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ANALYTICAL 
 
 CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, 
 
 imgnA for l^catentM anitr |rilrale ^tutob. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF YEGETABLE STBUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANCES H. GREEN. 
 PART II. 
 
 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY: 
 
 BY JOSEPH W. CONGDON. 
 
 Science la only the interpreter of Nature. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 346 & 348 BROADWAY. 
 
 LONDON: 16 LITTLE BRITAIN 
 1857. 
 

 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854 
 By FKANCES H. GREEN. 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Having been for several years a Teacher of Botany, I have had considerable opportunity of experi- 
 menting on the happiest means of imparting this delightful science. The importance of Pictorial 
 Illustrations, systematically combined for regular exercises, early suggested itself. A new system of 
 teaching was thence wrought out, consisting of a set of Diagrams made to Illustrate Oral Lessons ; and 
 the plan was eminently successful. Those Lessons and Diagrams are reproduced in the present work, 
 with such extension and improvements as the written form, and the superior light and progress of 
 the times, admit and demand. The Illustrations are presented to the eye in large groups, and are 
 either immediately, or very nearly, associated with the corresponding portions of the Text. They 
 are designed to be used as regular exercises for study and recitation, the same as maps in Geogra- 
 phy. They are, in fact, but a recapitulation of the text in another form ; and thus, while they re- 
 peat the idea, they also give a pleasing variety to the lessons ; and appealing from the eye to the 
 mind, and the reverse, they awaken the most lively associations, tending to fix the impressions not 
 only in the memory, but also in the heart. 
 
 It is a remarkable fact, that with all the beauty of flowers, and the universal love of them which 
 prevails in the world, the Science of Flowers is one of the most unpopular — the dryest and the 
 dullest — ^in the common estimation — to which the attention of the student is ever called. But there 
 can be no intrinsic necessity of this. Objects which are externally so beautiful, and which address 
 themselves to the finest affections of the soul, must, in their internal structure, their habits, and aU 
 the relations of their beautiful life, present corresponding associations of beauty and love, whenever 
 true and familiar views can be obtained. An attempt is made in the present series to disarm the 
 science of at least a portion of those terrors with which it has been long invested, and to make it in- 
 teresting and attractive to the common mind. As the love and observation of flowers are among the 
 earliest phenomena of the mental Hfe, so should some correct knowledge of them be among the ear- 
 liest teachings. The work, then, should begin at home. But there should be also good Common- 
 School Books, which are at once so cheap and so pleasing, that they may, and will, be bought and 
 used. 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 The Primary Class-Book of Botany (one of the present series), is intended to supply this great 
 want of a Common-School book, which shall be at once clear, simple, and thorough in its details, so 
 as to render the science attractive without diluting it. It consists substantially of the Fiest Paet 
 of the Present Volume. It is unencumbered with useless technicalities and synonyms, and is so 
 simjDle and direct to the point, that any Teacher of even common penetration and address can enter 
 at once into the spirit of the lessons ; and thus, while he is teaching, be preparing himself along 
 with the scholar, to enter the analytical course of study, should his taste incline that way. 
 
 Teachers wiU observe that in the references to the Illustrations, contained in the Text, the num- 
 ber of the Plate is given but once ; hence all figures are included in the one last mentioned, till 
 another is introduced. 
 
 Part II., or Systematic Botant, containing the Floka, has some important points for an ele- 
 mentary work, among which are the simplicity and directness of the synopses, the clearness and ful- 
 ness of the descriptions, the nice distinctions observed between nearly-allied species, and a very high 
 degree of simplicity and clearness in the analyses. 
 
 To those who have a desire to cultivate their minds, but are unable to expend much time or 
 money for the purpose, this work offers signal advantages ; for in the intervals of recreation and rest, 
 when a heavier volume could not be attempted, this would attract and please ; and by its aid they 
 may gratify their natural taste by attaining a competent knowledge of this charming science, with 
 perhaps the will to pursue it further, and make themselves thorough and accomplished scholars. 
 As it can be studied without a Teacher, it is especially intended for the Working Classes, who have 
 hitherto been cut oif from a knowledge of the science by the heaviness or abstruseness of the best 
 systematic works on the subject. If it could only be accepted as the bearer of good tidings, it would 
 open to the Worker treasures of thought, feeling, beauty, fairer than the pearls of the East, and 
 richer than the beaten gold of Ophir — ^treasures which all the wealth of the Universe could not 
 purchase ; for it would invest him with a transmuting power, to change the meanest objects into the 
 most beautiful. A common weed, nay, a simple leaf, or blade of grass, would be transfigured before 
 him — a luminous expounder of the Divine Life — radiant with gems of undying truth. Could 
 young persons only know the value of this power they would never sigh for the frippery of fashion, 
 the outside show, or the misnamed pleasures of the world. Let this volume, then, fulfil its mission, 
 by scattering flowery truths in the too often waste-places of the world. Let it go to the workshop 
 and the cotton-mill ; and the sons and daughters of Toil wiU find the fable of Aladdin more than 
 realized ; for the lighted lamp of science shall unlock a world, rich beyond all human conception, 
 with treasures of immortal life and beauty. 
 
 In closing, I would say that access to the best works on the subject has been made easy to me ; 
 and among these I would particularly acknowledge benefits received from those of Wood, Gray, and 
 Torrey & Gray. 
 
 F. H. G. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 INTEODUOTOEY CHAPTEK. 
 lY^eat o£ the Study— Illustration 
 
 p.l 
 
 CHAPTER II.— BouiTOAniES Defined. 
 Organ— Mineral Mnsses — Mineral defined— Animal— Animal defined— Distinc- 
 tions between Organic and Inorganic Forms — ^between Animal and Vege- 
 table—Organized being defined pp. 1, 2 
 
 CHAPTER III.— The Prtmitite Cells. 
 
 Aspects of the Science — Structural and Physiological Botany — ^Vegetable 
 
 Anatomy— First Form of tho Cell— Basis of Vegetable Forms— The Cell : its 
 
 Appearance, Structure, Form, Life, Growth, and Multiplication— Parencby- 
 
 ma— Oiig^n of the Cell — Cellular System pp. 2—6 
 
 CHAPTER IV.^TllANSFOPvMATIONS OP THE CeLLS. 
 
 Secondary Deposit— Gritty Tissue— "Woody Fibre— Gland ular-lVoody Tissue- 
 Bass Tissue. Ducts : Dotted, Spiral, Annular, and Bcalariform — Prosenohy- 
 ma^-Universal Organic Constituents— Vertical System— Laticiferous Tis- 
 BUQ pp. 6—8 
 
 CHAPTFR v.— Contents of the Cells. 
 Four Simple Elements— Sap— Classification of Products. Teenaet Peo- 
 DTTCTs: Starch — Dextrine— Sugar— Mucilage— Essential Oils— Resins, Gums, 
 and Balsams— Caoutchouc— Fixed Oils— Wax— Chlorophylle-Chromule- 
 Vegetable Acids. Qitakteenart Peodttots: Albumen— Legumine— Gluten 
 — Alkaloids— Crystals— Silox— Great Silicious Accumulations pp. 8—11 
 
 CHAPTER VII.— The Epideemis. 
 
 Subject defined and described. Epidermal Appendages : Btomata — Hairs — 
 Pubescence— Glands— Stings— Prickles— Intercellular Stystem pp. 11, 12 
 
 CHAPTER VIII.— Pkogressite Development. 
 Unicellular Plants— Rounded Cell— Branching Cell— Cells in Linear Series- 
 Branching Series — Mushrooms — Frondose Forms — Thallus — Caulescent 
 Forms — Gradual Advancement of Organism— Reproductive Organs of Liver- 
 worts— Mosses— Calyptra— Cellular Orders of Plants— First Development of 
 Fibre— Ferns PI>. 12— IT 
 
 . CHAPTER IS. — Primitive Division of Plants. 
 
 Oryptogamia—Phcenogamia— Distinctions between Cryptogamous and Phffino- 
 
 gamous Plants— Spores-Distinctions between Spores and Seeds- Progressive 
 
 Characters of Plants— Highest Development of Use and Beauty in the Pha3- 
 
 nogamia— Wealth and Beauty of the Vegetable World pp. IT— 20 
 
 CHAPTEK X.— Organs of Vegetation. 
 
 First Impulses of Life— Organs of Vegetation — Descending Axis— Ascending 
 
 Axis— Embryo — Parts of the Embryo — Raflicle — Plumule— Cotyledons — 
 
 First Subdivision of Planta-Monocotyledones— Dicotyledones— Number of 
 
 Cotyledons — Acotyledones — Germination — Instructions to the Student. 
 
 pp, 20—22 
 
 CHAPTER XI.— The Descending Axis. 
 Subject defined — Elementary Composition of the Rootr-Organography. Oe- 
 OANOGRAPHT OP THE RooT I Parts defined — Primitive Root- Secondary 
 Boots— Fibrils. Root Forms : Branching— Fibrous— Granulated-Fusiform 
 — Napiform— Conical— Tuberous—Premorse-Fascicled. Periods of Dura- 
 tion: Annual Roots— Biennial— Perennial— Herbaceous Stems. . .pp. 22—25 
 
 CHAPTER XII.— SoTJECBS of Nutriment. 
 
 Normal Position of the Root — Aquatic Roots — Aerial Roots— Banian— Parasitic 
 Roots— Green Parasites— Pale Parasites— One-fiowered Parasites— Epiphitic 
 Roots— Air Plants— Vegetable Physiology pp. 25—27 
 
 CHAPTER XIII.— Physiology of the Root. 
 Mode of Growth in the Root. Functions op the Root: Mechanical Fix- 
 ture— Absorption— Exosmose and Endosmose— Theory Explained — Experi- 
 inent— Application— Evidence of Exosmose^Vital Principle— Choice of 
 Nutriment. pp. 27—30 
 
 CHAPTER XIV.— The Btro. 
 Subject defined — Structure of the Bud — Grafting, Layering, and Budding — 
 Development of the Plumule — Nodes — Internodes — Division of the Stem — 
 Arrangement of the Branches— Disturbances of Symmetry — ^Undeveloped 
 Buds — Latent Buds — Adventitious Buds — Superfluous Buds — Thorns — Dis- 
 tinction between a Thorn and Prickle— Tendril pp. 30—33 
 
 CHAPTER XV.— The Stem oe Ascending Axis. 
 Subject defined — Distinctions of the Stem and Root — Stem Universal in 
 the Phienogamla — Elementary Composition— Component Parts pf Wood. 
 Anatomy of tiui: Stem: Constituent Parts— The Pith — The Medullary 
 Sheath — Medullary Rays — Structure of Wood — Liguino — Heart-wood and 
 Sap-wood— Alburnum— Cambium Layer. Baek: Liber— Cellular Envelope 
 —Corky Envelope— Cortical Layer in the Birch- Cork— Continuity of Bark 
 and Wood pp. 33- 3T 
 
 CHAPTER XVI.— The Stem : its mode op Growth. 
 
 Most obvious Division of Stems— Tree defined— Shrub— Under-Sh rub— Herb— 
 Exogens and Endogens — Exogenous Structure — Endogenous Structure — 
 Lateral Buds — Palms — other Endogenous Forms— Distinctions between Ex- 
 ogens and Endogens. Aerial Modifications of the Stem: Caulis — ^Trunk 
 — Culm— Scape— -Sucker — Runner— Offset — Stolon — ^Vine— Twiners — Cleav- 
 era— Reclining Stems pp. 87 — ■iO 
 
 CHAPTER XVIL— The Stem: Subterranean Forms- Functions. 
 Scaly and Creeping Roots — Tubfir — Bulb — Bulblets — Corm — Rhizoma — Creep- 
 er—Functions of the Stem- Circulation and Elaboration of Sap— Progress ol 
 the Cambium, and its Effects pp. 40—43 
 
 CHAPTER XVIIL— The Leap. 
 
 Organic Parts of the Leaf— Normal Position of the Leaf— Upper Surface — 
 Lower Surface— Effect of the Light on the Upper Surface of Leaves — Under 
 Surface— Phenomena induced by the same — Epidermis — Stomata- Position 
 of the Stomata— Prefoliation. Pebfoliation in tue Single Leaf: Condu- 
 plicate— Convolute— Revolute— Involute — Plaited — Circinate. Prefolia- 
 tion of more than ONE Leap: Ob volute— Supervolute—Equi tan t — Imbri- 
 cated. Arrangement of Leaves : Alternate — Opposite — Verticillate — ^Ve- 
 nation — Mid-vein — Veins — Veinletfi — Veinulets—Rib»— Nerves. Modes of 
 Venation : Reticulated — Radiate — Feather-veined — Parallel— Forked. 
 
 pp. 43—40 
 CHAPTER XIX.— Leaf-forms. 
 
 Origin of Form — Simple Leaf— Orbicular — Ovate — Obovate — Oblong — Oval — 
 Diamond-form — Cordate — Beniform — Lanceolate — Spatulate — Sagittate — 
 Hastate -Auricled — Clasping — Acerose — Perfoliate — Connate — Sinuate— Ly- 
 rate — Pinnatifid — Euncinate — Linear — Pedate— Palmate — Peltate— Oblique 
 ^En&iform — Decurrcnt Compound Leaf-forms: Pinnate — Temate — 
 Leaflets — Common Petiole — Petiolnla. Pinnate Leaves Winged : Ter- 
 minally— Abruptly^Interruptedly—Cirrhose-Bipinnate-Tripinnate — Dig- 
 itate Leaf, Ternate Leaf : Bitemate — Triternate. Leap Margin : En- 
 tire — Serrate — Dentate — Eepand — Crenate — ^Laciniate — Incised — ^Dissected — 
 Frilled— Spin escent—Erose. Leaf Summit : Acute— Obtuse— Acuminate — 
 Mucronate—Retuse-Emarginate— Truncate. Petiole: Stipulate — Alate — 
 •Clasping— Round — Sessile Leaf pp. 46—51 
 
 CHAPTER XX.— Leap Modifications. 
 
 Abnormal Developments — Pbyllodia — ^Ascidia — Dionoea — Dischidia. Stipules : 
 
 Coherence— Adn ate — Intrafoliaceous — Interpctiolar — Spinescent — Ligules, in 
 
 the Fennel tribe- Stipulate— Exstipulate — Stipels. Bracts : In the Comus 
 
 — Lime-tree — Glume — Palese — Compositse — other forms pp. 51— 6-i 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI.— FuKOTiONB OF the Leaf. 
 Most obvious use— Absorption — Digestion — Exhalation— Eespiration. Dura- 
 tion OF Leaves : Deciduons — Fngaceous — Persistent — Development — De- 
 cay and Fall pp. 54 — 58 
 
 CHAPTER XXII.— Food of Plants. 
 Elementary Constituents — Common Sourcesof Food — Particular Sources of 
 
 Food — Liebig's Classification — Organic Elements ■ 
 
 - Inorganic Elements, 
 pp. 58—60 
 
 CHAPTEP. XXIII.— INFLOEESOENOE. 
 
 Subject defined — Peduncle — Eacbis — Pedicels — Scape — Solitary Inflorescence- 
 Two principal kinds of Inflorescence. Centripetal Forms : Spike — Raceme 
 — Corymb—Panicle — Thyrse — Compound Inflorescence — Ament — Spadix 
 — Umbel. Centrifugal Forms: Cyme — Fascicle — Verticillaster — Bracte- 
 oles pp. 60—64 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV.— Organs of Eepeoduotion. 
 Essential Organs — Stamens— Pistils — Complete Flower — Yariations— Trans- 
 formed Organs— Metamorphoses — Occurrence of the same number — Abortion 
 — Suppression— Coalescence — Adnation — Chorisis — Regular Multiplication- 
 Irregularity of Form. Flower : Dimerous — Trimorons — Tetramerous — Pen- 
 tamerouE — Symmetrical Flower — Regular Flower- Complete Flower— In- 
 fertile Flower — Fertile Flower— Flowers Polygamous pp. 64—67 
 
 CHAPTER XXY.— Floral Envelopes. 
 Prefloration — Imbricated — Vexillary — Convolute — Supervolute — Valvular — 
 Poppy. Calyx : Elementary Composition — Monosepalous — Position in re- 
 gard to the Ovary: Inferior — Superior — Bracteoles — Glumes — Valve. Pap- 
 pus: Pilose — Piumose-Setose-Paleaceous— Involucre — Spathe — Involucel. 
 Corolla : Elementary Composition — Monopetalous — Polypetalous. Parts 
 of Monapetaloos Corolla : Tube — Throat — Limb. Monapetalous Forms : 
 Sal ver-forra — Rotate — Campanulate — Funnel-form — Tubular. Lauiate 
 Forms: Personate — Ringent — Parts of Petal — Lamina — Claw. Polypeta- 
 lous Forms : Caryophyilaceous — Rosaceous — Papilionaceous — Liliaceous — 
 Regular— Irregular— Defective — Nectary. Florets : Discoid — Radiant — 
 Radiate— Color of Flowers- Changes ofColor — Odor. Duration of Floral 
 Envelopes; Caducous — Deciduous — Persistent — Functions of Floral Enve- 
 lopes pp. 67—75 
 
 CHAPTER XXVL— The Stamens. 
 Essential Organs — Parts of Stamen — Elementary Composition — Stamen a 
 Transformed Leaf— Filament. Anther ; Mode of Attachment — Innate — 
 Adnate — Versatile— Dehiscence — Connectile. Pollen : Its Coverings — Ex- 
 tine — Intine— Fovilla — Andrcecium — Number of Stamens— Comparative Size 
 -Other Peculiarities pp. 75—77 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII.— The Pistil. 
 The Subject defined — Pistil — Ovary — Style — Stigma — Elementary Composition 
 — Gyn<ecinm — Functions pp. 78^80 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII.— The Ovaey. 
 Subject defined— Carpels— Dissepimenta—Cells—Eelations of Number in the 
 Normal Structure— Origin of the Carpels. Sutures: Ventral— Dorsal-Pla- 
 centa. Plaoentation : Axillary— Parietal— Free Central— False Dissepi- 
 ments pp. 80, 81 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX— The Fruit. 
 Subject defined— Pericarp— Epicarp—Endncarp—Sarcocarp—Putamen. De- 
 hiscence: Septioidal— Loculicidal—Septifragal—Sutnral— Transverse— Other 
 Varieties— FruitForms-SimpleFruits-Oapsule-Silique-Silicle— Legume 
 —Follicle— Berry- Pepo — Pome — Drupe- Achenium — Caryopsis— Nut— 
 Samara— Pyxis. Multiple Fruits: Fig— Cone — Pine-Apple — Double 
 Fruits pp. 81-85 
 
 CHAPTER XXX.— The Seed. 
 Elementary Composition— Structure— Integuments— Episperm— Endosperm— 
 Nucleus— Mycropyle—roramen—Chalaza— Funiculus- Albumen — Embryo 
 —Aril— Germination— Dissemination of Seeds— Longevity. pp. 85—89 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI.— Sensibility of Plants. 
 Motions Caused by Light— Papilionaceous Flowers — ^Motions Caused by Touch 
 — Spontaneous Movements — Movements of Spores — Effect of Poisons. 
 
 pp. 89, 90 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIL— Geographical Distribution of Plants. 
 Origin— General Laws of Distribution— Arctic Flora— Region of LlnniBUS— 
 Zone of Evergreen "Woods— Japanese Region— Oriental Tropical Zone— Ee- 
 pion of Mjfrtle and Acacia- Region of Fig- Marigolds — De Lisle's Region — 
 Eeglon o£ Asters and Golden-rods— Eegion of Magnolias— Region of Cacti 
 and Peppers— Region of Arborescent Compositje — Antarctic Eegion— Par- 
 tial Distribution PP- 91-94 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII.— Economical Uses of Plants. 
 
 Uses of the Root : Nutritive Properties— Substitutes for Bread— Potato- 
 Sweet Potato— Tam—Manioc— Taro— Tapioca— Arrow-root— Esculent Boots 
 —Aromatic Roots— Cordage from Roots — Madder — Alkanet — Turmeric. 
 Uses of the Stfjii: Ornamental Woods— Bamboo— Cedar— Charcoal and 
 Potashes— Dye Woods— Ferula— Sola— Sago. Barks: Astringent— Cinna- 
 mon— Gall-nuts. Bass-Fibee: Silk-weed— Indian Hemp— Lace Tree — Pa- 
 per Mulberry— New Zealand Flax— Nettle-worts— Manilla. Uses of the 
 Leaf : Thatching-Manufactures— Papaw— Tea— Paraguay Tea— Henna- 
 Indigo. Uses of the Flower: Safflower— Saffron — Capers— Cloves— Per- 
 fumes-Essences — Conserves. Uses of the Fruit ; Edible Fruits — Coflee 
 —Olive— Cocoa — Sapindus. Fruits used as Bread : Coeoanut— Plantain — 
 Banana— Bread-fruit— Date— Fig— Tamarind— Vanilla. Uses of the Seed : 
 Leguminous Seeds— Oleaginons Seeds— Nutmeg. Uses of the whole 
 Plant : Grasses — Iceland Moss — Carragheen Moss — Archil — Cudbear. Se- 
 cretions OF Plants and their Uses: Gums — Resins — Balsams — India- 
 rubber— Gutta-percha — Dragon's-blood — Wax — Poisonous Secretions — Ouw- 
 tree-^ugar-cane— Sugar Maple— Arnotto — Varnishes— ludigo— Dyers' Weed 
 -Great and Universal Uses of Plants— Concluding Eemarks. pp. 94—100 
 
 PLATES 
 
 Page 
 
 I.— THE CELLS 5 
 
 IL— CONTENTS OF THE CELLS— EPIDEEMI3 12 
 
 IIL— PEOGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT 15 
 
 IV.— GRAND DIVISIONS 19 
 
 v.— THE COTYLEDONS— GERMINATION 21 
 
 VL— ROOT FORMS 23 
 
 VIL— ROOTS AND STEMS 26 
 
 VIII.— WOOD. 29 
 
 IX— STEM FOEMS 82 
 
 X.— STEM AND LEAP 85 
 
 XI.— ARRANGEMENT AND VENATION 88 
 
 XIL— LEAF FOEMS 41 
 
 XIIL— LEAF FOEMS 44 
 
 XIV.— COMPOUND LEAVES 47 
 
 XV.— LEAF MARGIN 60 
 
 XVI.— SUMMIT OF THE LEAl' 68 
 
 XVII.— THE PETIOLE 56 
 
 XVIIL— STIPULES 89 
 
 XIX.— BRACTS 62 
 
 XX.-INFLORESCENCE 64 
 
 XXI.— INFLORESCENCE 66 
 
 XXII.— PEEFLOEATION— THE CALYX 68 
 
 XXIII.— THE COEOLLA 70 
 
 XXIV.— COEOLLA 72 
 
 XXV.— STAMENS AND PISTILS 74 
 
 XXVL— PLACENTATION— DEHISCENCE 76 
 
 XXVII.— FRUIT FORMS 82 
 
 XXVIII.— FRUIT AND SEED 86 
 
 XXIX.— EEMAEKABLE PLANTS 98 
 
AMLYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 1. Walking abroad in the fields, we are met on 
 every hand by an inexhaustible variety of plants and 
 flowers, which not only attract our attention, but call 
 forth our affections in a very lively and peculiar manner. 
 Their colors, their forms, their odors, excite the most 
 agreeable sensations. These emotions, however, we have 
 in common not only with the uncultivated of our own 
 species, but also, to some degree, even with the lower 
 animals. The intelligent human BEiNa would look for 
 something within — something deeper, higher and truer, 
 which is only shadowed forth in the external character — 
 that the mind may enter into their life, and imbibe their 
 freshness, their purity and beauty, as its own aliment. 
 
 2. Here close at hand is a little plant— (plate I. fig. 
 1) — a species of Convolvulus — ^which will illustrate for 
 us this necessity. In its tiny form, simple and fragile 
 as it appears, are contained all the wonderful secrets of 
 Vegetable Life. It is a complete Book of Laws, written 
 by the unerring finger of God, in the indelible lines of 
 Truth. The Oak, whose years are numbered by centu- 
 ries — the old Cypress and Baobab, whose full life may 
 only be reckoned by ages, can exhibit nothing whose type 
 is not already found here. It is true that this volume is 
 written in an unknown tongue. But would you become 
 acquainted with its language — ^would you call forth its 
 interior beauties — would you penetrate its divine myste- 
 ries — come with me. Let us take each other by the 
 hand — Teacher and Pupil — and go forth together, side 
 by side, that we may better obey the command of Wis- 
 dom, and " consider the lilies of the field — how they 
 grow.'" 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 BOUNDAKIES DEFINED. 
 
 3. The science of Vegetable Life is called Botany. 
 It unfolds a knowledge of the elementary composition, 
 
 structure, habits, functions and systematic arrangement 
 of plants, and is divided into several departments, all of 
 which will be defined as we proceed. 
 
 4. But in order to study the plant intelligently, we 
 should be able — at least with a considerable degree of 
 precision — to determine ivhat it is — or to distinguish it 
 from other forms. For this purpose you will give your 
 attention to a few simple principles, which will greatly 
 assist us in this matter. 
 
 5. An organ is an instrument of motion, by help of 
 which a living body is able to perform certain actions, 
 that are hence called m-ganic, or vital. The leaves and 
 stems of plants, the hands, feet, and eyes of animals, are 
 such instruments, and therefore organs. Vegetables, 
 then, as well as animals, possess and work with these in- 
 struments ; and for this reason they are called organic, 
 or living beings ; and in the whole course of study this 
 fact must not be lost sight of — that the plant is not only 
 a vitalized structure, but a living being — ^governed by 
 vital laws. 
 
 6. Mineral masses — such as Earths, Stones, and 
 Metallic Ores, have no organs ; but their substance is 
 uniform throughout. They are hence termed Inorganic, 
 and are ranked together in one great class, which is usual- 
 ly denominated the Mineral Kingdom. 
 
 7. A Mineral may be defined as an inorganic mass 
 of matter, endowed with a merely passive existence, and 
 exhibiting none of the attributes or phenomena of life. 
 
 8. Let us refer again to the small Convolvulus, which 
 may be considered as the type of a perfect plant, since it 
 has all the essential organs — ^roots, a stem, leaves and 
 flowers ; and we know that each of these organs performs 
 certain offices, or functions, in its life and growth, which arc 
 essential to its development and preservation. Hence, if 
 any of these should be removed, or greatly injured, the 
 health of the whole plant would be affected, and perhaps its 
 life destroyed. We know that this organism is developed 
 from a seedj and nourished by certain substances which 
 may properly be termed food. We know also that plants 
 
 Subject of tie chapter. What t8 BotaDy ? What does it unfold ? What ne- 
 cesosry to study a plant intelligently ? Define Organ. Instances. Vegetables 
 
 1 
 
 organic — why ? Inorganic bodies — describe. Collectively, what termed ? Do- 
 fine Mineral. What facts of the plant at 8 ? Doflne Plant. Plants collectively 
 
ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 cannot walk about, or move themselves to and fro, at will, 
 but are, for the most part, fixed to the spot where they 
 first grew. Taking these facts for a basis, a Plant may 
 be defined as an organized structure, which ivas derived 
 from a parent, or parents, and exhibits the phenomena 
 of nutrition, growth, reproduction, decay and death. The 
 collective family of plants is called the Vegetable Kingdom. 
 
 9. The Animal. In addition to the above merely 
 vegetative functions, the animal is able to move himself' 
 about with more or less freedom, to feel emotions of plea- 
 sure and pain, and to act according to the dictates of cer- 
 tain impressions which are collectively called Instinct, 
 and are a substitute for that faculty which is termed 
 Reason in the superior intelligence. 
 
 10. An Animal is an organized being, which ivas 
 derived from parents, and exhibits the phenomena of 
 nutrition, growth, reproduction, sensation, voluntary 
 motion, and, intelligence. Animals collectively form 
 the Animal Kingdom. 
 
 11. But though it is very easy to distinguish a rose 
 from a diamond, or a butterfly from either, and to dis- 
 tribute them all into their respective places, yet there 
 are points where the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms 
 approach each other so nearly, that their absolute 
 boundaries are, as yet, a subject of question. "We will 
 not at present disturb these equivocal positions, but turn 
 to the distinctions between organic and inorganic forms, 
 which are so broad and well defined as to admit of no 
 controversy. 
 
 12. Between Organic and Inorganic forms there are 
 four principal differences. These are, their mode of 
 expansion, their mode of subdivision or multiplication, 
 their outlines, and their periods of duration. 
 
 13. First Distinction. — Minerals expand by accre- 
 tion, or the deposition of particles on the outside. 
 They are merely enlarged. Living bodies are nodmshed 
 BY FOOD, which, acted upon by internal ioices, is finally 
 converted into their own substance. They grow ; and 
 by this power of assimilating foreign substances, the 
 structure is developed and sustained. 
 
 14. Second Distinction. — Animals bring forth 
 young, and plants are produced from seeds, which are 
 young plants in an undeveloped state; but minerals are 
 multiplied only by mechanical subdivision. They 
 never have offspring. 
 
 15. Third Distinction. — Minerals, with the excep- 
 tion of crystals, have no determined proportions or sym- 
 metry of outline. They generally present angular sur- 
 
 what? Btifino Animal. Animals collectively, wbat? Boundaries of the three 
 great Kingdoms. Between Organic and Inorganic bodies, how many points of dif- 
 
 faees, and in their most regular forms are measured by 
 straight lines. Organized -beings have symmetrical 
 forms composed of definite parts, each shape being pro- 
 per to the .species. They are mostly bounded by circular 
 surfaces, and measured by curved lines. 
 
 16. Fourth Distinction. — Minerals have no fixed 
 periods of duration, and their existence is indefinitely 
 prolonged. Organized forms have an average period of 
 life for every species. 
 
 17. An Organized Being may be defined as one 
 ivhich has been unfolded through a principle of life 
 transmitted from its parents, into certain parts, which 
 always maintain definite relations with each other, 
 and with the lohole body. It is nourished by food. 
 It grotvs until it attains to certain proportions, which, 
 for any given species, have nearly a determined volume. 
 It has a lim,ited period of life ; and when its vitality 
 is greatly di-minislied, it dies. But a Mineral exhibits 
 none of these changes. 
 
 18. Between Animal and Vegetable forms the dis- 
 tinctions are not so obvious, nor can they always with 
 certainty be determined. But as only the lowest types 
 are thus confusedly thrown together, ultimate distinctions 
 become of comparatively small consequence. It may be 
 sufficient here to know some of the broader lines of sepa- 
 ration. 
 
 19. First Distinction. — Plants only are nourished by 
 mineral food, and transform this into organic tissues. Ani- 
 mals universally subsist on the aliment thus transformed. 
 
 20. Second Distinction. — Vegetable tissues are 
 composed of only three chemical elements — ■ carbon, 
 hydrogen and oxygen. Animal tissues are composed of 
 four — carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen or azote. 
 
 21. Third Distinction. — In the lowest form of 
 plants we find many species which are composed of a 
 single cell, without any other organization whatever ; 
 but even in their lowest condition, animals exhibit a far 
 higher degree of complexity than this, as you may learn 
 from the observations of Ehrenberg, and other natu- 
 ralists, who have studied the anatomy of rudimental 
 tribes. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE PEIMITIVE CELL. 
 
 22. The science of Botany presents itself under two 
 general aspects. First, we study plants as individuals, 
 
 fcrence ? First Distinction— Second— Tliird— Fourth— Org.anized being, dcflne. 
 What of distinctions between Animals and Vegetables — First — Second— Tliird ? 
 
THE PEIMITIVE CELL. 
 
 tiieir elementary composition, structure, habits, and the 
 vital laws that govern them ; and secondly, we regard 
 them in what may be termed their social or relative con- 
 ditions, as forming groups — species, genera, tribes, orders 
 and classes. The first comprehends Vegetable Anat- 
 omy, Structural and Physiological Botany, and the last 
 Systematic Botany. 
 
 23. Under the first of these distinctions, in which 
 Natural History becomes a kind of biography, the Plant 
 will now be presented to your view ; and if you attend to 
 this branch of the study with a loving mind, you may safely 
 promise yourselves a rich reward; for in nothing are plants 
 more beautiful, more wonderful, than in their anatomical 
 perfection, the minute elemepts of their organism. 
 
 24. A knowledge of the elementary composition 
 and intimate structure of those organs of which plants 
 are composed, is termed Vegetable Anatomy. This 
 may properly be considered the basis of the whole science, 
 since, if we thoroughly understand the parts, we can 
 more clearly and truly comprehend the whole. 
 
 25. Let us take up the Convolvulus again, and make 
 a few more observations. At a glance we are struck 
 with a great dissimilarity of structure in the substances 
 of which its different organs are composed. In a single 
 leaf we find certain soft, succulent parts, which form the 
 expansion, or blade, and a fibrous portion that makes the 
 frame-work, its stalk and veins. But these differences 
 Become more apparent and remarkable when we throw 
 them into a stronger contrast. What could be more 
 unlike each other than the tough wood or coarse bark of 
 a forest tree, and the delicate petals of this little flower ? 
 In order to perceive the reason of these differences, we 
 must have recourse to the Microscope. 
 
 26. FmsT EoEM of the Cell. — Let us take a 
 small piece of this Melon leaf, and place it so that its 
 cut edge, or thickness, will be presented to the action of 
 the lens (see fig. 6). We now find, instead of the plain 
 surface that appeared to the naked eye, a collection of 
 roundish sacs or bladders, that look somewhat like little 
 green eggs. Of these the whole substance, except the 
 stalk and veins, is composed ; and because they are closed 
 on all sides, like small chambers, they are called cells. 
 The upper cells are seen at ii, the lower ones at Z ; h, a 
 hair ; c, one of the canals connected with the breathing 
 pores ; s, spaces between the lower cells ; and/, a bundle 
 of fibre. 
 
 27. Here we have arrived at the basis of the whole 
 
 Subject or tho chapter. Two general aspects of the science. Plants as 
 Individuals — stud/ comprehends what? Plants in Groups — what? Which 
 division have you now entered on? Define Vegetable Anatomy. Observa- 
 tions on the Plant. Differences observed. Mioroscopic observation. What 
 
 structure. This minute and delicate cell-work is the 
 parent of all the vegetable tissues, from the tender floret 
 that blooms and fades in a single day, to the heart of 
 Oak, that only hardens with the storms of centuries ; the 
 Mushroom, that lives, and grows, and perishes in an 
 hour; the Herb, Shrub, or Tree, whose life may be 
 measured by months, or years, or ages, from the little 
 Bell-flower, that blossoms at our feet, to the giant Plane- 
 tree of the primeval woods, may each be traced to- a com- 
 mon origin — in a cell-work so minute, that only by help 
 of the microscope can we detect its presence. All these 
 very different structures are built up of the same mate- 
 rial. The elements are few and simple, but their combi- 
 nations are infinite. 
 
 28. A plant may be considered as an assemblage of 
 cells, out of which its whole fabric is wrought in a contin- 
 uous series, like a piece of lace-work ; and so simple is 
 the mechanical arrangement, that a little child may com- 
 prehend it ; while the wisdom of Sages may find subject 
 for study in the contemplation of its vital laws. 
 
 29. Appearance op the Cells. — Sometimes they 
 represent a delicate net-work, as may be seen in the pith 
 at a, fig. 2, which represents a section of a woody stem. 
 They are oblong, and flattened in the bark, as at hh, 
 while at i i and e e they have nearly the same form ; and 
 because they seem to be woven, or wrought together, the 
 different textures thus formed are called Tissues. These 
 in the course of growth assume various modifications, 
 and receive different names. The primitive tissue of 
 plants is the Cellular Tissue, the component parts 
 and combinations of which we are now to consider. 
 
 30. Structure of the Cell. — The walls are formed 
 of a firm, colorless, semi-transparent membrane, and 
 during its whole life they remain closed on all sides. 
 The substance of this membrane is composed of carbon, 
 hydrogen, and oxygen, and is called Cellulose. The 
 inner surface of the walls is coated with a viscid, yellowish- 
 semi-fluid substance, which, in addition to the elements 
 of pure cellulose, has a small portion of nitrogen, the 
 latter substance being always necessary to vital action. 
 Here, in this inner coating of its Sells, the substance of 
 which is called Protoplasm, all the vital forces of the 
 plant reside. Here are wrought all those marvellous 
 changes, which, the more we know them, the more do 
 they call forth our admiration and astonishment ; to wit- 
 ness, from means so few and simple, results so rich, and 
 varied, and manifold. 
 
 discovered? What called? Why? Parent of tissues. (27) What may a 
 plant be considered? Appearance of tho cells. Why called Tissues ? Prim- 
 itive Tissue. Structure of the Cell. Substance of its walls. Of their semi- 
 fluid lining. In which is the vital action maintained ? 
 
ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 31. Forms of the Cell. — Very young plants, 
 whatever they are destined to become, contain only the 
 rudiments of fibre ; and their whole substance may be 
 said to consist of roundish or oval cells, as you have seen 
 at fig. 6. But as the adjacent parts multiply and enlarge, 
 the cells, being compressed on all sides, assume a twelve- 
 sided form, and in the mass have the appearance of an 
 irregular honeycomb. This is well shown in the highly 
 magnified section of Elder pith, fig. 7. There is a great 
 variety in the forms of the cell, and some of them are 
 extremely elegant. When subjected to pressure on two 
 Opposite sides, they become flattened. This form uni- 
 versally occurs in the cells of the outside integument, or 
 skin, of plants. A row of these flattened cells may be 
 seen at the upper and under surfaces of the Melon leaf, 
 fig. 6, and also in the bark and some other parts of the 
 section of wood, fig. 2. Sometimes the cells assume the 
 appearance of prisms or cylinders ; here they are spindle- 
 shaped, there they are drawn out into long tubes or flat 
 filaments, and again they become stellate, and take the 
 shape of beautiful little stars. 
 
 32. Life op the Cell. — The cell walls, though 
 entirely closed, are penetrable by liquids, and through 
 them every cell sucks up as much as it needs of the nu- 
 trient matter that surrounds it. This being acted on 
 by the vital forces, a chemical change ta,kes place, and a 
 separation occurs. The nutritive portion is taken up for 
 the nourishment and support of the tissues, while the 
 remainder is expelled, as useless. In these acts the life 
 of the cell essentially consists ; and the life of the whole 
 plant, which is but an aggregation of cell lives, can be 
 but a repetition of the same processes. 
 
 33. Gkowth of the Cell. — The nutrient matter 
 thus absorbed is applied to the interstices of the cell 
 walls, which, if no obstacle intervene, extend themselves 
 in all directions, until they reach a definite size, when 
 they are either absorbed by new cells, or they remain 
 permanently fixed. Having once attained to a full 
 growth, their vitality gradually diminishes, until at 
 length they cease to have any part in the actions of life. 
 Each individual cell may be considered as an independent 
 organism, having its own particular life, which it may be 
 said to support by its own labor ; and though, like the 
 Corals, Sponges, and some higher animals, the Cells live 
 in a community, yet each of them, so long as it exists, 
 always maintains its own individual life, character and 
 action, truly as any of these. 
 
 34. Multiplication of Cells. — When the nutrient 
 
 Forms of the cell. Life. Growth. Multiplication. The two modes. Describe. 
 What may an individual Cell be considered ? Instances of rapid growth Par- 
 
 material has accumulated in a sufficient degree for the 
 support of the new cells, they immediately begin to be 
 formed. There are two principal modes of cell forma- 
 tion — first, by partitions, and secondly, by gemmation, or 
 BUDDING, from the free extremity. 
 
 (1.) By Partition. — The cell lining is infolded, 
 until its extending edges meet and cohere, when a double 
 wall of cellulose is deposited, to strengthen and sustain 
 the new structure. Thus two, four, eight, or even a 
 greater number of Daughter-cells are formed, while gene- 
 rally the Mother-cells are absorbed in the new growth; 
 but sometimes they remain. 
 
 (2.) Gemmation. — In this form there is a regulai 
 growing point, from which buds are protruded. Some- 
 times the cells thus formed are again multiplied by par- 
 tition, and thus both modes are combined. Some of the 
 microscopic plants that develope in fermenting infusions, 
 as the Yeast plant, are said to grow by gemmation, 
 while in many of the fresh-water plants known as Con- 
 fervas, both forms are observed. The production of new 
 cells sometimes goes on with inconceivable rapidity 
 This may be seen in the rapid growth of the common 
 Mushrooms, which are composed entirely of cellular 
 tissue. These frequently spring up and grow to the 
 height of several inches in a single night ; and in one of 
 them it has been computed that twenty thousand new 
 cells are formed every minute ! The growth of Mush- 
 rooms, like all vegetable growth, consists entirely of a 
 multiplication of cells. 
 
 35. Parenchyma. — Cellular tissue collectively is 
 called Parenchyma, and sometimes it is convenient to 
 have this distinctive term. When the cells are equally 
 flattened on all sides, as in the pith of Elder, fig. 7, 
 the parenchyma is complete ; when they are not sub- 
 jected to equal pressure, as in the Melon leaf, fig. 6, it is 
 incomplete. 
 
 36. Origin of the Cell. — This is not, as yet, 
 very clearly established ; but a certain little body 
 termed the nucleus is supposed to play an important 
 part in the process, because in the structure of cells it is 
 seen that the particles arrange themselves around this 
 as a common centre. It is not, however, always present. 
 In fig. 5 are represented two cells of the Snowberry, each 
 with its nucleus, a. There are also various currents to 
 be seen, either proceeding from or toward the nucleus, 
 their direction being indicated by arrows. These cur- 
 rents are, without doubt, a result of the vital action in 
 the azotized semi-fluid lining of the cell wall, by which, 
 
 enchyma. When complete ? Incomplete ? Origin of the Cell. "What im- 
 portant part ? Is it always present ? 
 
Plate I. 
 
 THE CELLS. 
 
 10 -'/j. 
 
 S" "h,' 
 
 General Sabjeot of the plate. What does fig. 1 represent ? Of what is It a 
 type ? Why f Name its organs. What docs fig. 2 represent ? Which the 
 vertical section? The Transverse? Meaning of Transverse. How different 
 from horizontal? Why? Vertical, how does it differ from Longitudinal? 
 What part at o ? What in the large white dots at top ? Name the successive 
 bnndloj, beginning at o. What bundles of cells in the figure run in a vertical 
 direction ? What lines in a transverse or horizontal direction ? Fig. 8, differ- 
 enoo between it and flg. 13. What other forms of the Duct ? Fig. 4. Fig. 5, at a. 
 
 What indicated by the arrows ? Fig. 6, explain the parts. Fig. T, describe. 
 Figs. 8, 9 and 10, define. What does fig. 18 represent? The circular lines in 
 the transverse section. The straight lines in the vertical. The white grooves. 
 Fig. 19, the round spots. To what system do figs. 4, 5 and 7 belong ? What 
 figures belong exclusively to the vertical system ? What to both vertical and 
 horizontal ? Which part to each ? What does flg. 14 represent ? W 1 Is fig. 
 16 a vegetable product? 
 
ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANrf. 
 
 it will be remembered (30), all the vital forces are main- 
 tained. 
 
 37. The Cellular System. — The whole substance 
 of all very young plants, the petals of flowers, the pulp 
 of fruits, and a large portion of roots, seeds and leaves, 
 are composed entirely of parenchyma. Also all the lower 
 orders of plants, or all lower than the Club-mosses, as 
 Mushrooms, Sea-weeds, Liverworts and Mosses, are 
 made up exclusively of cells, being composed of mem- 
 branous walls and the juices which they contain, or of 
 simple cellular tissue. This, on account of its tendency 
 to expand in a direction parallel with the plane of the 
 horizon, as may be seen in Lichens, Sea-weeds and leaves 
 generally, is collectively named the Horizontal System 
 of plants. The mechanical basis of parenchyma is mem- 
 brane, and the organic constituents of this are carbon, 
 hydrogen and oxygen. 
 
 CHAPTEK IV. 
 
 TEANSFOEMATIONS OF TnE CELLS. 
 
 38. In the course of development, in almost all plants, 
 many of the cells undergo some very important changes. 
 These are chiefly caused by a thickening of the cell walls. 
 When this occurs, a secondary deposit is made on their 
 inner surface. This new layer, by evaporation of the 
 water it contains, passes into .the solid state, and thus 
 one layer withLa another may be formed, until the cavity 
 of the cell is nearly or quite filled up. Sometimes this 
 secondary deposit consists of organic material, solidified 
 by a portion of earthy matter, as in wood ; at other 
 times it seems to be composed almost entirely of inorganic 
 substances, as in the stone of fruits and the shell of 
 nuts, which are nothing but cellular tissue encrusted by 
 earthy matter. 
 
 39. The gritty tissue of the Quince is composed of 
 cells formed in this manner, and so also is that of the 
 Pear, fig. 4, where it will be seen that the outline of the 
 cavity is very irregular — a circumstance which, in these 
 cases, often occurs. Even such soft pulpy fruits as the 
 Blueberry and Cranberry always have a portion of gritty 
 cells, which combine with their evanescent forms and 
 mellow juices the imperishable substance of the globe ; 
 and we know by their deposition of ashes in combustion 
 that this is true of flowers, for the same material that 
 
 Cellular tissue, in what tribes and parts of the plant does it prevail ? What 
 system does it form ? Why so called ? Mechanical basis of parenchyma. Or* 
 ganic constituents. 
 
 Subject of the Chapter. Secondary deposit. Where made? How formed? 
 Examples. Gritty tissue. Instances. Most important transformation, De- 
 
 concretes in the rook and cements the mountain, is woven 
 into the exquisite petals of the Rose, and perhaps con- 
 tributes to give a mineral lustre to the almost transparent 
 whiteness of the Lily. 
 
 40. But the most important of all these transfor- 
 mations is that by which Woody Fibre is developed in 
 the system. It is this which makes the framework of the 
 vegetable body, and corresponds with the bony skeleton 
 of the animal form. The proper woody tissue consists 
 of elongated cells, pointed at both ends, and overlapping 
 each other, so as to form continuous threads. The struc- 
 ture of the single tubes is best shown at fig. 18. The 
 upper part of the figure represents a transverse section, 
 or cut across the wooden tubes ; and the successive 
 layers, by which the tubes are nearly filled up, are well 
 shown, as they are also delineated by lines in the vertical 
 portion of the figure, where the white grooves in the 
 centre show the present extent of the calibre. But the 
 union of wood cells in compact bundles, as they occur in 
 the stem of trees, is best seen in fig. 2, at c c c. The 
 substance of wood is called Lignine. 
 
 41. G-landular Woody Tissue. — The most impor- 
 tant modification of the proper woody tissue is that which 
 occurs in the great Cone-bearing family, known as the 
 Pine Tribe. The wood-cells of these trees are marked 
 with round spots or cavities, which are more or less fre- 
 quent throughout their tissue. At fig. 19 is seen a 
 single disc-bearing cell from the wood of the Fir tree. 
 These discs are not inclosed within the walls of a single 
 cell, but they occupy cavities in the opposite walls of 
 adjoining cells, which, exactly corresponding with each 
 other, unite and leave a hollow space between. Similar 
 discs are found in the Plane, and they are said to abound 
 in aromatic trees. In the Yew the discs are accom- 
 panied by a very delicate spiral fibre. Glandular cells, 
 in a petrified state, are sometimes seen in microscopic 
 studies of mineral coal, not only showing the vegetable 
 origin of such masses, but pointing to the Cone-bearing 
 tribe as their source. 
 
 42. Bass Tissue is the Woody Fibre of the Bark, 
 and is composed of the longest cells in the vegetable 
 structure. It is this which gives to Flax, Hemp, and 
 all similar substances, their value in the manufacture of 
 cordage and woven fabrics. Fig. 15 represents a very 
 short bass-cell from the stem of Flax, lying across a cut 
 from a fibre of silk, fig. 16. The bass-tissue is formed in 
 the Liber, or inner bark, and hence is often called the 
 
 scribe Woody Tissue, Wliat does it make ? With what correspond 1 L!g 
 nine. Glandular Woody Tissue. Describe discs. In what tribe chiefly 
 found? In what other trees? Discs in mineral coal — what ideas suggested? 
 Bass Tissue. What plants produce ? In what plants marked by ducts? 
 
TEANSF0EMATION8 OF THE CELLS. 
 
 Woody Tissue op the Lidbe. The cell walls of this 
 tissue are generally much bent and thickened, but they 
 rarely exhibit either dots or spiral fibre. Such markings, 
 however, are found in the bass-cells of our common Milk- 
 weed (Asclepias), and also in those of the Oleander, a 
 plant of a nearly allied order. By a knowledge of this 
 fact. Professor Schleiden, of the University of Jena, was 
 enabled to determine with precision what plant had pro- 
 duced the fibre in a bit of string that had been tied 
 round a wine vase found in Pompeii, which proved to be 
 our common Milkweed {Asclejpias Syriaca). Thus in- 
 delibly are the great truths of Nature inscribed, and in 
 so small a thing as the fibre in a bit of cord, they may be 
 road without mistake, even after the lapse of ages. 
 
 43. Ducts. — Sometimes an uneven thickening of the 
 coll walls occurs, so that they become dotted, and marked 
 m various ways. To all these varieties of tissue the 
 general name of Ducts may appropriately be given. 
 They are often called Vessels, and the textures which 
 they form, the Vasiform and Vascular tissues. But 
 those terms are very loose and improper, since the vege- 
 table cells are not continuous tubes, like the veins and 
 arteries of animals ; but, on the contrary, they are com- 
 pletely isolated, like other forms of the cell, being always 
 interrupted, at certain intervals, by closed points, and 
 giving passage to the liquids which they receive and 
 transmit, only through their permeable walls. There are 
 several varieties of the duct, which may be distinguished 
 by their different markings. 
 
 44. Dotted Ducts have also been termed Pitted or 
 Vasiform Tissue. Sometimes they appear in tubes of 
 considerable length, with their ends overlapping each 
 other, as in fig. 3 ; again, they are marked by imperfect 
 transverse partitions, which plainly show their cellular 
 origin, as in fig. 13. Ducts are the largest tubes in the 
 vegetable fabric, and their wide, open mouths are con- 
 spicuous, even to the naked eye, in a cross section of 
 many kinds of wood, as the Chestnut, Oak, and Mahog- 
 any. Dotted ducts are seldom found, except in wood, 
 and there they greatly abound, often constituting a con- 
 siderable portion of its substance. Their size, as com- 
 pared with the tubes of common woody tissue, may be 
 seen in the transverse section ^ a at fig. 2, where they 
 are represented by large white spots — the minute dots 
 being the divided wood-cells. In the vertical section B, 
 d indicates Spiral Ducts, h h h Dotted Ducts, c c c 
 wood-cells, and e f gh various forms of cells in the bark. 
 
 In whftt part found ? Observation of Schleid jn. Ducts. 33}^ what caused ? 
 Why. a better name than vessels? Dotted ducts. What sometimes called? 
 m what part fouud ? What wood has no ducts ? Spiral Ducts, what resenj- 
 
 In this figure, which represents a section of a woody 
 stem of three years' growth, the successive bundles of 
 Ducts and Wooden tube.s are well shown. The letters 
 in the transverse section, A, refer to the same parts. 
 Transverse means in a cross direction, or parallel with 
 the plane of the horizon. Longitudinal or vertical means 
 lengthwise, or in a direction at right angles with the 
 plane of the horizon. As these terms are in very com- 
 mon use through the whole study, you will do well to 
 remember them. There are no Ducts in the Pines, and 
 in this tribe alone is the wood composed wholly of the 
 proper woody tissue. 
 
 45. Spiral Ducts bear a general resemblance to 
 woody tissue, but they are much longer and more delicate, 
 being, in fact, the longest cells in the vegetable body. 
 These very slender tubes are formed by the confluence of 
 several cells tapering to each extremity, and having 
 their walls strengthened by spiral fibres, which are coiled 
 up on the inside. If you will take a stalk of G-eranium or 
 Strawberry, or almost any growing and tender leaf-stalk, 
 and make a slight incision round, without separating the 
 parts, and then gently draw them asunder, you will see 
 the spiral fibre uncoiling itself, like the filaments of a fine 
 web. Generally the spire is composed of a single fibre, 
 as at a in fig. 12 ; often of several, and seldom of two, as 
 at h in the same figure, which represents a spiral fibre 
 from the stalk of a Melon, with the tubes at a overlapping 
 each other. 
 
 46. The situation of spiral ducts is in the Medul- 
 lary Sheath, or that circle of cells that immediately 
 surrounds the pith and its ramifications, in the stem, the 
 stalk and veins of leaves, and all parts which are modi- 
 fications of leaves. They contain and transmit air, and 
 may be seen in their true place at d, in the vertical 
 section, fig. 2. 
 
 47. Annular Ducts. — Sometimes the fibre is broken 
 into distinct rings, and these are termed Annular Ducts. 
 They may be seen at fig. 11, where the cellular origin is 
 well shown, by the remains of the transverse partitions. 
 In figures 8, 9 and 10, are represented three cells 
 marked by Dotted, Annular and Spiral Ducts. 
 
 48. ScALARipORji Ducts. — These abound in Ferns. 
 They are so named because the lines or slits in the old 
 tissue form transverse bars, like the rounds of a ladder. 
 They may be considered as a variety of the Dotted Duct, 
 with the dots or thin places lengthened and more 
 equally distributed. The office of all these last forms of 
 
 ble? How formed? The experiment. Where found? Contain and transmit 
 what? Annular Ducts. What do they show? Hcalariform Ducts. Why so 
 called ? 
 
ANALYTICAL CfLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 the duct is the same — they serve to convey liquids. 
 Only the Spiral Ducts contain air. 
 
 49. Pkosenchyma is the general name for all those 
 tissues which are composed of elongated cells with 
 pointed extremities, and is used to distinguish the 
 Pibro-oellular tissue from the Membranous-cellular tissue, 
 or parenchyma. It is the chief component of wood, to 
 which its greatly thickened tubes, running lengthwise 
 through the whole system, impart the high degree of 
 strength and toughness for which that substance is 
 remarkable. The mechanical basis of prosenohyma is 
 fibre. Thus the mechanical bases of all plants, and all 
 parts of the plant, are membrane and fibre; and the 
 chemical constituents of these are carbon, hydrogen and 
 oxygen. Out of these three elements, then, with a cer- 
 tain intermingling of earthy matter, by which a higher 
 degree of solidity is acquired, the vegetable fabric is 
 wholly constructed. These, with the addition of nitro- 
 gen, are termed the Universal Organic Constitdents 
 of Plants, because no organism can be constructed with- 
 out them. Nitrogen, as you have before learned (30), is 
 one of the elements of protoplasm, and is therefore a 
 vital agent ; but it is not deposited in the structure. 
 
 50. The Vertical System. — The fibrous and tu- 
 bular cells run lengthwise, and this is the reason why 
 wood will not split across. The fibres themselves are 
 stronger than the substance that binds them together. 
 Such a disposition gives a tendency to longitudinal or 
 upright growth, and for this reason the system which 
 they compose is called the Vertical System. It is to 
 be distinguished from the Horizontal or Cellular System 
 by the direction of its growth, as well as by several 
 other features, which have already been mentioned, and 
 with which, in due season, you will be made familiar. 
 
 51. Laticiferous Tissue. — This consists of irregular 
 branching tubes of considerable length, which seem to 
 have no definite connection with the other tissues. They 
 are abundant in such plants as have a milky juice, as the 
 Milk-weed, Celandine and Lettuce ; and for this reason 
 they are called the Vessels of the Latex, or Vessels of 
 the Milky Juice. These tubes are so very fine and trans- 
 parent, that they often elude observation, even with the 
 help of a powerful magnifier, and that especially when 
 they are young; but when old, and well gorged with 
 sap, they are easily seen. At fig. 14 they are represented 
 in a very highly magnified state. They are supposed to 
 
 In what plants found? What forma of tho Duct convey liquids ?— what air! 
 Proscncliyma. Mechanical basis. Mechanical bases of all plants. Their 
 Chemical Constituents. What matter intermingled ? Universal Organic Con- 
 Btitnents. Of which is tho vegetable body constructed ? Which is the chief 
 agent in vital action » Direction of tubular cells. What system do they con- 
 
 occupy the intercellular spaces, and their branches are 
 united by open mouths, so that there is a free communi- 
 cation throughout the whole system ; and in this respect 
 they may justly be compared with the veins of animals 
 The Vessels of the Latex abound in the inner bark, and 
 also in the leaf-stalk and under side of leaves. 
 
 CHAPTEK V. 
 
 CONTENTS OF THE CELLS. 
 
 52. You have now obtained some idea of the elemen- 
 tary processes of vegetation, in the life, growth, multi- 
 plication and transformations of the cellular tissue. 
 You have been told how are produced from the primeval 
 sac, or simple roundish cell, all the vast varieties of 
 forms that distinguish the vegetable world, but you do 
 not comprehend this. You regard it still as a great 
 mystery, and even the language of the science has a 
 strange and mystical, not to say severe sound. Yet 
 with every step, as you advance, the views which you 
 obtain will be clearer, while the terms will be more easily 
 understood and remembered. And along with this, you 
 will unfold a continual pleasure in the discovery of new 
 truths, which might almost make the student wish to 
 unlearn his science, that he may have the joy of learning 
 it over again. 
 
 53. Prom the few simple elements of sti-ueture and 
 vital action in plants (which, as you have learned, never 
 exceed four), an almost endless variety of combinations 
 is produced. Prom these four elements, carbon, hydro- 
 gen, oxygen and nitrogen, are formed substances as unlike 
 each other as possible ; such as starch, coloring matter, 
 acids, the bitter principle, and sugar. 
 
 54. The Sap. — The liquids which are absorbed by 
 the roots, and pass upward through the stem, are the 
 crude sap. This is simply water holding certain sub- 
 stances in solution, and is therefore inorganic. On 
 reaching the leaves, by the peculiar action of the solar 
 light on their green coloring matter, an important chem- 
 ical action is introduced, and the character of the sap is 
 essentially changed. It is then a thickened whitish 
 liquid, known by the name of the Milk-sap, Elaborated 
 Sap, or Cambium. This liquid is the prepared material 
 of cell structure, and is therefore an organic substance. 
 It is carried to all parts of the system, and from it are 
 formed the whole vegetable fabric, and all which it contains. 
 
 stitute? Laticiferous Tissue? What sometimes called? In what plants 
 found ? What parts of the plant ? 
 
 General subject. Cheering views. Four vegetable elemoats— what com- 
 binations? Sap — Crude Sap— Elaborated Sap. 
 
CONTENTS OF THE CELLS. 
 
 9 
 
 55 Classification ov Pkoducts. — The peculiar 
 secretiuns of plants are of two kinds — those which are 
 composed of the elements of pure cellulose, or of carhon, 
 hydrogen and oxygen, as Sugar, Starch, Acids and Oils, 
 and those in which nitrogen is combined with the other 
 three elements, as Gluten, Albumen, and the Alkaloids. 
 The first are called Ternary Products, because they 
 have but three elements, and the second Quaternary 
 Products, because they have four. 
 
 TERNARY PRODUCTS. 
 
 56. Starch. — This is not only one of the most im- 
 portant, but also one of the most interesting and remark- 
 able of vegetable secretions. It is a highly organized 
 substance, as may be seen by referring to fig. 1, Plate II. 
 which shows two well-defined starch-cells. At 6 are two 
 distinct grains separated from the cell. Each of these 
 grains consists of numerous layers deposited round a 
 nucleus; but as the layers are of unequal thickness, 
 the nucleus is not in the middle. Starch is found in 
 every plant and every part of the plant ; but it abounds 
 in tubers, roots, seeds, and in the pith of the Sago Palms. 
 It is an important principle of nutriment, useful in the 
 Arts, and under the microscope exhibits the most inter- 
 esting and elegant forms. A good test of the presence of 
 starch is that it turns deep blue or violet, when moistened 
 with a solution of iodine. 
 
 57. Dextrine. — This is a form of starch soluble in 
 cold water. It has not only the same elements as pure 
 cellulose, but they are combined in precisely the same 
 proportions. In the course of growth, when there is an 
 excess in the supply of dextrine, it is solidified, and in 
 the form of starch is accumulated for future support. 
 When its active presence is again called for, it is recon- 
 verted into dextrine, and being thus rendered soluble in 
 cold water, it enters readily into the vital -operations. 
 
 58. Sugar. — This product, in the living plant, gener- 
 ally exists in solution, though it sometimes occurs in the 
 nectaries in the form of crystals. It is abundant in all 
 the growing parts, in pulpy fruits, sweet roots, and in 
 the sap of the Kock-Maple and Sugar-Cane. Sugar, 
 starch and dextrine are nearly identical; and in the 
 vital action of plants they are repeatedly converted and 
 reconverted into each other. 
 
 59. Mucilage or Vegetable Jelly has very 
 nearly the same composition as starch. When dry it is 
 
 Peculiar Becretions. Those wlilcli are composed of tlie elements of cellulose. 
 What called'? Why ? Those in which nitrogen is comhined. What called ? 
 Why? Starch, in what plants found ? What parts! Uses. Test of starch. 
 Dextrine, difference between it and starch. What changes occur ? Sugar, in 
 what state? What plants? What parts found? What snhstances nearly 
 
 tough and horny, but it swells and becomes gelatinous by 
 the application of moisture. It is not only contained iti 
 the cells, but, in some instances, it forms a large portior, 
 of the cell wall, as in some of the Sea-weeds. In thai 
 species which is known as Carragheen Moss, the cell 
 wall — and, in fact, the entire substance of the plant — w 
 composed of mucilage, and to this it is indebted for its 
 culinary celebrity, being much used in the preparation of 
 blancmange. Mucilage is soluble in cold water, and is 
 found in the tubers of the Orchis, the bark of Slippery 
 Elm, the leaves of the Sassafras tree, the seed of Flax, 
 and in the bark, roots and seeds of many other plants. 
 It also appears as an excretion in Gum TragacantL 
 
 60. Essential Oils. — These are generally volatile 
 and aromatic, and thus they give to plants their peculiar 
 odors. They are well known in their concentrated forms, 
 which, in the hands of the druggist, are converted into 
 essences, to be used in Medicine and Perfumery, as the 
 Oil of Peppermint and the Oil of Orange -flowers. 
 What is commonly known as the Spirits of Turpentine is 
 an essential oil obtained by distillation from Turpentine 
 — a resinous substance that exudes from Pines and other 
 Cone-bearing trees. 
 
 61. All these substances undergo various changes on 
 exposure to the air, by which they are converted into 
 Kesins, Gums, Wax and Balsams. Having no properties 
 which can either nourish the plant or be instrumental in 
 its growth, they may safely be considered as excretions. 
 The Leaf is the only excreting organ of vegetables, and 
 through this only liquids or gases can be exhaled. Sub- 
 stances, therefore, which are inclined to pass into the 
 solid state must generally be retained in the system, but 
 sometimes they exude directly from the surface in the 
 form of Gums, Resins, and like substances; but they 
 chiefly pass into the superannuated tissues, seeming 
 especially inclined to occupy the intercellular spaces. 
 The essential oils abound in flowers and leaves of herbs 
 and shrubs, and the bark and fruits of aromatic trees. 
 
 62. Caoutchouc. — This substance belongs to the 
 same class as the next above, and like them may be 
 termed an excretion, as it seems to have no part or ofiice 
 in the vegetable life and growth. It occurs in the 
 form of minute globules, which are suspended in the 
 milky juice of many plants in precisely the same manner 
 as the globules of butter in animal milk. When the 
 liquid is left undisturbed, the globules, being lighter, 
 
 identical? Mucilage, what resemble? In what plants? What parts? Es- 
 sential Oils, their character. Instances. What do they often become on ex- 
 posure to the air? What may such substances be ctmsidered? In what 
 plants do essential oils abound? Id what parts? C.ioutchouc, in what plant;* 
 found ? 
 
10 
 
 ANALTTIOAX. CLASS-BOOK. OF BOTANY. 
 
 rise to the surface and coalesce, in the same manner as 
 those of cream, nor can they he reconverted into glohules. 
 Caoutchouc abounds in the Nettle-worts, Spurge-worts 
 and Dog-bane tribe. Grutta Percha is a similar product 
 of a tree of the East Indian Archipelago, and is now 
 applied to a great variety of uses. 
 
 63. Fixed Oils. — In some plants, the fixed or fatty 
 oils take the place of starch, from which they seem to be 
 derived. They abound in the seeds of many plants, as in 
 those of the Sunflower, Flax, Butternut and Castor-oil 
 plant, and in the fruit of the Olive. 
 
 64. Wax. — This substance is nearly allied to the 
 fixed oils. ■ The glaucous bloom on the surface of leaves 
 and fruits is a very thin coating of wax, which not only 
 gives them their rich and beautiful gloss, but preserves 
 them from injury by water. Wax is abundant on the 
 fruit of the Bayberry, from which it may be separated 
 by boiling in water. 
 
 65. Chlorophylle. — The proper sap, as you have 
 seen (54), is wholly destitute of color ; but in many 
 cells, as in those of the leaf and flower, the heart of 
 wood and the skin of fruits, we find a variety of brilliant 
 and pleasing hues. These are all owing to the presence 
 of a distinct principle, which most commonly produces 
 green ; and because it associates this most agreeable of 
 all colors chiefly with the leaf, it is called Chlorophylle, 
 or leaf-green. This substance consists of minute gran- 
 ules of irregular form, which either lie free in the cells, 
 or loosely adhere to their walls. These granules are 
 deposited in parts exposed to the light, which is essential 
 to their formation, as you may see in plants that grow 
 in the dark, for they never have green foliage. The 
 beautiful blue of the Indigo plant is but a modification 
 of leaf-green. In autumn, the chlorophylle undergoes 
 important changes, and becomes red, yellow, or brown. 
 
 66. The substance of all coloring matter not green, 
 as in fruits and the petals of flowers, is called Chromule. 
 
 67. Vegetable Acids. — The most important of 
 these are. Malic, Citric, Tartaric and Oxalic acids. 
 Malic acid is obtained from the juice of Apples and Pears; 
 citric acid is found in the juice of Lemons and Oranges ; 
 tartaric acid in the Grape ; and oxalic acid in almost all 
 plants. The latter is abundant in our common Wood- 
 sorrel, and hence the name of the genus, ( Oxalis). Prus- 
 sie acid is found in the leaves, bark and kernel of the 
 Peach, Cherry and Plum, but is most abundant in a 
 
 Fixed Oils, of Tvhat do they take the place? In what plants and what 
 part3 found? Wax, to what nearly allied? How diffused? Where alinn- 
 dant? Chlorophylle. ItsefTects. Meaning. Of what does it consist ? What 
 essential to their formation? Chromule. Most important Vegetable Acids. 
 From what Is Malic Acid obtained ?— Citric— Tartaric— Oxalic— Prussic—Tan- 
 
 species of Wild Cherry [Cerasns Serotina). Tannin, 
 or Tannic acid, is the astringent principle which gives to 
 the bark of some trees, as the Oak and Hemlock, their 
 value in tanning leather. It abounds in many old barks, 
 and probably is a result of decomposition in the tissues. 
 
 QUATERNARY PRODUCTS. 
 
 68. Albumen. — That substance which is interposed 
 between the embryo and integument, in most seeds, is 
 called the Albumen. It is fleshy in the Cocoa-nut, tough 
 and leathery in the Cofi'ee, floury or farinaceous in the 
 cereal grains, and composes almost the entire mass of 
 many seeds. It has many of the properties of animal 
 albumen, and however poisonous the plant may be, this 
 part never has any noxious qualities. 
 
 69. Legumine. — This is a highly nutritive substance, 
 which abounds in seeds of the Bean, Pea, and other 
 leguminous plants. It is identical with caseine, the 
 substance which forms curds, and is the basis of cheese 
 in animal milk. 
 
 70. Gluten. — This is a tough elastic substance, 
 which remains after the starch is washed off in wheat 
 flour. It exists in many grains, and in the juices of cer- 
 tain plants, but it is a characteristic property of Wheat 
 and Bye, and gives to those grains their peculiar value 
 as breadstuffs. It is the presence of gluten that gives to 
 bread made from those grains tenacity, or that capability 
 of swelling up, which, in culinary terms, we call being 
 " raised?'' Gluten constitutes more than one quarter, 
 by weight, of the best wheat flour. It is not a simple 
 substance, but is found by analysis to be composed of 
 albumen, fibrine, caseine and glutine. 
 
 71. The three substances last described bear an 
 important part in vegetation, being accumulated in seeds, 
 in order to sustain the vital operations of the Young 
 Plant until it can work for itself. 
 
 72. In the common process of separating the bran 
 from the flour, a large portion of the gluten is rejected, 
 or oast away with the bran. This is clearly illustrated 
 in fig. 4, which represents a delicate cross section from a 
 grain of Bye very highly magnified. It may be seen at 
 a glance that the contents of the outer cells, or those 
 lying next the skin (which may be distinguished by its 
 line of flattened cells) at «, are different from those 
 below. These are chiefly filled with gluten, while, as 
 you proceed downward, starch gradually takes place of 
 
 nin or Tannic Add? Of what probably a resnlt? Albumen, of wh.it does it 
 consist ? What properties in poisonous plants ? Legumine. In what plants ? 
 With what animal substance identical? Giuten. In what plants? What 
 grains most especially ? What property does it give to bread ? What propc-- 
 tion in the lest wheat flour ? What loss of gluten ? 
 
THE EPIDERMIS, 
 
 11 
 
 this substance. In grinding, both of the upper layers of 
 cells, as far as c, are lost with the bran, and thus by far 
 the most nutritive portion of the grain is cast away. 
 This shows that the millstone is not only " a bad analyzer " 
 but a bad economist. The discovery of some more deli- 
 cate process of separating the bran from the flour, or at 
 least of extracting the gluten from the bran, so as to 
 make it available economically, is a subject of study for 
 the ingenious well worthy of attention. 
 
 73. Alkaloids. — These are possessed of the most 
 active properties, and many of them are virulent poisons. 
 Morphine, which is the chief anodyne principle in the 
 Poppy ; Quinine, or the bitter-tonic principle of the 
 Peruvian Bark ; Strichnine, which is the terrible poison 
 of the Mandioc and Nux Vomica ; Nicotine, the poison 
 principle of Tobacco ; and Conine, that of the Poison 
 Hemlock, are all alkaloids. 
 
 74. Crystals. — That plants contain certain earthy 
 matters is satisfactorily shown by the deposition of ashes 
 after burning. These are not always diffused in dismem- 
 iJbred particles, but sometimes they occur in the form of 
 crystals. At fig. 2 may be seen two of these crystalline 
 clusters, from cells of the Beet. The crystals are of 
 various forms, and are frequently needle-shaped ; some- 
 times deposited singly, at others in bundles of several 
 hundred together, as we see in fig. 5, which represents 
 several cells from the Dock, two of them containing such 
 bundles. The name of Haphides (a Greek word for 
 needles) was originally given exclusively to crystals of 
 this kind. It has since been extended to all such crys- 
 talline formations, though, properly speaking, the term 
 should be restricted to such as are needle-shaped. The 
 leaf of the Locust tree contains multitudes of crystals. 
 They are abundant in the root of Turkey Ehubarb, and 
 in the Old-man Cactus they constitute about two thirds 
 of the dried tissue. In the bulbs of the Spanish Squill 
 and Onion, the numerous crystals may easily be sepa-' 
 rated when the surrounding parts fall into decay, or by 
 boiling. 
 
 75. SiLBX. — And not only are crystals deposited in 
 the cells, but siles, or the earth of flints (of which com- 
 mon sand is an impure condition), enters into the struc- 
 ture of the cell walls, thus strengthening and solidifying 
 the simple cellulose. "Were it not for this, the slender 
 stalks of Eye, Wheat, and most other Grasses, could 
 not support themselves in an erect position. The tribe 
 of plants known as Horse-tails afford remarkable instances 
 
 Grain of Rye. Alkaloids, what properties? Instances, Crystals, what called ? 
 Whatforms? Wherefound? In -what leaf abundant? Of whatplantdotheycon- 
 Btitute a large portion ? Silex, in what plants? What parts? Most remarkable 
 tostanco. 
 
 of such depositions of earthy matter ; and to this cir- 
 cumstance the Scouring-rush owes its value in the country, 
 where it is sometimes used as an article for polishing 
 metals. 
 
 76. But the most astonishing accumulation of mineral 
 matter in the vegetable form, is found in that large class 
 of Sea-weeds of the lowest type, which pass by insensible 
 gradations into animal organisms. In these, almost the 
 entire cell wall is composed of silex, which, as the plants 
 decay, is deposited at the bottom of the waters where 
 they are found ; and thus immense strata are sometimes 
 formed. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE EPIDEEMIS. 
 
 77. The vegetable, like the animal form, is enveloped 
 in a membranous covering called the Epidermis, or skin. 
 This envelope appears to the naked eye as a transparent 
 and colorless integument, without any organic character ; 
 but on examining it through a lens, we find that it is 
 composed of one or more layers of flattened cells. The 
 edge of these may be seen in the straight lines of cells 
 that bound the upper and under sides of the section of 
 Melon leaf, fig. 17. Every part of the plant which is 
 directly exposed to the air, except the stigma, is protected 
 by the epidermis. The peculiar ofiice of this very curious 
 organ will be more distinctly treated in the anatomy of 
 the Leaf, where it may be again referred to as its true 
 place. At present, some of its modifications or appen- 
 dages wiU be defined. 
 
 EPIDERMAL APPENDAGES. 
 
 78. The chief of these are, Stomata, Hairs, Stings, 
 Prickles and Glands. 
 
 79. Stomata. — These are orifices in the epidermis 
 of leaves and other green parts, by means of which a 
 communication is kept up between the external air and 
 the intercellular spaces. At fig. 6 is a transverse sec- 
 tion of the epidermal cells, with several oblong bodies, 
 which are the stomata. This organ is among the most 
 curious and wonderful contrivances in the vegetable 
 fabric, and a more complete account of it will be intro- 
 duced with the Leaf, to which it especially belongs. 
 
 80. Hairs. — These very common appendages consist 
 of a protrusion of the epidermal cells into distinct points 
 
 Subject of the chapter. What is that? How appear to the naked eye ? 
 How under microscope ? Epidermal appendages. Stomata, Where found 
 Hairs. 
 
12 
 
 AUAIYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTAJJY. 
 
 more or less elongated. Sometimes they are formed by 
 tte prolongation of a single cell, as in the Cabbage, fig. 
 15 ; and at others, they consist of several cells variously 
 united and combined. Sometimes the cells are united 
 end to end, in a linear series, as in the Snapdragon, fig. 
 9, where also they are jointed. In the Marvel of Peru, 
 fig. 7, the hair cells are strung together like beads. A 
 unicellular hair is sometimes branched or expanded into 
 rays, as in Alyssum. In fig. 3, at o, such a hair is seen, 
 while in the transverse section, at h, its stellate form is 
 more apparent. Fig. 14 represents a section of the epi- 
 dermis from the Cabbage much magnified, showing full- 
 grown hairs, and others in various stages of protrusion. 
 The oval openings are stomata. At fig. 16 is the Gar- 
 den Borrage, which is thickly invested with long and 
 shaggy hairs. 
 
 81. Pubescence is the term used to express the dif- 
 ferent kinds and degrees of hairyness on the surface of 
 plants. These characters are so uniform as to be of 
 considerable importance in specific distinctions. The 
 surface is said to be 
 
 (1) Hispid, when clothed with rigid hairs or bristles — 
 
 (2) Hirsute, with long, coarse, spreading hairs — 
 
 (3) Pubescent or downy, with soft, short hairs — - 
 
 (4) KouGH, with short, stiff hairs — 
 
 (5) ViLLOSE, clothed with long, coarse and shaggy 
 hairs — 
 
 (6) ToMENTOSB, matted and entangled together in 
 cotton-like masses, as in theLeaf of several Poplars; and 
 
 (7) Lanatb, woolly, as in the leaf of Mullein. 
 Many other terms are used to express different varieties 
 
 of pubescence, as Silky, Velvety, Arachnoid, like a 
 spider's web, and Ciliatb, fringed like an eyelash. 
 Hairs are found on the leaf, stem, root, and almost every 
 part of the plant. They invest many seeds, and are fre- 
 quently hooked, jointed, or barbed. 
 
 82. Glands are epidermal appendages that contain and 
 discharge various solids and liquids, such as oils, sugar, 
 resins and acrid juices. Sometimes they are embedded 
 in the substance of the leaf, causing it to appear dotted, 
 as at fig. 12. The Lemon also has a glandular leaf. 
 Glands are deposited in the notches of the leaf, as in the 
 Bay-leaved Willow, or on the leaf-stalk, as in the Cherry. 
 There is a gland at the base of the petals in the Butter- 
 cup, and a pair in those of the Crown-Imperial, fig. 1 1 , 
 one of which was overlooked in the delineation. Glands 
 
 Varieties. Describe. Pubescence. Wben IIL^pid — Hirsute — Pubescent — 
 Eougli — Villose— Tomentoso — Lanate? Eeverse tbe last seven questions. 
 When lilie a spider's web, -what called? Like an eyelasb, -what? On what 
 parts are hairs found. Glands. What contain? Where fonnd? Instances. 
 Elov&ted on hairs. Stings. Describe. Instance. What liite ? Prickles. In- 
 
 are sometimes elevated on hairs, as in the Spider-wort 
 and the Snapdragon, fig. 9. A beautiful instance of this 
 arrangement is seen in the Sundew, fig. 10. In a state 
 of nature, the glands give to the whole plant the appear- 
 ance of being covered with little pellucid dewdrops. 
 Such hairs are termed Glandular Hairs. The gland, 
 instead of being borne on the summit of the hair, is 
 sometimes fixed at the base. 
 
 83. Stings consist of rigid, tubular hairs, fixed in a 
 roundish glandular base, which secretes an irritating 
 liquid. On the least disturbance of these points by the 
 hand, the liquid which they contain is injected into the 
 skin, and a stinging sensation ensues. The common 
 Nettle is a familiar instance of this habit. There is a 
 striking analogy between these and the stings of animals. 
 
 84. Prickles are strong and indurated protrusions of 
 the epidermis, having a sharp point, which is often also 
 curved, as we see in the Raspberry and the Rose, fig. 13. 
 
 85. The Intercellular System. — By a reference 
 to fig. 17, you will see that there are between most of 
 the cells, and especially those of the lower strata, certafn 
 irregular spaces, varying greatly in size and form. These 
 constitute what is called the Intercellular System. 
 They are in some cases, without doubt, caused by imper- 
 fect cohesion, and are thus in some degree the effect of 
 accident ; but from the fact of their containing air, and 
 also being connected with the stomata or breathing 
 pores, it may be inferred that they have their fixed and 
 essential uses in the vegetable economy. This is more 
 apparent in aquatic plants, where often the intercellular 
 spaces are greatly extended, and apparently constructed 
 with as much care and nicety as any other organ. By 
 this means, their leaves and stems are not only rendered 
 buoyant, and kept in a floating position, but are interiorly 
 supplied with air, which is necessary to their vital opera- 
 tions. An instance of this habit may be seen in the 
 marine plant, fig. 7, Plate III. where certain portions 
 of the stem are greatly inflated by the enlarged intercel- 
 lular spaces. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 PEOGEESSITE DEVELOPMENT 
 
 86. By a countless multiplication of cells in a plant 
 of the higher orders, a structure is developed composed 
 of distinct parts or organs. You have already become 
 
 stances. What do tbe spaces between the cells constitute f With what organ 
 connected? Whatcontain? In "what plants very large? Howuseful? Point 
 them out in fig. 17. 
 
 General subject To what does It lead ? 
 
Plate 11. 
 
 CONTENTS OF THE CELLS— EPIDERMIS. 
 
 13 
 
 GeDeral subject. Desoribofig]. What at a f— st 6 ? What the round dots 
 near the centre ? In what plants, and what parts of the plants fonnd ? In what 
 plants, and parts, most abundant? Fig. 2. Prona what plant? What other 
 crystals represented ? What are they called ? Why 1 Fig. 8. At a. At 6. 
 To what system does it belong? What other parts and figures In the pinto 
 
 1 
 
 belong to the same system ? What organ represented in flg. 6 ? To what two 
 systems does it belong ? In what other figure is the same organ seen ? Of what 
 do 7, 9 and 15 represent several forms ? Define them. What is seen at fig. 11 ? 
 How is the same organ at 10 ? At 12 ? What in figs. 1-3 14 15 16, IT. De- 
 fine, or describe each. 
 
14 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 acquainted with some interesting and curious phenomena 
 in the elementary stages of Vegetable Life. Now we 
 are to trace the development from plant to plant, begin- 
 ning at the lowest, and ascending to the highest. 
 
 87. Unicellular Plants. — When vegetation is 
 reduced to its simplest form, we find that the cell and 
 the plant represent each other, or, in other words, that 
 the cell is a coni;plete vegetahle. This has been already 
 foreshadowed to your mind in the philosophy of cell life 
 and growth, where each particular cell was considered a 
 complete organism (33). Now let us imagine one of 
 these cells entirely detached from the parent structure, 
 and you will have a better idea of the class of plants 
 alluded to — ^for in these the cell is completely isolated, 
 solitary in the deepest sense. 
 
 88. The Rounded Cell. — In the Protoeoccus, or 
 Red Snow, that sometimes tinges with its crimson bloom 
 laree tracts of the Polar snow-fields, we find a structure 
 of the simplest form. Here is no organ of any determin- 
 able size, design, or form, nothing but one simple and 
 single cell. A group of these plants is seen at fig. 1, 
 Plate III., while on the right is an individual more 
 highly magnified, exhibiting also a division of its con- 
 tents into the new cells, which are already formed, and 
 ready to separate from the mother-cell. The Green 
 Snow {Protoeoccus viridis) has also the same habit and 
 structure. These plants quickly attain their growth; 
 the mother -cell, having given birth to a cluster of 
 daughter-cells, decays ; and thus the older tissues give 
 place to the new, and vegetation goes on indefinitely. 
 
 89. The Branching Cell. — By another step we 
 arrive at a branching arrangement of the cell, which, in 
 form at least, dimly portrays the complicated organism 
 of higher structures. Such is the Bryopsis, a beautiful 
 little Seaweed (fig. 6). An Alga of still more complex 
 structure is seen at fig. 2, with rudiments of young plants 
 in the large globular cavity. Two of these young plants, 
 themselves containing younger cells, are seen at the 
 left in the same figure. 
 
 90. Cells in Linear Series. — Progressing step 
 by step, we next find several cells disposed end to end, 
 and crowned by a globular protuberance, which vaguely 
 images the reproductive organs of higher plants ; for no 
 sooner does a plant, in its development, reach beyond a 
 single cell, than we begin to find a distinction between 
 the ofiioes of vegetation and reproduction — one or more 
 cells being especially devoted to that important ofiice by 
 
 Simplest form of vegetation, describe. Kounded Cell, instances. Brandling 
 Cell, instances. Bread Mould, describe. What organs wanting in tbe lo\yer 
 plants ? What take their place ? ITow are Eed-Snow and similar plants propa- 
 
 which the plant is to be continued, and its species pre- 
 served. But in none of the lower plants do we find a 
 distinct set of organs for the purpose, but only special- 
 ized cells, in which the reproductive functions go on, 
 either by a simple process of subdivision, as in the Red 
 Snow, or by the production of other cells, but -never by 
 the elaboration of any thing like a true seed containing 
 rudiments of the whole pla^it, us in the higher forms. 
 In fig. 3 is seen a species of Bread-Mould. The cells 
 are placed end to end, so as to form a kind of stalk, sur- 
 mounted by the globular cells containing the young 
 plants, which are called Spores, and are equivalent to 
 the seed of higher plants. They are discharged by the 
 bursting of the sac that incloses them. Mushrooms, 
 Moulds, and all plants resembling them, are called 
 Fungous Plants, and they belong to the natural Order 
 
 FUNGL 
 
 91. Branching Series. — In fig. 4 is another species 
 of Mould, in which the spores appear as if strung together 
 like beads, forming several branches, which are united 
 in a cluster at the summit of the stalk. The Blue 
 Mould, fig. 5, has a still more complex arrangement, the 
 sporiferous branches consisting of either one or several 
 rows of cells, forming a beautiful laoework, the whole 
 clustering together like a flower, at the summit of the 
 stalk. 
 
 92. The Mushroom. — In the common Mushroom, 
 fig. 12, the specialized cells form a conspicuous arch or 
 cap, called the Pileds, as at 1 in the same figure. The 
 under side of this is thickly set with plates or gills, which, 
 radiating from the centre to the circumference, bear 
 naked spores on the summits of their cells. Lines repre- 
 senting these rays may be seen in the figure beneath the 
 pileus, 1. These plants grow with wonderful rapidity. 
 The stalk called a Stipe (at 2) is protruded from the 
 wrapper or Volva, which is seen in the swelling left at 
 the lower part of the stipe. At the left hand are two 
 young Mushrooms, with several others, in various stages 
 of development, about their roots, while at the right is 
 one further advanced. The volva is bursting, and in 
 separating from the pileus begins to discover the gills 
 beneath. 
 
 93. Prondose Forms. — When the cells are combined 
 in a single plane, frondose (or leaf-like) forms are pro- 
 duced, as in many of the Seaweeds which collectively 
 constitute the Order Algje. Fig. 8 represents one of 
 them — a beautiful Alga, known as the Sea-fan. 
 
 gated ? What are termed Fungous plants ? What order do thoy constitute 
 What are tbe mother-cells of the lower plants called ? How discharged ? NanH 
 the cap of the Mushroom — the plates underneath — the stalk — tlie wrapper. 
 
PKOGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT, 
 
 15 
 
 What is the structure of the plants in figs. 1, C and 2. What docs fig. 1 re- 
 present ?— fig. 6 ?— fig. 2 ? Describe each. What change in figs. 3, 4, 5 ? Pe- 
 Bcribe fig. T. What kind of leaf at figs. 8, 9, 13, 15? Name of the stalk in fig. 12. 
 Describe the figures, and define its other parts. Describe fig. 13, What kind 
 if apparatus in figs. 16, 17, 19. Describe each. Describe figs. 14, 15, 20. What 
 
 is the liooH called ? Define other parts. Explain fig. 11. What figures repre- 
 sent Unicellular plants ? What the order Fungi ?— Algai ? — Lichenes ?— Hepat- 
 icje ?— Musci ?— Filices ? What kind of plants in each ? How many of these, 
 and wbftt, devolope woody fibre ? What ones are completely cellular ? 
 
16 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 94. The Thallds. — The leaf-like body which is 
 called a frond, in the Seaweeds and Ferns, in the Lichen, 
 Liverwort and Mushroom tribes, takes the name of 
 Thallds. This, like the frond, is a confusion or blend- 
 ing together of leaf and stem. The bed of fibres from 
 which mushrooms spring is called a thallus, and the same 
 name is given to the leaf-like patches that cover old 
 wood, walls and rocks with growths of Lichens, better 
 known as Gray Moss. A common Lichen of our stone 
 walls is shown at fig. 9. In this we see the spreading 
 thallus and the specialized cells of reproduction, in various 
 little cup-like forms, which most of us, perhaps, have 
 noticed in the living plants of this family. They are 
 sometimes prolonged into the form of a wine-glass, and 
 not unfrequently are of a bright scarlet. Country chil- 
 dren know them well, and call them fairy-cups. 
 
 95. Caulescent Forms. — A species of Lichen, which 
 hangs in long and tangled masses from old forest trees, 
 especially in damp places near the coast, makes the wood 
 appear as if hoary with age. It often exhibits the rudi- 
 ments of a stem. This, however, is more distinctly 
 attained in the Eeindeer Moss, fig. 10, which in Lapland 
 grows more than a foot in height. In seaweeds the 
 stem is often greatly extended, sometimes attaining to 
 more than two hundred feet in length. At fig. 7 is one 
 of these plants, in which the stem is the leading idea of 
 development. But this organ, like the Leaf, in all these 
 Orders, is but imperfectly defined. 
 
 96. The Orders that have been mentioned — namely. 
 Fungi, Algas and Liohenes — contain plants of the Mush- 
 room, Seaweed and Lichen tribes, which imbibe their 
 food by all parts of their surface indiscriminately. But 
 with the next advance, in the Liverworts (Order Hepat- 
 icm), we meet with some important changes. The repro- 
 ductive cells become more strongly marked, and the dis- 
 tinctions of leaf, stem and flower are more clearly de- 
 fined. The very color shows that the leaf is attaining 
 somewhat more nearly to its normal state, by the secre- 
 tion of chlorophylle (65), and the whole structure appears 
 greatly advanced. At fig. 13 is seen a species of Liver- 
 wort (Ifarcantia), with a stalk appearing to spring out 
 of its spreading thallus, which somewhat resembles an 
 Oak-leaf. At the summit of the stalk is a flower-like 
 organ, in which the spores are contained. At the right 
 hand corner of the thallus is a cup-form receptacle, in 
 which small, roundish cells are deposited. By these also 
 the plant is multiplied, and they bear a striking analogy 
 to the buds and bulbs of higher plants. 
 
 To wliat order ilo Soaweeda belofig? Leaf of Seaweeds called what? Leaf 
 of the Lichen, Liverwort and Musliroom tribes? Wliat important changes are 
 mot widi in the Liverworts? What is the sac of mother-cells called ? Describe 
 
 97. Keproductive Organs of Liverworts-. — These 
 in Marcantia distinctly shadow forth the stamens and 
 pistils of higher forms. At fig. 17 is a highly magnified 
 representation of the Antheridum, or little sac con- 
 taining the fertilizing spores, which it is in the act of 
 discharging from its ruptured surface. At fig. 16 is the 
 pistillate Sporangium, or sac containing the mother- 
 cells of the same plant. It is surrounded by several 
 filamentous processes, composed of cells in linear series, 
 as at c. The involucre, h, is rounded, and swelling at the 
 base like an ovary, while its prolongation represents a 
 style and stigma. A very curious addition to this appa- 
 ratus is seen at fig. 19, which represents one of tht 
 Spiral Elaters, or elastic threads, contained in the 
 sporangia. This appears to be a very important part of 
 the operating forces. It has several spores, or mother- 
 cells, attached. These spiral threads are extremely 
 sensitive to the presence of moisture, and under its infiu- 
 ence they expand elastically, and scatter the spores. 
 
 98. Mosses. — In all the foregoing we find no proper 
 roots, the fibrous portions resembling that organ being 
 useful only in fixing the plant to the surface on whic-K 
 it grows ; and they are produced, with almost equal free 
 dom, from all parts of the plant. An actual epitome of 
 the perfect plant first appears in the Mosses (Order 
 Musci), which not only send up a regular stem, sym- 
 metrically clothed with leaves, but they also send down 
 delicate little root-like processes that pierce thp soil, and 
 doubtless, to some extent, perform the proper functions 
 of the root, by absorbing nutriment, although the plant 
 also takes up nourishment through its whole expanded 
 surface. 
 
 99. Here, too, the reproductive organs are distin- 
 guished by a regular apparatus of very complex structure, 
 a superficial view of which may be seen at fig. 20, where 
 is represented a Moss, with its leafy though not erect 
 stem, and its fruit elevated on slender stalks. The 
 hooded veil which covers the fruit both of Liverworts 
 and Mosses is called a Calyptra. At fig. 11 the spo- 
 rangia are magnified, so as to show the teeth in the ca- 
 lyptra, whose lid incloses the germinating cells. In 
 the early stages of growth, the calyptra closely envelopes 
 the sporangium ; but being detached by the expansion of 
 the inclosed tissue, it is carried upward, and forms a 
 hood, cowl, or lid, which closes the extremity until the 
 mother-cells are ripe for dispersion, when it opens a pas- 
 sage through its pores, as seen at fig. 11. 
 
 100. Cellular and Fibrous Plants. — All the 
 
 Marcantia. Its reprodnctive apparatus. To what Order do Liverworts 
 belong ? What changes found in the Mosses ? ITood of Mosses, what called f 
 rtescribc. Order of the Moss tribe. 
 
PRIMITIVE DIVISION OF PLANTS. 
 
 17 
 
 plants of the foregoing Orders — ^namely, Fungi, Algae, 
 Lichenes, Hepatic* and Musci — are, with a few very 
 trifling exceptions, composed entirely of cellular tissue. 
 They produce no fibre, and form no wood. 
 
 101. First Development of Fibre. — If a plant 
 is designed to rise beyond the very humblest height, the 
 system must be braced and strengthened by woody fibre ; 
 and in our upward journey we first find this in the Club- 
 Mosses, a tribe of plants immediately below the Ferns 
 (Filices). These plants have a clearly defined leaf and 
 stem. The leaves, however, are very short and scale- 
 like, closely overlapping each other, like those of some 
 pines, whence they are not unfrequently called Ground 
 Pines. They are ever-green, and from their being used 
 to decorate our houses and churches during the Christ- 
 mas holidays, they always seem to have a festive air. 
 
 102. But in the proper Ferns the nutritive organs 
 are more highly elaborated, and the distinction of leaf 
 and stem becomes more strongly and clearly defined. 
 But they by no means have a corresponding development 
 in the reproductive system. This is even more simple 
 than we find in the Mosses. At fig. 14 is a segment of 
 ihe fruit-bearing frond in a common Fern, with the fruit- 
 dots on the under side, which is exposed to view. The 
 sporangia of this interesting family, when at a certain 
 stage, exhibit, under the microscope, very curious move- 
 ments, when they appear bursting elastically in all direc- 
 tions, and with very rapid motions. At fig. 15 is a barren 
 frond of the same Fern, and at fig. 18 a fertile segment 
 from another species. The fruit of Ferns is generally 
 borne on the back of the leaf. Sometimes, however, the 
 sporangia occupy transformed or smaller leaflets, situated 
 on an intermediate part of the stem, while at others they 
 have a stalk expressly devoted to their support, as in 
 the flower and fruit of the higher orders. But even the 
 tall trees into which the Ferns of the tropics often rise, 
 are produced from spores so minute that they cannot be 
 seen with the naked eye. Fig. 1, Plate IV., represents a 
 Tree Fern of the East Indies, which, with its tall, ta- 
 pering spire, and its cluster of fronds at the summit, 
 appears the very symbol of grace and beauty. 
 
 What orders are cellular plants? In what is the first development of fibre ? 
 What are they sometimes called ? Order of the Fern tribe. Fruit of Ferns. 
 Where generally borne ? 
 
 General subject. What ot-ders are called Flowerless Plants ? What other 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 PRIMITIVE DIVISION OF PLANTS. 
 
 103. YoD have seen by the late review of the lower 
 tribes of plants, and probably also from your own obser- 
 vation, that in the seven families we have been consider- 
 ing — namely, Mushrooms, Seaweeds, Lichens, Liver- 
 worts, Mosses, Club-Mosses and Ferns — no proper flowers 
 are produced. For this reason they are called Flowbk- 
 LESS Plants, and also Cryptogamia {a concealed mar- 
 riage), because the reproductive organs are not obvious, 
 as in the higher orders, but comparatively obscure ; and 
 for reverse reasons, the higher tribes are called Ph.eno- 
 gamia, or Flowering Plants. The Cryptogamia are 
 represented by all the figures in Plate III., and the Tree- 
 Fern and Mushroom, figs. 1 and 5, Plate IV. ; and the 
 Phsenogamia, not only by the Oak and Palm, figs. 1 1 
 and 12, but also by several other more humble but not 
 less perfect vegetable forms. The beautiful little Pyrola, 
 fig. 6, with its perfectly defined root, stem, leaves 
 and flowers, may well be called a typical plant ; a fine 
 fruiting branch of the Bitter Sweet, fig. 2 ; a Grass, fig. 
 3 ; and a Sedge, fig. 4, with all the vegetative organs, as 
 well as proper fruits and flowers — all express the ulti- 
 mate perfection of Use and Beauty, as developed in the 
 vegetable system. The fruit of the Currant, the Apple 
 and the Strawberry (the two latter exhibiting that most 
 important feature of the higher plants — the seed), show 
 the character of the Phsenogamia, and are very properly 
 brought in here as illustrations. 
 
 104. Chief Distinctions. — Between these two great 
 classes there are some very marked and important differ- 
 ences. The principal of these are, their Component 
 Tissues, their mode of Vegetation, and their mode of 
 Eeproduction. 
 
 105. FiRST~ Distinction. — The lower plants, or all 
 those below the Club-Mosses, produce no wood or fibre, 
 with the exception of a few spiral ducts in Liverworts, 
 and some other trifling instances of a fibrous determin- 
 ation. Even in the large Seaweeds, whose fronds often 
 vie with the most umbrageous Palm-leaves, there is, 
 indeed, a strong framework ; but its strength is derived 
 from earthy material, and not from fibre. They are 
 elaborations of stone, rather than of wood. 
 
 106. Second Distinction. — In the Cryptogamia 
 are only rudiments of the vegetative system. In the 
 lowest tribes, the vegetative organs are confusedly 
 
 name have .they? Meaning of Cryptogamia. What are the higher plants 
 called? Chief distinctions between the two great tribes? First Distinction. 
 Second. 
 
18 
 
 ai^aijTtical class-book of botant. 
 
 mingled, and often indiscriminately represent each other. 
 Hence there is no perfect development of either Koot, 
 Stem, or Leaf, while thefunctions of thoseorgans are equal- 
 ly imperfect and obscure in their origin and all their action. 
 The Cryptogamia, as you have already seen, are pro- 
 duced from spores, and not from seeds, as in the higher 
 plants. 
 
 107. Distinctions between Spores and Seeds. — 
 Spores have no fixed or predetermined points of growth, 
 but put forth from any part of their surface. They con- 
 tain no embryo or organized plantlet, composed of definite 
 parts, each of which is developed in a particular manner 
 and direction, but they are simple cellular masses, any 
 part of which might represent the whole. But a proper 
 seed contains the rudiments of an organized plantlet, 
 which, having a pre-existing form and vitality, is only 
 developed in germination. 
 
 108. In the Cryptogamia, then, we find only the rudi- 
 ments of special organism, whether nutritive or repro- 
 ductive, which, from being undistinguishably blended in 
 plants of a single cell, rise by fine gradations into the 
 more perfect orders; but in none of them is there any 
 thing like the flower of higher plants, whose parts and 
 offices you will better understand when they are more 
 clearly defined. 
 
 109. The Mushroom, or Fungous tribes, are almost 
 uniformly gray or brown. Mildew, which belongs to 
 this Order, is generally black ; and though Moulds some- 
 times exhibit brighter colors — especially blue — and arbo- 
 rescent structures, which, under the microscope, reveal 
 the most exquisite proportions and delicacy of texture — 
 yet the very conditions in which they are produced excite 
 disgust, rather than any ideas of beauty, at least in the 
 common mind. Seaweeds often exhibit very bright hues, 
 and sometimes really splendid coloring ; and in size they 
 range from plants of several hundred feet in length — - 
 some of them having enormous leaves — to thousands of 
 species really microscopic. Liverworts are chiefly suc- 
 culent, but in their green or greenish foliage is seen an 
 imperfect delineation of the finished structure. Mosses 
 are often delicate and beautiful, and in the plumose 
 verdure of many Ferns there is an aerial lightness and 
 delicacy which nothing can surpass ; yet in none of them 
 do we find that completeness of beauty which really satis- 
 fies and fills the mind. And amid all this mass of vege- 
 tation, comparatively few plants are economically valu- 
 able. They are at best rudimental series, and now pre- 
 serve the transitions through which the vegetable type 
 has passed ; and whether we are seeking a high degree 
 
 DistiDction between Spores and Seeds Organism of thfi Cryptogamia, 
 
 of Beauty or Use, we shall seldom find it, except in 
 the 
 
 110. Phjenogamia. — It is true that beauty exists in 
 all things, yet the higher we rise the more completely is it 
 unfolded — ^for the excellence of all the lower forms is 
 comprehended and elaborated in the higher. And now, 
 having reached this perfected type, we unfold all the 
 beauty, all the riches, of the vegetable world. Do not 
 the Rose and the Lily seem inspired with the very ulti- 
 mate splendor of all inferior hues, and their lustrous 
 petals wrought with the exquisite delicacy of a master- 
 hand, which had wrought many ere it had made one so 
 beautiful as these ? And what is true of the Rose and 
 Lily is true also of a thousand others. Buttercups and 
 Daisies are free gifts of the rich and generous Earth, 
 yet in their burnished gold and purple there is a splen- 
 dor transcending the raiment of kings ; and even the 
 simplest flower that opens its blue eyes along the beaten 
 roadside has a look of love, that should be to us an angel 
 of blessing. The richness, and bloom, and verdure, of 
 fruit, and flowers, and foliage — the shadowy forest paths, 
 the sunny hill sides, and meadows spangled with a thou- 
 sand blossoms, are common spectacles, and yet we never 
 cease to feel their power, because there is an innate love 
 of beauty in the human soul. 
 
 111. Whether we are conscious of it or not, the 
 wealth of the Vegetable World is for ever spread out be- 
 fore us, and enters into the details and the sum, of all 
 our necessities, all our enjoyments. We behold on every 
 hand myriads of blessings, which have been figured, from 
 ancient times, under the gifts of Flora, and Ceres, and 
 Pomona; but in being accustomed to their uses, we for- 
 get their bounty. Mountains clothed with wood — valleys 
 smiling with gi-ass and corn — orchards laden with fragrant 
 bloom in spring, and mellow fruits in autumn — fields of 
 grain, bending beneath the riches of the coming harvest 
 — Maize, waving its green arms, with gracious invitations 
 to the great Thanksgiving Feast — the purple clusters of 
 the Vine — the brown Nuts of the wood-side — Roots, stored 
 away in the nourishing soil — the blue Flax flower, and 
 the tufted Cotton plant — the snowy Rice, golden Wheat 
 sheaves, and the juices of the luscious Cane, are but a 
 few of these, and yet how wide and rich is the overflowing 
 horn which they contribute to fill ! And in all exterior 
 forms and substances you shall find a higher beauty, a 
 truer use, a more excellent richness, when you are im- 
 bued with the spirit of their beautiful life, so that they 
 may unfold, and blossom, and bear fruit in the mind, for 
 
 What especially wanting ? Character of Fungi, Seaweeds, Licliens, Liver- 
 worts, Mosses, Ferns. General character of Cryptogamia. 
 
Plate IV. 
 
 GRAND DIVISIONS. 
 
 19 
 
 General subject. Name them. What figures belong to the Fliiwcriiig 
 Plants?— What to Flowerless Plants? What ar^ Flowering Plants called V 
 Flowerless. Describe fig. 1. What kind of leaves at summit ? Froni what 
 is it produced ? How many, and what figures, of plants produced from spores ¥ 
 — From seeds f Of what do figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10, represent several forma ? What 
 important part characteristic of the higher plants seen in figs. 9 and 10? What 
 does fig. 11 represent ?— Fig. 12 ? How many cotyledons each. 
 
20 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 in nothing is this inherent love of beauty more truly de- 
 veloped than in the study of Flowers. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 ORGANS OF VEGETATION. 
 
 112. With the first influence of life, the young plant 
 is acted upon in two opposite directions. A certain point 
 takes a downward course, fixes itself in the earth, and 
 becomes a Root. This is the Descending Axis. The 
 opposite point, being as strongly determined upward, 
 rises into the air, and produces a Stem and Leaves. 
 This is the Ascending Axis, sometimes also called the 
 Axis of Growth. These three, the Root, Stem and 
 Leaf, are called Organs of Vegetation. They con- 
 tain all that is essential to the nutriment and growth of 
 plants, and all other organs are but repetitions or trans- 
 formations of these. Each has its peculiar office in the 
 vital economy, and yet they are so nearly related, that in 
 certain cases the functions of one may be supplied by 
 another. 
 
 113. Having taken a brief view of the elements of 
 organism in the Plant, let us proceed to the History, 
 which you will now be much better able to understand. 
 The earliest knowledge we can have of a plant, individ- 
 ually considered, or as constituting a single whole, an 
 entire being, is that of an Embryo contained in the seed, 
 and here should its biogrsiphy begin. 
 
 114. The Vegetable Embryo is of various forms, 
 the most common being that of a club-shaped body, 
 gashed or lobed at one end, as in fig. 4, Plate V. It 
 consists of three parts — the Radicle, the Plumule and 
 the Cotyledons. 
 
 115. The Radicle is the undivided end of the em- 
 bryo, and is seen at h, fig. 4. This is the primary axis, 
 from which are developed all other parts of the plant. 
 It is the rudimental stem from which both Root and 
 Stem proceed. 
 
 116. The Plumule is the young bud which crowns 
 the radicle, and is inclosed within the cotyledons. It 
 contains the rudiments of the axis of growth, which, in 
 the process of time, developes stem and leaves, with all 
 their subdivisions, varieties and transformations. 
 
 117. The Cotyledons. — The upper portion of the 
 embryo usually consists of two foliaceous and fleshy 
 organs, called the Seed Leaves, or Cotyledons. They 
 
 General eubject First influence of life. What is the Root sometimes 
 called? Stem. Organs of vegetation, what contain ? Earliest knowledge of a 
 plant Parts of the embryo. Eadiclc, what does it develope ? Plumule. 
 Cotyledons, character and otfice. What sometimes called? How many usu- 
 
 enfold the young bud before expansion, and generall} 
 rise above the surface, appearing as a pair of greatly 
 thickened leaves, which are conspicuous in the Garden 
 Bean, as at c c, fig. 7. 
 
 118. If a seed of the Garden Bean or Pea be soaked 
 in water for a day or two, it will spontaneously or easily 
 separate in two parts, which are the cotyledons, for in 
 such fleshy seeds the seed-leaves constitute almost the 
 entire bulk. Between the cotyledons will be seen the 
 young plant, with its first pair, or Primordial Leaves, 
 nicely folded, and conspicuous even before germination. 
 At fig. 9 is a seed of the Garden Pea treated in this 
 way. The cotyledons, c c, constitute almost the entire 
 seed, being invested only with a skin. Between them 
 the embryo is very distinct, with its young bud, or 
 plumule, J), its radicle r, the common axis t, and the 
 cavity on one side at h, where the plumule had b^-en de- 
 posited. But if an oat, rye or wheat grain be subjected 
 to the same process, no separation occurs, because there 
 is but one cotyledon. 
 
 119. The First Subdivision. — Taking the above 
 facts into consideration, Phssnogamous plants are sepa- 
 rated into two great ranks, according to the number of 
 their seed-leaves. Those which have two are termed 
 Dicotyledones, or Dicotyledonous plants; and those 
 which have but one, Monocotyledones, or Monocoty- 
 ledonous plants. The Dicotyledones include most of our 
 forest trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, and they are 
 represented in the plate by the beautiful Almond tree, 
 fig. 2, the Garden Bean in various figures, the Moth 
 Mullein, fig. 10, the delicate little Bell flower, flg. 17, and 
 the Shrub, fig. 13. The Monocotyledones, which enibrace 
 the Palm, Grass and Lily tribes, are seen in the White 
 Lily and Blaize, figs. 1 and 6, in the Oat-grain, fig. 11, 
 and in various figures of the last plate. In their mode 
 of growth, their whole structure, and all their habits, 
 these two great divisions present the most remarkable 
 differences, which will be defined in a consideration of the 
 Stem. At fig. 6 is a grain of Maize germinating : t is 
 the radicle, c the cotyledon, and g the plumule, unfold- 
 ing the primordial leaf, which, as all who have observed 
 such plants know, rises above the earth like a little blade 
 of grass. In Monocotyledones, the cotyledon never ap- 
 pears above ground ; while in Dicotyledones, the seed-leaves 
 rise into the air, or, in the common phrase, they " come 
 ttp." The Oak, and a few other plants, are exceptions, 
 their seed-leaves never rising above the ground. 
 
 ally? In om" common forest trees and herbs how many ? In the Palm, Gmss 
 and Lily tribes ? First gi-eat subdivision of plants, on what founded? What 
 plants usually send up their cotyledons in germination ? What exceptions 1 
 What do not? Plants with two cotyledons. Called what? With one ? 
 
Plate V. 
 
 THE COTYLEDOJ^ S— G ERMINATION. 
 
 21 
 
 General subject "What is represented In fig. 4? Define it.s parts. "What fit 
 h ? What at ^ f "What eafolded between ? What figures represent Mono- 
 cotyledonous plants ? — Dicotyledonous? — Polycotyledonous ? — Acotyledonous? 
 Of what do figs. 15, 5, 14, 16, 3, represent several stages ? Point out the parts 
 in the figures. What does fig. 6 represent? Define its parts. Fig. T. — Define. 
 Fig. 9.— What a.tt,p,\cc? What at fig. 11 ? How many cotyledons ? Ex- 
 plain fig. 11.— fig 12. In fig. 4 the cotyledons are aeon in the lobed end 
 
22 
 
 ANAiYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTAJST. 
 
 120. Number of Cotyledons. — By far the largest 
 portion of plants have two opposite cotyledons ; a con- 
 siderable number have but one ; while in a single Order, 
 containing the Cone-bearing tribe, or Pines, there are 
 several, arranged in a whorl. This anomalous multipli- 
 cation is, however, now supposed to have been produced 
 by a division of the original or regular number of two. 
 At fig. 12 is such a whorl of cotyledons from the Pine. 
 At t is the common axis ; r is the radicle ; while between 
 the cotyledons, c, may be distinguished the plumule, 
 with its cluster of young leaves. 
 
 121. AcoTYLEDONES. — Plants that have no seed- 
 leaves are called Acotyledones — the particle a, in all 
 cases, when used as a prefix, signifying without. None 
 of the Cryptogamia have any seed-leaves, consequently 
 they are aeotyledonous plants. The Cuscuta, a parasitic 
 plant growing on Milkweeds and other herbs, and com- 
 monly called Dodder, is almost the only instance known 
 of a plant having a regular flower, and yet being destitute 
 of any cotyledon. It is a yellow, leafless vine, with 
 clusters of small, white flowers, and may be seen at fig. 8, 
 with its coiled embryo at the left, which is shown uncoiled 
 just above, where it is seen to be entirely without seed- 
 lobes. 
 
 122. Geemination. — If a seed be placed in favorable 
 conditions, it soon manifests the presence of life by a 
 determination to grow. This first impulse of the life- 
 principle in plants is called Germination. The first 
 motion observed is an extension of the Radicle downward. 
 This soon puts forth from its lower extremity some ten- 
 der little fibres, while at the same time the cotyledons 
 expand, and the plumule, or young stem-bud, appears 
 between them. A plant of the common Garden Bean, 
 fig. 15, represents very happily these initial processes. 
 At fig. 5, the young Bean plant has arrived at another 
 stage. The roots are multiplied, and the stem begins to 
 lengthen upward, bearing the cotyledons, which appear 
 almost too heavy for it to carry ; but they must be car- 
 ried up, because from their substance the young plant is 
 to be nourished until the proper leaves expand, when it 
 will be able to provide for itself At fig. 14 these 
 changes are still more apparent. At fig. 16 the stem is 
 pushing up, and already putting forth the second pair of 
 leaves, while the cotyledons appear yet unexpanded near 
 the roots. At fig. 3 the plant is greatly advanced; the 
 stem is much lengthened, the primordial leaves are fully 
 expanded, while the rudiments of another pair are seen 
 in their axils, or at the terminating point of the stem 
 
 "With none? How many in the Pines ? In the Dodder? In the Orypio- 
 ? First pair of leaves, what called ? First act of life in plants, "what ? 
 
 upward, usually denominated the Axis of Growth. The 
 roots, meanwhile, have enlarged and increased, while 
 among them may be seen the husk of the seed. 
 
 123. The difiorent modes of germination, in Dieo- 
 tyledones and Monocotyledones, are well shown in figs. 
 6 and 7 ; while at fig. 1 1 is a Monocotyledonous seed, 
 the Oat grain, laid open, showing the embryo, g, situated 
 near the base, its radicle, r, and its cotyledon, c, rolled 
 up like a common grass spire. 
 
 124. If the student will be at the pains to make 
 observations for himself, he will find that his studies be- 
 come more profitable and delightful. Let him remove 
 the young seedlings every day or two, for several days, 
 and note every point of progress. He will thus acquire 
 many interesting and valuable particulars which never 
 have been written in books, because, notwithstanding all 
 the uniformity of law, the circumstances of life are so 
 infinitely varied, that they cannot be all rehearsed. 
 
 125. If it were possible to do so, every point and 
 principle should be illustrated and confirmed by an intel- 
 ligent observation of natural forms. Your studies will 
 not then be a mass of hard-sounding and abstruse terms, 
 or of dry uninteresting facts, but they will be vitalized 
 by the presence of Life, and exalted by familiarity with 
 its wonderful revelations. This motto should be the 
 beginning and end of every chapter in Science — Study 
 Nature. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE DESCENDING AXIS, OE BOOT. 
 
 126. That part of the plant which takes a downward 
 direction, and preferring darkness, hides itself away in 
 the soil, is termed the Root. 
 
 127. Elementary Composition. — The chief bulk of 
 annual and biennial roots is composed of parenchyma (35). 
 The cells, individually considered, are subject to the 
 same laws of life, growth and multiplication, as those of 
 other parts ; but there are some important differences in 
 the general growth of the tissue, as will presently appear. 
 In all plants that form woody stems, the woody tissue 
 appears in the root soon after it begins to be established 
 in the stem. You have observed that trees and shrubs 
 have strong, branching roots, composed chiefly of wood, 
 and corresponding in general with the extent and weight 
 of the stem and branches which they are to fix and 
 
 First motion obseryod ? "What should he studied along with books f 
 General subject 1 Define Eoot Of what composed ? 
 
Plate VI. 
 
 ROOT FORMS. 
 
 23 
 
 
 -^^-t-O^l.-^^,!^ 
 
 
 
 
 General subject. Parts of the root Define. Name each figure from 1 to 
 ■WMch is the root of trees? Which belong to Biennial ?— Annual ?— Per- 
 ennial plants ? 'Define and point out the Primary Eoot. In what figures are 
 Adventitious Roots?— In what Aerial Eoots?— In what Fibrous Eoots?— In 
 what the Fusiform Eoot and its varieties ? What remarkable trees ? Describe 
 each. 
 
 I < 15 
 
24 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 counterpoise. If you examine the roots of any atrong, 
 hardy, herbaceous plant, you will find woody tissue, or 
 fibre, in the same proportion which it bears to the stem. 
 The fibrils, or growing points, are in all cases composed 
 of parenchyma. Sometimes, but very rarely, ducts are 
 found in the root. 
 
 128. Organogkaphy, or Structural Botany, is that 
 branch of the science which comprehends a study of the 
 organs as pieces of machinery, having certain relations, 
 and adapted to certain ends. It relates chiefly to 
 Strdctdee and Form. 
 
 ORGANOGRAPHY OF THE ROOT. 
 
 129. Parts Defined. — The main body, or fleshy 
 part of the root, is called the Caddex, and the fibrous 
 portions are termed Fibrils. See Root Forms, Plate 
 VI. That part of the root which unites it to the 
 radicle, or base of the stem, is called the Base, and 
 sometimes also the Crown or Collar. In the hair-like 
 processes with which most roots are abundantly clothed, 
 all the vital forces of the organ reside. 
 
 130. The Primitive Eoot is the main body of the 
 organ, or that which proceeds directly from the radicle. 
 It is generally branched, as may be seen by a reference 
 to the Root forms just referred to. 
 
 131. Secondary Roots.' — When any part of the 
 stem is buried in the ground by accident, design, or the 
 habit of the plant, it will seek to maintain its life by 
 putting forth roots. Creeping and running stems thus 
 buried, or in close contact with the ground, send down 
 roots at every joint; and this is the secret of success 
 with cuttings and laycrings, that the branches thus put 
 in the ground will strike root. Such roots, and all others 
 which do not belong to the Primitive root or its branches, 
 are called Secondary or Adventitious Roots, as in 
 the Strawberry, fig. 11. 
 
 132. The GtRowing Points. — The vital activities 
 reside wholly in the fihrils. The growing tissue, how- 
 ever, is not at their extreme points, but immediately 
 behind them. The extremities themselves consist of 
 older tissue, which has been carried along from the base 
 of the radicle, and combines with its insinuating points 
 the older and firmer cells, that peculiarly adapt it for 
 shielding the tenderer portions, by which it ia continually 
 displaced, and pushed forward in growth. 
 
 ROOT FORMS. 
 
 133. In respect to external shape, roots may be 
 
 In what proportion is wood formed? Define Orgamgrapliy. Parts ..f tlie 
 Eoot. Define Candox. Fihrils. Primitive Boots. Secondary. Which parts 
 vitally active ? Growing tissue, where deposited ? Boot Forms. Define the 
 
 divided into the Branching, Fibrous, Granulated, Napi- 
 orm. Fusiform, Premorse, Tuberous, Fascicled and 
 Conical. 
 
 134. Branching Roots belong to trees and shrubs, 
 and are of a woody structure, as in fig. 1 . 
 
 135. Fibrous Roots are found in most of our Grasses 
 and annual plants. They are chiefly composed* of fibrils, 
 and are therefore very tenacious of life. See figs. 2, 10, 
 11 and 15. 
 
 136. Granulated Roots consist of small knobs, or 
 tubers, strung together by fibrils, as in the Wood Sorrel, 
 fig. 3. 
 
 137. The Fusiform Root {spindle-form) is fleshy 
 and tapering at both ends, as in the Radish, fig. 5. 
 
 138. The Napiform Root is a variety of the fusi- 
 form, with the eaudex greatly thickened, as in the English 
 Turnip, fig. 4. 
 
 139. The Conical Root is also a variety of the 
 fusiform, and is distinguished by its tapering regularly 
 from the base to the apex, as in the Carrot, fig. 9. 
 
 140. The Tuberous Root consists of one or more 
 fleshy knobs, or tubers, united at their base by fibrils, as 
 in the Orchis, flg. 8. This form must not be confounded 
 with the Tuber, such as the Potato, which belongs to 
 stem forms. 
 
 141. The Premorse Root is an abbreviated conical 
 root, appearing as if cut or bitten off at the lower extre- 
 mity, as in the Devil's Bit, a European plant (fig. 6), 
 which was named from this circumstance. The common 
 Birdfoot Violet of our wood-sides is also a good example. 
 
 142. The Fascicled {bundled) Root seems to con- 
 sist of an inordinate growth or swelling of the principal 
 divisions of a fibrous root into a number of fleshy pro 
 cesses, as in the Early Crowfoot, the Peony and the 
 Dahlia, fig. 7. A variety of this form developes into 
 five hand-like divisions, and is hence called Palmate. 
 
 PERIODS OP duration. 
 
 143. In respect to their continuance, roots may b< 
 divided into Annual, Biennial and Perennial. 
 
 144. Annual Roots. — These belong to such plants 
 as spring from the seed, arrive at maturity, flower, and 
 bear seed in their turn, all in the course of one season. 
 
 145. Such roots are always flbrous, as may be seen 
 in the Convolvulus, fig. 10, in Barley, Oats, and many 
 common herbs and weeds of our gardens and kitchen 
 doors. They are only adapted to absorption ; and in the 
 rapidity of their vital movements, the nutriment is ex- 
 
 Branching, Fibrous, Granulated, Fusiform, Napiform, Conical, Tuberous, 
 Premorse, Fascicled. Duration of Eoota 
 
SOTJKOES OF NUTRIMISNT. 
 
 25 
 
 pended nearly as fast as it is collected. Only enough is 
 laid by to sustain the process of flowering, and when that 
 is over, the plant dies from mere exhaustion. 
 
 146. Biennial Eoots. — These in the first season 
 merely put forth a tuft of leaves; and all the extra 
 nourishment which the roots absorb is stored away in the 
 large, fleshy knobs, tubers, or other receptacles, that 
 always distinguish such roots. This is generally in the 
 form of sugar, starch, or mucilage. In the second year's 
 growth, the plant clothes itself with a stem and leaves, 
 flowers, and ripens seed. These processes are almost 
 entirely maintained by the accumulation of the previous 
 year ; and thus the root, having no further supply, be- 
 comes exhausted, and dies. The Beet, Carrot, Radish, 
 and most of our esculent roots, belong to this class. 
 
 147. Perennial Roots. — All trees and shrubs, 
 and many herbaceous plants, have perennial roots, or 
 such as live and grow many years. Those belonging to 
 arborescent and shrubby plants are woody, and, like the 
 stem in such growths, they have but a very small portion 
 of their tissue in an active state at any given time. The 
 wood is formed in the same manner as that of the stem, 
 but it has no part in the proper office or functions of the 
 root, which are vested entirely in the fibrils. These 
 last are, in all cases, temporary, either existing only in 
 the youth of the tissues which they clothe, or at most to 
 the end of the growing seasCn. But they are always 
 renewed in the young and vigorous parts, and wake with 
 the waking season, to the fulfilment of their proper 
 work. 
 
 148. Herbaceous Stems — even those of our pe- 
 rennial herbs — are always strictly annual ; for since 
 they cannot endure the severe cold of the winter, in tem- 
 perate climates, they die down to the ground with the 
 coming of frost ; while the perennial roots, with their 
 latent juices, remain closely enveloped in their earth- 
 mantle, until Spring returns and calls them forth, when 
 they send up new stems, and appear with all the freshness 
 of a new life. Thus year after year renewed, they con- 
 tinue to put forth yearly their new stems, crowned with 
 new flowers and fruit. For this reason, small, shrubby 
 perennial stems, on being acclimated at the North, 
 change their habit, and become annual. Thus the Nas- 
 turtion, which is a perennial shrub in Peru, where it 
 is a native, in our climate becomes an herbaceous an- 
 nual. 
 
 life of Annual Eoots. Biennial. Perennial. Perennial Ilorbs. Instances 
 of ciuOi. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 BOUECES OF NUTEIMENT. 
 
 149. The Root, in its normal position, may be con: 
 sidered as fixed in the soil, but it is occasionally found 
 floating at large in water, as in the Duck-weed, and many 
 Sea plants. Sometimes also it germinates without coming 
 in contact with either earth or water, and continues to 
 maintain its life in the open air. Again, it will strike 
 into the tissue of other plants, and live on the assimilated 
 material which it there finds. 
 
 150. Roots that live in the water are called Aquatic 
 Roots ; those which shoot in the air. Aerial Roots ; 
 those which live on other plants. Parasitic Roots; 
 and those which are used merely as mechanical support, 
 to fix the plant to the surface on which it grows, Epi- 
 phytic Roots. 
 
 151. Aquatic Roots are generally distinguished by 
 very numerous, long, slender fibres, the use of which is 
 apparent ; for, living in a rarer medium than the soil 
 affords, they thus present a much greater extent of sur- 
 face to the surrounding element, and the means of obtain- 
 ing food are thus multiplied. Sometimes these roots 
 are quite free, and float at large, as in the Water Chick- 
 weed ; at other times they send down long processes! and 
 establish a connection with the soil, as in the White 
 Pond Lily. 
 
 152. Aerial Roots. — These are sent forth by the 
 stem at a distance from the ground, which they finally 
 reach and penetrate. The Mangrove, inhabiting the 
 low marshes which form the shores along the mouths of 
 most of the large tropical rivers, is able to sustain itself 
 in its unstable position by its strong aerial roots. These 
 are sent forth from different heights on the stem ; and 
 after reaching the ground they establish themselves, and 
 form a kind of frame-work, on which the tree stands, 
 securely braced by the interlacing of its woody fibre with 
 the roots and fibres among which it is established, while 
 at the same time the water obtains a free passage through 
 the lattice-work thus formed. These roots are natural 
 layers, and again send forth stems, and thus whole 
 forests are produced. This tree is represented at fig. 13, 
 but not very perfectly, for the aerial roots which it drops 
 down from the branches, as well as the main stem, are 
 not prolonged sufficiently to be conspicuous, nor are their 
 gradations preserved. In the Screw Pine (Pandanus) 
 we find the same habit, which is quite as admirably 
 adapted to its condition, as you wUl see at flg. 12, where 
 
 General subject Normal position of ttie Eoot. Exceptions, Koots that 
 live in water, what? On other plants? In the air? Used only to fix the 
 plant ? Describe Aquatic Boots. Aerial Eoots. Eemarkable instances. 
 
E 
 
 OOTS AND STEMS 
 
 Plate VII 
 
 . -L. „t. ««. 1 9 "ni^fino its two kinds of root. 
 
 which of those does the main Stem deyeiopei 
 How are the tranches at fig. 9 ? 
 
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ROOT. 
 
 27 
 
 the aerial roots are striking out from every part of the 
 main stem almost to its summit. 
 
 153. The Banian. — But the most remarkable in- 
 stance of this habit is found in the Banian, or Indian 
 Fig of the East, fig. 14. This tree sends out long, 
 horizontal arms, and from these drop down the aerial 
 roots, lengthening until they reach the soil, where they 
 finally establish themselves, put forth other stems, and 
 send down other roots, until the parent tree, surrounded 
 by numerous trunks almost vying with itself, becomes a 
 grove, and thus the multiplication of trunks goes on in- 
 definitely. But the Banian tree can neither be described 
 nor delineated as it appears in life, with its expansive 
 canopy of branches — a beautiful green temple of a thou- 
 sand pillars, curtained with the glossy clusters of its shin- 
 ing leaves. 
 
 154. Parasitic Roots. — These are a variety of 
 aerial roots that shoot forth in the air ; but instead of 
 reaching the soil, they attach themselves to other plants, 
 from which they derive their nourishment. They may 
 be divided into two classes — Green Parasites, and 
 Pale or Colored Parasites. 
 
 155. Green Parasites are furnished with digestive 
 organs of their own, and are, in fact, not wholly parasitic, 
 because they perform, in their own tissues, a part of the 
 vital action necessary to their support. The Mistletoe 
 is an example. This shrub unites itself so perfectly 
 with the Foster-plant as to appear a natural branch. 
 Creeping and twining parasites abound in tropical forests, 
 where they often crush to death the trees which they 
 enfold. 
 
 156. Pale Parasites have no green foliage, and 
 consequently no digestive apparatus. Hence they must 
 live entirely at the expense of the Foster-plant. This 
 will be better understood when you become acquainted 
 with the functions of the Leaf. The English Dodder, 
 Plate VII. fig. 3, is a pale parasite, and is well repre- 
 sented, showing the#uckers at the end of the stalk, by 
 which it adheres to the herbs, on whose elaborated juices 
 it feeds and grows. Our common Dodder is a beautiful 
 little plant, notwithstanding its habit. Its profuse 
 clusters of white flowers look as if they were strung 
 together with numerous threads of gold-colored silk. 
 The clustered flowers of Beech-drops, and the curious 
 Indian Pipes {Monotro;pa), which are "parasitic on the 
 roots of old trees, or among decaying herbage, belong to 
 this class. The Monotropa, in its whole substance — 
 leaf, stem and flower — ^when fresh, has the appearance of 
 pure white wax. The leaves are reduced to mere scales, 
 
 Parasitlo Eoots. What varieties? How distinguished? Which perfect 
 
 and the close resemblance which its shape bears to a 
 tobacco pipe has suggested the name. 
 
 157. One-flowered Parasites. — Sometimes the 
 parasite is reduced to a single flower, seated directly on 
 the Foster-plant. Such is the Rafflesia, fig. 2. This, 
 although a parasite, is the largest flower known. It is 
 truly the Mastodon of Flowers. It measures from eight 
 to ten feet in circumference, and weighs fifteen pounds ; 
 while the cup in the centre will contain eight quarts, 
 English measure. This flower is of a brick-red, inclining 
 to orange, marked with white spots. It is parasitic on a 
 species of Grape-vine, and is found in Sumatra. 
 
 158. Epiphytic Roots. — These are useful merely in 
 their mechanical support. The root-like processes by 
 which the Ivy ascends, and the Trumpet vine sustains 
 itself in the air, are properly epiphytic, though they are 
 not usually called so ; and this is true of all root-like 
 processes which serve merely for mechanical support. 
 
 159. Air Plants. — But epiphytic roots chiefly dis- 
 tinguish a peculiar class of plants that are called 
 Epiphytes, because they grow on other plants, and Air- 
 plants, because they derive their nourishment from the 
 atmosphere. They generally grow on the trunks and 
 branches of trees, to which the epiphytic roots adhere 
 merely for support, their true roots being free, and hang- 
 ing loose in the air. Many of the tropical Orchids are 
 of this kind. They are greatly prized by Florists, not 
 only for their beauty, but for their fantastic varieties 
 of form and color, which give them a wonderful likeness 
 to butterflies, and other bright-hued insects. One of 
 their forms may be seen at fig. 1, and also their free 
 roots shooting out into the air. The Tillandsia, or 
 long Gray Moss that grows so profusely on the Live- 
 Oak, Cottonwood, and other trees of the South, is a plant 
 of this kind. 
 
 160. Vegetable Physiology is that branch of the 
 science, which comprehends a knowledge and observation 
 of the organic machinery, as endowed with life, and 
 manifest in action. It relates chiefly to vital habits 
 
 AND FUNCTION. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY OP THE EOOT. 
 
 161. This organ does not, like the stem, grow by 
 an extension of its whole length, but by the extremities 
 alone, as youhave abeady been apprised (129) ; and this 
 mode of growth is well adapted to the circumstances 
 
 parasites? Why? Instances of Green Parasites. Pale Parasites. One-flowered 
 parasites. Describe Epiphytic Eoots. Air plants Instances. 
 
28 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 in which it is placed. The Stem, for the most part, de- 
 velopes in the open air, and in that free element elon- 
 gates without interruption through its whole extent ; 
 while the Root, living in a denser medium, must have a 
 corresponding difference of habit. Instead of projecting 
 forward its wh(jle length, it insinuates itself, point by 
 point ; and as if Caution had been a natural companion 
 of the Darkness, it thus creeps along, opening a way, and 
 finding a space for itself, which otherwise it could not 
 attain. By this method, also, it is able to avoid any 
 obstacle, by winding round it. But if it grew like the 
 stem by a uniform projection of its whole substance, the 
 vital elements would be arrested in their flow, by every 
 obstacle with which any portion of the growing part 
 might come in contact. The active juices thus thrown 
 back, would accumulate ; the growth would only develope 
 swellings and contortions ; repeated deformities would 
 occur ; and the symmetry of the plant, and perhaps its 
 health also would be destroyed. But the Wisdom that 
 leadeth the little lambs on the hill-side guideth the Root 
 as well ; and thus led it never goes astray in the dark. 
 
 FUNCTIONS OF THE EOOT. 
 
 162. Mechanical fixture, by which it maintains and 
 counterbalances the superincumbent stem and branches, 
 is the first, and most obvious function of the Root. But 
 if you examine closely, you will find that it has also 
 other oflSces, which may properly be termed vital. The 
 most important of these is 
 
 163. Absorption — or the power of sucking from the 
 soil the liquids and gases which are essential to the life 
 of the plant. This office is performed chiefly, if not 
 entirely, by the fibrils, or small hair-like processes with 
 which the root is abundantly clothed. These parts, 
 having no epidermis at their extremities, absorb liquids 
 with a great deal of power, until the root is completely 
 saturated with moisture from the surrounding soil (164). 
 The way in which this force operates was long a subject 
 of much doubt and mystery. The ascent of the sap is 
 directly contrary to gravitation ; and thus one of the 
 highest laws of Nature was supposed to be contravened 
 by the Vegetable Economy. The theory of capillary 
 attraction was objectionable, because there are no con- 
 tinuous tubes in the vegetable -frame, but only closed 
 cells, and short, interrupted passages. Yet these very 
 cells, closed by membrane, are now found to combine all 
 the circumstances necessary to a, maintenance of that 
 
 Leading subject. Dcflne Physiology. To ^bat does it chiefly relate ? How 
 iloes the Stem grow ? The Eoot ? Keason of tho difference. If it grew like 
 ilie stem, what would happen ? First and most obvious function of the Root? 
 Most important function f By what organs chiefly maintained ? Theory of 
 
 mode of circulation which was discovered by Dutrochet 
 and is termed Endosmose and Exosmose. This, be- 
 ing at present the accepted theory, and one which, as far 
 as it goes, satisfactorily accounts for one of the most re- 
 markable and important processes in Nature, something 
 should be known about it. 
 
 165. Theory Explained. — Two liquids of different 
 densities separated by a membrane, attract each other, 
 and currents will be established between them ; but that 
 from the denser to the weaker liquid will be strongest, 
 in proportion to the difference of density between the 
 two. The principal current is called Endosmosb, or 
 inward flowing, the other Exosmose, or outward 
 flowing. 
 
 166. The Experiment. — Immerse a bladder partly 
 filled with milk, or a weak solution of sugar, in a vessel 
 of pure water, and the bladder will be gradually filled, 
 by the action of endosmose ; while at the same time the 
 water in the vessel will be slightly sweetened, or whiten- 
 ed, by a transudation of the denser liquid, through exos- 
 mose. If a glass tube having the lower end closed with 
 membrane be used, you can witness the progress of the 
 experiment. 
 
 167. Application. — The vegetable cells are the 
 tubes closed with membrane — cellulose — which, it will 
 be remembered, is permeable by liquids (32). These 
 contain assimilated juices, which, being mingled with the 
 crude sap, or lymph, render it more dense than the 
 water on the outside of their walls, which being attract- 
 ed toward the denser liquid by this law that always 
 tends to equilibrium of densities, flows inward — and 
 this is Endosmose. 
 
 168. But that the counter-current, Exosmose is also 
 established, is clearly shown by two facts. First, a 
 plant grown in water always imparts some of its peculiar 
 properties to the liquid which it inhabits ; and secondly, 
 we find by a careful analysis of the soil round any plant, 
 that the earth is more or less impMgnated with its pecu- 
 liar properties, neither of which could be if the liquids 
 of the plant did not flow outward. 
 
 169. But though all this is, almost beyond a doubt, 
 true, there is yet a higher truth that should not be lost 
 sight of. The Vital Principle is still, and ever must be, 
 superior to merely mechanical laws ; and to a consider- 
 able extent holds them in obedience to itself. Putrochet 
 considered Galvanism as the agent of transmission ; and 
 probably there are several agencies concerned. The 
 
 Capillary attraction, why objectionable ? Theory now generally adopted, called 
 what? Explain. Meaning of Endosmose ? Exosmose? Describe experiment. 
 Application. What force superior to the mechanical ? What forces probably 
 assist the operation ? Dutrochet considered the a^ent of transmission what ? 
 
Plate VIII. 
 
 WOOD. 
 
 29 
 
 General subject What do flgnres 1, 2 and 3 represent? Defliia each. 
 What three principal parts in woody stems seen at flg. 8 ! Are all these parts 
 observed in fig. 6 1 How many ? Show the difference of structare ? Where 
 is the new wood deposited in flgnres 4, 7, 8 and 9 ? Where in flg. 6 ? What 
 kind of stems does each mode of growth produce f Describe fig. 5— flg. T— fig. 
 10. What does fig. 9 represent ? How many years old ? Why ? Trace all the- 
 different parts in flg. 8, from ff, the pith, outward. Show the line of colls from 
 which the new wood and bark are deposited. What flgnres are of Exogenous 
 wood! What of Endogenous? Describe flgs. 4, 5. How many years old is 
 tho latter? Why? 
 
30 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 flow of the sap is always most rapid wlien the vital action 
 is strongest. In the spring, when the buds of the pre- 
 vious year are expanding into leaves ; and in summer 
 when the buds for the coming year are just beginning 
 to be formed, there is a strong determination of sap to 
 the extremities. Light, Heat, Electricity and Winds, 
 accelerate the vital forces, and produce some remark- 
 able effects, which they could only do by virtue of the 
 existing vitality ; and it is highly probable that the 
 circulation of the fluids is more or less strongly impelled 
 by all these forces. Light exerts a powerful influence on 
 the leaves directly, and through them, indirectly, on the 
 whole system. Vegetation is always more rapid and 
 powerful in warm than in cold climates ; and it is said 
 that no natural degree of heat would prove injurious, 
 provided there is also a sufficiency of moisture. Winds 
 not only afibrd mechanical exercise ; but they lave the 
 whole system in fresh currents, which are thus driven 
 through the pores of the leaf, and carry electrical stimu- 
 lants into the whole circulation. When a plant dies the 
 flow of the sap is restrained, and the Endosmose is at once 
 arrested. Thus you see that no merely mechanical 
 agency can satisfactorily account for the actions of living 
 beings. They have machinery, it is true, and this must 
 be moved by mechanical agency ; but the moving power 
 stands back of all ; for the structure, in being vitalized, 
 passes away from under the common laws of dead matter. 
 170. Choice of Nutriment. — That plants do have 
 a power of selection, or a kind of choice in the substances 
 that surround them, is absolutely certain. From the 
 self-same soil a Beet-root, or Potato, will take up potash, 
 a Clover-plant lime, and Wheat, phosphoric acid for the 
 elaboration of its seed, and siles for the support of its 
 stalk. It has also been observed that roots lengthen 
 most rapidly in the direction of the most favorable con- 
 ditions, thus appearing to seek, by a kind of instinct, the 
 water and gases that are to be found in richer soils. 
 But the idea of their being governed by instinctive pre- 
 ferences is now wholly exploded. We can easily see 
 that they must grow most rapidly where they find the 
 best means of growth ; and thus literal and prosaic 
 Science very coolly sets Poetry aside. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE BUD. 
 
 171. A tree should not be considered as a single 
 
 Do plants choose their food ? Is it an instinctive process ? How ex- 
 plained? 
 
 Leading subject What may a Tree be considered ? Deline Bud. Where 
 
 individual, but rather as a compound being, consisting 
 of as many individuals as it may contain buds. 
 
 172. A Bud is a scaly envelope containing the 
 rudiments of a new plant, which it holds in a latent 
 state, until circumstances favor their development. 
 At figs. 1 and 1 1 are different forms of the bud. The 
 trees and shrubs of warm climates do not form scaly 
 buds, but unfold their leaves directly to the air. When- 
 ever there is snow a part of the year, and severe frosts 
 occur, buds are produced for the protection of the latent 
 plantlets. 
 
 173. Structure of the Bud. — In this is found one 
 of the most beautiful provisions of life. The young 
 Plant is enveloped in a coat of downy fibre, with layer 
 upon layer, to make it soft and warm. Its roof is 
 thatched with stronger folds ; and over the whole is 
 spread a coat of resin, which renders it impenetrable 
 both to cold and wet. Thus wrapped in its silken 
 swaddling clothes, the Plantlet sleeps securely in its 
 warm retreat, until the latent power is excited, and it 
 comes forth to join the troop of dancing leaves, and re- 
 joice in the greenness of Spring — or perhaps to assert its 
 individuality by the assumption of a new life. 
 
 174. The Embryo Plant remains latent in the bud, 
 as it often does in the seed,. and will not grow till it is 
 placed in circumstances favorable to its development. 
 But that it does exist in the bud, and has the capacity of 
 unfolding itself into a new plant, is shown by the familiar 
 operations of Grafting, Layering, and Budding, which 
 consist simply of transferring the bud to conditions where 
 its specific vitality may be excited, and its individual life 
 called forth. 
 
 175. The Plumule, or ascending portion of the stem, 
 originally consists of a growing point, or, in other words, 
 a hud, which, in its undeveloped state, exists in the 
 embryo. By the development of this a section of stem 
 is produced, still terminated by a bud, which always 
 finishes and crowns the annual growth. In some trees, 
 as the White Birch and Cherry, the primary axis, or 
 principal stem, continues to maintain its ascendency ; and 
 with its aspiring point annually crowned by a new leaf- 
 bud, it remains distinct from the branches. But in most 
 cases, by repeated ramifications, it becomes indistinguish- 
 ably merged in its own ofishoots ; and at the summit 
 several points of about equal height appear, neither of 
 which has any special claim to the distinction of belong- 
 ing to the primitive stem, as we often see in the Lime 
 and Apple-trees. 
 
 are scaly buds formed ? Where not formed? Structure of the Bud, describe. 
 Embryo, proofs of its existence in the bud. Process of its development and 
 vegetation, describe. Primary axis, in what trees distinguishable ? — in what not? 
 
Tins BUD. 
 
 176. Nodes. — The points at which leaves are pro- 
 duced are called Nodes, because the tissues are there 
 condensed into a kind of knot, as you may see by examin- 
 ing any leaf-bearing twig, and also at figs. 10 and 11. 
 The nodes are very distinctly marked when the base of 
 the leaf surrounds, or nearly surrounds, the stem, as in 
 the Polygonum tribe, one of which you may see in this 
 volume under the delineation of Polygonaeeae. The 
 nodes are sometimes called yoiwfo, and there is occasion- 
 ally a teal articulation at these points ; but if they are 
 marked no otherwise, they are rendered conspicuous by 
 the scars of the falling leaves. 
 
 177. Internodes are the spaces between the nodes. 
 The rudimental stem consists of a definite number of 
 these leaf-bearing points ' and the undeveloped spaces 
 between ; and the growth consists in an elongation of the 
 whole extent, so that the nodes are gradually drawn apart, 
 giving room for a free expansion of their leaves. 
 
 178. The stem, as you have seen, is lengthened by 
 the expansion of the terminal bud (fig. 10). Palms, 
 with few exceptions, produce only terminal buds, when 
 the stem is entirely without branches, and is said to be 
 simple. But most plants show a disposition to produce 
 branches. These spring from lateral buds, which are 
 termed axillary, because they arise from the axils of 
 leaves, or the angle between the leaf, or leaf-stalk and the 
 stem, as in fig. 1 1. By this means the undeveloped axes, 
 or growing points, are multiplied, and the tree extends 
 itself horizontally. Every branch may thus be considered 
 a new system of vegetation ; for it multiplies the starting 
 points, and continually repeats the primitive process of 
 development, every particular branch and branchlet being 
 crowned at last by a terminal bud. 
 
 179. Arrangement op the Branches. — As these 
 are developed in the axils of the leaves, it is obvious that 
 they must have the same arrangement. Branches are 
 OPPOSITE when they spring from the axils of opposite 
 leaves, as in the Lilac and Horse-Chestnut ; when they 
 spring from the axils of leaves alternately arranged, 
 they are alternate, as in the Chestnut, Lime-tree and 
 Buttonwood ; and when they spring from the axils of 
 leaves occupying a ring round the stem, they are Ver- 
 ticillate, or whorled. 
 
 180. Were there no interruption of these secondary 
 means of development, the tree would be perfectly sym- 
 metrical ; but several circumstances interfere with them, 
 and more or less impair the symmetry of growth. These 
 
 Points of leaf insertion. Name. Why so called? Wbat sometimes 
 called? When conspicuous? Spaces between nodes. Stem lengthened, 
 how? What trees produce only terminal buds? When only these are 
 produced, what arrangement has the stem? How is it generally? How 
 
 are chiefly Undeveloped Buds, Adventitious Buds, and 
 Superfluous Buds. 
 
 181. Undeveloped Buds.— The whole number of 
 buds formed by trees are never at any time developed. 
 Indeed they cannot be all of them designed for develop- 
 ment; but in their plentiful production, the means of 
 continuing the plant are multiplied, and provision is 
 made for cases of accident. If the terminal bud is 
 destroyed, some of the lateral buds, which else would 
 have remained inert, are put forth, and thus supply its 
 place. In this way, when the foliage of trees has been 
 destroyed by canker-worms, or frost, they are often re- 
 clothed so rapidly, that their returning verdure seems to 
 have been recalled by the power of magic ; but the 
 necromancy rests entirely in the sudden development of 
 latent buds. 
 
 182. Buds which have remained latent, embedded 
 for years in the trunk of trees, when approached by an 
 accidental opening, have forced their passage through the 
 wood, and put forth into new branches. The non-devel- 
 opment sometimes proceeds in a regular order. When 
 the branches are opposite, the growing points are gene- 
 rally crowned by three buds, but all of these seldom 
 grow. The terminal bud usually continues the growth, 
 and the two lateral ones remain latent, as in the Maple. 
 But sometimes the lateral buds are developed, and the 
 terminal one is suppressed, when the stem becomes regu- 
 larly forked, as in the Lilac, and the beautiful little plant 
 known as Innocence, fig. 9. 
 
 183. Adventitious Buds. — Stems that are gorged 
 with sap often produce buds out of the regular order, as 
 in the Willow tribe. These are called Adventitious 
 Buds, and in trees they are usually deposited in the 
 wood, at the ends of the Medullary Kays (198), and 
 spring from the new and tender tissue which has lately 
 been deposited. The beautiful shades in the Bird's-eye 
 Maple are said to be owing to the numerous adventitious 
 buds which have become incorporated with its wood. 
 
 184. Superfluous Buds appear to be often produced 
 by an irregular multiplication of the axillary buds. 
 Thus in extremely vigorous trees, three buds may be 
 produced instead of two, or two instead of one. But all 
 these irregular multiplications of the bud have one com- 
 mon origin — in the excess of nutriment and of vitality 
 in the vegetable tissues. 
 
 185. Thus the symmetry of a tree may be disturbed 
 by two very important influences — first, the non-de- 
 are branches produced? Each branch may be considered what? Wbat 
 arrangement have branches? Why? What causes disturb the symmetry? 
 How are undeveloped buds often useful ? Wbat of latent buds ? Shades in 
 Maple-wood, by wliat caused ? 
 
32 
 
 STEM FORMS. 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 General subject. "What docs flj. 1 represent ?— fig. 2 ? "What difference te- I each belong ? Describe flg. 6— its mode of twining. Fig. 8, wliat difference be 
 tween them? Describe flg. 3. "What does flg. 4 represent? "What at 1 and tween it and flg. 6? "What Itind of stem has the Grape?— the Strawberry: 
 2? "Wliat thr(-e ll^nroa in llio jilate are Endogens? To what family does I Point ont the Twiners— Cleavers— Climber— Creeping item— Trunli— Offset. 
 
THE STEM, OE ASCENDING AXIS. 
 
 33 
 
 velopment of regular buds ; and secondly, the production 
 of irregular buds. But although the mathematical order 
 is sometimes thus infringed, the grace and harmony of 
 nature are not impaired. On the contrary, one must 
 feel, in looking at a fine tree — ^however irregular may be 
 its proportions — ^that it must be a daring hand that 
 could attempt an alteration; and the thoughtful mind 
 will recognize in these seeming accidents, only aprofounder 
 wisdom, and a more excellent beauty. 
 
 186. Thorns are abortive branches, which in their 
 dry and undeveloped state become rigid. That this is 
 really the true explanation is shown by their sometimes 
 putting forth leaves, as in the Sloe, fig. 5. Naked 
 thorns, and one clothed with a few leaves, are also seen 
 in fig. 6, which represents a thorny shrub of Palestine. 
 Thorns, prickles and stings, seem to be a kind of natural 
 weapons in plants, and are analogous to the horns, tusks 
 and stings of animals. These, in some cases, disappear 
 under the influence of culture. Hence Linnaeus poetically 
 considers such plants tamed, or deprived of their natu- 
 ral ferocity; and in sober truth, if thorns are really 
 undeveloped branches, there is a very good reason why 
 the higher degree of nutriment found in cultivation 
 should cause them to disappear in the completely devel- 
 oped structure. 
 
 187. Distinction between a Thorn and Prickle. 
 — A Thorn is an extension of the wood ; a Prickle is 
 a continuation of the bark only (84), as you may assure 
 yourself by peeling off a small section from the stem of a 
 Kose or Bramble, when the prickle will be removed along 
 with the bark ; but a Thorn treated in the same way 
 shows its connection with the wood. 
 
 188. A Tendril is a slender, leafless branch, with 
 a spiral extremity, by which it clasps a firmer body that 
 may serve as a prop. In the Grape, fig. 4, the tendrils 
 take the place of suppressed leaves, from whose axils 
 they arise. They are also branched, as in the Sweet Pea, 
 fig. 8, and thus the means of support are multiplied. 
 The tendrils of the Virginian Creeper wUl adhere to 
 smooth marble, like the rootlets of Ivy. Sometimes the 
 tendrils belong to the leaves, as in the Pea and the Len- 
 til, fig. 7. 
 
 189. The leaf-buds of many trees are very beautiful in 
 their partial expansion. Among these, that of the Horse 
 Chestnut, which contains both leaves and flowers, is very 
 conspicuous. But the most splendid example known 
 among us is found in the Walnut, the buds of which re- 
 
 Tliorns, define. How is this proved? Idea of LiDnseus. Probable Reason. 
 Distinction between Thorn and Prickle. How proved? Tendril, define. 
 Varieties. What buds most beautiful ? 
 5 
 
 semble half-blown Tulips, whose petals have a texture 
 of the richest velvet, varying in color from a delicate 
 flesh-white to a tinge of the finest gold, sometimes relieved 
 and softened by a hue of blush-red, or a tinge of ashen 
 gray. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE STEM, OE ASCENDING AXIS. 
 
 190. Stem Defined. — That part oftheplant which 
 developes upward, seeking the air and light, is called 
 the Stem ; and in respect to position, it usually has a 
 diametrical opposition to the Root. 
 
 191. Distinctions op the Stem and Root. — And 
 between these two organs there are some other quite re- 
 markable differences, which we will briefly notice. The 
 Stem grows by an extension of its whole substance ; 
 the Hoot hy an application of new material to its ex- 
 tremities. The stem produces buds, and sends forth 
 leaves, and through these chiefly it acts on the element 
 in which it lives. The root gives birth to no organ, 
 but its own parts. With a few remote exceptions, it 
 never produces buds, and therefore bears only naked 
 branches, while it acts directly on the soil, without the 
 intervention of any other organ. The branches of the 
 Stem are symmetrical; those of the Root without 
 order. 
 
 192. All phaenogamous plants possess stems, though 
 in some instances that organ is very short, at others hid- 
 den beneath the soU. The first impulse of growth in the 
 stem is to ascend ; but it does not always preserve this 
 direction, as you will see in the description of subter- 
 ranean stems. 
 
 193. Elementary Composition. — ^All very young 
 stems are composed exclusively of parenchyma, or they 
 have only the rudiments of fibre. But in the course of 
 growth various transformations occur, which were treated 
 of in Chapter IV. The most remarkable of these modi- 
 fications is the production of Wood. It will be 
 remembered that all the tribes of plants below the Club- 
 Mosses (101), are wholly destitute of wood, and, in all 
 the lowest forms, of every thing like fibre also ; but the 
 humblest plant that is articulated into root, stem, leai 
 and flower, must have some kind of fibre, or fibre-like 
 tissue, otherwise it could not form the necessary articu- 
 lations and framework of those organs. 
 
 General subject Deflne Stem. Distinctions of Stem and Boot? Are any 
 of the higher plants destitute of stems ? Of what are very young stems com- 
 ? Most important product of transformation. 
 
34 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTAJSTY. 
 
 194. Component Parts of Wood. — ^By examining 
 fig. 7, Plate VIII., it will be seen tliat wood is not 
 usually composed of woody fibre alone, but that ducts of 
 various kinds enter largely into its composition. In this 
 drawing of the Italian Reed, the diiFerent forms of the 
 cell are represented very clearly. The single woody 
 bundle here exhibited, though from the stem of an 
 Llndogen (224), shows their distinguishing points — be- 
 ginning at the left hand, cellular tissue ; annular and 
 spiral ducts ; then a series of bundles composed of woody 
 fibre, dotted and spiral ducts, and wood ; and, finally, 
 parenchyma again in the cells of the rind, the two outer- 
 most layers of which have some dots of chlorophylle. 
 
 ANATOMY OP THE STEM. 
 
 195. It will be seen by the above analysis that a woody 
 stem usually consists of three principal portions — the 
 Pith, Wood, and Bakk. The organic structure of these 
 must be considered separately. 
 
 196. The Pith. — This, as you have doubtless often 
 seen, occupies the centre of the stem ; and by aid of the 
 microscope wo discover that it is composed of parenchyma, 
 the structure of which has already been examined, and 
 may be seen in fig. 8, at a a. The cut represents a 
 woody stem of three years' growth. The figures 1, 2, 
 3, mark the growth of each year which is deposited in 
 layers, and the letters refer to the same points in both 
 parts of the figure. In the young state, the pith is filled 
 with nutrimental juices ; but often, from a rapid growth, 
 or other causes, it is absorbed, and the centre of the 
 stem becomes hollow, as in the Grasses ; or the pith is 
 pressed inward by the vigor of growth in the outside, 
 and is finally obliterated, as in our forest trees. It ap- 
 pears to be directly serviceable to the plant only in the 
 early stages of life ; for as it advances in strength, it al- 
 ways gradually diminishes in volume, and at length be- 
 comes a dry spongy substance, filled only with air. To 
 the pith belongs 
 
 197. The Medullary Sheath. — This consists of a 
 circle of spiral, or other ducts, immediately surrounding 
 the pith, and connecting it with the wood, as in fig. 8 at 
 d. But the circle of ducts is not complete, for inter- 
 cepting wedges of the woody tissue protrude themselves 
 here and there, sometimes crowding the ducts out of 
 place. Yet still the medullary sheath maintains itself 
 in a general way, sending off its spiral tissue to the 
 
 Of -what not wholly composed ? OompositioQ of Pith. The Medullary 
 Sheath. Three principal parte of a woody stem. Describe Pith. At what 
 3tago most abundant? Probable use. In what plants obliterated? Its 
 changes, describe. Describe Medullary Sheath. What tissue chieHy pre- 
 vails in it? In what parts deposited? Medullary Rays How arranged? 
 
 branches, and from these to the stalk and veins of the 
 leaves. 
 
 198. The Medullary Rays consist of flattened 
 quadrangular cells built up in a single series, like bricks 
 in a wall. They belong especially to the wood, which 
 they traverse at regular intervals, radiating from the 
 Medullary Sheath to the Bark. The two lines of oblong 
 cells passing through fig. 5 are the Medullary Rays ; but 
 in this highly magnified representation, their convergence 
 is not to be seen. This is better shown at i i, in the trans- 
 verse section of figure 8, marked A, where the Medul- 
 lary Rays are represented passing from the Bark to the 
 Pith. But in the vertical section at B they are inter- 
 rupted, the six layers or lines that are represented, not 
 passing from the bark to the pith. The reason of this is 
 that their layers are not arranged in a perfectly vertical 
 direction, and owing to this slight flexure, their lines are 
 divided or cut by a vertical section of the stem. The 
 Medullary Rays are the remains of the Horizontal Sys- 
 tem (37). They have been compared to the woof of the 
 vegetable fabric, as they are delicately shot through the 
 woody fibres of the vertical system, which compose the 
 warp. They serve to keep up a communication between 
 all the growing parts, or the Wood, Pith, and Bark 
 generally. They are called by joiners the " silver 
 grain ; " and although the cells themselves are invisible 
 to the naked eye, yet the lines which they form are con- 
 spicuous in the cros.s section of many kinds of wood, and 
 especially the Oak and Maple, to which they give a 
 beautiful silvery lustre. The Medullary Rays do not 
 always reach entirely from the pith to the bark. 
 
 199. You have already obtained some idea of the 
 general structure of the Wood, as well as its component 
 parts. These are very well portrayed in the Italian 
 Reed, at fig 7, and also in fig 8, where the wooden 
 tubes and ducts — maintain their relative positions in the 
 stem. In a section of the wood of the Plane-tree, fig. 
 10, the structure is seen as it occurs in a more condensed 
 form, but still more highly magnified. The mode in 
 which the tubes, both of the proper wood and ducts, over- 
 lap each other by their pointed ends, is well shown, 
 clearly representing the complete isolation of each cell, or 
 tube, and hence the identity of the general structure 
 with that of parenchyma, or the primitive cellular tissue. 
 The divided ends also show the respective calibre of the 
 ducts and wood-cells — that of the former being repre- 
 
 To what parts belong? IIow deposited? What parts connect? In what 
 section of the iigurc are the lines complete? Why not in tho vertical? Of 
 what are they the remains? To what compared? Wliat called by Joiners? 
 In what woods conspicuous ? Of what is wood formed ? Wliich have greatest 
 calibre ? How are the tube<! arranged, and what does it prove ? 
 
Plate X. 
 
 STEM AND LEAF. 
 
 35 
 
 General subject Describe fig. 1. Of what is it a variety? What differ- 
 ence? What at 3? — at 4? How are such plants useful? How annoying? 
 Describe fig. 3. What are the marks or dots on the tubers?— On the blackened 
 tuber. Describe fig. 3. What at a f— at hf Describe fig. 4 How does it 
 
 grow? What marks? What name? Figs. 6 and 9, what analogy? Fig. 7, 
 explain structure. What figure represents the Creeper, the Tuber, the Scaly 
 Bulb, the Tunicated Bulb, the Khizoraa, the Corm, the Bnlblet? 
 
36 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 sented by open mouths a, and that of the latter by minute 
 specks, h, showing that they have nearly passed into the 
 solid state, the bore being almost obliterated. In fig. 5 
 is a transverse section of wood from the same tree, show- 
 ing more clearly the wide bore of the ducts, and the dot- 
 like calibre of the wood-cells, which are almost entirely 
 filled up by an accumulation of the Secondary deposit 
 (38), that has greatly thickened their walla. 
 
 200. LiGNiNE. — The wood-cells and ducts collec- 
 tively, or the substance of wood, is termed Lignine. 
 This substance is richer in carbon and hydrogen, and 
 hence in the materials of combustion, than any other 
 tissue in the vegetable frame. But it does not consist 
 entirely of organic material, for in the thickening of its 
 cells a large quantity of earthy matter is deposited in 
 their walls, as you have before learned. This consists 
 chiefly of salts of Potash, and is shown by the deposit 
 left after burning, for the chemical basis of common 
 wood ashes is potash; and if there were no earthy element 
 there would be no ashes. The harder kinds of wood, as 
 Oak, Maple and Hickory, abound in the ligneous deposit, 
 while they have less of water than the softer kinds ; and 
 this gives them their great value, not only as fuel, but 
 in the various mechanic arts. 
 
 201. Heart-wood and Sap-wood. — The old wood 
 that occupies the centre of the stem is called the Heart- 
 wood ; while that which lies next the bark, from its 
 beautiful white color, is named the Alburnum, or Sap- 
 wood. In the latter alone the vital forces of the wood 
 exist ; for the Heart-wood is so far a dead substance, that 
 it appears useful to the tree chiefly, if not entirely, in 
 aifording mechanical support, and preserving the unity 
 of the system, by keeping the form entire. We may see 
 the truth of this assumption in those trees that live, and 
 bear fruit, many years after their trunk has become a 
 hollow cylinder. Whenever the distinction between 
 the Heart-wood and Sap-wood is strongly marked, the 
 latter assumes a particular and definite color. The yel- 
 low hue of the Fustic, the black of the Ebony, the beau- 
 tiful dark red of the Mahogany, and the rich colors of 
 the Black Oak and Black Hickory, all exist in the 
 Heart-wood. 
 
 202. The Cambium Layer is a stratum of extremely 
 delicate and vital cells, which are interposed between 
 the wood and bark, and belong equally to both. They 
 are of an oblong form, and may be seen in the lines e e, 
 
 Of what besirles organic material docs wood consist ? H'jw shown ? Of what 
 salt chiefly consist? Why are hard woods better than others? The sub- 
 stance of wood — name — in what is it rich ? — two principal parts of wood. 
 In what part are vital actions maintained? Why called Alburnum? Po- 
 sition of Heart-wood. What proves it a dead substance? Colors. Cam- 
 
 fig. 8. They are formed of a mucilaginous liquid called 
 the Cambium, which has already been noticed (54). 
 Erom these cells is developed a layer of Wood on the 
 one hand, and a layer of Bark on the other; while 
 another supply is sent off to replenish and reinvigorate 
 the Medullary Rays. 
 
 203. The Bark is at first composed entirely of 
 parenchyma, and the external layer is green, from the 
 chlorophylle (65) which it contains. But when the stem 
 begins to form woody tissue, a portion of woody fibre is 
 distributed in the Bark, the inner layers of which become 
 fibrous, while the outer layer gradually loses its green 
 color, and assumes an ashen gray. The Bark is com- 
 posed of three distinct layers — the Liber, the Cellular 
 Envelope, and the Corky Envelope. 
 
 204. The Liber. — This is the white inner layer of 
 the bark, and is so called, not only because it exfoliates 
 in thin plates resembling the leaves of a book, but be- 
 cause the liber of many trees has been used instead of 
 paper for writing. The fibres of this integument are 
 long and very tenacious, as you have seen in the de- 
 scription of the Bass-tissue (42); and for this reason 
 they are used for many purposes in the manufacture of 
 cordage, and various woven fabrics, a more particular 
 account of which will be found in that section of the 
 Economical Uses of Plants that treats of the Bark. The 
 position of the Liber is seen at/, in fig. 8, being next 
 outside of the Cambium Layer. 
 
 205. The Cellular Envelope, or Middle Layer, 
 of the Bark comes next in the outward direction. This, 
 in the young state, may be known by its green color, and 
 from this circumstance is sometimes called the Green 
 Layer. It is shown at g, in fig. 8, and does not usually 
 increase after the first year or two. By the thickening 
 of the Corky deposit next outside, it is excluded from the 
 light, without which chlorophylle cannot be formed ; and 
 it gradually perishes, never to be renewed. 
 
 206. The Corky Envelope. — This, in woody stems, 
 surrounds the Cellular Envelope, and consists entirely of 
 flattened tabular cells, as may be seen at h, fig. 8. The 
 peculiar colors that distinguish the new bark and young 
 twigs of difi^erent species, are due to this envelope. 
 Every one who has had the taste for a walk in the woods 
 early in spring, must have observed the pleasing variety 
 of tints which they assume, changing from sober ash to a 
 a lively brown, crimson, or bright yellow, thus giving to 
 the monotonous landscape the vivid effect of flowers. 
 
 bium Layer, define. Of what formed? What does it developo? Bark, 
 of what first composed ? How many layers ? What called ? Inner bark, de- 
 scribe. Why so called? Its fibre. Its particular tissue. Position of Liber 
 What layer nest ? How known in its young state ? Is it permanent ? 
 
THE STEM— ITS MODE OF GEOWTH. 
 
 37 
 
 207. It is the corky envelope whicli exfoliates in 
 large continuous sheets from the Birch tree. This is of a 
 peculiar structure, the firm layers of tabular cells alter- 
 nating with others less compact and durable, which, 
 when existing in contact with a vital layer below, crumble 
 to dust, and thus cause the bark to peel off. 
 
 208. Cork. — Sometimes an unusual development of 
 this tissue occurs, as in the Cork-Oak. The bark of this 
 tree, which is a native of Southern Europe, exfoliates 
 once in eight or nine years, affording that very useful 
 article known in commerce as Cork. Some species of 
 Elm, and the Sweet Gum tree, also yield cork. 
 
