,000,000 
 landowners, and in France about 5,000,000. 
 
 105 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 Blue Books tell us that Great Britain has 
 1,000,000 landowners, but, as the majority of 
 these are men who own land in towns, they 
 cannot count as rural landowners. 
 
 In Belgium, three-quarters of the landowners 
 have less than 5 acres each, and 95 per cent, 
 have less than 25 acres each. From our Eng- 
 lish point of view, it may be said that there are 
 really no large landowners in Belgium ; for 
 the two largest only possess 30,000 acres be- 
 tween them, and there are only 146 rhen who 
 have more than 2,500 acres each. When we 
 consider that in the United Kingdom there are 
 several landlords who each hold 200,000 acres, 
 and one who has 1,300,000 acres, without 
 counting the many hundreds who own 20,000 
 acres each, we may safely suggest that some 
 properties might be advantageously reduced 
 in size. To put it even more concisely, twenty- 
 six of our English Peers own as much as would 
 cover the whole cultivated and wooded territory 
 of Belgium. 
 
 In Denmark, a young man who will eventu- 
 ally own land goes through a thoroughly prac- 
 tical training, which extends over seven years, 
 and sometimes, in order to complete his know- 
 ledge, he becomes under-bailiff, and rises in 
 time to be head-bailiff, so that, when he inherits 
 his property, he is fully qualified to direct the 
 
 106 
 
OUR AGRICULTURISTS-IN-CHIEF 
 
 work. We see, therefore, that good results 
 are not within the attainment of the amateur 
 who, perhaps, only comes to the country for 
 the hunting season and lives during the rest of 
 the year in London, or, when he is weary of 
 town life and country visits, hooks a passage 
 to some distant country where he can obtain 
 big-game shooting. As land provides us with 
 our means of subsistence, those who possses it 
 have to bear in mind that they are our agri- 
 culturists-in-chief, and that their position, if 
 rightly held, means not only the expenditure 
 of capital for its advancement, but also the 
 obhgation of knowledge, industry, and obser- 
 vation. They are entrusted with leadership, 
 and others look to them for guidance in modern 
 methods ; so that it is essential that the rising 
 generation of boys that are to own land should 
 prepare themselves for their future career, just 
 as they study for professions like the Army, 
 Navy, or Law. Only by doing this, and by 
 employing as bailiff"s expert men, chosen for 
 their skill, and not, as is sometimes done, for 
 their social qualities, will land be better worked. 
 An agent is not wanted merely because he is 
 " such a good fellow," or " such a good shot," 
 but because he is a capable manager in the 
 interests of his master's commercial business. 
 Even if this is not the opinion that has been 
 
 107 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 held in the past, we know that it is what is 
 rapidly becoming evident to all ; and for this 
 reason it seems advantageous to urge those 
 young mothers who,x owing to the sad losses 
 caused by the war, are left in a position of 
 solitary responsibihty in the guidance of their 
 sons' and daughters' education, to consider all 
 these land questions very carefully. If they 
 do so, they will be in a better position to sug- 
 gest means by which these young people, during 
 their school years, will be thrown in contact 
 with those experts who can direct their atten- 
 tion to the new developments that are bound 
 to come. They can encourage their sons to 
 study rural housing and all those conditions of 
 the country labourer that will help to establish 
 the peasant class that we have discussed. Their 
 daughters can interest themselves in simple 
 cooking, jam-making, gardening and the lighter 
 branches of farming, and by acquiring a thorough 
 knowledge of these things will be better quali- 
 fied to understand the educational wants of the 
 village girl, will be able to see her point of 
 view, and by helping, through the medium of 
 Women's Institutes, to dispel some of the 
 monotony of cottage life, will assist to keep 
 her, contented and happy, in the country. So 
 much can be done by example and influence, 
 
 108 
 
THE GARDENS OF LONDON CHILDREN 
 
 and it is this which has been lacking hitherto 
 in England. 
 
 In most country districts an eiFort has been 
 made during the last few years to introduce 
 some instruction in gardening into the school 
 curriculum. In London it is hardly possible 
 to provide each school with sufficient ground 
 for such a purpose, and so it has been left to 
 the energies of the Children's Garden Fund 
 (the Secretary is Mrs. Lyons, 3, Durham 
 Place, S.W.) to give little Londoners some 
 idea of the joy of growing things. The 
 Fund started in 1911 by acquiring a vacant 
 building site in Paddington, and in the summer 
 of 1915 there were eight gardens all working 
 in very poor districts. From this it will be 
 seen how much can be done in a few years, if 
 those who work for such a cause have that 
 true, earnest spirit which is so essential to any- 
 thing that concerns organising work for the 
 poorer classes. In these large gardens each 
 child has a plot of his or her very own, the 
 produce of which, both flowers and vegetables, 
 they take home in due course. They realise 
 for the first time the marvel of life in the small 
 seed, and learn lessons of hope and patience 
 whilst watching its grovrth. The school teachers 
 say that these gardens are such a help educa- 
 tionailly, as the children see the results of their 
 
 109 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 work and the use of it, and the develop- 
 ment of a future interest in agriculture is 
 thereby fostered. The lady teacher in each 
 garden insists upon paths being kept tidy, and 
 sees that flower beds are weeded ; so that the 
 children take a pride in working for the common 
 weal, and thereby a germ of good citizenship is 
 implanted in many young minds which will in 
 time bear good fruit. Those who have visited 
 these children's gardens are taught what rich 
 storehouses lie, often unperceived, in the midst 
 of slums ; for, if a piece of untempting ground, 
 overlooked by many small, grimy houses, can 
 be converted into a productive garden by small 
 London children, who, many of them, have 
 only seen fields and country gardens upon 
 their annual day-trip to the sea, what wealth 
 men and women could obtain from vacant 
 spaces, if only they would think more about 
 such work ! 
 
 Much has been done in this direction by the 
 Home Food Culture Society, Victoria Viaduct, 
 Carlisle, which has acquired plots of land, rent 
 free, from owners in Cumberland and West- 
 morland, and has converted these into allot- 
 ments. The Society also gives advice and 
 provides a certain number of plants. In 
 luondon the same thing is being done by the 
 Vacant Land Cultivation Society and by the 
 
 110 
 
A GREAT PERSONALITY 
 
 Church Army, but, in spite of such a bevy of 
 active societies, plenty of waste spaces still 
 abound, and are crying out to be made pro- 
 ductive. When we think of the 12,000,000 
 acres of poorly laid down, neglected, and un- 
 productive grass land that was quoted in 1911 
 as deserving of being put to good use, we must 
 feel that it behoves all to endeavour somehow 
 to urge greater and more intensive cultivation 
 throughout England and Wales. We hear of 
 the wonderful results that co-operation has 
 achieved in Ireland — why cannot we, too, copy 
 their success ? It is true that they have had 
 the benefit of a great personality working in- 
 cessantly for this one object ; but although we 
 are, perhaps, at the moment not fortunate 
 enough to possess an English Sir Horace 
 Plunkett, this should be all the more reason 
 for our endeavouring to educate boys to foUow 
 in his steps. We want to teach them that the 
 " business " countryside of future years should 
 hold smaller properties and well- managed ones, 
 and that there should be a goodly number of 
 small freeholders or State tenants ; people who, 
 whatever scheme is adopted, will give all their 
 powers of exertion to the land for the simple 
 reason that it wUl be theirs for life at all events, 
 if not their children's. We shall hope, too, to 
 have more factories for butter, sugar beet, and 
 
 111 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 bacon worked upon co-operativd lines, together 
 with milk and egg societies in the towns. 
 Electric light and the telephone should be 
 installed in the smallest villages, and, by means 
 of Co-operative Building Societies, the work- 
 men would have good cottages, 
 
 AU such co-ordinated movement would 
 bring about freer and more natural intercourse 
 between different types of people ; for they 
 would be working more upon the lines of the 
 manor of ancient days, before the Age of Ex- 
 ploration and Discovery scattered the com- 
 munity and made them leave the country to 
 follow the industrial world. We should again 
 have whole families working upon farms in the 
 way that the Frenchman, his wife and children 
 concentrate upon their market gardens. People 
 would be healthier and happier, and, above all, 
 we should become independent of food supphes 
 from other countries. No nightmare of heavy 
 imports would disturb the slumbers of our 
 great financiers ; for our land would produce 
 double what it now yields, and, if Credit 
 Unions and Credit Banks were established, there 
 would be no fear of failure amongst small 
 cultivators. How often has a £50 note, lent 
 at the critical moment, averted complete dis- 
 aster ! For, however experienced, however 
 careful an accountant a man may be, he cannot 
 
 112 
 
MARKET GARDENS NEAR PARIS 
 
 foretell when a bad season may come and 
 damage his crops, and, should there be no 
 capita] behind to help him to tide over these 
 difficult months, he may never recover suffi- 
 ciently to build up his farm again. 
 
 In order to gain an idea of how^ much more 
 could be done in the matter of market- 
 garden work, let us compare the rents of our 
 gardens with those in the neighbourhood of 
 Paris. The rents round London are £10 to 
 £l5 per acre, but in the suburbs of Paris they 
 amount to £32 per acre. We read of 2,125 acres 
 being cultivated round Paris as market gardens 
 by some 5,000 individuals ; and in this way 
 2,000,000 Parisians are supplied with vege- 
 tables, and the surplus comes to London It 
 is usually supposed that the reason why market 
 gardeners centre round Paris is because they 
 are near a market. This is not the sole reason. 
 They can obtain manure there in large quan- 
 tities, and they are on a direct line for the 
 disposal of the large supplies of produce that 
 they send to us in England. I am told that in 
 many instances, even without such costly 
 things as glass bells, vegetables are grown in 
 the open air in France to the value of £200 
 per acre. 
 
 In 1909 our imports of fruit and vegetables 
 were £12,900,000, and in 1911 these had risen 
 
 113 I 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 to £14,193,000, out of which fruit alone must 
 have come to at least £4,000,000 ; so it cannot 
 be said that we grow enough of either. Each 
 year our imports of tomatoes come to 
 £1,000,000, apples to £2,000,000, £500,000 
 worth of pears, and nearly £730,000 of grapes ; 
 so from these figures it can be seen how much 
 money English growers could make, if they 
 worked according to the clever methods 
 adopted by foreigners. 
 
 I have dealt here more especially upon the 
 good results obtainable by increasing our 
 market gardens, because fruit and vegetables 
 come to the daily notice of all persons, whether 
 they live in towns or in the country, and there- 
 fore they convey, perhaps, more to the lay 
 mind than details about wheat or forest trees, 
 which pass through various departments and 
 are handled by many before they are utilised by 
 people in their homes. In spite of my fear, 
 lest in the enthusiasm which I feel for the sub- 
 ject of the increased jdeld of our land, I may 
 try the patience of the lay reader by sub- 
 mitting over many figures, I feel bound to give 
 the following tables. They show so clearly the 
 vast saving that could be realised if more 
 thorough scientific knowledge were brought to 
 bear upon farming and kindred subjects : 
 
 114 
 
THE DEARTH OF TIMBER 
 
 Values of our Imported Foods in the Years 19O8 and 
 1913 respectively. 
 
 Imported 
 
 Vain 
 
 e. 
 
 Commodities. 
 
 1908. 
 
 1913. 
 
 Beef 
 
 ... £10,308,380 .. 
 
 £16,070,000 
 
 Mutton ... 
 
 8,148,457 .. 
 
 10,922,000 
 
 Bacon 
 
 14,480,579 .'. 
 
 17,428,000 
 
 Butter 
 
 24,082,537 .. 
 
 24,600,000 
 
 Eggs 
 
 7,183,112 .. 
 
 9,590,602 
 
 Wheat 
 
 ... 38,295,940 .. 
 
 43,861,000 
 
 Cheese 
 
 6,684,203 .. 
 
 7,000,501 
 
 Similarly an extract from the Report of the 
 Departmental Committee on British Forestry, 
 1902, Cd. 1319, shows this subject, too, calls 
 for the attention of those who have Imperial 
 interests at heart. The Report says : 
 
 " It will be found in our evidence that experts of high 
 authority have recorded the opinion, already expressed in 
 many reliable publications, that the vcorld is rapidly 
 approaching a shortage, if not actual dearth, in its supply 
 of coniferous timber, which constitutes between 80 and 90 
 per cent, of the total British imports. The great area of 
 waste land in these islands, which might be afforested, and 
 with regard to which, such valuable evidence has been 
 given, thus becomes a matter of grave national concern." 
 
 Perhaps but few of us can fully grasp the 
 extent of this danger, for, in reality, it concerns 
 the years of a dim future, when children's 
 children will be treading the paths that we once 
 trod. The coniferous trees we can plant 
 quickly and hew down in this generation ; but 
 there is a further aspect of this yield of the land 
 
 115 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 that it is only reasonable to contemplate. We 
 know that the enormous increase of industries 
 that demand a vast expenditure of coal and iron 
 is putting these commodities to a very severe 
 test, and that, both in America and Great 
 Britain, the coal and iron that can be cheaply 
 obtained are within measurable distance of 
 exhaustion. What will happen when these 
 supplies are no longer obtainable ? It is evident 
 that then industrial leadership will be trans- 
 ferred to other countries, and that, unless we, 
 meanwhile, build up our Agriculture to the 
 highest level that it can attain, unless we 
 systematically carry on forestry with a view, 
 not only to present saving, but more especially 
 to future generations, these two English- 
 speaking races will be lowered to a position 
 which, at the moment, they would not wish to 
 contemplate. 
 
 Therefore it is to Agriculture and those 
 similar ancient crafts of Gardening and 
 Forestry that we would direct the attention of 
 all thinking people, so that the industry about 
 which Mr, James J. Hill emphatically declares 
 " all others revolve and by which future 
 America shall stand or fall " can be studied 
 with all reverence by those who can in any way 
 influence the cultivation of land. These views 
 have been admirably expressed by Prince 
 
 116 
 
WHENCE OUR BREAD COMES 
 
 Kropotkin, who says : " We civilised men and 
 women, know everything, we have settled 
 opinions upon everything, we take an interest 
 in everything. We only know nothing about 
 whence our bread comes which we eat — even 
 though we pretend to know something of that 
 subject as well — we do not know how it is 
 grown, what pains it costs to those who grow 
 it, what is being done to reduce their pains, 
 what sort of men the feeders of our grand 
 selves are." 
 
 In the following chapters I shall hope to give 
 some outline of matters connected with the 
 happiness and prosperity of those who do the 
 manual work in the production of our food 
 supplies, and therefore require the watchful 
 consideration that years of toil in boisterous 
 and inclement weather should obtain for them 
 froni those, their masters, whose interests they 
 serve. 
 
 117 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 BETTER HOUSING FOR THE LABOURER 
 
 Three well-groomed, stout farm horses stand 
 resting for a brief while, for they have done a 
 good spell of work already this sunny January 
 morning. The steam rises from their sturdy 
 backs, and, as I ask the ploughman if it is not 
 hard work ploughing on such a steep pitch of 
 downland, he replies : " Yes, I be glad when 
 night comes and I can rest." He tells me that 
 it is harder on the horses and himself this year, 
 because the field, belonging as it does to a small 
 farm, has had manure carted on to it during 
 wet and sticky weather ; at a wrong time, in 
 short, for carts and horses could not be obtained 
 in hard, frosty weather, and consequently the 
 land has been cut up and is heavy to work. 
 This farm, like many others, is dependent upon 
 the kind offices of a larger farm, which hires 
 out men and horses to help on the work, and 
 owing to shortage of hands it is difficult to 
 obtain such labour during suitable weather. 
 " We always tries to help 'em, when they 
 118 
 
BETTER HOUSING FOR THE LABOURER 
 
 want us, but this year it has been difficult to be 
 neighbourly, because so many men have left 
 us for the Army." As is usual just now, we 
 begin talking about the men that have been 
 called up from the farms and how work can be 
 done without them. " If I'd not been married, 
 I'd have gone with the first of them," he says. 
 " People have always looked down on us that 
 works the land ; long before the war began they 
 did so, and now it ain't much better. No, 
 there ain't no great catch in working on the 
 land, and I wonders sometimes anyone does 
 it. It's a hard life, for we starts off at four in 
 the morning, and it's sometimes seven at night 
 afore we've finished up." 
 
 I suggest that, although there may be shorter 
 hours and better pay in the towns, there is not 
 the same healthy life, and that there are many 
 more temptations to spend money, which pre- 
 vents putting anything by. " Well," he says, 
 " I like the country well enough, for I've always 
 lived in it ; but if I had my life over again, I'd 
 not work for the Land, and, what's more, I've 
 told my boy so, and he seems just of my mind, 
 for he's not going to stick to it." 
 
 He goes on to tell me how difficult it is to 
 put by savings, and then, too, how people seem 
 to despise the country labourer and have not a 
 good word to say for him, and yet it is through 
 
 119 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 him that they get their food. When he was a 
 young fellow, before he married, he used to go 
 down to Dorsetshire for his holidays, and, 
 although his friend told him the weekly wage 
 there was not as high as in Sussex and Kent, 
 yet there were advantages that could not be 
 gainsaid. For instance, a man had a good 
 cottage and half an acre of ground upon which 
 he could grow vegetables ; then, too, he could 
 probably obtain an allotment besides, so that 
 he could sell some produce or have cocks and 
 hens. Besides this, he was allowed to keep a 
 pig, and all these things together made it 
 cheaper for a family to live. In Sussex, 
 although wages have risen lately, there are 
 many farms where the cottages, quite new 
 ones, are indifferently built and have but poor 
 accommodation, with walls through which the 
 rain, sweeping in torrents as it does from the 
 sea across the marshland, often beats. The 
 gardens that surround the houses are so small 
 that there is room, perhaps, only for a few old 
 gooseberry bushes, left unpruned by the last 
 inhabitants, and with their branches so densely 
 matted that they bear no fruit. Beneath are 
 a few small, but very sweet-smelling, violets 
 and pale yellow primroses, but there is not 
 much space left for vegetables. Then, too, 
 pigs are not allowed — " even if there be a pig- 
 
 120 
 
BETTER HOUSING FOR THE LABOURER 
 
 pen, we dares not keep one," says my friend, 
 and then, with a " Who-oop, Toby," he gives 
 a jerk to the mouths of his three companions 
 and they move slowly on to complete their 
 allotted task. 
 
 As I go on my way wondering how we shall 
 ever tempt the soldier who has left the plough 
 for the fighting lines to return to his former 
 work, I think of that wise seventeenth-century 
 law by which no cottages were allowed to be 
 built without the necessary land adjoining. 
 This is, no doubt, why, where we see old, grey- 
 blue walls and timber beams, it is usual to find 
 the old garden itself large enough for vege- 
 tables, fruit, and flowers, or, if this has disap- 
 peared, because ever-changing successions of 
 labourers have failed to cultivate it, we can 
 still trace the former hedge or enclosing wall 
 that sheltered it in bygone times. 
 
 Yet how important it is to make the rural 
 labourer and his family comfortable and pros- 
 perous ! Because thus only can we retain 
 competent men to do the work. We want 
 strong, capable workers, who have money 
 enough to feed and clothe their boys and girls ; 
 for by this means we shall make a " business " 
 out of the land and rear up a race who will be 
 able to bear the trials and difficulties that are 
 bound to follow these years of war turmoil. 
 
