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 CHARLES WILLIAM WASON 
 COLLECTION 
 
 CHINA AND THE CHINESE 
 
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 CHARLES WILLIAM WASON 
 
 CLASS OF 1876 
 
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 Chinese phonology :an attempt to discove 
 
 I 
 
 3 1924 023 354 248 
 
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 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023354248 
 

 CHIMSi PHONOLOGY, 
 
 AN 
 
 ATTEMPT TO DISCOVER TIIK SOIIVDS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ANCIENT LANGUAGE 
 
 AX11 
 
 TO RECOVER THE LOST RHYMES 
 OF CHINA 
 
 BY 
 
 Z. VOLPICELLI : 
 
 LATE BURSAK, KOYAL ASIATIC COLLEGE OP NAPLES, 
 HON. LIBKAUIAN, CHINA BRANCH ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. 
 
 On ne pent se flatter d' avoir le dernier mot d'une theorie, tant 
 iju'cn ne pent pas I'expliquer en peu de paroles a un paS'^aal 
 dans la rue. 
 
 Chasles {Apergu-Histm~ique suv I'Origine et le 
 IJivelopjjement des Methodes en Gijometrie^ 
 p. 115.) 
 
 PRINTED .U' THE "CHINA CIAZETTE" OFFICE. 
 
 shax(;hai 189C. 
 
mnn phonology, 
 
 AN 
 
 ATTEMPr TO DISCOVER THE SOUSDS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ANCIENT LANGUAGE 
 
 AND 
 
 TO RECOVER THE LOST RHYMES 
 OF CHINA 
 
 BY 
 
 Z. YOLPICELLI: 
 
 LATE BURSAR, ROYAL ASIATIC COLLEGE OF NAPLES, 
 HON. LIBRARIAN, CHINA BRANCH ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. 
 
 On ne peut se flatter d'avoir le dernier mot d'une tlifiorie, tant 
 qu'on ne peut pas I'expliquer en peu de paroles a un passant 
 dans la rue. 
 
 Chasles (^Aperfu-Historiqtie sur I' Origine el le 
 DSveloppement des MHhodes en Oiomelrie 
 
 ;<?'() i<i' I- u u 
 
 I :|;/ikY 
 
 PRINTED AT THE "CHINA GAZETTE" OFFICE. 
 
 SHANGHAI 1896. 
 
 a. 
 

 ^. w^e 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 o^«o 
 
 THE publication of this essay is maiAly due to the 
 encouragement of Mr. A. von Rosthorn : during a 
 discussion on the second series of Rhyme- Tables contained 
 in the introduction of K'ang-hsi's Dictionary, I commu- 
 nicated certain views which I had long held on an 
 obscure point in those important tables. My opinions 
 were considered by Mr. von Rosthorn of sufficient import- 
 ance to induce me to undertake an exhaustive enquiry 
 on the different dialects of China with the material 
 industriously collected by Mr. Parker and inserted in 
 Mr. Giles' Dictionary. The first results of my studies 
 are contained in the following pages. 
 
 I have carried on my investigation on a novel plan, 
 but if philology is one of the Natural Sciences, it cannot 
 be excepted fr.'m the general treatment accorded to the 
 class : the collection of numerous specimens and their 
 comparison, with the application of mathematics (at 
 least in the elementary form of statistics) become indis- 
 pensable for the discovery of general laws underlying 
 phenomena. 
 
 Shanghai, 1896. 
 
§a the ^emoru 
 
 OF 
 
 STANISLAS JULIEN. 
 
Part I. 
 
 RESULTS OBTAINED BY FORMER 
 SINOLOGUES. 
 
 THE first author to treat systematically of the sounds 
 of the Chinese language was Marshman, in his 
 ** Dissertation on the Characters and Sounds of the Chinese 
 Language" published at Serampore in 1809. His views were 
 very advanced for his tim^ and he was the first to point 
 out the analogy between the Sanscrit alphabet and the 
 initials of the Chinese phonetic system : he studied 
 very carefully the sound tables in K'ang-hsi's 
 Dictionary, and he reproduced the native views on 
 the subject, only venturing to suggest the probable 
 existence of the sonants g, d, b, etc., in the ancient lan- 
 guage. He also showed the phonetic analogies between 
 Chinese, Siamese, Burmese and Thibetan. It is a pity 
 that Marshman stopped at the first series of tables in 
 K'ang-hsi, if he had pushed on to the second set of 
 Rhyme -Tables, which are more ancient and fuller, we 
 should doubtless have owed some valuable discoveries 
 to his keen intuition and clear judgment. His arrange- 
 ment of the phonetic elements of the Chinese language 
 is lucid and methodical, and well worth studying by any 
 one undertaking similar enquiries. 
 
 The next writer to furnish material for the study of 
 Chinese phonology was Julien in his "M^thode pour 
 d^chiffrer et transcrire les n oms Sanscrits, etc" . His object 
 was to reduce to a system the various characters em- 
 ployed by the Chinese for rendering Sanscrit sounds, but 
 incidentally his researches threw light on the ancient sounds 
 
of the language. But we owe much more to him : the 
 method he employs of converging a knowledge of San- 
 scrit, of Chinese, and the information contained in the 
 old Buddhist alphabets, on a problem which had hitherto 
 baffled solution, is of the highest order of scientific 
 research, and may be held up as a model for investigations 
 on such subjects. I have the fortune of coming after 
 him, and am able to adapt hia method to the solution of 
 a similar problem. 
 
 Dr. Edkins may be considered the author who has 
 treated the subject most exhaustively. He studied the 
 dialects, the old dictionaries, Julien's transcriptions and 
 K'ang-hsi's Khyme-Tables for the old sounds, and from 
 these different points of view he was able to collect evi- 
 dence for establishing, almost in every case, the value of the 
 old initials, and of the nasal and consonantal terminations : 
 he also made valuable contributions to the theory of tones. 
 These were^very important results for one man to achieve, 
 and his success probably encouraged him to advance 
 those theories in general philology by which he is better 
 known. These bold speculations have diverted attention 
 from the less showy but substantial work which he has 
 done for the philology of the Chinese dialects ; but time 
 will bring a juster appreciation, and on the latter will 
 rest the solid basis of his future fame. 
 
 We have shown how far Dr. Edkins advanced, but 
 he refrained from investigating the ancient vowels, as 
 their "variations are much more complex" and "vowels 
 are the most evanescent parts of words, easily become 
 modified, and an exact orthographic representation of their 
 nicer shades cannot be obtained." ^'^ 
 
 (i) Williams' Syllabic Dictionary, lutrodactioa Sec. V. Old Sounds of the Chinese 
 cbaracters. 
 
The next names which occur are those of Dr. Chalmers 
 and Parker, who have both accumulated vast material for 
 the students of Chinese phonolog7,the former by his arrange- 
 ment of the rhymes of the Shih-Ching has famished data 
 for the study of the language at a very early period, while 
 the latter, by giving in Giles' Dictionary, the pronunciation 
 of each character in nine diflFerent dialects, besides Corean, 
 Japanese and Annamese, all romanised on a uniform 
 plan, affords the means of investigating Chinese by the 
 methods of comparative philology, which hitherto had been 
 impossible, owing to the want of a common basis on which 
 to establish comparison. I have derived, as I shall explain 
 later, all my material from Mr. Parker, and this essay 
 may be considered as the first outcome of his laborious 
 researcbes on the dialects of China. 
 
 It will be useful to resume what has been achieved 
 and state the present condition of the question. 
 
 The Initials. Their old value may be considered as 
 established in almost every case, because though Parker 
 refuses to admit the general existence of sonants, they 
 are supported by the analogy of K'ang-hsi's Rhyme- 
 Tables with the Sanscrit alphabet, by the Sanscrit- 
 Chinese alphabets quoted by Julien, and by their exis- 
 tence at the present day in several dialects of China 
 and in the Japanese and Annamese pronunciation of 
 Chinese characters. And what renders the latter facts 
 more cogent is, that as I shall show, these sonants appear 
 in modern dialects and languages, for characters which 
 are placed in K'ang-hsi's tables under initials which 
 correspond to Sanscrit sonants. 
 
 The Nasal and Gmsonantal Terminations in the old 
 language are also well established by the modern dialects 
 in the South. 
 
The Vowels and Diphthongs. These are very little 
 known, as Dr. Edkins, the greatest worker in the field of 
 ancient Chinese philology, admits they cannot be exactly 
 
 represented. 
 
 Native Literature on tlie subject. • This has been little 
 studied, even the valuable introductory matter in K'ang- 
 hsi's Dictionary, so easily accessible to everyone, haa 
 been much neglected. Marshman only took up the first 
 set o£ Ehyme-Tables, which are based on a comparatively 
 modern pronunciation; the second set which go back 
 much further, have only been cursorily examined by 
 Dr. Edkins, who probably could not spare time, and 
 had to depend solely on his Chinese Lettre, who com- 
 piled lists of characters and compared them with the 
 "Kwang-yun" and the second set of Rhyme-Tables.''^ 
 
 (1) Dr Kahnett has studied these tables, but though his views are ingenious his 
 knowledge of the language at the time was insufScientfor such a task. He misunderstands 
 phrases, and his residence in the country was too short for acquiring adequate phonetic 
 material. (See Journal . Academie der Wissenschaften Phil, Hist, CXXH. Band 
 Weia, 1890.) 
 
Part II. 
 
 METHOD PURSUED IN THIS ENQUIRY. 
 
 IT now behoves me to show the method I have 
 employed in verifying the results obtained by my 
 predecessors, and in attempting to advance a step further 
 in the difficult problem of the ancient Sounds of the Chi- 
 nese characters, 
 
 tstarted from the principle that it was necessary 
 for an adequate solution, to bring to bear on the problem, 
 evidence affi)rded by ancient sources and modern dialects, 
 that this evidence should converge on the same phonetic 
 material, and that the latter should be so extensive as 
 to ensure the discovery of a law not disturbed by casual 
 irregularities. 
 
 To satisfy these conditions, I took as basis of my 
 work the second set of Rhyme-Tables (2-^ in all) in K'ang- 
 hsi. These tables can be traced back to the Sung Dynasty 
 and probably date earlier, about 1,000 or 1,500 years 
 ago, a period when the Chinese paid much attention to the 
 sounds of their language, and when they secured the 
 collaboration of Sanscrit scholars, trace of whose work is 
 discerned in the arrangement of the tables. This is the 
 period which has been generally studied, as Dr. Edkins 
 assigns his old sounds inserted in "Williams' Syllabic 
 Dictionary to 1,200 years ago : it is also the furthest 
 period to which we can extend our researches for the 
 present. Besides it probably represents the state of the 
 language before it had undergone ca-eat changes due to the 
 Tartar conquests. 
 
10 
 
 These tables are arranged acoording to 15 tenni- 
 nationa (they are said to be 16, but two are amalgamated 
 together), some of which are also subdivided into open 
 (H n), and closed (^ p) sounds, the latter being 
 diflFerentiated from the former by the insertion ofawas 
 Kuan from Kan, Kuenfrom Ken, etc. Some of the termi- 
 nations are single, either open (g| p); or closed (^ p), in 
 which case they have only one table. 
 