 209. At fig. 4 is a section from the stem of the 
 Maple, at the cftmmencement of the second year's growth. 
 A is the transverse section ; B is the vertical section. 
 The spiral vessels around the pith are seen at t ; the 
 ducts are marked v p, and the bundles of woody fibre, 
 f ; c the cells of the cambium layer ; pc pc, the cellular 
 layers of the mew wood and bark ; / the fibrous cells, or 
 liber, between ; s the corky layer ; and, outside of all, is 
 the common integument, with projecting hairs. At fig. 
 9 is a transverse section of the Oak, showing, in the six 
 white concentric circles of wood, the growth of six years, 
 while the same number of rings are seen in the bark. 
 The circles of dark dots inside of the woody tissue show 
 the position of the ducts. 
 
 210. Comparative Continuity of the Bark and 
 '\;yooD. — The same circumstance which solidifies and 
 makes the wood durable, contributes to the destruction 
 of the Bark — namely, the growth. As this chiefly 
 occurs in the Cambium Layer, between the wood and 
 bark, it must be external to the first, and internal to the 
 last. Hence, while the old wood on the one hand is 
 rendered compact and hard by the inward pressure, the 
 bark, on the other, is greatly distended and torn by the 
 outward pressure. Thus while the one is continually 
 confirmed in its solidity, the other is contiimally under- 
 going changes, both from this cause and the corroding 
 infiuence of the elements without. Hence the bark on 
 old trees is never entire. It is marked by cracks through 
 its whole extent, and often by deep fissures. The dead 
 parts fall off in layers ; and as the cells of the bark soon 
 cease to grow, the proportion of bark to wood is much 
 less in old than in younger trees. 
 
 211. The three layers of bark which have been de- 
 iicribed are not to be distinguished in old trees, or rather 
 m old parts of the tree, for there the middle or green 
 
 What layer nest ? Describe Colors. Spring-walk. What substance pro- 
 du3ed? From what tree? What other''trees ? Longest life has Bark or Wood? 
 Boason of the difference. Trace the component parts of the Stem. What layer 
 obliterated in old bark ? 
 
 layer is generally obliterated ; but in young woody stems 
 and branches they are very distinct and clear. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE STEM— ITS MODE OF GEOWTH. 
 
 212. By the first and most obvious principle of divi- 
 sion, stems are ranked according to their size, as consti- 
 tuting Trees, Shrubs and Herbs. Between the two first 
 there is no absolute line of division, as a small tree may 
 be a large shrub, and the reverse. There are, however, 
 some general distinctions worth observing. 
 
 213. A Tree is a plant with a woody stem, that 
 rises a considerable height from the ground before it 
 puts forth any branches ; and some authors suppose 
 that it should be about five times the height of a man to 
 be assured of its title. But sometimes large trees branch 
 close to the ground ; and there are many which it would 
 scarcely do to call shrubs, that are less than twenty feet 
 high. 
 
 214. A Shrub is a plant with a woody stem, that 
 branches near the ground, and is less than twenty-five 
 feet high, as the Currant. 
 
 215. Under-Shrubs are more diminutive forms of 
 the shrub, as the Whortleberry and Sweet Fern. 
 
 216. An Herb is generally a plant of smaller growth, 
 composed chiefly of cellular tissue, and having compara- 
 tively a small portion of wood in its system, as the Daisy 
 and Sunflower. 
 
 217. The Herb, Tree and Shrub, are well contrasted 
 in figs. 1, 2 and 3, Plate VIII. But there is a funda- 
 mental difference in stems, by which they are ranked 
 according to their 
 
 218. Mode op Growth. — ^All Phaenogamous plants 
 arc thus divided into two great ranks — Exogens, or Out- 
 side Growers, and Endogens, or Inside Growers. The 
 first correspond with Dicotyledones, and the second with 
 Monocotyledones ; for all plants with two cotyledons 
 have exogenous stems, and all with one cotyledon have 
 monocotyledonous stems. Exogens may be represented 
 by the Almond tree, fig. 2, and by most of our com- 
 mon herbs, shrubs and forest trees ; and Endogens by 
 fig. 6, and by the Lily, Grass, and Palm tribes gene- 
 rally. We will now proceed to notice the differences of 
 structure that distinguish these strongly defined classes. 
 All their varieties radically depend on the Mode of 
 
 General subject Most obvious division of stems. Define Tree— Sbrub — 
 Under-Shrub. Herb. What division? Correspondence. Synonymes. Ex- 
 plain. 
 
38 
 
 AKRANGEMENT AND VENATION. 
 
 Plate XI. 
 
 General subject. What do figs, 1, 3 and 4 represent? How are the leaves 
 ftt 1, at 8, at 4, at 8? "What flgures are of Net-veined leaves — Parallel-veined — 
 Forked-veined ? How are the veins in the "Water- Chestnut — in the Orchis — 
 
 the Grass— the Falra— the Castor-oil plant— the Fern— the Acacia? What 
 largo groups are distinguished hy the two principal forms? Figures of radiatcly 
 veined leaves, what ? 
 
THE STEM-— rrs MODE OF GEOWTH. 
 
 39 
 
 Growth, or the manner in which the Fibrous system is 
 deposited in the Cellular. 
 
 219. Exogenous Structure. — Fig. 9 represents a 
 transverse section from a stem of the Oak. It is com- 
 posed of distinct concentric zones, or circular layers, one 
 of these being formed every year from the vital nutriment 
 in the Cambium Layer (202), and deposited between the 
 Liber and Alburnum, or the outer wood and inner bark. 
 A new layer of wood is thus formed on the outside of the 
 older tissues, which are pressed inward, and become 
 greatly solidified, so that the tubes almost lose their 
 calibre, as you have already seen. This mode of growth 
 is favorable to increase in diameter, and a wide lateral 
 development; and consequently we see, very generally, 
 stout and thick stems in our forest trees, with an um- 
 brageous expansion of the branches. It is also favorable 
 to longevity ; for as all the vital forces are renewed annu- 
 ally, and the woody accumulation in the tissues serves 
 for mechanical support, it would seem that there could 
 be no necessary limits to the life of such a tree. The 
 general structure of an Exogenous stem has been very 
 clearly defined in the last chapter, in the Anatomy of the 
 Wood. 
 
 220. Endogenous Structure. — Here there are no 
 distinct layers, but the woody tubes are deposited among 
 the cellular tissue, without any apparent order. The 
 new wood in growth is deposited toward the centre, and 
 becomes indistinguishably mingled with the old, which 
 is pushed outward. Thus the growth can only take 
 place by a gradual distension of the stem; and that no 
 longer than while it remains sufficiently flexible to yield 
 to the pressure. The vital action being thus checked 
 horizontally, takes an upward direction ; and hence 
 Palms, and other endogenous trees, are distinguished by 
 those lofty and slender forms which are at once so majes- 
 tic and so graceful. In fig. 6 may be seen a section of 
 a Palm stem, with the bundles of woody fibre curved first 
 toward the centre, and then toward the circumference, 
 and thus interlacing each other. In the transverse sec- 
 tion at the summit, may be seen the divided ends of the 
 fibre, appearing like dots. But in the arborescent 
 Yuccas the stem remains soft, and thus capable of un- 
 limited distension — a feature which is more remarkably 
 shown in the gigantic Dragon-tree of the African Islands, 
 
 DeHno Shrub, Under-sbrub, Herb. On what principle is tlie nest great 
 division? What two great classes? Howmarked? With what other division 
 does each correspond ? Instances of each. Describe the Exogenous structure. 
 Endogenous. Where is the new wood deposited in E.^ogens ?— in Endogens ? 
 In what direction do Exogens incline to expand?— Endogens? What dis- 
 tinctions nearly or quite lost in the endogenous stem ? To what may its bun- 
 dles of Bbro be traced ? What parts inseparable or Indistinguishable In Endo- 
 
 which appears like an enormous herb, and is, in fact, a 
 land of Lily. In Palms the wood of the lower parts of 
 the stem is more solid and compact than that of the upper. 
 
 221. The stem of an Endogen afibrds no definite dis- 
 tmction of pith, wood, and bark, nor is it traversed by 
 medullary rays. It consists of threads, or bundles of 
 woody fibre, surrounding a group of ducts. These bun- 
 dles may be traced directly from the base of the leaves 
 and in some instances clear to the roots, in young plants. 
 At other times, curving outwardly, as seen in the figure, 
 they lose themselves in the cortical integument of the 
 rind, which is thus interwrought with the woody system, 
 and becomes inseparable from it — or is not to be sepa- 
 rated as a distinct layer. 
 
 222. As Palms generally do not form lateral buds, 
 if the terminal bud is destroyed, they, having no means 
 of reproducing it, decay and perish. The leaves are 
 borne in a cluster at the summit ; and the diameter of the 
 trunk, never being contracted by the protrusion of branches, 
 which, in dividing the substance must diminish the bulk, 
 is of nearly equal thickness through its whole extent. 
 
 223. But sometimes two or more lateral buds devel- 
 ope, and the stem branches. This is seen in the Screw 
 Pine, fig. 3, Plate IX. In this and all such cases, the 
 branches preserve the Palm-like character, and are cylin- 
 drical, producing leaves only at their extremities. But 
 in those endogenous plants where lateral buds are freely 
 produced, and leaves and branches are scattered along 
 the stem, it tapers upward as in the exogenous forms. 
 The Asparagus is the most familiar instance of this ar- 
 rangement, while the Indian Corn furnishes a fine exam- 
 ple of the ordinary structure of Endogenous stems. 
 
 224. ExoGENS AND Endogens. — Exogens have two 
 seed-leaves ; they grow by depositing new cells in Con- 
 centric Circles, on the outside of the wood, or between 
 it and the bark ; they form lateral buds ; and their 
 stems are distinguishable into Pith, Bark, and Wood. 
 Endogens have but one seed-leaf; they do not deposit 
 their wood in Layers, nor on the outside, but in the 
 centre; they have no definite distinction of Pith and 
 Bark ; and they seldom form Lateral Buds. 
 
 STEM FORMS. AERIAL MODIFICATIONS. 
 
 225. In respect to their external form, stems may be 
 
 gens? Why do not Palms gi-ow thick and stout, like Oaks — or Oaks tall, liko 
 Palms ? What hindera lateral growth in the latter ? In what case do they 
 continue to expand horizontally ? What remarkable instance of lateral expan- 
 sion? Distinctions between Exogens and Endogens. Why are Palms not usu- 
 ally branched ? In what cases are they ? What other instances of branched Endo- 
 gens? What happens if the terminal bud is destroyed? What effect has branch- 
 ing on the shape of the stem ? What fine subject for study of the Endogon ? 
 
40 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 further divided into the Caulis, the Trunk, the Vine, the 
 Sucker, the Runner, the Offset and Stolon. 
 
 226. The Caulis is the stem of Herbs, and hears 
 both leaves and flowers. It is chiefly composed of pa- 
 renchyma, and in all temperate climes is annual in dura- 
 tion, as in the Hen-bit, fig. 1. 
 
 227. The Trunk is the stem of Trees, and needs no 
 further description, as in the Wax-Palm, fig. 9. 
 
 228. The Culm is a jointed stem, and distinguishes 
 the family of Grasses, as in fig. 5. 
 
 229. The Scape is a stem that springs directly from 
 the root, and bears a flower or flowers, but no leaves, as 
 in the Dandelion, fig. 2. 
 
 230. The Suckee is a branch which, proceeding from 
 a part of the stem just below the surface, rises, and in 
 turn becomes a parent stem, as in the Rose and Mint 
 tribes. The Maize, fig. 4, furnishes a good example, the 
 suckers being seen at 1 and 2, and the jointed culm at 3. 
 
 231. The Runner is a prostrate stem that creeps 
 along the sui-face of the ground, putting forth leaves and 
 roots in little clusters at its extremities, and thus form- 
 ing new plants, which in due time also extend themselves, 
 and send forth runners. The Strawberry, fig. 10, is a 
 stem of this kind. 
 
 232. The Offset is a short branch, terminated by a 
 rosette of leaves, sent off by the parent plant, and which 
 will, in its turn, strike root and give birth to others. 
 The House-leek, fig. 7, is a familiar example. 
 
 233. A Stolon is a branch curving until it reaches 
 the ground, when it strikes root, and establishes itself, 
 producing new individuals. This habit probably suggested 
 the idea of layering. The Currant and Gooseberry are 
 good examples. The Pandanus odoratus {one of the 
 Screw Pines) has this habit ; and at fig. 3 it may be 
 seen, with its stoloniferous branches curved, and curving 
 to the ground, some of which have already sent up new 
 branches, crowned, like those of the parent tree, with 
 tufts of leaves. 
 
 234. The Vine is a plant whose stem, being too weak 
 to preserve an erect position, clings to a firmer body for 
 support. When the plants ascend by means of tendrils, 
 they are called Climbers, as in the Grape. In the 
 Clematis, the leaf-stalk performs the office of a tendril ; 
 while in the Pea and Vetch tribes, the tendril is a pro- 
 longation of the summit of the leaf-stalk. 
 
 235. Twiners are plants that ascend by winding 
 round some body which serves as a prop ; and there is in 
 every species a determined mode of twining, from which 
 
 Principal stem-forms, define ami describe each. When plants aacend by means 
 of tendrils, wiiat are they? When they wind round a prop? What effects when 
 a twining stem is turned from its course ? Give examples. 
 
 it cannot be diverted, so long as its vital energy is not 
 seriously impaired. In fig. 6, which represents the 
 Great Bindweed, the convolutions are from left to right ; 
 and in fig. 8, the Hop, they are from right to left. 
 From its proper and natural mode of ascent a twining 
 stem cannot be diverted. If trained in an opposite direc- 
 tion, it will repeatedly make sharp angles and curves, in 
 order to restore itself, until it becomes exhausted by its 
 efforts to preserve this great law of Nature. 
 
 236. Cleavers. — Another class of plants ascend 
 neither by means of tendrils uor by convolutions, but by 
 the roughness of their surface, which tenaciously adheres 
 to the supporting body ; and the habit is distinguished 
 in the common name of a large genus of plants (Galium), 
 which are popularly known as Cleavers. One of this 
 curious family is seen at fig. 11. 
 
 237. Reclining Stbims, are those which arc too 
 weak to sustain themselves in an erect position ; and 
 they receive different names, according to their degrees 
 of prostration. They are 
 
 (1) Ascending, when the stem rises obliquely from 
 the base'; 
 
 (2) Decumbent, when the stem trails along the 
 ground, rising at the extremity, as in the common Five- 
 finger; 
 
 (3) Procumbent, when it runs lightly along the 
 ground; and 
 
 (4) Prostrate or Running, when it keeps close to 
 the surface, sometimes burrowing beneath the ground. 
 Of the eleven forms of the stem represented in Plate IX., 
 four are Endogens, and the remainder Exogens. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 THE STEM— SUBTEEEANEAN FOEMS— FUNCTIONS. 
 
 238. One of the results of a closer study, and more 
 accurate observation, has been the discovery that, as a 
 general law, the Root sends forth only naked branches, 
 and therefore produces no buds. Bulbs, tubers, and 
 several other subterranean modifications of the growing 
 axis, are for this reason separated from Root-forms, and 
 they are now ranked among stems. By this arrangement, 
 both the Scaly and Creeping Roots of the old Botanists 
 are now considered as Stems. 
 
 239. The principal subterranean modifications of the 
 Stem are, the Tuber, Corm, Rhizoma, Bulb, and Creeper 
 
 240. TuBEE. — This is formed by the terminal bud ol 
 
 General subject Why are these separated from Eoot-forms ? What termed 
 by old Botanists? Why incorrectly? Principal Subterranean Modifications. 
 Define and describe each. 
 
Fiate XII. 
 
 LEAF FORMS. 
 
 41 
 
 General subject Name each of them. Instances of each. Define Cordate I between fi^. 2 and 8 — i and 9—18 and 14 ? How is fig, 8— IT— 18 f How Is the 
 -Ovate — Spatnlate — Acerose — Sagittate— Eh omboidal— Connate. Difference Venation in these leaves? "What, then, do thpy indicate, Endogens or Exogensf 
 
42 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 a subterranean brancli, which, becoming greatly thick- 
 ened, developes into a fleshy knob, having numerous buds. 
 The Potato, in which the buds have the popular name of 
 eyes, is a familiar instance. The Jerusalem Artichoke, 
 fig. 2, Plate X., is also a fine example. The tubers, 
 in different stages of progress, are seen crowning the 
 several branches ; while one of them, exhausted by the 
 efforts of the preceding year, has no buds. The Tuber is 
 well stored with starch, to be expended in the future 
 growth of the plant. 
 
 241. The Bulb may be defined as a subterranean 
 Bud, usually clothed with scales, which, like those of the 
 Bud, appear to be undeveloped leaves, as in the Lily, fig. 
 5. If the bulb consists of concentric layers, it is said to 
 be tunicated, or coated, as in the Onion. A transverse 
 section of this kind of bulb, showing the layers, is seen 
 at fig. 7. The vertical section of a Bud, fig. 6, and that 
 of the Lily-Bulb, fig. 9, illustrate the analogy of structure 
 between the Bud and Bulb. The latter is, to all intents 
 and purposes, a subterranean bud. 
 
 242. BuLBLETs are small aerial bulbs, which are de- 
 veloped in the axils of the leaves, as in the Tiger-Lily, fig. 8. 
 
 243. The Coem is a solid bulb of a round form, and 
 a compact, uniform texture, as in the Wake-Kobin, and 
 the Meadow Safixon, an English plant, fig. 3. At a is 
 the old corm, nearly exhausted, while the fresh new corm 
 is seen at h. 
 
 244. The Rhizoma is a thickened horfzontal stem. 
 It has the same mode of growth as the aerial forms, in- 
 creasing at the apex from a terminal bud. The scars of 
 former stems are to be seen on its surface, and to these 
 marks- the Solomon's Seal, fig. 4, is indebted for its name. 
 The Sweet Flag, Ginger, and our native Iris, are also 
 examples. 
 
 245. The Creeper is a variety of Rhizoma, from 
 which it differs chiefly in size. The Garex arenaria, 
 fig. 1, is a creeping stem, which often renders important 
 service in binding the loose sands of low maritime shores. 
 The terminal bud, in this plant, remains subterranean 
 during the first year. In the second year it ascends, 
 puts forth a creeping branch, with a cluster of leaves and 
 roots ; and year after year this operation is repeated, the 
 plant thus extending itself indefinitely. At 3 is the stem 
 of the present year, at 4 a section of the last year's stem. 
 The Knot-G-rass, a troublesome weed in door-yards and 
 gardens, has a very branching stem of this kind. It is 
 so extremely tenacious of life, that if but a single joint 
 
 What 18 deposited in the Tuber, and for wliat purpose f How is the Bulb 
 in the Lily ? How in the Onion ? Most obvious functions of the Stem ? What 
 other functions f What office has it between the Eoot and Leaves ? Describe 
 the ascent of the Sap. By what law does it rise— through what parts, in the 
 
 is left it will grow and spread rapidly, so that, if it once 
 gets rooted, it is very difiicult to exterminate. 
 
 FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM. 
 
 246. The most obvious design in the structure of the 
 Stem consists in the mechanical support which it affords 
 to the superincumbent growth, but it has also equally 
 important vital functions. The Stem keeps up a more 
 or less active communication between the remotest vege- 
 table organs, the Root and Leaf; and thus it is mani- 
 festly a great conducting medium. The Root absorbs 
 the surrounding liquids and gases by endosmose. These 
 constitute the Crude Sap, which, with every step, as it 
 rises, meeting with denser, because more highly elabo- 
 rated liquids, it continues to ascend by the same law, 
 under the influence of the superior vital law, finding 
 passage in the early stages of growth mostly through the 
 dotted ducts, but afterwards through the newer wood. 
 When arrived at the branches, the currents are subdivided 
 and sent into the branchlets ; thence, by innumerable 
 ramifications, they pass into the leaf-stalks and veins, 
 whence they again repeatedly diverge ; and thus enter- 
 ing the smaller veins and veinlets, they visit and refresh 
 the remotest particles of the leaf. There, having been 
 acted upon by the light, in a manner hereafter to be 
 more particularly described, the innutritions portions re- 
 jected, and the nutritious elements more highly elabo- 
 rated, they form a whitish, and somewhat viscid sub- 
 stance, which is known as Cambium, or Elaborated 
 Sap. 
 
 247. The liquid thus prepared holds in solution the 
 Elements of the Vegetable Tissues; and having com- 
 pleted its tour in the leaves, it immediately sets off on 
 its homeward journey to the Root ; but only a small por- 
 tion eventually arrives there. On its passage through 
 the Stem, it deposits the Cambium Layer (202) ; and 
 from this stratum is sent forth nutriment, which, taken 
 up by the Medullary Rays (198), passes into the Albur- 
 num (201), and all the vital parts of the wood. Thus a 
 new layer of wood is formed on the one hand, and of bark 
 on the other. 
 
 248. Nor is this all. A considerable proportion of 
 the Cambium is appropriated to supply those cells in 
 which the peculiar products of the plant are elaborated. 
 These are found mostly in the Bark, which is generally 
 the chief place of deposit for the medicinal and other 
 active properties of the plant. Continuing these offices 
 
 young state — afterward — what higher law — what changes— how docs it progress 
 — how diverge — what at last reach — what change — by what influence — what 
 separation occurs — what is it then — what hold in solution? Describe the pas- 
 sage back. Through what strata does it pass ? What deposit? 
 
THE LEAF. 
 
 throughout the whole stem, the remainder of the Cam- 
 bium at length reaches the Root, which, it will he re- 
 membered, having no digestive organs, can elaborate no 
 nutriment for itself. To this it not only supplies new 
 materials of growth, but also, by enriching its juices, 
 enables it to maintain the action of Bndosmose, by which 
 new currents are continually put in motion. Thus the 
 circumnavigation of the Vegetable System is complete. 
 By a continued repetition of these processes, the tree 
 lives and grows year after year, until, in contemplating 
 its majestic proportions, we forget that the life of the 
 simplest herb that dwells beneath its shadow, is an illus- 
 tration of the same beautiful laws. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE LEAP. 
 
 249. Okganic Parts. — A leaf consists of two dis- 
 tinct parts — the flattened expansion called the Blade, 
 and the frame-work that supports it, which is the stalk 
 and veins. The first is composed of cellular tissue, the 
 latter chiefly of woody fibre. The leaf-stalk is called a 
 Petiole. When the petiole is not present, the leaf is 
 said to be sessile. 
 
 anatomy of the leap. 
 
 250 Leaves almost always expand horizontally, pre- 
 senting one surface to the earth, and the other to the 
 sky. This is their regular position ; and corresponding 
 with this, we commonly find a very marked difference, 
 both in color and texture, between the upper and under 
 surfaces, which is appreciable by the naked eye. By aid 
 of the microscope we find that the apparent diflferenoe 
 originates in the intimate structure of the parts. 
 
 251. The Upper Sukpace is usually composed of a 
 single layer of oblong cells, very compactly arranged, 
 with their ends presented to the expansion, so as to leave 
 exposed the least possible extent of single walls and 
 intercellular spaces. But in plants which inhabit dry 
 and sterile regions, these superficial cells often consist 
 of two, and sometimes of three layers. The Melon, 
 which grows well in dry, sandy soils, has three of these 
 compact layers, as you will see at fig. 22 ; and the Ole- 
 ander, which is a native of Syria, has three layers also, 
 and still more compactly arranged ; while in the structure 
 
 What effect? What chiefly in the Bark? Where at last arrire? What 
 service to the Eoot ? Why does not the Eoot elaborate its own food ? 
 
 General subject Of what parts does the leaf consist? The elementary con- 
 Btitnenfs of each. Name of the Leaf-stalk. When absent how is the leaf ? In 
 what direction do leaves usually expand? What surface to the light? How 
 
 of the Epidermis (77), there are equally important guards, 
 which are even more under the influence of atmospheric 
 changes. This arrangement, and some other peculiarities 
 of structure in the leaf, are designed to check evapora- 
 tion, or regulate the expenditure of fluids by the consti- 
 tution and necessities of the plant. 
 
 252. Lower Surface.— In this the cells are oval or 
 ovate, and very loosely arranged, so as to admit of many 
 intercellular spaces, as in fig. 22. But in leaves which 
 present their surfaces equally to the light, there is no 
 difference between them, as in the Iris and Pine tribes. 
 
 253. Light acts healthily on the upper surface of 
 leaves, hurtfully on the under surface; and if by any 
 accident, as high winds, they become displaced, they / 
 appear to make a voluntary effort to regain their true 
 position. In this way, plants that stand continually 
 with oae side to a window, grow awry, being drawn 
 around, by the impulse of the leaves, in their determina- 
 tion to present their upper surfaces to the light. When 
 cultivators wish plants to be symmetrical, they turn them 
 frequently. Some very interesting experiments on this 
 point were made during the vegetation of the young 
 Bean plants, which served as models to illustrate Ger- 
 mination in our fifth plate. A vigorous young plant, 
 about four inches high, while standing near a light win- 
 dow (but not in strong sunshine), was observed to have 
 made a curve in the stem, in order to present the upper 
 surface of its leaves more completely to the light. It 
 was turned round, when in the course of an hour it had 
 straightened itself, and in another hour had made an 
 opposite curve. By this time candles were brought in, 
 when one of them being before the plant, in the course 
 of the evening it turned completely back, and made 
 another curve toward the candle, proving itself equally 
 sensitive to artificial as to natural light. 
 
 254. The Epidermis, or outer integument, usually 
 consists of a single layer of flattened cells. But this 
 organ also, when evaporation is to be restrained, affords 
 the same safeguards as the cells beneath, having in many 
 cases two strata of cells, and in some cases three. In 
 the Cacti — a tribe whose fleshy, succulent stems perform 
 the office of leaves, which are entirely wanting — the epi- 
 dermis is of a peculiar structure. As these plants in- 
 habit dry sands, bare rocks, and the hottest and most 
 sterile situations, they are admirably fitted to retain for 
 a long time whatever moisture they may acquire, either 
 from the atmosphere, rain, or dew. The epidermis is 
 
 affected by light ? What instance ? Structure of the upper surface. How in 
 natives of very dry soils? Why? Under surface. Name of the outer integu- 
 ment What openings? What organs arc they? On what principle con 
 stracted ? Describe tlie operation. 
 
u 
 
 LEAF FORMS. 
 
 Plate XIII 
 
 General subject. Name each figure. Point out the difference between figa. 
 1 and 2. Define Sinuate— Linear. Describe the Sinuate leaf— the Lyrate — the 
 Pinnatifid— the Euncinate. How is the Pedate leaf— the Palmate ? Describe 
 the Peltate leaf— the Oblique leaf. How are the leaves at fig. 12 ? How many 
 leaves of Exogen — what of Endoffcn— how do you distinguish their cliaracters? 
 If the lobes at tho base of the blade in fig. 13 were developed equally, what 
 kind of leaf would it be ? What is the distinguishing character of the leaf in 
 fig. 14? How do 5 and 6 resemble each other — howunlike? Atfig.lOistho 
 true palmate leaf, hand-shaped, with 5 finger-like divisions; at fig. 8 tho form 
 is also termed T)almate. 
 
THE LEAF. 
 
 45 
 
 formed of three strata of greatly thickened cells so that 
 exhalation is cpmpletely checked, and the loss of moisture 
 effectually restrained. Nor is this all. The epidermis, 
 you will remember, is pierced at regular intervals by 
 openings called 
 
 255. Stomata. — These are the Organs of Exhala- 
 tion. They are situated so as to open directly into 
 the air-chambers of the intercellular system by which 
 they are surrounded ; and through them a circulation is 
 kept up between the cells of the interior of the leaf and 
 the outer air. In fig. 20, two oval bodies represent the 
 stomata. Each one, as will be seen, is composed of two 
 lip-like processes. These are constructed on the principle 
 of a self-acting valve, and are exceedingly sensitive to 
 the influence of moisture. When there is an excess of 
 water in the system, they elongate themselves, curving 
 outwardly, and thus open a passage for the exhalation of 
 the superfluous water. But when therff is a deficiency 
 of water, and they become dry, they shorten and straighten 
 themselves, so as effectually to close the passages, and 
 thus prevent exhalation. The very circumstance which 
 is caused by a want of water in the system, closes the 
 door against its useless expenditure, at the very moment 
 when the waste would become injurious. This sensibility 
 in the vegetable system, doubtless, to a considerable 
 extent, supplies the place of sensation, which belongs to 
 animals. 
 
 256. Position op the Stomata. — These organs 
 are generally too delicate to bear the full power of the 
 sun, and hence they are chiefly found in the lower sur- 
 face of the leaf, where they are sometimes so numerous, 
 that 120,000 have been counted in a square inch of sur- 
 face. In sword-shaped, and other vertical leaves, in 
 which the two sides are both presented to the light, the 
 stomata are equally distributed over their surfaces. In 
 leaves which float on the water, as those of the "White 
 Pond Lily, the stomata are all on the upper surface ; 
 and in completely submerged leaves they are not found. 
 There are no stomata in the epidermis of Roots. 
 
 PRKFOLIATION. 
 
 257. The peculiar manner in which the leaf lies 
 folded in the hud is called Pebfoliation. The difier- 
 ent ways of folding in the leaves of plants, are so uni- 
 form,, as to be of some importance in the determination 
 of their relationships. This subject at least furnishes a 
 
 What in vegetables analogous to sensfttlou in animals? Position of the Sto- 
 mata. Numbers. How in the upper surface ? Under ? How in sword-shaped 
 caves? In floating leaves ? In snbmerged leaves? How in the Boot ? Per 
 what are all these guards designed? Mode of folding in the bud? How 
 named? What buds recommended for study? What two points to be con- 
 
 very interesting study ; and it may be pursued, in the 
 happiest manner, when the leaf-bud is completely swelled, 
 just before its expansion. Make a cross section with a 
 sharp knife, and the mode of arrangement will be exhib- 
 ited in the clearest and most beautiful manner. The ! 
 buds of the Apple, Peach, Horse-Chestnut, Lilac and 
 Walnut, may be recommended to the young student as ; 
 good subjects of observation. In studying the arrange- / 
 ment of leaves, two things are to be observed ; first, the ] 
 manner of folding in the single leaf ; and secondly, \ 
 the arrangement of the leaves in regard to each other. \ 
 
 258. The following are some of the principal forms of i 
 Prefoliation in the single leaf : 
 
 (1) CoNDUPLicATE, whcu the leaf is folded toward 
 the mid-vein, with the upper surfaces inclining toward 
 each other, as in the Oak, Peach and Magnolia, fig. 10 ; 
 
 (2) Convolute, when the leaf is rolled up from one 
 of its edges in a complete coil, as in the Plantain, Cherry 
 and Apricot, fig. 13 ; 
 
 (3) Revglute, when both edges are rolled outwardly 
 toward the mid-vein, as in the Willow and Azalea, fig. 1 1 ; 
 
 (4) Involute, when both edges are rolled inwardly 
 toward the mid-vein, as in the Apple, Violet and Water- 
 Lily, fig. 12. — In the beautiful Lotus, a Water-Lily of 
 Egypt, fig. 21, the manner of folding in the involute leaf 
 is clearly shown ; 
 
 (5) Plaited, when the leaf is folded like a fan, as in 
 the Currant, Maple and Vine, fig. 14; 
 
 (6) CiRciNATE, rolled up like a crosier, from the apex 
 to the base, as in the Linden and Fern, fig. 15 ; 
 
 259. Secondly, of the folding of leaves in relation to 
 each other, the following are the principal varieties : 
 
 (1) Obvoltjte, when a half of each leaf embraces a 
 corresponding half of the next, as in the Sage, fig. 16; 
 
 (2) SuPERVOLUTE, whcu One convolute leaf, embra- 
 cing another, is rolled up along with it, as in fig. 17 ; 
 
 (3) Equitant, when the leaves successively inclose 
 each other in parallel lines, without any inversion, as in 
 the Iris, fig. 19 ; 
 
 (4) Imbricated, when the outer leaves are succes- 
 sively folded over the inner, as in fig. 18. 
 
 In the order of their folding in the bud, leaves ex- 
 hibit their future arrangement on the branches. 
 
 260. Arrangement of Leaves. — In respect to their 
 distribution on the stem and branches, leaves are 
 
 (1) Alternate, when there is only one to each 
 
 Eidered? Forms of Prefoliation. Define and describe eacb. Are the six first 
 modes of folding in the single leaf, or in associated leaves ? Define and do- 
 scribe the four nest. How are these, single or associated forns ? Instances of 
 each mode. What modes of distribution on tbo branches ? How with one 
 leaf to each node? 
 
4-6 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 node, as in the Apple and the Oat, fig. 1, Plate XI., 
 and the Evening Primrose, fig. 8 ; 
 
 (2) Opposite, when there are two to each node, as 
 in the Maple, Lilac, and fig. 3 ; and 
 
 (3) Verticillate, when they surround the stem in 
 a whorl, or ring, as in Cleavers and in the Madder, 
 fig. 4. 
 
 2G1. This branch of the science has of late become 
 much expanded ; and the arrangement of leaves has been 
 found obedient to certain mathematical laws, for an ac- 
 count of which the inquirer is referred to " Gray's Bo- 
 tanical Classbook " — a most excellent elementary treatise 
 on the Life, Structure and Habits of Plants, with which 
 no American student should be unacquainted. 
 
 VENATION. 
 
 262. The manner in which the veins are distributed 
 in the leaf is termed Venation. This system is divided 
 into the Mid-vein, the Veins, Veinlets and Veinulets. 
 
 263. The Mid-Vein is the strong process that usually 
 passes through the middle of the blade, from the base to 
 the apex, as in figs. 2 and 5. 
 
 264. Veins are subdivisions of the mid-vein, as in 
 the Cherry, fig. 2, and the Water Chestnut, fig. 5. 
 
 265. Veinlets are radiations from the principal 
 veins, as in fig. 2. 
 
 266. Veinulets are still more remote subdivisions, 
 the ultimate radiations of which are often so fine as to 
 elude the naked eye, as in figs. 12 and 14. 
 
 267. The stronger branches, or primary veins, are 
 frequently called Ribs, and the leaf is said to be three, 
 five, or seven-ribbed, as in figs. 10 and 15 ; while the cen- 
 tral process is called the mid-rib. The word Nerve is 
 also sometimes used to express venation. 
 
 268. There are three principal modes of venation — 
 Pieticulated Venation, Parallel Venation, and Forked 
 Venation. 
 
 269. Reticulated Venation is a characteristic of 
 Exogens, as in the Oak, fig. 1. Such leaves are fre- 
 quently called net-veined leaves, which is, indeed, the 
 shorter and better name. Net-veined leaves are of two 
 varieties — the Radiately-veined, and the Feather-veined 
 leaf. 
 
 270. When the apex of the petiole divides into 
 several nearly equal processes, which radiate from the 
 base to the circumference, the leaf is Radiately veined, 
 as in the Mallow and Castor-oil plant, figs. 15 and 10. 
 
 271. Featheb-veined Leaf. — In this the petiole is 
 obviously continued, and runs from the base nearly or 
 quite to the apex, giving rise to veins, which again throw 
 off their divisions and subdivisions, forming a kind of 
 network, as in figs. 2 and 12. 
 
 272. Parallel Venation. — In this the veins are 
 usually straight, as in the Grasses, fig. 1 1 , and the Palms, 
 fig. 13 , but they are sometimes curved, as in the Orchis, 
 fig. 6. A fine example of this mode of venation is found 
 in the Indian Corn. At fig. 9 is seen a leaf of an Acacia, 
 native of New Holland, which is of a peculiar structure. 
 At the base is a kind of leaf-like petiole, which is parallel- 
 veined ; while the summit is compound and neWeined. 
 Such a leaf is called a Phyllodium. Endogens are dis- 
 tinguished by parallel venation, as in the Lily, Grass 
 and Palm tribes. 
 
 273. Forked Venation. — In this mode — ^which is 
 a characteristic* of Ferns — the veins are thrown off in 
 two opposite pairs, or forked, as in fig. 7. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 leaf-fokms. 
 
 274. Origin of Form. — De Candolle, the great 
 French Botanist, has a theory that the forms of leaves 
 depend on the quantity of parenchyma, and the distribu- 
 tion of their veins ; but for our purpose, the simple facts 
 in the case will be sufiicient. 
 
 275. Familiarity with Leaf- forms is a great help in the 
 discrimination of species, and you will now give your at- 
 tention to the chief of these— merely observing, aswe pass, 
 that the names which distinguish them, being types of 
 mere form, are also applied to all other parts of the plant. 
 
 Whenever a leaf consists of a single piece or part, 
 it is Simple, however much the margin may be divided, 
 as in the Oak, Rose and Lilac. Simple leaves are 
 
 (1) Orbicular, in their nearest approach tO' the cir- 
 cular, as in the Lettuce-Liverwort and Pennywort, figs. 
 1 and 20, Plate XII. No leaf is perfectly round; 
 
 (2) Ovate {egg-shaped), rounded, with the stalk 
 attached to the larger end, as in fig. 2 ; 
 
 (3) Obovate, rounded, with the stem attached 'to 
 the smaller end ; the reverse * of ovate, as in fig. 3 : 
 
 * The particle 06, in Botany, always reverses the meaning of the words to 
 which it is afOsed. 
 
 How with two leaves in each node? In a whorl. Arrangement of the scribe Ecticnlatod venation. What sometimes called? What varieties ? What 
 veins. What called? Parts of the venous system. Define the Mid-vein, great class characterize ? Parallel venation. Varieties. What great class does 
 Veins. Veinlets. Telnnlets. What are the strong primary veina sometimes it indicate? Forked venation. In what plants ! De Oandolle's Theory. Loaf 
 called ? What other word usod ? Three principal modes of Venation. De- | Names— Forms. Define each. 
 
Plate XIV. 
 
 COMPOUND LEAVES. 
 
 47 
 
 General subject Name each figure. To which of the two principal forms 
 of the Compound Leaf do flgs. 1, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 12 belong? To which figs. 2, 9, 
 10, and 18? How are flgs. 1 and said to be winged ?— how at flg. 4 ? How is 
 fig. ScomponnrtGii?— 7?-S? Hnw is the winged leaf at T2 ' What form at .S? 
 
 How is fig. 9 compounded ?— flg. 10 ? What kind of leaf at flg. 11 ? To which 
 of the two principal forms does it incline ? Are these leaves of Endogens oj 
 Exogens? Why? 
 
48 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 (4) Oblong, the breadth greatly exceeding the 
 length, and nearly of the same breadth throughout, as in 
 figs. 7 and 12; 
 
 (5) Oval, when both ends are somewhat sharply 
 rounded, as in figs. 5 and 6 ; 
 
 (6) Diamond-form (rhomhoidal), as in the White 
 Birch, fig. 10; 
 
 (7) Cordate (heart-shaped), the base forming two 
 rounded lobes, as in the Lilac and fig. 4 ; 
 
 (8) E.ENIF0RM, a broader and shorter heart-form, as 
 in the Asarum, fig. 9 ; 
 
 (9) Lanceolate, shaped like an ancient lance, with 
 a long and curved point, as in the Peach, fig. 8 ; 
 
 (10) Spatulate, in the form of an ancient weapon, 
 called a spatula, fig. 11 ; 
 
 (11) Saggitatb (arroiv-form), the base prolonged 
 backward, in two diverging lobes, as in the Calla and the 
 Arrowhead, fig. 13 ; 
 
 (12) Hastate, the terminal lobes smaller, but still 
 more diverging, as in the Sorrel, fig. 14 ; 
 
 (13) AuRicLED, the base winged with ear-like pro- 
 cesses, as in a species of Sage, fig. 18; 
 
 (14) Clasping, the base of the leaf embracing the 
 stem, fig. 15; 
 
 (15) AcEROSE (needle-shaped), leaves clustered in 
 long, slender and acute processes, as in the Pines, fig. 16 ; 
 
 (16) Perfoliate, when the edges of a simple leaf 
 cohere, so that the stem appears to grow through it, as 
 in the Honeysuckle, fig. 17 ; 
 
 (17) Connate, when the bases of two opposite leaves 
 cohere, so as to form a double perfoliate leaf, as in the 
 Boneset, and some species of Honeysuckle, fig. 19; 
 
 (18) Sinuate, when a winding or sinuous line de- 
 scribes the margin, as in the Oak, fig. 1, Plate XIII. ; 
 
 (19) Ltkate, with the notches more sharply defined, 
 and the terminal lobe larger and more rounded, as in 
 Shepherd's-purse, and the Turnip, fig. 2 ; 
 
 (20) Pinnatifid, with the lobes reaching to the mid- 
 vein, and again divided, as in fig. 3 ; 
 
 (21) EuNciNATE, cut into large diverging teeth, 
 which point backward, as in the Dandelion, fig. 4 ; 
 
 (22) Linear, long and narrow, as in the Grasses, 
 fig. 5; 
 
 (23) Pedate, with several deep lobes, somewhat 
 resembling a bird's foot, as in the Violet, which bears 
 its name, and fig. 7 ; 
 
 (24) Palmate (hand-form), with several lobes re- 
 
 Instances. What are the divisions of a simple leaf called ? Water Chest- 
 nut, describe. Compound leaf, define its principal forms and divisions. What 
 
 sembling a hand with the fingers spread open, as in the 
 Passion-flower, and the Castor-oil plant, figs. 8 and 1 0. 
 
 (25) Peltate, having the stalk fixed near the centre, 
 so as to give the leaf a shield-like appearance, as in the 
 Nasturtion, fig. 9 ; and 
 
 (26) Oblique, with the sides of the base developed 
 unequally, fig. 13. 
 
 ■ (27) Ensiform (sword shaped), long and narrow, with 
 both surfaces alike, as in the Iris, fig. 6. 
 
 (28) Decurrent, with the margin running down the 
 stem, as in the Thistle, fig. 14. 
 
 276. In this plate are various modes of being cut, 
 or different forms of the lobed Leaf The lower leaves 
 of the Water Chestnut ( Trapa natans) are minutely 
 divided, while those which grow out of water are entire. 
 
 COMPOUND leaf-forms. 
 
 277. When a leaf is composed of more than one 
 piece or part, it is Compound. A compound leaf may 
 be distinguished from a deeply divided simple leaf by 
 the articulation,. or jointing together, of its several parts, 
 which, when the leaf decays, fall asunder. Leaves have 
 two principal modes of composition — the Pinnate Form, 
 as in the Locust, Rose and Pea, and the Ternate Form, 
 as in Clover. Other compound forms are either vari- 
 ations or combinations of these. 
 
 278. The divisions of a compound leaf are called 
 Leaflets, and they exhibit all the peculiarities that dis- 
 tinguish simple leaves. The stalk that bears them is 
 called the Common Petiole, and the foot-stalk of each 
 particular leaflet is called the Petioldla. 
 
 279. A Compound leaf is Pinnate, when the leaflets 
 are af&sed to each side of a common petiole, as in the 
 Eose Acacia, fig. 1, Plate XIV. Pimiate leaves are 
 also called Winged, because the leaflets serve as plumage 
 to waft them up and down in the air. 
 
 A Pinnate Leaf is 
 
 (1) Terminally Winged, ending in a single leaflet, 
 as in figs. 1 and 6 ; 
 
 (2) Abruptly Winged, ending in a pair of leaflets, 
 fig. 4; 
 
 (3) Interruptedly Winged, when the ordinary 
 leaflets are interspersed with smaller ones, as in the 
 Potato and the Agrimony, fig. 7 ; 
 
 (4) CiRHHOSE, ending with a tendril, as in the Lentil, 
 fig. 12; 
 
 do they exhibit? The Stalk of a compound leaf, its divisions. Describe the 
 forms. Pinnate, its varieties. Define each. 
 
LEAF-FOEMS. 
 
 49 
 
 (5) BiPiNNATB {twice pinnate), when the leaflets 
 themselves are pinnate, as in the Honey -Locust, 
 fig. 8; and 
 
 (6) Tripinnate [three times pinnate), when the 
 leaflets are bipinnate, so that the leaf is thrice com- 
 pounded, as in fig. 5, which represents only one leaf. 
 
 280. When a leaf consists of several finger-like divi- 
 sions, it is called Digitate, as in the Horse-Chestnut, 
 fig. 3. 
 
 281. A Tbenate Leaf consists of three leaflets, 
 which crown the stem in a kind of whorl, as in the Clover, 
 fig. 2. At fig. 13 is a ternate leaf of the Wood-Sorrel, 
 whose leaflets are obcordate, or reversed heart-shape. A 
 Ternate Leaf is 
 
 (1) BiTERNATB, when the leaflets are themselves 
 ternate, fig. 9 ; and 
 
 (2) Teiternate, when the leaflets are biternate, 
 fig. 10. 
 
 282. A Leaf is Decompound, when it combines the 
 characters of the two principal types of the Compound 
 Leaf; and it is said to be Pinnately Decompound, or 
 Ternately Decompound, as it approaches more nearly 
 one or the other of these forms. The leaf of Meadow 
 Rue, fig. 11, is Ternately Decompound. 
 
 LEAF-MARGIN. 
 
 283. The Margin of the Leaf is generally marked 
 hy notches of various forms. The different modes of 
 being cut present characters so uniform, as to be of con- 
 siderable importance in the distinction of species. A 
 Leaf is 
 
 (1) Entire, when there are no notches, or teeth of any 
 kind, as in fig. 1, Plate XV. The Victoria Regia, fig. 15, 
 has a remarkable leaf. It is entire, and the margin is 
 surrounded by a deep rim. It spreads out on the water 
 like a great platter, often six or seven feet in diam- 
 eter; 
 
 (2) Serrate, with notches like the teeth of a saw, 
 all pointing to the summit, as in figs. 2 and 3. At fig. 
 6 the leaf is biserrate, or doubly serrate ; 
 
 (3) Dentate {toothed), with irregular and diverging 
 notches, as in the Plane and Chestnut, figs. 4 and 5 ; 
 
 (4) Kepand, with the margin slightly concave, 
 fig- 7; 
 
 (5) Ckenate, with rounded notches, as in the Penny- 
 wort and Mallow, figs. 8 and 9 ; 
 
 (6) Laciniatb {torn), cut in deep and irregular 
 gashes, as in Aconite, fig. 10 ; 
 
 When twice pinnate. Tliree times. Leaf in flngcr-lil;o divisions. Throe 
 divisions. Varieties of the Ternate leaf. Decompound leaf. Leaf-margin, 
 
 7 
 
 (7) Incised {cut), the margins divided by deep in- 
 cisions, as in Crowfoot, fig. 11. Between the two last 
 there are no absolute distinctions ; the terms cut, gashed 
 and torn, being used almost, if not quite indifferently, 
 and merely represent slight variations of the loLed 
 leaf; 
 
 (8) Dissected, with the parenchyma greatly deficient, 
 and barely covering the veins, so as to give the appear- 
 ance of a skeleton, as in the Water Ranunculus, fig. 13, 
 Submerged leaves most commonly take this form. In 
 the Water-Chestnut, which has already been referred to, 
 the dissected leaves near the base grow under water ; 
 while those that float on the surface are simple and un- 
 divided. The foliage of this plant is exquisitely delicate 
 and beautiful ; 
 
 (9) Frilled, the margin greatly expanded, as in the 
 High Mallow, fig. 14; 
 
 (10) Spinescent, the notches invested with thorn- 
 like processes, as in the Holly, fig. 12; and 
 
 (11) Erose, appearing as if gnawed or bitten by 
 animals, as in fig. 16. 
 
 leaf-summit. 
 284. The Apex op the Leap is also marked by 
 several variations, which are of considerable importance 
 in specific distinctions. A leaf is 
 
 (1) Acute, when it ends in a sharp point, as in the 
 Peach, fig. 1, Plate XVI. ; 
 
 (2) Obtuse, when it is blunt at the apex, fig. 2 ; 
 
 (3) Acuminate, with a greatly attenuated point, 
 more or less curved, like a shoemaker's awl, as in figs, 7 
 and 8; 
 
 (4) MucRONATE, ending in a bristly point, fig. 3 ; 
 
 (5) Rbtuse, with a rounded notch at the end, fig. 4 ; 
 
 (6) Bmarginate, with a small, sharp notch at the 
 end, fig. 5 ; and 
 
 (7) Truncate, appearing as if cut off square at the 
 end, as in the Tulip-tree, fig. 6. At fig. 9 is a flowerinc 
 branch of the same beautiful tree, showing more perfectly 
 the peculiar form and venation of its fine leaves (285). 
 At fig. 10 one of the Locust tribe is seen, with its leaflets 
 arranged in opposite pairs, like delicately plumed wings, 
 and retuse at the apex. In the Lentil of the sacred 
 Scriptures, fig. 11, the leaf terminates in a tendril ; while 
 in fig. 13, the very acute, and also acuminate, leaf of the 
 Wild Radish {Baphanus) is seen. The Frond, a peculiar 
 form of the leaf, is shown in the Fern and Moss, figs. 14 
 and 15, and the Thallus in the Lichen, fig. 12. 
 
 varieties. Instances of each. Leaf-summit, varieties. Tulip Tree, Locust 
 Lentil. Wild P.adish. Frond, in what plants ? Thallus, in what ! 
 
50 
 
 LEAF MARGINS. 
 
 Plate XV 
 
THE PETIOLE. 
 
 61 
 
 THE PETIOLE. 
 
 285. The Leaf-stalk, or Petiole, is usually a 
 half-round, tlie upper side being flattened, with a groove 
 or channel running through it, as in the Crowfoot, fig. 1, 
 Plate XVII. 
 
 The Petiole is 
 
 (1) Stipulate, invested at the base with a pair of 
 small leaves, called stipules, as iu the Cherry, fig. 2 ; 
 
 (2) Alate {winged), when invested on each side 
 with a process like a small section of the leaf, as in the 
 Orange, fig. 3 ; 
 
 (3) Sheathing, in such plants as the Coriander and 
 Dill, fig. 4 ; 
 
 (4) Clasping or Tubular, when it embraces the 
 stem, as in the Plane-tree, fig. 13 ; 
 
 (5) Round, as in the Large Mallow, fig. 6 ; and the 
 Leaf is 
 
 (6) Sessile, when it has no petiole, but is seated 
 "lirectly on the branch or stem, as in the Evening Prim- 
 rose, fig. 5. 
 
 CHAPTEE XX. 
 
 LEAP modifications. 
 
 286. The leaf, in many cases, takes what may be 
 called an abnormal development, producing various 
 irregular forms. The chief of these are, Phyllodia, 
 Aseidia, or Pitchers, Stipules, and Bracts. 
 
 287. By an irregular expansion of the Fibrous sys- 
 tem, and a suppression of the Cellular, the petiole dilates 
 into a rigid blade (248), which is generally traversed by 
 parallel veins ; while the proper blade of the leaf becomes 
 partially, and sometimes wholly, abortive. These 
 leaf-like bodies are called Phyllodia. They are properly 
 a modification of the Petiole, and present some remark- 
 able peculiarities. You will remember that the regular 
 position of a leaf is parallel with the plane of the horizon, 
 or with one surface presented to the sky, and the other 
 to the ground ; but Phyllodia uniformly assume a vertical 
 position, presenting their edges, instead of their surfaces, 
 to the earth and sky. They are distinguished from 
 leaves with a true blade by their being always parallel 
 veined and entire ; while the early leaves, and occasionally 
 the later ones, are compound and feather veined. Phyl- 
 lodia sometimes appear making an effort to return to this 
 type, for not unfrequently they bear on their apex a true 
 compound, net-veined blade. These Phyllodia constitute 
 
 General subject. Common shape, varieties. Leaf modiflcations, varieties, 
 how produced. What are they properly ? Describe Phyllodia. Where found 
 'n what plants ? How presented to tho light ? What effect lias such foliage ? 
 
 the entire foliage of the Australian Acacias, one of which 
 is seen at fig. 7 ; and these, with the Myrtaceous tribes 
 of the same region, compose nearly two thirds of the 
 entire forests of New Holland. In the Australian 
 Myrtles, the blade of the leaf becomes vertical, by a twist 
 in the petiole. A forest composed of such vegetation 
 has a grim and rigid look, and the effect of light and 
 shade is spectral. 
 
 288. AsciDiA, or Pitchers. — These are also to be 
 ranked among unusual developments of the petiole. 
 They are formed by the cohering edges of a dilated and 
 infolding petiole, and appear to be constructed for the 
 purpose of containing water. Such is the common 
 Pitcher-plant of our wet meadows (Sarracenia), fig. 9. 
 In this the tubular portion represents the petiole, while 
 the mouth-like process at the summit is the abbreviated 
 blade. In the Pitcher-plant of the East [Nepenthes), 
 the structure is still more curious. The petiole is first 
 expanded into a Phyllodium, then contracted into a ten- 
 dril, when finally it expands in the pitcher. This is fur- 
 nished with a neatly fitting lid, which is articulated with 
 it, as if by a regular hinge, made to open and shut, as 
 may be seen in fig. 8. It is usually found nearly filled 
 with water, which it is supposed to secrete through the 
 base of the petiole, whose spiral ducts are very large and 
 numerous. This liquid, whether water or a secretion of 
 the plant, always contains great numbers of putrifying 
 insects. The only living inhabitant is a kind of shrimp, 
 which preys on the insects, and probably lays its eggs in 
 their bodies. The water serves the double purpose of 
 attracting the flies and maintaining the shrimp ; and, so 
 far as the plant is concerned in this very curious and 
 singular economy, it may be nourished by the gases 
 evolved by the dead flies. This is not improbable, 
 since carbon, the basis of the vegetable body, would be 
 profusely supplied by the carbonic acid gas evolved 
 by the decomposing bodies. The uniformity of the 
 occurrence involves both habit and design. Some other 
 plants, also, have the same economy, which is probably 
 to be referred to the same cause. Foremost among 
 these is 
 
 289. Venus' Flytrap (Dionma). — This plant pre- 
 sents one of the most remarkable instances of abnormal 
 structure in the petiole. This organ, as in the other 
 cases, is a dilated leaf-like body, net-veined, and bearing 
 on its summit a somewhat reniform or obeordate appen- 
 dage, fringed with a border of stiff bristles. This latter 
 process represents the blade of the leaf. In fig. 11, two 
 
 Aseidia. Instances. Native plant. Exotic form, 
 tenant ? Describo Dioncea. Describe leaf. 
 
 What contain? What 
 
62 
 
 ANALTTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 leaves of such a plant are represented as being folded 
 together, while a third is open. The folding depends on 
 a constitutional irritability, which will be discussed in 
 its proper place. In the Water-Chestnut, fig. 10, the 
 petiole is dilated into an air-tube, which may serve as a 
 buoy to the floating leaves. This beautiful economy is 
 often observed in Seaweeds, and other aquatic plants. 
 
 290. But there is nothing of the kind more curious 
 and remarkable, than we find in the twining plant of the 
 East Indies, called Dischidia. This plant ascends to 
 the summit of the tallest trees, sometimes putting forth 
 leaves a hundred feet from its base ; while the whole 
 stem below, being without leaves, can elaborate no food. 
 The pitcher, which resembles a Hang-bird's nest, appears 
 to be formed of a leaf, whose edges roll together a,nd 
 adhere, closing entirely at the bottom ; while at the top 
 it remains open, to admit all the moisture that falls in 
 its way ; and usually it contains a considerable quantity. 
 But the most wonderful part of its economy is yet to be 
 told. From the nearest portion of the stem several root- 
 like processes are sent out, whose fibrils, entering these 
 little cups, absorb the moisture, which the upper parts of 
 the plant, in their insular situation, their great distance 
 from the root, and the want of leaves below, could not 
 otherwise attain. So wonderful and admirable are the 
 means which often, in the absence, or irregular position 
 of any organ, supply its place, and fulfil its offices. 
 
 291. These are leafy appendages situated at the base 
 of the leaf, or leaf-stalk. They usually occur in pairs, as 
 in the Cherry, fig. 1, and the Lentil, fig. 3, Plate XVIII. 
 In the Pansy, fig. 2, they are large and conspicuous, 
 appearing to form a portion of the proper foliage. They 
 often seem designed for the protection of the young 
 leaves, for when the leaves develope the stipules dis- 
 appear. 
 
 292. There is one fact in vegetation worth observing 
 and remembering, which is, that tender and growing 
 parts coming in contact are very apt to cohere, and thus 
 form irregular, and in some respects accidental, combi- 
 nations. This is particularly true of stipules ; for their 
 various modifications appear to be chiefly owing to their 
 different modes or degrees of coherence with each other 
 and the adjoining parts. They are 
 
 (1) Adnate, when they cohere with the base of the 
 foot-stalk, as in the Strawberry and the Eose, fig. 6; 
 
 Discliitliu, describe. Of what do Us rootlets supply the want? What are 
 Stipules? How usually occur? What fact worth remembering? Of what 
 particularly true ? Vai'ieties of the Stipule. What processes may be con- 
 sidered stipular? How are the Stipules la the Plane? Agrimony. When 
 
 (2) Intrafoliaceous, in alternate-leaved plants 
 when both margins cohere, so as to form a sheath round 
 the stem, as in the Rhubarb. When stipules of this 
 form are short, dry and membranaceous, they are termed 
 ochrea, as in the Buckwheat tribe, one of which is repre 
 sented at flg. 7 ; 
 
 (3) iNTEKPETioLAn, whcu they occupy the spaces on 
 each side of opposite leaves, as in fig. 11; 
 
 (4) SriNESCENT, forming thorn-like processes, as in 
 the Rose-Acacia, fig. 5 ; and they are called 
 
 (5) LiGULES, in the Grasses, where they form certain 
 membranaceous, sheathing appendages peculiar to the 
 Order, as in the pointed process from the base of the 
 leaf at fig. 10. 
 
 293. The sheathing outgrowth from the base of the 
 petiole, in the Fennel tribe, may properly be considered 
 stipular, as in the Dill, fig. 4. The Low Cornel, fig. 8, 
 has a pair of small stipules, about mid-way, investing its 
 stalk. In the great Plane-tree, the cohering stipules 
 form one foliate body, situated opposite to the leaves, 
 which are alternate ; and in the Agrimony, fig. 9, they 
 unite in the same manner, and surround the stem. 
 
 294. When leaves are furnished with stipules, they 
 are said to be Stipulate ; when they have none, Ex- 
 STiPULATB. The smaller stipules of the leaflets in com- 
 pound leaves, are called Stipels. 
 
 295. Stipules sometimes, but rarely, develope buds 
 in their axils. They are subject to the same laws of 
 form and venation, and perform, in their degree, the 
 same offices as true leaves. They do not occur in every 
 plant; in many they are wanting; but they are quite 
 uniformly present in all plants of the same natural Order. 
 
 296. These are certain modifications of the Leaf, 
 which, as they grow near the flower, are often called 
 Floral Leaves ; and they seem to occupy an intermediate 
 rank between the Vegetative and Reproductive Organs 
 They are generally distinguished from the proper leaves 
 by a difi'erence of form and color. They are frequently 
 of brilliant hueS, and sometimes constitute the chief 
 beauty of the flower, as in the elegant Painted Cup of 
 our wet meadows, where the large pea-green bracts, tipped 
 with the most vivid scarlet, eclipse and obscure the small 
 inconspicuous flowers, and by a common observer would 
 be mistaken for the flower itself. The same is true of 
 the large white bracts that inclose a cluster of small 
 
 leaves are fiirnished with stipules, what are they? When not? Wliat are 
 Bracts? What rank occupy? How distinguished from true leaves? How 
 are they frequently ? Instances. How in the Painted cup ? 
 
Plate XVI. 
 
 SUMMIT OF LEAF. 
 
 53 
 
 Ccnoral subject. Name each of the forms from fig. 1 to 8. To which of 
 these may the character of the leaf-summit in fig", 10 be referre-d — fig. 18 — fi^' 
 9 ? What kind of appendage in fig. 11 ? Difference between figa. 4 and 5 — I 
 and 8—7 and 8— S and 8 ? "What kind of leaf at fig. 14^ and to what tribe of 
 plants does it belong— fig. 12— fig. 15 ? "When a leaf has a curved and attenu- 
 ated point, what is it called — a sharp point— ending in a kind of bristle— with 
 a rounded notch — a sharp notch — a blunt end — appearing as if cut off at thi- 
 extremity ? Instances of each form. 
 
54 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 flowers, ■wholly void of beauty, in the Low Cornel, fig. 
 10, Plato XIX. In the Cornus Florida, a small tree of 
 the same family, and usually known by the name of Box- 
 wood, the four large white bracts are particularly beauti- 
 ful, and so delicately organized, as to appear, in a super- 
 ficial view at least, as the real blossom ; while in the 
 Calla, fig. 13, the large lily-white bract is the sole 
 adornment of that supei-b flower. 
 
 297. In the Lime-tree, fig. 8, the bract, which bears 
 the fiowering stalk, is oval-lanceolate, and of a light yel- 
 lowish pea-grecu ; while the true leaf is ovate, or cordate, 
 and of a beautiful dark glossy color. The bracts here 
 also constitute the chief beauty of the tree, for they have 
 all tho effect of flowers, aud last during the whole season. 
 
 298. The membranous scales of the Glume, which 
 inclose the spikelets in Grasses, are a peculiar form of the 
 bract ; and the scales of the flower itself are properly so 
 termed. A spikelet is seen at fig. 4, and one more ex- 
 panded at fig. 5, showing the palea3, or bracts that in- 
 close the single flower. 
 
 299. In the great natural Order of Compositse, 
 which embraces the Compound Flowers of the older 
 Botanists, the heads are inclosed by leaflets, generally 
 numerous and narrow, which are also called bracts, as in 
 the Marigold, fig. 1. The scales of the ament, a, in the 
 Walnut, fig. 2, and in the Willow, fig. 3, are bracts, and 
 so are those of all amentaceous trees — a circumstance 
 that distinguishes them into a finely marked natural Order. 
 
 300. Other Forms. — The cluster of leaves at the 
 summit of the fruit in the Pine-apple, fig. 6 ; those which 
 inclose the umbels and umbellets, in the UmbelliferEe, fig. 
 7 ; the thin scales of the Hop, fig. 11; as well as the 
 bony and indurated ones of the Pine-cone, fig. 9, and the 
 Oak-cupule, fig. 12, are all difierent forms of the bract. 
 There is no absolute distinction between this organ and 
 the proper leaf; and in their gradual transitions, they 
 sometimes offer good illustrations of the metamorpJioses 
 that occur in plants, of which you will hear something at 
 another time. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAF. 
 
 301. The fijst and most obvious use of leaves is that 
 of furnishing chilling to the plant, and thus protecting 
 
 The Low Cornel. Calla. Lirae-trco. What part are they in Grasses, in the 
 Compos] t;o — Amentaceous trees — TJmbellifera; — Oak — Pine-Apple — Hop. 
 
 General subject J^Iost obvious Function of the Leaf. What others? To 
 what organ does Absorption particularly belong ? How shown to e.xist in the* 
 Leaf; "What ■ facts ? By which surface do leaves chiefly absorb? How 
 
 its more delicate organs from heat, cold, and other exter 
 nal injuries. But in addition to this, the oflices of the 
 Leaf are the most important and remarkable in nature. 
 The principal of these are. Absorption, Digestion, and 
 Exhalation. 
 
 302. Absorption. — This is the distinctive function 
 of the Eoot ; yet in plants which have no root, this office 
 is performed by the leaves, as in Epiphytes (159), or 
 often by the whole plant, as in the Mosses and the lowest 
 orders generally. That this power is also, to a greater 
 or less extent, a property of all leaves, may be shown by 
 several facts. In the first place, plants will languish in 
 a very dry atmosphere, even when their roots are copi- 
 ously supplied with water. Second, the leaves of trees 
 and other plants, in times of drought, will revive sud- 
 denly after a shower, and that long before they could 
 receive water by transmission from the roots. Third, 
 when cuttings of plants are kept in vases, they will 
 retain their freshness much longer, if their whole surface 
 is sprinkled occasionally with a plentiful shower of 
 water. 
 
 303. Leaves absorb chiefly by their under surface. 
 This is shown by the following simple experiment. 
 Place a number of detached leaves, of the same species, 
 in water, with different surfaces applied to the liquid ; 
 and those which are placed with the upper surface down 
 will wilt much sooner than those with the under sur- 
 face down. Wood, in his excellent " Classbook of Bo- 
 tany,'' says that leaves of the White Mulberry, placed 
 with their upper sm-face in contact with water, faded in 
 six days ; while those in the reversed position lasted as 
 many months. Leaves absorb gases from the air. 
 
 304. Digestion. — This is a function precisely similar 
 to that of the animal economy. The crude sap having 
 reached the Leaf, traverses the green substance known 
 as Chlorophylle, which, as has before been hinted, in con- 
 nection with the solar light, produces some very remark- 
 able chemical changes. The crude liquid, of which car- 
 bonic acid gas and water are supposed to form the prin- 
 cipal portion, is decomposed ; the carbon is retained, as 
 the chief basis of the vegetable structure, while the 
 liberated oxygen, and the superfluous water, are returned 
 to the air. 
 
 305. By this process the crude sap is reflned, and 
 is converted from its inorganic state to the material of 
 organism. This is one of the most wonderful results in 
 
 proved— what experiment? What do loaves absorb from the air ? Vegetiible 
 Digestion, what does it resemble ? What auustance in tho leaf does sap tra- 
 verse ? What effect ? What substances chiefly form the crude liquid ? Wliat 
 becomes of each ? Into what is the crude sap converted? Wtiat wonderful 
 result of Vegetable Digestion ? 
 
FUNCTIONS OP TUE LEAF. 
 
 55 
 
 Nature, and by Plants only is it accomplished. By 
 changing inorganic material into their own substance, 
 they convert it into food for men and animals. They 
 stand at the basis of all Life, being, in fact, the only 
 Nourishers of the world ; for men and animals only con- 
 sume what they so bountifully provide. 
 
 306. In the process of Vegetable Digestion, another 
 result, almost equally wonderful, is also accomplished; 
 for oxygen is liberated by means which Chemistry, as 
 yet, in vain attempts to imitate. Oxygen is the most 
 important atmospheric principle for the support of animal 
 life. Carbonic acid gas is the vital principle of the 
 atmosphere for the support of vegetable life ; but at the 
 same time it is so deadly to animals, that if the air is 
 greatly infected by it, it becomes noxious. Plants 
 absorb this gas continually, giving in return free oxygen 
 gas — that vital element, without which not a single ani- 
 mal could live or breathe, being liberated in the very act 
 of vegetable digestion. Thus one vital office is made to 
 counterbalance the other, and the whole is harmonized. 
 The respiration of animals, and other causes which infect 
 tlie atmosphere, give food to plants, which, by assimilat- 
 ting these crude and otherwise noxious substances, con- 
 vert them into organism ; and thus while they are puri- 
 fying the air, they are also elaborating nourishment and 
 support for the animal world. And these beautiful rela- 
 tions do the two great organic kingdoms ever maintain 
 with each other. Each consumes only what the other 
 rejects, and furnishes what the other demands. Plants, 
 then, may be considered as the great providers or caterers 
 of the world. They are the only Producers ; for the 
 whole animal world are only consumers of the nutritive 
 elements which they alone have power to elaborate. 
 
 307. Exhalation is that process by which the super- 
 abundant or hurtful elements are thrown off. It is to 
 be distinguished tiom evaporation, which depends solely 
 on the heat and condition of the atmosphere, and which, 
 as you have seen, is almost wholly restrained by the 
 epidermis of plants; and it has a strong analogy to 
 perspiration, in the animal system. Exhalation is 
 maintained chiefly, if not entirely, by the action of the 
 stomata ; and as these are only open under the influence 
 of light, it follows that a plant can support this important 
 function only in the daytime, or in the presence of light. 
 These facts are shown in several ways. If, under the 
 influence of a bright sunshine, and a still, warm air, a 
 
 What aro the Nouri.^hers of the ^vorl J ? -What the consumers ? What other 
 wonderful result? Next function, define. From what distinguished f What 
 analogy? By what maintained? What effect of the epidermis? When is Ex- 
 halation supported ? Why? Stomata. What effect of light? How shown? The 
 
 cold plate of glass be held before the under surface of 
 any leaf whose exhaling power is great, as the Annual 
 Sunflower, or Hydrangea, it will soon be covered with 
 dew ; but if held before the upper surface, it will remain 
 dry. The stomata, you will remember, are chiefly in the 
 lower surface of the leaf; and this shows that there is 
 an absolute connection between them and the property of 
 Exhalation, as also does the following. If the light be 
 suddenly excluded from an actively growing plant, exha- 
 lation will immediately cease ; while the stomata, if ex- 
 amined directly on its readmission, will be found closed. 
 
 308. The amount of liquid exhaled by plants is 
 frequently enormous. By various experiments, it has 
 been shown that they often perspire from eight to sixteen 
 times as much as the same extent of surface in the human 
 body. A plucked leaf of the Sunflower, with its petiole 
 immersed in water, absorbed and exhaled its own weight 
 in six hours. 
 
 309. Exhalation by the leaves must always, in a 
 healthy state, maintain a certain proportion to the ab- 
 sorption of the roots. If the former exceed the latter, 
 there is a waste of vital power, and consequent exhaus- 
 tion. In the spring, before the leaves appear, and while 
 the roots are most vitally active, the absorption by far 
 exceeds exhalation, and the stem is gorged with sap, 
 which wUl flow readily from an incision. A large portion 
 of this is expended in the production of leaves, after 
 which a continuous supply is demanded to support the 
 growth of the plant. Then the two forces are nearly in 
 equilibrium. Later in the season the vitality of the 
 leaves is impaired, and in autumn they fall and perish. 
 But stiU the roots remain active for a time ; and the 
 excess of nutriment, beyond what is required to maintain 
 a feeble circulation, is again accumulated in the systena 
 for future supplies. This may be seen in the swelling of 
 buds during a period of warm weather late in winter. 
 And thus the processes of vegetable life go on, with their 
 continual round of changes, while acquisition, develop- 
 ment, growth and rest, are happily maintained. 
 
 310. Respiratiok. — This has been considered by 
 some authors as a function of the vegetable being. But 
 the whole process that has been so termed, must be re- 
 ferred back to that which has just been considered under 
 the head of Digestion. The theory was founded chiefly 
 on the assumption that plants uniformly evolve carbonic 
 acid gas in the absence of light. This, in all cases of 
 
 esperiment, its philosophy. Liquid exhaled by plants — quantity. Sun-flower. 
 To what should Exhalation always correspond? now is it in the spring 
 What becomes of the excess? How later in the season ? In autumn. What does 
 swelling of buds show ? Do plants respire ? On what was the theory founded 
 
66 
 
 THE PETIOLE 
 
 Plate XVII 
 
 
 Oreneral subject Define the word. How is the leaf in its absence ? How 
 la the organ at fig. 1— fig. 2— fii;. 3 ? What great Order represented in fig, 4, 
 and how is the petiole ? How is it at fig. 6— fig. 5? Into what is the potiolo 
 developed ia figs. 8 and 9, and what plants do they distinguish? Describe the 
 peculiar habit in fig, 8— fig. 9. "What peculiar form of the petiole in fig. 7? 
 What great tribe of plants does it mark — where found ? What peculiar habit? 
 What does fig. 12 represent? Describe its structure. What peculiarity in 
 fl(?. 10? 
 
FUNCTIONS OF TIIK LEAF. 
 
 57 
 
 growing plants, must be very slight ; for the amount of 
 growth in any plant may be correctly estimated by its 
 evolution of oxygen, and consumption of carbonic acid, 
 since only by these processes can it form the material of 
 its tissues. And that plants no grow in the night is 
 absolutely certain, as we see in the case of Mushrooms, 
 and many other plants ; and by just so much as they 
 actually grow, they consume and appropriate carbon. The 
 textures, however, which are produced in the long-con- 
 tinued absence of light, differ, in wanting the firm consist- 
 ence and green color, from tissues which are formed under 
 its invigorating influence, as you may see in the familiar 
 fact of Potato sprouts growing in the cellar, the texture 
 of which is always white and spongy. 
 
 311. It is quite possible that -when the stmiuli of 
 heat and light in the solar rays, are withdrawn, the vital 
 powers being passive, the chemical forces assert their 
 sway, and thus a partial decomposition of the forming 
 tissues occurs, in which case there would be necessarily 
 a slight evolution of carbonic acid gas, which is always a 
 result of decomposition. 
 
 312. But it is still more probable that the unappro- 
 priated carbon which has last been taken up, in the ab- 
 sence of light, and consequent relaxation of the system, 
 cannot be retained, and thus is permitted to escape. It 
 is not known that darkness has any effect on the ahsorp- 
 tion of carbon, and probably it has not. But it can, at 
 least, be said, that what has been termed Vegetable Kespi- 
 ration is not, like that of the animal, established on uniform 
 laws, and essential to the life and health of the plant. 
 
 313. There is one remarkable difference between the 
 constitutions of the Vegetable and Animal, which has an 
 important bearing on this part of the subject. The ani- 
 mal tissues, in their whole substance, retain their vitality 
 after completion, and continue to live dv/ring the life of 
 the animal. Hence, in order to repair the waste and 
 wear of vital action, the substance of these tissues must 
 be continually renewed by nutriment, deposited inter- 
 stitially through their whole substance ; while the 
 worn-out particles which the new materials displace, are 
 consumed and thrown off in respiration, by means of 
 which a cotnbustion and excretion of the decomposed 
 substances of the old fabric are constantly maintained. 
 Breathing, let it be here understood, is nothing but a 
 burning up and casting out of exhausted particles in the 
 
 How may the amount of growth in a plant be measured ? What gas do 
 growing plants consume — what evolve — in what measure? How are plants 
 grown in the dark f What familiar example ? What theory at 811 ? What 
 more probable ? What may be said in regard to Vegetable Kespiration ? What 
 tissues retain their vitality after completion — what do not ? How are the ani- 
 mal tissues — how deposited — how consumed and thrown off — what effects 
 S 
 
 animal body. On the other hand, but a very small pro- 
 portion of the vegetable tissues is ever in a really living 
 state at any given time. They begin to lose their vitality 
 almost as soon as they are completed (33), and become 
 concrete substances. 
 
 314. There is, in the Vegetable constitution, nothing 
 like the decomposition and recomposition, which constitute 
 the fundamental law of life in the animal body. We con- 
 clude, then, by the analogy of Use, which in the works 
 of the Supreme Intelligence everywhere prevails, that 
 there can be no such function as Respiration in the 
 Vegetable system, simply because there is no use for it, 
 nothing for it to do ; and more, there is no superfluous 
 material for it to act upon. It would be charging the 
 Creator with want of wisdom and economy, and at the 
 same time involve an absurdity, to suppose that He 
 would set a piece of organism to work without reason, or 
 could sustain it without means. 
 
 DUKATION OF LEAVES. 
 
 315. The different periods of fall in the leaf are dis- 
 tinguished by particular names. Leaves are 
 
 (1) Deciduous, when they last but one season, as in 
 most of our trees and shrubs ; 
 
 (2) EuGACEOUs, when they fall very early, or before 
 other parts of the plant, as in Spiranthes ; and 
 
 (3) Persistent, when they remain through the 
 periodical drought of the tropics, and the cold season of 
 temperate climes, or until their loss is supplied by a new 
 growth, so that the tree is never without leaves, as in 
 Evergreens. 
 
 316. The leaves of deciduous trees are developed about 
 the same period, and they also perish nearly at the same 
 time. The leaves of Pines, Firs, and some other ever- 
 greens, are only partially renewed from year to year, by 
 the protrusion of a certain portion of new leaves, and 
 the fall of others, so that there are often on the tree at 
 the same time the leaves of from two to eight or ten 
 successive years. 
 
 317. Decay and Fall of the Leaf. — It will be 
 remembered that in the progress of growth, the older 
 tissues often have their cells coated internally with for- 
 eign substances, which have been termed the Secondary 
 Deposit (38), and that thus their walls become greatly 
 thickened, and their vitality impaired. 
 
 318. There is a tendency in all living bodies to cast 
 
 produced? Vegetable Tissues — explain the difference. Why may we suppose 
 that Plants do not Eespire? Why shovld they not? Why can they not? 
 Duration of Leaves — when they last one season — many seasons — fall very soon 
 How are the leaves of our forest trees — of Pines ? Decay and Fall of the Leaf- 
 Secondary Deposit— what effect What tendency in all living bodies ? 
 
58 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 off inert or dead matter, with a force proportioned to 
 their degree of vitality ; or, in other words, Life, being 
 the positive and active principle, continually asserts its 
 power, by rejecting dead substances which are only pas- 
 sive and negative. Thus dead flesh is thrown oif by the 
 animal body, in the ulceration of a sore; diseased bones 
 are rejected, and dead hair and teeth are cast off, in the 
 vital action of a new growth. Keeping this principle in 
 view, you wUl be better able to understand the exciting 
 cause of falling in the leaf, which is often only a kind of 
 sloughing, or casting off of worn-out garments. 
 
 319. Early in the season, often in the freshness of 
 the spring-tide leaf, there is a faint line to be traced 
 round the base of the petiole. This is caused by the 
 formation of a joint between the base of the leaf-stalk 
 and the stem, or branch, on which it stands ; and as the 
 season advances, it becomes more strongly marked. In 
 a transverse layer of cells which follows this line, the 
 substance becomes decomposed by the vital action of the 
 forming articulation, which the Leaf, with its diminishing 
 vitality, cannot resist. And thus cell by cell it is cut 
 off, and finally drops to the ground. This may be seen 
 by examining the petiole of fallen leaves, which often 
 appear to be cut off as smoothly as if the operation were 
 performed with a sharp knife. 
 
 320. That the fall of the leaf is not caused by frost, 
 nor by the actual death of the leaf, and also that when 
 the leaf dies it will not necessarily fall, may be shown 
 by several facts. In the great Plane or Buttonwood tree, 
 the bud of the next year is formed within the leaf-stalk 
 of the present ; and thus the fall of the leaf is caused 
 directly by its protrusion. The leaves of some species 
 often turn red, and sometimes fall, before the appearance 
 of frost ; and when young leaves are killed by frost in 
 spring, they do not fall, but decay and wither on the 
 trees, because there are then no articulations formed, and 
 no protruding buds to effect a separation. Palms, and 
 most Endogens, never exclude their old leaves, because 
 they are not articulated with the stem, as in those of 
 Exogens ; and their remains continue hanging about the 
 tree long after the appearance of the new leaves, or until 
 they are corroded by the elements, and fall away by 
 atoms. This is also, in some degree, true of the Beech 
 and Oak, their leaves often remaining through the win- 
 ter, and until they are pushed off by the expanding buds 
 in the spring. 
 
 Instances, What may the fall of the leaf often to femied ? How is the 
 leaf detached ? Describe the operation. What facts show that the fall of tbc 
 leaf is not caused by frost, nor by death ? How does the Plane reject its 
 leaves ? Why do not Palms rej ect theirs ? How aro the Beech and Oak ? 
 
 General subject Elementary constituents — of how many kinds? Name 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 THE POOD OF PLANTS. 
 
 321. The elementary constituents of plants are of 
 two kinds, as you have already learned ; namely, Orga- 
 nic and Inorganic. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, 
 which are termed the universal organic constituents of 
 plants, because they enter more or less into all organism, 
 compose the first ; and certain earthy or mineral matters, 
 the second. The completed tissue is made up of the three 
 first, nitrogen, or, as it is sometimes called, azote, beingintro- 
 duced only as an agent in the vital action of the cells, or as a 
 deposit in their granaries, but never fixed in the structure. 
 As these four elements are universal, it follows that the 
 distinguishing characteristics of plants must be traced to 
 the inorganic elements which enter into their composition; 
 and so it is. 
 
 322. Common Sources or Food. — Of the four ele 
 ments which enter into the composition and vital move- 
 ments of all plants, carbon constitutes from fifty to sixty 
 per cent, of the whole structure. This enormous amount, 
 which thus supplies and saturates all vegetative nature, is 
 drawn, either directly or indirectly, from the atmosphere. 
 Oxygen and hydrogen are furnished by rain-water ; and 
 nitrogen is obtained chiefly in the form of ammonia. 
 
 323. Particular Sources of Food. — ^But while the 
 organic elements have always maintained their due con- 
 sequence among scientific Botanists and Cultivators, the 
 importance of the Inorganic elements has not been ap- 
 preciated. These are chiefly composed of Potash, Soda, 
 Lime, Phosphoric Acid, Sulphuric Acid, Magnesia and 
 Silica, or sand. These, and some others, may be termed 
 the particular, or Individual Constituents of plants ; 
 and they are drawn from the soil. To determine of what 
 kind, degree, and in what proportion, the inorganic ele- 
 ments are combined in any plant, we have only to ana- 
 lyze the ashes which it deposits in burning. Thus we 
 arrive at certain conclusions, in regard to the kind and 
 degree of food that should be supplied; for the inorganic 
 elements which, in a healthy or natural state, are taken 
 up into the tissues, should not only be present in the 
 soil to which the seed of any species is consigned, but 
 they should be present in precisely the same proportions 
 they have in the healthy plant. 
 
 324. Liebig, the great German Chemist, has made 
 many experiments in these mineral constituents of the 
 
 the Organic elements — which are deposited in the structure — which is tlio vital 
 agent? What proportion of carbou— from what source — oxygen and hydrogen- 
 nitrogen ? What class of elements have been neglected? Of what are these 
 chiefly composed— what termed— what analysis— for what purpose — what re- 
 sult? Whatshould be present in the soil? What great experimenter? 
 
Plato XVIII. 
 
 STIPULIS. 
 
 59 
 
 Gcnoml subieot Define tho term. What is the normal or common condi- \ lepresented by the figure? How are they in the Grasses, fig. 10-In the Low 
 tion ? How is it at fl- 2-fi" 6-flg. 5 : and what plants are represented ? How I Cornel, fig. 8-and in flg 11 ? What may the sheathing process in (he Fenne. 
 is it in tho great Plane-tree-and what figure in the plate represents a similar tribe, flg. 4, be termed ? Whieh figure represents the Lignle-Ochr«a ? 
 form? Wh,it are the stipules called in sncli plants as flg. T— and what tribe is I 
 
60 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 vegfataLle body, with a view of arriving at more just and 
 certain laws in agricultural operations. He classes cul- 
 tivated vegetables under four heads, namely : 
 
 (1) Alkali Plants, represented by Potatoes and 
 Beets ; 
 
 (2) LiMK Plants, represented by Clover and Peas; 
 
 (3) SiLEX Plants, represented by the Grasses ; 
 
 (4) Phosphorous Plants, represented by Wheat and 
 Eye. 
 
 325. But while the organic bases have been abun- 
 dantly supplied from the organic remains of which 
 manures are generally composed, and which constitute a 
 large portion of the rich, black earth known as humus, 
 or pure vegetable mould, little or no attention has been 
 given, to the necessary supply of proper material for 
 supporting the inorganic bases. Let cultivators who 
 now act too exclusively on the forcing system, set aside 
 the old idea, that it is the richness of the soil alone, or 
 chiefly, which will insure good crops. If this is so, why 
 do not bogs, which are exceedingly rich in humus, pro- 
 duce in abundance such plants as affect a moist soil ? 
 So far is this from being true, that bogs are very poor 
 in plants ; and those they do produce are of the 
 coarsest kinds. If the water which sometimes covers 
 them did not wash away the inorganic elements, leaving 
 little else beside humus, they would produce abundantly 
 many of the plants which now are so rarely found among 
 them. This should teach us that we cannot, by any pro- 
 cess of manuring, convert one element into another. We 
 cannot change lime into soda, potash into sand, or humus 
 into either. We cannot make Potatoes, which want 
 potash, or Grasses that call for pure silex, submit to 
 accept of the richest mould as a substitute. 
 
 326. Let us, then, by a careful analysis, ascertain 
 the inorganic constituents of plants, and then provide 
 that every species shall have its proper mineral food pre- 
 sent in the soil, and ready to be appropriated. The 
 stalks of Grasses, and especially those of the Cereal 
 Grains, could not be formed with sufficient strength to 
 support the ripened head, without a proper quantity of 
 silex, however rich in other elements the soil may be ; 
 nor could albumen and gluten, which give to Maize, 
 Wheat, and all the cereal grains, their chief value, be 
 elaborated without the presence of phosphoric acid ; and 
 
 His classifioation— Alkali plants— Lime plants— Silex plants— Pliospliorons 
 plants. Instinoes. Wiiat bases supplied from most manures? \N\iai other 
 bases important— name of ricti black mould— of wliat composed ? Why do not 
 bogs produce abundantly all plants tliat like wet? What exchanges cawKoibe 
 made ? What should be done ? What required by grass stalks— what to form 
 albumen— what sugar, starch and cellulose — Is the alkaline salt taken up by 
 them ? What should all plants have ? What analysis, and what ascertained by 
 
 although there is not a particle of alkaline salt in sugar 
 starch and cellulose, neither of them could be produced 
 without the presence of such salts. Thus all plantfe 
 should have a full supply of the mineral nutriment which 
 their constitution demands. By burning and analyzing 
 the ashes of a healthy plant, it can be ascertained pre- 
 cisely what elements are taken up, and therefore what 
 kinds, and in what proportion, should be supplied. This 
 explains the necessity of a rotation of crops; for the 
 whole secret consists in regulating the condition of the 
 soil to the demand of the crop, or the reverse, in adapt- 
 ting the crop to the soil. 
 
 327. The importance of the Inorganic elements may 
 be inferred from the fact, that more than one third of the 
 human body, by weight, consists of earthy matter. This 
 must be supplied chiefly through the vegetable portion of 
 its food ; for since all animals have bones and teeth to 
 form for themselves, it follows that the mineral matter 
 contained in the vegetable substances on which they feed, 
 would not be deposited so liberally in the flesh, and, 
 therefore, that they can be obtained more abundantly 
 direct from the vegetable tissues, by which alone they are 
 directly transferred to organism. The inhabitants of 
 frigid climes are uniformly small, short, and altogether 
 deficient in the development of bone; and this may 
 doubtless be attributed to their poor supply of vegetable 
 food, and consequently of those substances that furnish 
 the most abundant and best material for the osseous 
 structure. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIIL 
 
 INFLOEESOENCE. 
 
 328. Having now completed a review of the Vege- 
 tative Organs, we come to quite another and a very dif- 
 ferent class. Yet, however unlike these may appear in 
 external form, texture and coloring, you will find that 
 they all have their origin in the Leaf. This organ is the 
 type of all those above it, from which they always depart, 
 and to which they sometimes return. 
 
 329. Still ascending from the Leaf upward, the next 
 thing that arrests the attention is the varied manner in 
 which flowers are assembled on their stalks. This is 
 termed Inflorescence. 
 
 it ? Of what does it explain the necessity ? In what does the whole secret 
 consist? Importance of Ino]-ganiG elements — from what fact inferred? By 
 what food is the osseous structure chielly nourished— wliy not from animal 
 food ? Inhabitants of the frigid zone — why small frames ? 
 
 General subject. What other class of organs? In what do they originate ? 
 In ascending from the leaf, what first arrests attention — what termed ? 
 
INFLOEESCENCE. 
 
 61 
 
 330. One of the component parts of Inflorescence is 
 the Flower-stalk, which is called a Peduncle. When 
 the peduncle is not present, the flower is said to be sessile. 
 This organ bears no leaves, or only Bracts. 
 
 33 1. Like the stem, of which it is a part, the peduncle 
 may be eithci simple or branched. The axis of a com- 
 pound peduncle is called the Eachis, and may be seen in 
 the Lilac, Oat and Currant, figs. 8, 4 and 6, of Plate 
 XX. Its subdivisions are called Pedicels. 
 
 332. A Scape is a flower-stalk that springs from a 
 subterranean stem, bearing no leaves, or only minute 
 bracts, as in the Dandelion, and many species of Violet. 
 Such plants were formerly called acaulescent, or stem- 
 less, but no plant is now considered to be without a 
 stem. 
 
 333. Solitary Inflorescence is that in which the 
 cluster is reduced to its simplest form, and contains but 
 one flower. This can happen only in two cases : first, 
 when a simple stem is terminated by a single flower, and 
 all further growth is consequently arrested, as in the 
 Dog-tooth Violet ; and secondly, when but a single 
 flower is developed from each node, as in the Chiok-Pea, 
 a native of Southern Europe. 
 
 334. In respect to the order of the evolution. In- 
 florescence is of two principal kinds — the Centrifugal, in 
 which the terminal flower is flrst unfolded, and the blos- 
 soming proceeds outward, as in the Elder and Pink 
 tribes ; and the Centripetal, when the outermost, or 
 lowest flower is first open, and the evolution proceeds 
 toward the centre, as in the Fennel and Cress tribes. 
 The first of these is called Determinate Inflorescence, 
 because the central flower stands in the place of the ter- 
 minal bud, and always terminates the axis of growth, as 
 m fig. 1 ; and the second is called Indeterminate In- 
 florescence, because it is entirely axillary, or each 
 flower proceeds from an axil between the leaf and the 
 stem, and the primary axis is never terminated by a 
 flower, as in fig. 2. Sometimes both these modes are 
 combined in the same plant, as in the Aster, Burdock, 
 and the great Order Compositfe generally, and also in 
 the Mint tribe, to which the Lavender, Sage and Penny- 
 royal, belong. In the first, the inflorescence of the single 
 head is developed centripetally, while that of the whole 
 cluster proceeds centrifugally ; that is, the outermost 
 flowers in the head expand first, and the blossoming pro- 
 ceeds inward, while the highest heads are first unfolded, 
 
 What componeDt part — its name — when not present — what leaves docs it 
 bear— axis of a compound peduncle — its divisions? Define Scape— Solitary 
 nflorescenco. Two principal forms of Inflorescence. Define the Centripetal — 
 Centrifugal— which is termed Definite— which Indefinite? Why? How is 
 the primary axis in the Centrifugal mode— tho Centripetal ? Order of evoln- 
 
 and the general evolution proceeds outward. In the 
 Mint family, this order is exactly reversed ; the inmost 
 flowers, and outermost or lowest clusters, always taking 
 the lead. 
 
 CENTRIPETAL INFLORESCENCE. 
 
 335. The principal varieties of this mode are the 
 Spike, Kaceme, Corymb, Panicle, Ament, Spadix, Um- 
 bel, Head, and Thyrse. 
 
 336. The Spike is formed by the production of 
 numerous sessile flowers on an elongated rachis, as in the 
 Plantain, and the Darnell grass, fig. 9. 
 
 337. The Kaceme is a spike with the flowers arranged 
 on pedicels, as in the Currant, fig. 6. 
 
 338. The Corymb has the same general law of 
 arrangement as the raceme, but the lower pedicels are 
 elongated, so to form a flat or flattish top, as in the Yar- 
 row, fig. 3. 
 
 339. The Panicle is a loose, irregular cluster, com- 
 bining the characters of a corymb and raceme, and is, in 
 fact, a kind of branching spike. The Oat, fig. 4, is a 
 familiar and beautiful example. 
 
 340. A Thyrse is a more compact arrangement of 
 the panicle, and generally has a somewhat ovate form, as 
 in the Grape and the Lilac, fig. 8. 
 
 341. When the inflorescence is compound, two or 
 more of these forms are combined ; and they are expressed 
 by a similar combination of terms, as, panicles thyrsoid 
 — Racemes corymbose — Spikes panicled, and the like. 
 The species of Grass at fig. 7 has a compound inflorescence 
 of the latter form. 
 
 342. An Ament, or Catkin, is a spike with sessile 
 bracts interposed among its flowers, as in the Walnut 
 and Willow, figs. 2 and 7, Plate XXI. A large number 
 of our forest trees have this form of inflorescence. 
 
 343. The Spadix is a spike with a greatly thickened, 
 club-shaped rachis, surrounded by a single bract, called 
 a spathe, as in the Calla and Palm tribes. At fig. 9 is 
 seen the spadix, with its two kinds of flowers, the fertile 
 ones being included in the lower whorls; and at fig. 10 
 the spadix is inclosed by its spafhe, as in the American 
 Calla. 
 
 344. The Umbel is formed when all the stalks radi- 
 ate from a common centre, like the rays of a star. It is 
 simple, when each of the pedicels bears a single flower, 
 as in the Milk-weed ; and compound, when each of the 
 flower stalks bears a smaller umbel, as in the Dill, fig. 5, 
 
 tion in the CompositoB — in the Mint tribe. Forms of Centripetal Infiorescenco. 
 Define each, with examples. Centrifagal forms — Define. Examples. Differ 
 ence between the Thyrse and Panicle, the Eaceme and Spike, Fascicle and 
 Corymb, Cyme and Umbel. 
 
62 
 
 BE AC TS, 
 
 Plate XIX. 
 
 General subject Deflno the term. Name each figure. ITow is the Bract 
 in the amentaceous trees— In the San-flower tribe — in tlie Fennel tribe— In the 
 Grasses? When tlie bracts inclose many flowers what are they called? Whnt 
 figures in the plate represent the Involucre, and to what tribes do they belong ? 
 "What corresponds with the involucre in Grasses, and what are the parts that 
 inclose the single flower ? How are the bracts in fig. 6 — fig. 8— fig. 9 ? "What 
 do they form in fig. 11— fig. 12 ? "What peculiar form at fig. 13 ? "What are rep- 
 resented in figs. 4 and 5 ? 
 
OKGANS OF EEPEODUCTION. 
 
 63 
 
 345. A Head (cajpUulum) is a more or less globular 
 arrangement of the flowers, as in the Clover and the 
 Button-bush, fig. 4. Neither the primary nor secondary 
 axes are elongated in the head. This form of inflores- 
 cence is often surrounded by a cluster of bracts called 
 an involucre, as in the Marigold, fig. 1, which belongs to 
 the Order CompositEE, embracing the Compound Flowers 
 of the old Botanists. Here we find a peculiar mode of 
 inflorescence. The rachis is expanded into a broad disc, 
 called the Torus, or Receptacle, as may be seen in the 
 Dandelion, Aster, Thistle, or any of the flowers in this 
 numerous family. 
 
 THE CENTRIFUQAL FORM. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 0EGAN8 OF EEPEODUCTION. 
 
 346. This is generally to be distinguished by the 
 presence of a single flower at the termination of the 
 primary axis and its forked branches. The principal 
 forms of the Centrifugal mode of inflorescence are, the 
 Cyme, Fascicle, and Verticillaster. 
 
 347. The Cyme externally resembles an umbel in 
 the primary arrangement of its stalks, which all radiate 
 from a common centre, but differs from it in their secon- 
 dary distribution, by which they are irregularly sub- 
 divided, the branches being repeatedly two or three 
 forked, the whole forming a level, or nearly level top, as 
 in the Elder, which, however, is not very well represented 
 in fig. 8. 
 
 348. The Fascicle is an arrangement of the Corymb, 
 in which the flowers are crowded or bundled together, as 
 in the Sweet William, fig. 3. 
 
 349. The Vekticillasteh is the infiorescence of the 
 Mint tribe ; and though often called a whorl, it is not 
 so, since the flowers do not actually surround the stem, 
 but occupy opposite points in the axils of each pair of 
 leaves. The only true verticil, or real whorl of flowers, 
 is found in plants with whorled leaves, as the Water- 
 Milfoil. The verticillaster is seen at fig. 6. 
 
 350. Bracteoles are the smaller bracts often found 
 on the' branches of the inflorescence; but though it is 
 often necessary to distinguish between these and those 
 that grow at the basis of the primary branches, there is 
 no absolute distinction between them, other than that of 
 position. 
 
 351. Atypical, or complete flower, consists of the 
 Essential Organs, or the Stamens and Pistils, and their 
 Envelopes. The first are called Essential organs, be- 
 cause they are never wanting, as no flower can be per- 
 fected without them ; and the last, in their normal state, 
 coiisist of two sets of leaves, remarkably different from 
 each other in form, color, and texture. The Floral 
 Envelopes are, therefore, exterior to the stamens and 
 pistils, which in the bud they inclose, and after expan- 
 sion, shelter and protect. These are generally of two 
 kinds, occupying two distinct circles, one of which is 
 above or interior to the other. The lowest or outermost 
 of these is called the Calyx ; the upper, or inmost, the 
 Corolla. But when only one whorl is present, it is 
 classed among calyx forms, whatever may be its charac- 
 ter, and is then usually termed a Perianth {around the 
 flower). The parts or divisions of the; Calyx are termed 
 Sepals ; those of the Corolla, Petals. 
 
 352. Occupying the next circles within the corolla, 
 come the Stamens, or Fertilizing Organs. 
 
 353. The Pistils, one or more, stand in the centre 
 of the flower, and thus terminate its axis of growth. 
 They are inclosed by the stamens, and are called the 
 Fertile, or Seed-bearing Organs. 
 
 354. A Complete Flower, then, consists of these 
 four whorls — the Calyx, the Corolla, the Stamens, and 
 the Pistils ; and they all, either directly or indirectly, 
 are seated on the Torus out of which they grow. 
 
 355. Such is the structure of a complete flower; but 
 from this type there are many variations, the most im- 
 portant of which is the separation of the stamens and 
 pistils, which sometimes grow in separate flowers. In 
 the Hickory, fig. 2, the staminate flowers occupy the 
 ament a, and the solitary pistillate flower is seen in the 
 little nutlike body, with its small clusters of transformed 
 leaves, near the summit of the branch. At other times 
 they are still more widely separated, occupying not only 
 different flowers, but distinct plants, as in the Poplar, 
 Fig, Palm, and Willow trees. The symmetry of the 
 flower is also frequently destroyed by the abortion or 
 suppression of some of its parts or whorls. This often 
 happens with the calyx and corolla. 
 
 Spike and Araont? Describe the inflorescence of the Cempositse. What 
 were the plants of this Order termed by the old Eotanists ? How is the rachis 
 in this tribe — its name ? 
 
 General subject Of what does the Complete Flower consist ? How many 
 Florftl*nvelopos? Are they essential? What is the lowest or ontermost 
 whorl named— the next ? Name the next circle within the Corolla — ^the next. 
 
 Which is the central whorl? Which of all these groups are essential S Define 
 stamens — their position and office — Pistils. Most important variation from 
 this type — ^how caused ? How are the stamens and pistils in the Hickory tribe 
 — in the Palm tribe ? How many whorls of Floral Envelopes in the typical 
 flower ? When bat one whorl is present, what is it called ? How many whorls 
 in all ? Name and define their true order. 
 
64 
 
 INFLOKESCENGE. 
 
 Plate XX 
 
 General subject. Define the word. Name of the common peduncle^ts 
 sub-cli visions. What two principal forms of Inflorescence represented in figs, 
 1 and 2? How does the evolution of flowers proceed in fig. 1 — what synonym 
 is Bometimes used— for what reason? In fig. 2— is this Centripetal or Centri- 
 fugal ? "Why ? To which of the two principal forms do the remaining figures 
 In the plate belong? What difference between flgs. 4 and 8—6 and 9 ? What 
 form of infloresccnco in fig. 7 ? 
 
ORGANS OF EEPEODDCTION. 
 
 65 
 
 356. All these floral organs, unlike as they are to 
 each other, and to the common Leaf of the plant, are yet 
 only varied transformations of that organ. That they 
 are really transformed leaves, is clearly shown by seve- 
 ral well-known facts. The transition from common 
 leaves to sepals is generally very clear ; while that from 
 the sepals to petals is, in many flowers, equally obvious, 
 and especially in those where there is a colored perianth, 
 as in the Tulip, and others of the Lily tribe ; certain 
 parts of the divisions being almost always marked with 
 the green color and texture of the calyx, while the re- 
 mainder exhibit the brilliant colors and finer texture of 
 the corolla. 
 
 357. By excessive nutriment in cultivation, and 
 other unnatural stimuli, the stamens, and often the 
 pistils, are changed to petals, producing what are called 
 DOUBLE flowers. The Koso, Hollyhock, Peony and 
 Dahlia, are familiar instances ; and in these flowers you 
 may often see the various stages of transition ; for you 
 will always observe, as you approach the centre of the 
 flower, that the petals become narrower, and exhibit 
 various foldings, until, by almost imperceptible changes, 
 they pass into the stamens and pistils. Thus you will 
 find by observation, that metamorphoses, or interchange 
 of forms are of frequent occurrence in the Floral world. 
 
 358. The most common of these transformations is 
 that of the stamens and pistils into petals. But not 
 unfrequently the order is reversed, and the transformed 
 organs show a more decided inclination to revert to their 
 primitive type. The Eose sometimes produces a second 
 bud from the bosom of its flower. The Mourning Bride 
 often exhibits like deformities, putting forth from its 
 expanded blossom a stalk, with the flower and all its 
 parts, though not often colored like the first. The pro- 
 duction of a leafy branch is not very uncommon in the 
 flowers of the Apple and Pear ; and even the fruit of 
 the latter, when the transformation had reached its last 
 remove, has manifested a sudden resolution to return to 
 the original type, in the production of a leafy branch from 
 its summit. In all these cases, there is an obvious effort 
 to continue the axis of growth. The flower of the Clover, 
 and some other plants, will put forth green leaves from 
 its petals ; and in the Double-flowering Cherry, the pistils 
 often revert to leaves. But these changes are innumer 
 able. Enough has been said to show that there is no 
 
 Of -what are all these organs transformations? Most common of these. 
 How are the essential Organs in double flowers? Describe the transitions, 
 and give examples. What of common occurrence ? Which a;'6 the Essential 
 Organs? Why so called ? Instances of reversed transformation. What effort 
 does all this Indicate — what does it show ? Why ? What gives an impression 
 of wonder ? What do we go on finding— what led to seek— what in tbe same 
 
 9 
 
 absolute line of distinction between their elementary 
 conditions, since they must have one common origin, or 
 they would not, and could not, all revert to one common 
 type. 
 
 359. Nothing, perhaps, has ever impressed the young 
 student with a higher degree of wonder than the continual 
 occurrence of the same numher in any particular part of 
 a flower. Thus, if any given flower has five, or ten, or 
 four stamens, millions of individuals of the same 
 species, almost as a matter of certainty, will have the 
 same. We go on, finding yet more complex principles 
 of arrangement, exhibiting a mathematical uniformity, 
 and thus we are led to seek for laws, to which external 
 facts must be subservient. Finding so general a uniformity 
 of numbers in the same parts of a flower, we begin to 
 compare the different parts; and here, although they 
 are not often perfectly uniform, yet there is always a 
 determination to certain numbers ; and this fact points 
 to a perfect type, which may have been disturbed by 
 some accident, and, by a recurrence of the same circum- 
 stances, has been iaherited, or perpetuated in the species. 
 There is a certain symmetry often observed in flowers, 
 when their several whorls present the same numbers, or 
 multiples of the same, as in the Flax, which has five 
 sepals, five petals, five stamens — ^with the rudiments of 
 five undeveloped ones — ^five pistils ; and its seed-vessel is 
 five celled. But there are several causes which disturb 
 this symmetry, so that in very few cases the relation of 
 number is complete. The principal of these are Abor- 
 tion, Suppression, Coalescence, Adnation, Chorisis, Regu- 
 lar Multiplication, and Irregularity of Form. 
 
 360. Aboetion is the imperfect development of any 
 part, as in the sterile stamens of the Parnassia. 
 
 361. SuppEESsioN is the entire absence of any part ; 
 as in the nondevelopment of the fifth stamen in the Fig- 
 wort tribe. 
 
 362. Coalescence is the union of parts in the some 
 whorl, as that of the stamens in the Pea and Sun-flower 
 tribes. 
 
 363. Adnation is the union of parts of different 
 whorls. It gives the appearance of one organ growing 
 out of another, instead of its normal basis the receptacle, 
 as when the stamens appear inserted on the corolla, or 
 growing out of the pistil, or the calyx is adherent to the 
 corolla. When all the several whorls occupy their true 
 
 parts — what compare? What general laws of symmetry observed ? Instance 
 of complete symmetry. Is this common ? Principal causes that disturb sym- 
 metry. Define Abortion, Suppression, Coalescence, Adnation, Chorisis, Eegu- 
 lar Multiplication, Irregularity of Form. Difference between Adnation and 
 Coalescence — Abortion and Suppression. When are the stamens and pistils 
 generally regular and syrametrical ? 
 
66 
 
 INFLORESCENCE. 
 
 Plate XXI 
 
 General subject. Name each figure. "Where are the staminata flowera In 
 fig. 2 — the pistillate flower ? Difference between figs. 5 and 8 ? What kind of 
 inflorescence at fig3. 9 and 10? Is there any perfect verticil ia this plate? 
 What is the arrangement at fig. 6? What two Forms of the Head — and ia 
 what plants ? Is the Umbel at fig. 5 simple, or compound ? What are its sub- 
 divisions called? What arrangement at fig. 11? Which of these figaresde- 
 velope their flowers centripetally — which centrifugally ? 
 
THE ELOKAL ENVELOPES. 
 
 67 
 
 places on the receptacle, the calyx is below, or outside of 
 the corolla, the corolla of the stamens, and the stamens 
 of the pistils. The floral organs are then said to be 
 FREE, in opposition to that state where their insertion is 
 obscured by the adhesion of two or more whorls. 
 
 364. Chokisis is an irregular multiplication produced 
 by a division of parts, as in the order Cruciferse, where 
 each of the external pair of stamens is supposed to be 
 formed by the division of one. 
 
 365. Eegular Multiplication is the production of 
 two or more whorls in the place of one, as in the Pond- 
 LUy and Magnolia tribe, where the petals are thus mul- 
 tiplied, and in the Rose and Crow-foot tribes, where the 
 stamens and pistils occupy several whorls. 
 
 366. iRREGHLAniTY OF FoKM occurs when the parts 
 of the same whorl are unequally developed, as in the 
 corolla of the Violet and the Pea, and the stamens of the 
 Cress tribe. If the perianth is regular, the stamens are 
 generally regular and symmetrical ; but they have a 
 strong determination to be unsymmetrical when the floral 
 envelopes are so. 
 
 367. When both whorls are present, the floral enve- 
 lopes almost always, and the stamens generally, preserve 
 their true numerical relations; but proceeding inward, 
 the floral whorls have less and less room for expansion, 
 until in the pistils, or central whorl, the base often be- 
 comes contracted to a mere point ; and thus the several 
 members are either fairly crowded out of place, or the 
 adjacent parts coalesce, and form a single, or perhaps a 
 double organ, in the place of several. 
 
 368. A flower whose parts are in twos, or multiples 
 of two, is called Dimerous, threes, Tkimbeous, fours, 
 Tetramekous, and fives, Pentamebous. The first num- 
 ber is rare. Monocotyledonous fiowers are almost al- 
 ways trimerous ; and a large proportion of the Dicoty- 
 ledonous are pentamerous. The whorls of the latter are 
 less frequently in fours, and seldom in twos. As a gene- 
 ral thing the number three marks the divisions of the 
 first, and five and four of the last. 
 
 369. A Symmetrical Flower is one whose whorls 
 correspond in regard to numier. 
 
 370. A Regular Flower is one whose parts corre- 
 spond in sise and form. 
 
 371. A Complete Flower consists of the Essential 
 Organs and their two regular whorls of Envelopes. 
 
 Which whorls usually preserve their symmetry ? In what direction does 
 symmetry decline? Why? What is a flower in twos— ia threes — in fours — 
 Infives? Which of these is rare? Which most common? Which distinguish 
 Endogens — Exogens. Define a Symmetrical Flower— Eegular — Irregular— Bar- 
 ren — Fertile— Perfect How when Polygamous ? 
 
 372. An Infertile or Barren Flower is one that 
 contains only stamens, 
 
 373. A Fertile Flower is one that contains only 
 pistils. 
 
 374. A Perfect Flower is one that contains hath 
 stam,ens and pistils. 
 
 375. The flowers are Polygamous when they consist 
 of Barren, Fertile, and Perfect flowers, mingled promis- 
 cuously. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 THE FLOKAL ENVELOPES. 
 
 376. * Prefloeation is the manner in which a flower 
 lies folded in the bud. The same terms which are used 
 to express Prefoliation will, in a general sense, apply to 
 the structure of the flower-bud. The principal forms of 
 Prefloration are the Imbricate, the Convolute, and the 
 Valvular. 
 
 377. When the floral leaves lap over each other in 
 the bud, like shingles on a house-roof, the prefloration is 
 said to be Imibricated ; and the same term is applied to 
 other parts. In the diagram, fig. 1. Plate XXII., this 
 form is shown, the divisions being arranged in a spiral 
 line from 1 to 5. This, however, is not the most com- 
 mon arrangement ; for when the parts are in fives, as in 
 the Rose and Apple, there will be two outer and two 
 inner, while the fifth division is exterior by one edge, 
 and interior at the other. Another form of the imbri- 
 cated prefloration is seen in flowers with four parts, 
 when the two opposite divisions will be external, as in 
 fig. 2. At fig. 3 the prefioration is such as occurs in 
 flowers like that of the Pea, and is called Vexillary ; 1 
 and 2 are the wings, or side petals, 4 the banner, or 
 large upper petal which becomes external, and 3 and 5 
 parts of the Iceel, or lower petal. 
 
 378. The Convolute Prefloration appears to be 
 caused by the twisting of the several parts on their axis, 
 one edge being directed obliquely inward, while the other 
 overlaps its successor, as in the diagram, flg. 4. A va- 
 riety of this form occurs in Monopetalous corollas, as in 
 the Morning-Glory, which is not only twisted, but plaited 
 in the bud. Such prefloration is Supbrvolute. 
 
 » ^Estivation is the term generally used to express the folding of the Flower 
 in its bud, and Yei-nation that of the Leaf; hut I prefer Prefloration and Prefo- 
 liation, as being truer to the facte, since Leaf-buds do not belong exclusively to 
 spring, nor Flower-buds to summer. 
 
 General subject. Define the term. What synonyms generally used? 
 What corresponding terms may bo applied ? Three principal forms. Define 
 Imbricated — other forms. Name the outermost whorl of Envelopes. Define 
 the name. When but one whorl is present, what is it called ? 
 
68 
 
 PEEPL OR ATI N — TH E CALYX. 
 
 Plate XXII 
 
 General subjects. Define each. Name the figures ft-om 1 ^o 5. What 
 flower-bnda are folded in the form of fig. 8— what like fig. 2? How are the 
 parts arranged in fig. 1? How is the Prcfloration of the Eose different from 
 this ? Wliat land of prefloration at fig. 4— fig. 5 ? What two principal distinc- 
 tions of the Calyx? How is it at figs. 7 and 8— how In the Composltaj— and In 
 what figures illustrated ? What is it called in these cases? Name the cluster 
 of leaves that envelope many flowers. In what figures represented? What 
 single leaf inclosing many flowers? What is represented in fig. 14? With 
 what do the large external envelopes which ino'/jse the spikelets correspond ? 
 What are they called— the envelopes of the single flowers ? Name them. What 
 are their parts or pieces? What figure, and of what flower, represents the 
 common envelope or Perianth ? Is the calyx Inferior or Superior at fig. 16 — 
 fig. 18 ? How at base in the latter? 
 
THE FLOBAL ENVELOPES. 
 
 69 
 
 379. When the floral members are arranged in an 
 exact circle, neither being higher nor lower than its fel- 
 lows, their edges will be applied to each other without 
 overlapping, as in the Hydrangea and Linden. The 
 form of this mode is shown in the diagram, fig. 5, and is 
 called Valvular. 
 
 380. In the Poppy the corolla is crumpled together; 
 and there are some other, but not important varieties. 
 
 THE CALYX. 
 
 381. When both whorls of the floral envelopes are pre- 
 sent, the outermost is called the Calyx. This name 
 literally means cup, and refers to the cup-like cavity in 
 which it holds the other parts of the flower, as in figs. 7, 
 8 and 9. The sepals, or leaves of the calyx, generally 
 exhibit the green color, and coarser texture, of ordinary 
 leaves ; but sometimes they are endowed with the bril- 
 liant hues, and more delicate organization, which have 
 been supposed to belong exclusively to the corolla. 
 
 382. Elementaky Composition. — The anatomical 
 structure of the proper calyx is identical with that of the 
 ordinary leaf, the pulpy expansion being composed of 
 parenchyma, and the framework of woody or fibrous 
 tissue, but when it is colored, chromule (66) is developed 
 instead of chlorophylle, and the whole texture is finer and 
 more delicate. The sepals are sometimes distinct ; but 
 they more frequently cohere by their edges, as in the 
 Eose, when the calyx is called Monosepalous ; yet 
 strictly speaking, no calyx can be said to be composed of 
 a single leaf. 
 
 383. A very important generic distinction is drawn 
 from the position of the calyx in regard to the Ovary, 
 or hollow part of the base of the pistil, containing the 
 Ovules, or eggs of the plant, which are the rudiments of 
 the seed. The calyx is 
 
 (1) Inferior, when it is free, or distinct from the 
 ovary, as in the Tobacco and Campion, figs. 7 and 8, and 
 also in fig. 16; and 
 
 (2) Superior, when it adheres to the ovary, as in the 
 Bell-flower, fig. 9. Thus when the calyx is inferior, the 
 ovary is superior ; and the reverse. 
 
 384. Sometimes the sepals are in two circles, or 
 whorls, as in the Strawberry, fig. 19. The outer and 
 smaller divisions of such a calyx are called Beaoteolbs. 
 
 385. The dry and membranaceous envelopes which 
 inclose the spikelets of flowers in Grrasses are called 
 
 Glumes ; and they correspond with the Involucre. 
 Those which immediately inclose the single flower, are 
 termed palese, the parts or pieces of which, usually two, 
 are Valves. At flg. 14 is a spikelet of the Oat with its 
 glume, g1, its paleae, ^e, which correspond with the floral 
 envelopes, calyx or corolla, and an abortive flower at /s. 
 The largest palea has a stout awn, a, 
 
 386. Sometimes the calyx is reduced to a cluster of 
 hairs surrounding the florets of a compound flower, as 
 may be seen in the common Groundsel, flg. 11, which is 
 invested by its hairy envelope, called the Pappus. At 
 fig. 6 is the pappus of the Dandelion, which is borne on a 
 stalk, or sti-ge. There are several forms of pappus which 
 afford specific distinctions in this large and difficult 
 Order. They are 
 
 (1) Pilose, composed of simple hairs; 
 
 (2) Plumose, when each hair is feathered, or fringed 
 with smaller hairs ; 
 
 (3) Setose, when the hairs are stiff or bristly ; and 
 
 (4) Paleaceous, when dilated so as to become chaffy. 
 
 387. When the outer envelope incloses many flowers, 
 it is called an Involucre. Sometimes the involucre is 
 composed of green leaves, and resemble a calyx, as iu the 
 Marigold, fig. 12, and the Fennel, fig. 15, as well as in 
 all the two great Orders which those plants represent ; 
 at others it is brilliant, delicate, and petal-like, as in the 
 Low Cornel, fig. 17. The Spathb, as seen in the Ameri- 
 can Calla, fig. 10, is a kind of involucre. Sometimes the 
 spathe is exquisitely delicate ; and it always constitutes 
 the chief beauty of the flower. In the Fennel tribe, fig. 
 15, the division which incloses an umbellet, or partial 
 umbel, is called an Involucel, while the bracts which 
 are situated at the hase of the compound umbel, and in- 
 close the whole inflorescence, are called the General 
 Involucre. In the Wall-flower, flg. 18, and other plants 
 of its family, the calyx is swelled out at base, and is said 
 to be gibbous. 
 
 THE corolla. 
 
 388. Elementary Composition. — As the two sets 
 of floral envelopes are at times indistinguishable, there 
 can be no absolute difference of anatomical structure, 
 only that a superior degree of fineness and delicacy is 
 found chiefly in that form which is, by contrast with the 
 coarser and outer whorl, termed the Corolla. 
 
 389. The parts of the corolla, like those of the calyx, 
 are sometimes confluent. When this happens the flower 
 
 Define the name. Divisions of the Calyx. When the sepals cohere what is 
 It? Is the term proper ? What important generic distinctions? Define each 
 position. When the Ovary is below how is the Calyx — how in the reverse ? Is 
 the Inferior Calyx free or adherent to the Ovary ? The Superior ? When the 
 eepab aie in two whorls, what are the smaller? DefineOvary — Ovules. Calyx of 
 
 Grasses. Describe. With what do the outer envelopes correspond— the inner ? 
 Name of the first — of the second. How many parts usually— what termed ? In- 
 stance. How is the Calyx in the Compositae — its name — stalk of the pappus? 
 Forms of pappus. Define each. Elementary composition of the next whorl. Its 
 name. What are tho divisions called? When they are confluent how is the corolla? 
 
70 
 
 THE COROLLA 
 
 Plate XXIII 
 
 General subject. Name each figure. Which of these forms are Monopeta- 
 lou-s— Polypetalous ? Point out the parts in figs. 1, 2, and 6. Parts of fig. 9. 
 Wliat kind of Corolla at fig. 8 ? By what fruits accompanied— what Order does 
 t mark — from what circumstance ? What kind of Corolla at fig. 13 — what are 
 some of its fruits ? Describe fig. 14. Define its parts — its fralta. How does fig. 
 
 8 differ from 4— fig. 1 from 5? How 1b the limb in the Rotate corolla—the 
 Bell-form— the Fnnn el-form— the Tubular? How many petals, and how ar- 
 ranged in the Crnciform— the Kosaccous— the Liliaceous— and the Caryopbylla* 
 ccous forms ? What kind of Corolla at fig. 14 ? Name its upper petal— the side 
 petals — the lower. 
 
THE FLOE AX ENVELOPES. 
 
 71 
 
 is said to be Monopetalous. If the parts remain dis- 
 tinct, the corolla is called Polypktalous. In strict lan- 
 guage there is no such thing as a monopetalous corolla ; 
 but the terms are used to express a flower of one or more 
 apparent divisions, for convenience, and for want of bet- 
 ter forms. 
 
 390. The parts of a monopetalous corolla are 
 
 (1) The Tdbe, or hollow cylinder, as seen at t, fig. 
 I, Plate XXIII. ; 
 
 (2) The Throat, or opening of the tube ; and 
 
 (3) The Limb, or expansion of the tube into a bor- 
 der, as at I in the same figure. 
 
 MONOPETALOUS FOEMS. 
 
 391. The principal of these are the Salver-form, the 
 Rotate, the Campanulate, the Funnel-form, the Labiate, 
 and the Tubular. 
 
 392. The Salver-form (Hypocrateriform) is so 
 called because it resembles an ancient drinking-glass. It 
 has a long tube expanded into a conspicuous border, as 
 in Phlox and the Tobacco, fig. 1. 
 
 393. The Rotate {wheel-form) corolla has a very 
 short tube, with five well defined segments, or divisions 
 of the limb, as in the Mullein, fig. 7. 
 
 394. The Campanulate {hell-form) corolla has the 
 tube gradually expanding into a bell shape, as in the 
 Harebell, fig. 6. 
 
 395. The Funnbl-form {infundihuliform), after a 
 gradual enlargement of the tube, suddenly expands into 
 a spreading border, as in the Morning-Grlory and the 
 Petunia, fig. 2. 
 
 396. The Labiate-form {having lips) has a more or 
 less expansive and deeply cloven tube, with its segments 
 swelling outward, so as to bear a strong resemblance to 
 the mouth of animals. Of this form there are two 
 varieties — 
 
 (1) Personate, with the throat closed, as in the 
 Snapdragon, fig. 3 ; and 
 
 (2) Ringent, with the throat open, as in fig. 4. 
 The last form distinguishes the Mint tribe. 
 
 397. In the Tubular form, the coroUa is drawn out 
 into a long tube, with very little expansion, as in some 
 species of Honeysuckle, one of which is seen at fig. 5. 
 
 polypetalous forms. 
 
 398. When the petals remain obviously separate, the 
 corolla is polypetalous. A petal has two parts — • 
 
 How when thfey are free ? Parta of a Monopetalous Corolla. Define, and 
 point out each. Principal Monopetalous forms. Define each, with its explana- 
 
 (1) The Lamina, or expanded portion, as at Z, fig. 9 ; 
 and 
 
 (2) The Claw, or part by which it is inserted, as at 
 c, in the same figure. 
 
 399. The principal forms of the polypetalous corolla 
 are the Cruciform, Caryophyllaceous, Rosaceous Lilia- 
 ceous, and Papilionaceous. 
 
 400. The Cruciform corolla consists of four petals 
 in the form of a cross, as in the Wall-flower, fig. 8. A 
 large natural Order, Cruciferas, has its name, and is 
 chiefly distinguished by this circumstance. These plants, 
 in common language, are called the Cress tribe, and 
 they embrace the Cabbage, Mustard, Gilliflower, and 
 many others. - The fruit is either a short pod {silicle), as 
 at fig. 10, or a long pod {silique), fig. 11. 
 
 401. The Caryophyllaceous Corolla distinguishes 
 the Pink tribe. In this there are five petals with a 
 spreading lamina, and a very long slender claw, as in the 
 Carnation, fig. 12, and the Sweet William, fig. 18. 
 
 402. The Rosaceous Form has five petals, with a 
 very short claw, and a rounded spreading border, as in 
 the Rose, Apple, and Strawberry, fig. 13. Some of the 
 fruits -belonging to this type are seen at figs. 19, 20, 
 and 21. 
 
 403. The Papilionaceous Form {butterfly-shaped) 
 has five unequal and dissimilar petals. It distinguishes 
 plants of the Pea tribe, and is seen at fig. 14. The 
 upper and most expanded petal is called the Banner, as 
 at si, fig. 14; the side petals are termed Wings; and 
 the lower petal, car, is termed the Keel, from the re- 
 semblance to that part of a ship. The line of separation 
 between the keel and wings is not well defined in the 
 figure ; but the form is a familiar one, and can best be 
 studied from Nature. The fruit of a papilionaceous 
 corolla is either a Legume, fig. 22, or a Loment, fig. 
 15. 
 
 404. The Liliaceous Corolla consists of six divi- 
 sions expanding into something like a bell form, as in the 
 Lily, fig. 16. It is now usually termed a Perianth. 
 
 405. When the divisions of a coroUa all correspond, 
 it is called Regular, as in the Wall-flower, Carnation, 
 and Strawberry, figs. 8, 12, and 13. When they do not 
 all correspond, but vary in size or shape, it is Irregular, 
 as in figs. 1, 4, and 5, Plate XXIV. ; and when it wants 
 any part which analogy leads us to expect, it is Defec- 
 tive, as in the Amorpha, which is apparently a papilio- 
 naceous flower with the banner only, all its other pet 
 appearing torn off, and the Rittera, fig. 11, which has 
 
 Oon. Parts of a petal. Polypetalous forms. Define each. When is the C* 
 rolla Eegular — Irregular — Defective ? Instances. 
 
72 
 
 COROLLA, 
 
 Plate XXIV. 
 
 
 General subject. Name each fi«:ure. WMcb of these are Eegnlar forms? 
 Which IiTegular » How are the Heads at fig. 2- -how are tbey at fig. 8 f How 
 fct fl£:a 6 and 7? TIow are the florets in the Discoid form of the head— in the 
 
 Eadlato form— in the Badlant form ? In which are the florets all alike f 
 Which has a regular border? By what are tlie disthiot florets invested in figs. 
 2 and 6? What kind of Corolla at fls. 5? Wliy not Personate' 
 
THE FLOKAL ENVELOPES. 
 
 73 
 
 single rosaceous petal. The symmetry of both these 
 flowers is destroyed by Suppression. 
 
 406. The Nectary. — There are several irregular 
 forms of the corolla, to which the old Botanists gave the 
 name of Nectaries, or organs for secreting honey. 
 These are of many different forms, as the inflated, or 
 hooded petal of the Lady's-Slipper, the spurs of the 
 Columbine, Nasturtion, and Violet, and the transformed 
 stamens in Parnassia and the petals of the Passion-flower. 
 These are all kindred processes, now being considered as 
 peculiar, or abnormal conditions of the petals ; and the 
 Nectary, as a distinct organ, is not admitted into the 
 nomenclature of modern science. 
 
 407. The heads in the Order Composita; are marked 
 by three principal distinctions, which are of high import- 
 ance in determining the genera. The small flowers that 
 make up the heads are called Florets. The heads are 
 
 (1) Discoid, when the florets are all tubular, as in 
 the Burdock and the Thistle, fig. 2 ; 
 
 (2) Radiant, when the florets are all flat, or strap- 
 shaped, usually called Lighlate, as in the Dandelion, 
 fig. 3 ; and 
 
 (3) Radiate, when the central, or disk florets, are 
 TUBULAR, and the border, or ray florets ligulate, as in 
 the Marigold, fig. 7, and the Aster, fig. 6, where the tu- 
 bular and ligulate florets of the disc and ray, are seen at 
 the left and right. 
 
 COLORS OF FLOWERS. 
 
 408. Pliny long ago called " blossoms the joy of 
 TREES ;" and fanciful as the thought is, we feel, even to 
 this day, that there is not less of truth than poetry in the 
 sentiment ; for flowers, more than most other things, 
 minister to that love of beauty, which is one of our in- 
 most affections. While the foliage of trees and plants 
 exhibits that hue which is most grateful and soothing to 
 the eye, the richest tints, and the most splendid combi- 
 nations of color, are reserved for flowers. We repose 
 amid the embowering greenness of woods, or the waving 
 verdure of meadows ; but the sight of flowers stimulates 
 the mental affections, and we become excited by a finer 
 and more exquisite sense of beauty. 
 
 409. Changes of Color. — Transient as they are, 
 the tints of flowers often undergo several changes during 
 their short life. In the small Forget-me-not, the petals 
 are of a delicate rose-color when they expand, but turn 
 to a bright blue as they mature. Eed, purple, and blue 
 
 What arc Nectaries— what now considered ? Distinction of heads in the 
 Compositfe. Name of flieir small flowers. Deiane each form. How are the 
 florets when the head is Discoid— Radiate— Eadiant ? Words of Pliny. Why 
 true now? How does the sight of green foliage aflfect us — flowers? Changes 
 
 10 
 
 flowers sometimes become white ; and yellow, under the 
 infiuence of light, occasionally assumes the same color. 
 But the most remarkable instance of these changes is 
 that familiar one furnished by the Hydrangea, whose 
 flowers are pea-green when they first open, and afterwards 
 appear in several different colors, and different shades of 
 the same color — white, yellow, pink and purple. 
 
 410. Odor of Flowers. — This, as has already been 
 shown (60), is owing to the presence of a volatile oil. 
 The perfume of flowers is excited by moisture, and hence 
 they give out their fragrance most freely in the evening, 
 when the air is laden with dew. This is particularly 
 true of that class which Linnseus poetically denom- 
 inated " Melancholy Flowers." These are characterized, 
 not only by their delicious fragrance, but by their brown- 
 ish, greenish, and yellowish hues, such as the Wallflower 
 and the Evening Primrose. White flowers are generally 
 fragrant, and there is found to be considerable analogy 
 between the color and odor of flowers generally ; those 
 of certain colors agreeing remarkably in the peculiar 
 character of their perfume. 
 
 411. Duration of the Floral Envelopes. — This 
 quality is subject to great variations. The sepals, or 
 petals, are — 
 
 (1) Caducous, when they fall soon after the expan- 
 sion of the flower, as in the Rock-Rose ; or when they 
 drop before the flower is completely open, as in the calyx 
 of the Poppy, and the corolla of the Grape ; 
 
 (2) Deciduous, when they fall before the perfection 
 of the fruit, as is the most common case ; and 
 
 (3) Persistent, when they remain after the fruit is 
 matured, as in the Calyx of the Apple and Strawberry. 
 
 412. Functions op the Floral Envelopes. — The 
 ofl&ce of the Calyx and Corolla, as sheltering and protect- 
 ing organs, must be obvious even to the most superficial 
 observer, since they not only often close spontaneously 
 in bad weather, but many species habitually enfold the 
 tender organs they surround, not only at night, but to 
 afford shelter from the sun. The flowers of the Dan- 
 delion, and others of the order Compositse, close in bad 
 weather, and expand in clear sunshine ; while those of 
 many other tribes have regular hours of closing and un- 
 folding. 
 
 413. That the Corolla is acted on in a very peculiar 
 manner by light, is no longer a secret. It does not, like 
 the green parts, evolve oxygen, but abstracts it from the 
 air, giving off carbonic acid gas in its place. By this 
 
 of color— describe. Remarkable instance. Flowers most fragrant at evening- 
 why? Of what class especially true ? Instances. Duration of Floral Enve- 
 lopes — distinctions— define. Most obvious Function of Floral Envelopes? 
 Give the facts. How affected by light? What chemical influence? 
 
74 
 
 STAMENS AND PISTILS, 
 
 Plate XXV 
 
 !^^ 
 
 General subject. Wbicb of these figures represent staoiinate forms — wbich 
 pistillate? Describe fig. 1, and define its parts. 'Whlcli of these essential— 
 which not? Fig. 3— define its parts. Which of these essential ? With respect 
 to Insertion, how are the Anthers at fig. 6— flg. 1— fig. 9— how at fig. 12 ? In 
 relation to the Pistil, how at fig. 11—9 ? Which fignre represents the anther 
 of the Barberry ? Of what kind Is It— how dehisce ? How is the dehiscence at 
 fig. 1— fig. 2 ? How is the Connective at fig. 4— from what plant ? What is re- 
 presented in fig. 7 ? Describe the process, What in fig. 8 ? Which of these 
 figures represents tho tube through the style— which pollen-grains — pollen* 
 masses ? What are the white dots at fig. 16 ? What does this figure illusti-ate ? 
 Tho external coat of fig. 10— what called— how invested? What transitions in 
 fig. 18— from what plant— and what do you know of similar facts? How are 
 the Anther-lobes at fig. 14— the pollen-masses at fig. 19 ? Singular habit of the 
 plant, fig. 20. What do figa. 15 and 21 represent ? 
 
THE STAMENS. 
 
 75 
 
 process, which appears necessary in flowering, a high 
 degree of heat is often accumulated during that period. 
 The most remarkable instances of this phenomenon occur 
 where many flowers are inclosed by a spathe, as in the 
 Palms. An English species of Arum affords the most 
 wonderful instance known of this production of heat, 
 which is sometimes so great as to be sensible, and the 
 flower appears as if burning. The common Wake-Robin 
 of our damp woods, which is a nearly allied species, has, 
 it is said, the same habit. 
 
 414. Linnaaus thought that the corolla might serve 
 as wings, to waft the flower up and down, and thus pro- 
 promote the functions of the stamens and pistils ; and 
 others have supposed that its brilliant colors may attract 
 insects for the same purpose, as their honey evidently 
 does. But there must be a deeper design than yet ap- 
 pears in any of these superficial hypotheses. The brilliant 
 hues of the corolla, acted on in a peculiar manner by the 
 solar rays, doubtless promote the absorption of oxygen, 
 and thus assist in decomposing certain substances which 
 have been accumulated in the system, but are at this 
 period rapidly consumed, while their products are retained 
 for the development and nutrition of the ovules, or young 
 plants, after they are separated from the parent. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 THE STAMENS. 
 
 415. The Essential Okgans op Reproduction, 
 you will remember, are of two sorts, and occupy two 
 whorls or circles, the external set being called Stamens, 
 and the central, or seed-bearing organs. Pistils. The 
 Calyx and Corolla are not essential organs, because fre- 
 quently one, and sometimes both, are absent; but the 
 Stamens and Pistils are essential, because no proper 
 seed can be produced without their presence and joint 
 action. The Stamens, or Fertilizing Organs, form the 
 subject of the present chapter. 
 
 416. Parts of the Stamen. — This organ, considered 
 aside from its contents, usually consists of two parts — 
 the long thread-like process, which is called the Fila- 
 ment, and the rounded knob at its summit, called the 
 Anther. In the Anther is contained the Pollen, or 
 fertilizing granules. The filament is often wanting, and 
 
 Effect on temperature — in what flowers most observable ? Remarkable in- 
 stance. Linnaeua' idea. What did others suppose f What highly probable ? 
 What absorbed — ^under what influence— with what etfect ? What becomes of 
 he hoarded substances— their products. 
 
 General subject What place la the flower do they occupy ? What whorls 
 occupied by the Essential Organs? Parts of the Stamen. Define. Which 
 
 hence the anther is the only essential part. In fig. 1, 
 Plate XXV., a stamen is delmeated, with its filament/, 
 its anther a, and its pollen p. 
 
 417. Elementary Composition — The Anther. — 
 In this part, the tender walls of the cells are thickened 
 and strengthened by delicate fibrous bands, which are 
 very elastic, and sensible to the action of moisture ; and 
 they lengthen or contract, as the anther is dry or wet. 
 These bands become greatly attenuated as they approach 
 that line by which the anther opens for the discharge of 
 its pollen, called the Line of Dehiscence ; and on reach- 
 ing that point, they are completely interrupted. As the 
 anther approaches maturity, the membrane between the 
 bands is gradually obliterated, and only the delicate 
 fibres are left. In these fine threads, the fibrous system 
 of the leaf is represented. 
 
 418. But in the Filament, which is composed inter- 
 nally of a bundle of spiral ducts, is seen the initial pro- 
 cess of the more determined woody system. This bundle 
 is enveloped by the cellular tissue, the outermost layer 
 of which forms a very delicate epidermal membrane, and 
 is still more attenuated at the line of dehiscence. 
 
 419. The Pollen consists of cellular tissue in a 
 peculiar condition. To the naked eye, it appears only a 
 simple powder, usually of a yellowish color; yet seen 
 through the microscope, it is found to consist of a multi- 
 tude of grains, of a highly organized and very beautiful 
 structure, with many variations of form and color, each 
 of which is peculiar and uniform in the species. 
 
 structure of the stamens. 
 
 420. A stamen may be considered as a transformed 
 leaf, with the edges rolled in toward the mid-vein. The 
 filament represents the petiole, and the anther the blade. 
 It is difficult to conceive of this, at least by one view ; 
 but after you have traced the common leaf through all 
 its gradations, from the green sepal to what may be 
 termed its ultimate formations in the stamen and pistil, 
 and thence directly back to the reproduction of green 
 sepals and leaves, it will not be so hard to believe. And 
 this you may do at your leisure, if you wUl study the 
 gradual transformations in almost any double flower, 
 where you will find stamens in every stage of progress. 
 The Rose, in the cultivated or unnatural state, and the 
 White Pond-Lily, whose many petals form an analogous 
 structure in the natural condition, are good subjects for 
 
 essential— not essential — why ? Elementary composition of the Antber- Fila- 
 ment — Pollen. What is the Line of Dehiscence ? How does Pollen appear to 
 the naked eye — how under the microscope ? What may a Stamen be consider- 
 ed? What part does the filament represent — the anther? How proved? 
 Describe the process. 
 
76 
 
 PLAOENTATION — DEHISCENCE 
 
 Plate XXVI 
 
 General subject. Define each term. "Which figures represent tho Normal 
 PlacenLatlon ? What Is this called? How at 2— at 4? "Why bo called ? How 
 at fig. 3 ? "What other figure represents the same mode ? Deflne the parts in 
 fig. 5. How many cells at fig. 1— figs. 2, 3, and 4 ? How is the Dehiscence at 
 figs. 11 and 14— how at 10 and 13— how at IT— 9— 22 ? In which figure does 
 dehiscence occur through l)oth sutures— \n which through tho ventral suture- 
 in which through the dorsal suture, directly into the cell — in which by a rup- 
 ture— in which by irritaMlily— in. which by pores f In which figures are the 
 ovules inserted on the walls— in which on the central axis? Explain fig. 15. 
 Examples of Indehiscent fruits. 
 
THE STAMENS. 
 
 77 
 
 this study. Having done this, you are only to find your 
 way back through the petaloid sepals, or sepal-like petals, 
 to the green leaf again. A series of these transitions 
 from the Pond-Lily, is shown at figs. 11 and 18. 
 
 421. The Filament has a great variety of forms. 
 It is usually a slender, thread-like body, generally some- 
 what flattened, occasionally marked by other peculiarities, 
 and not unfrequently wanting. It is greatly thickened 
 in the Barberry and Melon, figs. 5 and 14; and is often 
 petaloid in the Pond-Lily, figs. 11 and 18. In regard to 
 color, it is usually white, but sometimes blue, yellow, or 
 red. The filament is not an essential organ ; and when 
 absent, the anther is said to be sessile. 
 
 422. The Anther has its normal position on the 
 summit of the filament. It generally consists of two 
 lobes or cells, which are united by a continuation of the 
 filament, called the Connectile ; and the line of this 
 connection is marked by a groove, more or less strongly 
 defined, between the lobes. Each lobe is also marked 
 by a furrow, running through its sides or face from top to 
 bottom. This is called the Suture, or Line of Dehis- 
 cence ; and though the line itself is not well defined in fig. 
 1, its situation may be seen by the direction of the pollen. 
 
 423. The Mode of Attachment of the anther to its 
 filament has given rise to three distinctions, which are of 
 considerable importance in analytical observations. The 
 anther is 
 
 (1) Innate, when the connectile rests firmly on the 
 summit of the filament, with no distinction of back or 
 front, as in fig. 1 ; 
 
 (2) Adnate, when the filament is connected with the 
 anther lobes by their whole length on one side, usually 
 called the hack, as in the Iris, fig. 9 ; and 
 
 (3) Versatile, when it is fixed to the filament by a 
 mere point, on which it lightly swings, as in the Lily 
 and Grasses, figs. 17 and 6. 
 
 424. The line of dehiscence is always lateral in the 
 innate anther, as in fig. 1 ; but in the adnate form, it is 
 opposed to the line of adhesion between the lobes and 
 their connectile, and hence it must occupy what is termed 
 the face. When the face of an adnate anther looks 
 toward the pistil, it is called Introrse (turned inward). 
 When it looks away from the pistil, or toward the petals, 
 it is Extrorse (turned outward). The first of these 
 forms is seen in the Pond Lily, figs. 11 and 18; the 
 second in the Iris, fig. 9. 
 
 Good subjects for illustration. Forms of the Filament— when not present ? 
 Normal position of the Anther — of what generally consist? By what are the 
 lobes united— what called — how marked ? How are the lobes marked ? In 
 the mode of Attachment how many varieties? Bescribo each, with examples. 
 Lino of Dehiscence — how in the Innate anther — ia the Adnate — when it looks 
 
 425. The dehiscence of the anther presents many 
 irregularities. In the Barberry, fig. 5, which is a peculiar 
 form of the adnate variety, the anther opens by two 
 valves, that swing up as if by a hinge, like a trap-door. 
 In the Laurel family there are four such valves. The 
 anther of the Alchemilla opens transversely ; and in the 
 Potato and Heath tribes, the dehiscence is by pores at 
 the summit, as in a species of Nightshade, fig. 2. 
 
 426. The Connectile exhibits several peculiarities. 
 It is sometimes developed into a kind of beak, as in 
 Asarum; in the Oleander, fig. 4, it is prolonged in a 
 plumose appendage ; it is forked in the Linden, so as 
 completely to separate the anther lobes ; in the Violet, 
 it is prolonged backward into a kind of spur; in the 
 Sage, it sits on the apex of the filament, like an inverted 
 bow, with its extremities pointing upward, and tipped 
 by the widely separated anthers ; and in many cases it 
 is almost or wholly wanting, so that the anther lobes are 
 united on the summit of the filament. The connectile 
 may be considered the mid-vein of the transform.cd leaf. 
 In the Melon, fig. 14, the anther lobes are wjived or 
 sinuous. Versatile anthers are also termed introrse, 
 when their line of dehiscence looks toward the pistil, as 
 is the most common case, and extrorse in the reverse 
 position. 
 
 427. The Pollen grains are usually spherical or ellip- 
 tical, but sometimes they are square, triangular, flattened, 
 cylindrical, or shaped like an hour-glass. But the most 
 curious of all forms is that of the Zostera, a sea-plant, 
 common along our coasts, in which they seem to be spun 
 out into long, smooth, shining threads, not unlike a skein 
 of bright glossy silk. 
 
 428. Each pollen grain has two coverings, the outer- 
 most of which is called the Extine, and the innermost 
 the Intine. 
 
 429. The Extine is a firm membrane, generally 
 smooth, but frequently covered with bristles and rough 
 points, as in fig. 10, and sometimes with banded reticu- 
 lations. 
 
 430. The Intine is thin, delicate, and incapable of 
 extension. If a grain of pollen be immersed in water 
 the extine bursts, while the intine is protruded at one or 
 more points, for a purpose which will be explained in 
 treating of the functions of this and its kindred organ. 
 
 431. In the interior cavity of every pollen grain there 
 is a collection of very minute granules, which are found 
 
 toward the Pistil ? Away from the Pistil ? Define Extrorse — ^Introrse. Irregu- 
 larities of Dehiscence — how in the Barberry — Alchemilla — Potato and Heath 
 tribes ? How is the Connectile in the Asarum — the Oleander— the Sa"-e ? 
 Common forms of Pollen grains. Other forms. Zostera. Co^ts of the Pollen 
 — the outer — the inner. Describe each. What in the interior cavity ? 
 
78 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANT. 
 
 tolbe composed of starch and oil. Collectively they are 
 named the Fovilla ; and in them have been discovered 
 rotatory motions of great rapidity, which by some authors 
 are considered similar to those observed in the sporangia 
 of cryptogamic plants. 
 
 432. A parent cell, from a pollen grain of the Melon, 
 is seen at fig. 1 6. It contains four secondary or daughter- 
 cells, each with a nucleus in the centre, showing that the 
 pollen grains follow the common law of cell multiplica- 
 tion (34, at (1) ). The parent cell first divides in two, 
 and then each of the parts subdivides in the same man- 
 ner, thus forming four cells. 
 
 433. Sometimes the pollen grains cohere in clusters, 
 as in the Milk-weed, fig. 19, where the pollen masses are 
 seen arranged in pairs, and adhering to the glandular 
 processes of the pistil. At S is a pair of the masses 
 separated. It is better to examine the flower itself, 
 which is not only very curious, but common and easily 
 procured. No good student will be satisfied with a pic- 
 ture, who can find and analyze the natural form itself. 
 
 434. The stamens collectively have received the 
 name of Andrcecium; and as it is sometimes necessary 
 to speak of the staminal System as a whole, the term is 
 a convenient one. 
 
 435. The number of stamens in a flower is designated 
 by prefixing Grreek numerals to the word andeia, which 
 signifies stamen, as in the artificial classes of Linnseus. 
 Thus a flower is 
 
 Monandrous, with one stamen ; 
 
 Diandrous, two stamens ; 
 
 Triandrous, three stamens ; 
 
 Tetrandous, four stamens ; 
 
 PentandrouSjj^i'e stamens; 
 
 Hexandrous, six stamens ; 
 
 Heptandrous, seven stamens ; 
 
 Octandrous, eigJit stamens ; 
 
 Enneandrous, nine stamens ; 
 
 Decandrous, teji stamens ; 
 
 Dodecandrous, twelve stamens ; and 
 
 Polyandrous, more than twelve, or many stamens. 
 
 436. In regard to comparative size, they are 
 
 (1) Didinamous, four stamens, two longer than the 
 others; and 
 
 (2) Tetradinamous, six stamens, four longer than the 
 others. 
 
 437. Some other peculiarities have also been made 
 the basis of names. The stamens are 
 
 Of wltat composed ? Motions observed. Describe tho four Pollen grains — 
 wbat sbo^v ? How is the Pollen in tbe Milk-weed ? Name of the stamens col- 
 lectively. Define a Howor by its number of stamens, from one to many. How 
 when tbf stamens arc united by their Filaments — describe varieties — by their 
 
 Monadelphous, united by their filaments in one set , 
 
 Diadelphous, united by their filaments in two sets ; 
 
 Triadelphous, united by their filaments in three sets ; 
 
 Pentadelphous, united by their filaments mfive sets; 
 
 Polyadelphous, united by their filaments in more 
 than jive sets; 
 
 Syngenesious, united by their anthers ; 
 
 Monoecious, stamens and pistils, in separate flowers 
 of the same plant ; 
 
 Dioecious, stamens and pistils, in separate flowers of 
 different plants ; 
 
 Polygamous, staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers 
 intermingled. 
 
 438. The Functions of the Stamens will be considered 
 in connection with the Pistil, from which they cannot 
 well be separated. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 THE PISTIL. 
 
 439. The Pistil is the interior seed-bearing organ, 
 occupying the centre oT the flower. It consists of three 
 parts — the Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma. 
 
 440. The Ovary is the expanded and hollow base of 
 the pistil. It contains the Ovules, or rudiments of the 
 seed, and finally becomes the Fruit. 
 
 441. The Style is the erect column, usually pro- 
 duced from the apex of the ovary, and which, when 
 simple, or consisting of several combined in one, evidently 
 continues and terminates the Axis of Growth. 
 
 442. The Stigma is a more or less rounded body, 
 usually standing on the summit of the Style. The Ovary 
 that bears the seed, and the Stigma which assists in its 
 elaboration, are both essential parts, and are never ab- 
 sent ; but the Style is often wanting, and is, therefore, 
 not essential. When the Style is absent, the Stigma is 
 said to be sessile. At fig. 3 a Pistil may bo seen, with 
 its ovary, o, seated on the receptacle of the flower, r ,• s 
 is the style, and g the stigma. 
 
 443. Elementary Composition. — The ovary and 
 style are composed of one or more bundles of ducts, en- 
 veloped in parenchyma. The stigma consists of a loose 
 cellular substance called the Conducting Tissue, and 
 communicates with the ovary by a tube through the 
 centre of the style, as you may see in figs. 12 and 13. 
 The stigma, you will remember (77), is the only part of 
 
 anthei-s. When are flowers Munrocious — Diracious— Polygamous? 
 
 General subject. Define Pistil — where sitnated — its parts. Define each. 
 Which essential— not essential? When tlio Stylo is net present how is the 
 stigma? Elementary Composition. What part destitute of epidermis? 
 
THE PISTIL. 
 
 79 
 
 the plant directly exposed to the air, which is destitute | 
 of the epidermis. The importance of the Ovary is such, 
 that it will be treated of in a chapter by itself. At fig. 
 15 is the pistil of the Meadow Safiron. The ovary is 
 nearly mature. It bears a short, pointed, permanent 
 style on each of its three divisions, and the ovules on its 
 inner walls. At fig. 21 is a transverse section of the 
 ovary in the same plant, before its parts separate, show- 
 ing how the ovules are at first deposited. 
 
 444. The Pistillate system collectively is called the 
 Gynoscium. 
 
 445. The degrees of coherence or separation in the 
 styles may be indicated by describing them as distinct, 
 united at the summit, United to the m,iddle, or at the 
 hase, as the case may be. 
 
 FUNCTIONS OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS. 
 
 446. The joint action of the stamens and pistils must 
 now bo explained, for this is one of the most important 
 processes in nature. Its specific object is the fertilizing 
 of the ovules, and the PRODncTioN of seed. 
 
 447. When the stamens and pistils have reached 
 maturity, the anthers, being acted on by moisture and 
 other causes, discharge their pollen. Under ordinary 
 circumstances, a part of this, almost as a matter of 
 course, falls on the stigma, which at the same time is 
 covered with a viscid moisture. The pollen grains being 
 soon afiected by the moisture, expand. The extine 
 bursts, while the intine is protruded in the form of a 
 tube. The tube insinuates itself between the cells of the 
 stigma, passes down into the style, and finally reaches 
 the ovary. Thence it is extended toward the ovules, 
 and enters the orifice that leads into their nucleds, 
 which, at this time, is always turned toward the base of 
 the style, and in direct communication with its conduct- 
 ing tissue. At fig. 7, two of these pollen tubes from the 
 Snapdragon, are represented as passing through the tube 
 of the stigma. At fig. 8 is a separate tube from the 
 Purple Orchis, and a pollen mass of the same. All that 
 is certainly known of this very curious process is, that 
 the embryo first appears in the ovule soon after the en- 
 trance of the pollen tube. 
 
 448. The Author of Life has made many pro- 
 visions to promote and secure this result. In the first 
 place, the stamens and pistils are generally associated, by 
 being brought together in the same flower. This may 
 be_assumed as the true or normal position, and all others 
 
 Name of the Pistillnte system. How may coherence of the styles be de- 
 scribed? Specific use of Stamens and Pistils. Describe the process of fertiliza- 
 tion. What the only fact known of it ? Normal position of Stamens and Pis- 
 tils — when the flower is erect, how are they— how when it is drooping — what 
 
 as the effect of suppression. When the flower is erect, 
 the pistil is the longest, as in the Tulip ; but when the 
 flower is drooping, as in the Lily, fig. 17, the stamens are 
 longest ; so that, in both cases, the pollen would neces- 
 sarily fall in the direction of the stigma. In the Bar- 
 berry and Mountain Laurel, the filaments are very elastic, 
 and when touched by any small body, as the feet of in- 
 sects, they spring forward with great force, and dash 
 their pollen against the stigma. 
 
 449. Monoecious and Dioecious flowering trees gene- 
 rally put forth their blossoms at windy seasons of the 
 year, when there are no leaves to obstruct the course of 
 the pollen, which in those tribes is very abundant. It 
 spreads over the trees in all directions, and thus passes 
 to the flowers without interruption. This work is also 
 gi-eatly assisted by insects, which, in abstracting honey 
 from the flowers, scatter their pollen, and carry it from 
 flower to flower ; thus conveying to the fruitful but soli- 
 tary tree or herb, the means of fertilization. 
 
 450. There are also many curious contrivances to pro- 
 mote this object. In the Saxifrage and Pamassia, the 
 stamens, one or two at a time, lean over the stigma, shed 
 their pollen, and retire, to make room for others. The 
 five fllaments of the Coxcomb are connected at base by a 
 membranous web, which expands with moisture ; but 
 contracting in dry weather, it brings the stamens together, 
 and scatters the pollen on the stigma. 
 
 451. But there is nothing of this kind more curious 
 than the habit of the Vallisneria, which is found growing 
 at the bottom of ditches in Italy, and is represented at fig. 
 20. The fertile flowers grow on long, spiral stalks, 
 which, when the stigma is mature, uncoil themselves, 
 and thus elevate the flowers above the surface. At the 
 same time, the barren flowers, which grow on short, 
 straight stalks at the bottom, become detached, rise to 
 the surface, and float around among the pistillate flowers, 
 often covering the water, as if with sprinklings of white 
 foam. Soon after this happens, the pistillate flower- 
 stalks resume their spiral form, and sink to the bottom, 
 where they ripen their seed. 
 
 452. In the Fig, where the flowers are not only dioe- 
 cious, but are borne on the inside of the hollow receptacle 
 which becomes the fruit, the fertilization could only be 
 accomplished by means of insects passing from the bar- 
 ren to the fertile flowers. 
 
 453. But the habit of the Aristolochia is even more 
 peculiar, for it has a particular insect which seems devoted 
 
 effect ? How are the fllaments in the Monntain-Lanrcl — the Barberry ? How are 
 Monceeious and Dicecions trees fertilized ? Of what use are insects ? What 
 curious contrivances ? How in the Saxifrage and Pamassia — ^the Coxcomb ? 
 Describe fertilization of Vallisneria — Aristolochia. How is the Fig fertilized? 
 
80 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANT. 
 
 to thia special purpose. This is a species of Tipula.. It 
 enters the flower, and descends to the base, where the 
 stamens and pistils seem like complete fixtures, the an- 
 thers being placed quite under the stigma ; so that, in 
 the ordinary course of things, there could be no communi- 
 cation between them. But the fly, in attempting to 
 return, is beset by inverted hairs, which thickly cover 
 the inside of the tube. Thus imprisoned, he continually 
 struggles to escape, and by this means, ajjparently so 
 simple and natural, he effectually breaks the ice between 
 the parties most interested. Fertilization ensues, the 
 flower withers, and the fly regains its liberty. It is not 
 the least curious part of this history, that an American 
 species, cultivated in England, was seldom fertilized, 
 probably for want of the good little Grenius it would have 
 found in its native habitat. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 THE OVAET. 
 
 454. This organ is either simple or compound : 
 simple, when composed throughout of but one piece or 
 part ; and compound, when consisting of more than one. 
 A compound ovary is a whorl of transformed leaves, 
 with their cohering edges united in the axis, and their 
 confluent sides radiating from the centre, as may be seen 
 in the transverse section of fruit from the Lily, fig. 8, 
 Plate XXVI. 
 
 455. Parts op the Ovary. — The divisions of a 
 compound ovary are called Carpels. The walls or par- 
 titions of these are Dissepiments, and the spaces between 
 them are Cells. In fig. 7 is seen a transverse section 
 of the compound ovary of Meadow Saffron. The dissep- 
 iments, with their double walls, and the ovules attached 
 to their inner portions, are well delineated. 
 
 456. In the normal structure, the number of carpels, 
 dissepiments, and cells, will be equal ; but sometimes the 
 dissepiments become partially or wholly absorbed in the 
 growth, or obliterated by abortion ; while the carpels, 
 or actual parts of which the ovary is composed, remain 
 unchanged. In the diagram, fig. 1, is represented a five- 
 carpelled ovary, with its ovules, o, attached to the floral 
 axis in the centre. This is better seen in the fruit of 
 the Lily, fig. 8, which is a three-carpelled ovary, with the 
 seeds attached in the same manner. In the diagram. 
 
 General subject Vhen is the Ovary simple— whun compound t Name 
 the divisions of a Compound Ovary — tlie walls, or partitions— the spaces be- 
 tween. How in the normal structure ? What elTect has abortion ? Several 
 deirrees of abortion in the disscpiiuents. Describe each. Do styles and stigmas 
 of a compound ovary often unite in one! Of what Is each Carpel composed- 
 
 fig. 2, the dissepiments are only extended a little way 
 beyond the middle ; in fig. 3 they are wholly obliterated, 
 the ovules still being attached to the central axis ; in fig. 
 4, the dissepiments are the same, while the ovules are 
 attached to their first rudiments on the outside wall of 
 the ovary. Sometimes, but rarely, the styles — and more 
 rarely still, the stigmas — of a compound ovary, unite, 
 and form apparently one. 
 
 457. It should be understood that each carpel is 
 composed of a single leaf, folded with its confluent edges 
 turned inward toward the floral axis. This may be often 
 seen in the Double-flowering Cherry, where the carpellary 
 leaves, which by culture are retransformed into petals, 
 are obvious in their folded form, being often tipped with 
 the rudiments of the stigma, and presenting other indica- 
 tions which mark their character, especially when they 
 assume the texture, color, and indentations of the proper 
 leaf, as if making an effort to return to their normal 
 shape, though growing in the midst of a flower. Two 
 such leaves are seen in fig. 15. 
 
 458. Sutures. — The line formed by the cohering 
 edges of the infolded carpellary leaf is called the Ven- 
 tral Suture. It is always turned toward the floral 
 axis, or centre of the flower, and is a true suture, or 
 seam, as its name imports. The line opposite, in the 
 external walls of the ovary, is called the Dorsal Suture. 
 It is sometimes marked by a prominent line or ridge, and 
 is the mid-vein of the transformed leaf. In the fruit of 
 the Iris, fig. 14, the prominent line seen in front of the 
 middle section is the ventral suture; while the dorsal 
 suture bounds the side carpels, right and left. 
 
 459. The Placenta is that part of the ovary to 
 which the ovules are attached ; and, in its normal state, 
 is a cellular outgrowth of the ventral suture. It often 
 appears a distinct cord, as in the Bean, where, in common 
 language, it is that part which is called the " string,^'' 
 and is pulled off, in preparing for the table the green pods 
 known as " string-heans.^' The pod, you will remem- 
 ber, is an ovary ; the young beans are the ovules ; the 
 cords to which they are attached, are the placentae ; and 
 the parts into which it spontaneously separates, are 
 valves. The double character of the folded leaf which 
 makes the carpel, is well shown in this structure, and 
 also in that of the Pea, fig. 1 8, where the ovules are seen 
 occupying alternate positions of the Placentse, which 
 mark the ventral suture, and also the two plates, or 
 valves, into which the pod separates. 
 
 in what flower seen? Describe. What are /S'«i«res— the Ventral— the Dor- 
 sal? Where is the flrst always turned — at what part of the leaf? What marks 
 the second? Define Placenta— how in the Bean? Define the parts in ttie 
 fruit of the Pea. 
 
THE FRUIT. 
 
 81 
 
 460. Placbntation is the manner in which the 
 ovules are arranged in the ovary. In the diagram, fig. 1, 
 is seen the normal or typical placentation, with the 
 dissepiments reaching quite to the centre, and bearing 
 the placentaj on their extremities, which are the two 
 confluent edges of the infolded leaf, and the ovules look- 
 ing directly to the floral axis. This form is called 
 Axillary Placentation. 
 
 461. But sometimes the whorl of carpellary leaves 
 apparently cohere only by their edges, without any in- 
 folding, or the walls may have become obliterated entirely 
 or partially, in the distention of growth. In fig. 2, the 
 dissepiments are partially obliterated; the ovaries are 
 seen occupying their place at the termination of the 
 walls ; while the ovary becomes one-celled by the abor- 
 tion or malformation. At fig. 4, the dissepiments 
 are completely obliterated, while the ovules appear at- 
 tached to their rudiments in the outer wall of the ovary. 
 These two last forms of placentation are called Pabietal 
 (on the walls). 
 
 462. By a complete reverse of .the last position, the 
 ovules are thrown quite to the centre, while, at the same 
 time, the dissepiments being absent, they are left free. 
 This is called a Eree Central Placentation, as in 
 fig. 3. Thus there are three modes of deposition in the 
 ovules — Axillary, Parietal, and Free Central Placenta- 
 tion. The Primrose, fig. 6, is a fine instance of the lat- 
 ter mode. The round placenta, with its numerous ovules, 
 is attached only by a point at its base, and nearly fills 
 the ovary. Here only the dissepiments are wanting to 
 complete the normal structure, and it may be supposed 
 they are obliterated by the growth of the ovary. This 
 is certainly true in some cases ; for in the Pink and 
 Chiokweed tribes, which are distinguished by a free cen- 
 tral placentation, rudiments of the walls may be seen at 
 an early stage of growth. Occasionally other forms of 
 placentation are met with, but the variations are unim- 
 portant. 
 
 463. When the ovary consists of a single carpel, as 
 tt matter of course, there can be no true dissepiments ; 
 but false dissepiments are occasionally to be met with, as 
 in the Plax. In determining the character of an ovary, 
 a careful distinction should be made between the really 
 simple organ, or that which is composed of a single car- 
 
 Dcfino Placentation — its normal form. How when tlio dissepiments are 
 partially, or wholly obliterated, and the ovaries on the walls — how with ovaries 
 free in the centre ? Define Parietal. How many modes of position in the 
 Ovules? Doflno each. What distinction necessary? Of what is a Simple 
 ovary composed — a Compound ovary — how distinguished when the dissepi- 
 ments are missing ? What shown in Meadow Saffron ? 
 
 General subject To what is the name applied botanically ? By this defi- 
 II 
 
 pellary leaf, and the compound ovary, which is a coalescent 
 circle of leaves. When the dissepiments are absent, the 
 number of carpels may be determined by the number of 
 placentfB, if the;5e are parietal, or by the number of styles 
 or stigmas, or by the grooves or sutures in the ovary 
 itself In all parietal placentation, the ovary must be 
 one-celled. 
 
 464. A fine illustration of the double nature of the 
 walls formed by the contiguous sides of the carpellary 
 whorl, is seen in the fruit of the Meadow Saffron, fig. 7, 
 where each of the three carpels is completely isolated, 
 and incloses its own ovules. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 THE FEUIT. 
 
 465. This term signifies much more in botanical than 
 in common language, it being applied to the mature 
 ovary, and whatever organs it is coalescent with, as the 
 calyx in the Apple, and the receptacle in the Strawberry. 
 By this definition, the dry pod of the Cabbage is as truly 
 a fruit as the pulpy and delicious Peach. 
 
 466. The Frdit consists of two parts — the Seed, and 
 its Envelope. The latter, taking its name from its office, 
 is called the Pericarp {around the fruit). With the 
 changes that occur in the growth and ripening of fruit, 
 the pericarp developes into two or more distinct and dif- 
 ferent portions, the exterior becoming firm or bony, and 
 the interior pulpy or fleshy, as in the Orange and Cocoa- 
 nut ; or the reverse occurs, and the outside is pulpy, and 
 the inside hard and bony, as in the Peach. When the 
 parts are thus distinct and separate, the outer portion is 
 called the Epicarp, and the inner portion the Endocakp. 
 But in such fruits as the Peach, the pulpy portion is 
 called the Sarcocarp ; and the hard shell, which corres- 
 ponds with the endoearp, the Putamen. In the Cherry, 
 fig. 5, the outside integument, or skin, is the Epicarp, e; 
 the pulp, s, is the Sarcocarp ; the bony shell of the nut, 
 en, is the stone, putamen, or Endoearp ; and g is the 
 seed. But often the pericarp remains of the same tex 
 ture throughout. In the acorn it is indurated ; in pods 
 membranaceous ; in berries, fleshy ; and in all such cases 
 no distinctions of parts are observed, but only those of 
 the outer and inner integuments. 
 
 nition what are i^Tiits ? Parts of the Fruit ? Name of the Envelope ? Doflno 
 Changes in the Pericarp — its parts. Define. Name of the pulpy portion in the 
 Peach — the hard shell — with what part correspond ? Describe the parts in tho 
 Cherry. Are these parts always to be distingQished ? How is tlic pericarp In 
 pods — ^in berries? Whstt is the opening of fruits called — when fruits do not 
 open what called? 
 
82 
 
 FRUIT FORMS. 
 
 FlateXXVll 
 
 General eubject What figures represent Capsules — which Achenia ? 
 What kind of fruit at fig. 16 ? Define its parts. How la it shown to be fruit ? 
 What kind of fruit at figs. 1 and 6— how many carpels? Parts of the Capsule- 
 define. Explain fig. 5. What kind of fruit at 8, 11, 14, IT, and 18? Define 
 facli, and give examples. Difference between 11 ami Ifi— wliich flgiires nrc, of 
 
 Drupes? Define the parts in fig. 21. What kind of fruit at figs. 9, 10, 8 tt 
 Fig. 23. Fruit of one of the Borrage tribe dividing Into 4 Achenia, with tnc 
 style in the centre, showing that it is a true fruit, and not four naked seeds, as 
 named by Linnasus. Fig. 24. Fruit of an LTmbellifcroua plant, divicling into 
 2 achenia, and suspenrlcd fi x— ^'■■^ °'--'- "- /'''"^■""-^"■^ — 
 
THE FEUIT. 
 
 83 
 
 467. Dehiscence. — Some fruits always remain 
 closed, as the Acorn, Cocoa-nut, and Apple. Such are 
 said to be Indehiscent, or not opening. The Dehiscence 
 of fruits is quite an important feature of discrimination 
 in all true analysis, and therefore should be defined. 
 It is 
 
 (1) Septicidal, when the fruit opens by the ventral 
 suture, and the carpels separate between their contiguous 
 walls, as in the Gentian, fig. 22. 
 