 121 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 By having under-paid, badly-housed, indifferent 
 workmen, the land must suffer, and this affects, 
 not a mere group of individuals, but the whole 
 nation. 
 
 This movement towards the towns has 
 proceeded further in England than in any 
 European country ; for sixty years ago the 
 population of England and Wales was evenly 
 divided between town and country, but now 
 four out of every five people live in towns, and 
 only one in every five settles on the land. As 
 proof of the health-giving advantages of a 
 country life, where it concerns young children, 
 we may quote, as the mortality in the first 
 twelve months of country children's lives, the 
 figures 98 per 1,000, and in urban districts 127 
 per 1,000. These figures speak for themselves, 
 and show how necessary it is, if we would main- 
 tain our great Empire, to concentrate atten- 
 tion upon such matters as housing, gardens, 
 and better wages, all of which will attract people 
 to the countryside ; and it would seem that no 
 better advocates for such improvements could 
 be found than the educated women of England. 
 In all that concerns better facilities for doing 
 housework, the maintenance of comfort, clean- 
 liness, and good food, who can bring a greater 
 and more experienced understanding to bear 
 upon a cottage home than the mother of a 
 
 122 
 
BETTER HOUSING FOR THE LABOURER 
 
 family? It has often been suggested that, 
 when it comes to adding a nursery wing to a 
 house, or placing servants' offices in convenient 
 proximity to the work of everyday life, an 
 architect would be well advised to consult his 
 wife. If this applies to the arrangements made 
 for moderate-sized and lat-ge houses, it is even 
 more necessary that small cottage homes should 
 be considered with a view to enabling our 
 future peasant class to live thrifty, healthy 
 lives. For this reason, it seems most suitable 
 that the women of the future should be trained 
 to understand much about rural housing, so 
 that they may give suggestions to the owners 
 of land and to architects as to how labour- 
 saving help can be supplied to the wife of the 
 workman. If common sense were used and 
 personal interestwere brought to bear upon such 
 household arrangements, there would probably 
 be far less iUness among young people and far 
 less money spent upon doctors and medicine, so 
 that savings might often be put by advantage- 
 ously for the old age of many a country labourer. 
 It might naturally be assumed that this 
 question of housing those whose help is wanted 
 on the land would be one of vital importance 
 to the politician, but, like many other questions, 
 it has to some extent been considered a party 
 one. 
 
 123 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 A brief survey of past history shows that 
 the first part of the eighteenth century was 
 the most prosperous time, upon the whole, for 
 the English peasant. This was before much 
 land became enclosed to form large estates, 
 and the workman could therefore, in most 
 cases, obtain grazing for any livfestock that he 
 kept upon the stretches of common pasture 
 land. In this way there were various openings 
 for his labour, and consequently his source of 
 income was not dependent upon work of one 
 kind, or upon what his master gave him to do. 
 Many opportunities of rising in life were avail- 
 able, because there was a multiplicity in the 
 uses of agricultural holdings ; so that, if a man 
 was thrifty and looked ahead, he could improve 
 his land and his way of living. We notice in 
 many of our old, unspoilt country villages how 
 soUdly built the cottages are ; and these, no 
 doubt, were usually provided for the accom- 
 modation of those who worked for the manorial 
 lord. Farther away, often situated upon the 
 verge of what country children now talk of as 
 " the Forest," but is really a treeless portion of 
 common land, are small, low, dilapidated 
 dwellings which go by the name of their 
 former inhabitants, and are known as " squat- 
 tfers' huts." It was towards 1760 that the 
 rural labourer became more or less what he 
 
 1^4 
 
BETTER HOUSING FOR THE LABOURER 
 
 now is, and housing was no longer maintained 
 in the good condition that existed in Tudor 
 days, when a series of " Depopulation Acts " 
 had made it incumbent upon the landlords to 
 pay a penalty if they allowed their labourers' 
 cottages to fall into decay. Changes such as 
 these do not come suddenly, and they are not 
 traceable to one cause ; but usually a succes- 
 sion of events, closely intermingled, perhaps 
 one resulting from the other, brings them 
 about. History shows how, with the dissolu- 
 tion of the monasteries, the abbots and monks, 
 who, in the intervals of singing Mass and 
 taking their relaxations by angling in their 
 fishponds, were the chief leaders of agri- 
 culture, vanished from our land. This, 
 together with the age of exploration and dis- 
 covery, when new and wider markets opened 
 out, caused a change from arable to pasture 
 farming. Houses and whole villages were 
 pulled down, and ploughs vanished because 
 fields were let go to grass. Fewer men were 
 wanted on the land, and, with the advent of 
 Ehzabeth's reign, bands of retainers were 
 broken up, with the consequence that depopu- 
 lation increased. The great landlords gave up 
 personal farming and let their estates to yeo- 
 men, and so we find that, in the time of Oliver 
 Goldsmith, his " Deserted Village " gives a 
 
 125 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 true representation of what had occurred. The 
 birth of the day-labourer is traceable to Eliza- 
 bethan times, and thence onwards it was con- 
 sidered best for agriculture if he was neither 
 owner nor occupier, but solely dependent upon 
 the work of his hands. The cottage homes, 
 therefore, were neglected, and probably as 
 recently as 1860 they were at their worst, 
 having been left unrepaired, and consequently 
 having becdme insanitary in efvery way. The 
 report of the Royal Commission on the Hous- 
 ing of the Working Classes in 1885 shows only 
 slightly improved conditions, but between then 
 and 1895 some good results were noticeable. 
 The 1890 and 1909 Acts are the essential ones, 
 for then people began to grapple with bad 
 housing. 
 
 Perhaps one of the chief difficulties of im- 
 provement is traceable to the fact that the 
 survey of housing is usually made by an Officer 
 of Health who is, as weU, a private practitioner, 
 and, if he devotes overmuch time to inspecting 
 cottages, his own work sufiFers, for he cannot 
 devote all his attention to his patients. The 
 official position he holds is not as remunerative 
 or as interesting as his private work, and con- 
 sequently the houses of the workmen are some- 
 times neglected. It is to be hoped that, with 
 the yearly increase of openings in the medical 
 
 126 
 
BETTER HOUSING FOR THE LABOURER 
 
 profession which women are now called upon 
 to fill, some arrangement may be made 
 whereby, with a reasonable salary for such 
 work, they may be appointed to survey cot- 
 tage homes. 
 
 Many houses that are overcrowded, old- 
 fashioned, or insanitary ought, by rights, to be 
 closed ; but this is not done, because it would 
 mean that the owner — in all probability an im- 
 poverished landowner — would be thus deprived 
 of a means of subsistence in the rent of the 
 house or cottage if he could not let it to tenants. 
 Then sometimes another difficulty occurs, for 
 there are probably too few cottages in the 
 neighbourhood, and, until new ones can be 
 built, it is unwise to close even the antiquated 
 ones that still stand. 
 
 Why, it may be asked, with this ever- 
 increasing flight of the country labourer to 
 the towns, is there still an insufficient number 
 of cottages ? We have to remember that some 
 of the oldest are decaying and are not worth 
 repairing ; that the sanitary authorities are 
 forced to close some ; and then, too, that there 
 are nowadays people who require accommoda- 
 tion in a village, but do not necessarily work 
 on the land because they hve in the country, 
 I allude to those many week-end visitors and 
 owners of small cottages, of whom there are 
 
 137 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 more now than in former days, a fact which is 
 traceable, no doubt, to the ever-increasing size 
 of towns, whence, for health reasons, it is 
 desirable that people should occasionally take 
 a change. Then, too, motoring has made 
 these country flights more possible, and 
 chauffeurs, electricians, and gardeners have to 
 be housed, even if they only belong to what is 
 termed a week-end cottage. 
 
 These, together with Old Age Pensioners, 
 who are now no longer removed to the Work- 
 house, make up the inhabitants of rows of 
 small houses in our country villages. It would 
 seem that the more well-to-do ones could well 
 afford to pay a rent which, in normal times, 
 when labour and material are not so expensive 
 as they are in war-time, should ensure a good 
 profit for the builder. This would do away 
 with the excuse that is so often offered, that 
 the wages earned by labourers do not allow of 
 their pajdng a sufficiently high rent to refund 
 quickly the outlay in building. Again, we are 
 brought back to the fact that, when ex-soldiers 
 return from abroad and are wiUing to work 
 once more on the land, they will not be satis- 
 fied either with the present cottages or with 
 the weekly wages that have hitherto been 
 given. Obviously, if the workman is better 
 paid, he can afford to spend more upon the 
 
 128 
 
BETTER HOUSING FOR THE LABOURER 
 
 rent of his house, and therefore, with increased 
 wages, there should not be in the future the 
 loss that has hitherto been complained of by 
 those who find themselves obliged to build. It 
 has been suggested that a certain number of 
 cottages for the use of Old Age Pensioners, and 
 the lower grade of day labourers who have 
 large families, or for widows who have children 
 to support, should be erected out of State 
 money. Only those would live in them who 
 were not able to pay the comparatively high 
 rents that skilled wage-earners could afford to 
 give. 
 
 Whatever the future may hold in store as 
 regards such developments, whether they con- 
 cern dwellings for workers of the past or for 
 those of our men who have recently risked 
 their lives in the service of their country, it is 
 certain that much could be done by educated 
 women in planning out the comforts of the 
 interior of these homes. 
 
 As an instance of what could be improved 
 in this respect, attention may be drawn to the 
 need for a good-sized larder, if possible facing 
 North or East. It should be roomy enough 
 and provided with sufficient outer air to allow 
 of the storage of a considerable number of 
 things, such as home-made jam, sacks of pota- 
 toes, bread-pans, flour-bins, drinking-water, 
 
 129 ■ K 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 etc. It has to be remembered that, for many 
 years to come, it will only be by thrift that the 
 labourer and his family can recover from the 
 sharp pinch that ever-rising food prices give to 
 a very limited purse, and his wife, therefore, 
 will need to have room to store all those neces- 
 saries which are bought cheaper in large 
 quantities. A good-sized tank is useful outside 
 to catch the water that flows from the roof into 
 gutters and pipes ; then, too, a bath in the 
 scullery, adjacent to the copper, saves work, 
 where there are small children to be washed. It 
 can either be made with a hinged top to it, so 
 that it forms a table, or, if there is not suffi- 
 cient space for this, the bath itself can be 
 made so that, after it has been used, it is tipped 
 up, to stand, somewhat after the fashion of an 
 empty mummy case, against the wall. The 
 outlet from it is easily made to flow direct 
 through an opening into the garden, where the 
 soapy water can be stored for use in enriching 
 the ground. 
 
 Anothet point often overlooked is the neces- 
 sity, if the drinking-water is obtained from a 
 well, of taking every precaution to preserve it 
 from becoming polluted. Of course, the first 
 essential is clear water ; but often, when given 
 this, there is danger because the situation has 
 been badly chosen. I remember being told by 
 
 ISO 
 
BETTER HOUSING FOR THE LABOURER 
 
 one who has had much experience in watching 
 the peculiarities of the ordinary village woman 
 that a well should never be placed near the 
 kitchen or back door, but, if possible, should 
 be in the front garden. In the latter position, 
 there should be far less danger of old vegetable 
 refuse, cinders, broken pots, and all the medley 
 of castaway, insanitary matter being thrown 
 near it. A careless housewife, if the well is 
 beside her back-door, will be tempted to throw 
 dead mice, old apple or potato parings, etc., 
 through the open door, and, even if they do 
 not drop down the w^ell, it is astonishing how 
 quickly they accumulate in an unsightly and 
 often evil-smeUing mound near it. A paved 
 or cement walk should, of course, surround the 
 well, with little channels to allow of refuse 
 water running away, and a lid or cover should 
 be on the top of this precious drinking-water 
 supply. 
 
 The above are only a very few of the things 
 that ladies could help materially to improve ; 
 for do we not read in " Sesame and Lilies " 
 Ruskin's definition of the duties that belong to 
 the Domina or " House-Lady " ? She is, we 
 are told, the "bread-giver" or "loaf-giver," 
 and, just as the Dominus or House-Lord should 
 carry out his office of " maintainer of the laws," 
 so she has only legal claim to her title if she 
 
 131 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 gives help to the poor representatives of her 
 master. The reader may remember his words 
 to the Lady, for they are very beautiful : "Your 
 fancy is pleased with the thought of being noble 
 ladies, with a train of vassals. Be it so ; you 
 cannot be too noble and your train cannot be 
 too great ; but see to it that your train is of 
 vassals whom you serve and feed, not merely 
 of slaves who serve and feed you; and that 
 the multitude which obeys you is of those 
 whom you have comforted, not oppressed — 
 whom you have redeemed, not led into cap- 
 tivity." 
 
 It is hardly possible at the present time to 
 mention the work of any of those Housing 
 Societies that have during the past few 
 years endeavoured to improve the homes of 
 town and village workpeople, because for the 
 moment, owing to war exigencies, , all their 
 efforts are centred upon building for the 
 accommodation of munition workers. There- 
 fore, their position as regards providing homes 
 for other workpeople is one of suspended 
 animation. There is no doubt, however, that 
 in the future the help of educated women will 
 be invaluable, for it is local assistance, above 
 all, that will help most m securing proper pro- 
 gress to these Building Societies. If, therefore, 
 a study can now be made of the requirements 
 
 132 
 
BETTER HOUSING FOR THE LABOURER 
 
 of the labourer's family, valuable time will not 
 be lost, and when peace returns it will be pos- 
 sible to carry out fresh plans in this large field 
 of work. 
 
 As regards the establishment of colonies of 
 independent workers such as market gardeners, 
 poultry - keepers, fruit - growers, and the 
 labourers' famihes or peasant class who will 
 help them, we shall no doubt soon be guided 
 by those in authority as to the terms upon 
 which they will hold their land. The much 
 discussed question of proprietorship versus 
 tenancy is one which awaits the decision of 
 that statesman whose coming we look to with 
 much expectancy. 
 
 13a 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER 
 
 I REMEMBER reading once, in a book which 
 dealt with the wages of the country workman, 
 that the motto in a vUlage where their pay was 
 low was, " We don't live, we linger." Although 
 the conditions have improved of late years and 
 it would be difficult to find men who would 
 remain content with 12s. a week, which some 
 not altogether unkind farmers still enjoy 
 quoting as the very general wage that used to 
 be given, yet, there is stiU scope for improve- 
 ment. Surely it is more advantageous to an 
 employer to have at his elbow a man who is 
 not "lingering" reluctantly at his work, but 
 one who is physically efficient and qualified by 
 experience and can with skill accomplish 
 quickly work that can only be thoroughly 
 done if brain and muscle are nourished. If 
 a man has to maintain a family upon unreason- 
 ably low weekly wages, either he or the children 
 must suffisr from lack of strength-giving food ; 
 and, if he himself is the self-sacrificing indi- 
 
 184 
 
THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER 
 
 vidual, then the employer will find his work is 
 but indifferently carried out. In all probability, 
 the labourer will fare better than his children, 
 in which case it is the State that will be deprived 
 of strong, healthy boys and girls who, in future 
 years, should, if they are weU looked after 
 whilst mere children, help to keep our Empire. 
 Therefore, whichever way we consider this 
 question, whether from the individual or the 
 national point of view, it is most essential that 
 physical efficiency should be maintained in the 
 labourer, and good food and education be given 
 to his children. 
 
 In the very careful investigations which 
 Miss M. F. Davies made as recently as 1909, 
 which are recorded in a book called " Life in 
 an English Village," she gives a table, " esti- 
 mated at the very lowest on which, with the 
 most judicious and economical expenditure, 
 efficiency is possible" for a labourer's family 
 for one week. I give a quotation : 
 
 Food ... 
 
 Rent ... 
 Firing ... 
 Sundries 
 Dress (adult) 
 „ (child) 
 
 s. d. 
 
 3 per adult. 
 
 2 3 per child. 
 
 None, as garden produce equals 
 
 1 per household. 
 
 2 per head. 
 
 6 per week. 
 
 rent. 
 
 5 
 
 The following, showing the minimum 
 135 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 necessary weekly income 
 taken also from her pages : 
 
 for families, are 
 
 Food. 
 
 8. d. 
 
 One adult 3 
 
 Two adults and 1 child ... 8 3 
 
 „ „ and 2 children 10 6 
 
 „ and 3 „ ... 12 9 
 
 Dress, Fuel, 
 Household Total. 
 Sundries. 
 
 8. d. 8. d. 
 ... 1 8 ... 4 8 
 ... 2 11 ... 11 2 
 ... 3 6 ... 14 
 ... 4 1 ... 16 10 
 
 The village which Miss Davies took such an 
 interest in was, on the whole, a well-to-do one, 
 and yet we find that in it, as recently as 1909, 
 there were 144 persons (57 adults and 87 
 children under 16) who, according to her tables, 
 were living in "primary poverty." It should 
 be remarked that the minimum necessary 
 weekly income does not include anything for 
 clubs, insurance, or any provision for old age. 
 
 In considering this question of how little 
 food a family can be maintained upon, we notice 
 that, in quoting for two adults and three child- 
 ren, Miss Davies brings the items to a total 
 of 16s. lOd., and it will be of interest to the lay 
 reader, who may not hitherto have given any 
 attention to the subject, to hear the opinion of 
 Professor Atwater, as stated in Mr. B. Seebohm 
 Rowntree's " How the Labourer lives." His 
 standard for the same number of persons (two 
 adults and three children) engaged in " moder- 
 ate " work (the dietary being more severe than 
 
 136 
 
THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER 
 
 workhouse fare, without meat and with little 
 bacon, scarcely any tea and no butter or eggs) 
 is as follows : 
 
 Food 
 
 s. d. 
 13 9 
 
 Fuel 
 
 1 4 
 
 Rent 
 
 2 
 
 Clothing 
 
 2 3 
 
 Insurance 
 
 4 
 
 Sundries 
 
 10 
 
 Per week 
 
 20 6 
 
 This allows nothing for emergencies such as 
 illness, doctor's bills, a holiday outing, recrea- 
 tions, or even the third-class train fare to a 
 neighbouring town, which it is often necessary 
 for one of the family to go to in order to ob- 
 tain cheaper provisions than the village shop 
 can supply. 
 
 Having therefore ascertained the " poverty 
 hne," it is necessary to consider what the 
 average earnings are, and here we find them 
 quoted as below 20s, 6d. (rent 2s.) in every 
 county in England and Wales except Northum- 
 berland, Durham, Westmorland, Lancashire, 
 and Derbyshire. Thus these five counties only 
 can show thoughtfiil appreciation, not only of 
 what is due to the toilers themselves, but also 
 of what, from a purely business point of view, 
 will enable us as a country to grow good stuff. 
 
 137 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 How can a man work his best when he is not 
 only underfed, but also has the daily oppression 
 of feeling that his wife is straining every nerve 
 to make both ends meet, and that, even so, his 
 children are not buoyant and muscular, giving 
 promise of doing good sound work in the 
 future ? 
 
 Mr, Rowntree gives a most interesting map 
 showing the varying wages that are paid 
 throughout the counties of England, and from 
 this we learn several things. The earnings of 
 the labourer vary from 14s. lid. in Oxfordshire 
 to 20s. lOd. in Derbyshire, and they are shown 
 to attain still higher figures in Northumberland ; 
 in fact, the highest are paid in the industrial 
 and mining districts, and the lowest in the 
 purely agricultural ones. 
 