 Each table is divided into four divisions, each of 
 which contains characters in the four tones. The initials 
 are placed at the head of each table so that all the cha- 
 racters in one column have the same initial. The rhymes 
 are placed in a column at the left of each table, so that 
 all the characters in the same line have the same tone and 
 final. The complete table contains 23 columns (there are 
 86 initials, but 13 of these are in double series, 2 for each 
 column) and 16 lines : of course there are not characters 
 filling always each column or line, and in some tables 
 one or more columns or ^lines are destitute of characters. 
 This means that given theoretical combinations of initial 
 final and tone did not exist practically in the language. 
 
 A glance at these tables in K'ang-hsi will make 
 the above summary description perfectly clear, and the 
 reader will find that the terminations (^), the initials, and 
 the tones are perfectly easy to understand, what will 
 puzzle him at first, are the four divisions disposed 
 horizontally in four tiers, one under the other. They have 
 nothing to do either with tone, initial, or termination 
 and their meaning is not apparent. 
 
 Many years ago, when studying these Tables with 
 the valuable assistance afforded by the directions given 
 in the introduction to Williams' Syllabic Dictionary by 
 
11 
 
 Dr. Edkins, I came to the conclusion that, as they could 
 not mean any change in tone, initial or termination, they 
 must indicate a change in the vowel and that they 
 expressed the various vocalisations with a common ter- 
 mination. This would not affect the rhyme, as different 
 ones are given for each division. By a summary exami- 
 nation of the characters under each division, with their 
 pronunciation, according to the Southern dialects, I con- 
 cluded that they were used to express the simple vowels : 
 o,u,e,i, (as in Sir T. Wade's Eomanisation). 'I did not 
 pursue the subject, because I thought the conclusion was 
 suflBciently proved, but latterly, as my opinion was chal- 
 lenged by a friendly critic, who desired complete' evi- 
 dence for such an assumption, I proceeded with the 
 following enquiry. 
 
 In these tables, I had a phonetic material of over 
 4,000 characters systematically arranged according to 
 initials, vowels, finals and tones. Each of these characters, 
 at the early period I have alluded to, had been placed iu 
 such a position that it had a whole series of other characters 
 similar to it in one of the above mentioned particulars. 
 Here I had ready formed classes of similar specimens 
 carefully collected and arranged by the Buddhist 
 missionaries, worthy scientific predecessors of their 
 modern Christian brethren, who had first given China 
 a system of recording and preserving sounds. I thought 
 I could not better undertake the study of Chinese phonology 
 than by taking it up where it had been left by our Aryan 
 kinsmen, those devoted bonzes, perhaps the only foreigners, 
 if we except a few modern Christian priests and missionaries, 
 who have ever acquired a deep knowledge of this strange 
 language so replete with difficulties. 
 
12 
 
 I determined to follow up the dialectal variations of 
 each class, according as I wished to consider, the initial, 
 the vowel, or the termination. For this purpose, all the 
 characters in the tables were written out, according to 
 initials in single column, on large sheets of paper, then I 
 searched for each character in Giles' Dictionary, and 
 wrote out in 12 columns, by the side of it, the different 
 sounds assigned by Parker to the 9 dialects and 3 
 languages (1). Some of the characters (rare ones) could 
 not be found in the Dictionary, and others had not the 
 sounds marked down for all the dialects ; but on the 
 other hand, some characters had several forms for each 
 dialect, and as duplicates or vulgar forms have paramount 
 value for philological purposes, I recorded them all. I 
 thus collected a vast material of over 40,000 sounds on 
 which to base my enquiry. It was a most laborious 
 work®, which I do not think I could undertake again, 
 and which I was sorely tempted several times to give 
 up: but the work already accomplished, which would have 
 been wasted if left incomplete, deterred me from such a 
 pusillanimous course. 
 
 Such a vast mass of material threatened to overwhelm 
 me, and it required patience and thought to render it 
 manageable, I had to sift and resift before I could condense 
 results, and bring them into a clear and compact form so 
 as to be easily shown and not occupying too much space* 
 
 (1) Only in the case of Japanese have I departed from the sounds given by Far. 
 ker: he gives the modem pronunciation, which is a corrupted form of the older one 
 preserved in the orthography which I have followed. Taken in this light the evidence 
 afforded by Japanese is of the highest order, as it is the only ancient pronunciation of 
 which we have a clear written record. 
 
 (2) I am so much indebted to the patient indu<itry of Parker that I feel disinclined 
 to find fault even in detail with his valuable work, but his frequent omissions of dialec- 
 tal forms, which are placed under another character (which is not even referred to by 
 number) have enormously increased my difHculties. 
 
13 
 
 Though my original object had been to investigate 
 only the value of the ancient vowels, I determined to 
 utilise the large material I had hiboriously accumulated, 
 to verify the conclusions reached by my predecessors in 
 the matter of initials and terminations. 
 
 As I had arranged the four thousand odd characters 
 according to initials, (an arrangement to facilitate the use 
 of Giles' Dictionary, which naturally is also so arranged) 
 it was easy to follow up the variations of each initial in 
 the various dialects and languages. The comparative 
 table of initials is the result of this first investigation. 
 
 The enquiry into vowels and terminations, by which 
 latter word I denote, throughout this essay, only the 
 terminal vowels (in case of a diphthong), nasals, and 
 qonsonants of Chinese monosyllables, and which together 
 with the medial vowel or diphthong constitute what is 
 generally called final, which latter word I also use 
 in the commonly received sense, was far more difficult, 
 , Firstly, because I had to examine them together, 
 iecondly because the vowel variations were far more 
 complex,^'^ and thirdly because the phonetic material at my 
 disposal was already arranged by initials. I had to sift 
 and resift the whole mass of sounds, and by successive 
 tabular arrangements, I at last reached the results which 
 will be found further on. The results published are the 
 6th tabular arrangements which I had to adopt to be able 
 to mould the material into a manageable shape. 
 
 Now that I have explained the method pursued, I 
 can proceed with the investigation and the results it seems 
 to authorise. 
 
 (i) An iaitial seldom presents more than 6 ( r 7 variations, while a final generally 
 gives 30 or 40 in tbe different dialects examined. 
 
14 
 
 Pakt III. 
 
 PHONETIC ELEMENTS OF MODERN 
 DIALECTS. • 
 
 AS the object of thi§ enqiiiry is to bring tbe evi- 
 dence of modem dialects, and of ancient phonetic 
 arrangements to converge upon the same facts, it will be 
 necessary to rearrange the former according to the plan- 
 of the latter, so that they may be investigated in a parallel 
 way. I therefore shall arrange all initials according to 
 K'ang-hsi's order, and vowels, diphthongs and termina- 
 tions according to the same system. , 
 
 It will be useful to premise some considerations on 
 the elements we have to examine. Chinese monosyllables 
 by native philologers are divided into two parts, initial 
 and final. But for a closer investigation it will be 
 sometimes necessary to effect a farther division. Chinese 
 sounds, according to our alphabetical abstractions, are 
 composed of two or three elements : either of a consonant 
 and vowel simple ; or of a consonant followed by two 
 vowels, i, e, a diphthong ; or by a vowel and a nasal ; or by 
 a vowel and a consonant (in the Ju Sheng of the Southern 
 dialects), or adopting the technical meaning I give to the 
 word termination, a Chinese monosyllable is composed 
 either of a consonant and a vowel, or of a consonant, vowel, 
 and termination. There are apparent exceptions to this 
 rule, as in some cases the sound consists only of a vowel 
 simple, or followed by a nasal or consonant; no initial 
 being manifest; but if we adopt the views of Arabic 
 grammarians, we shall consider the vowel to be preceded 
 
TABLE OF INITIALS OF CHINESE DIALECTS. 
 
 
 Gutturals. 
 
 Dentals. 
 
 
 1 
 
 LABLA.LS. 
 
 
 SlUILASTS. 
 
 
 Aspirates. 
 
 LlQf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Simple. 
 
 Palatal. 
 
 
 
 
 Simple and Palatal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K K' G (Gh) Ng 
 
 T T' D (Dh) N 
 
 ChCh^CC' 
 
 Dj 
 
 P P' B (Bh) M F V 
 
 Ts 
 
 Ts' Dz S Z Tbi'^Ti^r^"' Tsz IW 
 
 Sr'^^ShSzZz 
 
 HWYHs 
 
 L J 
 
 Jr R 
 
 
 Canton 
 
 n ■)■) 1' 
 
 '1 11 i> 
 
 >i 11 
 
 
 11 " 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 11 11 11 
 
 11 i< 
 
 11 11 11 
 
 n 
 
 
 23 
 
 Hakka 
 
 11 ■» 11 
 
 V 11 
 
 11 >i 
 
 
 " " ; 11 11 
 
 >i 
 
 11 11 i> 11 
 
 11 i> 
 
 11 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 22 
 16 
 
 Foochow ... 
 
 n 11 " 
 
 H 11 11 
 
 11 11 
 
 
 i> " 1) 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 i> 11 11 
 
 »i 
 
 
 Wenchow... 
 
 11 i> " 11 
 
 '1 11 11 11 
 
 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 1' 11 11 i> 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 1> V 11 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 i> 11 11 11 
 
 11 11 
 
 
 31 
 34 
 24 
 25 
 
 Ningpo 
 
 11 >, 11 " 
 
 11 11 >1 11 
 
 11 11 11 >i 
 
 )i 
 
 11 " •> 11 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 1> 11 11 
 
 i> 11 11 
 
 11 )i 11 i> 
 
 11 )' 
 
 11 
 
 Yangchow... 
 
 11 11 
 
 1> 11 11 
 
 11 i> 
 
 
 n 11 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 11 » 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 )1 11 15 
 
 11 11 
 
 >> 
 
 Weihien ... 
 
 11 11 n 
 
 >F V 11 
 
 11 >} 
 
 
 11 11 V 11 
 
 11 
 
 )1 >1 11 11 
 
 i> i> 
 
 11 11 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 ft 
 
 Tengchow... 
 
 11 11 
 
 11 11 11 
 
 11 n 
 
 
 " V 1 11 )1 
 
 11 
 
 Jl 11 
 
 11 
 
 »1 11 11 >1 
 
 11 
 
 
 20 
 22 
 20 
 
 Kiukiang . . . 
 
 11 i» 11 
 
 11 1» 11 
 
 i> >i 
 
 
 1' 11 ! 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 1' 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 1> 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 Nanking ... 
 
 11 11 
 
 11 11 1' 
 
 11 i> 
 
 
 11 11 ' V 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 11 '1 
 
 11 
 
 >i 
 
 Peking 
 
 11 11 
 
 11 11 11 
 
 11 11 
 
 
 11 1» 11 u 
 
 11 
 
 11 1> 
 
 11 
 
 >1 1> 11 'l 
 
 11 " 
 
 1 iii 
 
 ''' These are true cerebrals. 
 
 Canton 
 
 Hakka 
 
 Foochow . . 
 Wenchow.. 
 
 Ningpo 
 
 Yangchow 
 Weihien .. 
 Tengchow 
 Kiukiang.. 
 Nanking .. 
 Peking 
 
 Canton.... 
 Hakka .... 
 Foochow . 
 Wenchow. 
 Ningpo.... 
 Yangchow 
 Weihien . 
 Tengchow 
 Kiukiang . 
 Nanking . 
 Peking.... 
 