 (2) LocuLiciDAL, when it opens by the dorsal suture 
 directly into the cell, as in the Iris, fig. 14, the Lily, fig. 
 8, and the Meadow Saffron, fig. 11; 
 
 (3) Septifragal, when the valves break off from the 
 dissepiments, as in the Morning-Glory and the Thorn- 
 Apple, fig. 10 ; 
 
 (4) Sdtueal, when a single carpelled fruit opens by 
 the ventral suture, as in the Peony; by the dorsal suture, 
 as in the Magnolia ; or by both the ventral and dorsal 
 sutures, as in the Bean and the Pea, fig. 18 ; and 
 
 (5) Transverse, when it describes a line directly 
 across the sutures, and the upper part opens and falls 
 back like a lid, as in the Plantain, Purslane, Henbane, 
 and the Scarlet Pimpernel, fig. 9. This form is of rare oc- 
 currence. The Loment, fig. 23, separates in a transverse 
 direction between every two seeds. 
 
 468. To these may be added several varieties. In 
 the familiar instance of the Poppy, the fruit opens by 
 pores at the summit, as in fig. 13. In the Balsamine, fig. 
 12, the pods, when ripe, are very irritable; and on being 
 touched or jarred, the valves fly open elastically, and 
 scatter the seeds ; and hence its common name. Touch- 
 me-not. In some of the Tobacco and Primrose families, 
 the pericarp opens only for a short distance ; and in the 
 fruit of the Castor-oil plant, the dehiscence is first loculi- 
 cidal, and then the carpels separate from each other in a 
 septicidal manner^ In Mustard, and others of the Cru- 
 ciferaj, the parietal placentae are united by a membranous 
 partition, from which the valves separate in dehiscence, 
 from the base upward, as in figs. 16 and 19. The Straw- 
 berry, Currant, and Peach, figs. 17, 20, and 21, are inde- 
 hiscent fruits. 
 
 FRUIT FORMS. 
 
 469. The forms of the pericarp are exceedingly varied ; 
 but the most important and strongly marked are the fol- 
 lowing : the Capsule, the Silique, the Silicle, the Le- 
 gume, the Follicle, the Berry, the Pepo, the Pome, the 
 Drupe, the Nut, the Caryopsis, the Aehenium, the Sa- 
 
 TarietiM of Dehiscence. Define each, with examples. How in the Tobacco 
 and Primrose families — the Castor-oil plant — Mustard — Balsamino ? Principal 
 Frnlt Forms. Define esteh, with examples. Parts of the Capsule— define. 
 
 mara, the Pyxis, and the Cone. All fruits are either- 
 simple or collective. 
 
 SIMPLE FRUITS. 
 
 470. These may be composed either of a single car- 
 pel, or of several united ; and they are not always de- 
 veloped from the pistil alone, but they also often com- 
 bine with this, other parts of the flower. 
 
 471. A Capsule is a pericarp of a dry and woody 
 texture. It is always compound in structure, because it 
 is produced from a compound ovary, although in growth 
 it frequently becomes one-ceUed, as we have seen (461), 
 by the absorption or rupture of its walls. The fruits of 
 the Iris, Scarlet Pimpernel, Lily, and Thorn-apple, figs. 
 2, 7, 13 and 22, Plate XXVIL, are all Capsules. 
 
 472. Parts of the Capsules. — These are, 
 
 (1) The Valves, or parts into which it separates by 
 dehiscence, as in the Iris, fig. 2 ; and 
 
 (2) The Columella, or central portion, formed by 
 the united placentae, when the placentation is axillary, as 
 in the Lily, fig. 13. 
 
 473. The Siliqub is a long, slender, two-valved pod, 
 which becomes two-celled by a false dissepiment, though 
 produced from a simple ovary, as in fig. 3. The pods of 
 the Mustard and Cabbage are familiar examples. This 
 and the following form distinguish the Cress tribe, and 
 are always marked by the cruciform corolla. 
 
 474. The Silicle differs from the silique only in 
 being broader and shorter, as in fig. 4. The Pepper- 
 grass and Candytuft are well-known examples. 
 
 475. The Legume is a simple, one-celled pod, dehis- 
 cing by both the ventral and dorsal sutures, as in the Pea, 
 fig. 5 : ejp is the epicarp ; en the endocarp ; pi the 
 placenta, which is double, and runs along each edge of the 
 ventral suture; and /is the funiculus, or little stalk, 
 by which the ovules, o, are attached to the placentae. 
 The Legume distinguishes the Pea tribe, and is usually 
 accompanied by the papilionaceous corolla. The Lo- 
 ment, fig. 12, is a variety of legume, which separates 
 transversely into one-seeded joints, as in Bush Clover, 
 and various species of Trefoil. The legume, in Lucerne, 
 is coiled up in a spiral form ; and in a species of Cassia, 
 it is like a little cupboard with partitions or shelves, 
 where the seeds are deposited. 
 
 476. The Follicle is a one-carpelled fruit, folded 
 in the form of a pod, and dehiscing by the ventral suture, 
 as in the Peony, MiLk-weed, and the Indian Hemp, 
 fig. 17. 
 
 477. The Berry is a pulpy or fleshy indehiscent 
 
 Difference between the Follicle and Legome— the Legume and Loment— the 
 Silique and Silicle ? 
 
Si 
 
 ANALYTICAT, CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 pericarp, witli the seeds irregularly immersed in its sub- 
 stance, as the Grape, Gooseberry, and the Currant, fig. 
 10. The fruits of the Egg-plant, Potato, Orange, and 
 Lemon, are berries, the two latter being distinguished by 
 a thick and spongy rind. 
 
 478. The Pepo is an indehiscent pulpy fruit, closely 
 allied to the berry. It is formed of three united carpels 
 covered by a firm rind, and usually exhibits a fleshy 
 structure between the epicarp and the pulp that invests 
 the seed. The Gourd, Melon, and Pumpkin, are well 
 known illustrations. In many oases, the dissepiments 
 are obliterated in growth, so that the pericarp becomes 
 one-celled, and the placentas parietal ; but in the early 
 stages, the three carpels, with all their parts, may be dis- 
 tinctly traced, as they are seen in the Prickly Cucum- 
 ber, fig. 18. The fruit of the Papaw resembles the 
 pepo. 
 
 479. The Pome is an indehiscent fleshy pericarp, 
 formed of two or more horny or bony carpels, which are 
 invested with the swollen and succulent tube of the trans- 
 formed calyx, as in the Pear, Quince, and the Apple, 
 figs. 1 and 6. The flve carpels are well shown in the 
 transverse section, and the structure of each, with its 
 position in the pome, in the vertical section. In the 
 Apple, the outer skin is the epicarp, the fleshy portion 
 the sarcocarp, and the bony carpels which invest the seed, 
 or that part which, in common language, we term the 
 hull, is the endocarp. 
 
 480. The Drupe is an indehiscent, one-celled, and 
 one or two-seeded fruit, with the endocarp hard or stony, 
 investing one or two seeds, and the epicarp pulpy or 
 fleshy, as in the Walnut, Cherry, and Peach, the two last 
 of which are seen in figs. 15 and 21. The epicarp, in all 
 these cases, is greatly expanded, and the fruit takes an 
 increased development by cultivation. The Walnut, 
 which was considered by the old Botanists as a nut, is 
 now ranked among drupaceous fruits. The outside shell, 
 or thickened husk, is a fleshy epicarp, the shell is the 
 endocarp, and the kernel the seed. 
 
 481. The Achenium is a dry, indehiscent, one-seeded 
 pericarp, formed of a single carpel, which is so closely 
 applied to the seed, that it was long mistaken for the seed 
 itself, from which it is often difficult to distinguish it 
 without a close analysis. By cutting across the fruit, 
 the true seed may be seen lying free in the pericarp. 
 Hence Linnaeus fell into the error of calling such fruits 
 as were composed of achenia, nalced seeded ; but they 
 
 Tbe Actenium anil Caryojisis? Froit of the Papaw. What have the 
 Achenia heen called? Why change the term ? W'hy real frnlts— how in the 
 Crow-foot tribe— in the Strawberry— the Mint tribe— the Compositte— the 
 
 arc all furnished with a style, which determines their 
 true origin and nature. They are, in short, mature 
 ovaries, and therefore fruits. 
 
 482. The achenia are variously disposed in dififirent 
 fruits. In the Crow-foot tribe, they are collected on a 
 dry, convex receptacle. At fig. 19 is an achenium from 
 one of this family, greatly magnified. In the Fennel 
 tribe, there are always two achenia united by their faces, 
 so as to form a compound fruit, with a division between 
 them, called the Commissure, which makes an important 
 feature in the analysis of that large and difficult family. 
 In tho Mint tribe, the four achenia, which lie loose in 
 the bottom of the calyx, have a common style, to which 
 each of them is attached by the base. In the Strawberry, 
 the achenia are arranged on a convex receptacle, and 
 when ripe, they are immersed in pulp ; while in the 
 Blackberry and Raspberry they form little drupes. 
 
 483. What have usually been considered seeds, in 
 the large family of Composita3, are, in fact, single-seeded 
 fruits invested with the tube of the calyx, the limb of 
 which assumes a variety of shapes, called pappus, as you 
 have already learned (386). In the Clematis, tho styles 
 are remarkably prolonged and plumose, and they are also 
 conspicuous in some of the Sedges. A vertical section 
 of the fruit from one of this family is shown at fig. 16. 
 The dark-colored albumen, or nucleus of the seed, is seen, 
 with its integument, which is separable from the invest- 
 ing pericarp, and its minute embrj-o at the base. This 
 structure clearly demonstrates the true nature of the 
 achenium, especially by the addition of the long st3'les 
 which show that it has a real pistil, and therefore is a true 
 fruit. At fig. 20 is an achenium of the Fumitory. The 
 Strawberry, Blackberry, and Raspberry, are not, strictly 
 speaking, simple, but aggregate fruits. 
 
 484. The Caryopsis is a dry, thin, and membranaceous 
 pericarp, investing the seed so closely, as to be insepara- 
 ble from it ; and in the last respect it difiers from the 
 achenium. The grains of Wheat, Rye, Maize, and most 
 Grasses, furnish examples. At fig. 1 1 you will see a fruit 
 of this kind in the Oat grain. All such fruits have been 
 considered seeds, but by examining them in the early 
 state, and especially by the attachment of the styles, we 
 find that they are really composed of the expanded ovary, 
 and therefore fruits. 
 
 485. A Nut is a hard, dry, indehiscent pericarp, 
 usually composed of two or more carpels, with one or 
 more ovules in each, but reduced to one by suppression, 
 as in the Beech and Oak. The Nut is often inclosed by 
 
 Raspberry — the Fennel tribe? Name tho division between tlic compound 
 fruit in the last. What, properly speaking, aro the Strawberry and like I'ruiU? 
 
THE SEED. 
 
 85 
 
 a kind of involucre, as in tlie burr of the Chestnut, and 
 tlio cupule of the Oak, fig. 8. 
 
 486. The Samara may he termed either a nut or 
 achenium, with a winged margin, as in the Birch. The 
 fruit of the Maple, fig. 14, is a twinned samara. 
 
 487. The Pyxis is a capsule, opening transversely by 
 .. kind of lid, as in the Scarlet Pimpernel, fig. 7. 
 
 MULTIPLE OR COLLECTIVE FRUITS. 
 
 488. These are usually produced from a dense assem- 
 blage of flowers, united with their envelopes, and seated 
 on a more or less convex and elongated receptacle, the 
 whole mass of which, generally becoming more -or less 
 pulpy and edible, forms the fruit. They are either fleshy, 
 as in the Bread-fruit and Pine-apple ; pulpy and juicy, as 
 in the Mulberry ; or composed of dry and scaly bracts, 
 covering one or more naked seeds, as in the fruit of Pines. 
 
 489. The Fio is a multiple fruit, composed of nume- 
 rous flowers inserted on a hollow receptacle, by which 
 they are completely inclosed. What are called the seeds 
 are, in fact, achenia, with their persistent style and stigma. 
 
 490. The character of the Fig is completely re- 
 versed in the Mulberry, which has been compared to a 
 Fig turned inside out. 
 
 491. The Cone (strohilum) is composed of dry or 
 horny scales, each of which forms an open carpel, bearing 
 one or more naked seeds, as in the Pines, fig. 4, Plate 
 XXVIII. The fruit of the Hop, fig. 2, is a cone, with 
 dry, membranaceous scales. 
 
 492. The Pine-apple, fig. 1, is nearly related to the 
 cone in structure, the chief difference seeming to be that 
 the latter has neglected the development of pulp. The 
 bracts at the summit of the Pine-apple, not being ex- 
 hausted, like those below, by the production of pulp, be- 
 come expanded. 
 
 493. The adhesion of two flowers sometimes forms a 
 double or twinned fruit, as in the beautiful little Par- 
 tridge-berry of our woods, and several species of Honey- 
 suckle. The principal difference between Multiple and 
 Aggregate fruits is, that the former are produced from 
 an assemblage of many flowers, the latter from a single 
 flower. At figs. 3 and 6 are fruits of a Moss and a 
 species of Fern. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 THE SEED. 
 
 Difference between Multiple and A^j^egate fruits? Instances of each. How 
 are twinned fruits formed ? Instances. 
 
 Ocueral subject Elementary Composition. Parts. Which sometimes 
 wanting? Name the Integuments. What is the outer commonly called— the 
 Inner? Describe thoEpisperm. How in the Milk-weed — the Cotton plant? 
 
 494. Elementary Composition. — The seed consists 
 of cells, and the nutritive substances which are stored 
 up in them, for the nourishment of the young plant. 
 
 495. Structure of the Seed. — The seed usually is 
 composed of three parts, the Integuments, the Albumen, 
 and the Embryo. The second of these is sometimes wanting. 
 
 496. The Integuments. — The external or proper 
 seed-coat is called the Episperm, or more commonly the 
 Testa, and the inner is the Endosperm, or Tegmen. In a 
 section from the seed of the Pea, fig. 10, te is the episperm, 
 e the endosperm, c the fleshy cotyledon, andgr the embryo. 
 
 497. The Episperm. — This membrane exhibits a 
 great variety of forms, colors, and degrees of smoothness. 
 It is winged in the seeds of the Trumpet-flower and the 
 Pine tribe, as in flg. 7, which represents a seed of the 
 Fir — ^bony in the Nutmeg ; and in many plants it is fur- 
 nished with a hairy .appendage, which by rendering the 
 seeds buoyant, or attaching them to other bodies, aids in 
 their dispersion. In the Silkweed it is covered with a 
 tuft of hairs called the coma ; and in the Cotton-plant 
 the whole seed is enveloped by a soft wool, which gives 
 its name and economical value to the plant. A single 
 fibre of cotton is seen at fig. 13, and one of wool at 14, 
 both greatly magnified, and showing the difierence of 
 structure. The pappus of the Compositse should not be 
 confounded with the hair that invests the seed, it being, 
 in fact, the calyx, and an appendage of the pericarp itself. 
 
 498. The Endosperm is the inner integument, but 
 is often so strongly adherent to the episperm as to be in- 
 distinguishable from it ; and sometimes it is not present. 
 It is seen at e, fig. 10, while at te is the episperm. 
 
 499. The Nucleus, or kernel, is the essential part of 
 the seed, and consists of the Albumen, when that sub- 
 stance is present, and the Embryo. About the time of 
 flowering the nucleus becomes hollow ; and after fertiliza- 
 tion the embryo is deposited in the cavity. The integu- 
 ments of the ovule are open at the summit of the nucleus ; 
 and through this opening, which is called the Foramen, 
 or Mycropyle, the fertilizing influence of the pollen is 
 admitted to the nucleus. This point, which is seen at m, 
 in fig. 10, always indicates the root end of the embryo. 
 The Chalaza, ch, is that point through which the fibrous 
 vessels, rap, communicate between the nucleus and the 
 integuments. 
 
 Distinction between seed-down, and Pappus. Describe Endosperm— is it al- 
 ways present — apparent ? Essential part of the seed — of what consist — ^liow 
 about the time of flowering — what after fertilization ? Opening at the summit 
 of the Nucleus — its synonym — oflice— position ? Name the utalk of the seed. 
 
86 
 
 FEUIT AND SEED. 
 
 Plate XXVIII 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 General subject What fruits at figs. ], 2, find 4 ? Are tliey Simple or 
 Multiple? What leaves at the summit of fig. 1? What fruits at flgs. 8 and 6 ? 
 What is shown in flgs. 6. 8, and 12 1 Which tlie most common form ? Ex- 
 plain fig. 10, and define its parts. Explain flg. 9. Point out the Plaoentie— the 
 
 Funiculas— the Ililum. What at flg. 15— what in lis cells? What do flgs. 16 
 and 20 represent ? Explain the parts— ligs. 17 and 19. Explain. What at fig 
 11 ? Describe flgs. 18 and 14. Which of these fruit forma have no seed ? What 
 kindofseedatfig. 7? 
 
THE SEED. 
 
 87 
 
 500. The Funiculus is the stalk of the seed. It is 
 seen at / in the figure, and is always conspicuous in the 
 Bean and Pea. It is through this part that the ovule 
 receives nourishment from the placenta. The sear form- 
 ed by the separation of the seed is called the Hilum ; 
 and this also is conspicuous in the two tribes of plants 
 just referred to, where it is called the eye. 
 
 501. The Albumen consists of the nutritive tissue 
 which has been elaborated, and becomes persistent in the 
 cells of the ovule. It is composed of a floury, starchy, 
 or farinaceous substance, as in Wheat, Maize, and the 
 other cereal grains ; it is oily in the Sun-flower and 
 Walnut, mucillaginous in the Mallow, and leathery in 
 tTie Coffee. By this you will perceive that it is not the 
 simple substance which chemists have named Vegetable 
 Albumen. It contains, in fact, nutritious matter of va- 
 rious kinds, for the support of the young plant, which 
 absorbs, or feeds on it during germination, or until it is 
 able to elaborate food for itself. In the cereal grains it 
 constitutes almost the entire seed ; but in the leguminous 
 plants, as the Pea and Bean, it is wholly wanting, its 
 place being supplied by the greatly thickened cotyledons, 
 which are composed of an equally nutritive substance 
 termed legumine (69). The situation of the cotyledon is 
 seen at co in fig. 19, and you will perceive that it is iden- 
 tical with that of the albumen, as illustrated by the 
 Sedge, fig. 18. 
 
 502. The Embryo being the ultimate end of all 
 vegetation, it must be the important and essential part, 
 for the production, support, and growth of which, all 
 other parts, principles, and powers of the whole plant 
 have been elaborated and exhausted. It contains, in a 
 rudimental state, all the organs proper to its species, and 
 becomes a plant by the development of parts already 
 formed, and not by a new formation. The primordial 
 leaves (118), and the initial stem, are often distinct in 
 the embryo ; and they are conspicuous in the Garden 
 Bean and Pea-nut, as at fig. 1 1. In the small figure at the 
 right hand is seen the young plantlet, with its delicately 
 folded leaves. The Embryo is usually a straight, club- 
 shaped body, as at fig. 12 ; but it is sometimes variously 
 curved, as at figs. 5 and 8. 
 
 503. The Aril is a partial covering investing some 
 seeds. It is developed either from the funiculus or the 
 placenta, and is fleshy or cartillaginous in texture. It 
 
 The scar it leaves— what called in tbo Bean ? Of what does Albumen con- 
 sist ? Where largely developed ? How is it in the Sun-flower — Butter nut — 
 Coffee— Mallow ? What does it contain ? Is it present in the Pea and Bean ? 
 By what supplied f Office of the Albumen ? Is it a simple substance ? To 
 the production of what part have all the parts and powers of the plant contri- 
 buted? Why? What does it contain — how become a plant— its usual shape — 
 
 forms the pulpy envelope of the seed in Mandrake, and 
 in the Roxbury Wax-work it is the scarlet pulp that en- 
 velopes the orange-colored seed. The lacerated covering _ 
 of the Nutmeg is a fine example of the aril. In many 
 seeds this appendage is a mere scale, and in many more 
 it is wholly wanting. 
 
 GERMINATION. 
 
 504. This term, as you have already learned (122), 
 denotes the first vital action of the seed, by which it is 
 developed into root, stem and leaves, or the organs of a 
 new plant. ' The circumstances most favorable to germi- 
 nation are, a moderate temperature (in our climate rang- 
 ing from 50° to 60° of Fahr.), air, moisture, and obscu- 
 ration or absence of light. But plants will germinate in 
 much higher and lower degrees than those mentioned. 
 In the Polar regions, certain plants will put forth their 
 hardy germs under arches of ice, which not only shelter 
 them, but admit the sunbeams ; and the Chickweed of 
 our own climate will germinate in a temperature but just 
 above the freezing point ; while tropical plants require 
 more than 100° of heat. 
 
 505. The effect of water is not only to soften the 
 coat of the seed, so as to expand the nucleus, and free it 
 from its integuments by bursting them, but it dissolves 
 the nutritive substances it finds present, and becomes the 
 vehicle of others. It also conveys oxygen, the presence 
 of which is essential. By help of this, the carbonic acid 
 is decomposed, the carbon set free, and the starch, dex- 
 trine, and other nutritive substances, are converted into 
 saccharine matter, by which the embryo is directly nour- 
 ished. Oxjgen is also conducted by the air, which is 
 another essential agent ; for no plant can germinate with- 
 out it. The active agents of germination are, then. Heat, 
 Moisture, Oxygen, and Air ; and a negative condition, 
 also necessary, is the absence of light. All these cir- 
 cumstances are often founds a state of nature, where the 
 seeds drop from the parent plant, bury themselves in the 
 soil, and germinate, as in all cases of spontaneous pro- 
 duction. But the ingenuity and intelligence of man 
 secure to cultivated species the most favorable conditions, 
 and thus multiply the chances in their favor, 
 
 506. When the radicle is protruded from its integu- 
 ments, the lower extremity descends into the soil, the 
 plumule, or opposite extremity, rises into the air, and 
 puts forth leaves, while the radicle itself is stretched, or 
 
 other forms ? Describe the Aril. Instances. What is the first vital act in a 
 plant? Most favorable circumstances. What temperature in our climate — in 
 the torrid zone— frigid ? Mechanical effects of water — Chemical effects ? What 
 other agent conducts oxygen ? Active aeenta required in germination — ^what 
 negative condition ? Alter protrusion how are the extreme points of tho 
 radicle moved ? 
 
88 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANT. 
 
 extended in its whole length, and forms the stem. The 
 young plant is nourished hy albumen, starch, and other 
 nutritious substances contained in the seed, until it has 
 developed a root and leaves, when it becomes entirely 
 self-dependent, procures its own food, and elaborates the 
 substance of its own tissues. But as starch is insoluble 
 in cold water (57), and the vegetable tissues cannot take 
 up solid particles, this highly nutritive substance, being 
 acted on by certain azotized substances contained in the 
 seed (71), is decomposed, and converted first into dex- 
 trine, which, you will remember, is soluble in cold water, 
 and then into sugar. In most dicotyledonous plants, 
 the cotyledons rise out of the ground, and, expanding 
 into a pair of thickened leaves, as in the Garden Bean, 
 fig. 16, contribute to the nourishment of the young plant, 
 not only by their fleshy substance, but by developing 
 chlorophylle (65). The germination of a monocotyledonous 
 plant is well shown in the Oat, fig. 19, and the Maize, fig. 
 1 7 ; and that of a Dicotyledonous plant at fig. 1 6. 
 
 507. The periods that elapse between the times of 
 planting and germination in seeds, range from a few days 
 to two years. Cabbage will germinate, in two days, 
 the Turnip in three. Grasses in a week, Hyssop in a 
 month, some Pines in a year, and the Holly in two 
 years. 
 
 508. Since the facts of this chapter embrace many 
 principles which are dry and difficult in their very na- 
 ture, they may be made more familiar by reviewing them 
 collectively. The Seed consists of a Nucleus and its 
 Integuments. The external Integument is the Episperm, 
 the interior one the Endosperm, the latte)i not always 
 being present. The parts of the Nucleus are the Albu- 
 men and Embryo, the albumen not always present. The 
 opening in the integuments of the ovule is the Foramen ; 
 the part to which it is attached is the placenta ; the stalk 
 which unites it to the placenta is the Funiculus ; the 
 base of the ovary which is joined to the funiculus, and in 
 separating leaves a scar, is the Hilum ; and the point 
 from which are sent off nutritive vessels between the 
 nucleus and its integuments is the Chalaza. The nu- 
 cleus receives the influence of the pollen through the 
 foramen, and its nourishment from the placenta, through 
 the funiculus. In fig. 10, which represents a vertical 
 section of the Garden Pea, g is the embryo, t its common 
 axis, r the radicle, m is the foramen, te the episperm, e 
 the endosperm, c the fleshy cotyledon, ch the chalaza, 
 
 Is the Primary A.xi? Eoirt or Stem (115) ? By wliat is tiro young plant 
 nourished — how long? Why will not the vegetable tissues take up starch? 
 Under what form will they do so ? In what plants do the Cotyledons rise out 
 of ground— "What form— liow useful ? How soon will the Cabbage plant ger- 
 minate—Turnip — Gratses- Fines — Holly? Recapitulate. Y/hat circum- 
 
 rap the nutritive vessels, and pi the placenta. The 
 cells containing albumen and starch are seen in the seed 
 of Rye, fig. 15. At fig. 9 is seen the whole fruit of the 
 Pea. Its parts have lately been explained. Recall 
 them. 
 
 DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS. 
 
 509. Blany circumstances assist in this great work. 
 The plumose appendages of the Compositse, of which the 
 Thistle-down is a familiar instance, waft the seeds through 
 the air, often to a great distance. A seed of the Robin's 
 Plantain, one of this Order, was carried across the At- 
 lantic in a stufied bird, about the middle of the seven- 
 teenth century, and now it has overspread all Europe. 
 A similar instance of exotic dissemination is furnished 
 by the Cardoon Thistle, which is native of Southern 
 Europe and Northern Africa. The seeds of this plant 
 having been conveyed by some means to La Plata, its 
 progeny have overspread the great Pampas of the Cordil- 
 leras, for nearly two hundred miles in eveiy direction. 
 They cover whole tracts so closely with their stout stems 
 and spinescent leaves, that no animal can get through the 
 impenetrable barrier, which is sufiioient to repel an in- 
 vading army. The seeds of many others of the Compos- 
 itse are furnished with hooks and spines, which adhere to 
 the fur of animals, and to other bodies ; while those of 
 the Ash, Beech, and Maple, spread their wings, and fly 
 abroad on the same great errand. River and ocean cur- 
 rents also assist in the dispersion of seeds. Those of the 
 Cocoa-nut and Mahogany are transported from tropical 
 America to the North Cape, and many others make 
 similar voyages. Some flowers, as the Balsamine, fig. 9, 
 have elastic pericarps, which in bursting scatter the seeds 
 at a considerable distance. Seeds are also carried in the 
 stomachs of birds, or they are stored up by animals for 
 their winter food, and thus planted at a distance from 
 the parent soil ; and in this way forest trees are often 
 propagated. Even little children, as with their light 
 breath they blow away the downy seeds of the Thistle 
 and Dandelion, or slyly fasten the hooked Burdock fruits 
 in each other's clothes and hair, are unconsciously assist- 
 ing in this great work of the Creator. 
 
 LONGEVITY OF SEEDS. 
 
 510. Some seeds lose their vitality almost as soon as 
 they fall from the plant, but many are very tenacious of 
 life. The seeds of Grasses often preserve their vitality 
 for a long period. Maize and Rye will germinate after 
 
 stances assist in dissemination of seeds? How in tlio Compositai— tlie Balsam- 
 ine— AVingttd seeds? What effect liave river and ocean currents— birds— 
 quadrupeds- sports of children ? Fact of Robin's Plaintain — of the Cardoon 
 Tliiitle? Comparative longcxity of seeds? How in Grasses, Maize, and I'.vi.. 
 
SENSIBILITY OF PLANTS. 
 
 89 
 
 thirty or forty years, and Kidney-Beans retain their life- 
 principle for a century. Seeds with hard and thick covers, 
 or crusts, generally keep much longer ; while those of 
 fleshy and pulpy fruits are extremely perishahle. Dr. 
 Lindley, the great Botanist, raised raspberry plants from 
 seeds which were taken from the stomach of a man, whose 
 skeleton was found thirty feet below the surface of the 
 earth. The body had been buried with some coins of 
 the Emperor Hadrian, and it is probable that the seeds 
 were about seventeen hundred years old. When a deep 
 layer of earth is turned up to the air, seeds which have 
 been buried from times unknown will germinate, and often 
 present entirely different species from any in the neigh- 
 borhood. Within a few years, grains of wheat, obtained 
 from the Egyptian catacombs, wh«re they had lain not 
 less than three thousand years, have been planted in 
 England, germinated, and produced abundantly. 
 
 511. Thus does the All-Gtood, the All-Wise, guard 
 the life that he gives, not only by throwing around it in- 
 numerable barriers, but by placing its whole force and 
 power in direct antagonism with Death, so that all its 
 instincts and constitutional tendencies repel decay, and 
 to the last moment resist dissolution. 
 
 CHAPTEK XXXI. 
 
 SENSIBILITY OP PLANTS. 
 
 512, Certain motions are observed in plants, which, 
 as they are not to be referred to the operation of any 
 mechanical laws, must be attributed to the existing 
 vitality under the influence of peculiar conditions, or to 
 the presence of a certain sensibility, which plants as 
 well as animals inherit by virtue of their life. But the 
 latter being destitute of muscular fibre, have nothing in 
 common with that property in animals which has been 
 defined as voluntary motion ; yet they often exhibit 
 movements which have a certain correspondence with it. 
 These are of two kinds, general and special. The first 
 belong to all plants ; the last only to certain Orders, 
 Tribes, or Individuals. Among the first may be reckon- 
 ed the universal determination of the Root to descend, 
 and of the Stem to ascend in germination, the turning of 
 the upper surface of leaves to the light, and the tendency 
 to exhibit as much of the plant as possible to the influence 
 of that highly vitalizing power, in the position both of 
 
 Seeds with hard crusts ? Eaapberries of Dr. Lindley. Wlioat from the Cata- 
 combs 1 Relate eacli. What guards of Life f 
 
 General subject. To what are certain motions to be referred — not to be re- 
 ferred f Of what animal property are plants destitute ? What do they have 
 corresponding with it ? What kinds of sensibility f DeSne oaeh class, with 
 
 12 
 
 leaves and branches, which evidently seek to expand 
 themselves to the light always, and are especially di 
 rected towards it in obscured situations. Vertical leavea 
 (252) hardly form an exception to this, because their 
 surfaces being alike, they are equally acted on by the 
 light, and their motions are not observed. To the second 
 class may be referred the closing of flowers at particular 
 hours of the day, the folding of both leaves and flowers 
 at night, or in cloudy weather, the many curious move- 
 ments for the dispersion of the seed and pollen, and vari- 
 ous other phenomena which will now be defined. 
 
 513. Motions caused by Light. — The leaves of 
 many plants, and especially those of a pinnate form, as- 
 sume certain positions with the decline of day. These 
 motions, which are exceedingly varied and beautiful, 
 cannot be mechanical, for the leaflets generally bend up- 
 ward, or forward, as in one leaf at Plate XXIX., flg. 5 ; 
 and this, as it may easily be seen, is not a position they 
 would fall into by their own weight. Plants with very 
 delicately winged (279) or ternate (281) leaves, appear 
 more sensible to this influence, such as the White Locust 
 tree and the Wood-Sorrel, both of which afford fine sub- 
 jects for studying these curious phenomena. The sensi- 
 bility appears to reside in the joint of the leaf-stalk, 
 which is usually bent down in the nocturnal position, the 
 mode of folding being always imiform in any given spe- 
 cies. These habits, collectively, were by Linnaeus poeti- 
 cally denominated the " Sleep of Plants." 
 
 514. Papilionaceous Flowers (403) expand their 
 wings to the air and light in fine weather ; but many of 
 the tribe close their petals at night, and in cloudy wea- 
 ther, some of them receiving additional shelter by the 
 folding over them of their pinnate leaves. The Tamarind 
 tree, which belongs to this family, is thus doubly enfolded 
 by its protecting organs. The Lettuce, Dandelion, and 
 many of the Compositae, have the same habit. Our 
 common White Pond-lily rises and expands with the 
 sun ; but on the approach of night closes its numerous 
 petals and sinks below the surface, to rise and re-expand 
 them on the following morning ; and this it continues to 
 do until the germ is fertilized, and the flowers fall. The 
 celebrated Lotus of Egypt, which is seen at fig. 4, was 
 described by Theophrastus and Pliny as having the same 
 habit, and it is found in the same genus. The Victoria 
 Regia of Gruiana, belongs to a nearly allied genus, and is 
 the largest Water Lily known. It is seen at fig. 9 with 
 
 instances. Motions caused by light What leaves most sensible to its influ- 
 ence — how affected at night-fall — in what part does the sensibility reside? 
 Instances. What term applied by LinniEus ? How are Papilionaceous flowers 
 affected ? How the Composittn ? Instances. Habit of the Water-Lilies— de- 
 fine. Describe Victoria Eegria 
 
90 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 its immense leaves, where the pelican and sand-piper 
 walk, and fish without wetting their feet, and monstrous 
 serpents coil themselves amid the rank verdure of those 
 great solitudes, that nurture at the same time the most 
 beautiful and the most terrible forms. 
 
 515. The Evening Primrose begins to unfold its 
 flowers directly after sunset. The leaves of the calyx 
 burst and fly open, with an audible report, emitting at 
 the same time a very agreeable odor. The straw-colored 
 petals unfold themselves more deliberately ; and the 
 flower fades during the next day. The Morning Glory 
 and some of the Portulucca and Cistus tribes open with 
 the early dawn, and close at evening; the Mirabilis 
 generally is out about the middle of the afternoon, 
 whence its common name of Eour-o'clook ; while the 
 flower of the Goat's-beard regularly expands in the 
 morning without regard to the weather, and closes about 
 twelve o'clock ; and for this reason is called Go-to-bed- 
 at-noon. Many species of Trefoil in plants of the Clover 
 tribe fold their leaves on the approach of a storm. The 
 Chick-weed {Anagallis) closes its flowers, while the Sow- 
 thistles open theirs on the approach of a storm. Many 
 other instances might be given ; but you will seek them 
 for your own benefit, which will thus be greatly en- 
 hanced. 
 
 516. Motions CAUSED by Touch. — One of the most 
 remarkable instances of this kind is the Sensitive Plant 
 (llimosa), which is represented in fig. 3. If one of the 
 leaflets be touched, it seems to shrink from the hand, and 
 rising with its corresponding leaflet, each closes on its 
 mid-vein (863), and the pair being folded together, the 
 motion is communicated to the adjacent pairs, as at the 
 left hand in fig. 3, until the whole leaf is folded, when it 
 sinks down on its stalk, as in the right-hand part of the 
 figure. The Venus' Fly-trap {Dionaa) exhibits a very 
 remarkable instance of irritability. If an insect alight 
 on the blade of the leaf, which is thickly fringed with 
 strong bristles, the two sides of the leaf suddenly spring 
 together, the bristles cross and interlock each other, like 
 the teeth of a steel-trap, the fly is imprisoned, and by 
 its struggles to escape it is only bound more closely ; nor 
 will the prison open until the fly is dead, The stamens 
 of the Barberry, in the mature state, are so exceedingly 
 irritable, that if you touch the base of the filament with 
 the point of a pin or penknife, it instantly springs toward 
 the pistil, and discharges its pollen. In this manner, 
 the feet of insects contribute to the work of fertilization. 
 
 The motions of the stamens in the Mountain Laurel, and 
 some others, are to be ascribed to mechanical means, tho 
 anthers of the Laurel being confined in their little cavities 
 or cells of the corolla by a glutinous substance, which is 
 absorbed by the anther as it approaches maturity ; and 
 when no longer held, like a strained how, they restore 
 themselves by an elastic movement, and thus scatter the 
 pollen in the direction of the stigma. The elastic motions 
 of certain fruits, as the Balsamine and Squirting Cucum- 
 ber, are also imputed to mechanical agency, rather than 
 irritability. 
 
 517. Spontaneous Movements. — A species of Tre- 
 foil [Desmodium, gyrans) exhibits the most remarkable 
 motions of this kind. Its two small lateral leaflets, as 
 seen in fig. 1, are in constant motion day and night, ex- 
 hibiting constantly a series of violent little jerks, one 
 rising while the other falls ; but the large terminal leaf- 
 let is not affected by these motions, for it only changes its 
 position, like the leaves in most of its tribe, at night, 
 restoring itself in the morning. Cold, and especially the 
 application of cold water, will for a time arrest these 
 curious movements, but they are renewed with the return 
 of warmth. Several other plants exhibit similar phe- 
 nomena. 
 
 518. Movements of Spores. — Many of these, espe- 
 cially in the lower orders of Algae, exhibit very remark- 
 able peculiarities of motion. In some instances they 
 swim about in the water, vibrating their cilia with very 
 curious and rapid motions, not unlike those of some of 
 the lower Polypes, until they are ready to germinate, 
 when they fix themselves, and begin to grow. 
 
 519. Effect op Poisons. — That plants really pos- 
 sess sensibility analogous to that of animals, is shown by 
 the eifect of poisons. Not only will mineral poisons, on 
 being absorbed by the root, produce death by corroding 
 the tissues ; but vegetable poisons will also destroy life, 
 without altering the tissues. Yet there is nothing like 
 the nervous system of animals to be foimd in the vege- 
 table constitution. The poison must act through this 
 sensibility, which represents or shadows forth the nervous 
 system of animals, and which, like it, is found to be 
 affected in various lower degrees by stimulants and nar- 
 cotics. 
 
 When and how does the Evening Primrose unfold ? Cistus— PorLuiacca- 
 Morning-Glory — Mirabilis — Gnafs-ijeard. What common names applied? 
 What plants close before a storm? What keep open ? What plants alTected 
 by touch ? Describe the process in Mimosa. Describe the irritability in 
 
 Ycuus' Fly-trap — ^in tho Darbcn-y. To what may that of tho ^fountain Laurel 
 and some others bo referred? Describe spontaneous motions. Remarkable 
 instance. Describe. liow in the Algm? IIow do mineral poisons affect plant? 
 — vegetable poisons — what does it prove ? 
 
GEOGKAPHICAL DISTEIBtrTION OF PLANTS. 
 
 91 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 GEOGEAPniCAL DISTEIBUTIOST OP PLANTS. 
 
 520. Matkkials of this very interesting and impor- 
 tant branch of the science have been gathering since the 
 days of the early Botanists ; for among the scientific ob- 
 servations which they made and recorded, was that of the 
 place where a new plant was found. In the year 1 700, 
 Tourneforte, who had been sent to Greece and Asia Mi- 
 nor for the purpose of scientific observation and discovery, 
 noticed, while ascending Mount Ararat, that gradations 
 of temperature occurred, similar to what he had observed 
 in travelling from the Levant to Lapland ; and in that 
 observation the great fact was developed, that height 
 above the sea has the same effect on temperature as dis- 
 tance from the equator ; and hence that the mountains 
 of torrid climes will exhibit the climatic conditions of 
 every zone. About the year 1806, Humboldt, while in- 
 vestigating the relations between the distribution of 
 plants and the temperature of climates, conceived the 
 ingenious idea of connecting all those countries of the 
 same mean temperature, by what he termed Isothermal 
 Lines, or lines of equal heat. He found that while they 
 sometimes diverge greatly from lines of latitude, they 
 form far better boundaries of vegetation than any lines 
 which merely indicate distance from the equator. About 
 the same time, Adanson observed that there are few, if 
 any. Umbelliferous plants in the tropics ; and from this, 
 observations continued to be made, with still increasing 
 accuracy, until the earth was mapped out into distinct 
 regions, or Floras, which often bear the names of their 
 definers. Of these let us now take a brief survey. 
 
 521. Of the 11 0,000 plants known, the greater portion 
 are indigenous to tropical America. Europe contains 
 about half the number ; Asia, with its islands, less than 
 Europe ; New Holland and the Pacific islands still less ; 
 and Africa fewest of all. One curious fact has been ob- 
 served, that similar forms, yet not identical species, are 
 often found in corresponding latitudes of difierent coun- 
 tries. Thus the Cacti of tropical America, not a single 
 species of which is indigenous to the Old World, are re- 
 presented by the leafless Spurge-worts of the correspond- 
 ing parched and torrid regions in the East. The Euro- 
 pean Daisy is not to be found in all America, while its 
 place is supplied by various species of Aster, some of 
 
 General subject How long have its mateiials been accumulating? What 
 observation generally recorded ? Observation of Tourneforte— when made ? 
 Define. Idea of Humboldt— define — when conceived 1 Observation of Adan- 
 son. What progress since ? How many plants known ? Of these how many 
 fijund in Tropical America — Europe— Asia and its islands— New Holland and 
 the Pacific islands— Africa ? What curious fact observed? Instances. Of 
 which continent is Heath a native ? What nearly allied genns- whore found ? 
 
 them closely resembling it, and belonging to the same 
 Order. Again, the Heath-tribes overspread the whole 
 Eastern continent, only leaping over the torrid portion, 
 from the southern point of Africa to the frigid region of 
 the North Cape ; while not a single species is to bo 
 found in all America. Yet most others of the genera 
 belonging to the same Order (Ericaceae) are far more 
 numerous than they are in the Old World. Several of 
 these are peculiar to the New ; and one tribe in particular 
 — the Whortleberry tribe — is very widely and profusely 
 scattered. Islands generally have the vegetation of the 
 nearest continents; but if far from the mainland, they are 
 marked by a peculiar vegetation. St. Helena, standing 
 alone in the midst of the ocean, out of sixty-one indige- 
 nous plants, has only two or three that are to be found 
 elsewhere. Few social plants, such as the Grasses and 
 Heaths, are to be met with in the torrid zone. The most 
 favorable conditions of the Grape are found between 30° 
 and 45° of north latitude, and there the best wines are 
 made. Wheat is cultivated as far north as 60° ; but in 
 the torrid zone, it will not form an ear at less than 4500 
 feet above the sea. Different seas also have their pecu- 
 liar vegetation. Such vast quantities of a certain species, 
 called Gulf-weed, are produced in the Gulf of Mexico, 
 that banks are formed, through which it is difficult for 
 ships to pass ; and shallow seas have different plants 
 from those which are deeper and colder. 
 
 522. The Arctic Floka {Region of Wahlenherg). 
 — This comprehends all the countries within the Polar 
 circle. It extends from the region of eternal snows, or 
 the summits of high mountains, down to the limits of the 
 growth of trees, and is distinguished by the tufted forms 
 of its plants, which often have large and conspicuous 
 flowers, as the Poppy and Crowfoot, and by the entire 
 absence of trees. In the extreme north of this region, 
 the dreary snow-plains are sometimes overspread for 
 miles with the Protoooccus, whose carmine bloom tinges 
 the sparry surface with the warm glow of sunset. Here, 
 too, before the short summer appears, other plants are 
 seen vegetating under the snow. They melt the snow in 
 immediate contact with themselves, the upper strata of 
 which being thus converted into a transparent sheet of 
 ice, through which the beams of the sun shine freely, 
 form a kind of natural hothouse. Thus protected from 
 the fiercer cold, the plants continue to flourish until the 
 
 What vegetation have islands generally — when far from main land — St. Helena ? 
 In what zone are few social plants ? Most favorable condition of the Grape ? 
 How far north is Wheat cultivated ? How low on mountains of the torrid zono 
 will it form an car ? Do all seas have the same kind of vegetation ? What 
 of the Gulf of Mexico ? What other diiferences ? The Arctic Plora — whose re- 
 gion » Define its limits— by what distinguished ? What red-flowering plant ? 
 Natural hothouses. 
 
92 
 
 ANAXYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 ctains of Winter are broken, and the transient summer 
 appears. Lichens and Mosses are abundant ; and this is 
 styled the Region of Mosses and Saxifrages. In the 
 southern part of this zone, on the extreme limits of cul- 
 ture, in Lapland, Barley is grown. 
 
 523. Region of LiNNiEus. — This imites with the 
 last at the line where Birches, in the form of low shrubs 
 or bushes, begin to appear, gradually becoming more like 
 arborescent forms, until Pines and their kindred tribes 
 are mingled with them, giving their name to the region, 
 which is often called the Zone of Conifers. It includes 
 all Northern Asia and Europe, except what was taken up 
 by the last. Firs, Pines, and Larches, form immense 
 tracts of forest land; deciduous trees (315), as we ad- 
 vance, are intermingled with these ; the Willow and Al- 
 der, with a variety of Sedges, skirt the brook-sides ; the 
 Cranberry flourishes in boggy soils, and the Cloudberry 
 and Currant in more genial situations. The Reindeer 
 Lichen and Iceland Moss, which is also a Lichen, over- 
 spread the dry hills ; and along with the tufted vegeta- 
 tion of the extreme North, appear the Cress and Fennel 
 tribes, with some of the Compositas, as the Dandelion and 
 Lettuce. In the lower regions of Lapland and Siberia, 
 Rye appears beside the Barley, but is confined to favor- 
 able seasons. In Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia, 
 it is the staple bread corn, and Buckwheat is cultivated 
 to a considerable extent. Again, in the north of England 
 and Germany Wheat appears, and thence southward is the 
 chief grain cultivated over that large tract of the continent 
 stretching away to the Caspian Sea. In the neighbor- 
 hood of Drontheim, a city of Norway, 270 miles north- 
 west of Stockholm, fruits begin to be cultivated. Soon 
 after this the Oak appears, and vegetation gradually ex- 
 pands into a rich and varied Flora, marked by the luxuri- 
 ant Meadows and broad Heaths of England, the Moors of 
 Scotland, and the Salt Steppes of Russia. In Zealand, 
 the beautiful and fertile island on which the capital of 
 Denmark is situated, the first woods of Beech appear, 
 and Rye is accompanied by Wheat. In about the lati- 
 tude of Frankfort-on-the-Mainc, the noble Chestnut is 
 first met with ; and the Lime, Elm, and other deciduous 
 trees, beautify the scene. The Hop, Clematis, and Ivy, 
 foreshadow the climbers of the tropics ; the dense and 
 gloomy shadow of furzes is alternated by verdant mea- 
 
 VThat other name of the region? "Where does Barley first appear? Name 
 of the next zone— whoso region ? Define its limits. By what chiefly di.-tin- 
 guishcd? What Licliens? What other plants? What grain appears beside 
 theliarley? In what countries is Eyo the staple bread corn? What other 
 bread corn also cultivated? Where does "Wheat first appear? Where do 
 Fruits begin to be cultivated ? Where docs tho Oak first appear — the first 
 Beech woods— the Chestnut— the Lime and Elm ? What climbers— and what 
 do they prefigure ? What great changes in vegetation ? What plant with pur- 
 
 dows and richly cultivated fields; extensive vineyards 
 ripen their purple clusters in the mellowing sunbeams ; 
 Man has usurped the dominion of Nature ; and a general 
 cultivation, at least of the European side, is manifest. 
 But we have reached the southern limits of this zone, and 
 in crossing the great natural barrier of Caucasus and the 
 Alps, we arrive at the 
 
 524. Zone of Evergreen Woods {the Region 
 of De CandoUe). — It is distinguished by the abundance 
 of evergreen trees, with coriaceous or shining leaves, as 
 the Orange and Myrtle, which are intermingled with the 
 graceful Palmetto of the tropics, and the Mint and Pink 
 tribes among herbaceous plants. The Narcissus and 
 Hyacinth bloom in spring ; the clambering Vine hangs 
 its purpling fruit among the glossy foliage of the woods ; 
 and the gorgeous Trumpet-flower, equally aspiring, relieves 
 the deep shadow with its flaming tubes. Here Wheat is 
 the principal bread corn, and is accompanied by Maize ; 
 the Olive and Grape attain their highest perfection, and 
 some of the tropical fruits begin to be cultivated in the 
 open air. This region embraces Southern Switzerland, 
 Southern France, Spain, with all the great Basin stretch- 
 ing away from the Alps to the Atlas, including the three 
 peninsulas of Southern Europe, Northern Africa as far 
 as the Deserts, a considerable portion of Asia Minor, the 
 Canaries, and the Azores. 
 
 525. Japanese Region. — The temperate regions of 
 Asia, including China, Chinese Tartary, and Japan, pro- 
 bably form a peculiar region, but their Flora is little 
 known. What facts have come to light show a resem- 
 blance to the New World not less than to the Old. We 
 find also a growing likeness to the tropical and Indian 
 Floras, in the Banian, Palm, and Ginger tribes; and 
 from the prevalence of such plants, it has been termed 
 the Region of Honeysuckles and Buckthorns. 
 
 526. The Oriental Tropical Zone. — This extends 
 over both of the Indian peninsulas, and over the Islands 
 between Asia and New Holland. Here we find the 
 great Fig tree extending itself into a forest; the aromatic 
 Lilies, such as Cardamom and Ginger ; the Spice-trees, 
 Cinnamon, Clove, and Nutmeg; the Sugar-cane, Indigo 
 plant, and Cotton. Rice is the staple bread corn, while 
 the lofty and noble Palm trees give their peculiar char- 
 acter to the landscape. 
 
 pie fruit? Southern limit of this zone? Name of next zone — whose region? 
 By what distinguished ? What tribes among herbs? What climbers? Tho 
 principal bread corn — by what accompanied? Define the limits of the zone? 
 What of its tropica! fruits? Name of the next region? "\\'liat countries in- 
 cluded? What do its plants resemble ? What resemblance to tropical Flora? 
 What is tho region called? Why? Name of tho nest zone? Define its 
 limits. Enumerate its characteristic plants. Staple broad corn ? Characteris- 
 tic trees ; 
 
GEOGKAPHICAi DISTEIBtJ'nON OF PLANTS. 
 
 93 
 
 527. Region of the Myrtle and Acacia. — This 
 embraces New Holland. Forests of a dark and lurid 
 green, their sti^, shining, and spear-like leaves cutting 
 the light with their sharp edges, or reflecting it from their 
 glistening sides, give a spectral character to the woods. 
 This is a land of anomalous forms and uses. Here the 
 Cherry grows with a stone on the outside ; the Pear is 
 wooden, with the stem at the small end ; the Mjrrtle is 
 burnt for fuel, and the Mahogany is used for making 
 fences. In the Eucalyptus and Acacia tribes, the edges 
 of the leaf are presented to the light, and these, with the 
 Myrtles — ^which by a twist in the petiole throw theirs 
 into the same position — compose almost the entire forests. 
 Many plants of this region are much sought by florists, 
 but none more than the Proteacese, that exhibit the 
 most varied forms of grace and beauty, of which more 
 than four hundred species are known. Among sea-plants 
 is the exquisite frond of the Claudea, which appears like 
 a cluster of the softest plumage ; among Mosses, the 
 Dawsonia, which is crowned by a tuft of soft and silvery 
 hairs ; and among Lichens, the Netispora, whose perfo- 
 rated thallus resembles the most delicate lace. The New 
 Holland Lily, even in greenhouses, grows to the height 
 of twenty-five feet, crowned with a spreading cluster of 
 richest crimson flowers ; and last, though not least in impor- 
 tance, is the New Zealand flax, which, in the fineness and 
 strength of its bass fibre, is one of the most valuable 
 plants in the world. In the parts occupied by the Bri- 
 tish settlers, the products grown at home are cultivated 
 to equal advantage ; but Wheat, Maize, and Potatoes 
 are the principal crops. 
 
 528. Eegion of Fig Mabigolds — Southern Africa. 
 — The Iris and Wood Sorrel tribes are represented by 
 numerous plants, while the heavy and swollen Fig Mari- 
 golds, the rigid Stapelias, the beautiful Heaths, and the 
 metallic foliage of the glistening Silver-tree, give a pecu- 
 liar character to the landscape. The products of the 
 tropical Flora, as well as the Crowfoot, Pink, Rose, and 
 Fennel tribes, are occasionally represented. 
 
 529. Db Lisle's Region. — Further north (leaving 
 Madagascar and its neighboring Islands, which are pecu- 
 liarly rich in Ferns) we ascend to the tropical portions 
 of Africa. Here we find in abundance Leguminous 
 
 Name of the next Eegion ? Define its limits. What anomalies ? What pe- 
 culiar character of its forests ? What use of valuable woods ? In what tribes 
 are the edges of the leaves presented to the light?' How in the Myrtles? 
 What tillie much sought by Florists? What beautiful sea-plant— Moss- 
 Lichen? Describe and name each. Describe the New Holland Lily. What 
 valuable plant — where lies its value ? What products in the British colonies — 
 principal crops? What TLegion next — where found ? What tribes numerous? 
 What other tribes, and peculiarities of each ? What remarkable tree? What 
 Flora, and what tribes, occasionally represented? Next Eegion — where? 
 
 plants. Peppers, Passion-flowers, and Palms. Here the 
 giant Baobab seems to stand still within the circling 
 thousands of his years ; the lovely Date-Palm ripens its 
 grateful fruit, and woos with its feathery foliage the hot 
 breath of the Desert; and the tender-leaved Acacias, 
 fixed in the arid soil, extract from the torrid sunbeams 
 the coloring of their golden flower. Maize, MUlet, and 
 Rice, are the staple bread corns, for which Yams and 
 Potatoes sometimes afford a substitute ; but cultivation 
 is little known. 
 
 530. Region op Asters and Golden-rods. — This 
 embraces the northern part of the United States, and 
 is chiefly marked by the multitudes of plants from 
 which it derives its name. It is also distinguished by 
 the gigantic Plane and beautiful Tulip-tree, by the great 
 variety of Oaks, Firs, and other deciduous and cone- 
 bearing trees, by the few Umbelliferous and Cruciferous 
 tribes, by the entire absence of Heaths, and the presence 
 of numerous species of the same Order in the Whortle- 
 berry tribes. Wheat and Maize are the staple bread 
 corns ; and all the common products of the temperate 
 zones are cultivated to advantage. 
 
 531. Region of Magnolias. — This, too, is the 
 transition zone of the New World, and corresponds with 
 the Zone of Evergi'cen Trees in the old; but we flnd 
 fewer of the Mint and Pink tribes. Here the Live-Oak 
 and majestic Cotton-wood attain their perfect develop- 
 ment; and garlanded with the long gray mosses, give a 
 peculiar character to the scene. On the Uplands the beau- 
 tiful Magnolias and Horse-Chestnut expand their broad 
 and glossy leaves, and open their splendid flowers, while 
 in the dark swamps, which are scooped out into widely- 
 stretching basins, the Cedar stands on its ancient but- 
 tress, the sentinel of unknown ages. As we advance 
 southward the tropical character of the vegetation be- 
 comes more apparent ; the Palmetto appears, with many 
 parasites, and other climbers ; Oranges are cultivated in 
 the open air ; Maize is the chief bread corn ; and Sugar, 
 Rice, and Cotton are the staple products. 
 
 532. Region of Cacti and Peppers. — This includes 
 the lower part of Mexico, the West Indies, and all inter- 
 tropical America. The first of these tribes belongs ex- 
 clusively to America ; and only a few individuals of the 
 
 What plants numerous in Madagascar and its neighboring Isles ? Vi^hat tribes 
 found in abimdance ? What large tree^what beautiful trees ? Staple bread- 
 corns ? What important roots cultivated ? Is cultivation greatly advanced ? 
 Next Eegion — what embrace — by what chiefly marked — by what other features 
 distinguished— .staple bread-corns ? Next Eegion — with what zone correspond- 
 ing — ^%vhat tribes fewer — what fine trees — by what chiefly distinguished ? What 
 change in advancing south? What beautiful tree? The chief bread corn? 
 The staple products ? Nest Eegion — what countries included— by what dis. 
 tinguished ? Which tribe belongs exclusively to America ? 
 
94 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OP BOTANT. 
 
 eecond are found elsewhere. Here the gorgeous Passion- 
 flowers, and a thousand parasitic climbers crush the 
 strongest trees in their deadly embrace ; Palms lift their 
 august heads in the serene air ; the graceful Cocoanut 
 ripens its refreshing fruit; the Banana mellows its 
 luxuriant clusters, and the richness of vegetation is in- 
 conceivable. As this region embraces the Southern 
 Cordillera, it is, in respect to height, marked by several 
 distinct bands of vegetation. In ascending the Andes, 
 in Peru, we meet with the Cinchonas, or medical-bark 
 trees, -which, according to Humboldt, is the middle 
 region, and the zone of Whortleberries, the latter marked 
 by many species of Gentian, Sage, Saxifrages, Sedges, 
 several European Grasses, and in the lower parts the 
 Oak and Fir. In Peru, and perhaps also in Mexico, the 
 Potato is indigenous, and is still seen growing wild, 
 appearing to delight in rocky cliffs near the sea. 
 
 533. Kegion of Arborescent CoMPOsiTiE, or of 
 Asters with tree-like stems. This occupies Buenos 
 Ayres and the Eastern temperate regions of South 
 America. The Plora of this district agrees in many 
 respects with that of Europe, while it differs greatly 
 from that of the Cape and New Holland ; for the Iris, 
 Geranium, Myrtle, and Protean tribes are either wholly 
 wanting, or very few in number, the distinguishing fea- 
 ture being that which gives its name to the region. 
 
 534. The Antarctic Region embraces the countries 
 around the 'Straits of Magellan. Here the Arctic polar 
 forms re-appear in the numerous Saxifrages, Gentians, 
 and Primroses ; and there is a resemblance to the Floras 
 of the American Highlands and the Cape. 
 
 535. Instances of Partial Distribution — not do- 
 pondent on climatic conditions. — While the most nu- 
 merous species and tribes of plants, and their allies, are 
 generally distributed in corresponding degrees of climate, 
 or altitude — often spreading over whole countries, and 
 disappearing only to reappear in widely severed zones, 
 there are certain species which never transcend the nar- 
 row limits to which they are either by Nature or Habit 
 confined. Thus in a little cluster of Islands, the Mo- 
 luccas, the Clove is found, and nowhere else ; confined 
 to a narrow girdle of the Andes flourish the race of 
 Peruvian-Bark trees ; on three small Islands of Africa 
 the Double Cocoanut tree ; in a little corner of Asia, the 
 Tea shrub ; and almost within the confines of a single 
 mountain, still lives, though in apparent decay, the 
 
 INfcntion souiG of the charactcri.sUc plants. How on the Cordillei-a? What 
 zones mentioned ? Cy what is each diytinguishcd? What valuable root na- 
 tive, and of whati»arts? Next i-egiun — what lands docs it occupy — by -what 
 plants distinguished ? With what does this l''Jora agiee in many points — from 
 what ones gi-catly differ? Next Eegion — what countries embrace? "Wliat 
 
 famous Cedar of Lebanon. Are these the remnants of 
 numerous races, which in times past have been widely 
 scattered, and now, like certain races ofjnen, are falling 
 into decay, and disappearing from the Earth ? We 
 question the Past ; the long-gone Ages hide themselves 
 in the still deepening shadow, and are silent. We ques- 
 tion the Future ; and the great silence behind seems to 
 vibrate beyond, as if with a kind of dumb echo ; and in 
 the mute answer we gather only this, that in the living 
 Forms of the Present are bound up all the wisdom of the 
 Past, all the knowledge of the Future, so we only study 
 them faithfully, and interpret them truly, hy the light 
 we have to-day. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 ECONOMICAL USES OF PLANTS. 
 
 536. The most important plants, and parts of the 
 plant, I will now, briefiy as possible, attempt to classify 
 and present to your view, beginning at the Root, and 
 ascending to the Seed. 
 
 USES OF THE ROOT. 
 
 537. For the sake of brevity, and because they are 
 popularly known as such, I have ranked all subterranean 
 parts under the head of Roots in this classification, which 
 is one of mere convenience, and will in nowise contradict 
 the arrangement (238) by which the Bulb, and various 
 other subterranean modifications of the growing axis, are 
 no^v ranked among Stems. 
 
 538. The nutritive properties of the Root consist 
 chiefly of starch, which is stored away in its receptacles 
 for the support of that second year of growth, which 
 almost all greatly thickened roots are constituted to 
 sustain. 
 
 539. Roots as a Substitute fob Bread. — First in 
 this rank comes the Potato, which was originally a small 
 rank tuber, native of Peru, but is now cultivated, more 
 or less, over the whole civilized world. The Sweet 
 Potato is a Convolvulus, and belongs to the same genus 
 with the common Morning-Glory. It forms a staple 
 article of food in several of the South American coun- 
 tries, especially Guiana. The Manioc root, from which 
 Cassava bread is prepared, is one of the most important 
 articles of food throughout all tropical America ; and 
 
 forms reappear — what Floras resemble? Ilow are tlie most numerous species 
 and tribes generally distributed— how certain species? AVliat tree confined to 
 the Moluccas— to a small girdle of the Andes — to three small African Islands— 
 to Mount Lebanon ? What shrub to China ? What thought suggested — ques- 
 tions-reflection ? 
 
Plate XXIX. 
 
 REMAKE ABLE PLANTS, 
 
 95 
 
 15 11 10 12 
 
 In fig, 7 is seen the Pitcher-plant of the E^t {N'epenthes), while at fig. 8 is 
 one of the»pitcberB enlarged, with the lid thrown back. Fig. 2 represents 
 Venus' Fly-trap (51C), with two of the leaves closed, while a third is open at a, 
 showing tho irritable points between its lobes, which, on being disturbed by an 
 insect, spring together and imprison it. At fig. 15 is a very delicate drawing of 
 tlip Sii^r.ir-Cano (Ariiyidn), and at fl?. 16 two Starch-cells are represented, with 
 
 13 1(5 K 
 
 2 distinct grains at &, showing the structure. What remarkable instances of 
 sensibility— by which figures represented? Define and explain each. ■Wliicli 
 plants affected by light— which by touch- which by fipontaneous motions ? 
 What remarkable trees T "What shown by figs. 10, 11, 12, and 18 ? Which are 
 vegetable prodncts ? 
 
96 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 not the least wonderful part of its history is, that the 
 same root furnishes a wholesome and excellent bread, a 
 deadly and virulent poison, and a delicate and nutritious 
 starch, which is the Tapioca of commerce. The Taro 
 root {Arum esculentiim) is the chief article of cultiva- 
 tion throughout the Sandwich and other Polynesian Isles, 
 answering the double purpose of vegetables and bread. 
 The acrid properties common to its family are dissipated 
 by heat. The Yam is the root of a species of Dioscorea. 
 It is either baked or boiled, and is a tolerable substitute 
 for bread. It will keep longer out of ground than any 
 other vegetable, and hence is proper for sea stores. The 
 Ti-root is also a native of the Polynesian Islands ; but 
 unhappily its true use is perverted, it being often manu- 
 factured by distillation into an intoxicating drink. The 
 natives assemble in whole neighborhoods for the purpose 
 of constructing the still, and surrendering themselves to 
 the exhilarating influence of the poison. 
 
 540. Arrow-root. — This is a kind of very pure 
 white starch, prepared from the roots of different species 
 of Maranta. The "West Indian article is best, and is 
 said to derive its name from the fact that the Indians 
 make use of the root to extract the poison of arrows. 
 Arrow-root is also prepared from a species of Arum. 
 All these are articles of nutriment or luxury ; and they 
 are extensively used in preparing dishes for the sick. 
 
 541. Esculent Roots, in general, are well known 
 and widely diffused. Many of them, as the Beet, Carrot, 
 and Parsnip, contain a large portion of saccharine mat- 
 ter; and from the former sugar is made in sufficient 
 quantities to give it place among articles of commerce. 
 
 542. Many roots are possessed of aromatic, and at 
 the same time medicinal properties, as the Ginger, Co- 
 lombo, and Sweet-Flag. The two former belong to the 
 tribe of Aromatic Lilies of the East. The plants are 
 either of a deep glossy green, or of a warm yellowish 
 green, soft and rich as velvet ; and their flowers, which 
 are put forth in great clusters, are of the most vivid and 
 intense colors. The root of Ginger, it is hardly neces- 
 sary to say, is largely employed as a spice, and also pre- 
 served in sugar as a sweetmeat, and used to flavor other 
 sweetmeats. 
 
 543. Of the violet-colored bark on the roots of 
 Guenbe, a climber of La Plata, a kind of rough cordage 
 is made, which is much employed in local navigation. It 
 will not bear friction like hempen ropes ; but it is cheap, 
 and serves a very good purpose. 
 
 541. The article known in commerce as Madder, is 
 the prepared root of Rubia-tinctoria. Madder contains 
 several distinct principles of wholly different composition. 
 
 and affording different dyes, the chief or characteristic 
 color being red, which, with different mordants, or the 
 substances that bind or set the color, becomes yellow, 
 orange, brown, or purple. The colors from Madder 
 are among the most permanent of vegetable dyes. This 
 plant is cultivated in France and Belgium. Alkanet is 
 the root of Anchusa tinctoria, a native of Southern 
 Europe. A kind of reddish dye is extracted from it, 
 which was formerly used for staining the face ; and hence 
 the origin of its name, which signifies a rouge-pot. Its 
 coloring matter being resinous, is readily imparted to 
 oils and alcohol ; and hence it is used to color lip-salves 
 and stain marbles. Turmeric is the root of Curcuma 
 longa. It yields a fine yellow powder, which is used as 
 a dye, and also in medicine, and the composition of curry 
 powder. Paper stained with Turmeric is employed as a 
 test of the presence of alkaline substances, by which its 
 yellow color is changed to brown. The roots of many 
 plants are rich in medicinal properties ; and hence the 
 Materia Medica draws largely on this part of the vege- 
 table body. 
 
 USES OP THE STEM. 
 
 545. The first uses of the stem of plants, as manifested 
 in the trunk of trees, are those of fuel and for building; 
 but the purposes to which wood may be applied are in- 
 numerable. The most esteemed of ornamental woods 
 are the Mahogany, a native of tropical America and 
 Australia, Ebony, Black Oak and Black Walnut, Curled 
 and Bird's-eye Maple, Cherry, and Birch. There are 
 three varieties of Ebony, red, black, and green, the latter 
 being used for coloring. The Ebony is a beautiful tree, 
 native of Madagascar and Ceylon. 
 
 546. The Bamboo is an arborescent Grass, its jointed 
 stems often growing to the height of seventy or eighty 
 feet ; and with its light and graceful foliage waving in 
 the air, and its slender stems swaying with every breeze, 
 it has altogether a character of beauty which nothing can 
 exceed. Its uses, too, are numerous and important. 
 From the lightness and durability of its wood, it fur- 
 nishes an excellent material for many purposes. In the 
 East Indies, where it grows abundantly, forming large 
 jungles, it is used extensively in building houses, which 
 will sometimes last a hundred years. Its tender stalks 
 are boiled, and eaten as Asparagus ; the small stems are 
 used for canes, flutes, and umbrella sticks, and in the 
 manufacture of chair-seats, sofas, and various articles of 
 furniture. Cane is also used for boat-masts, carriages, 
 boxes, and fences ; paper is made from its macerated 
 stalks ; and it is converted into innumerable articles of 
 use, ornament, or luxury. 
 
ECONOMICAL USES OP PLANTS. 
 
 97 
 
 547. The famous Cedar of Lebanon is a Larch; but 
 anlike others of its tribe, it has evergreen, and not de- 
 siduous leaves. In the early days of commerce masts 
 were made of it ; and so highly was the tree esteemed 
 by the Ancient Jews, that David speaks of its tribe as 
 the " Cedars of Grod," which has been rendered in our 
 version, " Goodly Cedars." The group remaining on its 
 native mountains, to which it is now confined, is said to 
 contain only about 800 or 900 individuals. The trees 
 known as Cedars among us belong to a different family. 
 One of them, the White Cedar, is . much used in the 
 manufacture of shingles, fences, and domestic wooden 
 ware. Red Cedar is also used for making pails, tubs, 
 and very largely in the manufacture of Lead-pencils. 
 But of all kinds of wood, that of the true or oriental 
 Sycamore is perhaps the most durable ; and for this 
 reason it was used by the ancient Egyptians for mummy 
 chests. 
 
 548. Chakcoal and Potashes. — Owing to the 
 abundance of carbon which wood contains, it is largely 
 employed in the arts, and for domestic purposes in a 
 charred condition, all the volatile matter having been 
 driven off by heat, when it is termed Charcoal, which is 
 nearly pure carbon. From the ashes of the harder kinds 
 of wood Potash is extracted, which, by higher degrees of 
 refinement, is manufactured into Pearl-ash and Saleratus. 
 
 549. Dye Woods. — The most valuable of these are 
 Logwood, Brazilwood, Camwood, Barwood, and Fustic. 
 Logwood grows in the West Indies, and is generally em- 
 ployed in dyeing black ; but with different mordants it 
 also yields different shades of red and purple. Brazil- 
 wood forms a beautiful red dye ; and its habitat is 
 sufficiently indicated by its name. Fustic is the Moras 
 tinctoria of the West Indies and Tropical America, and 
 yields a fine yellow dye. Camwood is found in Sierra 
 Leone ; and Barwood, which also colors red, in Angola 
 and other parts of Africa. 
 
 550. The Ferula is a plant belonging to the Fennel 
 tribe. The pith of the stalk, when dried, is used in 
 Turkey, where it is native, instead of tinder ; and also, 
 because it will for a long time sustain combustion, to 
 transport fire from one place to another. In allusion to 
 this circumstance, Hesiod, speaking of the fire which 
 Prometheus stole from Heaven, says he brought it in a 
 ferula. 
 
 551. The Sola is an acjuatic plant of Hindostan, 
 whose stems, being extremely light, are applied to a very 
 singular use. The native fisherman binds them into 
 bundles, like great fagots, and with one of these under 
 each arm, to serve as a buoy, or float — and without any I 
 
 13 
 
 other protection — goes out boldly to fish in the deepest 
 waters. Various articles, which are esteemed for their 
 lightness, are also manufactured from the stems of this 
 plant ; and it is used to decorate the shrines at religious 
 festivals. 
 
 552. The Sago of commerce is prepared from the 
 pith of two species of Palm ; and an oil extracted from 
 a kind of Birch, and called " Birch-pickle," gives to 
 Russia leather its peculiar properties and odor. The 
 straw, or stalk of several Grasses is employed in the 
 manufacture of hats and bonnets. That of Rye, in an 
 immature state, is chiefly used among us, and is split 
 
 before it is braided : but the beautiful Florence hats are 
 
 ' « 
 
 wrought from the whole straws of a kind of grass native 
 to the country. The bark of Birch trees is employed by 
 the Indians to make canoes, thatch houses, and in the 
 manufacture of various articles of ornament and conveni- 
 ence ; it is also used by the Russians to make sails for 
 boats. 
 
 553. Many barks, being rich in the astringent prin- 
 ciple, are very important in the tanning of leather. The 
 Oak and Hemlock are chiefly used among us ; while the 
 beautiful Morocco leather, in the manufacture of which 
 the Moors so greatly excel, is tanned with a species of 
 Sumach. 
 
 554. Cinnamon is the dried inner bark of the Cinna- 
 momum Zeylanicum of Ceylon. It belongs to the same 
 order [Lauracecs) with our Sassafras. Cassia-bark, 
 which in this country and Western Europe is almost 
 always sold for Cinnamon, is the bark of another and in- 
 ferior species of the same genus, native of China. 
 
 555. The Gall-nuts of commerce are excrescences 
 formed by the puncture of a kind of cynip, in the tender 
 shoots of an Oak of Asia Minor, the Quercus infectoria. 
 Gall-nuts are used in the manufacture of ink and black 
 dyes, and also in medicine. 
 
 556. Bass Fibre of the Bark. — Our staple plants 
 for the production of Bass fibre are the Flax and Hemp. 
 From the first all our beautiful linens and fine cambrics 
 are made, and from the last our cordage. The Silk- 
 weed, Indian-Hemp, and the Linden tree are also rich in 
 bass cells ; and in a country of fewer resources, they 
 might be employed to advantage in the manufacture of 
 cordage, and perhaps cloths. The beautiful Pina cloth 
 is made from the bass cells of a species of wild Pine- 
 apple found in Mexico. In the Philippine Isles the bass 
 cells from a species of Banana are used in the manufacture 
 of various fabrics ; in the West Indies a very beautiful 
 lace is made, without spinning or weaving, from those of 
 the Lace-tree ; and in Tahiti, the Paper-Mulberry is 
 
98 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 employed in the same way, and from it are wrouglit the 
 most delicate and lovely fahrics imaginable. 
 
 .557. But of all known plants, the New Zealand Flas 
 (Phormium tenax), is the most valuable for the produc- 
 tion of bass-fibre. Compared with our staples it has one 
 third more strength than Hemp, and twice as much as 
 Flax ; and its toughness is only exceeded by that of silk. 
 It is a liliaceous plant with long, narrow leaves, the slen- 
 der fibres of which glisten like silk, and are white as snow. 
 The plant is of easy culture, and thrives in every variety 
 of soil. It flourishes well in the South of France, and 
 similar climates, wintering in the open air. The great 
 difUculty, however, thus far, is that the strength of the 
 fibre is injured by maceration; and no machinery, or 
 even hand-work, can as yet imitate the dexterity of the 
 native women in separating the fibre from the coarser 
 parts. 
 
 558. The Nettle worts are generally distinguished by 
 very long and fine bass-fibres ; and the German name for 
 muslin, nessel tuch {Nettle cloth), as Schleiden tells us, 
 denotes the source from whence its materials were origi- 
 nally obtained. The bass-fibres are remarkably different 
 from those of cotton and wool, and have the nearest re- 
 semblance to silk. If any doubt is entertained in regard 
 to the adulteration of either silk, woollen, or linen, by a 
 mixture of cotton, an appeal to the lens will at once set- 
 tle the question, which any one may see for himself, by 
 examination of the figures 10, 11, 12, and 13, which 
 represent respectively, fibres of linen, silk, wool, and cot- 
 ton. From the Manilla Hemp, Musa textilis, the most 
 exquisite textile fabrics are wrought, and the elegant 
 Manilla hats are also manufactured. The well-known 
 Broom-corn consists of the flowering branches, or panicle 
 of the Sorghum Saccharum, an East Indian plant of the 
 Grass tribe, but universally cultivated for the manufac- 
 ture of brooms. 
 
 559. Uses op the Leaf — From some species of 
 Palm leaves a great variety of articles are wrought. 
 They are employed for thatching houses, for umbrellas, 
 and to make baskets, hats, and for many other purposes. 
 The leaves of the Papaw are used instead of soap to 
 wash linen. Tea, which has become an article of prime 
 necessity, consists of the dried leaves of Thea, a shrub 
 of China. It is of two species, Thea viridis, Green-tea, 
 and Thea bohea, Black-tea. The Paraguay tea, which, 
 to the Central and South American, is an equal favorite 
 with the Chinese beverage, consists of the dried leaves 
 of a species of Holly. Henna, which is so much used by 
 the oriental ladies for the purpose of staining their nails 
 and eyelids, is a paste formed of the pounded leaves of 
 
 the Lawsonia alba. The drug known in medicine as 
 Senna, is composed of the dried leaves of several species 
 of Cassia ; and a tolerable substitute is also aiforded by 
 a native species, the Cassia Marilandica. Woad, a blue 
 dye, which is now mostly superseded by Indigo, is a pro- 
 duct of the leaves of Isatis tinotoria, a cruciferous plant 
 that grows wild in France, and on the coast of the Baltic. 
 
 560. Uses of the Flower. — The drug known in 
 commerce as Safflower, consists of the dried flowers 
 of Carthamus tinctoria. It affords a beautiful red dye, 
 and is also the basis of the finest pigments known as 
 rouge. This is the species cultivated among us as Saf- 
 fron. It is also used in Medicine. The true SaiFron 
 consists of the dried pistils of the Crocus sativus, which 
 is also used both for dyes and medicine. Capers are the 
 unexpanded flower-buds of the Caper bush, a low shrub 
 growing in the clefts of rocks in Southern Europe, pre- 
 pared for the table by pickling. From the volatile oils 
 which they contain, the flowers of many species enter 
 largely into the manufacture of Perfumes and Essences ; 
 and others, preserved in sugar, form conserves, which are 
 used in Medicine. The Clove of commerce is the unex- 
 panded flower-bud of a species of Caryophyllus, growing 
 only in the small cluster of the Molucca Isles. The tree 
 resembles a Laurel ; it belongs to the Myrtle tribe, and 
 it is said that no verdure is ever seen under it. 
 
 USES OF THE FRUIT. 
 
 561. The uses of fruits, generally speaking, being 
 well understood and appreciated, require little explana- 
 tion. They are, for the most part, considered articles of 
 luxury, and enter far too little into the common food of 
 the civilized world. Coffee is the berry of Coflfea, a 
 small tree, naturally growing from 16 to 20 feet high, 
 but dwarfed in cultivation, for the convenience of gather- 
 ing the fruit, to about 8 feet. Its very fragrant white 
 flowers grow in clusters, and its leaves are of a shining 
 light green. It is a native of Arabia ; and the best kind 
 is still considered to be that from Mocha, in Arabia- 
 Felix. The fruit of the Olive yields the oil which is 
 known by its name ; and in the green state is pickled. 
 The Chocolate of commerce is prepared from the fruit of 
 the Cacao tree, a native of tropical America; and the 
 pulp outside of the nut, in the Sapindus, a tree of South 
 America, is used for soap, in washing linen. 
 
 562. Fruits used as Bread. — The principal of these 
 are the Bread-Frult and Cocoanut, natives of the Polyne- 
 sian Islands; and with them the Plantain and Banana may 
 properly be classed. There are 50 varieties of the Bread- 
 fruit trep, the most import3,nt of which are the Artocar- 
 
ECONOMICAL USES OF PLANTS. 
 
 99 
 
 pus incisa, and the Artocarpus integrifolia. In preparing 
 for the table it is thrown directly on to the fire, when the 
 outside becomes charred, and the inside somewhat like a 
 fresh loaf of wheaten bread, having a general resemblance 
 to a roasted potato, and a slightly astringent taste, a 
 little like the yolk of an egg. Of the Bread-fruits, 
 Cocoanut and Banana fruits, many native dishes are com- 
 pounded, some of which are said to be excellent. Among 
 trees that yield substantial articles of food, the Date- 
 Palm and the Eig should not be forgotten. The Tama- 
 rind is the fruit of two species, of Tamarindus, a lofty 
 and beautiful leguminous tree, cultivated for its fine 
 shadow in both the Indies, where also it is found native. 
 The well known Vanilla consists of the fragrant seeds of 
 Vanilla aromatica, a climbing vine, one of the splendid 
 orchideous parasites which invest the trees in the swampy 
 forests of G-uiana. 
 
 USES OF THE SEED. 
 
 563. Foremost among these come the Cereal Grains, 
 which, in affording the basis of bread, are more valuable 
 in a dietetic point of view, than any other class of vege- 
 table products. It should here be understood, that 
 although these grains have been classed among fruits, 
 which they really are, yet their value as food depends 
 entirely upon the nutritive principles of the seed which 
 they inclose. Leguminous seeds, such as those of the 
 Bean and Pea, are also highly nutritive, and important 
 articles of diet. Starch from the Potato, Maize, and 
 Wheat, is extensively manufactured and employed in the 
 composition of various delicacies for the table. The 
 Nutmeg of commerce is the seed of a drupaceous fruit 
 found in a species of the Myristica, a fine tree of the East 
 Indies ; and the scarlet aril, or appendage to the seed, is 
 the substance known as Mace. The Oleaginous Seeds, 
 or those producing oils, are very important in the Arts, 
 and for many economical uses. The chief of these are 
 the seeds of the Walnut, which produce what is called 
 Nut-oil, the seeds of the Flax, which afford Linseed-oil, 
 those of the Palma-Christi, a native of the West Indies, 
 from which Castor-oil is made, and those of the Sun- 
 flower, which afford a substitute for Lamp-oil. 
 
 564. There are many cases in which the whole plant 
 is useful ; and first among these come the Grasses, which 
 not only spread the earth with a beautiful green carpet, 
 but furnish food for herbivorous animals. The Iceland 
 Moss is a Lichen, which, from the gelatin it contains, is 
 much used in cookery; and so also, and for the same 
 reason, is the Carragheen Moss, an Alga found both in 
 this country and Europe. Archil is a pxu-ple dye ob- 
 
 tained from two species of Lichen called Rocello, which 
 are found in the Canaries ; and Cudbear is also a product 
 of another Lichen, Lecanora, and yields a fine purple 
 color. 
 
 565. Secretions op Plants and their uses. — 
 These have been generally treated of in Chapter V., and 
 can barely be referred to now. Resins, Gums, Gum- 
 Resins, Balsams, and Wax, may be classed under one 
 general head, as exudations, and are extensively used in 
 Medicine and the Arts. Gum- Arabic and Gum-Senegal 
 are the product of two species of Acacia found in North- 
 ern Africa and Asia Minor ; Gum-Ladanum is an exuda- 
 tion on the leaves of a species of Cistus found in Turkey ; 
 and Pitch, Tar, and Turpentine, which are so valuable in 
 the Arts, and for naval purposes, are resinous products 
 of the Pine tribe. India-Rubber is the inspissated juice 
 of several trees of the tropics, the chief of which is 
 Siphonia elastica ; and Gutta-percha is a similar product 
 of a fine tree of the Indian "Archipelago. Dragons- 
 Blood is a kind of balsam flowing from the Dracaena, or 
 giant Dragon-tree of the African Isles ; and the Balm, 
 or Balsam of Gilead, is procured from the Amyris 
 Gileadensis, a plant of Syria. Wax is found in the tis- 
 sues of plants, and sometimes as an exudation on the 
 surface of the stem, as in the Wax-Palm, fig. 6, and of 
 the fruit, as in the Bayberry. The wax or tallow, as it 
 is most commonly called, of the latter, is used in the 
 manufacture of Soaps, Candles, and in the composition 
 of Salves. A Chinese tree, Stillingia, also furnishes 
 wax, from which the natives make candles. 
 
 566. The milky juice of plants is often poisonous, 
 and is sometimes of a virulent character. Among those 
 which are distinguished by this peculiarity of the sap, 
 are the Spurge-worts, Nettle-worts, and Dog-bane tribes, 
 which afford the most terrible poisons known. The 
 dreadful Wourari poison is prepared from the milky juice 
 of Echites; while that of Strychnos and Jatropha fur- 
 nish the liquid in which the Indians of Guiana and the 
 Oronoco poison their arrows, investing them with such 
 deadly certainty, that the least grazing of the skin is 
 fatal ; but in many plants belonging to these very 
 poisonous tribes, the peculiar juices are not only harm- 
 less, but nutritious and wholesome. That of the Euphor- 
 bia balsamifera is similar to sweet rich milk ; and being 
 converted into a jelly by thickening, it is eaten as a great 
 delicacy by the inhabitants of the Canary Isles. In the 
 forests of British Guiana is found a tree, called by the 
 natives Hya-hya, whose pith and bark are completely 
 saturated with milk. This is of an agreeable flavor, 
 sweet and wholesome, and is taken by the savages as a 
 
100 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTAl^Y. 
 
 refresting drink. Nor less agreeable is the milk of the 
 Ceylon Cow-tree (Gymneura lactifera), which the na- 
 tives use exactly as we do milk. But by far the most 
 interesting and remarkable tree of this kind is the Cow- 
 tree of South America, Galactodendron utile, which first 
 became known through the researches of Humboldt. 
 When an incision is made in the trunk of this tree, a 
 fragrant, oily, and sweet liquid flows forth, very similar 
 to animal milk, and in sufiicient quantity to refresh and 
 satisfy the hunger of several persons. It is seen in 
 fig. 14. 
 
 567. The sap of the Sugar-cane, the Rock-Maple, 
 Birch, and some other trees, affords sugar. The drug 
 known in commerce as Arnotto, and so much used for its 
 beautiful orange dye, is an extract from the Bixa Orel- 
 lana, which belongs to a genus of tropical shrubs, but 
 attains the height of a large tree in Guiana. Varnishes 
 are composed of resinous substances, dissolved either in 
 oils or alcohol. ' The most important of these are the 
 Copal, Shel-lac, and Turpentine Varnishes. 
 
 568. The beautiful coloring substance known as In- 
 digo, is obtained from the fermented juice of Indigofera 
 tinctoria, a leguminous plant, native of India. The 
 Dyer's-weed, Genista tinctoria, is also a leguminous 
 European plant, the whole of which yields a fine yellow, 
 and, combined with Woad, green. 
 
 569. In fine, it may be said that there is no art 
 known among us which does not depend on the Vege- 
 table World for its materials, in some form or other ; 
 and there is no condition, or circumstance of life, which 
 is not equally dependent. Plants are the great Chemists 
 of the world ; for by processes which the most learned 
 Scholar in vain attempts to imitate, they transform crude 
 mineral matter into the elements of organic forms. They 
 are the first workers — the universal providers. 
 Stationed at the basis of all vital activity, they are con- 
 tinually extracting from the great Granary of the At- 
 
 mosphere the food of all living beings — the ELEMEN'fx.itir 
 
 AND SUSTAINING PRINCIPLES of all LiPE. 
 
 570. You have now completed the vegetable cycle, 
 having reviewed the life of the whole plant, from the 
 Germinating Seed, through the developed organism. 
 Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower, and Fruit, to the seed again ; 
 and thus finally returning with it once more to the earth, 
 you have reconsidered that wonderful process which lies 
 at the basis of all life. I would ask you here not to re- 
 gard this science as a huge bundle of dead Facts and 
 severe Principles, which are bound together by strange 
 and uncouth terms, but rather as a living nucleus, 
 through which every individual mind may continually 
 develope new truths, that shall be for ever quick with 
 immortal life and beauty. Look not on plants with the 
 hard and cold eyes of a mere Collector — a hoarder of dry 
 specimens — ^but study their physiognomy, expression, 
 character, significance, and power — in short, all that dis- 
 tinguishes them in the structure and combination of their 
 several parts, their relations with each other, and with 
 the world at large ; for only in this mode of study can 
 the mind attain to that free and generous expansion, 
 which is the highest happiness. Be not wholly satisfied 
 with this, or any other book of the kind, but Study 
 Nature. Those books are the best which present the 
 clearest views of Nature. And when holding up the 
 mirror to her beautiful face, in the bright glimpses they 
 afford, even if they themselves are forgotten, still they 
 do the most that books can do — for they attract to the 
 more informing study of the Divine in Nature — the 
 Wisdom, Beauty, and Love which, in all created forms, 
 every where proclaim the goodness of the Creator, 
 And of all these way-side Ministers of Blessing, who 
 would not rather sit down and listen to the bright-eyed 
 Flowers, that, with their odorous breath, for ever testify 
 so lovingly of Him to whom we look up, in the name and 
 blessing of all things, and call Our Father ? 
 
PART 11. 
 
 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 
 
 In order to aid us in acquiring a knowledge of the 
 properties and general characteristics of those plants 
 which fall under our observation, some mode of classifi- 
 cation is necessary. The advantages of systematic ar- 
 rangement are the same here as in other sciences. It 
 aids us in prosecuting our own researches, and in becom- 
 ing familiar with a more widely extended circle of vege- 
 tation ; and it is almost indispensable to us, in availing 
 ourselves of the investigations of others. It also opens 
 to us a new and most important branch of the subject, in 
 the study of the various relationships of plants, and of 
 their relative structure and development. 
 
 There are two kinds of classification in use, one 
 founded on artificial distinctions, and forming a kind 
 of dictionary of plants, the other depending upon 
 NATURAL characters, or those derived from the plants 
 themselves, and truly representing their affinities. The 
 only advantage which an artificial method can pos- 
 sess, must be a greater simplicity and capability of being 
 understood and applied. It does not, of itself, in any 
 way increase our knowledge of plants, while it is a great 
 obstacle in the way of all attempts to study and under- 
 stand their mutual relations and affinities. A Natural 
 method, on the contrary, while it can be made as simple 
 as any to those who are acquainted with the physiologi- 
 cal structure of plants, has this great advantage, that a 
 comprehension of the mere system itself, increases our 
 practical knowledge of plants, and especially of the vari- 
 ous relations of their different tribes ; and thus gives us 
 much better and clearer conceptions of the vegetable crea- 
 tion. Indeed, without such a system, we could hardly 
 
 form any idea of it, viewed as a whole ; or, at best, but a 
 very imperfect and unsatisfactory one. 
 
 A Natural Method, then, merely recognizes, as the 
 foundations of its classification, certain fundamental dis- 
 tinctions and affinities observed in the plants themselves. 
 It is my intention here to explain the principles upon 
 which all natural methods are formed, and then go on to 
 describe particularly the chief divisions of the system of 
 Jussieu, which, with amendments and additions by later 
 Botanists, is now almost universally adopted. 
 
 The most important, and strictly natural arrange- 
 ment, is that which distributes individual plants into 
 Species, and these species again into Genera. The 
 principles upon wiich these distinctions rest are so sim- 
 ple, and so obvious, that they are almost universally 
 recognized, even by those unacquainted with the science 
 itself. Hence they form the basis of all subsequent 
 classifications ; nor, since Botany has been studied 
 scientifically, has there been any classification, however 
 artificial, which has not recognized their existence. 
 
 A Species is a general name applied to all those in- 
 dividual plants which have so near and 'perfect a 
 resemblance, that they seem formed, in all their parts, 
 closely after the same type, or model. They must be 
 such as could have descended from a common stock ; or, 
 what is the same thing, such as might be produced by 
 the seed of any one of the individuals. Thus, if we go 
 into a field of red Clover, we instinctively recognize the 
 difierent individuals of the Clover, as belonging to the 
 same species, because they are so obviously formed after 
 the same model. We see at once that all these might 
 have descended from a single individual, or that we 
 might take the seed of one of them, and in time produce 
 
102 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OIT BOTANY. 
 
 plants differing among themselves as muoli as these, or 
 even more. This, then, is the law in accordance with 
 which plants are distributed into species. Whatever 
 diflForences are merely accidental, produced by circum- 
 stances of climate or soil, and are not incompatible with 
 this principle, may, and do exist, between individuals of 
 the same species. Those differences, however, which are 
 incompatible with a common origin of the individuals 
 possessing them, become, in our observations, and in 
 botanical descriptions, the most valuable and certain 
 means of distinguishing between different species. Hence 
 we may regard our description of a species as that of a 
 type, or model, containing all those particulars in which 
 all the individuals comprehended under that species must 
 agree, and excluding all in which they may, and do differ. 
 
 Those forms which exhibit those unessential differ- 
 ences in size, color of the flower, and general appearance, 
 produced by variations in climate, soil, or other acciden- 
 tal conditions, when they differ from the original type, 
 either considerably in some part of their structure, or in 
 general aspect and appearance, are termed Varieties. 
 These varieties are distinguished from species, which 
 preserve their peculiar characteristics under all circum- 
 stances, by their constant tendency to run into each 
 other, and to revert to their original type. Hence, 
 though we meet with varieties differing remarkably from 
 the primitive types, we usually find numberless interme- 
 diate varieties, forming by almost insensible gradations, 
 a complete and unbroken transition to the original char- 
 acter. The peculiarities of varieties, unlike those of 
 species, are rarely transmitted, unchanged, through the 
 seed ; but plants grown from the seed of a single indi- 
 vidual often present remarkable diversities. This is due 
 principally to the unstable character of these peculi- 
 arities, but also to another fact, which forms the most 
 certaui and reliable test, to enable us to distinguish be- 
 tween what are really different species and what are 
 merely different varieties of the same species. Varieties 
 freely hybridize with each other, that is, the pollen of 
 one variety, brought by winds, or by insects, often fer- 
 tilizes the ovules of another ; the resulting plant com- 
 bines the peculiarities of both varieties, and is a hybrid, 
 or intermediate variety. These hybrids, between dif- 
 ferent varieties of the same species, it must be noticed, 
 produce seeds which are as perfect and as productive as 
 any. This property the horticulturist often avails him- 
 self of, in raising new varieties of fruits or flowers, by 
 combining in this way the merits of two previously ex- 
 isting varieties. 
 
 But if we undertake to compel really different species 
 
 to hybridize, the result is different. Either the pollen 
 refuses to fertilize the ovules at all, and no seeds are 
 produced, or if perfect seeds are produced, the plants 
 grown from them either refuse to produce perfect seeds 
 at all, or will do so only when impregnated with the pol- 
 len of one of the original species. Hence we see that no 
 permanent hybrid, or variety, can be produced between 
 two really distinct species. Any such forms, which may 
 accidentally be produced, either die out without leaving 
 behind them any progeny, or, in the course of a few 
 generations, revert back completely to one of the original 
 species. It is probable that if any really permanent 
 hybrids have ever originated between two apparently 
 distinct species, that these supposed species must have 
 been really very distinct varieties of the same species 
 which, under some accidental concurrence of circum- 
 stances and conditions, had retained so long their pecu- 
 liarities, that these differences have assumed an unusual 
 permanence, so as to be transmitted through the seed 
 nearly or quite unchanged. 
 
 Such permanent varieties, when their characteristics 
 are perpetuated through the seed, though quite rare 
 among wild plants, are very common among those that 
 are cultivated. These varieties are often called Kaces. 
 They probably arise much in the manner described 
 above, and are usually most permanent in those plants 
 which have been cultivated longest. Diiferent countries, 
 or different districts, usually cultivate different varieties, 
 which have arisen under the influence of their climate, 
 soil, and other peculiarities of situation. These varie- 
 ties, however distinct from each other, or from the origi- 
 nal type in their general appearance, hybridize freely 
 with each other, and thus reveal their common origin 
 and specific unity, as they also do by their tendency, 
 when neglected, to revert to their primitive forms. 
 
 As a species consists of individuals formed after the 
 same model, so a Genus is a group of allied species 
 formed after the same general type, or model, and 
 more closely related to each other than to any other 
 species. The differences between such species, though 
 constant, are generally so few, and the plants usually 
 bear so close a general resemblance to each other, that 
 all, even the most ignorant, acknowledge their af&nity by 
 bestowing upon the whole group one general name. Thus 
 the numerous species of the genus Rosa have always been 
 known under the common name of Rose, while the par- 
 ticular species have been designated by some adjective, 
 as the White, Red, or Damask Rose. So also in the 
 numerous species of Oak, the family resemblance has 
 always been recognized by the comprehensive name 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 
 
 103 
 
 bestowed upon the genus. The popular term Lily also 
 comprehends many species, whose relationship is obvious 
 to all. These may be taken as illustrations of the 
 groups of species which constitute genera, and of the 
 principles which control this arrangement. The number 
 of species in a genus varies from several hundred in cer- 
 tain large genera, to a very few. One species, even, 
 frequently forms as characteristic a genus, and one as 
 obviously distinct as any of those consisting of many. 
 
 Sometimes in large genera, or in those where all the 
 species are not very closely related to each other, those 
 species which have the greatest af&nity for each other, 
 are placed by themselves in sections ; and when these 
 sections are quite distinct, and there arc no intermediate 
 species connecting them, they are called Sub-genera. 
 
 Allied genera also, by an extension of the same prin- 
 ciple, are grouped into Orders. These, then, consist of 
 genera, which, to a great extent, or in many of their 
 most important characters, follow the same general type, 
 or model, and which are more nearly allied to each other 
 than to any other genera. These genera almost always 
 bear such a general resemblance to each other, that their 
 relationship is evident to all who are accustomed to use 
 their faculties of observation. In many cases the af- 
 finity is so strong as to be recognized by all. Such 
 orders are the Umbelliferous plants, including the Car- 
 rot and Parsnip tribe, and the Pine family, where the 
 affinities of all its different members, in their various 
 forms of Pines, Firs, Spruces, and Cedars, are univer- 
 sally recognized. In almost all cases, however, the 
 practical eye of a Botanist is able at once to detect the 
 true character of a plant, and to refer it to its proper 
 order at the first glance. Orders, like genera, may con- 
 sist of many members, or few. A single genus, even, 
 sometimes forms an order by itself. 
 
 In very large orders, or those where the diiferent mem- 
 bers have not a very strong affinity for each other, the 
 order is broken up into sections, which are called Tribes. 
 These also are sometimes divided again into Sub-tribes. 
 When, however, these distinctions are important, and 
 are nearly sufficient to constitute orders, the divisions are 
 called Sub-orders. 
 
 By a still further extension of the same principles, 
 orders are grouped into Classes ; and these generaliza- 
 tions might be carried even further, if necessary. Classes 
 are also divided into Sub-classes, under the same con- 
 ditions as before. 
 
 The distinctions between the classes of the Natural 
 System are so obvious, and so important, the principles 
 upon which they are founded are so simple, and the 
 
 classes themselves are so few, that it is easy to give a 
 sufficiently clear and precise explanation of them in a 
 very small space, so that the learner may comprehend 
 them, and thus soon be able practically to distinguish 
 between them, and refer any of the plants of his acquaint- 
 ance to their proper position. But the distinctions upon 
 which orders are founded are so numerous, and so com- 
 plex, requiring the consideration of so many particulars 
 and circumstances, that I reserve them for future con- 
 sideration, so as to be able to give a general and compre- 
 hensive review of the Vegetable Kingdom in the shortest 
 possible compass. The same remark applies still more 
 directly to the genera and species, which in almost any 
 possible district are so numerous, that they are always 
 reserved for a separate department called a Flora. Ac- 
 cordingly I restrict myself here to a view of the principal 
 divisions merely of the Natural System. 
 
 The entire Vegetable Kingdom is divided into two 
 great series, the Phgenogamous, or Flowering plants, and 
 the Cryptogamous, or Flowerless plants. The leading 
 distinctions have already been explained ; but it may be 
 well to recapitulate them. The first series is distin- 
 guished by the possession of ^proper flowers, i. e. those 
 with stamens, or pistils, or both. They produce ovules, 
 or undeveloped seeds, which, when fertilized by the pol- 
 len, become proper seeds, possessing within themselves 
 an embryo or undeveloped plant, destined by germination 
 to become the future vegetable. 
 
 In Cryptogamous plants, on the contrary, we find 
 neither proper stamens nor pistils, nor, in fact, any 
 organs, so far as we can discover, performing their offices. 
 They produce no ovules, which fertilized by pollen be- 
 come seeds, containing the future plants in embryo ; but 
 they reproduce themselves by minute reproductive cells 
 called spores, which, by cell-growth, develope the new 
 plant. This last series are all herbaceous in our cli- 
 mate, and include the Scouring Bushes, Club-mosses, 
 Ferns, Mosses, Liverworts, Lichens, Fungi, Seaweeds, 
 and a few unimportant aquatic plants ; whUe the Phteno- 
 gamous plants, a very much larger list, include all 
 others. 
 
 Phjenogamous plants are again divided into the two 
 classes of Exogens and Endogens. The principal dis- 
 tinctions upon which this classification is founded have 
 already been explained, but, as before, for the sake of 
 completeness, I will recapitulate briefly. They are dis- 
 tinguished mainly by differences in the mode of growth. 
 These differences are most clearly defined in the woody 
 stems of the two classes. Exogenous trees possess a 
 stem readily distinguishfible into bark, wood, and pith, 
 
104 
 
 ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 All growth takes place between the bark and wood, by 
 the addition of layers to each. In herbaceous species, 
 though the wood is absent, the distinction between the 
 bark and pith still remains. The leaves, when present, 
 are distinguished by their branching veins, and are hence 
 called net, or feather-veined leaves. Their seeds have 
 always two opposite cotyledons, except in the Pine 
 family, which have several. The parts of their flowers 
 are not usually multiples of three, but of some other 
 number. When they have two series of floral envelopes, 
 the calyx and corolla are usually distinguished by differ- 
 ences of color and appearance. 
 
 Endogens, on the contrary, possess a stem not distin- 
 guishable into bark, wood, and pith, but their structure 
 is homogeneous. The woody stems of this class are 
 composed of bundles of woody fibre disposed without 
 order. The stem is surrounded by an integument which 
 does not increase by layers, like bark. All additions to 
 the woody structure take place in the inside. The her- 
 baceous stems of this class consist chiefly of cellular tis- 
 sue, surrounded by a mere cuticle. The leaves also 
 usually present a remarkable difi'erence from those of 
 Exogens in their parallel veins, which run the whole 
 length of the leaf unbroken. A few Endogens, however, 
 have net-veined leaves. The flowers usually have their 
 parts in threes, or multiples of three. The floral enve- 
 lopes also are rarely distinguishable into calyx and corolla. 
 The seeds are distinguished by having but one cotyledon, 
 or sometimes two, which are alternate. 
 
 Such are the principal technical distinctions between 
 these two classes ; but even the herbaceous species pre- 
 sent a remarkable difference in their general appearance, 
 which will soon become a sufficient guide to the student, 
 in nearly all cases. The Lily and Orchis tribes, and the 
 Grasses, are our best examples of Endogens, as the 
 Palms, and other arborescent species, are confined to 
 tropical countries. All our forest trees, our shrubs, and 
 the great majority of our most common herbaceous 
 plants, such as the Pea and Bean tribe, and the Umbel- 
 liferous family, are examples of Exogens. 
 
 Exogens are again divided into two sub -classes 
 Angiospekms {covered seeds), and Gymnosperms {naked 
 seeds), on account of some important differences in their 
 reproductive organs, which, in the latter, make a distant 
 approach to the simplicity of the Ferns and Club-mosses. 
 In these plants the staminate flowers are reduced to 
 mere clusters of stamens, while the ovules, instead of 
 being included in a regular ovary, are borne on the open 
 surface or margin of a carpellary leaf, which takes the 
 place of a pistil, and in the Pine family becomes a har- 
 
 dened scale. This sub-class includes only the Cone- 
 bearing trees, and a small tropical family. The other 
 division, Angiosperms, which have regular pistils with 
 the ovules contained in a proper ovary, comprehends the 
 rest of the Exogens. 
 
 This sub-class which still includes the great majority 
 of flowering plants, on account of its size, is broken up, 
 for the sake of greater convenience, into three nearly arti- 
 ficial sections. 
 
 Those of polypetalous corollas, form the section 
 PoLYPBTALiE ; those with monopetalous corollas are in- 
 cluded under MoNOPETALiE, while those destitute of a 
 corolla constitute the section Apbtal.e. As these, how- 
 ever, are artificial distinctions, there are in each section 
 plants, which, so far as the corolla is concerned, would 
 belong to other sections, but whose affinities compel us 
 to place them where they are. 
 
 Having now considered the principal divisions of 
 Plowering plants, those of Elowerless plants next claim 
 our attention. Cryptogamous plants are divided into 
 three great classes — Acrogens, Anophytes, and Thallo- 
 phytes, depending upon distinctions in the mode of 
 growth. 
 
 The Acrogens are those which have a regular axis 
 of growth, like flowering plants. They have also the dis- 
 tinctions of stem, root, and foliage. Their stems consist 
 of woody fibre and ducts, mingled with cellular tissue. 
 In their general structure, they are not much inferior to 
 many Phsenogamous plants, except in their reproductive 
 organs. Their sporangia, or spore-cases, and their 
 spores, bear but a very distant resemblance to the flowers 
 and seeds of Flowering plants. They are called Acro- 
 gens {plants growing at top), because the axis grows 
 only at the summit, and never increases in diameter. To 
 this class belong the Scouring Rushes, Club-mosses, and 
 Ferns. 
 
 The Anophytes {plants growing upwards), gene- 
 rally preserve the distinctions of root, stem, and leaves ; 
 and their reproductive apparatus still bears a remote re- 
 semblance to that of flowering plants. The stem grows 
 upwards, and the root downwards ; but their whole 
 structure is composed solely of cellular tissue, except in 
 a very few species which have ducts, and hence they are 
 restricted to very low and humble forms, never exceeding 
 a few inches in height. The Mosses and Liverworts are 
 the chief examples of this class. 
 
 But when we reach Thallophytes, all distinction 
 between root, stem, and leaves, ceases ; there is no longer 
 any axis of growth, nor are there any organs correspond- 
 ing to the reproductive apparatus of higher types. Theso 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 
 
 105 
 
 plants often assume the form of a flat expansion {thallusjj 
 whence they derive their name of Thalloj>hytes, or plants 
 growing in flat masses. Lichens, Fimgi, and Sea-weeds, 
 constitute this last, and lowest class of vegetation. 
 
 NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 You have seen that every plant is a species of some Genus, and that this 
 genus Is again inclnded under some Order, These orders, genera and species, 
 have Latin names. The names of the Orders are Latin adjectives, mostly de- 
 rived from some prominent genus in the order, and usually ending in acece, 
 the noun plantcB being understood, as Rosacea, derived from Rosa, and mean- 
 ing plantH of t/ie Rose tribe. Sometimes they have names which were given 
 before the Natural System was adopted, and have been retained on account of 
 their significance, such as Leguminoste, plants with a pod, and Coniferae, Cone- 
 bearing trees. 
 
 The names of the Genera are Latin nouns. These are sometimes the an- 
 cient names, as Viola, the Violet, Urtica, the Nettle. They are often formed 
 arbitrarily from Latin, or more frequently from Greek words, to denote some 
 quality of the plant, or some peculiarity of its structure, as Liriodendron {Lily- 
 tree), derived from two Greek words, signifying respectively, Lily and Tree. 
 They are also formed from the names of some distinguished Botanist, or patron 
 of Botany, as Linnaja, item Linmeus, Magnolia, from Magnol. 
 
 The Species are designated by Latin adjectives, or substantives used as ad- 
 jectives, which are placed after the generic name; and the two together form 
 what is called the Botanical name. These adjectives generally denote some 
 quality, or peculiarity of the plant, or sometimes its native district, as Kosa alba, 
 the White Rose, QuercuB tinctoria, the Oak used in dying, Cortms Canadensis, 
 a Corniis native in Canada. The specific name is also often derived from the 
 name of a person. If the person was the discoverer of the species, the specific 
 name is in the genitive singular, as Desmodiura Dillenii, a Desmodium dis- 
 covered by Dillenius ; otherwise it is an adjective ending in tiks, «.a, or wwm, 
 according to the gender, as the Carex Deweyana, a Carex named in honor of 
 Prof Dewey. 
 
 The names of Classes, Orders, and Genera, always begin with capitals, being 
 proper names, and also all specific names derived from persons, or places, or 
 from nouns used as acljectives, as Daucus Carota, where the specific name is a 
 noun. 
 
 In order that those unacquainted with Latin may find no difficulty in pro- 
 nunciation, all words of three or more syllables are marked with an accent, 
 thus, Lupiims, to denote the accented syllable. Words of but two syllables al- 
 ways have the accent on the first 
 
 In all names derived ftom the Latin or Greek, that is, all but personal names, 
 or names derived from some locality, the pronunciation of which is of course 
 determined by the original word, every letter must always be pronounced, 
 thus, in An6mone, the final «, so often silent in English, must be sounded. The 
 final a must have the sound of a/t, but less prolonged. Thus we pronounce 
 Malva Malva^, and not Mal^a^. Cfi should always nave the sound of h; and 
 all the other letters have the same sound as in English. 
 
 BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 
 
 The examination of a plant, in order to determine its class, order, and botan- 
 ical name, is called Analysis. A thorough knowledge of all these particulars is 
 indispensable to a full understanding of the true nature and affinities of the va- 
 rious plants which come under our observation. The continual habit of analyz- 
 ing plants gives us an acquaintance with their structure, their qualities and 
 habits, more complete and thorough, than can be obtained by the most faithful 
 study of books. I would, therefore, enjoin it upon the sincere student of the 
 science, to seize every opportunity of studying the plants themselves, and thus 
 add to his theoretical ideas the still more valuable practical knowledge. 
 
 In order that this object may be attained by the beginner, with the greatest 
 possible ease and certainty, the descriptions of the Orders have an artificial 
 analysis prefixed to them; and almost all the Orders have an artificial analy- 
 sis of the Genera comprehended under them, the use of which will be ex- 
 plained. For the examination of minute flowers, or parts of a flower, a good 
 magnifying glass is necessary. 
 
 In the choice of specimens for analysis, those in full bloom should always 
 be preferred. Beginners will do well to select those tiowei-s which have their 
 parts pretty large and well defined, such as the Rose and Lily ; but those which 
 are rendered double by cultivation should always be avoided, for their essential 
 organs (857) being changed to petals, it becomes extremely diflicult to identify 
 them. In getting specimens, it is best to examine and see if the flowers are 
 perfect (8T4L If they are not, both the staminate and pistillate flowers should, 
 if possible, be obtained. 
 
 Having procured a specimen, as of the Wild Rose, we proceed in our ex- 
 amination, finding that it has a proper flower, with proper stamens and pistils, 
 and thus obviously belongs to Phienogamons plants. The stem being distin- 
 guished into pith, wood, and bark, would be sufficient to determine it to be an 
 Exogen, which is further confirmed by the net-veined leaves (269), and the 
 sepals and petals in fives, a number never found in Endogens, On all these 
 grounds we may safely conclude that our plant is an Exogen, Examining still 
 further, we find that the ovules are not arranged on the open surface or margin 
 of a scale, and therefore conclude that the plant belongs to Angiosperms, This, 
 also, is confirmed by the fact that the Cone-bearing trees, to which the Rose 
 docs not belong, alone constitute the sub-class, Gymnosperms. 
 
 Having thus ascertained that our plant belongs to the class Exogens, and the 
 sub-class Angiosperms, we turn to the description of the Orders to determine 
 its place there. The parts of the corolla are distinct ; but we arc not yet certain 
 that it belongs to Polypetalaj, for there are polypetalous plants in both the other 
 sections. Referring to the Polypetalous plants not included under that section, 
 we commence examining the list. The first order, Ericacese, has the "leaves 
 alternate, simple" — which disagrees; for the leaves of the Rose, though altern 
 
 14 
 
 ate, are pinnate. " Aquifoliaeese. Shrubs, petals 5," agrees. But the petals of 
 tt)e Rose not being linear, we pass to Plumbaginaceae, "Acaulescent herbs," 
 disagrees. We, therefore, pass to Oleaccffi, But as " Stamens 2 " disagrees, wo 
 proceed to the next. But as the Rose is neither an evergreen shrub, nor monce- 
 clous, it cannot belong here ; and, therefore, not being included in this excep- 
 tional list, we know that it belongs to Polypetalaa proper. _ Passing to this sec- 
 tion, we commence examining the Synopsis at the beginning, in order to find 
 ii^ proper group. The description of Group 1 — " Leaves flat, alternate; Sepals 
 distinct, and corolla regular," agrees ; but *' Stamens inserted on the receptacle," 
 disagrees; for, on examination, we find the stamens inserted on the calyx. AVe, 
 therefore, pass to Group 3, but as these are all herbe^ and the Rose is a ahriib^ 
 we go to the third, with which it disagrees, for the same reason. The fourth 
 group consists of " Herbs ; or Shrubs with yellow flowers." The Wild Rose is a 
 shrub, but its flowers are not yellow ; therefore we proceed to Group 5. This 
 group has the "leaves alternate," which agrees, and " 20 or more stamens not 
 inserted on the calyx," which disagi'ees. The sixth Group includes only Herbs, 
 or SufFmticose plants, therefore the Rose cannot belong here. Group 7 — 
 "Trees, shrubs, or woody vines," agrees. But stamens 10 or less," disagrees, 
 and we pass to Group 8. Again the character, " Stamens 10 or less," disagrees ; 
 therefore we proceed to Group 9, where the character given is, "Leaves pre- 
 sent, not fleshy ; stamens more than 10." The Rose agrees in all these points, 
 and hence belongs to the ninth Group. Turning then to that Group in the 
 descriptions of the Orders, we commence examining the characters of the Or- 
 ders, till we find one with which our plant agrees. In this case it will be 
 Rosaccffi. We then turn to Rosaceae in the Flora, aud examine the Synopsis of 
 the genera, to find the genus. 
 
 Sub-order 1. — Amygdaleffi has the " calyx free from the ovaries." This 
 agrees; for what appear to be bony seeds, are, in reality, ovaries connected 
 each with a single pistil. "Style 1." This disagrees; for there are many styles 
 in the Rose, Therefore we pass to the second Bub-order, Rosaceae-proper, the 
 description of which agrees perfectly ; for the calyx is free from the ovaries, the 
 styles are many, the fruit consists of achenia, and the plant is a shrub. 
 
 We now go to the first Section, designated by a*. " J'mit follicular." This 
 disagrees; and we pass onto the second Section, designated by **. "Fruit 
 consisting of achenia, not inclosed in the calyx tube," disagrees ; for the ache- 
 nia are inclosed in the calyx tube. This forms the character of the third Sec- 
 tion, marked by ***, to which we now pass, consequently our plant belongs 
 here. The first genus, Agrimonla, consists of herbs with a dry turbinate calyx 
 tube, covered with hooked bristles. But the Rose is a 8hrub with a fleshy 
 calyx tube, either smooth or covered with straight bristles ; therefore it cannot 
 belong here. Comparing it with the character of the next gemis, Rosa, we find 
 a perfect agreement ; for it has the calyx tube fleshy in fruit, the achenia bony, 
 and is a prickly shrub. 
 
 We turn to the genus Rosa, and after examining the generic character, in 
 order to become more familiar with it, we commence reading the descriptions 
 of the species, until we find one with which our plant entirely agrees. 
 
 Such is the mode of analysis adopted in this work. But when we already 
 knmjc the order to which a plant belongs, we have only, by the same process 
 described above, to trace out its genus and species. 
 
 If the plant is an Endogen, we can go to the Synopsis at once, and determine 
 its gi'oup, and then its order ; but if it he an Exogen, we must, in all cases, de- 
 cide, in the manner illustrated above, whether it belongs to the section indi- 
 cated by its corolla, before we consult the Synopsis. If we find that it agrees 
 with the character of any order included under that list of exceptions, all we 
 have to do is to turn to the proper order and find the genus as before. It 
 should be stated here, that in all these analyses, Orders and Genera are some- 
 times divided: and in this case, any character given does not necessarily apply 
 to all the plants belonging to the order or genus, but only to those under con- 
 sideration. Thus the character given to some of the a^peiaZous genera in Ea- 
 nunculacefE, may not apply to all the polypetalous genera. 
 
 In determining whether a flower be monopetalous or not, you must not 
 consider it polypetalous because the segments appear distinct; but you must 
 pull them ofl^ and see if they are not connected at the base. 
 
 There are a few tribes of plants which ditfer so much from the usual forms, 
 that it seems best to explain their structure here, that the beginner may find no 
 difiicnlty in their analysis. Thus if.we take the flower of a Dandelion, not being 
 acquainted with its peculiar structure, we might naturally suppose it polypeta- 
 lous ; but it nially consists of a large collection of little flowers, each of them 
 having its own monopetalous corolla, which, in the present case, takes the form 
 of a strap. If we examine one of these little florets carefully, we can see that it 
 has all the parts of a flower, as perfectly developed as any other. On the out- 
 side it has a ring of hairs, or pappus, which represents the calyx. Then comes 
 the strap-shaped corolla; and from its tubular base arise the stamens, five in 
 number, united by their anthers, and forming a hollow tube, through which 
 the style projects. 
 
 In the Thistle, again, the same structure exists, except that the corolla takes 
 the form of a tube, five-parted at the top. In the Ox-eyed Daisy, so conmion 
 in pastures, these two forms are combined. The central portion of the flower is 
 tubular, while on the outside we have a row of strap-shaped florets. In this 
 form, the head^f fiowera at the first glance bear a strong resemblance to the 
 fiower of a polypetalous plant, the outer border of ligulate florets representing 
 the corolla, and the central tubular flowers the stamens and pistils. The begin, 
 ner should, therefore, remember that all flowers formed after the model of the 
 Dandelion, the Thistle, or the Daisy, are not polypetalous, but really collec- 
 tions of monopetalous flowers. 
 
 The Milkweed family, also, have a curious structure. The calyx and deeply 
 5-parted corollic are reflexed, and 5 cucuUato processes, called collectively the 
 crown, form the most showy portion of the flower. After removing this crown 
 we come to the stamens, which are five, and united by their filaments into a 
 tube, inclosing the pistil. Each anther is two-celled, each cell containing a 
 mass of coherent pollen. The two nearest pollen-masses in the cells of two ad- 
 jacent anthers, are connected together by a thread, and attached by it to one of 
 the five glandular angles of the stigma. Soon, generally through the agency of 
 insects, the pollen-masses are detached from the cells, and hang in pairs from 
 the stigma, as in fig. 19, Plate XXV, A similar structure is found in the Or- 
 chidaceffi, or Orchis family, except that the 8 stamens are consolidated with 
 the pistil into a single column, and only one or two of the anthers are present 
 and fertile. The structure of both the pollen-masses in most of their hpecios. 
 and the mode of their attachment to the stigma, Is nearly the same. 
 
106 
 
 OEDEE I. EANUNCULACEJE. 
 
 PRESEEYATION OP SPECIMENS. 
 
 It is usual for Botanists to preserve dried specimens of all the plants of their 
 acquaintance, for the sake of having them to refer to at their leisure. A good 
 specimen of the smaller herbaceous plants comprehends the whole, including 
 the root But in case of large herbs, or trees, such a portion of the stem is 
 taken as -will sufficiently represent the leaves, flowers, and fruit "When, how- 
 ever, the fruits or seeds are too large to be pressed, they should be preserve!! 
 separately, together with pieces of the wood of arborescent species. 
 
 The next object is to extract the moisture. This is done by laying them in 
 sheets of soft bibulous paper, with six or eight thicknesses of the same, inter- 
 posed between. Then lay the pile between two perfectly level boards, and 
 subject them to a strong pressure, yet not sufficient to crash their pai-ts. Every 
 
 day all the sheets, excepting those containing the plants, should be changed, 
 and their place supplied by others, fresli and dry. In a few days, varying with 
 the nature of the plants, they will he ready to remove from the press. 
 
 These specimens, thus prepared, are attached by white glue each one either 
 to a separate sheet or a half sheet, of fine white firm paper. The Botanical 
 name, locality, and any circumstance you may wish to preserve, are written on 
 the corner. The sheets are now to be arranged according to their genera and 
 specie?. They may he collected in folios, or lie flat preserved on the shelves 
 of a cabinet; but in all eases tliey must be kept in a perfectly dry place. Some 
 odorous substance, such as camphor-gum, or musk, should be placed among 
 them, to preserve them ftom insects. Such a collection is usually termed an 
 Heebaeium. 
 
 OEDEKS OF THE NATUKAL SYSTEM. 
 
 SERIES I— PHJ5N0GIAMIA. 
 
 Plants "with a regular axis of growth, usually furnished "with 
 proper leaves and real flowers, "which contain proper stamens, or 
 pistils, or both, and produce real seeds containing an embryo, 
 destined, by germination, to become a future plant. 
 
 CLASS I.— EXOGEN^. 
 
 Plants "whose stems are more or less capable of being distin- 
 guislied into an external bark, a central pith, and an intervening 
 portion "which in perennial stems is "woody, and is increased by 
 annual layers next the bark, "which also increases by annual 
 layers on the inside. Leaves net-veined. Flo"wer3, "when sym- 
 metrical, with their parts in fives or fours, rarely in threes. Seeds 
 "with two or more opposite, or verticillate cotyledons. 
 
 SUB-CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMiE. 
 
 Ovules inclosed in a proper ovary, and fertilized by the pol- 
 len through a proper stigma. Cotyledons two. 
 
 SECTION I. POL"n'ETAX^ 
 
 Flowers with at least t"wo series of floral envelopes, and the 
 corolla consisting of several distinct petals. 
 
 Polypetalous Plants not included under Po^jpetalcB. 
 
 Order LXVIIL — Ericaceae. Leaves, -when present, alternate, 
 simple. Flowers perfect. Petals equal, 4 or 6. Stamens 8 or 
 10, distinct. Style 1. Shrubs; or else acauleseent, or leafless 
 herbs. 
 
 Order LXIX — Aquifoliacese. Shrubs. Petals 5, linear. 
 Stamens 5, distinct. Stigmas 3 or 4 
 
 Order LXXIV. — PlumbaginacesE. Acauleseent herbs. Sta- 
 mens 5. Styles 6. 
 
 Order XCL — Oleaoese. Shrubs. Stamens 2. Petals 4, linear. 
 
 Order CVIL — ^Euphorbiacese. Evergreen shrubs, "with monoe- 
 cious flo"wers. 
 
 Order dtX. — Juglandacese. Trees "with monceoious flowers ; 
 the barren flowers in aments. 
 
 P6lypetali2 proper. 
 
 Group 1. — Leaves flat, in aquatic species much dissected, 
 alternate, or all radical, rarely opposite or verticillate. Sepals 
 distinct, 3 or more. Corolla regular or irregular. Stamens in- 
 serted on the receptacle, distinct, more than 10 ; or else 6 or 8, 
 and opposite the 6 or 8 equal petals. Ovaries simple, numerous, 
 or few, rarely single. Orders L — V. inclusive. 
 
 Geoup 2. — Herbs "with alternate, or radical leaves. Flo"wers 
 
 perfect. Corolla regular. Petals never 5, except in plants "with 
 tubiilar leaves. Stamens 18, or more, inserted on the receptacle, 
 distinct. Orders VL' — X. inclusive. 
 
 Geoup 3. — Herbs with alternate, or radical, not succulent, 
 leaves. Flowers perfect. Sepals ne.arly or quite distinct, and 
 regular ; not spurred. Petals 4 or 5, not fugacious, sometimes 
 cohering in pairs. Stamens inserted on the receptacle; when 
 more than 6, always distinct. Ovary free from the calyx, or ad- 
 herent only at base ; becoming in fruit a 1 or 2-eelled capsule, or 
 pod. Orders XL — XVL inclusive. 
 
 Geoup 4. — Herbs ; or yellow-flo"wered shrubs. Leaves simple. 
 Flowers perfect. Corolla regular. Stamens not monadelphous ; 
 never inserted on the calyx, except when the petals are in several 
 rows. Styles fewer than the stamens ; or else both are 2 or 3 in 
 number. Orders XVIL — XXH. inclusive. 
 
 Gkoup 5. — Leaves alternate. Stamens 20 or more, not insert- 
 ed on the calyx. Orders XXHL — XXVL inclusive. 
 
 Geoup 6. — Herbs; sometimes suffruticose. Flowers perfect. 
 Stamens not inserted on the calyx. Fruit of 3 — 5 carpels, or a 8- 
 5-celled capsule. Orders XXVII. — ^XXXIII. inclusive. 
 
 Group 7. — ^Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Stamens 10 or 
 less ; distinct. Ovary free from the calyx, or adhering only at 
 the base. Fruit never a legume. Orders XXXIV. — XLI. in- 
 clusive. 
 
 Group 8. — Flowers more or less irregular ; rarely regular, and 
 the fruit a legume. Stamens 10 or less. Orders XLII. and XLIII. 
 
 Group 9. — Leaves alternate or opposite ; not fleshy. Stamens 
 more than 10; distinct; inserted on the calyx. OrdersXLIV. — 
 XLVI. inclusive. 
 
 Group 10. — Flowers perfect. Stamens distinct, inserted on 
 the calyx. Style 1, sometimes 2-cleft. Orders XLVII. — LI. in- 
 clusive. 
 
 Group 11. — Flowers moncBcious, polygamous, or perfect. 
 Stamens united in 1 or more sets ; or else distinct, and inserted on 
 the calyx. Orders LII. — LVI. inclusive. 
 
 Group 12. — Stamens 4 or 5, inserted upon the disk, which 
 crowns the ovary. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Orders 
 LVIL— LIX. inclusive. 
 
 GEO¥P I. 
 
 Order I. — Ranunculacese. 
 
 Herbs sometimes climbing, with a colorless acrid juice 
 Leaves mostly alternate, and much divided. Petioles usually 
 sheathing at base. Sepals 3 — 6, usually 5, hypogynous, mostly 
 deciduous. Petals 3 — 15, mostly 5, rarely united, or wanting. 
 Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, distinct. Ovaries indefinite, 
 rarely few, or solitary. Embryo minute, at the base of the horny 
 or fleshy albumen. 
 
OEDEB n. MAGNOLIAOEjE. OEDEE Vm. NYMPHCEACE^. 
 
 107 
 
 A largo order of plants, distinguished hy tlieir 
 acrid, and usually poisonous juice. They generally 
 grow in wet or damp situations. This order In- 
 cludes a great many ornamental cultivated plants. 
 The Ranunculus (^miUer-eup), fig. 1, the Clematis 
 (^Virgin^8-bow6r\ and Anemone, are examples. 
 The Delphinium (Lark- spur), and Aconitum 
 (Mo7iJc'8-fiood\ are Clistingui6he4 by very irregular 
 flowers. 
 
 Order II. — Magnoliaceae. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, sin- 
 gle, entire, or lobed ; never serrate, coria- 
 cious; usually punctate with transparent 
 dots. Stipules membranaceous, caducous, 
 enveloping the bud. Flowers solitary, 
 large and showy, usually fragrant. Sepals 
 3 — 6, deciduous, colored. Petals 3, or 
 
 more; often in several rows. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, 
 distinct. Filaments short. Anthers adnate. Ovaries numerous, 
 arranged in several rows on the elongated receptacle, forming a 
 kind of cone. Seeds 1 — 2 in each carpel, from which, when ma- 
 ture, they are often suspended by a slender funiculus. Embryo 
 minute, at the base of the fleshy albumen. 
 
 A noble order, consisting chiefly of large trees, native mostly at the South 
 and West. Tlje bark often contains an intensely bitter principle, which is tonic 
 and stimulant. Examples are the Magnolias and the Liriotlendron, or Tulip- 
 tree, flg. 2. 
 
 Kg. 3. 
 
 Order III. — Anonaceae. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire. Stipules none. 
 Sepals 3. Petals 6, in two series, of a dull color. Stamens inde- 
 finite, hypogynous, with short filaments and extrorse anthers. 
 Ovaries usually numerous, closely packed together, sometimes co- 
 hering in a pulpy mass. Style short, or none. Stigmas simple. 
 Carpels 1-seeded. Seeds anatropous. 
 
 A chiefly tropical order, represented in the United States by several species 
 of Asimina (Fapaw), and the delicious Custard-apples of the East and "West 
 Indies, also belong here. 
 
 Order IV. — MenispermaceEe. 
 
 Climbing, or twining, usually more or less shrubby plants. 
 Leaves alternate, entire. Stipules none. Flowers small, arranged 
 in panicles, or racemes, usually dioecious, but never perfect. 
 Sepals 4 — 12 in 1 — 3 rows ; deciduous. Petals 1 — 8 ; usually as 
 many as the sepals; hypogynous, rarely wanting, or united. 
 Stamens opposite the petals, and equalling them in number, or 
 else 2—4 times as many. Anthers often 4-celled. Ovaries 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 usually several, when in flower, but in fruit mostly reduced to 1 
 or 2. Fruit, a berry, or drupe. Embryo large, curved, in- 
 cluded in the fleshy albumen. 
 
 A small order, mostly tropical. The roots usually possess bitter and tonic 
 properties. The Menispermum {Moonseed\ one species of which yields Co- 
 fumbo, and the Anamirta Cocculus, the Oocculus Indictts of the shops, whose 
 narcotic fruit is extensively used in adulterating malt liquors, are good ex- 
 amples. 
 
 Order V. — BerberidaceaB. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, or compound, 
 mostly exstipulate. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3 — 6, arranged in 
 1 or 2 rows. Petals as many as the sepals, and opposite them ; 
 or else twice as many. Stamens definite, as many as the petals, 
 and opposite them; or else twice as many. Anthers extrorse, 
 usually opening by recurved valves, as in fig. 5, Plate XXV. 
 Ovary consisting of a single carpel, forming in fruit a 1-celled 
 berry, or capsule. Seeds few ; rarely many. 
 
 The Berberis (Barberry)., and Podophyllum (May-apple), are familiar ex- 
 amples. 
 
 GROUP II. 
 
 Order VI. — CabomlDacero. 
 
 Aquatic herbs. Leaves floating, entire, centrally peltate. 
 Flowers small, solitary. Sepals 3 — 4, colored inside, persistent. 
 Petals 3 — 4, alternate with them, persistent. Stamens hypogy- 
 nous, 6 — 36. Anthers innate. Carpels 2 — 18, indehiscent. Seeds 
 pendulous, globular. 
 
 A very small aquatic order, a good example of which is seen in the Brase- 
 ' ' 'dd. 
 
 nia, or Water-shiet 
 
 Order VII, 
 
 -NelumbiacesB. 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with a somewhat milky juice. Leaves radical, 
 very large, orbicular, peltate. Flowers large, solitary, on long 
 scapes. Sepals 4 — 5, deciduous. Petals numerous, in many 
 rows, arising from the base of the ob-eonical disk. Stamens in- 
 definite, in several rows, with petaloid filaments, and adnate 
 anthers. Carpels several, separately immersed in hollows of the 
 large, flat-topped torus. Seeds destitute of albumen. Embryo 
 very large, with a highly developed plumule. 
 
 A very showy order, consisting of the genus Nelumbium, the two species 
 of which are native, one of Asia, and the other of the United States. 
 
 Order VIII. — ^NymplioeaceEe. 
 
 Aquatic herbs. Leaves peltate, or cordate, arising from a 
 creeping rhizoma. Flowers large, showy, often fragrant. Sepals 
 and petals several, or numerous, imbricated in several rows, and 
 passing into each other, persistent; the latter inserted in the 
 fleshy disk, which surrounds the ovary. Stamens numerous, in 
 several rows, with adnate and introrse anthers, and many of the 
 filaments petaloid. Ovary many-celled, many-seeded, crowned 
 by the radiate stigma, indehiscent. Seeds attached to the 
 spongy placentae, anatropous. 
 
 The beautiful and fragrant Nymphffia ( White Pond-Lily), the not less curi- 
 ous Nuphar ( TeUmo Pond-Lily), the celebrated Lotus of Egypt, flg. 4, Plate 
 XXIX., and the splendid Victoria of South America, flg. 9, are fine examples. 
 
108 
 
 OEDEE IX. SAEEACENIACEjE. OEDEE XVI. DEOSEEACEiE. 
 
 Oeder IX. — Sarraceniacese. 
 
 Perennial, acaulescent herbs, growing in bogs. Leaves 
 pitcher-shaped, as in fig. 9, Plate XVII. Flowers large, solitary, 
 nodding. Sepals 6, persistent, with 3 bracts at base. Petals 6. 
 Stamens indefinite, hypogynous. Anthers adnate, introrse. 
 Style single. Stigma large, petaloid, persistent, coTering the 5- 
 celled, 5-valved ovary. Placentae central. Seeds numerous, 
 minute. 
 
 A. email and very curious order, confined to the swamps of North America 
 and Guiana, and illustrated by the Sarracenia, our common Pitcher-planL as 
 In flg. 9, Plate XVII. 
 
 Order X. — Papaveraceae. 
 
 Herbs, usually with a milky or colored juice. Leaves alter- 
 nate. Stipules none. Flowers solitary, on long peduncles, white, 
 red, or yellow, hut never blue. Sepals 2, rarely 3, caducous. 
 Petals 4, rarely 6, regular, hypogynous. Stamens 8 — 24, or nu- 
 merous, usually some multiple of 4. Anthers innate. Ovary 
 single, 1-celled, forming a pod, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae, or a 
 capsule with several. Seeds numerous. Embryo minute, at the 
 base of the copious, oily albumen. 
 
 A small but important order, chiefly natives of Europe, and distinguished 
 not less by their narcotic properties, than by their splendid flowera The most 
 Important product is Opium, derived from a species of Papaver {Poppy). 
 Other examples are furnished by the Sanguinaria (Jilood^roof}, and Chelido- 
 nium (.Celandine), 
 
 GROUP III. 
 Order XI. — Fumariace^. 
 
 Smooth herbs, with a watery juice. Stems brittle. Leaves 
 alternate, much divided, destitute of stipules. Flowers irregular. 
 Sepals 2. Petals 4, in pairs, 1 or both of the outer ones spurred 
 or saccate at base ; the 2 inner cohering at apex. Stamens 6, 
 diadelphous, with dilated, and more or less united filaments ; the 
 middle one of each set bearing a 2-celled anther; 2 outer ones 1- 
 celled anthers. Ovary simple, becoming in fruit a 1-celled, 2- 
 valved pod, or an indehiscent, persistent, globular capsule. Seeds 
 with an arih Embryo minute. Albumen fleshy. 
 
 A tribe of curious and often delicately beautiful, but otherwise unimportant 
 plants. The Fumaria (^Fumitory) and Corydalis are examples. 
 
 Order XII. — CrucifeiEe. 
 
 Herbs, rarely suffruticose. Leaves alternate. Stipules none. 
 Flowers usually yellow or white, in racemes, or corymbs, desti- 
 
 PIg.8. 
 
 tute of bracts. Sepals 4, deciduous. Corolla of 4 usually regular, 
 unguiculate petals, spreading in the form of a cross, as in the Wall- 
 
 flower, fig. 18, Plate XXn. Stamens 6, 2 shorter than the othei 
 4. Ovary consisting of 2 carpels united by a membranous parti- 
 tion, usually a 2-oelled pod, called a Silique, as in fig. 14, Plate 
 XXVII. ; or a Silicle, as in fig. 3. Seeds destitute of a,lbumen. 
 Embryo variously folded, with the cotyledons on the radicle. 
 
 A large, important, and very natural order, containing some very beautiful 
 and fragrant flowers, as the Wall-flower, Candy-tuft, and Stock-July-fluwer. 
 The Hesperis, or Socket, flg. 8, is a good example. The plants of tliis 
 order are generally pervaded by an exceedingly acrid, but volatile principle, 
 accompanied by an ethereal oil containing much sulphur, which gives them 
 their well-known stimulant and antiscorbutic properties. This peculiar quality 
 is especially developed in the Sinapis (Mustard), and the Cochlearia (florse- 
 RadisTC). In many of the cultivated species, the acrid principle is so far sub- 
 dued, that they furnish valuable food to man and animals. Such are the Tur- 
 nip, Cabbage, and Eadish. None of the order, even the most acrid, arc 
 poisonous. 
 
 Order XIII. — Capparidacese. 
 
 Herbs; or, in the Tropics, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 
 destitute of true stipules. Flowers solitary, or in racemes. Se- 
 pals 4. Petals 4, cruciform, unguiculate, more or less unequal. 
 Stamens 6 — 12, or numerous, usually some multiple of 4. Ovary 
 composed of 2 united carpels. Styles united into 1. Fruit a 
 1-celled pod, without any partition; or baccate. Seeds usu- 
 ally many, reniform. Embryo curved, with foliaceous coty- 
 ledons. 
 
 An order much resembling CruciferEB, but usually distinguished by the 
 number of its stamens, and always by the structure of its fruit. These plants 
 are chiefly confined to the Tropics, where they are shrubs, or even trees. They 
 are often still more acrid than Cruciferte ; and their roots, bark, and herbage, 
 aro nauseously bitter, and sometimes poisonous. 
 
 Order XIV. — Kesedacese. 
 
 Herbs, with a watery juice. Leaves alternate, without 
 stipules, but often with 2 glands at base. Flowera small, 
 often fragrant, in terminal racemes. Sepals 4 — 7, somewhat 
 united at base, persistent. Petals 2 — 7, iisually unequal and 
 lacerated, with nectariferous claws. Stamens 8 — 40, rarely 3, 
 inserted on the fleshy glandular disk. Ovary 1-celled, 3 — 6 
 lobed at summit, usually many-seeded, with 3 — 6 parietal placen- 
 t£e, usually opening before maturity. Seeds reniform, with no 
 albumen. 
 
 A small order, mostly natives of the Levant. It is well represented in the 
 Mignonette (^Reseda odorata), whose fragrant flower is a universal favorite. 
 
 Order XV. — Violace^. 
 
 Herbs ; in the Tropics sometimes shrubby. Leaves alternate, 
 or radical, petiolate, furnished with stipules. Flowers irregular, 
 solitary. Sepals 6, persistent, slightly united, often auricled at 
 base. Petals 6, usually unequal; the lower one usually large, 
 and furnished with a spur at base. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
 disk. Filaments broad, dilated, elongated beyond the anthers ; 2 
 of them usually furnished with a spur-like process at base. An- 
 thers adnate, introrse, 2-celled, approximate, or united in a ring. 
 Ovary l-eeUed, composed of 3 united carpels, with 3 parietal 
 placenta. Style usually declined, with a cucullate stigma. 
 Fruit a 3-valved, usually many-seeded capsule. Seeds many, 
 with a crustaoeous episperm. 
 
 A beautiful order, of which the well known Yiola ( Violet), is the best ex- 
 ample. Their roots have acrid and emetic properties. Some Brazilian species 
 of lonidium yield much of the Ipecac that is sold, though not the genuine 
 article. 
 
 Order XVI. — Droseracese. 
 
 Herbs, usually covered with glandular hairs. Leaves alter 
 nate, furnished with a fringe of hairs, instead of stipules, at the 
 base of the petiole, and circinate in vernation. Sepals 5, persist- 
 ent, equal. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals, marcescent, con- 
 volute in prefloration, Stamens as many as the petals, and 
 alternate with them, rarely 2 — 5 times as many, distiiict, mprces- 
 cent. Anthers extrorse. Ovary single, consisting ol 9 — -H united 
 carpels. Styles 2 — 5, nearly or quite distinct, 2 — ^hjony parted, 
 sometimes all united into 1. Capsule l-ceUed, 2 — f /alT-eS, with 
 
OKDEK XVII. CISTACE^. OEDEK XXIV. TILIAOEJS. 
 
 109 
 
 loculioidal dehiscence, and 2 — 5 parietal placentae. Seeds usually 
 many. Embryo small. 
 
 A small order of marsh plants, of which Drosera, or the Sun-dew^ is an ex- 
 ample. To this order the following suborder is usually appended : — 
 
 Sdu-oeder. — Paesassle. Plants without glandular hairs, the 
 petals imbricate in prefloration, and furnished with 5 appendages 
 opposite each petal, consisting of several sterile stamens united 
 together. Stamens somewhat perigynous. Anthers introrse. 
 Stigmas placed opposite the 4 parietal plaoentiE. Seeds desti- 
 tute of albumen. 
 
 A beaatiful example is seen in Farnassia, ffraee ofParnasms. 
 
 GROUP IV. 
 Ordkr XVII. — CistaceEe. 
 
 Herbs, or low shrubs. Leaves simple, the lowest commonly 
 opposite ; the rest, usually alternate. Flowers perfect, yellow, 
 sometimes white, or red. Sepals mostly 5, the 3 inner convolute 
 in prefloration, the 2 outer minute, or wanting. Petals 5, rarely 
 S, regular, in prefloration usually convolute in a direction con- 
 trary to that of the sepals. Stamens indefinite, sometimes few, 
 hypogynous, distinct. Anthers innate. Ovary of 3 — 5 united 
 carpels. Style 1. Fruit a 1-celled, or imperfectly 3 — 5-oelled 
 capsule. _ Seeds few, or numerous. 
 
 A small and unimportant order, distinguished by the very showy flowers of 
 some of the species. The most common examples are Helianthemum (Book 
 Rose, or Ice Plant), and Lechea (^Pin Weed). 
 
 Order XVIII. — HypericaceaB. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules, 
 usually punctate with black glands and transparent dots. Flow- 
 ers mostly regular. Sepals 4 — 5, distinct, or united at base, 
 persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, and alternate with 
 them, twisted in prefloration. Stamens hypogynous, usually 
 numerous, and cohering by their filaments in 3, or more sets ; 
 sometimes definite, and monadelphous, or distinct. Anthers 
 versatile. Ovary composed of 2 — 5 united carpels. Styles 2 — 5, 
 distinct, or partially united. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, with 
 septicidal dehiscence, either 1-celled, or more or less completely 
 2 — 5-oelled. 
 
 A small order of unimportant plants. The Hypericum (5t John^a Wort), is 
 a good example. 
 
 Order XIX. — ^ElatinaceEe. 
 
 Annual herbs. Leaves opposite, with minute, membranaceous 
 stipules. Flowers minute, axillary. Sepals 2 — 5, mostly distinct, 
 persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, and alternate with 
 them. Stamens as many, or twice as many as the petals. Ovary 
 2 — 5-celled. Styles, or stigmas, 2 — 5. Capsule 2 — 5-oelled, 2 — 5- 
 valved, many-seeded, crowned by the persistent stigmas. 
 
 A very small order of unimportant marsh plants, of which our only example 
 is a species of Elatine. 
 
 Order XX. — Oaryophyllacese. 
 
 Herbs. Stems with tumid nodes. Leaves opposite, entire, 
 sometimes verticillate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4, or 5, some- 
 times coherent in a tube. Petals 4 or 5, or none. Stamens as 
 many, or twice as many as the petals, rarely only 2 or 3. Ovary 
 mostly 1-eelled. Styles 2 — 5, stigmatose on the inner side. Fruit 
 a 1-oelled utricle, or more commonly a capsule, 2 — 5-valved, or 
 opening at top by twice as many valves, or teeth, as there are 
 stigmas. 
 
 A largo order containing many beautiful plants, such as the Dianthns 
 (PSn*), fig. 4, and also many insignifloant weeds, of which the Stellaria (OMak- 
 weei), and Mollugo {Oarpet-weed), are examples. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Order XXI. — Portulacacese. 
 
 Herbs, more or less succulent, or fleshy. Leaves opposite, or 
 alternate, entire, destitute of proper stipules. Flowers showy, 
 opening only in the sunshine, solitary. Sepals 2, often cohering 
 to the ovary at base. Petals 5, rarely more, ephemeral. Stamens 
 variable in number, sometimes as many as the petals, and oppo- 
 site them. Ovary 1-oelled. Styles 2 — 8, stigmatose along the 
 inner surface. Fruit opening transversely, forming a pyxis, fig. 
 1, Plate XXVIL ; or else a looulicidal capsule, with as many 
 valves as there are stigmas. Seeds numerous, or few. 
 
 A small order of unimportant plants, including, however, many with showy 
 ilowers. Portulaca {Purslane), and the Claytonia are examples. 
 
 Order XXII. — MesembryantlieniaceEe. 
 
 Succulent herbs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers showy, 
 opening only in sunshine. Sepals 4 — 8, usually 5. Petals indefi- 
 nite, colored, in many rows. Stamens indefinite, distinct. Ovary 
 many-celled, many-seeded. Stigmas numerous. Capsule opening 
 by many teeth, presenting a radiate appearance. 
 
 A curious, and often very ornamental tribe of fleshy plants, native chiefly 
 of the Cape of Good Hope. The species of Mesembryanthemum {Ice Plant, 
 Fig Marigold), are examples. 
 
 GROUP V. 
 Order XXIII. — Malvaceae. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs, sometimes trees. Leaves alternate, stipu- 
 late. Flowers regular, axillary, often with an involucre at the 
 base of the calyx. Sepals 5, somewhat united. Petals as many 
 as the sepals, alternate with them, hypogynous. Stamens nu- 
 merous, monadelphous, hypogynous, united to the petals at 
 base. Anthers uniform, 1-oelled, bursting transversely. Pollen 
 hispid. Ovary 1, several-celled; or ovaries several, arranged 
 circularly round a common axis. Fruit a several-celled capsule, 
 or consisting of several separate, or separable 1 — 2 seeded carpels. 
 
 A rather large order of plants nsually with very showy flowers, and abound- 
 ing in mucilage. Their most important product is Cotton, derived fi-om two 
 species of Gossypium, forming the hairy covering of the seed. Examples are 
 Malva, the Mallow, and the Hibiscus. 
 
 Order XXIV.— TiliaceEe. 
 
 Trees, or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, stipulate, de- 
 ciduous. Sepals 4 — 5, deciduous. Petals 4 — 6, with 4 — 5 glands 
 
no 
 
 OEDEE XXV. TEENSTECEMIAOE^. — OEDEE XXXV. ANAOAEDIAOE^. 
 
 at base. Stamens usually indefinite, distinct, hypogynous. 
 Ovary with 2 — 10 united carpels. Styles united into 1. Stigmas 
 as many as the carpels. Fruit a 2 — 5-eelled capsule, often by 
 abortion l-celled; 1 — 2-seeded. 
 
 A chiefly tropical order, represented in the North by the Linden, or Bass- 
 wood iJIUia), 
 
 Okdek XXV. — Ternstrcemiace^. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, simple, with- 
 out stipules. Flowers usually white, large, and showy. Sepals 
 3 — 1, coriaceous, deciduous. Petals 5 — 9, imbricated in preiJora- 
 tion. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, united by their filaments 
 into 1 or several sets. Ovary several-celled. Styles 3 — '7, more 
 or less united. Fruit a 2 — 7-ceUed capsule. Seeds large, few in 
 each ceU. 
 
 An order of ornamental, chiefly tropical shrubs. The weli-known Camellia 
 belongs here, and also the Tea-shrub {Tkea). 
 
 Order XXVI. — AurantiaceEe. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, either compound, or with 
 jointed petioles. Stipules wanting. Flowers fragrant. Sepals 
 united into an m-ceolate, or campanulate cup. Petals 3 — 5. 
 Stamens equalling the petals in number, or some multiple of 
 them, inserted in a single row upon a hypogynous disk, often 
 united in 1, or several sets. Style 1. Fruit a large, globular, 
 many-celled berry, covered with a thick leathery rind, and con- 
 taining a pulp. 
 
 An order of Asiatic trees, distingnisbed by their juicy, aromatic, and often 
 delicious fruits, as in the Olifus^ a genus that contains the Orange, Lemon, and 
 Citron. 
 
 GROUP VI. 
 
 Order XXVII. — Linacete. 
 
 Herbs, sometimes suffnitieose. Leaves sessile, entire, alternate, 
 or apparently opposite, destitute of stipules. Flowers regular, 
 symmetrical. Sepals 3 — 5, distinct, or somewhat united at base. 
 Petals as many as the sepals, and alternate with them, convolute 
 in preiloration. Stamens as many as the petals, usually al- 
 ternate, with 5 processes resembling teeth, and united with 
 them in a hypogynous ring. Styles as many as the stamens. 
 Ovaries of 3 — 5 united carpels. Stigmas capitate. Capsule 
 globose, 3 — 5-celIed, each cell more or less completely divided by 
 « false dissepiment. Carpels 2-valved at apex, 2-seeded. Seeds 
 without albranen. 
 
 A small order distinguished by the symmetry of its flowers. The principal 
 genus is Lin urn, one species of which furnishes the important article, FLix. 
 
 Order XXVIII. — Geraniacese. 
 
 Herbs, sometimes somewhat sufTruticose. Stems with tumid 
 nodes. Leaves usually palmately veined, and lobed, the lower 
 ones generally opposite. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, ungui- 
 culate, sometimes unequal Stamens 10, hypogynous, united by 
 their broad filaments ; 3 or 5 of them sometimes sterile. Ovary 
 with 5 2-ovuled carpels. Styles attached to the base of a pro- 
 longed axis, to which the styles adhere. Fruit consisting of 5 1- 
 seeded carpels, which at length separate from the axis by curv- 
 ing back from their base, remaining attached at summit by the 
 persistent, hardened styles. 
 
 A very ornamental order, chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope. The 
 roots are astringent, and sometimes used as medicine. Examples are the com- 
 mon Cranas-bilT {^Geranium maoulatum), and the numerous species of Pelar- 
 gonium, which constitute the great majority of plants cultivated, and known as 
 Geraniums. 
 
 Order XXIX. — Oxalidaceee. 
 
 Herbs, with an acrid juice. Leaves alternate, compound. 
 Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals 5, persistent, distinct, or slightly 
 coherent at base. Petals 6, equal, unguioulate, deciduous, 
 spirally twisted in prefloration. Stamens 10, hypogynous, more 
 or less monadelphous, those opposite the petals longest. Ovary 
 
 consisting of S united carpels, opposite the petals. Styles 5, dis- 
 tinct. IVuit a membranous, 6-lobed, 5-celled capsule, usually 
 separable into the 5 carpels. 
 
 A small order of plants distinguished by their sour juice, which contains 
 oxalic acid. The OxaUs ( Wood-sorrel), is our only example. 
 
 Order XXX. — Balsaminacefe. 
 
 Succulent herbs. Leaves simple, without stipules. Flowers 
 very irregular. Sepals 5, deciduous, colored, the 2 upper, or in- 
 terior ones, united ; the lowest spurred, or gibbous. Petals 4, 
 united by pairs. Stamens 6, hypogynous, cohering at apex. 
 Filaments subulate. Anthers 2-celled. Capsule 6-celled, bursting 
 elastically by the 5 valves. Seeds several m each cell. 
 
 A small and unimportant order of succulent plants, but affording many or- 
 namental flowers. The genus Impatiens contains the Garden Balsamine, and 
 two native species. 
 
 Order XXXI. — Tropceolacese. 
 
 Twining, or running herbs, with a pungent watery juice. 
 Leaves peltate, or palmate. Flowers irregular. Calyx consisting 
 of 5 colored, united sepals, the lowest spurred. Petals 5, the 
 three lower stalked. Stamens 8, distinct, unequal. Ovary with 
 3 united carpels. Style 1. Fruit separating into 3 indehiscent, 
 1-seeded carpels. Seeds large, with large and thick cotyledons. 
 
 This order consists of a few South American plants. One species of Tropce- 
 olum {Nasturiitim), is common in cultivation. 
 
 Order XXXII.: — Limnantliaceee. 
 
 Annual herbs, with a somewhat acrid juice. Leaves alternate, 
 pinnatifid. Flowers regular. Sepals 3 — 5, united at base, per- 
 sistent. Petals 3 — 5. Stamens twice as many as the petals, hy- 
 pogynous. Ovary consisting of 2 — 5 distinct carpels, opposite 
 the petals. Fruit of 2 — 5 somewhat fleshy achenia. 
 
 Marsh herbs, represented at the North by rio?rkia. 
 
 Order XXXIII. — Eutacese. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves punctate, without stipules. 
 Flowers perfect. Sepals 4—6. Petals 4 — 5. Stamens as many, 
 or twice as many as the petals, inserted on a hypogynous disk. 
 Ovary 3 — 5-lobed, 3 — 6-celled. Styles united, or distmct only at 
 base. Fruit usually separating into 3 — 5 few-seeded carpels. 
 
 A family of plants remarkable for their strong odor, and intense bitterness. 
 The common Eue of the garden {Euta\ is a good example of this chiefly tropi 
 cal order. 
 
 GROUP VII. 
 Order XXXIV. — Zanthoxylaceee. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, punctate with 
 peUuoid dots, usually pinnate. Flowers regular, polygamous. 
 Sepals 3 — 9, small, cohering at base. Petals as many as the 
 sepals, or none. Stamens as many as the sepals, and alternate 
 with them, rarely twice as many, in the pistillate flowers imper- 
 fect, or wanting. Ovaries as many as the sepals, rarely fewer, 
 more or less stipitate, distinct, or united. Fruit sometimes 
 baccate, or membranaceous, usually of 1 — 5 drupes, or 2-valved, 
 1 — 2-seeded capsules. 
 
 A small order of trees, mostly tropical, distinguished by the bitter and aro 
 matic properties of their bark, of which Zautboxylum {Prickly-Ash), is our 
 only example. 
 
 Order XXXV. — Anacardiacese. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs, with a resinous, gummy, or milky, sometimes 
 acrid juice. Leaves simple, or compound, alternate, not dotted, 
 destitute of stipules. Flowers small, often polygamous, or dioeci- 
 ous. Sepals 5, rarely 3, united at base, persistent. Petals as 
 many as the sepals, sometimes none. Stamens as many as the 
 petals, alternate with them, inserted on the base of the calyx. 
 Ovary l-celled, nearly or quite free from the calyx. Ovule soli- 
 
ORDER X2XVI. ACERACE^. — ORDER XT.TTT. LEGUMINOSJi. 
 
 Ill 
 
 tary. Styles 3 — 5, distinct, or united. Fruit a drupe; or less 
 commonly a bony, 1-seeded nut. 
 
 A chiefly tropical order of plants, distinguished by their resinous, often poi- 
 sonous, juice, wliich frequently furnishes material for varnishes. The fruit, 
 however, is generally harmless, or even edible and delicious, as the Mango and 
 Oashew-nut The Khus {Sumach), Is the only native of the North. 
 
 Order XXXVI. — Aceraceee. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules, simple, 
 and palmately lobed, or pinnate. Flowers often polygamous. 
 Sepals 5, rarely 4 — 9, colored, more or less united. Petals as 
 many as the sepals, or none. Stamens hypogynous, 3 — 12, 
 usually 8, distinct. Ovary of 2 partly united carpels, forming a 
 double samara in fruit. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds 1 in a cell. 
 
 An order containing many noble and useful trees, natives of the Northern 
 Temperate Zone. Several species of the Acer (Ma/ple\ fig. 5, yield sugar ; but 
 none so abundantly as the liock-Maple {Acer JSacc/iaHnum). 
 
 rig.6. 
 
 Order XXXVII. — ^Hippocastanacese. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves opposite, destitute of stipules. 
 Flowers showy, with articulated pedicels. Calyx campanulate, 
 consisting of 5 united sepals. Petals 5, unequal, 1 sometimes 
 wanting. Stamens 6 — 8, commonly 1, distinct, unequal, inserted 
 on the disk together with the petals. Ovary consisting of 3 
 united carpels, 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Style_ 1, 
 filiform. Fruit subglobose, coriaceous, with 1 — 3 large roundish 
 seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. 
 
 A small order of ornamental trees, with astringent bark, represented among 
 us by the species of Horse-Chestnut {jEsculus), one of which has been intro- 
 duced ft-om Asia. Another is the true Buck-eye, and native of the West, es- 
 pecially Ohio. 
 
 Order XXXVIII. — Oelastraceae. 
 
 Shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, or opposite, simple. Se- 
 pals 4 5. Petals 4 — 5, inserted on the flat disk surrounding the 
 
 ovary. Stamens as many as the petals, alternate with them, in- 
 serted on the margin of the disk. Ovary free from the calyx. 
 Fruit a capsule, or berry, with 1 — 5, 1 few-seeded cells. Seeds 
 usually arilled. 
 
 A small unimportant order, of which Ceiastrus {False Mtter-sweet), and 
 Euonymus {Bui-ning-bus?),), are examples. 
 
 Order XXXIX. — KhamnaceEe. 
 
 Shrubs, or trees, often with spinose branches. Leaves simple, 
 alternate, rarely opposite. Flowers small. Sepals 4 — 5, united 
 at base, valvate in prefloration. Petals 4 — S, inserted in the 
 throat of the calyx, cucuUate, or convolute, sometimes wanting. 
 Stamens 4 — 5, inserted opposite the petals. Ovary of 2 — 4 
 united carpels, 2 — 4-celled, usually more or less free from the 
 calyx, sometimes immersed in the fleshy disk surrounding it. 
 Fruit a berry, or a capsule with dry and separable carpels. 
 Seeds without an aril. 
 
 An order of shrubby plants, distinguished by the bitter and astringent quali- 
 ties of the bark, lihanmus {Buck'thorn), and Ceanothns {JerHey-tea\ are ex- 
 amples. The berries of Buck-thorn are cathartic, and are used in medicine. 
 They also yield the paint called Sap green. The genuine Jujube-paste is 
 derived from several species of Zizyphus, a genus of this order. 
 
 Order.XL— ^Stapliyleacea3. 
 
 Shrubs. Leaves opposite, compound. Flowers regular. Se- 
 pals 6, colored, persistent. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals. 
 Stamens 5, inserted in the disk surrounding the ovary. Styles 3, 
 nearly, or quite distinct. Ovary of 3 carpels, becoming in fruit 
 an inflated, 3-seeded, 3-celled capsule, 3-parted at apex. Seeds 
 bony and nut-like, several in a cell. 
 
 A small order nearly allied to the last, of which Staphylea {Bladder-mO), 
 is tlio principal genus. 
 
 Order XLI. — Vitaceee. 
 
 Woody plants, climbing by tendrils. Leaves simple, or com- 
 pound, often alternate. Flowers small, often polygamous, or dio3- 
 cious. Calyx very small, entire, or with 4 or 5 teeth, lined by a 
 disk. Petals 4 or 5, inserted on the margin of the disk, often co- 
 hering by their tips, and caducous. Stamens 4 or S, opposite the 
 petal^, and inserted with them. Ovary 2-celled. Style short, or 
 none. Fruit a globose, usually pulpy berry, often 1-celled, and 1 
 or few-seeded by abortion. 
 
 Vitjs, the Grape-vine, is the most important plant of the order. 
 
 GROUP VIII. 
 Order XLII. — Polygalaceae. 
 
 Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants. Leaves usually alter- 
 nate, sometimes verticillate, simple. Flowers perfect, irregular. 
 Sepals 5, distinct, usually persistent, veiy irregular ; 3 exterior 
 and smaller ; the 2 lateral, interior ones larger, and petaloid. 
 Petals irregular, usually 3, the anterior one {the keel), larger than 
 the others, and usually crested, or 3-lobed. Stamens 6 — 8, hy- 
 pogynous. Filaments united into a tube, which is split on the 
 upper side, and more or less coherent to the claws of the petals. 
 Ovary compound, free from the calyx, consisting of 2 united car- 
 pels, sometimes 1-eelled by the suppression of the upper cell. 
 Style curved, often cucul'late. Fruit opening in a loculicidal 
 manner ; or indehisoent. 
 
 The genus Polygala, one species of which is the well-known Seneca Snake- 
 root, contains our only representatives of this family, which is generally distin- 
 guished by active properties, and by a bitter principle, that pervades the whole 
 order. 
 
 Order XLIII. — ^Leguminosae. 
 
 JHerbs, shrubs, or trees. Leav€s alternate, often compound. 
 Stipules present, sometimes deciduous. Calyx consisting usually ' 
 of 5, more or less united sepals. Petals 5, either papilionaceous, 
 or regular. Stamens perigynous, sometimes hypogynous, diadel- 
 phous, monadelphous, or distinct. Ovary single, and simple. 
 Fruit a legume, assuming various forms, sometimes divided into 
 several 1-seeded joints, as in fig. 12, Plate XXVIL, when it is called 
 a loment; while the proper legume is seen in the Pea. Seeds 
 solitary, or several, destitute of albumen. The order is divided 
 into 3 sub -orders, Papilionaoeie, CsesalpineEe, and Jlimosse. 
 Papilionaceaa has papilionaceous flowers, 10 stamens, diadel- 
 phous, sometimes monadelphous, rarely distinct, inserted on the 
 bottom of the calyx. The Pea, Bean, and Locust-tree are fami- 
 liar examples. The peouhar structure of this sub-order, which 
 
112 
 
 ORDER XLIV. ROSACEA. — ORDER XLVI. MYRTACE^. 
 
 in our district is far more abundant than either of the others, is 
 illustrated by the Sweet-Pea (Lathyrus odoratus), fig. 6, the Len- 
 til {Ervum Lens), fig. 1, 
 and the Running Bush- 
 Clover [Lespedeza procum- 
 bens), fig. 8. The sub- 
 order Cffisalpineas has the 
 corolla nearly or quite 
 regular, and the stamens 
 always distinct. The Cas- 
 sia and the Gleditschia 
 {Three-thorned Locust), are 
 good illustrations. Sub- 
 order Mimosae contains a 
 large and almost entirely 
 tropical group, with regu- 
 lar calyx and corolla, and 
 the stamens often hypogy- 
 nous and indefinite. Ex- 
 amples are the Acacia and 
 the Mimosa, or Sensitive 
 plant. 
 
 A very largo and important 
 order, distributed throughout 
 tlie world, except in Arctic 
 countries. No family, perhaps, 
 furnishes us at once with so 
 many and so useful products, 
 and with-so large a proportion 
 of beautiful plants. Beans, Peas, 
 and Lentils, serve as (bod. The 
 Kosewood of comoicrce is 
 yielded by a species of Bra- 
 zilian Mimosa; and this, to- 
 gether with the fragrant Sandal- 
 wood of Egypt, the Laburnum and the 'White-Locust, yield beautiful or durable 
 woods, for timber and ornamental purposes. The medicinal products are also 
 particularly rich. Senna consists of tlie dried leaves of several Egyptian Cas- 
 sias ; Licorice is derived from the roots of Olyuirrhiza glabra, of Southern 
 
 rig. T. 
 
 Europe ; Gum-Arabic, and Gum-Senegal, are products of different African spe- 
 cies of Acacia; and Guin-Tragacanth of a. Persian species of Astragalus. The 
 Balsams Oopaiva, Tolu. and Peru, are yielded by several tropical trees belong- 
 ing here. This order also contributes largely to the materials of dyes, in the 
 Logwood, Brazilwood, and the still more valuable Indigo. 
 
 GROUP IX. 
 Order XLIV. — Rosaceae. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, or radical. Stipules 
 usually present. Flowers regular, usually perfect. Sepals 6, 
 rarely less, more or less united, commonly persistent. Petals 5, 
 perigynous, sometimes wanting. Stamens numerous, rarely few, 
 inserted on the calyx, distinct. Ovaries several, or 1, often ad- 
 herent to the calyx-tube, and to each other. Styles distinct, or 
 united. Fruit a drupe, pome, achenium, or follicle. 
 
 A very important order of plants, native principally of the Northern Tem- 
 perate Zone, distinguished especially by the great number of delicious fruits 
 they afford. The Apple, Cherry, Plum, Strawberry, and Raspberry, are among 
 the products of this order. Nor is it less rich in ornamental plants. Tlie 
 numerous species of Rose are familiar and beautiful examples. A native spe- 
 cies, Eosa lucida, is seen fig. 9. The roots and baric of the whole order are 
 
 rig. 9. 
 
 more or loss astringent The leaves of the Peach tribe contain hydrocyani- 
 acid in some species, in such quantities as to make them dangerous; and tlio 
 leaves of one of them, a southern species cf Wild Cherry, often destroy cattle 
 that feed on them, The root of the "Water-Avcns is astrinsent. and is some- 
 times prepared as a substitute for chocolate, and that of Gillenia (Indian 
 P/iyeic), has emetic properties, and in small doses is tonic. 
 
 Order XLV. — Calycanthaceae. 
 
 Shrubs, with square stems, and when old, 4 axes of growth. 
 Leaves simple, opposite, entire, destitute of stipules. Flowers 
 solitary, axillary. Sepals and petals colored, in several rows, 
 passing into each other, united below in a fleshy tube, or cup. 
 Stamens indefinite, inserted on the fleshy tube of the 
 calyx, the inner row sterile. Ovaries several, each with a 
 terminal style, all inclosed in the calyx-tube. Achenia 1- 
 seeded. 
 
 A small order of aromatic plants, of which Calycanthus (Carolina 
 Allspice), better known as the Sweet-scented Shrub, is an example. 
 