 It was often brought forward by those who, 
 perhaps, were not far-sighted enough to see the 
 advantages gained by better workmanship if a 
 fair living wage was paid, that wages increased 
 between 1894 and 1900. This argument does 
 not hold good ; for, in reality, the wages of 
 agricultural labourers diminished, because the 
 cost of living increased still more. 
 
 According to the Report of Mr. Wilson Fox 
 on the Wages and Earnings of Agricultural 
 Labourers, we find the following interesting 
 table of the average weekly earnings : 
 
 138 
 
THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER 
 
 Ordinary Agricultural 
 
 
 
 "J "& 
 
 Labourers. 
 
 All Glasses of 
 
 Agricultural 
 
 Labourers. 
 
 8. d. 
 
 18 3 
 
 ... 17 3 
 
 England. . . 
 Wales ... 
 
 1898. 
 s. d. 
 ... 16 9 
 
 1902. 
 
 s. d. 
 ... 17 5 
 ... 17 7 
 
 Durham and Glamorgan are the highest, for 
 they are 22s. 2d. and 21s. 3d. respectively, 
 whilst Oxford and Cardigan stand as low as 
 14s. 6d. and 15s. 8d. 
 
 I think these two last figures, which it 
 has to be remembered existed as recently as 
 1902, if compared with the 20s. 6d. mentioned 
 by Professor Atwater as the standard cost of 
 food for two adults and three children which will 
 maintain efficiency for one week only, must 
 prove that the rural labourer is not sufficiently 
 well paid. Wages have risen from 6d. to 3s. 
 per week since the war began, but the price of 
 bread has increased too ! Should we not try to 
 remember sometimes what Arthur Young once 
 said : " Their (the labouring poor's) welfare 
 forms the broad basis of public prosperity, it is 
 they that feed, clothe, enrich, and fight the 
 battles of all the other ranks of a community, 
 it is their being able to support these various 
 burthens without oppression which constitutes 
 the general felicity ; in proportion to their ease 
 is the strength and wealth of nations : public 
 
 189 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 debility will be the certain attendant on their 
 misery." 
 
 Can we truthfully say that men who have up 
 to now been working on the land, day after 
 day, year in year out, in all weathers, often 
 combating the aches of rheumatism caused by 
 exposure, and faced each day with the pinched 
 appearance of badly-nourished children, are 
 free from burdens of oppression ? It is not 
 hard work they mind, but we know they do 
 feel that lack of stimulative force which is 
 necessary in order to achieve the best work, 
 and that this only can be theirs if they are re- 
 lieved from anxiety in the matter of their 
 inadequate means of maintaining themselves 
 and their families in a state of health and 
 vigour. 
 
 It may be suggested that the above tables of 
 weekly earnings do not take into account extras 
 which many workmen obtain, such as a free 
 cottage, milk, potatoes, extra earnings from 
 overtime work during hay-making weeks and 
 harvest time. Then, too, nothing has been said 
 about charing and washing done by the wife, 
 and the few shillings that boys and girls can 
 add by working on Saturdays, or helping on a 
 farm when they first leave school, but still live 
 at home. There are, of course, these additional 
 gains, but, in the case of the man, they are 
 
 140 
 
THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER 
 
 only to be obtained whilst he is in the hey-day 
 of strength and activity, and what children 
 earn and give to their parents has usually to be 
 utilised for the provision of a suitable outfit, 
 such as cotton dresses, mackintosh coats, stout 
 boots and gaiters, in order that they should be 
 well equipped for their new professional work. 
 Then, the wife's supplementary wages for 
 washing or charing are, unfortunately, least 
 available when they are most needed, because, 
 at a time when tiny babies require her whole 
 attention, she cannot do more than look after 
 her own house. 
 
 We come, therefore, to the conclusion that 
 the wages paid by farmers to their agricultural 
 labourers are, in the majority of cases, insuffi- 
 cient to maintain a family of average size in a 
 state of normal activity. Even when fuel and 
 food suffice, there is a lack of warm clothing, 
 and debts are, in most cases, far too common, 
 often becoming a drain upon the neighbourly 
 kindheartedness of the owner of the village 
 shop. 
 
 There is no doubt that, where this state of 
 things exists, there is a feeUng of despondency 
 amongst the labourers. It hardly amounts to 
 unrest, for they have not vitality or initiative 
 sufficient to propel them towards any move- 
 ment of a determined kind. They have grown 
 
 141 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 accustomed to " linger," but where the mischief 
 comes in is the effect this temperamental state 
 has upon their sons and daughters. They no 
 longer encourage them to remain on the land, 
 and if children show any signs of longing for 
 town life and the glimmer of attractions that it 
 holds out, the parents do not try to stem their 
 flight. This is why, in peace time, the Rural 
 Exodus was making progress. 
 
 When, on Sundays, the labourers have their 
 usually uninterrupted day of leisure, and I meet 
 some of those men who on week-days are too 
 occupied with work to find time for a httle 
 talk, I like to hear their views. The road- 
 mender, lookiag almost parsonic in his wide 
 black hat and voluminous black greatcoat, 
 takes his little white terrier for a walk. Free 
 from any shadow of anxiety lest the " Guv'nor " 
 may be driving round to inspect the state of 
 the roads, he casts all care aside and can impart 
 a fund of useful information, all collected in 
 silent thoughtfulness. He can hear but in- 
 diflferently and can neither read nor write, but, 
 as he is wont to say, "Why, bless your dear 
 soul alive, 1 be no scholar, but I think about 
 things all the more for that." In his opinion, 
 much of the past troubles in the way of shortage 
 of hands is due to the lack of proper and 
 suitable education for country children. They 
 
 14^ 
 
THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER 
 
 are not taught sufficiently those things that 
 would be useful to them in after life if they 
 live on the land, and their teachers seldom seem 
 to inspire in them that love for the land which 
 alone will retain them on it. A young village 
 girl learns but little about economical plain 
 cooking ; she is told nothing of the profitable 
 interests that could well be the province of a 
 woman, if she married a labourer, who, later, 
 like those we hear of in France and Belgium, 
 could own a small plot of ground and with her 
 assistance supplement his means by growing 
 vegetables and fruit and keeping a pig and 
 cocks and hens. But then, as we in England 
 have, until recently, never intended that there 
 should be a " peasant class " on the land, 
 perhaps it has not been much good to inspire 
 such ideas in young people. Now, however, 
 that the want of this type of married couple is 
 becoming more generally felt, no doubt there 
 wiU come, in due course, some great national 
 scheme, which wiU help more than anything to 
 establish an English peasantry. Unfortunately, 
 new developments, when they involve a move 
 from Government, are slow of accomplishment, 
 and for the present, perhaps, the only thing 
 for the general public to do is to realise this 
 great want and combine as much as is possible 
 to help an advance in smaller matters. There 
 
 143 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 are several things that can be done before the 
 ownership of even a small plot of ground is 
 extended to help the labourer. 
 
 It would be possible so to adapt the practical 
 teaching in country schools that village boys 
 and girls, who are now taught something about 
 gardening by means of cultivating the plot of 
 ground that is provided near by, could also 
 learn how to cook the vegetables that they had 
 grown. Thus they would sow a row of beans, 
 tend them carefully, learn exactly the best 
 moment to pick tiiem and, finally, cook them. 
 Such a complete course would certainly be 
 most serviceable to the little girls, showing 
 them how they, too, as well as the boys, could 
 prepare ground for vegetables and how they 
 could most advantageously make them ready 
 for table. Then, older girls and women could 
 so easily be helped as regards thrifty house- 
 keeping. It would always be useful, but at the 
 moment, when many have to consider how 17s. 
 or 18s. a week is to be made to cover food which 
 will probably cost £l, we know that it would 
 be doubly so. 
 
 Ever sine, the war began there has been in 
 existence a most admirable educational work 
 in this direction, applicable to townspeople as 
 well as to countrywomen, but unfortunately, 
 owing to insufficient support, it is now being 
 
 144 
 
Stilton-making 
 
THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER 
 
 with difficulty maintained, and if it does suc- 
 ceed in holding out against adverse circum- 
 stances, it will be due to the untiring energy 
 of the organiser and promoter of the scheme. 
 Lady Chance. I allude to the National Food 
 Economy Leag]je, and I need only explain 
 that it has for its object how to teach simple, 
 economical cooking to the country working- 
 woman, to the regularly employed artisan's 
 wife, as well as to the mistresses and cooks of 
 the smaller households of the middle and upper 
 middle classes. 
 
 Some of the titles of the publications that 
 have been issued wiU give an idea of the im- 
 portance of what it teaches.* 
 
 If this society could only be strengthened, it 
 could train a sufficiency of practical teachers 
 to instruct throughout every village in England, 
 and I beheve the results would be far-reaching 
 in the improvement of health and activity of 
 the children of the labourer. 
 
 He himself would be helped by obtaining 
 fort he same money that his wife now pays, 
 
 * "A Handbook for Housewives" (with over 100 
 recipes) ; " Housekeeping on Twenty-five Shillings a 
 Week ; or, How to feed a Family of Five for Sixteen 
 Shillings in War-Time "; " Hints for Saving Fuel " ; " Hay- 
 box Cookery " ; a large picture-card showing the com- 
 parative cost and nourishment values of some of the most 
 ordinary foods (especially designed for children). 
 
 146 L 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 food that by its judicious selection and variety- 
 would improve his muscular strength and give 
 him vigour of action, for the National Food 
 Economy League does not teach mere cookery, 
 but instructs " in the scientific principles of the 
 economical use of food." 
 
 It would seem, however, that for any real 
 success such extensive national work requires 
 some support from Government. In this con- 
 nection, I cannot resist quoting the views upon 
 thrift expressed by Dr. Gee, Vice- Chancellor 
 of Durham University, in a letter to The Times, 
 dated Januaiy 13, 1916. A few sentences will 
 show sufficiently the general purport of this 
 most interesting letter. He says : 
 
 " What seems to be wanted is some authori- 
 tative printed appeal to be distributed and 
 exhibited through the length and breadth of 
 the land. In the old sumptuary proclamations 
 of the Tudors there is even some precedent for 
 issuing a Royal proclamation on the subject of 
 thrift. At all events, there is urgent need of 
 a short printed document, stamped with Royal 
 or Government authority, and entirely free 
 from any connection with party or profession. 
 It should be as widely disseminated as the 
 importance of the matter demands. Armed 
 with such an instrument, those of us who are 
 now regarded as merely academic or wholly 
 
 146 
 
THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER 
 
 pessimistic may hope to destroy some of the 
 seeds of envy, discontent, and poverty which 
 are now being sown in every direction." 
 
 Without authoritative appeal, it seems 
 unlikely that we shall obtain sufficient patriotic 
 countrywomen to learn to take the place of 
 men on farms, and we shall have difficulty in 
 inculcating thrift amongst all classes. The 
 labourer and his family have been taught 
 already, by the sad experience of past years, 
 the need for economy, and probably few of our 
 English homes know this lesson better than his 
 humble cottage ; but his wife and daughters 
 require a knowledge of the different food values 
 (as separate from the cost of food) before he 
 will obtain the utmost power for work from 
 what is cooked for him. In short, until some 
 of that resourcefulness and saving of the French 
 peasant woman has been instilled into his wife 
 and daughters, it must surely continue to be a 
 struggle for existence in many an English 
 cottage during war-time. 
 
 An increase of wages, the possibility of an 
 occasional half-hohday on Saturdays, and the 
 means of growing his own vegeta;bles, with 
 permission to keep a pig, would help materially 
 to improve his lot. 
 
 Here I should like to point out an excellent 
 scheme, originated by Lady Onslow for Lord 
 
 147 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 Onslow's Clandon Estate, whereby the tenants 
 are encouraged to keep pigs, and difficulties 
 and obstructions that sometimes hinder their 
 progress in doing so are smoothed away. The 
 idea is not only a good one, but also seems 
 admirably planned, and is worth the considera- 
 tion of all those owners of land who are anxious 
 to help in establishing more prosperity amongst 
 rural workers. 
 
 By the kind consent of Lady Onslow I am 
 permitted to give a copy of the letter she sends 
 to the cottage tenants : 
 
 Clandon Park Hospital, 
 Guildford. 
 
 Dear Sir or Madam, 
 
 During Lord Onslow's absence abroad, I am acting 
 as his rej)resentative at home, and I am therefore writing 
 to you, both on his behalf and my own, in regard to the 
 following matter. 
 
 The importance of increasing the supply of food pro- 
 duced within the United Kingdom is one of the utmost 
 urgency at the present time. Every shillingsworth of 
 food bought abroad means so much loss to the country as 
 a whole, whereas every shillingsworth of food produced in 
 the country represents a shilling saved, and as in the 
 present war we shall require every shilling that we can 
 raise, I am asking you if you will consider a scheme 
 whereby you may, probably at a profit to yourself, render 
 considerable service in increasing the agricultural output. 
 
 What I wish you to consider is whether you would be 
 prepared to keep pigs or chickens for market purposes ? 
 
 There are two initial difficulties which apply to each 
 case. The first is the question whether the Sanitary 
 Authorities would raise any objection, and the second is 
 the expense of starting the business. 
 
 148 
 
THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER 
 
 As regards the first difficulty, Mr. Messenger will 
 approach the Authorities as soon as he learns what you are 
 willing to do ; and I understand that the urgency of 
 increasing our food supply is so great that the Authorities 
 are ready to do all in their power to assist those who are 
 ready to come forward in this time of crisis. 
 
 The second difficulty is that of initial expense, and in 
 regard to this. Lord Onslow wishes me to say that he will be 
 glad to assist his cottage tenants in the following manner : 
 
 1. He will supply all cottage tenants desirous of starting 
 pigs or poultry with materials for the erection of a pigstye 
 or poultry-house, or for the repair of a disused building 
 for such a purpose. 
 
 2. The labour of erecting the pigstye or chicken-house 
 to be supplied by the tenant ; but if the tenant should be 
 put to any expense in the matter, he shall have a right to 
 compensation for such expense in case of his quitting his 
 cottage, such compensation to extend over a period of 
 four years, and be payable as follows : 
 
 During first six months, the whole sum. 
 
 During second six months, and up to commencement 
 of second year, four-fifths. 
 
 During second year and up to third year, three-fifths. 
 
 During third and up to fourth year, two-fifths. 
 
 During fourth and up to fifth year, one-fifth. 
 
 On the commencement of the fifth year the compen- 
 sation shall be considered exhausted. 
 
 3. Should the tenant so desire. Lord Onslow will lend 
 the money required for the erection of pigstye or chicken- 
 house, and add the money so lent to that lent for the 
 purchase of live stock. 
 
 4. Lord Onslow will grant a loan to the full value of 
 the pig or poultry purchased, this loan to be repayable by 
 easy instalments, with interest calculated at the rate of 
 4|- per cent, per annum. No interest will be charged on 
 the first three months of the loan. 
 
 5. In order to insure Lord Onslow against total loss of 
 a beast which has been purchased with borrowed money, 
 an insurance must be effected on such livestock ; of this 
 insurance one-half of the premium will be paid by Lord 
 Onslow and the remaining half will be paid by the tenant. 
 
 149 
 
(a) R 
 (6) M 
 
 WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 6. In the event of a tenant quitting his cottage before 
 the loan has been repaid, he must either : 
 
 Repay the balance of the loan owing. 
 
 Make arrangements with Mr. Messenger to con- 
 tinue repayment by instalments, 
 (c) Dispose of the live-stock by sale in order to repay 
 the loan. In the event of the latter course 
 being followed. Lord Onslow would agree to 
 waive any portion of the debt which remained 
 uncovered after the animals had been sold. 
 
 It must, of course, be understood that animals of 
 approximate value to those purchased in the first instance 
 are maintained. 
 
 You will thus see that if you care to undertake the ex- 
 periment you will not be put to any outlay at the begin- 
 ning, nor, should the experiment fail, will you be saddled 
 with a debt— you will be protected against this by the 
 insurance. 
 
 I hope, therefore, that you will take this matter into 
 serious consideration, for I believe that not only will you 
 render valuable service by contributing to increase the out- 
 put of foodstuffs, but you will, if due care be taken, be 
 able to make a considerable profit on your venture. 
 
 In any case, under the scheme I have suggested, you 
 will be free from the fear of a heavy loss. 
 
 Will you kindly, after considering the question, com- 
 municate with Mr. Messenger or Mr. Morgan, who will be 
 glad to explain and amplify the scheme, and also to give 
 any advice or assistance in their power. 
 
 I am, Sir or Madam, 
 
 Yours faithfully, 
 
 V. Onslow. 
 
 The hours of work, although often eleven to 
 twelve hours a day in summer, with intervals 
 of one and a half to two hours for meals, would 
 not seem over long if there were a possibility 
 of putting by money for the future. The real 
 
 150 
 
THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER 
 
 hardship comes from small pay and little pros- 
 pect of adding to it in other ways, and the 
 feeling that, in spite of all his exertions for the 
 general good, he and his family are looked 
 down upon, and will in all probability drift 
 into an old age of discomfort, dependent upon 
 others for any little extras that they require. 
 
 It is quite evident that, if we require 
 " brains," we shall have to give better pay, and 
 besides this we must give a further incentive, 
 such as the possible future ownership of a 
 small plot of ground. With this goal in view 
 a man would give treble the amount of intelli- 
 gent interest to his employer's land during the 
 best years of his working life, and he would 
 endeavour to put by every penny in order to 
 achieve for his last years and for the future of 
 his children the supreme happiness of a home 
 of his own. It is, therefore, the creation of 
 more agricultural homesteads that will alone 
 accomplish that re-establishment of gbod men 
 upon the land when the war is at an end. If 
 this were successfully brought about, we should 
 no longer have that exceptionally large figure 
 of 70 per cent, of rural workers in England 
 and Wales who are merely paid workmen, 
 " divorced from the soil," because they have 
 themselves no financial interest in the success 
 of their work, as they are giving their energy 
 
 151 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 merely to build up the wealth of another. A 
 further advantage would be that the extension 
 of agricultural holdings should reduce our poor 
 rates ; and for this reason, apart from a wish 
 to see more intensive cultivation, it should be 
 the endeavour of all to push forward by every 
 possible means this readjustment of the owner- 
 ship of land. 
 
 We are continually hearing about the energy 
 of French peasant women who till the land 
 immediately behind the firing-line. No doubt 
 very true patriotism is a stimulus to their 
 efforts, but we must remember, too, that in 
 most cases they are ploughing their own land, 
 and not only working for an employer. Human 
 nature is alike all over the world, and it is 
 seldom that a mother works harder for the 
 children of another than she does for her own 
 little ones ; and so it is, no doubt, the feeling 
 that she is sowing seed that her own family 
 will reap that helps to give courage to these 
 French peasant women, whilst the air is rent 
 with the roar of cannon close beside their fields. 
 