 TABLE OF FINALS OF CHINESE DIALECTS. 
 
 Canton 
 
 ong on om oug oun oung oan 
 
 11 11 11 
 
 11 11 
 
 11 11 
 
 ang an am afig aiiii aing aung aong 
 
 >i 11 11 
 
 11 11 11 
 
 11 11 >i 11 
 
 cng 
 11 
 
 en em cng en em en eing ein ein 
 
 11 11 11 
 
 11 11 n 
 
 11 11 
 
 ing 
 
 ing in im lug iong ion iaug iun idUi iaug ieug ieu iem ieii 
 
 Hakka 
 
 i> 11 11 11 
 
 Foochow 
 
 Wenchow 
 
 11 11 11 >i 1) 11 1) 11 
 11 11 11 1) 
 11 11 
 
 11 .1 „ 
 11 11 
 11 11 11 11 
 11 11 1. » 
 
 » <> » H 
 
 » 11 V 11 
 
 Ningpo 
 
 Yangchow 
 
 Weihien 
 
 Tengchow 
 
 Kiukiang 
 
 Nanking 
 
 Pekinir 
 
 11 11 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 >i >i 
 
 11 11 
 
 1' 11 
 1' 11 
 " 11 
 
 11 
 11 
 » 
 11 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
 " n 
 
 »i 
 
 
 
 » »> 11 n 
 
 . ii 
 
TABLE OF VOWELS OF CHINESE DIALECTS. 
 
 TS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aspirates. 
 
 L 
 
 QUIDS. 1 
 
 
 Palatal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tsz T«' 
 
 Sr'i'ShSzZz 
 
 HWYHs 
 
 L 
 
 J Ji- 
 
 E 
 
 
 V V 
 
 11 1' 
 
 11 11 >i 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 i> T 
 
 11 1) 
 
 11 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IK 
 
 
 
 1» V 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 11 
 
 11 
 
 i> 11 11 11 
 
 n 
 
 ll 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 i» 11 11 
 
 >i >i 11 i> 
 
 11 
 
 )i 
 
 1' 
 
 34 
 
 » 11 
 
 11 
 11 i> 
 ■)■) 
 
 11 >i 11 t> 
 i> 11 11 11 
 >i 11 11 >i 
 
 11 
 11 
 n 
 
 i> 
 
 )> 
 
 24 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 9'^ 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 11 11 n 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 '^O 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 11 '1 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 11 
 
 >i i> 11 >i 
 
 11 
 
 t* 
 
 
 cerebrals. 
 
 Canton.... 
 
 Hakka 
 
 Foochow . 
 Wenchow. 
 
 Ningpo 
 
 Yaiigcliow 
 Weihien . 
 Tengchow 
 Kitikiang. 
 Nanking . 
 Peking 
 
 Canton.... 
 Hakka .... 
 Foochow . 
 Wenchow. 
 Ningpo.... 
 Yangchow 
 Weihien . 
 Tengchow 
 Kiukiang . 
 Nanking . 
 Peking..., 
 
 ou, 
 
 GUI, 01 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 >1 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 >1 
 
 
 11 
 ■1 
 >1 
 >1 
 
 o, 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 11 
 1> 
 11 
 
 11 
 n 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
 aea. 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 11 
 11 
 'i 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
 TABLE OF DIPHTHONGS OF CHINESE DIALECTS. 
 
 ao, au, aui, aiu, ae, ao, ai 
 
 11 11 
 
 >i i> 
 
 11 11 11 11 11 11 
 
 11 11 V 11 
 
 11 
 II 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 >1 
 
 
 
 >1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1) 
 
 loa, 10, 101, la, lau, lae, iai, ie, ieu, iei, ioe, iu 
 
 >1 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 >i 
 
 11 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 >» 
 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 
 >i 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 )i 
 
 
 
 )i 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 1' 
 
 11 
 1' 
 11 
 1' 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 1> 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 )) 
 
 11 
 11 
 11 11 
 1) 
 >1 
 
 uoa, iio, lie, iiei, ui 
 
 i> 11 
 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 II 
 11 
 i> 
 11 
 11 
 
 ou, oe 
 
 TABLE OF FINALS OF CHINESE DIALECTS. 
 
 en em cng en em en eing ein eifi 
 
 ing 
 
 ing in 
 
 im ing long ion iaug ian inui iafig ieng ieu ieiu ieii icin iiing iun 
 
 ung un uiu uing 
 
 iitjg ijn iiau iieu iien iieiu iiing liin ilik Uung 
 
 oiig on on 
 
 11 11 11 
 
 
 i> 11 
 
 11 11 
 
 11 11 
 
 •1 
 
 11 
 
 11 11 n 
 
 
 i> 
 
 11 11 )i » 11 It 11 11 11 
 
 11 11 11 
 
 
 
 V ^1 
 
 
 
 11 11 i> 
 
 i> >i 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 n 11 
 
 » 
 
 
 '1 11 11 
 11 11 
 
 
 11 11 11 
 '1 11 
 
 11 1) 
 
 11 
 
 
 11 11 
 
 11 11 11 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 11 11 
 
 v » 
 
 >i 1' 
 
 11 11 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 a >f 
 
 » •) V 
 
 
 
 
 1' n 
 
 
 11 11 
 
 "1 1» 11 
 
 
 H 11 
 
 
 V 
 
 ■ 
 
 » >J 
 
 » )1 1) 
 
 )i 1) 
 
 » » 
 
 
 
 
 ouiig oun 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 13 
 
15 
 
 by a Hamzeh (corresponding to the Splritus Lenis of the 
 Greeks) or in other words, by a slight effort to emit the 
 breath which is a rudimentary consonant('). Thus such 
 apparent exceptions will be included in, the general rule. 
 
 I shall now commence my analysis of the modern 
 dialects of China, by giving first the elements which they 
 possess: initials, vowels, diphthongs and finals, arranged 
 according to the plan derived from Sanscrit, followed by 
 native philologers, and illustrated in the tables of K'ang- 
 hsi. For the Southern dialects, I have dissected the 
 various syllabaries published by Mr. Parker, and for the 
 Northern (with the exception of "Yangchow" where I 
 have followed the same author) I have subjected to a 
 similar process the valuable sound table published by 
 Dr. Mateer in his " Mandarin Lessons." I thus can give 
 a comparative view of 11 different dialects. 
 
 A glance at the foregoing tables will discover at once 
 two important facts : the complete and harmonious series 
 of initials in the Wenchow and Ningpo dialects, and the 
 not less remarkable set o£ vowels, diphthongs, and finals in 
 the Canton dialect. In the latter, the vowels form a few 
 natural diphthongs, and join with the three^^^ terminations 
 nff, n, m, to give a regular set of finals. The numerous finals 
 formed by the diphthongs commencing with % such as m, 
 ie, etc., are absent in Cantonese, and as this is the dia- 
 lect which agrees best with the ancient rhymes, we must 
 be led to suspect that these numerous diphthongs are 
 derived from simpler forms, in which an i has been in- 
 serted by euphonic necessities, consequent to the change of 
 value in the initials through phonetic decay. 
 
 (1) This conventional consonant will be markeii * 
 
 (2) I leave out the terminations k, i,p, found in they« Sheng of the southern dialects, 
 because according to the views of the native philologers, whose system I follow, 
 they are but shortened abrupt forms of ng, «, and ot. 
 
16 
 
 Part IV. 
 
 PHONETIC ELEMENTS OF THE EHYME- 
 TABLE3 OF K'ANG-HSI. 
 
 Initials. 
 
 The four thousand odd characters contained in the 
 above tables are arranged^ as we have said, under 36 
 initials. These are divided inta 9 classes, which generally 
 correspond to similar ones in the Sanscrit alphabet, which 
 thu3 becomes a precious auxiliary for determining their 
 value at the time when the tables^ were compiled. "We 
 subjoin the nine classes with remarks when necessary 
 
 Igt Class Gutturals K. K\ G. Ng. (same as Sanscrit.)- 
 
 2nd „ Dentals T. T'. D. N. ( „ „ „ ) 
 
 3rd „ Cerebrals T(r). T(r).' D(r). N(^).«'> ( „ „ „ ); 
 
 This cla^ was pronounced with the tip of the tongue; 
 against the palate as if to pronounce r. The dentals T, T'. D. N. 
 being uttered with the tongue ia the above position, became • 
 respectively something between T, Ch^ Tr-T' Ch'Ts— D, Dj, 
 Dz, Dr — N, Ni, all of which sounds are found separately in 
 various dialects and in Annamese'^'. 
 
 (1) I adopt the system of indicating^ cerebralisation by an r in brackets, because it 
 shows the position of the tongue : of course the r must not be trilled. Dr. Edkins is 
 wrong in considering the characters ot this class^ as palatals; Julien's alphabets show 
 they were u ed for Sanscrit cerebrals. 
 
 (2) These sounds can be paralleled by the Syllabarium Ratatarum of Thibetan 
 (given by Giorgio) and by certain sounds in Dr. Mateer's Sound Table in his Mandarin 
 Lessons, 
 
DQ 
 
 5S 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 
 \a 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 §»( 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 |g 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 so 
 
 1—1 
 
 01 
 
 be 
 
 52i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 S 
 
 H 
 
 
 •* 
 
 H 
 
 CO 
 
 m 
 
 3^ 
 
 H 
 
 
 •* 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 ''"N 
 
 
 
 gi 
 
 m 
 
 fia 
 
 « 
 
 
 •\ 
 
 P 
 
 (NOT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 rt 
 
 !zi 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ph 
 
 P^ 
 
 fH 
 
 P4 
 
 
 ss 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ah 
 
 PL( 
 
 pR 
 
 Ah 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 # 
 
 pq 
 
 pq 
 
 > 
 
 pq 
 
 ^■^ 
 
 s 
 
 ig 
 
 1^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 
 'Th^ 
 
 
 
 
 ig 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 g' 
 
 -V 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ji 
 
 Sfc 
 
 S 
 
 
 •V 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 N 
 
 '7^ 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 -3 
 
 is 
 
 P 
 
 ^ 
 
 •V 
 
 ;^ 
 
 
 *» 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 N 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 n" 
 
 
 
 ir 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1! 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <f 
 
 !>H 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 h^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 EH <! 
 
 m 
 
 H^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
17 
 
 4th Class. Labials (strong) P. P'. B. M (same as Sanscrit.) 
 
 5th „ „ (weak) F. F.' V. W- (absent. 
 
 This class is genfirally derived from the preceding 4th class, 
 by the insertion of a m : 
 
 6th Class. Sibilants Ts, Ts'. Dz. S. Z. (partially repre- 
 sented in Sanscrit) 
 
 7th ., (cerebral) Sibilants Ts(r). Ts(r)'. Dz(r). S(r). Z(r) . 
 (absent in Sanscrit.) ' -^^ 
 
 This, like the third class, was pronounced with the tip of 
 the tongue against the palate, as if to pronounce r, and the 
 sibilants Ts, Ts.' Dz. S. Z. by cerebralisation became Eome- 
 thing like Ter. Tsr', Dzr.. Sr. Zr(i>. 
 