 Order XLYI. — Myrtaceas. 
 
 Trees, and shrubs. Leaves opposite, punctate, entire, 
 usually with a marginal vein. Calyx-limb 4 — 5 cleft, 
 adherent below to the compound ovary. Petals 4, or 5, 
 rarely more. Stamens indefinite, with long filaments, and 
 introrso .inthcrs. Style 1. Fruit many-seeded. 
 
OEDEE L. CACTACBiE. OEDEE LV. SAXIFEAGACEjE. 
 
 113 
 
 A large and chiefly tropical order, (listingnislied by dotted leaves, and aro- 
 matic properties. ^Myrtns, the M'jHIp,, and Punica, the Pomegranate, are 
 examples of this family, which al^o in'Mudes the CaryopJiA/lhis aromaticus, 
 or Clove-tree, and the 'Eugenia I'imenta, the dried fruit of which is known in 
 cookery as Allspice. 
 
 GROUP X, 
 
 Order XL VII. — MelastomaceEe. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with square branches. Leaves oppo- 
 site, ribbed, entire. Sepals 4 — 6, united, persistent, forming an 
 urceolate tube, which coheres only with the angles of the ovary. 
 Petals as many as the calyx-segments, twisted in prefloralion. 
 Stamens tv^ice as many as the petals, rarely as many, the fila- 
 ments inflexed in prefloration. Anthers 1-eelled, before flowering 
 contained in the cavities between the calyx and ovary. Fruit a 
 capsule, and nearly free from the investing calyx ; or else 
 baccate. 
 
 A large tropical order, of which the different species of Ehexia (Meadow 
 Seauti/, Deev Grass), are our only representatives. 
 
 Order XL VIII. — Lythracess. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite, or vertioillate, rarely 
 alternate, entire. Caly* tubular, 4 — 7-lobed, the lobes some- 
 times with intermediate teeth. Petals inserted between the 
 calyx-segments, very deciduous, or none. Stamens as many as 
 the petals, or 2 — 1 times as many, inserted on the calyx-tube. 
 Ovary inclosed in the calyx-tube, but not adherent, 2 — i-celled. 
 Style 1. Capsule membranous, usually 1-celled by abortion. 
 Seeds small, attached to a central placenta, destitute of albumen. 
 
 An unimportant, mostly tropical order, represented among us chiefly by the 
 Lythrum and Decodon. 
 
 Order XLIX.- 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 -Onagraceae. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs. 
 Flowers axillary, in 
 spikes, or racemes. Se- 
 pals united in a tubular 
 2 — 6 lobed calyx Pe- 
 tals usually as many as 
 the calyx-lobes, and alter- 
 nate with them,sometimes 
 none. Stamens as many, 
 or twice as many, in- 
 serted in the calyx-throat, 
 1 — 8. Filaments distinct. 
 Ovary coherent with the 
 calyx-tube, 2 — 4, or by 
 abortion 1 — 2-oelIed. 
 Style prolonged, or fili- 
 form. Fruit baccate, or 
 capsular; sometimes dry 
 and indehiscent. 
 
 A rather large order, abun- 
 dant almost throughout Ame- 
 rica, comprehending ' some 
 ornamental plants, but other- 
 wise not very remarkable. 
 The Epilobium ( Willow- 
 7ierd\ and CEnothera (Evening 
 Primrose)^ fig. 10, arc na- 
 tives; and the beautiful Fus- 
 chia, or Lady^s Eardrop, is 
 cultivated among us. 
 
 Order L. — CactaceEe. 
 
 Succulent, shrubby plants, almost always destitute of leaves, 
 and producing spinose buds. Stems usually angular, or flattened, 
 or columnar. Flowers sessile, showy. Sepals numcroiis, forming 
 a tube, which .idheres to the ovary, completely inclosing it. Pe- 
 tals indefinite, oiften passing into the sepals, inserted into the 
 calyx-tube over the summit of the ovary. Stamens indefinite, 
 attached to the base of the petals, with long filaments and versa- 
 
 15 
 
 tile anthers. Ovary 1-celled, fleshy. Style single, forming a 
 stellate cluster with several anthers. Fruit a many-seeded berry. 
 A very remarkable order of shrubby plants, distinguished by their curious 
 structure and splendid flowers. They are all American, and chiefly confined to 
 the tropics. The fruit of several species is edil>le ; the acid juice of others af- 
 fords a cooling draught for the traveller, in those arid regions where tliey 
 abound ; tlie Torch Thistles, which grow to the height of -30 or 40 feet, supply 
 the natives with wood; and several other species give food to the precious co- 
 chineal insect, which yields the beautiful red dye known by its name. Tlio 
 Opuntia {Prickly Pear) is fbund native as far north as Massachusetts ; and se- 
 veral species of Cereus and Melocactus, are cultivated among us, under the 
 common name of Cactus. 
 
 Order LI. — Grrossulaceffi. 
 
 Shrubs, unarmed or prictly. Leaves alternate, palmately 
 lobed, plaited in vernation. Flowers in axillary racemes. Calyx 
 5-cleft, regular, marcescent, the tube adherent to the ovary. 
 Petals 5, inserted in the calyx-tube, alternate with its segments. 
 Stamens 6, alternate with the petals, very short. Ovary 1-eelled, 
 with 2 parietal placentae. Styles 2, distinct, or nnited. Fruit a 
 berry, crowned by the withered flower. 
 
 An order containing merely the genus Ribes, of which all our Currants and 
 Gooseberries are species. 
 
 GEOUP XL 
 
 Order LII. — Passifloraceee. 
 
 Herbaceous or shrubby, usually climbing plants. Leaves al- 
 ternate, with leafy stipules. Flowers large, showj, often with a 
 3-leaved involucre. Sepals 4 — 5, nnited below mto a tube of 
 varied length, the throat of which is usually lined with a ring of 
 filamentous processes. Petals 4 — 5, sometimes irregular or want- 
 ing. Stamens 4 — 5, monadelphous, surrounding and adhering to 
 the stalk of the free, 1-celled, stipitate ovary. Styles 3 — 4, ola- 
 vate. Fruit naked, or else merely surrounded by the persistent 
 calyx, sometimes dehiscent, sometimes fleshy and indehiscent, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 A chiefly tropical order, producing some ornamental flowers, and sometimes 
 edible fruits, as the Grehadilla, which is the fruit of a species of Passiflora, or 
 Passion-flower, One species, the Passiflx)ra earulea, is common in cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 Order LIII. — Cuciirbitaceas. 
 
 Succulent herbs, climbing, or creeping by tendrils. Leaves 
 alternate, palmately lobed and veined, coarse and rough. Flowers 
 monoecious, or polygamous. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 6, united to- 
 gether, attached to the calyx, very cellular, and much reticulated 
 in structure. Stamens 5, united in 1 or 3 sets, rarely 3, and dia- 
 delphous. Anthers very long, variously wavy and contorted, 2- 
 ceHed. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube, 1-celled, with 3 pari- 
 etal plaeentte. Fruit a pepo, rarely membranous, and 1 — 4- 
 seeded. Seeds flat. 
 
 A very important, chiefly tropical order, which affords many nourishing and 
 delicious fruits. They are, however, pervaded by a bitter cathartic piineiiilc 
 which is sometimes so active as to make them poisonous. The Colocynth and 
 Elaterium, well known articles of the Materia Aledica, are found here. The 
 Pumpkin, Squash, Cucumber, Gourd, and Melon, are examples among oui 
 cultivated ftuits. 
 
 Order LIV. — Crassulaceffi. 
 
 Succulent herbs, or shrubby plants. Leaves simple, without 
 stipules. Flowers usually in cymes. Sepals 3 — 20, more or less 
 united at base, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely 
 cohering together, sometimes none. Stamens as many as the se- 
 pals, and alternate with them, or twice as many, inserted on the 
 calyx Ovaries as many as the petals, and opposite to them. 
 Follicles as many as the ovaries, many-seeded. 
 
 An unimportant order of succulent plants, growing in dry and arid soils and 
 districts. Sedum (Orpine, Live-forever) and Sempervivum (Ilouseleek), 
 are examples. 
 
 Order LV. — Saxifragacece. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, or opposite, sometimes 
 stipulate. Sepals 4 or 5, more or less cohering, persistent. Pe 
 tals 4 or 5, inserted between the calyx lobes, rarely wanting. 
 
114 
 
 ORDER LYI. HAMAMELACE.E. ORDER Lt£. CORNAOE^. 
 
 Stamens 5 — 10, inserted on the calyx tube. Ovary adherent to 
 the calyx tube, of 2, or sometimes 3 — 5 carpels, cohering below, 
 distinct above. Styles 2, sometimes 3 — 5. Fruit a 1, or rarely 
 3 — 5-oelled capsule. 
 
 An unimportant order, native chiefly of tlie colder portions of tlie worlil, 
 often ornamental in cultivation. Saxifraga {Saxifrage), Hydrangea and Piiil- 
 adelphus {False Synnga), are examples. 
 
 Order LVI. — Hamamelaceae. 
 
 Shrubs. Leaves alternate, with veins running from the mid- 
 vein to the margin. Stipules deciduous. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 
 4, linear, sometimes none. Stamens 8, those opposite the petals 
 barren, or else many, and all fertile; inserted on the calyx. 
 Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule coriaceous, or woody, 
 2-beaked, 2-celled, free from the calyx at apex. 
 
 A small and unimportant order, represented at the North by the Witch 
 Hazel {Ilatnamelifi), which, however, has sumo medicinal properties. 
 
 Order LVII. — Umbelliferse. 
 
 Herbs, rarely suffrutescent. Stems usually hollow and fur- 
 rowed. Leaves alternate, usually more or less compound, the 
 petioles becominp; dilated, and sheathing at base. Floivers in 
 umbels, usually with an involucre. Calyx adherent to the ovary, 
 the very small border 5-toothed, or entire. Petals 5, usually 
 with an indexed point, inserted between the calyx-teeth in a disk 
 which crowns the ovary. Stamens 6, alternate with the petals. 
 Ovary of 2 united carpels, 2-oelled, with 1 ovule in each cell. 
 Styles 2, distinct, or united and thickened at the base. Fruit 
 consisting of 2 dry carpels, which adhere by their opposite faces 
 (Oommissure) to a common axis {Carpophore), at length separating, 
 and suspended from the forked summit of the carpophore. Each 
 carpel is indehisceut, marked with 5 longitudinal primary ribs, 
 and often with secondary ones alternate with the first. In the 
 Bubstanoe of the pericarp, little oil tubes {vittai) are usually em- 
 bedded opposite the intervals between the ribs, or opposite the 
 ribs themselves. These are receptacles of colored volatile oils. 
 
 A very large order of very important plants, natives principally in damp or 
 wet soils, in most of the cooler parts of the world. The herbago is often per- 
 
 vaded by an acrid narcotic principle, which renders it very poisonous, as in 
 
 Conium maculatum, fig. 11, and tlie Cicuta. But the seeds contain volatile oil, 
 
 generally of an aromatic and stimulant natnre, and 
 
 never poisonous. Such are the Coriander, Caraway, 
 
 Dill, Fennel, and Anise, wliich for their aromatic 
 
 seeds are used in cookery and medicine. The 
 
 roots also are often fleshy and nntntions, as in the 
 
 Carrot and Fiirsnip. Even the herbage of some 
 
 species is wholesome and stimulant. Such are tlie 
 
 Celery and Sweet Cicely. The stalks of the former, 
 
 however, are poisonous, when it grows wild in 
 
 marshes. In fig. 12 the carpophore of Pastinaca 
 
 {Parsnip), is represented supporting the separate 
 
 carpels; and in fig. 18, the vitta3 and ribs of Dancus Fig. 12. Fig. 13, 
 
 {the Garrot), magnified. 
 
 Order LVIII. — Araliaceae. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves compound or simple, exsti- 
 pulate. Flowers in umbels, which are often arranged in racemes, 
 or panicles. Calyx adherent to the ovary, with a small, entire, 
 or 6-toothed limb. Petals 5 — 10, very rarely wanting, inserted 
 in a disk which crowns the ovary. Stamens as many as the pe- 
 tals, alternate with them. Ovary 2 — 15 celled, with 1 ovule in 
 each cell. Styles erect, connivent, as many as the cells. Fruit 
 drupaceous, or baccate, the carpels not separating when ripe. 
 
 A small order of jtlants much resembling tlio last, distinguished chiefly by 
 their several-celled ovary, and coliering carpels. Ars\\& {Wild Sarsapurilla 
 and Petti/morrel), Panax {Ginseng), and Iledera {English Ivy), are examples. 
 
 Order LIX. — Cornacese. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs, rarely herbaceous. Leaves opposite, or 
 verticiUate, rarely alternate. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, 
 limb minute, 4 — 5 lobed. Petals 4 — .5, alternate with the calyx 
 lobes, distinct. Stamens as many as the petals, alternate with 
 them, and inserted on the disk that crowns the 1-celled ovary. 
 Fruit a globose berry, crowned by the persistent calyx teeth. 
 
 A small order, native of the temperate zones, and distinguished by the as- 
 tringent properties of their bark. Cornus {Gomel and Flowering Dog-ioood) 
 is our only genus. 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 SECTION n. MONOPETALyE. 
 
 Flowers with 2 series of floral envelopes, a calyx sometimes 
 bracted at base, and a monopetalous corolla. 
 
 Monopetalous Plants not included under Monopeialai. 
 
 Order L — Ranunculacese. Herbs, with much dissected leaves. 
 Sepals petaloid, distinct, \ipper one spurred. Stamens many. 
 
 Order XL — Fumariaoeffi. Climbing herbs, with decompound 
 leaves. 
 
 Order LIV. — Cuourbitaoeas. Coarse herbs climbing by ten- 
 drils. 
 
 Order XCV. — NyctaginaccEC. Leaves opposite ; one of each 
 pair smaller than the other. Corolla apparently funnel form, the 
 limb entire. 
 
 Monopetalm proper. 
 
 Gkoup 1. — Leaves opposite, or verticiUate. Calyx more or 
 less adherent to the ovary. Stamens 2 — 5, distinct. Orders 
 LX. — LXIIL inclusive. 
 
 Geocp 2. — Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Stamens 5, 
 distinct ; or else united by their anthers, or through a great part 
 of their length. Orders LXIV.— LXVL inclusive. 
 
 Geoup 3. — Shrubs with unarmed branchlets ; or else ever- 
 green, or leafless herbs. Stamens 4, or more, never didyuamous. 
 Ovary single. Anthers usually 2-celled, but never with trans- 
 verse valves. Orders LXVIL — LXX. inclusive. 
 
 Geoup 4. — Herbs. Corolla regular, with equal segments. 
 Stamens 4 — 8, never didynamous. Ovary 1, entire, 1 — 2-celled. 
 Styles 1, or 5, with simple stigmas. Corolla neither twisted nor 
 plaited in prefloration. Orders LXXI. — LXXIH. inclusive. 
 
 Geol'p 5. — Corolla very irregular ; or else nearly regular with 
 4 — 5 more or less unequal lobes. Ovary single, not lobed, 1 — 2- 
 
OEDEE LX. CAPHIFOLIACEJi;. — OEDBK LXII. VALEEIANACE^. 
 
 116 
 
 celled, rarely u 4 — 5-eelled pod, eacli cell with two or more 
 ovules. Orders LXXIV.— LXXVIU. inclusive. 
 
 Group 6. — ^Leaves simple. Corolla usually more or less ir- 
 regular. Ovary 4-lobed ; or at least in fruit separable into 2 — i 
 achenia; rarely a single achenium. Orders LXXIX. — LXXXI. 
 inclusive. 
 
 Group 1. — Corolla nearly or quite regular. Stamens 4 — 12. 
 Ovary single, 1— 6-oeUed. Orders LXXXIL— LXXXVII. in- 
 clusive. 
 
 Group 8. — Corolla S-parted. Ovary double, generally form- 
 ing in fruit a pair of follicles. Juice usually milky. Orders 
 LXXXVIII. and LXXXIX. 
 
 Group 9. — Shrubs, or trees. Stamens 2. Orders XC. and 
 XCI. 
 
 GROUP I. 
 
 Order LX. — Caprifoliacese. 
 
 Shrubs, often climbing; rarely herbs. Leaves opposite. 
 Stipules none. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 4 — 5 
 cleft. Corolla regular, or irregular; limb 4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 
 4 — 5, alternate with the corolla-segments when equaUing them 
 in number. Ovary 3 — 5-eelIed. Style 1. Fruit usually a berry, 
 or drupe, sometimes dry, always crowned with the persistent 
 calyx-teeth. Seeds pendulous. 
 
 An order comprising m.any ornamental plants, chiefly natives of the tem- 
 perate zones. Sambucna {Eider)^ Viburnum and Lonicera, one species of 
 which, L, OaprifoUum^ is seen in fig. 14, are examples. 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 Order LXI. — BubiaceBe. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves opposite, sometimes verticil- 
 late, entire. Stipules present, interpetiolar (292 at 3), sometimes 
 taking the size and appeai'ance of leaves. Calyx-tube more or 
 less adherent to the ovary. Limb 3 — 5-eleft, sometimes obsolete. 
 CoroUa regular, 3 — 5-lobed. Stamens equalling the number of 
 the coroUa-lobes, alternate with them, inserted in the tube. 
 Ovary 2 — 5-celled. Style entire, or partially divided. Fruit of 
 various forms. 
 
 A large order containing 2 suborders represented in our district, StellatsB 
 and CincbonlB. Of Stellatse we have an example in Galium triflorum, repre- 
 sented by flg. 15, and of Cincbonse in Hedyotis cterulea, fig. 16. This order 
 yields many products of importance, both in Medicine and the Arts. Madder, 
 
 the most valuable of vegetable red dyes, is foand in the roots of Eubia tinctoria. 
 Peruvian Bark is the product of several species of Cinchona, native of South 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 America ; and the genuine Ipecac is extracted from the roots of Cephaelis Ipeca- 
 cuanha, of Brazil. Coffee is the hard albumen of the seeds of Cofiea Arabica, 
 a small evergreen tree, native of Arabia. 
 
 Fig, 16. 
 
 Order LXII. — ^Valerianaceee. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves opposite. Stipules none. Calyx-tube ad- 
 herent to the ovary ; limb 2 — 4-toothed, or obsolete, or reduced 
 to a kind of pappus. Corolla tubular, or funnel-form, 4 — 5-lobed, 
 sometimes with a spur at base. Stamens distinct, inserted on 
 the coroUa, usually fewer than its lobes. Ovary containing a 
 single ovule, with 1 cell perfect, and 2 abortive ones. Seeds pen- 
 dulous in the indehisoent pericarp. 
 
 A small order of mostly unimportant plants. Valeriana ( VaZerian), from 
 one species of which the Valerian of the shops is extracted, and Fodia (Xam6 
 Letihic^^ are examples. 
 
116 
 
 OEDEE LXm. DIPSACE^. — OEDEE LXIV. COMPOSITE. 
 
 Oedee LXIII. — Dipsaceae. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves opposite, or vertioillate, sessile. Stipules 
 none. Flowers in dense involucrate heads. Calyx-tube adherent 
 to the ovary. Limb somewhat canipanulate, entire, or toothed, 
 sometimes taking the form of a pappus. Corolla tubular, with a 
 4— 5-lobed, slightly irregular limb. Stamens 4, distinct, rarely 
 united in pairs, often unequal, inserted on the corolla. Ovary 1- 
 oelled, containing 1 ovule. Fruit a bony achenium. 
 
 A small order of plants, nativo only of the oUl world. Fuller's Teasel {Dip- 
 saous Fiillonuin\ and another species, D. sylvestris, which is naturalized in 
 various districts of the United States, are examples. 
 
 GROUP II. 
 Oedee LXIV. — Compositse. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, or opposite, without 
 stipules. Flowers arranged in dense heads, on a common recep- 
 tacle, and surrounded by an involucre of bracts; the separate 
 flowers often with chaffy bracteoles somewhat like a calyx. 
 Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary ; limb obsolete, or present, and 
 
 Eig. IT. 
 
 assuming the various forms of bristles, hairs, scales, and is termed 
 pappus. Corolla ligulate, or tubular, often .5-cleft, and rarely 
 wanting. Stamens 5, their anthers united in a tube. Ovary 1- 
 celled, 1-ovuled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit a dry indehiseent ache- 
 nium crowned with the pappus. This order is divided into 3 
 suborders, TubuliflorsE, Liguliflorse, and Labiatiflorffl, only the 2 
 first of which are represented in the JSTorthern States. In Tubu- 
 liflora! either all the flowers, or the central flowers, are tubular. 
 This structure is exemplified in the Thistle, one species of which 
 {Olrsium lanceolatwn), is seen in fig. 17, where the flowers are all 
 tubular. In the same figure is shown one of the separate flowers, 
 -or florets, with its pappus surrounding the tubular 5-cleft corolla, 
 that incloses the tube of 5 united anthers, through which projects 
 the bifid style. In fig. 18 {Aster patens), we have au illustration 
 of the form in which ouly the central florets are tubular, those of 
 the ray being ligulate, or strap-shaped. The two kinds of florets in 
 
 this species are seen in the same figure. In the Ambrosia artemuice- 
 folia, fig. 19, we have an example of this sub-order in a reduced 
 form, with inoncecious Jiowers destitute of corollas. In the second 
 suborder, Liguliflorse, the flowers are aU ligulate, as in the Dan 
 delion, fig. 20. 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 This is a vast order, much larger than any other in the Natural System, and 
 comprehending about 9000 species. But their importance hardly corresponds 
 with their abundance. Tho whole order is pervaded by a bitter astringent 
 principle, which is sometimes tonic, as in the Boneset (Eupaioi'ium perfolia- 
 turn), and the Camomile. In others it is aromatic, as in Artemisia ( Wunn- 
 wood), or even acrid, as in Maruta {May-toeed). Tho Boneset also has emetic 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
 properties. The seeds of the Snn-llower {TTdianthua), yield a bland oil ; ami 
 the tubers of the Jerusalem Artichoke {IT. t>i-J>i^rnnti.f<\ w\\\iih are represented 
 in fiij. 2, Plate X., are S(jmetimes eaten as food. The Ligulifloraj all have a 
 milky juice, containing a narcotic principle, which, especially in the Lettuce, 
 has been used fur opium. The order also includes many highly ornamental, 
 but not delicately beautiful plants, such as tho Aster, Dahlia, Zinnia, and 
 Calendula. 
 
OBDEE LXV. LOBELIAGEyE. OEDEE LXVm. AQUIFOLIACE^. 117 
 
 phylos), and Pyrola, flg. 21, and someUints narcotic and poieonous, as in the 
 Ehododondron (Boee Uwy, Swa/mp Pink), and Kalmia {LaureC). Others arc 
 
 rig. 20. 
 
 Order LXV. — Lobeliaceee. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubby plants, often -w^ith a miUry juice. Leaves 
 alternate, ■without stipules. Flo-wers often showy, axillary and 
 terminal. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 5-cleft, per- 
 sistent. Corolla irregularly 5-lobed, often somewhat bilabiate, 
 cleft on one side nearly or quite to the base, inserted in the calyx. 
 Stamens 6, inserted with the corolla, above the ovary, united 
 into a tube. Style 1. Stigma fringed. Fi'uit a 2 — 3, rarely 1- 
 celled, many-seeded capsule. 
 
 An order embracing many splendid ornamental species, and distingnislied 
 by ncrid and narcotic properties. These are especially developed in tbe Lobe- 
 lia inflata, which forms so important an article in the Mateiia Medica of Botanic 
 rhysicians. 
 
 Order LXVI. — CampanulaceEe. 
 
 Herbs with a somewhat milky juice. Leaves alternate. Sti- 
 pules none. Flowers usually blue and showy. Calyx-tube adher- 
 ent to the ovaiy ; limb usually 6-eleft, persistent. Corolla regu- 
 lar, eampanulate, usually 6-lobed, withering. Stamens 5, distinct, 
 inserted on the calyx, alternate with the 5 lobes of the corolla. 
 Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2 — 5-celled. Style furnished with 
 collecting hairs. Capsule crowned with the persistent calyx- 
 tube, opening with locuUcidal dehiscence, many-seeded. 
 
 An order remarkable chiefly for the beauty of its flowers. The yarious spe- 
 cies of Campanula, such as the Harebell, Canterbury Bell, and Bell-flower, are 
 examples. 
 
 GROUP III. 
 Order LXVII. — ^Ericaceas. 
 
 Shrubs ; or evergreen or leafless hei-bs. Leaves simple, alter- 
 nate, rarely opposite, often evergreen. Stipules none. Calyx- 
 tube usually free from the ovary, sometimes adherent ; limb 4 — 6, 
 usually 5-cleft, rarely entire. CoroUa regular, or sometimes irre- 
 gular, 4 — 6, usually, 5-cleft, rarely with 5 distinct petals. Stamens 
 inserted with the corolla, 5, 8, or 10. Anthers 2-celled, opening 
 by pores, often appendaged at top. Ovary 2 — lO-celled. Style 
 I. Stigma 1. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. 
 
 A lar^e order consisting chiefly of fine-floT^ering shrubs, one tribe of which, 
 Ihe Heaths, overspread immense tracts of the temperate zones in the old world. 
 The bark and foliage are bitter and asti'ingent^ as in the Bear-berry (Arctosia- 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 stimulant and aromatic, as in the Gaultheria (^CJiecker-'berry, or Partridge- 
 lerry), flg. 22. The berries of the Whortleberry {Gayluaaacia), and the Blue- 
 berry and Bilberry ( Vaccinium), are edible and delicious. 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 Order LXVIII. — Aquifoliacese. 
 
 Shrubs, or trees. Leaves simple, alternate, or opposite, often 
 evergreen, exstipulate. Flowers small, white or greenish, axil- 
 lary, clustered or solitary, often dioecious or polygamous. Calyx- 
 tube free from the ovary ; limb 4 — 6-cleft. CoroUa regular, 4 6- 
 
118 
 
 OEDBE LXIX. EBENACE^.— OEDEE LXXVm. SCEOPHULAl«ACEiE. 
 
 parted, sometimes witli distinct petals. Stamens as many as the 
 segments of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on its 
 base. Anthers opening longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 
 ovule in- each cell. Stigmas 2 — 6. Fi-uit drupaceous, with 2 — 6 
 stones. 
 
 A small order of trees and shruTja distinguished by the bitter and tonic pro- 
 perties of the baric and foliage. Ilex {ItoUy), the leaves of one species of which 
 are the famous Mate or Tea of Paraguay, and Prinos the Black Alder, are 
 examples. 
 
 Oedee LXIX. — ^Ebenaceffi. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, often entire, 
 without stipules. Flowers axillary, polygamous. Calyx free 
 from the ovary ; limb 3 — 6-eleft, with equal, persistent segments. 
 Corolla 3 — 6-cleft, often pubescent. Stamens 2 or 4 times as 
 many as the lobes of the coroUa. Ovary with 3 or more cells. 
 Stigmas as many as the cells. Fruit a fleshy berry, with bony 
 seeds. 
 
 Diospyros, the Persimmon, several exotic species of which f arnisb the differ- 
 ent kinds of Ebony, is om- only representative of this small and chiefly tropical 
 order. 
 
 Oedee LXX. — Styracace^. 
 
 Shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate. 
 Flowers perfect, bracteate, solitary, axillary, or in axillary ra- 
 cemes. Calyx 5, rarely 4-lobed, adherent either to the base of 
 the ovary, or to the whole of it. Corolla 4 — 6, usually 5-lobed. 
 Stamens definite, or indefinite, unequal in length, more or less 
 united. Ovary 2 — 5-celled, the cells opposite the calyx-lobes. 
 Fruit drupaceous, usually with only 1 fertile cell. Seeds 1 — 5. 
 
 A small order chiefly tropical. Storax and Benzoin, two gum-resins of some 
 value in medicine, are products of two exotic species of Styrax. Halesia, or 
 the Snow-drop tree, native of the South, is quite common in cultivation at the 
 North. 
 
 GEOTJP IV. 
 Oedee LXXI. — Primulaceae. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves opposite, vertieillate, or alternate, or all radi- 
 cal Stipules none. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, usually persistent, nearly 
 or quite free from the ovary. Corolla regular, 4 — 5-cleft. Sta- 
 mens as many as the lobes of the coroUa, and inserted opposite 
 them. Ovary 1-celled, with a free, central placenta. Style 1. 
 Stigma 1. Capsule many-seeded ; the placenta attached only to 
 the base of the cell, as in the Primrose, fig. 3, Plate XXVI. 
 
 An order containing many beautiful plants, but otherwise of little import- 
 ance. The Trientalis and Lysimachia {Loose-strVfn), are examples. 
 
 Oedee LXXII.- 
 
 -Plantaginaceas. 
 
 Herbs usually acaulescent. Leaves usually in a radical tuft, 
 often ribbed. Calyx 4-eleft, free from the ovary, persistent. 
 Corolla more or less tubular, 4-cleft, scarious, persistent. Stamens 
 4, alternate \vith the corolla lobes. Filaments long and weak. 
 Anthers versatile. Ovary 2-celled. Style 1. Capsule a mem- 
 branaceous pyxis, as in Auagallis, fig. 9, Plate XXVL, the cells 
 1 or several-seeded. 
 
 A small and unimportant order found in all countiies. The Plantain (J^lan- 
 tago), is an example. 
 
 Oedee LXXIII.- 
 
 -PlumbaginaceEe. 
 
 Herbs, or somewhat suflTruticose. Leaves simple, alternate, or 
 all radical. Flowers often on simple, or branching scapes. Calyx 
 tubular, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla hypocrateriform, 
 with the 5 stamens inserted opposite its lobes, or consisting of 6 
 distinct unguiculate petals, with the stamens attached to their 
 claws. Styles 5, distinct, or united nearly to the top. Ovary 1- 
 
 celled, free from the calyx. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle; or else 
 opening by 5 valves. 
 
 A small order, natives usually of salt marches. The roots of many of them 
 are exceedingly astringent, as in Statice Caroliniana {Marsh-Hosemary), our 
 only representative. 
 
 GROUP V. 
 Oedee LXXIV. — Lentibulaceae. 
 
 Herbs, growing in the water or mud. Leaves radical ; when 
 floating in the water much dissected, and furnished with air- 
 bladders ; when growing on land, entire and fleshy. Flowers 
 showy, very irregular. Calyx of 2 — 5 sepals, distmct, or par. 
 tially united. CoroUa bilabiate, personate, tube very short, 
 spurred. Stamens 2, inserted on the upper lip. Anthers 1-celled. 
 Ovary free from the calyx, 1-celled. Style 1. Fruit a many- 
 seeded capsule. 
 
 A small and unimportant order of aquatic or mud plants, distinguished by 
 their showy flowers. XJtricularia {Bladdov-wort), is an example. 
 
 Oedee LXXV. — Orobancliaceee. 
 
 Herbs, destitute of proper leaves, and parasitic on the roots 
 of other plants. Stem furnished with scales instead of leaves. 
 Calyx persistent, 4 — 5-parted, or bilabiate free from the ovary. 
 Corolla bilabiate or irregular, 4 — 5-lobed, withering or persistent. 
 Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary l-oeUed, with 2 parietal placen- 
 tae. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule inclosed in the persistent 
 corolla, seeds many, minute. 
 
 A small order of parasitic plants, possessing bitter and astringent qualities. 
 Epiphegus (^Beecli-drops), is an example. 
 
 Oedee LXXVI. — Bignoniaceee. 
 
 Trees, or shrubby, climbing, or twining plants. Flowers 
 usually large and showy. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, 
 simple, or pinnately parted. Calyx 5-cleft, or 2-cleft, or bilabiate, 
 sometimes spathaoeous. Corolla broad at the throat, with a bila- 
 biate or irregularly 6-lobed limb. Stamens 6, 1 or 3 sterile, when 
 4, often didynamous. Orary 2-celled, free from the calj'.x, sur- 
 rounded by a fleshy di.sk at base. Style 1. Fruit a woody or 
 coriaceous 2-valved, many-seeded pod. Seeds winged. 
 
 Tecoma {Tnimpeiifl(rwef\ and Catalpa, are examples of this ornamental 
 and chiefly tropical order, to which is attached the following 
 
 Sub oedek. — Sesame.e. Herbs, with opposite or alternate 
 leaves, and large axillary flowers, differing from the order proper, 
 chiefly in the fruit, which is drupaceous, or capsular, often tipped 
 with 2 or 4 horns, frequently with 4 — 8 spurious cells, formed by 
 the divergent lobes of the placenta becoming variously attached 
 to the sides of the pericarp. Seeds few, wingless. 
 Martynia ( Unieorn^lant), and Sesamum, are examples. 
 
 Oedee LXXVII. — Acantbacese. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, exstipulate. 
 Flowers with several bracts, often showy. Sepals 5, more or less 
 united, persistent. Corolla bilabiate, or nearly regular, with 6 
 subequal lobes, convolute in prefloration. Stamens 4, didyna- 
 mous, sometimes only 2 perfect, the other 2 being sterile, or want 
 ing. Ovary 2-oelled, free from the calyx. Style 1. Fruit a 2- 
 valved capsule, with 2 or more seeds in a cell. Seeds roundish, 
 supported by hooked processes of the placenta. 
 
 A large tropical order, often ornamental, but possessing no very remarkable 
 plants. Dianthera and Dipteracanthus are examples found in the U. S. 
 
 Oedee LXXVIII. — ScropbulariaceEe. 
 
 Herbs, or sometimes shrubby. Leaves opposite, or alternate, 
 sometimes vertieillate or radical Sepals 4 — -5 persistent, more or 
 less united. Corolla bilabiate, personate, sometimes nearly regu- 
 lar, with 4 — 5 more or less unequal segments ) the lobes imbri- 
 
OEDEE LXXIX. VEEBENACEiE. OEDEE LXXXI. BOEAGINACEiE. 
 
 119 
 
 cate in prefloration. Stamens 4, didynamous, often with the 
 rudiments of a oth, which is sometimes perfect ; oftener still only 
 2, 1 pair being sterile or wanting. Ovary free, 2-celled. Style 
 1. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 A very large and Important order, dlstinguitibed generally by bitter and 
 acrid properties, "wliicli are sometimes poisonous, and always suspicious. This 
 Is especially true of Digitalis {Foayglove), the most important medicinal plant 
 
 rate nuts or achenia, contained in the tube of the persistent 
 calyx. 
 
 A very large and important order, almost universally pervaded by an aro- 
 matic, volatile oil, giving them their tonic, cordial, and stomachic qualities. 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 Such are the Sage (Salvia), Pennyroyal (ITedeoma), fig. 25, the Lavender 
 (Lmendula), Peppermint and Spearmint {Mentha\ and many others. At flg. 
 26, Lamium amplexicaule (Eenbit), is represented, showing the form of its 
 
 bilabiate corolla. 
 
 of the order, having a remarkable action on the pulsations of the heart. Many 
 of these plants are ornamental ; nearly all turn black in drying. Other exam- 
 ples are Verbascum {MuUein\ one species of which, V. Blattaria, is seen in flg. 
 23, Linaria (Toad-ftaa\ flg. 24, and Veronica (Speedwell). 
 
 Oeder LXXIX. — Verbenacege. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs ; or trees in the tropics. Leaves usually oppo- 
 site, without stipules. Calyx tubular, free from the ovary, 4 — 5- 
 cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular; the limb bilabiate, or with 
 4- — 5, more or less unequal lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, some- 
 times only 2. Ovary entire, 2 — 4-celled, rarely 1-oelled, each 
 cell with 1 ovule. Style 1. Fruit separating into 2 or more 
 indehisoent 1-seeded portions, rarely a single achenium. 
 
 A large chiefly tropical order, represented hero chiefly by Terbena, of which 
 we have several native aud e.xotic species. 
 
 Order LXXX. — ^Labiatse. 
 
 Herbs, or slightly shrubby plants. Stems square, usually 
 with opposite branches. Leaves opposite or verticiUate, usually 
 containing receptacles of volatile oil. Flowers axillary or ter- 
 minal, in whorls, which sometimes take the form of dense heads; 
 rarely solitary. Calyx tubular, free from the ovary, persistent, 
 
 4 5.cleft, or bilabiate. Corolla bilabiate, rarely almost regular, 
 
 with 4 5 subequal lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, sometimes 
 
 only 2, the upper pair being abortive, or wanting. Ovary deeply 
 4-lobed. Style 1, central, arising from the base of the 4 lobes of 
 the ovary, which in fruit consists of 4, rarely fewer, little sepa- 
 
 Fig. 26. 
 
 Order LXXXI. — Boraginaceae. 
 
 Herbs; sometimes shrubby plants. Stems round. Leaves 
 alternate, usually rough. Flowers often in 1-sided clusters, un- 
 folding spirally. Calyx free from the ovary, persistent, regular, 
 consisting of 5 sepals, more or less united at base. Corolla regu- 
 
120 
 
 OEDEE LXXXII. HTDEOPHTLLACE^. OEDEE LXXXVH. GENTIANACE^. 
 
 lar, rarely irregular, the limb 6-toothed, often -with a ro-w of 
 scales in the throat. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla alter- 
 nately with its lobes. Orary deeply 4-lobed, or at least separat- 
 ing into 4 portions, when matnre. Style 1, usually central, 
 proceeding from base of the ovary, sometimes terminal. Fruit 
 consisting of 4 achenia. 
 
 A rather lar^e order of mucilaginous, emollient, never poisonous pl;inf=. 
 Borago {Borage), flg. 27, Symphytum {Oomfrey), and Ueliotropinm ilMio- 
 trope), are examples. 
 
 Fig. 27. 
 
 GEOUP VII. 
 Oedee LXXXII. — HydropliyllaceEe. 
 
 Hei'bs. Leaves alternate, or the lower ones opposite, usualty 
 lobed, or pinnatifid. Flowers usually in ciroinate racemes, or 
 unilateral spikes. Calyx 5-oleffc, usually appendaged at the 
 sinuses, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, regular, with melliferous 
 scales or grooves near the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the base 
 of the corolla, alternate with its lobes. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 
 free, 1-celIed. Stylo 1, bifid. Stigmas 2. Capsule invested with 
 the permanent oalj'x. Seeds few, crustaceous. 
 
 .'V small order of unimportant, chiefly N. American plants, represented by 
 Ilydrophyllnm ( Water-Leaf, Burr-Flower'), 
 
 Oedee LXXXIII. — Polemoniacese. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, simple or com- 
 poimd. Calyx free from the ovary, 5-oleft, persistent. Corolla 
 regular, with a 5-lobed limb, convolute in prefloration. Stamens 
 5, inserted on the corolla, alternately with its lobes, often un- 
 equal in length. Ovary 3-celled. Style 1. Stigma trifid. Cap- 
 sule 3-ceUed, 3-valved, loeulioidal, the valves separating from the 
 3-angled axis, which bears the few, or many seeds. 
 
 A small order consisting chieily of N. American plants. Phlox and Pole- 
 monium {Greek Valerian), are examples. 
 
 Oedee LXXXIV. — Diapensiacese. 
 
 Low, prostrate, evergreen under-shrubs. Leaves crowded, 
 heath-like. Flowers terminal and solitary. Sepals 5, distinct, 
 with 3 bracts at base. Corolla regular, deeply 5-lobed, with the 
 lobes imbricated in prefloration. Stamens 5, inserted by their 
 petaloid tilamerits on the corolla-tube. Anthers 2-oelled, with 
 transverse valves. Ovary 3-celled, free. Style 1. Stigma 3- 
 lobed. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds small, many. 
 
 An order consisting of only two plants, Diapensia Lapponica, native of the 
 White Mountains, and Pyxidanthor.o, found in tlio Pine barrens of N. .Tur.--fy. 
 
 Oedee LXXXV. — ConvolvitlaceEe. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs; often with ,• milky juieo. Stems trailing 
 or climbing, rarely erect. Leaves alternate, sometimes none. 
 Stipxiles none. Flowers often showy. Sepals 5, usually more or 
 less united at base, persistent. Corolla regular, limb 5-cleft or 
 entire, twisted and plaited in prefloration. Stamens 5, inserted 
 at the base of the corolla, alternate with its segments, when 
 lobed. Ovary 2 — i, rarely 1-oelled, free from the calyx. Style 
 1, rarely more. Fruit a capsule, 2 — 4-celled, opening by septi- 
 fragal dehiscence. Seeds few, large. 
 
 A numerous order of plants, very abundant in the tropics, and often distin- 
 guished by the beauty of their large flowers. Their jnices contain a resinons 
 purgative principle, especially developed in the roots of Convolvulus Jalapa of 
 Mexico, and 0. Scammonia (>Scnmmo«y), of the Levant. Sometimes this prin- 
 jciple is present in so small quantities, that the large farinaceous roots become 
 valuable as articles of food, as in the C. Batatas, or Sweet Pot.ato. 
 
 The suborder, Cuscutinefe, is distingaished by its leafless colored stems and 
 filiform, spirally coik-d embryo, destitute of cotyledons, and is represented by 
 the Ouscuta {Dodder), flg. 8, Plato V. 
 
 Oedee LXXXVI. — Solanacese. 
 
 Herbs, or shnibby plants with a colorless juice. Leaves 
 alternate. Calyx free from the ovary, consisting of 4 — 5 persist- 
 ent sepals, more or less united at base. Coi-oUa regular, rarely 
 slightly irregular, limb 4^5-cleft, plaited in jirefloration. Sta- 
 mens as many as the corolla lobes, alternate with its segments. 
 Ovary 2, and rarely 4 or 6-eelled, with a central placenta. Fruit 
 a many-seeded capsule or berry. 
 
 A large order distinguished usually by the dull Inrid color of their flowei-s. 
 The herbage and fruit are usually pervaded by a powerful narcotic principle, 
 which renders them often violently poisonous and always injurious Their 
 active properties give to many of them importance in a medicinal point of 
 view. Such are the Henbane (ilTyosc^amwfi ?li^e;'), the Belladonna (^i^-n^a 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 Belladonna'), and the Bittersweet {Snlanum Duleamara), fig. 1\ The dele- 
 terious Tobacco, also, belongs here. The tuber is sometimes edible, as in the 
 Potato (^otonwm tuberosum) ; and sometimes, also, the fruit i^ wholesome, as 
 in the Tomato {Lycoxiersicum), and the Egg-plant {Solanum Molongena). 
 
 Oedee LXXXYII. — Gentianacefe. 
 
 Herbs, usually smooth, with a watery juice. Leaves usually 
 opposite, rarely alternate, radical or single. Flowers regular, 
 usually tei-minal or axillary, often showy. Calyx of 4 — 12 scjials. 
 
OEUEIi LXXXVni. APOCYNACEiE. OEDEK LXXXIX. ASOLEPIADACEJS. 
 
 121 
 
 united at base. Corolla convolute, sometimes indupUcate in pre- 
 floration, 4 — 12-parted, regular. Stamens as many as the seg- 
 ments of the coroUa, inserted on the tube, alternately with them. 
 Ovary 1-eelled, free, sometimes apparently 2-oelled, on account 
 of the 2 introflexed placentae. Style 1, or -nfauting. Stigmas 
 usually 2, sometimes 1. 
 
 as many, which are united in pairs by a connecting thread, and 
 are attached to the glands of the stigma, from which they soon 
 hang loose, being released from their cells. Ovaries 2. Styles 2, 
 often very short. Stigmas united into 1 column for both ovaries. 
 Fruit consisting of 2 follicles, 1 sometimes abortive. Seeds usually 
 with a coma. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 An order of ^cauafal plants generally pervaded by an Intensely bitter 
 tonlo principle. Gentiana (Oentian), flg. 29, and Menyanthes (Buck- 
 bean), are examples. 
 
 GROUP VIII. 
 Order LXXXVIII. — Apocynacese. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with a milky juice. Leaves opposite, 
 or verticillate, rarely alternate, without stipules. Flowers regu- 
 lar. Sepals 6, united, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, twisted in 
 prefloration. Stamens 6, alternate with the segments of the 
 corolla. Filaments distinct. Anthers 2-eelled, sometimes slightly 
 connected. Ovaries 2, distinct, rarely united, but with 2 united 
 styles or stigmas. Fruit usually a pair of follicles, 1 sometimes 
 abortive. Seeds often with a coma, or tuft of hairs. 
 
 A chiefly tropical order, distinguished by the active, usually poisonous pro- 
 perties of the jnlce, which usually contains more or less strychnine, ^hico is 
 generally obtained from an East Indian species of Strychnos. Some of the 
 plants that yield the Upas belong to this genus, as also that which furnishes the 
 dreaded "Woorari poison of Guiana. The juice, also, yields caoutchouc, which, 
 in Sumatra, is obtained from the TTrceola clastica. Apocynum {Dog-liane, 
 Indian H&m%t\ and Nerium {fiUa/nd&T\ are examples. 
 
 Order LXXXIX. — ^Asclepiadacese. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs, usually with a milky juice. Leaves usually 
 opposite, sometimes alternate or verticillate. Flowers generally 
 in umbels, sometimes in racemes or corymbs. Sepals 5, slightly 
 united at base. Corolla regular, consisting of 5 nearly distinct 
 petals. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla, alternate 
 with it» segments united by their filaments into a tube. Anthers 
 2-celled. Pollen cohering m masses as many as the cells, or twice 
 16 
 
 Fig. 80. 
 
 A large and chiefly tropical order, with properties mncli lite the last, but 
 loss active. The various speciea of Asclepiaa, two of which are seen in flgs. 80 
 and 81, are our principal Horthem representatives. 
 
 Fig. 81. 
 
122 
 
 OKDEE XO. JASMINAOEiE. OEDEE XCVI. NYCTAGINACEiE. 
 
 GROUP IX. 
 
 Oeder XC. — Jasminaceaa. 
 
 Shrubs, often ■with twining stems. Leaves opposite or alter- 
 nate, often compound. Flowers corymbose, 'white or yelloTv, 
 usually fragrant. Calyx 5 — 10-cleft, persistent. Corolla regular, 
 hypocrateriform ; limb with 5 — 10 divisions, imbricate, and 
 twisted in prefloration. Stamens 2, inserted on the corolla, and 
 inclosed within its tube. Ovary free, 2-celled, each cell with 1 
 ovule. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a double berry, or a 
 capsule separating into 2 portions. Seeds 2. 
 
 A small order chiefly of tropical or Indiau shrubs. Jasminum (the Jessa- 
 mine), is very commonly cultivated. 
 
 Order XOI. — Oleacese 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple or pinnate. Flowers 
 perfect, or polygamous. Sepals united at base, persistent, some- 
 times none. Petals 4, united below, sometimes distinct, valvate 
 in prefloration, sometimes none. Stamens 2. Anthers 2-oelled. 
 Ovary free, 2-celled. Ovules pendulous. Style 1. Stigma 1, or 
 bifid. Fruit drupaceous, baccate, or a samara, usually 1-celled, 
 1 — 2-seeded, by abortion. 
 
 .\ small order containiug many ornaraontal plants, as Syringa {Lilac) and 
 Clii inanthus {Fringe-tree). The Kuropean Olive yields Olive-oil. Manna ex- 
 udes from the trunk of a European species of Ash. 
 
 SECTION m. — APETAL.E. 
 
 Plants with only a single series of floral envelopes (calyx), or 
 with none. 
 
 Apetalous plants not included under Apetalm. 
 
 Order L — Ranunculaceffl. Herbs. Flowers perfect. Ovaries 
 several, or many, 1-celled, rarely single in plants with decom- 
 pound leaves. 
 
 Order XX. — Caryophyllaceae. Herbs, not aquatic. Leaves 
 opposite or verticillate. Flowers perfect. Stamens 3 or 10. 
 
 Order XXXIV. — Zanthoxylaoese. Prickly shrubs. 
 
 Order XXXVL — ^Aoeraceaj. Trees with palmately-lobed 
 loaves. Flowers in umbels or loose paniculate clusters. Sepals 
 5, usually colored. 
 
 Order XLV. — Rosaceas. Herbs with pinnate stipulate leaves. 
 Flowers in spikes or heads. 
 
 Order XLLX. — Onagraoese. Aquatic, or mud plants, with 
 alternate or verticillate leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary, ses- 
 sile. Stamens 8, 4, 3, or 1. 
 
 Order LIY. — Crassulacete. Herbs. Calyx 5-parted. Ovaries 
 of 5 partly-united carpels. 
 
 Order LVI. — Saxifragacese. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flow- 
 ers perfect Stamens 8, rarely 10. 
 
 Order LXIV. — Gompositfe. Herbs. Monoecious. Staminate 
 flowers consisting of several 5-toothed florets, composed of 5 sta- 
 mens, partially united by their anthers. 
 
 Order XCL — Oleacece. Trees with pinnate leaves. Stamens 
 2. Fruit a samara. 
 
 Apetalce proper. 
 
 Geodp 1. — Herbs, or shrubby climbers. Flowers perfect. 
 Calyx present. Stamens 6, 10, or 12. Ovaries several-celled. 
 Orders XCH. and XCHL 
 
 Gkoup 2. — Herbs. Leaves simple, never opposite in climbing 
 species. Flowers perfect, and the styles or stigmas 1, or more; 
 or else diclinous, and the styles or stigmas 2 or more. Ovary 1- 
 celled, l-ovuled, free from the calyx. Orders XCIV. — XCVH. 
 inclusive. 
 
 Geoup 3. — ^Trees, or shrubs ; rarely herbs with a 5-parted ad- 
 herent calyx Flowers never in aments or globular balls. Sta- 
 mens 3—9. Styles or stigmas 1—2. Orders XCVHL— CIIL 
 inclusive. 
 
 Geoup 4. — Aquatic, or marsh herbs. Flowers perfect oi 
 polygamous, with a several-celled ovary; or else mona3cious, 
 with a 1-celIed ovary, and the stamens 12 or more. Orders 
 CIV.— CVH. inclusive. 
 
 Gkoup 5.— Herbs, or evergreen shrubs. Ovary several-celled, 
 becoming in fruit a capsule or drupe. Orders CVIII. and CIX. 
 
 Geoup 6. — Trees, or shrubs. Flowers monoecious, or dioeci- 
 ous. Staminate fioweys, and frequently the pistillate flowers 
 also, in dry oblong or cylindrical aments. Orders CX — CXIV. 
 inclusive. 
 
 Geoup "7. — ^Trees with palmately-lobed leaves. Flowers in 
 dry globular aments. Orders CXV. and CXVI. 
 
 Geoup 8. — Trees, or shrubs, usually with a milky or yellow 
 juice ; or else herbs with a watery juice. Order CXVII. 
 
 GROUP I. 
 Order XOII. — Aristolocluaceas. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubby plants ; in the latter case often climbing. 
 Leaves alternate or radical. Flowers perfect, solitary, of a dull 
 brown or greenish color. Calyx-tube more or less adherent to 
 the ovary ; limb 3-cleft. Stamens 6 or 12, epigynous, or adher- 
 ent to the base of the short and thick style. Ovary 3 or 6-celled. 
 Stigmas radiate, as many as the cells of the ovary. Fruit a 
 many-seeded cajisule or berry. 
 
 A small order of chiefly tropical plants, distinguished by their stimulant and 
 tonic properties. Asarum ( Wild Ginger), and Ai-istolocbia ( Virginia Sna?cc- 
 rooi), are examples. 
 
 Order XOIII. — Phytolaccacese. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves alternate, without stipules. 
 Flowers perfect, in racemes. Sepals 4 — 5, petaloid. Stamens 
 4 — 5 and alternate with the sepals ; or else 10 or more. Ovary 
 1 or several-celled. Styles and stigmas as many as the cells. 
 Fruit dry or baccate, consisting of 1, or several 1-seeded carpels. 
 
 A small, chiefly tropical order, represented here by a single Bpeciej of Phy- 
 tolacca {Pokeaseed). 
 
 GROUP II. 
 
 Order XCIV. — Chenopodiacese. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves alternate, often more or less 
 succulent or fleshy. Sometimes none. Flowers greenish, incon- 
 spicuous, usually perfect, sometimes dioecious or polygamous. 
 Calyx sometimes tubular at base, persistent. Stamens as many 
 as the calyx-segments, or fewer, inserted at their base. Ovary 
 free, 1-celled, l-ovuled. Styles 2 — 4, rarely 1. Fruit a utricle. 
 
 An order of weedy, unimportant, often maritime plants. Chenopodiuni 
 {Goosefoot, Pigweed), Beta {Beet), and Salicornia {Samphire), are examples. 
 
 Order XCV. — AmarantliaceBB. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flow- 
 ers in heads or spikes, or dense clusters, furnished with dry and 
 scarious, usually colored bracts. Calyx consisting of 3 — 5, dry 
 and scarious, persistent sepals. Stamens 8 — 5, or more, liypogy- 
 nous, distinct or monadelphous. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 1 or 
 more ovules. Fruit a utricle, rarely a many-seeded capsule. 
 
 An order of plants containing a few species whose brightly-colored and im- 
 perishable flowers are ornamental, but the greater portion are mere weeds. 
 Amaranthus, Gomphrena {Glohe AmaranPi), and Celosia {Cockscomb), are 
 examples. 
 
 Order XCVI. — Nyctaginaceffi. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs. Leaves opposite, one of each pair smaller 
 than the other. Calyx colored, infundibuliform, often with 2 
 bracts resembling a calyx at base, at length separating from the 
 lower part, which hardens and incloses the achenium. Stamens 
 
OEDER XCVII. POLYGONACE^. OEDEE CIV. SAUEUEACEiE. 
 
 123 
 
 nypogynous, 1 — 20. Ovary free, 1-celled. Style 1. Stigma 1. 
 Fruit an aotenium. 
 
 A small and/mostly tropical order. Several epecies of Mirabilis (Four- 
 d'clock^ Marvel ofFeru)^ are cultivated here. 
 
 Order XCVII. — PolygonacesB. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Stipules ochreate, rarely 
 none. Flowers usually perfect. Sepals 4 — 6, more or less united 
 at base, often petaloid. Stamens definite, inserted on the base 
 of the sepals. Ovary free, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Styles or stigmas 
 2 or 3. Acbenium usually triangular or oblong. 
 
 An order widely distributed through the world, and containing some im- 
 portant plants. Buckwheat (Polygonum Fagopyrum), belongs here. The 
 Dorrel and Garden Rhubarb {Jilieum\ are distinguished by the acid juices of 
 their stallts and leaves. Some unknown Tartarian species yields the Khubarb 
 
 Fig. 82. 
 
 of the shops. The roots of the Tellow-Dock (Rumex), possess powerful anti- 
 seorbutio properties, and are a popular remedy for skin diseases. In J3g. 82, 
 Polygonum Persicaiia, with its peculiar sheatliing stipules (Oc/treoB), is repre- 
 sented. 
 
 GKOUP III. 
 Order XOVIII. — Lauracea. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually punctate with 
 pellucid dots, destitute of stipules. Flowers perfect, or dioeei- 
 ously polygamous. Sepals 4-— 6, more or less united at base, im- 
 bricated in 2 series. Stamens definite, usually more numerous 
 than the sepals, inserted on their base. Anthers 2 — 4-celled, 
 opening by recurved valves from base to apex. Ovary, style and 
 stigma single. Fruit a berry or drupe, usually with a thickened 
 pedicel. Seed large, with a conspicuous embryo. 
 
 An order consisting chiefly of tropical trees, distinguished by their stimu- 
 lant and aromatic properties, owing to the presence of a volatile oil. Cinnamon 
 Is obtained from the Cinnamomum Zeylanicum and the inferior Cassia bark, 
 which in this country and Europe is generally sold for Cinnamon, tcom the C. 
 aromaticum of China. Camphor is obtained from the different species of Cam- 
 phora, natives of China, Japan, and the Eastern Archipelago. The order is re- 
 presented at the North by Sassafras and Benzoin (Fever-bush). 
 
 Order XOIX. — Thymeleaceae. 
 
 Shrubs with a tough bark Leaves alternate, or opposite, 
 entire. Flowers perfect. Calyx petaloid, tubular, free from the 
 
 ovary ; limb usually 4-cleft, the lobes imbricated in prefloration, 
 sometimes entirsm Stamens definite, usually twice as many as 
 the calyx-lobes, inserted in its throat. Ovary with 1 ovule. 
 Style 1. Stigma 1. Fruit drupaceous. 
 
 An order distinguished as well by the acrid and even blistering properties of 
 the bark, as by its toughness. Dirca (Leatherwood), and Daphne (Mczereon), 
 are examples. 
 
 Order C. — Eleagnaceae. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs, usually covered by a kind of scurt Flowers 
 axillary, dioecious, rarely perfect. Calyx of the sterile flowers 
 4-parted. Stamens 3 — 8, sessile. Anthers 2-celled. Calyx of the 
 fertile flowers tubular, persistent, with an entire or 2 — 4-lobed 
 limb. Ovary simple, 1-celled, with a single stipitate ovule. 
 Fruit a crustaceous achenium, free from, but inclosed in, the 
 calyx, which becomes succulent and baccate. 
 
 A very small order possessing no remarkable qualities. The Eleagnus 
 (Oleaster), cultivated for its silvery foliage, is an example. 
 
 Order CI. — Santalaceae. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers 
 small, perfect, rarely dioecious, polygamous. Calyx-tube adher- 
 ent to the ovary; limb 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens as many as the lobes 
 of the calyx, and inserted opposite them. Ovary 1-celled, with 
 1 — 4 ovules. Style 1. Fruit indehiscent, crowned with the per- 
 sistent calyx, often drupaceous. 
 
 A small and father unimportant order, native chiefly of the warmer por- 
 tions of the world. An Indian species of Santala yields the fragrant Sandal- 
 wood. Comandra (Toad-^fiax)^ and Nyssa, the Gum-tree, are examples. 
 
 Order CII. — Loranthacese. 
 
 Shrubs, parasitic on trees. Stems diehotomously branching. 
 Leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous, of a dull green color. Flow- 
 ers small, often dioecious, rarely perfect and brilliant. Calyx- 
 tube adherent to the ovary of the perfect flower. Limb obsolete 
 or 3 — 5-cleft. Petals 3 — 8, cohering in a tube or distinct, some- 
 times none. Stamens as many as the petals, and inserted on 
 them when present, otherwise they are inserted on the base of 
 the sepals, 1 to each. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit a globu- 
 lar 1-seeded berry. 
 
 A large parasitic order, represented in N. J. and the South by the Misseltoe 
 ( Viscum). 
 
 Order CIII. — Ulmacese. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, rough. Stipules 
 2 at the base of each leaf, deciduous. Flowers in loose axiJlary 
 clusters, rarely solitary, perfect or polygamous. Calyx free from 
 the ovary, campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens as many as the 
 calyx-lobes, and opposite them ; or else more numerous. Ovary 
 1-celled, 1 — 2-ovuled. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit 1-eelled, 1- 
 seeded, either a samara or berry-like drupe. 
 
 A small order consisting chiefly of trees, useful merely as timber. Ulmus, 
 the Flm, one species of which, the well-known Slippery Elm, is an example. 
 
 GEOUP IV. 
 Order CIV. — Saururaceee. 
 
 Herbs, with the stems jointed at the nodes. Leaves alternate, 
 entire. Flowers perfect, in spikes or racemes, entirely destitute 
 of floral envelopes. Stamens definite, persistent, usually 6 — 8. 
 Anthers 2-celled. Ovary consisting of 3 — 5 partially united ear- 
 pels. Styles 3 — 5, distinct. Capsule or berry 3 — 5-celled, each 
 cell usually 1-seeded. 
 
 Unimportant marsh plants, represented here by Saurorus (Zizard^a-tail). 
 
124 
 
 OEDEE CV. CEEATOPHTLLAOE^. OEDEE OXIV. SALICACE^. 
 
 Oeder CV. — Oeratopliyllacese. 
 
 Aquatic herbs. Leaves wliorled, diohotomously dissected, 
 ■with filiform segments. Flowers monoecious, axillary, sessile. 
 Stamens indefinite. Anthers sessile. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1, 
 filiform. Achenium beaked in fruit. Seed "with 4 cotyledons. 
 
 A very small unimportant order, represented by the Ceratophyllum (Horn- 
 wort). 
 
 Order OVI. — Oallitrichacese. 
 
 Aquatic, annual herbs. Leaves opposite, entire. FloTvers 
 axillary, solitary, minute, perfect, or moucecious, entirely desti- 
 tute of proper floral envelopes, but usually furnished with a pair 
 of bracts. Stamens 1, rarely 2, with a slender filament and a 1- 
 celled, 2-valved reniform anther. Ovary 4-lobed, i-ceUed, 4- 
 ovnled. Styles 2. Fruit indehisoent, 4-seeded. 
 
 Little plants floating in water, consisting 
 Callitriche ( Water Starwori^, 
 
 chiefly of the various species of 
 
 Order CVII. — Podostemaceae. 
 
 Aquatic hei'hs, with the habit of Liverworts or Mosses. 
 Leaves capillary or linear, not articulated to the stem. Flowers 
 usually perfect, arising from a kind of spathe, usually destitute of 
 any other floral envelopes. Stamens often reduced to 1 or 2, and 
 monadelphous. Ovary free, 1 — 8-celled. Styles or stigmas 2, 
 distinct. Fruit a many-seeded, ribbed, 2 — 3-oelled' capsule. 
 
 A very small aquatic order, of which Podostemum (^Thread-foot), is an 
 example. 
 
 GEOUP V, 
 
 Order CVIII. — EupliorMacese. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, often with a milky juice. Leaves 
 opposite, alternate, or verticillate, usually simple, often stipulate. 
 Flowers monoecious or diosoious. Staminate and pistillate flowers 
 usually separate, but often combined and surrounded by a com- 
 mon, mostly petaloid involucre, the staminate being reduced to a 
 single stamen, and the pistillate to a compound pistil, destitute of 
 calyx, and supported on a conspicuous jointed pedicel. Calyx, 
 when present, several-lobed. Petals sometimes present, and as 
 many as the calyx-lobes. Stamens definite or indefinite, distinct 
 or monadelphous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary free from the calyx, 
 when the latter is present, consisting of 2 — 9 more or less united 
 carpels, attached to a prolongation of the axis. Styles as many 
 as the carpels, distinct, often 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule separating 
 into its component carpels. 
 
 A very large chiefly tropical and South American order, distinguished hy 
 the acrid and often powerfully poisonous properties of its milky juice. But the 
 starchy accumulations in the root of Jatropha, when freed by washing and heat 
 from the volatile principle, become the Tapioca of commerce. The seeds of 
 Eicinus yield the common purgative Castor-oil, while those of certain E. Indian 
 species of Croton furnish the powerful Croton-oll. Caoutchouc is obtained from 
 the Siphonia, a beautifnl tree of South America, and also some other trees be- 
 longing here. Euphorbia (Spurge), and Buxus (Jiax), are examples. 
 
 Order CIX. — ^Empetraceae. 
 
 Low, evergreen, heath-like shrubs. Leaves acerose, crowded. 
 Flowers small, dioecious or polygamous, axillary. Calyx of seve- 
 ral imbricated sepals; or its place is supplied by imbricated 
 bracts. Stamens few, definite. Ovary 3 — 9-celled, with 1 ovule 
 in a cell Styles short, or none. Stigmas more or less lobed, 
 often laciniate. Ovary drupaceous, inclosed in the persistent 
 calyx, containing 3 — 9 bony nutlets. 
 
 A very small order, represented here by Empetrum (Orowierry), and 
 Corema. 
 
 GROUP VI. 
 
 Order CX. — Juglandacese. 
 
 Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate. Stipules none. Flowers 
 greenish, monoecious. Sterile ones in aments. Calyx membranous, 
 irregular. Stamens indefinite. Fertile flowers usually in small 
 clusters. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 3 — 5-parted. 
 Petals sometimes present, and as many as the calyx-segments. 
 Ovary 1-oelled, partially 2 — t-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit drupace- 
 ous, the epicarp sometimes indehiscent, sometimes regularly de- 
 hiscent ; endocarp bony. Seeds single, oily, often edible. 
 
 A small order, containing, however, many forest trees, valuable for their 
 timber, and often for their fruit. The Butternut and Black Walnut (Jugkms), 
 and the Hickory, Shag-bark, arid other species of Carya, are examples. 
 
 Order CXI. — Cupioliferse. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, with straight 
 veins and deciduous stipules. Flowers usually monoecious. Sterile 
 ones in aments. Calyx membranous and regular, or else scale- 
 like. Stamens 1 — 3 times as many as the calyx-lobes. Fertile 
 flowers separate, in clusters of 2 or 3 ; or else several together, 
 inclosed in a common involucre. Calyx-tube adherent to the 
 ovary ; limb minute or obsolete. Ovary 2 — 6-eelled, with 1 or 
 more ovules in a cell. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut. 
 
 An order consisting chiefly of noble forest-trees of the highest value for 
 timber, and sometimes also for their fruit. Such are the various species of Oak 
 {Qiierc%s\ the Beech (Fagiis), and the Chestnut (Oaeianea). The bark of the 
 various species of Oak possesses a great deal of Tannin, which makes it valu- 
 able for tanning leather. Galls are swellings on the leaf-stalks and twigs of Oak 
 trees; those ol^ commerce being yielded by the Quercus infectoria of Asia 
 Minor. The thick outer bark of Q. Suber of Spain is the substance known as 
 Cork. 
 
 Order CXII. — Myricaceae. 
 
 Shrubs. Leaves simple, aromatic, dotted with resinous glands 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Sterile ones in aments, each Id 
 the axil of a bract. Stamens 2 — 6. Anthers 2^-4-celled, open 
 ing lengthwise. Fertile flowers in aments or globose clusters. 
 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, surrounded by several scales. Stigmas 
 2, subulate, or dilated and somewhat petaloid. Fruit a drupe- 
 like, 1-seeded nut. 
 
 A small order, represented here chiefly by the Bayberry (Mi/rica), and the 
 Sweet Fern {Oomptonia). 
 
 Order GXIII. — Betulaceas. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, with deciduous 
 stipules. Flowers monoecious; both kinds in aments, usually 
 achlamydeous, axillary, by threes in a 3-lobed bract. Stamens 
 definite, distinct. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Styles or stigmas 2. 
 Fruit 1-celled by abortion, 1-seeded, membranous, or deliiscent, 
 forming with the bracts a dense, sometimes cone-like, amenta 
 
 A small order, of which the various species of Birch (BetuZa), and Alder 
 (Akius), arc the most common represenlatives. 
 
 Order CXIV. — Salicacese. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs, rarely somewhat herbaceous. Leaves alter- 
 nate, simple, with deciduous or persistent stipules. Flowers dioe- 
 cious; both kinds in aments, achlamydeous, in the axils of 1- 
 fiowered bracts. Stamens 2 — 2everal, distinct or monadelphous. 
 Ovary 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, with a silky coma. 
 
 The various species of Willow (Salix), and Poplar {Populus), constitute 
 this order. In fig. 33 is represented Sails eriocephala, one of the common spe- 
 cies, both as it appears when in blossom in the spring, and after the full expau 
 sion of the leaves. The bark is bitter and tonic, and is sometimes employed as 
 a febrifuge. The slender flexible shoots of the Willows are used In wicker 
 work. 
 
OEDEE CXV. BAiSAMIFLU^. OKDEE CXVm. CONIFEEJi:. 
 
 125 
 
 
 Fig. 83. 
 
 GEOUP VII. 
 
 Okder CXV. — Balsamifluae. 
 
 Trees, with palmately-lobed, alternate leaves. Stipules de- 
 ciduous. Flowers monceoious in globular aments, achlamydeous. 
 Anthers numerous, nearly sessile, with scales intermixed. Ovary 
 2-celled, surrounded by scales. Styles 2. Capsules 2-celled, 2- 
 beaked, opening between the beaks, indurated m fruit, and form- 
 ing a kind of strobile. Seeds several-winged. 
 
 An order consisting solely of the genua Liquldambar, of which one species 
 extends as far north as Connecticut. 
 
 Order OXVI. — Platanaceee. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, palmately-lobed. Stipules scarious, 
 sheathing. Flowers monoecious, achlamydeous, in globose aments. 
 Stamens solitary, mingled with small scales. Anthers linear, 2- 
 celled. Ovary 1-eelled, tipped with a thick style, stigmatic on 
 one side. Fruit a 1-seeded, clavate nut, surrounded at base by 
 bristly hairs. 
 
 An order consisting merely of the different species of Platanus {Plane-tree, 
 Buttonwood, Syaamore). 
 
 GROUP VIII. 
 
 Order CXVII. — Urticaceae. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs, usually with a milky or yellowish juice ; or 
 herbs with a watery juice. Leaves alternate or opposite, often 
 rough or hispid, with stinging hairs, frequently stipulate. Flow- 
 ers monceoious, dioecious, or polygamous, in panicles, aments, or 
 
 fleshy heads. Calyx regular, persistent, rarely wanting, usually 
 
 3 6-parted. Stamens definite, distinct, inserted on the base of 
 
 the calyx, usually as many as its lobes, and opposite them. 
 Ovary free from the calyx, 1-ovuled. Style 1. Fruit a 1-seeded 
 utricle, surrounded by the membranous or fleshy calyx. 
 
 A very large family, assuming a great variety of forms. The milky juice of 
 this order is acrid and injurious, often highly poisonous. It abounds especially 
 in caoutchouc, which is yielded in great abundance by several 8. American and 
 E. Indian trees of this order. The famous Cow-tree, which yields a rich -whole- 
 some milk, is, however, an exception to the deadly qualities of this juice. 
 Bohon Upas, one of the most fearful of poisons, is the concrete juice of another 
 arborescent species, native of the Indian Islands. But the fruits are generally 
 Innocent, and often edible and delicious. Such are the Bread-fruit, produced by 
 two species of Artocarpus, the Fig, and the Mulberry. The celebrated Banian, 
 figure 14, Plate VL, yields the Gum-Lac, which is an exudation from its 
 branches. The stinging hairs of the Settles are known by experience to every 
 one. The tough iibres of their stems, and also of Hemp {Oannabis). are used 
 for cordage, coarse strong cloths, and bagging. The leaves of the Hemp are 
 also used in the East, on account of their stimulant and narcotic properties, to 
 produce intoxication. Hops consist, of the dried strobiles, or aments, of the 
 Humulus Lupulus. The principle which gives them their power, exists chieily 
 in the yellow, resinous grains, that cover the scales and fruit 
 
 SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMS. 
 
 Ovules not inclosed in an ovary, possessing no pericarp, and 
 becoming naked seeds. The carpel is sometimes represented by 
 an open scale, and sometimes is wholly wanting. 
 
 Order CXVIII. — Comfersa. 
 
 Tree's, or shrubs; the wood abounding in a, resinous juice- 
 Leaves acerose, or scale-like, almost always evergreen. Flowers 
 monoecious, or dioecious, entirely destitute of calyx and coroUa. 
 Stamens 1, or more, often monadelphous, forming a sort of loose 
 ament Fertile flowers usually in aments, consisting of open car- 
 pellary scales, sometimes solitary and destitute of any form of 
 
126 
 
 OEDEE CXIX. AliACE^. OEDEE CXXV. OEOHIDACEJI;. 
 
 cai-pel. Ovary, style and stigma -wanting. Ovules naked, 1, 2, 
 or more, erect, or sometimes turned downward. Fruit a strobile, 
 or cone, sometimes drupaceons, or a solitary drupaceous seed. 
 Embryo -with 2, or frequently more cotyledons. 
 
 A very important family, most abundant in cold regions, and there of tho 
 highest use to man, as it includes all tho most valuable timber-trees of such 
 countries. The resinous products, such as turpentine, pitch, and resin, are of 
 the greatest importance in navigation, and many of the arts. 
 
 CLASS II.— ENDOGENS. 
 
 Stems not distinguishable into regular layers of bark, pith, and 
 -wood in the "woody species, growing by additions on the inside. 
 Leaves usually parallel-veined, entire, often sheathing at base, 
 rarely attached to the stem by a regular articulation. Parts of 
 the flo-wers usually in threes or multiples of 3. Seeds with 1 
 cotyledon, rarely -with 2 alternate ones. 
 
 Group 1. — ^Mostly aquatic and marsh plants. Flowers monoe- 
 cious, dioecious, or perfect. Perianth absent; or else present, 
 rarely mouosepalous, otherwise consisting of 4 or 6 distinct sepals, 
 in 1 series, and the ilowers sessile on a spadix, or in dense spikes. 
 Orders CXIX.— CXXL inclusive. 
 
 Group 2. — ^Leaves parallel-veined, sometimes linear, often 
 fleshy. Perianth of 6, rarely 3 divisions, the segments in 1 or 2 
 series often of different colors. Ovaries 3, or more, partially 
 united ; or else single, adherent to the tube of the perianth, and 
 1 or more than 5-celled. Orders CXXIIL and CXXIV. 
 
 Geoxip 3. — Perianth with 6 very irregular segments, and the 
 tube adherent to the twisted ovary. Stamens consoUdated with 
 the style in a column, either with granular pollen, or with 2 — i 
 pollen-masses attached to the stigmas in pairs. Order CXXV. 
 
 Group 4. — Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers perfect, not glu- 
 maceous. Perianth of 6 colored segments, more or less adherent 
 to the ovary. Orders CXXVI— CXXYIK. inclusive. 
 
 Group 6. — Leaves retieulately-veined. Segments of the peri- 
 anth 6, often in 2 difi'erently-colored series. Orders CXXIX — 
 CXXXI. inclusive. 
 
 Groitp C. — Perianth tubular, colored, 6-parted, or bilabiate ; 
 or else consisting of 6, rarely 4, similarly colored segments. 
 Ovary free from the perianth. Orders CXXXII. — CXXXV. in- 
 clusive. 
 
 Group 1. — Perianth segments in 2 series ; the outer glumace- 
 ous, or herbaceous ; the inner petaloii Orders CXXXVI. and 
 
 cxxxvn. 
 
 Group 8. — Flowers crowded into dense hemispherical heads. 
 Perianth tubular. Order CXXXVIH. 
 
 Group 'J. — Flowers glumaoeous, arranged in epikelets, and in- 
 cluded in glumes, or bracts. Ovaiy 1-celled, 1-seeded. Orders 
 CXXXIX. and CXL. 
 
 GROUP I. 
 Obder CXIX. — AracesB, 
 
 Herbs, or tropical shrubs, with a fleshy rhizoma, or corm. 
 Leaves sheathing at base, simple, or compound, sometimes with 
 more or less reticulated veins. Flowers usually sessile in a ter- 
 minal, or lateral spadix, sometimes moncecious and achlamydeous; 
 sometimes perfect with a perianth of 4 — 6 sepals. Stamens defi- 
 nite in the perfect flowers, 4 — 6, usually indefinite in the monoe- 
 cious flowers. Ovary free from the perianth, 1 — several-celled. 
 Seeds solitary, or several. Fruit usually a proper berry, some- 
 times dry. 
 
 A small and chiefly tropical order, remarkable for acridity, -which is espe- 
 cially developed in their roots. This principle is, however, volatile, and can be 
 expelled by heat, and in this way the starchy corms of some species are ren- 
 dered edible. Arum (Wake lioOin). Oalla, Symplocarpus (Stunk C'tMage), 
 and tho well-known aromatic Sweet Flag (Acorua), are examples. 
 
 Oeder OXX. — Typliacese. 
 
 Herbs of marshes and ditches. Stems without joints._ Leaves 
 ensiform, rigid. Flowers moncecious, arranged in a spadix, which 
 
 is destitute of a spathe, or in globose heads. Perianth of 3 sepals, 
 or none. Stamens 3 — 6, with long and slender filaments, and 
 cuneiform anthers. Ovary free from the perianth, 1-celled, 1- 
 seeded. Stigmas 1 — 2. Fruit a utricle. 
 
 A small unimportant order, consisting solely of two genera, Typha {Cat' 
 tail), and Sparganium (Surr-reed). The seed-down of the former is an article 
 of considerable use to upholsterers, in the manufacture of beds and pillows. 
 
 Order OXXI. — Lemnacete. 
 
 Floating plants of a cellular structure. Stems and leaves 
 merged in a frond, from the bottom of which the roots descend, 
 hanging loose in the water. Flowers arising from the margin of 
 the fronds, inclosed, 2 or 3 together, in a membranous spathe. 
 Stamens definite, often monadelphous. Ovary l-ceUed, with 1 or 
 more o-vules. Stigma 1. Fruit a utricle. 
 
 A small order of minute aquatics, of very simple and humble structure. 
 Lemna (Duck-meat), is our only example. 
 
 Order CXXII. — Naiadacese. 
 
 Aquatic plants, -with cellular leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, 
 perfect, monoecious, or dioecious. Perianth of 4, distinct sepals, 
 rarely mouosepalous. Stamens definite, 4, 2, or 1. Ovaries 1 ; 
 or else 2 — 4, free from the perianth, distinct. Stigma simple, 
 often sessile. Fruit 1-oeUed, 1-seeded, indehiscent. 
 
 A very small unimportant order, represented here by Potamogeton (Fond 
 weed), and Zostera ( Wrack-grass), and a few others. 
 
 GROUP II. 
 Order CXXIII. — Alismacese. 
 
 Marsh herbs, acaulesoent. Leaves parallel-veined, but often 
 with reticulated veinlets, sometimes linear and fleshy. Flowers 
 regular, perfect, or monoecious, usually in racemes or panicles. 
 Perianth of 6 sepals, in 2 series. Sepals herbaceous. Petals 
 often colored, sometimes similar to the calyx. Stamens definite, 
 or indefinite. Carpels 3, or more, l-eelled, 1-seeded. Styles and 
 stigmas as many as the carpels. 
 
 A very small order, principally represented hy Mizmn (Water Plantain), 
 and Sagittaria (Arrow-head). 
 
 Order OXXIV. — Hydrodaaridace^. 
 
 Aquatic herbs. Flowers dioecious, or polygamous, regular, 
 arising from a spathe, which is often supported on a scape-like 
 peduncle. Perianth with 6 segments, in 2 series, rarely with 3 
 in 1 series ; in the fertile flowers united below in a tube, which 
 is sometimes very long and slender. Stamens definite, or indefi- 
 nite. Ovary 1, or 6 — 9-ceUed, adherent to the tube of the peri- 
 anth. Fruit indehiscent. 
 
 Unimportant aquatic plants, of which Tallisneria (Tape-grass), is an ex- 
 ample. 
 
 GROUP III. 
 Order CXXV. — Orchidaceae. 
 
 Perennial, often acaulescent herbs. Leaves simple, entire, 
 parallel-veined, sometimes wanting. Flowers very_ irregular. 
 Perianth of 6 segments, aU usually colored, and assuming various 
 forms, especially the lowest of the 4 inner segments, or lip, which 
 is often spurred. Stamens 3, consolidated with the style into a 
 column, only the central one fertile ; sometimea the two lateral 
 
OHDEE OXXVI. H^MODOEACEiE. ORDER CXXXI. TEILLIACEJ]:. 
 
 127 
 
 ones fertile, and the central one abortive. Pollen sometimes 
 granular and powdery, but more commonly coliering in ■wax-like 
 masses, •which are usually attached to a gland of the stigma. 
 Ovary twisted, adherent to the tube of the perianth, 1-ceUed, 
 many-ovuled. Fruit a 3-ribbed, 3-valved capsule. 
 
 A very large order, remarknblo for its curious and oddly-shaped, but usually 
 very showy, lloivers. Many of the tropical species are Epiphytes, as seen in fig. 
 1, Plato YLl. Besides their beauty they have no very remarkable proper- 
 
 Pig. 84 
 
 ties. The Salep of commerce is derived from a species of Orchis, while the 
 Vanilla of tropical America yields the aromatic seeds, which are so much used 
 
 J^l 
 
 Fig. 85. 
 
 as a flavor and pertume. The Orchis, fig. 84, Arethusa, Cypropedium (Lady^a 
 Slipper), and the Spiranthes, fig. 35, are examples. 
 
 GROUP IV. 
 Order OXXVI. — H£emodorace£e. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with fibrous roots. Leaves ensifoi-m, equi- 
 tant. Perianth woolly, or scurfy, adherent to the ovary, some- 
 times free, with a regular 6-cleft limb. Stamens 3, or 6, arising 
 from the tube of the perianth. Ovary 8-eelled. Anthers introrse. 
 Style 1. Capsule opening by valves, rarely indehiscent. 
 
 A very small order of plants, of which Aletris (Star-ffrass% is an example. 
 
 Order CXXVII. — Amaryllidaceae. 
 
 Perennial herbs, arising from bulbs, rarely with fibrous roots. 
 Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers showy, mostly on scapes, and 
 arising from spathes. Perianth regular, sometimes somewhat 
 irregular ; tube adherent to the ovary ; limb 6-parted. Stamens 
 6, with introrse anthers, arising from the segments of the peri- 
 anth. Ovary 3-ceIled. Style 1. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a, cap- 
 sule or berry. 
 
 A rather larj^e, chiefly tropical order, distinguished among Endogeus by the 
 poisonous character of many of the species. Their bulbs are often acrid and 
 emetic, as in some of the species of Narcissus. Tliose of the Hjemanthus arc 
 so virulent that the Hottentots use them to poison thoir arrows. The Jacobean 
 Lily {AmarylLu), Jonquil, Daffodil {Narcissus), and the Century-plant {Agave), 
 are found here. 
 
 Order CXXVIII. — Iridacesa. 
 
 Perennial herbs, arising from rhizomas, bulbs, or corms, rarely 
 with fibrous roots. Leaves equitant. Flowers often showy, 
 usually arising from a spathe. Perianth-tube adherent to the 
 ovary; limb colored, 6-parted ; the divisions usually in 2 obvious, 
 often unequal series. Stamens 3, distinct or monadelphous, with 
 extrorse, 2-celled anthers. Ovary 3-oelled. Style 1. Stigmas 3, 
 dilated or petaloid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with loculioidal 
 dehiscence. « 
 
 A large order of plants, distinguished more by their beauty than by any ac- 
 tive properties. Orris root is tlie dried rhizoma of a species of Iris, native of 
 Southern Europe. The Iris {Blue Flag, Fleur de lis), Crocus and Gladiolus, 
 are examples. • 
 
 GROUP V. 
 Order OXXIX. — Dioscoreaceae. 
 
 Twining, often shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, reticulate- 
 ly-veiued. Flowers dioecious, or monoeciotis. Perianth-tube 
 adherent to the ovary ; limb with 6 segments, in 2 series. Sta- 
 mens 6, inserted into the base of the perianth-segments. Ovary 
 3-celIed. Cells 1 — 2-ovuled. Styles nearly distinct. 
 
 A small tropical order, possessing no remarkable properties. Their roots 
 are tuberous, and those of the Yam {Diosco7'ea), containing starch, are edibla 
 and highly nutritious. One species of Dioscorea is native. 
 
 Order CXXX. — Smilaceffi. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves reticulately-veined. 
 Flowers dioecious. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regu- 
 lar. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the segments. Ovary 3- 
 celled. Fruit a globular, few or many-seeded berry. 
 
 A small, mostly unimportant order. The ofHcinal Sarsaparilla is derived 
 iVom several 3. A m erican species of Smilas, a genus of which we have a few 
 native species. 
 
 Order GXXXI.— Trilliacese. 
 
 Herbs. Stems simple. Eoots tuberous. Leaves verticillate, 
 reticulately-veined. Flowers often large, solitary, perfects Peri- 
 anth of 6 segments, usually in 2 differently colored series. Sta- 
 mens 6. Anthers linear. Ovary free from the perianth, 3-celled. 
 Styles distinct. Ovules many, in 2 rows. Fruit a 3-celled berry. 
 
 Avery small order, represented here by Medeola {Cucumber-root), and 
 Trillium. 
 
128 
 
 OEDEE CXXXn. LILIAOE^. OEDEE CXXXVII. XYEIDACEiE. 
 
 GROUP VI. 
 
 Oedek CXXXII.— Liliaceee. 
 
 Herbs, arising from bulbs or tubers, rarely with fibrous or 
 fascicled roots. Leaves simple, sheathing, or clasping at base. 
 Flowers regular, perfect, often showy. Perianth with 6, rarely 
 4, equal, usually colored segments, free from the ovary. Stamens 
 6, rarely 4, inserted on the segments of the perianth. Anthers in- 
 trorse. Ovary 3-celled. Styles united into 1. Stigma simple, 
 or 3-lobed. Fruit capsular, with several, or many seeds in each 
 cell. 
 
 A largo and widely-spread family containing many beautifd and splendid 
 ornamental plants. Tiieir bulbs also are somotimes esculent, as in the Onion 
 and Garlic (_AUium). Sometimes a bitter principle, witii which the whole 
 order abounds to a greater or less extent, is developed so much as to render the 
 
 Fig. 86. 
 
 bulbs valuable in medicine, as in the Squill (Scilla). From the concrete juice 
 of different species of Aloe, we have the drug which is icnown by their name. 
 The Lily {LiUum), fig. 36, Day Lily {ffemerocallis), the Lily of the Valley 
 {Cowoallaria), and the Hyacinth {Hyacinthua), are examples of this truly 
 noble order. 
 
 Oedee CXXXIII. — Pontederiaceae. 
 
 Aquatic herbs. Flowers solitary, or spicate, arising from a 
 spathe, or from a fissure in the petiole. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, 
 persistent and withering, colored, often irregular. Stamens 3, 
 inserted on the throat of the perianth ; or 6, and variously at- 
 tached to the perianth. Ovary 1. — 3-oelled. Style 1. Stigma 1. 
 Capsule 8-vaIved, 1 or many-seeded. 
 
 An order of aquatic plants, often with showy flowers. Pontederia {Picker- 
 fl-weed), is an example. 
 
 Oeder CXXXIV. — Melanthacete. 
 
 Perennial herbs, arising from bulbs or rhizomas, corms, or fas- 
 ciculated roots. Stem simple, often a mere scape. Flowers per- 
 fect, or, by abortion, polygamous. Perianth regular, 6-parted ; 
 the divisions in 2 series, distinct, or united at base. Stamens 6. 
 Anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-celIed, each cell with 3 or more 
 ovules. Styles, or stigmas, 3, distinct. Fruit a 3-celled berry, 
 or capsule. 
 
 A small order, dlstinguisbed by its violently acrid and poisonous qualities. 
 These properties are peculiarly developed in Colchicum {Mead<yw-Sfifron\ 
 and Veratrum, both of which are valuable in medicine. One species of Vera- 
 trum is our most common native example. 
 
 Okder CXXXV. — Juncaceas. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, generally coarse and grass-like, often leaf- 
 less. Flowers usually greenish, small, dry, glumaceous, in cymose 
 clusters. Leaves fistular, or else flat, often channelled, sometimes 
 none. Perianth regular, in 2 series of 3 segments in each. Sta- 
 mens 6, or 3. Ovary 3-celled, or 1-celled, because the placenta 
 do not reach the axis. Styles united into 1. Stigmas 3. Capsulf 
 3-valved. 
 
 Fig.8T 
 
 Juncus the Eush. one species of which Is represented in fig. 87, is an exam- 
 ple of this family of Rushes. 
 
 GROUP VII. 
 Oeder CXXXVI. — CommelynaceBe. 
 
 Herbs with flat, narrow leaves, usually sheathing at base. 
 Perianth with 6 segments in 2 series, the outer 3 herbaceous 
 sepals, the inner 3 colored petals. Stamens 6, or fewer. Anthers 
 with 2 separated cells. Filaments often covered with jointed 
 hairs. Ovary 2 — 3-eelled. Styles united into 1. Stigma 1. 
 Fruit a 2 — 3-celled, few-seeded capsule, opening by loculicidal 
 dehiscence. 
 
 A small and unimportant order, containing many ornamental plants. Tra- 
 descantia (^SpiderwoH), is a well-known example. 
 
 Order CXXXVII.— Xyridacese. 
 
 Sedge-like herbs. Leaves linear, or ensiform. Flowers in 
 heads, at the summit of a, scape. Perianth of 6 segments, in 2 
 series. Sepals 3, glumaceous, caducous. Petals 3, unguiculate, 
 united into a tube below. Stamens 6, inserted on the corolla, 3 
 
OEDEE CXXXVni. EEIOCATJLONAOEiE. OEDEE CXL. GEAMINE^, 
 
 129 
 
 barren, 3 with extrorse anthers. Ovary l-eelled, with 3 parietal 
 
 f)laoent£e ; or 3-oelled. Styles 3, partially united Stigmas 
 obed. Capsule many-seeded. 
 
 A small and chiefly tropical order, represented here hy several specieB of 
 Xyris ( Yellow-eyed Graea). 
 
 and thongh cattle feed on them, thoy afford little nutriment Oypema dian- 
 drns, flg. 88, Scirpus laoustrls, fig. 89, and Carex tentaculata, flg. 40 are Ulua- 
 trattons of the more abundant forms. 
 
 GROUP vin. 
 Order CXXXVIII. — Eriocaulonaceas. 
 
 Perennial, aquatic herbs. Leaves linear, spongy, sheathing 
 at base. Flowers moncEoious, or dicecious, in dense, hemispheri- 
 cal heads. Perianth 2 — 6-parted, or wanting. Stamens 6, either 
 all perfect, or some of them abortive. Anthers 1-oelled. Ovary 
 either 1 or more-celled; ceUs 1-secded. 
 
 A very small, chiefly S. American order, of which Eriocaulon (Pipeworf) 
 Is an example. 
 
 GROUP IX. 
 Order OXXXIX. — Cyperaceae. 
 
 Herbs, usually perennial, coarse, grassy, csespitose plants. 
 Culms usually solid, without joints or nodes, mostly triangular. 
 Leaves with entire sheaths, sometimes wanting. Flowers soli- 
 tary, each in the axil of a glume-like bract. Perianth wanting, 
 or else reduced to mere bristles. Stamens usually 3, sometimes 
 2, or 1. Styles 2 — 3, more or less united. Fruit an achenium. 
 
 Fig. 88. 
 
 Fig. 89. 
 
 A very large order of coarse gri 
 places and swamps thronghont the world, but most abundantly in the cooler 
 
 j-lifce unimportant plants, growing in wet 
 
 vorld, but most abundantly in the cooler 
 
 portions. They are applied to very few uses, notwithstanding their abundance, 
 
 17 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 Order CXL. — Grramineae. 
 
 Perennial herbs with fibrous roots, rarely arising from bulbsi 
 sometimes annual or biennial. Culms cyUndrical, usually fista- 
 
 Fig. 41. 
 
 lar, closed at the nodes, sometimes solid. Leaves entire, usually 
 narrow, alternate, with the sheath split from one node down to 
 
130 
 
 ORDER CXLI. EQUISKTACE^. 
 
 the next, usually -with a membranous Hgule bet^veen the base of 
 the leaf and sheath. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, 
 usually perfect, in 1-niany-flowered spikelets, composed of glume- 
 
 Fig. 42. 
 
 Fig. 4T. 
 
 like bracts in 2 rows. Outer bracts {glumes), 2, rarely 1, often 
 unequal ; the inner 2 immediately inelosmg each flower (palecB), 
 alternate. Perianth none, or consisting of very small, membran- 
 ous scales {squamulae). Stamens 1 — 6, commonly 3. An- 
 thers versatile. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 2. Stigmas 2, 
 feathery. Fruit a caryopsis. 
 
 A very large and most important order, diffased through all parts of 
 
 the world ia the greatest abundance. The herbage furnishes food for 
 
 cattle and other herbivorous animals, while their seeds, known as the 
 
 Fig. 43. Cereal Grains, form the most important article of human sustenance. 
 
 None are poisonous, except a single species, the Darnel Grass {Lolvwm). 
 
 The poisonous properties of Ergot are caused by a parasitic fungas. The stems 
 
 of many of the species afford sugar, which is most abundant in the different 
 
 species of Sugar-Cane {Saccha- 
 rum), and is found also in the 
 Indian Corn {Zea). Among the 
 grains, the most important are 
 the Oat {A'cena\ ng. 41, the 
 Wheat, Eye, Eice, Barley, and 
 Maize. The most valuable kinds 
 for grazing purposes are Agros- 
 tls (Eed-top), Phleum (Timothy 
 Herds-grass), and other mea- 
 dow and pasture Grasses 'com- 
 prising especially various species 
 of Poa and Festuca. In fig. 42 
 is represented Erngrostis megas- 
 tachya, illustrating one of the 
 most common forms of Grasses. 
 In fig. 43 we have a many- 
 flowered, awnless spikelet of a 
 Glyceria ; and in fig. 44, a many- 
 flowered spikelet of Bromns, 
 with awned paleco. Panicum la- 
 tlfoHnm, fig. 45, is a representative of another tribe, whose peculiar structure is 
 well illustrated in the spikelet of Panicum Crus-Galli, fig. 46, where we have 
 two flowers, one of which only is complete, the other being reduced merely to 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 Fig. 46. 
 
 a pair of paleae, so that each spikelet has four palese, two of which are, in this 
 case, awned. In fig. 47 is represented Elymus Virginicus, a native example of 
 the tribe to which the "Wheat, Eye, and Barley beloug. 
 
 Fig; 45. 
 
 SEMES II.— CEYPTOGAMIA. 
 
 Plants ■without proper flowers, eontaining stamens and pistils, 
 not reproduced by proper seeds eontaining an embryo, but by 
 spores or reproductive cells. 
 
 CLASS III.— ACROGENS. 
 
 Plants with a regular axis of growth, distinguished more or 
 less into root and stem, and usually into leaves also ; their struc- 
 ture made up of woody and cellular tissues, and the various ves- 
 sels found in higher plants ; the axis increasing in height and not 
 in diameter, and aU growth taking place at the terminal bud oJ 
 the stem or branch. 
 
 Okdeb CXLI. — Equisetacese. 
 
 Leafless plants, with jointed, grooved stems, either simple, oi 
 with vertieillate branches, which are hollow and closed at the 
 joints, each terminating in a dentate sheath. Inflorescence a 
 dense, cyUndrio, terminal spike, or strobile, composed of peltate, 
 hexagonal scales ; each scale with several thecae or spore-cases 
 attached to its under surface, opening longitudinally. Spores 
 numerous, with 4 elastic threads, called elaters, wrapped round 
 them. 
 
 An order consisting of a single genus, Eqnisetum (Scourinff Jiush, Fipes_ 
 Rorsetail), found in damp grounds in all parts of the world. 
 
OEDEE OXLII. FUJOES. — OEDEE CXLV. HEPATICiE. 
 
 131 
 
 Order OXLII.— Filices. 
 
 Leafy plants with perennial, creeping rhizomas, rarely, in the 
 tropics, arborescent, with the leafy expansions (fronds) usually 
 circinatc in vernation. Inflorescence arising on the margins of 
 the under or back part of the frond, which is sometimes leafy, 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 and sometimes contracted and x'aoemose, or spike-like. Sporan- 
 gia 1-celled, opening variously, often collected in sori, or fruit- 
 dots, which arise from the veins or margins of the frond, and 
 often covered by an involucre, or indusium. 
 
 Fig. 49. 
 
 A very large ofder of flowerless plants, diatingaished usually by their ele- 
 gant and gracefal forms. One of the beautiful Tree Ferns of the Tropics is re- 
 resented" in fig. 4S, while the humbler forms of the Temperate Zones are 
 
 illustrated by Aspleniam Filix foemina, fig, 49, and by A. obeneum, fig. 50. 
 In fig. 49, a segment of tbe frond, with the suri, is also represented. 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 Order CXLIII. — ^Lycopodiacese. 
 
 Plants with creeping, or erect leafy, and usually branching 
 stems. Leaves crowded, lanceolate, or subulate, 1-nerved. Thecaa 
 sessile in the axils of the leaves, which sometimes take the form 
 of bracts, and are crowded into a kind of spike, or ament, 1, 
 rarely 2 or 3-ceUed, dehiscent, either containing minute powdery 
 grains, or else a few large sporules ; sometimes both kinds are 
 found in the same plant. 
 
 The various species of Lycopodium (O lub-mo8Ses), are examples of this 
 small and unimportant order. 
 
 CLASS IV.— ANOPHYTES. 
 
 Plants consisting almost entirely of cellular tissue, but usually 
 distinguishable into a stem and distinct leaves, and displaying a 
 regular axis of growth ; sometimes, however, they take the form 
 of a flat, veiny, green, somewhat leaf-like expansion. Organs o£ 
 reproduction contained in distinct organs distantly resembling 
 flowers, rarely immersed in the frond. 
 
 Order CXLIV.— Musci. 
 
 Low plants with a stem and distinct sessile leaves, producing 
 sporangia, which are usually covered by a terminal lid, and a 
 kind of hood, called a calyptra, which separates from the stalk at 
 base. A common form of Moss is seen in fig. 20, Plate IIL, and 
 the capsule with its calyptra and its porous summit, by which it 
 scatters the spores, is well represented in fig. 11. 
 
 Order CXLV. — Hepaticae. 
 
 Frondose or moss-like plants, with a loose cellular, veiny 
 structure, usually procumbent, producing rootlets beneath. Cap- 
 
132 
 
 OEDEE OXLVI. LICHENES. — OEDEE CXLVIII. AIG^E. 
 
 sule somewhat like that of Mosses, but not opening by a lid, and 
 the oalyptra not separating at base, but usually splitting at apes. 
 In fig. 18, Plate III., is seen one of the common forms of the 
 Liverworts. Other forms are flat, veiny expansions, producing 
 sporangia embedded in their fronds. 
 
 CLASS v.— THALLOPHYTES. 
 
 Plants composed solely of cellular tissue, being made up of 
 congeries of cells, or sometimes of single cells, often arranged so 
 as to form a flat expansion, or thallus, but never distinguishable 
 into any proper root, stem, or leaves, or possessing any proper 
 axis of growth. Eeproductive organs usually contained in the 
 substance itself of the plant. 
 
 Order OXLVI. — ^Lichenes. 
 
 Plants consisting usually of flat, crustaceous expansions, which 
 are sometimes long and narrow. Their fructification is in cups, 
 or shields, called apothecia, which are placed sometimes on the 
 surface of the thallus, or immersed in its substance, or in pulveru- 
 lent spots scattered over it. 
 
 These are always terrestrial plants, growing usually on rocks and the barlt 
 of trees. Their most usual forms are Illustrated in fies. 9 and 10, Plato III. 
 
 Order CXLVII.— Fungi. 
 
 These are teri-estrial parasitic plants, destitute of green color, 
 feeding either on living or dead organic tissues, but unable to 
 manufacture organic matter from inorganic. 
 
 They take many forcis, such asEust, Mildew, Smut, and Mould ; two highly 
 magnified forms of the latter being shown in figs. 3 and 4, Plate III. The 
 common Mushroom is the type of another section, illustrated by the edible 
 Mushroom, fig. 12, Plate III. 
 
 Order CXLVIII.— Algae. 
 
 A very large order, or rather class of aquatic, usually mari- 
 time plants, presenting great diversities of form and structure. 
 "While some are microscopic, and consist of but 1 or a few cells 
 aggregated together, others grow to a great size, and show a very 
 distant approach to higher forms. In figs. 1, 2, and 6, Plate III., 
 are seen several of these minute Algae, while figs. 7 and 8 are 
 examples of higher types. 
 
 [Note. — The uses of the different accents and the dash, and all the abhrevi- 
 fttions which are used in the Flora, are explained in the glossary.] 
 
SERIES I. — PH^NOG AMIA. 
 
 CLASS I .— EXOGE N-ffi . 
 
 SUBCLASS I.-ANGIOSPEIlM-<:E. 
 
 SECTION I —POLYPETALjE. 
 
 Obber I. Ranunculacese. — Growfootrfamily, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 * Caulinc leaves opposite. 
 
 1. Clematis. Petals none. Achenia terminating in long, plumose tails. 
 
 * * Acaiilescent. 
 
 8. Hepatica. Flowers with an involucre of three obtuse leaves resembling 
 a calyx. Sepals petaloid. Petals none. 
 
 7. 06i»'ria. Sepal's, petaloid, white. Petals minute, yellow. 
 
 * * * Caulescent. I'ctals none. 
 
 2. Anemone. Stem with a whorl of leaves near the middle, forming an in- 
 volucre. Flowers solitary. Ovaries in dense heads. 
 
 4. TiiALioTRUM. Flowers in panicles or umbellate clusters. Leaves com- 
 pound. 
 
 6. Caltiia. Sepals large, yellow. Cauline leaves alternate, simple. 
 
 »*** Caulescent. Petals present, equal in size. 
 
 5. EANUNcrLTT% Sepals herbaceous. Petals mostlj^ yellow, with a necta- 
 riferous scale at the base. Ovaries numerous, separate, in dense heads. 
 
 8. AQiTiLEGrA. Sepals petaloid. Petals tubular, tapering into long, hollow, 
 nectarifeiuus spurs descending between the sepals. Follicles 5. 
 
 11. AcT^A. Sepals deciduous, flowers in solitary racemes, petals small, 
 white; fruit a globose berry. 
 
 12. P^dNiA. Sepals 5, herbaceous, persistent Ovaries 3—5, follicles 
 mostly 2. 
 
 13. NiG^LLA. Petals S-cleffc. Follicles 5. Leaves dissected. 
 
 * * * * * fjaulesccnt. Petals and Sepals present? un- 
 equal in size. 
 
 9. DelphInium. Lower sepal spurred at base. Petals 4, 2 upper terminat- 
 ing in a spur inclosed in the calyx spur. 
 
 10. AcoNiTUM. Upper sepal largest, vaulted. Petals 5, 3 lower minute ; 
 2 upper terminating in spurs concealed in the'^'^aulted upper sepal. 
 
 1. CLilMATIS. 
 Sepals 4 — 8, colored. Petals none. Anthers linear, extrorse. 
 Achenia terminating in long, plumose tails. Per. 
 
 1. C. Virginiana. Virgin'' s Bower. 
 
 stem climbing by its petioles ; leaves temate, smooth ; leaflets ovate, some- 
 what cordate at base, acuminate, dentate; flowers in panicles, axillary, often 
 dioecious, white ; sepals pubescent; fruit covered with long hairs, which cause 
 the plant, when in fi-nit, to appear at a distance as if in bloom. A vine climbing 
 over the bushes, in thickets and low grounds, 10 — 15 feet long. Aug. 
 
 3. an:6mone. 
 Involucre distant from the flower, composed of 3 incised 
 leaves. Sepals 5 — 15, petaloid. Ovaries collected into roundish 
 or oval heads. Achenia mueronate. Per. 
 
 1. A. Bemerosa. Wood Anemone. 
 
 stem simple, smooth ; leaves temate; leaflets 8— 5-lobed; lobes oblanceo- 
 /ate. dentate ; involucre of 3 leaves, on short petioles near the top of the stem ; 
 Uowerp PoKtary, nodding, somewhat campanulate, white, purplish outside ; 
 
 heads of achenia small, globose. A pretty little plant growing from 8'— 6' high, 
 in old woods and thickets. April — May. 
 
 2. A. Yirginiana. Wind-flower, 
 
 stem pubescent; leaves ternate ; leaflets petiolulate, 2 — 3-cleft, ovate, dentate, 
 pubescent ; flowers greenish white, with the sepals pubescent beneath, on long 
 peduncles; heads of fniit J' long, woolly, oblong, cylindrical; stem 2 — 3 feet 
 high, with a 3-lcaved involucre, from which arise 2 — 4 long, pubescent pedun- 
 cles. A coarse-looking plant, very difl'erent from the foregoing, Pastures and 
 fields. June — July, 
 
 3. hepAtica. 
 Involucre resembling a calyx, very near the flower, composed 
 of 3 ovate, obtuse bracts. Sepals petaloid, 6 — 9 in number, ar- 
 ranged in 2 — 3 rows. Petals none. Achenia awnless. Per. 
 
 1. H. triloba. Heart Livcrtvort. 
 
 AcaulcEcent; leaves broadly cordate, mostly 8-lobed, with the lobes entire, 
 smooth, evergreen, on long, hairy petioles ; scapes hairy, 1-flowered, flower nod- 
 ding ; involucre resembling a calyx, green, hairy ; sepals varying from a bluish 
 purple to nearly white, scarcely as long as the bracts of the involucre, oblong, 
 obtuse. A beautiful little plant growing on wooded hill-sides, and one of tho 
 earliest to appear in spring, sometimes peeping out before the snow has entirely 
 gone. March — April. 
 
 4 THALtOTEUM. 
 Sepals 4 — 5, petaloid, caducous. Petals none. Stamens nu- 
 merous. Carpels 4 — 15, tipped with the stigma, falcate. Per. 
 
 1. T. dioicum. 
 
 Very smooth ; stem erect ; leaxes bi- or trlternately decompound ; leaflets 
 rhomboidal, obtuse, 3— 5-lobed; flowers dicecious or polygamous, green, pani- 
 cled, with a long peduncle ; sepals 5, purplish, obtuse, caducous ; stamens of the 
 barren flowers with long filaments and bright yellow anthers; fertile fiowers 
 smaller, with 6—8 shorter stamens. A branching green herb, of no beauty, 
 found in rocky woods, 1 — 2 feet high. April — May. 
 
 2. T. Corniiti. Meadow Piue. 
 
 stem erect, branching, smooth; leaves tritcrnate, sessile ; leaflets rhomboi- 
 dal, 2 — 3-lobed, mostly smooth ; flowers in large, terminal, compound panicles, 
 white, small, dicecious or polygamous; sepals white, oblong, caducous; fila- 
 ments somewhat clavate. A tall plant growing in|feet meadows, 3—6 feet high, 
 with very large leaves, and a hollow rounded stem. June — July. 
 
 3. T. anemonoides. Rue Anemone. 
 
 stem low, simple, smooth ; radical leaves biternate, on long petioles ; leaf- 
 lets rhomboidal, 2 — 8-lohed ; stem leaves 3, ternate, nearly sessile, verticillatc, 
 resembling an involucre ; leaflets nearly sessile ; flowers much larger than those 
 of the other species, 3 — 6, in a terminal umbel; sepals 6 — 10, oval, white, 
 sometimes tinged with purple, not caducous. The root consists of 4— 6 oblong 
 
134: 
 
 ORDER I. RANUKCD"LA.CE^ CROWFOOT-FAMILY. 
 
 tubers. A delicate little plant with the habit of an Anemone, growing in -woods 
 and pastures. April — May. 
 
 5. EANtTNCULUS. 
 Sepals 6. Petals 5, with a nectariferous scale or glandular 
 spot at tlie base of each petal inside. Stamens indefinite. Ache- 
 nia oyate, pointed, compressed, crowded into heads. Per. 
 
 1. K. Cymbalaria. Sea Crowfoot. 
 
 stem creeping, rooting at the joints ; radical leayes orbicular, on long peti- 
 oles, crenate; scape 2'— 6' high, 3~-4-liowei'ed, with a few oval, obtuse, entire 
 bracts; flowers small, bright yellow ; petals spatulate, a little longer than the 
 spreading sepals; heads of achenia cylindrical. The smallest species here des- 
 cribed. Abundant in salt marshes. Juner^July. 
 
 2. R. abortivus. 
 
 stem erect, branching:, very smooth; radical leaves reniform, crenate, petlo- 
 late, sometimes 3-lobed, upper ones 3-— 5 lobed; lobes oblong; flowers small, 
 yellow; fruit in globose heads; style very short, straight. This species grows 
 10' — 18' high. Damp woods. May — June. 
 
 3. E. recurvatus. Wood Crowfoot. 
 
 Stem erect, hairy ; leaves deeply 3-parted, segments ovatcj dentate, pubes- 
 cent, pale green ; flowers rather small, greenish yellow ; petals narrow, scarcely 
 equal to the reflesed sepals ; achenia in globose heads, tipped with the minute, 
 hooked styles. Common in damp woods, and easily distinguished by its pale 
 green color, and its hooked achenia. Jane. 
 
 4. H. Pennsylvdnicus. Bristly Crowfoot. 
 
 Stem erect, branching, rough, with stiff bristles, as also the petioles; leaves 
 clothed with stiff appressed hairs, ternate ; leaflets somewhat petiolate, deeply 
 8-lobed, incised; flowers small, yellow; sepals reflexetl, longer than the petals ; 
 heads oblong, somewhat cylindrical ; achenia tipped with a very short, straight 
 style. A stout, rough-hairy species, 1 — 8 feet high, with very small flowers. 
 Common in low grounds. June — Aug. 
 
 5. E,. acris. Butter-cups. 
 
 stem erect, branching, often hollow, hairy ; leaves generally pubescent, 
 deeply 3-parted ; segments deeply incised, divisions of the upper ones linear, 
 becoming smaller, and terminating in nearly entire bracts; flowers large, of a 
 burnished gulden yellow ; calyx spreading ; heads of achenia globose, beak 
 short, recurved. Common every where in meadows, and other damp soils, 1 — 
 2 feet high. Jwie — Sep, 
 
 6. R. bulb^sus. Bulbous Crowfoot. 
 
 Hairy; stem erect, branching, forming a bulb at base; leaves ternate; seg- 
 ments petiolate, deeply incised ; radical leaves petioled, upper ones sessile, and 
 becoming smaller; flowers like the last, with furrowed peduncles and reflexed 
 sepals ; heads globose. A very common species in meadows, much resembling 
 K. acris, but easily distinguished by the bulb at the base of the stem, and the 
 reflexed calyx; 1 — 2 feet high. May — June. 
 
 7. R. fascicularis. Early Crowfoot. 
 
 Koot fascicled ; stem branching, slender, hairy ; leaves ternately- parted, seg- 
 ments narrow, obovate, 2-lobed, dentate ; flowers pale yellow, with a spreading, 
 villous calyx, shorter than the petals, which are wcdge-obovate, with broad 
 scales at base. The earliest-flowering species. It grows 4' — 10' high, in rocky 
 woods. The radical leaves appear somewhat pinnate. April — May. 
 
 3. R. repens. 
 
 Creeping Crowfoot. 
 
 stem branching at base, stoloniferous, mostly smooth; leaves on long peti- 
 oles, tri- foliate, segments deeply 3-lobed, generally smooth; peduncles furrowed; 
 flowers yellow ; sepals spreading; stems 1 — 3 feet long, generally hairy at base, 
 with dark green leaves. Wet grounds. Common. May—July. 
 
 9. R. Parsbil. Floating Crowfoot. 
 
 stem floating, suhmergedfc leaves dissected into capillary segments ; emersed 
 ones reniform, 3— 5-lobed ; flowers large, bright yehow, about 1' above the 
 water; y^etals broad, about twice as long aa the reflexed calyx; heads of 
 achenia globose ; styles straight. Grows in stagnant ponds and pools, and is 
 easily distinguished from the following, by its yellow flowers. June. 
 
 10. R. aqu^tilis. White Water Crowfoot. 
 
 Stem floating, submerged ; submerged leaves filiformly dissected, the 
 emersed, when present, S-jiarted; flowers rather small, dull white, about 1' out 
 
 of water ; petals dull white, with yellow claws. A variable species, growing 
 
 in stagnant waters. May — Aug. 
 
 6. CALTHA. 
 Sepals 5 — 6, resembling petals. Petals none. Ovaries 5 — 10. 
 Follicles 6 — 10, compressed, erect, many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. C. palustris. 
 
 Cowslip. 
 
 Plant very smooth ; stem erect, hollow, dichotomous ; leaves renifonn, cre- 
 nate, radical ones on long petioles, those of the stem on short ones; flowers 
 large, bright yellow, pedunculate, in somewhat umbellate clusters of 8 — 5 ; 
 sepals nearly or quite orbicular. A showy plant with very bright green foli- 
 age, in wet meadows, and much in request for greens in the spring. It is quite 
 variable in the shape of its leaves and sepals. April — May. 
 
 T. c<3ptis. 
 Sepals 5 — 6 petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5 — 6. Stamens 15 — 
 25, Follicles 5 — 10, stipitate, somewhat stellately diverging, 4 — 
 8-seeded. JPer. 
 
 1. G. trifolia. Goldthread. 
 
 Leaves radical, ternate; leaflets sessile, wedge-obovate, somewhat S-lobed, 
 crenate-mucronato, coriaceous, smooth, on petioles 1 ' — 2' long ; peduncles twice 
 as long, slender, 1-flowered, with a single, minute bract above the middle; 
 flower white, star-like in appearance ; petals minute, yellow ; stamens white ; 
 root very slender, extensively creeping, of a golden yellow. A delicate little 
 plant, growing in bogs, well known by its slender golden roots, from which it 
 derives its popular name. Ifay. 
 
 8. AQUILilGIA. 
 Sepals 6, petaloid, caducous. Petals 6, tubular, extending 
 below into long, spurred nectaries. Follicles 6, erect, many- 
 aeeded, tipped with the style. Per. 
 
 1. A. Canadensis. Columbine. 
 
 stem erect, smooth, branching; lower leaves bi-ternate; leaflets on long 
 petioles, S-lobed, rhomboidal ; flowers large, nodding, scarlet ; sepals ovate-oh- 
 long, rather longer than the petals ; petals with a yellow tube above, scarlet 
 below, each with a straight spur filled at the base with honey; stamens and 
 style exsert, yellow. A much more delicate and beautifal plant than the culti- 
 vated species, growing 1 — 2 feet high, in the clefts of rocks. May. 
 
 2. A. vulgaris. Garden Columbine. 
 
 stem erect, stouter than the last, branching, leafy ; leaves mostly smooth, 
 glaucous, bi-ternate ; leaflets 2 — 3-lobed, lobes rounded ; flowers large, varying 
 from dark purple to lilac, nodding, with incurved spurs, 1 — 2 feet high. Native 
 of Europe, cultivated in gardens. June. 
 
 9. DELPHINIUM. 
 Sepals 5, deciduous, petaloid, irregular; the dipper spurred at 
 base. Petals 4, irregular ; the 2 upper "vrith a spur-like append- 
 age at base, inclosed in the calyx-spur. Ovaries 1 — 5. 
 
 1. D. Consolida. Larkspur. 
 
 stem erect, smooth, with divaricate branches ; leaves palmately divided into 
 very fine capillary segments ; flowers few, in loose racemes, generally blue, but 
 vaiying from light purple and blue to white, often double ; pedicels longer than 
 the bracts; carpels smooth. Cultivated in gardens, and sparingly naturalized 
 along road-sides. July — Aug. 
 
 2. D. exaltatum. Tall Larkspur. 
 
 stem erect, glabrous below, pubescent near the summit; leaves deeply 3 — 5- 
 partcd, lobes cuneiform, divaricate, 3-cleft, acuminate, the lateral ones often 2- 
 lobed; petioles not dilated at base; racemes straight; flowers large, of a rich 
 purplish blue. Native of the Middle States; common in cultivation. June— 
 Aug. 
 
 3. D. grandiflorum. Large- flowered Larkspur. 
 
 Leaves palmate, many-parted, lobes linear, distant; pedicels longer than the 
 bracts; petals shorter than the calyx: flowers large, double or single, bright 
 blue, with a tinge of purple. Cultivated. July. Per. 
 
 4. D. elatum. Bee Larkspur. 
 
 stem tall, pubescent ; leaves 5-lobed, downy ; lobes wedge-shaped at base, 
 trifid, dentate ; flower Iftrge, bluish -purple, appearing at a little distance as if a 
 
ORDER II. MAGNOLIACE^ ilAGNOLIA-FAMILT. OEDEE VI. CABOMBA.CE^ WATEE-SIIIELD-FAMILY. 
 
 135 
 
 bee had alighted in its cavity. A tall species 4 — 5 feet high, common in gar- 
 dens. July —Aug. Per. 
 
 10, ACONlTUM. 
 Sepals 5, petaloid, caducous, upper one large, vaulted. Petals 
 5, 8 lower ones minute, 2 upper on long claws, expanded into a 
 sae, or short spur at the summit, concealed beneath the galea. 
 Per. 
 
 1. A. Napellus. Monicas Hood. 
 
 stem straight, erect; leaves deeply 5-cleft; leaflets pinnatifld, segments 
 
 linear, entire, furrowed above ; upper sepal arched at the back ; ovaries smooth ; 
 
 flowers large, dark blue, in long racemes. Marked by the broad, vaulted npper 
 
 sepal, somewhat resembling a monk^s cowL Plant 4 feet high, in gardens. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 11. ACTiEA. 
 
 Sepals 4 — 5, roundish, deciduous. Petals 4 — 8, spatulate. 
 Stamens indefinite. Anthers 2-lobed, introrse. Stigma capitate, 
 sessile. Berry globose, with lateral furrows, 1-celled. Seeds 
 many, compressed. Per. 
 
 1. A. rubra. Bed Baneherry. 
 
 stem erect, smooth; leaves ternately decompound; leaflets ovate, serrate, 
 acuminate, smooth ; flowers small, white, in a dense hemispherical raceme, 
 pedicellate, followed by red berries on slender pedicels, containing about 11 
 seeds. An elegant plant, quito common in rocky woods, 1 — 2 feet high. May. 
 
 2. A. tilba. 
 
 Wliite Baneherry. 
 
 Leaves ternately decompound ; flowers white, in oblong racemes ; petals 
 truncate ; ripe berries milk-white, often tipped with purple, on thickened pedi- 
 cels which are purple in fruit, though whitish-green at the period of flowering, 
 and are as large as the peduncle. Grows In rocky grounds, often with the last, 
 which it very much resembles in foliage and general appearance, hut is a some- 
 what stouter plant, blossoming a week later. It is easily distinguished when 
 in flower by its oblong racemes, and when in fruit by its white berries with 
 their thick pedicels. May. 
 
 12. PiE6NIA. 
 Sepals 6, unequal, leafy, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens nu- 
 merous. Ovaries 2 — 5. Stigmas sessile, double, persistent. 
 Follicles many-seeded, opening above. Per. 
 
 1. P. Officinalis. 
 
 Peony. 
 
 Stem erect, herbaceous, smooth ; lower leaves bi-pinnately divided, coriace- 
 ous ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, incised ; fruit downy, nearly straight ; root fasci- 
 culate. A splendid garden plant, universally known. Flowers 2' — 3' in diame- 
 ter, generally double, and varying from a rich dark red to a beautiful rose-color, 
 and even a pure white. May — Jv/ne. 
 
 18. NIGi^LLA 
 Sepals 5, colored. Petals 5, 3-cleft. Styles 5. Capsules 5, 
 follicular, convex. An. 
 
 1. N. damasodna. 
 
 stem erect, branching, smooth ; leaves twice and thrice pinnatifld, very 
 finely dissected ; ultimate segments subulate ; flowers terminal, solitary, sur- 
 rounded by a leafy involucre, white or pale blue, often double; anthers obtuse; 
 carpels 5, 2-celled, smooth, united as far as the ends into an ovoid-globose cap- 
 sule. A common garden flower. June — Sept. An. 
 
 Oeder II. Magnoliacese. — Magnolia-family. 
 
 1. MAGN6LIA. 
 Sepals 5. Petals 6 — 12, caducous. Carpels 1 — 2-seeded„ 
 persistent, forming a strobile-like fruit. Seeds baccate, sub-cor- 
 date, suspended by a long funiculus when mature. Trees. 
 
 1. M. glauca. 
 
 Small Magnolia. 
 
 2. LIEIOD^NDEON. 
 Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6. Carpels 1 — 2-seeded, indehis- 
 eent, imbricated in a cone, the apex ending in a lanceolate wing. 
 Trees. 
 
 1. L. tulipifera. Tulip-tree. 
 
 Leaves of a rich dark green, very glabrous, truncate, with 2 lateral lobes, on 
 long petioles ; flowers large, solitary, fragrant, terminating the branches, green- 
 ish-yellow outside, orange within ; sepals oval, concave, veined, at first spread- 
 ing, afterwards reflexed. A noble tree, growing 60—30 feet high in New Eng- 
 land, and larger elsewhere. Often cultivated for ornament. May — June. 
 
 Leaves oval, smooth, entire, obtuse, glaucous beneath ; flowers solitary, 2' 
 in diameter, fragrant; sepals 3; petals obovate, concave, narrowed at base, 
 erect A small tree, distingnished by its beautiful foliage and flowers, not un- 
 common In the Middle States, and sometimes found in swamps in New Eng- 
 land, especially in Gloucester, Mass. Cultivated as an ornamental tree. JuJ«/. 
 
 Oedek v. Berberidaceae. — Barherry-fa/mil/y. 
 
 1. b:iSebeei8. 
 
 Sepals 6, ottter 3 smaller. Petals 6, roundish, with 2 glands 
 at the base of each. Stamens 6 ; filaments flattened. Stigma 
 orbicular, compressed, sessile. Fruit a 2-=-3-seeded, oblong berry. 
 Shrubs. 
 
 1. B. vulgaris. Barherry. 
 
 Leaves oval, or obovate, sharply serrate, with mucronate teeth, smooth, 
 growing in clusters, with 3 spines at base ; flowers yellow, in axillary, nodding 
 racemes : petals entire ; berries oblong, red, very acid. A well-known shrub, 
 growing in sandy soils, along road-sides, and in rocky pastures, 5—10 feet high. 
 The young branches are light grey and punctate ; the stamens are very irrita- 
 ble, springing with violence against the pistil, when touched at the base of the 
 filament Juffie. 
 
 2. LE()NTICE. 
 
 Sepals 3 — 6. Petals 6, with nectariferous scales at the base 
 within. Stamens 6. Pericarp membranaceous, 2 — 4-3eeded. 
 Seeds erect, globose. Per. 
 
 1. L. thalictroides. Blue Cohosh. 
 
 Yery glabrous ; leaves bi-ternate and tri-ternate ; leafiets nearly ovate, irre- 
 gularly lobed, oblique at base, terminal one broadest, equally 8-lobed ; stem 
 simple, smooth, bearing 2 leaves, lower one tri-ternate, upper bi-ternate ; flow- 
 ers of a greenish-yellow, in small racemose panicles; seeds 2, or 1 by abortion, 
 deep blue, soon bursting the integument of the ripe fruit and when raised upon 
 their stalks, they resemble berries. Found in woods, growing 1—2 feet high. 
 "When it first appears the whole plant is of a purple hue, and the leaves being 
 rolled up together, it somewhat resembles a Fern just springing up. April — 
 
 May. . , 
 
 3. PODOPHYLLUM. 
 
 Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6 — 9, obovate. Stamens 9 — 18. 
 Anthers linear. Ovary ovate, thick, sessile, peltate. Fruit a 
 large, ovoid berry, 1-ceUed, and tipped with the stigma. Per. 
 
 1. P. peltatum. May-Apple. 
 
 stem, smooth, round, about 1 foot high, hearing at summit 2 leaves, and a 
 nodding flower between them ; leaves large, often from 6' — 10' in diameter, 
 peltate, often cordate at base, palmately 5 — 7 -lobed ; lobes again 2-lobed, and 
 dentate at apex ; flower solitary, white, 1'— 2' in diameter ; petals curiously 
 veined ; fruit ovoid, yellowish, sub-acid and eatable, when ripe. A peculiar 
 and cnrious plant of woods and fields. Eare in N. England. Very common in 
 Western N. York, abundantly covering the hiU-sides. The barren stems sup- 
 port but 1 leaf, which is very perfectly peltate. May. 
 
 Okdee VI. 
 
 Cabombaceae. — Water-shield- 
 famil/y. 
 
 1. BEASilNLA 
 Sepals 3 — 6, colored within, persistent Petals S — i. Stamens 
 18—36. Ovaries 6—18. Carpels oblong, 2, or by abortion, 1- 
 seeded. Per. 
 
 1. B. peltata. Water-shield. 
 
 stem floating, branched ; leaves exactly elliptical, and centrally peltate, en 
 tire, smooth, often marked with purple beneath, fioating on the surface of the 
 water ; stem, under surface of the leaves and peduncles, covered with a soft 
 
136 
 
 OEDEE VIII. NYMPHCEACEiE — WATEE-LILT-FAMILY. OEDEE XI. FUMAltlAOEJi:' — FUIIITOEY-TEIBE. 
 
 slimy sabstance ; flowers Just rising above the water, flull purple, i' in diame- 
 ter. A not uncommon inliabitant of muddy ponds and deep stagnant waters. 
 July. 
 
 Oeder VIIL 
 
 Nymplioeacese. — Water-IAhj- 
 family, 
 
 1. NYMPH(EA, 
 Sepals 4 — 5. Petals and stamens indefinite in number, in- 
 sensibly passing into eacb other. Stigma surrounded by rays. 
 Pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. JPer. 
 
 1. N. odorata. Wliite Pond-lily. 
 
 Leaves orbicular, cordate at base, entire, smooth, with prominent veins be- 
 neath, dark green above, paler beneath, always floating on the surface ; petioles 
 semi-cylindrical, very long in deep water; sepals 4, equalling the petals, which 
 are lanceolate, white, often tinged with purple ; filaments yellow. This truly 
 beautiful flower, which claims superiority over all our water plants, for com- 
 bined elegance and fragrance, is common in deep ponds, and slow-moving 
 rivers, where its thick, fleshy, creeping rhizomas are protected from the winter 
 cold. July. 
 
 2. NtrPHAR. 
 
 Sepals 5 — 6, Bomewhat petaloid. Petals numerous, inserted 
 "with the sepals, much smaller, nectariferous on the back. Sta- 
 mens linear, truncate, inserted "with the petals. Stigma sur- 
 rounded "with rays. JPer. 
 
 1. N. ddvena. Yellow Pond-lily. 
 
 Leaves oval, smooth, entire, cordate at base, with an open sinus, on If^ng, 
 serai-terete, spongy petioles; flowers large, dull yellow ; sepals 6, 3 outer yel- 
 low inside, 8 inner entirely yellow ; petals many ; stigma 12 — 15-rayed, with a 
 crenate margin. A rather handsome plant, growing in muddy ponds, and stag- 
 nant waters. The leaves are slimy beueath, and lie flat on the surface, when 
 the water is deep, but are larger and erect where it is shallow. June — July. 
 
 Oeder IX. 
 
 Sarraceniacese.- 
 fmnihj. 
 
 -Piteher-plcmt- 
 
 1. SAEEACENIA 
 Sepals 5, with an involucre of 3 bracts at base. Petals 6, de- 
 ciduous. Stigma very large, peltate, 5-angled, persistent. Cap- 
 sule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. S, purpurea. Pitcher Plant j Side-saddle Jloiver. 
 
 Leaves radical, decumbent, with tubular, inflated, gibbous peti(tles, which 
 are winged on the inside, i. e. pitcher-form, ending In a broadly cordate, erect 
 lamina, which is hairy on the inside, and makes the mouth of the pitcher. This 
 process, though small compared with the tubular portion, is yet the real leaf of 
 the plant Scapes 12^—20' high, with a single, large, nodding, dark-purple 
 flower; petals inflected over the stigma. This plant, which is one of the most 
 remarkable of our native species, is not uncommon in wet meadows, where its 
 curious flowers, and still more curious leaves, attract the attention at once of 
 even the common observer. The pitchers are almost filled with water, contain- 
 ing drowned insects. June. 
 
 Oeder X. Papaveracese. — I^qppy-famih/, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 * Acaulescciat. 
 
 1. SA-NGtn:N"AEiA. Petals 8 — 12. Capsule oblong, pod-like. 
 
 * * Caulescent. l»etals 4, 
 
 2. CnELiD^NHTM. Flowers yellow. Capsule linear, Plant with a yellow 
 juice. 
 
 S. Papavbk, Capsule somewhat obovate, opening by pores beneath the fiat 
 Btigma. 
 
 4. Esoh6ltzia. Calyx mitriform. Flowers yellow. Plants with a color- 
 less juice. 
 
 1. BANGUINlEIA. 
 
 Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 8 — 12. Stamens numerous. 
 Stigma 1 — 2-lobed, sessile. Capsule oblong, pod-like, 1-ceUed, 
 2-valved, many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. S. Canadensis. Bloodroot. 
 
 Acaulescent; rhizomas creeping, fleshy, tuberous, of a red color, and from 
 these, as from all other parts of the plant, a red juice exudes, on their being 
 broken. Leaves reniform, 3 — 7-lobed, smooth, crenate, appearing with the 
 fiowers, and becoming much larger in the course of the season, somewhat glau- 
 cous. Scapes 3'— 6' high, 1-fiowered; flower about |^' in diameter, white, ino- 
 dorous, and of brief duration. An elegant and interesting plant of spring, found 
 in moist woods, and along brook-sides. April—May. 
 
 2. chelidOnium. 
 Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Stigma sessile, bifid. 
 Capsule pod-like, linear, 2-valved. Per. 
 
 1. C. majus. Celandine. 
 
 Stem erect, branching, very smooth; leaves pinnate, 5— T-fo!iate; leaflets 
 ovate, obtusely lobed and incised, smooth, glaucous; terminal leaflet wcdii:e- 
 obovate, pale green ; fiowers yellow, very fugacious in few-flowered, axillary, 
 pedunculate umbels ; sepals orbicular ; petals elliptical. A branching pais 
 green weed, common along fences and walls. Every part of the plant is full of 
 a yellow juice, which is sometimes used to destroy warts. May — Atig. 
 
 3. PAPAYEE. 
 Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Style 
 none. Capsule more or less obovate, opening by pores under the 
 broad persistent stigmas. An. 
 
 1. P. somniferum. OpiuTn Poppy. 
 
 Caulescent, plant very smooth and glaucous; leaves clasping, incised and 
 dentate ; flowers white, or purple, often double in cultivation ; sepals smooth ; 
 capsule globose, glaucous ; 1—2 feet high, with glaucous foliage and brilliant 
 flowers about 8' in diameter. Every part of the plant, but especially the cap- 
 sule, yields a white juice, which, hardened in the sun, forms the drug known 
 as Opium. Cultivated, rarely naturalized. June — July. 
 
 2. P. rhaeas. Common Poppy. 
 
 stem branching, many-flowered, hairy ; leaves pinnatlfid, incised ; flowers 
 large, showy. 2' — 3' in diameter, of a deep brilliant scarlet, sometimes red or 
 variegated ; capsules smooth, nearly globose. A fine species. Cultivated. 
 June— July. 
 
 4. eschsch6ltzia 
 
 Sepals 2, cohering by their edges into a mitrifonn calyx, 
 
 caducous. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, adhering to the claws 
 
 of the petals. Stigmas commonly 4, sessile, 2 of them generally 
 
 abortive. Capsule pod-shaped, cylindrical, 10-ribbed, many- 
 
 An. 
 
 1. E. DougMssii, Esclischoltjzia. 
 
 stem erect, branching, leafy, smooth ; leaves twice and thrice pinnatifid, 
 smooth, glaucous ; flowers large, brilliant, 2' in diameter ; torus obconic ; calyx 
 ovoid, with short, abrupt acumination ; petals bright yellow, with orange spots 
 at base. An elegant annual from California, but common in cultivation. Dis- 
 tinguished by its delicate foliag-e and showy flowers. 
 
 Order XI. Fumariacese. — Fimiitory-trile. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 * Acaulescent. 
 
 1. DicENTKA. Petals 4, distinct, 2 outer spurred at base. 
 
 * * Caulescent. 
 
 2. Adl-^mia. Petals 4, united into a spongy monopetalous corolla. Plant 
 
 climbing by petioles. 
 
 8. CoRYDALis. Petals 4, 1 only spurred at base. Capsule pod-shaped. 
 Plant not climbing. 
 
 4, FuMARiA. Petals 4, 1 only spurred at base. Capsule a 1-seeded, globose 
 nut Plant not climbing. 
 
 1. I)IC:£NTEA. 
 Sepals 2, minute. Petals 4, 2 outer saccate, or spurred at 
 base. Stamens in 2 sets of 3 each. Capsule pod-shaped, 2* 
 valved, many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. D. cucullaria. Dutchman's Breeches. 
 
 Acanlescent ; leaves radical, tri-ternately decompound, very finely dissected, 
 light green, glaucous beneath ; scapes 3'— 10' high, smooth, with erect, simple. 
 
OEDEE xn. CEUCIFEEiE — TUENIP-FAMILT. 
 
 137 
 
 racemes; flowers 4 — 10 in number, white or cream-color, tipped with yellow 
 at summit, somewhat recurved, nodding, with divergent spurs, which are 
 straight, and rather acute; rhizoma producing little red bulbs under ground. 
 An elegant plant, with delicate foliage and curious flowers, growing in woods. 
 Most common in Northern and Western New England and New York. April 
 —May. 
 
 2. D. Canadensis. Squirrel-corn. 
 
 Acaulesecnt; leaves tri-ternately decompound, very finely dissected, dark 
 green above, glaucous beneath ; scape 4' — S' inches high, somewhat stouter 
 than the last, 4 — 8-floworod ; flowers pale purple, very obtuse at summit, with 
 short, rounded spurs, oblong, clavate. The creeping rhizoma produces sparing- 
 ly yellow bulblets. A beautiful plant, equally delicate with the last, but dis- 
 tinguished by its darker foliage, purplish flowers, and shorter spurs. Woods, 
 often growing with the last. May — June. 
 
 2, ADLtTMIA. 
 Sepals 2, minute. Petals 4, united into a spongy, persistent, 
 monopetalous corolla, bi-gibbous at base, 4-toothed at apex. 
 Capsule pod-shaped, linear-oblong, many-seeded. Biennial. 
 
 1, A. cirrhosa. Mountain Fringe. 
 
 stem herbaceous, smooth, climbing by cirrhose petioles; leaves bi-ternately 
 decompound ; leaflets rhomboidal, 2 — 3-Iobed, lobes entire; flowers numerous, 
 in axillary, nodding, racemose clusters, on slender pedicels, pale purple. A 
 most beautiful and delicate biennial vine, climbing 8—15 feet over shrubs and 
 other plante. Native of mountainous districts, but common in cultivation. 
 JuTie — Aug, 
 
 8. C0EYD.VLI3. 
 Sepals 2, minute. Petals 4, 1 only spurred at base. Stamens 
 6, in 2 sets. Capsule pod-shaped, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. C. glat\ca. 
 
 Sea-green Gorydalis. 
 
 stem erect, branching, glaucous, dotted with purple and green spots ; leaves 
 bi-pinnately decompound, glaucous; ultimate segments wedge-shaped, 8-cleft; 
 flowers in erect racemes, large, rose-color and yellow; bracts linear, shorter 
 than the pedicels. An elegant plant, with delicately beautiful flowers, alter- 
 nately shaded with rose and yellow. Eocky hills. May. Biennial. 
 
 4. FUMAEIA. 
 
 Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4, unequal, 1 only spurred at 
 base. Fruit a l-seeded, ovoid, or globose valveless nut. An. 
 
 1. F. officinalis. 
 
 Common Fum^iiory. 
 
 Stem erecf, or decumbent, branching; leaves bi-ternately dissected; ulti- 
 mate segments linear; flowers small, rose -colored, with crimson tips, in loose 
 racemes. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute ; nut globose, retuse. A pretty little 
 glaucous plant, naturalized about gardens and in cultivated grounds. June — 
 Sep. 
 
 Ordek XII. Cruciferse. — Turnip-family, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 A. Fruit a sillcle. 
 
 * Silicic more or less e margin a. te at apex. 
 
 1. Capsblla. Sillcle triangular, obcordate, compressed; valves carinate. 
 
 2. LEPiniuM. Silicle nearly orbicular, flat; valves carinate. 
 
 7. loiiRis. 2 upper petals larger than the 2 lower. Silicle compressed, 
 truncate. 
 
 ** Silicic not emarg^inate at ape^E:* 
 
 8. CooHLEAHiA. Slliclo sessile, ovoid-globoso ; valves ventricose. Flowers 
 white. 
 
 4. Camelina. Silicle somewhat obovate. Valves ventricose. Styles fill- 
 form. Flowers yellow. 
 
 5. Alyssum. Silicle oval, or roondish-oval. Talves flat, or somewhat con- 
 vex at the centre. Flowers white, or yellow. 
 
 6. LuNARiA. Silicle oblong, or lanceolate, pedicellate. Valves flat. Flow- 
 ers purplish. ^, ^ , 
 
 18. CakIle. Silicle 2-jointed, upper portion ovate- ensiform. Plant fleshy. 
 Petals purplish. 
 
 B. Fruit a silique. 
 
 * Flowers ^vUite? or purple. 
 
 9. Arabis. Sepals erect Petals with claws. Silique linear. Valves 1- 
 nerved. Cauline leaves alternate. 
 
 10. Cardamine. Sepals somewhat spreading. Silique linear. Valves 
 veinleas. Cauline leaves alternate. 
 
 18 
 
 11. Dentaria. Silique hmceolate. Valves flat, veinless. Cauline leaves 
 opposite, or in whorls. 
 
 12. Hebperis. Silique linear, terete, or 4-sided, and somewhat compressed. 
 Stigmas 2, connivent, but not thickened at apey. Seeds smooth, 3-angled. 
 
 "16. MATTiiioT.A. Silique terete. Stigmas connivent, thickened at apex. 
 Seeds flatiish. Plants clothed with dense, hoary pubescence. 
 
 * * FloTv^ers yello^v. 
 
 8. Bakbaeea. Silique linear, somewhat 4-sided. Leaves lyrately pinna- 
 tifid. 
 
 18. SiSYMBEiDM. Petals with claws. Silique 4 — 6-angled, or nearly round. 
 Style very short. Seeds ovate, convex. Leaves runcinate- 
 
 14. Chetkantiius. Bilique round, or compressed. Seeds flat, ovate. Leaves 
 nearly entire. 
 
 15. SiNApis. Sepals erect Silique nearly round. Valves concave, veinless. 
 Seeds sub-globose. 
 
 17. Brasstca. Sepals spreading. Silique somewhat compressed. Valves 
 concave, 1-veined. Seeds globose. 
 
 19. Raphanus. Silique round, valveless, composed of several transversely- 
 united joints. Seeds sub-globose. 
 
 1. CAPSBLLA. 
 
 Silicles triangular-cuneiform, obcordate. Valves wingless. 
 Cells small, many-seeded. Style short. An. 
 
 1. C. Biirsa-past6ris. Shepherd^ s-purse. 
 
 stem erect, furrowed, branching ; radical leaves pinnatifid, on short, mar- 
 gined petioles, growing in a flat tuft, upper ones linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, 
 auriculate at base; flowers very small, white, in long racemes, terminating the 
 stem and branches; capsules obcordate, emarginato, pedicellate, on horizontal 
 pedicels, tipped with the short stylo. A common weed in cultivated grounds, 
 ■n-aste places and road-sides, 1 — 2 feet high. June— Oct. 
 
 2. LEPtDIUM. 
 
 Sepals ovate. Petals ovate. Silicles nearly orbicular, emar- 
 ginate. Valves carinate, dehiscent. Cella 1-seeded. An. 
 
 1. L. Virginicum. Wild Pepper grass. 
 
 stem erect, branching, smooth; leaves linear -lanceolate, dentate, acute, 
 smooth; flowers minute, white, in racemes, terminating the stem and branches; 
 silicle orbicular, emarginato, not winged. In dry fields and road-sides, about 1 
 foot high. Leaves of a hot, peppery taste, like that of the garden peppergrass. 
 June — Oct. 
 
 2, L. sativum. Peppergrass, 
 
 stem smooth, branching ; leaves variously divided and cut, smooth ; fiow- 
 ers white ; silicles orbicular, winged. A common annual, cultivated in gardens 
 for a salad. Stem 1—2 feet high. JvZy. 
 
 8. cochleAeia. 
 
 Calyx equal at base, spreading. Petals entire. Silicles ses- 
 sile, ovate, globose, or oblong, with ventricose valves. Styles 
 short, or none. Per. 
 
 1. C. Armor^cia. Horse EadisJi, 
 
 stem erect, angular, smooth, branching; radical leaves oblong, crenate, on 
 long, channelled petioles; cauline ones long, lanceolate, dentate, or incised, 
 sessile; flowers small, white, in corymbose racemes; silicle elliptical; roots 
 large, fleshy, and very acrid. A well-known garden plant, growing 2—3 feet 
 high. The lower stem leaves are often pinnatifldly cut. A partially natural- 
 ized European plant, cultivated in gardens. Jime. 
 
 4. CAMELtNA. 
 Calyx equal at base. Petals entire. Silicle obovate, or some- 
 what globose, with dehiscent, ventricose valves. Cells many- 
 seeded. Styles filiform, persistent. Seeds oblong, without mar- 
 gins. An. 
 
 1. C. sativa. False Flax. 
 
 stem erect, pubescent, paniculately branched above ; leaves lanceolate, sa. 
 gittate at base, mostly entire, clasping, pubescent, somewhat scabrous ; flowers 
 small, yellow, racemose ; silicles turgid, obovate-pyriform, tipped with the 
 style. Naturalized in cultivated flelds and road-sides, growing 1—2 feet high. 
 June. 
 
 5. ALYSSUM. 
 Calyx equal at base. Petals entire. Some of the stamens 
 toothed. Silicle orbicular, or oval, with the valves flat, or con- 
 vex in the centre. Per. 
 
138 
 
 ORDER Xn. CEUCIFEE^ TUENIP-FAMTLY. 
 
 1. A. saxdtile. *Rock Alyssum. 
 
 stem sufFruticose at base; leaves lanceolate, entire, downy; flowers numer- 
 ous, in dense, corymbose clusters ; silicle ovato- orbicular, 2-seeded; seeds "with 
 margins. An early-flowering perennial, in gardens. April—May, 
 
 2. A. maritimum. Sweet Alyssum. 
 
 stem saffruticose, and procumbent at base ; leaves linear-lanceolate, some- 
 what hoary; flowers small, "white, fragi-ant; pods oval, smooth. Gardens, 
 June — Oct. 
 
 6. LUNlEIA. 
 ^ Sepals somewhat bi-saccate at base. Petals nearly entire. 
 Silicles pedicellate, elliptical, or lanceolate. Valves flat. 
 
 L L. rediviva. Satin-flower. 
 
 Pubescent ; stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate, cordate, petiolate, mucro- 
 nately serrate ; flowers light purple; silicles lanceolate, narrowed at each end. 
 A garden plant, 2—3 feet high. Jime. Per. 
 
 2. L. biennis. ' Honesty. 
 
 Pubescent; stem erect; leaves cordate, with obtuse teeth; flowers lilac- 
 colored; silicles oval, obtuse at both ends. A garden plant, 3 — i feet high. 
 May — Jane. Biennial. 
 
 7. IBilPJS. 
 
 The 2 outside petals larger than the 2 inner. Silicles com- 
 pressed, emarginate ; cells 1-seeded. An. 
 
 1. I, umbellata. Fitrjple Candy-tuft. 
 
 stem herbaceous, smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones 
 serrate; upper ones entire ; flowers purple, terminal, in simple umbels ; silicles 
 umbellate, acutely 2-lobed. A common plant in gardens, growing 1 foot high. 
 Jane — July. 
 
 2. T. amara. White Candy-tuft. 
 
 stem smooth, herbaceous ; leaves lanceolate, acute, somewhat dentate ; 
 flowers white, corymbed, becoming racemose; silicles obcordato, narrowly 
 emarginate. Equally common with the last. 1 foot high. June— July. 
 
 8. bakbAeea. 
 Sepals nearly eqiial at base. SilicLue 4-sided; valves concave, 
 carinate. Seeds in a single series. 
 
 1. B. vulgaris. Winter Cress. 
 
 Stefli smooth, furrowed, branching above ; lower leaves lyrate ; the terminal 
 lobe roundish ; upper ones obovate, pinnatifid at base, crenate, or repandly 
 dentate ; flowers small, yellow, in terminal racemes, pedicellate ; siliques ob- 
 tusely 4-angled, slender, curved upward. Brook-sides and damp fields. Plant 
 1—2 feet high, dark green. May— June. 
 
 9. AEABIS. 
 Sepals erect. Petals entire, "with claws. Siliqne linear, com- 
 pressed, valves 1-nerved in the middle. Seeds in a single row in 
 each cell 
 
 1. A. Canadensis. SicMe-jpod, 
 
 Stem slender, simple, smooth, sometimes pubescent below; leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, nan-owed at each end, with few teeth, or entire, generally pubescent, 
 sessile; lower ones narrowed to a petiole, sometimes withering early ; flowers 
 small, white, racemose; silique falcate, pendulous, tipped with the style. Dis- 
 tinguished by the long, pendent pod, which, though nearly straight at first, 
 afterwards assumes the form of a cutlass blade. Eocky woods. June. Per. 
 
 10. CARDlMINE. 
 Calyx somewhat spreading. Siliqne linear. Valves flat, 
 veinless, generally opening elastically. Seeds ovate, withont 
 margins, and with slender stalks. Mostly Per. 
 
 1. C. hirsuta. Bitter Cress. 
 
 Stem erect, branching, mostly smooth ; leaves pinnate or lyrately pinnatifid ; 
 leaflets of the lower ones oval, of the upper, narrowly oblong,— the terminal 
 longest, 3-lobed ; flowers small, white, racemose ; slllqne long, slender, erect, 
 tipped with a short style. A variable, dark-green plant, common in wet grounds. 
 June. 
 
 2. C. rotundif^lia. American Water-cress. 
 
 stem erect, simple, smooth ; lower leaves ovate, or almost orbicular, with a 
 few large, repand teeth, on long petioles ; upper ones varying from spatnlate to 
 
 lanceolate, entire, or with a few repand teeth, petiolate, or sessile ; flowera 
 mostly large, white, in a terminal raceme; siliques long, slender, spreading. 
 An elegant but very variable species, in meadows, 6' — 12' high. April — May, 
 A beautiful and strongly-marked variety has the stem erect, simple, hairy; 
 leaves petiolate, somewhat fleshy; the radical ones roundish, cordate, orreni- 
 form ; cauline ones strongly repand- toothed ; flowers large, deep rose-color, or 
 purple. In shady, damp places. W. New York. 
 
 11. DENTAEIA. 
 
 Sepals converging. Siliqne lanceolate ; valves flat, nerveless, 
 opening elastically; placentae not winged. Seeds in a single 
 row, without margins. 
 
 1. D. laciniata. Tooth-wort. 
 
 Ehizoma moniliform ; stem simple, smooth, with 3 verticillate leaves; leaves 
 S-parted; lobes varying from lanceolate to linear, incisely toothed, often cut 
 so deep aa to appear almost digitate ; teeth mucronate ; flowers large, purplish- 
 white, in terminal racemes ; petals obovate-oblong. A pretty plant, from 6' — 1 2' 
 high in woods. Most common from N. E. westward. April — May, 
 
 2. D. diphylla, Pep;per-root. 
 
 Ehizoma elongated, toothed, with a pungent, aromatic flavor; stem erect, 
 smooth, with 2 opposite tei'nate leaves about half way up on the stem ; leaflets 
 ovate, serrate, acute, smooth, petiolate; flowers large, white, or very pale pur- 
 ple, in a terminal raceme. Not common in 8. E. New England ; woods and 
 meadows. May. 
 
 12. H^BPEEIS. 
 
 Calyx closed, furrowed at base. Petals linear or obovate, 
 bent obliquely. Silique nearly round ; or 4-sided and somewhat 
 compressed. Stigmas 2, erect, connivent. Seeds somewhat 3- 
 sided, without margins. 
 
 1. H. matronalis. JRoclcet. 
 
 stem simple, erect ; leaves ovate -lanceolate, denticulate, acute, on short, 
 margined petioles, slightly scabrous as well as the stem with scattered, bristly 
 hairs ; flowers large, purple, racemed ; siliques erect, 2' — i' long, smooth. A 
 garden perennial, growing 3 — 4 feet high. May — July. 
 
 13. SIS'^MBKIUM. 
 Sepals equal at base. Petals with claws, entire. Siliqne 
 somewhat terete; valves concave. Style very short. Seeds 
 ovate. An. 
 
 1. S. officinale. Hedge Mustard. 
 
 stem erect, more or less pubescent, very branching ; branches spreading; 
 leaves runcinate, hairy; the segments mostly at right angles to the mid-vein ; 
 flowers in slender, virgate racemes, very small, yellow ; siliques sessile, erect 
 pressed closely to the common peduncle. A common weed in cultivated fields 
 and waste places, growing 1 — 3 feet high. June — September. 
 
 14. cheieAntiius. 
 Inner sepals gibbons at base. Siliqiie round or compressed. 
 Stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Seeds flat, ovate, in a single series. 
 
 1. C. Cheiri. Wall-flower. 
 
 stem somewhat suffruticose and decumbent at base, with angular branches; 
 leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, acute, smooth ; flowers orange or 
 yellow, large, in corymbose clusters ; petals obovate ; siliques erect, acuminate. 
 A common garden plant possessing a pleasant fragrance. June. 
 
 15. SINAPIS. 
 Calyx spreading. Siliqne nearly round, with veined valves. 
 Style short, acute. Seeds sub-globose, in a single series. An. 
 
 1. S. nigra. Mustard. 
 
 stem erect, smooth, striate, branching, round ; lower leaves lyrate 1 upper 
 linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth; flowers yellow, ^' in diameter, racemose; 
 sepals pale yellow; siliques smooth, somewhat 4-sided, appressed, nearly 1' long ; 
 seeds small, globose, nearly black. Cultivated grounds and waste places, grow- 
 ing 3—6 feet high. June— July. 
 
 16. MATTHiOLA. 
 Calyx closed. Sepals bi-saccate at base. Silique terete. 
 Stigmas connivent, thickened or carinate on the back. 
 
OKDEE Xin. OAPPAEIBAOE-S: OAPER-FAMILY. ORDER XV. VIOLACE^ — VIOLET-FAMILT. 
 
 139 
 
 1. M. 4nnua. 
 
 Ten-weeks Stock. 
 
 stem erect, herbaceous, branched ; leaves hoary-canescent, lanceolate, obtase, 
 somewhat toothed ; flowers large, variegated ; sillqae, sub-cylindrical. A com- 
 mon garden plant, growing 2 feet high, and clothed with soft stellate pubescence. 
 Jwne — August. 
 
 2. M. incdna. July-flower. 
 
 Stem suffruticose, erect, branched; leaves hoary-canescent, lanceolate, en- 
 tire ; flowers large, purple, racemose ; silique sub-cylindrical, truncate and com- 
 pressed at apex. Stem 2 feet high. Gardens. Jwne, Biennial. 
 
 17. BKAsSIOA 
 Sepals equal at base. Petals obovate. Silique some-v^hat 
 compressed, -with concave valves and a central vein. Style 
 short, obtuse. Seeds globose. Biennial. 
 
 1. B. campestris. Buia-haga. 
 
 stem round, smooth above, with a few reflexed haira below ; leaves some- 
 wbat fleshy and glabrous ; the lower lyrate-dentate, somewhat ciliate ; upper 
 cordate, clasping, acuminate; flowers largo, yellow, in long racemes; silique 
 long, tipped with the long stylo ; seeds small, dark brown. Sometimes natural- 
 ized in fields. Koots large, tumid, napiform, inferior to the Turnip. 
 
 2. B. Rapa. Turning. 
 
 stem and leaves deep green ; radical leaves lyrate, rough ; lower stem leaves 
 incised; upper entire, smooth, clasping; flowers yellow; seeds small, reddish 
 brown. A variety with enlarged napiform roots is the Round-turnip so com- 
 mon in cultivation as an esculent vegetable, and for feeding stock. Jvaie. 
 
 3. B. olenlcea. Oahhage. 
 
 Leaves very smooth, and glaucous, fleshy, repand toothed, or lobed, sub- 
 orbicular; flowers yellow, in paniculate racemes. Native of sea-shores and 
 cliffs in Europe, where it shows no appearance of a head like that of the escu- 
 lent varieties, thus showing the great power of cultivation. The Cauliflower, 
 Broccoli, as well as the Cabbage, are varieties of this species. June. 
 
 18. CAKtLE. 
 Silicle 2-joiQted ; upper part ovate or ensiform. Seeds in the 
 upper cell erect; in the lower, pendulous, often abortive. An. 
 
 1. C. maritima. Sea Rocket. 
 
 Smooth, succulent; stem very branching, procumbent; leaves oblong, cu- 
 neiform, sinuately toothed, petiolate ; flowers small, pale purple or whitish, 
 pedicellate, in racemes corymbosely arranged ; silicle smooth, roundish ; lower 
 joint clavate- obovate ; upper with 2—3 minute teeth at base marked with an 
 elevated line on each side. A common plant about 6'— 12' high, on sea and 
 lake shores. July— August. 
 
 19. EAPHANUS. 
 Calyx erect. Petals obovate. Silique terete, torose, valve- 
 less, transversely many-ceUed. Seeds sub-globose, in a single 
 series. 
 
 1. R. Raphanistrum. Wild Radish. 
 
 stem erect, branching, terete ; leaves lyrate ; flowers bright yellow, largo, ra- 
 cemose ; petals spreading, turning white, purple, or blue, as they grow old ; 
 Silique round, jointed, 1-celled when mature. Eoad-sides and fields. New 
 England. July. 
 
 2. B. sativa. Garden Radish. 
 
 stem very branching; lower leaves lyrate, petiolate, upper ones dentate; 
 flowers large, white, or tinged with purple ; sihque torose, round, acuminate, 
 y — 2' long, scarcely longer than the pedicel. A common garden vegetable 
 2 — 4 feet high, different varieties of which produce the various kinds of radishes. 
 June— August. 
 
 Okdee XIII. 
 
 Capparidacese. — Qa/per- 
 fcmiily. 
 
 1. cle6me. 
 Sepals distinct or somewhat united at base. Petals 4. Torus 
 minute or nearly round. Stamens 6, rarely 4. Pod subsessile or 
 etipitate. 
 
 1. C. pungens. Sjpiderwort. 
 
 Glandular-pubescent; stem simple, smooth, the petioles prickly; leaves 
 digitate, 5—9 foliate, long-petiolate ; leaflets elliptical-lanceolate, acute at each 
 end, slightly toothed ; flowers purple, raccmed ; sepals distinct ; petals on fili- 
 form claws; stamens 6, twice as long as the petals. A common garden flower 
 growing J- foot high, chiefly remarkable on account of the curious structure of 
 the flowers. July — Augtist 
 
 Oebee XIV. 
 
 'ReseddLce2B—Migno7iett&- 
 famil/y. 
 
 1. EESi;DA. 
 Sepals many. Petals equal in number, each bearing 1 or 
 more stamens. Torus large, fleshy, bearing the ovary "with sev- 
 eral stamens and styles. 
 
 1. R, odorata. 
 
 Mignonette. 
 
 Leaves 3-lobed, or entire ; sepals shorter than the petals. A plant too widely 
 known and admired for its unsurpassed fragrance to need descrlptaon. An. 
 
 Oedee XV. Violacese — Violetrfamih/. 
 
 1. yioLA. 
 Sepals 6, imequal, auriculate at base. Petals 6, irregular, the 
 lower one spurred at base ; the two lateral ones equal, opposite. 
 Stamens approximate ; filaments distinct, dilated at base. Cap- 
 sule 1-celled, 3-valved. Perennials, with l-flowered peduncles. 
 The spurred petal, which is really the upper one, appears to be 
 the lower, on account of the reversed position of the flower 
 
 * Acauleacent. 
 
 1. V. cucuUata. Hooded Violet. 
 
 Leaves cordate, crenate, often cncuUate at base, generally smooth ; flowers 
 of a flne blue, large, marked with dark lines ; stipules linear ; stigma triangular, 
 margined ; lower petals bearded. One of the most common species, growing 
 every where in meadows and wet ground, and sometimes even in dry soils, 
 where it Is pubescent. May. 
 
 2. V. sagittata. Arrow-leaved Violet. 
 
 Leaves sagittate, more or less pubescent, serrate or crenate; flowers rather 
 small, on peduncles, which are usually longer than the leaves, deep purplish 
 bine, with a short, obtuse spur ; petals veiny, white at base ; lower and lateral 
 ones densely bearded. A vaiiable species with deep blue flowers. May. 
 
 3. V. ovata. Ovate-leaved Violet. 
 
 Leaves ovate, pubescent, crenate, rarely cut at base, on short petioles, nearly 
 prostrate; flowers of a deep purplish blue, on short peduncles, with a short, 
 rounded spur; sepals, ciliate, oblong-ovate, deeply emarginate behind; petals 
 entire, veined ; lateral ones bearded. Very common. Dry hills. May. 
 
 This species has been considered a variety of the last ; but it is well marked 
 by the shape and position of its leaves and its early appearance. 
 
 4. V. palmata. Palmate Violet. 
 
 Pubescent ; leaves palmate, or hasfcately lobed, rarely entire ; lobes crenate, 
 and dentate ; middle one much the largest ; flowers of medium size, bright 
 blue; petals veined, white at base; upper ones smaller; lateral ones bearded. 
 A variable species. Uplands. The leaves vary in form and pubescence, the 
 earlier ones being nearly or quite entire, ovate, cordate at base. May — June. 
 
 5. V. pedata. 
 
 Bird-foot Violet, 
 
 Nearly smooth; root premorse; leaves pedate, 5 — 7 parted; segments 
 linear -lanceolate, entire or 3-parted ; flowers large, of a rather pale, but very 
 brilliant blue, rarely white; petals white at base, beardless; stigma large and 
 thick, margined, obliquely truncate, very short, rostrate. A very distinct an 
 handsome species. Borders of dry woods, and sandy fields. April — May. 
 
 6. V. odorata. Sweet-scented Violet. 
 
 stolons creeping; leaves cordate, crenate, nearly smooth; flowers large, 
 fragrant, of a brilliant bluish purple, in cultivation frequently double; sepals 
 obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, toothed ; peduncles branched ; petals with a hairy 
 
140 ORDER XVI. DEOSEEACE^ — SUNDEW-FAMILY. ORDER XVIII. HYPERIOAOE^ — ST. JOHN ^S- WORT-FAMILY. 
 
 line. An Englisli species cultivated in gardens, and well known by its exquisite 
 fragranco. A variety has white flowers, April— May, 
 
 7. V.bMnda. White Violet. 
 
 Leaves cordate, slightly pubescent, crenate, on sbort, slightly pubescent 
 petioles ; flowers small, white, on scapes longer than the leaves, slightly 
 I'ragrant; rhizoma creeping; petals marked with blue lines, greenish at base, 
 mostly beardless. Meadows ; common. May, 
 
 8. V. lanceol^ta. Lance-leaved Violet. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, slightly crenate, erect, on rather long petioles, attenuate 
 at both ends ; scapes 4-sided, bracteolate, longer than the leave-s ; flowers email, 
 white ; petals greenish at base, marked with blue lines, generally beardless. 
 Often growing with the last in wet meadows. Common. May. 
 
 9. Y. rotundifolia. Round-leaved Violet. 
 
 Leaves large, orbicular-ovate, cordate at base, nearly smooth, crenate, with 
 a closed sinus and pubescent petioles; flowers small, pale yellow; stigma re- 
 curved at apex, margined; petals marked at base with brown lines; lateral 
 petals bearded ; sepals obtuse. A small species with small, yellow flowers, 
 sometimes found in old woods, and on densely wooded bill-sides. May. 
 * * Oaulesceoit. 
 
 10. V. Canadensis. Canadian Violet. 
 
 stem nearly purple ; radical leaves reniform ; cauline ones cordate ; all ser- 
 rate, nearly or quite smooth, with pubescent veins ; flowers of medium size, 
 pale blue or white; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire; peduncles shorter than 
 the leaves; petals yellowish at base ; upper ones purple outside, paler within, 
 and marked with purple lines ; lateral ones ])earded. A common violet in 
 mountainous districts, growing in woods, 6' — 12' high. May — June. 
 
 11. Y. pubescens. Large Yellow Violet. 
 
 Stem erect, pubescent; leaves broad, cordate, often almost triangular in out- 
 line, obtuse, toothed, covered with a soft, thick pubescence; stipules ovate, 
 subdentate; flowers rather large, yellow ; lateral petals bearded; upper ones 
 marked with brown lines ; peduncles pubescent, shorter than the leaves ; sepals 
 oblong-lanceolate; spur very short, subgibbous. A fine violet with yellow 
 flowers, growing in rich woods, 3' — 6'. Common. It is very variable, espe- 
 cially in height and pubescence, being often nearly smooth. May— June. 
 
 12. Y. Mulilenl36rgii. Spreading Violet. 
 
 stem weak, asEurgent, branching at base; leaves reniform or cordate, cre- 
 nate; upper ones somewhat acuminate, petiolate, with incisely ciliate stipules; 
 flowers pale bine, medium size, with conspicuous spurs ; peduncles axillary, 
 longer than the petioles, with 2 alternate bracts on the upper portion ; stigma 
 tubular, pubescent; spur very obtuse. A pretty species, of slender habit, in 
 swamps and low grounds. 3Iay. 
 
 13. Y. tricolor. Pansy. 
 
 stem angular, diffuse; leaves ovate, obtnse; lower ones ovate- cordate, cre- 
 nate, petiolate ; stipules lyrate, very large, the terminal segment equalling the 
 leaves, crenate ; flowers large, on long axillary peduncles ; 3 upper petals of a 
 rich velvet-like purple ; the 2 lateral ones pale straw color, and with tbe yellow 
 lowest one marked with purple lineS; spur thick, obtuse, very short. A beau- 
 tifQl and very variable species, cultivated in gardens. It begins to bloom early 
 in spring, and continues until winter. 
 
 Oedee XVI. 
 
 Droseracese- 
 
 1. DE(5SEEA 
 
 -Sundew-family. 
 
 Sepals 5, miited at base, equal, persistent. Petals 6. Sta- 
 mens 5. Styles 3 — 5, 2-parted. Capsule subgloboee, ovoid, 3- 
 valved, 1-ceIled, many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. D, rotundifdlia. Sundew. 
 
 Leaves radical, in tufts, orbicular, on long petioles, lying flat on the ground, 
 covered with long, reddish, curving, glandular hairs; scapes circinate when 
 young, racemose, somewhat 1-sided; flowers small, white; the scape at first 
 coiled inward, but unv/inding as it flowers, it becomes erect in seed. Marshes. 
 Aug. 
 
 2. D. longifolia. Long-leaved Sundew. 
 
 Leaves obovate or spatulate, on long, smooth petioles, covered with hairs, as 
 to the other species ; flowers small, white, in few-flowered, somewhat recurved 
 
 racemes like those of the last, from which it Is distinguished by the form of the 
 leaves, and its more slender habit. A beautiful little plant, the glandular 
 hairs with which it is so thickly clotted, collect drops of water, giving it tho 
 appearance of being sprinkled with pellucid dew-drops. June — Aug. 
 
 2. PAENASSIA 
 Sepals 5, persistent, united at base. Petals 6, persistent 
 nearly perigynons. Stamens perigynous, in 2 series ; outer inde 
 finite in number, arranged in 6 groups, sterUe ; inner series con- 
 sisting of 5 perfect ones, alternating with the petals. Capsule 
 1-eelled, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, with a winged testa. Per. 
 