 It is well to reflect and talk about these 
 things and to teach the children of England 
 to think sometimes of those who grow the 
 food they eat, because the subject is one that 
 has been allowed to drift into insignificance. 
 People have closed their eyes to it, and still do 
 
 152 
 
THE WAGES OF THE RURAL LABOURER 
 
 SO, some of them for selfish personal reasons, 
 others because the subject seems dull and 
 books never represent it clearly. If our dreams 
 for the ex-soldier and his wife are to come 
 true we must do more than ponder or talk : 
 we shall have to evolve a scheme. Until then, 
 we can but join with Mr. F. E. Green in say- 
 ing : " We await some bold constructive policy 
 of colonisation, such as a modern Agricola 
 might have projected. Shall we, perchance, 
 have to wait until a son of the people, some 
 intellectual shepherd of the Downs, with 
 clarified vision, arises to re-colonise the lonely 
 land through which the Roman Road still 
 passes with enduring, undeviating austerity, 
 and so continue that work of civilisation, the 
 foundation of which was laid nearly 2,000 
 years ago ?" It seems, indeed, that we require 
 patience ; but my firm conviction is that, until 
 ownership of a homestead comes to be the 
 ultimate aim of the rural workman, our land 
 will not yield to the extent that changing times 
 require that it should yield. This land of his 
 may be held by ownership or tenancy, but if 
 increased production be required, he must be 
 enabled to feel that his home is his own, so 
 long as he works the land with proper organ- 
 isation and with industry. 
 
 153 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 VIIiLAGE INDUSTRIES 
 
 Many centuries have passed since Chaucer's 
 Pilgrims rode by deep- worn sandy lanes to 
 climb the fir-clad hill in Surrey, where peaceful 
 little St. Martha looks across Downland and 
 beyond into the deep blue expanse of the 
 Weald. Those many parties that cantered 
 once towards St. Thomas's shrine have left but 
 a record of their doings, and, as we read about 
 them, we who come long after know that none 
 of the longing that compelled exploration is 
 lost to us ; for, when the short, dark days ot 
 winter are past, we, too, must needs search for 
 adventure or for the discovery of some new 
 enjoyment in the old-world villages of England. 
 There is one which the knights, esquires, 
 palmers, and nuns of those days must often 
 have passed through before they walked their 
 horses up the steep hillside to rest them in the 
 town of Guildford. This little group of houses, 
 known as the village of Compton, has become 
 in itself a place of pilgrimage because of the 
 
 154 
 
VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 
 
 great personality that resided there, whose 
 spirit, although now at rest, seems to hover 
 still beside those scenes that gave joy to the 
 last years of his life. We are drawn there in 
 the spring and summer time, not solely because 
 we wish to do honour to his last resting-place, 
 but because there has grown up there, from the 
 stimulus given by his presence and that of his 
 wife, a very ideal village industry. Here, in 
 the midst of essentially English surroundings, 
 we find a happy glimpse of the warmth and 
 sparkling light of Italy. The young lads of 
 the neighbourhood, clad in picturesque, grey, 
 smock-like artists' blouses, spend "long, un- 
 hampered days " moulding from designs that 
 are suggested by Mrs. Watts, the rose- 
 coloured terra-cotta ornaments that are now 
 so often seen in gardens. Here are to be found 
 majestic orange pots, decorated with papal or 
 doge's arms, that are worthy to outline the 
 terraced garden of some great dignitary of the 
 Church or State. Sundials are there, upon 
 which the well-known lines of a past poet 
 seek to remind us that Time passes and that 
 the work which we can do is but trifling, how- 
 ever industriously we may attend to it ; 
 animals, also, are not forgotten, for St. Francis 
 himself could hardly have wished for worthier 
 bird fountains or shell-like baths in which his 
 
 155 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 little friends could dip and plume their feathers. 
 This work, which owes its origin to the influ- 
 ence of one of our greatest men, is one which 
 the war has taught us to appreciate even more 
 now than when peace reigned over our land, 
 and we had time to support and encourage all 
 decorative art. For one thing, we have learnt 
 how necessary, in the future, such industries 
 will be, not only in order to inspire again the 
 love of beautiful objects, the wish to Uft the 
 mind above the painful recollections, the 
 horrors and terrors that cruelty and bloodshed 
 must create, but because they will be a means 
 of livelihood to many a wounded and crippled 
 ex-soldier. 
 
 Lord Roberts's Memorial Fund has shown 
 how beneficial such work is to men who are 
 not able to do much muscular work ; and as it 
 is very probable that many of those who have 
 spent long months exposed to the din and 
 nerve-strain of incessant firing will be advised 
 to live in the country, far from the noise and 
 exhausting atmosphere that are to be found in 
 towns, there will probably be a need for more 
 village industries. Apart, however, from these 
 reasons, we should endeavour to encourage 
 them, because they will bring more riches both 
 to individuals and to the nation ; and, more- 
 over, a training in such work, when given to 
 
 156 
 
VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 
 
 young children, is the very best character- 
 building education that they can have. 
 
 Above the entrance to the Manual Training 
 School at Leipsic is inscribed a couplet which 
 may be thus translated : 
 
 " Train well the hand, and teach the eye to see ; 
 Firm grows the will, sound shall the judgment be." 
 
 It is wonderful what this teaching of both 
 science and handicraft, if it is undertaken from 
 earliest childhood, will do in developing the 
 best intellectual powers in men and women. 
 It has been recommended, by many who have 
 studied this subject, that the work of the field, 
 as well as the work of the industrial workshop, 
 should be done by each individual. This 
 subject of "integrated edjication" has been, 
 hitherto, far more supported in Continental 
 countries than it has been in England. Probably 
 one reason for this is that in Switzerland, 
 where clock- and watch-making is an industry 
 that many work at, as well as toy-making, 
 the severity of weather during the winter 
 months makes it necessary for men and women 
 to pursue these trades as well as their agri- 
 cultural work, because the latter, if carried on 
 without any other calling, would be insufficient 
 and precarious. In Germany the smallest 
 children are taught by a Kindergarten system, 
 which encourages them to think for themselves 
 
 157 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 as Well as to gain skill in using their fingers. 
 Probably, as time goes on, each nation will 
 manufacture nearly everything that it is in 
 need of ; and certainly, at the present moment, 
 our aims for inspiring thrift in all classes and a 
 saving upon imports should compel the intro^ 
 duction of a very different system of education 
 for village boys and girls from the one that has 
 hitherto been offered to them. When we read 
 the following extract from the Departmental 
 Committee on Food Production, we feel that 
 every little done towards increasing industries 
 such as poultry -keeping and pig -keeping 
 amongst cottagers, work which dhildren could 
 well attend to if their parents are too busy, 
 should be encouraged to the utmost. The 
 Committee say : "It is necessary and prac- 
 ticable to produce within this country a very 
 large proportion of the foodstuffs and other 
 agricultural products natural to its soil, but 
 now purchased abroad at a cost of nearly 
 £300,000,000 per annum, two-thirds of which 
 are derived from countries outside the British 
 Empire." But, apart from reclaiming waste 
 land, cultivating spare plots of ground by the 
 side of railways, and increasing our live stock, 
 there are many articles connected with the 
 commercial side of farming and gardening that 
 could well be made locally ; and there are tnany 
 
 158 
 
VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 
 
 ways in which children could collect both 
 manure and food for the home garden or the 
 home chicken-run, which would save expense 
 and instil into them ideas of thrift in the early- 
 years of their lives. It only needs the example 
 of those in authority to start such work, and 
 now, in the midst of war emergencies, seems 
 the most fitting time to introduce these views 
 to the cottage homes of our people. 
 
 By the kind permission of Miss Matthey I 
 am able to give a specimen letter of the 
 National Poultry War Supply, which she has 
 been able to make widely known. It will be 
 seen from it that even the stimulus of sug- 
 gesting that each rural householder should 
 keep from one to five fowls would be likely to 
 bring about good results. If the mother of a 
 large family were too busy to attend to them 
 herself, one of the little girls could do so, and 
 the boys on winter evenings could easily con- 
 struct hen-coops or put up any fencing that was 
 required to keep the birds within bounds. 
 
 NATIONAL POULTRY WAR SUPPLY. 
 
 Cheyne House, Chelsea Embankment, 
 London, S.W. 
 Dear Sir (or Madam), 
 
 A small society called the National Poultry War 
 Supply has been formed to promote the keeping of poultry 
 by every rural householder and cottager in the United 
 
 159 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 Kingdom, in order to augment the food supply of this 
 country and to foster a useful industry at this critical 
 period. 
 
 I am instructed, as Hon, Secretary^ to write and ask if 
 you will kindly help this useful work by becoming local 
 honorary secretary^ or nominate another in that capacity, 
 for your district or village, and induce as many cottagers 
 and small rural householders as possible to undertake the 
 care of a few fowls, say one to five, which is about the 
 number that can be maintained on household scraps with 
 little or no extra expense. 
 
 To this end a fund has been opened to help to provide 
 the cottagers and small rural householders, at a low rate, 
 with chickens about a month old, which they can rear in 
 this simple way. 
 
 When the pullets begin to lay, for every chicken pro- 
 vided the National Poultry War Supply will ask for pay- 
 ment a little below the market value for each at the age 
 they were when supplied, to cover initial and other ex- 
 penses, and thus enable the Society to extend its opera- 
 tions. Eggs will be taken instead of money, if it is 
 preferred, at current market price. The eggs thus received 
 by the Society will be sold and the money used by the 
 parent fund to help to start this useful poultry-keeping in 
 other villages and rural districts. After this small pay- 
 ment in kind or money, the fowls will become the absolute 
 property of the cottager. 
 
 Voluntary supply dep6ts for the rearing of young 
 chickens are being arranged in the various districts, and 
 to these depdts the local hon. secretary will apply for the 
 chickens required for distribution. Farmers and poultry 
 breeders can thus greatly help at this critical time by 
 rearing a few extra birds, especially for the National 
 Poultry War Supply. 
 
 Should the cottagers at any time wish to sell eggs or 
 fowls, the Society would, if required, undertake the 
 marketing at the extremely low rate of per dozen eggs, 
 and per head of poultry. 
 
 Violet M. Matthey, 
 
 Hon. Sec. N.P.W.S. 
 
 160 
 
VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 
 
 Wehave to reraemberthat some 2,000,000,000 
 eggs (valued at about £9,000,000) are imported 
 each year from foreign countries, and we all 
 know how very dear fresh eggs have been this 
 year in consequence of the difficulties of 
 shipping the foreign ones to our shores. What 
 we ought to endeavour to do is to make each 
 of our English counties supply its own eggs, 
 and thus, instead of Somerset producers sending 
 their eggs to London or Lancashire, people 
 would consume them in Somersetshire, and, if 
 there were a surplus, this could go to some 
 neighbouring county instead of being sent a 
 long distance by rail, which necessarily causes 
 the risk of breakage and a delay which means 
 that they can no longer be considered " fresh " 
 by the time they are placed upon the breakfast 
 table. Of course, so extensive a scheme calls 
 for organisation and co-operation, but we 
 should be paving the way towards this if we 
 taught our village children what they could do 
 towards a family saving by looking after their 
 own four or five hens and keeping them clean 
 and in good health, so that they could rely 
 upon a regular supply of eggs. Other work 
 for children on their Saturday half-holidays 
 would be to collect food for other live-stock. I 
 give below an extract from the December, 
 
 161 M 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 1915, number of the Journal of the Board of 
 Agriculture : 
 
 Children and Home Production of Food, — Children living 
 in country districts can assist in increasing the home 
 production of food in many ways. At present, if their 
 parents keep pigs or other live-stock, they can help to 
 reduce the cost of feeding by collecting acorns and horse- 
 chestnuts, rough grass, etc., for use as fodder. They can 
 help to economise the use of straw for litter by collecting 
 dried bracken, grass, leaves, and reeds. Suggestions for 
 the use of these materials are given in leaflets issued by the 
 Board of Agriculture and Fisheries — viz.. Special Leaflet 
 No. 9 ("Acorns, Horse-chestnuts, and Beechmast"); 
 Special Leaflet No. 10 ("Pig-keeping for Cottagers and 
 Small Holders ") ; Special Leaflet No. 34 (" Autumn and 
 Winter Fodder"); and Special Leaflet No. 38 ("Use of 
 Bracken as Litter"). Copies of these leaflets may be 
 obtained free of charge and post free, on application to 
 the Board, Whitehall Place, London, S.W. 
 
 Although there have been many posters and 
 leaflets published since the outbreak of war, 
 urging the desirability of increasing the 
 numbers of live-stock in the country, these 
 publications hardly reach our village people, 
 and, even if they do, they have grown ac- 
 customed to a state of inertia owing to long 
 years during which there have usually been 
 obstacles placed in the way of their keeping 
 pigs and fowls. A direct call to patriotism will 
 alone rouse the women and children, and this 
 should come from a local leader, who is given 
 direct authority by those who really know the 
 
 162 
 
VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 
 
 crying need for this increase in our national 
 supplies. 
 
 In this way alone could attention be drawn 
 to the many by-products of a farm which are 
 often wasted and which, in some instances, 
 could be attended to by women. If we want 
 a peasant class later on, we must do our utmost 
 now to teach those who are hkely to create it, 
 and it will only be by instructing village women 
 that we shall reach the ears of their children. 
 It can be done, of that there is no doubt, but 
 it requires the personal attention of all those 
 educated men and women who are in touch 
 with the labourers' families and who, let us 
 hope, in years to come will become more and 
 more closely allied to the interests of the 
 working classes on the land. Here might be 
 mentioned, as an instance of a by-product of 
 the farms in Devon, Somerset, Gloucester, and 
 Hereford, the apple pulp which is obtained 
 after the fruit has passed through the cider 
 mill. It goes by the name of " pomace," and 
 is used in the cider-making districts sometimes 
 as " pressed pomace " or a food for stock, and 
 it can be Utilised as manure, or on small hold- 
 ings it is an economical fuel, when dry; I 
 beheve much more use has been made of this 
 " pomace " in France than with us, and a care- 
 fully mixed compost of it is there considered 
 
 163 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 of great value for enriching ground. In con- 
 sidering the initiative, and, we may perhaps call 
 it the imagination, which prompts foreigners 
 to make much out of things that we, with our 
 insular conservatism, often neglect, I should 
 like to draw attention to the oil-bearing seeds 
 that are grown so largely in India, Egypt, and 
 other British possessions. Practically the whole 
 of this seed exported from India found its way 
 in past years to Germany, France, Italy, and 
 Austria-Hungary, and, when it is recognised 
 that after the extraction of the oil from the 
 seeds the residue is made into cattle-feeding 
 cakes, it can readily be understood what a valu- 
 able possession it has been to these countries. 
 
 The following table shows the quantities 
 that were sent away during 1913-14 : 
 
 
 Exports from India. 
 
 Total Imports 
 
 
 1913-14. 
 
 1913. 
 
 France 
 
 22,207 tons. 
 
 27,370 tons. 
 
 Belgium 
 
 33,779 „ 
 
 — 
 
 Germany 
 
 16,510 „ 
 
 114,174 „ 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 19,342 „ 
 
 26,201 „ 
 
 Italy 
 
 14,293 „ 
 
 — 
 
 If our farmers would use these new cattle- 
 foods, it would secure us an industry directly 
 connected with India and our other possessions. 
 And, moreover, it is the opinion of seed-crushers 
 in England that we could compete successfully 
 with other countries in their manufacture, and 
 
 164 
 
VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 
 
 by so doing should keep money here instead of 
 idly allowing this product to go towards main- 
 taining the food supplies of other countries, 
 and, in especial, those of our enemies. If our 
 Agriculture became more industrialised, and we 
 had sugar works, tar works, wood-pulping mills, 
 and potato-spirit distilleries, many more people 
 would find employment in the country, and we 
 should not be so often confronted by that gloom 
 and depression which seems to surround many 
 of the stalwart young men who yet " linger " 
 on the farms, doing but indifferent work, 
 because it seems to have no betterment of 
 wage Or social status as its ultimate goal. In 
 suggesting these industries it has, however, to 
 be borne in mind that they should retain, if 
 possible, the forni of village work in which 
 those who are either owners or tillers of the 
 land can join. The mention of mills and dis- 
 tilleries is apt to conjure up before the mental 
 vision large, unsightly buildings, with tall 
 chimneys, from which black smoke is driven in 
 dense mist across some country valley, and 
 large gates, through which, at stated times 
 during the day, untidy, unkempt factory men 
 and women emerge, breaking in upon peace 
 and quiet with their rough jokes and laughter. 
 It is not the capitalist factory that is wanted, 
 but what we need are more of the industries 
 
 165 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 that brought animation and Ufe to the manorial 
 villages of ancient times, when cottagers took 
 a pride in joining in such local work, and felt 
 that what they were able, with their own hands, 
 to create for it, either in their homes or in a 
 communal building, was advantageous to the 
 moral tone of their village. Work such as this, 
 which, in many cases, can be confined even to 
 handicrafts that are carried on by whole families 
 in the kitchen ingle-nook after a day of active 
 work in the fields, is what should be encouraged 
 in England. We know that manual work 
 stimulates the inventive faculty, and this would 
 be good for village children, as it would teach 
 them to think. 
 
 It would, of course, in this respect, be helpful 
 if the foundation for such work were laid in 
 primary schools, and, above all, if the articles 
 to be selected were those that would be useful 
 to the local community. For instance, in the 
 neighbourhood of farms or market gardens, 
 the following implements would be serviceable 
 and should find a ready sale : a potato-smasher 
 ft)r breaking up food for sheep and pigs is handy, 
 not only to farmers, but also to cottagers ; then 
 a garden tool rack is easily made and most use- 
 ful ; a bucket rest, which should consist of a 
 simple framework for carrying two buckets ; a 
 potato-spade made of wood, so that by its means 
 
 166 
 
First Process of Trussing 
 
• VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 
 
 potatoes can be easily rolled out of a cart ; a 
 grain-scoop, a dairy table, a lifting jack for 
 lifting farm carts, are all implements that could 
 be made by any handy village community, and, 
 in talking about their shapes and sizes, boys 
 would probably become interested in the various 
 reasons for their existence. It is hkely that 
 their curiosity would be aroused and that they 
 would go and visit the farms where their own 
 tools were used, and, at all events, the mere 
 knowledge of the name and purpose of each 
 object should widen their general outlook. It 
 is not an uncommon experience to find that 
 town-bred children are greatly interested in 
 things that are connected with rural life ; for, 
 as they seldom visit the country, this distant 
 connection with work that is carried on there 
 seems to appeal especially to them. Where 
 this is noticed, it would be advisable for the 
 teacher to encourage their work by telling 
 them about the lives and habits of cattle and 
 live-stock, so that they might be brought closer 
 to these wholesome interests. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of gardens or orchards, 
 other industries could be pursued, such as 
 making root trays for carrying young plants 
 from the frames to the open ground, or hand 
 frames for forcing on lettuces, riddle rails for 
 sifting ashes to be used for garden work, plant 
 
 167 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 carriers or handbarrows, and many other 
 articles that are indispensable to growers and 
 yet very costly to buy when they are supplied 
 by nurserymen., In learning carpentering of 
 this sort, boys would be preparing themselves 
 for later life, when they would be working 
 either on their own homesteads or giving so 
 many days a week to the assistance of the 
 educated growers, who, we hope, as time goes 
 on, will group themselves in colonies through- 
 out England. Instead of finding it difficult to 
 obtain employment on wet days, when it is not 
 advisable to tread on the land, they would thus 
 always have work that would be profitable to 
 themselves or others. A few other suggestions 
 for school work are : models of boiler racks, 
 which are employed when things are boiled in 
 large quantities and it is necessary sometimes 
 to turn them out of the boiler to see if they 
 are sufficiently " done " ; brewer's paddles for 
 home brewing, coal-trugs or coal-scuttles made 
 in wood, and garden barrows. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of poultry farms the 
 school-teacher would, of course, select hen- 
 coops and egg-boxes as serviceable articles for 
 them to make in lesson hours, and what was 
 learnt at school would probably be often copied 
 afterwards, during many a winter's evening, 
 when time frequently hangs very heavy upon 
 
 168 
 
VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 
 
 the hands of those who have not the resources 
 of reading or writing, which educated people 
 can amuse themselves with. 
 