 8th Class Aspirates. Hh. H. *. Y. 
 
 The sounds of this class, with the exception of Hh and F, 
 are very difSScult to determine, and I give them with 
 diiEdence as I am unfortunate enough to disagree with such an 
 authority as Dr. Edkins. 
 
 9th Class L. Jr. J 
 
 For the second, I prefer the sound Jr. to Jcommonly given, 
 because the class would correspond to the half vowels ri and li 
 of Sanscrit, and because Jr. may more easily change into 
 N. Jr. J. which occur so often in dialects and in Japanese. 
 
 (1) See note on preceding page. 
 
18 
 
 The 3rd, 5th, and 7th classes are not marked as 
 separate ones in the Tahles under consideration, but are 
 placed respectively under the 2nd, 4th, and 6th classes. 
 But they can be no confusion, because K'ang-hsi gives 
 directions for discriminating between them. 
 
 We have already stated that each table of K'ang-hsi 
 is divided into four l^ivisions, each containing four lines 
 of characters in the different tones. Now that dictionary 
 teaches that characters with initials of the 2nd and 6th 
 classes can only be found in the I and IV Divisions, while 
 characters of the 3rd and 7th classes are only found in 
 the II and III Divisions. 
 
 Characters with initials of the 5th Class are found 
 only in the III Division, and mostly in the Tables with 
 closed sounds (-g- o).^'^ 
 
 A table is attached, showing how these different 
 initials have changed in the various dialects and languages 
 which have formed the basis of the present enquiry. As 
 it would have taken too much space to give each dialect ' 
 separately, four groups have been formed : 
 
 Canton, Hakka, and Foochow marked S; Wenchow, 
 
 and Ningpo marked W JSf; Yangchow, Mid-China, 
 
 Ssuch'uan and Peking, marked CiV; and Corean, Japanese, 
 
 and Annamese marked L. The latter have often beea 
 
 separated by a hyphen. 
 
 To show the relative frequency with which sounds 
 occur in a group of dialects, I have arranged them in a 
 regular succession, those most commonly found being placed 
 
 1 Schlegel and Ktihnett both mistake the meaning of a simple phrase of K'ang-hsi 
 giving directions for this class, which would have becomeevident if they hadcrit'caliy 
 examined the Rhyme Tables. Much learning was wasted in supporting the two mis- 
 taken views. (See Journal Akademie der Wissenshaften CXXII, CXXXI). 
 
COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING DIALECTAL CHANGES IN K'ANG-HSI'S INITIALS. 
 
 K'ANG-HSI. 
 
 K 
 
 K'.... 
 G 
 
 Ng .. 
 
 T 
 
 T(r) . 
 T' .. 
 T'(r).. 
 
 D 
 
 D(r) 
 N .... 
 N(i) . 
 P ... 
 F ... 
 P' .., 
 F' .., 
 B ... 
 V ... 
 
 M 
 
 W .. 
 Ts .. 
 Ts(r) 
 Ts' .. 
 T8'(r) 
 Dz .. 
 Dz(r) 
 
 S 
 
 S(r).. 
 
 Z 
 
 Z(r).. 
 Hh .. 
 H .. 
 * .... 
 
 Y 
 
 L 
 
 Jr.... 
 
 H. 
 
 K. 
 
 K, H, Ng, Y,. 
 
 K. 
 
 Ng, Y, W, * 
 
 T, cb, 
 
 Ch, t, tp. 
 
 T', ch. 
 
 Ch, ts, t. 
 
 T, ch, 8. 
 
 Ch, t, sh, ts, f'. 
 
 N, L, ng, y. 
 
 N, L, ng, iiy, y, 
 
 P, f, h, m. 
 
 F, h, p. 
 
 P, h, f, 111. 
 
 F. h, p. 
 
 P, f, b, 1... 
 
 F, p, b. 
 
 M. 
 
 M, N,« 
 
 Ts, ch. 
 
 Ch, Ts. 
 
 Ts' ch, s. 
 
 Ch, Ts, K 
 
 Ts, Ch, s, Isz. 
 
 Ch, Ts, Sh. 
 
 S, ts, sz. 
 
 Sh, S, Cli, Ts. 
 
 Ts, S, ch, tsz. 
 
 Sh, s, ch. 
 
 H, h, f, w, y. 
 
 H, k. 
 
 Y,« 
 
 Y, w, ::: h, ch, t 
 
 L. 
 
 Y, I, n, ny, i, w. 
 
 W. N. 
 
 K, Ch, Tsz, Dj, Hs, Y,.: 
 
 K, Ch, dj, h, g, hs, > 
 
 G, Dj, c, d. 
 
 Ng, Y, W, ■:::■ H. 
 
 T, D, tsz, dz, ch, dj. 
 
 Ts, Dz, t, (Ik ch, dj, c, s, ts. 
 
 T', d, ts, ch. 
 
 Ts, t, d, ch, dz, dj, c. 
 
 D, t, dz. 
 
 Dz, dj, z, j, ts, ell, tsz. 
 
 N, ng, ny, z, j. 
 
 N, ng, y, j, z. 
 
 P, B, f, V, h. 
 
 F, V, h, p. 
 
 P, B, V, 
 
 F, p, h, b. 
 
 1', 1', V. 
 
 V, f, b, w. 
 
 M. 
 
 V, m, w. 
 
 Ts, ch, dz, z. 
 
 Ts, ch, j, z. 
 
 Ts\ ch', dz. 
 
 Ts, Ch, dz, z. 
 
 Dz, Z, ts, dj. 
 
 Dz, Z, j, t^, s, sh. 
 
 S, hs, sh, ts. 
 
 S, sh, z, dj, ts. 
 
 Z, dz, dj, j, y. 
 
 Z, Dz, j, dj. 
 
 H, K, hs, f, w, y,i> 
 
 « W, Y, h, k, ng. 
 
 Y, W,» 
 
 Y, h, w, hs. 
 
 L, n. 
 
 Z, J, n, ng, dz, y. 
 
 C.N. 
 
 K, 
 
 Ch, Tsz, Dj, Ha, Y,» 
 
 K, 
 
 Ch, Ts, Dj, H, 
 
 Ng, Y, W 
 
 Ch 
 
 ,K. 
 
 
 Ng 
 
 . N, L, j, jw. 
 
 
 T, 
 
 ch, ts. 
 
 
 CI 
 
 , Ts, t, tsz. 
 
 
 T'. 
 
 
 
 T, 
 
 ch, ts, c. 
 
 
 T, 
 
 ch, ts, c. 
 
 
 CI 
 
 , Ts, sh, hs, t, ( 
 
 :h, sz. 
 
 N, 
 
 L, j. 
 
 
 N, 
 
 L. 
 
 
 P, 
 
 f. 
 
 
 F. 
 
 Ik 
 
 
 
 F. 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 , ni. 
 
 
 Ts 
 
 ch, tsz. 
 
 
 Ts 
 
 Ch. 
 
 
 Ts 
 
 , Ch'. 
 
 
 Ts, 
 
 Cb. 
 
 
 Ts 
 
 Ch. tsz. 
 
 
 Ts 
 
 Cli, sh, s, hs. 
 
 
 s, 
 
 Hs, ts. 
 
 
 s, 
 
 Sh, hs. 
 
 
 Hs 
 
 , s, t^z, cb, y, i. 
 
 
 Sh 
 
 , ch, t«, hs. 
 
 
 H, 
 
 Hs, K, y. 
 
 
 H, 
 
 Hs, V, k. 
 
 
 Y, 
 
 W, « ng, h. 
 
 
 Y, 
 
 w, i, h, hs. 
 
 
 L, 
 
 u. 
 
 
 J, 
 
 ", 1, ug, y, erb. 
 
 w. 
 
 Corean-Japanese-Annamese. 
 
 K. 
 
 K, H. 
 K_G— G. 
 
 » W, Y, H-G, K— Ng. 
 T, d, sh, ch, hs, tr. 
 Ch, t, d, tr, s, hs, sh. 
 T, d, cb, j, tr. 
 T, D, ch, dj. 
 T. D, ch, dj. 
 D, Ch, Tr.'t, 8, hs. 
 N, D. T. j, y. 
 ■ . D, T, y. j. 
 P-H, f— T, f. 
 F. 
 
 P. H, B, f, t. 
 P-H— F. b. 
 P— H, B, f— B, t, f". 
 p_F. M, B-F, b. 
 M— M, B— M, j. 
 M-M, B, f— V, f. 
 Ch-S. Sh, z, i -T, tr. 
 Ch-S, Z— Tr,Ch, t. 
 Cli-S. sh. z— T, tr, s, h. 
 Ch, s-S, Sh, t— Hs, S, t. 
 Oh,— S, Sh, Z. Dj-T, Tr, hs. 
 Ch, S— S, Z, J-T, Tr, hs, 8. 
 S, ch-S, Sh— Ts. 
 S, ch— S, Sh— S, T. 
 S— Sh, dj, z— T, d, j. 
 S, oh-Sii, z, dj— T,'h3,j. 
 H, k— K, w, g— H, K. 
 H, k-k, G, w. y-H, k, g, j. 
 Y,W, « b-Y W— Y,W, ri,ng, lu, n. 
 YW> — YW» — V, J,g. 
 NRY— R— L n. 
 NYc — N, J, z, sh— N, N, Ny. 
 
 N.B. — The sign » means absence of initial. 
 
19 
 
 to the left in capital lelters, while those found rarely are 
 placed to the right in sm ill type. 
 
 From the table of initials of the different dialects of 
 China, it appeared that Werichow and Ningpo possess a 
 very complete series : the present comparative table shows 
 that their initials correspond closely to the theoretical 
 initials of Kaug-hsi. It will also be seen that the sonants 
 are supported by Japanese and Annamese. 
 
 VOWELS DIPHTHONGS AND FINALS. 
 
 It will make the subject clearer, and render compa- 
 risons more systematic, if inverting the chronological 
 order, I premise the phonetic elements of the ancient 
 language ly^hich I have obtained as the final results of my 
 investigation. 
 
 The hypothetical reconstruction of these ancient 
 phonetic elements is given on the next page. 
 
20 
 
 HYPOTHETICAL PHONETIC ELEMENTS OF 
 THE ANCIENT LANGUAGE. 
 
 Vowels. 
 o, S, <'' a, e, 6, i (perhaps short i and i) u,' u. 
 
 Diphthongs. 
 
 00, oi, on; 
 ao, <'' ai, au; 
 eo, ei, 4)i, eu; 
 io, ii, iu. 
 
 Finals. 
 
 oang, on, om, 6ng, en; 
 
 aang, ang, an, am; 
 
 eang, eng, en, em, ^ng, 6n, ^m ; 
 
 iang, ing, in, im, (perhaps in with a short i) ; 
 
 ung, iing. 
 
 (1) I adopt this spelling because it is followed by Parker, but the sound is really the 
 Italian o streito. 
 
 P) 1 his is represented as io by Wade and Parker,' but I cannot follow such an 
 extraordinary combination for a sound so naturally rendered by the Italian diphthong 
 ao which gives the two vowels uttered. As the vowel system of Wade is based oa 
 Italian, the spelling of that language has a right to be preferred. 
 