 1. P. Caroliniana. Grass of Parnassus. 
 
 Acaulescent; leaves on long, channelled petioles, orbicular-ovate, strongly 
 veined, entire, light green, somewhat coriaceous ; scapes 4-angled, generally 
 with a sessile leaf just below the middle ; flowers solitary, large, white, nearly 
 1' in diameter; sterile filaments in 6 clusters of 5 each, distinct almost to the 
 base ; petals much larger than the calyx, oval, beautifully veined with a light 
 dull green. A common and very elegant plant. Wet meadows. JvZy — Aug, 
 
 Oedee XVII. Cistacese. — Rockliose-family. 
 
 1. HELIANTHEMUM. 
 Sepals 5 ; the 2 outer ones much smaller. Petals 5, or rarely 
 3, sometimes wanting, fugacious. Stamens numerous. Stigmas 
 3, more or less united. Capsule triangular, 3-valved, 3, or 
 many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. H. Canadense. Eoch Rose. 
 
 stem erect, mostly simple, pubescent; leaves oblong, entire, usually alter- 
 nate, acute, paler beneath ; flowers of 2 kinds, the earlier ones large, few, bright 
 yellow, fugacious, terminal ; petals large, thin, nearly orbicular, emarginate, 
 twice as long as the calyx ; later ones apetalous, or with very small petals, ax- 
 illary, sessile, nearly solitary, very small; capsules smooth, shining; those of 
 the apetalous flowers very small. A handsome plant in its first bloom, about 1 
 foot high, with large yellow fiowers, which appear in June; but during the rest 
 of the summer it puts forth minute apetalous fiowers, and then much resembles 
 Lechea major. 
 
 2. LECHtA 
 
 Sepals 5 ; 2 outer much smaller. Petals 3, lanceolate, small. 
 Stamens 3 — 12. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, almost united. Cap 
 sule 3-valved, 3-celled. Placentae each 1 — 2-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. L. major. Great Pinweed. 
 
 Stem erect, pubescent, branching; branches villous ; radical ones prostrate; 
 leaves mostly alternate, oblong, mucronate, hairy; fiowers small, dull purple, 
 numerous, in irregular, leafy racemes, Inconspicuous, followed by a small fruit, 
 rather larger than a pin-head. A rigid, erect plant, in dry fields, growing 10' — 
 20' high, with a brittle purplish stem. The root sends out prostrate branches, 
 which last through the winter, and are thickly covered with nearly round tufted 
 leaves, July— Aug. 
 
 2. L. thymifolia. Long-leaved Pinweed. 
 
 stem decumbent at base, very branching, pubescent, often of a dull purple ; 
 leaves very numerous, frequently verticillate ; cauline ones oblanceolate, or ob- 
 long-linear, those of the stem branches much smaller, linear ; those of the radi- 
 cal branches imbricated, elliptical ; flowers numerous, in axillary and terminal 
 clusters of 3 or 4, followed by minute, globose fruit Bandy fields near tho 
 coast July. 
 
 3. L. minor. Small Pinweed. 
 
 stem erect, nearly smooth, very branching ; radical branches procumbent, 
 hairy, often none ; leaves linear ; those of the stem often nearly oblong, scat 
 tered, sometimes verticillate ; flowers dull purple, in nearly simple racemes, 
 separate, pedicellate ; capsule globose. A delicate species in dry grounds, 8'— 5 
 high, with fiowers and fruit twice as large as in L. major. June — Sep. 
 
 Order XVIII. Hypericaceae — 8t. Joliris- 
 
 wovtrfmnily. 
 
 1. HTPifeRICITM. 
 Sepalfi 5, connected at base, nearly equal, foliaceous. Petals 
 5, oblique. Stamens numerous, sometimes few, united at base 
 
ORDEE XX. CARTOPHYLLAOE^ — PINK-FAMILT. 
 
 141 
 
 Styles 3 — 6, separate, 
 
 into 3 — 6 parcels, occasionally distinct. 
 or united at base, persistent. 
 
 * Stamens in several sets. 
 
 1. H. perforatum. St John^s-wort, 
 
 Stem erect, 2 edged, smooth, branching; leaves elliptical, obtuse, sessile, 
 punctate with pellucid dots; flowers numerous, bright yellow, in cymose pani- 
 cles; sepals lanceolate, much shorter than the obovate petals and sepals, bor- 
 dered with dark-colored glandular spots. A common troublesome plant, 
 spreading rapidly in pastures and dry grounds. Introduced. JwriQ—JuVy. Per. 
 
 2. H. corymbosum. Spotted St. Jdhn's'Wort. 
 
 Stem erect, smooth, terete, with opposite branches; leaves oval, sessile, 
 smooth, emarginatc, punctate with dark spots ; flowers numerous, pale yellow, 
 rather small, in dense, terminal, corymbose cymes; petals oblong, with oblong, 
 dark spots ; styles distinct ; stigmas red, 2. In wet woods and boggy meadows. 
 Stem 1—3 feet high. Per. 
 
 * * Stamens distinct. 
 
 3. H. miUilum. Small St John's-wort. 
 
 Stom erect, smooth, 4-angled, branching above ; leaves oval, obtuse, entire, 
 sessile, 5-veined ; flowers very small, greenish-yellow, in leafy cymes; sepals 
 Ifinceolate, a little longer than the petals ; stamens 6 — 12 ; capsule ovate, conical. 
 A small species in wet grounds. July— Aug. An. 
 
 4. H. Canadense. Canadian St. John's-wort. 
 
 Stem slender, erect, with the 4 angles marked by the decurrent base of the 
 leaves ; leaves linear, attenuate at base, with black dots beneath ; flowars small, 
 pale orange, in nearly naked cymes ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, longer than 
 the petals, but shorter than tho red capsule. A small, delicate species, 8' — 12' 
 bigh, in wet sandy soils. Jult/ — Aug. An. 
 
 5. H. Sar6tlira. Slender St. Jolin^s-wort. 
 
 stem slender, square, with filiform branches; leaves minute, opposite, subu- 
 late ; flowers very small, yellow, sessile ; sepals linear-lanceolate, about equal to 
 tho petals, i as long as the purple, acute capsule. A curious looking plant, in 
 road-sides and dry soils, from the very small size of the leaves, apparently leaf- 
 less. July — Aug. An. 
 
 2. ELODi:A 
 
 Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at base. Petals 5, decidu- 
 ous, equilateral. Stamens in 3 parcels, wbicb alternate "with 3 
 hypogynous glands. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule 3-celled. Per. 
 
 1. E. Virginica. Marsh St. Johns-wort 
 
 Stem erect, smooth, sub-compressed, branching; leaves sessile, clasping, ob- 
 long, obtuse, glaucous beneath ; flowers rather large, of a dull orango purple, in 
 axillary and terminal racemes ; petals obovate-oblong, twice longer than the 
 sepals, marked with reddish veins ; stamens united below the middle, 3 in a 
 sot; glands ovate, orange-colored. Grows 8' — 16' high, in swamps and ditches, 
 generally with foliage of a purplish hue. July — Aug. 
 
 Obder XX. Caryopliyllacese. — Pinh-famih/. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Suborder I. Sildnea3. 
 
 Sepals united into a tube. Petals with claws. Leaves without stipules. 
 Stamens inserted below the pedicellate ovary. 
 
 1. SiLENE. Calyx without scales at base. Styles 3. Capsule openingkby 6 
 teeth. 
 
 2. Lychnis. Calyx without scales, and entire at base. Styles 5. Capsule 
 opening by 6—10 teeth. 
 
 8. Saponaria. Calyx without scales at base. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, 
 opening by 4 teeth. 
 
 4. DiANTHUS. Calyx with 2 scales at base. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled. 
 
 Suborder II. Alsinese. 
 
 Sepals nearly or quite distinct Petals without claws, rarely none. Capsule 
 l-celle(L Leaves without stipules. 
 * Petals entire, or none. 
 
 7. Aeenaria. Petals 5. Styles 8, rarely 2 or 4. Stamens inserted at the 
 base of tho ovary. Flowers perfect. 
 
 8. IIonckenta. Petals 5. Styles 8—5. Stamens inserted into a glandular 
 disk. Flowers mostly polygamo-dioecious. 
 
 9. SagIna. Petals'4— 5. Styles 4— 5. Pod 4— 5-valved. Leaves setaceous. 
 
 * * Petals 2-clef t at apex. 
 
 5. Stellakia. Styles 8 — i. Capsule opening by 8 — 6 valves. 
 
 6. Ceeastiuu. Styles 5. Capsules opening by 10 tooth. 
 
 Suborder III. lUecebrese. 
 
 Sepals nearly or quite distinct Petals without claws, or none. Capsule 1* 
 celled. Leaves with scarious stipules. 
 
 10. AsYcniA. Petals none. Stamens 2—5. Styles 2, more or less united. 
 Capsule 1 -seeded. 
 
 11. Speegula. Petals 5. Stamens 5—10. Styles 3 — 5. Capsule many- 
 seeded. 
 
 Suborder IV. Scleranthese. 
 
 Sepals united at base, with the stamens inserted at the throat Petals none. 
 Capsule 1-celled. Leaves without stipules. 
 
 12. ScLEEANTHtrs. Sfcameus 5—10. Styles 2. 
 
 Suborder V. MolluginoEe. 
 
 Sepals united at base. Petals none. Capsule 8-celIed. Leaves without 
 stipules. 
 
 18. MuLL^GO. Sepals 5. Stamens S— 5. Styles 8. 
 
 1. sil£:ne. 
 
 Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at base, 6-toothed. 
 Petals 6, UDguiculate, often with scales at summit. Stamens 10. 
 Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top by 
 6 teeth. 
 
 1. S. antirrbina. Nocturnal Catchfly. 
 
 Nearly glabrous ; stem simple, or branched above, erect, glutinous below 
 each node ; leaves lanceolate ; upper ones linear, acute and scabrous on tho 
 margin ; flowers small, pale red, nocturnal, also open in very cloudy weather, 
 peduncles few-flowered; flowers pedicellate; petals emarginate; calyx ovate. 
 Dry sandy sofls, 8'— 20' high. Jwne—July, Fer. 
 
 2. S. Armaria. Garden Catchfly. 
 
 Very glabrous, glaacotls; stem erect, branching, glutinous, as in the last; 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flowers purple, in corymbose cymes, numerous ; petals 
 obcordate, crowned ; calyx clavate, 10-striate. A common garden flower, 12'— 
 18' high. July— Sep. An. 
 
 2. LYCHNIS. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 6-toothed, without scales at base. Petals 5, 
 unguiculate ; claws slender. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 
 1-celled or 5-ceUed at base. 
 
 1. L. Gitbago. Corn-cockle. 
 
 stem dichotomous, h'rsute; leaves sessile, soft-hairy; flowers few, light 
 purple, on long peduncles; calyx segments twice as long as the entire petals. 
 A handsome weed, 1 — 3 feet high, in cultivated grounds, especially in grain 
 fields ; leaves of a pale green color. July. An. 
 
 2. L. Cbalcedonica. Scarlet Lychnis. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dark green ; flowers in 
 terminal, dense fascicles, scarlet ; calyx cylindric, ribbed, clavate ; petals 2- 
 lobed. Gardens, growing 6' high. Flowers varying to white, sometimes dou- 
 ble. June— July. Per. 
 
 3. L. Floscuculi. Bagged Rohin. 
 
 Subglabrous; stem assurgent, dichotomous and viscid above, with scabrous 
 angles; flowers fascicled, pink ; calyx brown, smooth, 10-ribbed, campanulate ; 
 petals deeply cut into 4 linear segments. A beautiful inhabitant of the garden, 
 blooming from July to September. Per. 
 
 4. L. coron^ta. Chinese Lychnis. 
 
 Glabrous; stem erect; flowers large, bright red, terminal and axillary 1—3 
 in number ; calyx terete, clavate, ribbed ; petals laciniate. Plant 1—2 feet 
 high. Gardens. July. 
 
 5. L. diuma. English Lychnis. 
 
 stem erect, pubescent, dichotomous, paniculate above ; leaves elliptic-ovate, 
 acute ; flowers light purple, dioecious ; petals deeply-bifld, with narrow diverg- 
 ing lobes ; capsule subglobose. Almost naturalized in some places. Gardens. 
 JuZy—Sep. 
 
 3. SAPONlKLi. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 6-toothed, without scales. Petals 5, with 
 claws as long as the calyx. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 1- 
 ceUed. 
 
143 
 
 ORDER XX. CAETOPHYIiLACE^ PrNK-FAMILY. 
 
 1. S. officinalis. 
 
 Bouncing Bet. 
 
 Plant smooth, somewhat fleshy ; leaves oval, or ovate-lanceolate, smooth, 
 eesslle, mucronate; flowers large, pale rose color, in paniculate fascicles; calyx 
 cylindrical; crown of the petals linear; flowers often doable. Stem 1—2 feet 
 high, square. Common in road-sides and waste places. Introduced. July-- 
 Aug. 
 
 4 DiANTnUS. 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 1, rarely with more pairs of 
 opposite, imbricate scales at base. Petals 6, with long claws. 
 Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled. Fer. 
 
 1. D. Armeria. Wild Pinh. 
 
 stem, smooth, erect, branched above; leaves linear-subulate, hairy, sessile, 
 clasping at base; flowers rather small, scentless, in dense fascicles; calyx 
 scales lanceolate-subulate, as long as the tube ; petals red, dotted with white, 
 crenate. Tho only species found wild in the U. S. It grows in dry fields and 
 road-sides in Eastern N. Eng. Stem 1—2 feet high. June— Aug. 
 
 2. D. barbatus. 8weet William. 
 
 stem erect, branching ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers red, often much varie- 
 gated, in dense fascicles, rather small ; scales of the calyx lanceolate -subulate, 
 equalling the tube. A well-known garden flower, 10'— 18' high. May— July. 
 
 3. D. Chinensis. China Pinh. 
 
 Stem erect, branched ; leaves lancft-linear ; flowers large, red, solitary ; 
 scales linear, leafy, spreading, as long as the tube; petals dentate or crenate. 
 
 Gardens. July. 
 
 4. D. PlumtLrius. Single Pinlc. 
 
 Glaucous; leaves linear, scabrous on the margin; flowers 2 — 3, solitary, 
 varying from purple to white; calyx-teetb obtuse; scales ovate, acute; petals 
 many-cleft, hairy at the throat. Jane — Aug. Gardens. 
 
 5. D. Caryophyllus. Carnation. 
 
 Glaucous; leaves linear-subulate, channelled ; flowers large, solitary, fra- 
 grant ■ scales very short, ovate ; petals very broad, beardless, crenate. Stem 
 1— S ft, high, branched. From this species, under the influence of cultivation, 
 have been derived all the splendid Tarieties of Carnations, whose flowers are of 
 all possible colors, and combinations of colors, except blue; but the most com- 
 mon is that shade of red known as pink. 
 
 5. stellIeia 
 
 Sepals 5, connected at the base. Petals 6, 2-cleft. Stamens 10, 
 rarely fewer. Styles 3, sometimes 4. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 1. S. media. Chiclcweed. 
 
 Stem procumbent, marked with alternate hairy lines ; leaves ovate, 
 smooth, with ciliate petioles; flowers small, white; petals oblong, deeply- 
 cleft, a little shorter than the sepals ; stamens varying from 3 — 10. A common 
 weed in waste places, blooming from March to November. An. or "bien. 
 
 2. S. longifolia. Stitchwort. 
 
 stem weak, usually with rough angles, very slender and brittle ; leaves 
 linear, sessile, 1-nerved ; flowers larger than in the last, white, in long, terminal, 
 divaricate cymes, with lanceolate, scarions bracts ; petals deeply-cleft, becom- 
 ing longer than the acute 3-veined sepals. Grows 8' — 20' high in meadows, sup- 
 porting itself by other plants. June— July. Fer. 
 
 6. CEKlSTIUM. 
 
 Sepals 5, somewhat united at base. Petals 5, bifid. Stamens 
 10, rarely fewer, alternate ones shorter. Styles 6. Capsule cy- 
 lindrical, or roundish, 1-celled, 10-toothed. Seeds numerous. 
 
 1. C. vulg^tum. Mouse-ear. 
 
 Hairy, pale-green, growing in tufts; stems assurgent, or spreading; leaves 
 ovate or obovate, obtuse, attenuate at base ; flowers white, in somewhat capi- 
 tate clusters, when young longer than the pedicels ; sepals green, a little shorter 
 than the petals. Fields and waste places. Introduced. April—Sept. Bien. 
 
 2. C. viscclsura. Large Mouse-ear. 
 
 Hairy, viscid, spreading; leaves lance-oblong, rather obtuse ; flowers white, 
 in loose cymes, when young, shorter than the peduncles ; petals scarcely equal- 
 ling the calyx. Plant of a deeper green than the last, with narrower leaves. 
 Fields. May— Sep. Per. 
 
 7. AEENlEIA 
 Sepals 5. Petals 6, entire. Stamens 10, rarely fewer. Stylea 
 3. Capsule 3-valved ; valves usually 2-parted, 
 
 1. A. serpyllifolia. Sandwort. 
 
 stem difl'use, dichotomous, pubescent, with reflexed hairs; leaves very 
 small, ovate, sessile, acute, somewhat ciliate ; flowers small, white, axillary and 
 terminal, numerous; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, hairy, striate, twice aalong 
 as the oval petals; capsule ovate, 6-toothed, equalling the sepals. In cultivated 
 grounds 3' — i' bigh. Introduced. May — June. An. 
 
 2. A. lateriflora. Starwort. 
 
 Slightly pubescent; stem erect, slender, nearly simple; leaves oblong or 
 oval, obtuse; peduncles lateral and terminal, 2 — 3 flowered; flowers large, 
 white; petals more than twice the length of the calyx. An elegant species, 
 4' — 10' high in meadows and damp grounds, June. Per, 
 
 8. HONCKJfcNTA. 
 Sepals 6, united at base. Petals 6, unguiculate, entire. 
 Stamens 10, inserted with the petals into a glandular disk. Styles 
 3 — 5. Capsule 3 — 5-valved, 1-celled, 8 — 10 seeded. An. 
 
 1. H. peploides. Sea Sandwort. 
 
 Very fleshy; stem creeping, sending up erect, mostly simple branches; 
 leaves ovate, abruptly acute, vein less ; flowers pedicellate, axillary, small, 
 white ; sepals ovate, obtuse ; petals wedgo-obovate. The upright branches arc 
 
 8'— 12' high. Atlantic coast July. 
 
 9. SAGtNA. 
 Sepals 4 — 5, united at base. Petals 4 — 5, entire, or none. 
 Stamens 4 — 5. Capsules 4 — 5 valved, many-seeded. An. 
 
 1. S. procumbens. Pearlwort. 
 
 Glabrous; stem slender, procumbent; leaves linear, mucronate; flowers 
 small, white or green, axillary, on long peduncles ; petals half as long as the 
 sepals, sometimes wanting ; stamens sepals and petals 4 — 5. A little creeping 
 
 plant, in wet springy grounds. May — July. 
 
 10. AN^CHIA. 
 Sepals 5, ovate-oblong, connivent, subsaccate at the apex. 
 Petals none. Stamens 2 — 5, inserted on the base of the sepals. 
 Utricle inclosed in the sepals. An. 
 
 1. A. dichotoma. Forhed Chickweed. 
 
 stem erect, smooth, or pubescent above, dichotomously branched, slender; 
 leaves oval, or oblong, sessile; cauline ones opposite, those of tho branches al- 
 ternate, acute or obtuse, smooth ; flowers minute, white, axillary, solitary, or in 
 terminal clusters of 3. A delicate, very branching plant, on hill side5, 4' — 8' 
 high. June — Aug. 
 
 11. SPJilEGUX-A: 
 Sepals 5, nearly distinct. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 — 10. 
 Styles 3 — 5. Capsules ovate, 3 — 5-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. S. arvensis. Corn Spur rey. 
 
 stem erect, terete, branching, somewhat viscid; leaves linear-subulate, 
 verticillate, 10 — ^20 in a verticil, fasciculate also iU the axils, dark green ; stipules 
 minute; peduncles reflexed in fruit; flowers in terminal, forked cymes ; petals 
 white, longer than the sepals; capsule twice as long; stamens 10; styles 5; 
 seeds uniform. Introduced. About a foot high, in cultivated grounds. May 
 — Aug. An. 
 
 2. S. nibra. Red Corn Spurrey. 
 
 Stem decumbent, much branched, smooth; leaves narrow-linear, some- 
 what fleshy, acute, or mucronate, with tufts of leaves or branchlets in the axils, 
 opposite, sessile. Stipules ovate, cleft; flowers small, solitary, axillary, red, or 
 rose-color, on balry peduncles. A variable little plant, in dry soils and road 
 sides. Its delicate flowers furnishing a happy contrast to tho barren sand which is 
 its common habitat. A variety is common in salt marshes, which is more 
 fleshy, with larger leaves and stems ; often erect with paler flowers. May — 
 Nov. Per. 
 
 12. SCLERlNTHHS. 
 
 Sepals 5, united at base and inclosing the 1-seeded utricle. 
 Petals none. Stamens 10 or 6, inserted at the throat of the 
 calyx. Styles 2. An. 
 
OEDEE XXI. POETULACAOE^ PUESLANE-FAIvnLT. OEDEE XXICI. ILALVACE^ MALLOW-TEIBE. 
 
 143 
 
 I. S. dnnuus. Knawel. 
 
 Slightly pubescent ; stem procumbent, branchings tufted ; leaves numerous, 
 narrow- linear, acute, opposite, partially united at base ; flowers small, greenish, 
 nearly sessile, in leafy axillary clusters. A common little weed in dry soils. 
 Stems 2' — 4' long. June — Juli/. 
 
 13. MOLLtTGO. 
 Sepals 5, united at base. Petals none. Stamens 5, sometimes 
 8 — 10. Styles 8. Capsule 3-yalved, 8-celled, many-seeded. An. 
 
 1. M. verticillata. Carpet-weed. 
 
 Btera branched, depressed ; leaves spatulato, entire, arranged in apparent 
 verticils of 5 at each joint; flowers greenish-white, axillary, pedunculate; sta- 
 mens mostly 3. A very common weed in cultivated grounds, spreading flat on 
 the surface, making a sort of carpet. July — Sep. 
 
 Oedee XXI. Portulacacese. — Purslane- 
 family. 
 
 1. poktulAca 
 
 Sepals 2, united below ; the upper portion deciduous. Petals 
 4 — 6, equal. Stamens 8 — 20. Styles 3 — 6 cleft at apex. Cap- 
 sule a pyxis, sub-globose, dehiscing near the middle, many-seeded. 
 An. 
 
 1. P. olerElcea. Purslane. 
 
 stem thick and fleshy, very branching, prostrate, spreading; leaves cunei- 
 form, sessile ; flowers pale yellow, sessile ; petals 5, cohering at base ; foliage of 
 a reddish-green color. A very common and exceedingly troublesome weed in 
 cultivated grounds and waste places. Introduced. June — Jiity. 
 
 2. P. pilosa. Scarlet Purslane. 
 
 stem exceedingly dilFuse, purple ; branches suberect, enlarged upwards ; 
 leaves linear, obtuse, with tufts of long hair in the axils ; flowers large, terminal, 
 sessile, solitary, or several together, surrounded by leaves, and dense tufts of 
 hair; petals coherent at base, scarlet or pllrple. A brilliant species, nati ve at 
 the south-west, common in cultivation. Jxdy — Aug. 
 
 2. clattOnia. 
 
 Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, emarginate or 
 obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted on the cla-ws of the petals. Stigma 
 8-oleft. Capsule 3-valved, 2 — 5-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. C. Virgmica. Spring Beauty. 
 
 stem simple, rather succulent, glabrous ; leaves opposite, linear, tapering 
 below with petioles ; flowers white, veined with purple, in a terminal raceme, 
 on slender nodding pedicels ; sepals rather acute ; petals mostly emarginate. 
 A handsome little plant 4'— 8' high, arising from a root buried deep in the 
 ground. Stem with 2 opposite leaves. Low grounds. Eare in N. Eng. but 
 common westward. 
 
 2. C. Caroliniana. 
 
 Spring Beauty. 
 
 Smooth, somewhat succulent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat spatulate 
 at base or abruptly decurrent into the petiole; radical ones few, spatulate; 
 flowers smaller than in the last, rose-color, veined with purple, in a terminal 
 raceme, with slender nodding pedicels ; sepals and petals very obtuse ; root 
 tuberous, deep in the ground. A delicate species smaller than the last, common 
 in certain districts. Ap. — May. 
 
 Order XXII. Mesembryanthemacese. — Ice- 
 
 plant-family. 
 
 1. mesembetAnthemum. 
 
 Sepals 4 — 8, usually 5. Petals numerous, in many rows. 
 Stamens numerous, attached to the calyx. Ovaries many-celled. 
 Seeds numerous. Per. 
 
 1, M. crystallinum. 
 
 Ice-plant. 
 
 stem creeping ; leaves ovate, acute, wavy, frosted, S-veined beneath ; flow- 
 ers white, appearing through the summer. A biennial plant common in house 
 cultivation. The stem and foliage are cpvered with w^rty foot-like protuber- 
 
 2. M. cordifolium. 
 
 stem procumbent, spreading; leaves cordate-ovate, opposite, peLolate 
 flowers pink ; calyx thick, green. A succulent, fleshy plant, common iu bousa 
 cultivation. 
 
 Oedek XXIII. Malvaceae. — Mallow-tribe. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 * Calyx \rltU an involucel at base. 
 
 1. Malta, Calyx with a 8 -leaved involucel. Carpels separating when 
 
 ripe. 
 
 2. A1-TII.EA. Calyx with a 6— 9-cleft involucel. Carpels separating when 
 ripe. 
 
 8. HiBisous. Calyx with a many-cleft involucel. Carpels united into a5- 
 celled capsule. 
 
 ** Calj'^x Tvithout an involucel. 
 
 4 Ab-^ttilon. Capsule of 5, or more, separate carpels. 
 
 1. Mi-LVA. 
 Calyx 5-cleffc, with an involucel, mostly of 3 leaves. Carpels 
 several, 1-celled, l-seeded, dry, indehiscent, circularly arranged. 
 
 1. M. rotundifolia. Low Mallow. 
 
 stems prostrate, branchiog; leaves on long, pubescent petioles, orbicular, 
 cordate at base, obtusely 5-lobed, crenate, thin ; flowers axillary, pedicellate, palo 
 pink, or whitish ; pedicels reflexod in fruit; petals twice as long as the acuto 
 segments of the calyx, deeply notched; involucre 3-leaved; fruit spherical, de- 
 pressed in the centre, mucilaglQous, and called " c/tgesea " by children on ac- 
 count of the shape. Introduced into cultivated grounds and waste places. 
 May— Sep. Per, 
 
 2. M. sylvestris. Garden Mallow. 
 
 stem erect; leaves 5 — 7-lobed; lobes acutish ; peduncles and petioleshairy; 
 flowers large, reddish-purple. A common garden plant, sometimes naturalized 
 in the Middle States, growing 3 feet high. June— Oct Per. 
 
 3. M. crispa. High Mallow. 
 
 stem erect, simple; leaves angularly lobed and toothed, frilled, smooth; 
 flowers small, white, axillary, sessile. A tall plant, 5—6 feet high, of no beauty, 
 in gardens, sometimes naturalized in waste places. Jitne—Aug. An, 
 
 2. ALTERA. 
 Calyx surrounded by a 6 — 9-cleft involucel. Carpels numer- 
 ous, indehiscent, arranged circularly around the axis, separating 
 when ripe. 
 
 1. A. officinalis. Marsh Malloiv. 
 
 stem erect, downy; leaves alternate, softly tomentose on both sides, cordatd 
 or ovate, 8-lobed, or sometimes entire ; peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 
 many flowered ; flowers large pale purple, axillary and terminal ; root as well 
 as the rest of the plant, mucilaginous ; stem about 2 feet high. Borders of sail 
 marshes. Introduced. Aug.— Sep. Per. 
 
 2. A. r6sea. Hollyhock. 
 
 stem erect, haiiy ; leaves rough, cordate, 5— 7-angled ; flowers large, axillarj'. 
 sessile. A common garden biennial, 6 — 8 feet high. Flowers red, purple 
 white, or yellow, and all intermediate tints, often double. 
 
 8. EIBlSCUS. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel. Stig 
 mas 5. Carpels 5, united into a 6-ceUed capsule. Cells several 
 seeded. 
 
 1. H. Mosclieutos. Marsh Hibiscus. 
 
 stem simple, erect, terete, downy ; leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, oftei 
 3-lobed, hoary-tomentose beneath, somewhat rough and pubescent above; pe 
 duncles long, axillary, or united to the petioles ; flowers very large, 3' in diamo 
 ter, rose-color, crimson in the centre, solitary ; petals obovate, retase ; stylet 
 much longer than the stamens. A splendid plant 3 — 6 feet high, growing on tht 
 borders of marshes, especially near the sea. Aug.— Sep. Per, 
 
 2. H. Syriaeus. Althma. 
 
 Leaves cuneiform, 3-lobed, toothed ; flowers delicate, large, purple, axillary 
 on peduncles scarcely longer than the petiole, solitary ; varieties have white, 
 red, and variegated flowerB. A fine shrub, 5 — ^10 feet high, hardy when it has 
 attuned its full sizo, but tather tender whajj young. July— Sep. 
 
144 
 
 ORDER XXIY. TILIACE^ — LINDEN-FAMILT. ORDER XXYHI. GERANIACE^ — GERAJ^IUM-FAMILY. 
 
 3. H. trionum. Flower of an hour. 
 
 Leaves dentate, lower eatiro, upper 3-lobed; lobes lanceolate, middle one 
 very long; flowci*3 large, numerous, soon withering, of a peculiarly rich yel- 
 low, with a deep brown circle in the centre : calyx inflated, membranous, 
 veined. A very beautiful species, 1—2 feet high, common in gardens. July — 
 Aug. A'l. 
 
 4. ABtTILON. 
 Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. Ovary 5-eelled, several- 
 seeded. Capsule of 5 or more carpels, "whicli are 2-valved, 1 — 3- 
 sceded. An. 
 
 1. A. Avicennae. Indian Malloio. 
 
 stem erect, with spreading branches ; leaves orbicular, cordate, acuminate, 
 somewhat dentate, velvety-tomentose; flowers rather largo, orange yellow, on 
 axillary peduncles, which are solitary, and shorter than the petiole ; carpels 
 about 15, 3-seeded, inflated, truncate, 2-beaked, hairy. A tall plant, 2 — 5 feet 
 high. Introduced and naturalized in waste places and road-sides. July — Sep. 
 
 Order XXIV. Tiliacese. — Linden-famly. 
 
 1. TfLIA. 
 Sepals 5, united, colored. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, ar- 
 ranged in several parcels, mostly 5 in each set (in the JST. Ameri- 
 can species), together with a petaloid scale. Ovary globose, 5- 
 celled. Cells with 2 ovules, 1 — 2-seeded. 
 
 1 T. Americana. Bass-wood. 
 
 Leaves alternate, obliquely cordate, or truncate at base, sharply serrate, 
 abruptly acuminate, glabrous, coriaceous ; flowers dull white, with a heavy, 
 rather fragrant odor, in dense, pendent cymes of curious structure. The pe- 
 duncle is united to the mid-veiu of a large leaf-like oblong bract, of a yellowish 
 green color; petals truncate, or obtuse, crenate at apex, longer than the scales 
 at base ; fruit mostly greenish, as large as peas. The inner bark is very muci- 
 laginous, and its fibre is extremely strong. A tall, elegant ti'ee of regular 
 growth, in woods and low grounds. June. 
 
 2, T. micropliylla. Linden. 
 
 Leaves cordate, scarcely oblique, acuminate, smooth on both sides, twice as 
 long as the petioles ; axils of the veins bearded beneath ; flowers closely re- 
 sembling those of the last ; staminate scale none ; friiitoblong, unequal, 2-seed- 
 ed, membranaceous. A tall tree, becoming common in cultivation, especially 
 used for shading streets. Jane — July. 
 
 Order XXV. Ternstroemiacese. — Tea-fa- 
 mily. 
 
 1. CAM:feLLTA. 
 Sepals imbricated ; inner ones larger. Petals sometimes uni- 
 ted at base. Styles united. Stigmas 3 — 5, acute. 
 
 1. C. Japonica. Ja'pan Rose. 
 
 Leaves ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth and shining on both sides, 
 coriaceous, on short petioles ; flowers large, mostly double In cultivation, vary- 
 ing from white to red, terminal, and mostly solitary; petals obovate; stamens 
 in single flowers, about 50 ; stigma unequally 5-cleft. A splendid green-house 
 shrub, quite common in cultivation, and sporting into numerous varieties. 
 
 Order XXVI. 
 
 Aurantiacese.- 
 mily. 
 
 1. CtTETJS. 
 
 'Orange-for 
 
 Sepals 5, united. Petals 6. Stamens arranged in 4 or more 
 clusters of 5 each. Filaments dilated at base. Fruit a berry, 9 — 
 18 -celled. 
 
 I. C. limonum. Lemon Tree. 
 
 Leaves, or rather leaflets, oval, acute, toothed; petioles somewhat winged, 
 Articulated with the lamina, showing the leaf to be in reality the terminal leaf- 
 
 let of a reduced compound leaf; flowers white, fragrant; stamens 85; fruit 
 pale yellow, oblong-spheroidal, rind thin, pulp very acid. A low tree, or large 
 shrub, common in green houses. 
 
 2. 0. Aurdntium. Orange. 
 
 Leaf, or leaflet, oval, acute, crenulate; petioles winged; stamens 20 ; berry 
 globose, with a thin rind, and sweet pulp; flowers white, very fragrant. A 
 middle-sized tree in the tropics, a shrub in green-housee and house- cultivation. 
 
 Order XXVII. Linacese. — Linen family. 
 
 1. LtNUM. 
 
 Sepals entire, 5. Petals 6. Styles 5, rarely 3. Capsule 5- 
 celled, globose. 
 
 1. L. Virginianum. Wild Flax. 
 
 Glabrous ; stem erect, slender, branching ; leaves alternate ; lower ones some- 
 times opposite, oblong-lanceolate, or oblong; upper ones linear; flowers yellow, 
 in corymbose, terminal panicles, with racemose branches ; sepals ovate, mucro- 
 nate, 1-norved, a little shorter than the spherical capsule ; petals obovate. A 
 slender delicate plant on dry hills, about 1 ft. high. An, 
 
 2. L. usitattssimum. Flax. 
 
 Glabrous; stem branching above; leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, very 
 acute ; flowers large, blue, in a corymbose panicle ; sepals ovate, 3-nerved at 
 base, with membranaceous margins; petals suberenate. Sometimes cultivated 
 in this countjy for the seed, which yields linseed oil, rarely for the fibre, 
 which is the basis of the linen fabric. Sometimes found in fields where it has 
 . June — J-uly. An. 
 
 Order XXVIII. Geraniacese. — Geranium 
 famly, 
 
 1. GERANIUM. 
 
 Sepals 6, equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, all fertile ; 
 alternate ones larger, with a nectariferous gland at base. Styles 
 persistent, smooth inside, at length circinately revolute. Fruit 
 beaked, separating at length into 6-carpels, tipped with long 
 styles. 
 
 1. G-. maculatum. Craneshill. 
 
 stem erect, dichotomous, angular, pubescent with rcflexed hairs ; leaves 
 palmately 5 — 7-parted, lobes cuneiform, entire below, inciselyscrrulateabove ; 
 peduncles dichotomous, 1— 3-flowered; pedicels unequal, pubescent; flowers 
 large, light purple ; sepals awned ; petals entire. A beautiful species, finer 
 than many that are cultivated, but soon fading. It is easily distinguished by 
 the spots about the sinuses of the leaves, which usually appear as the plant ad- 
 vances In age. Borders of woods, fields, and thickets. Stem 1— -2 ft. high. Ma/y 
 — June. Per. 
 
 2. PELAEG6NIUM. 
 Sepals 5 ; upper one terminating in a nectariferous tube, ex- 
 tending down the peduncle. Petals 5, irregular, larger than the 
 sepals. Filaments 10 ; 3 of them sterile. Lower leaves in plants 
 raised from the seed opposite ; upper ones alternate. Per. 
 
 1. P. odoratissima. Sweet-scented Geranium. 
 
 stem short, succulent ; branches herbaceous, long, spreading ; leaves round- 
 ish, cordate, very soft; flowers small, whitish, in umbels, which are about 5- 
 flowered. Chiefly cultivated for the pleasant odor of the leaves. 
 
 2. P. zonale. Horse-shoe Geranium. 
 
 stem thick, shrubby ; leaves orbicular, cordate at base, with shallow lobes, 
 dentate, marked with a colored zone near the margin ; flowers bright scarlet, in 
 umbels with long peduncles. One of the most common species in cultivation. 
 
 3. P. inqutnans. Scarlet Geranium. 
 
 stem erect, with downy branches, covered with a reddish, viscid moisture 
 staining the Angers ; leaves round-renlform, scarcely lobed, crenate, viscid ; 
 flowors bright scarlet; in many-flowered umbols. Vory popular in cultivation. 
 
ORDER XXIX. OXALIDACEjE WOOD-SOEREL-FAMILT. ORDER XXXV. ANACAUDIACEiE SUMACH-FAMILY. 145 
 
 4. P. pelt^tum. Ivy-leaved Geranium. 
 
 stem long, climbing; leaves 5-lobea, with the lobes entire, fleshy, smooth, 
 nearly or quite peltate ; flowers handsome, of a purplish tinge, in few-flowered 
 umbels. 
 
 5. P. grandiflorum. Large- flowered Geranium. 
 
 Smooth, glaucous ; leaves 5-lobed, palmate, cordate at base, the lobes 
 toothed toward the summit ; flowers large, white ; petals 3 times as long as the 
 calyx. A beautiful species. 
 
 6. P. graveolens. Base Geranium. 
 
 Leaves palmate, 7-lobed, the lobes oblong, bluntly toothed, with scabrous and 
 serrulate margins; flowers purple, in many-flowered and capitate umbels. 
 Valued especially on account of the fine fragrance of its leaves. 
 
 7. P. quercifolium. 
 
 Oak-leaf Geranium.. 
 
 Leaves cordate, pinnatifid, with rounded sinuses ; the rough, often spotted 
 lobes obtusely crenate; branches and petioles hispid; flowers purple. 
 
 Order XXIX. Oxalidacese. — Wood-sorrel 
 family. 
 1. oxAlis. 
 
 Sepals 5, distinct or united at base. Petals 5, much longer 
 than the calyx Capsule oblong, or subglobose. Carpels 5, with 
 l-sevcral seeds. Per. 
 
 1. 0. stricta. Wood-sarrel. 
 
 stem erect, branching or simple, smooth, leafy ; leaves trifoliate, on long 
 petioles ; leaflets obcordate, smooth ; flowers yellow ; peduncles bearing um- 
 bels of 2 — 6 flowers, longer thf n the petioles, axillary ; capsules somewhat hir- 
 sute, leaves acid to the taste. Varies in height from 3' — 6'. Fields; common; 
 flowering all summer. 
 
 Order XXX. Balsaminacese. — Balsamine- 
 family. 
 
 1. IMPlTIENS. 
 
 Sepals 5, colored, apparently 4, from the union of the 2 upper 
 ones ; lowest gibbous and spurred. Petals 4, apparently 2, from 
 the fact of the lower ones being united to each of the lateral 
 ones. Stamens with anthers cohering at the apex. Capsule often 
 1-celled, from the disappearance of the dissepiments, 6-valved, 
 bursting elastically. An. 
 
 1. I. fiUva. Jewel-weed. 
 
 stem smooth, branching, succulent; leaves rhombic-ovate, rather obtuse, 
 coarsely and obtusely serrate, with mucronate teeth, petiolate ; flowers large, 
 deep orange, spotted with brown dots, very irregular in form ; peduncles 2 — 4- 
 flowered ; lower sepal acutely conical ; spur longer than the petals, recurved. 
 A very succulent and somewhat glaucous plant, 1 — 3 feet high, with handsome 
 flowers, in wet grounds. Capsule bursting elastically, and scattering the seeds. 
 JiinQ — S&p. 
 
 2. I. balsamina. Balsamine. Touch-me-not. 
 
 stem erect, succulent, brandling ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, lower ones op- 
 posite, upper alternate; pedicels clustered ; flowers large, in axillary clusters, 
 shorter than the leaves ; spur shorter than the flower. A very common and ex- 
 ceedingly beautiful annual. 
 
 Order XXXII. TropceoMcese. — Nasturtium 
 family. 
 
 1. TEOPCilOLTJM. 
 
 1. T. majus. Nasturtium. 
 
 Leaves peltate, orbicular, repand on the margin ; petioles long, inserted a 
 little out of the centre of the leaf; flowers large, brilliant orange-colored, with 
 darlier spots ; petals obtuse ; the 2 upper distant from the 8 lower, which are 
 flmbriate at base with long, narrow claws. A long trailing plant, climbing by 
 its petioles. June — Nov. An. 
 
 Order XXXIII. Eutaceae. Huefamily. 
 
 1. EtTTA 
 Sepals 4 — 5, united at base. Petals 4 — 5, concaTe, obovate, 
 distinct. Torus surrounded by 1 neotarifel-ous pores. Stamens 
 10. Capsule lobed. Per. 
 
 1. R. graveolens. Rue. 
 
 Nearly smooth, suifruticose ; leaves bi- and tripinnately divided ; segments 
 oblong, obtuse, terminal ones wedge-obovate ; all entire, or incised, punctate with 
 conspicuous dots ; flowers yellow, terminal, corymbose ; petals entire, A gar- 
 den plant growing 3^ — 4 ft high. 
 
 Order XXXIV. Zantlioxylacese. — Prickly 
 Ash-trihe. 
 
 1. ZANTH6XYLTIM. 
 Polyygamous. Perfect flowers — Sepals 5. Petals none. Sta- 
 mens 3 — 6. Pistils 3 — 5. Carpels 3 — 5, 1-seeded. Fertile flowers 
 same as the perfect, only wanting the stamens, and the barren, 
 also, are the same, wanting only the pistils. 
 
 1. Z. Americanum. Prickly Ash. 
 
 Branches and petioles armed with stout, hooked prickles ; leaves pinnate . 
 leaflets 5—7, ovate, mostly entire, sessile, more or less pubescent, especially 
 beneath ; flowers small, greenish, in axillary umbels, appearing just before the 
 leaves ; perfect and staminate flowers growing on the same tree ; pistillate on a 
 diiferent one. Bark bitter, aromatic, used in medicine for toothache and rheu- 
 matism. "Woods; not very common; sometimes cultivated- An. 
 
 2. AILANTHUS. 
 Polygamous. Sepals 5, more or less united at base. Petals 
 5. Stamens of the perfect flowers 2 — 3. Oyaries 3 — 5. Pruit a 
 1-celIed, 1-seeded samara, with an oblong boi-der. Stamens of 
 the barren flowers 10. Fertile flowers same as the barren, ex- 
 cept the stamens. 
 
 1. A. glandulosa. Ailanthus-tree. 
 
 Leaves smooth, unequally pinnate ; leaflets ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, very shortly petiolate, with 1 or 2 obtuse, glandular teeth each side 
 at base, terminal one with a long petiole ; flowers greenish, in terminal panicles, 
 of an intolerably offensive odor. A large, rapid-growing tree, with luxuriant 
 foliage. The leaves are often from 2 — 9 feet long, with 10 — 20 pairs of leaflets 
 of an offensive, sickening odor. Young branches light brown, smooth. Com- 
 mon in cultivation. June. 
 
 Order XXXV. 
 
 -Sumach- 
 
 Anacardiacese.- 
 
 family. 
 
 1. ehtJs. 
 
 5, united at base. Petals 6. Stamens 5. Styles 3. 
 Stigmas capitate. Fruit a dry drupe, containing a single, bony, 
 1-celled nut. Flowers by abortion often dioecious. 
 
 1. R, glabra. Sumach. 
 
 Toung branches smooth ; leaves pinnate, 6 — 15-foliate ; leaflets lance-oblong, 
 acuminate, smooth, paler beneath, sessile, sharply serrate; flowers small, greeu- 
 ish, in dense, terminal, tbyrsoid panicles, followed by small drupes covered 
 ■with crimson hairs, of a sour taste. A shrub 6 — 10 feet high, in pastures and 
 thickets, of an irregular straggling growth, and very pithy, brittle stems. June 
 —Jii^. 
 
 2. R. typhina. Stag-horn Swmach. 
 
 Young branches and petioles densely villous ; leaflets 13—31 oblong-lanceo- 
 late, obtuse at base, acuminate, sharply serrate, pubescent beneath, especially 
 the mid-vein ; flowers yellowish green, in dense tbyrsoid, terminal panicles ; 
 drupes compressed, densely covered with acid, crimson hairs. A shrub resem- 
 bling the last in its mode of growth, but larger, 10—20 feet high, distinguished 
 by its exceedingly villous branchlets. Wood sulphur-yellow, of an aromatic 
 odor. Eocfcy, barren fields. Jii/Jie. 
 
 3. R. copallina. Mountain Sumach. 
 
 Branches and petioles pubescent; leaflets 9 — 21, oval-lanceolate, acute, or 
 acuminate, nearly entire, shininj^' above, pubescent beneath, oblique at base; 
 
146 
 
 ORDER XXXVI. ACERAGE^ — ^MAPLE-TRIBE. ORDER XXXIX. BHAMNACE^ — BUCKTHORN -TRIBE. 
 
 common petiole winged; flowers greenish, in thyrsoid, sessile, terminal pani- 
 cles ; drupes red, hairy, acid. A smaller shrub than the last, in rocky, barrea 
 grounds. July. 
 
 4. Er. venenata. Dogwood^ Poison Sumach. 
 
 Yery glabrous; leaflets 7—13, mostly oval, entire, abruptly acuminate; 
 common petiole not winged, red; flowers very small, green, mostly dicecious, 
 in loose, axillary, pedunculate panicles; drupes subglobose, smooth, greenish, 
 as large as peas. A very elegant shrub, in swamps, with leaves of a shining 
 green, 10 — 15 feet high, and exceedingly poisonous to most persons, producing 
 eruptions on the skin, when touched, and in some cases even when approached 
 very nearly. June. 
 
 5. R. toxicodendron. Poison-Oak^ Poison-Ivy. 
 
 stem erect, or decumbent; loaves pubescent, ternate; leaflets broad-oval, or 
 rhomboid, acuminate, entire, or pinnately-toothed; flowers green, in racemose, 
 axillary, subsesaile panicles; drupes subglobose, smooth, pale brown. A low 
 shrub 1 — 3 feet high, poisonous, but less so than the last 
 
 Var. Eadicans. Leaflets entire, mostly smooth ; stem long, climbing hy 
 radicles, often 20 — 30 feet, or more. This variety, by some authors considered 
 a species, is very distinct in habit, and in N. Eng. is by far the most common 
 form, if indeed the other be found there at all. June. 
 
 6. R. Cotinus. Smolce-tree. 
 
 Leaves ohovate, entire; flowers mostly abortive, minute, in terminal com- 
 pound panicles; pedicels finally elongated, and clothed with long hairs. A 
 slirub 6 feet high, not uncommon in cultivation, chiefly remarkable for the 
 peculiar appearance of its panicles, which cause the plant to look, at a distance, 
 as if enveloped in a cloud of smoke. 
 
 Order XXXVI. Acerdcese. — -Maple-tribe, 
 
 1. ACEE. 
 Flowers mostly polygamous. Calyx 6-cleft. Petals 5, or 
 none. Stamens 7 — 10, rarely 6. Styles 2. Samaras 2, winged, 
 united at base, by abortion 1-seeded. 
 
 1. A. rubrum. Bed Maple. 
 
 Leaves palmate, 8— 5-lobed, mostly cordate at base, unequally or incisely- 
 toothed, whitish, and nearly or quite smooth beneath; lobes acute or acumi- 
 nate ; sinuses acute ; flowers crimson, rarely yellowish, on short pedicels, aggre- 
 gate, about 5 together; pedicels in fruit elongated and pendulous; fruit red, 
 with wings about 1' long. A tall, handsome tree, common in low grounds and 
 swamps. It makes a splendid appearance in April, before the leaves come out, 
 when covered with its numerous crimson flowers. 
 
 2. A. dasycarpum. White Maple. 
 
 Leaves deeply 5-lobed, mostly truncate at base, sometimes cordate, white, 
 and smooth beneath ; sinuses obtuse ; lobes acute, or acuminate, unequally or 
 incisely-toothed, entire toward the base ; flowers small, yellowish-grceD, in 
 crowded, simple umbels ; pediiels short and thick; petals none; fruit tomcu- 
 tose when young, nearly smooth when old, with very large upwardly dilated 
 diverging wings; pedicels elongated in fruiU Distinguished from the last, 
 which it much resembles, by its larger leaves and fruit, and yellowish short- 
 pedicelled flowers. Wood white, soft. Sap less sweet than that of the Sugar 
 Maple. April. 
 
 3. A. saccharinum. Sugar Maple, 
 
 Leaves palmately-lohed, cordate at base, or tmncate, glaucous, pubescent or 
 smooth beneath ; sinuses obtuse and shallow ; lobes acuminate, with a few 
 coarse, repand teeth ; flowers pale yellow, on long, pendulous, filiform, vil- 
 lous pedicels; sepals bearded inside; petals none; fruit yellowish, with wings 
 1' long. A noble tree of the most elegant foliage and growth, very often culti- 
 vated as a shade tree. Its sap yields that universal favorite, Maplo Sugar. 
 Eocky woods. May. 
 
 4. A. Pennsylvanicum. Moose-wood. 
 
 Leaves subcordate at base, 3-lobed at summit, sharply and doubly serrate, 
 smooth; lobes acuminate; flowers large, yellowish-green, in simple, nodding 
 racemus; petals obovato ; fruit in long clusters, glabrous, with pale green, di- 
 verging wings. A small tree, 10—15 feet high, the bark striped with green and 
 black. Common in Northern N. Eng. and N. York, rare further South. May. 
 
 5. A. spicatum. Mountain Maple. 
 
 Leaves pubescent beneath, somewhat cordate at base, 8 — 5-lobed, dentate 
 small, rough; lobes acuminate; flowers very numerous, minute, greenish, in 
 erect, compound racemes ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit almost smooth, with 
 wings slightly diverging, in pendulous racemes. A bhrub, 6 — 10 feet high, 
 found in about the same localities as the last June. 
 
 Oedee XXXVII. Hippocastanacese. — Horse- 
 
 Oliestnut-fandly. 
 
 1. ^'SCULUS. 
 Calyx campannlate, tubular, 5-tootIied. Petals 4 — 5, more or 
 les3 unequal. Otherwise as in the character of the order. 
 
 1. j3E. Hippocastanum. JSorse- Chestnut. 
 
 Leaves digitate ; leaflets 7, obovate, abruptly acute, serrate ; flowers large, 
 in pyramidal thyrses or racemes, pink and white; stamens and styles longer 
 than the petals ; fruit large, dark chestnut colored, not eatable, A noble tree, 
 40—50 feet high, admired for its elegant growth and foliage, as well as fur its 
 showy flowers. June. 
 
 -Staff-tree- 
 
 Order XXXVIII Celastracese.- 
 
 family, 
 
 1. CELlSTEUS. 
 Flowers sometimes dioecious or polygamous. Sepals 6, united 
 below into a very short tube. Petals 5, sessile. Capsule subglo- 
 bose, 2 — 3-celled, Seeds ariled, 1 — 2 in each cell. 
 
 L C. scdndens. Shrubby Bittersweet. 
 
 stem woody, twining; leaves oval, or somewhat obovate, acuminate, ser- 
 rate, alternate, stipulate, smooth ; flowers small, greenish-white, in nearly sim- 
 ple racemes ; seeds reddish -brown, covered with an aril, which at first is 
 orange, but afterwards becomes scarlet. A climbing, woody plant, in woods, 
 thickets, and along stone walls. Jane. 
 
 Order XXXIX. Rhamnaceae. — Buclcthorn- 
 
 tribe, 
 1. ehAmnus. 
 
 Calyx urceolate, 4 — 5-cleft. Petals 4 — 5, emarginate, perigy- 
 nous. Ovary free from the calyx, 2 — i-celled. Styles 2 — 4, 
 more or less united. Fruit drupaceous, containing 2 — 4 nuts. 
 
 1. R. cathdrticus. Buckthorn. 
 
 Leaves ovate, doubly serrate, acute, strongly veined, nearly smooth, alter- 
 nate, in fascicles at the ends of the branches, in young, rapidly-growing shoots, 
 often somewhat opposite ; flowers polygamous, in axillary fascicles, mostly te- 
 trandrous; sepals at length reflexed ; petals entire; fruit black, globose, nau- 
 seous, and cathartic. A shrub, 10—15 feet high, with opposite branches 
 spinose at summit Not uncommon in Eastern N. Eng. Eoad-sides. Jm\e. 
 
 2. R. alnifolius. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. 
 
 Erect, unarmed ; leaves oval, acuminate, sen-ate, pubescent on the veins 
 beneath ; peduncles 1-fiowered, solitary or aggregate, arising from the upper 
 part of the young shoots; flowers yellowish-green, mostly pentandrous and 
 apetalous; sepals acute, spreading ; styles 3, united, very short; IVult turbinate, 
 black, as lange as a currant, 5-seeded. A low shrub, 3 feet high, in dense 
 swamps, not uncommon in the northern parts of N, i ng. and N. York. May 
 -Jvm,6, 
 
 2. ceanOtiius. 
 Calyx campannlate, 5-cleft ; the upper portion at length 
 separating in a transverse line. Petals 6, longer than the cnlyx, 
 saccate and arched, with long claws. Stamens exsert. Styles 
 mostly 3, united as far as the middle, separate above. Fruit a 
 dry, coriaceous capsule, obtusely triangular, 8-celled, S-seeded, 
 surrounded at base by the persistent calyx-tube. 
 
ORDER XL. STAPHTLEAOE^ BLADDEENUT-FAMILY. OEDEE XLIH. LEGUMINOS^: PEA-FAMILY, 
 
 147 
 
 L C. Americanus. Jersey Tea. 
 
 Young branches pubescent; leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, serrate, nearly 
 ernooth above, wbite-downy boneatb, as likewise the petioles and veins ; flow- 
 ers small, white, nnmerous, in dense, axillary, pedunculate, naked, thy'rsoid 
 panicles. A small shrub, with a profusion of white flowers, growing In woods 
 and copses, preferring a rather dry soil. Stem 2—3 feet high, with reddish, 
 alender branches. June, 
 
 Ordek XL. 
 
 Staphyleacese- 
 fmnily, 
 
 1. stapiiylIja 
 
 -Bladdernutr 
 
 Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, colored, persistent, erect Petals 
 6. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Capsules membranaceous, 3-eelled, 3- 
 lobed. 
 
 1. S. trifdlia. Bladdernut. 
 
 Leaves ternate, opposite ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, pubescent 
 when young, at length smooth ; stipules caducous; flowers white, In nodding, 
 axillary racemes; petals narrow-obovate, dilate at base; stamens somewhat 
 exsert; fruit composed of 3, inflated, united, 1-several-seeded carpels, distinct 
 at apex ; seeds smooth and polished. An elegant shrub, 6—12 foet high, in low 
 grounds and thickets. May. 
 
 Okder XLL Vitdcese. — Orape-family, 
 
 1. ViTIS. 
 
 Calyx nearly entire. Petals 4 — 5, united at top, or distinct 
 and spreading, deciduous. Ovary surrounded and partly in- 
 closed in the elevated torus, 2-ceUed ; cells 2-ovuled. Berry 1- 
 celledj 1 — 4-seeded. Peduncles changing to tendrils. 
 
 1. V. Labriisca. Wild Grape. 
 
 Loaves broadly cordate, often 3-lobed, repand-toothed, toraentose beneath, 
 veins coveretl with ferruginous pubescence ; flowers dioeeious, small, green, in 
 compact, oblong panicles, opposite the leaves ; fruit large, globose, black, some- 
 times greenish or reddish-purple, pleasant and eatable when fully ripe, with a 
 tough pulp. A common species in low grounds, with very long stems, which 
 often reach the tops of the highest trees, climbing by means of its tendrils. 
 June. 
 
 2. V. cordifolia. Frost Grape. 
 
 Young branches mostly smooth ; leaves cordate, acuminate, somewhat 
 equally -toothed, often 8-Iobed when young, pubescent on the veins beneath, 
 glabrous on both sides when old ; racemes loose, many-flowered ; berries small, 
 black, late, very acid, till moderated by the frosts of November. A smooth 
 species, not uncommon in low grounds and woods, but by no means so frequent 
 as the last. 
 
 3. V. vinifera. Wine Grape. 
 
 Leaves cordate, einuately 5-lobed, smooth or tomentose ; flowers all perfect 
 The size and color of the fruit are exceedingly varied. This is the Wine Grape 
 jf Europe, but is cultivated in this country imder glass, or in the case of some 
 hardy varieties, in the open grounds, for table nse. The Wine Grapes of this 
 country are varieties of V. Labrusca. June. 
 
 2. AMPEL6PSIS. 
 
 Calyx entire. Petals 6, distinct, spreading. Torus without a 
 ring. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Style very short, conical. 
 Berry 2-celled ; cells 1 — 2-seeded. 
 
 1. A. quinquefolia. Woodhine, 
 
 stem climbing, smooth ; leaves digltate-quinate ; leaflets oblong, serrate, 
 acuminate, petiolate, smooth ; flowers greenish, in dichotomous, many- flowered 
 panicles ; berries dark blue, as large as a small pea, with crimson peduncles and 
 pedicels A rapidly growing and spreading vine, climbing to a great height 
 over trees and the walls of buildings, covering them with its dense foliage, for 
 which purpose it is often cultivated. Along fences and borders of woods. 
 Common. The foliage turns crimson In autumn. J'uly. 
 
 Order XLII. Polygalacese. — Pdbygala- 
 family. 
 
 1. POLtGALA 
 Sepals 6, persistent, with large petaloid wings. Petals 3, 
 their claws adhering to the tube of filaments ; lower one carinate. 
 Capsule obcordate, 2-ceUed, 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds carun- 
 culate. 
 
 1. P. sanguinea. Purple Poly gala. 
 
 stem angular, branching above, or simple ; leaves narrow-linear, sessile ; 
 flowers rose-color, beardless, In dense, short spikes, resembling heads. As the 
 flowers wither, they drop olF, leaving the naked flesuous rachls. Wings of the 
 calyx obovate. A pretty little plant, of meadows and wet grounds, with fasti- 
 giate branches, growing 6'— 8' high. July— Oct An. 
 
 2. P. verticillata. Green-flowered Polygala. 
 
 stem erect, branched; leaves linear, in whorls of 5 — 6 ; spikes linear, slen- 
 der, pedunculate; flowers very small, crested, greenish-white; bracts very de- 
 ciduous; wings of the calyx roundish. A slender plant, with inconspicuous 
 flowers, growing 3' — i' high on dry hills. July-^Oct. An. 
 
 3. P. polygama. Bed Centaury. 
 
 Stems erect, smooth, simple, several from the same root; leaves alternate, 
 entire, narrow-oblong; flowers deep rose-color, or purplish, in loose terminal 
 racemes, at length pendulous; wings broad-obovate, spreading, longer than the 
 corolla; capsule oblong, emarginate. Fields and hlU-sidea, growing 6'— S' high. 
 Stem with radical racemes, either prostrate, or beneath the surface, with wing- 
 less and nearly apetalous flowers. Plant very bitter. June — July. Per. 
 
 4. P. paucifolia. 
 
 Fringed Polygala. 
 
 Stem erect, simple, leafy at summit ; leaves ovate, entire, petiolate, termi- 
 nal ; flowers 2—3, large and handsome J' long, deep rose-colors on pedicels 
 nearly i' long, crested; radical flowers wingless; lateral sepals oblong, con- 
 cave; crest inconspicuous, purple ; rhizoma creeping and branching, throwing 
 up simple branches. A handsome plant, in low woods and swamps. The radical 
 flowers are much smaller, of a greenish hue, and either prostrate or subterra- 
 nean. May. Per. 
 
 Order XLIII. Legumiuosse. — Pea-family, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 A. Corolla properly papiUonaceeua. 
 
 * Ijcaves^ abruptly pinnate? teudriled. 
 
 1. LATiiYRua. Style filiform, bearded on the inner side next the free stamen 
 
 2. ViciA. Style fiUform, bearded on the outside. Legume oblong, not 
 tumid. Seeds oval. 
 
 3. PisTJM. Style bearded on the outside. Legume tumid. Seeds globose- 
 
 * * Leaves unequally pinnate. 
 
 5. Apios. Calyx obscurely bilabiate; upper lip with 2 veiv short, romideiJ 
 teeth ; 2 lateral teeth nearly obsolete. Vexillum broad, with a longitudinal 
 fold In the centre. Stem twining. 
 
 6. Wistaria. Calyx abruptly bilabiate; upper lip with 3 short teeth; 
 lower one of 8 nearly equal teeth. Vexillum with 2 callous processes, de- 
 scending the claws. Stems twining. 
 
 8. KoBiNiA. Calyx 5-toothed ; 2 upper teeth more or less coherent, shorter 
 than the others. Stamens diadelphous. Trees and shrubs with stipulate 
 spines. 
 
 9. TepurSsia. Calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth. Stamens mostly mona- 
 delphous. Herbs. 
 
 * * * Leaves pinnately 3-f oliate* 
 
 4 Phaseolus. Calyx carapanulate, 5-toothed, 2 upper teeth more or less 
 united. Legume usually somewhat linear, or compressed, many-seeded, 
 
 7. Amphicarp.«:a. Calyx campanulate, mostly 4-toothed. Flowers of 2 kinds. 
 Upper flowers complete, usually unproductive; those near the base apetalous, 
 productive. Legumes flat, 1^-4 seeded. Stems twiniirg. 
 
 11. MELiLdxus. Calyx tubular. Legume short, 1 — 4 seeded. Sweet- 
 scented plants. 
 
 18. DESMdniuM. Le-gume compressed, composed of several separate, 
 strongly hispid joints. 
 
 * * * * Leaves palniately 3-foliate. 
 
 10. Teip6lhim. Flowers in heads. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft Legume small, 
 indeldscent, 2 — 4 seeded, included in the calyx. 
 
 12. MedioIgo. Flowers in axillary, pedunculate spikes. Calyx cylindrla 
 Legume falcate, or spirally coiled, 
 
 14 Lespedkza. Flowers in dense, axillary, almost capitate spikes. Legume 
 small, lenticular, reticulated, indehiscent, 1-seeded, usually flat. 
 
 17. Baptisia. Flowers in racemes at the ends of the branches. Legume 
 much inflated, mostly 2-seeded. 
 
148 
 
 ORDER XLHI. LEGUMmOS^ PEA-FAMILY. 
 
 ***** leaves neither pinnate nor ternate. 
 
 15. Crotalaria. Legume much inflated. Leaves simple. 
 
 16. LupInus. Legume coriaceous, oblong, compressed. Leaves digitate. 
 
 B. Flowers not properly papilionaceous. 
 
 18. Cassia. Flowers perfect Petals 5, slightly unequal. Stamens 10. 
 Leaves abruptly pinnate. Herbs. 
 
 19. Glbditschia. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 3 — 5. Leaves abruptly 
 pinnate, or biplnnate. Thorny trees. 
 
 1. LlTHTRUS. 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft; 2 upper segments somewhat 
 shorter. Style flat, dilated above, ascending, bent nearly at 
 right angles with the ovary, pubescent, or villous on the inside 
 next the stamen. Per. 
 
 1. L. maritimus. Marsh Pea. 
 
 Glabrous, stem branching, stout, angled, at length decumbent ; leaves ab- 
 ruptly pinnate, cirrhose ; leaflets 8—12, oval or somewhat obovate, mucronate ; 
 common petiole large and fleshy, somewhat glaucous; stipules sagittate; 
 flowers large, blue, or pui-ple, on long, fleshy, axillary peduncles. In drooping 
 racemes; legumes oblong, slightly falcate. A pale-green plant with handsome 
 flowers, growing in beds on the shores of the sea, and the gi-eat lakes. May — 
 JvZy, 
 
 2. L. palustris. Marsh Vetch. 
 
 Glabrous; stem ascending, winged; leaves 4^-6 foliate, cirrhose; leaflots 
 narrow-oblong, rather obtuse, mucronate, sessile ; stipules minute, lanceolate, 
 semi-sagittate ; peduncles axillary, S — 5 flowered ; flowers medium size, light 
 purple, turning pale when old; legumes broad-linear, compressed, acuminate, 
 pubescent A slender and delicate but variable species. Found in meadows, 
 supporting itself by its tendrils among the grass and other plants. Stem 1—2 
 ft. high. June. 
 
 2. VfCIA. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, 2 upper teeth shortest. Banner emar- 
 gioate. Style filiform, bent at a right angle to the ovary, 
 villous at apex, particularly on the outside next the keel. Legume 
 oblong, several-seeded. 
 
 1. V, cracca. Tufted Vetch. 
 
 stem branching, square, downy, very slender; leaves 18—20 foliate, cir- 
 rhose; leaflets narrow-oblong, mucronate, slightly pubescent; stipules lance- 
 linear; peduncles as long as the leaves; flowers 20—30 imbricated, in dense, 1- 
 Bided, axillary racemes, almost sessile, bright blue, sometimes pale ; legumes 
 oblong, coriaceous, smooth. A slender plant, growiug along fences and borders 
 of woods. June. Per. 
 
 2. V. tetrasperma. Smooth Vetch. 
 
 stem somewhat tufted, glabrous, very slender ; leaves 4—6 foliate, cirrhose ; 
 leaflets linear or oblong-linear; stipules lanceolato, semi-sagittate; peduncles 
 usually 2-flowcred ; flowera very small, white, often tinged with blue, on 
 filiform peduncles ; legume oblong, glabrous, usually 4-seeded. A very slen- 
 der, delicate plant, growing along rivers and streams, July. An. 
 
 3. V. sativa. Vetch or Tare. 
 
 stem simple, decumbent or climbing; leaves 10— 12 foliate, cirrhose ; leaf- 
 lets oblong-obovate, sometimes linear, retuse, mucronate; stipules semi-sagit- 
 tate, Bubdentate; flowers axillary, solitary, or in pairs, nearly sessile, pale 
 purple, \' long; legumes compressed, somewhat erect, reticulated, 1'— 2' long. 
 A slender plant, common in fields and cultivated grounds. Introduced. June 
 
 July. An. 
 
 3. PiSUM. 
 
 Calyx-segments leafy ; 2 upper shortest. Banner reflexed. 
 
 Stamens 10, in 2 sets, 9 and 1. Style compressed, carinate, 
 
 villous on the upper side. Legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded. 
 
 Seeds globose. An. 
 
 1. P. sativum. Pea. 
 
 Glaucous, smooth; stem nearly simple, climbing; leaves 4 — 6-foliate, cir- 
 rhose ; leaflets ovate, entire ; stipules ovate, semi-cordate at base, crenate ; flow- 
 ers largo, white, 2—5 on axillary peduncles. A universally cultivated plant, 
 and everywhere a favorite, as an esculent It grows 2—5 feet high, climbing 
 by its tendrils. May— June. 
 
 4. PHASi:OLUS. 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, 2 upper teeth more or less 
 united. Keel, together with the stamens and style spirally 
 
 twisted. Legume lineai*, or falcate, more or less compressed 
 Herbaceous. Leaves ^innately trifoliate. Leaflets stipellate. 
 
 . 1. P., diversifOlius. Lote-leaved Bean. 
 
 Stem prostrate, trailing, sometimes climbing, rough-pubescent ; leaflet* 
 ovate, angular, 2— S-lolied, or entire, as long as the petioles : stipules lanceolato ; 
 peduncles stout, longer than the leaves ; fiowers pale purple, 2—6 together, capi- 
 tate, generally 2 open at once; lower tooth of the calyx longer than the tube ; 
 legume pubescent, broad-linear, cylindric, 5 — 7-seeded, black when ripe. A 
 trailing plant, with a stem 8 — 4 feet long, in sandy fields, or along sandy shores, 
 Aug.—Oct An. 
 
 2. P. perennis. Wild Bean, 
 
 stem twining, pubescent; leaflots ovate, acuminate ; racemes axillary, soli- 
 tary, or several together, simple or slightly branched, longer than the leaves; 
 flowers purple ; legume pendulous, falcate, mucronate. A slender vine, 4 — 7 
 feet long in dry woods. July — Attg. Per. 
 
 3. P. vulgaris. Bean. 
 
 stem twining; leaflets ovate, acuminate ; racemes solitary, shorter than the 
 leaves ; pedicels in pairs ; calyx as short as its 2 bracts at base ; legume pendu- 
 lous ; flowers white, sometimes pale purple. Cultivated every where In gardens, 
 both for its young pods and ripe seeds. 
 
 4. P. multiflorus. Scarlet Pole Bean. 
 
 stem twining against the sun; leaflets ovate, acute; flowers large, scarlet, 
 very ornamental, in solitary racemes as long as the leaves; pedicels opposite; 
 calyx longer than the 2 apprcssed bracts at base ; legumes pendulous ; seeds 
 reniform. A very beautiful species, often cultivated on account of its splendid 
 scarlet, rarely white, blossoms ; but its fruit is not as much esteemed as that of 
 the last An. 
 
 5. P. lunatus. Lima Bean. 
 
 stem twining ; leaflets ovate-deltoid, acute ; flowers small, whitish, in re- 
 cemes longer than the leaves ; pedicels in pairs ; calyx longer than its 2 bracts 
 at base ; legume scimetar form, or somewhat lunate. Yery common in culti- 
 vation, and highly esteemed. July. An. 
 
 6. P. nanus. Bush Bean. 
 
 stem erect, branching, smooth ; leaflets broad-ovate, acute ; flowers white, 
 calyx shorter than the 2 bracts at base ; legume compressed, pendulous, rugose 
 A shrubby species, 1 foot high, extremely common in cultivation. Seeds mostly 
 small, white, but varying much in size, shape and color, June. An. 
 
 5. IPIOS. 
 Calyx campanulate, somewhat bilabiate ; the upper lip of 2 
 very short, rounded teeth ; the 2 lateral ones nearly obsolete ; 
 the lower one acute and longer ; banner with a fold lengthwise 
 in the centre, reflexed. Keel falcate, long, and with the stamens 
 and styles at length spirally twisted. Per. 
 
 1 . A. tuberosa. Ground Nut. 
 
 stem twining, nearly or quite smooth ; leaves 5— T-foliate ; leaflets ovate 
 lanceolate, entire, more or less acute ; flowers dark purple, of a peculiar leather) 
 appearance, in dense, pedunculate, axillary racemes shorter than the leaves 
 The root bears numerous nutritious tubers. Low grounds and thickets. July 
 —Aug. 
 
 6. WISTlKIA. 
 Calyx campanulate, sub-bilabiate ; upper lip with 2 short 
 teeth ; lower lip composed of 3 nearly equal ones. Banner with 
 2 callosities descending the claws. "Wings and keel falcate. Le- 
 gume torulose, stipitate, many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. W. fruteseens. Common Wistaria. 
 
 Stem long, climbing, pubescent when young, at length smooth ; leaves 9 — 13 
 foliate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acute, slightly pubescent ; racemes long, pen- 
 dulous, axillary and terminal, with large, colored, deciduous bracts ; flower? 
 larK^i numerous, lilac-colored ; wings of the corolla with 2 auricles at base ; 
 ovaries smooth. A rapid-growing vine, with abundant splendid flowers. Na 
 tive of the South and West, but common in cultivation. May. 
 
 T. AMPniOARP^A 
 Calyx tubular, campanulate, 4, sometimes 6-toothed ; seg 
 ments nearly equal. Petals oblong. Banner with appressed 
 
OEDEE XLin. LEGTJMmOS^ PEA-FAMILY. 
 
 149 
 
 sidea. Stigma capitate Ovary stipitate. Legume flat, 2^-4- 
 SPeded. Flowers of 2 kinds ; upper ones complete, but mostly bar- 
 ren ; those at the base of the stem apetalov^ ami productive. 
 
 1. A. monoica. Wild Pea-vine. 
 
 Stfim Blender, hairy, twining; leaves pinnately trifoliate; leaflets rhombic- 
 ovate, acute, smooth ; apper and perfect flowers nodding, in axillary racemes 
 no longer than the leaves, purplish- white; lower Imperfect flowers on radical 
 peduncles ; cauline legumes 8— T-seeded ; radical ones often beneath the sur- 
 face, 1-seedofl. A very delicate vine in low woods and thickets. July— Sep. 
 An. 
 
 8. EOBlNIA. 
 
 Calyx short, campanulate, 5-toothed ; 2 upper segments more 
 or less cohering, shorter. Banner large. Keel obtuse. Stamens 
 diadelphous. Style bearded on the inside. Legume compressed, 
 many-seeded, nearly sessile. Trees and shrubs. 
 
 1. R. pseudo-acacia. Locust Tree. 
 
 Branches with stipular prickles ; prickles mostly 8 together; leaves 9 — 19- 
 foliate ; leaflets ovate, or oblong-ovate, thin, mucronate, smooth, paler beneath ; 
 flowers largo, white, numerous, fragrant, in axillary, pendulous racemes which 
 areS'— 5' long; legumes smooth. A beautiful tree with elegant foliage and 
 abundant showy flowers. Native of tho South and West, but naturalized In 
 N. England andN. York. May — June. 
 
 2. R. viscosa. Clammy Locust, 
 
 stipular spines very short ; branchlets, petioles and legumes, glandular- viscid ; 
 leaves 11 — 15-foUate ; leaflets ovate ; flowers numerous, rose-color, without 
 fragrance, in crowded racemes. An oAamental Southern tree, common in 
 cultivation at the North. May — June. 
 
 3. E.. hispida. Bose-acacia. 
 
 stipular spines scarcely any; branches, calyx and legumes, hispid ; flowers 
 targe, deep ruse-color without fragrance, abundant, in loose and somewhat erect 
 racemes. A very ornamental shrub, 3 — 4 feet high. Native at the South, 
 Very common in cultivation. May. 
 
 9. TEPHE6SIA. 
 Calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth. Bracteoles none. Banner 
 large, round, spreading, or reflexed. Keel obtuse, cohering with 
 the wings. Stamens in 1 or 2 sets. Legume commonly sessile, 
 much compressed, many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. T. Virginiana. Goafs Rue. 
 
 Villous; stem simple, erect; leaves sab-sessile. 17 — 29-foliate; leaflets ob- 
 long, more or less acute, mucronate, softly villous beneath; racemes terminal, 
 oblong, nearly or quite sessile ; flowers large, pale yellow and purple ; legumes 
 faleato, villous. — An exceedingly beautiful plant, growing in sandy solla Not 
 very common, stems 1 — 2 feet high. July. 
 
 10. TRIF6LIUM. 
 Calyx tubular, campanulate, 5-cleft, persistent. Petals more 
 or less united at base, withering. Banner larger than the wings, 
 reflexed. "Wings oblong, mostly longer than the keel. Legume 
 small, membranaceous, indehiscent, included in, and scarcely 
 longer than the calyx, 2 — 4-seeded. Seeds sub-globose. Leaves 
 trifoliate. Flowers in dense heads* 
 
 1. T. repens. WhitQ Glover. 
 
 Smooth ; stem creeping, spreading ; leaflets obcordate, denticulate ; petioles 
 iong, semi-terete; stipules narrow-lanceolate, scarious; heads globose, on long 
 axillary, angular peduncles ; coroflas white, becoming pale brown, very fragrant, 
 reflexed when past flowering ; calyx-teeth unequal, shorter than the tube; le- 
 game 4-seeded. A very common Clover in damp soils, flowering the entire 
 season. Per. 
 
 2. T. arvense. Bahhifs-foot Clover. 
 
 Silky-pubescent; stem erect, branching ; leaflets oblong-obovate, minutely 
 8-toothed at apex; petioles very short ; stipules ovate-lanceolate; flowers pale 
 rod or whitish, in cylindrical, vory hairy heads, calyx-teeth IVinged with hairs 
 much longer than themselves. A small hairy plant, 8'— 8' high, not uncom- 
 mon in pastures and dry soils. July— Aug. An. 
 
 3. T. pratense. Bed Clover. 
 
 stems ftssurgent, hairy, slightly pubescent; petioles pubescent; leaflets 
 
 ovate, nearly or quite entire, with a large, lighter-colored spot in the centre, 
 emarginate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, acuminate, strongly 
 nerved ; flowers red, never reflexed, in dense, short, fragrant heads. A common 
 and beautiful species, often cultivated for hay ; blooming all summer. Intro- 
 duced. Per. 
 
 11. MELIL6TUS. 
 
 Calyx tubular, persistent, 5-toothed. Corolla deciduous. Ban- 
 ner longer than the wings. Keel-i)etals completely united, co- 
 hering with the wings. Style terminal, filiform. Stamens in 2 
 sets (9 and 1). Legume coriaceous, longer than the calyx 1 — 
 few seeded. 
 
 1. M. officinalis. Yellow Mellilot Glover, 
 
 Stem erect, branching, smooth ; leaves pinnately 8-foliate; leaflets obovate- 
 oblong, obtuse, remotely serrate ; stipules setaceous; flowers yellow, in loose, 
 axillary racemes, corolla twice as long as the calyx ; legume ovate, 2-seeded. 
 A very fragrant annual plant 2 — 3 feet high, found in alluvial soils. Introduced. 
 June— Aug. 
 
 2. M. leucdntha. White Mellilot Glover. 
 
 stem fiirrowed, smooth, branched ; leaflets ovate-oblong, truncate at apex, 
 remotely serrate; stipules setaceous; flowers white, in long, loose, axillary, ra- 
 cemes ; corolla more than twice as long as the calyx; legume ovate, 2-seeded. 
 A fragrant plant, 2 — 1 feet high, much resembling the last, but easily distin- 
 guished by the color of the flowers, and longer racemes. Alluvial meadows, 
 also in waste places, and round old housea Introduced. June— Aug. Bieri' 
 niaZ, 
 
 12. MEDIOlGO. 
 
 Calyx 5-clcft, somewhat cylindric. Keel of the corolla re- 
 mote from the standard. Legume falcate, or spiraUy coiled, 
 usually many-seeded. 
 
 1. M. lupulina. Nonesuch. 
 
 stem procumbent, angular, more or less pubescent; leaves trifoliate ; leaflets 
 obovate, serrulate, mucronate; stipules lanceolate, acute, nearly entire; flowers 
 small, yellow, in small ovate heads, on slender, pubescent peduncles, longer 
 than the petioles; legumes reniform, 1-seeded, rugose. A common plant in 
 fields and roadsides, with clover-like foliage, and yellow flowers. Introduced. 
 May — Oct. Siennial. 
 
 13. desm6dium. 
 Calyx with 2 bracteoles at base, bilabiate, 5-cleft Corolla 
 inserted on the calyx at the base. Banner roundish. Keel obtuse. 
 Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), sometimes monadelphous. Style 
 filiform. Stigma capitate. Legume (loment) compressed, com- 
 posed of several, 1-seeded, separate joints. Leaves pinnately 
 trifoliate. Fer. 
 
 1. D. nudifldrum. Scape Trefoil. 
 
 Stem erect, leafy at summit; leaflets rhombic-ovate, acuminate, somewhat 
 glaucous beneath ; flowers small, in radical and scape-like, paniculate racemes, 
 purple; stamens monadelphous; legame with obtusely triangular joints. A 
 common and well marked species, distinguished by its radical scapes, which 
 are 1—2 ft. high, with a long raceme of purple flowers, "Woods. July— Aug. 
 
 2. D. acumiBatum. Bush Trefoil. 
 
 stem erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at summit ; leaves long-petiolate ; leaf- 
 lets broad-ovate, terminal one rhomboidal, all conspicuously acuminate; 
 flowers small, pale purple, in a long, terminal, loose, raceme-like panicle, on a 
 very long, slender peduncle; legumes with about 3 triangular joints. Woods, 
 common. About a foot high, with a panicle 1 — 2 ft. long. JuVy — Aug. 
 
 3. D. Canadense. Canadian Trefoil. 
 
 stem erect, branching, hairy, striate; leaves on short petioles; leaflets ob- 
 long-lanceolate, nearly glabrous ; stipules subulate ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 
 ciliate, conspicuous ; flowers purple, in axillary and terminal racemes ; legumo 
 3—5 jointed ; joints obtusely triangular, hispid. A fine showy species in dry 
 woods, 2 — 4 fL high. July. 
 
 4. D. canescens. Hoary Trefoil. 
 
 stem erect, branching, hairy, striate, scabrous ; leaflets ovate, more or less 
 acute, scabrous, pubescent on both sides ; stipules large, ovate, oblique, clliatc, 
 finely striate, persistent; panicle terminal, very large, naked, densely can- 
 esceut; bracts deciduous, ovate-lanceolate; flowers small, violet-purple, be- 
 coming greenish when withering; loments with about 4 oblong- triangular, 
 
150 
 
 ORDER XLni, LEGUMINOS^ PEA-FAMILY. 
 
 hispid joints. An upright branching species in damp woods and along rivers, 
 growing 2—4 ft. high. July— Aug. 
 
 5. D. Dillenii. Scabrous Trefoil. 
 
 Stem erect, branching, hairy ; leaflets oblong, villous and pale beneath ; 
 stipules subulate ; panicle large, naked, with scabrous but not canescent bran- 
 ches ; flowers small, purple, becoming greenish ; legumes with 2—4 rhom- 
 boidal, reticulated joints. Moist soils, growing about 3 ft. high. Distinguished 
 from the last by its stipules and its panicles not being canescent, and its different 
 legumes. Aug. 
 
 6. D. cuspiddtum. Large Trefoil. 
 
 stem erect, smooth, with few branches; leaflets ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, smooth ; stipules lanceolate, with subulate points ; flowers large, 
 purple, in a terminal few-branched panicle; bracts conspicuous, ovate, cuspi- 
 date ; legumes ahont 6-jointed ; joints oblong-triangular. The largest species 
 described, growing 4 - 6 ft. high. In woods. A ug. 
 
 7. D. Marilandicum. Smooth Trefoil. 
 
 Stem erect, slender, nearly or quite smooth ; leaflets small, broad-ovate, 
 often somewhat cordate at base, thin, mostly smooth, very obtuse ; petioles 
 short, smooth ; stipules lanceolate -subulate, caducous ; panicle long, terminal, 
 with numerous, rather rough branches; flowers violet-purple, small; legumes 
 with 1 — 3 semi-orbicular joints. Common in woodlands; 1 — 2 fL high. Aug. 
 
 8. D. ciliare. 
 
 Hairy Trefoil. 
 
 stem erect, hairy, mostly simple ; Itaves crowded on short, hairy petioles ; 
 leaflets roundish -ovate, obtuse, sub-coriftceous, more or less pubescent, some- 
 what ciliate ; stipules linear-subulate, caducous ; flowers violet-purple, small, 
 in long, terminal panicles, with the lower branches very long; legumes with 
 2 — 3 hispid, semi-orbicular joints. A variable species, very much resembling 
 the last, and often only to be distinguished from it by the short, hairy petioles. 
 Dry fields and woods. Aug. 
 
 9. D. rigidum. Stiff Trefoil. 
 
 Stem erect, branched, rough-pubescent ; leaflets oblong-ovate, obtuse, 
 ciliate, rough above, pubescent beneath ; petioles hairy, shorter than the lateral 
 leaflets; stipules ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, caducous; panicle composed of long, 
 nearly erect racemes; flowers small, purple, quickly becoming greenish; 
 legumes of 2 — 3 half-obovate, hispid joints. Extremely variable; distinguished 
 from the last by its stipules, and from D. canescens and D. Dellenii by its 
 different legumes. Woods. Aug. 
 
 10. D. paniculatum. Clustered Trefoil. 
 
 stem slender, erect, nearly or quite smooth ; leaves on petioles shorter than 
 the lateral leaflets ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, rather ob- 
 tuse, thin; stipules subulate, deciduous; racemes paniculate; bracts lanceo- 
 late, hairy; flowers purple, on long, slender pedicels ; legume straight, of 8 — 5 
 rhomboldal, hispid joints. A handsome species, 1 — 3 ft. high. In woods, com- 
 mon. July— Aug. 
 
 11. D. rotundifolium. 
 
 Creeping Trefoil. 
 
 stem prostrate, hairy; petioles hairy; leaflets orbicular, hairy, ciliate ; ter- 
 ninal one largest and somewhat rhomhoidal; stipules large, broadly ovate, acu- 
 minate, reflesed, persistent; racemes axillary and terminal, with rather long 
 peduncles; flowers light purple ; legumes with 3—5 rhomboidal hispid joints. 
 A common species in rocky woods, 2—4 ft. long. Aug. 
 14. LESPEDiiZA. 
 Calyx 5-cleft, with 2 bracteoles at base, and nearly equal to 
 its segments. Keel-petals very obtuse, on slender claws. Legume 
 lenticular, mostly flat, small, reticulated, unarmed, indehiscent, 1- 
 seeded. Leaves trifoliate. Per. 
 
 * Flowers all perfect. 
 
 1. L. capitata. Headed Bush Clover. 
 
 stem erect, mostly simple, villous ; leaves crowded, on short petioles ; leaf- 
 lets elliptical, rather coriaceous, silky beneath; flowers in axillary racemes, on 
 pubescent peduncles shorter than the leaves ; corolla white, scarcely longer than 
 the very hairy calyx. A common, somewhat shrubby plant, 2—3 ft. high. Dry 
 fields and hills. Aug.— Sep. 
 
 2. L. hirta. Hairy Bush Glover. 
 
 stem erect, branching, villous and pubescent; leaves on very short, hairy 
 petioleo; leaflets mostly roundish-oval, emarginate, hairy, especially beneath; 
 flowers in axillary racemes, on pubescent peduncles, which are at length much 
 
 longer than the leaves, crowded ; corollas reddlsh-whltc, about as long as the 
 calyx. Dry soils, 2—3 ft high. Aug.— Sep. 
 
 * * Flowers partly perfect, partly apetalous; the latter usually hearing 
 thefruit. 
 
 3. L. procumbens. Running Bush Glover. 
 
 stems prostrate, pubescent, with assurgent branches; leaves on short, pu- 
 bescent petioles ; leaflets oval, or elliptical, mostly retuso, pubescent beneath; 
 perfect flowers, light purple, in short, racemose heads, on axillary, very long, 
 slender, pubescent peduncles; lower ones apetalous, on short peduncles, or 
 subsessile; legumes, sub-orbicular. A hairy, prostrate plant, with stems 2 — 3 ft 
 long, several from the same root. Not uncommon in dry grounds and woods. 
 August 
 
 4. L. violdcea. Bush Clover. 
 
 stem erect or diffuse, branching, pubescent, leaves on short petioles ; leaflets 
 varying from narrow-oval to linear, hairy beneath, equalling, or longer than the 
 petiole ; flowers in axillary, few-flowered racemes, sometimes on longer, slender 
 ones, violet-purple ; apetalous flowers glomerate and subsessile in the axils of the 
 leaves; legumes much longer than the calyx. An extremely variable, handsome, 
 bushy species. In woods. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 The following varieties are by some Botanists considered species. Var. 
 sessiliflora has the flowers aggregated on peduncles shorter than the leaves ; 
 those at base chiefly apetalous and fertile ; leaflets oblong, or elliptical. 
 
 Yar. angustifolia is slender, smooth, with the flowers aggregated toward the 
 extremities of the branches, the leaflets narrowly oblong, or linear. 
 
 15. crotolAeia. 
 Calyx 5~cleft, somewhat bi-labiate. Standard large, cordate. 
 Keel falcate, acuminate. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Sheath of 
 the filaments cleft on the upper side. Legumes turgid, with ven- 
 tricose valves. 
 
 1. C. sagittalis. Battle-pod. 
 
 Erect, hairy, branching; leaves lanceolate, or oval, entire, rounded at base, 
 very shortly petiolcd ; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as to ap- 
 pear reversely sagittate ; peduncles short, about 3-flowercd ; flowers yellow ; 
 corolla shorter than the sepals; legume inflated; hollow, with a few shining 
 seeds, which at length become loose and rattle ; hence its common name. An 
 annual, hairy plant 5' — 12' high, in sandy soils. Juhj. 
 
 16. LUPiNUS. 
 Calyx deeply bi-labiate ; upper lip 2-cleft ; lower entire or 3- 
 toothed. Banner with the sides reflexed. Wings united toward 
 the summit. Keel falcate, acuminate. JStamens monadelphous ; 
 the sheath entire. Anthers alternate, oblong and globose. 
 Legume coriaceous, oblong, compressed. Leaves pahnately, 5 — 15 
 foliate. 
 
 1. L. perennis. Wild Lupine. 
 
 stem herbaceous, slightly pubescent, erect; leaflets 7— 9, oblanceolate, mu- 
 cronate, soft and downy ; petioles long ; flowers bright blue, alternate, in termi- 
 nal racemes, varj'ing to white, pedicellate ; upper lip of the calyx emarginate, 
 lower entire. A beautiful plant, abundant in dry, sandy woods. Stem about n 
 foot high. Per. 
 
 2. L. polyphyllus. 
 
 Garden Lupine. 
 
 Tall ; stem smoothish, generally striate ; leaflets 11 — 15, nearly smooth 
 above, silky-pubescent beneath; flowers alternate, in long racemes; bracts 
 lanceolate, deciduous, shorter than the pedicels ; calyx-lips both nearly entire. 
 A tall, splendid plant, 3—5 ft. high, from Oregon, but common in gardens, with 
 while, purple, or yellow flowers. 
 
 IT. BAPTtSIA. 
 Calyx campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft at summit, persistent. Petals 
 about the same length. Banner orbicular, emarginate. Stamens 
 distinct, deciduous. Legume inflated, stipitate mostly few- 
 seeded by abortion. Per. 
 
 1. B. tinct6ria. Indigo Weed. 
 
 stem erect, smooth, branching ; leaves palmately triibliate, on short petioles; 
 leaflets roundish-obovate, tapering at base, very obtuse at apex. Stipules and 
 bracts setaceous, caducous; flowers rather small, yellow, in few-flowered 
 racemes, terminating the branches ; legume much Inflated, at length sub- 
 globose, long-stipitate. A plant of a bluish-green aspect, 2 — i feet high, in dry 
 fields and woods. July— Sep. 
 
OKDER XLIV. ROSACEA — EOSE-FAMILY. 
 
 151 
 
 18- ClSSIA. 
 Sepals 6, sligMly united at base, nearly equal. Petals 5, un- 
 equal Stamens 10, distinct; the upper 3 commonly with Bterile 
 anthers. Legume many-seeded. 
 
 1. C. Maril^ndica. Wild Senna. 
 
 Glabrous; stem erect, terete, Btrlate; leaves 12—18 foliate; leaflets oblong- 
 lahceolate, miicronate, with n clavate gland at base of the common petiole; 
 stipules linear-subulate, caducous ; flowers bright-yellow, numerous, in axillary 
 racemes and terminal panicles; legumes linear, at length nearly smooth; 
 anthers blackish. A fine plant 4r-6 ft. high, growing in alluvial soils, not un- 
 common. July — Aug. Per. 
 
 2. C. CKamsechrista. Partridge Pea, 
 
 stem erect, or decumbent, smooth or hairy, branching; leaflets In 8 — 12 
 paii-8, narrow, oblong, obtuse, mucronate ; gland at base of the common petiole 
 subsessile ; stipules and bracta subulate, per&istent; flowers largo, bright-yellow, 
 1' in diameter, in super -axillary, subsessile fascicles of 2 — 4; 9 upper petals with 
 a purple spot ; anthers 10, all fertile. A beautiful species 8' — 12' high, in sandy 
 fields. Not very common. The leaves are quite sensitive, Aug. An. 
 
 3. C. nictitans. Wild Sensitive Plant, 
 
 Erect or decumbent, slightly pubescent; stem branching; leaflets 12 — 80, 
 oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate; gland at base of the petiole slightly pedicellate; 
 stipules and bracta subulate, persistent; flowers minute, pale yellow, in supra- 
 axillary fascicles of 2—8 ; stamens 5, subequal. In dry, eandy soils, growing 
 about 1 ft high. Foliage very sensitive, shutting at night, and when it rains, 
 or when disturbed by the hand. Aug, An. 
 
 19. GLEDfTSCHIA. 
 Polygamous. Sepals 3 — 5, equal, united at base. Petals 3 — 
 6, distinct, opposite the sepals, sometimes by abortion fewer, or 
 none. Stamens 3 — 5, or by abortion fewer, opposite the sepals. 
 Styles short. Stigma pubescent. Legume compressed, often in- 
 terrupted between the seeds by sweet pulp. 
 
 1. Gr. triac4ntbos. Honey Locust. 
 
 Branches armed with stout, mostly branching, triple thorns; leaves abruptly 
 pinnate, orbipinnate, often both in the same specimen ; leaflets alternate, oblong- 
 lanceolate, obtuse ; flowers small, white, spicate ; pods long, flat, curved, pendu- 
 lous. A handsome thorny tree. Native in Penn., and the South and West. 
 Common in cultivation, and admired for its elegant foliage. June. 
 
 Order XLIV. Rosacese. — Rose-family, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA 
 
 SuB-OEDER I. Amygdaleaa. 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary. Style 1, deciduous. Emit a drupe. Trees and 
 shrubs. 
 
 1. CERAsua. Drupe smooth, destitute of a glaucous bloom. Stone or nu- 
 cleus nearly globose. Cherry. 
 
 2. Pbunus. Drupe smooth, usually with a glaucous bloom, fatone com- 
 pressed. Plum. 
 
 3. ArmenUca. Drupe pubescent Stone compressed, smooth, with fur- 
 rowed margins. Apricot. ,, r,^ T. J 
 
 4. Pkrsica. Drupe pubescent, rarely smooth. Stone sub-compressed, 
 roughly farrowed. Peach. 
 
 SuB-oEDEE II. Rosacese. 
 
 Calyx free fiom the ovaries, but sometimes inclosing them. Styles few to 
 many, rarely single. Fruit composed of follicles or achenia. Herbs or shrubs. 
 * Fruits follicular. 
 
 5. Spie^a. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals roundish. Follicles S— 12. 
 
 6. GiLLBNiA. Calyx somewhat tubular, 5-clefL Petals linear-lanceolate, 
 long, uncquaL Follicles 5. 
 
 ** Fruit consisting of acSieuia not inclosed in tlie 
 calyx-tnbc. 
 
 12. KiTBUS. Petals 5, round, white or purplish. Achenia pulpy, drupa- 
 ceous' arranged on a conical, spongy receptacle. Leaves simple or 3—5 parted. 
 
 10 Fragabia. Petals 5, obcordate, white. Achenia dry, smooth, scattered 
 on the enlarged, pulpy, deciduous receptacle. Leaves trifoliate. 
 
 9 PoTENTiLLA. Petals obcordate, yellow, or white. Achenia numerous, 
 forming a head on the dry, persistent receptacle. Leaves palmately or pinnately 
 
 ™Ti?.°"VALDSTEiNTA. Petals obtuse, yellow. Achenia few, dry, on a short re- 
 ceptacle. Leaves trifoliate. . , . , . ..i, .v i 
 8. GiiTM. Petals 5, obtuse or enjarglnate. Achenia cordate, with the long. 
 
 persistent styles, aggregated on the conical, dry, receptacle. Leaves mostly in- 
 terruptedly pinnate. 
 
 14. Kkbbia. Petals orbicular, obtuse, yellow. Leaves simple, 
 
 *** Ovaries included in the calyx-tube. 
 
 7. AaKiM6NiA, Calyx-tube turbinate, dry, armed with hooked bristles. 
 Herbs. 
 
 13. RftsA. Calyx urceolate ; tube fleshy in fruit Achenia bony. Prickly 
 shrubs. 
 
 SuB-oEDEE III. Pomese. 
 
 Calyx adhering to, and including the ovaries, fleshy, juicy, and more or less 
 globose in fruit, forming a 1 — 5-celled pome or berry. Shrubs or trees. 
 
 15. CEATJiaua. Petals 5, orbicular. Styles 2—5. Pome consisting of 
 1—5 1-seeded carpels. Thorny. 
 
 16. Pteus. Petals orbicular. Styles 5, rarely leK. Pome fleshy, of 2 — 5 
 2-seeded carpels. 
 
 17. Amela-ncuiek. Petals oblong-ovate, or oblanceolate. Styles 6. Pome 
 consisting of 8—5 1-seeded carpels. 
 
 18. CYDdNiA. Petals rounded. Styles 5. Pome consisting of 5 many- 
 seeded carpels. 
 
 1. CfiPvASXJS. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleffc, regular, deciduous. Petals spreading. Stamens 
 25 — 30. Drupe globose, fleshy, destitute of bloom. Nucleus or 
 stone mostly globose, smooth. 
 
 1. 0. serotina. Wild Black Cherry. 
 
 Leaves oval or oblong, acuminate, smooth, finely serrate, shining above , 
 petioles with 2 or more glands ; flowers white in spreading, elongated, cylindric 
 racemes, ; drupe black when ripe, somewhat bitter, but eatable in August and 
 September ; bark bitter, tonic. A tall, elegant tree, along fences and roadsides. 
 Common. May. 
 
 2. C. Virginiana. Choke Gherry. 
 
 Leaves obovate, varying to oval, abruptly acuminate, sharply serrate, gene- 
 rally hairy in the axils of the veins beneath ; petiole with 2 glands ; flowers 
 sessile, in short, erect, spreading racemes ; petals orbicular; drupes sub-globose, 
 dark red, ripe in July and August ; extremely bitter and astringent. A shrub 
 or small tree, 5~-20 feet high, in woods, and along fences. May. 
 
 3. C. Pennsylvdnica. 
 
 Wild Bed Cherry. 
 
 Leaves oval, varying to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, smooth ; 
 flowers small, white, in sessile umbels, on long, slender pedicels ; drupe ovoid- 
 subglobose, red, very acid, ripe in July and August A small, symmetrical tree, 
 in woods and thickets. Common. May. 
 
 4. C. sylv^stris. Cherry. 
 
 Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, hairy beneath ; flowers large, whito, in 
 sessile umbels, on rather long pedicels ; drupe ovoid-globose, somewhat cordate 
 at base. A common fruit tree, of symmetrical growth, with erect or ascending 
 branches, universally cultivated, and esteemed for its delicious fruit. Drupe 
 variable in size and color. May. 
 
 5. C. vulgaris. Morello Gherry. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, tapering at base, nearly smooth ; 
 flowers large, white, in sub-sessile umbels, with short pedicels; drupes globose. 
 A small tree with spreading branches, often cultivated for its fruit, which ]s 
 red, of various shades, and acid, or sub-acid. April. 
 
 2. PRtTNUS. 
 Calyx 6-cleft, regular, deciduous. Petals much spreading 
 Stamens 15 — 30. Ovary with 2 ovules. Drupe ovate, or oblong, 
 fleshy, smooth, usually covered with a glaucous bloom. Nucleus 
 or stone compressed, smooth, acute, with somewhat grooved mar- 
 gins. 
 
 1. P. Americana. Wild Plum, 
 
 Leaves oval, varying to ovate, or obovate, abruptly and conspicuously acu- 
 minate, sharply and often doubly serrate ; flowers white, in sessile umbels; 
 drupe roundish-oval, red and orange, mostly without bloom, very smooth, sweet 
 and pleasant to the taste, with yellow pulp, and a thick tough skin, ripe in July 
 and August. A straggling shrub, 8—10 feet high, with somewhat thorny 
 branches. Not uncommon on the banks of rivers. May. 
 
 2. P. maritinia. Beach Plum. 
 
 Leaves oval or obovate, sometimes ovate, generally slightly acuminate, finely 
 and sharply serrate ; petioles with 2 glands ; flowers white^ in few-flowered 
 umbels, with short, sub-pubescent pedicels ; drupes nearly round, eatable, TeC 
 or purple, covered with a glaucous bloom, ripe in August and September. £ 
 low shrub, 2—6 taot high, with thorny brMicbes, on sandy shores, flowering 
 May. 
 
152 
 
 OKDER SLIV. EOSACEiE EOSE-FAMILT. 
 
 3. P. domestlca. Plum. 
 
 Leaves oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers white, generally solitary, 
 pedicellate; drupe ranging from nearly or quite round, to ovoid and obovoid. 
 A shrub or small tree 10— 15 feet high, -with unarmed branches. It has been 
 long cultivated for its delicious fruit, "which varies in color as well as form, be- 
 ing sometimes black, sometimes white, and of all intermediate colors, and is 
 ripe from August to October. Flowers in May, 
 
 8. AEMENtiCA 
 Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5. Drupe succulent, pubes- 
 cent. Nucleus or stone compressed,, smooth, with furrowed mar- 
 gins, one obtuse and the other acute. 
 
 1. A. vulgaris. Ajpricot. 
 
 Leaves broad ovate, acuminate, sub-cordate at base, smooth, denticulate; 
 petioles with several glands at base ; stipules palmate; flowers rather large, 
 white, senile, nearly solitary, preceding the leaves; drupe large, sub-compress- 
 ed, nearly round. A small tree 10 — 15 foet high, often cultivated in gardens. 
 The ffuit is delicious, of a purplish-yellow color, ripe in July and August Ap. 
 
 4. PilRSICA. 
 
 Calyx tubular, deciduous, 5-clefti Petals 5. Drupe fleshy, 
 pubescent or smooth. Kucleus or stone sub-compressed, ovate, 
 acute, rugosely furrowed on the surface. 
 
 P. vulgaris. Peach. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with acute serratures ; flowers rose-color, solitary, 
 sub-sessile, preceding the leaves; drupe tomentose. A small tree, 10— 20 feet 
 high, universally cultivated for its fruit, which is 1' — 3' in diameter, white or 
 yellow mingled with red, with yellow or white flesh. Eipe in July — October. 
 Flowers in May, 
 
 Var. laevis ; drupe smooth. Nectarine. 
 
 5. SPIE^A 
 
 Calyx 5-eleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish, equal. Stamens 
 10 — 50. Carpels 8 — 12, distinct, follicular, 1-celled, 2-valved, 
 1 — 10-seeded. Styles terminal. 
 
 1. S. tomentosa. Hardhaclc. 
 
 Stem shrubby, brittle, woolly-tomentose and rust-colored; leavp-s ovate, or 
 oblong, on short petioles, numerous, ferruginous-tomentose beneath, unequally 
 serrate ; racemes short, dense, numerous, aggregated into a dense, virgate pani- 
 cle ; flowers pale purple, very small, numerous ; stamens exsert. A common 
 shrub, 2 — 3 feet high, in pastures and low grounds. Jtdy. 
 
 2. S. salicif61ia. Meadoiv-sweet. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; leaves ohlong-obovate, or lanceolate, sharply, and some- 
 times doubly serrate, on very short petioles; flowers white, often tinged with 
 red, arranged in dense, terminal panicles ; carpels 5, smooth. A common and 
 beautiful shrub, in meadows and low grounds, 2—4 feet high, with variable 
 leaves, and brittle, purplish stems. July — Aug. 
 
 3. S. hypericif61ia. St. Peterh Wreath. 
 
 Nearly glabrous ; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, attenuate at base to a peti- 
 ole, entire, or somewhat toothed, stipulate; flowers white, in pedunculate 
 corymbs, or sessile umbels. A cultivated shrub, 3—8 feet high. May. 
 
 4. S. opuliftilia. Nine-harlc. 
 
 Nearly glabrous ; leaves roundish, S-lobed, doubly serrate, petiolate ; flowers 
 white, in pedunculate corymbs resembling umbels ; pedicels filiform ; carpels 
 3 — 5, longer than the calyx when in fruit, purple. A very elegant shrub, occa- 
 sionally met with along the banks of streams, becoming quite common in culti- 
 vation. tTune. 
 
 5. S. ulmaria. Double Meadow-sweet. 
 
 Herbaceous; leaves interruptedly pinnate, 3 — 7 foliate; lateral leaflets 
 ovate-lanceolate; terminal ones much larger, palmately 5— T-lohed ; all doubly 
 serrate, and tomentose beneath; stipule reniform, serrate; flowers white, in a 
 corymbose, long-pedonculftte panicle. Common in cultivation, where the flow- 
 ers are mostly double. July. J^er. 
 
 G. GILL:fiNIA. 
 Calyx tubular- cam panul ate, with the orifice somewhat con- 
 tracted, 6-cleft. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, very long and une- 
 qual. Stamens 10 — 15. Carpels 5. Styles filiform, terminal. 
 Follicles 3, 2-valved, 2 — 4-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. G-. trifoliata. 
 
 Indian Physic. 
 
 stem shrabby at base, slender, and nearly smooth, branching; leaves 3-foU 
 ate, subsessile; leaflets ovate-oblong, acuminate; stipules linear, setaceous, en- 
 tire ; flowers rose-color, or nearly white, axillary and terminal, on long pedicels, 
 in pedunculate, corymbose panicles ; root emetic and cathartia A handsome 
 plant, 2 — 3 feet liigh, in woods. Western N. York. June — July. 
 
 T. AGEIM6NIA 
 Calyx-tube turbinate, armed with hooked bristles above, con- 
 tracted at the throat, with a 5-cleft limb. Petals 6. Stamens 
 12 — 15. Ovaries 2. Styles terminal Achenia included in the 
 indurated rim of the calyx. Per. 
 
 1. A. eupatoria. Agrimony. 
 
 stem erect, hirsute, branching; leaves inteiTuptedly pinnate, 5— 7-foliate, 
 upper ones 3-foliate; leaflets ovate, oval, or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely toothed; 
 stipules large, coarsely dentate ; flowers yellow, in virgate spikes, on very short 
 pedicels; petals twice as long as the calyx. A common, hairy plant, 2 — 4 feet 
 high. Borders of woods and fields. July. 
 
 8. G:fcUM. 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, smaller, and exterior 
 segments, or bracteoles. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Achenia 
 numerous, aggregated on the conical, or cylindrical, dry recep- 
 tacle, caudate with termiual, persistent, bearded styles. J*er. 
 
 1. Gr. riyale. Water-Avens. 
 
 stem erect, nearly or quite simple, pubescent ; radical leaves interrupted 
 and lyrately pinnate; cauline ones 3-foliate, or 3-iobed; stipules ovate, acute ; 
 flowers few, purple, nodding; calyx greenish-purple; petals pui-plish- yellow, 
 broad, obovate, emarginate, abruptly unguiculate. A handsome plant, common 
 in bogs and wet meadows, with rather large, nodding flowers. Jmie. 
 
 2. G. strictum. Yellow Avens. 
 
 Stem erect, hispid at base, hirsute above, dichotomous at summit ; radical 
 leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets incisely lobed and serrate; cauline 
 ones 3 — 5 foliate, leaflets rhombic-ovate, or oblong, lobed and incised ; flowers 
 numerous, rather large, yellow; petals larger than the calyx; style, except tlie 
 hairy upper joint, smooth ; receptacle densely pubescent. A stout species, 2—3 
 feet high, in fields, especially in N. N. Eng. and N. York. July — Aug. 
 
 3. Gr. Virginianum, White Avens. 
 
 stem erect, pubescent, more or less branched; radical leaves pinnate, or 
 ternate, or rarely simple, cauline ones 3— 5-foliate, or lobed, dentate or serrate, 
 somewhat pubescent, or smooth; flowers small, white, erect; petals wedge- 
 obovate, equalling the calyx ; style smooth ; receptacle densely hirsute. A 
 common species, 1 — 2 feet high, in thickets, and along fences. Leaves very 
 variable; upper ones often simple, and nearly entire, July. 
 
 9. POTENTlLLA 
 Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, with 4 — 5 alternate, exterior segments, or 
 bracteoles. Petals 4 — 5, dentate, deciduous. Stamens numerous, 
 with very slender filaments. Ovaries numerous, collected into a 
 head, on a persistent, dry receptacle. Styles deciduous. Ache- 
 nia numerous. Per. 
 
 1. P. Norvegiea. Norwegian Ginquefoil. 
 
 Hirsute ; stem erect, dichotomous above ; leaves palmately 3-foliate, entire, 
 on very short petioles ; leaflets numerous, obovate, becoming lanceolate above, 
 coarsely serrate, petiolulate ; flowers yellow, in leafy cymes ; petals emarginate, 
 shorter than the lanceolate, acute sepals. A common species, 1 — 3 feet high, in 
 pastures and waste places. July — Aug. 
 
 2. P. Canadensis. Five-finger. 
 
 Hirsute-pubescent ; stems sarmentose, procumbent and ascending ; leaves 
 palmately 3 — 5-foliate; leaflets obovate, silky beneath, especially when young, 
 incisely toothed toward the apex; stipules 2— S-cleft, or entire; flowers yellow, 
 on axillary, solitary, elongated pedicels; calyx-segments shorter than the brac- 
 teoles, and rather shorter than the petals. A very common and variable spe- 
 cies, sporting into apparently distinct varieties under the influence of different 
 soils. April— Aug. 
 
 The most common varieties are — 
 
 Var. piimila — very small and delicate. In dry soils, flowering in, April and 
 May ; 
 
OEDEB XLW. ROSACEA EOSE-FAMILY. 
 
 153 
 
 Van simplex— ^lesB hairy; stem erect, or oscentiiiig at base, often Barmentose 
 at apex ; leaflets oblong-cuneiform ; stems f — 2 feet long. Found in rich, moist 
 soils, flowering from Jane to Aug. 
 
 3. P. argentea. Silvery Cinquefoil. 
 
 Stems ascending, hoary-tomentosc ; leaves palmately 8— 5-foliate; leafleta 
 oblong-cuneiform, pinnatlfidly incteod, entire at base, with a revolute margin, 
 eilvery-canescent beneath; flowers small, yellow, in crowded, terminal co- 
 rymbs ; petals longer than the canescont sepals. A common and pretty species, 
 in barren fields and on rocky hills. Jwne — Sept. 
 
 4. P. fruticosa. Shrubby Cinquefoil. 
 
 Stem erect, shrnbby, hairy, very branching; leaves 5 — 7-foUate, on short 
 petioles ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire, crowded, silky-pubescent, especially 
 beneath ; flowers large, yellow, in terminal clusters ; petals suborbicnlar, longer 
 than the calyx. A very bushy shmb, 1—2 feet high, found in meadows in the 
 Northern States. Jime—Sept. 
 
 10. fragAeia. 
 Calyx concave, deeply 5-cleffc, with 3 alternate, exterior eeg- 
 ments, or bracteoles. Petals 5, obcordate. Stamens numerous. 
 Acheuia dry, smooth, scattered on the enlarged, pulpy, deciduous 
 receptacle. Leaves trifoliate. Stems stoloniferous. Fer. 
 
 1. F. Virginiana, 
 
 Field Strawberry. 
 
 Plants pubescent; leaflets oval, coarsely seiTate, rather coriaceous; flowers 
 wliite, on fow-flowercd scapes, shorter than the leaves ; fruit roundish-ovoid ; 
 achenia imbedded in pits on the receptacle ; calyx spreading in fruit. A well- 
 Known plant, in flelds and meadows, universally a favorite for its delicious fruit, 
 whicli, when ripened in the sun, is scarcely surpassed in flavor by the culti- 
 vated species, and rivals it in sweetness ; ripe in Jivne and July. Flowers in 
 April and May. 
 
 2. E. vesca. English Strawberry, 
 
 Plant pubescent , leaflets oval, coarsely serrate, or dentate; flowera white, 
 on scapes usually longer than the leaves ; achenia scattered in the surface of 
 the conical, or semi-spherical fruit, which is not pitted ; calyx of the fruit much 
 spreading, or reflexed. Not uncommon in woods and fields, in the Northern 
 States, and very common in cultivation. Distinguished from tho last, which it 
 closely resembles, by tho fruit not being pitted, and the peduncles being gene- 
 rally longer than the leaves. AprU — May. 
 
 11. -WALDSTEf^IA. 
 Calyx 6-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute and decidu- 
 ous bracteoles. Petals 5, or more, sessile, deciduous. Stamens 
 numerous, inserted into the calyx, with filiform filaments. Ache- 
 nia few, dry, inserted on a short receptacle. Per. 
 
 1. W. fragarioides. 
 
 Dry Strawberry. 
 
 Leaves trifoliate, with pubescent petioles; leaflets broadly cuneiform, cre- 
 nately toothed, and incised ; scapes bracteate, many-flowered ; flowers yellow ; 
 petals obovate, longer than the calyx-segments. An elegant plant, in shady 
 and hilly woods, with dark green foliage. Khizoma thick, and of a blackish 
 color. Most common in N. N. Eng. and N. York. June. 
 
 12. RtJBUS. 
 Calyx 5-parted, spreading. Petals 6, deciduous. Stamens 
 numerous, inserted on the border of the disk. Ovaries numerous, 
 with 2 ovules, 1 abortive. Achenia persistent, pulpy and drupa- 
 ceous, aggregated on a conical, or cylindrical, juicy, deciduous 
 receptacle, so as to form a compound berry. Receptacle decidu- 
 ous, separating from the axis with the fruit. 
 
 1. R. villosus. High Blackberry. 
 
 stem mostly erect, angular, armed with stout, curved prickles; young 
 branches and peduncles villous and glandular; leaves palmately 3— 5-foliate; 
 leaflets ovate, mostly acuminate, serrate, glandular- villous beneath, with prickly 
 petioles ; flowers white, in leafless racemes of 20—25 ; calyx acuminate, shorter 
 than the obovate, spreading petals; fruit oblong, large, black, sweet and deli- 
 cious; ripe in Aug. A common, prickly shrub; quite variable. Common 
 along fences and borders of woods. 
 
 Var. ft-ondftsus is less glandular, and smoother, with incisely serrate leaflets; 
 Bowci-s about 10 in a raceme, with leafy bracts at base. May. 
 
 2n 
 
 2. R. hispidus. Bristly Blackberry. 
 
 stem slender, prostrate, clothed with retrorso bristles ; leaves 3-foliate, rarely 
 quinate ; leaflets somewhat coriaceous, obovate, mostly obtuse, smooth, entire 
 toward the base, coarsely serrate; peduncles leafless, corymbose, with eeveral 
 flowers, often bristly with filiform pedicels ; flowers small, white ; petals obovate, 
 twice as long as the spreading sepals; fruit small, dark purple, or blackish, sour. 
 A common species with prostrate, trailing stems, in swamps and damp grounds. 
 The leaves remain through the winter. May— June. 
 
 3. R. Canadensis. Low Blackberry. 
 
 stem procumbent, or trailing, somewhat prickly; leaves ternate, rarely qui- 
 nate ; leaflets varying from oval or rhombic-oval to lanceolate, acute, or acumi- 
 nate, membranaceous, Incisely and unequally serrate, mostly smooth ; the com- 
 mon petiole pubescent, or somewhat prickly; flowers large, white, with leafy 
 bracts, somewhat corymbose ; petals obovate, twice as long as the mucronate 
 calyx ; fruit very large, black, sweet and juicy; ripe in July and August. A 
 very common species in sandy fields. May. 
 
 ** Ftuit separating from thoi dry, conical persistent receptacle. 
 
 4. R. odoratus. Flowering Raspberry, 
 
 Unarmed, glandular-hispid ; leaves palmately 3— 5-lobed, somewhat cordate 
 at base, serrate, pubescent, the lobes acute, or acuminate ; flowers large, in ter- 
 minal corymbs, 1'— 2' in diameter, purplish rose-color, on glandular-hispid pe- 
 duncles; calyx-segments appendiculate, shorter than the orbicular petals. Tho 
 upper part of the stem thickly clothed with purplish, viscid, glandular hairs. A 
 splendid shrub, not uncommon on rocky hills, and in rocky woods, frequent in 
 cultivation. The fruit is broad and rather flattish, red, or yellowish, and when 
 ripe, sweet and pleasant June — July, 
 
 5. R. Tdseus. Garden Basjpberry. 
 
 stem hispid, or covered with recurved prickles ; leaves pinnately 3— 5-foli- 
 ate ; leaflt!ts broad-ovate, or rhomboldal, acuminate, unequally and incisely ser- 
 rate, hoary-tomentose beneath, sessile, except tho odd one ; flowers white, corym- 
 bosely paniculate; petals entire, shorter than the tomentose, acuminate, calyx ; 
 fruit red, delicious, ripe in July. A common species in cultivation, admired for 
 its frnlt, of which there are many varieties in form and color. May. 
 
 6. R. strigosus. Basjpberry. 
 
 Stem unarmed, shrubby, strongly hispid; leaves pinnately 8— 5-foliate; 
 leaflets oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, hoary-tomentose beneath, sessile, ex- 
 cept the odd one, which is often sub-cordate at base; peduncles 3 — 6 flowered, 
 hispid ; petals white, about eqnal to the spreading sepals ; fruit light red, juicy, 
 of a peculiar and very pleasant flavor, ripe in August A common species 
 along fences, and in neglected fields. May. 
 
 7. R. occidentalis. Black Raspberry. 
 
 stem shrubby, glaucous, armed with hooked prickles ; leaves pinnately 8-foli- 
 ate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, coarsely and doubly serrate, hoary-tomentose be- 
 neath ; lateral ones sessile; peduncles axillary and terminal, the former 1 — 3- 
 flowered, the latter several-flowered, with short pedicels; petals white, shorter 
 than the reflexed sepals ; fruit dark purple, covered with a glaucous bloom, 
 roundish, of a lively pleasant flavor, ripe in July. A common species along 
 fences and tho border of woods, distinguished by its purple, glaucous, arching 
 stems. May, 
 
 8. R. triflorus. Herbaceous Raspberry, 
 
 stem somewhat suffruticoso at base, declined, unarmed ; branches slender, 
 herbaceous, pubescent; leaves 3 — 5-foliate; leaflets mostly smooth, or pubes- 
 cent beneath, rhombic-ovate, acute, unequally dentate, sessile, except the odd 
 one; stipules ovate, entire; flowers white, on terminal 1 — 3-flowered iredun- 
 cles ; sepals at length reflexed ; petals oblong-obovate, erect, longer than the 
 calyx ; fruit small, red. A common herbaceous species in moist woods, and 
 shady hfll-sides. The fruit is red and sour, grown in the shade, but rather plea- 
 sant when ripened in tho sun. June. Per. 
 
 13. EOSA. 
 
 Calyx-tube urceolate, contracted at the mouth, at length fleshy, 
 
 with 5 segments, which are somewhat spirally imbricated in pre- 
 
 floration. Petals 5. Achenia numerous, bony, hairy, attached 
 
 to the inside of the fleshy calyx-tube. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs. 
 
 \, R. Carolina. Swamp Rose. 
 
 stem smooth, armed with stout-hooked, mostly stipular prickles ; leaflets 
 5 — 9, oblong, serrate, pale beneath, not shining above, petiolate ; petioles 
 
15i 
 
 OEDEE XLIV. EOSACE^ EOSE-FAMILY. 
 
 sliglitly hairy, or somewhat prickly; flowers 3—5, in leafy clusters at tlio ends 
 of the branches, light red ; calyx and peduncles glandular-hispid. A common 
 rose, growing 4^-S feet high, in swamps. June— July. 
 
 2. R. hicida. Wild Rose. 
 
 Stems armed with scattered, setaceous prickles, those of the stipules straight ; 
 leaflets 5 — 9, elliptical, sharply serrate, smooth and shining above ; petioles 
 somewhat glandular, or hispid ; flowers 1—3, pale red ; peduncles and append- 
 aged calyx-segments gland nlar-hispid ; fruit depressed, globose, small, red, his- 
 pid. A common shrub, 1-4 feet high, in dry fields, of rather slender growth, 
 with greenish branches. Distinguished from the last by the shining upper sur- 
 face of its leaves, and the straight, stipular prickles. Jime—JiUy. 
 
 3. R. setigera. Prairie Rose. 
 
 Branches elongated, ascending, glabrous, with a few, stout, somewhat hook- 
 ed, stipular prickles; leaflets 3—6, large, ovattj, acute, or acuminate, smooth 
 and somewhat shining above, sharply serrate ; flowers in very large, corymbose 
 clusters, nearly scentless, of a changeable reddish color ; petioles, peduncles 
 and calyx, glandular; styles united ; fruit globose. A splendid climbing species, 
 capable of being trained 10—20 feet. Native of the South and West, but com- 
 mon in cultivation. June — July. 
 
 4. R. rubiginosa. Sivcet Rrier. 
 
 Stem smooth, armed with stout, recurved prickles ; leaflets 5— T, roundish- 
 oval, sharply serrate, and with the petioles and stipules clothed with ferrugi- 
 nous glands beneath ; flowers light red, or white, fragi-ant, mostly solitary, on 
 hispid peduncles ; frnit ovate, or obovate, reddish-orange when full grown. A 
 stout shrub, armed with very strong prickles. Common in fields and roadsides, 
 being naturalized; often cultivated. The foliage is very fragrant June. 
 
 5. R. cinnamomea. Cinnamon Rose. 
 
 Stem tall, with ascending branches; prickles of the young stems crowded, 
 straight and unequal, the larger subulate and the smaller setaceous ; those of the 
 branches fewer, stouter, stipular and rccnrved ; leaflets 5— T, oval-oblong, ciner- 
 ons-pubescent beneath ; stipules Hncar-ohlong, those of the flowering branches 
 dilated above, with ovate acuminate auricles; calyx-segments entire, as long 
 as the petals: fruit smooth, globose; stemS- lOfeet high, with abark some- 
 what of a cinnamon color ; flowers mostly double, light red. Gardens. June. 
 
 6. R. Gallica. French Rose. 
 
 stem and petioles armed with numerous slender, scattered prickles ; leaflets 
 mostly 5, elliptical, or broadly oval, thick ; flowers erect; petals, when single, 5, 
 large, spreading; calyx-segments ovate; fruit ovoid, and with the peduncles, 
 hispid. The common Eose of the gardens, the flowers varying with every tint 
 from crimson to light red, and often variegated. June. 
 
 7. R. eglanteria. Yellow Rose. 
 
 stem clothed with an ash-colored bark, and with the red branches armed 
 with straight, slender, scattered pricklee ; leaflets 5 — 7, broad-oval, or obovate, 
 sharply serrate, smooth and shining above; flowers abundant, golden-yellow, 
 of very short duration, fragrant, but less so than the leaves ; calyx nearly naked 
 and entire. A splendid species, 3 feet high, becoming common in cultivation. 
 The flowers are often double, and in some varieties variegated with red. Ju7ie. 
 
 8. R, Damascena. Damash Rose. 
 
 stem erect, branching, bushy, armed with unequal, mostly stipular prickles, 
 those of the stem broad and recurved; leaflets broad-elHptical, large, white- 
 downy beneath ; flowers pale rose-red, very fragrant, quite profuse, generally 
 double ; sepals reflexed ; fruit ovoid, elongated. A common garden species, 3—9 
 feet high. Native of the Levant, and especially of Damascus, where itis in the 
 highest perfection, and from whence it has its name. The low Monthly Eose 
 that blooms at all seasons is a variety of this. 
 
 9. R. canina. Dog Rose. 
 
 stems armed with a few stout, compressed, hooked prickles ; leaflets 5—9, 
 ovate, with acute, incurved, and often double serratures; stipules somewhat 
 broad, serrulate ; peduncles scaly, hispid ; calyx-segments after flowering reflexed 
 and deciduous ; fruit red, ovoid. A common species in gardens, from which 
 several classes of varieties have been originated by culture. 
 
 10. R. centifolia. Hundred-leaved Rose. 
 
 stem armed with very numerous prickles, Avhich are nearly straight and 
 tardly dilated at base; leaflets 5— 7, ovate, glandalar-ciliate, and somewhat 
 
 pilose beneath; flower-bud short, ovoid; calyx -segments spreading when in 
 flower; fruit ovoid; calyx and peduncles glandular-hispid, viscid. The flowers 
 are usually pink, but vary exceedingly in the different varieties. 
 
 11. R. moschata. Mush Rose. 
 
 stems anned with slender hooked prickles, with climbing, unarmed bran- 
 ches, leaflets 5 — 7, lanceolate acuminate, smooth ; stipules very narrow, acute; 
 flowers paniculate, white, large, peculiarly frngrant, generally numerous ; 
 peduncles and calyx somewhat hispid; calyx-segments piunatifidly incised, 
 appcndiculate. A species with long trailing or climbing stems. 
 
 12. R. alba. Wliite Rose. 
 
 Stems armed with slender hooked prickles, sometimes unarmed; leaflets 
 broad-ovate, briefly acuminate, and with the petioles, somewhat tomentose and 
 
 glandular on the veins beneath ; flowers large, corymbose, very fragrant, white, 
 and when newly opened, tinged with pink; sepals pinnatifid; petals spread- 
 ing; fruit ovoid, nearly smooth. A favorite species, common in gardens, 4—3 
 ft. high. 
 
 13. R. multifl6ra. Mtdtiflora Rose. 
 
 stems armed with slender, scattered prickles, with very long, luxuriant shoots ; 
 leaflets ovate-lanceolate; stipules pectinate; flowers abundant, corymbose; 
 flower-bud ovoid -globose, sepals short; style exscrt, A climbing shrub, capable 
 of being trained to a considerable height. The flowers vary in cultivation be- 
 tween white and different shades of rose. 
 
 1 4. R. Indica, Indian Rose. 
 
 Stems erect or climbing, armed with a few stout prickles; leaflets 3— 5, 
 ovate, acuminate, coriaceous, smooth and shining, serrulate; stipules very nar- 
 row; flowers solitary, or in panicles; peduncles often somewhat incrassate, 
 smooth, or rough-hispid ; calyx smooth or hispid. 
 
 A splendid species, not yet common in cultivation, but the parent of numer- 
 ous classes of varieties, with flowers of almost every conceivable hue, most of 
 which bloom continuously through the season. 
 
 14. k:6eria. 
 Calyx of 5, acuminate, nearly distinct segments. Petals 5, or- 
 bicular. Ovaries 5 — 8, smooth, globose. Ovules solitary. Styles 
 filiform. Aclienia globose. 
 
 1. K. Japonica. Ja-pan Globe-flower. 
 
 stems numerous, slender, smooth; leaves simple, ovate, long-acuminate, 
 doubly serrate, exstipulate ; flowers clustered, or solitary, on the ends of the 
 branches, orange-yellow, globular, double and abortive in cultivation. A com- 
 mon shrub in gardens 5 — S ft. high. Flowering nearly all summer. 
 
 15. CRATAEGUS. 
 Calyx-tube urceolate, with a 5-cleft limb. Petals 5, spread- 
 ing. Stamens numerous. Styles 1 — 5. Pome fleshy, crowned 
 with the calyx-teeth, and containing 1 — 5 long, 1-seeded carpels, 
 
 1. C. coccinea. White Thorn. 
 
 Leaves roundish -ovate, 5 — 9-lobed, sharply incised, thin and membraneous, 
 acutely serrate, truncate at base, sometimes acute, or even cordate, on slender 
 petioles, nearly or quite smooth ; flowers white, corymbed ; calyx and pedicels 
 generally smooth, sometimes pubescent; styles 8—5; fruit large, globose, bright 
 red, eatable in September. A very common and variable shrub, or small tree, 
 10 — 20 feet high. Branches armed with stout, sharp, slightly recurved thorny 
 In thickets and low grounds. May. 
 
 2. C. punctata. Thorn. 
 
 Leaves obovate, cuneiform, with slender petioles, entire at base, doubly ser- 
 rate, often incised near the apex, pubescent when young, with appressed hairs, 
 especially beneath, the corymbs and calyx villons-puhescent ; flowers white, in 
 somewhat leafy corymbs; fruit large, globose, of a dull red, or yellowish color, 
 eatable, and rather pleasant ; ripe in Sept. A small tree, IS— 25 feet high, with 
 crooked, spreading, ash-colored branches, and stout, sharp thorns. Borders of 
 woods, especially in the northern parts of the U. S. May. 
 
 3. C. tomentosa. Black Tliorn. 
 
 Leaves oval, or elliptic- ovate, tapering at base into a margined petiole, some- 
 what plicate above, mostly acute, doubly serrate, and generally incisely dentate 
 towards the apex, nearly smooth above, tomentose beneath ; flowers large, fra« 
 grant, white, in large, leafy corymbs, with calyx and pedicels villous-tomentose 
 
OBDEK XLV. CALYCANTHACE^ CALYCANTHUS-TEIBE. OEDEK XLIX. ONAGEACE^E EVEN. PEIM.-FAMILY. 
 
 155 
 
 Styles 8— 6; frait pyriform, ovary red, eatable, but rather infilpld. A large 
 shrub In wet thickets, growing 10—15 feet high, and armed with sharp thorns. 
 May. 
 
 4. C. Oxyacantha. Hawthorn. 
 
 Leaves obovate, 3 — 5-lobefl, Incised and serrate, cruciform at base, shining, 
 smooth ; flowers white, iu glabrous corymbs, with smooth pedicels ; styles 1 — 
 3; fruit ovoid, deep red, or purple, small. A very branching shrub, with gla- 
 brous branches, and very slender, sharp, axillary thorns, 8—15 feet high. Com- 
 mon in cultivation, especially for hedges. May. 
 
 16. PYEUS. 
 Calyx urceolate, Tvith a 5-cleft limb. Petals 6, roundish. 
 Styles 2 — 5, often united at base. Pome closed, fleshy, 2 — 5 car- 
 peled. Carpels cartilaginous, 2-seeded. 
 
 I P. Malus. A]i;pU 
 
 Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, serrate, acute, or briefly acuminate, pubes- 
 cent above, tomentose beneath, petiolate ; flowers large, light rose-color, mingled 
 with wliite, fragrant, in somewhat umbellate corymbs; pedicels and calyx 
 villous-tomentose ; petals short, ungniculatc; styles 5, united and villous at 
 base ; pome globose. A well-known fruit-tree, universally cultivated, and 
 almost nacnralized. It grows 20 -40 ft. high, with crooked, spreading branches, 
 and dark rough bark. Innumerable varieties are cultivated. May. 
 
 2. P. communis. Pear. 
 
 Leaves ovate -lanceolate, somewhat serrate, smooth above, pubescent be- 
 neath, acute or acuminate; flowers smaller than in tlie Apple, white, in 
 racemose corymbs, with the calyx and pedicels pubescent, styles 5, distinct and 
 villous at base; pome usually pyriform. A taller tree than the last. 20— 50 ft. 
 high, equally well known and prized. Branches ascending. As in the Apple, 
 the varieties are numberless. May, 
 
 3. P. arbutifolia. GkoJce-herry, 
 
 Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, or acute, crenately serrulate, smooth and 
 shining above, when young tomentose beneath, somewhat coriaceous; flowers 
 in compound, terminal corymbs ; calyx and pedicels tomentose when young; 
 fruit pyriform, or nearly globose, dark-red, or purple when ripe, astringent A 
 low branching shrub, 2 — 5 ft. high, common in luw grounds and borders of 
 swamps. May. 
 
 4. P. Americana. Mountain Ash. 
 
 Loaves pinnate, 13—15 foliate, smooth, but, together with the petiole, pu- 
 bescent when very young; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply ser- 
 rate, with mueronate teeth, flowers white, in compound cymes ; fruit bright 
 red, or scarlet, globose, sour. Common in damp woods in mountainous dis- 
 tricts, especially in the northern parts of New England. A small tree 15—25 
 fL high, blossoming in May and Jitne. Frequently cultivated. 
 
 17. AMELlNCHIER. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oblong-ovate, or oblanceolate. Stamens 
 short. Styles 5, more or less connected. Pome 3 — 5-celled, 
 cells partly divided by a false dissepiment, with a seed in each 
 division. 
 
 1. A. Canadensis. Shad-flower. 
 
 Leaves ovate, or oval, sometimes oblong, often cordate at base, softly tomen- 
 tose when very young, smooth when fully grown, sharply serrate; flowers 
 white, ravemose ; berries purple, eatable ; calyx -segments triangular-lanceo- 
 late, about the length of the tube. A very common and variable shrub in damp 
 rocky woods, and low grounds, growing 6—15 ft. high. May. 
 
 One of the most common varieties is var. Oblongifdlia. Leaves oval- 
 oblong, mueronate, serrate, with short acute teeth, tomentose on the lower 
 surface during flowering ; flowers smaller ; petals obovate-oblong, about 8 times 
 the length of the calyx. Apparently well marked while in flower, but difficult 
 to distinguish afterwards. 
 
 18. CTDINIA. 
 
 Calyx urceolate with a 5-cleft limb. Petals 5. Styles 6. 
 Pome with 6 cartilaginous, many-seeded carpels. Seeds cov- 
 ered with a mucilaginous pulp. 
 
 1. C. Vulgaris. Quince. 
 
 Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, acute at apex, entire, smooth above, 
 woolly beneath; flowers large, solitary, on woolly peduncles; calyx woolly- 
 petals white, tinged with red ; pome soft, downy, usually obovoid, yellow when 
 
 mature. A large shrub of str^gling growth, with long, very slender branch- 
 lets. The well-known fruit is universally employed for sweetmeats. May. 
 
 O EDER XLV. Caly canthacese. — OalycantJiuS' 
 tribe, 
 
 L CALYCANTHUS. 
 Lobes of the calyx and petals passing into each other, im- 
 bricated in several series, lanceolate, colored, somewhat coria- 
 ceous or fleshy. Stamens unequal, the 12 outer fertile, 
 
 I. C. floridus. Sweet scented Shrub, 
 
 Leaves oval or ovate-lanceolate, tomentose beneath; branches spreading; 
 flowers lurid purple, almost sessile. A shrub 6—10 feet high, exhaling ft-om its 
 bark and leaves the odor of camphor, and from its flowers when wilted that of 
 ripe apples. Native of the South, but common in gardens. It is very variable. 
 In some varieties the leaves are smooth and glaucous beneath ; in others, lan- 
 ceolate, smooth beneath, and scabrous above; in others still, smooth beneath 
 with the branches erect, June. 
 
 -Mela- 
 
 Order XLVII. Melastomdcese.- 
 stoma-family. 
 
 1. KHfiXIA 
 Calyx-tube swelling at base, with a 4-eleft, persistent limb. 
 Petals 4. Stamens 8, with 1-oelled anthers. Style declined. 
 Capsule nearly free from the investing calyx-tube, 4-oelled, with 
 prominent placenbe. Per. 
 
 1. R. Virginica. Meadow Beauty. 
 
 stem somewhat liispid, "with 4 sligljtly winged angles ; leaves sessile, oval- 
 lanceolate, sparingly hispid, ciliate-sen-ulate, strongly 8-nerved, rarely more ; 
 flowers large, bright purple, showy and numerous, in corymbose cymes; 
 petals obovate, hispid beneath, deciduous ; calyx hispid ; anthers long, yellow, 
 crooked. A very showy plant 6' — 13' in wet ground ; not uncommon. July 
 —Aug. 
 
 Order XLVIII. Lythracese. — Loosetrife- 
 family. 
 1. dec6don. 
 
 Calyx short, broadly carapanulate, with 5 erect teeth, and 
 5 elongated, spreading, horn-like processes. Stamens 10, those 
 opposite the calyx-teeth very long. Style filiform. Stigma 
 small. Capsule globose, included in the calyx, many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. D. verticillatum. Swamp Loosetrife. 
 
 stems simple, woody at base, with recurved or reclining branches, often 
 rooting at the summit, 4 — 6 angled; leaves opposite or verticillatc in whorls of 
 3, lanceolate, entire, on short petioles ; flowers purple, in axillary, nearly sessile 
 clusters, of 8, or more, apparently verticillate, extending over the greater part 
 of the stem. An elegant plant in swamps, with slender stems 4 — 6 ft. long, and 
 showy flowers. Common. Aug. — Sep. There are 2 varieties, one in Ehodo 
 Island, and further south, with the stems and under surface of the leaves pu- 
 bescent, the other with the stem and leaves smooth, in other parts of New 
 England. 
 
 Order XLIX. Onagracese. — Evening 
 Frimrose-family. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 SuBOEDEB I. Onagra-cesB proper. 
 
 Calyx-tube usually prolonged beyond the ovary ; limb 4-parted. Petals 4, 
 (usually wanting in one species of No. 4 ) Stamens 8, 4, or 2. Capsule 3 or 4- 
 celled, 2 or 4 valved. 
 
 ♦ Stamens 8. Petals 4. 
 
 1. Epil6bium. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. Capsul9 
 linear. 
 
156 
 
 ORDER XLIX. ONAGRACE^ — EVENING PRIMROSE-FAMILY. 
 
 2. (EN6TnERA. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary. Capsule oblong 
 or oblong-clavate, 4-angled, sometimes winded on the angles. 
 
 3. FusciiiA. Calyx prolonged above the ovary, petaloid. Capsule oblong 
 or baccate, globular. Shrubby. 
 
 ** Stamens 2—4. 
 
 4. Ijudwigia. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4. Capsule 4-celled, many- 
 seeded. Leaves entire. 
 
 5 CiRo^A. Petals 2. Stamens 2. Capsule 2-oelled, 2-5eeded. 
 
 SuBOEDEE II. Halorageae. 
 
 Caly.Y-tube never longer than the ovary, the limb entire, or scarcely toothed. 
 Petals 4, rarely present. Stamens 1— S. Capsule 1^- celled, 1 — 4-seeded, in- 
 dehiscent Aquatics with minute, axillary flowers. 
 
 6. Proserpinaoa. Calyx-tube 3-sided. Limb 3-partod. Petals none. 
 Stamens 3. Capsule 3-sided. 
 
 7. MYRiopnYLLUiM. Flowers mostly monoecious. Calyx somewhat 4-parted. 
 Petals 4, or more. Stamens 4 — S. 
 
 1. epil6bium. 
 
 Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. Limb 4-cleft, 
 or 4-parted to the base, "with spreading and deciduous segments. 
 Petals 4. Stamens 8. Anthers attached near the middle. Stig- 
 ma clavate, or with 4 lobes. Capsule linear, 4-sided, 4-celled, 4- 
 valved. Per. 
 
 1. E. angustif61ium. Willow Herb. 
 
 stem erect, simple, mostly smooth ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire, 
 glabrous ; flowers numerous, large, of a purplish lilac-color, in a long, terminal, 
 Bpicate raceme; petals unguiculate; stamens and styles declined; capsules 
 cauescent A very showy plant in low grounds and newly cleared lands, 2 — 6 
 feet high. Not uncommon. Jaly — Aug. 
 
 2. E. coloratum. Colored Willow-Herb. 
 
 stem erect, nearly terete, very branching, puberulent; leaves mostly oppo- 
 site, lanceolate, acute, very shortly petiolate, subscrrulatc, often with reddish 
 veins; flowers numerous, rose-color, small; petals cleft at apex% twice as long as 
 the sepals; stigma clavate ; capsules on short pedicels, somewhat pubescent. 
 A common plant in wet, swampy grounds ; growing 1—3 feethigh, very branch- 
 ing above. The leaves are marked with numerous white dots. 
 
 2. (en6theea. 
 
 Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, the segments 4, refles- 
 ed. Petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top 
 of the calyx-tube. Stamens 8. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, many- 
 seeded. Stigma 4-lobed. 
 
 1. (E. biennis. Evening Prinhrose. 
 
 stem erect, simple or branched, rough with scattered hairs ; leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, pubescent ; flowers large, yellow, in a terminal leafy spike, ses- 
 sile ; calyx-tube much longer than the ovary ; capsule sessile, oblong, obscurely 
 4-angled or nearly round, often pubescent. A tall plant 3— 5 ibct high, with 
 reddish stem, and large yellow flowers, which open with a strong perfume at 
 night, or in cloudy weather, and last only one day. Common in fields and 
 waste grounds. Jane— Aug. Very variable. Biennial. 
 
 2. QE. pumila. Dwarf Frimrose. 
 
 stem slender, simple, reclined at base, ascending, somewhat pubescent ; 
 .caves lanceolate, entire, obtuse, tapering at base, sessile ; flowers rather small, 
 yellow, nearly sessile, in a terminal, leafy spike ; calyx-tube shorter than the 
 ovary; petals obcordate, scarcely longer than the calyx and stamens; capsule 
 oblong-clavate, angular, the alternate angles winged. A slender plant with de- 
 clining stem, 8' — 12' high, in grassy fields. Common. Per. June — Aug, 
 
 8. FtrSCHIA. 
 Calyx tubular-funnel form, colored, deciduous, with a 4-lobed 
 limb. Petals 4, inserted in the throat of the calyx, alternating with 
 its segments. Bisk glandular, 8-furrowed. Capsule baccate, ob- 
 long, obtuse, 4-sided. 
 
 1. F. coccinea. Ladyh JEardrojp. 
 
 stem shrubby, with smooth branches ; leaves opposite or verticillate, in B's, 
 ovate, acute, denticulate, ou short petioles; flowers axillaiy, nodding ; sepals 
 oblong, acute ; petals convolute, half as long as the calyx. A beautiful shrub 
 for the greenhouse, or house cultivation, growing 1—6 feet high, with large 
 floweis, on long, filiform pedicels; calyx scarlet, spreading; petals convolute ; 
 riolet-purple. Stamens much exsert, crimson ; berry purple. 
 
 4. LUDWfGIA. 
 Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, with 4-lobe^ 
 mostly persistent. Petals 4, equal ; often minute, or wanting 
 Stamens 4, opposite the calyx-segments. Capsules short, often 
 perforated at summit, 4-celled, 4-valved, crowned with the per* 
 sistent calyx-segments. Per. 
 
 1. L. alternif61ia. Seedbox. 
 
 stem erect, branching, slightly angled, nearly smooth ; leaves lanceolate, or 
 oblong-lanceolate, alternate, sub-acute, tapering at base, sessile ; flowers yellow, 
 on axillary, solitary peduncles; calyx-segments broadly ovate, acuminate, turn- 
 ing purple inside, fully equalling the petals ; capsule4 winged, crowned with the 
 calyx. A common plaut in swamps, 13' — 25' high, with tough bark. Flowers 
 yellow, rather large and showy, but fugacious. July — Aug. 
 
 2. L. palt'stris. Water Purslane. 
 
 Smooth and somewhat succulent ; stems procumbent ; leaves opposite, ovale, 
 entire, petiolate, acute ; flowers sessile, axillary, apetalous, sometimes with small, 
 reddish petals ; capsule oblong, 4-angled, short, abrupt at both ends, and crown- 
 ed with the green calyx. A little, creeping plant in muddy places, or floating 
 in water. Common. Jmie — Sep. 
 
 5. CIEC^A. 
 Calyx-tube slightly produced beyond the ovary, deciduous ; 
 the limb 2-parted. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2, alternate 
 with the petals. Capsule obovate, hispid, with hooked hairs, 2- 
 celled, at length 2-valved, 2-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. C. Lutetiilna. Enchanter^ s Nightshade. 
 
 stem erect, brandling, pubescent above; leaves opposite, ovate, somewhat 
 cordate at base, acuminate, slightly repand-toothed ; flowers small, white, or 
 pale rose-color, in elongated, naked racemes; bracts none; calyx rcflexcd; 
 fruit obcordate, covered with hooked bristles, on slender, reflexed pedicels. An 
 elegant plant, 1 — 2 feet high, generally somewhat pubescent, with tumid nodes 
 and dark green foliage. Common in damp, rich woods. July. 
 
 2. C, alpina. Alpine Enchanter'' s Nightshade. 
 
 Smooth; stem ascending, weak, somewhat juicy; leaves opposite, cordate, 
 somewhat coarsely dentate, as long as their petioles ; flowers small, white, rarely 
 rose-color, in elongated racemes, with minute, setaceous bracts ; capsules pubes- 
 cent, but scarcely hispid. A delicate little plant, 8' — 8' high, much resembling 
 the last, but distinguished by the smaller flowers and fruit, the presence of bracts 
 audits entire smoothness. Not uncommon in dense, damp woods. July. 
 
 6. PROSERPiNACA. 
 
 Caljrs-tube 3-sided, adhering to the ovary, with a 3-parted 
 limb. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, oblong. Fruit bony, 
 3-sided, 3-celled, crowned with the persistent calyx. Per. 
 
 1. P. palustris. Mermaid-Weed. 
 
 Stem ascending at base, striate, smooth ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, sharply 
 serrate ; those below the water pinnatifid, with linear segments, and on short pe- 
 tioles ; flowers small, green, axillary, 1 — 3 together, followed by a hard, triangular 
 nut, with sharp corners. Common in shallow water shaded by thick swamps 
 or woods, with stems 6'— 12' high. Jmie—July. 
 
 7. MTPJOPHYLLUM. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, or frequently perfect. Calyx 4-toothed 
 in the perfect and pistillate flowers, 4-parted in the sterile. Pe- 
 tals 4, often minute or wanting. Stamens 4 — 8. Fruit consisting 
 of 4 nut-like, indehiscent carpels, cohering by their inner angles, 
 included in the calyx-tube. Aquatic. Per. 
 
 1. M. spicatum. Water Millfoil. 
 
 Leaves verticillate in 8's, pinnately parted, -with capillary segments; floral 
 leaves, or bracts shorter than the flowers, ovate, entire, the lower larger and ser- 
 rate ; flowers greenish, small, in terminal, nearly naked spikes ; petals broad- 
 ovate. An aquatic plant growing in deep ponds, with very long, slender, 
 branching, submersed stems, only the spikes appearing above water. July— 
 Aug. 
 
 2. M. ambiguum. Millfoil, 
 
 -Leaves alternate; submersed ones pinnately parted, with capillary segments ; 
 those near the surface pectinate ; upper ones linear, entire, or slightly toothed, 
 petiolate ; flowers axillary, minute, mostly perfect ; petals oblong, somewhat per- 
 
OEDEK L. CACTACE^ — CACTUS-TKIBE. OEDEE LIII. CUCUEBITACEJ]; PUMPKEST-TEIBE. 
 
 157 
 
 slstont An aqnatic, with floating stems, in ponds and ditches. Not nncom- 
 mon. The following variety also occurs. 
 
 Var. llmdsum. Stem procnuibent and rooting, 2'— 6' long, very slender ; 
 leaves mostly entire. A very small plant In muddy places. 
 
 Order L. Cactdcese. — Cactus-tribe. 
 
 1. OPtTNTIA. 
 Sepals and petals numerous, united in a tube which adheres to 
 the ovary ; but is not produced beyond it. Stamens numerous, 
 shorter than the petals. Style cylindrical, with numerous, thick, 
 erect stigmas. Berry umbilicate at apex, tuberculate, prickly. 
 Per. 
 
 1. 0. vulgaris. Prickly Pear. 
 
 Prostrate, creeping, -with articulated branches and ovate, broad and flattened 
 joints, with fascicles of prickles regularly arranged upon them ; prickles short 
 and numerous, each fascicle usually consisting of several strong subulate spines ; 
 flowers yellow ; fruit crimson, nearly smooth, eatable. A very curious plant, 
 found native south of Mass., in sandy fields and on rocks ; quite common in cul- 
 tivation. The larger spines are rarely produced at the North. Jmie — July. 
 2. CiEEUS. 
 Sepals very numerous, imbricated, adnate to the base of the 
 ovary, united into a long tube, the outer shorter, the inner pass- 
 ing into the petals. Stamens very numerous, coherent Tvith the 
 tube. Style filiform, many-cleft at apex. Berry very scaly 
 with the vestiges of the sepals. Fleshy shrubs, with woody, cylin- 
 drical axes, that are armed with clusters of spires from, which the 
 Jiouoers arise. Per. 
 
 1. C. PhyllAnthus. 
 
 Branches ensiform, compressed, serrate ; flowers large, white, expanding by 
 night, fragrant, with the round tube much longer than the limb of the petals. 
 The branches are 2 feet long, or more. 
 
 2. C. Phyllanthoides. 
 
 Branches ensiform, compressed, obovate, with spreading, ronnded teeth ; 
 flowers rose-color, expanding by day, arising from the lateral teeth of the 
 branches; tube shorter than the limb of the petals. 
 
 3. C. truncatus. 
 
 Branching joints short, compressed, serrate, truncate at summit; flowers 
 pink, arising from the summit of the joints; style longer thau the stamens or 
 the reflexod petals. About a foot high. 
 
 4. C. flagelliformis. Snake Cactus. 
 
 Stem creeping, about 10-angled, hispid; flowers bright pink, lateral, opening 
 by day, and lasting several days; tube slender, longer than the limb of the 
 petals ; stem about \' thick, and 2 — 4 feet long. 
 
 -Gooseherry- 
 
 Order LI. Grossuldcese.- 
 family, 
 
 1. RiBES. 
 Character same as that of the order. 
 
 1. K.. floridum. Wild Black Currant. 
 
 Leaves subcordate at base, 3 — 5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with resinous 
 dots, doubly serrate, pubescent beneath ; racemes pendulous, pubescent ; flow- 
 ers rather large, yellowish-green ; calyx cylindrical, smooth ; bracts linear, 
 longer than the pedicels; fruit ovoid-globose, smooth, black. A shrub, 8 — 1 
 feet high, not uncommon in woods and along fences. Fruit black, insipid. 
 May — June. 
 
 2. R. n'lbrum. Currant. 
 
 Leaves subcordate, obliquely 8— 5-lobed, mostly pubescent beneath, espe- 
 cially when young, serrate with mucronate teeth ; racemes nearly smooth, 
 pendulous ; flowers greenish, calyx rotate ; fruit globose, smooth, red, or some- 
 times white. A shrub, found every wfaere in gardens, and native in the ex- 
 treme northern parts of the TJ. S. and north to the Arctic Ocean. It varies 
 much in the size and color of its fruit 
 
 3. E. nigrum. Black Currant. 
 
 Leaves 8 — 5-lobed, punctate beneath, dentate-serrate, longer than the peti 
 oles; flowers yellowish, in lax, hairy, slightly nodding racemes; calyx cam- 
 panulate ; bracts nearly equal to the pedicels; fruit roundish, nearly black. A 
 shrub, in gardens, cultivated for the medicinal jelly made from the fruit. May. 
 
 4. K. aureum. Golden Currant. 
 
 Glabrous; leaves 3-lobed, shorter than the petioles; lobes divaricate, entire, 
 or with a few teeth; flowers numerous, golden yellow, very fragrant, in lax, 
 many-flowered racemes; calyx tubular, longer than the pedicels; fruit smooth, 
 oblong or globose, yellow, at length brown, pleasant. A beautiful shrub, na- 
 tive of Missouri, common in cultivation, and a favorite for its ornamental and 
 fragrant flowers. 
 
 5. R. Cynosbati. Prickly Gooseberry. 
 
 stems unarmed or prickly; subaxlllary spines mostly in pairs; leaves 
 roundish -cordate, 8 — 5-lobed, pubescent, especially when young; the lobes in- 
 cisely serrate; racemes loose, nodding, few (3—8) flowered ; flowers yellowlsh- 
 grcen; calyx-tube cylindric; segments at length reflexed, shorter than the 
 tube, and longer than the obovate petals; fruit prickly. A shrub, 3 — 4 feet 
 high, not uncommon In the Northern States, along fences and in woods, usually 
 with unarmed stems. Fruit brownish-purple, eatable. May — June. 
 
 6. R. hirtellum. Wild Gooseberry, 
 
 Stem unarmed; subaxillary spines short, mostly solitary ; leaves roundish, 
 deeply 3— 5-lobed, nearly smooth, pubescent beneath when young, shining 
 above, incisely toothed; peduncles smooth, 1— 8-flowered; flowers white; 
 calyx cylindrical ; segments twice as long as the tube ; petals spatulate, ungui- 
 culate ; stamens exsert, smooth, twice as long as the petals ; fruit smooth. Not 
 uncommon in low woods. Stem 2—4 feet high. 
 
 7. R. IJva-crispa. 
 
 English Gooseberry. 
 
 stem prickly ; leaves roundish, 3 — 5-lobed ; pubescent beneath, on short, 
 hairy petioles; peduncles hairy, 1-flowered; flowers Avliitish; calyx campanu- 
 late; style and ovary hairy; fruit smooth or hairy, globose. Very frequent in 
 cultivation, with many varieties, both in the size and color of the fruit, which 
 is red, white, green, or yellow, and often weighs more than an ounce. April. 
 
 Order LII. 
 
 Passifloracese.— 
 family, 
 
 ]. PASSIFL6EA. 
 
 -Passion-flo wer- 
 
 Calyx campanulate at base, 5-cleft, the throat with a conspic- 
 uous filamentous crOwn. Petals 6, sometimes none. Stamens 6, 
 connate -with the stipe of the ovary. Anthers large, elongated- 
 Stigmas 3i clavate, capitate. Fruit pulpy, baccate. 
 
 1. P. ccen\lea. Passion-flower. 
 
 stem shrubby, climbing ; leaves palmately and deeply 5-parted ; segments 
 oblong-linear, entire, all but the tenninal one, which is often 2-lobed ; floweiB 
 large, blue outside, white and purple within ; petals glandular, with an invo- 
 lucre of 3 entire bracteoles, near the flower; filaments of the crown shorter 
 than the petals. A shrubby climber, not uncommon in cultivation, and ad- 
 mired for its large, beautiful, but evanescent, flowers, which last but a day. 
 
 Order LIII. Cucurbitace^e. — Pumphin-lrt5e. 
 
 1. SfCYOS. 
 Flowers monoecious. Sterile flowers — Calyx 5-toothed; 
 teeth subulate or minute. Corolla rotate, consisting of 5 nearly 
 distinct segments. Stamens 5, monadelphous, or at length sepa- 
 rating into 3 parcels. Anthers contorted. Fertile flowers — 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, contracted above. Petals 5, 
 united below into a campanulate corolla. Fruit ovate, membra- 
 naceous, hispid or echinate with spiny bristles. Seed large, 
 compressed. An. 
 
 1. S. angulatus. Wild Cucumber. 
 
 stem climbing by tendrils, branching, hairy ; leaves roundish, cordate at 
 base, 5-angled, 5-lobed ; lobes acuminate, denticulate; tendrils 3 — 5-cleft; flow- 
 ers whitish, marked with green lines; sterile ones in crowded racemes, on 
 
158 
 
 ORDER LIV. CRASSULACE^ — STCtNE-GROP-FAMILY. ORDER LV. SAXIFRAGACE^ — SAXIFRAGE-FAMILT, 
 
 long peduncles ; fertile ones on short peduncles, smaller ; both nsnally from the 
 same axils; fruit somewhat spiny, in crowded clusters, each containing 1 large 
 seed- A climbing vine, on the borders of rivers and streams; sometimes culti- 
 vated, and thence straying Into waste grounds. July. 
 
 2. CtrCUMIS. 
 Flowers monoecious or perfect. Calyx tubular-camp anul ate. 
 Segments subulate. Corolla deeply 5-parted. Sterile flowers — 
 Stamens 5, triadelphous. Fertile flowers — Style short. Stigmas 
 thick, 2-parted. Pepo fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds ovate, without 
 margins, compressed. An. 
 
 1. C. eativus. Cucumher, 
 
 stem rough, prostrate and trailing; tendrils simple; leaves somewhat cor- 
 date, palmately 6-angled or lohed ; lobes nearly entire, acute ; the terminal one 
 longest; fruit oblong, obtusely-angled, on a short peduncle, prickly when 
 young; flowers yellow, so]ita,iy, axillary. Universally cultivated for its green 
 fruit, which is either prepared and eaten fresh, or pickled. June— Sep. 
 
 2. G. Melo. Music Melon. 
 
 stem prostrate, trailing, rough; tendrils simple; leaves roundish, somewhat 
 cordate, palmately 5-angled or lobed ; lobes rounded, obtuse, slightly denticu- 
 late ; flowers sterile, fertile and perfect, yellow ; fruit oval or suhglobose. Cul- 
 tivated for the sweet and juicy flesh of its ripe fruit. June— July. 
 
 3. C. Citrullus. Water Melon. 
 
 Stem slender, prosti*ate, trailing, hairy ; leaves palmately 5-lobed, very glau- 
 cous beneath; lobes mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, with obtuse segments; flowers 
 yellow, solitary, bracted at base, on hairy peduncles; fruit smooth, elliptical or 
 suhglobose, marked with various shades of green, very juicy. Cultivated for 
 its large fruit, filled with sweet, refreshing juice. Jane — Aug. 
 
 8. CUC-d'RBITA. 
 Flowers monoecious. Corolla campanulate. Petals united and 
 cohering with the calyx. Sterile flowers — Calyx 5-toothed. 
 Stamens 5, triadelphous, with united, straight anthers. Fertile 
 FLOWERS — Calyx 6-toothed, upper part deciduous after flowering. 
 Stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed. Pepo fleshy or woody, 3 — 5-celled, 
 Seeds obovate, compressed, smooth, with thickened margins. An. 
 
 1. C. Pepo. Pumjpkin. 
 
 Plant rough and hispid ; stem procumbent; tendrils branched ; leaves very 
 large, cordate, palmately 5-lohed or angled, denticulate ; flowers large, axillary, 
 yellow ; sterile ones on long peduncles; fruit very large, roundish, umbilicate, 
 smooth, furrowed, torulose and yellow, when ripe. Common in cultivation, 
 especially for cattle, and also for culinary purposes. July. 
 
 2. 0. Melopepo. 
 
 Flat Squash. 
 
 Hairy; stem procumbent; tendrils branched; leaves cordate, somewhat 
 palmately 5-Iobed, denticulate; flowers yellow; fruit depressed, orbicular, with 
 torulose or tumid margins, smooth or warty. A well-known kitchen vege- 
 table, cultivated for its fruit, which varies much in shape and in color, from 
 yellow to cream-color or white. 
 
 3. C. verrucosa. Grooh-nech Squash. 
 
 Hairy- stem procumbent ; leaves cordate, deeply and palmately 5-lobed, 
 denticulate, the middle lobe narrowed at base; flowers yellow, pedunculate, 
 large ; fruit clavate, often elongated and curved inward at base, A kitchen 
 vegetable, equally common with the last. July. 
 
 4. C. ov'ifera. 
 
 Egg Squash. 
 
 Hairy; stem procumbent; leaves cordate, palmately 5-lobed, denticulate, 
 hairy ; calyx obovate ; fruit obovate, striped with longitudinal lines. A com- 
 mon kitchen vegetable. JiUy. 
 
 Order LIV. 
 
 CrassiTlaceaB.- 
 family. 
 
 -Stone-cro])' 
 
 1. SilDUM. 
 Sepals 4 — 5, more or less united at base. Petals 4 — 5, dis- 
 tinct. Stamens 8 — 10. Carpels 4 — 5, distinct, many seeded, 
 with an entire scale at the base of each. Per. 
 
 \. S. tei'natum. Stone-crojp. 
 
 Leaves smooth, entire, lower ones ternately verticillate, obovate, tapering at 
 base, uppermost ones scattered, lanceolate, sessile ; cyme consisting of about 8 
 spikes; flowers several and octandroos, except the central one, which is decan- 
 drous, all white, sessile, as long as the leafy bracts. A low plant, with stems 
 creeping at base, assurgent above, 8'— 8' long. Native in Canada-West, Penn., 
 and the Western States, Common in cultivation in N. Eng. July — Aug. 
 
 2. S. Telephium. Orpine, Live-forever. 
 
 Koot tuberous, fleshy, white; stem simple, erect, round, leafy; leaves flat- 
 tish, ovate, serrate, obtuse, scattered, sessile ; cymes corymbose, leafy. Flowers 
 white and purple. Common in gardens, and somewhat naturalized. Stems of a 
 purplish color, about 1 foot high, growing in tufts. Aug. 
 
 3. S. acre. Wall-pepper. 
 
 Stems procumbent, branching at base ; leaves minute, somewhat ovate, 
 fleshy, obtuse, alternate, crowded, sessile and nearly erect; cymes few-flowered 
 in 3 divisions, leafy; flowers yellow. A little fleshy plant, rapidly spreading 
 wherever it is planted, and thickly covering the surface. June— July. 
 
 % SEMPEEViVUM. 
 Sepals 6 — 20, slightly united at base. Petals 6 — 20, acumi- 
 nate. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovaries with 
 lacerated scales at base. Carpels 6 — 20. Fer. 
 
 1. S. Tectorum. House-leek. 
 
 Herbaceous; leaves thick and fleshy, fringed; offsets spreading. A common 
 plant in gardens, which sends out runners with offsets, and thus propagates it- 
 self, flowering only occasionally. Like many plants of this order, it is so hardy 
 ihat it will grow any where, even on dry walli ^ 
 
 3. PENTH6EUM. 
 Sepals 6, united at base. Petals 6, or none. Stamens 10. 
 Capsules of 5 united carpels, 5-angled, 6-celled, and 5-beaked. 
 Per. 
 
 1. P. sedoides. Virginia Stone-crop. 
 
 Stem erect, somewhat branched, angular above; leaves lanceolate, smooth, 
 acute at both ends, serrate, almost sessile ; flowers yellowish-green, inodorous, 
 in recurved, many-flowered racemes, arranged in a cyme; petals generally 
 none. A very common plant of no beauty, growing S' — 15' high, in moist 
 ground. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 Order LV. 
 
 Saxifragacepe. — Saxifrage- 
 family. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OP THE GENEEA. 
 
 SuBOKDER T. Saxifr^geoe. 
 
 Petals imbricate in prcfloration. Herbs with alternate, or opposite leaves. 
 
 1. SaxIfraga. Petals entire. Stamens 10. Capsule 2-celIed. Flowers in 
 cymes. 
 
 8. TiAEELLA. Petals entire. Stamens 10. Capsule 1-celled. Flowers in 
 racemes. 
 
 2. MiTELLA. Petals pectinately divided. Stamens 10. Capsule 1-celled. 
 
 4. CiiKYSOSPLENiuM. Petals none. Stamens 8—10. Aquatic, 
 
 SuEOKDER 11. Hydrangeas. 
 
 Petals valvate in prefloration. Shrubs with opposite leaves. 
 
 5. Hydrangea. Flowers in cymes ; marginal ones usually larger and 
 sterile ; the others perfect. 
 
 Sjbordee hi. Philad^lphese. 
 
 Petals convolute in prefloration. Shrubs with opposite leaves. 
 
 6. Philadelphus, Flowers in racemose, few-flowered clusters. Stamens 
 20—40. 
 
 1. SASfFRAGA 
 Sepals 6, more or less united, often coherent with the base ol 
 the ovary. Petals 5, inserted on the calyx-tube, entire. Stamens 
 10. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Capsule of 2, 
 more or less united carpels, 2-eelled below, opening between the 
 2 divergent beaks. Seeds numerous. Per. 
 