 In the country districts wliere wood is 
 plentiful a great deal might be made in rustic 
 wood-work. By this I do not mean those 
 highly varnished, bright fox-coloured garden 
 arbours that are to be seen in large numbers in 
 the suburbs, which may bring delight to the 
 homes of some poor misguided mortals, but 
 represent an agony of bad taste to others. If 
 simple designs are adopted, it is possible, for 
 instance, to make very artistic flower-pot 
 stands, hanging baskets for ferns, and even 
 serviceable garden tables and chairs. In the 
 way of practical things, one may suggest garden 
 sticks for supporting herbaceous plants, a line- 
 winder, a garden brush made of old besoms 
 tied to a stout handle and fixed in the ground 
 near the entrance, so that guests can brush the 
 mud from their boots, a portable bridge, a 
 gipsy kettle ; and, when work has reached a 
 high degree of skill, a field shelter for animals 
 could be built. All these are things that would 
 be useful to those who own small plots of land 
 and wish to run them as business farms or 
 gardens. 
 
 In Ireland, some itinerant classes of hand- 
 work have been sent out with good results, and 
 
 169 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 probably these would be successful in this 
 country. In remote villages where labourers, 
 farmers and shopkeepers are all dependent more 
 or less on their own resources, it would be par- 
 ticularly useful to introduce this educational 
 work, and such things as stable and wall-hooks, 
 ceiling-hooks, gate-fastenings, pokers, foot- 
 scrapers, handles, sack-lifters, apple-covers and 
 even dustpans and shovels might be made if 
 instruction were given in metal-work. It 
 would be such a saving in time and expense, 
 if these were procurable in the district, without 
 the necessity of going to a distant town to 
 purchase them. 
 
 As regards work which village girls could 
 learn, we can instance basket-making, which is 
 insufficiently taught in this country, for we 
 have no schools to compare with the National 
 School of Basket-work established by the 
 French Government at Fayl-Billot, or the 
 Royal School of Basket-work at Noordwolde 
 in Holland. In Germany, we hear of similar 
 ones at Hainsberg and other places, and in 
 Austria-Hungary there are about sixteen where 
 this work is taught ; then, too, in Switzerland, 
 there is the Federal School of St. GaU for the 
 same purpose. 
 
 Another industry for girls is raffia- work, and 
 this, like basket-making, can be made orna- 
 
 170 
 
VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 
 
 mental as well as useful, thus training pupils to 
 consider graceful outline and good proportions. 
 Such work, when it is done on a large scale, 
 encourages other industries like osier-growing ; 
 and, for raffia- work, we know that an increase 
 of lime trees would be necessary, because these 
 trees provide the best inner bark, which is what 
 bast or raffia comes from. The strength and 
 stability of this material, when the right kind 
 is used, render it useful for weaving hats, 
 baskets, mats, and even a rough kind of shoe, 
 such as is worn by the Russian peasant, can be 
 made of raffia. 
 
 As an instance of a successful EngUsh co- 
 operative factory, I should like to draw atten- 
 tion to the work recently done at the Swanwick 
 Basket Factory. Those who have had any con- 
 nection with fruit-growing on a large scale 
 realise the heavy expenditure there is on 
 baskets in every market garden. The sum of 
 £100 a year devoted to this item is no uncom- 
 mon one where a society of growers congregates 
 together, and two such societies, which were 
 affihated to the Agricultural Organisation 
 Society, spent upwards of £1,000 between them 
 on baskets in 1914. The price of chip baskets 
 has steadily risen, and, whereas a few years ago 
 they could be bought for 7s. 6d. per gross, they 
 now cost from 14s. to 15s., and even 16s. has 
 
 171 
 
WOMEN And the land 
 
 sometimes been asked for them. The country 
 round Swanwick is a vast strawberry -producing 
 area, and, to give some idea of the scale upon 
 which this industry is carried on, I may mention 
 that in 1914 the growers there despatched 
 upwards of three million baskets by rail to 
 different markets, besides sending other quan- 
 tities by road to neighbouring towns. 
 
 A few years ago these Swanwick growers 
 approached the Agricultural Organisation 
 Society and sought assistance in forming 
 what now is named the " Swanwick and 
 District Basket Factory, Ltd." A large airy 
 building was built for the purpose upon a 
 freehold site near Swanwick railway-station, 
 and work was commenced there in February, 
 1914. Much of it is done by machinery, 
 but girls are employed to make up the 
 baskets after the bottom of each basket has 
 been formed, and when the sides are turned 
 up ready for fixing. Some of the skilled ones 
 are able to complete as many as 1,400 in a 
 week, and during 1914 over half a million 
 baskets in all were turned out by the factory. 
 These were sold to members, and they found 
 that the factory resulted in a saving to each 
 of 5s. per gross, which is no inconsiderable 
 sum to a market gardener, who requires many 
 hundred gross each season. The total capital 
 
 172 
 
VILLAGE INDUSTRIES 
 
 involved in the initial operations of the Society 
 was about £2,000, which shows that such a 
 factory is not a specially risky undertaking 
 to start, and could well be copied with the 
 assistance of the Agricultural Organisation 
 Society in many rural districts where growers 
 live. The same kind of work is also done in 
 a humbler way in the Cheddar Valley in 
 Somersetshire, and in the Tamar Valley in 
 Cornwall ; but in these two places all the 
 baskets are made in the homes of the working- 
 classes, and this, in certain parts of England, 
 might be preferable from the point of view of 
 providing employment for the labourer and 
 his family when work on the farms is over for 
 the day, and he has a spare evening for a few 
 hours of easy manual work. 
 
 In considering these village industries and 
 how best they can be encouraged both for 
 commercial and educational reasons, it is neces- 
 sary to bear in mind that they are best run 
 upon co-operative lines, and it is for this object 
 that I beUeve Women's Institutes will be found 
 so helpful if they are increased in our English 
 villages. One of the special endeavours of the 
 Canadian ones is "to encourage home and 
 village industries in order to provide occupa- 
 tion and interests for women in rural districts" ; 
 for if women are made happy and kept occu- 
 
 173 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 pied for the general good of the family, we 
 shall stand a better chance of stemming the 
 exodus to the towns, which is the mischief 
 which is taking away the vigour and happiness 
 from country homes. Let us remember once 
 again what our King has so truly said : " The 
 strength of the Empire lies in the homes of her 
 people "; and whether it be by organising toy- 
 making or rural implements, let us endeavour 
 to occupy the cottagers, for it is work and 
 a wide outlook that increase happiness. 
 
 174 
 
CHAPTER X 
 
 THE EDUCATION OF VILLAGE WOMEN AND 
 GIRLS 
 
 In passing through country districts in the 
 South of England during war-time, it is very 
 evident that women are at present taking no 
 active part in the cultivation of land. The 
 use of machinery, the forethought of the 
 farmer in fitting in his work so that by per- 
 forming different operations in good time he 
 can succeed in just keeping pace with what 
 should be done, the employment of many old 
 men and boys — these are the things that have 
 helped so far. Will this good fortune con- 
 tinue until the war has run its course ? or 
 will England, as some of the pessimistic 
 labourers prophesy, become "a wilderness"? 
 In my own neighbourhood, I know of two 
 women who have worked with regularity upon 
 the farms since the war began ; one of these 
 is the wife of a labourer, and she supplements 
 his weekly earnings by lending a hand when- 
 ever she can leave her children, her cooking, 
 
 175 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 and her washing. I have seen her bearing 
 large, unwieldy faggots, and placing them in 
 a heap near the roadway, where the farm cart 
 could come later to load them and carry them 
 to the farmhouse. Her work was methodical 
 and good, for she seemed to take a real pride 
 in being able to do her share at a time when 
 she knew that the men were over-busy. The 
 other woman belongs to a higher sphere of 
 hfe, and has for some years taken over the 
 management of a farm belonging to her father. 
 He is one of those treasured relics of former 
 days, a smock-clad figure in thick boots and 
 gaiters, with a hard, black hat on his grey 
 head, and a large coloured pocket-handkerchief 
 protruding from one smock pocket, and is 
 usually accompanied by a faithful brown 
 spaniel, who follows demurely at his master's 
 heels. Some years ago this farmer was bed- 
 ridden for a year, and, being unable personally 
 to direct work on the farm, employed his 
 widowed daughter to watch what the men 
 were about and report to him how they were 
 getting on in each field. She gradually took 
 over the command of the farm work, and now, 
 although her old father has recovered suf- 
 ficiently to get about again, she still continues 
 to keep the supreme management in her own 
 hands. It has been most successful, and 1 
 
 176 
 
EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS 
 
 often wish that her example would stimulate 
 more of her neighbours to do likewise. In her 
 case, there is the incentive of ownership ; be- 
 cause the place will be hers in years to come, 
 and therefore she can speak with authority in 
 directing the men's work, and for her own 
 satisfaction she would naturally wish the farm 
 to prosper. These feelings are no doubt similar 
 to those of the Frenchwomen who are to be 
 seen at all times, though more especially when 
 men are away fighting, tilling and working 
 their land. 
 
 As the train speeds us through any part of 
 France, this energy of the countrywoman is, 
 perhaps, one of the most typical things that 
 we notice. It remains stamped indelibly as a 
 mind-picture, quite as unforgettable as the 
 fields of mauve autumn crocuses, the great 
 massive bunches of mistletoe hanging on the 
 trees, the avenues of tall poplars, or the birch 
 woods carpeted with green hellebore, all of 
 which are amongst those impressions of our 
 journey that we carry with us across the 
 Channel when we return from France. The 
 peasant-woman, with her coloured handker- 
 chief over her head, her blue apron and work- 
 ing dress, or the small farmer's wife feeding 
 the chickens — these are the everyday sights in 
 other countries. 
 
 177 N 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 ' In October, 1915, Mr. Jesse CoUings wrote 
 a letter to 2^he Times, and in it he remarked 
 upon this active help that Frenchwomen are 
 now rendering to their country. I venture to 
 give an .extract from it, as showing the impres- 
 sion they made upon English farmers : 
 
 " At a reeent meeting of agriculturists surprise was ex- 
 pressed at seeing a woman holding the plough somewhere 
 in an Eastern county. If those who expressed that sur- 
 prise were to go to France, they would find that it was 
 the general practice for women to engage in ploughing 
 and all other agricultural work. Some time ago I accom- 
 panied the British Dairy Farmers' Association on a visit 
 to rural France. We were examining a large cheese 
 factory, when my attention was called to a woman in a 
 neighbouring field who was holding the plough drawn by 
 a pair of fine horses. I was asked by some of the farmers 
 whether I would like to see such a sight in England. My 
 reply was that I should be delighted to see it if the con- 
 ditions were equal. On inquiry of the manager 8f the 
 cheese factory, who was intimately acquainted with the 
 woman, we found that she was farming her own land, and 
 had done so ever since the death of her husband. He 
 told us that she was very well-to-do, and in addition to 
 the land and stock, which were her own, she had a con- 
 siderable sum invested in French Rentes, and that she 
 carried on the work for the love of it. Since the war 
 began more and more women in France are engaged in 
 agriculture. The secret of the industry of the French 
 peasants is that they own the land they till." 
 
 This last sentence sums up, I think, this 
 question of the work of women on the land. 
 It will only be by holding out the prospect of 
 their future married life being passed in a 
 homestead or farm of their own that we shall 
 
 178 
 
Cutting the Glass 
 
 Cutting the Grass 
 
EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS 
 
 get the majority of village girls to volunteer at 
 the moment to learn about agriculture. Some 
 few, if urged on by speakers and moved by 
 what they see on posters, may come forward in 
 the spirit of wishing to do " their bit " in the 
 way that the labourer's wife whom I have 
 previously mentioned is doing the faggot 
 carrying, but their numbers will scarcely suffice 
 for the requirements of future months, should 
 this war be prolonged indefinitely. There is 
 hay-making to be thought of and the harvest 
 to be brought in, besides all the other light 
 work of milking and poultry-keeping, which is 
 bound to be wanted if we are to increase our 
 supplies. 
 
 Unless steps are soon taken to bring about a 
 healthy change in the point of view of cottage 
 women, there is every prospect of the farmer's 
 finding an insufficiency of the right type, those 
 who are strong and active, country-bred, and 
 hardened already by the rough household 
 duties of their cottage homes to the somewhat 
 similar requirements of a farm. Patriotism 
 may bring to his assistance women of other 
 classes — in fact, it has already lured some to the 
 life — but they will not answer his purpose. 
 Too much has to be taught to them before they 
 can really be of use, and precious time is lost 
 whilst he himself or his men have to explain 
 
 179 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 the simplest facts, which any school boy would 
 have, learnt during his half-holiday spent in 
 tilling his father's cottage garden. 
 
 These ladies will not be doing work which 
 they can excel in, because their physical 
 strength will not suffice for it ; naoreover, this 
 work of love that they undertake means 
 greater self-sacrifice than they should be 
 asked to give, for it will not help them as 
 regards their future prospects. It is, un- 
 doubtedly, the real countrywoman who is 
 wanted, if only she can be obtained, for she 
 alone will get through the work quickly and 
 will later be able to make use of the knowledge 
 she has acquired, when she becomes the help- 
 mate of the ex-soldier after his return from the 
 war and they settle near a colony of educated 
 growers. 
 
 Stealthily, but with great pertinacity, there 
 have crept in amongst the working classes all 
 sorts of false views about women's work upon 
 the land, and unfortunately these are shared by 
 many whose education should have taught them 
 to think differently. The ideas that are most 
 prevalent are that work upon farms is deroga- 
 tory to women, that it may be injurious to their 
 health and that their children and homes will 
 be neglected in consequence. Slowly, each 
 year, this injurious influence has increased ; for 
 
 180 
 
EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS 
 
 we see that in 1851 the number of women 
 engaged in agricultural work in England and 
 Wales was 168,650, whereas in 1911 it had 
 dropped to 37,969. 
 
 The first of these ideas, that which concerns 
 the social status of the woman worker on the 
 land, is felt, I believe, in a similar way by the 
 labourer himself. He knows that the general 
 public looks down upon his profession, and that 
 people do not appreciate all that he is doing 
 for their lives in working so that they may have 
 food and clothing. The impression that he has 
 is that he is somewhat of an outcast, and that, 
 unless he associates with his own fellows, he 
 meets with rebuffs, or else his work is ignored. 
 At the moment any enthusiasm or admiration 
 there may be goes out to the soldier in the 
 trenches or to the munition worker in the fac- 
 tory ; but when the man at the plough is talked 
 of, an expression of boredom, or a marked 
 pause denoting the desire of the listener for a 
 change in the subject of conversation, is very 
 evident. If the labourer, engrossed as he is in 
 work from sunrise to sunset, perceives this 
 whenever chance brings him into contact with 
 those belonging to professions that meet with 
 applause, how much more do educated agri- 
 culturists notice this same lack of true interest 
 in their workl How often does it seem to 
 
 181 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 them incredible that, with all the enlighten- 
 ment and scientific knowledge that exist, there 
 should be this lack of intelligence — for it really 
 amounts to that— in the man in the street ! In 
 the early dawn of the world it was not so ; we 
 know, too, that in the New Testament the 
 weightiest teaching of our Lord bears upon 
 the swelling of the seed as it is helped or hurt 
 by the land into which it is cast, and this wise 
 teaching was handed on by precept and ex- 
 ample through the monastic herb, fruit, and 
 vegetable gardens of the Middles Ages, and 
 through the manorial farming that existed 
 before the time of discovery and exploration. 
 Then, as the large landowners slowly forsook 
 their personal, intimate knowledge of the land, 
 as they neglected their life trust in its owner- 
 ship and considered it merely as a rent-paying 
 concern, whereby they were in no sense bound 
 to live on it or come into close touch with their 
 tenants or workpeople, the gulf has widened 
 that separates those who labour in growing food 
 supplies and those who accept what is grown, 
 but give a mere monetary return devoid of per- 
 sonal interest. It has widened so much that 
 many well-informed and well-educated people, 
 who respond to all other arts or crafts, have 
 altogether lost sight of Agriculture ; indeed, 
 we have only to scan the newspapers or maga- 
 
 182 
 
EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS 
 
 zines to find that this subject is considered of 
 inferior interest to any other. Not long ago I 
 was asked by one who was about to lecture 
 upon women's work in this century for some 
 information as to what was being done by them 
 in the matter of Agriculture and Horticulture. 
 I was told that my suggestions must be brief 
 ones, as other subjects, such as engineering, 
 would take up the greater part of the lecture. 
 Is it to be wondered at, then, if our food sup- 
 plies, which give heart and strength to the 
 whole nation, which form most surely our 
 secondary line of defence, are passed by as in- 
 significant, if they are touched upon but lightly, 
 and sometimes totally ignored, when other arts 
 and crafts are expatiated upon ? If those who 
 have time for study and reflection think thus, 
 it is not to be wondered at that village women 
 and girls feel it to be derogatory for them to 
 become interested in butter-making or milking 
 cows, and that, instead of coming forward to 
 learn these things, they prefer to undertake any 
 other work. 
 