21 
 
 As will be seen at a glance, this system of vowelg 
 diphthongs and finals, is very simple, coresponds to Can- 
 tonese and Hakka, and, as will be shown later on, agrees 
 with the 24 Tables of K*ang-hsi, explaining each of them 
 without the occurence of duplicates which deface the 
 reconstruction of the ancient finals attempted by other 
 authors. 
 
 It is now necessary to compare these theoretical 
 elements, with those found in the dialectal variations of 
 the 4,000 characters of K'ang-hsi's Ehyme-Tables, in 
 %€ way we have already done with the initials. But as 
 I have already pointed out, it is a far more difficult task : 
 the variations of vowels, diphthongs and terminations are 
 so complex, that they cannot be reduced to a system, 
 compared and judged by mere observation, however dili- 
 gent and reiterated. The mind cannot master hundreds 
 and thousands of forms, and judge of their relative im- 
 portance. It becomes indispensable to have recourse to 
 figures, those convenient symbols which enable us to rea- 
 son about facts whose multiplicity would baffle us if 
 approached without their assistance, I decided to form a 
 series of statistical tables. 
 
 To economise labour I omitted all the Ju Sheng sounds, 
 as they could be readily constructed whenever the sounds 
 in the other tones were ascertained. Whenever a final 
 possessed two tables, for open and closed sounds, I only 
 considered the former, because the latter could be deduced 
 as a corollary from the table of open sounds once it was 
 , determined : after these deductions I still had over 22,000 
 sounds to analyse. This residium was dissected, and by 
 six consecutive series of tables, reduced to condensed 
 statements of the relative frequency with which ainy 
 
22 
 
 given final sound occurs in any of the Tables of K'ang- 
 hsi, pronounced according to nine different dialects and 
 the three foreign languages. Up to the last set of tables 
 I kept the sounds divided into the same four groups 
 which I gave in the Comparative Table of Initials, but 
 the tables were too cumbersome and presented such diffi- 
 culty for printing, that I had regretfully to condense 
 them into a single statement for all the dialects and lan- 
 guages given by Parker. This curtailment hides many 
 important facts, the conservative tendency of certain 
 linguistic groups and the facile phonetic decay of others, 
 become neutralised and lost in the general mass. But 
 even with these disturbing causes, the action of general 
 laws is still apparent. 
 
 In the tables which follow, the Roman numbers at 
 the top of each column indicate the Divisions of the table* 
 I. meaning the upper one, and IV. the lowest. The arable 
 numerals in the different columns indicate the number of 
 times any final occurs, and to know their just relative 
 importance, they must always be referred to the total at 
 the bottom of each column : they are the numerators of 
 fractions whose denominator is the total. In another 
 columm, the same number may have a different relative 
 value owing to the difference in the total. 
 
 It may be objected that statistics are inapplicable to 
 such phenomena, because in philology exceptions often 
 are of the highest value, and irregularities may indicate 
 lost forms, but I do not pretend to give an absolute value 
 to my figures, nor should I decide in favour of a vowel or 
 a diphthong by a simple addition like a political division 
 in Parliament. I use figures^ because they are the only 
 symbols that can render manageable such an unwieldy 
 
23 
 
 Hiasa, they can condense evidence and render it clear. 
 The reasoning on such evidence is not aflfected by their 
 use, and can proceed with the customary canons of the 
 science. 
 
 My general principle for drawing conclusions from 
 the material accumulated and arranged, has been to 
 subordinate everything to the plan on which the Rhyme- 
 Tables of K'ang-hsi were undoubtedly constructed. I have 
 asked from figures only a clue to show the nature of the 
 arrangement, I have not followed blindly the indications 
 of an arithmetical majority ; whenever the Tables required 
 that a difference should be found between two finals, 
 I have taken guidance even from numerical minorities. 
 
 In the comparative study of the fifteen terminations 
 of K'ang-hsi, at first, I found much difficulty in keeping 
 some of them distinct; my hypothesis that the 4 Divisions 
 (E9 W) corresponded to the four vowels o, a, e, i, seemed 
 to multiply the number of finals, and give a larger number 
 than the nature of the language consented. But a diligent 
 study of terminations, arranged according to natural groups, 
 enabled me to distinguish finer degrees of vowel 
 differentiation. "' 
 
 I shall therefore present my tabular material, and 
 the conclusions I draw from it, divided, when ever possible, 
 in groups of two or three terminations ; most of these groups 
 had already been formed by native philologers, and may 
 either be found mapped out in K'ang-hsi, immediately 
 preceding the 2nd set of Rhyme-Tables, or may be surmised 
 fey the ancient arrangement of the 24 Tables which was 
 different from that given in K'ang-hsi. This latter point 
 will be discussed later. Only in one case have I ventured 
 to form a group of my own. ^^ 
 
 ? I thus discoveied the narrow vowels and the « series. 
 
24 
 
 N.B. — In the Tables illustrating the Terminations, for brevity 
 and clearness, I omit the vowel in all but the first form ; for the 
 successive ones only the terminal consonants or vowels are given. 
 
 1st Termination. 
 
 (1st AND 2nd tables op K'^js^g-hsi.) 
 This has both open and closed sounds, and is contained 
 in the 1st and 2nd Tables of K'ang-hsi. It may be 
 characterised as a simple- vowel ending, because out of a 
 total of 2,263 dialectal forms collated, only 3 in the Wen- 
 chow and Ningpo dialects end in a feeble nasal peculiar to 
 that region. We must now examine how the vowel varies in 
 the 4 Divisions. 
 
 I. Division 
 The vowel o is well established: a glance at the Tabic? 
 will show that out of 730 forms 433 contain that vowel. 
 
 II Division. 
 Here also the vowel a, given by my hypothesis, is 
 well established, as it appears in 509 out of the 646 
 different, sounds. 
 
 III DiVISIOIT. 
 
 The hypothetical vowel e, is also represented in a 
 majority of cases, as it occurs either simple, or in a 
 diphthong 252 times out of the total 433. 
 
 IV Division. 
 
 If we take into account all the diphthongs containing 
 the letter i, it will be found in a majority of cases, but if 
 we consider the diphthongs ia, iau, ie, etc., as they probably 
 are, corrupt forms of a, au, e, then the vowel e, is the one 
 represented in the majority of forms. This would bring 
 us to the same result as the III Division which is not 
 
1st termination. 
 
 
 
 ■ (Open Sounds). 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 332 
 
 22 
 69 
 
 "l 
 
 1 
 
 77 
 
 ■"3 
 
 2 
 
 "io 
 
 22 
 1 
 4 
 
 '"'4 
 
 1 
 
 • •• 
 
 '"3 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 un 
 
 fi , 
 
 e— 
 
 a — 
 
 202 
 ]2 
 
 2 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 460 
 '"2 
 
 58 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 68 
 
 "2 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 e 
 
 i 
 
 eo 
 
 p — 
 
 6 
 
 "l 
 
 4 
 
 1'9 
 3 
 1 
 
 .141 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 81 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 a •■ 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 6 — 
 
 e 
 
 i — 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 "io 
 
 '"s 
 
 12 
 
 "47 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 2 
 
 "45 
 1 
 
 72 
 1 
 
 "12 
 
 "3 
 
 67 
 1 
 2 
 
 49 
 
 i'41 
 4 
 1 
 9 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 
 au 
 
 a 
 
 ae 
 
 e 
 
 ei 
 
 6e 
 
 V — 
 
 XL 
 
 6 
 
 u — 
 
 36 
 ""3 
 
 1 
 "5 
 
 1 
 "1 
 "1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 e 
 
 
 730 
 
 646 
 
 433 
 
 454 
 
25 
 
 logical, therefore to differentiate the two last Dlvisiorrf?, 
 and bearing in mind that the vowel i, (or y), appears 
 rarely in the three first, and in many cases in the IV 
 Division we may safely assume it as the characteristic vowel 
 of this Division. 
 
 N.B. — For facility of calculation, and in the present 
 uncertainty about the primitive forms, I shall consider 
 every diphthong as belonging to each of its constituent 
 vowels, and reckon it with both. 
 
 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Terminations. 
 
 These terminations are grouped together in K'ang-hsi, 
 and their similarity justifies such a proceeding, the 
 characteristic trait is the nasal nff : out of 4,472(0 sounds? 
 3,276 end with n, ng, or ng and 488 end in u, most of 
 which are Japanese renderings of this nasal : n only claims 
 385 and other miscellanens terminations only 323 sounds. 
 
 2nd Termination. 
 
 (3rd and 4th Tables of R'anq-hsi). 
 This termination has only three divisions, the first is 
 wanting. 
 
 II Division. 
 The vowel should be a : out of 606 dialectal sounds 
 238 contain a, 188 contain e and 'i, (which I consider as 
 the mute e of the French) and 144 o and 4. 
 
 Ill Division. 
 This should have the vowel e : out of 636 sounds 
 only 101 give the hypothetical vowel, while i appears 
 in 353. 
 
 (i) This total does not agree with the addition of the totals in the appended Table j 
 because some sounds have been omitted in the latter. 
 
26 
 
 IV Division. 
 
 This should be i: out of 795 sounds, 617 give 
 that vowel. 
 
 The vowel * is give a in both III and IV Divisions, but 
 there is a larger average in the latter, while e' appears 
 more frequently in the former. 
 
 3rd Terminatioii. 
 
 (5th and 6th Tables of K'ang-hsi). 
 This may be considered to have only two Divisions, 
 because the II. only contains 3, and the IV only 7 
 characters, exclusive of Ju Sheng. 0) 
 
 I DiyisioN. 
 Out of 465 sounds 236 give o and ^, as the latter 
 predomijiates, I consider the vowel to have been a narrow 
 0, sueh as exists in French and Italian, 
 
 III Division. 
 
 Out of 481 sounds, e appears in 92, and i in 261. By 
 analogy with the preceding Div. this was probably a narrow 
 e, as also exists in French and Italian. 
 
 4th Termination. 
 
 (7th Table of K'ang-Hsi). 
 This termination only contains c^sed sounds, and 
 forms therefore a different series with the vowels u, and u^ 
 {u + e). 
 
 I. Division. 
 Out of 565 sounds , 467 contain the vowel u. 
 
 (1) The Ju-Sheng characters have little importauee, as they are often repeated iu 
 different Tables. 
 
2nd TER- 3kd TER. 4th TER- 
 
 MINATION. MINATION. MINATION. 
 
 ngi ng 
 
 n 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 ung. 
 u . 
 
 ong. 
 ing. 
 i 
 e 
 
 e— . 
 
 ng • 
 n . 
 u . 
 ing. 
 i 
 d — ., 
 ng . 
 n 
 ling. 
 
 ou 
 
 ang.... 
 
 au 
 
 ae . .. 
 eng.... 
 en, en. 
 eo . . . . 
 
 eu 
 
 oe 
 
 ong . 
 ei .... 
 ling . 
 
 y— 
 
 u- 
 
 ng, uDg . 
 
 oa 
 
 (Open Pounds.) 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 9 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 89 
 38 
 
 93 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 39 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 19 
 
 24 
 6 
 
 88 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 "7 
 33 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 14 
 
 606 
 
 III 
 
 34 
 
 28 
 
 IV 
 
 26 
 
 ""e 
 
 13 
 1 
 
 6 
 9 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 34 
 
 I 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 208 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 "36 
 
 28 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 536 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 22 
 "5 
 17 
 
 (Open Sounds) 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 '24 
 56 
 
 49 
 3 
 
 400 
 
 72 
 
 45 
 46 
 
 1 
 31 
 
 '"e 
 1 
 
 5 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 18 
 
 ""4 
 
 24 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 795 465 
 
 (Closed 
 Sounds.) 
 