 1. S. Virginiensis. Early Saxifrage. 
 
 Leaves mostly radical, ovate, or spatulate-obovate, crenately toothed, on 
 broad petioles ; scape mostly naked, paniculately branched above. Flowera 
 small, white, numerous, cymose; calyx adherent to the base of the ovary; 
 
ORDER LVI. HAMAMELACE^ AVITCH-HAZEL-TRIBE. ORDER LVn, IJMBELLIFER^ UMBELLATK-FAMILY. 159 
 
 petals twice as long as tho calyx. A very early flowering plant, common on 
 rocks and dry hills, with a pubescent scape 3'— lU' high. Apri^May. 
 
 2. S. Peniisylv4nica. Tall Saxifrage. 
 
 Leaves radical, oval or oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, with 
 short, margined petioles ; scape almost leafless, striate, viscid-pubescent, with 
 alternate branches and dense cymes, forming an oblong panicle; flowers 
 yellowish-green, pedicellate ; petals linear-lanceolate, scarcely longer than the 
 calyx. A common bot by no means beautiful plant in swamps and meadows, 
 with hollow scapes 1—8 ft. high, supporting a large panicle of small, greenish 
 flowers. May. 
 
 % mitiSlla. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, valvate in prafioration. Petals 6, 
 piniiatifid, inserted into tlie throat of the calyx. Stamens 6 — 10, 
 included. Styles 2, short, distinct. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. 
 Fer. 
 
 1. M. diphylla. Common Miiella. 
 
 stem simple, pubc^ent; leaves cordate, serrately toothed, somewhat 
 iobed, pubescent ; radical ones on long, hairy petioles ; cauline ones, 2, op- 
 posite, nearly sossile; flowers white, in long, terminal racemes on short pe- 
 dicels, beautifully marked by the pectinate petals; styles short A very 
 elegant plant 6'— 12' high Most common in the more northern states. May 
 — June. 
 
 _ 2. M. nuda. Dwarf MiUlla. 
 
 Stem prostrate, or erect, slender, stoloniferous; leaves orbicular-cordate, or 
 somewhat reniform, doubly crenate, with a fow scattered hairs above; scape 
 filUbrm, few-flowered, naked or with a single leaf; flowers white; petals finely 
 pinnatifld, with flliform segments. A very delicate and elegant species, grow- 
 ing in deep moist woods, with light green, handsome leaves, and very 
 tlelicately beautiful flowers. Not uncommon in N. New England and New 
 York. Jane. 
 
 8. TIARiJLLA 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, with obtuse lobes, valvate in prefloration. 
 Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals into the 
 calyx. Styles 2. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved; valves very un- 
 equal. Per. 
 
 1. T. cordifolia. Mitre-wort. 
 
 Acaulescent; leaves cordate, acutely 3 — 5-lobed, dentate, with mucronate 
 teeth, hirsute above, pubescent beneath, with scattered hairs; stolons creep- 
 ing; flowers white, in racemes terminating the pubescent scapes, which are 
 4' — 10' high, and sometimes bear a leaf; bracts minute ; petalsoblong. A plant 
 much resembling Mitella diphylla, with which it commonly grows in rocky 
 woods. May—June. 
 
 4. CHRYSOSPLilNIUM. 
 
 Calyx coherent with the ovary, 4 — 5-lobed, colored within. 
 Petals none. Stamens 8 — 10, with short filaments, and reniform 
 anthers. Styles 2. Capsule obcordate, compressed, 1-celled, 2- 
 valved. Seeds numerous. Per. 
 
 1. C. Americinum. Water-carpet. 
 
 stem slender, square, decumbent, dichotomously branched above ; leaves 
 opposite ; upper ones often alternate ; all roundish-ovate, somewhat crenate, at- 
 tenuate to a petiole at base, smooth ; flowers remote, sessile; calyx usually 4- 
 cleft, greenish yellow, marked with purple lines; stamens 8, very short, with 
 orange- colored anthers. A little aquatic plant in shady springs and streams, 
 * distinguished by its conspicuous anthers. March— May 
 
 5. HTDElNGEA. 
 Flowers either all fertile, or more commonly the marginal ones 
 are sterile. Sterile flowers. — Calyx colored, membranaceous, 
 veiny, 4— 5-cleft. Petals, stamens, and styles none. Fertile 
 FLOWERS — Calj^x-tube hemispherical, coherent with the ovary, 
 with a 4 — 5-toothed, persistent limb. Petals ovate, sessile. 
 Stamens twice as many as the petals. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule 
 2-beaked, opening by u, foramen between the beaks. Seeds 
 numerous. 
 
 1. H. arborescens. Common Hydrangea. 
 
 Leaves ovate, or cordate, mostly acuminate, serrately toothed, nearly smooth ; 
 flowers white, in fastigiate cymes, either all fertile, or especially in cultivation, 
 the marginal ones ratljate, or ftll r&diafe. A native of Penn., cultivated at the 
 North. June. 
 
 2. H. quercifulia. Oak-leaved Hydrangea. 
 
 Leaves deeply and sinnately 8— 6-lobed, dentate, tomentoso beneath ; 
 flowers in paniculate, radiant cymes ; the sterile ones very large and numerous 
 with roundish sepals, dull white, changing to reddish. A very showy shrub, 
 with extremely large leaves, native of Florida, not uncommon in cultivation. 
 June. 
 
 3. H. hortensis. Changeable Hydrangea. 
 
 Leaves elliptical, narrowed at each end, serrated or toothed, strongly veined ; 
 smooth ; cymes radiant ; flowers mostly sterile. A species, 1—2 ft. high, 
 very common in house cuUivation. The barren flowers are numerous and 
 changeable, passing through several gradations of color, from green to straw- 
 color, yellow, white, purple, and pink, and continuing very showy for some 
 months. 
 
 6. PHILADfiLPHUS. 
 
 Calyx 4 — 5-parted, persistent, with the tube half adherent to 
 the ovary. Petals 4—5, convolute in prefloration. Stamens 20 
 — 40, shorter than the petals. Capsule 4-ceIled, 4-valved, with 
 loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds many, with an aril. 
 
 1. P. grandiflorus. Large-flowered Syringa. 
 
 Somewhat pubosccnt ; leaves ovate, acuminate, sharply denticulate and 
 veined ; tiowers large, white, on slender pedicels, in clusters of 1 — 3, at the ends 
 of tiio branches, nearly scentless ; calyx -segments conspicuously ncumijiate, 
 much longer than tho tube. An ornamental Southern shrub, often cultivated. 
 Stems 6 — S ft. high, with long, slender branches. June. 
 
 2. P. coronarius. False Syringa. 
 
 Leaves ovate, somewhat dentate, emootb, petiolate; flowers numerous, 
 white, very fragrant, in leafy clusters at the ends of the branches. A beautiful 
 shrub, B — 7 ft high, with opposite, reddish branches, and handsome, fi-agrant 
 flowers, often cultivated. June. 
 
 Ordepv LVL 
 
 Hamamelaceae. — Witch-Hazel 
 tribe. 
 
 1. HAMAM:feLI8. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted, 2 — 3-bracted at base. Petals 4, very long, 
 linear, marcescent. Fertile stamens 4. Sterile ones 4, scale- 
 like, opposite the petals. Capsule 2-ceUed, with loculicidal 
 dehiscence. 
 
 1. H. Virginiana. Witch Hazel. 
 
 Loaves obovate or oval, crenately toothed, obliquely subcordate at base, on 
 short petioles, nearly smooth; flowers sessile, 3 — 4 together, axillary; petals 
 narrowly linear, curled or twisted, yellow; calyx downy; ovary hirsute. A 
 large shrub of irregular growth, sending off large branches at or near the 
 ground, in an oblique direction, and growing 10— 15 ft. high. While all tho 
 shrubs and trees, itself included, are putting off their summer garb of green, 
 this shrub begins to send forth abundantly, in the midst of sear and falling 
 leaves, its golden-yellow blossoms, cheering the desolate woods in favorable 
 locations, and seasons, often until into December. 
 
 Ordek LVIL Umbelliferse. — TJie Umhelr 
 late-family, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 A, Flowers in simple umbels. 
 
 1. Htdkoc6tyle. Flowers greenish. Fruit compressed, orbicular. Leftves 
 roundish. 
 
 £. Mowers in compound icmbels. 
 
 * Petals ^Tcenisli. 
 
 2. Si-NicFLA. Flowers polygamous. Fruit subglobose, hispid with hooked 
 prickles. Leaves palraately parted. 
 
 11. Aechangeuca. Fruitdorsally compressed, -with 2-wingedmargins. not 
 prickly. 
 
 * * Flowers ^i^Iiite. 
 
 3. DiscopLE^RA. Calys-teetb subulate. Fruit compressed laterally, wing- 
 less, ovate. Leaves very finely dissected. 
 
 4. CictTA. Calyx-teeth broad. Fruitroundish, compressed laterally, wing- 
 less. Leaves bi- or tri-ternate. 
 
 5. SiuM. Calyx-teeth minute, or wanting. Fruit laterally compressed, 
 wingless. Leaves plnqate. 
 
160 
 
 ORDER LVIT. UMBELLIFEE^ UMBELLATE-FAMILY, 
 
 6. Cryptotcenia. Partial Timbels with unequal rays. Fruit nearly ob- 
 long, laterally corapreseed, wingless. Leaves S-foliate. 
 
 8. CIrum. Fruit oval, laterally compressed, wingless, Leaves somewhat 
 bi-'pinnatifld. 
 
 _ 9. Apiit-m. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit roundish, laterally compressed, 
 wingless. Lower leaves pinnately parted, 
 
 1'3. Heraoleum. Fruit dorsally compressed, flat, with a broadly winged 
 margin. Leaves ternately parted. 
 
 14. Da'ucus. Fruit oblong, not compressed, clothed with prickles in sepa- 
 rate rows. 
 
 15. OsMORnizA. Fruit linear, clavate, tapering at base, with bristly ribs. 
 
 16. CdNiUM. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, Literally compressed, with 
 6 undulate ribs. Leaves bi- or tri-ternately decompound. 
 
 17. CoRii.NDRu,M. Calyx with a distinct lube. Fruit globose. Leaves pin- 
 nately parted. 
 
 * * * Flowers yellow. 
 
 7. ZiziA. Fruit oval, laterally compressed. Leaves bi-ternately divided. 
 10. FcENiou-Lti-M. Fruit oblong, laterally compressed, with obtuse ribs. 
 
 Leaves bi-ternately dissected, with liliform segments. 
 
 12. Pastinac-v. Fruit oval, dorsally compressed, very flat, with a thin, 
 broadly winged margin. Leaves pinnately parted. 
 
 1. nYDROCdXTLE. 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals ovate, entire, acute, spreading, with 
 the point not inflected. Fruit flattened laterally, "with a narrow 
 commissure. Carpels without vittse. Fer. 
 
 1. H. Americana. Peitny-wort. 
 
 Smooth and shining ; stem flexuous, branching, often decumbent ; leaves or- 
 bicular-reniform, somewhat lobed, doubly crenate ; flowers minute, gi-eenish, 
 in axillary, sessile, few-flowered, greenish, capitate umbels; fruit very minute, 
 orbicular. A smooth and delicate plant, growing in wet, grassy places. Very 
 common. Stems 2'— 4' long. Jane — Aug. 
 
 2. BANfCULA. 
 Flowers polygamoiis. Calyx-tube echinate. Petals obovate, 
 erect, with a long inflexed point. Fruit subglobose, armed with 
 hooked prickles. Carpels not ribbed, furnished with numerous 
 vittsa. Per. 
 
 1. S. Marilandica. Sanicle. 
 
 Leaves digitately 5 — T-parted, mostly radical; segments oblong or cuncate, 
 incisely serrate ; cauline leaves few, nearly sessile ; flowers greenish, small, 
 mostly barren ; umbels with few rays, often prolifei-ous ; umbellets with numer- 
 ous rays; involucre 6-leaved, serrate ; sterile flowers numerous, on pedicels as 
 long as the fertile, sessile flowers; style elongated, conspicnoua and recurved. 
 A ommon plant 2 — 3 feet high, dichotomous at summit In woods and thick- 
 ets. Jane — July, 
 
 3. DISCOPLEtTEA. 
 
 Calyx-teeth subulate, persistent. Petals ovate, entire, with 
 
 minute inflexed point. Fruit ovate, frequently didymous. 
 
 Carpels with 3 prominent, filiform, dorsal ribs, and 2 lateral ones, 
 
 united with a thick margin. Intervals with single vittae. Seeds 
 
 nearly round. An. 
 
 1. D. capillacea. BisJio^-weed. 
 
 Erect or procumbent ; leaves very finely dissected, with setaceous segments; 
 umbels with 3-10 rays ; leaflets of the involucre 3—5, usually 3-parted ; involu- 
 cels filiform, longer tlian the umbellets; flowers white; fruit ovate. A veiy 
 smooth plant, 1 foot high, in salt marshes. Mass., R. L, and southward. Jidy 
 —Oct 
 
 4. CICtTTA. 
 Calyx-margin with 5 broad teeth. Petals obcordate, with an 
 inflexed point. Fruit roundish, didymous. Carpels with 5, flat- 
 tish, equal ribs, 2 of them marginal. Intervals filled with single 
 vittse. Commissure with 2 vittse. Carpophore 2-parted. Seeds 
 terete. Involucres few-leaved, or none. Involucels many-leaved. 
 
 1. C. maculata. Wate7' Hemlock. 
 
 stem smooth, hollow, often streaked with purple ; lower leaves triternately 
 divided ; upper ones biternately divided ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 
 smooth: flowers white, in axillary and terminal umbels; involucre-leaves none, 
 or 1—2 small ones ; involucel of 5—6 linear divisions ; calyx and style per^^ist- 
 ent ; root thick, flesby. poisonous. A common plant in wet meadows, 4—8 feet 
 high, with decompound leaves. The terminal leaflet is often pinnate or quin- 
 nate. Jul)/ — Aug, 
 
 2. C. bulbifera. Bulbous Cicuta. 
 
 stem round, hollow, striate, green ; axils of the branches bearing small bulb- 
 lets; leaves biternately divided; leaflets mostly linear, varying from almost 
 
 setaceous to linear-lanceolate ; flowers small, white, in axillary and terminal 
 umbels; involucels setaceous. A slender speciesS— 5 feet high, in swamps. 
 Not so common as the last, Aicg. 
 
 5. SiUM. 
 Calyx-margin 6-toothed or obsolete. Petals obcordate, with 
 an inflected point. Fruit nearly oval. Carpels with 5 obtuse 
 ribs. Yittte usually several in each interval. Carpophore 2-parted. 
 Fer. 
 
 1. S. lineare. Long-leaved Sium. 
 
 stem angular, sulcate; leaves pinnate; leaflets linear or linear-lanceolate, 
 finely serrate ; flowers white, small; involucres with 5-6 linear divisions; 
 calyx-teeth minute ; fruit obovate. A tall and stout plant, 8—5 feet high, with 
 narrow leaflets. Common, especially near the sea-coast. July. 
 
 6. CRTPTOTiENIA. 
 Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an inflected 
 point. Fruit linear-oblong or ovate-oblong. Carpels with 5 
 equal, obtuse ribs. Vittse very narrow, twice as many as the 
 ribs. Carpophore free, 2-parted. Per. ' 
 
 1. C. Canadensis. Hone-wort. 
 
 stem smooth, branching above ; leaves 3-partcd, petiolate; segments ovate, 
 entire, or 2 — 3-lobcd, doubly serrate ; teeth coarse, raucronate ; umbels irregu- 
 lar, axillary and terminal, somewhat paniculate, with very uneijual rays; flow- 
 ers small, \\hite ; involucres none; involucels few-leaved; fruit oblong-elliptieal. 
 A common plant in moist wood% 1 — 2 feet high, with the radical leaves on long 
 petioles, and distinguished by its irregular umbels and umbellets, July. 
 7. ZlZLV. 
 Calyx-margin obsolete, or with 5 very minute -teeth. Petals 
 oblong, with an inflexed point. Fruit oval, didymous. Carpels 
 5-ribbed, with the lateral ribs marginal. Intervals with 1 — 3 
 vittas. Commissure with 3 — 4. Involucre none. Involucels few- 
 leaved. Per. 
 
 1. Z. aarea. Golden Alexander. 
 
 Smooth; stem erect, or somewhat decumbent, sulcate, branching above: 
 leaves biternately divided ; segments oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; umbellets witli 
 short rays ; flowers small, deep yellow ; involucels of 2 — 3 very small leaflets ; 
 fruit elliptical, brown when mature. Not uncommon in woods and fields. 
 Stem 6'— 12' high. May— June. 
 
 8. CAEUM. 
 Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emarginate, with an 
 inflexed point. Styles spreading, dilated at base. Fruit oval, 
 compressed laterally. Carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ribs marginal. 
 Intervals with single vittse. Commissure with 2. Per. 
 
 1. C. Carvi. 
 
 Caraway. 
 
 Leaves somewhat bi-pinnatifidly divided ; segments numerous, linear ; invo- 
 lucre 1-leaved, or none ; involucels none; flowers white. A common plant in 
 gardens, cultivated, for its aromatic fruit. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, smooth and 
 branching. Lower leaves large, on long petioles, with large, swelling sheaths. 
 June. 
 
 9. APIUM, 
 
 Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals roundish, with an inflected 
 point. Fruit roundish, laterally compressed. Carpels 5-ribbed ; 
 the lateral ribs marginal. Intervals with single vittse. Carpo- 
 phore undivided. Biennial. 
 
 1. A. graveolens. Celery. 
 
 stem branching, furrowed ; lower leaves pinnately dissected, on very long 
 petioles; segments broadly cuneate, incised; upper leaves 8-parted ; segments 
 cuneate, lobed and incisely dentate at apox ; flowers white, in umbels, with un- 
 equal, spreading rays. Cultivated in gardens for its stem and radical petioles, 
 which when blanched are eaten as salad. July — Aug. 
 10. FCENtCULUM. 
 Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals revolute, with a broad, retuse 
 apex. Fruit oblong, somewhat laterally compressed. Carpels 
 with 5 obtuse ribs ; marginal ones a little broader. Intervals 
 with single vittjse; commissure with 2. An. 
 
 1. F. vulgare. Fennel. 
 
 Stem round, smooth, branched ; leaves biternately dissected, with Huear- 
 snbulate, elongated segments; umbels with numerous unequal spreading rays , 
 
OEDEB LVII. AKALIACE^ SPIKENABD-FAMILY. 
 
 161 
 
 involucre and involucele none ; carpels tnrgid, oblong-ovate ; flowers yellow. 
 Oommon in gardens ; cultivated for its aromatic seeds. July. 
 
 11. ARCHANGfiLIGA. 
 
 _ Calyx-teeth short. Petals equal, entire, acuminate, -with the 
 point iuflexed. Fruit dorsally compressed. Carpels with 3 cari- 
 nate dorsal ribs, with the 2 lateral ones dilated into -wings. Vit- 
 tSB very numerous. Per. 
 
 1. A. atropurpi\rea. Angelica. 
 
 stem mostly dark pnrple, furrowed ; leaves 3-parted, on large, inflated pe- 
 tioles ; divisions of the leaves bipinnately divided, with 5— T segments ; the 8 
 terminal ones confluent, sub-acuminate, unequally serrate; flowers greenish, 
 In very large umbels, on nearly smooth peduncles ; involucre almost none ; in- 
 volucels many-leaved ; fruit smooth. A tall, rank plant in meadows, with very 
 large greenish umbels, and aromatic seeds. Stem 4—6 feet high, hollow. 
 JiMie. 
 
 12. pastinAoa. 
 
 Calyxjteeth obsolete, or minute. Petals roimdish, entire, in- 
 volute, with an inflexed point. Fruit much compressed, with a 
 broad, ilat margin. Carpels with 5, nearly obsolete ribs. In- 
 tervals with single vittaj ; oommissuro with 2 or none. Carpo- 
 phore 2-parted. Seeds flat. Involucre and involucels few- 
 leaved ; or none. Per. 
 
 1. P. sativa. Parsnip. 
 
 Roots fleshy ; stem smooth, sulcate ; leaves pinnately divided, slightly pu- 
 bescent, especially beneath; leaflets ovate, or oblong, unequally serrate; termi- 
 nal one often 8-lobed ; umbels large, on long peduncles; flowers yellow; fruit 
 oval ; commissure with 2 vittie, which are dark purple. Common in cultiva- 
 tion, and also naturalized in waste places. Stem 8— 5 ft. high. July — Sep, 
 Biennial. 
 
 IS. HERACLt:UM. 
 Calyx with 5, small, distinct teeth. Petals obcordate, with 
 an inflexed point, in the exterior flowers often radiate and ap- 
 parently deeply 2-eleft Fruit compressed, flat, with broad, flat 
 margins. Carpels with 3 obtuse, dorsal ribs. Intervals with 
 single, mostly elavate vitta;. Seeds flat. Involucre caducous, 
 mostly few-leaved. Involucels maay-leaved. Per. 
 
 1. H. lanatum. 
 
 stem sulcate, branching, hollow, pubescent; leaves very large and broad, 
 especially the lower ones, on very large petioles, ternately divided, tonientose 
 beneath ; leaflets petiolate, roundish-cordate, unequally lobed ; lobes acuml- 
 #ate, nearly smooth above ; flowers white, in very large umbels ; segments of 
 the involucre lanceolate, deciduous, those of the involucels lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate ; fruit nearly orbicular. A tall, rank plant, 4 — S ft. high, in meadows, dis- 
 tinguished by its large leaves, and its Immense umbels (often a foot in diameter), 
 of which the marginal flowers are generally radiate and much larger than the 
 others. June. 
 
 14. DAtrCTTS. 
 Calyx-margin 6-toothed. Petals obovate, emarginate with an 
 inflected point, the 2 outer often the largest, and deeply 2-cleft. 
 Fruit ovoid, or oblong. Carpels with 5 primary ribs, 3 dorsal 
 and 2 on the flat commissure, and 4 secondary ribs, the latter 
 more prominent, winged, and each bearing a single row of 
 prickles, with single vitae beneath. Carpophore entirely free. 
 Bienn. 
 
 1. D. Carota. Carrot. 
 
 stem hispid, branching; leaves bi- or tri-pinnatifld ; segments pinnatifid; 
 leaflets lanceolate or linear; leaflets of the involucre pinnatifld, nearly as longas 
 the umbel ; leaflets of the involucel entire, or S-cleft ; flowers white, sometimes 
 yellowish ; the central flower in each umbellet abortive, rose-colored. Root 
 conical. Common in cultivation. Naturalized along roadsides and in dry 
 fields. Common. July. 
 
 15. OSMOEHtZA. 
 Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals oblong, entire ; the cuspidate 
 point inflected. Styles conical at base. Fruit very long, linear, 
 elavate, attenuate at base. Carpels with 5 acute, bristly ribs. 
 Intervals without vittse. Commissure with a deep bristly channel. 
 Per. 
 
 21 
 
 1. 0. longistylis. Sweet Cicely. 
 
 stem branching above, nearly smooth ; leaves biternately divided ; radical 
 and lower cauline ones on long petioles ; segments broadly ovate, somewhat 
 lobed, slightly pnbescent on botli sides; flowers white; umbels of about 5 
 rays; involucre of 1 — 8 linear, clliate leaflets, longer than the rays; involucels 
 of 5 lanceolate leaflets; styles filiform, nearly as long as the ovary; fruit ela- 
 vate, dark green or blackish, hispid, crowned with the slender, and at length 
 divergent styles. Root fasciculate and rather fleshy, of a sweet anise-like 
 flavor. A common plant in woods, 1 — 3 ft. high, of a very agreeable, spicy 
 odor and taste, especially the root. May — June. 
 
 2. 0. brevistylis. Hairy Cicely. 
 
 stem erect, branching, mostly pubescent; leaves biternately divided; 
 segments pinnatifld, hairy on both sides; flowers white, smaller than in the 
 last; styles conical, scarcely as long as the ovary is broad; fruit somewhat 
 tapering, with the persistent styles at length converging. The root has a 
 sweetish, rather disagreeable taste, and is entirely destitute of the anise-like 
 flavor of the last. The plant is more hairy, and the segments of the leaves 
 more deeply cleft. Stem 1—3 ft. high. Grows in woods, rather common. 
 May—June. 
 
 16. C(^NIUM. 
 Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals obcordate, with a short in- 
 flected point. Fruit ovate, with compressed sides. Carpels with 
 5 prominent, equal, undulate-crenulate ribs ; the lateral ones 
 marginal. Intervals without vittse. Seeds with a deep narrow 
 groove in the face. Bienn. 
 
 1. C. macula turn. Poison Hemlock. 
 
 stem smooth, branching, hollow, spotted ; leaves decompound, bipinnately 
 divided ; leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid, with acute lobes ; involucre of about 5 
 lanceolate leaflets; involucel of 8 — 5 unilateral leaflets ; flowers small, white, in 
 terminal umbels ; fruit smooth. A common poisonous weed, 3—8 ft high in 
 waste places. Introduced. The lower leaves are very large, on long petioles. 
 The whole plant is a powerful narcotic poison, and has a disagi-eeable odor, 
 especially when bruised. July — Aug. 
 
 IT. COEllNDEUM. 
 Calyx with 6 conspicuous teeth. Petals obcordate, inflexed at 
 the point ; outer ones much larger, bifid. Fruit globose. Car- 
 pels cohering together, with 5 depressed, primary ribs, and 4 
 secondary, more prominent ones. Seeds concave on the face. An. 
 
 1. C. sativum. Coriander. 
 
 Glabrous; leaves bipinnately divided; lower ones with broad, cuneate 
 segments ; tipper ones with linear segments ; involucre none ; involucel 3- 
 leaved, unilateral; flowers white; carpels hemispherical. A well known 
 garden plant, 2 — 8 ft high, with strong-scented leaves. Cultivated for Its 
 aromatic fruit July. 
 
 Okder LVIII. Aralidcese. — Spikenard- 
 family. 
 
 1. aeAlia. 
 
 Calyx-limb 5-toothed or entire, short. Petals 5, spreading. 
 Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Styles 5, at length di- 
 verging. Fruit baccate, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. A. racemdsa. Pettymorrel. 
 
 stem smooth, herbaceous, branching; leaves decompound, 3 — 5-parted; 
 each division with 3—5 ovate, cordate, serrate, acuminate leaflets ; umbels 
 small, numerons, arranged in branching, compound racemes, forming panicles 
 on axillary peduncles ; flowers small, greenish-white ; fruit small, dark-purple. 
 A well known plant in rich, rocky woodlands, 3— G feet high, with a thick, 
 pleasantly aromatic root. The leaves are very large, light-green. July. 
 
 2. A. nudicaulis. Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Nearly acaulescent; leaf radical, solitary, on a long, 8-cleft petiole; each 
 division pinnately 8 — 5 foliate ; leaflets oval or obovate, sharply serrate, acumi- 
 nate; scape naked, shorter than the leaf, bearing 3 simple, pedunculate umbels: 
 flowers small, greenish : root long, creeping, aromatia A common well known 
 plant in rich woods, with a scape about 1 foot high. May — June. 
 
162 
 
 OKDKB LIX. CORNACE^ CORNEL-FAMILY. ORDER LX. CAPRIFOLTACE^ HONEYSUCKLE-FAMILY. 
 
 2. pAnax. 
 
 Flowers polygamous. Caly:x-limb very short, obscurely 5- 
 toothed. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5, alternate with the pe- 
 tals. Styles 2 — S. Fruit drupaceous, fleshy, 2 — 3-celled. Cells 
 1-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. P. trifolium. 
 
 Dwarf Ginseng. 
 
 Itoot globose ; leaves 3, verticillate, 3 — 5-foliate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 
 serrate, sub-sessile ; peduncle nearly as long as the leaves ; flowers white, on 
 short pedicels ; styles 3; berries 8-seeded. A delicate little plant, common in 
 low woods, 3' — 6' high, with a simple, slender stem, a whorl of three loaves at 
 top and a little umbel of white flowers, on a long peduncle, rising from the 
 centre. May. 
 
 2. P. quinquef61ium. 
 
 Ginseng. 
 
 Root fusiform ; stem simple, smooth ; leaves 3, verticillate, 5-foliate; leaflets 
 obovate-oblong, acuminate ; the lateral ones smaller; peduncle almost as long 
 as the petioles; flowers yellowish, on short pedicels; styles 2; ovary 2-celled ; 
 stem about 1 foot high, bearing a simple umbel, succeeded by bright scarlet ber- 
 ries, A much larger plant in all its parts than the last, and less common, being 
 met with most frequently in rich woods, in mountainous districts. July. 
 
 3. H3i]DERA. 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, dilated at base. Berry, 5-seeded, 
 surrounded by the persistent calyx. Evergreen. 
 
 1, H. helix. English I'vy. 
 
 stem and branches long and flexible, attaching themselves to the earth, 
 walls, or trees, by numerous rootlets ; leaves dark -green, smooth, petiolate, 
 with white veins; lower ones 5-lobed; upper ovate ; flowers green, in numer- 
 ous umbels, arranged in corymbs ; beiTy black. A climbing, shrubby plant, be- 
 coming common in cultivation, especially for tra'ning on walls. 
 
 Okdep. LIX. 
 
 Cornacese.- 
 
 1. c(5rnus. 
 
 - Cornelifamih/. 
 
 Calyx-limb 4-toothed, with minute segments. Petals 4, oblong, 
 spreading. Stamens 4, with filiform filaments. Style 1. Drupes 
 baccate. Trees, shrubs, and perennial herbs. 
 
 1. 0. alternifolia. Common Cornel. 
 
 Leaves more or less alternate, oval, acuminate, smooth above, hoary-pubes- 
 cent beneath ; cymes loose, spreading; flowers yellowish-white; drupes light 
 blue. A small tree in moist woods, with alternate greenish warty branches. 
 The leaves are irregularly arranged on the branches, but arc for the most part 
 alternate. Jane. 
 
 2: C. circinata. Bound-leaved Cornel. 
 
 Branches greenish, spotted, warty; leaves very broad, oval, or orbicular, 
 abruptly acuminate, white-tomentose beneath; cymes rather small, depressed; 
 flowers white ; petals ovate ; berries light blue. A shrub of irregular, strag- 
 gling growth, about 8 feet high. Woods and banks of streams. Not uncom- 
 mon. June. 
 
 3. C. sericea. JRed Osier. 
 
 Branches spreading, dark purple; branchlets red; cymes and petioles 
 woolly ; leaves opposite, entire, oval or ovate, woolly beneath, mostly ferrugin- 
 ous, especially on the veins, acnminate; cymes depressed, crowded ; flowers 
 yellowish-whito ; drupes sub-globose, bright blue. A l^rge shrub, 6 — 10 feet 
 high, with rather variable and stout shoots, which are dark red, especially in 
 winter. Along streams and in wet grounds. Common. June. 
 
 4. 0, stolonifera. White-herried Cornel. 
 
 Stems often reclined and stoloniferous ; shoots virgate, bright reddish-pur- 
 ple; branches smooth, spreading; leaves ovate, acute, hoary-pubescent beneath ; 
 cymes flat, nearly smooth ; petals ovate ; drupes white, lead-color when fully 
 ripe, A small tree, S— 10 feet high, with dark red, smooth shopts, especially 
 conspicuous in winter, often sending out branches, which take root and send 
 up erect shoots. Most common in the more northern portions of N. England 
 and N. York. June. 
 
 5. C. florida. Box-wood. 
 
 Ijeavos ovate, acuminate, acute at base, entire ; flowers small, greenish- 
 
 yellow, surrounded by a large 4-leaved involucre, the segments of which ar» 
 obcordate, with a callous point at apex, apparently emarginate, white and 
 showy, often tinged with red; drupes oval, bright rod. A tree 15—80 feet high, 
 common In woods, and making a great display when in blossom. The wood is 
 exceedingly hard and compact The hark is bitter, with tonic properties. May 
 — Juns. 
 
 6. C. Canadensis. Low CorneL 
 
 Herbaceous ; flowering stems low, simple, erect ; rhizoma creeping, some- 
 what woody ; upper leaves about 6, somewhat verticillate, on short petioles, 
 oval, acute, or acuminate ; involucre 4-leaved, much larger than the flowers; 
 leaflets hrpad-ovate, greenish-white, petaloid, inclosing the umbel of greenish- 
 yellow flowers; drupes red, baccate, rather large, and of a sweetish taste. An 
 elegant little plant in damp woods and shady swamps, 4'— 6' high. The flow- 
 ering si ems look as if they had one large white flower, and are accompanied by 
 numerous barren ones, with 4 leaves at top. Fer. May— June. 
 
 Oeder LX. 
 
 Caprifoliacese. — HoneysucMe- 
 famih/. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 * Corolla, more or less tulmlar, 
 
 1. LoNicERA, Calyx-teeth very short Corolla funnel-form, or tubular; 
 limb with 5, irregular, or nearly regular segments. Stamens 5, exsort Fruit 
 a berry. Leaves not serrate. 
 
 2. DiEEViLLA. Calyx with 5, subulate, persistent teeth; Corolla funnel- 
 form. I^imb with 5 nearly equal segments. Stamens 5, Shrubs with serrate 
 leaves, 
 
 3. Tri6steum. Calyx with 5 linear, leafy, per&istent teeth. Corolla tubular, 
 gibbons at base, with 5 nearly equal segments. Herbs. 
 
 4. Sympiiohtcarpus. Calyx with 4—6 persistent teeth. Corolla campanu- 
 late, regularly 4— 5-lobed, Stamens 4^5, included. Fruit a berry. Slirubs. 
 
 5. LiNNJSA. Calyx with 5 deciduous, subulate teeth. Corolla campanulate, 
 with 5, nearly equal lobes. Stamens 4, 2 longer than the other 3. Trailing 
 evei-greens. 
 
 * * Corolla, rotate? deeply and. reg-wlarly 5-lol)cd. 
 
 6. SAirB-d^ous. Calyx-teeth minute or wanting. Fruit a pulpy berry. 
 Shrubs with pinnate leaves. 
 
 T. Viburnum. Calyx distinctly 5-toothed. Fruit a dry drupe. Shrubs 
 with simple leaves. 
 
 1. LONfCERA 
 
 Calpc-limb witli 5 short teeth. Corolla tubular or funnel- 
 form, gibbous at base, with a 5-cleft, usually quite irregular 
 limb. Stamens 5, exsert. Ovary 2 — 3-celled, Berry few-seeded. 
 
 * Climbing shrubs. Flowers in whorls. 
 
 1. L. parvifl6ra. Small-flowered Honeysuchle. 
 
 Leaves smooth, oblong, or elliptical^ dark green and shining above, glaucous 
 beneath ; the upper pairs connate, all sessile, undulate, and revolute at the mat 
 gin; flowers in 2 — 3 approximate, pedunculate whorls; corolla irregular, gib- 
 bous at base, with a short tube, pale yellow, and generally tinged with dull red; 
 filaments bearded; berries orange-colored. A slender slirnb, frequently climb- 
 ing, sometimes nearly or quite erect; growing in rocky woods. Not uncom- 
 mon. May — June. 
 
 2. L. sempervirens. Trumpet Honeysuckle. 
 
 Leaves oblong, evergreen, pale beneath, upper pairs connate ; flowers in 
 somewhat distant whorls, almost regular, ventricose above, scarlet without and 
 yellow within, nearly 2' long, inodorous. A splendid climbing evergreen spe- 
 cies, native in N. York, especially near the city and southward. Common in 
 cultivation. At the North the leaves are deciduous. May — Aug. 
 
 3. L. Periclymenum. Woodhine Honeysuchle. 
 
 Leaves distinct, elliptical, on short petioles; flowers in ovate, Imbricate, ter- 
 minal heads; corolla ringent, yellow and red, fragrant; berries red. A very 
 common species, much admired in cultivation. May — July. 
 
 A variety has smooth, lobed leaves, 
 
 4. L, caprifolium. Italian Honeysuckle, 
 
 Leaves deciduous, the upper pair connate ; flowers in a terminal whorl ; 
 corolla ringent, varying through red, yellow, and white, very fragrant A very 
 beautiful cultivated species. June- — Aug. 
 
 * * Shrubs. Floioers pedunculate. 
 
 5. L. ciliata. Fly Honeysuckle, 
 
 Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, often cordate at base, ciliate, thin, villous be- 
 neath, when yonng; flowers in pairs, pendulous, axillary, connected by their 
 
OEDEK LXI. ETJBIACEiE — MADDEB-FAMILY. 
 
 163 
 
 ovaries; corolla yellow at b^e, with short and nearly equal lobes, yellowish- 
 white, spurred outwards; style exsert; berries ovoid, red, in pairs, difltinct 
 An erect, elegant shrub, with delicate foliage and flowers. Not uncommon in 
 woods ; 2 — i feet high. May— June. 
 
 2. DIEEYlLLA. 
 Calyx-tube oblong, tapering at top ; limb with 5 subulate, 
 pei-sistent teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft and nearly regu- 
 lar Stamens 6. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. D. trifida. Bush Honeysuckle. 
 
 Leaves ovate, serrate, acuminate, smooth, on short petioles; peduncles ax- 
 illary and terminal, 1—8-floweretl ; flowers greenish-yellow; ovaries slender, 
 half as long as the corolla. A low, branching shrub, in woods and on hill-sides, 
 with yellowish flowers, about ^' long, June. 
 
 8. TrwI<3STEUM. 
 Calyx-limb Tvith 6 linear, foliaceous, persistent teeth, equalling 
 the corolla. Corolla tubular, gibbous at base ; limb with 5 sub- 
 equal lobes. Stamens included. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry, 
 drupaceous, crowned with the calyx, 3-celled, 3-seeded. Seeds 
 3-angled, bony. Per. 
 
 1. T. perfoliatum. Feverwort. 
 
 Herbaceous; stem hollow, pubescent, simple; leaves ovate, acuminate, en- 
 tire, tapering at base, connate, pubescent; flowers sessile, in verticils of 5—8 ; 
 corolla viscid-pubescent, dull purple, with a curved tube; fruit somewhat 3- 
 sided, orange-color when ripe. A coarse, hairy plant, 2 — 3 feet high, with in- 
 elegant flowers, growing in rich soil in woods and flelds. Jmie. 
 
 4. STMPHOEIOAEPUS. 
 Calyx-tube globose ; limb with 4 — 6 persistent teeth. Corolla 
 bell-shaped, quite regularly 4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted 
 on the corolla. Berry globose, 4-ceUed, 2-seeded ; 2 cells abor- 
 tive. 
 
 1, S. racemosus. Snow-herry. 
 
 Leaves oval, often undulate at the margin, mostly smooth, paler beneath, on 
 short petioles ; flowers in terminal, loose, interrupted and somewhat leafy ra- 
 cemes ; corolla densely bearded within, rose color ; stamens and style included ; 
 berries large, roundish. An ornamental shrub, especially when covered with 
 its brilliantly white berries. Native in W. Termont and Canada. Common 
 
 in cultivation. June— Sep. 
 
 5. LINN^A. 
 
 Calyx-limb deciduous, with 5 subulate teeth. Corolla cam- 
 
 panulate ; limb with 5 nearly equal lobes. Stamens 4, 2 longer 
 
 than the other 2. Berry 3-celled, dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded, 
 
 with 2 abortive cells. 
 
 1. L. borealis. Twin-flower. 
 
 Evergi-een ; stems filiform, creeping, branching and rooting through their 
 whole length ; leaves small, roundish, crenate, with short petioles and a few 
 scattered hairs; peduncles erect, filiform, slightly pubescent, furnished with 
 leaves at base, and with 2 linear, minute bracts, dividing into 2 short pedicels, 
 which support each a nodding, fragrant flower. Corolla rose-color, of a 
 deeper hue inside. This very delicate and interesting little plant is found in 
 moist woods, especially among evergreens, and is met with throughout most of 
 N. Eng. and N. York ; but is most abundant In the Northern portions. June. 
 
 6. BAMBtrCUS. 
 Calyx with 5, minute, or obsolete teeth. Corolla with 5 
 spreading segments. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. Berry globose, 
 pulpy, 3-seeded. 
 
 1. S. Canadensis. Elder, 
 
 stem shrubby; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5— 11, oblong or oval, serrate, acu- 
 minate, smooth, the lower ones sometimes 3-parted; cyme flat, 5-parted; 
 flowers white, very numerous, with a rather oppressive odor; berry dark pur- 
 ple, juicy. A common shrub, 6—10 feet high, In waste grounds and along 
 fences and thickets. Its large branches and stems are filled with pith, espe- 
 cially when young. May— July. 
 
 2. S. pi\bens. Bed-berried Elder. 
 
 stem shrubby, with a warted bark; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5—7, oval-lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, and with the petiole pubescent beneath ; cymes densely 
 
 panicled, or pyramidal ; flowers white ; fruit scarlet, small. Common in the 
 interior of New England and New York, but not near the sea coast May- 
 June. 
 
 7. TIBtoNTJM. 
 Calyx persistent, 6-toothed. Corolla with 6 obtuse, spreading 
 segments. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a l-celled, 1-seeded 
 drupe. 
 
 1. V. lantanoides, Hohhle-hush, 
 
 Leaves roundish, cordate at base, abruptly acuminate, closely serrate, with 
 prominent veins; the veins and veinlcts beneath, together with the petioles 
 and branchlets, covered with ferruginous down ; cymes sessile, broad and flat, 
 flowers white, showy; fruit ovate, large, crimson, turning dark. A shrub of 
 irregular, straggling growth ; very handsome in flower, not uncommon in 
 rocky woods of New England and New York. Its beauty consists in the largo 
 sterile flowers on the margins of the cymes. The fertile flowers are incon- 
 spicuous. May. 
 
 2. V. opulus. High Cranberry. 
 
 Leaves chiefly 8-lobed, rounded, rarely tapering at base ; lobes acuminate, 
 dentate, with 2 glands on the petiole at the base of the leaf; cymes peduncu- 
 late ; fruit ovoid, red, acid. A handsome shrub of erect growth and showy 
 cymes, bordered as In the last, with large pure-white, sterile flowers. Most 
 common In the northern parts of New York and New England. 
 
 Yar. roseum. Snow-ball. 
 
 Leaves broader, rather acute at base ; flowers all sterilo, in globose cymes of 
 snowy white. This Is the Guilder Eose, a European variety, much cultivated 
 in gardens. 
 
 3. V. acerifolium. Maple-leaved Viburnum. 
 
 Leaves 3-veined, 8-lobed, somewhat cordate at base, sharply serrate, with 
 acuminate lobes, pubescent beneath ; petioles and young branches pubescent; 
 cymes on long peduncles, flat ; stamens exsert ; fruit oval, compressed ; flowers 
 dull white. A shrub 4—6 ft. high, with foliage resembling maple leaves. 
 Common in woods. June. 
 
 4. V. Lentago. Sweet Viburnum. 
 
 Leaves ovate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate ; petioles long, undu- 
 lately margined; flowers white, in broad cymes; berries oval, flnally black 
 and edible, with a sweetish taste. A handsome shrub or small tree, ID — 15 ft. 
 high in woods and thickets. Common. May— June. 
 
 5. Y. nudum. White-rod. 
 
 Smooth ; leaves oval, or oblong, sometimes nearly lanceolate, dotted be- 
 neath, as well as the petioles and cymes, with brownish spots, revolute on the 
 margin, coriaceous, nearly entire, or somewhat crenate; cymes smooth, on 
 short peduncles; flowers white, numerous; fruit dark blue, with a glaucous 
 bloom. A common shrub in swamps 6 — 12 feet high. 
 
 There are two varieties; one with nearly entire leaves; the other with 
 finely serrate or toothed leaves, of a darker color. 
 
 6. Y. dentatum. Arrow-wood. 
 
 Smooth; leaves roundish-ovate, sharply and coarsely serrate, acuminate, on 
 long, slender petioles, with very prominent veins, shining above ; flowers small, 
 white, in smooth pedunculate cymes ; fruit small, roundish, dark blue. A com- 
 mon shrub, 6—10 ft high on river banks and in damp woods, with long, slen- 
 der shoots, and light green leaves, with parallel veins. June — July, 
 
 Ordek LXI. Rubiacese. — Madder-family. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Suborder I. StelRtae. 
 
 Leaves verticillate, Corolla rotate. 
 
 1. Gaxium. Corolla 8 — 4 parted. Fruit in pairs. Herbs. 
 
 Suborder II. Oincbbnese. 
 
 Leaves opposite, Corolla with a manifest tube. 
 
 2. MiTCHELLA. Flowers in pairs. Ovaries united, forming a single berry. 
 Herbs. 
 
 3. Hedy6ti8. Flowers not in pairs. Corolla with 4 spreading segments. 
 Herbs. 
 
 4. Cephalanthus. Flowers in globular heads. Corolla tubular, with 4 
 nearly erect segments. Shrubs. » 
 
164: 
 
 OEDEE LXm. BIPSACEM — TEASEL-FAMILY. OEDEE LXIV. COMPOSITJE COMPOSITE-FAJMILY. 
 
 1. GALIUM. 
 Calyx minute, with 3-^4 teeth. Corolla rotate 3 — 4 cleft 
 Stamens 3 — 4 short. Styles 2. Fniit consisting of 2 united 1- 
 seeded, indehiscent capsules. Stem 4-angled. Leaves yerti- 
 gillate. JPer. 
 
 1. G, asprellum. jRougJi Cleavers. 
 
 stem weak, very branching, prickly backwards, supporting itself by its 
 prickles; leaves in verticels of about 6 on the main stems, and 4 on the bran- 
 ches, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acuminate, with the mid-vein and 
 margin prickly backwards; peduncles short, 2 — 3 flowered ; flowers numerous, 
 minute, white ; fruit mostly smooth. A common plant in low grounds and 
 thickets, climbing 4 — 6 ft. over shrubs and other plants by means of its hooked 
 prickles. J'tdy. 
 
 2. Gr. trifidum. Goose-grass. 
 
 stem slender, decumbent, or nearly erect, weak, rough backward ; leaves 
 in whorls of 4—6, oblong-linear, or oblanceolate, obtuse, with rough margins; 
 peduncles 1 — 3-flowered ; pedicels slender ; flowers white ; the parts mostly in 
 8% minute ; fruit smooth. A common slender species, 4' — ^18' high, in wet 
 grounds and swamps. Very variable. 
 
 Two varieties are found. Var. 1st Tinctdrium. Earlier leaves in 6's; 
 those of the branches in 4's; root red, and is said to yield a permanent dye of 
 tbat color. The plant is hence sometimes called " Dyers' Cleavers." 
 
 Var. 2d. Obtiisum. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse. Parts of the flowers in 
 4's. Jun^ — Aug, 
 
 3. G. aparine. Common Cleavers. 
 
 stem weak, reclining, prickly backward, hairy at the joints ; leaves about 3 
 in a whorl, lanceolate, mucronate, rough on the edge and mid-vein ; peduncles 
 axillary,! — 2-flowered; flowers small, white; i^'uit large, hispid, with hooked 
 prickles. An annual species, with stems 2 — 6 feet long, found in damp thick- 
 ets. Jmie. 
 
 4. Gt. trifiorum. Three-flowered Cleavers. 
 
 stem weak, procumbent, or prostrate, rough backward on the angles ; leaves 
 mwtly in 6'8, oval-lanceolate, mucronate, rough on the mar^n ; peduncles 8- 
 flowered ; flowers pedicellate, greenish ; fniit hispid, Common in moist woods. 
 Stem 1—3 feet long. Jahj. 
 
 5. G. boreale. Northern Cleavers. 
 
 stem erect smooth ; leaves in 4's, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, smooth ; flow- 
 ers in a terminal, pyramidal, elongated panicle, white, small; fruit' small, his- 
 pid. A species found on rocky banks of streams, distinguished from others of 
 its tribe by the panicle of flowers* July. 
 
 6. G. circsezans. Wild Licorice. 
 
 stem erect, or ascending, mostly smooth, nearly or quite simple ; leaves in 
 4's, ovate-lanceolate, or oval, generally obtuse, 3-veined, nearly smooth, ciliate; 
 peduncles few-flowered, with mostly 2 divaricate branches and remote flowers, 
 on short pedicels ; flowers dark purple; fruit hispid. Common in woods, 6' — 
 12' high. The leaves have a sweetish taste, similar to that of licorice, and hence 
 its common name. July. 
 
 2. MITCHfiLLA. 
 Flowers in pairs, with united OYaries. Calyx 4-parted. Co- 
 rolla funnel-shaped, bearded within, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted 
 on the corolla. Stigmas 4. Fruit a baccate drupe, crowned with 
 the calyx-teeth of both flowers. 
 
 1. M. repens. Partridge-herry. 
 
 Evergreen; stem creeping; leaves dark green, roundish-ovate, petiolate, op- 
 posite, with minute stipules ; flowers white, or tinged with rose, fragrant, pe- 
 dunculate 2 together, on a double ovary ; berries small, bright red, edible but 
 dry, persistent through the winter. A very pretty creeping plant in woods, 
 with dark green, coriaceous leaves, which are usually marked with whitish 
 linos. Common. June — July. 
 
 3. hedt6tis. 
 
 Caljrs: 4-parted, persistent, inserted on the corolla. Stigmas 
 2. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 1. H. coeralea. Innocence. 
 
 Smooth; stem slender, dichotomous ; radical leaves spatulate, petiolate ; 
 cauUne ones opposite, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, small; peduncles long, filiform, 
 I— 2-flowered ; corolla pale blue, fading to white, with a yellow base, somewhat 
 
 salver-forra. Avery delicate and elegant little plant 2'— 8' high. In mois* 
 grounds and grassy fields, growing in dense patches. Very common. Aprils 
 Sept. 
 
 4 CEPHALANTHUS. 
 Calyx limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, slender, 4-toothed 
 Stamens 4. Style filiform, much exserted. Stigma capitate. 
 
 1. C. occidentdlis. Button-hush. 
 
 Leaves oval, entire, smooth, acute, petiolate, opposite, or in verticels of 3-, 
 with short stipules; flowers in large, terminal, globose, pedunculate heads, 
 white. An elegant shrub, with smooth branches and foliage, distinguished 
 from, all others by its globular heads of flowers. Common in wet grounds, along 
 streams, and on the borders of ponds. July. 
 
 Oedee LXIII. Dipsacese. — Teasel-family, 
 
 1. DlPSACUS. 
 Flowers in heads. Involucre many-leaved, longer than the 
 bracts of the flower ; each flower with a 4-leaved involucel. 
 Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Sta- 
 mens 4. Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. Per. 
 
 1. D. sylvestris. Teazel. 
 
 Prickly; leaves lanceolate-oblong, connate, toothed, or entire, opposite* 
 heads cylindrical ; leaflets of the iiivoiucre slender, longer than the head, bent 
 inwards; bracts terminating in a lung straight awn; flowers blue. A prickly 
 plant, ^ — 4 feet high, naturalized In waste places. Very abundant in N. York, 
 along the Erie canal. July. 
 
 Oedee LXIV. 
 
 Comp6sit9e.- 
 
 fainily. 
 
 -Composite- 
 
 8YN0PSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 Suborder I. Tubulifl^rse. 
 
 Flowers either with tubular corollas, or only the marginal ones ligulatc and 
 pistillate or sterile. 
 
 A. Flowers all tubular, 
 a. Leaves all alternate. 
 
 Group. 1. 
 Marginal and central flowers similar, and all perfect Leaves not prickly. 
 
 1. VEKNdNiA. Heads erect, many-flowered, in corymbs. Pappus double 
 Eeceptaclc naked. Achenia cylindrical. 
 
 4. LiItris. Heads erect few to many-flowered, in elongated racemes 
 Pappus plumose. lieceptacle naked. Achenia tapering at base. 
 
 30. Senecio. Heads nodding, loosely corymbose. Eeceptacle not chaffy. 
 Pappus simple, soft, capillary. 
 
 43. Xerantiiemum. Heads large, terminal, solitary, erect Disk flowere 
 yellow, surrounded by a conspicuously-colored involucre. Ivcceptacle chafly. 
 Pappus cliafFy. 
 
 46. Lappa. Heads erect, irregularly panicled. Involucre scales tipped 
 with hooked prickles, pappus bristly. Eeceptacle bristly. 
 
 Group 2. 
 Marginal and central flowers both similar and perfect Leaves prickly. 
 42. CARTnAMUS. Heads orange colored. Eeceptacle covered with setace- 
 ous cbaff. Pappus none. 
 
 44. Onopoudon. Heads purple. Eeceptacle deeply alveolate. Papptia 
 mostly capillary, not plumose. Achenia 4-angled, \vrinkled. 
 
 45. C'lRSiuM. Heads purple, or yellowish-white. Receptacle bristly. Pap- 
 pus plumose. Achenia compressed, smooth. 
 
 Group 3. 
 Central flowers perfect Marginal flowers pistillate, 
 
 15. PL-frcHBA. Heads purple, corymbed. Central corollas 5-cIeft; marginal 
 ones filiform, truncate. Eeceptacle flat Pappus capillary. 
 
 31. Artemisia, Heads small, in more or less paniculate racemes. Eecep- 
 tacle nearly flat Pappus none. 
 
 82. Tanacetum. Heads yellow, in flat-topped corymbs. Eeceptacle con- 
 vex. Pappus reduced to a small membranous border. 
 
 83, Gkapiialium. Heads yellowish-white, surrounded by scarious, white, 
 or colored involucre-scales, in several rows, densely clustered, or corymbed. 
 Eeceptacle flat "Woolly herbs. 
 
 85. EEicHTiTES. Heads whitish, in a dense paniculate corymb* Involucre 
 
OEDEE LXIV. COMPOSITjE COMPOSITE-FAMILY. 
 
 165 
 
 cylindrical, with the linear, green scales in a single row. Pappus abundant, 
 white, very soft. 
 
 Group 4. 
 
 Central flowers perfect; marginal mostly enlarged and sterile. 
 
 40. Centa^rea. Receptacle bristly. Pappus composed of capillary, rough 
 bristles, in several rows. 
 
 41. Ambekboa. Pappus consisting of oblong, or obovate, chaffy scales; 
 rarely small or none. 
 
 Gboup 5 
 
 Ileads consisting wholly of either staminate or pistillate flowers (rarely in 
 A.ntenuarla a few staminate flowers in the centre of the pistillate hea(w). 
 
 84. Antennaeia. Plants with dioecious flowers. Keceptacle somewhat 
 convex, alveolate. "Woolly herbs. 
 
 i(6. XXnthium. Plants M'ith moncecJous flowers. Staminate in short, ter- 
 minal racemes ; pistillate ones in small clusters, at the base of the staminate. 
 Fertile heads 2-flowered, covered with hoolsed prickles, forming a burr. Pappus 
 none. 
 
 87. Ambr6sia. Flowers inoncecious. Sterile flowers nodding, in long ra- 
 cemes. Fei'Lile flowers in a closed, 1-flowered involucre, axillary, near tbe 
 base of the sterile raceme. 
 
 &. Lower leaves at least opposite or verticiUaie. 
 
 Geoup. 6. 
 
 Central and marginal flowers perfect 
 
 2. Eupat6eium. Heads 3— many-flowered. Involucre-scales 8 or more. 
 Pappus simple, capillary. Keceptacle naked. Erect herbs. 
 
 8. MiKANiA. Heads 4-flowered. Involucre-scales 4. Keceptacle naked. 
 Pappus simple, capiUary. Climbing herbs. 
 
 29. BioENS. Heads many-llowered. Keceptacle chaffy. Pappus consisting 
 cf 2— 4, stiff; barbed awns. 
 
 Gkoup T. 
 
 Central flowers staminate; marginal ones pistillate, fertile. 
 
 38. tvA, Heads small, on short recurved peduncles, racemose, forming 
 leafy panicles. Shrubby at base. 
 
 £. Central powers tubular ; tnarginal or ray flowers ligulate. 
 a. Leaves all alternate or radical. 
 
 Rays yellow, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, 
 
 13. SoLiDAQo. Heads small. Rays about 5, short. Involucre-scales imbrl- 
 ,ate. Keceptacle flattish, alveolate. 
 
 14. Inula. Heads very large. Rays very numerous. Involucre-scales 
 imbricate. Receptacle flat 
 
 21. Helenium. Rays numerous, 8 — 5-cleft at summit Involucre of re- 
 lluxed scales. Keceptacle subglobose, naked. 
 
 8U. SENkcro. Heads in flat corymbs. Involucre-scales in a single row. 
 Rays entire. Receptacle flat 
 
 Geoup 9. 
 
 Kays not yellow, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect 
 
 * Receptacle alveolate. 
 
 6. AsTEB. Heads corymbose or paniculate. Pappus simple, capillary. 
 Aclicnia compressed, smootb. 
 
 7. Hericooakpus. Heads corymbose. Pappus simple, capillary. Achenia 
 obconic, densely silky. 
 
 3. DiPLOPAPPLS. Heads rather large, corymbose, or solitary. Involucre 
 scales appressed. Pappus double ; outer series very short; inner of capillary 
 I) ri sties. 
 
 10. CallIstepuub. Heads very large, solitary on the branchlets. Involucre 
 .srale-i with lar^e, leafy, spreading tips. Pappus double; outer series of short, 
 chally scales; inner series of long capillary, deciduous bristles. 
 
 18. SoLiDAGO. Heads small, in axillary racemes. Rays few, short Pap- 
 pivs simple, capillary. 
 
 * * Receptacle naked. 
 
 9. EaiGERON. Kay flowers very numerous and narrow. Pappus simple or 
 double. Receptacle flat 
 
 11. Bellis. Leaves all radical. Heads solitary. Receptacle conical. Pap- 
 pus none. 
 
 25. Leucanthesium. Involucre broad, depressed at tbe centre. Pappus 
 none. 
 
 26. Pykethrum. Involucre hemispherical. Pappus reduced to a mem- 
 branous border or crown. 
 
 27. Chrysanthemum. Involucre hemispherical. Pappus none. 
 
 * * * Receptacle cliaff^* 
 
 23. Anthemis. Rays numerous. Receptacle convex. Pappus reduced to 
 a slight border, crowning the achenia. 
 
 24. AcniLLiA. Kays 5 — 10. Receptacle flat. Pappus none. 
 
 Group 10. 
 Rays neutral. Disk flowers perfect 
 
 23. Maruta. Receptacle conical, more or less chaffy. Rays white. 
 17. KuDUEOKiA. Involucre -scales in 2 series. Receptacle conical, chaffy. 
 Pappus none, or a mere border. Rays yellow. 
 
 Group 11. 
 Rays pistillate. Disk-flowers staminate. 
 5. TassiLAGO. Acaulescent Rays very narrow, in many rows. 
 
 89. Calendula. Involucre-scales nearly equal, in 2 rows. Pappus none. 
 &. Lower leaves, at least, opposite. 
 
 Group 12. 
 
 Rays pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect 
 
 12. Dahlia. Involucre-scales In 2 rows. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus 
 none, Leaves pinnate. 
 
 16. I-Ieli6p818. Involucre-scales imbricated in several rows. Receptacle 
 chaffv, conical. Pappus none. 
 
 18. Zinnia. Involucre-scales imbricated in several rows. Receptacle 
 chaffy, conical. Pappus of the disk consisting of 2 erect awns. Leaves entire. 
 
 20. Tag£:te3. Involucre-scales in 1 row. Keceptacle naked. Pappus of 5 
 erect awns. Leaves pinnately-parted. 
 
 Group 18. 
 Rays neutral. Disk-flowers perfect 
 
 19. Heliantiius. Involucre-scales in several rows. Keceptacle with per- 
 sistent chaff. Pappus persistent of 2 deciduous, chaffy awns. 
 
 28. Ooee6p813. Involucre-scales in 2 series. Receptacle with deciduous 
 chatF. Achenia compressed. Pappus reduced to 2 teeth, or none. 
 
 29. BioENS. Involucre-scnles in 2 series. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus con- 
 sisting of 2—4 barbed awns. Achenia quadrangular. 
 
 SUBOEDER II. Ligulifl6l*f0. 
 Flowei-s all ligulate. 
 
 Group 1. 
 Plants acaulescent 
 
 43. Krigia. Involucre-scales equal, in 2 rows. Achenia turbinate. Pap- 
 pus double; outer series of broad scales; inner of slender bristles. 
 
 49. Leontodon. Involucre-scales imbricate; outer ones very short Pap- 
 pus plumose ; bristles in a .single series. Achenia scarcely beaked. 
 
 B5. Taraxacum. Involucre-scales in 2 series ; inner series appressed ; outer 
 reflexed. Achenia with a long beak, bearing a capillary, copious pappus. 
 
 Group 2. 
 Plants caulescent Heads yellow. 
 
 53. IIiERACiuM. Achenia oblong, not beaked. Pappus-bristles tawny, ca- 
 pillary, in a single series. Leaves toothed or entire. 
 
 51. Laotuca. Achenia compressed, with a long flliform beak. Pappus 
 verv abundant, white and soft 
 
 56. 86NCHUB. Achenia compressed, not beaked. Pappus very abundant, 
 white, soft, capillary. 
 
 Group 3. 
 
 Plants caulescent Heads not yellow. 
 
 47. Ciou6rium. Involucre-scales in 2 series. Pappus of very short scales. 
 Achenia not beaked. Leaves runcinate. 
 
 50. Tragop6gon. Involucre-scales in a single series. Achenia with a long, 
 filiform beak. Pappus plumose. Leaves linear. 
 
 52. MuLGKDiuM. Involucre-scales in 2 series ; outer ones short. Achenia 
 flattish, with short thick beaks. Pappus soft, capillary. 
 
 54. Nabalus. Involucre-scales cylindric, in a single row, with a few ap- 
 pressed braetlets at base. Achenia not beaked. Heads mostly in axillary 
 racemes. 
 
 1. YERN6NIA. 
 
 Heads 15 — many-flowered. Involucre of many ovate, ap- 
 pressed, imbricated scales, shorter than the flowers. Receptacle 
 naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double ; the outer 
 short, chaffy; the inner capillary. Per. 
 
 1. y. Noveboracensls. Iron-weed. 
 
 stem erect, branching above ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, serrulate, pubes- 
 cent underneath ; heads rather large, dark purple, in terminal, compound, flat- 
 topped cymes ; scales of the involucre terminating in a long awn, or brlstJe- 
 like appendage. A tall plant, 4—6 feet high, in swamps, with numerous dark 
 purple heads. Quite showy. Aug.— Sep. 
 
 2. EUPAT6RIUM. 
 
 Heads 3 — many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, imbricate, 
 Receptacle flat. Style much exsert. Pappus simple, roughish. 
 Achenia 5-angled. Per. 
 
 1. E. purpureum. Trumpet-weed. 
 
 Stem tall, simple ; leaves varying from broad-ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, 
 veiny, somewhat rough, serrate or toothed, 3— 6 in a whorl; heads 5 — 10-flow- 
 ered ; scales of the involucre purplish, numerous, closely imbricated in several 
 rows of unequal length ; flowers light purple, in dense compound corymbs. An 
 exceedingly variable plant The stem ranges from 2—10 feet high, is solid or 
 hollow, spotted or without spots, and sometimes dotted; leaves also variable in 
 shape and siz^ Low ground. Yery common. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 2. E. teucrifolium. 
 
 Pubescent and somewhat rough ; leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 obtuse at base, sessile, veiny ; upper ones alternate and nearly entire ; heads in 
 corymbs, with a few unequal branches, about 8-flowered, white ; scales about 
 
166 
 
 OllDER LXrV'. COMPOSITJE COMPOSITE-FAMILY. 
 
 10, in 2 rows, oblong-lanceolflte, at length shorter than the flowers, A rough, 
 haiiy plant, 2 — 3 feet high, with a somewhat paniculate corymb. Low grounds 
 near the coast Aug. 
 
 3. E. sessilifulium. Sessile-leaved Eu^atorium. 
 
 Stem slender, branching above, smooth ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, or lanceolate, rounded at base, tapering to the extremity, smooth, ser- 
 rate ; hnads white, In compound, pubescent corymbs, about 5-flowered ; scales 
 of the involucre oval, or oblong, obtuse. A slender species, 2 — 4 feet high, not 
 uncommon in rocky woods. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 4. E. pubescens. Hairy Eupatorium. 
 
 Pubescent ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, acute, serrately toothed, rough, 
 ,elny, pubescent; beads white, in afastigiate corymb, 7~8-flowered; scales of 
 the involucre lanceolate, acute, pubescent. A rough species, 8^ feet high, not 
 uncommon near the coast. Aug. 
 
 5. E. perfoliatum. Boneset. 
 
 Stem erect, stout, rough, hairy; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, connate-per- 
 follate, very pubescent, serrate ; heads white, about 12-flowered, in a flat-topped, 
 pubescent corymb ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. A very rough, 
 hairy species, universally known and marked by the opposite leaves united at 
 base. So perfectly as to seem but one. Very common in low grounds. Aug, — 
 Sep. 
 
 6. E. ageratoides. Nettle-leaved Uu;patorium. 
 
 stem smooth, branching ; leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, aub-cordate at 
 base, coaraely toothed, on long petioles, mostly smooth ; heads white, with 12 
 or more flowers, in compound corymbs ; involucre scales in 1 row. A large- 
 leaved species, nearly smooth, with white scentless flowers in clusteis, arranged 
 in a corymb. Stem 1—4 feet high. Eocky woods. Attg. — Sep. 
 
 7. E. aromdticum. Aromatic Eupatorium. 
 
 Smooth or somewhat pubescent; stem nearly simple; leaves ovate, sub- 
 cordate at base, on short petioles, opposite, acute, obtusely serrate; involucre 
 simple, pubescent; heads large, 10 — 16-flowered, white, aromatic, in email 
 corymbs. An elegant species, resembling the last, but distinguished by its 
 short petioles, blunt teeth, and aromatic flowers. Low woods. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 8. MIKANIA. 
 Involucre about 4-leaTed. Heads "with about 4 flowers. Re- 
 ceptacle naked. Pappus simple, capillary, roughish. Achenia 
 6-angled. J*er. 
 
 1. M. scdndens. Glimhing Mihania. 
 
 Smooth ; stem climbing ; leaves opposite, cordate, petiolate, repandly den- 
 tate, acuminate ; heads in numerous, axillary, pedunculate corymbs; flowers 
 pale pink or flesh color. A rather elegant, climbing plant, in wet thickets, with 
 flowers much resembling those of Eupatorium. Not very common. Aug. — 
 Sep. 
 
 4. LllTKIS. 
 
 Heads few to many-flowered. Involucres imbricate, with ap- 
 pressed scales. Pappus abundant, more or less plumose. Ache- 
 nia tapering at base, 10-ribbed. Styles much exserted. Per. 
 
 1. L. Scariosa. Blazing Star. 
 
 stem erect, simple, rough, pubescent ; lower leaves lanceolate, on long peti- 
 oles ; upper ones linear, and smaller ; heads large, purple, 20 — 40-flowered, in a 
 long, terminal raceme, pedicellate, rather remote ; involucre somewhat hemis- 
 pherical; scales obovate, very obtuse, with scarious and often purplish tips. 
 A very beautiful plant, 2—4 feet high, In dry sandy soils, but not very common. 
 Distinguished by Its long racemes of large purple heads and its numerous, scat- 
 tered, narrow leaves. Aug.^Sep. 
 
 5. TUSSILAGO. 
 Heads many-flowered. Ray-flowers narrow, in many rows, 
 pistillate. Disk-flowers few, staminate. Involucre mostly simple. 
 Receptacle naked, flat. Pappus capillary. Per, 
 
 1. T. F4rfara. Coltsfoot. 
 
 Acaulescent; rhizoma creeping; leaves large, cordate, angular, toothed, dark 
 green above, and with the petioles, downy beneath; scapes simple, 1-flowered, 
 scaly, preceding the leaves; flowers yellow, with numerous, very narrow rays, 
 A low plant found in clayey soils, and producing its flowers in early spring be- 
 fore the leaves. April. 
 
 6. ASTEK. 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre scales generally imbricated, 
 often with herbaceous tips. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, in a 
 single row. Disk-flowers tubular, perfect. Receptacle flat, al- 
 veolate. Pappus simple, capillary. Achenia usually compressed. 
 Per. 
 
 1. A. corymbosus. Corymhed Aster. 
 
 Stem slender, flesuous, smooth, with pubescent branches ; leaves ovate, 
 sharply and irregularly serrate, strongly acuminate, nearly smooth; lower and 
 radical ones cordate, petiolate ; uppermost ovate-lanceolate, sessile; petioles 
 naked; involucre of closely appressed, obtuse scales; rays 6—9 narrow. A 
 common species, with flat corymbs of white flowers, of a much slenderer and 
 smoother habit than the next. Dry woods and thickets. Aug. 
 
 2. A. macropliyllus. Large-leaved Aster. 
 
 Stem stout, branched, not flexuous; leaves rough, finely serrate, somewhat 
 acuminate ; lower ones large, cordate, on long petioles ; upper ones ovate or ob- 
 long, sessile, or on winged petioles; heads in large, flat corymbs; rays 12 — 15, 
 white or bluish; involucre with oblong, acute scales. A much larger and 
 stouter plant than the last. Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Common in woods and thick- 
 ets. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 3. A. cordifolius. Heart-leaved Aster. 
 
 Stem erect, mostly smooth, with many divaricate branches above ; leaves 
 cordate, sharply serrate, hairy beneath, acuminate, on slender, somewhat mar- 
 gined and hairy pcLioles; heads racemed on the branches; rays 10 — 15, pale 
 blue; involucre-scales appressed, with short green tips. A common species, 2 
 feet high, in rocky woods, bearing a long compound panicle of numerous, pale 
 blue flowers. 
 
 4. A. undulatus. 
 
 Variable Aster. 
 
 Pubescent and somewhat hairy ; stem erect, panicled above; lower leaves 
 cordate, somewhat serrate, on winged petioles; upper ones ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, undulate, or slightly serrate, on short, broadly margined petioles, which are 
 dilated and clasping at base, or sessile, cordate and clasping at base ; all somewhat 
 rough above, pubescent beneath; heads solitary, in somewhat unilateral ra- 
 cemes, arranged in a terminal panicle; rays pale blue. A rough species, dlstin- 
 gnished by its variable leaves on the same plant. Common in dry woods and 
 thickets. Aug.— Sep. 
 
 5. A. patens. 
 
 Spreading Aster. 
 
 Pubescent and somewhat rough ; stem branching, paniculate above; leaves 
 oblong-ovate, or oblong, sessile, cordate and clasping tlie stem at base, rough 
 above and on the margin, entire ; heads large, with very showy violet-purple 
 rays, solitary, on leafy branchlets, forming a loose, terminal panicle ; involucre- 
 scales lanceolate, with spreading, green tips; achenia silky. A very common 
 and elegant species, 2—3 feet liigh, in dry flelds and thickets. Distinguished by 
 its conspicuously clasping leaves, which, at a little distance appear perfoliate. 
 In moist grounds the leaves often taper somewhat toward the base. Aug.— 
 Oct. 
 
 6. A. Isevis. Smooth Aster. 
 
 Very smooth and often glaucous ; stem angular ; leaves lanceolate, or ovate- 
 lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, mostly entire ; the upper ones somewhat cordate, 
 or auriculate at base ; the lower and radical ones tapering to a winged petiole ; 
 involucre-scales with broad-linear, appressed, green tips ; heads large, solitary, 
 at the ends of the branchlets, with bright blue, showy rays, forming a terminal 
 panicle. A very beautiful species, 2—3 feet high, in low grounds. Distinguish- 
 ed by its entire smoothness and generally glaucous appearance. Common. 
 Sep.~2^(yo. 
 
 7. A. puniceus. Bough Aster, 
 
 stem erect, very branching, pubescent, rough, paniculate above ; leaves lan- 
 ceolate, auriculate and clasping at base, slightly serrate, pubescent, rough above, 
 nearly smooth beneath, acuminate ; heads large, with very numerous and nar- 
 row, pale-purple rays, showy, forming a very large and leafy panicle ; involu- 
 cre-scales narrow-linear, long and revolute in 2 rows. A showy species, with e 
 rough stem generally red on one side, and scabrous. Leaves serrate in the mid- 
 dle. Swamps and low grounds. Very common. Sep.— Oct. 
 
 8. A. Novae Angliae. Neiv England Aster. 
 
 stem fitout, hispid, paniculate above ; leaves lanceolate, entire, acute, aurl' 
 culate and clasping at base, somewhat pubescent, thickly clothing tho stem 
 
OEDEE LXIV. COMPOSITE — COMPOSITE-FAMILT. 
 
 167 
 
 beads large, with numerous, deep-purple rays, somewhat panieulately corym- 
 bose ; involucre-scales linear-lanceolate, longer than the disk, mostly in a single 
 TOW, viscid-pnbescent, as well as the branchlets. A very ornamental species in 
 moist grounds, not very common in N. Eng., but abundant westward. Sep, 
 
 9. A. miser. Starved Aster, 
 
 Stem more or less pubescent, generally very branching ; leaves lanceolate, 
 or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at base, acuminate, acutely serrate in the middle; 
 heads small, racemose on the branches, oftea scattered; rays very short, bluish 
 or white ; involucre-scales linear, acute, or somewhat obtuse, in 8—4 rows. A 
 very common and extremely variable species, in thickefa and fields, varying in 
 size according to the soil, 8'— 30'. Sep,— Oct. 
 
 10. A. Tradescantl. Narrow-leaved Aster. 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth ; stem terete, with virgate, erect, spreading or di- 
 verging branches; leaves linear-lanceolate, the lower ones commonly serrate 
 In the middle, the others entire; heads very numerous, rather small, mostly 
 with rays, densely racemose on the branches ; involucre-scales narrow- Jin ear, 
 more or less aeute, in 8 — i rows. A very common species in moist fields, dis- 
 tinguished from the last by its much narrower leaves and involucre-scales, and 
 its numerous, densely racemose heads. Very variable. Aug. — Oct. 
 
 11. A. simplex. Willow-leaved Aster* 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth ; stem tall, very branching; leaves lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, lower ones serrate, upper entire ; heads medium size, rather few, ra- 
 cemose on the branches, forming a terminal, leafy panicle; involucre- scales 
 linear, subulate, loosely imbricated. Another very variable species, with pale 
 blue or whitish flowers. In low grounds. Common. Sep. 
 
 12. A. dumosus. Bushy Aster. 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth ; stem branching, paniculate; leaves linear, those of 
 the branches much smaller, oblong, rough on the margin, crowded, entire; 
 lower ones sometimes serrate ; heads medium size, with pale purple, or whitish 
 rays, racemose on the branches, mostly solitary on the branchlets; involucre- 
 scales closely imbricate, broader at summit, obtuse, in 4 — 6 rows. A variable 
 and rather handsome species, common in thickets and fields. Sep. 
 
 13. A. multiflorus. Many-flowered Aster. 
 
 Pubescent and somewhat rough ; stem very branching ; leaves linear, 
 crowded on the stem, entire, sessile, those of the branche-s much smaller; heads 
 small, with white rays, very numerous, densely racemose on the spreading 
 branches; Involucre-scales Unear-spatulate, with spreading, green tips. An 
 ornamental species with very dense panicles of innumerable white flowers. 
 Dry soils. Common. Stem 1—2 ft high, bushy. Sep. 
 
 14. A. longifulius. 
 
 Long-leaved Aster. 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth : stem very branching, corymbosely paniculate 
 above; leaves linear-lanceolate, or linear, lower ones sometimes ovate-Iauceo- 
 late, entire, or remotely serrate in the middle, smooth and shining above ; 
 heads large, numerous, with many light-purple rays, racemose on the branches ; 
 involucre- scales in 8—5 rows, linear, with acute, spreading, or recurved, green 
 tips. A very handsome species, 2 — 5 ft high, in moist grounds ; often with a 
 purple, flexuous stem. Extremely variable In foliage and size. Common. 
 Sep.— Oct 
 
 15. A. flexuosus. Marsh Aster. 
 
 stem slender, branching, flexuous, very smooth ; leaves linear, long and 
 fleshy, acuminate, entire, upper ones subulate ; heads large, with purple rays 
 and yeUow disk, solitary on the leafy branchlets; involucre-scales in many 
 rows, ovate-lanceolate, appressed, acuminate. A common species in salt 
 marshes; about 1 ft. high. Aug.—Oct. 
 
 16. A. Iinif61ius. Sea Aster. 
 
 stem very branching, paniculate, with nearly erect branches; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, acumiuate, entire, fleshy, those on the branches subulate; heads 
 small, racemose, or p'aniculate on the branches, numerous ; rays short, not pro- 
 jecting beyond tbe disk, purplish, somewhat in 2 rows; involucre cylindric, 
 with subulate scales, in few rows. An annual species, 1—2 ft. high, found in 
 salt marshes. Aug.—Sep. 
 
 7. SERICOClEPTJS, 
 Heads 12 — 16-flowered. Ray-flowers 4 — 6, perfect. Disk- 
 flowers 6-^10. Involucre oblong, with imbricated, appressed, 
 green-tipped scales. Receptacle alveolate. Aclienia obconic, 
 very silky. Pappus simple, ^ith capillary bj-istlcs. Per. 
 
 1. S. conyzoides. White-topped Aster. 
 
 Somewhat pubescent, simple, corymbose above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
 lower often spatulato, smooth beneath, veiny, narrowed at base, serrate toward 
 the apex, the upper ones sessile, nearly entire, lower petiolate ; heads small with 
 short, white rays, and pale yellow disk, in loose flat corymbs; involucre-scales 
 appressed, whitish, with recurved tips ; pappus rust color. A common plant, 1 
 —2 ft high, in dry woods and thickets. July.— Aug. 
 8. DIPLOPAPPTJS, 
 Heads many-flowered. Rays 8 — 12, pistillate. Bisk-flowers 
 perfect. Involucre imbricate, with appressed scales, destitute of 
 green tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Pappus double, the ex- 
 terior of very short and stiiF bristles ; interior copious, capillary. 
 Per. 
 
 1. D. linariifolius. Bristly Aster. 
 
 Stems long, often decumbent, somewhat rough, leafy, several from the same 
 root; leaves linear, 1-velned, rigid, smooth, shining above, "very rough on the 
 margins, ending in a mucronate point; heads large, with numerous, deep-bluo, 
 showy rays, solitary on the ends of the pubescent branches. A fine plant, 
 about 1 ft high, with very showy flow^ers. Common in dry soila Sep. 
 
 1. D. umbellatus. Umhelled Aster, 
 
 Smooth ; stem tall, leafy ; leaves lanceolate, entire, acuminate, attenuate at 
 base, rough on the margin; heads very numerous, with white rays and yellow 
 disk, in a terminal, fiat corymb ; involucre-scales somewhat closely imbricated 
 and obtuse, oval -lanceolate. A tall, elegant species, 4 — G ft. high, often with a 
 purplish stem, and supporting a large, level corymb of white flowers. Com- 
 mon in low grounds. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 9. EEfGEEON. 
 Heads many-flowered, somewhat hemispherical. Rays nai'- 
 row, very numerous, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect. Recepta- 
 cle flat, naked. Involucre nearly in 1 row, with narrow, sub- 
 equal scales. Pappus mostly simple. 
 
 1. E. bellidifolium. Bohin^s Plantain. 
 
 Hairy; stem simple, nearly naked above; radical leaves obovate, obtuse, 
 slightly serrate, canline ones distant, oblong-lanceolate, mostly clasping, entire, 
 acute; heads large, with 60 — 70 broadly-linear, bluish-parple rays, in a close, 
 terminal corymb. A common and early species, 1 — 2 ft high, in fields and 
 thickets. May — June. Per. 
 
 2. E. Philadelphicum. Purple Fleahane. 
 
 Hairy; stem slender, leafy; leaves thin, oblong, clasping at base, niostly en- 
 tire ; heads with exceedingly numerous and narrow, reddish -purple, or flesh- 
 colored rays, broadly corymhed at the summit of the stem. A common species 
 in thicketSAud fields, 1 — 3 ft high. June — Aug. Pei\ 
 
 3. E. annuum. Daisy Fleahane. 
 
 stem tall, furrowed, rough, pubescent, branching ; leaves hairy, closely ser- 
 rate, the lowest ovate, tapering into a "winged petiole ; upper ones ovate-lanceo- 
 late, crowded, acute, tapering at base, sessile, the uppermost lanceolate; iioad!, 
 large, with very numerous, narrow, and short, white rays, tinged with purple, 
 corymbose at the summit of the stem. A tall plant, growing as a weed in 
 fields and waste places. Yery common. August. An. and Bien. 
 
 4 E. strig6sum. White-weed. 
 
 stem erect, branching, slender, furrowed, more or less pubescent and 
 rough; leaves mostly entire, tapering at both ends, lowest ones oblong, or 
 spatulate, 3-veined, attenuate to a petiole, upper ones lanceolate ; heads small, 
 with rays twice as long as the involucre, and a yellow disk, in large, loose, ter- 
 minal, paniculate corymbs. A weed in flelds, equally common with the last, 
 about 2 ft high, and a much more slender plant June— Sep. An or Bien. 
 
 5, E. Canadense. Fleahane. 
 
 Hairy ; stem erect, furrowed, with numerous short branches ; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, or linear, mostly entire, radical ones incised ; heads very numerous, 
 small, with numerous white rays scarcely longer than tbe involucre, racemose 
 on the branches, forming along, terminal panicle. A common W(.'((l in wastf; 
 places, varying greatly in si?e and form, 6'— 6 ft in height July. — Oct. A7t.. 
 cmd Bien. 
 
 10. CALLlSTEPHUS. 
 
 Ray-flowers pistillate, numerous ; disk-flowers perfect. In^ 
 volucre hemispherical. Receptacle somewhat convex. Pappus 
 
168 
 
 OEDER LXIV. COMPOSITE — COMPOSITE-FAMILY. 
 
 double; outer series short, setaceous, and with the chaff united 
 into a crown ; inner series with filiform, deciduous bristles. An. 
 
 1. C. Chinensis. China Aster. 
 
 Stem hispid with divergent branches ; leaves alternate, coarsely toothed, 
 petiolate, cauline ones sessile, tapering at base ; heads large, with numerous 
 rays, solitary on the extremities of the branches. Common in cnltivation, 
 where many varieties occur, ranging through all the shades of red and purple, 
 from deep-blue to pure white. 
 
 11. BlfcLLIS. 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Eays pistillate. Disk perfect. In- 
 volucre hemispherical, of equal scales. Receptacle conical, 
 somewhat alveolate. Pappus none. Per. 
 
 1. B. perennis. English Daisy. 
 
 Acaulescent; root creeping; leaves obovate, crenate; scape naked, 1- 
 flowercd. A heaufcifal little European plant, not uncommon in cultivation, 
 with a scape 3'— 4' high, bearing a solitary white flower ; in cultivation double, 
 or quilled. Varieties in respect to color are also produced. 
 
 12. DAHLIA. 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Disk-flowers pistillate. Involucre 
 double. Scales of the outer series double and distinct, of the 
 inner 8 in number, and united at base. Receptacle chaffy. 
 Pappus none. Fer. 
 
 1. D. variabilis. Dahlia. 
 
 Stem smooth, green ; leaves pinnate, opposite ; leaflets about 5, ovate, acu- 
 minate, nearly or quite smooth, with their common stalk winged ; outer in- 
 volucre roflesed. Very common iu cultivation, where it is usually double, and 
 sports into many varieties of almost every color and combination of colors, 
 except blue; stem 4— 6 ft. high. Jul}/.— Sep, 
 
 13. SOLIDIGO. 
 Heads few or many-flowered. Ray-flowers aboiit 6, pistil- 
 late. Disk-flowers perfect. Involucre with imbricate, appressed 
 scales. Receptacle small, alveolate. Pappus simple, capillary. 
 Acheiiia nearly round, with wavy ribs. Heads, with 1 exception, 
 yellow. Per. 
 
 1. S. lanceolata. I)f arrow-leaved Golden-rod. 
 
 Stem angular, hairy, very branching ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, 
 8 veined, slightly pubescent on the veins and margin; heads rather fmall, in 
 dense, terminal, flat corymbs; rays 15 — 20. A common and somewhat fragrant 
 species, in low grounds, 2 — 4 feet high, distinguished from most other Soiida- 
 goes by its flat corymbs. Sep. 
 
 2. S. csesia. Blue-stemmed Golden-rod. 
 
 stem round and glaucous, often flesuous; leaves lanceolate, serrate, acumi- 
 nate, sessile ; heads with 5 — 7 rays, in axillary, crowded, racemose clusters. A 
 handsome species, 3—4 feet high. Stem generally purplish, slender, with axil- 
 lary racemes through a great portion of its length. Common in moist woods. 
 Sejy. 
 
 3. S. latifolia. Broad-leaved Golden-rod. 
 
 Nearly, or quite smooth ; stem angular, somewhat flexuous, simple, or slight- 
 ly branched above; leaves large, broad-ovate, tapering at both ends, deeply and 
 shai-ply serrate, with margined petioles ; heads small, greenish-yellow, in very 
 short, axillary, sessile, or long, terminal racemes. A very distinct species, 1 
 — 2 feet high. Not uncommon along the rocky banks of streams, or In dry rich 
 woods. Sep. 
 
 4. S. bicolor. Wliite-rayed Golden-rod. 
 
 Pubescent ; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, acute 
 at each end ; lower ones oval and petiolate, slightly serrate ; heads in numerous, 
 erect, densely flowered, axillary, racemose clusters, forming a long terminal, in- 
 terrupted spike; involucre-scales ovate, obtuse; rays short, pale cream-color, 
 or white, about 8 in number. A common and well marked species, of a some- 
 what hnary appearance, easily distinguished from all other species by its whitish 
 rays. Dry fields and woods. Aug.— Sep. 
 
 5. S. speciosa. Showy Golden-rod, 
 
 stem stout, smooth, simple ; leaves thick, smooth, rough on the margin, oval 
 or ovate-lanceolate; upper ones oblong-lanceolate, entire sessile; lower taper- 
 ing into a winged petiole, slightly serrate ; heads numerous, with about 5 
 bright yellow, large rays, in numerous densely crowded, erect racemes, forming 
 
 a long, showy, thyrsoid panicle. A tall and very handsome species, 4 — 6 feet 
 high. Not uncommon in woods. Aug.— Sep. 
 
 6. S. nemoralis. Gray Golden-rod. 
 
 Pubescent ; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblanceolate, entire ; lower ones ob- 
 long- spatulate, somewhat serrate, petiolate ; heads small, with 6 — 9 deep-yellow 
 r;iys, in dense, and finally recurved racemes, forming a close panicle, which is 
 usually recurved ; involucre -scales oblong-linear, appressed. A commnn species 
 in dry soils, 1 — 2 feet high, of a grayish and somewhat stunted appearance, 
 with a large panicle of deep yellow flowers. Sep. 
 
 7. S. serotina. Sm,ooth Golden-rod. 
 
 Stem tall, smooth, often glaucous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 
 rough above and on the margin, hoary on the veins beneath ; heads small, with 
 short rays, in dense flowered, paniculate racemes. A tall and variable species, 
 in low grounds, 3—6 feet high, with a more or less dense, recurved panicle. 
 Common. Sep. 
 
 8. S. Canadensis. Canadian! Golden-rod. 
 
 stem tall, hairy; leaves lanceolate, serrate, rough above, more or less pu- 
 bescent beneath ; heads small, very numerous, with very short, inconspicuous 
 rays, in a large, recurved panicle. A tall, variable species, common in the bor- 
 ders of thickets and fields. One variety has the stem and under surface of the 
 leaves woolly; another has the leaves very rough above, entire and rugose, 
 A ug. — Oct. 
 
 9. S. gigantea. 
 
 Large Golden-rod. 
 
 stem stout, smooth, often glaucous; leaves lanceolate, nearly or quite 
 smooth on both sides, acuminate, sharply serrate, tapering and entire at base, 
 and ciliate on the margin ; panicles large, with pubescent branches; heads larger 
 than in the last, with rather long rays, numerous. A large and variable species, 
 with a showy panicle, 4 — 6 feet high. Common in low grounds, and along 
 fences. Aug. — Oct 
 
 10. S. sempervirens. Evergreen Golden-rod. 
 
 Smooth ; stem stout, purplish, often somewhat glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, 
 somewhat fleshy, sessile and slightly clasping at base, entire and rough on the 
 margin ; heads Ip-rge, with 8 — 10 long, narrow, bright yellow rays, racemose, in 
 a more or less contracted panicle. A common species, 2 — 6 feet high, in brack- 
 ish swamps and salt marshes, with large heads, and long, narrow, radical leaves. 
 
 Sep. 
 
 11, S. odora. 
 
 Spicy Golden-rod. 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth ; stem slender, erect, or reclined; leaves linear-lan- 
 ceolate, entire, shining above, very smooth, with pellucid dots; heads small, 
 witli 3—4 rays, in short, spreading racemc-s, forming rather small, unilateral 
 panicle?. An elegant species, distinguished by the fragrance of its leaves, which 
 have the odor and flavor of anise. Common. Jtcli/ — Sep 
 
 12. S. argnta. Sharjp-toothed Golden-rod. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, thick, furrowed ; leaves sharply serrate, with diverging 
 teeth, acuminate, tapering at base; lower and radical ones oval -lanceolate, or 
 lanceolate, attenuate to margined and ciliate petioles; cauline ones lanceolate, or 
 oblong, the highest entire, small ; heads medium size, with about 10 rays, in 
 dense, long, recurved racemes, forming a 1-sided, flat, corymbose panicle. A 
 very common and variable species, in woods and fields, distinguished by its 
 large panicle and recurved racemes. July — Sep. 
 
 13. S. altissima. Rough Golden-rod. 
 
 Pubescent; stem erect, rough, branching above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, or 
 oblong, sharply serrate, rough, especially above ; upper ones acute, or acumi- 
 nate, often thick in texture, and rugose ; racemes paniculate on the spreading 
 branches; heads small, with 6— S rays ; involucre-scales linear. A tall, rough 
 species, 4 — 6 feet high; extremely variable. Common in the borders of fields 
 and thickets. The stem is thickly clothed with rough leaves, and is very 
 branching above, with large, more or less recurved panicles. Distinguished es- 
 pecially by its rough stem and leaves. Sep.— Oct. 
 
 14. Inula. 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Rays numer 
 ous, in one row, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect. Receptacle 
 naked. Pappus simple, capillary. Per. 
 
 1. I. Helenium. Elecampane. 
 
 stem stout, furrowed, branching and woollv above; leaves ovate, downy be 
 neath ; radical ones very large, petiolate, serrate ; cauline ones clasping ; fceodB 
 
OKDEE LXrV. composite: COMPOSITE-FAMILY. 
 
 169 
 
 very large, solitary, terminating tlie branches ; rays linear, liglit yellow, 2—8- 
 toothed at apex; involucre-scales ovate, follaceoua. A stout, herbaceous plant, 
 4 — 6 ft. high, with very large flowers and radical leaves, the latter often 1 ft. 
 long. Common by road-sides. Introduced. July— Aug. 
 
 15. PLtJCHEA. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, those of the mar- 
 gin pistillate and fertile, with a filiform truncate corolla ; those 
 of the centre perfect, few, with a 6-eleft corolla. Involucre im- 
 bricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Style undivided. Achenia 
 suloate. Pappus simple, capillary. Per. 
 
 1. P. campliorata. Marsh Fleabane. 
 
 Somewhat viscid- pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, thick, 
 serrate, acute, on very short petioles; heads rather large, light purple, arranged 
 in crowded, flat, terminal corymbs. A coarse and fleshy plant of the salt 
 marshes, about 1 ft high, exhaling a strong and somewhat disagreeable cam- 
 phoric odor. Aug. 
 
 16. IIELI(3PSIS. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; rays 10 or more, pistillate, fertile. 
 Disk-flowers perfect. Involucre-scales in 3 rows. Receptacle 
 chaffy, conical. Achenia 4-sided. Pappus none. Per. 
 
 1. H. laevis. Ox-eye. 
 
 Nearly or quite smootli ; leaves ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, opposite, 
 petlolate, 3-nerved, serrate ; lower ones mure or less truncate at base ; heads large, 
 showy, with yellow rays, solitary, pedunculate, terminating the stem and 
 branches ; rays linear, broader at base, obtuse at apex. A large, elegant plant, 
 with showy flowers, 2—5 ft. high, in thickets and along fences. Common in N. 
 York, and some portions of N. England, Var. sc^bra has the foliage some- 
 what rough. June — Aug. 
 
 IT. eudb:6ckia. 
 
 Heads many -flowered. Rays neutral. Disk perfect. Invo- 
 lucre-scales foliaoeous, in 2 rows. Receptacle conical, with short 
 ehoff. Achenia 4-sided. Pappus none, or a minute, 4-toothed 
 margin. Per. 
 
 1. R. laciniata. Gone-flower. 
 
 stem smooth, round, branching; leaves often somewhat rough; lowest ones 
 pinnate, with incised or 8-lobed leaflets ; upper ones toothed and cut, petlolate, 
 S — 5-lobed, with ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and sometimes entire lobes ; 
 heads large, with linear, yellow, drooping rays, terminal. A tall plant, rather 
 common in thickets and swamps, somewhat resembling a sun-flower. The 
 highest leaves are simple and ovate. July — Sep. 
 18. ZlNNIA. 
 Heads many-flowered. Rays 5, persistent, entire, pistillate. 
 Disk-flowers perfect. Involucre-scales margined, imbricate. Re- 
 ceptacle chaffy, conical. Pappus of the disk-flowers consisting of 
 2 erect awns. An. 
 
 1. Z. elegans. Zinnia. 
 
 Stem hairy, branching ; leaves ovate, cordate, sessile and clasping, opposite, 
 entire; heads large, on long peduncles ; chaff serrated. A common annual in 
 cultivation, with violet, purple, scarlet and white flowers. 
 
 2. Z. multiflora. Small Zinnia. 
 
 stem hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, on short petioles, opposite, entire ; 
 heads smaller than in the last, commonly purplish, on long peduncles. A com- 
 mon garden annual. 
 
 19. heliAnthus. 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Rays neutral. Disk-flowers perfect. 
 
 Involucre-scales imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, or 
 
 convex. Chaff persistent with the 4-sided, laterally compressed 
 
 achenia. Pappus of 2 deciduous, chaffy awns. Per. except No. 1. 
 
 1. H. annuus. Sun- flower. 
 
 Leaves cordate, petlolate, 3-veined, the lowest opposite the others, alternate ; 
 heads very large, on nodding or thickened peduncles ; rays numerous, broad, 
 bright yellow. A well-known cultivated annual species, with very large, cor- 
 date leaves and immense heads, sometimes 1 ft in diameter. It grows 8—10 
 ft. high, and even higher, according to the soil. July— Sep. 
 
 2. H. strumdsus. Wild Sun-flower. 
 
 stem erect, mostly simple, tall, smooth below ; leaves opposite, ovate-lan- 
 »olate, serrate, acuminate, abrupt at base, rough above, smooth, or somewhat 
 22 
 
 pubescent and downy beneath, with short, winged petioles, heads rather largo, 
 few; rays about 10; involucre-scales ciliate, broadly lanceolate, equalling the 
 lanceolate rays, with spreading tips. A common species with showy flowers- 
 8 — 6 ft. high. River banks and low thickets. Aug.— Sep. 
 
 3. H. decapetalus. Ten-rayed Sun-flower. 
 
 Stem tall, branching, rough above, smooth below ; leaves opposite, ovate, 
 acuminate, coarsely serrate, 8-veined, mostly somewhat rough above, of the 
 same color on both sides, abrupt at base, with winged petioles; heads rather 
 large, with about 10 pale yellow rays ; involucre-scales linear-lanceolate, ciliate, 
 spreading, outer ones longer than the disk, A less showy species than the last 
 Common along river banks, and in low thickets. Plants 2 — 5 ft. high, often with 
 the outer involucre-scales more or less foliaoeous. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 4. H. divaricatus. Slender Sun-flower. 
 
 Stem smooth, simple, or sparingly branched; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceo- 
 late, 3-veined, sessile, rounded or truncate at base, acuminate, serrate, rough 
 above ; heads small, few, somewhat corymbose ; involucre-scales lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, equalling the disk. A ehowy species 2—5 ft. high. Common in 
 thickets and dry grounds. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 5. H. tuberdsus. Jerusalem Artichoke. 
 
 Stem rough, branching stout ; leaves petlolate, S-veined, acuminate, rough, 
 serrate, ovate, alternate, lower ones opposite, cordate-ovate; petioles ciliate at 
 base; rays 13— 20; InvoUicre-scales linear-lanceolate. A tall species with tuber- 
 ous roots, naturalized around gardens and along fences. Sep. 
 
 20. TAGilTES. 
 Heads heterogamous ; involucre tubular, of 5 united scales in 
 1 row. Ray-flowers 5, persistent. Receptacle naked. Pappus 
 of 5 erect bristles. An. 
 
 1. T. patula. 
 
 French Marigold. 
 
 stem erect, with spreading branches; leaves pinnately divided; segments 
 linear-lanceolate ; heads orange-yellow, solitary, on long, cylindrical peduncles ; 
 involucre smooth. A garden annual, about 3 feet high. 
 
 2. T. erecta. African Marigold. 
 
 stem erect; leaves pinnately divided, segments lanceolate, ciliate, serrate; 
 heatls twice larger than T. patula, solitary on the thickened and ventricose 
 peduncles. Garden annual. 
 
 21. IIEL;fcNIUM. 
 Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Involucre in 2 rows. 
 Pappus of several 6-awned chaSy scales. Receptacle globose, 
 naked. Rays 3-cleft at summit. Per. 
 
 1. H. autumnale. Sneeze-weed. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; stem erect, branching, with winged angles ; leaves alter- 
 nate, lanceolate, serrate, deciirrent; heads numerous, terminal on the stem and 
 branches, loosely corymbose, showy ; rays drooping, longer than the globular 
 disk, obtusely 3-tootbed at apex. A showy plant, 2—3 ft. high, very bitter to 
 the taste. Common in low grounds, along rivers in New Tork ; rare in New 
 
 England. Sep. , 
 
 ° 22. ANTHEMIS. 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Involucre hemis- 
 pherical, with the scales imbricate and nearly equal. Receptacle 
 chaffy, conical Pappus none, or forming a minute crown on the 
 obovoid achenium. 
 
 1. A. nobilis. Chamomile. 
 
 stem prostrate, branching at baae, woolly ; leaves pinnatifldly decompound ; 
 segments Hnear-subulate ; heads white, fragrant; chaff scarious, lanceolate, 
 rather shorter than the flowers. A common plant in gardens, cultivated for its 
 fragrance and medicinal properties. July — S^. 
 
 28. MAHtTTA. 
 Heads many-flowered. Rays neutral. Involucre imbricated, 
 hemispherical. Receptacle chafy, conical. Pappus none. Achenia 
 
 obovoid, smooth. An. 
 
 1. M. cotula. May-weed. 
 
 stem erect, furrowed, very branching, nearly smooth ; leaves alternate, bl- 
 pinnatifid; segments linear-subulate; heads solitary, on long, furrowed 
 peduncJes ; rays white, deflexed ; disk yellow ; involucre-scales scarious on the 
 margin ; chaff bristly, shorter than the flowers, found only on the summit of tha 
 
170 
 
 OEDER LXIV. COMPOSITiE — COMPOSITE-FAMILY. 
 
 receptaclo. An ill-scented plant, 1 ft high, with dark-green, very finely dis- 
 sected leaves. Natnvalized, and common in road-sides and waste places. June. 
 Sep. 
 
 24. ACHILLlfcA. 
 Heads many-flowered. Rays 5 — 10, pistillate. Involucre 
 ■with imbricate, unequal scales. Receptacle flat, chafiy. Pappus 
 none. Per. 
 
 1. A. millefolium. Yarrow. 
 
 stem erect, furrowed, branching above ; leaves alternate, bi-pinnately 
 divided, segments linear, toothed or lobed, mucronate; heads small, numerous, 
 in dense, flat, terminal corymbs ; rays about 5, short, white (sometimes rose- 
 color) ; involucre furrowed, oblong. A common plant, with a pungent and 
 somewhat agreeable odor; 1 ft. high ; in fields and pastures. June — Aug. 
 
 25. LEUCANTHEMUM. 
 Heads many-flowered. Rays numerous, pistillate. Involucre 
 depressed, flattish ; scales imbricate with scarious margins. Re- 
 ceptacle naked, flat. Achenia striate. Pappus none. Per. 
 
 1. L. vulgare. Ox-eye Daisy. 
 
 stem erect, simple, or sparingly branched, furrowed. Leaves few and 
 rather small, cut-pinnatifid, incised at base; radical ones spatulate, petiolate ; 
 upper ones lanceolate, more or less clasping at base; heads large, solitary, on 
 long, naked, furrowed peduncles; rays white; disk yellow; involucre-scales 
 with brownish margins. A common and troublesome weed with showy heads. 
 Introdnced. July — Sep. 
 
 26. PTE^.TimUM. 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre hemispherical. Scales im- 
 bricate, with membraneous margins. Receptacle naked. Pap- 
 pus reduced to a membraneous border, crowning the achenia. 
 Per. 
 
 1. P. parthenium. Feverfew. 
 
 stem erect, branching; leaves alternate, petiolate, tri-pinnately divided; seg- 
 ments ovate, incised ; heads numerous, corymbosely arranged ; involucre pubes- 
 cent Common in cultivation, and admired for Its pure white flowei-s, which 
 last for some time ; often double. 
 
 2T. OHRYSlNTHEMtTM. 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre hemispherical. Scales im- 
 bricate, with membraneous margins. Receptacle naked. Pap- 
 pus none. Per. 
 
 1. C. coronarium. Grecian Clirysanthemum. 
 
 stem erect, smooth, branching ; leaves alternate, bi-pinnatifid, clasping, 
 acuta, broadest near the summit; heads largo, terminal, solitary. A garden an- 
 nual. Flowers double in cultivation. Aug. 
 
 2. C. cariaatum. Three-colored Clirysanthemum. 
 
 stem erect, 'branching ; leaves bi-pinnate, fleshy, smooth ; heads large, 
 showy ; disk purple; rays white, yellow at base, or entirely yellow ; involucre- 
 scales carinate. A garden annual. July — Oct. 
 
 3. C. Sinense. Chinese Chrysanthemum. 
 
 Stem erect, branching; leaves sinuate-pi nnatifid, toothed, coriaceous, glau- 
 cous, petiolate ; rays very long, and of lilac, yellow, purple and reddish brown, 
 to a pure and vivid white. A beautiful plant, cultivated in pots, and in 
 sheltered places In the open air. The varieties are almqst endless, 
 
 2S. COREOPSIS. 
 Heads many-flowered. Rays about 8 ; neutral. Involucre 
 double. Each series 6 — 10 leaved. Receptacle flat and chaffy. 
 Achenia compressed, emarginate, 2-awned, 
 
 1. C. tinctoria. Coreopsis. 
 
 Smooth; stem erect, branching; radical leaves somewhat bi-pinnate, seg- 
 ments oval, entire ; cauline ones somewhat pinnate, with linear segments ; 
 heads large, numerous, brilliant; rays bright yellow, brownish purple at base; 
 achenia smooth. A beautiful garden annual,! — 8 ft. high. Very common in 
 cultivation, with eleg^pt foliage, and numerous very brilliant flowers. All 
 summer. 
 
 29. EiDENS. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, Rays neutral, sometimes inconspicu- 
 ous, or wanting. Involucre double. Outer series large and 
 
 foliaccous. Receptacle chaffy, flat. Achenia compressed, O' 
 slender and 4-sided, armed with 2 — 4 rigid, persistent awn», 
 which are rough backwards. An. 
 
 1. B. frondosa. Beggar Ticks. 
 
 Smooth, or slightly pubescent; stem erect, tall, with spreading branches 
 leaves pinnately 3— 5-parted, segments lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, mostly 
 petiolate; leaflets of the outer involucre much longer than tho flower, ciliateat 
 base ; bends discoid ; achenia flat, cuneate-obovate, 2-awned, with rough mar- 
 gins. A common and extremely troublesome weed, in moist, cultivated grounds, 
 and waste places; the achenia when mature clinging by their awns to evory 
 thing that passes them. July — Sep. An. 
 
 2. B. connata. Burr-Marigold. 
 
 stem erect, with 4 furrows and opposite branches; leaves lanceolate, op- 
 posite, acuminate, sharply serrate, tapering into margined, somev/hat eonnatf 
 petioles ; lower ones often 3-parted, with the lateral segments decurrent; heads 
 solitary, discoid; outer scales of the involucre foliaceous, longer than the 
 flower; achenia flat, narrowly cuneate, with awns. A common species,! — 2 
 fc. high, in wet grounds. Aug. — Sep. An. 
 
 3. B. cernua. Nodding Burr-Marigold. 
 
 Mostly smooth ; stem terete, with the branches opposite ; leaves lanceolate, 
 unequally serrate, slightly connate; heads nodding, discoid, or with a lew, 
 short, yellow rays; leaflets of the outer involucre longer than the head; ache- 
 nia wedge- obovate, armed with 4 awns. A common species, 1 — 2 ft high, 
 growing in swamps and ditches. Aug.— Sept. An. 
 
 4. B. cbrysanthemoides. Large- flowered 
 
 Burr Marigold. 
 
 Smooth; stem erect, or decumbent; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at each 
 end, connate at base, with regular and even serratures ; heads erect, or nodding, 
 radiate ; rays large, conspicuous, bright yellow ; leaflets of the outer involucre 
 mostly shorter than the rays; achenia cuneate with 2— 4 awns. A common 
 and sho^vy plant, growing 6' — 18', in swamps and ditches. Sept. — Oct. An. 
 
 80. SENtCIO. 
 Heads many-flowered, either discoid, with tubular, perfect 
 flowers, or radiate, with pistillate rays. Involucre-scales mostly 
 in a siDgle row. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus simple, capil- 
 lary, copious. Leaves alternate. 
 
 1. S. vulgaris. Common Groundsel. 
 
 Stem erect, branching, angular, mostly smooth ; leaves pinnatifid, toothed, 
 clasping; radical ones petiolate; heads discoid, terminal, yellow, in loose 
 corymbs, nodding. A common weed in waste grounds, 15' high, blooming tho 
 whole season. An. 
 
 2. S. aureus. Golden Senecio. 
 
 Mostly smooth ; stem furrowed, erect, nearly simple ; radical leaves undi- 
 vided and roundish, mostly cordate, crenate, on long petioles ; lower cauline 
 oneslyrate; upper lanceolate, pinnatifid, sessile or somewhat clasping; heads 
 large, showy, with golden-yellow rays, somewhat umbellate, in flat, terminal 
 corymbs; involucre-scales linear, acute. A very handsome and variable \Aax.% 
 10' — 20' high ; common in meadows and damp thickets. 
 
 The most marked varieties are— 1. obovAta, radical leaves orbicular-obo- 
 vate; found in drier grounds thau the common form. 2. Balsamitse, radical 
 leaves oblong or lanceolate, tapering at base to a petiole. In rocky places. 
 May — Jane. Per. 
 
 31. AETEMfSIA 
 
 Heads discoid, few, or many-flowered. Flowers all tubular ; 
 marginal ones usually pistillate, sometimes perfect ; the rest per- 
 fect. Involucre-scales imbricate, dry and scarious on the mar-' 
 gins. Receptacle flat, naked, or slightly hairy. Achenia with a 
 small disk at summit. Pappus none. 
 
 1. A. caudata. Slender-leaved Wormwood. 
 
 Smooth ; stem straight, herbaceous ; radical and lower leaves hi- or tripin- 
 nately-parted ; upper ones pinnately-parted ; segments filiform, alternate ; heads 
 small, subglobose, pedicellate, erect, racemose, in a long, terminal panicle; outer 
 scales of the involucre ovate, inner ones oval. Stem 3—5 ft^ high. Common 
 near the sc^coast, frpm N. li. southward. Sept. Bien. 
 
 2. A. Abrotanum. Southernwood. 
 
 stem erect, shrubby; lower leaves bipinnately-parted ; upper ones pinnate 
 
ORDER LXIV. COMPOSITiE COMPOSITE-FAMILY. 
 
 171 
 
 ly-parted; segments very narrowly linear, capillary ; heads numerous, small, 
 yellowish, nodding; Involacre downy, hemispherical. A common shrub, 8 — 4 
 ft high, cultivated in gardens. 
 
 3. A. vulgaris. Mugwort. 
 
 stem erect, with whitish -t omen tose branches; leaves whitish -tomentose be- 
 neath ; cauHne ones pinnatifid, with linear-lanceolate, entire, or incised lobes ; 
 heads few, erect, nearly sessile, purplish, racemose, forming a loose, leafy, ter- 
 minal panicle; involucre tomentose. Plant, 2—3 ft. high. Naturalized and 
 common along road-sides and in waste places in N. and E. N". Eng. July— Aug. 
 Per. 
 
 4. A. Absinthium. Wormwood. 
 
 stem erect, furrowed, yery branching, somewhat shrubby, covered with 
 white, silky down ; leaves bi- or trlpinnately-parted, clothed with whitish, soft 
 down; segments lanceolate, obtuse, often incised; heads very numerous, yel- 
 low'ish, nodding, racemose on the branches, forming a large, leafy panicle. An 
 herb, distinguished by its bitter and aromatic smell and taste, often cultivated 
 In gardens, and frequently naturalized along road-sides. Stem 1—3 ft high. 
 Aug. Per. 
 
 82. TANACfeTUM. 
 
 Heads many-fiowcred, nearly discoid; marginal ones pistil- 
 late, 3 — 5-toothed. Involucre heniisplierical, with minute, imbri- 
 cated scales. ■ Receptacle convex, naked. Achenia with a large 
 flat top. Pappus forming a short, membranaceous crown. Per. 
 
 1. T. vulgare. Tansy. 
 
 stem erect, furrowed, branching above, smooth ; leaves bipinnately -parted ; 
 segments incised ; heads yellow, in flat, terminal corymbs ; pappus 5-lobed. 
 A common naturalized plant, growing in bunches in old fields and along road- 
 sides. Stem 2 — 3 feet high. The plant has a strong, rather agreeable, aromatic 
 smell and a very bitter taste. "What is called double tansy, is merely a variety 
 with more extensively cut and crisped leaves. Aiig. 
 
 83. GNAPHALIUM. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, discoid; outer flowers pistillate and 
 slender ; central ones perfect. Involucre-scales imbricate, scari- 
 ous, white or colored. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus simple, 
 rough, capillary 
 
 1. Gr. polycephalum. Life Everlasting. 
 
 Stem erect, branching, covered with cottony down; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 tapering at base, sessile, white-downy beneath, nearly smooth above ; heads in 
 dense clusters at the summit of the branches, paniculately corymbose, fragrant ; 
 involucre-scales ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, whitish ; flowers yellowish. 
 A commrn plant, in fields and old pastures, distinguished by its fragrance. 
 Stem 1—2 ft high. Aitg.—Sept. Per. 
 
 2. Gr. deciirrens. Decurrent Life Uverlasting. 
 
 stem erect, stout, branched above, viscidly pubescent, with white-downy, 
 spreading branches; leaves linear-lanceolate, very acute, decnrrent, naked 
 above, woolly beneath; heads in dense, terminal, corymbose clusters; invo- 
 lucre-scales oval, acutish. A stout species, 1 — 2 ft high, in hilly pastures, dis- 
 tinguished by its decurrent leaves and want of fragrance. Not uncommon. 
 Aug. — Sept. Per. 
 
 3. Gr. uliginosum. Cud-weed. 
 
 Woolly; stem low, diffusely branched; leaves lanceolate or linear; heads 
 small, in sessile, terminal, crowded, leafy clusters ; involucre-scales oblong, yel- 
 lowish. A low and spreading species, 3' — 6' high, very common in low grounds 
 and along road-sides. Aug.— Sept. An. 
 
 84. ANTENNlEIA. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, dioecious ; pistillate heads with filifonn 
 corollas. Involucre-scales imbricate, scarious, white or colored. 
 Receptacle more or less convex, not chaffy. Pappus simple, 
 bristly ; that of the fertile flowers capillary, that of the sterile 
 flowers thickened at summit I^er. 
 
 1. A. margaritacea. Pearl Everlasting. 
 
 stem erect, leafy, white-downy, corymbose above; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, sessile, covered with white down, 8-veined; heads in a terminal, 
 flat corymb; involucre-scales elliptic, obtuse, pearly- white; fiowers yellowish. 
 A common plant, in fields and pastures, covered with whitish down, and espe- 
 cially remarkable for the unfading, pearly scales of the involucre. Stem 1—2 
 ft, high. Atiff. 
 
 2. A. plantaginifolia. Mouse-ear Everlasting. 
 
 Stoloniferous; stem simple, downy ; leaves white and silky when young, at 
 length green above and hoary beneath ; radical ones obovato, or spatulate, on 
 short petioles; cauline smaller, lanceolate, appressed to the scape-like stem; 
 heads small, aggregate in a dense, terminal corymb ; involucre-scales mostly 
 white ; outer ones more or less obtuse. A very common, early-flowering plant, 
 3'— 6' high, in old flelds and pastures, where it propagates by means of procum- 
 bent shoots or stolons. April — July. 
 
 85. EEfiCHTltES. 
 
 Heads discoid, many-flowered ; flowers tubular ; those of the 
 margin pistillate, those of the centre perfect. Involucre cylin- 
 drical, with liDcar, acute scales, ia a single row. Receptacle 
 naked. Pappus abundant, of very soft, capillary bristles. An. 
 
 1. E. hieracif61ia. Fire-weed. 
 
 stem thick, fleshy, paniculately branching above; leaves alternate, oblong 
 or lanceolate, sea-ifile and often clasping, unequally and sharply incised ; heads 
 whitish, crowded ; involucre smooth. A common, coarse weed, in fields, and 
 especially in newly cleared grounds. Stem 2 — 4 ft. high. Aug.—Sept 
 
 86. XANTHIUM. 
 
 Sterile and fertile flowers in different heads upon the same 
 plant. Sterile involucre imbricate, with several funnel-form 
 staminate flowers; receptacle chaffy. Fertile involucre closed, 
 2-leaved, covered with hooked prickles, 2-flowered. An. 
 
 1. X. Strumarium. Clot-weed. 
 
 stem erect, unarmed, branching; leaves cordate, 8 — 5-lobed, dentate, rough ; 
 fruit oval, subpubescent, with 2 straight beaks. A coarse plant, witb large and 
 very rough leaves, not uncommon in fields and waste places. Introduced. 
 Stem 2^ ft high. Aug.—Sept. 
 
 37. AMBR6S1A. 
 Sterile and fertile flowers in different heads upon the same 
 plant. Sterile involucre hemispherical, composed of united 
 scales. Staminate flowers 5 or more, funnel-form. Fertile invo- 
 lucre 1-leaved, closed, 1-flowered. An. 
 
 1 . A. trifida. Great Ragweed. 
 
 Hairy, rough ; stem tall, square, stout, usually branching ; leaves large, op- 
 posite, usually 8-lobed, sometimes ovate or oval, acuminate, serrate ; sterile 
 flowers in long, naked, axillary, or terminal racemes; fertile fiowers sessile be- 
 low, in the axils of the upper leaves, each with a 6-ribbed involucre, terminat- 
 ing In 6 tubercles. A tall, rank, herbaceous plant, usually with very large 
 leaves, found in low grounds along the Connecticut, and thence westward 
 and southward. Stem 4r— 12 1\, high. Aug, 
 
 2. A. artemisiaefolia. Boman Wormwood. 
 
 stem erect, slender, branching, more or less hairy; leaves bipinnatifid, 
 nearly smooth above, more or less hoary beneath ; lower ones opposite, upper 
 ones alternate ; sterile racemes naked, terminal, loosely panicled ; fertile fiow- 
 ers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves. A very common, homely and ex- 
 ceedingly troublesome weed, in cultivated grounds. Stem 2 — i. ft high. Aug. 
 —Sept. 
 
 88. tVA. 
 Heads discoid ; marginal flowers 1 — 5, pistillate, with a tu- 
 bular corolla ; the rest staminate, with a funnel-form 5-toothed 
 corolla. Involucre-scales few, mostly in 1 row. Receptacle 
 hairy. Achenia obovoid, obtuse. Pappus none. 
 
 1. L frutescens. 
 
 Marsh Elder. 
 Shrub. 
 
 Hightvater 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth ; stem shrubby, with opposite branches ; leaves oval 
 or lanceolate, coarsely serrate, with 3 prominent veins, petiolate, the lower one« 
 opposite, the upper alternate, narrow ; heads greenish-white, on short, recurved 
 pedicels, in long, axillary racemes, arranged in a long, leafy, terminal panicle, 
 A common, fleshy, and shrubby plant, 8 — 6 ft bigb, growing along the sea- 
 shore, and on the borders of salt marshes, just above highwater mark. Aug. 
 
 39. CALENDULA. 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate. Involucre-scales many, equal, 
 in about 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Achenia of the diak naked 
 Pappus none. An. 
 
172 
 
 OKDEB LXrV. COMPOSITE — COMPOSITE-FAMILY. 
 
 1. C. officinalis. Pot-Marigold. 
 
 Viscid-pubescent; stem erect, branching ; leaves oblong, acute, mucronate, 
 sessile, somewhat toothed, ciliate, scabrous on the margin ; heads few, large, 
 terminal, solitary. A handsome annual, common in gardens, generally with 
 orange-colored, often double flowers, 
 
 40. OENTAtEEA. 
 Heads many-flowered. Flowers all tubular; marginal ones 
 mostly enlarged and sterile, resembling ray-flowers. Involucre 
 imbricate. Receptacle bristly. An. 
 
 1. 0. Cyanus. Bachelor's Button. 
 
 stem erect, branching, downy ; leaves linear, sessile, downy ; heads solitary, 
 ovoid; sterile flowers longer than the disk ; involucre-scales fringed. A com- 
 mon garden annual, sometimes naturalized along road-sides, generally with light 
 blue flowers, but varying to purplish, or white. July. 
 
 41. AMB:fiEBOA. 
 Heads discoid. Marginal flowers usually enlarged and sterile. 
 Involucre-scales imbricate. Pappus of oblong, or obovate scales, 
 sometimes small or none. An. 
 
 1. A. moschata. Sweet Sultan. 
 
 Lower leaves lyrately toothed ; involucre subglobose, smooth, with ovate 
 scales ; marginal flowers scarcely longer than the rest, not exceeding the disk; 
 heads purple, sometimes white. Gardens. Jul}/ — Oct. 
 
 2. A. odorata. Yellow Sweet Sultan. 
 
 Lower leaves somewhat broadly spatulate; upper ones lyrate at base ; mar- 
 ginal flowers enlarged, longer than tiie disk ; pappus chafiy, a little shorter than 
 the achenia ; heads yellow. A garden annual, sometimes varying to purple 
 flowers, and deeply pinnatifld leaves. July — Oct. 
 
 42. CAETHAMU8. 
 Heads discoid. Mowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre 
 of imbricated scales; outer ones foliaceous. Eeceptacle with 
 setaceous chaif. Pappus none. Achenia 4:-sided. An. 
 
 1. 0. tinctorius. Common Saffron. 
 
 stem smooth, oval, striate, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, den- 
 ticulate, with spinose teeth, somewhat clasping, smooth and shining; heads 
 large, terminating the branches, orange-colored, with the numerous flowers long 
 and flliform. A common plant in gardens, sometimes used for dyeing. Stem 
 1—2 ft high. Jzatj. 
 
 43. XEElNTHEMUM. 
 Heads discoid. Involucre hemispherical, with colored, opaque, 
 scarious scales, resembling rays. Eeceptacle chaffy. Pappus 
 chafly and setaceous. An. 
 
 1. X. annuum. 
 
 Stem erect, branching ; leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, more or ess ob- 
 tuse, entire ; heads large, terminal, solitary ; involucre-scales, obtuse ; inner 
 ones radiant, spreading, lanceolate, obtuse. A very elegant garden annual, with 
 large, spreading involucre-scales, generally purple, but often of other colors, re- 
 sembling ray-flowers. The heads retain their beauty through the winter. 
 
 44 ON0P6ED0N. 
 Heads discoid. Flowers all tubular, perfect. Involucre ven- 
 tricose, with coriaceous, imbricate, spreading, spinous scales. Re- 
 ceptacle deeply alveolate. Pappus copious, capillary, united at 
 base into a ring. Achenia 4-angled. Bien. 
 
 1. 0. Acanthium. Cotton Thistle. 
 
 "VVoolly ; leaves oblong-ovate, decnrrent, toothed, spinous ; heads large, 
 purple, solitary ; involucre globose, white-downy, with spreading, linear-suhu- 
 late scales. A fine thistle, 2 — 5 ft high, covered throughout with cottony down. 
 Naturalized and common along road-sides. July. 
 
 45. OfESIUM. 
 Heads discoid, many-flowered. Flowers all perfect. Involu- 
 cre-scales usually tipped with spines, imbricated in many rows. 
 Receptacle bristly. Pappus of capillary, plumose bristles united 
 in a ring at base. Achenia oblong, compressed, smooth. Bien. 
 except No. 1. 
 
 1. 0. arvense. Canada Thistle. 
 
 Root creeping; stem erect, branching; leaves pinnatifld, with spiny teeth 
 smooth ursomewhat downy beneath ; heads small, light purple, numerous, in 
 a terminal, loose panicle ; involucre-scales closely appressed, tipped with mi- 
 nute spines. A very common and exceedingly troublesome weed, spreading 
 rapidly, by its creeping roots, over fields and meadows, and rendering them un- 
 productive. Stem 2—3 ft high. Introduced. July. 
 
 2. C. discolor. Tall Thistle. 
 
 Stem furrowed, hairy, leafy, branching; leaves pinnatifld, slightly hairy 
 above, covered with white wool beneath ; lobes divaricate, 2 — 3-cleft, the seg' 
 raents tipped with spines; heads rather large, pale purple, solitary; involucre- 
 scales appressed, tipped with spines. A tall thistle, 3—7 ft. high, not uncommon 
 in thickets and meadows. Aug. 
 
 3. C. mnticum. Glutinous Thistle, 
 
 stem tall, slender, nearly or quite smooth, branching; leaves pinnatifld, 
 slightly hairy above, covered -with thin white hairs beneath when young; 
 lobes divaricate, lanceolate, acute, incised, the tips armed with spines; heads 
 rather large, solitary, or nearly so, on the nearly naked branches; involucre- 
 scales ovate, unarmed, sometimes m.ucronate, webbed and glutinous at base. A 
 tall thistle, 3— T ft, high, common in swamps and low grounds. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 4. C. lanceolatum. ' Common Thistle. 
 
 stem very branching, leafy ; leaves deeply pinnatifld, decnirent, hispid above, 
 white and woolly beneath, with divaricate, spinesccnt segments ; heads large, 
 numerous, purple; involucre-scales spreading, lanceolate, tipped with long and 
 formidable spines. A very prickly thistle, 3—5 ft. high, common along road- 
 sides and in waste places. Introduced. July— Sep. 
 
 5. C. piimilum. Pasture Thistle. 
 
 stem very stout, hairy, nearly or quite simple ; leaves pinnatifld, clasping at 
 
 base, green on both sides; segments variously lobed and cut, ciliate, spinose; 
 
 heads very large, 1' — 3' in diameter, fragrant, about 1—3 in number, purple, 
 
 rarely whitish ; involucre-scales spinous. A very common thistle, i — 2 ft. high, 
 
 distinguished by its very large fragi-ant heads, growing in pastures and fields. 
 
 Aug. , 
 
 46. LAPPA. 
 
 Heads discoid, many-flowered. Flowers all perfect. Involu- 
 cre globose, with appressed, imbricated scales, each tipped with 
 a subulate, hooked appendage. Receptacle bristly. Pappus 
 bristly, rough, deciduous. Achenia oblong, compressed. Per. 
 
 1. L. major, Bv/rdock. 
 
 stem low, stout, very branching; radical leaves very lari;e, cordate, on long 
 channelled, fleshy, petioles ; upper leaves ovate, much smaller; all more or less 
 woolly beneath, and undulate on the margin ; heads small', mostly in dense 
 clusters; corollas tubular, pink-colored, quite pretty; involucre-scales ending 
 in a long, flrm bristle, with a hook at the end. A very common weed iu waste 
 grounds, distinguished by its large root-leaves, as well as by the hooked Invo- 
 lucre-scales, which attach themselves to every thing that passes. July — Ay>g. 
 
 4T. CICH6RIUM. 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; outer of 5 short, 
 leafy scales ; the inner of 8 — 10. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus 
 short, chaffy. Achenia striate. Per. 
 
 I, C. intybus. Succory, 
 
 stem terete, with several long, nearly simple branches ; lower leaves rnnci- 
 nate ; upper ones oblong or lanceolate, more or less clasping at base, slightly 
 dentate or entire, small and inconspicuous ; heads 2 — 3 together, axillary, sessile, 
 light blue, showy; corolla 5-toothed. A handsome plant, 2 — 3 feet high, natur- 
 alized in fields and road-sides, not uncommon in districts near the coast. July 
 —Sep, 
 
 48. KEfGIA, 
 
 Heads 8 — 20-flowered. Involucre-scales equal, in about 2 
 rows. Receptacle naked. Pappus double ; the outer of 5 broad 
 scales ; the inner of 5 bristles alternating with the exterior scales. 
 Achenia obconic. An. 
 
 1. K, Virgtnica. Dwarf Dandelion, 
 
 Acaulescent ; leaves lanceolate, or narrowly spatulate, often pinnatifld o/ 
 lyrate, smooth j the early ones roundish, entire ; scapes several, slender, 1-flow- 
 ered, rarely forked, elongated after flowering; heads small, yellow; involucre 
 
OEDEE LXIV. COMPOSITE COMPOSITE-FAMILY. 
 
 173 
 
 smooth. A pretty little plant wltb slender scapes, 1'— 6' high. Common In dry 
 Boils. May — JiUy. 
 
 49. le6ntodon. 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, ■with 
 several small scales at base. Receptacle naked. Pappus plumose, 
 persistent. Achenia striate, somewhat rostrate. Per. 
 
 1. L. autumnalis. Autumn Dandelion. 
 
 Acaulescent ; scape smooth, branching ; leaves radical, lanceolate, pinnatifld ; 
 peduncles scaly, thickened upwards; heads yellow, on separate peduncles, re- 
 sembling somewhat those of the dandelion. Naturalized in E. N. Eng., and 
 common in fields and road-sides. Scape 6'— 15' higb, bearing several heads. 
 
 60. TEAG0P6GON. 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre with numerous scales in a 
 single row. Receptack naked. Pappus plumose. Achenia stri- 
 ate, with a long filiform beak. Bien. 
 
 1. T. porrifolius. Salsify. Vegetable Oyster. 
 
 Leaves long, linear, entire; heads terminal, solitary, large, bluish-purple, on 
 peduncles thickened above; involucre-scales much longer than the corollas. A 
 garden vegetable, with showy flowers, chiefly cultivated for the root, which is 
 in some esteem as an esculent. Stem 1—2 ft. high, July—Aug. 
 
 51.' LACTtJCA. 
 Heads several-flowered. Involucre- scales in 2 or more rows. 
 Pappus copious, fugacious, soft and capillary. Achenia com- 
 pressed, with long, filiform beaks. 
 
 1. L. elongata. Wild Lettuce. 
 
 stem tall, stout, usually leafy, branching above; leaves siiiooth, paler 
 beneath ; lowei' ones clasping, runcinate ; upper ones lanceolate, entire, sessile ; 
 heads small, numerous, racemose on the branches, forming a long, naked 
 panicle ; corolla yellow, rarely purple ; achenia oval, about as long as the beak. 
 A very variable plant, abounding in a milky juice, 2— 6 ft. high, common in 
 rich, moist soils. The most marked varieties are var. 1, integrifdlia, which has 
 the leaves mostly entire, and var. 2, sanguinea, with a more slender, less leafy, 
 and often purple stem, and the leaves all clasping, and runcinate, glaucous 
 beneath. BLen, 
 
 2. L. sativa. Garden Lettuce. 
 
 stem smooth, branching, corymbose above ; leaves more or less orbicular, 
 very smooth; cauline ones cordate; heads numerous, small, yellow, in termi- 
 nal corymbs. A common garden annual with a milky juice, universally culti- 
 vated for salad. June— July. ' 
 
 52. MULGi:DIUM. 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre-scales in 2 or more rows ; 
 outer series short, imbricated ; achenia compressed, striate, with 
 a short, thick beak. Pappus soft, capillary, copious, crowning the 
 achenium. Bien. 
 
 1. M. leucophasum. Blue Lettuce. 
 
 stem tall, branching above, very leafy ; leaves pinnatifld, or runcinate, 
 coarsely toothed ; uppermost sessile, often undivided ; heads small, numerous, 
 pale blue, on bracteate and scaly peduncles, forming a long, terminal panicle; 
 pappus tawny. A tall plant, with a milky juice, resembling a Lactuca, but dis- 
 tinguished by its bluish corollas. Stem 3 — 10 ft. high. Common in low 
 grounds and thickets. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 68. HIEKACIUM. 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre-scales usually more or less 
 imbricate. Achenia striate, oblong, moje or less rostrate. Pap- 
 pus of tawny, fragile, capillary bristles, in a single row. Flowers 
 yellow. Per. 
 
 1. H. Canadense. Canadian Hawhweed. 
 
 stem leafy, somewhat pubescent; leaves lanceolate, or oblong-ovate, acute, 
 dentate with coarse and acute teeth, sessile ; upper ones somewhat clasping; 
 heads large, on hairy peduncles, forming a terminal, paniculate corymb ; in- 
 volucre-scales linear, imbricated. A stout species, with showy flowers, not un- 
 common in dry woods. Stem 1—2 ft high. Aug. 
 
 2. H. venosum. Veiny Hawkweed. 
 
 Mostly acaulescent ; stem or scape slender, smooth, often with 1 or 2 leaves, 
 branching, loosely corymbose above ; radical leaves obovate, sometimes oblong, 
 
 nearly entire, on very short petioles, hairy above, nearly smooth and glaucous 
 beneath, ciliate, marked with purplish veins ; peduncles slender ; heads rather 
 small, solitary, bright yellow. A common specips in dry woods, distinguished 
 by its purple-veined leaves. Scape or stem 1 — 3 ft. high, rarely leafy at base. 
 Jjtly — Aug. 
 
 3. H. Gron6vii. Hairy Hawlcweed, 
 
 stem erect, virgate, mostly simple, leafy and hairy below, nearly naked 
 above; leaves obovate, or oblong, entire, ciliate, hairy, oapecially on the mid- 
 vein beneath ; beads on*andular, ratlier short pedicels, arranged in a long, 
 oblong panicle; involucre somewhat glandular; achenia enlarged upwards, 
 almost rostrate. A very hairy species, 1—3 ft high, not uncommon in dry 
 soils, Aug. 
 
 4. H. scabrum. Rough Hawhweed. 
 
 Stem leafy, nearly simple, rough, hairy ; leaves hairy, nearly entire ; lower 
 ones obovate, slightly petiolate, upper ones oval, sessile; peduncle thick, glan- 
 dular-hispid; heads 40— 50 flowered, at first in a racemose, but finally some- 
 what corymbose panicle; involucre densely glandular-hispid. A rough species, 
 15' — 24' high, common in dry soils. 
 
 5. H. paniculatum. Slender Hawhweed. 
 
 stem slender, with spreading branches, leafy, covered with Avhitish hairs 
 below ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, smooth, 
 thin, denticulate ; heads very small, on long, slender peduncles, forming a loose 
 panicle. A slender and comparatively delicate species, 1—8 ft high, common 
 in damp woods and thickets. Aug. 
 
 6. H. aurantiacum. Golden Hawhweed. 
 
 Stem leafy, hispid; leaves oblong, somewhat acute, pilose, hispid; heads 
 large, orange-colored, in dense corymbs. A garden species. 
 
 54. NABALUS. 
 Involucre cylindrical, with 6 — 10 linear scales in one row, and 
 a few, short, appressed scales at base. Receptacle naked. Pap- 
 pus-bristles copious, capillary, brownish, or straw-color, in two 
 series. Achenia striate, linear-oblong, without beaks, JPer. 
 
 1. N. albus. White Lettuce. 
 
 Stem tall, smooth, somewhat glaucous, corymbosely paniculate abovo; 
 leaves angular-hastate, often 3 — 5-lobed; upper ones ovate, dentate, or oblong, 
 entire; involucre purplish, consisting of about 8 scales; heads 8 — 12-flowered 
 in axillary and terminal, podding racemes ; pappus brownish, A stout plant, 
 2 — 4 ft high, with very vaiiable, often deeply lobed leaves, common in woods. 
 Aug. 
 
 2. N. altissimus. Tall White Lettuce. 
 
 Smooth; stem slender, tall; leaves triangular-ovate, cordate, petiolate, 
 variously lobed and toothed, or else nearly entire ; petioles naked or margined ; 
 involucre of 5 greenish scales ; heads nodding, 5— 6-flowered in axillary and 
 terminal racemes, forming a long, leafy, virgate panicle ; pappus of a dirty white 
 or pale straw-color. A tall species, 8 — 6 ft. high, with exceedingly variable 
 leaves, common In woods. Aug. 
 
 55, TARAXACUM. 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; outer series of short 
 scales; inner of linear, appressed ones. Receptacle naked, 
 Achenia obloEg, with a long, filiform beak, crowned with the 
 white, copious, capillary pappus. Per. 
 
 1. T. Dens-Leonis. Dandelion. 
 
 Acaulescent ; smooth or nearly so ; scapes several, hollow, naked, 1-flowered ; 
 leaves runcinately toothed; heads large, erect, yellow; outer involucre re- 
 flexed. A very common plant in fields and pastures, with a tuft of radical 
 leaves, from which arise several scapes, which elongate after flowering; the in- 
 ner involucre, at first closed, Is reflexed, and the achenia with their long beaks, 
 supporting an abundant pappus, form a white, globular head. AjQrU^~Oct. 
 
 56. S6NCHUS. 
 Heads many-flowered, at length tumid at base. Involucre- 
 acales imbricate, unequal. Receptacle naked. Pappus-bristlea 
 copious, white, very soft and capillary, in several series. Achenia 
 compressed, without beaks. An. 
 
 I. S. oleraceus. Sow-Thistle. 
 
 Smooth and glaucous; leaves runcinate, or sometimes nearly entire^ 
 
174 
 
 ORDER LXV. LOBELIACEiE LOBELIA-FAMILY. ORDER LXVII. ERICACE^ IIEATH-FAMILT. 
 
 slightly dentate, the teeth tipped with weak spinea, cordate and clasping at 
 base, with acute auricles; heads rather few, paniculate, yellow; peduncles 
 downy ; involucre downy when young. A weed-like plant, 2 — 3 ft. high, com- 
 mon in waste places, in the neighborhood of the sea-coast. Sep. 
 
 2. S. asper. Bough Sow-TMstle. 
 
 stem branching above; leaves clasping, cordate at base, with rounded 
 auricles, oblong-lanceolate, undulate or slightly runcinate, toothed and spinose; 
 peduncles and summit of the branches clothed witli stiff glandular hairs; 
 heads small, yellow. A toore rigid and spiny plant *an the last Common in 
 waste places. Stem 8 — 4 ft high. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 Okder LXV. Lobeliacese. — Lobelia-family. 
 
 1. LOBilLIA. 
 Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla txibular, irregular, 
 deeply cleft on the upper side ; limb somewhat 2-lipped ; upper 
 lip nearly erect, 2-cleft ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Capsule 
 2-celled, opening at summit. Seeds minute, many. Per. except 
 Fo. 2. 
 
 1. L. cardinalis. Cardinal Floiver. 
 
 stem erect, simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, serrate ; 
 flowers deep scarlet, large, in along, terminal seciind, bracted raceme; bracts 
 linear, leaflike ; pedicels short; corolla much longer than the calyx. A splendid 
 plant, common in low grounds, distinguished by its large, brilliant flowers 
 Tfhich arc sometimes white. Stem 2—3 ft. high. July— Sep. 
 
 2. L. inflata. Indian Tohacco, 
 
 Stem erect, branching, pubescent; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 
 pubescent; flowers small, pale blue, axillary, pedicellate, in leafy spikes; bracts 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the pedicels ; calyx-teeth as long as 
 the corolla; capsule inflated. A common plants 1 — 2 ft, high, possessing very 
 active properties, which render it a powerful medicine and a virulent poison. 
 Fields and pastures. July — Sept. An. or Bien. 
 
 3. L. Dortmdnna. Water Lobelia. 
 
 Smooth ; scape simple, naked; leaves radical, linear, terete, fleshy, ohtase, 
 in a tuft at the base of the scape ; flowers pale blue, remote, nodding, forming 
 a terminal raceme ; bracts ovate, much shorter than the pedicels, A curious 
 species, growing in ponds, with a tuft of leaves at bottom, and a few remote 
 flowers just out of water. Not uncommon. July. 
 
 4. L. spicata. Slender Lobelia, 
 
 Slightly pubescent; stem erect, simple, slender ; radical leaves oblong, or 
 spatiilate; cauline oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate; all but the uppermost den- 
 tate; flowers small, pale blue, in long, spicate racemes; bracts narrow-linear, 
 nearly as long as the pedicels ; calyx-teeth as long as the corolla, subulate. A 
 slender species, 1—2 ft. Mgh. Common in fields. July— Aug. 
 
 Obder LXVI. Campanulacese. — BeUjknoer- 
 family, 
 
 1. CAMPANULA 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla mostly campauulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 
 6, broad at base. Stigmas 3 — 5. Capsule 3 — 5-celled, opening 
 laterally by pores. 
 
 1. C. rotundifolia. Hairbell. 
 
 stem slender, branching, weak ; radical leaves ovate, or roundish, cordate, cre- 
 nate, on long petioles, soon withering and disappearing ; cauline narrow-linear, 
 entire, smooth ; flowers bright blue, nodding ; corolla twice as long as the subulate 
 calyx-teetli, A very delicate and elegant plant, about a foot high, growing on 
 the rocky banks of streams, most common in Northern N. Eng. and N. York. 
 The root-leaves wither just before flowering, and hence are rarely observed. 
 July—Sept. Per. 
 
 2. C. aparindides. Prickly Bell-flower. 
 
 stem slender, weak, branching, 3-angled, the angles rough backwards ; leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, denticulate, rough backwards on the margin and veins; flow- 
 ers small, nearly white, solitary, on slender, diverging peduncles; corolla cam- 
 panulate, much longer than the triangular calyx-teeth. A very slender plant, 
 
 common in mea<iowsand low grounds, where it supports Itfelf upon othei 
 plants, by means of its prickly stem and leaves. June — Aug. An. 
 
 3. C, Americana. American Bell'flower. 
 
 Stem erect, virgate, nearly simple ; leaves ovate -lanceolate, tapering at both 
 ends, serrate, slightly hairy, with ciliate petioles ; the lowest sometimes cordate ; 
 flowers large, blue, nearly rotate, deeply cleft, axillary, sessile, solitary, or seve- 
 ral together ; calyx-teeth subulate, shorter than the corolla. An elegant species, 
 2—3 ft. high, native in N. T. and Penn. Not uncommon in cultivation. July 
 —Aug. 
 
 4. C. glomerata. Clustered Bell-flower. 
 
 stem angular, smooth, simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, cordate at base, ses- 
 sile, rough; lowest petiolate; flowers large, mostly deep blue, aggregated in 
 a dense cluster; corolla almost funnel-form, twice as long as the acuminate 
 calyx-teeth. A handsome species, frequent in gardens, where there are many 
 varieties. Stem 2 — 4fL hig-h. Pei\ 
 
 5. C. medium. Canterbury Bell. 
 
 stem erect, simple, hispid; leaves lanceolate, obtusely serrate, sessile, with S 
 veins at base ; flowers very large, broad at base, with a reflexed limb, deep blue, 
 erect. A handsome species, common in gardens, where there are many varie- 
 ties, with red, purple, or white, sometimes double flowers. Bien, 
 
 2. SPECULAEIA. 
 Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens with hairy 
 filaments, shorter than the anthers. Style hairy, included. Stig- 
 mas 3. Capsule prismatic, 3-celled, opening by 3 lateral valves. 
 An. 
 
 1. S. perfoliata. Clashing Bell-flower. 
 
 stem erect, simple, somewhat pubescent ; leaves nearly orbicular, clasping 
 and cordate at base, crenate ; flowers sessile, axillary, solitary, or 3 together, 
 deep blue ; the upper ones only opening; corolla with spreading segments; 
 calyx-segments acute, lanceolate. An erect plant, 8' — 12' high, well marked by 
 its clasping, roundish leaves, and deep blue flowers. Common in dry sandy 
 fields. June — July. 
 
 2. S, Speculum. Venus^ Looking-glass. 
 
 stem diffuse, very branching ; leaves oblong, crenate; flowers solitary. A 
 pretty species, sometimes cultivated in gardens, named from the form of the 
 bine corolla, which hears some resemblance to a concave mirror. Aug. 
 
 Ordee LXVII. Ericacese. — Heath-family. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE G-ENEEA. 
 
 Suborder I. Yaccinias. 
 
 Calyx-teeth adherent to the ovary. Corolla monopetalous. Fruit a berry. 
 Shrubs or evergreen, more or less woody plants. 
 
 1. Gavlussacia. Ovaries 8— lO-celled, 8— 10-ovuled. Anthers awnless. 
 
 2. VaocInium. Ovaries 4 — 5-celled, or 8 — 10-cclled, by false partitions, 
 many-ovuled. Anthers often awned. 
 
 Stjboedee II. Ericinese. 
 
 Calyx-tube free from the ovary. Corolla usually monopetalous, rarely with 
 distinct petals. Shrubs or small trees, rarely merely woody at base, 
 
 3. AKCTOSTipnvLOS. Corolla urceolate. Fruit a 5-seeded drupe. Trailing 
 shrubs. 
 
 4. Gaitltheria. Corolla ovoid-cylindric Fruit 5-celled, 5- valved, included 
 in the fleshy thickened calyx -lobes. Stem woody, trailing, with erect branchee. 
 
 5. Epigjea. Corolla sal ver-furm, hairy within. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. 
 Stem trailing, somewhat woody. 
 
 6. Andromeda. Corolla ovoid-cylindric. Anthers opening by terminal 
 pores. Capsule 6-celled, 5-valved, Shrubs. 
 
 7. Cl^thea- Petals 5, distinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Shrubs. 
 
 8. RuoDODBNDRON. Corolla funnel-form, with 5 somewhat irregular lobes. 
 Stamens and style much exsert. Capsule 5-ceIled, 5-valved, Shrubs, 
 
 9. KAL>nA. Corolla somewhat campanulate, with 10 depressions on the in- 
 side, in which the 10 anthers are lodged in the bud. Evergreen shrubs. 
 
 SuBOEDEE III. Pyrolese. 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary. Petals nearly or quite distinct Evergreen, her- 
 baceous plants. 
 
 10. Pyrola. Flowers racemed. Style long, usually declined. Valves of 
 the capsule woolly on the edges. 
 
 11. Chimaphila. Flowers in corymbs or umbels. Style very short, with a 
 broad, roundish stigma. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges. 
 
 SuBOEDEE IV. MonotrftpepB. 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary. Petals usually, nearly, or quite distinct. Fleshy 
 herbs, destitute of green foliage. 
 
OEDER LXVn. EEICAOE^ — HEATH-FAMILY. 
 
 175 
 
 13. Mon6teopa. Flowers solitary. 
 12. Hypopitys. Flowers racemeo. 
 
 1. GATLUSSACIA. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla urceolate or ovoid, with a 5-cleft, 
 
 reflexed limb. Stamens 10. Anthers awnlesa. Fruit a drupe 
 
 resembling a berry, with 8 — 10 seeds, or rather little nuts^^ 
 
 Shrubs. W^ 
 
 1. G. frondosa. Dangleberry. 
 
 Smooth, with terete, slender branches; leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse, en- 
 tire, pale and glaucons beneath, covered with minute resinous dots ; flowers in 
 loose braoteate racemes; pedicels filiform, bracted near the middle, drooping ; 
 corolla ovoid- cam pan ulate, nearly globose, small, of a reddish-white color ; ber- 
 ries large, blue, ripening late, covered when mature with a glaucons bloom, sweet 
 luid edible. This shrub is distinguished by its slender, nodding racemes, with 
 filiform pedicels, and its late fruit Stem 3—5 ft. high. Common in low wood- 
 lands and thickets, June. 
 
 2. Gr. resiuisa. Hucldeherry. Whortleberry, 
 
 Very branching; branches rigid, brownish, and slightly pubescent when 
 young; leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or oblong, entire, more or less obtuse, clam- 
 my with resinous dots when young, petiolate, somewhat paler beneath ; flowers 
 email, greenish, striped with red, covered with resinous dots, in short, clustered, 
 drooping racemes ; pedicels short, with small, reddish, deciduous bracts ; corolla 
 ovoid-conic, contracted at apex ; style essert; berries black, destitute of bloom, 
 ripe in July and August. A very common shrub in woods and neglected pas- 
 tures, growing 1—4 ft. high, with a bushy top and brittle stem. May—Jwne. 
 
 % YACCtNIUM. 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla ui'ceolnte, campanulate, or cylin- 
 drical. Limb A. — 5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 — 10. Anthers 
 oftcQ 2-awned on the back. Berry 4 — 5-celled, many-seeded, 
 sometimes apparently 8 — 10-celIed. 
 
 1. V. macrocirpon. 
 
 Cranherry. 
 
 Evergreen ; stem trailing, filiform, with erect branches; leaves scattered, 
 jblong, obtuse, glaucous beneath, about \' long, with slightly revolute edges ; 
 flowers rather large, on long, axillary pedicels ; corolla deeply 4-parted, flesh- 
 colored ; segments reflexed, linear ; berries on drooping, filiform pedicels, glo- 
 bular, bright scarlet, smooth, juicy, of a keen acid taste, ripe in Oct. A creep- 
 ing shrubby plant, common in boggy meadows. June, 
 
 2. y. Pennsylvctnicum. Low Blueberry. 
 
 Low, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, or oblong lanceolate, minutely but 
 distinctly serrate, with mucronate teeth, smooth and shining on both sides, 
 often with a puberuleut midvein ; corolla short, reddish -whit&, cylindric, some- 
 what campanulate. A low shrub in dense patches, 6'— 12' high, with green, 
 angular, warty branches. The berries are large, blue, and sweet, ripening early 
 In July. "Dry hills and woods. May. 
 
 3. V. vacillans. Blueberry. 
 
 Shrub with angular, green branches ; leaves oval or obovatu, more or less 
 obtuse, of a pale, dull green, smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath, serrulate, 
 ciliate; flowers numerous, in dense, subterminal, sessile racemes, on nearly 
 naked branchlets ; corolla yellowish or reddish -while, broadly cylindric-cam- 
 panulate; berries blue, large and sweet, ripe in July and August. A common 
 shrub, 1 — 2 ft. high, in open woods, and dry, hilly grounds. May— June. 
 
 4. V. corymbosum. Swaryip Huckleberry. 
 
 Tall ; leaves oblong, or oval-obovate, smooth on both sides, usually acute at 
 both ends, slightly pubescent beneath when young; flowers in short, sessile 
 racemes, on nearly leafless branchlets ; corolla large for the genus, white or 
 slightly tinged with red, cylindric, slightly contracted at the mouth ; stamens 
 included; berries large, deep-blue, ripe in August and September. A well- 
 known species, 4 — 8 ft. high, common in swamps, distinguished by its flowers 
 usually preceding the leaves. May— June. 
 
 5. V. fuscatum. Black Bilberry, 
 
 Tall; leaves oblong or oval obovato, downy beneath and frequently on the 
 veins above, acute at both ends, mostly entire ; flowers in short, sessile racemes, 
 on nearly naked branchlets ; corolla ovoid, rather small, reddish or greenish- 
 white; berry small, purplish -black, without bloom, subacid, tipped with the 
 conspicuous calyx teeth. Equally common with the last, from which it is dis- 
 tinguished by its smaller flowers, smaller, black fruit, and the downy under 
 enrfaco of the leaves. Shrub, 4— S ft. high. June. 
 
 8. AECTOSTaPHYLOS. 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla ovoid ; limb short, revo 
 lute, 5-toothed. Stamens 10. Drupe 6-seeded. 
 
 1. A. \iva-ursi. Bearberry, 
 
 stem woody, trailing; leaves evergreen, thick and leathery, obovate, entire, 
 smooth and shining ; flowers white, tinged with rose, in short, drooping racemes, 
 terminating the branches, famished with small, scaly bracts; corolla bell-form, 
 much contracted at mouth, hairy inside; berry red, insipid, and unpleasant to 
 the taste. An evergreen shrub, very pretty in flower, quite common, especially 
 northward. Mountains and hilly woods. May — June. 
 
 4. GAULTHjfeRIA. 
 Calyx 5-eleft, with 2 bracts at base. Corolla ovoid-cylindric, 
 with 5 short, revolute teeth. Stamens 10, hairy, included. Fruit 
 5-celled, 5-valved, inclosed when ripe in the thickened, fleshy 
 lobes of the calyx, thus resembling a berry. 
 
 1. Gr. prociimbens. Checker-berry^ Partridge-berry. 
 
 Stem creeping, either above or below the surface, and throwing up simple, 
 erect branches ; leaves evergreen, obovate or oval, shining above, mostly entire, 
 mucronate, in tufta at the summit of the branches ; flowers few, axillary, nod- 
 ding ; corolla white, contracted at the mouth; berry bright red, and together 
 with the leaves of a pleasant, spicy flavor. A little plant, very common in 
 wfwds, especially under the shade of evergreens, well known for its aromatic 
 qualities. The creeping stem sends up numerous branches 2' — 4' high, Jv/ne 
 — July. 
 
 5. EPIG^A. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base. Corolla salver-form ; 
 tube hairy within, as long as the 5 spreading segments of the 
 limb. Stamens 10, with filiform filaments. Capsule 5-celled, 6- 
 valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. E. repens. Trailing Arbutus. May-flower. 
 
 stem trailing, clothed with long, rasty hairs ; leaves evergi-een, ovate, mostiy 
 cordate at base, entire, reticulated, covered with a bristly, reddish pubescence ; 
 flowars erect, in small, axillary clusters, very fragrant; corolla white, often 
 tinged with rose-color. A handsome plant, blooming early, and a universal 
 favorite, on account of its beauty and fragrance. 
 
 6. ande6meda. 
 Calyx 5-parted, minute, persistent. Corolla ovoid-cylindric ; 
 limb with 5 reflexed teeth. Stamens 8 — 10, included. Anthers 
 opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 1. A. ligustrina. Panicled Andromeda. 
 
 Leaves deciduous, obovate, or oblong-obovate, acuminate, pubescent be- 
 neath, nearly entire; flowers small, dull white, in dense, compound, naked 
 racemes, forming contracted, leafless panicles, terminating the branches; co- 
 rolla subglobose, pubescent without; filaments pubescent A very common 
 shrub, 3 — 5 ft. high, in swamps and low grounds. JuTie. 
 
 2. A, calyculata. Early Andromeda, 
 
 Leaves evergreen, elliptical, obtuse, nearly entire, somewhat revolute on the 
 margin, rusty beneath ; flowers white, in leafy, terminal, somewhat recurved 
 racemes; calyx bracteate at base ; corolla oblong-cyllndric; filaments smooth. 
 An early flowering shrub in swamps and wet grounds, distingaished by its 
 nearly 1-sided racemes of axillary flowers. April — May, 
 
 7. CL:fiTHKA. 
 Calyx 6-parted, persistent. Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 10, 
 exsert. Style slender, pei-sistent. Stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3- 
 celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, inclosed in the calyx, 
 
 1. C. alternifolia, Sweet-pepjper Bush- 
 
 Leaves wedge-obovate, serrate, smooth, green on both sides, acute, tapering 
 to a short petiole; flowers white, fragrant, in erect, terminal, simple or com- 
 pound racemes ; calyx and peduncles hoary-pubescpnt ; anthers light-brown. 
 An elegant shrub, 4 — 10 ft. high, with foliage somewhat like that of the Alder, 
 common in swamps and low grounds. July — Aug. 
 
 8. 32HODOD:fiNDKON. 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnel-form or campanu- 
 late, 5-lobed, with spreading, usually unequal lobes. Stamens 5 
 — 10, and with the single style, usually exsert and declinate. 
 
176 
 
 ORDER LXVni. AQUIFOLIAOE^ HOLLY-FAMILY. 
 
 Anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. Capsule 5-ceUed, 6-valved, 
 opening at summit. 
 
 1. R. nudiflorum. Swam^ Pink. 
 
 Branchleta sHglitly bairy ; leaves obovate, oblanceolate, or oblong, downy 
 beneath ; tlowers large, varying from pale pink to purple ; calyx-teeth minute ; 
 corolla slightly viscid ; tube scarcely longer than the spreading lobes ; stamens, 
 and stj'le much exsert. A beautiful shrub 4—8 ft. high, of a very irregular 
 and croolied growth, common in woods and low grounds. May. 
 
 2. R. viscosum. Wliite Swamp Fink. 
 
 Branchleta hispid; leaves obovate, or oblong, mostly smooth, hairy on the 
 midvein, margin and petiole; flowers white, sometimes tinged with rose-color, 
 in large, terminal clusters, fragrant; calyx-teeth minute; corolla clammy, with 
 viscid hairs; tube twice as long as the lobes; stamens slightly exsert; style 
 much exsert. A handsome shrub, distinguished from the last by its viscid 
 flowers, which usually do not appear till the leaves are fully grown. Stem 4— 
 8 ft. high. Swamps and low grounds. June — July. 
 
 9. KALMIA. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate-campanulate, 5-lobed, "with 10 
 cavities inside, corresponding to 10 prominences outside, in which 
 the anthers are lodged at first. Filaments elastic, throwing the 
 anther when released from the corolla against the pistil. Capsule 
 globose, 6-celled, many-seeded. Evergreen shrubs. 
 
 1. K. latifOlia. High Laurel. 
 
 Leaves mostly alternate, oval-lanceolate, or elliptical, acute at both ends, 
 smooth, green on both sides; flowers in terminal corymbs, white, shaded with 
 pink; peduncles clammy-pubescent; pedicels bracted. A splendid flowering 
 shrub, 4 — 9 ft high, of a very crooked and irregular growth, distinguished by 
 its hard and compact wood. Not uncommon in woods and dry thickets. June. 
 
 2. K angustifolla. Low Laurel. Sheep Laurel. 
 
 Leaves mostly opposite, or in threes, narrow-oblong, or oblong-lancoolate, 
 light green, paler beneath, obtuse at each end ; corymbs lateral and axillary ; 
 flowers deep red, about half as large as in the last; bracts minute, linear-lan- 
 ceolate, 3 at the base of each pedicel. A low shrub, 2 — 4 ft. high, common in 
 damp grounds. June — July. 
 
 10, PYEOLA. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, deciduous. 
 Stamens 10. Filaments subulate. Anthers large, pendulous, 
 opening by 2 pores at apex, more or less 2-celled. Style long, 
 often declined. Stigma 5-rayed, 6-tubercled at apex. Capsule 
 6 celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, 
 
 * Stamens ascending. Style deelinate. 
 
 1. P. rotundifolia. Round-leaved Pyrola. 
 
 Leaves orbicular, thick and shining, entire, mostly shorter than the petioles ; 
 scapes 8-angled ; flowers white, large, drooping, fragrant, in a long, terminal ra- 
 ceme ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute ; petals round-obovate. A common ever- 
 green, propagating like the other species of the genus, by underground shoots, 
 which terminate in a cluster of petiolate, radical leaves. Scape bracted, 6'— 12' 
 high. Woods. July. 
 
 2. P. chlorantha. Green-floivcred Pyrola. 
 
 Leaves small, nearly orbicular, thick, dull green, much shorter than the pe- 
 tiole; raceme few-flowered; flowers rather large, nodding, remote, grcenish- 
 wliite, with very short bracts; calyx -teeth roundish - ovate, very short, 
 obtuse; petals oblong. A smaller species than the last, distinguished by its 
 dull green, much smaller leaves, and greenish flowers. Scapes 4 — S-flowered, 
 3' — 8' high. Common, especially in pine woods. Jane. 
 
 3. P. elliptica. Oval-leaved Pyrola, 
 
 Leaves thin, elliptical, smooth, mostly larger than the marginal petioles; ra- 
 cemes many-flowered; flowers white, nodding, fragrant; calyx-teeth ovate, 
 acute ; petals obovato. A common and elegant species, growing in woods, well 
 marlied by its thin, elliptical leaves. Scape 5'— 10' high. July. 
 * * Stamens and style straight 
 
 4. P. secunda. One-sided Pyrola. 
 
 T-eaves ovate, acute, finely serrate, thin, longer than the petiole ; raceme 
 dense, secund; flowers small, greenish-white; calyx-teeth ovate; petals ob- 
 
 ^Itoii 
 
 long; style essert; leaves in 1 or 2 tufts on a short stem; scape 8' — 5' high. 
 Eatber common in woods. July. 
 
 11. CITIMAPHiLA. 
 
 Petals 5, concave, spreading. Stamens 10. Filaments hairy 
 
 and dilated in the middle. Anthers as in Pyrola. Style short 
 
 and thick. Stigma broad, orbicular, obscurely 5-toothed on the 
 
 argin. Capsule 6-celled, opening from the apex downwards. 
 
 1. C. umbellata. Prince'' s Pine. 
 
 Leaves wedge-lanceolate, tapering at base, serrate, dark-green on both sides, 
 coriaceous, arranged somewhat in whorls around the low stem ; flowers large, 
 light purple or whitish, fragrant, 3—7 in a terminal corymb ; bracts linear-subu- 
 late ; anthers violet. A handsome evergreen, common in woods, having the 
 general aspect of Pyrola, and propagating in the same manner, by underground 
 shoots. "Woods. July. 
 
 2. C. maculata. 
 
 Spotted Wintergreen. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, remotely serrate, usually of a dark brown hue, va- 
 riegated with white on the upper surface ; flowers large, purplish-white, 1—5 in 
 terminal corymbs; fllaments woolly. A pretty species, much resembling the 
 last, but distinguished especially by its variegated leaves. Not uncommon in 
 sandy woods. Stem 4'— 8' high. June — July. 
 
 12. nYP6PITYS. 
 
 Sepals 4 — 5, bractlike, deciduous. Petals 4 — 5, distinct, fleshy, 
 gibbous at base. Stamens 8 — 10. Filaments subulate. Anthers 
 2-celled. Style columnar, hollow. Stigma disklike, bearded at 
 the margin. Capsule 4 — 5-celled, 4 — 5-valved. Leajless herbs. 
 
 1. H. lanuginosa. Pine Sap. 
 
 Clothed with soft pubescence ; stem simple, furnished with alternate scales 
 instead of leaves; flowers brownish-white or tawny, as well as the rest of the 
 plant, in close, bracted racemes, at first nodding, afterwards erect; terminal 
 flower with 10 stamens and 5 petals ; the rest with 8 stamens and 4 petals ; cap- 
 sule subglobose. A fleshy, leafless plant, parasitic, especially on the roots of 
 beeches and pines. Scape 6' — 10' high. Rather common in rich woods. July 
 
 — Aug. An. 
 
 13. M0N6TE0PA. 
 
 Calyx represented by 2 — 4 deciduous bracts. Petals 5, dis- 
 tinct, fleshy, gibbous at base. Stamens 10. Filaments hairy. 
 Anthers short, 2-celled. Stigma orbicular, crenately 6-toothed, 
 naked. Capsule 5-celled. 
 
 1. M. uniflora. Indian Pipe. 
 
 Plant smooth, fleshy, white throughout, scentless; stem low, simple, fur- 
 nished with lanceolate scales instead of leaves, one-flowered; flower large, 
 smooth inside and out, nodding at first, finally erect. A curious plant, common 
 in rich woods, springing up among the decaying leaves. June — July. An. 
 
 Oeber LXVIIL Aquifoliacese. — Holly- 
 family, 
 
 1. iLEX. 
 Calyx 4 — 5-toothed. Corolla 4 — 5-parted, somewhat rotate. 
 Stamens 4 — 5. Stigmas 4 — 5, united or distinct. Berry 4 — 5- 
 seeded. 
 
 1. I. opaca. American Holly. 
 
 Leaves evergreen, oval, flat, tapering at both ends, coriaceous, smooth and 
 shining, armed with strong, spiny teeth, on the undulate margins ; flowers small, 
 greenish -white, in loose clusters, which are axillary, or situated at the base of 
 the young branches ; calyx-teeth acute ; berry ovate, red when ripe. A tree of 
 middling size, marked by its glossy spiny foliage, and red berries. Abundant 
 in some districts near the sea-coast. Jane. 
 
 2. PEiNOS. 
 Flowers mostly polygamous. Calyx usually 6, rarely 4 — 5- 
 cleft. Corolla 6, rarely 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens 6, rarely 4 or 6. Stig- 
 mas 6, rarely 4 or 5. Berry roundish, usually 6-seeded. 
 
 1. P. verticillatus. Black Alder. 
 
 Leaves deciduous, oval, obovate, or Mxdge-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, 
 tapering at base, pubescent on the veins beneath; flowers white, axillary, 
 on very short peduncles; fertile ones closely aggregated ; sterile ones somewhat 
 
OKDER LXXr. PEIMULACE^ PRIMKOSE-TKIBE. OEDER LXXIU. PLUMBAaiNACE^ THEIFl'-FAMTLT. 177 
 
 nmbelleil ; pedicels l-flowered ; berries roundish, scarlet, persistent through the 
 winter. A shrub with very variable foliage, 4—8 ft high,- common in swamps 
 and low grounds. June. 
 
 Order LXXL 
 
 Primulaceae.- 
 tribe. 
 
 -Priinrose- 
 
 8TNOP8IS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 1. Primula. Flowers umbelled. Leaves radical. 
 
 2. Trientalis. Corolla rotate, 6— y, usually 7-parted, Cauline leavesin a 
 Bingle whorl. 
 
 S. LysiMAOHiA. Corolla yellow, rotate, S-parted. 
 
 4. Samolus. Corolla campanulate, white. Leaves alternate. 
 
 1. PRfMULA. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 6-cleft. Corolla salver-form, Bpreading above, 
 6-lobed. Stamens 5, included. Stigma globose. Capsule open- 
 ing by 10-elefts at apex. Per. 
 