 It is the opinion of many who have studied 
 this important national question that we shall 
 not obtain useful aU-round women workers on 
 the land until we can hold out to them some 
 definite future objective which will act as an 
 attraction. If they knew that there were likely 
 
 183 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 to spring up large colonies of educated workers 
 on the land, people who would require their 
 services and reward them reasonably, if they 
 felt that in after years some well-organised 
 system of allotment colonies, homesteads, or 
 secure ownership of land would come as a re- 
 ward to them and their families, perhaps 
 enthusiasm could be roused in them. What 
 we can offer now is a mere makeshift ; for 
 beyond holding up, as an example, the success- 
 ful patriotic work of French peasant women, 
 whereby we can prove that farming is in no 
 sense injurious to health or to the proper up- 
 bringing of robust young children, we can hold 
 out nothing more with any certainty. We 
 cannot even promise that the education for such 
 agricultural work is obtainable in this country, 
 for this matter still awaits proper organisation ; 
 but until these several remedies have been 
 pushed forward, we may be sure that all the 
 summoning, calling, and poster writing will be 
 in vain, and we shall not obtain the women 
 who will really be useful for farm work. They 
 were ready to hand as recently as the middle 
 of the last century, and it is interesting to note 
 that in 1843 one of the highest agricultural 
 authorities reported that "the females who 
 work in the fields are generally the best attired 
 and most healthy of the population." This is 
 
 184 
 
EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS 
 
 praise, indeed, that should not be overlooked, 
 and to prove that it is not only in the light 
 branches of farm work that Englishwomen 
 have in distant days distinguished themselves, 
 I am able, by the courtesy of Messrs. Kegan 
 Paul, Trench, Triibner and Co., Ltd., to give 
 an extract from the Preface to " Dorothy," a 
 country idyll that is unfortunately too little 
 known in these days. The author says : 
 
 "You may have seen girls ploughing in Germany, in 
 Switzerland, or elsewhere ; but not in England ? Well, I 
 have myself known or seen at least six English girls who 
 could plough, and did plough : two in Devonshire, two in 
 Yorkshire, one in Gloucestershire, and one in Cheshire. 
 The Devonshire girls were sisters, daughters of a small 
 farmer who had no sons. They and their father together 
 did the whole work of the farm ; and both he and they 
 were proud, not only of their ploughmanship, but of their 
 skill in all other such labour. The two Yorkshire girls 
 were farm-servants in different parts of the North Riding. 
 Both were excellent ploughwomen ; one of them (she 
 was a lively lass, and fond of a 'spree '), on a certain day 
 when her master's landlord had come to visit the farm, 
 assumed her brother's clothes and went out with her team, 
 on purpose that the Squire might see her at plough and 
 take her for a man. He did, and so admired the youth's 
 ploughing that he called him off and gave him half-a- 
 crown ; which Mary, touching her cap, received into a 
 ploughman's hand, and strode back to her work, rejoicing 
 in the success of that disguise. Had she appeared as a 
 woman, however, she might have earned more ; for I 
 remember a farmer's wife in Cheshire, who told me with' 
 pride that when she was young and was ploughing near 
 the roadside, the old Squire was so pleased with her per- 
 formance that he at once gave her a sovereign. About 
 the Gloucestershire girl I know nothing ; I merely saw 
 
 185 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 her driving the plough, as we passed by in the train. 
 But of the Cheshire lass I have heard many a tale con- 
 cerning her prowess from her father, a respectable farmer 
 and breeder of horses. He told me she could plough 
 as straight and well as any man he ever saw, and spoke 
 with fatherly pride of the great help she gave him, in 
 that and in many other such ways. As for more feminine 
 work, she took the first prize of the county for butter five 
 ■ years running, and eleven years running for cheese. This 
 heroine isinow a farmer's wife, and as her husband has 
 another business elsewhere, she manages the farm entirely, 
 without his aid." 
 
 It will be seen from the above extract that 
 these young women all felt genuine pride in 
 the work they were doing, and as this Preface 
 is dated as recently as 1880, it can hardly be 
 supposed that these high ideals for work have 
 completely died out in the women of England. 
 With confidence we can assume that the in- 
 centive of having a future goal in view, such 
 as a married hfe spent upon their own land, 
 would fan any apparently dormant enthusiasm 
 into life again. This, therefore, would seem 
 to be the primary development that needs ful- 
 filment ; and then, if the education of country 
 boys and girls could be so organised that it 
 would fit them, even in early days, for practical 
 work on the land, we should be training up 
 people who in the future could make a suc- 
 cessful livelihood out of such work. At 
 present their education is designed too much 
 upon lines which are more especially suited to 
 
 186 
 
EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS 
 
 town-dwellers — they are not called upon to 
 exert themselves for the national good in in- 
 creasing the yield of the land, and their 
 knowledge of the benefits to be derived from 
 co-operative work is too limited. There is a 
 rigidity about their school teaching which pre- 
 vents its being adapted to the special surround- 
 ings in which they are placed, and for this 
 reason the encouragement of special local in- 
 dustries, which young and old could alike join 
 in, would be so helpful. Probably their teach- 
 ing will be greatly remedied when the recom- 
 mendations recently made by the Agricultural 
 Education Conference have come into being ; 
 but it is to be hoped that these will not be long 
 delayed, for it has to be remembered that 
 practically no agricultural instruction exists as 
 yet for girls frorii fourteen to sixteen years of 
 age, and that, except in the case of dairy- work, 
 no assistance has hitherto been forthcoming in 
 training young women of the tenant-farmer 
 or small-holder class. Even in dairy-work the 
 number of women who receive instruction 
 through the medium of farm institutes and 
 fixed dairy schools is small, for it amounts 
 only to about four hundred each year: 
 
 The most important recommendations as 
 regards girls' and women's work on the land 
 are that domestic economy should form part 
 
 187 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 of the curriculum in every organised course, 
 and that each County Committee of Agricul- 
 tural Education should have on its Board at 
 least two women members, for their advice 
 would of course be invaluable ; and if other 
 women were also employed by the Board of 
 Agriculture and Fisheries for inspection work, 
 it should be an easy matter to adapt all viUage- 
 school training to the especial requirements of 
 each neighbourhood. Thus, where groups of 
 market gardeners dwelt the course of instruc- 
 tion would be arranged to give a thorough 
 knowledge of the growth of plants as well as 
 of their cooking value. Seeds sown in the 
 open ground would be watched during the 
 progress of their growth ; they would, as they 
 grew into plants, and were ready, as is the 
 case with peas, for staking, mulching, and 
 picking, be tended by the pupils. The lessons 
 to be learnt from the same rows of peas would 
 not end here, as is so often the case, for they 
 would be picked and made ready for the cook- 
 ery class, where the same pupils would be 
 shown which were in good condition for the 
 table and which were unfit for use. Such 
 instruction, as regards vegetables and fruit, 
 would be invaluable later on in whatever 
 sphere the home life of the girl might be 
 passed, and in this way, not only economy and 
 
 188 
 
EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS 
 
 thrift could be imparted, but also many subjects 
 connected with rural hygiene would be touched 
 upon. Many of the ailments, and, one may 
 say, the serious illnesses in life, are due to a 
 want of knowledge, not only of the actual 
 preparation of vegetable and fruit food, but 
 also of the previous existence of such food 
 whilst still growing in a garden. We stand 
 yet upon the borderland of such knowledge ; 
 and with all our scientific discoveries and 
 research, the grower of modem days is apt to 
 overlook hygienic matters, such as the soil and 
 manures in which plants are grown, and the 
 effect they have upon health when carelessly 
 handled. Probably knowledge of this sort, 
 which comes from careful individual observa- 
 tion, was much more plentiful in olden times, 
 when people moved about less and lived quietly, 
 having time to watch the results on their 
 plants of certain treatment, and having leisure 
 in which to study how best to increase that 
 delicacy of flavour which, above all, should be 
 valued so much more than mere vigorous 
 growth. 
 
 This lore, which experience and observation 
 alone can teach, was known to the housewife 
 of former days ; but many years of modern 
 unrest and quick living have partially closed 
 her eyes to small details that often lead to 
 
 189 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 serious deficiencies, and it is for this reason 
 that a course of instruction in gardening for 
 the home should be combined with the teach- 
 ing of cookery, as it is required for the farm or 
 small holder's kitchen. They should be taught 
 " what to grow " and " how to grow," together 
 with lessons on " what to pick " and " when to 
 pick," followed by " how to cleanse" and " how 
 to cook," so that the whole process from start to 
 finish comes under the observation of the child 
 or young woman who, later, wiU have to carry 
 out similar work for herself, her husband, and 
 children. The lessons in this way would be full 
 of interest to the girls and of the same practical 
 nature as those that have so often been suggested 
 as suitable for village boys, who, by means of an 
 experimental shop, or lessons upon farriery, the 
 anatomy of the horse, hedging, ditching, potato- 
 trial growing, cobbling, etc., could learn to use 
 their hands and heads with a view to turning 
 this knowledge to account later on, when they 
 work their own land. It has been said that 
 for these useful objects the teaching both in 
 primary and in secondary schools must not be 
 too theoretical or too aristocratic. The teachers 
 need to be men and women who have them- 
 selves been engaged in getting a living by 
 agricultural work, and, above all, they should 
 be those who know the local requirements and 
 
 190 
 
EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS 
 
 markets. After all, the main idea should be 
 to imbue girls with a thorough knowledge of 
 " home management," in which is included not 
 only the work of tilling the soil and plough- 
 ing, nor solely that of dairy- work or poultry- 
 keeping — for when they are older, and when 
 their future life is planned out, they can always 
 specialise upon any one of these subjects — but 
 whilst they are still at school or living with 
 their parents, they require also everything that 
 practical knowledge, accompanied by sugges- 
 tions upon the latest labour-saving means of 
 carrying out simple cookery, laundry-work, 
 bacon-curing, fruit-preserving, jam-making, 
 vegetable-preserving, and baking can teach ; 
 moreover, with the above instruction there 
 should be combined with each subject ample 
 directions about hygiene and domestic accounts. 
 In all probability their mothers would not be 
 able to teach them the latter, although, if they 
 are sensible, practical workers, belonging to 
 the old school, their knowledge of the first- 
 named subject will be sound if it has been 
 transmitted from mother to daughter, as used 
 formerly to be the case. Modern expediency 
 has, however, helped to " save time," and all 
 such new contrivances as meet the require- 
 ments of the age can best be imparted in school 
 hours by an intelligent, practical teacher. More- 
 
 191 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 over, the mere fact of having expert school 
 instruction upon such simple, everyday work 
 would make the girls respect it, and, instead of 
 looking upon housework as dull and monoto- 
 nous, they would see in it a field for competi- 
 tion. Other important matters that appear to 
 be overlooked in some village schools are the 
 love of patriotism and the prompt obedience to 
 those in authority ; for, although these two 
 things may be dwelt upon by the teacher in 
 the same way that he exacts regularity and 
 accuracy during school hours, it seems apparent 
 that they are but superficially taught, because 
 no vestige of these good points clings to the 
 children when lessons are over and they run 
 back to their homes. Until these feelings 
 become part of the children's lives, they will 
 not remain with them when they grow up and 
 become men and women citizens. 
 
 Itinerant classes are recommended by the 
 Agricultural Education Conference with a view 
 to their taking the place of lectures. These, 
 together with a Travelling Van system of 
 teaching, do already exist in some counties ; 
 but if every part of each county could be 
 covered by such a system in a definite cycle of 
 years, it would be helpful in imparting a know- 
 ledge of butter-making, soft as well as hard 
 cheese-making, packing, grading, and market- 
 
 192 
 
EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS 
 
 ing fruit, etc., and girls of from sixteen to 
 twenty years of age would benefit by such in- 
 struction. Here, again, the selection of subjects 
 would depend upon the habits and require- 
 ments of the district ; for it would be time 
 wasted to send punnets for fruit-packing to a 
 locality where the inhabitants do not grow any, 
 or where they are chiefly dependent upon dairy- 
 farming. It must not, however, be supposed 
 that, even if such educational advantages are 
 brought to an industrial neighbourhood, the 
 young women will readUy respond and attend 
 with regularity in order to benefit by these 
 classes. The eldest daughter belonging to a 
 labourer's family leads a busy life ; for upon 
 her devolves the care of the younger children, 
 and when she marries and has her own home 
 to look after, with washing and charing to do, 
 she has not much spare time for attending 
 classes, unless, of course, she lives on a holding 
 belonging to her |iusband, and it thus becomes 
 an essential part of her life to improve the 
 fruit culture upon it. It has been repeatedly 
 urged by visiting experts, who know the many 
 difficulties that often perplex the mind of 
 farmers and growers, that, in addition to 
 itinerant classes, which can be helpful only to 
 those who have coiliparative leisure and can 
 attend with regularity, it would be advisable 
 
 193 o 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 to supply organised advisory visits, paid to the 
 different homes of growers by experts. These 
 educated men and women (for there is every 
 reason to think that tactful, intelligent women 
 could do this work as well as men) would inves- 
 tigate plant diseases, examine soil and manure, 
 advise about labour-saving machinery, suggest 
 spraying, chemical manuring, and undertake 
 pruning. They would represent in a sense a 
 body of assistants similar to the agrondmes 
 d^Hat whom we hear of in Belgium, and, being 
 in touch either with the Board of Agriculture 
 or some similar authorities, they would be able 
 to report upon their visits and experiences at 
 headquarters. Such visits would be made to a 
 given centre within a fixed date, and all who 
 would be likely to avail themselves of help and 
 guidance would be informed beforehand, so 
 that they could ask to have their gardens or 
 farms visited. The great thing is to bring en- 
 lightenment to the grower and to save him all 
 unnecessary trouble in obtaining it, because we 
 must remember that his work is a business 
 concern, and, if he is to be successful, he has 
 to devote all his time to the land and to his 
 crops. If he leaves home, there is no sajdng 
 what disasters may occur ; for he then has to 
 depend upon the work and forethought of his 
 men, and during his absence they may be 
 
 194 
 
r-T" 5 » '* J - 
 
 --'^. .*, 
 
 ^i»'f2iVte.^^ifei^^i!; :^^^/ 
 
 7' i<; myurd 
 
 rySiittev^;*;- 
 
 vi^'^'''';i:;i^^^:sviy^v/ iiv; 
 
 Hay-making 
 
EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS 
 
 negligent. He will only be ready to listen to 
 advice if it is given by one who has real ex- 
 perience and a degree of tact in imparting in- 
 formation. I believe that, in the matter of 
 co-operation and all new ideas, we should have 
 made far greater strides in educating the grower 
 to these modern views, had propagandist work 
 of this nature been brought to his door instead 
 of his being called upon to attend meetings, 
 which often take up much valuable time and 
 end in mere talk without action. 
 
 This same difficulty applies to young village 
 girls and women ; for until instruction is 
 brought to them, first of all in their schools, 
 and later to their homes, by fully-trained 
 teachers, located either in the village or in a 
 given radius, we shall not succeed in teaching 
 them the main objects of home management, 
 in which is included domestic economy, or 
 the whole sphere of woman's duty, from clean- 
 ing a cooking -range and the selection and 
 arrangement of things for her house to the 
 care of the garden, orchard, and live-stock. 
 Herein should be comprised all that would 
 make her a useful mother, wife, daughter, or 
 worker on the farm. It is the common-sense 
 view of Domestic Economy that is want- 
 ing at present in their instruction, and as 
 we cannot expect more than a very limited 
 
 195 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 number of countrywomen to leave their 
 homes and go through a college or farm 
 course, the knowledge has to be imparted to 
 them in their own villages and in their own 
 homes. 
 
 In addition to these dairy, poultry, and 
 market-garden travelling schools, it would be 
 helpful if each county had, either by itself or 
 in conjunction with a neighbouring one, a 
 Farm Institute devoted to women students. 
 This would be a means of offering instruction 
 to the farmer's daughter, who would have 
 more leisure than the village girls whose 
 education we have up to now been consider- 
 ing. She could probably be spared away from 
 home for some months, and provided the fees 
 were moderate and the farm were run upon 
 strictly commercial lines, she would derive 
 great benefit from such a course of work. 
 There are so many colleges and schools already 
 established in England where farming and 
 gardening are taught that it should not be 
 difficult to obtain sufficient support from local 
 people to extend these and thus supply a long- 
 felt want in our system of training women for 
 agricultural work. From the report which 
 Monsieur Wauters, one of the Assistant- 
 Inspectors at the Belgian Ministry of Agri- 
 culture, submitted to the Agricultural Educa- 
 
 196 
 
EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS 
 
 tion Conference in England, we glean many 
 admirable suggestions as to how such work 
 has been carried out in Belgium, Evidently 
 their Board of Agriculture has issued a 
 standard programme or syllabus ; but scope is 
 given for its alteration to meet local conditions, 
 and therefore these farm schools are allowed to 
 have their own methods of teaching. The 
 expenses of teaching are borne by Govern- 
 ment. One or two such farm schools could 
 specialise in poultry-keeping, and if they 
 trained an adequate number of poultry teachers, 
 these could be drafted off to the travelling 
 schools. With the unhmited home demand 
 for eggs and table birds, it seems surprising 
 that we have no National Poultry Examina- 
 tion or Diploma to offer as an encouragement 
 to women to take up this work. It is, like all 
 outdoor occupations, an exacting life, and 
 means exposure to different weather condi- 
 tions, but it is all absorbing and suited in every 
 way to women who are fond of country life. 
 
 Some successful arrangements were made 
 last summer by the Board of Agriculture, in 
 association with the Labour Exchanges, to 
 provide suitable training for young women, 
 and the Treasury provided funds to cover 
 their tuition fees and their railway fares to the 
 training-school, and also from thence to the 
 
 197 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 farm upon which employment was provided. 
 This was carried out for some time in Carnar- 
 vonshire, and it is unfortunate that this 
 arrangement is no longer in force, for if it 
 could be organised in different counties it 
 might be a very effective way of persuading 
 them to take up such work. 
 
 The above ideas are only submitted as 
 suggestions of what could be done towards 
 enlisting the help of extra labour ; and as the 
 cry for such is an urgent one at the moment 
 and seems likely to remain so for many months, 
 it is hoped that the progress which has so long 
 been needed may soon be made in the direc- 
 tion of offering education and country interests 
 to women and girls. How can we even ask 
 them to help us if we have no instruction 
 ready for their use ? Until this is offered we 
 may indeed call in vain. 
 
 198 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 
 THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 I HAVE endeavoured to show in these pages 
 that those whose life-work centres in the culti- 
 vation of land, or who devote their best days 
 to industries which increase our food supplies, 
 have in recent years met with no recognition. 
 The ploughman feels this, and so does the lad 
 who guides his horses ; the village lasses show 
 that they have perceived it, because they 
 hurriedly leave their cottage homes to take up 
 other work in the towns ; and those educated 
 people who help in training young farmers and 
 gardeners are aware that but little interest is 
 evinced by the general public in their work. 
 
 Only recently I was talking to a very 
 superior, well-educated ex-head-gardener in a 
 large private garden, who has now retired from 
 his post and adds to a small pension by devoting 
 his days to supervising work in private gardens 
 and to giving instruction in gardening. He is 
 a man of wide grasp, and his opinion upon any 
 subject connected with his profession is valued 
 
 199 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 by intelligent men and women. He says, 
 however, that he feels that the general public 
 look down upon his calling because it is 
 connected with the land, and a tradesman is 
 thought a great deal more of than a man who 
 can impart scientific knowledge about the treat- 
 ment of plants. " I am my own master," said 
 he ; "I own my Httle cottage and my bit of 
 garden ; but, because I love the land and all 
 connected with it, they despise me and think a 
 great deal more of the man who keeps a shop 
 and probably knows nothing about scientific 
 research." This lack of interest, this apathy 
 for all that concerns either the people connected 
 with tillage or the different things that have to 
 do with it, is the heaviest burden that the 
 land-lover has to bear. 
 
 In normal times the burden is a compara- 
 tively light one, because a life of early rising iij 
 the freshness of dawn, the hourly interest 
 through the long, quiet days of caring for 
 animals or tending plants, the pleasure derived 
 from imparting useful hints about them, the 
 glow of sunset bringing with it the satisfactory 
 ending of a long day well spent in the open air, 
 and the restful evenings filled with plans for 
 other far-reaching work, give contentment. 
 Such a life is health-giving ; it is peaceful and 
 free from that restless craving after ^ibings that 
 
 200 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 are not within reach ; there is in it a sense of 
 satisfaction, bfecause the object that is aimed at 
 in multiplying food resources is not a,?mere 
 personal one, but helps towards a large national 
 requirement, and there never can be monotony 
 when we watch each week the ever changing, 
 ever new succession of the seasons. Whether 
 the life is that of the farmer, the gardener, the 
 poultry-keeper or the fruit-grower, each day 
 brings new lessons and gives fresh inspiration 
 for further observations and novel develop- 
 ments ; there is the continual hope that he will 
 find himself upon the brink of making some 
 wonderful discovery ; there is the excitement 
 of entering upon new unexplored subjects. 
 If these sensations have been held in the past 
 by men who were closely connected with the 
 land, they belong equally now, in present times, 
 to those women who have also entered this 
 field of work ; so that when the world is pursu- 
 ing its old familiar, even tenor, it matters not 
 very materially to these workers what the rest 
 of mankind think about their calling. They 
 themselves are content and therefore do not 
 trouble their heads very much as to what other 
 people's opinions are about them and their 
 work. 
 