 Ill 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 '"'4 
 
 • > • 
 
 57 
 
 13 
 
 129 
 
 ■49 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 3 
 3 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 161 
 35 
 
 "30 
 6 
 9 
 
 481 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 43 
 
 "'43 
 
 49 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 329 
 
 565 
 
27 
 
 III. Division. 
 Out of 726 sounds we have 512 giving u, but we 
 have also 67 with u (which does not appear in the last 
 Bivif'ion) and 87 with iu, which is an easy corruption 
 from u. 
 
 5th, 6th, and 7th Termitiations. 
 
 These are grouped together by K'ang-hsi, and 
 though the last one differs from the two former, it is use- 
 ful to keep them together as they form a parallel to the 
 group we have just examined. 
 
 The two first may be considered to have had the ter- 
 mination i, because out of 3,464 modern dialectal forms 
 2,122 have this termination. 
 
 6th Termination. 
 
 (10th and 11th Tables op K'ang-Hsi.) 
 For uniformity it is better to commence with this 
 one. 
 
 I. Division, 
 
 Here the vowel o, is represented only in about 14^,' 
 while a, occurs in more than 55% of the sounds. 
 
 II. Division. 
 
 Here the vowel a, appears in about 74°/o of the 
 total. 
 
 III. Division, 
 
 Here the vowel e, occurs in over 54°/o of the total. 
 
 IV. Division. 
 
 The hypothetical vowel *, appears as first or only 
 sound in over 55°/o of the total : no account has been 
 
28 
 
 taken of those sounds, where * appears as the second 
 vowel, because then it might be the i of the termination. 
 
 5th TerminaiioD. 
 
 (8th and 9Tn Tables of K'ang-Hsi.) 
 
 As there are only 21 characters in the I Div. and 11 in 
 the II. Div., exclusive o£Ju Sheriff, and as some of these are 
 printed in smaller type, and are not found in older works, 
 we may confine our attention to the remaining Divisions. 
 
 III. Division. 
 
 Out of 726 sounds, the vowel e, appears only in 
 237 nearly a third, while i, occurs in 467, I think 
 the vowel must have been originally an e fermS of the 
 French phonetic system. This Div. is a parallel to the 
 III Div. of 3rd Termination, 
 
 IV. Division. 
 
 Here the vowel i, occurs in about 75° f^ of the total. 
 It may have been a shorter * than the one of IV Div. 
 6th Termination. 
 
 7th Termination. 
 
 (12th Table op K*ang-Hsi.) 
 In the II. Div. there are only 12 characters, and in 
 the IV. Div. only 18, and as there are no rhymes we may 
 safely neglect these two Divisions. 
 
 I. Division. 
 Tliis should have the vowel u as the 7th termination 
 has only closed sounds : the hypothesis is borne out by 
 over 71 "/„ of the modern dialectal sounds, as out of 721 
 sounds 514 contain this vowel. 
 
6th termination. 
 
 5th TER- 7th TER- 
 MINATION. MINATION. 
 
 
 
 
 (Open 
 
 Sounds 
 III 
 
 ) 
 
 IV 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 (Open Sounds) 
 
 (Closed 
 
 SoUNES.) 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 I 
 
 142 
 
 122 
 
 ... 
 "3 
 "' I 
 
 III 
 
 11 
 
 .54 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 "is 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 "[ 
 
 '"e 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 "'5 
 
 51 
 
 15 
 
 3I 
 
 i 
 
 ui 
 
 n 
 
 un 
 
 a 
 
 ntr, n 
 
 e — 
 
 
 ng 
 
 n 
 
 a — 
 
 31 
 
 285 
 
 * "l 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 97 
 
 196 
 
 "41 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 102 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 3 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 '3 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 in 
 
 u 
 
 ui 
 
 insf 
 
 e 
 
 ... 
 
 ns 
 
 eoh 
 
 
 
 a — 
 
 nt; 
 
 aa 
 
 e — 
 
 92 
 54 
 
 5 
 3 
 2 
 
 '"4 
 "1 
 
 10 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 "'6 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 15 
 
 "'3 
 
 "28 
 1 
 
 80 
 58 
 
 "3 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 
 U 
 
 60 
 
 "12 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 123 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 243 
 
 1 
 
 ""3 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 "17 
 
 ""4 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 "21 
 
 ■37 
 
 
 
 72 
 ... 
 . . . 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 ing. 'ii 
 
 no-, n 
 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 n, n 
 
 
 i 
 
 nc 
 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 '"4 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 "is 
 
 "15 
 '"'2 
 
 51 
 "1 
 
 "19 
 
 329 
 
 "1 
 
 "3 
 
 25 
 
 i 
 4 
 
 445 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 '"*1 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 42 
 
 "7 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 oi 
 
 ou 
 
 a - 
 
 ai 
 
 ae 
 
 ei 
 
 e 
 
 nar 
 
 n 
 
 u — 
 
 1 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 "1 
 "1 
 
 1 
 
 341 
 
 386 
 2 
 
 "l7 
 721 
 
 281 
 
 249 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ng 
 
 n 
 
 ii — 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 675 
 
 471 
 
 184 
 
 650 
 
 726 
 
 879 
 
8th termination. 
 (Open Sounds.) 
 
 11th TERMINA- 
 TION. 
 
 ( Open Sounds ) 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 " 4 
 3 
 1 
 
 "12 
 
 IV 
 
 I 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 284 
 
 36 
 
 " 1 
 
 "l 
 33 
 25 
 
 ... 
 
 '"6 
 
 "16 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 '"2 
 
 7 
 2 
 2 
 5 
 
 '"2 
 
 ] 
 
 "io 
 
 '"4 
 
 1 
 
 "u 
 
 4 
 
 "3 
 1 
 
 ""9 
 
 1 
 19 
 
 "g 
 
 "44 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 "9 
 1 
 1 
 
 134 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 "39 
 
 n 
 
 us 
 
 UD 
 
 ung 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 e n 
 
 Dg 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 37 
 
 236 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 ""5 
 
 1 
 
 "24 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 411 
 
 7 
 7 
 3 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 "57 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 107 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 4 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 "2 
 
 "'"4 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 "*2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 '"e 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 "21 
 
 • • - 
 
 "11 
 
 "s 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 ngf 
 
 
 ung 
 
 u 
 
 mg 
 
 i 
 
 e 
 
 eo 
 
 aa — 
 
 n, n 
 
 an 
 
 e — 
 
 7 
 
 184 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 "35 
 1 
 
 "1 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 "4 
 
 "4 
 
 n 
 
 Dg, fi 
 
 ing,in 
 
 1 
 
 5 — 
 
 n 
 
 Eg. n 
 
 ni 
 
 
 in 
 
 n f 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 '"4 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 "3 
 
 2 
 
 '"4 
 
 "9 
 
 1 
 
 "3 
 
 "2 
 90 
 
 57 
 
 "32 
 30 
 10 
 
 "33 
 
 2 
 7 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 ■■■4 
 190 
 
 82 
 
 "49 
 48 
 26 
 
 • •• 
 
 "52 
 
 '"7 
 
 2 
 
 "3 
 
 ■■"6 
 
 139 
 
 73 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 "*8 
 
 7 
 4 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 149 
 
 76 
 
 1 
 
 "*1 
 21 
 10 
 
 '"4 
 4 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 n 
 
 ng 
 
 m 
 
 ong, on 
 
 an 
 
 an? 
 
 en 
 
 eng. en 
 
 eu 
 
 e 
 
 ei 
 
 on 
 
 6e 
 
 
 ung 
 
 u 
 
 V n 
 
 u e 
 
 1 
 "1 
 
 "1 
 
 ' 3 
 1 
 
 "1 
 
 1 
 
 "2 
 '"2 
 
 "5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 8 
 1 
 1 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 366 
 
 
 ng 
 
 u — 
 
 n 
 
 ng 
 
 an 
 
 e 
 
 
 499 
 
 514 
 
 506 
 
 755 
 
 182 
 
 488 
 
29 
 III. Division. 
 
 This should be it : it appears in 288 sounds nearly 
 a third, and though u, appears a little oftener, still we 
 may con-^ider u as established, because there must have, 
 been some difference between the I and III Divisions. 
 
 The 7th Termination has no nasal attached, so that 
 like in the 1st Termination the vowel is also the final. 
 
 8th and 11th Terminations. 
 
 K'ang-hsi groups the 8th with the 9th, but it is 
 wrong, and contrary to the primitive arrangement of the 
 Tables, I follow that and the similarity in the ending. 
 
 The 8th and 11th Terminations contain 3,383 dialectal 
 sounds, of which 2,266 end in n, 6 in m, 695 in ng or n, 
 and 416 in miscellaneous vowels and consonants. We 
 may therefore assume n, to have been the common 
 terminal sound. 
 
 8th Termination. 
 
 (13th and 14th Tables of K'ang-hsi.) 
 
 I. Division. 
 
 The hypothetical vowel o, occurs only in a little 
 over 7% of the total, while a, appears in over 81°/q. 
 
 II. Division. 
 
 The vowel a, appears in over 72% of the total. 
 
 III. Division. 
 The vowel e, ia established by over 1?,°U of the total. 
 
30 
 
 IV. Division. 
 The vowel i occurs in 62% but e ot o appear in over 
 ST^/o of the total (of course diphthongs like ie or yo ap- 
 pear in both classes) 
 
 11th Termination. 
 
 (18th and 19th Tables op K'ang-hsi.) 
 
 I. Division. 
 The vowel o, appears in nearly half the dialectal 
 sounds, but principally as 4, which is the o stretto of the 
 Italian language. 
 
 III. Division. 
 The vowel e, appears only in about 13°/o while % 
 occurs in 50% probably it was a narrow e, like the one 
 in the III Division of 3rd, and 5th Terminations. 
 
 rV. Division. 
 The vowel i is established by over 75°/o of the total. 
 It was probably a short *, to distinguish it from the one 
 of the IV Division of 8th Termination. 
 
 9th and 10th Terminations. 
 
 Out of 2,357 sounds 642 end in m, 896 in n, 461 in 
 n^, and 358 in miscellaneous vowels and consonants ; though 
 9» is in a minority, we must prefer it, because it nowhere 
 appears in such numbers, and because it is necessary to 
 distinguish these two Terminations from the two we have 
 just examined^). 
 
 (i) Of coQTse the termination m, iB strongly confirmed by tHe Southern 
 dialects, and its existence in the old language well established by Dr. Edkins. It 
 is therefore interesting to test the accuracy of my method, on a conclusion already 
 knowni 
 
9th termination. 
 
 10th 
 TER. 
 
 
 
 (Open Sounds. 
 