 1. P. auricula. Auricula. 
 
 Leaves obovate, fleshy, entire or serrate ; scape many-flowered, as long as 
 the leaves ; flowers showy and fragrant, in an involucrate umbel, in cultivation 
 varying to almost all possible hues ; involucre-leaves short; calyx mealy. A 
 well-known flower, long an especial favorite of the florists, of which number- 
 less varieties are cultivated. Maij. 
 
 2. P. elatior. OxUp Primrose. 
 
 Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy on both sides ; umbel many-flowered ; outer 
 flowers nodding; flowers yellow, scentless; corolla flat, A British species, not 
 uncommon in cultivation. April— May. 
 
 3. P. veris. English Cowslip. 
 
 Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy beneath ; umbels many-flowered ; flowers all 
 nodding, yellow ; calyx angular ; corolla concave. The plant has a strong smell 
 of anise. 
 
 4. P. vulgaris. Common Primrose. 
 
 Leaves obovate, or oblong, rugose, villous beneath, toothed ; umbel radical; 
 lHo pedicels rising directly from the root, as long as the leaves ; flowers in a wild 
 state, yellow and single, but in cultivation passing into numerous other colors, 
 often double, and sometimes on a scape. The plant smells of anise. Common 
 in cultivation. April. 
 
 2. TRllSNTALIS. 
 
 Calyx mostly 7-parted. Corolla mostly 7-papted, flat, -with- 
 out any tube. Stamens mostly 7. Filaments united in a ring at 
 base. Capsule many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. T. Americclna. Chick Wintergreen. 
 
 stem low, simple, slender, crowned by a whorl of leaves at top, naked he- 
 low ; leaves 5—8 in a whorl, narrow-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, serrulate, 
 thin and delicate, ligiit green ; flowers few, on very slender peduncles, pro- 
 jecting from among the leaves, white and starlike ; sepals Hnear, acuminate, 
 shorter than the Segments of the corolla A very slender and delicate plant, 
 common in damp rich woods. Stem 6'— 10' high. Ifay. 
 
 3. LTSIMACHIA. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, Corolla 5-parted, rotate, with a very short 
 tube. Limb 5-parted, spreading. Stamens 5, often united in a 
 ring at base. Capsule globose, 5 — 10-valved, opening a1> apes. 
 Per. 
 
 1. L. stricta. Upright Loosestrife. 
 
 stem erect, simple or branching; leaves opposite, or in threes, lanceolate, 
 tapering at both ends, smooth, punctate, sessile ; flowers numerous, on slender 
 pedicels, whorled, the numerous whorls forming a long, cylindrical raceme; 
 pedicels nearly horizontal, with a subulate bract at base ; corolla yellow, spotted 
 with purple; capsule 5-seeded. An elegant plant, 1—2 ft. high, in swamps and 
 wet grounds. After flowering, bulblets appear in the axiia Common. JiUy. 
 
 2. L. ciliata. Fringed Loosestrife. 
 
 stem nearly square, erect, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire, oppo- 
 site, rarely in fours, rounded or cordate at base, with ciliate petioles ; flowers 
 lar^e, light yellow, nodding, on slender, axillary peduncles ; stamens inserted in 
 B ring, distinct, alternating with 5 sterile filaments. A rather elegant species, 2 
 —8 it hieh, common in low grounds. July. 
 
 23 
 
 3. L. lanceoUta. Narrow-leafved Loosestrife, 
 
 stem erect, branching, 4-angled ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, ta- 
 pering at both ends, opposite, on short, ciliate petioles; flowers large, yellow, 
 nodding, on slender, axillary peduncles; stamens united in a ring, alternating 
 with 5 sterile fllaments. A smaller and more slender plant than the last, 1—2 
 ft. high, distinguislied from the last by its narrow leaves, acute at both ends. 
 Common in swamps. July. 
 
 4. L. quadrifolia. Four-leaved Loosestrife. 
 
 Stem erect, simple, somewhat hairy ; leaves whorled in foars, rarely in throes 
 or sixes, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, dotted; flowers nodding, yelltnv, on 
 slender, axillary peduncles, shorter than the leaves; corolla marked with purple 
 lines; fllaments united at base; anthers short A common species, in sandy 
 soils. Stem 10' — 18' high. June. 
 
 4. SAMOLUS. 
 Calyx partly adherent to the ovary, 5-eleft. Corolla some- 
 ■what campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 5, alternating with 5 sterile 
 filaments. Capsule opening by 5 valves at top, many-seeded. 
 Per. 
 
 1. S. floribiindus. Water Pimpernel. 
 
 stem branching, leafy; leaves entire, obtuse, alternate; radical ones obo- 
 vate, or spatulate, petiolate ; cauline oblong or oval ; uppermost subsessile ; 
 flowers in numerous, loose raceme?, paniculately arranged, white ; iiedicela ca- 
 pillary, with minute bracts near the middle ; calyx-teeth ovate, shorter than the 
 corolla, A low, smooth shrub, 6' — 12' high, not uncommon in low gi-ounds. 
 June — Sept, 
 
 Order LXXII. Plantaginacese. — Plantain- 
 family. 
 
 1. PLANtAGO. 
 
 Calyx-teeth 4, persistent, dry and scarious on the margin. 
 Corolla tubular, -withering, with a 4-eleft, reflexed border. Sta- 
 mens mostly exsert and very long. Capsule an ovoid, 2-celled 
 pyxis, Acaulescent. 
 
 1. P. major. Common Plantain. 
 
 Leaves large, ovate, tapering abruptly at base, scarcely toothed, very strong- 
 ly ribbed, with stout, nearly parallel veins, on long, channelled, fleshy petioles; 
 spike long, cylindrical ; flowers densely imbricated, whitish, inconspicuous. A 
 very common plant, about paths and houses, in damp soil. Scapes 8' — 2 ft, 
 high. June—Sept. 
 
 2. P. lanceolata. Rihivort. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, strongly 3— 5-nerved, nearly entire, tapering at both ends, 
 more or less hairy on the petioles and veins; petioles alendar; scape slender, 
 angular, more or less pubescent ; spike ovate, densely flowered ; stamens whit- 
 ish, much exsert, with dark anthers. A smaller and more slender species than 
 the last, with scapes 6'— 20' high. Common in dry, grassy flelda. May— Oct. 
 
 3. P. maritima. Sea Plantain. 
 
 Mostly smooth ; leaves linear, fleshy, channelled above, rounded in the lower 
 side, nearly entire ; scape terete; flowers whitish, in dense, cylindrical spikes, 
 sometimes scattered below. A very fleshy species, common in salt marshes 
 near the coast, and is distinguished by its numerous half-terete, channelled 
 leaves. Scapes 4'— 6' high. July— Aug. 
 
 Order LXXIIL Plumbaginacese. — Thrift- 
 family. 
 1. stAtice. 
 
 Flowers scattered, or loosely spicate in a compound corymb, 
 1-sided, 2 — 3-bracted. Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranous, 
 persistent. Petals 5, mostly distinct, with long claws. Stamens 
 6, attached at base. Styles 5, distinct. Fruit indehiseent, in- 
 vested with the calyx. Per. 
 
 1. S. Limonium. Marsh Rosemary. 
 
 Le-aves radical, lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, 1-veined, entire, mucronate 
 below the tip, thick and fleshy, dull green, on long petioles ; scape with wither- 
 
178 ' ORDER LXXIV. LBNTIBULACE^ BLADDERWORT-FAM. ORDER LXXVIII. SCROPHULARTACE^ — FIGAV0RT-FA3I, 
 
 ing sheatlia, very branching, forming a large, flat-topped, compound corymb, of 
 small, pale-blue flowers, which are sessile in secund spikes upon the branchlets. 
 A rather pretty plant, common in salt marshes, with a scape abont a foot high. 
 Root large and woody, very astringent. Aug. — Oct. 
 
 -Bladder- 
 
 Order LXXIV. LentibiiMcese.- 
 
 %oort-fafinily . 
 
 1. UTRICULlPJA. 
 Calyx 2-parted, -with nearly equal lips. Corolla irregularly 
 2-Iipped, personate ; the lower lip projecting, and sometimes 
 closing the throat. Aquatics. 
 
 1. U. inflata. Whorled Bladderioort. 
 
 Upper leaves floating in a whorl of 5 or 6, which are inflated into oblong 
 bladders, but dissected at apex into capillary segments ; lower leaves submerged, 
 very finely dissected into capillary segments, and bearing many little bladders; 
 scape projecting above the water, 4— 6-flowercd ; flowers large, yellow, very 
 irregular, spurred; spur about as long as the corolla, striate, emarginate; upper 
 lip of the corolla broad-ovate, entire i lower 3-lobed. A cnrious aquatic, with 
 irregular, handsome, yellow flowers, and finely dissected leaves. Rather com- 
 mon in ponds. Jid>j — Aug. Per. 
 
 2. U. vulgaris. Common Bladdcrivort. 
 
 Leaves all submerged, crowded, dissected into very numerous, capillary seg- 
 ments, furnished with little bladders ; flowers 5—12, pedicellate, yellow, very 
 showy, alternate ; lower lip nearly as long as the upper one, with a projecting 
 palate striped with brown, which closes the throat; spur conical, obtuse, much 
 shorter than the corolla, A showy aquatic, very common in ponds and stag- 
 nant pools. Scape 4' — 6' above the water. June — Aug. Per. 
 
 3. U. cornnta. Horned Bladderwort. 
 
 Leafless ; scape rooting and scaly at base, 2— T-flowered ; flowers large, close 
 together, deep yellow; pedicels very short ; lower lip of the corolla larger than 
 the obovate upper one, broad, projecting at the centre, and deflexed at the 
 edges, emarginate ; spur subulate, acute, rigid, inclined downwards, as long as 
 the corolla, or longer. Not uncommon in damp, peaty soils, or sandy swamps. 
 3 8' — 12' high. June— July. 
 
 Order LXXV. Orobauchacese. — -Beech- 
 drops-family. 
 
 1. EPIPHifcGUa. 
 Flowers racemose or spicate on the branches; upper ones bar- 
 ren, -with a long, tubular, recurred corolla, and long filaments 
 and style ; lower ones fertile, with a very short corolla, which 
 rarely opens, and with very short stamens and style. Stigma 
 capitate, somewhat 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at apex. Per. 
 
 1. E. Yirginiiina. Beechdrojps. 
 
 Stem leafless, branching, angular, purplish-brown; branches slender, vir- 
 gate; flowers alternate, remote, extending the whole length of the branches; 
 corolla of the upper flowers of a whitish color mingled with purple, 4-toothed; 
 upper lip broader than the lower one, emarginate; root a round, scaly ball, 
 covered with short, stiff, projecting fibres. A parasitic plant, attaching itself to 
 the roots of the Beech and other trees. Stem 8'— 12' high, furnished with a few 
 scales instead of leaves. Woods. Aug. — Sept. 
 
 2. APHf LLON. 
 Flowers perfect, solitary, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, regular. 
 Corolla subbilabiate, with a long, curved tube, and a spreading 
 border; upper lip 2-eleft; lower lip 3-cleft; stamens included. 
 Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule ovoid, acute, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 Per. 
 
 1. A. uniflorum. One-jiowered Broomrape. 
 
 Scapes 1-flowered, naked, often clustered; flowers ye]lowi--]i-white, tinged 
 and bordered with purple, with 2 tufts of yellow down in the throat. A hairy, 
 leafless plant, with a short, often subterranean stem, sending up one or more 
 terete, simple scapes, 3'— 6' high. Woods and thickets. Common. May— 
 June. 
 
 Order LXXVI. Bignoniacese. — Oatdlpa- 
 family. 
 
 1. TjfeCOMA. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, dilated 
 at the throat, with a 5-lobed limb, somewhat bilabiate. Stamens 
 4, didynamous. Capsule long and narrow, 2-celled, 2-valved. 
 Seeds winged. Climbing shrubs. 
 
 1. T. radicans. TruT/ipet Creeper. 
 
 Stem woody, climbing by means of rootlets ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5 — 11, 
 ovate, acuminate, dentate, somewhat puberulent beneath ; flowers corymbed 
 corolla large, 2' — 3' long, orange and scarlet, very showy; stamens included. A 
 splendid climber, native in Penn. and southward; often cultivated. July — Aug. 
 
 2. CATALPA. 
 
 Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla campanulate ; tube inflated ; limb 
 irregular, undulate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens 5, 2 only usually have 
 anthers. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule long and slender, 2-celled. 
 
 1. C. biguonioides. 
 
 Catalpa. 
 
 Leaves cordate, or ovate-cordate, acuminate, entire, opposite, or in threes, 
 petiolate, downy beneath; flowers in compound panicles, white, tinged and 
 spotted with purple and yellow, large and showy; calyx teeth mucronate; cap- 
 sule cylindric, pendent, 6' — 12' long. A noble tree, common in cultivation. 
 June — Jul]/. 
 
 Orber LXXVIII. Scropliulariacese. — 
 
 I^lg wort family. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 SuBOKDEK I. AntirrhinidefG. 
 
 Upper lip, or upper lobes of the corolla inclosing the lobes cf the lower lip 
 in the bud. 
 
 * Upper leaves alternate* 
 
 1. YbrbIscttm. Corolla nearly regular, with 5 slightly unequal segments. 
 Stamens 5, perfect. 
 
 2. LiNARiA. Corolla personate; tube inflated, spurred behind. 
 
 3. ANTiuEniNUM. Corolla personate ; tube gibbous, not spurred behind. 
 
 * * Leaves all opposite. 
 
 4. ScROPnuLAEiA. Corolla tube subglobose ; limb bilabiate. Upper lip with 
 4 erect lobes; lower lips spreading. 
 
 5. Chel6ne. Corolla tubular, inflated, bilabiate. Anthers woolly. Seeds 
 winged. 
 
 6. MiMTjLUB. Corolla ringent Lower lip with a prominent palate. Fer'AIe 
 stamens 4. • 
 
 7. GkatIola.. Corolla bilabiate. Fertile stamens 2. Sterile filaments 2, 
 simple included, sometimes wanting. 
 
 8. Ilysantites. Corolla bilabiate. Fertile stamens 2. Sterile filaments 2, 
 forked, inserted in the throat of the corolla. 
 
 Suborder II. Ehinantliideaa. 
 Lower lip, or lower lobes of the corolla coveilng the upper ones in the bud. 
 
 * Corolla ^vitli spreading:, nearly equal lobes. 
 
 9. Digitalis. Corolla tubular-campanulace, ventricose. Leaves alternate. 
 
 10. Veii6ntca. Corolla 4-parted. Stamens 2. 
 
 11. Geeaedia. Corolla tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or loss unequal 
 lobes. Stamens 4. 
 
 * * Corolla bilabiate. 
 
 12. *Ca6tilleja. Flowers inclosed in colored bracts. Lower lip of the co- 
 rolla very short ^ 
 
 13. Pediotjlaris. Flowers in dense spikes. Calyx tabular, 2— 5-tootbed. 
 Lower lip of the corolla spreading. 
 
 14. Melawpykum. Calyx companulate, with 4 mucronate teeth. Upper 
 lip of the corolla slaorter than the lower lip. 
 
 1. TEEBASCUM. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, -with 5 nearly equal lobes. 
 Stamens 6, all perfect, declinate. Capsule globose or ovoid, raany- 
 eeeded. An. 
 
 1. Y. Th4psus. Midlcin. 
 
 Plant densely woolly throughout; stem tall, rigidly erect, usually simple; 
 leaves decurrent, oblong, acute; flowers yellow, in a long, den^e, terminal, 
 cylindrical spike; two lower stamens usually beardless. A very conspicuous 
 plant, 4—7 ft. high, found every where jn neglected flelds, and along road-sides 
 Introduced. Ju/ne — Aug. 
 
OEDEE LXXVni. SCEOPHULAEIA.CE^ — FIGWOET-FAMILT. 
 
 1T9 
 
 2. V. Blattaria. Moth Mullein. 
 
 stem simple or branching ibovo, leafy, erect; leaves smooth, clasping, ob- 
 long, coarsely serrate, the lower petiolate; flowers pedicellate, in along, leafy 
 raceme, yellow or white, usually tinged with purple ; stamens unequal, with 
 purple, woolly filaments. A much slenderer plant than the last, smooth and 
 green throughout, with larger and handsomer flowers. Stem 2—3 ft. high. 
 Eoad-sides ; common in some districts. Introduced. tTujie — July. 
 
 2. LINAEIA. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate ; upper lip bifid, reflexed ; 
 lowerhp 3-eleft; palate prominent, nearly closing the throat; 
 tube inflated and spurred. Stamens 4. Capsule opening at the 
 summit, by 1 — 2 pores. 
 
 1 . L. vulgaris. Toad-flax Snapdragon. 
 
 Smooth and glaucous ; stem erect, with short, leafy branches ; leaves alter- 
 nate, crowded, linear-lanceolate ; flowers yellow, in dense, terminal spikes; 
 bracts longer than the short pedicels; corolla with a long spur, the throat com- 
 pletely closed by the orange colored palate. Common along road-sides. July 
 —Aug. Per. 
 
 2. L. Canadensis. Canadian Snapdragon. 
 
 Smooth ; stem slender, erect, nearly simple ; leaves linear, erect, smooth, 
 scattered, obtuse ; flowers small, blue, in an elongated, slender, terminal raceme, 
 on short pedicels ; spur filiform, curved, as long as the corolla. A more slender 
 plant Uian the last, common along road-sides and in sandy soils. The stem is 
 6' — 15' high, and '^ften has procumbent or ascending shoots at base, with small, 
 remote, chiefly '.'>posite leaves, June. — Oct. An. 
 
 3. ANTIEEHtUUM. 
 Calyx f sepaled. Corolla gibbous at base ; upper lip bifid, 
 rcfle.fed ; lower lip trifid, closed by the prominent palate. Cap- 
 sule without valves, opening by 3 pores. Per. 
 
 1. A. majus. 
 
 Snapdragon. 
 
 stem erect; leaves lanceolate, opposite; upper ones alternate; flowers in 
 terminal racemes, pink, with the lip white, and the mouth yellow ; sepals lan- 
 ceolate, acute, covered with glandular hairs. There are varieties with scarlet 
 and with double flowers. Gardens. Aug — July. Per. 
 
 4. sceophulAeia. 
 Calyx-segments 5, acute. Corolla-tube subglobose ; limb con- 
 tracted, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip with 4 erect lobes ; lower 
 lip spreading. Stamens 4, deelinate. A 5th stamen is also pre- 
 sent in the form of a scale on the inside of the corolla-tube, at the 
 stmimit. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Ser. 
 
 1. S. nodosa. Figwort. 
 
 Smooth; stem tall, angular, branching; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, the 
 upper ones varying to lanceolate, all acute, dentate or serrate, petiolate, mostly 
 cordate or rounded at base ; flowers of a dull purple, in loose cymes, which 
 
 are arranged in a long, narrow, terminal, leafless panicle, with opposite branches ; 
 
 caly.x-teelh broad, obtuse, somewhat margined. A rank, tall plant 4 — 6 ft. 
 
 high, growing in low grounds and thickets. Not common in N. England, but 
 
 abundant "Westward and Southward. July. 
 
 5. 0HEL6]SrE. 
 
 Calyx-sepals distinct, with 3 bracts at base. Corolla tubular, 
 inflated, 2-lipped; upper lip arched, emarginate; lower lip 
 bearded at the throat, 3-lobed. Stamens with woolly filament 
 and woolly, cordate anthers ; 5th filament sterile and smaller than 
 the others. Seeds with broad, membranous margins. Per. 
 
 1. C. glabra. Snake-head. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, simple or branching ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, serrate, on very short petioles ; flowers large, white, varying to rose- 
 color, in dense, short spikes ; corolla with an open throat and contracted mouth ; 
 style long, exsert A common plant, 2—8 ft high, growing in wet grounds, dis- 
 tinguished by the flowers, which have some resemblance to the open mouth of 
 
 a snake. July — Sep. 
 
 6. MlMtTLUS. 
 
 Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, ringent ; upper 
 lip erect, and reflexed at the sides, 2-lobed ; lower lip with a 
 prominent palate, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma thick, 2-lipped. 
 Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. M. ringens. Monkey-flower. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, square, branching ; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate or 
 lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, more or less clasping at base ; flowers large, on 
 solitary, axillary, square peduncles, longer than themselves, and curved up- 
 wards ; corolla pale-blue, with a yellow throat. A handsome plant, 1—2 ft 
 high, common in wet pLaces. July — Aug. 
 
 ^ GEATtOLA. 
 Calyx-segments, nearly equal. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip 
 entire or 2-cleft ; lower lip without a prominent palate, 3-cleft. 
 Fertile stamens 2, included usually with an anterior pair of sterile 
 filaments. Style dilated or 2-lipped at apex. Capsule 2-celled, 4- 
 valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1, G. Virginiina. Virginian Hedge Hyssop. 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth ; stem low, erect, simple or branching ; leaves lan- 
 ceolate or oblong-lanceolale, sessile, opposite, slightly serrate, tapering at base ; 
 flowers small, on axillary peduncles, longer than the leaves ; corolla whitish, 
 generally with a pale yellow tube, twico longer than the calyx; sterile filaments 
 none. A low plant 8' — 8' high, common In muddy grounds. July — Aug. Per. 
 
 2. G. aurea. Golden Hedge Hyssop. 
 
 Smooth ; stem decumbent at base, erect above, square, simple, or with as- 
 cending branches; leaves pblong-lanceolate, nearly entire, few-nerved, opposite, 
 sessile; flowers solitary, on axillary peduncles scarcely equalling the leaves; 
 larger than in the last, golden yellow ; sterile filaments 2, minute. A handsome 
 plant, 8' — S' high, common on the borders of ponds. Aug — Sep. Pev, 
 
 8. iltsAnthes. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper Up short, erect, 2- 
 cleft ; lower large, spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens, 2, in- 
 cluded, posterior. Sterile stamens 2, anterior, forked, mostly 
 without anthers, with one of the divisions glandular and obtuse, 
 and the other short and smooth, acute. Style 2-lipped at apex. 
 Capsule many-seeded. 
 
 1. I. gratioloides. False Pimpernel. 
 
 Smooth ; stem ascending, branching, low ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate or 
 oblong, ."sparingly serrate, more or less obtuse, the lower ones sometimes obo- 
 vate and tapering at base ; flowers small, pale-blue, solitary, on axillary, bract- 
 less peduncles ; corolla erect, twice longer than the calyx. A low plant, 2' — 4' 
 high, common in wet and muddy grounds. July — Aug. Per. 
 
 9. DIGITALIS, 
 Calyx 6-parted. CoroUa campanulate, ventricose. Limb of 
 5 nearly equal lobes. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a 
 double dissepiment. 
 
 1. D. purpurea. Foxglove. 
 
 stem erect; leaves oblong, rugose, downy, crenate, lower ones crowded, pe- 
 tiolate ; flowers large, crimson, beautifully spotted within, in a long showy, 1- 
 sided raceme ; calyx-segmenta ovate-oblong ; corolla obtuse, upper lip entire. 
 A tall, showy biennial, common in gardens. July. 
 
 10. VEE6NICA. 
 Calyx 4-parted. Corolla rotate or tubular, deeply 4-cleft ; 
 lower segments usually narrower than the rest. Stamens 2, ex- 
 sert, one on each side of the upper lobe of the corolla. Style 
 entire. Stigma single. Capsule compressed, 2-furrowed, often 
 emarginate at apex, 2-celled, few to many-seeded. 
 
 * TaU plants^ with verticiUate leaves and tubular corollas. 
 
 1. V. Virginica. Culver's Physic. 
 
 Mostly smooth ; stem erect, simple, straight, tall ; leaves lanceolate, petio- 
 late, acute, or acuminate, finely serrate, in whorls of 4 — T, glaucous beneath ; 
 flowers white, in dense, terminal and subterminal, panicled spikes ; corolla tu- 
 bular, pubescent within ; stamens and style much exsert, twice as long as the 
 corolla; capsule not emarginate. A tall, elegant plant, 2 — 6 ft high, not uncom- 
 mon in rich, low grounds, frequent in cultivation. July. Per. 
 
 * * Leaves opposite. Corolla nearly or quite rotate. 
 
 2. V. Americana. Brooklime. 
 
 Smooth and rather fleshy; stem decumbent at base, and then erect; leaves 
 mostly petiolate, ovate, or oblong, serrate, more or less acute, abrupt, or some- 
 what cordate at base ; fiowers small, in opposite, loose racemes, on slender. 
 
180 
 
 OKDER LXXIX. VERBENAOE^ VERVAIN-FAMILY. 
 
 Bprsading pedicels twice looger than tlje bracts ; corolla pale blue, marked with 
 brownish lines ; capsule turgid, emai-ginate, A low, fleshy plant, 6' — 12' high, 
 not uncommon in wet grounds. Jane — Aug. Per, 
 
 3. Y. scutellata. Marsh Speedwell 
 
 Smooth; stem ascending, weak; leaves linear, sessile, acute, remotely den- 
 ticulate ; racemes axillary, very loose and slender, with a few remote, scattered 
 flowers, on filiform, divaricate pedicels, very much longer than the bracts ; co- 
 rolla rather large, pale flesh-color, with purple lines; capsule flat, very broad 
 for itb length, emarglnate. A slender species, 6'— 12' high, common in swamps. 
 Jitne — Aug. Per. 
 
 4. Y. serpyllif(!)lia. 
 
 Common Speedivell. 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth ; stem low, prostrate, much branched at base, with 
 ascending, simple branches; leaves ovate or oblong, somewhat crenate, obtnse; 
 lowest roundish, petiolate : upper sessile, passing into lanceolate, entire bracts ; 
 flowers in loose, bracted, terminal racemes, elongated in fruit; corolla blue 
 and white, marked with purple lines, scarcely longer than the calyx; capsule 
 broader than long, obtusely emarglnate. A pretty little plant, 2'— 6' high, very 
 common in grassy fields and pastures. May~S&p. An. 
 
 5. Y. peregrina. Purslane Speedwell. 
 
 Nearly smooth; stem ascending, branched ; lowest leaves petiolate, oval- 
 oblong, dentate, obtnse ; upper sessile, oblong, obtuse: uppermost oblong-linear, 
 entire, longer than the subsessile, solitary, axillary flowers ; corolla whitLsh ; cap- 
 sule orbicular, slightly emarglnate. A weed, 4'— 10' high, common in culti- 
 vated grounds. May — June. An. 
 
 6. Y. arvensia. Field Speedwell. 
 
 Pubescent; stem erect, simple, or diffusely branched ; leaves ovate, crenate, 
 cordate at base ; lower petiolate; upper ones mostly alternate, sessile, lanceo- 
 late; flowers solitary, axillary, on pedicels shorter than the calyx, blue, marked 
 with purple lines; capsule obcordate, with rounded lobes. A low, pale-green, 
 hairy plant, S' — 8' high, common in dry fields. May — June. An. 
 11. GEKAEDIA. 
 Calyx 6-parted. Corolla tubular, s-welling above, "with 6, 
 spreading, more or less unequal lobes; Supper ones usually the 
 smallest. Stamens 4, included, hairy. Style elongated. Capsule 
 ovate, acuminate, many-seeded. 
 
 * Flowers purple or rose-color. Lea'oes linear. An. 
 
 1. G-. purpurea. Purple Gerardia. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, angular, with long spreading branches ; leaves linear, 
 acute, rough on the margin; flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile; peduncles 
 shorter than the calyx; calyx-teeth subulate; corolla bright purple, showy, 
 smooth or slightly downy. A slender, very handsome plant, 8' — 20' high, com- 
 mon in wet grassy grounds. Aug. 
 
 2. G. maritima. Sea Gerardia* 
 
 Smooth and somewbat fleshy; stem low, angular, branched from the base; 
 leaves linear, short, fleshy, mostly obtuse ; peduncles as long as the calyx ; flow- 
 ers balf the size of the last; calyx-teeth short, truncate ; corolla purple. A 
 smoother species than the last, which it much resembles, distinguished by the 
 thick, fleshy leaves and truncate calyx-teeth. Stem 3' — 6' high. Salt marshes. 
 July — Sep.. 
 
 3. Gr. tenuifolia. Slender Gerardia. 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth ; stem very slender, very branching, diffuse ; leaves 
 linear, very narrow, entire, obtuse ; flowers rather small, axillary, often opposite ; 
 peduncles filiform, nearly as long as the leaves; calyx-teeth short, acute ; co- 
 rolla pale purple, with a spreading, subequal border. A delicate and elegant 
 species, usually very branching, but sometimes sfmple. Stem 6' — 15' high, 
 Common in dry, rocky woods. Aicg. — Sep. 
 
 * * Corolla yellow. Leaves "broad, entire, or variously/ lobed and toothed. 
 Per. 
 
 4. G. fl^va. Yellow Gerardia. 
 
 Pubescent; stem erect, simple, or branching towards the summit; leaves 
 opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, entire, obtuse; lower ones usually 
 sinuately toothed; flowers large, opposite, axillary, on very short peduncle; 
 calyx-segments oblong, obtuse, shorter than the tube. A tall, very showy 
 plant, 2—3 ft. high. Common in dry woods. The flowers are 1'— IJ' long. 
 Aug. 
 
 5. Gr. quercifolia. Oak-leaved Gerardia. 
 
 Smooth and glaucous ; stem tall, simple or somewhat branching 
 
 mostly opposite ; lower ones twice pinnatifld ; upper oblong-lanceoiate, pinna 
 tifld or entire; flowers pedunculate, axillary, opposite, of a brilliant yellow 
 large and showy ; peduncles nearly as long as the calyx ; segments of the calya 
 linear-lanceolate, equalling the tube. A showy plant, much resembling the last 
 4—6 ft. high. Common in rich woods. Aug. 
 
 6. G. peclicularia. Bushy Gerardia. 
 
 Pubescent or somewhat smooth ; stem erect, very branching; branches op- 
 posite ; leaves opposite, ovate, pinnatifld ; the lobes variously cut and toothed 
 petioles short, hairy ; flowers large, yellow, often opposite, axillary, on pedicels 
 longer than the calyx; segments of the calyx usually toothed, as long as the 
 hairy tube ; corolla 1' long, with rounded, spreading segments. A bushy, but 
 truly splendid species, 3 — 4 ft, high. Common in dry woods and thickets. 
 Aug. 
 
 12. CASTILLi^JA 
 
 Calyx tubular, flattened, 2 — 4-cleft, included in more or lesf 
 colored bracts. Corolla-tube included in the calyx ; upper lij 
 long and narrow, arched, compressed, inclosing the stamens 
 lower lip short, 3-lobed, Stamens 4. Anthers oblong-linear, 2 
 lobed, with unequal lobes ; the exterior lobe fixed by the middle 
 the interior pendulous. Capsule many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. C. coccinea. Painted Gup. 
 
 Pubescent; stem erect, angular, simple ; leaves alternate, sessile, pinnatifld, 
 with linear and divaricate segments ; radical ones clustered at base ; bracts 3- 
 cleft, colored with bright scarlet at apex, rarely yellow, longer than the co- 
 rolla; flowers subsessile, in short, dense, terminal spikes; calyx and corolla 
 greenish -yellow, the former tinged with scarlet at tip. A beautiful and remark- 
 able plant, distinguished by its dense spikes of inconspicuous flowers, concealed 
 in brilliant scarlet bracts. Stem 10' — 20' high. Not uncommon in meadows. 
 May — June. 
 
 13. PEDICULAEIS. 
 
 Calyx campanulate or tubular, 2 — 5-cleft ; the segments leafy, 
 or sometimes obliquely truncate. Corolla strongly bilabiate; up- 
 per lip arched, compressed, emarglnate ; lower lip spreading, 3- 
 lobed. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip. Capsule oblique, 
 mucronate. Per. 
 
 1. P. Canadensis. Lousewort. 
 
 Pubescent ; stems low, erect, simple, clustered ; leaves petiolate, alternate ; 
 lo%vost pinnately dissected; the rest subpinnatifid ; lobes oblong-ovate, crenately 
 toothed; flowers in short, dense, hairy, terminal beads; calyx 2-toothetl, or 
 truncatad, in an oblique, downward direction ; corolla greenish-yellow, or dull 
 red; upper lip vaulted, forming a helmet or galea, terminating in 2 setaceous 
 teeth, turned downwards; capsule compressed, long- acuminate. A low, hairy 
 plant, 6' — 15' high. Common in flelds and pastures. May — July. 
 
 14. MELAMPYRUiM. 
 Calyx companulate, 4-cleft ; the lobes with long, bristlj- 
 points. Corolla-tube cylindrical, larger above ; upper lip arch- 
 ing, compressed, somewhat shorter than the nearly erect, 3-lobed 
 lower lip. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip. Capsule usually 
 4-seeded, oblique, compressed. An. 
 
 1. M. pratense. Cow-wheat 
 
 Smooth; stem erect, branching; leaves opposite, lanceolate, or linear, petio- 
 late ; upper ones larger, with a few long, setaceous teeth, tapering to an obtuse 
 point at the extremity; flowers sohtary in the axils of the upper leaves, re- 
 mote ; calyx smooth ; corolla yellowish, twice the length of the calyx, A slen- 
 der annual, 6'— 10' high, common In dry and open woods. July^Aug. 
 
 Order LXXIX. Verbenacese.' — Vervain- 
 faonily. 
 
 1. TERBiiNA. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, often with 1 tooth shorter than the 
 rest. CoroUa funnel-form, sometimes curved; limb with 5 
 slightly unec[nal lobes. Stamens 4, rarely 2, included. StyU 
 slender. Stigma capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 achenia. 
 
 1. Y. liastata. Blue Vervain. 
 
 Stem tall, erect, with a. few opposite branches above ; leaves lanceolate, 
 shai-plj serrate, scabrous, petiolate ; the lower ones often lobed or hastate; 
 flowers sessile, in dense, slender, erect spikes, jisnally arranged iu terminal 
 
OEDEB.LXXX, LABIATE — ^LABIATE-FAMILY. 
 
 181 
 
 panicles; corolla purplisb-blue; stamens 4, A tall, showy plant, 8— 5 ft. high. 
 Common in waste places and lowgronnds. July— Sep. 
 
 2. y. urticifolia. Nettle-leaved Vervain. 
 
 Somewhat pnbescent ; frtom tall, erect, branching ; leaves ovate, or oblong- 
 ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petiolate, strongly nerved ; flowers minute, re- 
 mote, white, sessile in elongated, very slender, axillary and terminal spikes. A 
 weed of mean appearance, with leaves somewhat resembling those of the 
 Nettle; common in waste places. Stem 2— 3 ft. high. July— Aug. Per. 
 
 3. V. Aubl^tia. Garden Verhena. 
 
 stem weak, decumbent at base, erect above, square, viscid-pubescent, with 
 opposite branches; leaves oval, deeply cut and toothed, on short petioles; 
 flowers large, in solitary, dense, corymbose clusters, on long peduncles ; bracts 
 downy, nearly as long as the downy calyx, narrow, persistent; corolla rose-red 
 or scarlet, with eraarginate lobes. A very pretty plant, frequent in house culti- 
 vation, often also cultivated in the open air. Stem 1—2 ft. high. May^ cnid 
 all sitmmer. 
 
 % PHRYMA. 
 
 Calyx cylindrical, bilabiate; upper lip longer, Avith 3 
 brMjr teeth ; lower lip 2-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip 
 eraarginate ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Style slender. 
 Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit oblong, 1-celled, 1-seeded- Per. 
 
 1. P. leptost^chya. Lo^pseed. 
 
 stem erect, slender, square, branching, pubesceut ; leaves ovate, coai-sely 
 serrate, thin and large, petiolate ; lower ones on long petioles ; flowers op- 
 posite, rather small, iu very long, slender, axillary and terminal spikes; co- 
 rolla light purple; pedicels of the fruit deflexed; seed solitary, inclosed in a 
 thin pericarp, all invested by the closed calyx. A rather elegant plant, 1—3 ft 
 high, distinguished by Us long, slender spikes and deflexed fruit. Common in 
 rich woodlands. July 
 
 Order LXX X. Labiatse. — Labiate-family, 
 
 A, Fertile Stamens 3. 
 
 * Calyx-tcctli nearly equal. 
 
 3. LYOOPtfS. Corolla with 4 nearly equal segments. 
 
 4. MofAB^A. Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip linear. 
 ** t'aSyx distinctly bilabiate. 
 
 5. Salvia. Upp^r lip of the corolla nearly or quite entire. Connectile of 
 each anther aitioU-*ted transversely to the filament; each extremity supporting 
 1 antlicr-cell. 
 
 10. Collin86nia. Upper lip of the corolla with 4 nearly equal lobes ; lower 
 lip fringed. 
 
 11. Hede6ma. Upper lip of the corolla emarginate. 
 
 B. Fertile Stamens 4, didynamoua. 
 «. Calyx distinctly hilahiate, with segments unequal in length. 
 
 * Stamens ascending' under tlic upper lip of the 
 corolla. 
 
 12. MelIssa.. Lips of the calyx toothed. Lower lip 3-lobed, the middle 
 lobe entire. Filaments simple. 
 
 13. Soutellauia. Lips of the calyx entire. Upper sepal vaulted, in finiit 
 closing over the lower one like a lid. 
 
 14. Prunella, Middle segment of the 3-lobed lower lip, finely toothed. 
 Filaments forked, the lower portion bearing the anther. 
 
 '<"f Stamens not included in tlie upper lip of the 
 corolla. 
 
 7. THYMtrs. Calyx hairy in the throat. Upper lip of the corolla emarginate. 
 Stamens slightly exsert. 
 
 23. TaicuoBTiiMA. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed. Stamens much ex- 
 sert, curved upwards in a circle. 
 
 5. Calyx-teeth 5, nearly equal in length. 
 
 * Stamens included beneath tSie upper lip of the 
 corolla. 
 
 15. Nepeta. Corolla-tube expanded at the throat. Upper lip emarginate. 
 Middle segment of the lower lip crenate. 
 
 17. PuYSosTEGiA. Calyx inflated after flowering. Corolla-tube much ex- 
 Berted, inflated. Upper lip nearly erect, entire. 
 
 18. Lamium. Corolla-tube expanded at the throat Upper lip vaulted, nar- 
 rowed at base. Middle segment of the lower lip emarginate, contracted at base. 
 
 19. LEONURtTS. Upper lip of the corolla oblong, somewhat arched, entire. 
 Middle segment of the lower lip obcordate. 
 
 20. Galb6psis. Upper lip of the corolla ovate, arched, entire. Middle seg- 
 ment of the lower lip obcordate, crenately toothed ; the palate with 2, teeth- 
 like processes on the upper side. 
 
 21. Stacuys. Upper lip of the corolla nearly erect Middle segment of 
 f he lower lip nearly entire. Stamens projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 
 
 * * Stamens erect or ascending^ not included in the 
 ^per lip of the corolla. 
 
 2. Mentha. Corolla with 4 nearly equal lobes. Stamens stiaight, nearly 
 equal. 
 
 6. Ptcn ANTHEM UM. Calyx about IS-ncrvcd. Upper lip of the corolla flat, 
 nearly or quite entire. Lower lip with 8 obtuse lobes. Flowers in dense, many- 
 bracted whorls. 
 
 8. SATirntJA. Calyx 10-ribbed. Lips of the corolla nearly equal. Flowers 
 spicate. pink. 
 
 9. Hysbopus. Calyx about 15-ribhcd. Upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, 
 emat-ginate. Flowers spicate, blue. 
 
 16. LopUANTiius. Calyx l5-ribbed, obliquely 5-toothed. Upper lip of the 
 corolla flat, emarginate. Stamens exsert ; lower pair shorter than the upper 
 pair. 
 
 24. TEtrcRiTiM. Corolla 5-lobed ; 4 upper lobes nearly equal, declinate ; 
 lower lip roundish. Stamens exsert from tbe cleft between the 2 uppermost 
 lobes of the corolla. 
 
 *** Stamens declinate. 
 
 1. Lavandula. Calyx with 5 similar teeth. Upper lip of the corolla 2- 
 lobed ; lower 3»lobed. 
 
 c. Calyx-teeth 10. 
 
 22. Markubiitm. Calyx with 5 short teeth, alternating with 5 longer ones, 
 all at length spiny. 
 
 1. LAVANDULA. 
 Calyx ovoid-cylindrie, with 5 short teetli ; the upper ones 
 often the largest. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed ; lower lip 3- 
 lobed ; lobes nearly equal. Stamens included. Per. 
 
 \, L. spica. Lavender. 
 
 stem sufFruticope and branching at base; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering 
 at base, sessile, revolute on the margin, white-downy; the lower ones broader 
 near the extremity; the uppermost becoming bracts, shorter than the calyx; 
 flowers light purple, In interrupted spikes ; calyx villous ; corolla much exsert 
 A well-known plant, often cultivated for Its powerfully aromatic and stimulant 
 properties arising from the presence of a volatile oil, which is often used in 
 medicine. Stem 10' — IS' high. July. 
 
 2. MlfiNTHA, 
 
 Calyx somewhat campamilate, with 5 nearly or quite equal 
 
 teeth. Corolla with a, short tube included in the calyx, nearly 
 
 regular, 4-cleft ; upper lobe broadest, entire or emarginate. 
 
 Stamens 4, nearly equal, straight, distant. Achenia smooth. Per. 
 
 1. M. Canadensis. Horsemint. 
 
 Pubescent; stem low, ascending, simple or branching, pubescent with re- 
 versed hairs on the angles ; leaves oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, petio- 
 late, acute, tapering at base, on short, pubescent petioles; fiowera small, pale 
 purple, in dense, axillary, globular whorls ; calyx hairy ; stamens exsert A 
 plant of a grayish-green aspect, and a somewhat heavy, aromatic odor. Com- 
 mon in wet grounds and along brook-sides. Stem 1 — 2 ft high. Ju'ly — Sept. 
 
 2. M. viridis. Spearmint. 
 
 Koot creeping; stem smooth, erect, with erect branches; leaves subsessile, 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute, unequally serrate, smooth ; flowers pale purple, in dis- 
 tinct, axillary whorls, arranged in slender, Interrupted spikes; bracts setaceous; 
 calyx-teeth somewhat hairy; style much exsert A very common plant, much 
 esteemed in domestic medicine. Stem 1 — 2 ft. high. "Wet grounds. July. 
 
 3. M. piperita. 
 
 Peppermint. 
 
 Smooth ; stem purplish, erect, branching; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute, serrate, petiolate, dark green ; flowers purplish, in dense, aggregated 
 whorls, forming compact spikes, interrupted below ; bracts lanceolate. A well- 
 known aromatic plant of still greater pungency, and of far more agreeable flavor 
 than the last Stem 2—5 ft high. Often cultivated, and sometimes natural- 
 ized in wet grounds and along brooks. July. 
 
 3. LfcOPUS. 
 Calyx tubular, 4 — 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, scarcely 
 longer than the calyx, with 4 subequal lobes; upper segment 
 broadest, emarginate. Stamens 2, distant, sometimes with 2 ste- 
 rile rudiments of stamens. Style straight. Achenia smooth, 
 with thickened margins. Per. 
 
 1. L. sinucitus. Water Hoarliound. 
 
 Smooth ; stem sharply 4-angled, branching ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper- 
 ing at both ends, petiolate, sinuately-toothed ; lowest pinnatifid ; uppermost 
 linear and nearly entire ; flowers small, white, in dense, axillary whorls ; calyx- 
 teeth 5, spiuescent, longer than the achenia. A light green herb, 10' — 18' high, 
 resembling the Mints, but distinguished by Its entire want of fragrance. Com- 
 mon in low grounds. Aug. 
 
182 
 
 OKDER LXXX. LABIATE LABIATE-KAMILT. 
 
 2. L. Virginicus. Bugle Weed. 
 
 Smooth; stem obtusely 4-aDgled, with concave sides, sending out runners 
 from the ba^e ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, coarsely-toothed, tapering 
 and entire toward the base, on short petioles ; flowers small, purplish-white, in 
 few-flowered, axillary whorls; calyx-teeth 4, ovate, obtuse. Stem 10'— 15' 
 high. A species much resembling the last in general appearance. The whole 
 plant frequently assumes a purple color. Not micommon in low grounds. 
 i.indy — Aug. 
 
 4. MONARDA. 
 
 Calyx elongated, tubular, 15-nerved, eubequally 6-toothed. 
 Corolla tubular, -with a somewhat inflated throat Limb strongly 
 2-lipped ; upper Up linear, erect ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; 
 middle lobe narrowest and slightly emarginate. Stamens 2, 
 elongated, ascending beneath the upper lip, mostly exsert. An- 
 thers linear. Cells divaricate at base, connate at apex. Per. 
 
 1. M. didyma. High Balm. 
 
 Somewhat pubescent ; stem erect, usually branching ; leaves ovate, or 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or somewhat cordate at base, rough, on 
 short petioles ; bracts and uppermost leaves tinged with red ; flowers in dense, 
 terminal heads, from which other and smaller heads sometimes arise; calyx 
 smooth, colored, nearly naked at the throat; corolla large and showy, smooth, 
 very long, bright red or scarlet. A very elegant and showy plant, 2 — 3 ft. high, 
 native of swamps in the more Northern States, frequent in cultivation. July. 
 
 2. M. fistulosa. Wild Bergamot. 
 
 Nearly smooth, varying to downy ; stem erect, solid, or more or less hollow, 
 simple, or with a few opposite branches; leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, 
 rounded, or slightly hearted at base, acute or acuminate; flowers in a few, 
 dense, terminal, many-flowered heads, surrounded by sessile bracts, the upper 
 and outer of which are leafy and often colored; calyx very hairy at the throat; 
 corolla pale purple, greenish-white, pale yellow, or rose-color, smooth or hairy. 
 A very variable plant, assuming a great number of forms. Stem 2 — 4 ft. high. 
 Not uncommon in woods, thickets, and rocky banks, especially in the Middle 
 and "Western States. July — Sejpt. 
 
 5. SALVIA. 
 Calyx campanulate, striate, bilabiate; upper lip 2 — 3-cleft; 
 lower lip 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent ; upper lip 
 straight, or slightly curved, mostly entire ; lower lip spreading, 
 3-lobed. Stamens 2, with short filaments. Connectile articu- 
 lated transversely to the filament, supporting at each end a cell 
 of the halved anther. Per. 
 
 1. S. officinalis. 
 
 Sage. 
 
 stem low, shrubby ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenulate, of a dull, grayish- 
 green ; flowers in fevv-flowered whorls, arranged in spikes ; calyx-teeth mucro- 
 nate, viscid ; corolla blue, ringent, with an elongated tubo ; upper lip as long 
 as the lower, and somewhat vaulted. A very common garden plant, highly 
 esteemed for its peculiar aromatic properties. July. 
 
 6. PYCNlNTIIEMUM. 
 Calyx more or less tubular, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed. Co- 
 rolla bilabiate, with a short tube; upper lip nearly flat, and 
 almost or quite entire ; lower lip with 3 ovate, obtuse lobes. 
 Stamens distant. Anther-cells parallel. Per. 
 
 1. P. incanum. ^fountain Mint. 
 
 stem erect, obtusely 4-angled, white-downy, with a few opposite branches; 
 leaves oblong-ovate, remotely toothed, acnte, downy above, hoary beneath, on 
 sliort, downy petioles; uppermost whitish on both sides; flowers in dense 
 ■whorls, forming loose, compound cymes or heads, which are surrounded by 
 numerous bracts, and supported on white, downy peduncles; inner bracts se- 
 taceous, tipped with a bristle at the end ; outer ones lanceolate; corolla flesh- 
 color or pale purple ; the lower lip spotted with dark purple ; calyx bilabiate, 
 the 3 upper segments being united and bearded at the extremity. An aromatic, 
 veiy woolly plant, 2—3 ft. high, common in rocky, hilly woods. July—Aug. 
 
 2. P. muticum. Wild Basil. 
 
 Smooth or slightly hairy ; stem erect, corymbosely branching, pubescent on 
 the angles; leaves ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded or somewhat cor- 
 date at base, nearly or quite sessile, usually with a few small teeth ; uppermost 
 hoary, with a soft, short pubescence ; flowers in dense, axillary and terminal, 
 bracted whorls; bracts white-downy, lanceolaie or subulate, awned; calyx-teeth 
 
 triangular-ovate, white-downy; corolla purplish- white, spotted, especially the 
 lower lip, with brownish-purple. A common species, in dry woods and fields, 
 possessing a pleasant. Mint-like flavor and smell. Aug. 
 
 3. P. lanceolatum. Narrow-leaved Wild Basil. 
 
 Smooth or slightly downy; stem erect, pubescent on the angles, very 
 branching, leafy; leaves lanceolate, varying to linear, acute, entire, obtuse at 
 base, sessile, often with axillary fascicles of leaves or branchlets ; flowers in 
 dense heads, forming a terminal c»rymb; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 white-downy; calyx-teeth short, triangular, white-downy; corolla pale pur- 
 plish-white, spotted with brownish-purple. A very common species, 1 — 3 ft. 
 high, possessing the same aromatic properties as the preceding one. Thickets 
 and fields. July — Aug. ^ 
 
 7. TH?MUS. 
 
 Calyx bilabiate, about 13-nerved, hairy in the throat; upper 
 lip 3-toothed ; lower lip 2-cleft, with subulate, ciliate divisions. 
 Corolla short, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip fiattish, emarginate ; 
 lower lip spreading, with 3 nearly equal teeth. Stamens 4, dis- 
 tant, mostly exsert. 
 
 1. T. vulgaris. Thyme. 
 
 stems decumbent at base, ascending, suffruticose, branching, tufted ; leaves 
 oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, entire, veiny, revolute on the margins; flowers iu 
 whorls, arranged so as to form terminal, leafy spikes ; corolla purplish, A cu- 
 linary herb, frequently cultivated for its highly ax'omatic properties. Jane — 
 Aug. Blen. 
 
 2. T. Serpyllum. Mother of Thyme. 
 
 stems decumbent at base, ascending, suflFruticose, iviiy, branching, slender, 
 leafy, downy above, tufted ; leaves ovate, obtuse, entire, on short petioles, moro 
 or less ciliate, punctate; flowers in dense, oblong heads terminating the 
 branclies ; corolla purple, spotted. A species equally aromatic with the last, 
 frequent in cultivation, sometimes naturalized. June — July. Per. 
 
 8. SATtTEilJA. 
 
 Calyx tubular, lO-nerved. Corolla bilabiate. Lips nearly 
 equal. Stamens diverging, scarcely exsert. An. 
 
 1. S. hortensis. Summer Savory. 
 
 stem branching, bushy, woody at base, often changing to purple; leaves 
 numerous, oblong-linear, entire, acute, small and narrow ; flowers light purple 
 or pink, in axillary cymes ; calyx nearly as long as the corolla. An aromatic 
 pot-herb, common in gardens. Stem 10' — 18' bigh. July — Aug. 
 
 9. m-'ssopus. 
 
 Corolla bilabiate; upper lip erect, flat, emarginate; lower 
 lip 3-parted ; tube about as long as the calyx. Per. 
 
 1. H. officinalis. Hyssop. 
 
 Stems ere^t, tufted ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile ; flowers 
 in racemose one-sided verticils, bright blue ; calyx-teeth erect ; middle segment 
 of the lower lip of the corolla 2-lobed. A handsome plant, frequently culti- 
 vated in gardens for its medicinal properties. Stem 2 ft. high. July. 
 
 10. collins6nia. 
 Calyx bilabiate, declinate in fruit; upper lip truncate, 3- 
 toothed ; lower lip 2-toothed. Corolla exsert, expanded above, 
 somewhat bilabiate ; upper lip with 4 nearly equal lobes ; lower 
 lip longer, declinate, lacerately-fringed. Stamens 2, rarely want- 
 ing, much exsert, diverging. Per. 
 
 1. C. Canadensis. Horse-Balm. 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth; stem erect, square, branching; leaves ovate, 
 coarsely serrate, on long petioles, acuminate ; flowers rather large, in racemes, 
 forming a terminal panicle; corolla pale yellow, with a conspicuously fringed 
 lower lip ; calyx -teeth subulate, shorter than the tube ; style and stamens very 
 long. A tall, rather coarse herb, 3—5 ft. high, slightly fragrant, common in 
 damp, rich soils. July — Sept. 
 
 11. HEDilOMA. 
 Calyx nearly tubular, gibbous at base, 13-ribbed, bilabiate- 
 upper lip 3-toothed; lower 2-toothed; throat hairy. CoroUf 
 bilabiate ; upper lip l3at, erect, emarginate ; lower lip spreading 
 3-lobed ; lobes nearly equal. Stamens 2, sometimes accompaulec 
 by 2 sterile filaments. An. 
 
OEDEE LXXX. LABIATJi; — LABIATE-FAinLV. 
 
 183 
 
 1. H. pulegioides. 
 
 Pennyroyal. 
 
 Pubescent; stem erect, branching; leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, few- 
 toothed, on short petioles, smooth above, Bomevphat rough beneath ; flowers 
 snnall, pale purple, in axillary whorls ; corolla pubescent, scarcely longer than 
 the ciliate calyx, A low, fragrant plant, of great repute in domestic treatment. 
 Common in dry, barren fields and pastures. Stem 8' — 8' high. July — Sept. 
 
 12. MELlSSA. 
 Calyx 13-ribbed, flattish above; upper lip S-toothed; lower 
 lip 2-toothed Corolla bilabiate ; tube ouryed backwards and 
 ascending ; upper lip erect, flattish ; lower lip spreading, 3- 
 lobed ; middle lobe broadest. Stamens ascending. Far. 
 
 1. M. officinalis. Balm. 
 
 Pubescent; stem erect, branching; leaves ovate, acute, coarsely and cre- 
 natcly toothed, rugose ; flowers subsessile in half whorls, white or yellow ; 
 bracts few, ovate-lanceolate, petiolate. A well-known garden plant, 1—2 ft. 
 high, cultivated for its medicinal properties. Earely naturalized. June — 
 Atig. 
 
 18. SCUTELLARIA. 
 
 Calyx eampanulate, bilabiate, gibbous ; lips entire ; upper 
 sepal arched, closing the lower lip like a lid after flowering. 
 Corolla bilabiate, with the tube elongated, dilated above ; upper 
 lip arched, nearly or quite entire ; lower lip with its middle lobe 
 dilated and convex. Stamens 4, ascending beneath the upper 
 lip. Anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate. Per. 
 
 1. S. galericulElta. Common Skullcap. 
 
 Smooth, rarely slightly pubescent; stem simple or slightly branched; leaves 
 all alike, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, more or less cordate at base, 
 on very short petioles, almost sessile; flowers large, axillary, usually solitary ; 
 corolla blue, greatly expanded above. A handsome plant with large blue 
 flowers. Common in swamps and meadows. Stem 1 — 2 ft high. Aug. 
 
 2. S. lateriflora. Side-flowering Skullcap. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, with opposite branches ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
 coarsely serrate, acuminate, petiolate ; lower floral leaves resembling the others ; 
 upper floral leaves small, resembling bracts; flowers small, in lateral, axillary, 
 leafy, long-peduncled, somewhat one-sided racemes; corolla blue. A smaller 
 and more bushy plant than the last. Common ia meadows and low grounds. 
 Stem 10' — 18' high. July — Aug. 
 
 14. PEUNfiLLA. 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 10-ribbed, bilabiate, closed 
 in fruit ; upper lip broad and flat, with 3 short teeth ; lower with 
 2 lanceolate teeth. Corolla somewhat contracted at the throat, 
 bilabiate ; upper lip vaulted, erect, entire ; lower lip spreading, 
 reflexed, 3-cleft; middle lobe rounded, concave, finely toothed. 
 Stamens 4, ascending beneath the upper lip. Filaments forked, 
 the lower division bearing the anther. Per. 
 
 1. P. vulgslris. Self heal. 
 
 Stem low, simple, or slightly branched, often decumbent at base, marked 
 with pubescent lines ; leaves oblong-ovate, entire, or slightly toothed, petiolate ; 
 flowers in dense, sessile, bracted, 5 — 6 flowered verticils, forming a dense termi- 
 nal spike ; bracts reniform, 2 to each verticil, membranous, ciliate ; corolla blue 
 or violet of various shades. A common plant, 6' — 12' high, in meadows and 
 low grounds. June — Aug. 
 
 15. n:6peta. 
 
 Calyx tubular, obliquely 6-toothed. Corolla naked and ex- 
 panded at the tliroat, bilabiate ; upper lip erect, emarginate; 
 lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, as- 
 cending beneath the upper lip, approximate in pairs. Per. 
 
 1. N. Cataria. Catnip. 
 
 Downy; stem tall, erect, branching; leaves cordate, petiolate, crenate, soft 
 and velvety, white-downy beneath ; flowers in slightly pedunculate whorls, ar- 
 ranged in interrupted spikes ; corolla purplish-white, twice as long as the calyx ; 
 lower lip dotted with purple. A naturalized plant, possessing a powerful odor, 
 extremely attractive to cats. Common in waste places. ' Stem 8 — i fL high. 
 July. 
 
 2. N. Glechoma. Gill-run-over-the-ground. 
 
 Ground Ivy. 
 
 More or less hairy; stem creeping, rooting at base ; leaves reniform, crenate, 
 petiolate, glsnooHS-greeri ; flowers 8—5 together, in loose, axillary clusters; co- 
 
 rolla light blue, variegated at the throat, about 8 times as long as the calyx; 
 anther-cells diverging at a right angle, so that the appro.\imato cells of each pair 
 present the appearance of a cross. A creeping, aromatic plant, naturalized in 
 ■waste grounds. Stem 1—2 ft long. May— Aug. 
 16. LOPHANTHUS. 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, 15-ribbed, oblique, 6-toothcd; 
 upper teeth the longest. Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip nearly 
 erect, emarginate ; lower lip somewhat spreading, 3-lobed ; mid- 
 dle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exsert, diverging. Per. 
 
 1. L. nepetoides. Great Hyssop. 
 
 Smooth, or nearly so ; stem square, with acute angles ; leaves ovate, sharply 
 serrate, petiolate ; flowers in dense axillary verticils ; calyx-teeth ovate, obtus- 
 ish, slightly shorter than the pale, yellowish-green corolla. A tall, green herb, 
 rather common on the borders of woods, in the Middle States and Westward, 
 sometimes found in W. N. Eng. Stem 8—6 ft high. July — Aug. 
 IT. PHYSOSTtGIA. 
 Calyx eampanulate, with 5 nearly equal teeth, inflated after 
 flowering. Corolla much exserted, with the throat inflated ; upper 
 lip nearly erect, entire ; lower lip spreading, 3-parted ; middle 
 lobe broad and rounded, emarginate. Stamens 4, ascending be- 
 neath the upper lip. Per. 
 
 1. P. Virginiana. Lion^s Heart. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, thick and rigid ; leaves lanceolate-ovftte, varying to 
 linear-lanceolate, sessile, seiTate, with remote, shallow teeth, dark green ; low- 
 ers large, showy, in dense, terminal, 4-rowed spikes, with subulate bracts ; co- 
 rolla pale purple or flesh-color, spotted inside. A beautiful plant, native In 
 Penn. and the West, frequent ia cultivation. Stem 1 — 3 ft. high. July. — Sep. 
 IS. LlMIUM. 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-ribbed, with 5 nearly 
 equal teeth. Corolla dilated at throat, bilabiate ; upper lip vault- 
 ed, narrowed at base ; lower Up 3-parted ; middle lobe broad, 
 emarginate, contracted at base ; lateral lobes small, attached to 
 the margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending beneath the up- 
 per lip. An. 
 
 1. L. amplexioai\le. Heniit. 
 
 stems decumbent at base, several from the same root ; leaves broad, nearly 
 round, hairy ; lower ones small, on long petioles ; cauline ones cordate, doubly 
 crenate, much larger; floral leaves similar, but nearly or quite ses.sile ; flowers 
 in dense verticils, sessile in tlie axils of the upper leaves ; lower whorls remote . 
 upper ones crowded ; calyx hairy ; corolla light purple, elongated ; upper lip 
 downy ; lower lip spotted. A slender plant, 5' — 18' high, not uncommon in 
 waste and cultivated grounds. May — Oct. 
 
 19. LEONtTEUS. 
 
 Calyx turbinate, 5-ribbed, with 5 subequal subulate teeth, 
 somewhat spiny when old. Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip erect, 
 oblong, entire, liairy; lower lip 3-lobed, spreading; middle lobe 
 obcordate. Stamens 4, ascending beneath the upper Up. Per. 
 
 1. L. Cardiaca. Motherwort. 
 
 Pubescent ; stem erect, branching, often purplish ; leaves on long petioles ; 
 lower ones rounded at base, palmately lobed ; floral leaves triftd, cuneiform at 
 base, with lanceolate lobes ; all variously toothed and arranged in 4 rows on the 
 stem ; flowers in dense, axillary whorls ; corolla purplish, hairy outside, varie- 
 gated inside ; the tube longer than the calyx, with a hairy ring within. A tall 
 weed, 3 — 5 ft high, common around rubbish and in waste places. July — Sep. 
 
 20. gale6psis. 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-ribbed, with 5 subequal, spines- 
 cent teeth. Corolla bilabiate, dilated at the throat ; upper lip 
 ovate, arched, mostly entire ; lower lip 3-cleft, spreading ; middle 
 lobe obcordate, toothed and crenate ; the palate with 2 teeth on 
 the upper side. Stamens 4, ascending beneath the upper lip. An, 
 
 1. a. Tetrahit. Hemp Nettle. 
 
 Stem lilspid, swollen below the joints; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, hispid, 
 acute ; flowers in dense, axillary verticils ; corolla purple, variegated with wbitOj 
 2—3 times as long as the calyx. A weed in waste places, common in some dip 
 tricts. Stem 1—2 ft. high. June — Jult/. 
 
 21. STACHTS. 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, angular, 5 — 10 ribbed, 5'toothed ; 
 
184 
 
 OEDEE LXXXI. BOEAOmACE^ BOEAGE-FAMILY. 
 
 upper teeth often larger, and more or les3 united. Corolla bilabi- 
 ate ; upper lip erect, spreading or arched, entire or nearly so ; 
 lower lip spreading, usually longer than the other, 3-lobed; mid- 
 dle lobe nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending beneath the lower 
 lip. Anthers approximate in pairs. Per. 
 
 1. S. aspera. Hedge Nettle. Woundwort. 
 
 stem erect, nearly simple, clothed with stifT, deiiexed bristles, especially on 
 the angles; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, bristly, 
 especially on the mid-rib and veins, rounded at base, on short petioles ; flowers 
 about 6 in a whorl, arranged in spikes; calyx with bristly, at length, spinescent 
 teeth ; corolla pale purple. A coai-se, rough plant, 1—3 ft high, not uncommon 
 in swamps and meadows. July. 
 
 22. MAEEfBITJM. 
 Calyx tubular, 5 — lO-ribbed, with 6 — 10 nearly equal teeth, 
 at length more or less spiny, and spreading at maturity. Corolla 
 bilabiate ; upper lip erect, flattish, emargiuate ; lower lip spread- 
 ing, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, included in the corolla-tube. Per. 
 
 1. M. vulgare. Hoarhound. 
 
 stem ascending, white-downy; leaves roundish-ovate, crenately toothed, 
 petiolate, white-downy beneath ; flowers in dense, hairy, axillary whorls ; calyx- 
 teeth 10, recurved ; alternate ones shorter ; corolla small, white. A bitter aro- 
 matic herb, rather frequent in waste grounds. Introduced. Stem 1 — 2 ft high. 
 Aug. 
 
 2.3. TEIOHOSTEMA. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, oblique, deeply and unequally 5-toothed; 
 upper lip (which at length appears to be the lower lip by the 
 twisting of the pedicel) with 3 nearly equal teeth, twice as long 
 as the 2 very short teeth of the other lip. Corolla with a very 
 short tube, unequally 5-lobed ; lobes oblong, declined ; the 3 lower 
 more or less united and forming a lower lip. Stamens 4, much 
 exsert, declinate near the base, and then curved upwards in a 
 circle. An. 
 
 1. T. dicliotoma. Blue Ourls. 
 
 stem e*'ect, dichotomously branching, hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or 
 rhombic-lanceolate, sometimes linear-lanceolate, tapering at base, obtuse, en- 
 tire, hairy; flowers axillary and terminal, on slender, 1-flowered pedicels, be- 
 coming inverted by tho twisting of their stalks; corolla small, bright blue; sta- 
 mens very long, much exsert, bright blue, very conspicuous, curving from the 
 lower lip to tho upper. A bushy, hairy plant, of a grayish appearance, 6' — 8' 
 high. Common in dry pastures and sandy fields. Auff. 
 24. TEtiCraUM. 
 
 Calyx subcampanulate, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla 5- 
 lobed ; 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, declined ; lower lip 
 roundish, larger. Stamens 4, exserted from the cleft between the 
 2 upper lobes of the corolla. Per. 
 
 1. T. Canadense. Wild Germander. 
 
 Downy; stem simple or branching, erect; leaves ovato-lanceolate, serrate, 
 rounded at base, on short petioles, white-downy beneath ; iloral leaves scarcely 
 tenger than the calyx; flowers about 6 in a whorl, crowded into long, virgate 
 spikes; corolla light purple, apparently destitute of any upper lip, on account 
 of the declinate upper lobes. Stem 1 — 3 ft high. Not uncommon in low 
 grounds, especially near tho sea-coast July. 
 
 Oedek LXXXI. Boraginacese. — borage- 
 family. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA 
 
 * Aclienia armed Tritli liooked prickles. 
 
 T. EoirlNOSPERMUM. Corolla salver-form, closed at the throat by 5 concave 
 scales. Flowers blue. 
 
 8. Cynoglosbu-m. Corolla funnel-form, closed at the throat by 5 convex 
 scales. 
 
 * * Acls-'nia not prickly, excavated at Itasc. 
 1 BoRAGO. Corolla rotate. 
 
 2. SYMi'iiY-ruM. Corolla tubular- campanulate, closed at the throat by 5 sub- 
 ulate scales. 
 
 * * * AcEkOiaia neitlicr prickly nor excavated at l>a$e> 
 
 3. LiTuospERMUM. Corolla funnel-form, nearly salver-form, open at the 
 throat, with a short tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. 
 
 4. Mbrtensia. Corolla funnel-form, naked in the throat, with 5 folds alter- 
 nating with the sUmens ; tube much longer than the short calyx. 
 
 5. PuLMoNARiA. Corolla funnel-form, open atthe throat, with 5 hairy linos 
 alternating with the stamens ; tube equalling the calyx. 
 
 6. Myos6tis. Corolla salver-form, with a tube equalling the calyx, closed 
 at the throat by 5 concave scales. 
 
 1. bokAgo. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft; segments acute; tube 
 with a crown at throat. Filaments converging. Aeheuia round- 
 ed, with a perforation at base, inserted lengthwise into the ex- 
 cavated receptacle. An. 
 
 1. B. officinalis. 
 
 Borage. 
 
 Eough with scattered bristles ; stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate ; lower 
 
 with short petioles ; upper sessile ; flowers large, in nodding, terminal racemes, 
 
 sky-blue ; calyx spreading. A rough exotic, 2 ft high. Common in gardens. 
 
 Jitne — /Sep. , 
 
 2. SYMPHYTDM. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubnlar-campanulate, inflated above, 
 5-parted ; segments short, spreading ; orifice of the tube closed 
 by 5, converging, subulate scales. Stamens included in the co- 
 rolla. Style filiform. Aeheuia smooth, ovate, perforated at base. 
 Per. 
 
 1. S. officinale. Comfrey. 
 
 nairy ; stem erect, branching above; lower leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceo- 
 late ; upper ones decurrent, lanceolate; flowers in terminal, 1-sided, nodding 
 racemes ; corolla yellowish w^hite, occasionally pink or red ; sepals lanceolate, 
 acuminate. A tall, coarse plant, 3 — 5 ft high, cultivated for its mucilaginous 
 root. Sometimes naturalized in low grounds and road-sides. June — Aug. 
 
 8. LITHOSP:fiRMUM. 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, rarely salver- 
 form ; limb 5-lobed ; throat open at the orifice, mostly with 5 
 small folds or projections. Stamens included in the corolla. An- 
 thers oblong, almost sessile. Stigma obtuse, hispid. Achenia 
 smooth or rugose, attached to the receptacle by a truncate base. 
 
 1. L. arvense. Gromwell. 
 
 Pilose ; stem erect, slender, with a few branches ; leaves lanceolate, or linear- 
 lanceolate, sessile, entire, nearly veinless, obtuse oracutish; flowers axillary, in 
 nodding racemes, which become erect and elongated as they bloom; lower 
 flowers remote ; calyx nearly or quite equal to the white corolla. A rough 
 plant with a thick reddish root. Common in dry grounds. Stem 6' — 12' high. 
 June — July. An. 
 
 4. MEET:feNSIA. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla-tube oylindric, expanding towards 
 the top, much longer than the calyx, naked, or with 6 folds or 
 ridges in the open throat; limb 5-lobed. Stamens inserted at the 
 top of the tube. Style long, filiform. Achenia smooth or some- 
 what wrinMed. Per. 
 
 1. M. Virglnica. 
 
 Virginian Lungwort. 
 
 Smooth; stem erect, simple ; radical leaves obovate ; cauline leaves ovate ; 
 uppermost lanceolate, ail entire, pale green, somewhat glaucous ; flowers large, 
 handsome, in terminal racemes, destitute of bracts, except! — 2 leaves at base; 
 corolla of a brilliant purplish blue, rarely white; limb longer than the tube ; 
 stamens and style included. An elegant plant with handsome foliage, distin- 
 guished by its very large radical leaves. Native in rich woods in W. N. York, 
 and thence westward. Sometimes cultivated. Stem 10' — 20' high. 3£ay. 
 
 6. pulmonAeia. 
 
 Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 
 with a cylindric tube; orifice with 5 hairy lines, alternating with 
 the stamens. 
 
 1. P. offioiniilis. 
 
 Lungwort. 
 
 Eough; stem erect simple; radical leaves ovate-cordate; cauline ovate, 
 sessile; flowers blue, in terminal racemes; calyx as long as the corolla-tube. 
 A rough exotic, about a ftiot high, frequent in gardens. May. Per. 
 
 6. mtos6tis. 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form ; tube about as long as the 
 calyx ; limb 5-lobed ; lobes slightly emarginate ; throat with 5 
 short, concave scales. Achenia ovate, smooth, flattened, attached 
 at base by a minute scar. 
 
ORDER LXXXII, HYDROPIIYLLACEiE WATERLEAF-FAM. ORDER LXXXIII. POLEMONIACE^ PHLOX-TRIBE. 185 
 
 1. M. 14xa, Forget-me-not. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; stem ascending, rooting near the base, somewhat branch- 
 ing; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, clothed with short-, scattered, appressed, hairs ; 
 flowers small, arranged in long, bractless, 1-sided racemes; pedicels filiform, 
 longer than the flowers, spreading Iq fruit; calyx in 5 short, spreading segments, 
 open in fruit, and sprinkled with simple, appressed hairs; corolla light-blue, 
 yellowish at the centre ; style very short A common plant in wet grounds, 
 6' — 12' high. June — Sep. Bien. 
 
 2. M. stricta. Mouse-ear. 
 
 Hairy ; stem low, erect, very branching above ; leaves oblong, obtuse, ses- 
 sile ; lowest oblanceolate, tapering to a short petiole ; flowers iu terminal ra- 
 cemes, which are leafy at base, at first very short, but afterwards elongated; 
 pedicels erect in fruit, shorter than the calyx ; corolla very small, white, rarely 
 bluish; tube included In the calyx, which is closed in fruit, and clothed with 
 spreading hairs. A little plant, 8'— 10' high, of a grayish aspect, quite variable 
 in size and appearance. Common In dry soils in the more northern States. 
 May—July. An. 
 
 1. ECIIINOSPifellMUM. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, short, closed at the 
 throat by 5 short, concave scales. Achenia compressed or trian- 
 gular, armed on the back with several rows of barbed prickles. 
 An. 
 
 1. E. Lappula. Burr-seed, 
 
 Rough-hairy ; stem erect, very branching above ; leaves lanceolate, or 
 linear-lanceolate, sessile, ciliato ; flowers small, blue, In bracted racemes; pe- 
 dicels short, erect; corolla longer than the calyx; achenia with 2 rows ofhooked 
 prickles on the margin. A grayish, liomely herb, 1 — 2 ft. high, common in waste 
 places in some districts. July, 
 
 8. CTN0GL6SSU'M. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with a short tube, about 
 as long as the calyx, closed at the throat by 5 converging, con- 
 vex, obtuse scales. Achenia depressed, affixed laterally to the 
 base of the style, covered with short, hooked prickles. 
 
 1. C. officinale. Sounds-tongue. 
 
 Whole plant clothed with a soft,' silky pubescence; stem erect, simple, or 
 somewhat branching, leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; lower ones tapering to a 
 winged petiole; upper ones clasping with a rounded base; all entire; flowers 
 rather largL% in nearly bractless racemes, arranged in terminal panicles ; corolla 
 dull red or purplish. A common weed, distingalshed hy its dull gieen. homely 
 appearance, and its extremely disgusting odor. 8teni 1 — 2 ft. high. Road-sides 
 and waste places. July. Per. 
 
 2. C. Morrisoni. Virginian Mouse-ear. 
 
 Hairy ; stem erect, very branching above, leafy; leaves oblong-ovate, acu- 
 minate, tapering at base, remote, entire, thin, rough above ; fiowers very small, 
 in leafy, bracteate, divaricately forking racemes at the extremities of the slen- 
 der, spreading brandies ; pedicels nodding in fruit ; corolla minute, white, rarely 
 tinged with blue ; achenia convex, densely clothed with hooked prickles. A 
 hairy weed, common i'l tliickets and rocky places. Stem 2 — 4 ft. high. July. 
 An. 
 
 Order LXXXII. Hydrophyllaceae. — ■ 
 Waterleaf -family, 
 
 1. nTDROPHYLLUM. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-parted, with 5 longi- 
 tudinal, linear, margined appendages on the inside correspond- 
 ing to the lobes, and forming 5, nectariferous grooves. Stamens 
 exsert. Filaments more or less bearded. Ovary clothed with 
 bristles, spherical, 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-ovuled, in fruit usually 
 ripening but 1 seed. Per. 
 
 1. H. YirgTnicum. Burrflower. Virginian 
 
 Water-leaf. 
 
 Smoothish ; stem erect, mostly simple ; leaves pinnately parted into 5—7 seg- 
 ments, which are oval-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, inoisely serrate; lowest 
 usually 2-lobed; uppermost confluent; petioles long and clasping; flowers in 
 ienpe heads; peduncles as long as the petioles; calyx-teoth narrow-linear, cili- 
 24 
 
 ate with long bristles ; corolla pale blue, sometimes whitish ; stamens and style 
 exsert, twice as long aa the corolla. An elegant herb, 8' — 15' high, common In 
 rich, moist woods in N. and W. N. Eng. and N. York, Jane. 
 
 1. H. Canadense. Canadian Water-leaf. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; stem erect ; leaves large, palmately 5— T-lobed, rounded or 
 cordate at base, unequally toothed, somewhat rough ; flowers in dense heads on 
 forked peduncles, much shorter than the petioles ; pedicels very short ; calyx- 
 teeth linear-subulate, nearly smooth ; corolla white, much tinged with purple ; 
 stamens and style much exsert A less elegant and coarser species than the 
 last, 10' — 15' high, common in rich, moist woods, Iu tho same districts as the 
 last June — July. 
 
 Order LXXXIII. Polemoniacese.- 
 t/ribe. 
 
 -Phlox- 
 
 1. PHL(3X. 
 Calyx somewhat plasmatic, deeply 5-cleffc. Corolla salver- 
 form, with the slender tube more or less curved. Stamens very 
 unequal, inserted in the coroUa-tube above the middle. CapsxUe 
 ovoid, 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. Per. except Ko. 4. 
 
 1. P. paniculata. Phlox. Mora'^s Bouquet. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, tall; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or oval- lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, tapering at base; upper ones sometimes cordate at base; flowers in 
 numerous corymbs arranged in a terminal, very showy, somewhat pyramidal 
 panicle; calyx-teeth tipped with a setaceous point, shorter than the tube; cor- 
 olla purple, pink, red, or even white, scentless; lobes entire. A native of Penn., 
 and thence southward and westward. Very common in gardens. Vab. acu- 
 minata difl'ers in having broader leaves, which aro sometimes downy beneath, 
 and the stem sometimes rough-hairy, and is altogether a smoother plant. Stem 
 2—8 ft high. July^Sep. 
 
 2. P. maculata. Spotted Phlox. 
 
 Mostly smooth ; stem erect, slender, simple, spotted with purple ; lower 
 leaves lanceolate ; upper leaves nearly ovate- lanceolate, rounded or cordate at 
 base; flowers in large, elongated, oblong, terminal panicles, which are leafy 
 below and sometimes nearly pyramidal; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, 
 acute, short; corolla purple, varying to white or scarlet; lobes entire, A beau- 
 tiful southern and western species, 2—3 ft high, very common in gardens. 
 June. 
 
 3. P. divaricata. Early Phlox. 
 
 Low, diffuse, covered with minute down; stems branching at base into a 
 few, weak, ascending flowering-branches; leaves oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, or lanceolate, acute ; lower ones tapering at base ; upper ones broad 
 and clasping at base; floral leaves narrow-linear; flowers in terminal, loose 
 corymbs; pedicels diverging, longer than the calyx; segments of the calyx 
 linear-subulate, pubescent; corolla bright bluish -purple, with a peculiar gray- 
 ish tinge, varying to a pale lilac-color; lobes obcordate, A very pretty species, 
 with stems 1—2 ft long, found in damp woods from N. Y., westward and south 
 ward. May. 
 
 1. P. Drummondii. Drummond''s Phlox. 
 
 Plant clothed with rough, glandular hairs ; stem erect, diehotomously branch- 
 ing; leaves oblong or lanceolate, rough; flowers very showy, in dense, ter- 
 minal cymes; calyx hairy; segments elongated, revolute, lanceolate, tapering 
 to setaceous points; corolla of all possible hues, varying from wbltetodark 
 purple ; tube pilose ; lobes ovate, entire. A splendid species, common In gar- 
 dens, where there are numerous varieties. Stem 8'— 12' high. An. 
 
 5. P. subulata. Dwarf Phlox. 
 
 Stems procumbent, tufted, clothed with minute down, very branching* 
 leaves rigid, subulate, or very narrowly linear, small, crowded, with fascicles of 
 smaller ones in their axils ; cymes few-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate, very 
 acute; corolla pink or rose-color, rarely white; lobes cuneate, emarginate. A 
 pretty, dwarf species, native inN. J., Penn., and Southward, frequent in gar- 
 dens. May. 
 
 2. GlLIA. 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; segments acute. Corolla-tube long or short ; 
 limb regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, equal, inserted at the top of 
 the tube. Capsule oblong or ovoid, few — ^many-seeded. 
 
186 
 
 ORDER LXXXV. CONVOLVULACE^ MORN IN O- GLORY-TRIBE. ORDER LXXXVl. SOLANACE^. 
 
 1. G. tricolor. Three-colored Gilia. 
 
 stem erect, nearly smooth; leaves alternate, twice and thrice pinnatifid; 
 Begments narrowly-linear ; flowers 3 — 6 together, in cymes, arranged in panicles, 
 bractless ; corolla 2 — 3 times as long as the calyx, of 8 colors ; the limb pale- 
 blue, tinged with pink; the throat purple; the tubo yellow, very short, in- 
 cluded in the calyx. An elegant garden annual, about a foot high. 
 
 8. P0LEM6NIITM. 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cIeft. * Corolla rotate-campanulate, 6- 
 lobed, erect ; tube very short. Stamens equally inserted at the 
 summit of the corolla tube. Filaments furnished "with hairy ap- 
 pendages at base. Cells of the capsule few, many-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. P. coeraleum. Greek Valerian. 
 
 stems stout, clustered, smooth, simple, erect, hollow; leaves mostly radical, 
 alternate, in long, channelled petioles, pinnately parted into 11 — 17 divisions; 
 segments sessile, ovate-lanceolate, nearly opposite, acuminate ; odd one lanceo- 
 late ; flowers erect, in a terminal, corymbose panicle ; calyx: as long as the co- 
 rolla-tube; corolla blue, rather large. An elegant garden plant, 1 — 2 ft. high, 
 common in cultivation. Jane. 
 
 Ordek LXXXV. Convolvuldcese. — Morning- 
 
 glory-trihe, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Sdboeder I. Oonvolvi^lese. 
 
 Seeds with largo cotyledons. Herbaceous, usually climbing plants with 
 green foliage. 
 
 1. CoNv6LvnLus. Calyx without bracts at base. Stamens included. 
 
 2. Caltstegia. Calyx with 2 large, leafy bracts at base. 
 
 8. QuAMOCLiT. Sepals 5, usually mucronate. Stamens exsert 
 
 SuBORDEK TI. OnscutinefE. 
 
 Seeds without cotyledons. Twining, parasitic plants, destitute of green 
 herbage, all included in 4. Cuscdta. 
 
 1. conv6lvulus. 
 Calyx 6-parted, naked. Corolla campanulate, funnel-form; 
 limb with 5 plaits, and the border entire, or 5-lobed. Stamens 
 included in the corolla, rarely slightly longer than the limb. Style 
 1, often 2-cleft; at apex. Capsule 2 — 4-celled, 4 — 6-seeded. 
 
 1. C. purpi.\reus. Gonmon Morning- glory. 
 
 Stem twining, rough with reflexed hairs; leaves cordate, entire; peduncles 
 elongated, 2— 5-flowered ; pedicels thickened; sepals hispid, ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute ; corolla funnel-ibrm, large, 2' long, with a spreading, entire border; color 
 varying from dark purple to pale flesh-color, in each case striped with various 
 shades. A common climber, cultivated every where, and sometimes springing 
 up spontaneously around houses and gardens. The flowers open at sunrise and 
 close eai'ly in the forenoon. June — Sep. An. 
 
 2. C. Batatas. Sweet Potato. 
 
 stem terete, prostrate end creeping, rarely twining, hispid; leaves cordate- 
 hastate, angular, 5-veined, nearly or quite smooth; flowers large, purple or 
 white, in long peduncled fascicles ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate. The common 
 Sweet Potato cultivated largely in the Southern and Middle States. The tubers 
 are thickened portions of its creeping rbizoma, or thickened ofi'-shoots fi'om it 
 
 2. caltstI:gia. 
 Calyx 5-parted, included in 2 large, leafy bracts. Corolla 
 funnel-form, varying to campanulate, with 5 plaits or folds; the 
 limb entire or obscurely 6-lobed. Stamens nearly equal, shorter 
 than the limb. Style 1. Stigmas 2. Ovary imperfectly 2 — 4- 
 celled. Capsule 1-celled, 4-seeded. Per. 
 
 1. C. Sepiuni. Wild Morning-glory. 
 
 stem twining, mostly smooth; leaves sagittate, acuminate; lobes truncate, 
 and often toothed at base ; peduncle| sharply 4-angled, 1-flowercd; bracts cor- 
 date, much longer than the concealed calyx ; flowers largo, 2' long, white, 
 varying to pale rose-color, opening before sunrise and closing early iu tiie day, 
 except In cloudy weather. A common, rank climber, in low, damp thickets. 
 Stem 6— 10 ft long. A variety occurs on sandy shores, with prostrate, not 
 climbing, more or less pubescent stems. June — July Per. 
 
 3. QUAMOCLIT. 
 Sepals 5, mostly mucronate. Corolla tubular cylindric. Sta 
 mensexsert. Style 1. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Ovary 4-cell' 
 ed ; cells l-seeded. An. 
 
 1. Q. vulgaris. Cypress Vine. 
 
 Smooth; stem very slender, twining; leaves deeply pinnatifid; segments 
 linear, parallel, acute; peduncles 1-flowered; flowers small, brilliant, scarlet, 
 varying to crimson and rose-color ; sepals ovate-lanceolate. An extremely de- 
 licate and beautiful plant, native in the South, frequent in cultivation. July 
 —Aug. 
 
 4. CUSCtTTA. 
 
 Calyx 5, rarely 4-cleft. Corolla globose- campanulate ; border 
 spreading, 5, rarely 4-eleft. Stamens 5, rarely 4, inserted into the 
 tube of the corolla with a scale-like appendage at base. Stigmas 
 2. Capsule 2-celled; cells 2-seeded. An. 
 
 1. C. Gronovii. Dodder. 
 
 Plant leafless, parasitic, destitute of all verdure; stem filiform, orange-yel- 
 low; flowers sessile, in dense clusters, whito; corolla campanulate. withering 
 at the base of the globose capsule ; scales of the stamens large and much fring- 
 ed. An exceedingly delicate, parasitic vine, destitute of all green color. The 
 seed germinates in the soil, and at first the plant draws thence its whole fuste- 
 nanee, but afterwards, climbing over other plants, it supports itself from their 
 juices, "Which it absorbs by means of little radicles, while it withers away at 
 base, and soon loses all direct communication with the ground, and becomes 
 entirely parasitic. The yellowish-white flowers grow in large, dense clusters, 
 which are sometimes found alone, the stems having entirely withered away. 
 The stem twines from right to left. July — Sep. 
 
 Order LXXXVL Solanacese. — Potato-trihe. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 * Corolla ^VBtli a proper tube. 
 
 1. Petunia. Calyx-tube short; limb with 5 leafy lobes. Corolla salver 
 foi-m, with 5 unequal lobes. 
 
 2. NicoTiANA. Calyx tubular. Corolla funnel-form, with 5 equal lobes. 
 Capsule not prickly. 
 
 3. Datura. Calyx tubular, inflated. Corolla funnel-form, 5-angled, scarcely 
 lohed. Fruit prickly. 
 
 10. Lycittm. Calyx short Corolla tubular, closed at the throat by the 
 bearded filaments. Stamens exsert. Trailing or climbing shrubs. 
 
 * * Corolla "ivith a very sliort tube^ or none at all. 
 
 4. NicANDRA. Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 compressed angles, enlarged and blad- 
 der-like in fruit, inclosing the 8— 5-celled berry. Corolla campanulate, blue. 
 
 5. Physalis. Calyx inflated after flowering, inclosing the 2-ceUed berry. 
 Corolla rotate-campanulate, yellowish. 
 
 6. Capsicum. Corolla rotate. Capsule 2 — 3-celled, dry and leathery. 
 
 7. SoLANUM. Corolla rotate. Berries 2-celled. 
 
 8. L-YCOPERSiouM. Corolla rotate. Berries 3 — 6-celled. 
 
 9. Atropa. Corolla campanulate. Berry 2-celled. 
 
 1. PETtTNIA. 
 
 Calyx with a short tube and a 5-cleft leafy limb. Corolla salver- 
 form ; tube cylindric ; limb in 5 unequal, flat, folded lobes. Sta- 
 mens 5, xmequal, included, inserted into the middle of the corolla 
 tube. Capsule 2-valved. 
 
 1. P. yiolacea. Purple Petunia. 
 
 stem weak, hairy, viscid; leaves broad-ovate, acute, on shurt, winged peti- 
 oles, entire ; peduncles axillary, solitary, as long as the leaves, and scarcely 
 longer than the swelling tube of the corolla; sepals obtuse ; corolla-limb bright 
 purple, divided into 5 unequal, rounded, acute lobes, of which the uppermost is 
 smallest. A pretty plant, quite common in cultivation. Stems trailing or climb 
 ing, ^—^ ft. long. An. or Men. July till frost. 
 
 2. P. alba. White Petunia. 
 
 stem weak, hairy, viscid; leaves ovate, acute, upper ones sessile; flowem 
 axillary, solitary, greenish -white, fragrant; corolla-tube scarcely expanded at 
 top, 2-^ times as long as the obtuse sepals, the limb flat and spreading. Dis- 
 tinguished from tho last by the stouter habit, more slender corolla-tube, and its 
 ■white flowers, the color of which seems to be constant. It is frequently consi- 
 dered a variety of the last. 
 
 2. NICOTIANA. 
 
 Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, or salver-form 
 regular; limb plaited, 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2 
 celled, 2 — 4-Talved. Seeda minute. Av.. 
 
ORDER LXXXVII. GENTIANACE^. 
 
 187 
 
 1. N, Tabicum. Tobacco. 
 
 Yiscld-pubescent; stem erect, paniculate above; leaves very long, lanceo- 
 late, sessile, decurrent; flowers dull rose-color, rather handsome; corolla-tube 
 Inflated at the throat; lobes acute. A coarse, rank plant, with large, clammy, 
 pubescent leaves, which are often 2 ft. long. Stem 4—6 ft high. The common 
 tobacco Is cullivated Jn Southern N, Eng., and in all the Middle, Eastern and 
 Southern States, but most abundantly in the latter. July. 
 
 8. DATtTKA. 
 Calyx tubular, Tentricose, S-angled, 5-tootlied, separating 
 transversely in fruit from the persistent, orbicular base. Corolla 
 funnel-form, with a long-cylindrical tube ; limb plaited, 6-parted. 
 Stigma 2 lipped. Capsule globular, prickly, 2-celled, 2-valved. 
 Seeds large. An. 
 
 I. D. Stramonium. Thorn Apple. 
 
 Smooth; stem erect, dichotomous, fleshy, hollow, sometimes spotted with 
 pm-ple ; leaves large, ovate, Irregularly dentate, almost lobed, of a dark, lurid 
 green, on long, fleshy petioles ; flowers large, 2'— 3' long, dull white, often tinged 
 with dull purple, on peduncles arising from the forks of the branches; calyx- 
 teeth acuminate; fruit of the size and shape of a hen's egg, covered with short, 
 sharp, tumid spines. A rank and extremely poisonous weed, common in waste 
 ground:'. The odor of the flowers and of the leaves when bruised is extremely 
 offensive. Stem 1—3 ft. high. 
 
 4. nicAndra. 
 Calyx 5-cIeft, 5-angled ; angles compressed. Segments sagit- 
 tate, enlarged in fruit, and covering the 3 — 5-celled, globose berry. 
 Corolla campanulate ; border open, plaited, nearly entire. Sta- 
 mens 5, converging. An. 
 
 1 . N. physaloides, Apple of Peru. 
 
 Smooth, herbaceous; stem erect, branching; leaves large, broad-ovate, sin- 
 uatoly toothed, angular; flowers axillary, terminal, solitary, pale-blue, white In 
 the centre, with 5 blue spots ; calyx closed, with the angles very acute. A coarse 
 weed-like herb, common in gardens, sometimes springing up spontaneously in 
 waste grounds. Stem 2—5 ft. high. A ug. A n. 
 
 5. PHTSALIS. 
 
 Calyx 6-cleft, persistent, reticulated, inflated after flowering, 
 and inclosing the globular, 2-ceIIed berry. Corolla spreading, 
 campamilate, with a very short tube ; limb obscurely 5-lobed. 
 Stamens 5, converging. An, 
 
 1. P. viscosa. Yellow Henbane. 
 
 Viscid-pubescent; stem at first erect, afterward decumbent, branching, her- 
 baceous ; leaves solitary or in pairs, ovate, or lance-ovate, cordate or tapering at 
 base, repandly toothed, or entire ; flowers nodding, solitary, growing just above 
 the axils ; corolla greenish -yellow, twice as long as the calyx-segments, with 5 
 brownish spots at the base inside ; fruit yellow or orange-color, inclosed in the 
 inflated, angular calyx. A very variable plant, about a foot high, common qn 
 dry hills and road-sides. July — Aug. 
 
 6. CAPSICUM. 
 
 Calyx erect, 5-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate ; tube very 
 short ; limb plaited, 5-lobed. Stamens converging. Capsule dry, 
 inflated, 2 — 3-celled. Seeds flat, extremely acrid. An. 
 
 1. C annuum. Red Pepper. 
 
 Smooth; stem herbaceous, angular, branching above; leaves ovate-acumi- 
 nate, petlolate, entire; flowers axillary, solitary, nodding; peduncles smooth ; 
 calyx angular, with 5 short, acute lobes ; corolla white, lobes spreading, larger 
 than the calyx; fruit oblong, or subglobose, varying from dull red to yellow, 
 and of all possible shapes and sizes. A well known garden annual, cultivated 
 for its stimulating fruit Stem 1—2 ft high. All sumnier. 
 
 7. solAnijm. 
 
 Calyx mostly 5-parted, spreading, persistent. Corolla usually 
 rotate; tube very short; limb mostly 6-cleft, plaited in the bud, 
 its thin edges rolled in. Stamens exsert, converging around the 
 style. Filaments very short. Anthers opening at top by 2 pores. 
 Berry usually 2-celled. 
 
 1. S. Dulcamara. Bitter-sweet. 
 
 Stem shrubby towards the base, climbing, more or less smooth ; leaves 
 >vat«-cordate, upper ones hastate, frequently aurlcled at base ; flowers in corym- 
 
 bose clusters, mostly opposite the leaves ; corolla dull purple, Ihe segments re- 
 flexed, with 2 green spots at baso ; berries oval, scarlet, poisonous. A shrubby 
 climbing plant, common In moiat thickets, especially distinguished by Its showy 
 clusters of scarlet berries. Stem 4—6 ft long. July. Per. 
 
 2. S. nigrum. 
 
 Nightshade. 
 
 Smooth, herbaceous ; stem very branching, with rongh angles ; leaves ovate, 
 toothed and undulate ; flowers small, white, in drooping, lateral umbels ; an- 
 thers yellow; berry globular, black. A low, mean-looking weed, usually con- 
 sidered poisonous. Common in waste grounds. July— Aug. An. 
 
 3. S. tuber6sum. Potato. 
 
 Eliizoma producing tubers ; stem ascending, herbaceous, nearly simple, with 
 winged angles; leaves interrnptedly pinnate ; alternate leaflets much the small 
 est, all entire ; flowers dull-white, sometimes purplish, nodding, In terminal 
 umbels, pedicellate. One of the most useful of cultivated plants. The tubers 
 famish a large proportion of the Ibod of man in those districts where it Is cul- 
 tivated. It sports into numberless varieties, diflfering in color, shape and qua- 
 lity. Jum.e—July. Per. 
 
 4. S. pseudo-Capsicum. Jerusalem Cherry. 
 
 Evergreen ; stem shrubby, branching above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, dark 
 green, smooth and shining; flowers solitary, opposite the leaves, nodding; co- 
 rolla white ; anthers orange ; berries globose, scarlet, as large as small cherries. 
 An evergreen shrub, sometimes cultivated. Stem 2 — 4 ft high. 
 
 5. S. Melongi^na. Egg-plant. 
 
 Stem prickly, herbaceous, branching; leaves ovate, downy, prickly; flowers 
 small, whitish ; fruit large, ovate, varying from 2' — 8' in length, smooth, glossy, 
 purple. A coarse, prickly plant, 2 — 3 ft high, cultivated for its edible fruit 
 A variety with smaller, white fruit Is sometimes cultivated. July— Sep An. 
 
 8. LTCOP:fiRSICUM. 
 Calyx mostly 5-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate ; tube very 
 short ; limb mostly 6-lobed, plicate. Anthers converging, opening 
 at top by 2 pores. Berry 3 — 6-celled, often torose. An. 
 
 1, L. esculentum. Tomato. 
 
 Hairy; stem herbaceous ; leaves unequally pinnatifid; segments incised, 
 glaucous beneath ; peduncles bearing clusters of greenish-yellow flowers; fruit 
 torulose, furrowed, smooth, green at first, but bright red and juicy when ma- 
 ture. A common garden annual, cultivated for its abundant, juicy fruit. It is 
 a large coarse-looking plant, with a disagreeable odor, generally reclining on 
 other plants for support Stem S— 5 ft long. There are varieties having the 
 fruit yellow, and globose, or pear-shaped. All summer. 
 
 9. ITEOPA. 
 Calyx persistent, 6-cleft. Corolla campanulate. Stamens dis- 
 tant. Berry globose, sitting on the calyx, 2-celled. An. 
 
 1. A. Belladonna. Deadly Nightshade. 
 
 Smooth, herbaceous; stem branching below; leaves large, ovate, entire; 
 flowers dull, larid purple; berries large, green at first, black when mature, full 
 of purple juice ; stem 4 ft high. A very poisonous plant suspicious in appear- 
 ance, but without the offensive odor which marks so many of the poisonous 
 plants of this order. Gardens. July — Aug. 
 
 10. Li"CIUM, 
 Calyx 2 — 5-cleft, short Corolla tubular, limb mostly 5-lobed, 
 spreading. Stamens 4 — 5. Filaments bearded, closing the throat 
 of the corolla. Berry 2-celled. Seeds several, reniform. 
 
 1. L. Barbarum. Barhary Vine. 
 
 Shrubby ; stem branching ; branches long, pendulous, ending in a spiny 
 point, often furnished with axillary spines; leaves lanceolate, often in clusters, 
 smooth, acute or obtuse, tapering to a petiole ; flowers axillary, solitary or in 
 pairs, greenish-purple; calyx mostly 3-cleft; berries orange-red. A shrubby 
 vine, frequent in cultivation Its long, hanging branches form thick masses 
 on trellises and walls. JvZy. 
 
 Order LXXX^^LI. Gentianaceae. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 1, Gentiana. Corolla tubular at base, 4r-5 clelt, open or closed at apex, the 
 lobes either with folds between, or fringed at apex. Leaves green. 
 
 2. BAETdNiA, Corolla somewhat campanulate, consisting of 4 nearly dis- 
 tinct segments. Yellowish herbs de-stitute of green foliage. 
 
188 
 
 ORDEK LXXXVnr. APOCYNACE^ DOGBANE-FAM. OEDEE LXXXIX. ASCLEPIADACE^ MLLKWEED-FAM. 
 
 8. LiMNANTHEMiTM. Oorolla somewhat campanulate with 5 segments. 
 Flowers umbelled. Aquatic3, with simple leaves. 
 
 4. Menyanthes. Corolla funnel-form, baiiy within. Flowers racemed. 
 Leaves trifoliate. 
 
 1. gentiAna. 
 Calyx 4 — 5 cleft. Corolla marcescent, regular, tubular at 
 base ; limb 4 — 5-cleft, usually "with plaited folds between the erect 
 or converging segments. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted on the corolla- 
 tube. Style short, or none. Stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule 1- 
 celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. Gt. crinita. Fringed Gentian. 
 
 stem round, erect, branching; branches spreading at base, and then per- 
 fectly straight and erect; leaves lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, cordate, 
 or rounded at base ; flowers of a rich blue, solitary, showy, terminating the 
 branches; calyx 4-angled, 4-parted, segments acuminate, as long as the co- 
 rolla-tube ; corolla campanulate at base, open at summit, expanding when the 
 sun shines ; segments obovate, beautifully fringed on the margin. A very deli- 
 cate and interesting plant, with superb flowers, 1' — 2' long, not uncommon in 
 low, grassy meadows. Stem 10' — 15', often turning purple. Oct. 
 
 2. G-. Andrewsii. 
 
 Soap-wort Gentian. 
 
 Smooth; stem erect, simple ; leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute or 
 narrowed at base, 3-veined, rough on the margin ; flowers large, purplish -blue, 
 in sessile, terminal heads, sometimes solitary in the upper axils; corolla in- 
 flated, club-shaped, closed at top, about 10-cleft, inner teeth folded and fiinged, 
 equalling the exterior. A common species, distinct from the last in its whole 
 appearance. Stem 1 — 2 ft. high. The flowers resemble largo buds, and often 
 deceive those unacquainted with the plant. Sep. — Oct. Per. 
 
 2. BAET6NIA 
 Calyx 4-parted. Corolla sub campanulate, deeply 4-cleft ; seg- 
 ments but slightly united, erect. Stamens short. Stigma large, 
 persistent, at length 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, 
 clothed with the persistent calyx and corolla. 
 
 1. B. tenella. Screw-stem. 
 
 Stem slender, erect, square, branching above, apparently leafless; leaves 
 minute, scale-like, subulate, mostly opposite ; flowers small, yellowish- white, 
 1 — 3 on the opposite, sometimes alternate branches; pedicels bracted at base, 
 style none. A slender, branching plant, of a yellowish -white color, appearing 
 leafless. Damp grounds. Stem 3'— 8' high. Aug. An. 
 
 3. limnAnthemum. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between campanulate and rotate; 
 tube short; limb 5-lobed; lobes deciduous, fringed merely at the 
 base or margin, furnished with glandular appendages, alternating 
 with the 5 stamens. Style short, or none. Stigma 2-lobed, per- 
 sistent. Capsule 1-celled, valveless. 
 
 1. L. Iaciin68um. Lalte-jiower, 
 
 Floating ; stem filifdrm, bearing at top a single leaf, an umbel of flowers, and 
 ft tuft of short radicles, which sometimes take the place of stolons, shooting out 
 leaves, which form a distinct plant; leaves reniforra, floating at top, somewhat 
 peltate, rough above, spongy and paler beneath ; flowers 5 — 6, in an umbel 
 beneath the water, opening one at a time j ust above the surface ; corolla white : 
 lobes oval, smooth, except the yellowish gland at base, twice as long as the 
 lanceolate divisions of the calyx. A curious aquatic, with stems varying with 
 the depth of the water, 1—3 ft long. Each stem is furnished with a single 
 leaf, 1'— 8' long, on a petiole varying with the depth. July. Per. 
 
 4. MENTANTHES. 
 Calyx 6-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous, 
 covered within with a white beard. Stamens 5. Styles slender, 
 persistent. Stigma 2-lobed, capitate, 1-celled. 
 
 1. M. trifoli^ta. Buc\ Bean, 
 
 Scape round, erect; leaves radical, trifoliate, on long petioles, with sheathing, 
 membraneous bases; leaflets oval, varying to obovate, entire, sessile ; flowers 
 in long, terminal, naked racemes ; pedicels thick, bracted at base ; corolla white 
 or flesh-colored, clothed within with long, soft hairs ; segments acute, 3 times 
 as long as the obtuse sepals. A handsome plant about a foot high, common in 
 N. Eng. and N. York, especially in the Northern parts, in bogs and swamps, 
 where its large, black roots penetrate deep into the soft earth. May. Per. 
 
 Order LXXXVIII. Apocynacese. — Dog- 
 hane-family, 
 
 1. AP6CTNUM. 
 Calyx very small, 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, with 6 
 short lobes. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the corolla, al- 
 ternating with 5 glandular appendages on its throat. Anthers 
 sagittate, converging, much longer than the very short filaments. 
 Stigma ovoid, obscurely 2-lobed, slightly adherent to the anthers. 
 Fruit composed of 2 long, slender, distinct follicles. 
 
 1. A. androssemifolium. Bog^s-hane. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, branching above, reddened by the sun on one side, with 
 diverging, forked branches ; leaves ovate, entire, dark-green above, paler, and 
 sometimes hoary beneatli, rounded at base, tapering at apex, distinctly pelio- 
 late; flowers in loose, terminal and axillary cymes ; pedicels as long as the 
 flowers; corolla white, striped with rose-color, with 5 acute, revolute seg- 
 ments; tube much longer than the ovate, acuminate calyx-teeth; follicles 2' — 
 3' long, nodding. A very handsome plant, 3—3 ft. high. Common in thick- 
 ets and the borders of woods. June— July. Per. 
 
 2. A. cannabinum. Indian Hemip. 
 
 Stem erect, dividing above into long, slender, upright, or ascending branches; 
 leaves oblong, or oblong-lanceolate ; smooth in one variety ; varying to 
 ovate, more or less downy on the under side, or both sides in another variety; 
 sometimes cordate at base, on very short petioles, generally smooth : flowers 
 very small, greenish -white, in dense, erect, many-flowered cymes, shorter than 
 the leaves, and terminating the branches; corolla-lobes nearly erect, the tube 
 scarcely longer than the lanceolate calyx-teeth. A very variable species, 2 — 3 
 fL high, in thickets and along river banks, distinguished by its very small 
 flowers and ascending brandies. June — July. 
 
 2. YfNCA. 
 Corolla salver-form, contorted ; limb 5-cleft; lobes oblique; 
 throat 5-angled. Ovary with 2 glands at base. Capsule follicu- 
 lar, erect, tapering to the extremity. 
 
 1. V. minor. Small Periwinkle. 
 
 Evergi-een ; stems procumbent, shrubby, terete, smooth, leafy ; leaves 
 smooth and shining, elliptic-lanceolate; flowers solitary, axillary, alternate, 
 pedunculate, violet; sepals lanceolate. An evergreen shrub, not uncommon in 
 cultivation. 3fay. 
 
 3. N:fcRI0M. 
 
 Calyx with 5 teeth at base ou the outside. Corolla salver- 
 form; segments contorted; throat with a crown, consisting of 5 
 incised leaflets. Filaments inserted into the middle of the co- 
 rolla-tube. Anthers sagittate, adhering to the stigma by the 
 middle. 
 
 1. N. 01e4nder. Oleander. 
 
 Evergreen, shrubby ; leaves H near-lanceolate, smooth, entire, coriaceous, on 
 short petioles, 3 together, prominently veined beneath ; flowers large, in ter- 
 minal clusters, rose-color; crown of the corolla flat; segments 3-toothed. A 
 splendid shrub, 4 — 6 ft.high, common in house cultivation. There are varieties 
 with white, variegated and double flowers. 
 
 Order LXXXIX. Asclepiadacese. — Milh 
 weed-faviily. 
 
 1. ASCLijPIAS. 
 Calyx 5-parted ; lobes small, spreading. Corolla deeply 5 
 cleft ; segments valvate in prefloration, reflexed ■when open, de 
 ciduous. Crown consisting of 5 hooded lobes, resting on the 
 united mass of the stamens, and furnished with an incurved, 
 horn-like process proceeding from the base of each. Filament*' 
 united into a tube, inclosing the style. Anthers adhering to the 
 stigma, with 2 cells opening longitudinally, each containing pol- 
 len-masses. These masses are arranged in 6 pairs; the masses 
 of 2 adjacent anther-ceUs forming 1 pair, which hang by an at- 
 tenuated apex from 5 glands on the 5 angles of the stigma. Fol- 
 licles 2, often 1 by abortion, ovate or oblanceolate, more or less 
 
OEDEK XCI. OLEACE^ — ^OLIVE-TEIBE. 
 
 189 
 
 inflated. Seeds flat, furnished with a long tuft of silty hairs. 
 Per. 
 
 * Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. A. Corrn\ti. Common Milkweed. 
 
 Stom erect, simple, rarely branching; leaves nearly oval, tapering at both 
 extremities, petiolate, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; flowers in large, dense, 
 simple, globose nmbels, axillary and terminal, odorous; calyx-segments lanceo; 
 late; petals reflexed, dull purple; crown nearly of the same color, obtuse, bi- 
 dentate; horn short and stout; pods mostly acaminate, covered with soft, 
 spine-like processes, A very common and coarse weed, 8—5 ft. high, in rich 
 soils and road-sides. Every part of the plant in this, and the whole genus, is 
 full of a white, sticky milk, which, however, is the most abundant in this spe- 
 cie«. Jult/. 
 
 2. A. phytolaccoides. FoTce-leaved Milkweed. 
 
 Mostly smooth; stem erect, tall, simple; leaves broad-ovate; upper ones 
 often oval-lanceolate; all tapering at both ends, short-petiolate, entire, paler 
 and smooth, or slightly downy beneath ; umbels on terminal and lateral pedun- 
 cles, nearly equalling the leaves ; pedicels numerous, long, slender, loose, nod- 
 ding, nearly as long as the peduncle ; segments of the reflexed corolla greenish- 
 white ; hoods of the crown white or flesh-colored, truncate, 2-toothcd at sum- 
 mit A handsome species, with largo leaves and flowers, common in moist 
 thickets. Stem 8—5 ft. high. June. 
 
 3. A. obtusifolia. Blunt-leaved Milkweed. 
 
 Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem erect, simple, terminating in 1, rarely 
 2, long-ped uncled umbels; leaves oval or oblong-ovate, obtuse, mucronate, ses- 
 sile, somewhat clasping find cordate at base, very undulate on the margin; 
 umbel large, many-flowered, smooth ; pedicels long and slender ; flowers large ; 
 corolla greenish-purple ; hoods of the crown large, shorter and paler than the 
 slender horn. A common species, in sandy woods and soils, distinguished by 
 its waved leaves and long-peduncled, terminal, globose umbels. Stem 2—8 ft. 
 high. July. 
 
 4. A. incarnata. Swamip Milkweed. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; stem erect, branching above, marked with 2 pubescent 
 lines, as also the branches and peduncles ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or 
 acuminate, obtuse at base, with distinct petioles; umbels numerous, many- 
 flowered, erect, often opposite ; peduncles half as long as the leaves ; segments 
 of the corolla reddish-purple ; hoods of the crown flesh-color, entire, about as 
 long as the subulate, incurved horns. A common species, 2—3 ft. high, in wet 
 grounds. It occurs with broader leaves, more or less pubescent, which is the 
 var. piilchra-. July— Aug. 
 
 * * Leaves mostly not opposite. 
 
 5. A. quadrifolia. Four-leaved Milkweed. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, slender, simple ; leaves ovate, sometimes ovate-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, petiolate, smooth and thin, mostly in whorls of 4 ; others oppo- 
 site; umbels few, loose, on long, axillary or terminal peduncles ; pedicels fili- 
 form, marked with a pubescent line ; segments of the corolla white, tinged 
 with pink ; hoods of the crown white, 2-toothed ; horn stout and thick. A very 
 delicate and elegant species, 1—2 ft high, not uncommon In dry woods. July. 
 
 6. A. verticillata. Whorled Milkweed. 
 
 Nearly smooth ; stem erect or decumbent at base, branching above, marked 
 with lines of minute hairs, leafy ; leaves narrow-linear, revolute on the margin, 
 paler beneath, in numerous whorls of 5 or 6; umbels few, small, arising from 
 the upper whorls, on peduncles as long as the leaves; segments of the corolla 
 ovate, greenish-white ; hoods of the crown white, hardly half as long as the 
 arching horns; iwds very smooth. An elegant species,! — 2 ft high, marked 
 by its abundant, narrow leaves in numerous whorls. Common on dry hills in 
 some districts, especially Southern N. Eng. July — Sep. 
 
 7. A. tuber6sa. Butterfly-weed. 
 
 stems erect, ascending, clustered, hairy, leafy, with divaricate branches at 
 top ; leaves scattered, oblong-lanceolate ranging to almost linear, entire, sessile, 
 or the lower ones shortly-petioled, hairy, obtuse %t base ; umbels numerous, on 
 short peduncles, forming a large, terminal, showy corymb ; flowers numerous, 
 bright orange; segments of the corolla greenish-yellow; hoods of the crown 
 narrow-oblong, bright orange; horns slender, nearly erect ; pods clothed with 
 minute down. A very splendid species, not uncommon in dry, sandy soils. 
 The thick, fleshy root sends up a cluster of erect stems, which are often stained 
 with purple, 2 ft high. July—Sept. 
 
 Order XCI. Oledceae. — Olive-tribe, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 * FloTivers alirays perfect and. complete* 
 
 1. SyrSnga. Calyx minute, with 4 erect teeth. Corolla salver-form, with a 
 long tube. 
 
 2. LiGusTRUM. Calyx tubular, with 4 minute teeth. Corolla funnel-form, 
 with a short tube. 
 
 8. CiiiONANTuus. Corolla consisting of 4 very long, linear, scarcely united 
 petals. 
 
 ** Flowers pol^^jLTamous or dioecious. 
 
 4. Fraxinus. Petals mostly none. Trees with pinnate leaves. Fruit a 
 samara. 
 
 1. SYKfNGA. 
 Calyx small, ^with 4 erect lobes. Corolla salver-form ; tube 
 much longer than the calyx-limb, 4-cleft, with obtuse, spreading 
 segments. Stamens short, included in the tube. Capsule 2- 
 celled, 2-valved. Shrubs. 
 
 1. S. vulgaris. Lilac. 
 
 Leaves cordate, entire, smooth, green on both sides; flowers light purple, 
 large, fragrant, in dense thyrses; corolla-limb somewhat concave. Avery or- 
 namental shrub, universally cultivated. Stem 5 — 8 ft higli, very bushy. There 
 are varieties with bluish-purple and white flowers. April — May. 
 
 2. S. Persica. Persian Lilac. 
 
 Leaves smooth, lanceolate or pinnatifld, green on both sides ; flowers of a 
 lighter purple, and in smaller, looser thyrses than those of the last, fragrant ; 
 limb of the corolla flat A smaller and more delicate sljrub than the last, fre- 
 quent in cultivation, but not so common as S. vulgaris. Stem 8 — 6 ft. high. 
 April— May. 
 
 % LIGT^STRUM. 
 Calyx tubular, short, deciduous, with 4 minute teeth. Corolla 
 funnel-form, 4-lobed ; tube short ; lobes spreading, ovate, obtuse. 
 Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, included. Stigma 2-cleft. 
 Berry 2-celled, 2 — i-seedcd. 
 
 1. L. vulgare. Prim. 
 
 Shrubby; leaves oblong-lanceolate, varying to obovate, acute, or obtuse 
 entire, smooth, dark green, on short petioles; flowers small, white, in dense, 
 terminal, thyrsoid panicles; anthers large, exsert; berries black, bitter. A 
 smooth shrub, 4 — 6 ft high, with dark green leaves, which are mostly persist- 
 ent till late in the winter. It is frequently used for hedges in the vicinity of 
 cities, where It has become naturalized in thickets and road sides. May — Jv/ne. 
 
 8. CHIONANTIIITS. 
 Calyx very small, persistent, 4-parted. Corolla in 4 very 
 long and linear divisions, scarcely united at base. Stamens very 
 short, inserted at the base of the corolla. Style very short. 
 Drupe fleshy, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Trees. 
 
 1. C. Yirginica. Fringe-tree. 
 
 Leaves oval-oblong or obovate-lanceolate, smooth or somewhat downy, 
 petiolate, entire ; flowers snow-white, on long pedicels, in terminal and axillary 
 racemes, forming rather dense, drooping panicles; calyx smooth ; segments of 
 the corolla linear, acute, i' — J' long; drupes purple, covered with abloom. A 
 large shrub, or small tree, very ornamental in cultivation. Its snow-white 
 flowers are arranged in gracefully drooping panicles. May — June. 
 
 4. FElXINUS. 
 Flowers polygamous or dioecious, often perfect. Staminate 
 flowers — calyx small, 4-cleft, or "wanting; petals 4, commonly 
 ■wanting in the K American species ; stamens usually 2. Pistil- 
 late flowers — calyx and corolla as in the staminate ; style single ; 
 stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1 — 2-celled samara, flattened, winged at 
 apex, mostly 1-seeded by abortion. Zeaves pinnate. Trees. 
 
 1. F. Americana. Whize Ash. 
 
 Leaflets T — 9, petiolate, oblong or oblong-ovate, acuminate, entire or ob- 
 scurely toothed, glaucous beneath, mostly smooth, except on the veins; calyx 
 present; corolla wanting; fertile flowers in loose panicles; the barren in dense, 
 contracted ones ; samara obtuse, narrow, spatulate, with a long, tapering base. 
 A large and noble forest-tree of symmetrical growth. The trunk is covered 
 with gray, more or less furrowed bark, while the branchlets are smooth, with a 
 greenish-gray bark. Common every where in rich woods. April — May. 
 
190 OKDER XCn. AJRISTOLOCHIACEiE BIETHWOKT-FAH. OEDER XCH^ CHENOPODIACE^ GOOSEFOOT-TKIBE. 
 
 2. F. pubescens. Bed Ash. 
 
 Leaflets T— 9, petiolate, lanceolate or lance-OYate, acuminate, soft-downy be- 
 neath, as well as the petioles nnd young shoots; calyx present; corolla want- 
 ing; Inflorescence as in the last; samara rather more broaclly spatulate than in 
 the last, obtuse, usually abruptly tapering at base. A common tree in 
 Southern N. Eng. and New York, distinguished from the last by its downy 
 branchlets and the deep brown color of the older bark. April — May, 
 
 3. E. sambucifolia. Black Ash. 
 
 Leaflets 7 — 11, sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oyal-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 
 more or less hairy on the veins beneath, obliquely obtuse at base; calyx and 
 corolla both wanting; samara oblong, extremely obtuse at both ends. A tall, 
 Blender tree, with darker-colored bark than the first, and very tough and elastic 
 wood. The buds are of a deep blue color. This Ash is most common in the 
 extreme Northern parts of the U. S., where it is abundant in moist woods and 
 swamps. May. 
 
 SECTION III.— ap:6tal^. 
 
 Ordek XCII. Aristolochiacese. — Birthioort- 
 
 family. 
 
 1. ASAKUM. 
 Calyx canipanulate ; limb 3-cleft ; tube adherent to the ovary. 
 Stamens 12, inserted on the ovary. Anthers short, fixed to the 
 middle of the filaments. Style ' very short. Stigma 6-rayed. 
 Fruit globular, fleshy, 6-ceUed, cro-wned "with the calyx. Per. 
 
 1. A. Canadense. Wild Ginger. 
 
 Pubescent, stemless; leaves 2, broad-re ni form, large, on long, hairy petioles, 
 soft-downy; flowers solitary, large, nodding, on a downy pedicel proceeding 
 from between the 2 petioles, pressed close to the ground, sometimes just beneath 
 the surface ; calyx woolly; segments reflexed from the middle, brownish-pur- 
 ple within. A curious plant, common in some districts, in rich woods. The 
 rootstock is very aromatic. July. 
 
 Order XCIII. Phytolaccacese. — Poke-tribe. 
 
 1. PHYTOLACCA. 
 Calyx of 6 petaloid sepals. Stamens 5 — 30. Styles 5 — 12. 
 Ovary composed or 5 — 12 united carpels, forming a 5 — 12-celled, 
 half-globular berry. Cells 1-seeded. 
 
 1. P. decandra. Boke-weed. 
 
 Smooth; stem tall, terete, branching, changing at length to deep purple ; 
 leaves large, ovate, acute at both ends, petiolate, entire ; flowers greenish-white, 
 in long, cylindi-ical racemes, at first terminal, but at length opposite the leaves ; 
 stamens 10 ; styles 10 ; fruit globose, depressed, dark purple, juicy. A tall, 
 stout, poisonous plant, 6—8 ft. high, rising from a very large, branching, poi- 
 sonous root. July — Sep. 
 
 Order XCIV. 
 
 Clienopodiacese. — Goosefoot- 
 trihe. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 * Flo^vers all perfect. 
 
 1. 9alic6rnia. Stamens 1 — 2. Flowers in Ss. Leafless succulent plants. 
 
 2. Sals6la. Calyx at length with a horizontal wing on the back, forming a 
 border. Prickly, succulent plants, with subulate leaves. 
 
 3. Su^^DA. Calyx never winged on the back, succulent, inclosing the fruit 
 when mature. Fleshy plants, with linear leaves. 
 
 4. Cuenop6dium:. Calyx 5-parted, neither winged nor succulent in fruit. 
 Seeds lenticular, depressed. Leafy. Weeds. 
 
 5. Beta. Calyx 5-parted, fleshy, and inclosing the reniform seed when ma- 
 ture. Koot large and fleshy. 
 
 * * Flowers dioecious or polyg-anious. 
 
 6. Bpinacia. Flowers dioecious. Calyx of the fertile flowers 2 — i-cleft. 
 Styles capillary. 
 
 7. AoNiDA. FIowei-3 dio3cious. Calyx of the fertile flowers 3-parted. Stig- 
 mas 3-7-5, sessile, linear, revolute. 
 
 8. Ateiplex. Flowers monoecious and polygamous. Pistillate flowers des- 
 titute of a calyx. Styles 2, partly united. 
 
 1. SALIC6RNIA. 
 
 Flowers perfect, 3 together. Calyx small, turbinate, closed ; 
 
 margin toothed or incised. Stamens 1 — 2. Style 1. Utricle in 
 closed in the calyx, 1-seeded. Leafless, 
 
 1. S. herbacea. Samjphire. 
 
 stem erect or ascending, branching ; branches opposite, jointed, fleshy, green, 
 terminating in spikes ; joints thickened upward ; flowers small, sessile at the 
 joints of the stem, bearing branches, and forming a sort of spike. A leafless, 
 fleshy, branching plant, growing 6' — 12' high in salt marshes, along the coast and 
 
 near salt springs. Aug. An. 
 
 2. SALS6LA. 
 
 Flowers perfect, with 2 bracts at base. Calyx 6-parted, per- 
 sistent; segments horizontally winged on the back, inclosing the 
 depressed fruit at base, and crowning it with a broad, circular, 
 scarious border. Stamens mostly 5. Styles 2. Seeds horizontal. 
 Embryo spiral. 
 
 1. S. Kali. Saltwort. 
 
 stem decumbent, diffnsely branching, herbaceous ; leaves alternate, subulate, 
 sessile, channelled, terminating in a sharp prickle ; flowers single, green, succu- 
 lent, sessile, bracted at base ; calyx-lobes converging, and forming a sort of beak 
 to the inclosed utricle. A very prickly, busby, spreading plant, common on 
 sandy shores. Stem 1—2 ft. high. Aug. An. 
 
 8. suJ:da. 
 Flowers perfect. Calyic urceolate, 5-parted ; segments at 
 length succulent and inclosing the depressed fruit. Stamens 5. 
 Style 1. Stigmas 2 — 0. Embryo spiral. An. 
 
 1. S. maritima. Sea Goosefoot. 
 
 Smooth; stem mostly erect, branching; leaves sessile, linear or subulate, 
 fleshy, semi-cylindrical, somewhat acute ; flowers 2 — 3 together, in sessile, axil- 
 lary clusters, greenish ; bractlets minute; calyx inflated in fruit; utricle thin 
 and almost transparent, containing a black, shining seed. A weed of the salt 
 marshes. Stem 1 — 2 ft. high. Aitg. 
 
 4, CHEN0P6DIUM. 
 Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 5-parted, at length dry, par- 
 tially enveloping the fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Utricle mem- 
 branaceous. Seed lenticular. An. 
 
 1. C. album. 
 
 Bigweed. 
 
 Smooth; stem erect, branching; leaves rhomboid- ovate, coarsely toothed, 
 
 entire at base, pale green, petiolate, white and mealy beneath; uppermost en- 
 tire; flowers greenish, mealy, sessile, in irregular spikes, forming large, termi- 
 nal panicles. A very common and homely weed, 2 — 5 ft. high, in waste grounds. 
 Jtdy — iSep. An. 
 
 2. C. hybridum. 
 
 Tall Bigweed. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, slender, very branching ; leaves ovate, cordate at base, 
 acuminate, angular, with a few large, remote teeth, light green on both sides; 
 flowers greenish, sessile, in divaricate racemes, which are loosely arranged in a 
 terminal, leafless panicle. The flowers have a very unpleasant odor. A com- 
 mon weed in waste grounds. Stem 2 — 3 ft. high. Jitly — Aug. 
 
 3. C. Botrys. Oak of Jerusalem. 
 
 Viscid-pubescent; stem exceedingly branching; leaves oblong, obtuse, sinu- 
 ate ; upper ones spatulate-lanceolate ; flowers green, numerous, fragrant, in short, 
 leafless racemes, arranged In large, terminal and lateral panicles, of which t-tw 
 terminal is much the tallest A fragrant species sometimes cultivated, growing 
 in dry fields and along road-sides. Stem 1 — 3 ft. high. July — Aug. 
 5. BilTA. 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx of 5 sepals. Stamens 5. Styles 2, 
 very short, erect. Stigmas acute. Seeds reniform, inclosed in 
 the fleshy calyx. Bien. 
 
 1, B. vulgaris. Common Beet. 
 
 stem erect, branching, furrowed; leaves alternate, nearly entire ; lower ones 
 ovate, upper narrower; flowers green, in dense, axillary, sessile clusters, arrang- 
 ed in spikes, forming terminal^anicles ; root flesliy. The common beet is cul- 
 tivated every where for culinary purposes. The roots are of various shades of 
 red, yellow and white. -4wfir. 
 
 6. SPINACIA. 
 
 Flowers dioecious. Barren flowers — calyx 5-cleft; stamens 5. 
 Fertile flowers — calyx 2 — 4-cleft. Styles 4, capillary. Utricle 
 contained in the hardened and sometimes spiny calyx. An. 
 
OEDEE XCV. AMAEANTHACEiE AMAEANTH-FAM. OEDEE XOVH. POLYGONACEiE BUOKWHEAT-TEIBE. 191 
 
 1. S. oleraoea. Spinage. 
 
 stem erect, branching; leaves hastate-lanceolate, tapering at base, on long 
 petioles ; flowers greenish ; barren in a terminal panicle ; fertile in dense, sessile, 
 axillary racemes ; fruit sessile, prickly, or unarmed. A common plant in kitchen 
 gardens. Stem 1—2 ft. high. June— July. 
 
 7. ACNtDA, 
 Flowers dioecious. Barren flowers — calyx 5-parted ; stamens 
 6. Fertile flowers — calyx 3-parted ; stigmas 3 — 5, sessile, linear, 
 revolute ; ovary 3 — 5-angled. Utricle 1-seeded. An. 
 
 1. A. cannabina. Water Hemp. 
 
 stem erect, branching, farrowed, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a 
 long point, attenuate at base, petlolate ; flowers small, greenish, sessile in clus- 
 ters, forming crowded, axillary and terminal spikes, or panicles ; fruit smooth, 
 with acute angles. A common, homely plant. In salt marshes ; rare in inland 
 Bwamps. stem 2—3 ft. high. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 8. ITEIPLEX. 
 Flowers polygamous, the barren and fertile mostly on the same 
 plant. Staminate and perfect flowers bractless ; calyx 3 — 5-part- 
 ed; stamens 3 — 5; style, when present, 2-parted. Pistillate flow- 
 ers furnished with 2 bracts, but destitute of a calyx ; styles 2, 
 partly united. Utricle depressed, inclosed in the bracts. Leaves 
 alternate. An. 
 
 1. A. hortensis. Garden Or ache. 
 
 stem erect, branching, herbaceous ; leaves triangular, dentate, of the same 
 color on both sides, quite variable in shape ; flowers green, in dense clusters. 
 forming an interrupted, terminal spike ; calyx of the fruit ovate, reticulate, en- 
 tire. Occasionally found in cultivated ground, and sometimes grown as a pot- 
 herb, stem 2—3 ft. high. July. 
 
 2. A. patula. 
 
 Spreading Orache. 
 
 stem procumbent, very branching ; leaves triangular-hastate, or sinuately 
 toothed, acuminate, of a thickish texture ; upper ones lanceolate; bracts of the 
 fertile flowers rhombic, acute, studded with tuberculous points on their upper 
 surface; flowers greenish, in dense clusters, arranged in long, axillary and ter- 
 minal, interrupted spikes. A common weed in salt marshes. Stem 1 — 2 ft. 
 long. Aug. An. 
 
 Order XCV. Amaranthdcese. — -Ama/ranth- 
 famiVy. 
 
 1. AMAElNTHUS. 
 Flowers monoecious or polygamous, sometimes dioecious, with 
 3 bracts. Sepals 3 — 5, mostly colored, persistent. Stamens 3 — 
 6. Styles 2 — 3, sometimes 4, filiform. Utricle indehiscent, oir- 
 cumscissile, 1-seeded. An. 
 
 * Stamens 8. 
 
 1. A. albufc. White Coclc'scomb. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect or ascending, mostly branching, angular ; branches 
 spreading or horizontal ; leaves obovate, or oval-spatulate, entire, retuse, with a 
 mucronate point, light green, tapering at base, peliolate ; raraial leaves much 
 smaller ; flowers greenish, inconspicuous, in axillary clusters, furnished with 
 numerous lance-subulate bracts, tipped with bristles. A very common weed in 
 cultivated grounds. Stem 1—2 ft. high. July. 
 
 * * Stamens 5. 
 
 2. A. bybridus. Hybrid Amaranth. 
 
 Pubescent and somewhat rough ; stem erect, furrowed, simple or sparingly 
 branched; leaves alternate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, emarginate, 
 on long petioles ; flowers minute, green, at length dull red, in dense, crowded, 
 axillary and terminal spikes. The terminal spike is decompound ; butthe others 
 are mostly simple ; bracts subulate, longer than the flowers. A common weed 
 in wasta^nd cultivated grounds. Stem 1 — 5 ft. high. July—Oet. 
 
 3. A. hypooliondriacus. Princess' Feather. 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth ; stem erect, stout, simple or sparingly branched ; 
 leaves ovate, varying to oblong, entire, mucronate, green, spotted or tinged 
 with purple ; flowers minute, sessile, clustered in erect, compound spikes, deep 
 pnrpltsh-red; bracts subulate, of the same color. Common around gardens. 
 
 and often cultivated. The whole plant is more or less tinged with purple. 
 Stems 2 — 8 ft high, with long, plumose clusters. July— Sep. An. 
 
 4. A. melancbolicus. Love-lies-hleeding. 
 
 stem erect, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, colored; 
 flowers minute, in dense clusters, arranged in axillary, roundish, nodding, pe- 
 dunculate racemes. The whole plant is of a purple color. Stem 1 — 2 ft high 
 July— Aug. 
 
 2. GOMPHEENA. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Bracts 5, colored ; 3 outer carinate, conver- 
 ging. Sepals 6, hairy. Disk cylindric, 5-toothed. Stamens 5. 
 Stigma 1. Utricle circumseissile, 1-celled. An. 
 
 1. Gr. glob^sa. Globe Amaranth. 
 
 Stems erect, hairy, with opposite, axillary branches ; leaves opposite, ob- 
 tuse, pubescent; flowers purple, in dense, globose, solitary heads, furnished 
 with 2 leaves at base. A pretty annual, cultivated for its almost Imperishable 
 and fadeless heads of flowers. Stem 10'— 18' high. July — Sep. 
 
 3. CEL6SIA 
 Sepals 3 — 5, colored. Stamens 5, united at base by a plicate 
 disk. Style 2 — 3-cleft. Utricle circumseissile. An. 
 
 1. C. crist^ta. Coc¥s-com.b. 
 
 stem erect, mostly simple ; leaves ovate, acuminate, mostly alternate ; sti- 
 pules falcate, striate; flowers small, densely crowded, in large, compressed, 
 thin clustei-s, bright, purplish-red. The crests of flowers vary 2' — 8' in breadth. 
 Common in cultivation. The whole plant is bright-red ; but the large crests are 
 the most ornamental portions. Stem 1 — 2 ft. high. June — Sep. 
 
 Order XCVI. 
 
 Nyctagindcese. — Mii'ahili-s- 
 fainily. 
 
 1. MIEABILIS. 
 Calyx funnel-form with 2 bracts at base ; tube contracted, free 
 from the ovary; limb plaited, entire, deciduous. Stamens 6. 
 Style 1. Stigma globose. An. 
 
 1. M. Jalapa. Four o''clock. 
 
 stem erect, diohotomous, smooth ; leaves opposite, one of each pair smaller, 
 cordate, acuminate, smooth; flowers pedicellate, in axillary and terminal 
 clusters, large and fragrant; root large and tuberous. A common and very 
 showy plant, in cultivation. Stem 2—3 ft. high. Flowers usually purple, but 
 varying to white, yellow, red and variegated, opening about 4 p. m., and closing 
 by sunrise. June— Sep. 
 
 Order XCVII. 
 
 Polygonaceee.- 
 
 tribe. 
 
 -BuchwJieatr 
 
 1. EHilDM. 
 Calyx colored, of 6 sepals, persistent. Stamens 9. Styles 3. 
 Stigma many-parted, reflexed. Achenia 3-angled; angles winged. 
 Fer. 
 
 1. E. Rbaponticum. Garden Bhubarb. 
 
 stem erect, stout, fleshy, hollow; joints sheathed by large stipules; leaves 
 ovate, cordate, obtuse, smooth ; petioles rounded beneath, channelled above ; 
 flowers very numerous, greenish-white, in fasciculate clusters, arranged In 
 racemes, which form a large, terminal panicle, at first inclosed in a large, white, 
 membranous bract, which at length bursts and releases it. A very common 
 plant in gardens, cultivated for its large, acid petioles, which are used for pies, 
 tarts and sauces. Stem 3 — 6 ft. high. May. 
 
 2. POLYGONUM. 
 Calyx 4 — 6, mostly 5-parted; segments often pctaloid, per- 
 sistent, and inclosing the achenium. Stamens 4 — 9, mostly 8. 
 Styles 2 — 3, mostly 3, short, filiform. Achenium mostly triangular. 
 + Flowers axillary. Stems jointed. Stigmas 3. 
 
 1. P. aviculare. Knot-grass. 
 
 Smooth; stem procumbent, spreading, branching; branches ascending; 
 leaves oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, rough on the margin, acute, sessile, mostly 
 pale-green; stipules short, white, gashed ; flowers nearly sessile, 3— S togethei 
 
192 
 
 ORDER XOVn. POLYGONACE^ BUCKWHEAT-TRIBE. 
 
 In the axils of tbe leaves, greenish -white, sometimes reddish-white. A common 
 little weed, in waste grounds and along road-sides. Stems 4' — 10' long. Jane 
 
 ^iVb-o. An. 
 
 2. P. tenue. 
 
 Slender Knot-grass. 
 
 stem erect, slender, sparingly branched, acutely angled; leaves narrow- 
 linear, sessile, erect, very acute; stipules tubular, fringed ; flowers very small, 
 greenish-white, often solitary, nearly sessile ; stamens 5 — 8. A slender species, 
 4'— 12' high, not uncommon in dry, sandy soils. JuIt/ — Sep. An. 
 
 * * Flowers pedicellate, spicate^ arising from truncate bracts. 
 
 3. P. articulatum. Joint-weed. 
 
 stem erect, slender, branching; leaves linear -subulate, deciduous; flowers 
 in long, slender, panicled racemes, rose-color, solitary, nodding, un flliform pe- 
 duncles, proceeding from the imbricate, truncate bracts; stamens 8; styles 3 ; 
 fruit acutely triangular, smooth and shining. A singular little plant apparently 
 leafless, and covered with a profusion of small, rose-colored, nodding flowers. 
 Stem 4' — 12' high. Common in sandy soils near the sea-coast. Aug. An. 
 
 * * * Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes. Zea-ves lanceolate, varying 
 to ohovate. 
 
 4. P. Hydroplper. 
 
 Water-Pej}per. 
 
 Smooth; stem erector ascending, simple or branching; leaves lanceolate, 
 entire, acuminate, punctate with pellucid dots, waved and rough on the mar- 
 gin ; stipules inflated, fringed ; flowers pale greenish-white, in loose, interrupted, 
 elongated, nodding spikes ; stamens 6 — 8 ; styles 2 — 3, united at base ; fmit len- 
 ticular or triangular. A common plant, whose intense acridity is univei-sally 
 known. It grows in low grounds and damp situations generally. Stem 1—2 ft. 
 high. A ug. — Sep. 
 
 5. P. hydropiperoides. Mild Water-Fepper. 
 
 stem mostly smooth, erect or ascending, often decumbent and rooting at 
 base ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat hairy, or ciliate ; stipules hairy, long-fringed ; 
 flowers reddish, in slender, loose and weak spikes; stamens T — 8 ; styles 8, 
 miitcd below; fruit triangular. A species somewhat resembling the last, but 
 destitute of its acrid properties. Stem 1 — 2 ft. high. Swamps and low grounds. 
 July — Aug. Per. 
 
 6. P. Pennsylvanicum. Fennsylvanian Knot-grass. 
 
 Stem erect, branching, smooth below ; branches and peduncles more or less 
 covered with glandular hairs ; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, petiolate, 
 roQghish on the margin and mid-vein; stipules smooth, not ciliate; flowers 
 rose-colored, pedicellate, in oblong, nearly erect, crowded spikes; stamens 6 — 
 8 ; style 2-parted ; fmit lenticular. A common species in low, moist sitaatlons. 
 Stem 1—4 ft. high. Jiily^Oct. An. 
 
 7. P. Persicaria. Spotted Knot-weed, 
 
 stem erect, branching, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, petiolate, 
 entire, usually marked with a large, heart-shaped, brown spot near the centre ; 
 stipules fringed; flowers rose-color, in short, dense, oblong, terminal spikes; 
 peduncles generally smooth ; stamens mostly 6 ; styles 2, united nearly half 
 way. A common species in wet grounds and waste places, especially distin- 
 guished from the last by its spotted leaves and fringed stipules. Stem 1—3 ft 
 high. June — Aug. An. 
 
 8. P. orientale. Princeh Feather. 
 
 Stem tall, erect, branching, somewbHt liaiiy; leaves ovate, acuminate, pe- 
 tiolate ; upper stipules hairy, somewhat salvcr-form ; flowers largo, open, rose- 
 colored, in long, nodding, showy spikes ; calyx 5 pai'ted ; stamens T ; style 2- 
 cleft; fruit lenticular. A tall and very showy plant, 4— 8'ft high, frequently 
 found in waste grounds, and very often cultivated. Aug. An. 
 
 9. P. amphibium. AmpMhioiis Knot-weed. 
 
 stem ascending, prosh-ate, or decumbent at base, rooting at the lower joints ; 
 leaves ohlong-lanceoiate, or oblong, varying from acute to nearly obtuse, taper- 
 ing at base, or somewhat cordate ; flowers rose-color, in oblong or ovoid, dense, 
 terminal spikes ; stamens 5; styles 2 ; fruit flattened, smooth. A very variable 
 species, growing in and about ponds and stagnant water. There are two pfin- 
 cipal varieties. Var. aqudticum has long, jointed, rooting steins, creeping in 
 the mud, or floating in the water; leaves large, nearly obtuse, long-petioled. 
 Var. terrtstre grows around the borders of ponds, and has a more or less hairy 
 stem, erect or ascending, with acute leaves ; upper ones on very short petioles. 
 July —Aug. Per. 
 
 10. p. Virginianum. Virginian Knot- weed. 
 
 stem erect, simple, smooth below, slightly hairy above; leaves large, ovate, 
 or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, on short petioles, ciliate ; sti- 
 pules truncate, hairy, fringed; flowers small, greenish-white, remote, bracted, 
 in a long, slender, terminal spike, which sometimes has 1 — 2 short branches. 
 A common species in shady thickets, distinguished by its large, broad leaves, 
 and its very long and slender spike. Stem 2—3 ft. high, July— Aug. Per. 
 
 * * * * Flowers in somewhat capitate clusters or loose racemes. Leaves 
 
 cordate or sagittate. 
 
 11. P. sagittatum. Arrow-leaved Bindweed. 
 
 stem weak, ascending or prostrate, square, with the angles bristly backward ; 
 leaves sagittate, entire, acnte, with the mid-vein prickly beneath ; stipules 
 smooth ; flowers small, whitish, generally tinged with rose-color, in small, ter- 
 minal heads, on long, slender, smooth peduncles ; stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3; 
 fruit acutely 3-angled. A common rough species in wet grounds, supporting 
 itself on other plants by its prickly stem, which is 1-2 ft. long. June~-Aug. 
 An. 
 
 12. P. arifolium. Malbert-leaved Bindtveed. 
 
 Stem weak, ascending, 4-angled; angles prickly backward ; leaves hastate, 
 entire, acnminate, on long petioles ; flowers rose-colored, in few-flowered, loose, 
 slender racemes, terminating the branches; peduncles rough, with stiff, glandn- 
 lar hairs; calyx sometimes 4-parted ; stamens 6 ; styles 2; fruit lenticular. A 
 prickly species, like the last, supporting itself by its prickles. Low grounds. 
 N"ot uncommon. Stem 1—2 ft. high. Aug. An. 
 
 13. P. Convolvulus. Black Bindweed. 
 
 Stem angular, twining or prostrate, somewhat rough, naked at the joints; 
 leaves petiolate, hastate, cordate at base, acute, entire; stipules nearly entire; 
 flowers greenish -white, sometimes tinged with purple, pedicellate, in clusters of 
 3 — 4, nodding in fruit, forming small, interrupted racemes; outer calyx-lobes 
 earinate; stamens 8; styles 3; fruit mostly smooth, triangular. A homely 
 weed in cultivated grounds. Stem 1 — 5 ft. long. Jxme — Sept. An. 
 
 14. P. cilinode. Fringed Bindweed. 
 
 Slightly pubescent ; stems climbing and twining ; leaves somewhat hastate, 
 cordate at base, acuminate ; stipules fringed at base with reflexed hairs ; flowers 
 greenish -white, in panicled racemes; calyx -lobes scarcely earinate ; fruit smoott 
 and shining, triangular. A climbing species, distinguished by the fringed joint,' 
 Stems 3—10 ft. long. Thickets and rocky hills. July—Sept. An. 
 
 15. P. Fagopyrum. Buckwheat. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, branching ; leaves sagittate or hastate, cordate at has^i 
 generally approaching to triangular in outline; stipules semi-cylindrical; flow 
 ers white, often greenish or tinged with rose-color, in corymbose racemes, oi 
 panicles; stamens 8; styles 8 ; fruit longer than the calyx. A very common 
 grain, which remains in fields as a weed, where it haa been cultivated. Tli& 
 flowers are furnished with 8 yellow nectaries alternating with the stamens, 
 which are very attractive to the bees. Stem 2 ft high. An. 
 
 3. EtTMEX. 
 Calyx persistent. Sepals 6 ; 3 outer united at base, spi'eading 
 in fruit; 3 inner often bearing granules. Stamens 6. Styles 3. 
 Stigmas many-cleft, forming a tuft. Achenium 3-angled, covered 
 by the converging, valve-like, inner sepals. 
 
 * Floioers mostly perfect ; some or all of the inner sepals J)ea7njig granules. 
 
 t Leaves lanceolate^ acute at both endA. 
 
 1. R. verticillatus. Swamp Dock. 
 
 stem erect, sparingly branched above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, 
 acute, pale green, long and narrow ; flowers in crowded whorls, forming long, 
 nearly leafless racemes ; pedicels dilated above, reflexed in fruit, several times 
 longer than the calyx valves, strongly reticulate, somewhat obtuse, all bearing 
 large granules. An aquatic species, most common in the northern districts of 
 N. Eng. and N. York, distinguished by its long, narrow leaves, and almost leaf- 
 less racemes, stem 2— 8 ft high. Muddy grounds. Ju-Jte. Per. 
 
 2. R. Hydrolapathum. Great Water-Dock. 
 
 stem tall, stout, branching; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, wavy on the 
 margin, on flat petioles; flowers greenish, on capillary pedicels, nodding, in 
 whorls, forming upright racemes, the whole combined in a large, compound 
 terminal, and nearly leafless panicle; calyx-valves ovate, obtuse, all beai-ini> 
 granules. A stout aquatic species, 5—6 ft high, in wet places, and, like the 
 
ORDER XCVm. LAUEACE^ — ^LATJEEL-TEIBE. OEUEE Cm. ULMACE^ — ELM-TEIBE. 
 
 193 
 
 last, more common ia the Northern districts. The lower leaves are often a 
 foot long, and 8'— 4' broad. July. 
 
 1 1 Lfiirc^ more or less cordate at hase. 
 
 3. R. obtusifulius. Broad-leaved Dock. 
 
 Btein erect, stout, somewhat rough, branching; lower leaves ovate, obtuse, 
 cordate at base, waved and crenate on the margin, slightly hairy on the veins 
 beneath ; upper onesoblong-lanceolate, acute; flowers in loose, distant whorls, 
 forming long, nearly naked racemes; valves sharply toothed at base, usually 
 only one of them bearing a granule. A common and troublesome weed in 
 waste and cultivated grounds. Tlie root leaves are very large, often with red 
 veins and stalks. Btem 2 — i ft high. July. 
 
 4. R, crispus. Yellow Dock. 
 
 Smooth ; stem erect, branching; leaves lanceolate, acute, strongly waved on 
 the margin ; lower ones rounded or cordate at base ; flowers in numerous 
 whorlR, arranged in crowded racemes, interrupted below, leafless above, forming 
 a large, terminal panicle; valves broad-cordate, nearly entire at base, all usually 
 bearing granules. Koot yellow, spindle-shaped. A troublesome weed in culti- 
 vated grounds. Stem 2—3 ft high. June—Jaly. Per. 
 
 * * Flowers dioecious. Inner sepals witJiout granules. 
 
 5. R. acetos611a. Sheep Sorrel. 
 
 stem erect, leafy, branching; leaves lanceolate-hastate; upper ones lanceo- 
 late; all entire, petiolate, very acid to the tasfo; flowers small, greenish at first 
 but soon tinged with a dull red, in slender, leafless racemes, forming a terminal 
 panicle; anthers of the barren flowera yellow; valves ovate. A common weed, 
 3' — 8' high, in dry, sandy soils. Its acid leaves are well known. May — Oct. 
 
 Order XCVIIL Lauracese. — Laurelrtribe. 
 
 1. SASSAFRAS. 
 Flowers dioecious. Calyx spreading, colored, 6-parted. Bar- 
 ren flowers "with 9 stamens, in 3 rows; inner row with a pair of 
 pedicellate glands at base of each stamen. Anthers opening by 
 4 valves. Fertile flowers with 6 short, rudimentary stamens. 
 Style filiform. Ovary ovoid, 1-seeded. Trees. 
 
 1. S. officinale. Sassafras. 
 
 Leaves ovate, entire, or 3-lobed, and tapering at base, alternate, petiolate. 
 nmcilaginous, as also the young shoots, covered when young, as also the buds, 
 with r. soft, silky down ; flowers greenish -yellow, in pedunculate clusters, ap- 
 pearing before the leaves ; drupes dark blue, on a red stalk. A common, small 
 tree, 20 — 40 ft high, distinguished by the spicy flavor of its inner bark, espe- 
 cially that of the root. 'Woodlands. April— May. 
 
 2. BENZOlN. 
 
 Flowers dicecionsly polygamous. Calyx 6-parted, open. 
 Sterile flowers with 9 stamens in 3 rows ; the 3 inner ones with 
 a pair of opposite, pedicellate glands at base. Anthers 2-eelled, 
 2-valved. Fertile flowers with 15 — 18 rudimentary stamens. 
 Ovary globular. Drupe obovoid, 1-seeded. 
 
 1. B. odoriferum. Sjpice-hush, 
 
 Leaves oblong-obovate, entire, sessile, wedge-shaped at base, thin, paler 
 6eueath, nearly smooth ; flowers greenish-yellow, in compound, nearly sessile 
 clusters, appearing before the leaves ; pedicels scarcely as long as the flowers ; 
 calyx-teeth oblong; berries red. A shrub, 5—12 ft high, in moist woods. 
 The bark of the young branches has a pleasant aromatic flavor, resembling 
 that of gum Benzoin. April. 
 
 Oeder XCIX. 
 
 ThymeMcese- 
 family. 
 
 -Mezereum- 
 
 1. DlECA 
 Calyx petaloid, tubular, truncate ; margin waved, or obscure- 
 ly 4-lobed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted in the calyx- 
 tube, much exsert ; alternate ones longer. Style filiform. Stig- 
 ma capitate. Drupe oval, 1-seeded. 
 25 
 
 1. D. palastris. Leather-wood. 
 
 Shrubby; stem very branching; leaves oblong-obovate or obovate. entire, 
 alternate, on short petioles, paler beneath ; flowers appearing before the leaves, 
 pale yellow, rather small, fannel-form, 2—8 together, projecting from an invo- 
 hicre consisting of large, brownish, hairy scales ; berry oval, small, reddish. A 
 low shrub of irregular, straggling growth, 8—6 ft. high; most common in 
 Northern N. Eng. and N. York, distinguished by the yellow flowers appearing 
 long before the leaves, and its extremely tough, grayish bark. Api-U—May. 
 
 2. DlPHNE. 
 Calyx 4-eleft, withering; limb spreading. Stamens 8, in- 
 cluded in the calyx-tube. Style 1. Drupe 1-seeded. Shrubs. 
 
 1. D. Mezereum. Mezereum. 
 
 Leaves deciduous, lanceolate, entire, sessile, In terminal tufts; flowers ses- 
 sile, in clusters of 3 — 4, proceeding from the lateral buds; calyx salver-form, 
 with ovate, spreading segments; stamens inserted in 2 rows near the top of the 
 tube, with short filaments; stigma sessile. A very beautiful exotic shrub, 
 whose pink flowers appear in great profusion as early as March. The bark, 
 and other parts, arc extremely acrid. Stem 1 — 8 ft high. 
 
 2. D. Laureola. Spurge Laurel. 
 
 Leaves evergreen. Lanceolate, smooth, acute, entire, nearly sessile ; flowers 
 in clnsters of about 5, proceeding from the lateral buds, greenish-yellow, fra- 
 grant. A handsome species, 4 — 5 ft. high, with fragrant flowers, and elegant, 
 evergreen foliage. March — April. 
 
 Order CI. 
 
 Santa] acea3. — SandaPivood- 
 family. 
 
 ]. COMlNDEA. 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx somewhat urceolate ; limb 4 — 6-part- 
 ed, with an adherent, 5-lobed disk. Stamens 4 — 5, opposite the 
 calyx-lobes, inserted on the disk alternately with its lobes. 
 Fruit dry, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. 
 
 1. C. umbellata. False Toad- flax. 
 
 Very smooth ; stem erect, slender, branching above ; leaves oblong or ob- 
 long-obovate, entire, alternate ; flowers small, greenish-white, in small clustered 
 umbels of 8 — 5, forming a kind of terminal corymb, each cluster with 4 decidu- 
 ous bracts; anthers connected with the opposite calyx-lobes by several yellow 
 threads. A low, smooth herb, 6' — 12' high ; common in diy and rocky grounds. 
 Jiitie. Per. , 
 
 2. NYSSA. 
 
 Flowers dioscious-polygamous. Barren flowers — calyx 5- 
 parted ; stamens 5 — 10, inserted on a glandular disk. Perfect, 
 or fertile flowers — calyx 6-parted ; tube adherent to the ovary ; 
 stamens 5, perfect or rudimentary; fruit an oval, berry-like 
 drupe. Nut 1-seeded. Trees. 
 
 1. N. multiflora. Gum-tree. 
 
 Leaves oval or obovate, acute at both ends, entire, hairy on the petiole and 
 mid-vein, of a thick and firm consistence, afid a deep and shining green ; flow- 
 ers greenish, small, in 8— 6-flowered clusters, on long, branching peduncles; 
 fertile peduncles mostly 3-fiowered ; drupes oval, deep blue. A common tree 
 of middling size, growing In swamps and low grounds, distinguished by the 
 thick, shining leaves and horizontal branches. The wood Is tough and white 
 and almost impossible to spUt June. 
 
 Order CIII. Ulmacese. — Elm-Vrihe. 
 
 1. liXMUS. 
 Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 4 — 
 9-cleft. Stamens 4 — 9. Filaments fiUforra. Styles 2. Ovaries 
 flat, compressed. Fruit a flat samara with a winged margin, by 
 abortion 1-oelled, 1-seeded. Trees. 
 
 1. U. Americana. Elm. 
 
 Young branches nearly smooth ; leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate, doubly 
 serrate, smooth above, pubescent beneath, oblique, rounded or cordate at basa 
 
191 OKDER CIV. SAURURACIi.E LIZARD -TAIL-FAMILY. ORDER CVIII. EUPHORBIACEJi; — SPURGE-FAMILY. 
 
 (narked with regular and prominent veins, on short petioles; ilowers small, 
 purplish, pedicellate, in lateral clusters, appearing before the loaves ; fruit oval, 
 fringed with dense down. A well-known tree, of large size and very beautiful 
 growth, distinguished by its long, pendulous branches Tery common both in 
 woods and open fielda April. 
 
 2. U. fulva. Slippery Mm. 
 
 Young branches rough-pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely 
 oblique at base, unequally and doubly serrate, pubescent and very rough on 
 both sides; buds covered with a rust-colored down ; flowers nearly sessile, in 
 dense clusters at the ends of the branclilets ; calyx hairy ; stamens much ex- 
 sert, reddish, usually 7; fruit nearly orbicular, naked on the margin. A 
 smaller species, not as common as the last, but frequent In rich, rocky woods. 
 The mucilaginous quality of the inner bark, giving it its common name, is well 
 known. An. 
 
 3, U. racemosa, Co7-h Elm. 
 
 Leaves ovate, varying to oblong-obovate, acuminate, obliquely cordate at 
 base, doubly serrate, smooth above, somewhat pubescent beneath ; flowers pe- 
 dicellate, in clusters of 2 — 5, arranged in compound racemes ; fruit elliptical, 
 pubescent, fringed on the margin with down. A large species, distinguished 
 from the others by the numerous corky excrescences, and the corky ridges of 
 the branches and downy branchlets. Not uncommon in "Western N. Eng. and 
 In N. York. April. 
 
 2. C:feLTlS. 
 Flowers monoecions -polygamous. Calyx 5 — 6-parted, persistent. 
 Stamens 5 — 6. Stigmas 2, long, recurved. Drupe globular, 1- 
 seedeJ. Trees or Shrahs. 
 
 1. C. occidentalis. Hachherry. 
 
 Leaves ovate, entire, oblique at base, with a long, fine -acuminate point, 
 rough above, rough -pubescent beneath, often cordate or half-cordate at base ; 
 flowers small, greenish -white, axillary, solitary or in pairs, pedunculate, appear- 
 ing at the same time as the leaves; lower ones usually with only stamens; 
 fruit globular, with a thin, sweet flesh, small, diill red. In growth resembling 
 an Elm, and ranging in size from a small tree to one of considerable height. 
 Not uncommon in Northern or Eastern N. Eng., and becoming more abundant 
 Westward and Southward. May. 
 
 Oedee civ. 
 
 Saururaceae. — Lizard-tail- 
 family. 
 
 1. SAUEtTEUS. 
 
 . Flowers perfect. Stamens 6—8, or more, with long filaments. 
 Fruit compressed, of 3 — 4 pistils united at base, with recurved 
 etigmas. Ovaries mostly 1-seeded. 
 
 1. S. oernuus. lAzard? s-tail. 
 
 Stem erect, weak, angled ; leaves cordate, acuminate, petiolate ; flowers very 
 numerous, sessile, white, in long, slender, plume-like, naked, pedunculate spikes, 
 nodding near the top, consisting simply of the long stamens, the ovaries, and 
 the white, tuhular scales. An elegant plant in marshes, distinguished by its 
 long, nodding plume of white flowers. Most common in Western N. Tork. 
 July — Aug. Per, 
 
 Okdek CVI. 
 
 Callitricli aceae. — Starwort- 
 family. 
 
 1. OALLITEtCHE. 
 
 Flowers polygamous. Stamens solitary, in the sterile flowers 
 between the bracts, in the fertile between the pistil and sterile 
 filaments, filiform. Anther cordate. Styles 2. Achenium inde- 
 hiscent, 4-lobed, 4-celled. 
 
 1. C. verna. Water Cliichivced. 
 
 Floating; stems capillary, grooving in tufts; leaves 3-nerved; upper ones 
 oblong-spatulate, or obloog-ovate, arranged in a stellate cluster at top ; lower 
 ones linear; flowers minute, axillary ; bracts whitish; anthers exsert, yellow. 
 A very delicate little water-plant, growing in shallow ponds and in muddy 
 
 gTounds. The leaves vary to nearly linear. The stem, instead of floating 
 sometimes creeps along on the mud, bearing crowded, oblong leaves. April— 
 Aug. An. 
 
 Oeder CVIII. 
 
 Euphorbiacea3. — Spurge- 
 faimly. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 * Apparent flowers containing' botU stamens and 
 pistils. 
 
 1. EupniEBiA, Barren flowers numerous, each consisting of a single sta- 
 men, surrounding the pedicellate, perfect flower, and inclosed in a common in- 
 volucre, 
 
 * * Stamens and pistils in separate flo^vers ou tlie 
 same plant* 
 
 2. AoALYPHA. Calyx of the barren flowers 3 — 4-parted. Capsule smooth. 
 Low weeds. 
 
 3. EiciNUS. Barren flowers with a 5-parted calyx. Petals none. Tall 
 annuals. 
 
 4. Btrxus. Barren flowers with a 3-leaved calyx; petals 2; stamens 4. 
 Fertile flowers with a 4-leaved calyx ; petals 8. Evergreen shrubs. 
 
 1. EUPH6KBIA. 
 Flowers moncecious, in a eubcampanulate, usually petaloid, 
 4 — 5-parted involucre. Sterile flowers numerous, included with- 
 in the involucre, consisting of a single stamen on a jointed pedi- 
 cel, and furnished with a bract at base. Anthers composed of 2 
 separate, globular cells. Fertile flower solitary, in the centre, 
 pedicellate, finally much exsert, consisting of a 3-lobed, 3-celled 
 ovary, destitute of a calyx. Styles 3, each 2-parted. Capsule 
 consisting of 3 1-seeded carpels, opening each by 2 valves. 
 Herbs loith a milky juice. 
 
 * Heads offiowerii umbellate. Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. E. Ljlthyris. 
 
 Gaper Spurge. 
 
 Smooth; stem erect, stout, branching; leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat 
 acute, entire, sessile ; umbel usually with 4 dichotomous rays; leaves of the in- 
 volucre oblong-ovate, cordate at base, acuminate ; fruit and seeds smooth. A 
 tall species, common in gardens, and sometimes springing up in waste grounds. 
 Stem2— 3 ft. high. JulySep. Sien. 
 
 * * Heads of flowers in axillary and terminal clusters. 
 
 2. E. hyperlcifolia. Spurge. 
 
 Stem smooth, nearly erect, with spreading branches ; leaves opposite, oval- 
 oblong, or oblong-ovate, serrate, ciliatc, obliquely cordate at base, 3 — 5-nerved 
 beneath, often with oblong purple spots; heads whitish, in axillary and termi 
 nal clusters, forming a sort of terminal corymb. A slender weed-like plant, 8' 
 —15' high, common in waste and cultivated grounds. July— Aug. An. 
 
 3. E. maculata. 
 
 Spotted Spurge. 
 
 Mostly hairy ; stem prostrate, diffusely branching ; leaves oval, sessile, ser- 
 rulate, smoothish above, pale and hairy beneath, often with large, purple spots 
 above, short-petiolate ; heads of flowers in axillary clusters, minute, whitish. 
 A prostrate species, forming flat patches. The stem and leaves abound in the 
 milky juice of the genus. Common in cultivated grounds. Jime — Sep. An. 
 
 4. E. polygouifulia. Sea Spurge. 
 
 Very smooth ; stem prostrate, very branching ; leaves narrow-oblong, ol» 
 tuse at base, entire, destitute of veins ; heads of flowers solitary in the axils of 
 the branches. A very smooth, glaucous, prostrate species, with abundant milky 
 juice. Tbo dichotomous stem is usually bright red. Common along sandy 
 sea-shores. July— Sept. An. 
 
 2. AClLYPHA. 
 Flowers monoecious. Barren flowers very small, crowded in 
 spikes; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 8 — 16, united at base. Fertile 
 flowers few, at the base of the barren spikes ; calyx 3-parted. 
 Styles 3, elongated, fringed. 
 
 1. A. Yirginica. Three-seeded Mercury. 
 
 More or less pubescent; stem erect or ascending, branching ; leaves ovate or 
 oblong-ovate, Ion g-p etiolate, serrate ; barren flowers in short axillary spikes, on 
 short peduncles ; pistillate flowers 1—3 together in the axils, pedicellate, each 
 enveloped in a large, leaf-like, broad, cordate-ovate, unequally lobed and toothed, 
 acuminate bract, which is longer than the barren spike. A common weed in 
 cultivated grounds. Stem 6'-^15' high. Aug. An. 
 
OEDEE CX, JUGLAOTJAOEJi: WALNUT-TEIBE. OEDEE CXI. gUPULIFEE^ — OAK-TEIBE. 
 
 19£ 
 
 8. EtClNUS. 
 Flowers moncecious. Barren flowers — calyx 5-parted; sta- 
 mens numerous. Fertile flowers — calyx 3-parted ; styles 3, each 
 2-parted. Capsule prickly, 3-eelled, 3-seeded. An. 
 
 1. E. commnnis. Gastoroil Plant. 
 
 Herbaceous ; stem erect, branching, glaucous or white, and mealy in appear- 
 ance ; leaves peltate, palmate, with the lobes lanceolate, serrate, on long pe- 
 tioles ; fruit pricltly. A tall, stout annual, of a very peculiar, light sea-green 
 color. Cultivated for the oil expressed from its seeds. Stem 6—3 ft high, with 
 very large leaves. July — Aug. 
 
 4. BtXVS. 
 Flowers monoecious. Barren flowers — calyx S-leayed ; petals 
 2 ; stamens 4, with a rudimental ovary. Fertile flowers — calyx 
 4-leaved; petals 3. Styles 3. Capsule 3-beaked, 3-celled, 2- 
 seeded. Shrubs. 
 
 1. B. sempervirens. Box. 
 
 Evergreen ; leaves opposite, ovate or obovate, entire, dark green, the peti- 
 oles hairy on the margin; anthers ovate-sagittate. The leaves- are sometimes 
 narrowly lanceolate. A dwarf variety used for edgings is much the most com- 
 mon. 
 
 Order OX. 
 
 Juglandaceae." 
 
 Walnut-tnbe. 
 
 1. JtTGLANS. 
 Barren flowers in long and simple aments ; calyx unequally 
 3 — 6-eleft; stamens 8 — tO, with very short filaments. Fertile 
 flowers soiitai-y, or several together ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla 4- 
 petaled ; stigmas 2. Fruit drupaceous, with a spongy, indehis- 
 cent epicarp, and a rugose, irregularly-furrowed endocarp. Trees. 
 
 1. J. cinerea. Butternut. 
 
 Leaves 15 — 19-foliatc ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, serrate, obtuse at base, acu- 
 minate, pubescent, especially beneath ; petioles and young branchlets clothed 
 with clammy haira ; fruit oblong, about 2' in length, clothed with a clammy pu- 
 bescence, tapering to an obtuse point; nut rough, with sharp, ragged ridges. A 
 liandsorae fbrest tree, whose edible kernel is well known. It is a moderately tail 
 tree, with grayish bark, and wide-spreading branches. April— May. 
 
 2. J. nigra. Black Walnut. 
 
 Leaflets numerous, 15 — 21, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, serrate, some- 
 what cordate or oblique at base, smooth above, somewhat pubescent beneath, as 
 also the petioles; fruit globose, covered with rough dots; nuts marked with 
 rough ridges. A large and noble tree, with brownish bark, and deep, violet- 
 brown heart-wood, well known as a favorite material for furniture. Common 
 westward, but not in N. Eng. or Eastern N. York. May. 
 