 But in war-time this neglect on the part of 
 the general public of those things wherein 
 
 201 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 lies the strength of our Empire does matter, 
 and it fills the souls of those who know the 
 real state of aflfairs with very great despond- 
 ency. 
 
 Particularly is this the case in educational 
 centres, where women are being trained to 
 take the place of men. If only those many 
 hundred owners of large gardens who have 
 recently been writing pitiful letters to Horti- 
 cultural Colleges, asking to be supplied with 
 women gardeners to take the place of men who 
 are enlisting, had in past years evinced some 
 interest in the profession of a woman gardener^ 
 their wants could now have readily been sup- 
 pHed. Had they listened when they were told 
 of successful ones, had they encouraged others 
 of the right class to take up such work pro- 
 fessionally, the gardens of England would 
 not be going through that state of slow and 
 serious decay that they are already suffering 
 from, and will continue to suffer from for many 
 months to come. 
 
 It is, however, useless to regret; the only 
 thing to do is to endeavour, as speedily as can 
 be, to remedy this deplorable state of things. 
 We can, however, only do so by raising the 
 status of all those who work on the land, by 
 acting as propagandists and spreading more 
 widely the knowledge that the more we grow, 
 
 202 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 the more we till and cultivate, the stronger we 
 shall be as a nation, v 
 
 Until this is known and widely recognised, 
 until women feel drawn from patriotic motives 
 to learn to be gardeners, we shall not get the 
 right stamp of young woman to cast her die 
 for this profession, or any other connected with 
 the land. We shall, in short, remain in an 
 insecure position as regards our food supplies 
 being sufficient, should further emergencies 
 arise. We know that the cry has gone out for 
 women to help the farmer, but it is only in a 
 few parts of the country that they are respond- 
 ing to it in large numbers. Other work, such 
 as nursing in hospitals, giving voluntary aid to 
 the Red Cross, helping to type papers in stuiFy 
 offices, and doing munition work, is what 
 women are rushing to. They do so because, 
 in the majority of cases, they believe that these 
 are the most helpful things they can do, and it 
 has only recently been explained to them that 
 food supplies are of equal importance. 
 
 The enthusiasm of our country invariably 
 goes out wholeheartedly to the soldier ; which 
 is natural, because he sacrifices his life, and if 
 he does not actually lose it, he carries with him, 
 perhaps for the remainder of his years, some 
 distressing loss of limb, some lingering ill that 
 has had its origin from long exposure in the 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 trenches. It has to be remembered, however, 
 that those who fight for us cannot do so unless 
 they are fed, and well fed, too, and that unless 
 supphes of food can be kept up, all the munition 
 work that the whole world of AUies could turn 
 out will avail nothing — food alone will give 
 vigour and warmth ; food alone will keep up 
 the spirits of those watchful sailors who guard 
 our shores ; and therefore it should be made 
 widely known amongst our women that those 
 who help on the land are as worthy of receiving 
 arm badges, or any other mark of distinction, 
 as those who have given hours of strenuous 
 work in the munition factories. 
 
 So far, a glamour of real warfare, a feeling of 
 being closer to the fighting lines, has attracted 
 helpers to such work, and but few have 
 seriously thought of recalling to mind our 
 secondary line of defence— the Land. It is 
 owing to a conviction of the importance that 
 should be attached to this part of our strength 
 and endurance that I join with others in 
 endeavouring to bring this subject once again 
 to the attention of those active, able, energetic 
 young women who have so far not been swept 
 into the factories and hospitals and are looking 
 round for some scope for useful work. If only 
 they will turn their thoughts to the land and 
 its requirements, not merely for the present 
 
 S04 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 but for the future as well, they will find a vast 
 tract of unexplored wealth waiting to be dealt 
 with. They have only to read attentively the 
 Report pubhshed by Mrs. Roland Wilkins in 
 the September and October numbers of The 
 Journal of the Board of Agriculture for 1915, 
 and they will see all that has already been done 
 by educated women in Horticulture and 
 Agriculture, and will also therein glean sugges- 
 tions for future work. As regards information 
 which deals more especially with the daily life 
 and work of women gardeners, they will find 
 many details in two books that I have written 
 called " Gardening for Women," pubhshed by 
 Messrs. Cassell and Co., and " In a College 
 Garden," published by Mr. John Murray. In 
 the latter I have endeavoured to give an 
 impression of the joyous, happy life which a 
 woman gardener leads, because many of the 
 difficulties that have hitherto had to be com- 
 bated in this profession have arisen fi'om the 
 fact that women have not known sufficiently 
 well what kind of work would be expected of 
 them. Without making any previous inquiry, 
 a town-dweUer has often joined and has then 
 found that, being exposed to all sorts of bad 
 weather conditions which she had never been 
 subjected to before, she did not like the life ; 
 or perhaps another has become a student 
 
 205 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 because she thought she would find it pleasant 
 " socially," but when she discovered that real 
 gardeners are too intent upon work to talk, 
 quickly returned to her home. It is noticeable 
 that women have hitherto seldom made 
 sufficient inquiries about a profession before 
 undertaking a trial of the work, and in this 
 connection I should like to draw special atten- 
 tion to the excellent set of questions that 
 Mrs. Wilkins submits for them to answer before 
 they decide to become gardeners ( The Journal 
 of the Board of Agriculture for September, 
 1915, p, 559). If they answer these before 
 they make any decision about where to apply 
 for their education, they stand a good chance 
 of obtaining the specialised instruction that 
 they require. 
 
 It is, above all, the country lover that we 
 want, the young woman whose upbringing has 
 made her appreciate an out-of-door life, who 
 fears neither hard work and activity nor ex- 
 posure to rough weather. Englishwomen are 
 supposed to be hardier than the women of other 
 countries ; they are from their earliest days 
 accustomed to riding and hunting ; they play 
 golf and other out-of-door games, so that exer- 
 cise in the open air comes to them quite 
 naturally, and in fact many can barely exist 
 without it. All this athletic activity, therefore, 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 can be turned to useful account in working for 
 a cause which is so greatly in need of assistance. 
 
 In spite of aU these advantages, we cannot 
 close our eyes to the fact that hitherto the right 
 kind of woman has held back from those 
 supervisory professions that are connected with 
 the land ; certainly some few exceptional ones 
 of the right type stand out as examples of what 
 could be achieved, but, on the whole, the 
 majority of those who during the past twenty 
 years have studied garden craft are town-bred, 
 delicate, or devoid of the powers of leadership 
 that are so essential to the profession. How 
 can this state of things be remedied ? 
 
 No doubt it is traceable, to a very large ex- 
 tent, to this prevailing lack of interest in land 
 questions, and until this is altered, I fear that 
 we shall have great difficulty in obtaining the 
 assistance of educated women, and that the 
 peasant class will also hold back from helping 
 the farmer. This makes it all the more desir- 
 able that the daughters of Army and Navy 
 officers and of other professional men should 
 fuUy reaUse what inestimable good they could 
 do, if they became gardeners and thus showed 
 others, by their example, that working for the 
 land is by no means a degrading occupation and 
 is in no sense unfeminine. Their broad out- 
 look upon national questions should enable 
 
 207 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 them to see, with the far-seeing eyes of pioneers, 
 the importance that Kes in making this country 
 independent of food suppHes that come from 
 other lands ; it should show them that Agri- 
 culture and all that it embraces lie at the very 
 root of our national stability. 
 
 It may be suggested that there have been 
 failures amongst women gardeners, and that 
 this fact has hindered others from attempting 
 the work. There is no profession in existence 
 which is exempt from having instances of 
 " failures " attached to it ; and perhaps, if the 
 requirements for the profession are more clearly 
 defined, only those will take it up who feel 
 that they are fitted for it. 
 
 In endeavouring to point out the kind of 
 educated women that will be successful as 
 gardeners, I should like to draw attention to 
 the fact that we are considering now the type 
 of woman who could hold a post as head- 
 gardener, having under her direction from one 
 to ten or more subordinate men or women 
 workers. If she is not the directing head of 
 a private garden, then she would be the 
 instructor at a training centre ; in which case, 
 of course, she will require to be specially 
 adapted for imparting knowledge to others. 
 Such a lady should belong to the upper classes 
 or upper middle class. One reason why stress 
 
 208 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 should be laid upon her upbringing is that a 
 great factor will be her skill in deaUng with 
 subordinates. She will know how to command, 
 how to exact respect; whereas those who have 
 but seldom had to exercise these qualities in 
 their home lives find it difficult to acquire 
 them. There are so many pitfalls for the 
 unwary in exacting work from others, quite 
 apart from the sound knowledge of technical 
 matters, which, of course, must be an essential 
 part of the supervisory head's proficiency. 
 There is the weakness of vanity, the suscepti- 
 bility to flattery, to be guarded against, so 
 that a " slacker " may remain unsuccessful in 
 his eiForts to ingratiate himself, and create the 
 impression that he is exerting himself to the 
 utmost limit of his strength, when, in reality, 
 he is only doing one hour's work to a good 
 workman's two hours. There are innumerable 
 schoolboy tricks which young men and women 
 alike employ : trying to " skimp " work, wast- 
 ing time by talking, by asking unnecessary 
 questions, or by being unpunctual ; carelessiiess 
 of personal appearance, untidiness in work, and 
 all those many faults that those who love their 
 work can hardly understand. Then, too, 
 besides keeping her workmen in order, the 
 woman gardener has need of forethought ; she 
 should possess that quality of a great com- 
 
 209 p 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 mander whereby eventualities are foreseen and 
 reverses that might occur are safeguarded. 
 These are quahties which the woman gardener 
 and woman farmer share ahke, for both are 
 surrounded by weather difficulties, shortage of 
 labour, and injuries to crops and live-stock. 
 In both professions it is the enjoyment of 
 overcoming these difficulties that makes them 
 so especially fascinating ; for there can be no 
 boredom, no monotony, where the attention 
 has continually to be riveted upon obstacles 
 that may crop up and mar success. 
 
 This concentration of mind which agricul- 
 tural work requires is one reason why it is so 
 beneficial to those who possess a nervous, 
 highly strung temperament, and this, together 
 with the open-air life, has made physicians 
 recognise in gardening and such occupations a 
 means of restoring health. But in making 
 this discovery they have sometimes overlooked 
 the fact that, although such a fife is beneficial 
 to the person whose health is delicate, a con- 
 siderable amount of harm is done to others 
 who belong to the profession by the intro- 
 duction into it of those who can only be 
 considered semi-invalids. Many of the failures 
 that have been talked of (and I am not so 
 sure that there have been as many as in 
 other women's professions) have been due to 
 
 aio 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 students joining it who had never been taught 
 what discipline and order meant, or who, 
 because a medical man had said, " Take up 
 out-of-door work, and you will get well," tried 
 to become proficient but failed. These have 
 been the trials that heads of colleges have had 
 to contend with. 
 
 The following remark, which occurs in the 
 Agricultural Education Conference Report, is 
 of interest as showing that, according to the 
 opinion of the highest authorities, the woman 
 gardener is no passing fancy, but has come to 
 stay: 
 
 " Since the outbreak of the war, the demand 
 for women gardeners has greatly exceeded the 
 supply. In our opinion this demand will 
 continue after the war to a much greater 
 extent than formerly. Not only is the pre- 
 judice against women undertaking such work 
 breaking down, but many employers who had 
 not previously known that there were efficient 
 women gardeners are now aware of the fact, 
 and will continue to employ them. 
 
 "We consider that the instruction provided 
 for this type of student is sufficient." 
 
 From these words we see that there is no 
 risk of posts and appointments failing when 
 the war ceases, and it is with confidence that 
 women can be encouraged to undertake a two 
 
 211 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 or three years' training, after which they can 
 usually earn from £l to £2 a week and, in 
 some cases, have besides a cottage, mUk, 
 vegetables, and other extras. The educational 
 facilities are ready for this type of woman ; 
 which it must be confessed is not the case in 
 regard to the village girl. 
 
 Numerous posts are vacant and will in all 
 probability be vacant for some time, and all 
 we want now are more women, and above all 
 the right women, to learn to be competent to 
 fill them. Gradually, as more and more of 
 the upper classes, join this body of women 
 gardeners, it will be possible to elevate such 
 work to a very high grade of excellence. Not 
 only will the work in greenhouses and kitchen 
 gardens reach a high standard of perfection 
 because people who have the power of organisa- 
 tion, who possess quickness of observation, 
 and other qualities that belong to those who 
 have received educational facilities, will be 
 supervising it, but it is also to be hoped that 
 the fact of having ladies occupied in such 
 work will reinstate the crafts of the land in the 
 honoured positions which they long ago occu- 
 pied. It may be contended that ladies will 
 not care to spend more than a few years work- 
 ing in other people's gardens and owning no 
 land of their own. If this is the case, then 
 
 212 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 they can, when those few probationary years 
 have passed, after their experience has widened, 
 and they have gained high credentials of merit, 
 move on to other spheres of work. If they 
 possess a small amount of capital, they can 
 eventually settle with friends who have similar 
 tastes in a growers' colony, and thus they will 
 be helping to build up materially the life of 
 our poor, forsaken countryside. It is hardly 
 possible to imagine a more fascinating exist- 
 ence for a woman than eventually to find 
 herself Hving as director of a colony of other 
 growers, and helping them with suggestions as 
 to buying and selling, and the use of more 
 expensive labour-saving instruments, which, as 
 time goes on, together with the increasing 
 additions to the usefulness of motors, will form 
 in all probability a very marked advancement 
 in the grower's profession. Thus, too, she 
 would become, together with her friends, the 
 exponent of the moral and pecuniary benefits 
 of co-operation. The time is, I feel sure, not 
 far distant when there will be considerable 
 areas of land in England divided off into 
 separate farms, gardens, and allotments, and 
 worked by educated men and women. 
 
 That lovely poem, " The Glory of the 
 Garden," which seems to bring with it, even to 
 the schoolboy and to the little girl with her 
 
 213 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 hair tied in plaits, a feeling of what England 
 should now be, had we been prepared, must in 
 time be fulfilled. It is because we know that 
 for our strength it will have to be carried out 
 that I would urge upon all the women who 
 love their country to help us by supporting 
 existing training centres, by lending encourage- 
 ment and giving heart to those who teach 
 Horticulture, and, above all, by urging the 
 young members of their family to look upon 
 the cultivation of land as an honourable pro- 
 fession. Those who wish for information as to 
 where the best women gardeners are trained 
 and are obtainable will acquire all details from 
 the Women's Farm and Garden Union, 
 45, Queen Anne's Chambers, Westminster, 
 London, S.W., an organisation which is doing 
 its utmost to help employers to find the 
 women gardeners that they require. Each 
 Horticultural College usually finds posts for 
 students when they first leave to work inde- 
 pendently, but the Union is especially helpful 
 for their after careers. As time goes on and 
 more women are employed in private gardens, 
 I hope that one of our Horticultural Colleges 
 will have a special branch for training teachers 
 of gardening. They will be wanted in large 
 numbers for school gardens, both in town 
 and in the country ; for if we are to" prepare 
 
 214 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 young village children for serious work on the 
 land, they must have really practical, country- 
 bred teachers. I lay stress upon their being 
 country-bred because, hitherto, we have relied 
 greatly upon people who had spent their lives 
 in towns, and these are incapable of inspiring 
 that true love for country life which alone will 
 keep the peasant class on thp land. Without 
 any rigidity in teaching, which in Horticulture 
 is almost an impossibility, as soil and weather 
 conditions vary in each district, there should be 
 a fixed curriculum mapped out by those in 
 authority, so that the main outline of instruc- 
 tion in each college is alike. The system can 
 always be modified for the special requirements 
 of either teachers, head - gardeners, market 
 gardeners, or jobbing gardeners, and each school 
 or college would specialise in one of these sub- 
 divisions of horticultural training. 
 
 The best time to take up such work is 
 between the ages of seventeen and twenty-five, 
 when girls are strong and can readily acquire 
 new experiences ; but those who are older 
 should in no sense be deterred from also going 
 in for it. There are openings as teachers, 
 propagandists, and market growers up to any 
 age, and more especially is this the case when 
 ladies have some capital of their own and can 
 learn enough to supervise their own gardens. 
 
 215 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 I have already laid stress upon the necessity 
 for long courses in gardening, and here need 
 only point out that two or three years is in 
 reality a very short time in which to learn suf- 
 ficient to be able to compete with a man 
 gardener, who has probably studied as an 
 apprentice from the age of fourteen and so 
 has had the advantage of learning gradually 
 what the lady has to condense into a short 
 time. But here, again, so much depends upon 
 the upbringing and the childhood of the woman, 
 because, if she has always been accustomed to 
 a garden belonging to her parents, if she has 
 watched men working in it, and seen how they 
 set about their different tasks, she will quickly 
 be able to sweep or mow the lawn herself. 
 Those who have not had these advantages are 
 sadly handicapped, and take very much longer 
 to do quite simple things. During the past 
 twenty years, the span of time during which 
 the woman gardener has actively been in exist- 
 ence, our recruits have come mostly from 
 homes where there were no gardens, or from 
 those where the aged, rule-of- thumb jobbing 
 gardener attended once a week, and so these 
 ladies have had a great deal more to learn at 
 the start than the woman who, having grown 
 up in different surroundings, was able to watch 
 how well-organised work was conducted. This 
 
 216 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 is why the gardener of the future should come 
 more especially from the upper classes. 
 
 During their course of training students go 
 through the same active physical work, such as 
 digging, trenching, making up hotbeds, etc., 
 which the garden-boy learns during his noviti- 
 ate ; but, although they have to learn all these 
 things thoroughly, their future is intended to 
 be that of supervisory head-gardeners. They 
 have, therefore, to know and understand all 
 kinds of garden work, so that later they can 
 skilfully direct their subordinates. As regards 
 their strength for such work, I have no hesita- 
 tion in saying that they find no difficulty in 
 accomplishing the work of an ordinary garden, 
 and, although they are naturally not as adept 
 as men at digging, they are a great deal quicker 
 at light work such as pruning, picking flowers 
 and vegetables, and they understand much 
 more readily than a man gardener the varied 
 treatment of plants. 
 