 (Or. 
 So.) 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 Ill 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 31 
 
 "l 
 
 ""3 
 
 17 
 1 
 
 • • • 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 • •• 
 
 *10 
 
 ""e 
 4 
 
 "3 
 
 • • • 
 
 '"'3 
 
 1 
 
 "26 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 81 
 
 63 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
 ns, n 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 (im 
 
 n 
 
 ngr 
 
 a — 
 
 29 
 106 
 143 
 
 3-2 
 
 "lo 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 65 
 
 102 
 20 
 
 • • • 
 
 1 
 
 "13 
 15 
 
 .5 
 22 
 
 51 
 5 
 1 
 
 '"7 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 "2 
 
 6 
 10 
 
 "1 
 
 10 
 33 
 
 ] 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ni 
 
 n 
 
 ntr 
 
 in" 
 
 1 
 
 e 
 
 imsr 
 
 u 
 
 : t: I 
 
 n 
 
 e — 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 "is 
 
 "21 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 2 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 '"5 
 1 
 2 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 6[ 
 
 7 
 4 
 G 
 
 "25 
 I 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 7 
 1 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 ""s 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 18 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 "13 
 
 n 1 
 
 ti 
 
 iio;, n 
 
 iiiof 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 — 
 
 ni 
 
 ! 11 
 
 ! u ::....:::...:.. 
 
 j ini 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 "i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 '"1 
 
 2 
 
 "1 
 1 
 
 10 
 1 
 
 '"9 
 4 
 
 '"1 
 
 5 
 10 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 4 
 2 
 2 
 10 
 3 
 
 '"e 
 
 27 
 40 
 30 
 23 
 11 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 5 
 
 "1 
 
 25 
 4 
 
 ""2 
 
 28 
 50 
 76 
 34 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 "*4 
 30 
 
 64 
 117 
 
 103 
 
 "13 
 
 ""5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 111 
 
 n 
 
 n"' 
 
 am 
 
 an If 
 
 ail 
 
 a , ... 
 
 em , 
 
 en"", cii 
 
 eii 
 
 e 
 
 ei 
 
 0111 
 
 u 
 
 V — 
 
 m 
 
 n — 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 • ■* 
 
 ... 
 
 •'" 
 
 "1 
 
 m. 
 
 iia 
 
 oa 
 
 
 475 
 
 372 
 
 413 
 
 505 
 
 592 
 
81 
 9tli Termination. 
 
 (15th and 16th Tables in K'ang-hsi.) 
 The vowel o appears in about 13°/^ while a occurs in 
 over 73°;„ of the total. 
 
 II Division. 
 
 The vowel a appears in about 68°/o of the total. 
 
 III Division. 
 
 The vowel e occurs in over 60°/o of the total. 
 
 rV Division. 
 The vowel i appears in 69°/^ but e in over 74°/,,. 
 
 10th Termination. 
 
 (17th Table of K'ang-hsi.) 
 In the I Division there are only 2 characters, in the 
 II only 12, and in the IV only 16, exclusive of Ju Sheng; 
 we may therefore confine our attention to the III Division. 
 
 Ill Division. 
 The vowel e, appears in only about 10°/o while i, 
 occurs in over 61°/o. It may have been a narrow e like the 
 one in the III Divisions of 3rd, 5th, and 11th Termina- 
 tions. 
 
 12th and 13th Terminations. 
 
 These are only apparently separated, because all 
 the characters of the former are found in the latter, either 
 in the table for open, or in that for closed sounds. We 
 shall therefore only examine the latter Termination. 
 
32 
 
 13th Termination. 
 
 (2 1st and 22iirD Tables of K'ang-hsi.) 
 Out of 1,624 sounds 1,452 end in ng (or au,iau,etc., 
 ■which are the Japanese equivalents for this nasal) 2 in n, and 
 170 in miscellaneous vowels and consonants, we may 
 therefore assume ng to have been the final nasal, as we 
 have found in the 2d, 3rd, and 4th Terminations. There 
 must,- however, be some difference in the vowels, and as the 
 simple ones are exhausted, I suggest the hypothesis that 
 a termination ang was added to the four characteristic 
 vowels of the 4 Divisions, producing the finals oanq, ang 
 {aang), eang, iang. Let us see how existing facts bear on 
 this hypothesis, 
 
 I. Division, 
 
 The two vowels of the hypothetical form, o and a 
 appear respectively in over 37°/o and 60° /„ of the total, 
 but as they commonly appear in this Division with all 
 Terminations, no stress can be laid on the fact. 
 
 II. Division. 
 
 Here the vow^el a, appears in 55°/o of the total, but 
 it does so everywhere, and we cannot tell whether in this 
 instance it is long. 
 
 Ill Division. 
 
 The vowel e appears in over 21°/o and a in over 65°/,, 
 of the total : the last figure is important, because the vowel 
 a rarely appears in the III Division: with all other Termi- 
 nations it occurs from 1 to oO°/o with an average under 
 14°/o. . We may consider the hypothesis verified by- this 
 Division 
 
13th termination. 
 (Open Sounds.) 
 
 o" 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 3 
 
 98 
 39 
 36 
 6 
 43 
 
 6 
 24 
 10 
 11 
 
 27 
 3 
 
 "47 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 "1 
 
 ng 
 
 fiff, n 
 
 UDET.... 
 
 u 
 
 a , 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 284 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 52 
 
 '"2 
 1 
 
 4 
 58 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 170 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 "7 
 
 13 
 '15 
 
 ne 
 
 ns" 
 
 UnET 
 
 u..... 
 
 on"' 
 
 e, .. , 
 
 ang 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 "86 
 
 "28 
 
 ne 
 
 in 
 
 1 
 
 • • ■ 
 
 ""3 
 
 '30 
 
 • •• 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 "53 
 
 105 
 49 
 40 
 
 1 
 28 
 1 
 1 
 71 
 19 
 14 
 
 '"1 
 1 
 1 
 
 onff 
 
 
 
 oa 
 
 ansr. afier 
 
 au 
 
 ae 
 
 one 
 
 en 
 
 eu 
 
 6e 
 
 u , 
 
 "1 
 
 1 
 
 "'9 
 1 
 
 "'2 
 
 • •• 
 
 1 
 
 • •* 
 
 nsj* 
 
 onff 
 
 u oa 
 
 onp" 
 
 
 594 
 
 226 
 
 608 
 
 196 
 
33 
 
 IV Divisioir, 
 The two vowels i, and a, occur reapectiv^ely in over 70 
 and 67%, not only, but the finals ianff, iang, iau, iae 
 appear in over 53°/o of the total. The hypothesis is fully 
 borne out by this Division 
 
 14th and 15th Terminations. 
 
 These are not grouped together in K*ang-hsi, and in 
 the old arrangem! nt they were also kept apart, but I think I 
 am justified in treating them as forming a group. I'hey 
 have in common a vowel termination, which with the 
 characteristic vowels of the Divisions forms diphthongs 
 It is very difficult to distinguish between the terminal 
 vowels of the two, but I think I am justified in advancing 
 what follows. 
 
 I consider that in the 14th termination an o, was 
 added to the four characteristic vowels, forming the 
 diphthongs oo, ao, eo, io. In the 15th terminatioft I 
 think a «, was added to the same vowels forming the 
 diphthongs (m, au eu, iu. The modern dialectal sounds 
 show that these views are probably correct. 
 
 14th Termination. 
 
 (23rd Table of K'ang-hsi.) 
 
 I Division. 
 
 The vowel o, appears in over 43% but the vowel u, 
 appears in over 60°/o- 
 
 II Division. 
 
 The vowel a, appears in over 57% of the total, the 
 termination o, appears in over 30°/o but u appears as 
 termination in over 64°/o of the total. 
 
34 
 
 III Division. 
 The vowel e, occurs in 28°/o while i, in 61°/o of the 
 total. Terminal o, is represented by 22°/^^, terminal «, 
 by 68Vo, 
 
 IV Division. 
 The vowel i, appears in 72°/o of the total. Terminal 
 o, represents 21'*/o, terminal u, 67°/o. 
 
 15tli Termination. 
 
 (24th Table of K'ang-hsi) 
 
 I. Division. 
 
 The vowel o, appears in over 42°/o a, and e, ia 
 about i9°/o. Terminal u, appears in 67°/o, terminal o, in 
 
 II. Division. 
 
 The vowel a, appears only in 24°/o, while o, or ^^'' in 
 30°/o. Terminal u, appears in 7^°/o ; terminal o, in S^/o. 
 
 III. Division. 
 The vowel e, appears only in 8°/o, while i, in 30°/o, 
 and 0, in 22°/o. 
 
 Terminal u appears in 77°/o, terminal o, in 8°/o- 
 
 IV. DiVISON. 
 
 The vowel i, appears in over 56°/o. Terminal u 
 appears in over 90°/o. Terminal o, only in 7°/o. 
 
 (I ) The tendency of the diphthong <j» is to become o. It is worthy of remark 
 that K'ang-hsi has no rhymes to this Division. 
 
14th termination. 
 
 15th termination. 
 
 
 
 
 (Open 
 
 Sounds.) 
 
 (Open Sounds.) 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 Ill 
 
 IV 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 51 
 
 88 
 
 131 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 11 
 
 161 
 ""1 
 
 27 
 4 
 
 "27 
 '"2 
 
 30 
 5 
 
 *17 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 162 
 
 "1 
 
 "33 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 "2 
 
 '"4 
 5 
 
 11 
 111 
 
 "*5 
 
 ""5 
 30 
 
 2 
 14 
 
 "'4 
 
 ""4 
 
 5 
 
 u 
 
 ui 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 un 
 
 unc 
 
 A 
 
 e — 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 a — 
 
 2 
 283 
 
 ""a 
 
 18 
 
 278 
 
 1 
 
 105 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 48 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 '95 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 66 
 
 "1 
 
 "39 
 1 
 
 
 iu 
 
 
 n 
 
 e — 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 '2 
 
 2 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 1 
 
 "3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 "3 
 
 '"2 
 
 2 
 56 
 
 1 
 6 
 1 
 
 "58 
 
 1 
 
 41 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 *"l 
 
 7 
 
 '"4 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 ""1 
 1 
 
 '"6 
 
 
 i ... , 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 no- 
 
 
 '"2 
 
 '5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 "*8 
 
 ""4 
 1 
 
 "3 
 
 3 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 "1 
 
 42 
 ... 
 12 
 2 
 
 "45 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 59 
 
 115 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 39 
 
 11 
 55 
 
 "22 
 
 73 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 202 
 
 7 
 
 80 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 '"3 
 
 '"s 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 21s 
 
 "'1 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 ""e 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 165 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 ""7 
 
 4 
 
 
 ou 
 
 
 
 oa 
 
 
 ao 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 oe 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 '"1 
 
 '"2 
 1 
 1 
 
 '"4 
 
 3 
 
 -•• 
 
 6 
 
 "1 
 
 '"2 
 
 95 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 188 
 1 
 
 "1 
 
 • •• 
 
 71 
 
 i 
 
 nc 
 
 \i — 
 
 
 
 
 eii 
 
 
 646 
 
 588 
 
 579 
 
 678 
 
 575 
 
 111 
 
 725 
 
 370 
 
35 
 
 If we compare the same Divisions of tlife 14tli and 
 15th Terminations, we shall find that though terminal 
 tt, predominates in both, there is a much larger number of 
 terminal o, in the former : this &ct seems to support the 
 hypothetical distinction. 
 
 "We can resume the results of the preceding reasoning 
 in a tabular form, in which the sign * indicates where the 
 theory has a majority, - where it has a minority, and o in- 
 dicates when a Division has no character or so few that 
 it may be neglected. 
 
 I Division. IIDiviaon. ni Division. IVKvision. 
 J.st. Ter., * « * ■ 
 
 2nd 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 - 
 
 * 
 
 3rd 
 
 i> 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 o 
 
 4th 
 
 It 
 
 * 
 
 o 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 5» 
 
 It 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 « 
 
 6,, 
 
 It 
 
 m 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 « 
 
 7„ 
 
 it 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 a 
 
 8" 
 
 ir 
 
 m 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 9» 
 
 » 
 
 - 
 
 * 
 
 « 
 
 - 
 
 10 „ 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 11 » 
 
 l> 
 
 * 
 
 0- 
 
 - 
 
 * 
 
 13 „ 
 
 » 
 
 - 
 
 « 
 
 « 
 
 « 
 
 14 „ 
 
 »> 
 
 - 
 
 * 
 
 - 
 
 * 
 
 15 „ 
 
 tt 
 
 9|> 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 * 
 
 
 *= 
 
 =6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 total 26 
 
 
 _^ 
 
 =5 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 3 „ 17 
 
 Twenty-six Divisions are in favour, and 17 against 
 the hypothesis, all doubtful cases I have considered ne^ 
 gative. 
 
36 
 
 The adjoining Table shows the Hhyrae-Tables in tlie 
 old order, and gives the finals according to the hypothesis 
 advanced. The Tables thus appear as a Syllabary of 
 the sounds of the ancient language. 
 
 I now may resume the arguments in favour of the 
 theory. 
 
 1st. The hypothesis resists the severe ordeal of being 
 tried by the whole mass of phonetic specimens, and it 
 holds good in the majority of cases, notwithstanding all 
 the disturbing influences of so many dialects, several very 
 corrupt. 
 
 2nd. iEven in the Tables, where one or more of the 
 hypothetical vowels do not occur in the majority of cases, 
 it will be noticeable that they always have a tendency to 
 appear in the place assigned to them by my theory. If o 
 does not represent the majority of any I Div. it. will be 
 seen always to appear there strongest, and gradually to 
 dwindle away in the other Divisions. The same happens 
 with each* other vowel : i if not occurring in a majority of 
 the sounds of any IV Division, is seen to appear principally 
 there, and only sporadically in the others. 
 
 3rd. The numerical evidence is still stronger if we 
 confine our attention to the Southern dialects, especially 
 Cantonese; 
 
 4th. It is also supported by the authority of Chiang-yung 
 and other native philologers, whose obscure meaning seems 
 to be explained by my hypothesis CO. Chinese philologers 
 not having an alphabet, lack symbols to represent abstract 
 
 (1) Chiang Yung (Xt 7jc) says: 
 
Tha Rhym3-Ta,ble? of K'aag.hsi arranged ia the old ordar aad 
 with the fiaaU resultiag from the present investigation. 
 
 Number of Table FinaK 
 
 4 „ jg (Closed Sounds) uag, uag. 
 
 12 „ JI (Open 
 
 11 ) 
 
 aang. 
 
 (Closed 
 
 >i ) 
 
 uaang. 
 
 5 J) ih (Open 
 
 11 J 
 
 ei, i. 
 
 (Closed 
 
 11 ) 
 
 wei, m. 
 
 7 „ m( 1' 
 
 11 J 
 
 u, ii. 
 
 6 „ Sf (Opsn 
 
 11 
 
 oi. ai, ei, i. 
 
 (Closed 
 
 11 / 
 
 uoi, uxi, uei, m. 
 
 11 „ IS (Opsn 
 
 >» 
 
 en, en, in. 
 
 (Closed 
 
 11 
 
 1 ii§n,""uen, uin. 
 
 8 „ lU (Open 
 
 11 J 
 
 on, an, en, in. 
 
 (Closed 
 
 11 
 
 ) uon, uan, uen, uTn. 
 
 14 „ ^ (Open 
 
 V J 
 
 00 (o) ac, eo, io. 
 
 1 „ ^ ( ., 
 
 11 
 
 0, a, e, i. 
 
 (Closed 
 
 11 / 
 
 I uo, ua, ue. 
 
 13 „ g (Open 
 
 'ii ; 
 
 oang. aang, eanj, iang. 
 
 (Closed 
 
 f» J 
 
 iioang, uaang, ueang. 
 
 3 „ # (Open 
 
 11 
 
 ) Snjr, eng. 
 
 (Closed 
 
 11 
 
 ) (too fe* to be noticel.) 
 
 2 „ ® (Open 
 
 )> 
 
 )ang,eng,ing. 
 
 15 « ?i ( » 
 
 >l 
 
 ) ou,au,ea,iu. 
 
 io„gg( „ 
 
 11 
 
 )em. 
 
 9 „ ^ ( » 
 
 11 
 
 ) om, am, era,im. 
 
37 
 
 sounds, and it is almost impossible for them to communicate 
 such abstract conceptions to others at least by writing. If 
 they succeed; in having clear viewd on phonology, they 
 cannot impart them, except verbally to their immediate 
 disciples. 
 
 5th. It is confirmed hy certain soumis in the Wei-hien 
 dialect asgiven by Dr. Mateer in his "Mandarin Lessons." 
 There, as I have mentioned, one finds the sounds Tsr, Tsr', 
 for characters, which are found in K'ang-hsi's Tables under 
 cerebral sibilant initials, showing that in Weihien they 
 keep a trace of these cerebrals. In Mateer's Sound Table 
 these sounds occur only with the vowels a, and e, exactly 
 as they should do according to my hypothesis. 
 
 6th. The hypothesis agrees perfectly with the old 
 ;arraugement of the Tables, it explains the meaning of the 
 ^ and ^ (Termination and Division), and ofihe different 
 groups, and produces a harmonious system which agrees 
 almost in detail and always in spirit with the present 
 system of finals in the Canton dialect. 
 
 7th. The suggestion that the Ehyme-Tables of K'ang- 
 hsi are a complete Syllabary of the ancient language is 
 supported by every reason of probability and historical 
 analogy. We know that Indians collaborated at the 
 compilation of these tables, and a syllabary is the natural 
 idea for all people who have been accustomed to use an 
 alphabet. It is also the method pursued by the Indian 
 Buddhists and their disciples in other countries. In Japan 
 we have all the syllables of the language arranged (in the 
 goju m) by vowels, in the following succession a, i, u, e, 0, 
 which is the order of the Sanscrit alphabet : the same 
 system and order is found in Thibetan. Far from being 
 astonished at finding a syllabary shadowed out even now in 
 
38, 
 
 tke Tables of Kfang-hsi, we ouglit to be surprised if the 
 contour were bidden by tbe mists of time. 
 
 If the results of this essay have, as I hope, advanced 
 our knowledge of the ancient phonology, and enable us to 
 distinguish clearly those ancient * Rhymes which the 
 Chinese have laboured for ages to discoveri and have been 
 obliged gradually to throw away as their knowledge 
 became dimmer, it is a conclusive proof that without the 
 early use of an alphabet and the clear notions it gives, it is 
 impossible to discuss phonetic questions. I cannot flatter 
 myself that, in a question which has occupied the keenest 
 intellects of China through many ages, I have not been 
 perhaps preceded by others, but through the absence of 
 alphabetical abstractions and the want of their convenient 
 symbols, the ideas of Chinese authors have been rather liazy 
 and they were utterly incapacitated from communicating 
 their results to the world. 
 
 I close this essay with a table of Rhymes according 
 to the Kuang-yiiu. These are not all given in K'ang-hsi's 
 Rhyme-Tables, and when given, are often differently 
 combined : they probably represent a pronunciation which 
 was already antiquated when the tables were compiled, 
 and only preserved in poetry, where obsolete forms are 
 maintainel in all languages. The results of the general 
 investigation on K'ang-hsi's Rhyme-Tables were, therefore, 
 not alone sufficient to discriminate all the rhymes of the 
 Kuang-yiin. I had to supplement the conclusions arrived 
 at with the formulas given by native philologers for using 
 the fan-ch'ieh system. The sounds given in the next 
 Table represent the results (carefully weighed) obtained 
 by these different methods. 
 
nng 
 
 (ung)? 
 
 iing 
 
 aang 
 
 1 
 
 ei 
 
 ei 
 
 nei 
 
 ii 
 
 (u)? 
 
 u 
 
 Ul 
 
 lii 
 
 uoi 
 
 oi 
 
 en 
 
 uen 
 
 aa 
 
 uen 
 
 in 
 
 uen 
 
 ugn 
 
 6n 
 
 on 
 
 uon 
 
 uan 
 
 'P J: 2i A 
 
 m m m m 
 
 ^ ^ m 
 
 m mm 
 
 n m ^ m 
 
 % m m 
 
 Bg g ^ 
 
 :^ jh ^ 
 
 m % ^ 
 
 mum 
 
 a s 
 
 's 
 
 m m 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^ ^ m m 
 
 m M Wi m 
 
 7C BS '^ 
 
 ^ U B 
 
 m m m 
 
 
 u m ^ ^ 
 1 m m m 
 
 an 
 in 
 en 
 io 
 
 PO 
 
 ao 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 uo 
 
 a 
 
 eang 
 
 oang 
 
 ang 
 
 (uang) ?. 
 
 eng 
 
 ing 
 
 eng 
 
 eng 
 
 eu 
 
 ou 
 
 iu 
 
 em 
 
 om 
 
 (uom) ? . 
 
 em 
 
 im 
 
 am 
 
 em 
 
 uem 
 
 (1) 
 
 ^ .h ^ A 
 
 Hi m m m 
 
 ^ m m m 
 
 Hi m m m 
 
 ^ /> ^ 
 
 W J5 J» 
 
 S Bif f^ 
 
 Wi ^ m 
 
 :JS ^ ^ 
 
 1^ II ii 
 
 m m m 
 
 m m ^ 
 
 ^ S B* 
 
 m m 
 
 W ii ® 
 
 h: ^- IH2 
 
 % -^ m 
 
 « J? 1^ 
 
 |i» HI :i^ 
 
 ^ « v^LN 
 
 s ^ ^ 
 
 i^ lii: H 
 
 ^ ^ % 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 1^ li H 
 
 m m m 
 
 m 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 te 
 
 Iff 
 
 a rg ss s 
 
 (!) In these three groups it seems that the characters have been mixed 
 up, as in the same line one finds the vowels e and a. 
 
 N.B. — Doubtful forms have been put in brackets. 
 
At the Office of The China' j^meUe:, 
 Shanghai. 
 
 KELLY & WALSH, I^d., 
 
 Shanghai, Hongkong and YokohaiviA:. 
 
 OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, 
 Leipzig. 
 
 KEGAN PAUL, 
 
 TRENCH, TRtJBNER & Co., Ld., 
 London. 
 
^Y^ 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 '"m^u 44,i^ . iut '