 During the two winters that we have been 
 at war I have watched with pride and pleasure 
 the splendid work that some twenty or thirty 
 young women gardeners have carried out in 
 the vegetable and fruit market garden attached 
 to the College at Glynde. The staff of men 
 enlisted, and so women had to do their work, 
 which included stoking greenhouse fires on 
 
 217 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 freezing nights and running the trolly laden 
 with hampers of vegetables to the train. Under 
 the able leadership of a lady, who was herself 
 a student at the College, but to whom I have 
 recently transferred all the management, to- 
 gether with the profits, they have grown flowers, 
 fruit, and vegetables of the best quality. After 
 years of close watchfulness in the supervision 
 of women gardeners, there remains no doubt 
 whatever in my mind that the right type of 
 woman, the one with some " grit " and energy, 
 is, after sufficient training, on a level with the 
 best men experts. When she is a clever 
 leader, a capable organiser, she brings to her 
 work an enthusiasm, I might say real love, 
 which could well put to shame many an easy- 
 going Government official, who sits in a luxu- 
 rious, airy office, encircled by red tape, and 
 with a salary running into several figures. 
 Generations of watchful care expended upon 
 children have developed tender instincts which 
 give women a special advantage over men in 
 their management and careful feeding of 
 animals and plants. A mother's instinct of 
 forethought in the protection of young or 
 helpless things is an advantage . both in farm- 
 ing and gardening, as it is likewise in nursing 
 and other women's professions. These high 
 qualities are, however, in many cases marred 
 
 218 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 by serious failings, which must stubbornly be 
 wrestled with and overcome before the majority 
 of women workers can hope to earn high com- 
 mendation. 
 
 Those heads of colleges who have had the 
 privilege and, at the same time, the almost 
 daily strain and oft-recurring disappointment 
 of guiding women's work and correcting omis- 
 sions know well that it is leadership, and that 
 of the best, exemplified by a fellow-worker, 
 that can develop many yet dormant good 
 qualities, such as business habits and powers of 
 organisation and forethought, that alone can 
 banish unpunctuality, dislike of discipline, and 
 inability to undertake responsibility. These 
 failings will be overcome, there is no doubt ; 
 and each year that removes us further from 
 Jane Austen's heroines, that type of helpless 
 charm, will develop more who follow in the 
 honoured footsteps of " The Lady with the 
 Lamp," the woman who would have shone in 
 any profession. These are the women whom 
 we shall have need of in the days which will 
 follow the return of peace, when our country 
 will need the concentrated effort of men and 
 women alike to build it up again. 
 
 It is because of a firm conviction that these 
 faults will be remedied that I am led to perse- 
 vere in what has seemed often a thankless, 
 
 219 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 tedious task — namely, assisting a college of 
 women gardeners. Some very brilliant ex- 
 amples of success have, however, compensated 
 for these years of striving, and it is my sincere 
 admiration for what the ideal woman bread- 
 earner can do that compels me, as an onlooker, 
 to venture these very downright criticisms, 
 intended for the assistance of less successful 
 ones. The world now looks to women to do 
 work for the nation whilst men are away 
 fighting ; but when the war is at an end they 
 stiU wiU have to remain at their posts, for 
 fewer men will be there, and more work will 
 have to be done. It behoves women now, 
 therefore, to rectify what has no doubt crept 
 upon them owing to many hundred years of 
 sheltered, dependent, uneventful lives, the 
 housewife's existence of our grandmothers, 
 and to learn to copy the good that we admire 
 in men's work. They owe much, no doubt, 
 to the fact that parents do not hesitate to 
 spend upon a son's education, whereas a 
 daughter who will eventually have to earn her 
 living is not sufficiently helped in this respect. 
 Then, too, women have, as children, less 
 chance of learning that esprit de corps which 
 public-school life teaches to boys. This 
 means that the lesson of having to face dis- 
 cipUne, to learn always to " keep smiling " — 
 
 220 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 in short, " to play the game " well — begins in 
 many cases only when women take up their 
 training for a profession. It is not easy at 
 eighteen, or maybe between twenty and thirty, 
 to learn to pull together in a community, to 
 work without selfish aim for the general good, 
 and at the same time to be acquiring also the 
 technical knowledge that is required to make 
 a successfiil career. 
 
 These are difficulties that the woman gar- 
 dener of the future will have to overcome 
 before she is able to have bestowed upon her 
 the high commendation that goes out at the 
 moment universally to those Enghshmen in 
 the trenches, each doing his " little bit," and 
 doing it wholeheartedly. 
 
 «Jb jr. jb Jb 
 
 ^IP ijf -je ij^ 
 
 Days and months pass by and faint signs are 
 noticeable of changes that the future may bring 
 to those who work for the Land. They have 
 been hoped for in vain for so many years, and 
 we wonder whether at length they are to be 
 fulfilled, not in a mere temporary or superficial 
 fashion, but upon a large scale and with all the 
 strength that befits our great Empire. The first 
 part of the final Report of the Departmental 
 Committee on the Settlement or Employment 
 on the Land in England and Wales of Dis- 
 charged Soldiers and Sailors has been issued. It 
 
 221 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 is welcomed as the forerunner of an extensive 
 scheme of State purchase of land for the establish- 
 ment of homes for those men who will deserve so 
 much reward from their country in return for 
 all the hardships they have endured. The sum- 
 mary of the principal recommendations of the 
 Committee includes such important suggestions 
 as th-e establishment of resident directors and 
 agricultural or horticultural instructors, the 
 encouragement of co-operative methods, the 
 organisation of depots for the sale of produce, 
 and the foundation of credit societies in con- 
 nection with each colony of growers. 
 
 All these proposals, if carried out upon a 
 sufficiently ample scale, so that a large number 
 of families can become established on the land, 
 are admirable, and they point to the desire, 
 amongst those in authority, of strengthening 
 the commercial side of agricultural industries, 
 for only by making the scheme a paying one 
 will it be thoroughly successful. At the same 
 time, a delicately-handled diplomatic adminis- 
 tration, by which red tape and its regulations 
 will be restricted within reasonable limits, will 
 alone ensure truly sympathetic surroundings 
 for the ex-soldier and his wife. Whether he 
 holds his land by ownership or tenancy seems 
 comparatively immaterial to the settler, pro- 
 vided he has the assurance of just treatment 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 and the certainty that so long as he cultivates 
 the land with industry and intelligence, he wiU 
 continue in his homestead. 
 
 The publication of the Committee's views 
 has resulted in many conflicts of opinion which 
 have waged between expert agriculturists, 
 for some are in favour of ownership, whilst 
 others consider that tenancy would give a 
 greater security to the State as regards each 
 plot of land or farm being worked upon lines 
 that coincide with the views of administrators 
 who wish the scheme to be a commercial suc- 
 cess. Then, too, the question of where these 
 State colonies are to be gives rise to discussion, 
 for some are in favour of the ex-soldier settling 
 in the Dominions, whereas others very rightly 
 consider that the first interest should be to 
 retain as much strength and vitality as possible 
 at the heart and centre of the Empire, and that 
 settlement over the seas should be for after 
 consideration. 
 
 But is there not one point that requires atten- 
 tion even more urgently than these questions ? 
 I allude to the thoroughly practical education 
 that is required for those countrywomen who 
 are to be the wives of these ex-soldiers, and 
 who should be capable of assisting very con- 
 siderably in making the farms and gardens pay. 
 The only mention of the settler's helpmate that 
 
 223 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 is brought forward by Sir Harry Verney's 
 Committee appears to be in regard to the estab- 
 lishment of Women's Institutes for their social 
 benefit, and consequently we are forced to 
 await the decision of the Educational Com- 
 mittee for the foundation of a thoroughly prac- 
 tical training for the small farmer's wife. Her 
 knowledge and influence would form an im- 
 portant part of the whole scheme, and it is only 
 by inspiring her with a desire to live on the 
 land, only by extending existing agricultural 
 teaching for her benefit, that we shall make her 
 feel that the work of a farm is in no sense de- 
 grading, but that it is patriotic and for the 
 good of the nation. This educational work 
 is for the moment, during war-time, being 
 hurriedly pushed forward because some 400,000 
 women workers are required at once to take 
 the place of men who are leaving to join the 
 Army, and a recruiting centre has been formed 
 for them by the Women's National Land 
 Service Corps, 50, Upper Baker Street, N.W. 
 This will no doubt assist the crying need of the 
 moment, but it is to solidified educational 
 development that we look, if the English 
 countrywoman is to resemble the French and 
 Belgian peasant. 
 
 The spring of the year is with us once 
 again, for the Fair Maids of February come 
 
THE WOMAN GARDENER OF THE FUTURE 
 
 pushing their slender stalks through the turf 
 carpet to tell us so. The birds are singing, 
 and many believe that the countryside looks 
 much the same as in other years ; but, to the 
 eye that understands such things, our fields 
 and gardens are not what they should be, for 
 much that should have been done for their 
 improvement has had to be omitted. Our 
 men have not all been taken away, but soon 
 we shall be left with but a few, and then only 
 by means of the help of well-trained women 
 can our land yield the food that we require. 
 Will they come forward, as they have done in 
 other lands, and help farming and gardening ? 
 There is no doubt that they will do so if the 
 lead is given by women of education, and more- 
 over if those in authority make clear that this 
 is no passing need of the moment, to be swept 
 away Avith the return of peace. When our 
 enemy has been defeated and patriotism kindled 
 by the war has become somewhat subdued, 
 there still wiU be wanted those who can quietly 
 do " their little bit " under normal conditions 
 to strengthen this all-important " Back to the 
 Land " movement. Such work, however, if it 
 is to be successful, requires the best education 
 that can be supplied, and should not be rele- 
 gated to mere voluntary effort of private indi- 
 viduals, but it calls for what it obtains in other 
 
 225 a 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 countries — the assistance and guidance of the 
 Government. Thereby alone can the women 
 of England be expected to come forward now 
 for this great work, which rests almost entirely 
 with them, whereby our countiyside will again 
 become repeopled and our independence of 
 foreign food supplies will be maintained when 
 the sword is exchanged for the ploughshare. 
 
 'sad 
 
INDEX 
 
 A. 
 
 Agkictjltdral Education Con- 
 ference, 26, 187. 188, 192, 197, 
 211, 224 
 
 Agricultural Organisation Society, 
 34, 76, 77, 83, 88, 96, 171, 172, 
 173 
 
 Agricultural Societies, 22 
 
 Agriculture, 23 
 
 Agriculture, Board of, 15, 174', 
 188, 197 
 
 AgricuWwre, Journal of the Boa/rd 
 of, 25, 162, 205, 206 
 
 Agriculture, teachers of, 42 
 
 AgronSmes d'i^tat, 29, 82, 194 
 
 America, 35 ^ 
 
 Apple pulp, 163 
 
 Army and Navy officers, 58 
 the daughters of, 38, 207 
 
 Austen, Jane, 219 
 
 Austria, 24 
 
 Austria-Hungary, 164, 170 
 
 B. 
 
 Bacon-curing, 191 
 Baking, 191 
 Bee-keeping, 30, 41 
 Belgian Ministry, 196 
 
 farms, 6 
 
 peasant class, 20 
 
 refugees, 4, 9 
 Belgium, 8, 9, 24, 28, 82, 85, 
 
 106, 194, 197 
 Book-keeping, J3, 46 
 
 ey, F" 
 Bread-baking, 35 
 
 Bradley, Miss Edith, 64, 66, 66 
 
 British Dairy Farmers' Associa- 
 tion, 178 
 Broad Arrow, 54, 57 
 BoUding society, 58 
 Bulbs, 19 
 
 Barrel, the Hon. Martin, 80 
 Butler, Samuel, 31 
 Butter factory, 78 
 Butter-making, 41, 183 
 
 C. 
 
 Canada, 35, 60, 80, 85, 98 
 Canadian experimental farms, 60 
 
 women, 14 
 
 Women's Institutes, 173 
 
 work, 97 
 Canadians, 98 
 Cattle foods, 164 
 Chance, Lady, 145 
 Chaucer's Pilgrims, 154 
 Cheddar Valley, 173 
 Cheese factory, 78 
 Chelsea Flower Show, 43 
 Cheshire, 135 
 Chicory imported, 9 
 Children and home production of 
 
 food, 162 
 Chip baskets, 171 
 Church Army, 111 
 Cobbling, 190 
 CoUings, Mr. Jesse, 178 
 Colonies, 87 
 
 Compton, village industry at, 154 
 Cookery, 30, 190, 191 
 Co-operation, 24, 33, 44, 67-84, 
 111, 195 
 
 227 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 Co-operative Building Societies, 
 112 
 
 groups, 49 
 
 unions, 22 
 Com, 19 
 
 County Council, 58 
 County War Agricultural Com- 
 mittee, 31 
 Credit banks, 112 
 
 unions, 112 
 Cumberland, 110 
 
 D. 
 
 Dairy managers, 38 
 
 work, 26, 191 
 Dame schools, 30 
 Danish farmers, 59 
 
 Small Holders' School, 27 
 Denmark, 28, 29, 106 
 Departmental Committee on Food 
 
 Production, 158 
 Devon, 163 
 Devonshire, 185 
 Directors of colleges, 38 
 Ditching, 190 
 Domestic economy, 195 
 Dorothy, a country idyll, 185 
 Dorset, 88, 89 
 Draining, 30 
 
 E. 
 
 Education, 42 
 
 improved rural, 33 
 
 of village children, 13, 26 
 Educational colleges, 22 
 Egg dep6t, 18 
 
 industry, 35 
 Eggs, importation of, 11, 151 
 Egypt, 164 
 Emigration from Great Britain, 
 
 60 
 England, 109 
 
 cultivated land of, 9 
 
 education in, 24 
 
 exports from Belgium to, 8 
 Experimental crop stations, 22 
 Ex-soldier, the, 2, 26, 49, 153 
 
 Factories for jam-making, 19 
 Farm institutes, 196 
 
 Farm schools, 26 
 Farriery, 30, 190 
 Foyl-Billot, School of Basket- 
 work at, 170 
 Forestry, 21 
 
 France, 24, 163, 164, 177 
 French farms, 5 
 
 peasant, the, 20, 49, 152, 184 
 
 women, 14, 178 
 Fruit, bottled, 19, 41 
 
 picking, 41, 42 
 
 preserving, 191 
 
 pruning, 42 
 
 spraying, 41, 42 
 
 G. 
 
 Gee, Dr., 146 
 
 Germany, 24, 157. 164, 170, 185 
 potatoes from, to the United 
 Kingdom, 10 
 
 GUdea, General Sir James, 83 
 
 "Glory of the Garden, The," 
 poem, 213 
 
 Gloucester, 163 
 
 Gloucestershire, 186 
 
 Glynde College of Women Gar- 
 deners, 42, 77, 217, 218 
 
 Great Britain, the size of proper- 
 ties in, 105, 106 
 
 Green, Mr. E. F. , 62, 153 
 
 H. 
 
 Haggard, Sir Eider, 16, 27, 59 
 Hainsberg, 170 
 Harris, Mr. Nugent, 77, 89 
 Hedging, 30, 190 
 Hereford, the county of, 163 
 Holland House Flower Show, 43 
 Home Food Culture Society, 110 
 Horticulture, 23 
 
 teachers in, 42 
 Horticultural, the Royal, Society, 
 102 •' 
 
 Hygiene of the farm, 30 
 
 Implements, 168, 170 
 India, 164 
 
 Inspectors of eow-feedins. 1 
 Italy, 164 ^ 
 
 Itinerant classes, 169 
 
INDEX 
 
 J. 
 
 Jam-making, 41, 191 
 Jobbing-gardening, 38 
 
 K. 
 
 Kent, 88 
 
 Kindergarten, 157 
 
 King, His Majesty the, 101, 174 
 
 Kropotkin, Prince, 60 
 
 L. 
 
 Labourer, the country, 4 
 his wages, 134-140 
 his housing, 121-132 
 Lady, the, with the lamp, 219 
 Laundry-work, 191 
 Lecturers, 38 
 Leipsio, Manual Training School 
 
 at, 157 
 London children's gardens, 109, 
 
 110 
 Lyons, Mrs., 109 
 
 M. 
 Machinery, 71 
 Market-garden sales, 46 
 Markham, Edwin, 62 
 Matthey, Miss, 159, 160 
 Meat, importation of, from the 
 
 Colonies, 11 
 Meredith, George, 59 
 Milking cows, 41, 183 
 Milner, Viscount, 7 
 Museums, open-air, 29 i 
 
 N. 
 
 National Food Economy League, 
 
 145, 146 
 National poultry diploma, 197 
 examination, 197 
 war supply, 159, 160 
 Society for Women, 82 
 
 O. 
 
 Onions from Germany to the 
 
 United Kingdom, 10 
 Onslow, the Earl of, 148-150 
 the Countess of, 147-150 
 Ontario, 85, 86 
 
 Feasant class, the, 4, 20, 21, 40, 
 
 49, 50-64 
 Pershore, 47 
 Petit Trianon, 40 
 Pig-keeping, 35 
 Plunkett, the Hon. Sir Horace, 
 
 16. 53, 94, 111 
 Pomace, 163 
 Poultry depot, 78 
 
 importation of to England, 
 
 11 
 industry, 35 
 keeping, 41, 46, 191 
 Potato, trial growing, 190 
 Potatoes imported from Germany, 
 
 10 
 Pratt, Mr., 94 
 Prussian invader, the, 52 
 Pye-Smith, Mr., 94 
 
 E. 
 
 Railway rates, 33 
 
 Roberts, Earl, Memorial Fund, 
 
 156 
 Rural exodus, 53 
 Buskin, John, quotation from 
 
 title-page 
 Russian, the, peasant, 171 
 Rustic wood-work, 169 
 
 St. Gall, Federal School of, 170 
 Seeds, 19 
 
 Selborne, the Earl of, 2, 75 
 "Sesame and Lilies," quotation 
 
 &om title-page 
 Settlement on the Land of Dis- 
 charged Soldiers and Sailors, 
 Reportof the, 221, 224 
 Soldiers' and Sailors' Families' 
 
 Association, 82, 83 
 Somerset, the county of, 163 
 Supervisory work of farms and 
 
 gardens, 38 
 Sussex, the county of, 88 
 Swanwick Basket Factory, 171, 
 
 172 
 Swanwick growers, the, 172 
 Switzerland, 157, 170, 185 
 
 229 
 
WOMEN AND THE LAND 
 
 T. 
 
 Tamar Valley, 173 
 Thatching, 30 
 Thrift, 35 
 
 Turnor, Mr. Christopher, 7 
 Travelling schools, 196 
 van system, 192 
 
 U. 
 
 Under-gardeners, 38 
 
 United Kingdom, Annual State- 
 ment of the Trade of the, with 
 Foreign Countries, 10 
 
 United Kingdom, imports to the, 
 9 
 
 United Kingdom, landowners in, 
 106 
 
 United States, 24, 60 
 
 Vacant Land Cultivation Society, 
 
 110 
 Vegetable bottling, 19, 35 
 preserving, 191 
 
 Vegetable pulping, 19 
 
 Vegetables, nnenumerated, im- 
 ported &om Germany to the 
 United Kingdom, 10 
 
 Village industries, 35, 154-174 
 War Food Societies, 34 
 
 Vuyst, Mr. P. de, 24 
 
 W. 
 
 Wales, 88 
 
 Wauters, M., 196 
 
 "Watt, Mrs., 88-94, 155 
 
 Westmorland, 110 
 
 Wilkins, Mrs, Eoland, 25, 205 
 
 Women-gardeners, 42, 199-219 
 
 Women's Institutes, 14, 35, 44, 
 
 85-101, 173, 224 
 Women's National Land Service 
 
 Corps, 224 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yorkshire, 8, 185 
 Young, Arthur, 54 
 
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