 3. CARTA. 
 Barren flowers in slender aments, mostly 3 on one peduncle ; 
 calyx 3-parted ; stamens 3 — 8, nearly destitute of filaments. Fer- 
 tile flowers 2 — 3 together ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla none ; stigma 
 4-lobed. Fruit globular, inclosed in a 4-Talved epicarp, which is 
 at length leathery and opening, falls away when fully ripe. Nut 
 smooth, 4 — 6-angled. Trees. 
 
 1. C. 41ba. Shaghark. 
 
 Leaflets about 5, lanceolate-obovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 
 slightly pubescent beneath ; fruit globular, depressed at apex ; nut somewhat 
 compressed, covered with a thick epicarp, tapering abruptly at the end, thin- 
 shelled, with a large, oily, delicious kernelt A noble tree, common iu woods, 
 and distinguished by the roughness of its old trunks caused by the bark scal- 
 ing off in long plates or strips, which adhere by the middle. The wood 
 makes very valuable timber and the best of fuel. May. 
 
 2. C. tomentosa. Thick-shelled Walnut. 
 
 Leaflets T — 9, oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat 
 serrate, pubescent beneath and on the petioles ; aments hairy ; fruit between 
 ovoid and globose ; epicarp thick and almost woody ; nut marked with about 6 
 angles, with a well-flav^ed kernel which is, however, small, and difficult to 
 obtain, on account of the great hardness and thickness of the shell. A tall tree, 
 distinguished from the last by the more numerous and pubescent leaflets, and 
 the 6-angled and mostly brownish nut May. 
 
 3. C. glabra. Pig-nut. 
 
 Leaflets 5—7, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, mostly smooth, acumi- 
 nate ; fruit obovate or pyrform, with » thin, dry epicarp, opening not mora 
 than half way ; nut small, extremely hard, with a thickish shell, and a small, 
 insipid, and sometimes bitterish kernel. A tall tree, with ridged, but scarcely 
 scaly bark, and very tough wood. Common in woods. May. 
 
 4. C. amara. Hickory. 
 
 Leaflets 7—11, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, smooth ; fruit globular, 
 with a very thin and soft epicarp or husk, opening half way down ; nut obcor- 
 date, with a very thin shell, capable of being crushed by the flngers ; kernel 
 very bitter. Atall and graceful tree, with the bark of the trunk broken into 
 ridges, but not scaly ; smooth and unbroken above. The young branches are 
 covered with a very smooth, yellowish bark. Common in rich woods. May. 
 
 Order CXI. Cupuliferse. — OcikrWibe. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OP THE GENEEA. 
 
 * IVuts iuclosed in a prickly invalucre< 
 
 2. Castanba. Barren flowers in cylindrical aments. Fertile flowers 3, in 
 a single involucre. Nuts somewhat ovoid, with convex or flattened sides. 
 
 8. Fi-Gns. Barren flowers in a globose ament, on a iong peduncle. Fertilti 
 flowers 2 in a single involucre. Nuts S-angled. 
 
 ** Nuts not inclosed in a prickly involucre. 
 
 1. QuEEcns. Nut ovoid-cylindrical, partly enveloped in a nearly hemis- 
 pherical, scaly cup. 
 
 4. CuRYLUS. Nut ovoid, entirely inclosed in a thick, lacerated involucre. 
 Fertile flowers in capitate clusters. 
 
 5. OSTRTA. Fertile flowers in pairs, in loose aments, contained in a thin, in- 
 flated sac, which incloses the ripened nut 
 
 6. CarpInus. Fertile flowers in a loose ament, in alternate pairs, sessile at 
 the base of the leafy, persistent bracts, which, enlarged, bear the naked fruit at 
 base. 
 
 1. QUEECUS. 
 Barren flowers in loose, slender, nodding aments ; calyx 6 — 8- 
 parted ; stamens 6 — 12. Fertile flowers solitary or clustered ; 
 involucre or capsule cup-shaped, scaly ; ovary 3-celled, with 6 
 ovules; stigma 3-lobed. Nut 1-celled, 1-seedcd. 
 
 * Acorns ripening the first year. Lobes of tJie leaves not mucronate. 
 
 1. Q. dlba. White Oak. 
 
 Leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, smooth, paler, and glaucous beneath, and also 
 pubescent when young, light greeu above, deeply and smoothly 5— 7-lobed ; 
 lobes oblong or oblong-linear, obtuse, nearly entire ; fruit pedunculate ; cup 
 hemispherical, much shorter than the ovate acorn ; kernel sweetish, edible. A 
 large, tall, noble forest tree, common everywhere. The strength and durability 
 of the timber givea it great value. 
 
 2. Q. bicolor. Swamp White Oak. 
 
 Leaves oblong-ovate, tapering and entire at base, white-downy underneath, 
 coarsely and minutely 8— 12-toothed, on short petioles ; teeth unequal, acutish ; 
 fruit mostly in pairs, on long peduncles; cup hemispherical, scarcely half as 
 long as the oblong-ovate acorn ; kernel sweet A tall, handsome tree, common 
 in swamps and low grounds, distinguished by its leaves, which are dark green 
 above and white-downy beneath. Mai/: 
 
 3. Q. montana. Mountain Oah. 
 
 Leaves broad-ovate, dentate, with broad, obtuse teeth nearly equal in length, 
 white-downy underneath, with short and yellowish petioles ; fruit on short pe- 
 duncles; cup hemispherical; acorn ovate. A middle sized tree, not uncommon 
 in rocky woods, distinguished by its leaves, which in color, texture, and the 
 evenness of their teeth, have some resemblance to those of the Chestnut May. 
 
 4. Q. prinoides. 
 
 .Dwarf Chestnut Oak. 
 
 Shrubby; leaves obovate or oblong-lanceolate, dentate, with coarse and 
 nearly equal teeth, downy beneath, on short petioles; fruit sessile, or on very 
 short peduncles; cup hemispherical; acom ovate; kernel sweet A dwarf 
 species, distinguished by its small size. Not uncommon in dry, sandy soils. 
 Stem 3—5 ft. high. May. 
 
 * * Fruit ripening tlie second year^ mostly sessile. Lobes of the leaves 
 nvucronate. 
 
 5. Q. rt\bra. Bed Oak. 
 
 Leaves smooth, oblong, paler beneath, sinuately T — 11-lobed ; lobes ppread- 
 ing, entire or dentate, acute, with narrow sinuses between ; cup very flat and 
 
196 
 
 ORDER CXn. MTRICAOE^ BAYBEKRY-TRIBE. 
 
 shallow, saucer- shaped, much shorter than the oblong-ovate acorn. A tall, 
 handsome tree, very common in forests every where. The wood is reddish antl 
 coarse-grained, chiefly valuable for fuel. The leaves turn red in autumn. May, 
 
 6. Q. coccinea. Scarlet Oalc. 
 
 Leaves oblong or oval in outline, smooth, deeply and sinnately 5 — 9-lobed, 
 bright-green on both sides, on long petioles ; lobes divaricate, sparingly toothed, 
 with broad, open, deep sinuses, which extend two-thirds to the mid-vein, or 
 further ; cups very scaly, somewhat turbinate, inclosing about ^ of the round- 
 ovate, acorn. A very large and handsome tree, of symmetrical growth, dis- 
 tinguished from the last especially by the smaller, bright-green leaves, which 
 are much more deeply lobed, and turn crimson in autumn. Mat/. 
 
 7. Q. tinetciria. Black Oak. 
 
 Leaves obovate or oblong-ovate, pubescent with rusty down beneath, at 
 length nearly smooth, sinnately lobedi lobes somewhat dentate, with shallow, 
 sometimes deep sinuses between ; cup deep, very scaly, inclosing about ^ of the 
 nearly globular acorn. A large tree, common in forests, distinguished by the 
 nearly black color of the bark, and by its yellow inner bark, which furnishes the 
 Quercitron of dyers. The leaves turn to a brownish-yellow iu autumn. May. 
 
 8. Q. ilicifolia. Scrub Oak. 
 
 Shrubby ; leaves obovate, cuneate at base, with S — 5 angular lobes, white- 
 downy beneath, on long petioles; cup turbinate, flattish ; acorn small, ovoid. 
 A shrub 4 — 8 ft high, of irregular, straggling growth, common in dry, sandy 
 soils. The barren flowers are of a reddish color. 3fat/. 
 
 2. castAnea. 
 Barren floorers in separate clustei's, arranged in long, cylindri- 
 cal aments; calyx 5 — 6 -parted ; perfect stamens 8 — 15. Fertile 
 flowers 2 — 3 together, inclosed in a prickly, 4-lobed involucre ; 
 calyx-border 5 — 6-lobed ; ovary 3 — 6-celled, with 10 — 15 ovules ; 
 styles 3 — 6 capillary ; nuts 2 — -3 together, inclosed in the en- 
 larged, thick, coriaceous involucre. Oltiejly trees. 
 
 1. C. vesca. Chestnut. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, marked with very prominent, straight 
 vein6, and coarse, mucronate teeth, smooth and green on both sides; sterile 
 aments long, pendulous, axillary at the extremities of the branches, with the 
 fertile flowers at base, yellowish-white, very abundant, appearing after the leaves 
 are full-grown ; nuts 2 — 3 together, of a peculiar, rich brown, hairy above, 
 flattened on the sides, inclosed in a green, very prickly, 4-parted involucre. A 
 very common forest tree, of large size and handsome growth. Thewoodishght 
 and elastic, but coarse-grained. July. 
 
 3. FAGUS. 
 Barren flowers in small, globose heads, on nodding peduncles ; 
 calyx campanulate, 5 — 6-cleft; stamens 5 — 12. Fertile flowers 
 mostly 2 together, inclosed within a prickly involucre, bracted at 
 base ; calyx with 4 — 5 subulate lobes ; ovary 3-ceUed ; cells 2- 
 ovuled ; styles 3, filiform. Kuts 1-seeded, acutely triangular, 2 
 together in the prickly, 4-lobed involucre. Trees. 
 
 1. F. ferruglnea. Beech. 
 
 Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminata, with distinct teeth, thin, marked by the 
 straight, prominent veins, softly pubescent and ciliate when young, at length 
 nearly or quite smooth, light green, withering and mostly persistent in the 
 winter; flowers appearing with the leaves; barren yellowish, soft-pubescent, 
 in little, globular clusters, on slender peduncles, 2' long; nuts usnally 2 to- 
 gether, dark brown, with an oily, sweet kernel. A handsome and very common 
 forest tree, distinguished by its smooth, undivided, light gray bark, and the 
 young shoots more or less pubescent with soft hairs. May. 
 
 4. C6ETLU3. 
 Barren flowers in long, drooping, cylindrical aments, each fur- 
 nished with a concave bract and a 2-parted caljrx, forming a 3- 
 lobed scale, to which the 8 stamens are afiixed ; anthers 1-celled. 
 Fertile flowers several together, in terminal and lateral heads ; 
 calyx none ; ovaries several, 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; stigmas 2, 
 fiiliform. Nut bony, ovoid, surrounded by the enlarged, leafy, 
 coriaceous involucre, consisting of 2 — 3 enlarged bracts, united 
 and tubular at base, more or less lobed or fringed at summit. 
 Shrubs, 
 
 1. C. Americana. Hazelnut. 
 
 Young branches glandular-pubescent* leaves cordate, rounded, acuminate, I 
 
 coarsely serrate ; aments appearing before the leaves ; stigmas of the fertiU 
 buds red, forming a little tuft at the top of the bud ; involucre somewhat cam- 
 panulate below, dilated, coarsely toothed and compressed above, glandnlar -pu- 
 bescent, twice as long as the globular nut. A very common shrub, 3 — S fL 
 
 high, growing in thickets, well-known fur its fine-flavored kernel. April. 
 
 2. C. rostrata. 
 
 Beaked Hazelnut. 
 
 Young branches smooth ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat cordate 
 at base, acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate ; flowers as in the last; in- 
 volucre-tube campanulate, contracted above the globular nut, and prolonged in- 
 to a strong, curved, tubular beak, which is 2-parted, fringed and covered with 
 stifi' bristles. A shrub resembling the last, but most obviously distinguished by 
 the involucres of the fruit, and the yonng branches, which are smooth. Stem 
 2—3 ft. high. Not uncommon along streams and moist thickets. May. 
 
 5. 6STEYA. 
 Barren flowers in drooping, cylindrical aments; stamens 8 — 
 12, furnished, with a roundish, ciliate bract, instead of a calyx; 
 anthers bearded at apex. Fertile flowers numerous, with small, 
 deciduous bracts in loose aments, each inclosed in an inflated, 
 membranous, sac-like involucre, which at length enlarging, 
 contains the ripened nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. 
 
 1, 0. Virginica. Iron-wood. 
 
 Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, sheathing and unequally serrate, 
 petiolate, somewhat pubescent; fertile aments pendulous, whitish, much re- 
 sembling a cluster of Hops; involucre-scales bristly at base. A small, slen- 
 der tree, with a finely furrowed bark, and very compact, tough wood. The 
 fertile aments when full grown are about 2' long, and quite showy. Common 
 in rich, moist woods. April — May. 
 
 6. CARFtNUS. 
 Barren flowers in drooping, cylindrical aments ; stamens 8 — 
 12, furnished with a roundish, entire, ciliate bract instead of a 
 calyx; filaments very short ; anthers bearded at apex. Fertile 
 flowers mostly in twos, each pair with a small, deciduous bract, 
 contained in a large, 3-lobed involucre, all arranged in a loose 
 ament, each flower with a 2-celled, 2-ovuled ovary, terminating 
 in 2 filiform stigmas. Kuts small, ovoid, furrowed, pedicellate, 
 each furnished with an enlai'ged, open, and leaf-like scale as an in- 
 volucre. Trees. 
 
 1. C. Americana. Hornbeam. 
 
 Leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acuminate, acutely and unequally serrate, pe- 
 tiolate; fruiting aments drooping, long, loose, with the dark-brown nuts ar- 
 ranged by twos, each with a large, S-lobed, light-green involucre ; middle seg- 
 ment of the involucre the longest. A small tree with smooth, light-gi*een hark, 
 and very compact, fine-grained, tough wood. Common along streams and in 
 low thickets. April — May. 
 
 Order CXII. Myricacese. — -Bayherry -tribe. 
 
 1. M'^EICA. 
 Flowers diceciotis. Barren on oblong, closely imbricated 
 aments, destitute of calyx, each contained in a scale-like bract; 
 stamens 2 — 8. Fertile flowers in ovoid aments, destitute of calyx, 
 each contained in a scale-like bract. Ovary solitary, with 2 fili- 
 form stigmas. Fruit a globular nut, covered with resinous scales. 
 Shrubs. 
 
 1. M. Gale. Sweet-gale. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, cuneate at base, serrate near the apex, on very short 
 petioles, appearing long after the fiowers. Barren aments clustered ; scales 
 ovate, cordate, acuminate, ciliate; fruit in dense, oblong heads. A low shrub 
 with a dark-brownish bark. The dark-green leaves, and the fruit when 
 crushed, have a pleasant, spicy odor. Shrub 3 — 1 ft. high. April. 
 
 2. M. cerifera. Bayherry. 
 
 Leaves smooth, oblong, tapering at base, entire, or with a very few remote 
 teeth toward the apex, petiolate, paler beneath, Phining green above, punctate 
 with resinous dots, just preceding the flowers; sterile aments scattered; nuts 
 more or less clustered, covered with wax. A low aftd very bi'anching shrub, 
 8— 7 ft. high, common in dry, sandy soils, in districts near the coast. The 
 leaves are fragrant, and the hard, globose fruit is covered with a coating of wax. 
 May. 
 
ORDER CXni. BETULACE^ BIRCH-FAMILY. ORDER CXIV. SALICACE^ WILLOW-TRIBE. 
 
 197 
 
 2. COMPTdNIA 
 Flowers moncecious. Barren flowers in cylindrical aments ; 
 bracts reniform, cordate, acuminate; stamens 3 — 6. Fertile 
 flowers in globular aments; calyx-acales 5 — 6, subulate, sur- 
 rounding the ovary. Styles 2. Nut ovoid, smooth, 1-celIed. 
 Shrubs. 
 
 1. C. asplenifolia. Sweet Fern. 
 
 Leaves linear or linear- lanceolate, pinnatiad with rounded segments, thin, 
 dai'k-green, numerous, on short petioles, fragrant; stipules semi-cordate, In 
 pairs, acuminate; barren aments erect, oblong; fertile, rounded burrs, situated 
 beneath the barren ; nut ovate, brown. A low shrub, 1—8 fL high, in dry 
 woods and and hill-sides. The bark is dark brown, and the young branches 
 are whitish pubescent. The fragrant leaves which follow the flowers some- 
 what resemble those of Ferns. April — May. 
 
 Order CXIIL Betulacese. — Birch-family. 
 
 1. BfiTULA. 
 Barren flowers in cylindric aments, each bract with 3 flowers, 
 each flower consisting of 4 stamens, and a calyx of 1 scale. Fer- 
 tile flowers in oblong-ovoid aments, 3 to each bract, with no calyx, 
 each consisting of an ovary with 2 filiform stigmas. Fruit com- 
 pressed and membraneous on the margin. Trees. 
 
 1. B. lenta. Black Birch. 
 
 Leaves ovate, serrate, cordate at base, acuminate, hairy on the veins be- 
 neath, as also the petioles ; fortilo aments oval, erect, somewhat hairy ; lobes of 
 the scales obtuse. A fine tree of rather large size, common in forests. The 
 young branches are dark brown, and the inner bark has a pleasant, aromatic 
 flavor. The bark of the trunk is dark brown, and the timber has a reddish 
 tinge, and is used for cabinet-work. AprU—May. 
 
 2. B. excelsa. Yellow Birch. 
 
 Leaves ovate, acute, tapering, but generally cordate at base, more or less 
 smooth, thin, unequally, coarsely and sharply serrate ; fertile aments oblong- 
 ovoid, erect; lobes of tlie calyx acute. A tall forest tree, most common in the 
 northern districts of X. Eng. and N. York. The young shoots are yellowish, 
 and somewhat aromatic, but less so than in the last The trunk is covered 
 with a thin, yellowish, silvery bark. April— May. 
 
 3. B. papyracea. Pajper Birch. 
 
 Leaves ovate, acuminate, mostly cordate or obtuse at base, doubly serrate, 
 dark green and smooth above, liairy on the veins beneath. A larae tree, almost 
 confined to the northern parts of N. Eng. andN. York. The white, tough bark 
 separates from the trunk in thin layers. April — May. 
 
 4. B. populifulia. White Birch. 
 
 Leaves deltoid, with a very long acuminate point, truncate or hearted at base, 
 smooth, and of a bright, shining green on both sides. A very slender and grace- 
 ful tree, common in rocky and hilly woods and thickets. The white bark rea- 
 dily separates from the trunk, but much less than in the last The branches are 
 very slender, dark brown, short and numerous. April — May. 
 
 2. ALNU3. 
 Barren flowers in long, cylindrical, nodding aments ; scales 3- 
 lobed, 3-flowered ; flowers with a 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens. 
 Fertile flowers in ovoid aments ; bracts fleshy, 2-flowered, 3-lobed; 
 calyx-scales 4, minute, cohering with the other scales of the 
 ament; all persistent. Shrubs. 
 
 1. A. incana. Hoary Alder. 
 
 Leaves broad-oval or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, sharply serrate, some- 
 times coarsely toothed, mostly white-downy underneath ; stipules oblong-lan- 
 ceolate; fertile aments oval ; ftuit orbicular. A common shrub, 8 — 15 ft high, 
 in thickets, along streams, and in low grounds. N. Eng., northward. March 
 — April. 
 
 2. A. serrulata. Common Alder. 
 
 Leaves obovate, acuminate, tapering at base, sharply and finely serrate, 
 smooth and green on both sides, somewhat pubescent on the veins beneath ; fer- 
 tile aments tfblong-oval ; firuit ovate. A very common shrub, 6—15 ft. high, in 
 low grounds and along streams, from N. Eng. southward. The barren aments 
 appear long before the leaves. March— April. 
 
 Order CXIV. Salicacese. — Willow4ribe. 
 1. sAlix 
 
 Aments cylindric; bracts entire, l-flowered. Barren flowers 
 — calyx none ; stamens 2 — 8, rarely 1, accompanied by glands. 
 Fertile flowers each with a gland at base ; ovary simple ; stigmas 
 2, short, mostly bifid. Shrubs and trees. 
 
 * Aments lateral^ appearing before Gie leaves. 
 
 1. S. tristis. Sage Willow. 
 
 Leaves nearly ses'^ile, narrow-lanceolate, cuneate at base, acute or obtuse, en- 
 tire or obscurely toothed, woolly on both sides, at last nearly smooth ; stipules 
 minute, disappearing very early ; aments small, nearly globular when young, 
 loosely flowered ; ovaries tapering to a long point, silky-pubescent ; style short ; 
 stigmas bifid. A common straggling shrub, veiy branching, of a dull grayish 
 aspect with gray-downy branches. Stem 10' — 18' high. Common in dry woods 
 and fields. The leaves vary according to the soil, being sometimes very small 
 and rigid. AprU — May. 
 
 2. S. humilis. Low Bush Willow. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, abruptly acute or obtuse, petlolate, nearly 
 or quite entire, nearly smooth above, more or less pubescent beneath ; stipules 
 usually present, varying from half-ovate to lunate, entire or dentate ; stylo 
 long ; stigma bifid. A species equally common with the last which it much re- 
 sembles, but is distinguished by its longer-petiolato, stipulate leaves and mostly 
 smooth branches. Stem 8—8 ft high. April— May. 
 
 3. S. discolor. Bog Willow. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire at apex, unequally 
 toothed in the middle, somewhat glaucous beneath ; stipules half-lunate, den 
 tate ; aments large ; scales very downy, oblanceolate, acutish, black, very densely 
 and softly pubescent. A shrub or small tree, 6 — 15 ft high, common in swamps 
 and low grounds. The young branches are hrownish-red, and the young leaves 
 more or less pubescent, but at length they are smooth and glaucous beneath. 
 April— May. 
 
 4. S. eriocephala. Woolly Swamp- Willow. 
 
 Leaves oblong-elliptical, tapering, sometimes rounded at base, with a few 
 remote, unequal teeth, pubescent on both sides when young, at length green 
 and smooth abovCj covered below with whitish or rusty pubescence; stipules 
 half-Innate, dentate ; aments large, densely fiowered, densely clothed with long 
 hairs ; ovary on a rather long pedicel, downy. Distinguished from the last 
 which it resembles, by its dense, far more woolly aments, its pubescent branch- 
 lets, and, when in leaf, by the more pubescent leaves. Stem 6—15 ft high. 
 Common in swamps. April. 
 
 * * Aments appearing with a few minute leaves at "base. 
 
 5. S. serlcea. ^ Silky-leaved Willow. 
 
 Eranchlets very slender and brittle at base, mostly purplish; leaves lancei> 
 late, acuminate, finely and equally serrate, nearly or quite smooth above, silky- 
 pubescent beneath ; stipules deciduous; barren aments small ; fertile densely 
 fiowered; ovary grayish-silky, ovoic^, on a pedicel as long as the rounded, ob- 
 tuse scale. A common species in wet grounds, 6 — 10 ft. high, distinguished by 
 its narrow leaves, white-silky beneath, which turn black in drying, and by its 
 slender, purplish branches very brittle at base. April — May. 
 
 6. S. petiolaris. 
 
 Branchlets long and slender, usually somewhat brittle at base; leaves lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, finely and evenly serrate, smooth above, somewhat silky 
 beneath when young, finely smooth and glaucous ; fertile aments loosely-fiow- 
 ered, broader and not so slender as in the last; scales very hairy, scarcely equal- 
 ing the pedicels of the acuminate, silky ovary. A shrub resembling the last 6 
 — 12 ft high, distinguished by its full-grown leaves, which are smooth beneath, 
 and its branches, which are purplish or yellowish-green, less slender and straight 
 and less brittle at base, than in the last AprH^May. 
 
 7. S. viminalis. Osier. Basket Willow. 
 
 Branchlets very long, straight and slender ; leaves linear-lanceolate, very 
 long-acuminate, nearly entire, white beneath, with silky pubescence ; aments 
 densely clothed with long hairs; ovary elongated ; style filiform; stigmas li- 
 near. Cultivated in some districts, and naturalized in wet meadows. A large 
 shrub, 10—15 ft. high, with very long, flexible branches, used for basket-work. 
 The leaves are 8' — 5' long. May. 
 
198 
 
 OEDEK CXVI. PLATANACEJ5 BUTTONWOOD-FAMILY. ORDER CXVn. UTRIOACEiE NETTLE-TRIBE. 
 
 8. S. cordita. Heart'leaved Willow, 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate, truncate 
 or corclate at base, smooth, paler beneath ; stipules reniform, dentate, some- 
 times very large and as long as the petioles, and sometimes small ; amcnts ap- 
 pearing with the leaves, furnished with several leafy bracts at base ; scales black 
 or brownish, hairy, persistent; ovary pedicellate, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate. 
 A common and variable shrub, 4 — 15 ft. high, in wet grounds. The leaves vary 
 m,uch in shape and texture, being sometimes narrow and hardly, if at all, trun- 
 cate or cordate at base. The fertile aments become 2' — 3' long in fruit. This 
 species includes several usually described separately. May. 
 
 * * * Aments appearing afterfhe leaves, and terminating the young iranch- 
 lets just grovm. 
 
 9. S. dlba. White Willow. 
 
 Leaves hinceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, more or less silky- 
 pubescent, especially beneath ; stipules lanceolate ; scales yellowish-green, fall- 
 ing before the fruit ripens; stigma short, recurved, sessile. A moderately tall 
 tree, introduced and naturalized. It is very variable. The most common va- 
 riety is Yar. Tittellina, with long, yellowish shoots. Yar. cceeulea has 
 leaves of a bluish hue, nearly smooth when grown. May — Jvm.e. 
 
 10. S. frdgilis. Brittle Willow. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth beneath, silky when young, at length 
 smooth and glaucous beneath, on glandular petioles ; stipules half-cordate. A 
 tall tree, with smooth and polished branches, extremely brittle at base, culti- 
 vated as an ornamental tree, and also for basket-work. It is very variable. 
 Yar. DEcipiEXS has the lowest leaves of the branches obovate, obtuse. Yar. 
 RusSBLiiNA has long, bright leaves, and the extremities of shoots of the season, 
 eilky-pubescent in late summer and early autumn. 
 
 11. S. nigra. Blade Willow. 
 
 Leaves narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, tapering at base, serrate, mostly smooth 
 and green on both sides ; stipules small, deciduous ; aments cylindric, hairy ; sta- 
 mens 3 — 6, bearded at base. Yaries with very long and falcate leaves, and 
 large, lunate, reflesed stipules. A small tree with a rough, furrowed, blackish 
 bark. The young shoots are very slender and brittle at base. Common along 
 streams. May — June. 
 
 12. S. lucida. Shining Willow. 
 
 Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a long, slender point, 
 serrate, smooth, and bright shining green on both sides, rather thick and firm 
 in texture; stipules oblong, dentate; ovaries smooth ; stamens mostly 6. A 
 very ole?;ant slirub, distinguished by its stout, yellowish-green branchlets, and 
 its broad, glossy leaves. Stem 3—15 ft. high. May— Jane. 
 
 13. S. Babyl6nica. 
 
 Weeping Willow. 
 
 Branchlets very long and slender, drooping ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 
 smooth, glaucous beneath ; stipules roundish -oblique, acuminate ; ovaries ses- 
 sile, ovate, smooth. A beautiful tree, univergally cultivated, and distinguished 
 by its long, drooping branches. There is a variety with the leaves curled into 
 a circle or ring. 
 
 2. P6PITLUS. 
 
 Aments cylindrical. Bracts fringed andlobed at apex. Flo"w- 
 ers on an oblique, turbinate disk. Stamens 8 — 30. Style very 
 short. Stigma long, bifid. Aments drooping and preceding the 
 leaves. ~~ 
 
 1. P. tremuloides. American Aspen. White 
 Poplar, 
 
 Leaves rounded-cordate, abruptly acuminate, dentate, smooth on both sides, 
 pubescent on the margin, dark green, on flattened petioles ; scales of the ament 
 cut into several linear segments, fringed with hairs. A common tree in forests, 
 with a smooth, whitish bark. The thin, dilated petioles, being acted on by the 
 slightest disturbance of the air, keep the leaves in continual motion. April. 
 
 2. P. grandidentata. 
 
 Large Poplar. 
 
 Leaves roundish-ovate, acute, dentate, with large, unequal, sinuate teeth, 
 white-downy beneath when young, at length smooth on both sides ; scales of 
 the ament cut into several small, unequal segments, scarcely fringed with hairs. 
 A larger tri>o than the last, common in woods. Its leaves are destitute of the 
 trembling motion peculiar to the last April. 
 
 3. P. candicans. Balm of Gilead. 
 
 Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, serrate, whitish beneath, with reticulated 
 
 veins and hairy petioles, dark-green ; buds resinous. A tree of medium size, 
 common in cultivation, and about houses. The young branches aro round, and 
 the bark is smooth and greenish. April 
 
 4. P. dilatata. 
 
 Lomhardy Poplar. 
 
 Leaves deltoid, acuminate, smooth, serrate, as broad as long ; trunk fur- 
 rowed. A tall tree, of regular, pyramidal growth, common in cultivation as a 
 shade tree. April, 
 
 5. P. alba. Silver-leaf Poplar. 
 
 Leaves broad, cordate-ovate, acuminate, lobed and toothed, dark shining- 
 green above, clothed below with dense, white, silky pubesoence ; fertile aments 
 ovate ; stigmas 4. A large tree of rapid growth, cultivated for ornamental pur- 
 poses. It derives its beauty from the contrast between the upper and under 
 sides of the leaves. April. 
 
 Order CXVI. Platanacese. — Buttonwood- 
 family. 
 
 1, plAtanus. 
 Barren flowers consisting of numerous stamens, with small 
 scales intermixed. Fertile flowers in separate aments; ovaries 
 clavate, angular ; style filiform, simple. Achenia coriaceous, 
 clothed with reddish hairs below, 1-seeded. Trees, 
 
 1. P. occidentalis. Buttonwood. 
 
 Leaves large, angular, with acute lobes, downy beneath when young, at 
 length smooth; flowers greenish, in dense, globular heads, on long, drooping 
 peduncles. A very large and noble tree, with whitish branches. The bark 
 scales off in large plates, discovering the white surface beneath, and giving a 
 mottled appearance to the tree. The globular heads of fruit remain attached 
 most of the winter. 
 
 Order CXVIL Urticacese. — Nettle-U'ibe, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 SuBOEDEE I. Moreaa. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves and mJIky juice, producing fleshy fruits. 
 
 1. M6ru8. Fertile flowers in a dense, ovoid or oblong spike, forming a 
 smooth, compound berry. 
 
 2. Ficua. Flowers arranged on the inside of an obovoid, fleshy, closed re- 
 ceptacle. 
 
 SuBORDEE XL Cannabinese, 
 Herbs with opposite stipulate leaves, and a watery juice. Styles 2, 
 
 3. Cannabis. Erect herbs. Barren flowers in cymose panicles. Fertile 
 in sessile spikes. 
 
 4. HijMOLus. Twining hcrba Barren flowers in axillary panicles. Fertile 
 in strobile-like aments. 
 
 SuBOEDEE III. Urticea3. 
 
 Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves, and a watery juice. Styles single, 
 or none. 
 
 5. tTRTiOA. Calys of the fertile flowers with 2 — 4 distinct segments. Sting- 
 ing herbs. 
 
 " 6. PiLEA. Calyx of the fertile flowers with S distinct segments, and with 3 
 rudimentary stamens in the form of cucullate scales at base. Smooth, suc- 
 culent herbs. 
 
 7. BtEHMEKiA. Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular, entire, or with 4 lobes. 
 
 1. m6eus. 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the different kinds in sepa- 
 rate spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4. Styles 2. Achenia 
 ovate, compressed, contained within the fleshy calyx, the whole 
 forming an oblong, juicy, berry-like fruit. Trees. 
 
 1. M. rubra. Bed Mulberry. 
 
 Leaves rough -pubescent beneath, cordate or rounded at base, acuminate, 
 entire, 8— several-lob ed ; flowers small, often dioecious ; fruit dark-red, sweetish. 
 A small tree, not uncommon in N. Eng., but frequent "Westward and Southward. 
 May. 
 
 2. M. 41ba. White Mulberry. 
 
 Leaves ovate, cordate and oblique at base, unequally serrate, often lobed, 
 nearly or quite smooth; flowers greenish, in small, roundish, pedunculate 
 clusters; fruit yellowish-white, sweetish and insipid. A small tree, frequent la 
 
OEDEE OXVm. CONIFEE^. 
 
 199 
 
 cultivation. The leaves are used to feed silk-worms. Var. MFLTioAiLis is a 
 Blirub with long, rank shoota and very large leaves. May. 
 
 3. M. nigra. Blade Mulberry. 
 
 Leaves ovate-cordate, obtase, often iobed, unequally serrate, rough ; flowers 
 greenish; fertile spikes oval; fruit very dark-purple, nearly black, pleasantly 
 sub-acid, with » purple juice. A fine tree, often cultivated for its delicious 
 Iruit. May. 
 
 2. FtCUS. 
 Flowers monceoious, attached to the inside of a turbinate re- 
 ceptacle, which is closed and somewhat depressed at summit. 
 Barren flowers, calyx 3-parted; stamens 3. Fertile flowers, 
 calyx 6-parted ; ovary 1 ; seed 1. Trees. 
 
 1. F. cdrica. Fig. 
 
 Leaves cordate, 8— 5-lobed, sometimes undivided, rcpandly toothed, with 
 obtuse lobes, rough ab*ve, pubescent beneath ; fruit juicy, purple, varying to 
 whitish and greenish when ripe. The Fig is often reared as a curiosity in house 
 cultivation, where it takes the form of a sbrub. The delicious fruit needs no 
 description. 
 
 8. CANNABIS. 
 
 Flowers dioecious. Barren flowers in axillary racemes or 
 panicles ; sepals 6 ; stamens 5. Fertile flowers spieate, clustered ; 
 calyx of 1 entire sepal inclosing the ovary. Serbs. 
 
 1. C. sdtiva. Hemp. 
 
 stem, erect, tall, branching, rough ; leaves opposite ; upper ones alternate ; 
 all digitately parted ; leaflets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, 
 dark -green above, paler beneath ; flowers green ; barren in terminal panicles, 
 fertile in spikes. The Hemp frequently grows as a weed round buildings and 
 waste places generally. It is a tall, weed-like plant, 4 — 6 ft. high, with very 
 tough, inner bark, used in the manufacture of ropes and coarse cloths. June. 
 An. 
 
 4. HAMULUS. 
 
 Flowers dioecious ; barren in axillary panicles ; sepals 5 ; 
 stamens 5 ; fertile in axillary spikes or aments ; bracts leafy, im- 
 bricated, entire, persistent, 2-flowered ; calyx of 1 sepal including 
 the ovary. Achenia invested in the persistent, enlarged calyx, 
 forming a strobile. 
 
 1. H. Liipulus. Hop. 
 
 stem twining with the sun, rough backwards with reflexed prickles ; leaves 
 opposite, cordate, 8 — 5-lobed or undivided, very rough, on long stalks; stipules 
 ovate, persistent ; barren flowers very abundant, greenish, in axillary panicles ; 
 fertile in large strobiles or cones, consisting of enlarged, yellowish-white scales. 
 A rough vine in low grounds, twining over bushes and trees, distinguished by 
 its large cones of fertile flowers, which contain a bitter principle, that gives the 
 Hop its value in making beer and yeast, tfuli/. Per. 
 
 5. tlETIOA. 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Barren flowers. Calyx 
 mostly of 4 sepals; stamens 4. Fertile flowers. Calyx of 2— t per- 
 sistent sepals. Aehenium compressed, smooth, invested in the 
 calyx. Stinging herbs. 
 
 1. U. Canadensis. Hemp Nettle. 
 
 stem erect, simple or branching, hispid and stinging, flexuous above ; leaves 
 alternate, broad-ovate, acuminate, serrate, rounded, rarely somewhat cordate at 
 base, on long petioles; flowers greenish-white, in loose, axillary, divaricate 
 panicles as long as the petioles, or shorter, upper ones staminate, lower pis- 
 tillate ; calyx of the barren flowers 5-parted. A common, stinging weed, grow- 
 ing in low, rich soils. It sometimes varies with nearly smooth leaves and stem, 
 which is 2 — 4 ft. high. Aug. 
 
 2. U. dioica. Nettle. 
 
 stem erect, branching, very hispid and stinging, obtusely 4-angled ; leaves 
 apposite, ovate, cordate at base, acuminate, acutely and deeply serrate, pubes- 
 cent beneath ; flowers montecious or dioecious, in axiflary, branching panicled 
 spikes, greenish and homely. A stinging weed, 2^1 fU high. Common in 
 waste places. July— Aug. 
 » 6. PiLEA. 
 
 Flowers monceoious, braeted ; sterile and fertile often mingled 
 together. Barren flowers of 3 — 4 sepals ; stamens 3 — 4. Fertile 
 
 flowers calyx of 3 sepals, with 3 rudimentary stamens at base ; 
 
 ovary 1 ; stigma sessile, ending in a little tuft. 
 
 1. P. pumila. Bichweed. 
 
 stem ascending, simple or branching, succulent, translucent, smootb and 
 glassy ; leaves ovate, coarsely seiTate, acuminate, chiefly 8-nerved, smooth, on 
 long petioles; flowers greenish, iu axillary, corymbose clusters, shorter than the 
 petioles ; 4' — 10' high. A little weed with a pellucid stem. J%Uy — Sep. An. 
 T. BQEHMiEIA. 
 Flowers monoecious or diceeious. Barren flowers— calyx 4- 
 parted; stamens 4. Fertile, calyx entire, or 4-lobed, tubular. 
 Ovary 1. Style 1, subulate. Aehenium compressed, eUiptical, 
 inclosed in the persistent calyx. 
 
 1. B. cjHiindriea. False Nettle. 
 
 Nearly or quite smooth ; stem erect, simple, slender ; leaves opposite, some- 
 times alternate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate^ acuminate, serrate, about 
 8-uerved, on long petioles ; flowers minute, greenish, densely crowded in ax- 
 illarly spikes; barren spikes interrupted ; fertile spikes cylindric, shorter and 
 thicker. A coarse, homely plant, resembling a Nettle, but destitute of stings. 
 Stem 1—8 ft. high. July— Sep. Per. 
 
 SUBCLASS II.— qtmnosp:6km^. 
 Order CXVIII.' Coniferee. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA, 
 
 SuboedeeI. AbietinesB. 
 
 Fertile flowers in many-flowered araents, made up of carpellary scales, with 
 2 ovules at base, and subtended by a bract outside, forming a woody cone in 
 fruit 
 
 1. PiNtis. Leaves in clusters of 2—5, arising from the same sbcath, per- 
 sistent 
 
 2. Abies. Leaves scattered, single, persistent 
 
 SuBOEUEE 11. Cupressineaa. 
 
 Fertile flowers In ffew-flowered aments, made up of carpellary scales, bear- 
 ing a few ovules at base, and destitute of bracts, tno whole formmg a subglo- 
 bose drupe-like cone in fruit. 
 
 8. TntrjA. Flowers monoecious. Strobile dry when ripe, made up of a few 
 oblong scales. 
 
 4. CuPRESsus. Flowers monoecious. Strobile dry when ripe, somewhat 
 woody, consisting of peltate scales, 
 
 6. JuNiPEEUS. Flowers dioecious. Fruit when ripe a somewhat flesliy 
 drupe. * 
 
 1. PtNUS. 
 
 Flowers moncecious. Barren aments in spikes; stamens 
 numerous, with very sliort filaments; anthers 2-celled; pollen 
 consisting of 3 nnited grains. Fertile aments terminating the 
 branches, solitary or clustered, consisting of imbricated scales, 
 each with a deciduous bract outside, and a pair of ovules inside, 
 attached to the base. Fruit a cone, consisting of the woody 
 scales, which are mostly thickened at apex and persistent, spread- 
 ing when mature and dry. Seeds sunk in hollows at the base of 
 the scales. Cotyledons 3 — 12. Trees with acerose leaves. 
 
 1. P. resinosa. Bed Fine. 
 
 Leaves in pairs, half-cylindrical, elongated, arising from long sheaths ; cones 
 ovoid-conical, solitary or several together, half as long as the leaves; scales 
 dilated in the middle, unarmed. A tall species, with smoother and somewhat 
 redder bark than most of the other species. Common in dry woods in Nor- 
 thern N. Eng. and N. York. The leaves are of a dark-green, 5' — 6' long, and 
 mostly at the ends of the branches. May. 
 
 2. P. rigida. Fitch Fine. 
 
 Leaves in threes, with short sheaths; cones ovoid-conical, mostly in 
 clusters; scales ending in short, recurved spines. A small tree at the North, 
 but attaining to a great height at the South, Common in sandy soils. The 
 trunk is covered with a thick, ragged and farrowed bark, of a dark-brown 
 color. The wood is very resinous, and makes good fuel. May. 
 
 3 P. Str6bus. White Fine. 
 
 Leaves in fives, slender, with very short, deciduous sheaths ; cones cylin- 
 drical, pendulous, solitary, loose, somewhat curved. A very tali and noble tree, 
 common in rich woods. The timber is light and soft, and is used extensively 
 for building, while the tall, straight, smooth trunks, furnish masts for ships. 
 The slender and graceful branches grow in almost regular verticils, while its 
 delicate, dark-green foliage renders thja the qaost elegwit species in the country 
 May. 
 
200 
 
 OKDEE CXIX. AEACE.E — AEUM-TEIBE. 
 
 2. Abies. 
 
 Barren aments scattered, or clustered near the ends of the 
 branchlets. Strobile small, round-oblong, with thin, flat scales, 
 not thickened at apex or terminating in a point. Seeds winged. 
 Co^tyledons 3—9. 
 
 1. A. Canadensis. Hemlock. 
 
 Leaves flat, linear, ottase, glaucous beneatli, mostly in 2 rows ; cones ovoid, 
 terminating the branches, a little longer than the leaves ; scales few, rounded, 
 entire. A tall, evergreen tree, of elegant growth, in rocky, hilly woods. Com- 
 mon, especially toward the North. The trunk is large and covered with a rough, 
 dark-brown hark. The branchlets are slender, and brittle ;^he timber is light 
 and soft, but less valuable than that of the pines. Maij. 
 
 2. A. nigra. Black Spruce. 
 
 Leaves 4-angled, rigid, short, dark -green ; cones pendulous, ovoid ; scales un- 
 dulate, and toothed at the apex. A tall tree, common in the northern districts 
 of N". Eng. and N. York. In growth it assumes a pyramidal form, and is dis- 
 tinguished by its branches and very dark leaves, which thickly cover them. 
 Ma If. 
 
 3. A. ^Iba. White Spruce. 
 
 Leaves 4-angIerl, slender, spreading, irregularly scattered, of a light, glaucous 
 green; cones oblong, loose, pendulous; scales hroad-ohovate, entire. A tall, 
 slender, and elegant species, common in swamps and moist woods, especially in 
 northern N. Eng. and N. York. The trunk Is covered with a light-colored bark, 
 and the slender branchlets are often penduloas. MaJ/. 
 
 4. A. balsamea. Balsam Fir. 
 
 Leaves narrow-linear, flat, obtuse, bright-green above, silvery-white beneath ; 
 cones erect, large, cylindrical, violet-colored ; bracts obovate, appresscd. A slen- 
 der and beautiful fir, common in the cold woods and swamps of northern N. 
 Eng. and N. York. It is of regular pyramidal growth, and is distinguished 
 from the preceding species by the silvery under-surface of the leaves. The 
 trunk is covered with a smooth bark, abounding in receptacles of a peculiar re- 
 bin or balsam, which is extracted and used for a medicine. May. 
 
 8. THtrjA. 
 Flowers moncecious, the two kinds on separate branches. 
 Barren flowers in small, ovoid aments ; stamens attached by a 
 scale-like filament, with 4 anther-cells. Fertile flowers consisting 
 of a few loose scales, each bearing 2 erect ovules at the base in- 
 side. Seed winged. Cotyledons 2. 
 
 1. T. occidentalis. Arhor-viice. 
 
 Leaves rhonihoid-ovato, appressed, imbricate in 4 rows on the 2-edged, flat 
 branchlets ; cones nodding, oblong ; scales without joints, 1-aceded ; seeds with 
 broad wings. An evergreen tree of straggling, in-egular growth, common in 
 swamps in northern N. Eng. and N. York. The trunk is crooked, and dimin- 
 ishes in size very rapidly. The foliage is peculiarly aromatic and fragrant, a 
 quality, however, which is mostly lost when cultivated, as it often is for hedges. 
 3fa7/. 
 
 4. CUPEfiSSUS, 
 
 Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on separate branches. Bar- 
 ren flowers in ovoid aments ; scales peltate, bearing 2—6 anther- 
 celb. Fertile flowers in globular aments; scales peltate, in 4 
 rows, bearing several erect ovules at base. Cone globular, not 
 opening till mature. Seeds compressed, winged. Cotyledons 2 — 3. 
 
 1. C. thyoides. WJiite Cedar. 
 
 Leaves ovate, with a gland on the back, imbricated in 4 rows on the com- 
 pressed branchlets, minute, dull-green. A moderately large treo in swamps, 
 from W. Eng. southward. It is quite regular in its growth, and is distinguished 
 from Thuja, which is often confounded with it, by the dull-green, minute leaves, 
 and the small, compact, globular cones. 
 
 5. JUNlPERUS. 
 Flowers dioecious, sometimes monoecious, in very small aments. 
 Barren aments — scales peltate, bearing 3 — 6 anther-cells on their 
 lower margin. Fertile aments globose ; scales few, fleshy, adher- 
 ing at base, bearing 1 — 3 ovules, forming in fruit a scaly berry 
 containing 2 — 3 bony seeds. Cotyledons 2, 
 
 1, J. communis. Juniper. 
 
 Leaves linear, subulate, spreading, mucronate, bright-green below, glaucous 
 and paler above ; barren flowers in small, axillary aments; fertile flowers axil- 
 
 lary, sessile, in small, globular cones ; berries round-cylindrical, dark-blue, and 
 of a sweetish-turpentine taste. A shrub with rigid branches, prostrate on tho 
 ground, rarely erect and tree-like. 
 
 2. J. Yirginiana. Bed Cedar. 
 
 Leaves in 4 rows, crowded in pairs or threes, on young or rapidly growing 
 shoots, subulate, in other cases very small, triangular-ovate, closely imbricated ; 
 barren flowers in small, oblong aments; berries small, blue, with a glaucous 
 bloom. Avery small tree, of irregular growth, known in N. Eng. as Savin. 
 The trunk diminishes rapidly in size, with crowded, horizontal branches. The 
 wood is reddish and fragrant, very compact and la.sting. Sometimes it appears 
 as a shrub with prostrate branches. Aprilr—May. 
 
 CLASS II.— end6gen^. 
 
 Order CXIX. Ardcege. — Arum-tribe. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 * Flowers all perfect. 
 
 4, AcoRus. Spathe none. Spadix lateral, borne on an ensiform scape. Se- 
 pals 6. Stamens 6. 
 
 5. STMrLOCARPue. Spathe present. Spadix from the root Sepals 4. Sta- 
 mens 4, 
 
 * * ITlo^vers inoiKUEcious or polyg^anious. 
 
 1. Arttm. Flowers monoscious, rarely polygamous. Spadix naked toward 
 the summit, with the pistillate flowers at base, and the staminate flowers above 
 them. 
 
 2. Peltandra. Flowers moncecious, coveiing the spadix ; lower ones pis- 
 tillate, upper staminate, 
 
 3. Calla, Flowers covering the spadix, tho lower ones perfect, the uppci 
 usually entirely staminate. 
 
 1. Aeum. 
 Flowers mostly moncecions, rarely polygamous-dioecious, sitna 
 ted at the base of a spadix, which is naked above. Fertile flow 
 ers below. Barren above, inclosed in a cucullate spathe, convo- 
 lute at base. Perianth none. Berries distinct, 1-eelled, several- 
 seeded. Per. 
 
 1. A. tripbyllum. Wdke-rdbin. Indian Turnip. 
 
 Acaulescent; leaves mostly 2, on long petioles, sheathing at base, ternate ; 
 leaflets ovate or oval, acuminate, sessile ; spadix shorter than, and included 
 within the ovate, acuminate spathe, which is flattened and bentover the top of 
 the spadix, and is frequently marked with dark purple or whitish spots or 
 stripes, otherwise of a dark, shining green. A well-known plant, common in 
 rich, rocky woods. Scape 6'— 12' high, arising from a globular, fleshy, rugose 
 corm, situated beneath the surface. This bulb possesses an intense acridity, 
 which disappears by drying or heat The fruit is a bunch of bright red berries, 
 ripe in autumn. May. 
 
 % PELTANDRA. 
 Flowers monoecious, covering the long spadix. Spathe elon- 
 gated, convolute, undulate on the margin. Perianth none. An- 
 thers on the upper part of the spadix, sessile, peltate. Ovaries at 
 the base of the spadix. Berries distinct, l-celled, 1 — 3-seeded. 
 Per. 
 
 1. P. Virginica. Arrow Arum. 
 
 Acaulescent; leaves oblong-sagittate, acute at apex, with obtuse lobes, on long 
 petioles, dark, shining green, of large size; spathe elongated, curved at apex, 
 dark green, enveloping the slender spadix; ovaries sessile, in dense clusters at 
 the base of the spadix, becoming a bunch of green berries. An elegant water 
 plant, 10' — 18' high, distinguished by its large, sagittate, shining, dark green 
 leaves, and its green, clustered berries. June— July. 
 
 3. CALLA. 
 Spathe ovate, spreading, persistent. Spadix covered with 
 flowers, the lower perfect, the upper often entirely staminate. 
 Perianth none. Berries distinct, several-seeded. 
 
 1. C. palustris. Wild Calla. 
 
 Acaulescent; rhizoma creeping, rooting at the joints; leaves cordate, acu- 
 minate, involute at the extremity, on long petioles; scape solitary, green aud 
 thick ; spathe clasping at base, recurved, greenish or yellowish, white within : 
 berries in a small cluster, red and juicy when ripe. A low herb in cold swamps, 
 with a creeping rhizoma, pervaded, as is usual in the order, with an acrid prin- 
 ciple. Scape 8'— 8' high. Common in the northern districts. June— July. 
 
OKOEE CXX. TYPHACE^ — CAT-TAIL-TEIBE. ORDER OXXII. NAIADACE^ POND-WEED-FAMILY. 
 
 201 
 
 2. C. ^thiopica. Ethiopian Calla. 
 
 Acaulcscent; leaves sagittate, cordate at base, on long, sheathing petioles, 
 shining green, very large and smooth; spathe cucullate, convolute at base, re- 
 curved, abruptly long-acutninate, very large, bright white, about twice as long 
 83 the yellow spadii-. A flue plant, common in house cultivation, and much ad- 
 mired for its large, white spathe. Scape 2—4 ft. high. Jan.— May. 
 
 4. 1C0EU8. 
 Spathe none ; spadix lateral, sessile, densely flowered. Flow- 
 ers perfect. Sepals 6. Stamens 6. Anthers reniform. Stigma ses- 
 sile, minute. Ovaries 2 — 3-oelled, becoming dry and few-seeded. 
 Per. 
 
 1. A. Cdlamus. Sweet Flag. 
 
 Bhlzoma creeping ; leaves long, ensiform, light green ; scape long, ensiform, 
 resembling the leaves, bearing the sessile spadix on its edge, just above the 
 middle ; spadix covered with yellowish-green flowers. A common plant in 
 wet grounds. The aromatic pungency of the thick and creeping rhlzomas is 
 well known. The scape and leaves are 2—3 ft. high, distinguished by their 
 light-green color, and the central ridge extending the whole length. June- 
 July. 
 
 5. BTMPLOelEPUa. 
 Spathe ventrioose, oucidlate, acuminate, with an incurved 
 point, fleshy, decaying soon after flowering. Spadix pedunculate, 
 oval, entirely covered with the perfect flowers. Sepals 4, cucnl- 
 late, persistent, at length thick and spongy. Stamens 4. Style 
 4-angled. Stigma minute. Seeds large, globular, imbedded in the 
 enlarged, spongy spadix. 
 
 1. S. foetidus. Skunk-Cabbage. 
 
 Acaulcscent; leaves ovate, cordate at base, acute, on short petioles, at length 
 very large ; spadix preceding the leaves, enveloped in a spathe, striped with 
 purplish-brown ; floweis crowded on the spadix, dull-purple. A very common 
 plant in swamps and wet meadows, sufficiently marked by its well-known of- 
 fensive odor, resembling that of a skunk. Its spotted spathes appearing just 
 above the surface, are among the first evidences of approaching spring. The 
 clustered leaves soon become very large, being 10'— 12' broad, and somewhat 
 longer. Marcli — ApHl. 
 
 Order CXX. Typhacese. — Catrtail-trihe. 
 
 1. TTPHA. 
 Flowers in a long, terminal, cylindrical spike, upper part sta- 
 minate. Stamens intermingled with hairs, with 3 anthers on a 
 common filament. Ovaries below, pedicellate, surrounded by nu- 
 merous bristles, forming a sort of pappus to the seed. Fer. 
 
 1. T. latifolia. Gat-tail. 
 
 stem erect, simple ; rliizoma creeping ; leaves ensiform, nearly flat ; barren 
 
 and fertile spikes contiguous, mostly forming one long, compact, cylindrical 
 
 spike, turning brownish in fruit A common plant in swamps, distinguished 
 
 by its long-enslform leaves, and its long, brown spikes. Stem 3—5 ft high. 
 
 July. 
 
 2. SPAEGANIUM. 
 
 Flowers in separate, globose heads, with leafy bracts ; upper 
 ones barren, consisting of stamens alone, mingled with small 
 scales; lower fertile; ovaries surrounded by 3 — 6 calyx-like 
 scales. Fruit turbinate, 1 — 2-ceUed, 1 — 2-seeded. Fer. 
 
 1. S. ram6sum. Burr-reed. 
 
 stem erect, branching above; leaves linear, triangular at base, with concave 
 Bides ; flowers in globular clusters, resembling burrs, of a whitish-green, lowest 
 mostly pedicellate ; sligma linear, longer than the style, often 2. A common 
 plant, with somewhat grassy leaves and a reedy stem, 2—3 ft. high, and, like 
 the other species, distinguished by its globular burrs of flowers. It grows 
 around ponds and in ditches. July — Aug. 
 
 2. S. Americanum. Small Burr-reed. 
 
 stem erect, nearly or quite simple ; leaves nearly equalling the stem, trian- 
 gular at base, with flat sides ; fertile heads 2—4, sessile ; stigma oblong, oblique, 
 scarcely half the length of the style. A smaller and more slender species, com- 
 mon along streams and the bordera of ponds. Stem 1—2 ft. high. A ug. 
 26 
 
 Order CXXII. 
 
 Naiadaceae. — Pond-weed- 
 family. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA 
 
 * Floivers perfect. 
 
 2. K^ppiA. Flowers 2—5, on a slender, pedunculate spadix. Perianth 
 none. Stamens 2, each with 2 distinct anther-cells. 
 
 3. PoT.vMOGETON. Flowcrs in more or less dense, pedunculate spikes. Se- 
 pals 4. Stamens 4, with 2-ceIled anthers. 
 
 * * Floivcrs moncecious or dioecious. 
 
 1. NljAS. Flowers axillary, solitary. Stamen 1, furnished with a little 
 spathe. 
 
 1. nAjas. 
 
 Flowers monoicious or dioecious, axillary, solitary. Barren 
 flowers — stamen 1, enveloped in a little spathe. Fertile — style 
 1, short; stigmas 2 — 4-subulate; ovary 1. Aehenium 1-seeded, 
 inclosed in a loose, and easily separated membranous sheath. 
 
 1. N. Canadensis. Water Nymph. 
 
 Aquatic ; stem very slender, dichotomously branched ; leaves opposite or 
 whorled, very narrowly linear, sheathing at base ; flowers minute, axillary. A 
 very slender plant, growing in tufts wholly under water. Common in ponds 
 and slow waters. Stem 5' — 20' long, July— Sep. 
 
 2. etJppia. 
 
 Flowers perfect, 2 or more together on a slender spadix, 
 whose peduncle is much elongated and filiform in fruit, proceed- 
 ing from the sheathing base of the leaves. Perianth none. Sta- 
 mens 2, each with 2 large, separate anther-cells. Ovaries 4, 
 sessile. Achenia 4, pedicellate. Per. 
 
 1. E. marltima. Ditch-grass. 
 
 Marine-aquatic; stems filiform, dichotomously branching, floating; leaves 
 linear, very long and narrow, with an inflated, sheathing base, immersed ; pe- 
 duncles of the fruit capillary, 1' — 2' long. A very slender, grass-like plant, 
 common in the shallow waters of bays. Stems 2—5 ft, long. The flowers ex- 
 pand at the surface. Ju^e — Aug. 
 
 3. POTAMOGtTON. 
 Flowers perfect, spicate. Sepals 4. Stamens 4. Anthers 2- 
 celled. Ovaries 4. Achenia 4, sessile, flattened on the inner 
 side. Floating aqimtics. Per. 
 
 * Leaves partly Jloaiing and parity immersed. 
 1. P. natans. Broad-leaved Pond-weed. 
 
 stem nearly or quite simple ; upper leaves ovate or broadly elliptical, vary- 
 ing to oblong-lanceolate, rounded or cordate at base ; immersed ones lanceolate, 
 linear or capillary, all on long petioles ; spike of purplish flowers raised above 
 the water. A common aquatic, distinguished from the following species of this 
 section by its long petioles, and its simple, rather stout stems and large floating 
 leaves, 2' — 3' long. The immersed leaves are sometimes reduced by decay to 
 mere petioles. Ponds and slow waters. July — Sep. 
 
 2. P. heterophyllus. Various-leaved Pond-weed. 
 
 stems slender, mostly branched below ; upper leaves oval, oblong or wedge- 
 lanceolate, on long petioles ; immersed ones lanceolate, varying to narrow- 
 linear, or even capillary ; lower ones sessile ; spikes cylindrical, somewhat 
 loose, on long peduncles thicker than the stem. A much more delicate species 
 than the preceding, aad quite variable in its forms. Common in shallow, stag- 
 nant, and slow waters. July — Aug. 
 
 3. P. hybridus. Slender Pond-weed. 
 
 stems branching below, very slender ; floating leaves oval or oblong-lancoo- 
 late on petioles scarcely as long as the lamina ; immersed leaves capillary ; spike 
 few-flowered, somewhat globular, on a very short peduncle. A very slender 
 and delicate species, growing in water 1 — 2 ft. deep. Common. July. 
 * * Leaves all immersed and similar. 
 
 4. P. liicens. Shining Pond-weed. 
 
 stem branching ; leaves oval-lanceolate, large, flat, acuminate, tapering at 
 base to a very short petiole, thin and shining, especially when dry ; spike 
 crowded with greenish flowers, on a long peduncle thickened upwards. A 
 common species in ponds and deep rivers, distinguished by the large and long 
 leaves varying in length 2'— 5', or even more. July— Aug. 
 
202 
 
 ORDER CXXIII. ALISMACE^ WATER-PL ANT AUST-FAM. ORDER CXXV^. ORCHIDACE^ ORCHIS-FAM. 
 
 5. P. perfoliatus. Clasping Pond-weed. 
 
 Stem branching dicliotoraously ; leaves alternate, ovate or lance-ovate, 
 sometimes broad-ovate, obtuse, cordate and clasping at base; spike purplish, 
 loosely-flowered, on a short peduncle. A common species in stagnant waters, 
 distingaished by its almost perfoliate leaves. Stem varying in length accord- 
 ing to the depth of water. July — Aug. 
 
 Oedek CXXIII. Alismaceae.- 
 
 Plantaiii-f amity. 
 
 Water- 
 
 1. ALlSMA. 
 Flowers perfect. Stamens 6. Ovaries numerous, arranged 
 in a circle. Achenia compressed, coriaceous. 
 
 1. A. Plantago. Water Plantain. 
 
 Leaves oval or ovate, varying to oblong, or even lanceolate, acuminate, on 
 long petioles, 8— 9-nerved ; flowers in a loose, verticillately-branching panicle ; 
 petals small, deciduous, white, with a purplish tinge, longer than the green 
 sepals. A very common plant in wet grounds, with smooth leaves somewhat 
 resembling those of the common Plantain. The scape terminates in a long, 
 compound panicle, and grows 1—2 ft high. July— Aug. Per. 
 
 2. SAGITTAPJA. 
 Flowers monoacious, rarely dioecious. Stamens numerous. 
 Ovaries many, aggregated in a spherical head, and forming in 
 fruit a globose head of compressed, winged achenia. Per. 
 
 1. S. sagittifulia. Arrowhead. 
 
 Scape simple, sheathed at base by the petioles, acaulescent ; flowers in ver- 
 ticils of 3; sterile ones at the summit of the scape, fertile ones below; petals 
 white; leaves extremely variable, generally triangular with sagittate lobes, 
 varying from very broad to very narrow. In this state the scape is 1 — 2 ft. 
 higli, and the petioles nearly as long. In other forms, which grow especially 
 in muddy grounds that are frequently overflowed, the leaves are oval or oblong, 
 with thick, spongy petioles, and sometimes nothing but petioles. In this state 
 the plant is 3' — 12' high, with the petioles and scape often very large and thick 
 for the size of the plant Again, the leaves are linear, and the scape and peti- 
 oles very slender. The height of this variety varies from 2' — 12'. Common 
 in wet grounds. Jane — July. 
 
 a. triglOchin. 
 
 Sepals and petals nearly alike, concave, greenish, deciduous. 
 Stamens 6. Filaments very short. Anthers large, oval. Pistils 
 3 — 6, forming a compound ovary of 3 — 6 cells. Stigmas sessile. 
 Capsule clavate, dividing at length into 3 — 6 indehiscent, 1- 
 seeded carpels. 
 
 1. T. maritimum. Arrow-grass. 
 
 Scape naked, fleshy, angled; leaves very narrowly linear, fleshy, eeml- 
 cylindrlc, shorter than the scape ; flowers small, green, pedicellate, arranged in 
 a long, loose raceme, destitute of bracts; fVuit ovate, composed of 6 carpels, 
 rounded at base. A little rush-like plant, common in salt marshes. Scapes 
 8' — 15' high, arising from creeping rhizomas. Aitg. Per. 
 
 Order CXXV. Orchid acese. — Orcliis-fainily. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 * Ijip ivitli a spur at base diKtiiict from tlie ovary. 
 
 8. 6Rcnis. Anther-cells parallel. Poll en- granules united to form 2 large 
 masses attached by pedicels to the glands of the stigma, which are inclosed in a 
 little hood. Flowers on a scape. 
 
 4. Gymnadenia. Anther-cells parallel. Pollen-masses 2, pedicellate, at- 
 tached to the 2 glands of the stigma, which are not Inclosed In any hood or 
 covering. Stem leafy. 
 
 5. Platanthera. Anther-cells divergent at base. Pollen-masses pedicel- 
 late, attached to the 2 glands of the stigma, which are not inclosed in a hood. 
 Stem leafy. 
 
 ** \a\^ not iafflated. Spur mostly absent, Avlicn 
 present cofltering^ to tike top of tUo ovary. 
 t Xjjp not bearded. 
 
 1. LiPAHis. Petals linear or filiform. Spur none. Pollen-masses 4, paral- 
 lel Leavos 2, at base of the scape. 
 
 2. CoRALLOEiiizA. Petals nearlv oblong. Lip usually with a short spni 
 adherent to the top of the ovary. 'Pollen-masses 4, oblique. Plants destitute 
 of green herbage. 
 
 9. Spirantjus, Liptaperingto a short claw, and furnished with 2 ealloue 
 processes just above the claw. Column arching, on a sliort, oblique pedicel. 
 Pollen-masses 2. Flowers mostly in spiral spikes. 
 
 10. GooDTEUA. Lip sessile, saccate at base, entire. Column straight. Pol- 
 len-masses 2. Leaves reticulated. 
 
 tt 4jip bearded. 
 
 6. Aretuusa. Sepals and petals united at base. Lip on the lower side of 
 the flower. Pollen-masses 4, 2 in each of the 2 anther-cells, made up of little 
 grains. Scape mostly leafless in flower, afterward 1-leaved. 
 
 7. Pog6nia. Petals and sepals distinct at base. Lip on the lower side of 
 the flower. Column not winged at apex. Pollen-masses 2, 1 in each cell, fari- 
 naceous. 
 
 8. CALOPdGON. Petals and sepals distinct at base. Lip on the upper sido 
 of the flower, bearded near the summit, tapering to a claw. Column winged at 
 apex. Leaf 1, grass-like. 
 
 *** I.i|> inflated. 
 
 11. Cypeepediitm. Lip a large, inflated, reticulated sac. 
 
 1. LlPARIS. 
 Sepals nearly equalling the petals. Petals linear, or filiform. 
 Lip spreading, flat. Column elongated, "winged at apex, in- 
 curved. Pollen-masses 4, parallel to each other. 
 
 1. L. lilifulia. Tway-hlade. 
 
 Acaulescent; leaves 2, ovate, sheathing at base; petals filiform, reflexed; 
 lip obovate, abruptly acute, large, brownish -purple. A low plant, witli a sim- 
 ple scape arising from a solid bulb, and bearing a slender raceme of a few rather 
 large, purplish flowers. Scape 2' — 5' high. Not rare in moist woods, especially 
 in the Middle States, June. 
 
 2. CORALLORntZA. 
 Sepals and petals nearly equal ; lateral ones erect ; upper 
 vaulted. Lips spreading and recurved, usually produced behind 
 into a short spur, -which adheres to the top of the ovary. Pollen- 
 masses 4, oblique to each other. Zeajless. 
 
 1. C. multiflora. Coral-root. 
 
 Scape many-flowered; lip cuneate, oval, 3-lobed, spotted with bright pur- 
 ple ; middle lobe recurved, much longer than the lateral, tooth-like lobes ; spur 
 conspicuous ; capsule and ovary oblong. A curious, leafless plant, 12 — 18' 
 high, with a brownish-purple scape, furnished with a few bracts and rather 
 large, brownish flowers. The scape arises from a creeping, very branching and 
 much-toothed rhizoma, resembling somewhat pieces of coral. Common in rich 
 woods ; probably parasitic on the roots of trees. July — A^ig. 
 
 3. Orchis. 
 
 Flo-^er ringent. Sepals and petals nearly equal, most of them 
 converging and vaulted. Lip depressed, attached to the base of 
 the column, and terminating in a spur distinct from the ovary. 
 Anthers all parallel, close together. Pollen in small grains com- 
 bined in 2 large masses, each pedicellate, and attached to the 
 base of the 2 glands of the stigma, vrhich are both inclosed in a 
 little covering, or hood. 
 
 1. 0. spectabilis. Showy Orchis, 
 
 Acaulescent; scape low, with about 5 acute angles; loaves few, mostly 2, 
 nearly as long as the scape, oblong-obovate, somewhat thick in texture, of a 
 shining green ; flowers large, few, showy ; bracts lanceolate, acute, large and 
 leaf-like; petals and sepals arched, mostly pink, rarely white; lip white, en- 
 tire ; spur obtuse, white. A very pretty and showy little plant, 8' high, com- 
 mon in rich, rocky woods. May. 
 
 4. gtmnad£:nia. 
 Flower ringent. Sepals and petals nearly equal, mostly con- 
 verging and vaulted. Lip depressed, attached to the base of the 
 column, terminating in a spur distinct from the ovary. Anther- 
 cells parallel. Pollen-masses 2, pedicellate, attached to the 2 
 glands of the stigma, "which are naked, and not contained in any 
 covering. 
 
 1. G. tridentata NaTced Orchis. 
 
 stem slender, bearing a comparatively large, oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse 
 leaf toward the base, and several smaller ones resembling bracts above; flowers 
 small, greenish, rather numerous, in a short, oblong spike; lip truncate, 8- 
 toothed, cuneate-oblong; spur slender, curved upward, clavate, longer than 
 the ovary. A slender plant, distinguished by its single, large, nearly radical 
 
OEDEB CXXV. OECHIDACE.E OECHIS-FAMILY. 
 
 203 
 
 leaf, moch larger than tlio upper, bract-like ones. Stem 5'— 10' high. Not un- 
 common in wet woods and awamps. JvMj. 
 
 6. PLATANTHiSEA. 
 Flower ringent. Petals and sepals nearly equal; upper ones 
 vaulted ; lateral ones spreading. Lip depressed, attached to the 
 base of the column, tapering at base to a spur distinct from the 
 ovary. Anther-cells 2, diverging at base. Pollen-masses pedi- 
 cellate, and attached to the 2 glands of the stigma, which are not 
 inclosed in a covering, and are widely separated. 
 
 1. P. flava. Yellow Orchis. 
 
 stem leafy, somewhat liesuous ; leaves ovate-ohlong, acute, varying to lan- 
 ceolate and linear-lanceolate, acuniinato above; iiowers small, dull-greenish- 
 yellow, In a long, cyllndric spike, at first dense and at length loose ; bracts ex- 
 cept the uppermost,Jonger than the flowers;' petals ovate; lip oblong, obtuse, 
 toothed on each side near the base; palate with a tuberculous protuberance; 
 spur filiform, clavato, shorter than the ovary. A small. Inelegant species, com- 
 mon in wet grounds. Stem 8'— 15' high. June— Aug, 
 
 2. P. l&cera. Bagged Orchis. 
 
 stem leafy ; leaves oblong or lanceolate ; flowers whitish-yellow or greenish- 
 white, longer or shorter than the bracts, in a loose, cylindrical raceme ; petals 
 linear, entire ; lip 3-parted, tapering to a claw at base ; segmenta narrow, and 
 jeeply cut into long and very fine divisions; spur filiform, as long as the ovary. 
 A common and homely plant, growing in moist meadows and thickets. Stem 
 1 — 2 ft. high. Distinguished by its greenish flowers, fringed lip and entire 
 petals. July. 
 
 3. P. psycodes. Small-fringed Orchis. 
 
 stem leafy, angled: leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, upper ones lanceolate; 
 flowers small, purple, fragrant, in a dense, many-flowered, cylindrical raceme ; 
 lower sepals roundish-elliptical, obtuse ; petals cuneate-obovate or spatulato, 
 somewhat toothed at the extremity ; lip 8-parted, tapering at base to a claw ; 
 segments broad-cuneiform, fimbriate with short, fine fringe; spur longer than 
 the ovary. A very handsome species, 1 — 2 ft. high, common in wet meadows. 
 Dlstmgnlshed by its rather small, purple flowers, and short-fringed lip. July — - 
 Aug. 
 
 4. P. fimbriata. Fringed Orchis. 
 
 stem leafy, angled ; leaves oval, varying to obloug-lanceolate above ; flowers 
 large, loosely arranged in a cylindrical raceme, and furnished with lanceolate 
 bracts, pale purple ; lower sepals ovate, acute ; petals oblong, fringed ; lip very 
 large, dependent, Sparted, somewhat triangular in outline, deeply fimbriate 
 with long, capillary friage ; spur longer than the ovary. A noble species, 
 growing in swamps and meadows ; distinguished from the last by its fewer, 
 much larger, and paler flowers, the much larger, long-fringed lip, and to* earlier 
 flowering. Stem 2 — 8 ft high. Not very common southward; frequent in 
 Northern N. Eng. and N. York. June. 
 
 6. AEETHtrSA. 
 Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals lanceolate, nearly equal, 
 cohering at base, arched over the column. Lip destitute of sjjur, 
 spreading and recurved toward the extremity, bearded inside. 
 Column dilated, attached at base to the lip. Anther-cells 2, ap- 
 proximate. Pollen-masses 4 ; 2 in each cell, angular, made up 
 of grains. 
 
 1. A. bulbosa. Areihusa. 
 
 Mostly leafless in blossom ; scape low, sheathed, arising from a round bulb, 
 and bearing a single, large, fragrant, purple flower. The sheaths contain a 
 linear leaf, which sometimes appears with the flower, but generally follows it, 
 pushing out from its sheath. A very beautiful flower growing in bogs. Scape 
 4'— S' high, bearing a flower 2' long. May. 
 
 7. P066NIA. 
 Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals somewhat spreading, not 
 united at base. Lip crested or 3-lobed, bearded inside. Column 
 clavate, not winged at apex. Anther pedicellate. Pollen-masses 
 2, 1 in each cell, farinaceous. 
 
 1. P. ophiogloss6ides. Adder'' s-tongue Arethusa. 
 
 stem slender, 1- leaved and 1-bracted: leaf situated atthe middle of the stem, 
 oval or lanceolate, clasping ; bract situated above, similar in shape, but smaller ; 
 flowers mostly solitary, rarely 2— S, large, pale purple or pink, somewhat nod- , 
 
 ding ; lip spatulate, fimbriate, bearded, as long aa the petals. A very pretty 
 little plant, common in meadows and bogs, June — July. 
 
 8. 0ALOP6QON. 
 Sepals and petals nearly equal, distinct at base. Lip on the 
 upper side of the flower, tapering to a claw or stalk, expanded at 
 summit, bearded above. Column free, winged at apex. Pollen- 
 masses 2, angular. 
 
 1. C. pulchellus. Grass Pinlc. 
 
 Scape slender, 1-leaved, several flowered, arising from a solid bulb ; leaf lin- 
 ear, grass-like, veiny, sheathing the base of the scape ; flowers large, bright 
 reddish-parple. fragrant, 2 — 4 in number ; bracts minute ; sepals and petals ex- 
 panded, ovate-lanceolate, acute; lip concave, dilated at summit, bearded in- 
 side, with yellowish and purplish, thickened veins. A very beautiful plant, 
 common in meadows and bogs, distinguished by the anomalous position of the 
 lip, which is placed in the upper part of the flower, with the column in the 
 lower portion, causing it to appear inverted. Stem 8' — 12' high. July. 
 
 0. 8PIRANTHES. 
 Flowers somewhat ringent, in a mostly spiral spike. Upper 
 sepal cohering with the petals. Lip oblong, concave, including 
 the lower part of the column, tapering at base to a short claw, 
 and furnished with 2 callous processes just above the claw, some- 
 what dilated at apex. Column arching, ofavate, on a short, 
 oblique pedicel. Stigma beaked, at length 2-cleft. Pollen-masses 
 2, composed of scarcely cohering grains. 
 
 1. 8. gracilis. Slender Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 Scape very slender, smooth ; leaves all radical, ovate, or oval-lanceolate, 
 petiolate, mostly withered before flowering; flowers small, pearly-white, ar- 
 ranged in a single row, which is sometimes straight, but usually winds spirally 
 round the axis; bracts ovate, acute; lip narrow-obovate, -crisped at the sum- 
 mit. A cnrtous little plant, 6' — 12' high, common in dry fields and hilly woods, 
 distinguished by its spiral spikes of pearly-white flowers. The scape usually 
 appears leafless on account of the early disappearance of the leaves. Jidy — Aug. 
 
 2. S. cernua. Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 stem rather stout, pubescent above ; radical leaves linear-lanceolate ; those 
 
 of the stem of the same shape but smaller ; flowere whitish or cream-color, 
 
 larger than in the last, crowded in a dense spike, fragrant, somewhat pubescent ; 
 
 bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, as long as the flowers ; lip oblong, dilated 
 
 and crisped at apex. A stouter species than the last, with persistent leaves. 
 
 Common in wet ground. Scape 7'— 15' high. Kadical leaves very long. Aug. 
 
 —Oct. 
 
 10. GOODYiEA 
 
 Flowers ringent. Upper sepal cohering with the petals, 
 vaulted. Lower sepals situated beneath the lip, which is sessile, 
 saccate at base and entire. Column straight. Pollen-masses 2, 
 composed of angular grains held together by a web. 
 
 1. Gr. pubescens. BattlesnaJce Plantain. 
 
 Scape pubescent ; leaves all radical, in tufts, ovate, petiolate, dark-green, 
 veined and blotched with white ; flowers email, greenish-white, like the scape 
 glandular-pubescent, arranged in a dense spike; the roundish, Inflated lip 
 ovate, ending in an abrupt point A curious plant, common in rich woods, well 
 marked by its white-veined and spotted leaves, from which its common name 
 is derived, probably from some fancied resemblance between its colors and those 
 of the snake. Scape 6'— 13' high. July— Aug. 
 
 11. CYFKEPilDroM. 
 Sepals spreading ; the 2 lower or forward ones united into 1 
 below the lip, rarely distinct. Petals alike, but mostly narrower. 
 Lip a large, inflated, obtuse sac, which ipay be compared to a 
 shoe or slipper. Column 8-lobed ; lateral lobes anther-bearing ; 
 middle lobe dilated and petaloid, incurved. Pollen composed of 
 soft granules. 
 
 1. C. parviflorum. Yellow Lady's Slipper. 
 
 stem leafy, pubescent ; leaves oval, acuminate, strongly parallel-veined, pubes- 
 cent ; flowers large, mostly solitary ; sepals ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; 
 petals elongated, lineal^ contorted, greenish, striped and spotted with brown- 
 ish-purple ; lip large. Inflated, yellow, spotted inside, with a rounded aperture 
 on the upper side; lobe of the column triangular. A curious and very showy 
 
204: OEDEE CXXVI. H^MODOEACE^ BLOODWOET-FAMILY. OEDEE CXXVIII. lEIDACE^ lEIS-FAMILY. 
 
 plant, not uncommon in moist, rich woods. Stem 10'— 20' high. The large, 
 inflated liplg 2' long. May— June. 
 
 2. C. acaiVle. Ladyh Slijpper. 
 
 Acaulescent; stem naked, 2-lGaved at base, 1-flowered; leaves oval or ob- 
 long, acute, strongly veined, pubescent ; flower large, bracted ; sepals oblong- 
 lanceolate, acuminate ; petals linear ; lip dependent, purple, reticulate, longer 
 than the petals, opening by a fissure on the upper side extending to the ex- 
 tremity ; middle lobe of the column rhomboidal, acuminate, deflexed. A fine, 
 Bhowy plant, distinguished by its 2 solitary, radical leaves and naked scape, as 
 well as by its purple lip, which is 1'— 2' long. Common in moist, and especially 
 in evergreen woods. Scape 6'— 12' high. Varieties occur with the lip pure white. 
 May — June. 
 
 Order CXXVI. Hsemodoracese. — Blood- 
 %ooTtrfo/m%Ly, 
 
 1. ALfeTEIS. 
 Perianth tubular, rugose, mealy in appearance, 6-eleft at sum- 
 mit. Stamens 6, inserted below the lobes. Style subulate, 3-eleft 
 at apex. Capsule opening at top by 3 valves, many-seeded, in- 
 closed in the persistent perianth. 
 
 1. A. farinosa. White Star-grass. 
 
 Eoot fibrous ; scape naked, long and slender ; leaves lanceolate, thin, in a 
 flat tuft at the base of the scape; flowers oblong, tubular, white, pedicellate, in 
 a long, terminal raceme ; bracts subulate, minute. A common plant in sandy 
 woods and meadows, distinguished by its long raceme of white flowers, that 
 look as if meal had been sifted over them. Stem 2— 3 ft. high. The root is 
 very bitter and is used in medicine. July. 
 
 Order CXXVII. Amaryllidacese. — 
 A m aryllis-family, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA 
 
 * Flowers more or less nodding^. 
 
 1. Amaeyllis. Perianth irregular, with six unequal segments. Stamens de- 
 cllnate. 
 
 2. Narcissus. Corolla regular, furnished with an entire crown at throat 
 
 8. Galanthub. Perianth regular, with a crown at throat, consisting of 
 3 emarginate segments. 
 
 * * Flowers erect. 
 
 4. Htp6xis. Perianth 6-parted, persistent Flowers in u sort of umbel, 
 yellow. Leaves gi-assy. ^ 
 
 1. AMAETLLIS. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, nodding, aomewhat funnel-shaped; seg- 
 ments petaloid, neariy similar, somewhat unequal. Stamens 6, 
 inserted at the throat. Capsule 3-parted. Seeds flat, numerous. 
 
 1. A. formosissima. Jacohea Lily. 
 
 Acaulescent; scape 1-flowered; leaves linear, or narrow-oblong, thick; 
 flower large, nodding, of a brilliant dark-red; segments very much spreading, 
 more or less recurved ; tube fringed ; spathe red. A very showy bulbous plant, 
 frequently cultivated. The scape is about a foot high, bearing a large flower, 
 2'— 3' long. June—Aitg. 
 
 2. NAEClSSUS. 
 
 Perianth of 6 equal divisions, furnished "with a crown at the 
 throat, consisting of a whorl of sterile stamens completely united 
 in a tube, which is funnel-form and entire Fertile stamens 6, in- 
 serted within the crown. Moot htdbous. 
 
 1. N. Jonquilla. 
 
 JonquiTle. 
 
 Scape slender, 1— 2-flowered ; leaves narrow-ensiform ; flowers large, rich 
 yellow, very fragrant, rising from a long, compressed, deciduous spathe, which 
 opens on one side; segments of the perianth spatulate, reflexed; crown shorter 
 than the segments, flat, shallow and somewhat like a saucer, spreading, crenate. 
 A very handsome species, frequent in cultivation. Scape a foot high. May — 
 June. 
 
 2. N. posticus. Narcissus. 
 
 Scape 1-flowered ; leaves linear, as long as the scape ; flower large, mostly 
 white, fragrant ; segments imbricated at base, reflexed ; crown expanded, flat, 
 
 crenulate, white variegated with circles or rings of crimson and yellow ; an 
 thers shorter than the tube. An elegant species, a foot high, much admired in 
 cultivation. Jime. 
 
 3. N. pseudo-Narcissus. Daffodil, 
 
 Scape erect, 2-edged, striate, 1-flowered ; leaves linear, striate ; flower very 
 large, sulphur-yellow ; crown very long, cup-shaped, serrate on the margin. A 
 common and showy garden plant, distinguished by its 2-edged scape, and very 
 long crown. April — May. 
 
 8. GALANTHUS. 
 Flowers arising from a spathe. Perianth 6-parted, outer seg- 
 ments concave ; tube furnished with a crown of 3 small, emargi- 
 nate segments. 
 
 1. G-. nivalis. 
 
 Snow-drop. 
 
 stem usually 2-leaved near the summit, 1-flowered ; leaves linear, carinate, 
 acute ; cauline ones very long and narrow ; flower large, nodding, snow-white. 
 A very pretty little plant, 3' — 8' high. Common in gardens, where it blooms 
 among the earliest in April. 
 
 4. HTP6XIS. 
 Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading. Stamens 6. Cap- 
 sule crowned with the withered perianth, narrowed at base. 
 Seeds roundish, covered with a black, crustaceous coating. 
 
 1. H. erecta. Star-grass. 
 
 Hairy, acaulescent; scape 1 — 4-flow6red; leaves linear, grassy, longer than 
 the scape; flowers in a sort of umbel, each with a minute bract at base ; seg- 
 ments hairy, yellow within, greenish without. A pretty little plant, common 
 in meadows and grassy fields. Scapes usually several from the samo solid 
 bulb, 3' — 6' high. June — July. 
 
 Order CXXVIII. Iriddcese. — Iris-famihj. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 * Periantli witli G uiieqiial $cg:mciits. 
 
 1. Ieis. Three outer segments of the perianth reflexed, larger than the S 
 inner, erect ones. Stamens S- Stigmas 3, petaloid. 
 
 2. TiGRiDiA. Flower rising from a 2-leaved spathe ; 8 outer segments larger 
 than the 3 inner. Stamens 6. Filaments united in a tube. 
 
 * ' Periantli witli G equal se&rnients. 
 
 3. SiSTRiNcniuM. Perianth somewhat campanulate, rising from a 2-leaved 
 cauline spathe. Stamens monadelphous. 
 
 4. Ck6ous. Perianth funnel-form, arising from a radical spathe, with a very 
 long, slender tube. 
 
 1. tKIS. 
 Perianth 6-cleft, 3 outer segments more or less reflexed, larger 
 than the 3 inner, erect ones. Stamens 3, distinct, placed before 
 the 3 inner segments of the perianth. Stigmas 3, petaloid, con- 
 cealing the stamens. Capsule 3 — 6-angled. Rhizoma creeping 
 or tuberous. 
 
 1. I. versicolor. Blue-Flag. 
 
 Stem stout and thick, acute on one side, simple or branching; leaves ensi- 
 form, sheathing at base ; flowers beardless, large, blue, showy ; outer segments 
 of the perianth variegated with green, yellow, and. white, and veined with pur- 
 ple ; inner segments scarcely as long ag the petaloid stigmas, Avhich are reflexed 
 and bifld at apex; ovary obtusely triangular, somewhat concave on the sides, 
 but becoming nearly flat. A handsome plant, common in wet meadows. Stem 
 1—2 ft. high. June. 
 
 2. I. Yirglnica. Slender Blue Flag. 
 
 stem slender, round, sometimes branching; leaves long, narrow-linear; 
 flowers large, blue, showy; segments of the perianth as ia the last, only nar- 
 rower and more veined with yellow; ovary acutely 3-angled, each side with 2 
 deep grooves, A more slender species than the last, distinguished by its round 
 stem, narrow, grass-like leaves, and acutely angled ovary. It is chiefly found 
 in meadows along the coast Stem 1 — 2 ft. high. Jvme. 
 
 3. I. sambucina. Flower-de-Luce. 
 
 stem often branching, many-flowered; leaves onsiform, involute at apox, 
 shorter than the stem; spathe membranous at apex; flowers large, beardless, 
 usually light blue or bluish-white ; lower ones pedunculate ; segments of the 
 
OEDEE CXXX. SMILACE^ SMILAX-FAMILY. OEDEE CXXXn. LILIACE^ LILY-TEIBE. 
 
 205 
 
 perianth emargioate ; stigmas acute, serrate. A beautiful species, common in 
 gardens. Stem 1—8 ft. high. May— June. 
 
 4. I. pumila. Dwarf Iris. 
 
 Scape low, l-flowered ; leaves numerous, broad-ensiform, as long as the 
 scape; flowers largo, deep violet; outer segments of the perianth reflexed, nar- 
 rower than the inner, erect ones. A small species, common in gardens, flower- 
 ing earlier than others. April— May. 
 
 5. I. ochrolei'ica. Yellow Iris. 
 
 stem tall, roundish ; leaves ensiform, striate ; flowers large, sulphur-yellow, 
 beardless ; ovaries 6-angled. A tall species, 2—4 ft high, not uncommon in cul- 
 tivation. April — July. 
 
 2. TIGRlDIA. 
 Perianth arising from a Z-leaved spathe, 6-parted, 3 outer seg- 
 ments larger than the 3 inner ones. Stamens 6. Filaments unit- 
 ed in a long tube. 
 
 1. T. pavonia. Tiger-flower. 
 
 stem erect, round, leafy, slightly branched ; leaves erect, ensiform, veined; 
 flowers very large, scentless, yellow, beautifully variegated with purple, crimson 
 and scarlet, quickly fading ; petals contracted in the uilddle and rounded at apex. 
 A splendid bulb, frequently cultivated. Stem 2—8 ft high. Flowers 4,'— 6' 
 broad, opening and fading in the same day, in succession. July — Sept. 
 
 8, SISTElNOHIUM. 
 Perianth arising from a 2-parted spathe, 6-parted ; segments 
 similar, spreading. Stamens monadelphous. Stigmas 3, filiform. 
 Capsule globose, somewhat 3-angIed. 
 
 1. S. Bermudianum. Blue-eyed Grass. 
 
 Scape simple or branching, compressed, winged, naked or 1 — 2-leaved ; leaves 
 narrow-linear, grass-like ; spathe with 2 — 5 blue flowers, opening in succession, 
 and arranged in a kind of umbel ; pedicels filiform ; segments of the perianth 
 obovate, mostly emarginate, mucronate. A delicate and pretty little plant in 
 moist meadows and grassy fields. Scapo 6' — 12' high. It varies in the breadth 
 of the scape, which is sometimes very slender, almost setaceous, with very 
 narrow leaves. June — July. 
 
 4. CE6CUS. 
 Perianth funnel-form with a very long, slender tube, arising 
 from a radical spathe. Stigma 3-cleft, crested ; segments eonvo- 
 lule. 
 
 1. C. vernus. Crocus. 
 
 Flowers large, with a very long, slender tube, sessile on the bulb ; anthers 
 sagittate, yellow ; stigma included in the perianth, with short segments ; scape 
 triangular, rising after flowering, and bearing the ovary ; leaves narrow-linear, 
 following the flowers. A very showy little garden plant, generally the first to 
 appear in the spring. The flowers are purple, yellow or white, opening in 
 March or April. 
 
 Order CXXX. Smilacese. — Smilax-family. 
 
 1. BMtJLAX. 
 Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Perianth campanulate, with 
 6 equal, spreading, deciduous segments. Stamens 6, attached at 
 base, with short filaments. Anthers linear, attached by the base. 
 Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Berry globose, 1 — 3-celled, 1-seeded. 
 
 1. S. rotundifolia. Greenbrier. 
 
 stem climbing, prickly, woody ; branches round or somewhat 4-angled ; 
 ' leaves roundish-ovate, somewhat cordate at hase, 5-nerved, abruptly acuminate, 
 on short petioles, pale beneath ; flowers small, yellowish-green, in little pedan- 
 calate. axillary umbels ; berries round, bluish or yellowish-green, with a glau- 
 cous bloom. A very prickly vine, with yellowish-green stems, growing in 
 thickets, chmbing over the shrubs, and binding them together so as to make 
 them almost impassable. June. 
 
 2. S. herbacea. Carrion-flower. 
 
 stem herbaceous, unarmed, angular, erect, recurved or climbing by tendrils ; 
 .eaves ovate, or ovate-oblong, often roundish, 7 — 9 veined, mucronate or acumi- 
 nate, usually cordate at base, smooth, paler beneath ; flowers yellowish-green. 
 In dense umbels of 20 — 40, on long peduncles, extremely fcetid ; berries dark- 
 
 blue, covered with n bloom. A coarse, variable plant, common in moist 
 thickets and low grounds, sufficiently distinguished by the disguEtlog and car- 
 rion-like odor of the flowers. Stem 3 — 8 ft. long. June. 
 
 Order CXXXI. TvimicesQ.—TriUmm- 
 family, 
 
 1. TEfLLIUM. 
 
 Sepals 3, green, persistent. Petals 3, colored, at length wither- 
 ing. Stamens 6. Anthers linear, with short filaments. Stigmas 
 subulate, spreading or recurved, persistent. Berry 3-ceUed; celLs 
 several-seeded. Stem simple^ \-Jlowered, hearing a single whorl of 
 3 leaves. 
 
 1. T. cernuum. Nodding Trillium, 
 
 Loaves broad-rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, nearly sessile ; flower nod- 
 ding beneath the leaves, on a recurved peduncle, white ; petals oblong-ovate, 
 acute, recurved, scarcely longer than the sepals. A common plant in wet 
 woods, distinguished from the other species by its small, nodding flower. Stem 
 8'— 15' high. May — June. 
 
 2. T. erectum. Bath Flower. 
 
 Leaves broad-rhomboidal, abrnptly and sharply acuminate, sessile; peduncle 
 nearly erect, soon reclining ; petals ovate, flat, spreading, scarcely longer, but 
 much broader than the sepals, dull purple ; ovary brownish -purple. A showy 
 species, but of very unpleasant odor. Common in low, rich woods. Stem 10 
 —15' high. May. 
 
 3. T. erythrocarpum. Smiling Walce-rohin, 
 
 Leaves ovate, long-acuminate, rounded at base, petiolate ; flower large, on 
 a nearly erect peduncle ; petals ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, wavy at the edges, recurved, spreading, twice as long as the sepalsi, white, 
 variegated with purple stripes at base. A very beautiful species, common la 
 damp woods, Northern W. Eng. and N. York. Stem 8'— 12' high. May. 
 
 2. MEDiOLA. 
 
 Perianth revolute, consisting of 6 petaloid, similar, oblong, 
 deciduous segments. Stamens 6, with filiform filaments. Stigmas 
 3, long and recurved, divergent, filiform, deciduous. Berry 
 globose, 3-celled, several-seeded. 
 
 1. M. Virgtnica. Cucumber Boot. 
 
 stem erect, slender, simple, covei'ed with soft locks of wool ; leaves in 2 
 whorls; lower one near the middle of the stem, consisting of 5—8 obovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate leaves; upper one of 3 ovate, acuminate, smaller leaves; 
 flowers pedunculate, nodding from the upper whorl, 1 — 8, appearing In suc- 
 cession, yellowish-green ; styles dark red. A very elegant plant, remarkable 
 for its almost perfect symmetry. Stem 1 — 2 ft high, from a tuberous, white, 
 fleshy, horizontal rhizoma, which has the shape, appearance, and somewhat of 
 the taste of a cucumber. Common in rich, damp woods. June— July. 
 
 Order CXXXII. Liliacese. — Lily-t/ribe. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 A. Flowers on a scape. 
 
 * Flower solitary. 
 
 I. TdupA. Perianth erect, with 6 distinct seffments. Capsule oblong. 
 
 4. EryTiir6ntum. Perianth nodding ; segments with a groove at base, and 
 a tubercle each side. Capsule obovate. 
 
 * * FloAvers corym1>ose or umbellate. 
 
 7. ATXTU^f. Flowers in a dense, subglobose umbel, arising from a spathe. 
 Seeds ovate-reniform. 
 
 5. Hemerocallis. Flowers large. Perianth funnel-form, with a short 
 tube and spreading segments. Filaments long and filiform, declinate, style fili- 
 fiirm, declinate. Stigma simple. 
 
 .8. OHNiTndGALiTM. Scape with a few, white, corymbose flowers at summit 
 Filaments dilated at base. Stigma 8-angled. 
 
 II. Clint6nia. Flowers few, nmbellate. Perianth campanulate. Stamens 
 inserted at the base of the distinct sepals. Style filiform, columnar. 
 
 * * * Flo^vers neitlier corymbose nor umbellate. 
 
 6. PoLYANTHES. Scape branching, scaly. Flowers large, alternate on the 
 branches. Perianth funnel-form. Stamens inserted at the throat 
 
 9. HTAciNTDCS. Flowers in a simple raceme. Stamens inserted near the 
 middle of the 6 segments of the perianth. 
 
 10. CoNVALLAELA. Flowcrs In a simple, mostly 1-sided raceme. Stamens 
 inserted at the base of the 6 segments of the perianth. 
 
206 
 
 OBDEE CXXXII. LILIACEiE LILY-TEIBE. 
 
 B. Stem leafy. 
 
 * Peduncles 1-f loi«^cred, erect: or 1— 5-flo%vered and 
 nodding or recurved. 
 
 2. LiLiiTM. Stem arising from a bulb. Flowers terminal, very large, Tvlth 6 
 distinct, spreading or recurved sepals, on erect or recurved peduncles. 
 
 16. Asi'ARAGus Stern arising from a bulb. Perianth 6-parted, erect, 
 spreading above. Fruit a globular, S-celled berry. Herbs with very branching 
 stems and setaceous leaves. 
 
 8. Fritillaria. Stem arising ft-om a bulb. Peduncles 1-flowered. axillary. 
 Perianth large, campanulate. Fruit a 3-angled capsule. 
 
 13. PoLTGONATiTM. Eliizoma creeping. Peduncles axillary, 1— 5-flo\vered. 
 Perianth small, tubular. Fruit a globular berry. 
 
 14. UvuLARiA. Peduncles terminating the branches. Anthers linear. 
 Capsule 8-angled. 
 
 15. Stkeptoits. Peduncles terminating the branches. Anthers sagittate. 
 
 * * Peduncles erect, uiany-flovvcrcd. 
 7, Allium. Flowers in dense, globose umbels. 
 
 12. Smilacina, Flowers in simple or compound, corymbose racemes. 
 Perianth deeply -4— 6-parted, with spreading segments. 
 
 1. TtJLIPA. 
 
 Perianth campauulate ; segments 6. Stamens 6, short, subu- 
 late. Anthers 4-angled. Stigmas thick. Capsule oblong, 3- 
 angled. 
 
 1. T. Gesneriana. Tulip. 
 
 Scapo smooth, 1 -flowered; leaves radical, ovate-lanceolate; flowers erect; 
 segments of the perianth obtuse, smooth, A very common and universally 
 admired exotic bulb. The varieties in the color and form of the flowers are 
 almost endless. They are yellow, red, purple, white, or variegated with several 
 or all of these colors. May — June. 
 
 2. LlLIUM. 
 
 Perianth campamilate or somewhat funnel-form ; segments 6, 
 distinct, each with a honey-bearing furrow near the base. 
 Stamens 6. Anthers linear. Style longer than the stamens. 
 Capsule oblong, somewhat 3-augled. Seeds flat. 
 
 1. L. Canadense. Yellow Lily. 
 
 Leaves in several remote whorls of S~6, lanceolate, S-nerved, rough on the 
 margins and nerves; flowers nodding, campanulate, few, yellow, often tinged 
 with scarlet, spotted with purple inside, on long peduncles; sepals sessile, revo- 
 lute from tlie middle. A very handsome Lily, common in wet meadows. 
 Stem 2—3 ft. high. Jane— July, 
 
 2. L. Philadelphicum. Bed Lily. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute; lower ones usually scattered; npper ones 
 vertlcillate in several whorls of 5 — 7; flowers 1—4, campanulate, erect, Ver- 
 million red, spotted inside ; sepals lanceolate, erect, tapering to a claw at base. 
 An elegant species, distinguished by its erect, red flowers. Common in dry 
 thickets and shrubby pastures. 
 
 3. L. candidum. Wliite Lily. 
 
 Stem erect, thick; leaves scattered, lanceolate, tapering at base; flowers 
 large, campanulate, snow-white, in a terminal lambel, very fragrant, smooth in- 
 side. A common and favorite plant in gardens, often 3^4 ft. high. July. 
 
 4. L, bulbiferum. Bulb-hearing Lily. 
 
 stem leafy, bulb-bearing; leaves scattered, 3-veined, narrowly lanceolate; 
 flowers large, campanulate, nearly or quite erect, rough within, and of a deep 
 orange. A showy garden species, with brownish bulbs in the axils of the 
 leaves. Stem 3—5 ft. high. July. 
 
 5. L. tigrinum. Tiger Lily. 
 
 Stem tall, bulb-bearing ; leaves scattered, 3-veined, lanceolate ; upper ones 
 ovate, cordate at base ; flowers large, dark orange, spotted with brownish -purple, 
 in a pyramidal rac(;me ; segments of the perianth revolute, covered with glandu- 
 lar projections on the inside. A tall, showy species, common in gardens. Stem 
 5—6 ft high, having brownish bulbs In the axils of the leaves. July— Aug. 
 
 8. FEITTILLAEIA. 
 Perianth campanulate ; segments 6, broad at base, with a 
 honey-bearing cavity just above the claw. Stamens 6, as long as 
 the petals. 
 
 1. F. imperialis. Croivn-imperial. 
 
 stem thick, leafy below, naked above ; leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, long 
 and narrow, entire; flowers large, nodding, pedicellate, in a terminal cluster; 
 pedicels each furnished with a pair of small, narrow leaves, which, together. 
 
 form a sort of terminal crown, beneath which the flowers hang. A very show} 
 early-flowering plant, common in gardens. The flowers vary from red to yel- 
 low. Stem 2— 3 ft. high. April— May. 
 
 4 ertthrOnium. 
 
 / 
 
 Perianth campanulate ; segments 6, distinct, recurved, deci- 'j 
 duous, the 3 inner usually with a groove in the middle of the ' 
 base, and a tubercle each side of it. Filaments 6, subulate. Style / 
 elongated. Capsule obovate, 3-valved. Seeds ovate, ' 
 
 1. E. Americanum. Log-tooth Violet. 
 
 Nearly stemloss; scape about 2-leaved near the base, l-flowered; leaves 
 oval-lanceolate or lanceolate, green, spotted with brownish-purple, nearly equal 
 in length, but usually quite unequal in width ; flower nodding, pale yellow, 
 spotted at base inside; style clavate ; stigma undivided. An elegant little * 
 spring-flower, common on rich hill-sides and iti thickets, well distinguished byj 
 its brown spotted leaves. Scape 3'— 6' high. May. 
 
 5. HEMEROCALLIS. 
 Perianth funnel-form ; tube short ; limb spreading, 6-parted. 
 Stamens 6, inserted at the throat. Filaments declinate, long and 
 filiform. Style long and filiform, declinate. Stigma simple. 
 jlcaulesccjit 
 
 1. H. ftilva. Lay Lily. 
 
 Scape erect, smooth, corymbosely branching above; leaves long-linear, caii- 
 nate, in large radical tufts ; flowers large, erect, bracted, of a tawny red on the 
 inside, in a sort of terminal corymb, expanding singly in succession ; outer se- 
 pals with branching vc4ns, inner wavy, obtuse. A very showy flower, common 
 in gardens, from which it has sometimes strayed. Scape 2 — i fc. high. Leaves 
 10'— 18' long. July. 
 
 2. H. flava. Yellow Day Lily. 
 
 Scape erect, branching above ; leaves broad-linear, carinate, in radical tufts ; 
 flowers light-yellow, smaller than in the last, expanding singly in succesHon ; 
 segments of the perianth with undivided veins ; inner ones flat, not wavy, acute. 
 A smaller species than the last, not so frequcntin cultivation, and distinguished 
 by the much smaller yellow flowers. Scape 10' — 18' high. July. 
 
 6. POLYANTHES. 
 Perianth funnel-form, incurved ; segments 6; filaments insert- 
 ed at the throat ; ovary at the bottom of the tube. 
 
 1, P. tuberosa. Tuberose. 
 
 Acaulescent; scape scaly, branching above; leaves linear-lanceolate; flow- 
 ers numerous, large, white, fragrant; petals oblong. A splendid plant, com- 
 mon in house cultivation. Scape 2— 3 ft. high, arising from a bulb which is 
 furnished with tuberous rootlets. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 7. ALLIUM. 
 
 Flowers in an umbel, with a 1 — 2-leaved spathe at base. 
 
 Perianth of 6 sepals, which are distinct, or united at base, 1-nerv- 
 
 ed, mostly persistent. Stamens 6. Style filiform. Stigma acute, 
 
 simple. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-valved. Seeds black, ovate-reniform. 
 
 1. A. Canadense. Wild Garlic, 
 
 Scape round, leafy at base ; leaves narrow-linear, smooth, nearly flat; umbel 
 consisting mostly of dense, sessile little bulbs, among which arescattered small, 
 white, or pale rose-colored flowers, on slender pedicels ; bulbs bracted at base. 
 Common in wet meadows. Scape 10' — 15' high. Ju7ie. 
 
 2. A. vineile. Crow Garlic. 
 
 stem slender, with a few leaves below ; leaves round, hollow, and channel- 
 led above ; umbel often bearing sessile bulbs, as in the last ; flowers pedicellate, 
 numerous, rose-color and green ; stamens exsert, alternate ; filaments S-cleft, 
 the middle segment bearing the anther, A foreign species, naturalized abun- 
 dantly near the coast in some districts. Scape 1 — 2 ft, high. June — July. 
 
 3. A. tricoccum. Wild Leeh. 
 
 Scape naked ; leaves oval-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, flat, thin, smooth, 
 tapering to a petiole, withering before the appearance of the flowers; umbel 
 not bulb-bearing, many-flowered, globose; flowers white; fllaments undivided; 
 pod deeply S-lobed. A strong-scented species, common in damp, rich woods, 
 and distinguished, when not in flower, by its broad-lanceolate leaves, and when 
 in blossom by the globose, many-flowered umbels. Scapo 3' — 15' high, Jujie 
 — JvZy. 
 
OEDEE CXXXn. LILIACii^ — LILY-TEIBE. 
 
 207 
 
 4. A. Cepa. Onion. 
 
 Scape stout, boUow, swelling below the middle, glaucous ; leaves round, hol- 
 low, swelling below the mlddlo, glaucous, shorter than the scape ; umbel glo- 
 bose, raany-Dowerod ; flowers greenish-white. Universally cultivated for its 
 bulb, whoso value as an esculent vegetable is well known. Scape 8—4 ft. high, 
 appearing the second year from the seed. Jul;/. 
 
 6. A. sativum. Garlic. 
 
 Bulb compound, consisting of several smaller ones united, and included in 
 one covering membrane ; stem leafy, bulbiferous ; leaves linear; flowers small, 
 white ; stamens 3-eleft A species sometimes cultivated for its acrid and strongly- 
 flavored bulbs, which are used as a seasoning. Scape 2 ft. high. Jul;/. 
 
 6. A. porrum. Leek. 
 
 stem compressed, leafy; leaves long, alternate, linear, sheathing at base; 
 umbel largo, many-flowered ; flowers small, white ; stamens 3-cIeft. Often 
 cultivated. The root is a cylindrical, scaly bulb. Stem 2 ft. bigh. July. 
 
 7. A. sohaenoprdsum. Give. 
 Scape leafy only at base ; leaves round-subulate, in dense tufts, equalling tho 
 
 scape; umbeh densely flowered ; flowers purplish. A small species, often cul- 
 tivated, and distinguished by its very slender leaves and scapes, June. 
 
 8. 0RNITH6GALUM. 
 Perianth leafy, 6-parted ; segments spreading above the mid- 
 dle. Filaments 6, dilated at base. Stigma 3-angled. Capsule 
 roundish, angled. Seeds roundish. 
 
 1. 0, umbellatum. Star of Bethlehem. 
 
 Scape naked ; leaves narrow-linear, channelled, as long as the scape ; flowers 
 few, loosely corymbose, pedicellate, bracted ; sepals white, marked with a green 
 stripe on tlic outside. A low and rather pretty plant, often cultivated, and 
 sometimes naturalized in meadows along the coast. Scape 5' — 8' high. May. 
 
 9. HTAClNTHUS. 
 Perianth varying from funnel-form to eampanulate, subglobose ; 
 segments 6, similar. Stamens 6, inserted near the middle of the 
 segments. Ovary with 3 honey-bearing pores at summit. Cells 
 of the capsule 1 — 3-seeded. 
 
 1. H. orientalis. Hyacinth. 
 
 Scape naked ; leaves linear-lanceolate, half as long as the scape ; flowers in a 
 dense, terminal and somewhat thyrsoid raceme ; perianth funnel-form, cleft to 
 the middle, swelling at base. A splendid bulb, long cultivated and admired. 
 Scape 6' — 12' high. Flowers usually purple, varying to pink, white, blue, and 
 all very fragrant April— May. 
 
 10 OONVALLlEIA. 
 Flowers racemed. Perianth eampanulate, 6-parted ; segments 
 spreading, united at base. Stamens 6, at the base of the seg- 
 ments. Berry globose, 2-oelled. 
 
 1. C. majalis. Lily of the Valley. 
 
 Scape smooth, naked, semi-eylindric ; leaves usually '2, situated near the 
 base of the scape, ovate or elliptic-ovate; flowers white, fragrant, in a simple, 
 loose, 1-sided raceme. A delicate, sweet-scented little plant, native of tho 
 South, and often cultivated in gardens. Scape 5'— 6' higli. May. 
 
 11. CLINT6NIA 
 Flowers umbellate. Perianth eampanulate. Sepals 6, dis- 
 tinct, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted at the base. Style long, 
 filiform, columnar. Stigma semicircular, depressed. Ovary 2- 
 celled. Berry ovoid, several-seeded. 
 
 1. C. borealis. Wild Lily of the Valley. 
 
 Ehizoma slender, creeping ; scape naked, 2— 4-Ieaved at base ; leaves large, 
 oval or oblong, petiolato, smooth and shining, ciliate with scattered hairs ; flow- 
 ers few, rarely single, greenish-yellow, nodding, in a terminal umbel ; perianth 
 somewhat pubescent outside : berries blue. An elegant liliaceous plant, com- 
 mon in damp woods, especially in northern districts. Scape 8'— 12' high; loaves 
 8' long. June. ^^ SMILACtNA. 
 
 Periaatli 4 — 6-parted, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 4 — 6, 
 inserted at the base of the segments. Ovaries 2— 3-celled. Berry 
 globulai^, few-seeded, Ehizoma creeping. 
 
 1. S. bifolia. Two-leaved Solomon^ s Seal. 
 
 Ne.irly or quite smooth ; stem mostly 2-leaved ; leaves cordate, petlolatc, or 
 sessile; flowers very small, white, in a dense raceme ; perianth 4-parted ; sta- 
 mens 4; berry 2-celled, reddish, spotted, A delicate little plant, common in 
 moist woods. Stem 4' — S' high. Mai/. 
 
 2. S. racemosa. False Spikenard. 
 
 Minutely pubescent ; stem leafy, flexuous, recurved at top ; leaves oval or 
 oval-lanceolate, long- acuminate, ciliate, strongly veined, abruptly tapering to a 
 short petiole ; flowers very small, white, in a large, compound paniculate ra- 
 ceme ; parts of the flower in sixes ; ovary 3-celled ; berry pale red, spotted with 
 purple. A common species in moist woods and thickets. Stem 1 — 2 ft. high. 
 June. 
 
 3. S. stellata. Star-floivered Solomon's Seal. 
 
 Smooth; stem erect, leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, glaucous be- 
 neath, somewhat clasping; flowers white, larger than in the last, in a simple 
 raceme; parts of the flower in sixes; ovary 2-celled; berries very dark purple. 
 A smaller species, with larger flowers than the last, found on liver-banks, and 
 most common in the northern districts. Stem 8'— 15' high. May— June. 
 
 13. POLTGONAT0M. 
 Pei-ianth tubular, 6-cleft at summit. Stamens 6, inserted at 
 or above the middle of the tube, and inclosed in it. Ovary 3- 
 celled. Berry globular. Cells 1-seeded. 
 
 1. P. pubescens. Solomon's Seal. 
 
 stem recurved at summit, round, rarely marked with a single furrow; 
 leaves oval-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, glaucous and very slightly pubescent 
 beneath, 3— 5-veined, sessile; peduncles axillary, smooth, nodding, 1— 2-flower- 
 ed; flowers greenish; filaments inserted near the summit of the perianth; 
 berry dark blue, often nearly black. A comjnon plant of elegant growth, found 
 in woods and thickets. Stem 1—2 ft. high. Jane. 
 
 2. P. canaliculatum. Large Solomonh SeaL 
 
 stem tall and stout, angular or channelled, recurved; leaves oblong- ovate, 
 somewhat clasping at base, smooth and green on both sides, marked with nu- 
 merous prominent veins ; peduncles nodding, smooth, 2 — 5-fiowered ; flowers 
 greenish; filaments inserted at the middle of the perianth-tube ; berries as in 
 the last. A much stouter plant than the last, 2 — 5 ft high, growing in rich, 
 moist thickets, and along rivers. It is occasionally found in N. Eng., but is 
 most common in the Middle States. June. 
 
 14. UVULlKIA. 
 Perianth nearly eampanulate, deeply 6-parted ; segments 
 with a honey-bearing groove at base. Stamens 6, short, adherent 
 to the base of the segments. Anthers comparatively long. Style 
 deeply 3-cleft. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, opening by 3 valves 
 at top. Seeds few in a cell, arilled. Rhizoma creeping. 
 
 1. U. grandiflora. 
 
 Large Bellwort. 
 
 stems branching above, recurved ; leaves perfoliate, oblong or oval-ovate, 
 paler beneath ; flowers large, greenish-yellow lily-like, nodding, terminating 
 the branches ; sepals smooth within ; anthers somewhat obtuse. A very grace- 
 ful plant, with greenish-yellow, flowers, common in rich woods, especially in 
 the Northern districts. Stem 8'— IS' high. May— June. 
 
 2. U. perfoliata. Perfoliate Bellwort. 
 
 stem recurved, branching above ; leaves perfoliate, oval-lanceolate or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, glaucous beneath ; flowers greenish -yellow, solitary, nodding, 
 on one of the usually two branches of the stem ; sepals rough inside ; antoers 
 acute. An elegant species smaller than the last, common in moist thickets and 
 rich woods. The stem divides into 2 branches, one hearing the leaves, the other 
 leaves and the flower. Plant 6' — 16'. May. 
 
 3. U. sessilif61ia. Sessile-leaved Bellwort. 
 
 Smooth ; stem recurved and branching above ; leaves sessile, not perfoliate, 
 oval or oval-lanceolate, pale green, glaucous beneath; flower solitar}', yellow- 
 ish-white, terminating as in the last, one branch of the stem while the other is 
 occupied by leaves; sepals smooth within; anthers acute. A delicate littlo 
 plant, common in low woods. Stem 5' — 12' high. May. 
 
 15. stk:6ptopus. 
 Perianth eampanulate, 6-parted ; segments recurved, spread- 
 ing, each with a honey-bearing farro^ at base ; % jnner ones 
 
208 OKDEK CXXXIII. PONTEDERTACE^ PICKEREL- WEED-FAM. ORDER CXXXV. JUNCACE^ — RUSH-FAM. 
 
 cuneate. Anthers sagittate, longer than the very short fila- 
 ments. Berry roundish, 3-celled. Cells fe-w-seeded. 
 
 1. S. roseus. Twistfoot. 
 
 stem smooth, somewhat stout, dichotomously branching; leaves ovate, long- 
 acnminate, rounded and clasping at base, ciliate on the margin, smooth and 
 green on both sides ; peduncles opposite the leaves, but bent and contorted so 
 as to appear axillary, filiform, pendent; flowers small, rose-color, spotted, more 
 than half as long as the short peduncle; stigma obscurely 3-parted. An elegant 
 plant, 10' — 15' high, common in dense, evergreen woods, especially in North- 
 ern districts and on mountains. 3Iay — J'uiie. 
 
 16. ASPAEAGUS. 
 Perianth erect, 6-parted ; segments spreading above, with the 
 6 stamens at base. Style short. Stigma 3-lobed. Berry globu- 
 lar, 3-ceUed. Cells 2-seeded. 
 
 1. A. officinalis. Asjtaragus. 
 
 stem erect, very branching, herbaceous; leaves setaceous, in clusters, pale 
 green ; flowers small, axillary, solitary or 2 together, yellowish-green; berries 
 red. A plant generally cultivated for its young shoots. It is to some extent 
 naturalized along the sea-coast Stem 2—4 ft high. Jmu. 
 
 solitary, pedunculate, in a long, leafy umbel ; sepals acuminate ; capsules ob- 
 tuse. A little grass-like plant, with hairy leaves, not uncommon in open woodfl 
 and groves. Stem 4'— 8' high. Ifui/. 
 
 Order CXXXIII. Pontederiacese. — ■Pichei^elr 
 loeed-fandly. 
 
 1. FONTEDi]RIA. 
 Perianth funnel-form, bilabiate, upper lip 3-parted ; lo"wer lip 
 of 3 spreading di"o-isions, forming the curving tube of the perianth, 
 and separating more or less nearly down to the base ; lower part 
 persistent, inclosing the fruit. Stamens 6, 3 inserted near the 
 summit of the tube, and exsert; 3 near the base (often imperfect) 
 with very short filaments. Ovary 3-celled, 1-ovuled. Per. 
 
 1. P. cordata. Pickerel-weed, 
 
 stem thick and stout, erect, 1-lcaved ; leaves mostly radical, cordate-sagit- 
 tate, smooth and glossy-green, petiolate; flowers blue, in a dense, terminal 
 spike, furnished with a bract-Ijke spathe; tube of the perianth marked with 
 toothed ridges; anthers blue. A showy aquatic, common in shallow water and 
 muddy borders of ponds, arising from a creeping rhizoma. Scape 10' — 18' 
 above water. It varies with scarcely cordate leaves. Jtilj/. 
 
 Order CXXXIV. Melanthacese.— CbZc?A^- 
 cum-fandly. 
 
 L YERlTEUM. 
 Flowers polygamous ; segments of the perianth 6, distinct, 
 spreading, without glands at base. Stamens 6, shorter than the 
 perianth, and inserted at the base of its segments. Ovaries 3, 
 united at base, often abortive. Capsule 3-lobed, separating into 
 3 carpels. 
 
 1. Y viride. WJiite Hellehore. 
 
 stem simfjle, stont, tall, very leafy, pubescent ; leaves broad-oval, acumin- 
 ate, strongly veined and plaited, sh&athing at base; flowers dull-yellowish- 
 green, very numerous, in long, bracted racemes, forming a very large, p3Ta- 
 midal, terminal panicle. A coarse and rank-looking herb, common in low 
 meadows and svvamps. Stem 2—4 ft high ; leaves 4'— 6' long. The root is 
 extremely poisonous, and is sometimes used in medicine. Jun^. 
 
 Order CXXXV. Juncacege. — Rxi-sh-family . 
 
 1. LtlZULA 
 Perianth persistent. . Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. Capsule 1- 
 celled, 3-seeded. Leaver grass-like. 
 
 1. L. pilosa. Wood Rush. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy with long, whitish hairs; flowers usually 
 
 2. L. campestris. 
 
 Field Rush. 
 
 Leaves linear, hairy, especially on the margin; flowers in little spikes, ar- 
 ranged in a sort of umbel on peduncles of different lengths, the central one being 
 nearly sessile, all light brown or yellowish ; sepals acuminate, awned, longer 
 than the obtuse capsule. A still more common species than the last, clearly 
 distinguished by its flowers, sessile in little spikelets, and not on solitary pedun- 
 cles. Plant 3'— 10' high, growing in fields and open woods. May. 
 
 2. Jl^NCUS. 
 Perianth persistent, 6-parted. Stamens 6, rarely 3. Stigmas 
 3. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. 
 
 * Leafless. Flowers lateral. 
 
 1. J. effi\sus. Bullriish. 
 
 Scape erect, soft and flexible, striate, sheathed at base; flowers in a sessile, 
 very branching panicle, proceeding from a Assure in the side of the scape above 
 the middle, small, numerous, greenish ; sepals acute; stamens mostly 3; cap- 
 sule obtuse. A common Eush, growing in tufts in wet grounds. Scape slen- 
 der, 2—3 ft high. June—Julij. 
 
 * * Leaves nearly rounds Tciiotted, both cauline and radical. Flowers 
 terminal. 
 
 2. J. paradoxus. 
 
 Appendaged Rush. 
 
 stem somewhat stout, round; leaves nearly or quite round; flowers in 
 greenish, many-flowered, globose lieads, forming a decompound panicle ; sepals 
 lanceolate, tapering to a slightly subulate point A common species in wet 
 grounds, distinguished by its decompound panicle and globular, many-flowered 
 heads. Stem 2 ft bigli. tTidy — Aug. 
 
 3. J. acuminatus. Bog Rush. 
 
 stem erect, round; leaves few, round or nearly so; flowers in many or few 
 brownish, few-flowered heads, arranged in a panicle with somewhat spreading 
 branches ; sepals linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, very acute, much shorter than 
 the acute, triangular capsule. A common species in bogs and along ponds. 
 Stem 10'— 18' high, slender. A Uff. 
 
 * * * Leaves flat or cJiannelled, or somewhat involute. Flowefs terminal. 
 
 4. J. tenuis. Slender Rush. 
 
 Stem very slender, erect, leafless, except at base; leaves linear, setaceous, 
 shorter than the stem ; bracts of the involucre 2 — 3, recurved, much longer 
 than the cymose panicles ; flowers separate, rarely sessile, in a loose, somewhat 
 umbelled, cymose panicle, with unequal branches ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 
 longer than the ovoid-globose capsule. A common and very slender Kush, 
 along paths and in fields, distinguished by its narrow leaves and separate 
 flowers. 
 
 5. J. Gerardi. Black Grass. 
 
 stem simple, compressed, leafy, rigidly erect, or procumbent; leaves mostly 
 radical, very narrowly -linear, shorter than the stem; flowers in a small, few- 
 flowered, crowded panicle; bracts of the involucre shorter than the panicle; 
 sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, about as long as the obtuse capsule. A common 
 species in salt marshes, where it is distinguished by its dark green foliage and 
 dark brown fruit Stem 6'— 12' high. July. 
 
 6. J. bufc)iiius. Annual Rush. 
 
 Stem slender, leafy, often branching at base; leaves channelled, very nar- 
 rowly linear; flowers greenish, remote, sessile, forming a spreading dichotom- 
 ously branching panicle; sepals lanceolate, subulate at the point, much longer 
 than the obtuse capsule. A little, annual species, growing in tufts, and distin- 
 guished by its- branching stem and dichotomous panicle. Stems 8' — 6' high. 
 Common along road-sides, June — Aug. 
 
 7. J. marginatus. Broad-leaved Rush, 
 
 Stem erect, compressed, leafy ; leaves linear, thick, somewhat grass-like ; 
 flowers clustered in little, few-flowered heads, and forming a cymose panicle, 
 which is simple or compound ; sepals oblong, as long as the globular capsule, 
 light brown ; stamens 3. A common species in Southern N. Eng. and N. York, 
 in low grounds, distinguished by its comparatively broad, grass-like leaves, and 
 nearly flat and somewhat denee, cymose panicles. Stem 1 — 3 ft. high. July. 
 
OEDER CXXXVI. (X)MMELYNACE^ SPrDEEWOET-FAM. OEDEK CXXXIX. CYPEEACE^. — SEDGE-FAM. 
 
 209 
 
 Oeder CXXXVI. Commelynacese. — Spider- 
 ivortrfamily. 
 
 1. teadescAntia. 
 Flowers regular. Sepals persistent Petals all similar, ses- 
 sile. Stamens perfect, -nrith bearded filaments. Anthers reni- 
 form. Capsule 2 — 3-eelled. 
 
 1. T. Virginica. Sjpiderwort. 
 
 Stem nearly or quite erect, simple or branching, jointed, leafy ; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, crenate, sheathing at base, tapering to an acute point, at length 
 elongated and reflexed. A handsome plant, with bright blue flowers, native In 
 Western N. York and farther West, but frequent in cultivation. Stem erect, 
 ) — 2 ft. high, mucilaginous. May— Aug. Per. 
 
 Order CXXXVII. Xyridd-cese. — Yellow-eyed 
 Grass-family. 
 
 1. XYKIS. 
 Flowers in dense, terminal heads, each inclosed in a scale-like 
 bract. Sepals 3; 2 lateral ones persistent, the larger one in- 
 closing the yet-unopened corolla, and finally deciduous with it. 
 Petals with more or less united claws. Stamens 3, on the claws 
 of the petals, alternating with 3 sterile ones. Style 3-cleft. 
 Capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. 
 
 1. X. bulbosa. Yellow-eyed Grass. 
 
 Scape slender, more or less bulbous at base, somewhat 8-angled, compressed 
 above, very smooth, at length twisted ; leaves much shorter than the scape, 
 narrow-linear; flowers in an ovoid-globose head ; stamens projecting from tlie 
 yellow, ovjite, crenate, spreading petals. A curious, rush-like plant, 4' — 10' 
 high. Eather common, especially in marshy grounds near the coast. July — 
 
 -Pipe- 
 
 Okder CXXXVIII. Eriocaulonacese.- 
 
 xoortrfamily. 
 
 1. EEIOOAtJLON. 
 Flowers monoecious, collected in u. dense head; central ones 
 sterile, with 4 — 6 stamens ; outer ones fertile, with 1 style and a 
 2 — 3-parted stigma. Perianth double, persistent. Sepals 2 — 3. 
 Corolla in the sterile flowers tubular ; in the fertile flowers con- 
 sisting of 2 — 3 separate segments. Capsule 2 — 3-celled, Cells 
 1-seeded. 
 
 1. E. septangulare. Pvpewort. 
 
 Smooth ; aquatic ; scape smooth, about 7-f urrowed ; leaves radical, linear, 
 subulate at extremity, pellucid, in tufts at the bottom of the water ; flowers 
 white, in dense, hemispherical heads ; outer scales or bracts obovate, obtuse. 
 An aquatic of very simple cellular structure, common in the edges of ponds, 
 with a slender, erect scape, arising from a tuft of leaves at bottom, and bearing 
 the white, dense head of flowers at the top. The length of the scape varies 
 with the depth of the water, from a few inches to several feet in length. July 
 —Aug. 
 
 Order CXXXIX. Cyperdcese.- 
 fainily. 
 
 -Sedge- 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 .4. Flowers all perfect. 
 * Flowers arranged in the spikelets in 2 roivs. 
 
 1. Crp£:RU8. Spikelets in loose or dense clusters, usually arranged in an ir- 
 regular, simple or compound involucrate umbel, rarely a globose head. 
 
 2. DuLlcHiUM. Spikelets in loose, solitary, axillary spikes. 
 
 *• Flowers not arranged in very reg-ular ro^vs in 
 the spikes or spikelets. 
 
 8. Ele6oiiaris. Spike single, terminal. Perianth consisting of about 6 
 bristles. Stamens 3. Style bulbous at base. Achenium tuberculate. 
 
 4. SciRrue. Spikes single'or clustered, and either lateral or terminal. Peri- 
 p-ith consisting of 8—6 bristles surrounding the ovary, and scarcely if at all ex- 
 ceeding theglume. Stamens 3. Styles not bulbous at base. 
 
 27 
 
 5. EBi6pnoRtrM. Spikes in irregular umbels, rarely solitary. Perianth con- 
 sisting of many, rarely of only 6 long, woolly bristles, much exceeding the 
 glumes. 
 
 6- FiMBRiSTTLis. Spikcs in irregular, involucrate umbels. Perianth of 
 bristles none. Stamens 3. Style 2— 8-cleft, not bulbous at base. 
 
 B. Flouers monaicious, dieecious or polygamous. 
 
 T. EuyNcu6sroRA. Lower flowera of the spike pistillate, uppermost 
 staminate; intermediate perfect Perianth consisting of 6 bristles. Achenium 
 with a short bread tubercle. 
 
 8. CLiDiuM. Lower flowers of the spike empty ; 1 or 2 of the rest usually 
 staminate and barren, the terminal 1 pertect and fertile. Perianth of bristles 
 none. Achenium without a tubercle. 
 
 9. Carex. Flowers moncecious or rarely dicecious, the 2 kinds either 
 in separate spikes, or in separate parts of the same spike ; glumes 1-flowered. 
 Fruit consisting of an inflated bag or sac, containing the achenium. 
 
 1. CYPjlETJS. 
 Spikelets few, many-flowered, in loose or dense, somewhat 
 capitate clusters, which usually form an irregular, simple or com- 
 poimd umbel. Glumes arranged in 2 rows, decurrent at base. 
 Stamens 1 — 3, usually 3. Style 2 — 3-cleft. Achenium lenticular 
 or triangular. Culm triangular, with 1 — 3 leaves at summit, 
 forming an involucre to the umbel. 
 
 * Style 2-cle/t. 
 
 1. C. di4ndnis. Brown Sedge. 
 
 Culm slender, usually decumbent; spikelets flat, oblong-lanceolate, acutish, 
 14— 20-flowered, more or less in fascicles forming an umbel with 2— t very short, 
 sometimes unequal rays; glumes oblong, obtuslsh, brown on the margin; 
 stamens 2. A little Sedge, distinguished by its reclining culm and brownish, 
 broad spikelets. It varies with glumes of a chestnut color, and also with 3 
 stamens. Stem 6' — 10' long. Leaves narrow-linear. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 2. C. Nuttallii. NuttaWs Sedge. 
 
 Culms tufted, mostly erect ; leaves narrow-linear ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 
 acute, flat, many-flowered, in crowded clusters, arranged in an umbel, with a 
 few mostly very short and nearly sessile rays; glumes oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
 brownish. Stamens 2. A common, salt marsh species, especially distinguished 
 from the last by its narrower spikelets and leaves. Culm 4' — 10' high. Aug 
 * * S^/le Z'Cle/L Aehenia triangular. 
 
 3. C. strigosus. Bulbous Sedge, 
 
 Culm erect, leafy, tuberous at base; leaves broad -linear ; umbel simple or 
 decompound ; spikelets narrow -linear, flat and flew-flowered, at length reflexed, 
 very numerous, in loose pedicellate clusters, on spikes forming an umbel, with 
 many long and unequal rays, which are sometimes branched; scales oblong- 
 lanceolate, yellowish ; stamens 8 ; achenium narrow-oblong. A very common 
 species in wet grounds, 1—2 ft high, distinguished by its numerous, narrow, 
 yellowish spikelets. Aug. 
 
 4. C. dentatus- Toothed Sedge. 
 
 Slender, erect, leafy at base ; leaves carinate, shorter than the stem ; umbel 
 composed of 4— 6 branching rays; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, flat, usually 6 — 10- 
 fiowered, in pedunculate clusters of 8 — 5, forming a partial umbel on each ray; 
 glumes very acute, brownish on the margin, green on the back ; stamens 3 ; 
 achenium minate. A rather common species in wet, sandy soils, distinguished 
 by its completely compound umbel. Culm 8'— 12' high. Aug. 
 
 5. C. filicjlmis. Slender Sedge. 
 
 Culm very slender, wiry, tuberous at base, mostly erect; leaves mostly 
 radical, very narrow-linear; spikelets linear-lanceolate, with a somewhat con- 
 vex surface, 5 — 8-flowered, collected in a dense, globular, sessile bead, which is 
 either solitary or furnished with 1 — 2 smaller ones, on rather long, horizontal 
 rays; glumes ovate, loose, greenish ; stamens 8. A common species, 6'-^12' 
 high, growing in dry soils, and distinguislied by its globular heads of spikelets, 
 narrow leaves, and stem bulbous at base. Aug. 
 
 6. C. inflexus. Dwarf Sedge. 
 
 Culms low, very slender, tufted, leafy at base ; spikelets narrow-oblong, 8— 
 10-flowered, collected in a few dense, ovoid heads, which are either sessile, 
 aggregated, or on short peduncles; involucre of 3 very long leaves; glumes 
 yellowish, oblong, tapering to a long, hooked point; stamen 1. A slendei 
 species, 2' — 4' high, rather common in the sandy borders of ponds, distinguished 
 by its few, dense heads of spikelets, and its single stamen. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 % DULfCHlUM. 
 Spikelets linear, compressed, arranged in 2 rows, on solitary, 
 
210 
 
 OKDEE CXXXIX. CYPEEACEiE. 
 
 axillary peduncles. Glumes arranged in 2 rows. Perianth 
 reduced to bristles surrounding the ovary. Stamens 3. Style 
 2-cleft above, the lower portion persistent, forming a beak to the 
 compressed achenium. 
 
 1. D. spathaceum. Sheathed Sedge, 
 
 Culm erect, simple, leafy tbrougb the whole length, sheathed below ; leaves 
 alternate, linear, flat, short, arranged on the stem in 3 rows; spikes axillary and 
 terminal, proceeding from the sheaths, consisting of 8 — 12 linear-lanceolate 
 spikelets, loosely arranged in 2 rows; spikelets 5 — 9 flowered, rather long. A 
 common plant along rivers and borders of ponds, 1 — 2 ft. high. Aug. 
 
 8. ele6chaeis. 
 Spikes single, terminal. Glumes imbricated all round with- 
 out much order. Perianth reduced to 3 — 12, mostly 6, rigid, 
 persistent bristles, surrounding the ovary. Stamens 3. Style 2 
 — 3-cleft, bulbous and persistent at base, forming a tubercle 
 crowning the achenium. Culms leafless, simple. 
 
 * Culms rou7idi8h, soft. 
 
 1. E. obtAsa. Sjpike-rush, 
 
 Culms nearly terete in tufts ; epiko more or less globose, at length becoming 
 somewhat cylindrical, obtuse, densely many-flowered; glumes very obtuse, 
 liirht-brown, whitish on the margin; achenium obovate, of a shining brown, 
 surrounded by 6 bristles twice as long as itself, and crowned with a very broad 
 and flat tubercle. A common species in shallow water and muddy grounds. 
 Culms C— 12' high. July—A^tg. 
 
 2. E. palustris. Round Rush. 
 
 Culm nearly terete; spike oblong-lanceolate, acute, manj'-flowered, often 
 obliquely attached ; glumes reddish-brown, whitish on the broad margin ; lower 
 ones sometimes empty ; achenium obovate, surrounded by about 4 bristles 
 longer than itself^ and crowned with a small, ovate, flattened tubercle. A quite 
 variable species; very common in shallow water and low grounds. Culms C 
 — 20' high. June — July. 
 
 * * Culms angular or compressed. 
 
 3. E. tenuis. Slender Rush. 
 
 Culm very slender and wiry, 4-angled, with concave sides ; spike elliptical, 
 somewhat acute at each end, 20—30 flowered ; glumes ovate, obtuse ; achenium 
 obovate, with a email, depressed tubercle, and surrounded by 2 — 1 bristles, or 
 more. A common and very slender species in wet meadows, sufficiently dis- 
 tinguished by its size, and the 4-angled culm ; C — 12' high. June — July. 
 
 4. E. acicularis. Hair Rush. 
 
 Culm setaceous, 4-angled; spike oblong-ovate, 3— 8-flowered; glumes ob- 
 long-ovate, obtusish, purplish on the margin; achenium obovoid-triangular, 
 crowned with a conical tubercle. A very delicate species, common in muddy 
 grounds and edges of ponds, where the culms are as fine as hairs, and 2'— 6' 
 hieh. June— July. 
 
 4. sclEPirs. 
 
 Spikes cylindrical, clustered, and furnished with an involucre, 
 sometimes single, terminal or lateral. Glumes imbricated all 
 round in no fixed order. Perianth reduced to 3 — 6 bristles. 
 Stamens 3. Style 2 — 3-cleft, not bulbous at base, deciduous. 
 Achenium lenticular or triangular. Culms sheathed at base. 
 * Spikes lateral. 
 t Leafless. 
 
 1. S. debilis. Slender Cluh-rush. 
 
 Culms slender, furrowed, tufted, roundish, rarely with a single leaf at base ; 
 spikes few, generally about 3^, ovoid, sessile, in a single cluster situated near 
 the top of the culm, the prolongation of which serves for an involucre ; glumes 
 roundish -ova to, obtuse, pale yellowish-green; style 2 — 3-cleft; achenium 
 obovate, shorter than the 4 — 5 bristles. A slender Rush of a pale-green color, 
 common in wet grounds. Culm G'— 12' high. Aug. 
 
 2. S. lacustris. Bulrush. 
 
 Culm tall, cylindrlc, filled with spongy pith, tapering above, and ending in 
 an abrupt point, dark-green; spikes oblong-ovate, numerous, arranged in a 
 compound panicle somewhat like an umbel, of a reddish-brown color ; glumes 
 ovate, mucronate; acheninm obovate, mucronate, surrounded by 4— 5 bristles. 
 A tall, dark-green Eush, Common in wet grounds, usually leafless, sometimes 
 with a single, subulate leaC Culm 4 — 8 ft. high. July. 
 t + Culm with leaves. 
 
 3. S. pungens. Acute Cluh-rush. 
 
 Culm acutely angled with concave sides ; leaves few, carinate below, chan- 
 nelled above, often 6'— S' long; spikes ovoid, sessile, 1—5 in a cluster, which is 
 much shorter than the involucral prolongation of the stem ; glumes ovate, 2- 
 cleft, mucronate; style 2-cleft; bristles 2— 6, shorter than the obovate, mucro- 
 nate achenium. A common Eush growing in swamps, salt and fresh, and in the . 
 borders of ponds and streams, distinguished by the sharply triangular stem, and 
 rather long, channelled leaves. Ju.ly—Aug. 
 
 * * Spikes terminal. Culms leafy. 
 
 4. S. maritimus. Sea Cluh-rush. 
 
 Culm acutely triangular, stout; leaves flat, linear, rough on the margin, as 
 tall as the culm ; involucre of 1 — 4 very unequal leaves ; spikes ovate orohlong, 
 several in a sessile cluster, often with 1 or more on peduncles of unequal length ; 
 glumes ovate, 3-cleft; achenium very broadly orbicular, flat on one side and 
 convex on the other, longer than the 1—6 bristles surrounding it, which some- 
 times disappear. A stout Rush of the salt marshes, growing 1—8 ft. high. The 
 spikes are of a rusty-brown color,' and vary much in size. In the stoutest plants 
 they are cylindrical, and an inch or more long. Aug. 
 
 5. S. atrjvirens. Umhelled Cluh-rush. 
 
 Culm obtusely triangular, rigidly erect, leafy ; loaves broad-linear rough on 
 the margin, flat; involucre of about 3 long loaves; spike ovoiil, crowded in 
 dense, globular, dark, dull-green heads, coutaining 10—20 spikes; these are ar- 
 ranged in a decompound, and mostly branching umbel of unequal divisions; 
 achenium obovate, compressed, scarcely shorter than the bristles. A common, 
 leafy species, distinguished by the globose heads of spikelets arranged in the 
 decompound umbel. Culm 2—4 ft. high. July. 
 
 * * * Bristles capillary^ twisting, niuchlonger than the o-chenium, at length 
 projecting from the rusty-brown scales. 
 
 6. S. lineatus. 
 
 Bog-Rush. 
 
 Culm triangular, very leafy ; leaves linear, flat, rough on the margin ; spikes 
 oblong, at length cylindrical, solitary, nodding, on filiiorm pedicels, arranged in 
 terminal and axillary, paniculately -branching panicles ; upper panicle with an 
 involucre much shorter than itself; bristles 6, scarcely longer than the acute 
 scales, A coarse, grassy species, common in wet meadows, 2 — Sfc high, July. 
 
 7. S. Eriophorum. Wool-grass. 
 
 Culm obscurely 3-angled, very leafy ; leaves narrow-linear, long, rough on 
 the margin ; leaves of the involucre longer than the decompound, paniculate 
 umbel, which is composed of ovate, clustered or pedicellate spikes ; bristles 6, 
 at length much longer than the obtuse scales, rust-colored, A coarse species 
 like the last, but distinguished at sight by its erect panicle or umbel. It varies 
 in the length of the branches of the umbel, and in some other respects. Culm 
 2—5 ft. high. Jaly—Aug. 
 
 5. eei6phorum. 
 Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated all round without 
 order. Perianth consisting of numerous, rarely 6, woolly, per- 
 sistent bristles, much longer than the glumes. Stamens mostly 3. 
 Style 3-cleft. 
 
 1. E. polystachyon. Cotton Grass. 
 
 Culm rigidly erect, obscurely 3-angled; leaves linear, flat, terminating in a 
 triangular point; involucre 2 — 3-leaved ; spikes about 10, on slender, nodding, 
 rough or smooth peduncles. "Wool straight, nearly an inch long, A very con- 
 spicuous and common inhabitant of bogs and meadows. Culm 1—2 ft high. 
 
 2. E. gracilis. 
 
 Slender Cotton Grass. 
 
 Culm slender, leafy, somewhat 3-angled, rough on the angles, with concave 
 sides ; involucre short, usually 1-leaved ; spikes 2 — 7, small, nodding, on short, 
 roughish peduncles ; wool white, m^uch longer than the flower. A not uncom- 
 mon species in bogs and swamps, distinguished from the last by its narrow, tri- 
 angular leaves. Culm 1—2 ft. high. July — Aiig. 
 
 3. E. Virginicum, Brown Cotton Grass. 
 
 Culm rather stout, rigid, nearly terete, leafy ; leaves long, fiat, narrowly- 
 linear, rough on the margin; involucre 2 — 4-leaved; spikes nearly sessile, erect, 
 crowded in a dense head ; wool dense, of a rusty-brown color, 3 or 4 times as 
 long as the scale; stamen 1. A common species, sufficiently distinguished by 
 the short, reddish wool. Culm 2— S ft. high. July~Aug. 
 
ORDER CXXXIX. CYPERACEJE. 
 
 211 
 
 6. FIMBRtSTTLIS. 
 Spike several or many-flowered. Glumes imbricated in regu- 
 lar rows. ^ Perianth of bristles none. Stamens 1 — 3. Style 2 — 
 3-cleft. with a bulbous base, which is deciduous or persistent. 
 
 1. F. autumnalis. Autumn Gluh-rush, 
 
 Culms low, slender, compressed, tuCtcd ; leaves narrow-linear, flat, acute, 
 Bhorter than the stem; involucre 2-leaved ; spikes oblong, acute, solitary, or in 
 little clusters, forming a decompound umbel of unequal rays; glumes ovate- 
 lanceolate, brownish, mucrgnate ; stamens 2—3; style 3-clcft, entirely decidu- 
 ous, A low grassy liitle plant, common in muddy grounds. Culms 8'— 8' high. 
 Aug.— Oct. 
 
 2. F. capillaris. Annual Gluh-rusk. 
 
 Culmsnearly naked, capillary in dense little tufts; leaves setaceous, shorter 
 than the culms, with sheaths, hairy at the throat ; involucre 2— S-leaved ; spikes 
 ovoid, pedunculate, in a more or less compound, paniculate umbel ; glumes ob- 
 long, brownish ; stamens 2 ; style 8-cleft, the bulbous base persistent A very 
 delicate species, sufficiently distinguished by its setaceous leaves and culms, 
 which are 3' — 6' high. Common in sandy fields. Aug. An. 
 
 r. KIITNC6SP0EA. 
 Flowers in ovate, several-flowered, loose spikes. Lower glumes 
 usually empty ; upper ones often with imperfect flowers. Peri- 
 anth of 6 bristles. Stamens usually 3. Style 2-cleft. Achenia 
 lenticular, or somewhat globose, coherent with the bulbous, per- 
 sistent base of the style. 
 
 1 . R. dlba. White Beah-rusli. 
 
 Culm slender, 8-anglcd above, leafy ; leaves linear, very narrow, almost seta- 
 ceous, channelled; spikes lanceolate, white, in corymbose, axillary and termi- 
 nal fascicles, on slender peduncles; glumes lanceolate ; achenium ovoid, shorter 
 than the bristles, with a slender beak or tubercle nearly as long as itself. A very 
 Blender and graceful grassy plant, distinguishable by the white glumes of its 
 spikes. Culm 10'— 18' high. July— Aug. 
 
 2. R. glomerdta. Beak Bush. 
 
 stem slender, triangular, leafy; leaves linear, flat, rough on the edge; spikes 
 oblong-ovatc, in dense, very distant, axillary and terminal clusters, on long pe- 
 duncles, sometimes in pairs from the same axil; achenium obovoid, as long as 
 the tubercle; bristles rough backwards, equalling the tubercle. A common 
 species, distinguished from the last by the deep brown spikelets and remote 
 clusters. Common in wet grounds. Culm 10'— 20' high. July— Aug, 
 
 8. olAdium. 
 Flowers polygamous, in a loose, oblong or ovate spike ; lower 
 glumes empty; terminal ones bearing a perfect or fertile flower; 
 intermediate ones bearing a staminate or imperfect flower. Peri- 
 anth of bristles, none. Style 2— 3-cleft, deciduous. Achenium 
 somewhat globose, hard and corky, without a tubercle. 
 
 1. C. mariscoides. Twig-rush. 
 
 Culm leafy, obscurely triangular, erect ; leaves narrow-linear, channelled, 
 much shorter than the culm ; spikes in heads or clusters of 5— 8, arranged in 
 small, compound cymes or umbels of unequal rays, which are lateral, on very 
 long peduncles, or terminal; glumes light tawny-brown; styles 3-cleft; ache- 
 nium ovoid-globose, with a short beak left by the deciduous style. A plant 
 much resembling the species of the last genus. Common in meadows and low 
 grounds. Calm 12'— 21' high. July— Aug. 
 9. ClEEX. 
 Flowers monoecious ; the two kinds are either androgynous, 
 that is comUned in the same spike, or else arranged in different 
 spikes; rarely dioecious. Glumes single, 1-flowered, imbricated 
 without order. Stamens 3. rarely 2. Stigmas 2—3. Achenium 
 inclosed in a perigynium, or inflated persistent sac, contracted 
 and closed at apex, and crowned with more or less of the persist- 
 ent base of the style. An immense genus of perennial, grass- 
 iike plants, blooming in spring, and abounding every where. 
 § 1. Stigmas 2. 
 A. Spikes several^ androgynous. 
 * Spikes barren leUnc, or above, or dimcious. 
 
 1. C. bromoides. Slender Swamp Sedge. 
 
 stem slender, leafy; spikes several, approximate, oblong-lanceolate, alter- 
 
 nate, lower ones barren, or all often so ; perigynla erect, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 bifld, longer than the lanceolate glume. A slender species common in swamps 
 and meadows, growing in tufts. Stem 10'— 20' high. 
 
 * * Spikes staminate above. 
 
 2. C. cephalophora. 
 
 Pasture Sedge. 
 
 Stem rather stout ; spikes 4 — 6, closely aggregated in an ovoid, bracteate head ; 
 the lower ones sometimes a little remote ; perigynium compressed, broad-ovate, 
 somewhat nerved, rough on the margin, green when mature, scarcely longer 
 than the ovate glume, which ends In a rough point. A common species in dry 
 fields and woods, distinguished by Its short, dense, ovoid heads. Stem 6'— 12' 
 
 high. 
 
 3. C. Muhlenb6rgii. Muhlenhergh Sedge. 
 
 Spikes 4 — 7, closely approximate, arranged in an oblong head ; perigynium 
 very broadly ovate, nearly orbicular, nerved, margined, ending in a short, bifld 
 beak, green when mature, as long as the ovate scale, ■which ends in a rough 
 point. A species easily distinguished from the last by its pale green color, its 
 looser spikes in an oblong head and the orbicular perigynium. Not uncommon 
 in fields and woods. 
 
 4. C. sparganioides. Pale Sedge. 
 
 Spikes 7—10, ovoid ; upper ones more or less aggregated ; lower usually dis- 
 tinct, and more or less remote ; perigynium broad-ovate, not nerved, rough on 
 the margin, compressed, margined, diverging, hispid, green when mature, about 
 twice as long as the ovate, acute glume ; style short, swelling at base. A very 
 common species, with a stout stem and pale green foliage, distinguished espe- 
 cially by Its perigynium twice as long as the glume. It often appears with 1—3 
 branching spikes at base. Another form has the spikes all aggregated into a 
 close head. Common in moist grounds. 
 
 5. C. vulpinoidea. 
 
 Fox Sedge. 
 
 spikes numerous, very dense, generally branching, closely aggregate, form- 
 ing an oblong, dense, compound spike, usually furnished with setaceous bracts ; 
 perigynium ovate, broad at base, small, compressed, margined, nerved with a 
 short, bifid, abrupt beak, yellowish when mature, scarcely longer than the ovoid 
 glume. A very common species in low grounds, distinguished by its densely 
 aggregated, compound spike. The perigynium and glume vary much In shape 
 and size, and are often ovate-lanceolate. Stem 15' — 20' high. 
 
 6. C. teretiuscula. 
 
 S'^ihe- flowered Sedge. 
 
 Spikes many, with short, appressed branches, forming a loose panicle, with 
 apparently spicate divisions ; bracts terminating in bristly points ; perigynium 
 ovate, acute, margined, convex on both sides, on a short stalk, broad and nerved 
 at base, dark brown when mature, rather longer than the ovate, acute glume. 
 A species not uncommon In swamps and bogs, distinguished by its paniculate 
 inflorescence, with almost spicate branches. Culms 18'^24' high, growing in 
 tufts. 
 
 7. C. stipdta. Three-cornered Sedge. 
 
 Culm thick, sharply 8-angled, with concave sides ; spikes 6—12, aggregated, 
 lower ones often distinct, and sometimes branching; perigynium lanceolate, 
 round and truncate at base, destitute of a margin, on a short stalk, nerved, ta- 
 pering to a long, bifid beak, yellowish when mature, and diverging, much longer 
 than the lanceolate glame. A common species in wet grounds, sufficiently dis 
 tinguished by the thick, S-angled culm, which is 10'— 18' high, 
 
 8. C. rosea. Base Sedge. 
 
 Culm low, slender; spikes several-flowered, 3 — 5, two uppermost usually 
 approximate, the rest distinct, more or less remote ; perlgynia oblong, narrowed 
 at base, margined, rough on the margin, compressed with a bifid beak, diverg- 
 ing and stellate when mature, twice as long as the broad-ovate, obtuse glume, 
 green at maturity. A slender species, 8'— 15' high. Common in low grounds 
 
 and woods. 
 
 * * * Stamens at the Vase of the apikdets. 
 
 9. C. stellulMa. 
 
 Star Sedge. 
 
 Spikes 3—6, distinct, at length obovate or globose ; perigynia ovate, broad at 
 base, divergent, stellate at maturity, compressed, nerved, margined, terminating 
 in a short, bifid beak, longer than the ovate, acute, whitish glume. A slender 
 species, very common, in low grounds and meadows, and distinguished by its 
 stellate perigynia, which are quite variable in this species, being often simply 
 ovate, with narrower glumes. It is also sometimes dioecious. Culms 8' — 15- 
 high. 
 
212 
 
 ORDER CXXXIX. CYPERACEiE. 
 
 10. C. scoparia. Brown Sedge, 
 
 spikes 5 — 10, somewhat clavate when young, at length ovate, approsimate, 
 sometimes aggregated in a dense head; perigynla narrow-lanceolate, nerved, 
 margined, longer than the lanceolate, acuminate glume. A common species in 
 low grounds and meadows, with brownish or yellowish spikes when mature. 
 Culm 3—2 ft. higli. 
 
 11. C. lagopodioides. Hare'' s-foot Sedge. 
 
 Spikes 8—15, approximate, at length ovate; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, 
 nerved, margined, about twice as long as the oblong-ovate, obtusish glume. A 
 very common species much resembling the last, but distinguished by its more 
 numerous spikes, and broader and more unequal perigynia and glumes. Culms 
 1—2 fL high. It sometimes occurs with the spikes aggregated in a head. 
 
 12. C. festucacea. Nodding Sedge. 
 
 Spikes 4 — S, obovate and somewhat clavate, alternate, upper approximate, 
 lower distinct; perigynia ovate, compressed, with a nai-row margin, and a 
 short, bifid beak, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume. A common species 
 in fields. There are two principal forms. The first has 5 — 8 roundish, approxi- 
 mate spikes, and a stout, rigid stem ; the other has 3—6 smaller spikes, which 
 are more or less distant The stem is slender, tlexuous above, with the upper 
 spiko frequently nodding. Culms 10'— 20' high, 
 
 13. C. straminea. Winged Sedge. 
 
 Spikes 3 — 6, roundish-ovoid, alternate, approsimate; perigynia roundish- 
 ovate, much compressed, broadly winged, with u short, abrupt, bifid beak, 
 somewliat longer than the lanceolate glume. A common species in fields along 
 woods, distinguished by its broad, broadly- winged perigynia. It varies in size 
 and form. In the large specimens the spikes are somewhat flaccid, and the 
 broad wings of the perigynia often brownish on the edge, while in the smaller 
 forms the spikes are more rigid, and the wings of the perigynia narrower. 
 Culms 8'— 20' high. 
 
 B. Stamens and pisHls in eniirely separate spikes on the sameplant. 
 
 14. C. stricta. Rigid Sedge. 
 
 Staminate spikes 1—3, cyliudric ; fertile 2—4, long-cylindric, usually bar- 
 ren above, sessile ; lower one often on a short peduncle; bracts rarely longer 
 than the culm, auricled at base ; perigynia ovate-acuminate, or elliptical, nerve- 
 less, not beaked, entire or very slightly emarginate, usually shorter than the 
 narrower brownisb scales. A common species growing in tufts in wet grounds. 
 Culm 2—3 ft. high, rough on the angles, leafy; leaves glaucous, rough on the 
 margin. 
 
 15. C. crinita. 
 
 Drooping Sedge. 
 
 Culm acutely angled, rough, leafy below; staminate spikes 1 — 2, loose, cy- 
 lindrical, often with a few perfect floivera intermixed, on long peduncles ; fer- 
 tile spikes 3 — 6, cylindric, long, densely flowered, ofl long, nodding, filiform 
 peduncles; bracts long, leafy, much exceeding the culm ; perigynia roundish, 
 tapering at base, somewhat inflated, with a short, entire beak, smooth, much 
 shorter than the narrow-oblong, rough-awned glume, A common and variable 
 species, distinguished by its long, drooping, pedunculate spikes, and leafy 
 bracts. Meadows and ditches. Culms 2—3 ft. high. 
 § 2. Stigmas 3. 
 O. Spike single, androgynous, 
 
 16. C. polytrichioides. Dwarf Sedge. 
 
 Culms very low, setaceous ; spike linear, staminate above; perigynia few. 
 alternate, oblong, somewhat triangular, obtuse, smooth, emarginate, twice as 
 long as the ovate, mostly obtuse glume. A very slender species, common in 
 cold swamps and bogs. Culms 2'^' high. 
 
 Z>. Spikes several; terminal one staminate, pistillate above. 
 
 17. C. virescens. Light- green Sedge. 
 
 Spikes 2—4, oblong, alternate, erect, on short peduncles; perigynia pubes- 
 cent, not beaked, longer than the ovate, pubescent, mucronate glume. A com- 
 mon species in woods and bill-sides. Culm and foliage light green, pubescent 
 PlantlO'— ]8'high. 
 
 18. C. Buxbaumii. Sea-green Sedge. 
 
 Spikes 3 — i, oblong or obovate, short and thick, uppermost on a short po- 
 d uncle, the rest almost sessile, lower ones somewhat remote, bracteolate; pe- 
 rigjmia elliptic- ovate, somewhat 3-augled, nerved, smooth, entire at apex, 
 Rcarcely equal to the ovate, acuminate or mucronate glume. A common spe- 
 
 cies in wet grounds, distinguished by its short and thick spikes, smooth perigy 
 nia, and light, glaucous- green foliage. Ctilm 10'— 18' high. 
 
 19. C. gracillima. 
 
 Graceful Sedge. 
 
 spikes 8—5, long and slender, linear, somewhat loose, remote, on long, fill* 
 form, nodding peduncles, drooping at maturity ; bracts as long as the culm, or 
 longer; perigynia oblong, 3-angled, obtuse, somewhat oblique at the orifice, 
 longer than the oblong, awned glume. A slender, gi-aceful species, readily dis- 
 tinguished by its slender, drooping spikes and pale green foliage. Culm 10'— 
 
 20' high. 
 
 K Staminate spike single, very rarely pistillate atove. 
 
 * fertile spikes small and sessile, or almost sessile, or else radical; on long 
 peduncles. 
 
 20. C. Pennsylv4nica. 
 
 Vernal Sedge. 
 
 Staminate spike long, on a short peduncle ; fertile spikes 1 — 3, approximate, 
 ovoid, sessile, few-flowered, much shorter than the staminate barren spike; 
 lowest with colored, setaceous bracts ; perigynia ovate-globose, pubescent with 
 a short, scarcely toothed beak about as long as the ovate- acuminate, brownish- 
 red glume. An early species, common in the border of woods and on hill-sides. 
 Culms 4'— 10' high. 
 
 21. C. Novae Anglise. New England Sedge. 
 
 Sterile spike pedunculate, short and slender; fertile spikes 2 — 4, ovate, 
 nearly sessile, alternate, more or less remote, few-flowered ; lowest with usually 
 a setaceous bract at base ; perigynia slightly stalked, somewhat pubescent, with 
 
 a comparatively long, bifid beak, somewhat longer than the ovate, acuminate 
 glnme. A slender species, growing in tufts, either erect or decumbent It 
 varies with the fertile spikes more or less aggregated. Culms 4' — 16' long. 
 
 22. C. umbellata. Umhelled Sedge. 
 
 staminate spike short, erect; fertile spikes several, ovate; uppermost ses- 
 sile, close to the sterile ; the rest solitary, on filiform, radical peduncles, equal- 
 ling the others in height, forming apparently a little umbel, the radical pedun- 
 cles being concealed by the leaves ; perigynia 3-angled, pubescent, with a long 
 beak, equalling the ovate, acuminate scale. A small species, growing in tnfis, 
 with long, glossy leaves, sufficiently distinguished by the filiform radical 
 peduncles. Culms 2' — 6' high. 
 
 * * Upper fertile .ipike^ nearly or quite sessile ; loioer often on long pedini- 
 cles ; all densely flowered. Perigynia more or less infla ted. 
 
 23. C. flava. Yellow Sedge. 
 
 Fertile spikes 2 — i, ovoid, densely flowered, upper approximate, lower re- 
 mote, on usually exsert peduncles; bracts spreading, or somewhat reflexed, 
 longer than the culm; perigynia slightly infiated, nerved, smooth, somewhat 
 3-angled, tapering to a long, curved, bifid beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolato 
 glume, reflexed at maturity. Culm 6' — IS' high. 
 
 24. C. tentaculata. Burr Sedge. 
 
 Fertile spikes 2 — 3, ovoid-cylindrical, densely flowered, approximate, upper 
 one sessile, the others on short, more or less exsert peduncles; bracts leafy, 
 much longer than the culm ; perigynia much infiated, spreading, smooth, Avith 
 a long, bifid beak, twice longer than the lanceolate, awned glume. A common 
 species In wet grounds, where its cylindrical, burr-like spikes of perigynia are 
 very conspicuous. Culm 10' — 20' high. 
 
 25. C. intumescens. Bladderfruit Sedge. 
 
 Barren spike pedunculate ; fertile spikes 1 — 3, few-flow^ered, closely approxi- 
 mate, sessile, the lowest on a very short peduncle; bracts leafy, much longer 
 than the culm; perigynia large, very much infiated, diverging, very smooth, 
 many-nerved at base, tapering to a long, 2 toothed beak, three times as long as 
 the ovate glume. Culm rigidly erect, leafy, with dark green foliage, 10' — 20' 
 high. A common species in low grounds and swamps, distinguished by the 
 large, inflated perigynia, which, often ^' long, are in roundish, 4 — 8-flowered 
 clusters. 
 
 26. C. folliculata. Tawny Sedge. 
 
 staminate spike small, short-pedunculate or sessile; f?rtile spikes 2 — 4, 
 ovoid, very distant, lowest on long, exserted peduncles; bracts leafy, much 
 longer than the culm, sheathing at base ; perigynia erect, diverging, veiy much 
 infiated, large, with a long, 2-tootbed beak, somewhat longer than the ovate, 
 whitish, awned glume. A tall, leafy species with broad, flat leaves ; the culm 
 and foliage usually pale yellow, 2—4 ft. high. Common in swamps. 
 
OEDER CXL. GEAMINEJi: — GEASS-EAMILY, 
 
 213 
 
 27. C. lupulina. Stout Sedge. 
 
 Barren spiUe nearly or quite sessile; fertile spikes ?-4, oblong-ovate, 
 densely flowered, upper approximate, all on short peduncles, except the lowest, 
 which is sometimes on aJon^, essert peduncle; tracts leafy, longer than the 
 — culm, sheathing at base; [terlgynia ovoid, very much inflated at base, smooth, 
 nerved, tapering to a long, 2-toothed, conical beak, much longer than the lan- 
 ceolate, awned glume. Culm stout, 2—8 ft. high, leafy ; leaves and bracts long 
 and flat, rough on the margin. A very stout species, with large thick spikes, 
 common in swamps. 
 
 28. C. hysterictna. Yellow-green Sedge. 
 
 Barren spike rarely pistillate at base or summit ; fertile spikes 2—4, oblong- 
 cylindrio, densely flowered, upper one on a short peduncle, the others on long, 
 exscrted, at length drooping peduncles ; bracts leafy, longer than the culm, not 
 plieathing at base ; perigynla ovoid, much inflated, nerved, smooth, tapering to 
 a long, 2-toothed beak, longer than the oblong, mucronate glume. A common 
 species, 1—2 ft. high, with long and rather broad, yellowish-green foliage. Wet 
 meadows. 
 
 29. C. scabrata. Hfiugh Sedge, 
 
 Fertile spikes 3 — 6, cylindrical, somewhat remote, densely flowered, lower 
 ones on long peduncles ; bracts leafy, longer than the culm, not sheathing at 
 base; perigynla somewhat inflated, ovoid, rough, at length spreading, with a 
 bifid beak longer than the acuminate, somewhat cillate glume. Culm sharply 
 triangular, very rough, as also the leaves and bracts, 1—2 It high. A common 
 species in swamps. 
 
 * * Lmcer fertile spikes onlo-ng, more or less easert peduncles, very loosely 
 
 flowered. Perigynla scarcely, if at all, inflated. 
 
 30. C. debilis. Slender Sedge. 
 
 Barren spikes very slender, rarely pistillate at summit; fertile spikes 3— 4, 
 filiform, very loosely flowered, somewhat flexunus, nodding, on long, filiform 
 peduncles; perigynla alternate, oblong, 3-angled, somewhat Inflated, tapering 
 to a straight, bifid beak twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate, mucronate 
 glumo. Culm 3-sided, leafy, with the lower bract long and sheathing, 1—2 ft. 
 high. Plant pale green. 
 
 31. C. plantaginea. Plantain Sedge. 
 
 Fertile spikes 3—5, oblong, erect, few-flowered, remote, on long, filiform 
 
 peduncles, all, except the lowest, included within the very short, dark purple, 
 
 \ sheathing bracts ; perigynla 3-angIed, not inflated, smooth, destitute of a beak, 
 
 •' longer than the ovate, mucronate glume. Leaves all radical, very broad, 8- 
 
 nerved. A common species in woods, distinguished by its very broad leaves 
 
 and its pui-ple barren spikes and bracts. 
 
 32. C. dnceps. Wood Sedge. 
 
 Barren spike greenish, short, linear; fertile spikes 2 — 4, erect, slender; 
 sparsely flowered, uppermost nearly sessile, lower on long, exsert, 2-edged pe- 
 duncles; bracts long, sheathing; perigynla ovoid, 8-angled, smooth, not in- 
 flated, beaked but not biiid, tapering at each extremity, curved obliquely at 
 apex, somewhat longer than the glume ; culm mostly compressed above. A 
 common and quite variable species, Rowing in woods. The leaves are usually 
 of medium size, but the radical leaves are sometimes very broad, resembling 
 those of the last, for which it has been mistaken, though really very different 
 Culm 10'— 15' high. 
 
 33. C. digitalis. Slender Wood Sedge. 
 
 Barren spike short, clavato, pedunculate ; fertile spikes narrow -oblong, 5— 
 10-flowered, distant, erect, the lowest one nodding, all loosely flowered, and on 
 long, filiform, exserted peduncles; bracts long, leafy, sheathing; perigynla 3- 
 angled, ovate, not Inflated, smooth, destitute of a beak, longer than the ovate- 
 lanceolate glume. Culm slender, erect, at length procumbent; bracts and 
 leaves very narrow, dark green. A. slender, grassy species, not uncommon on 
 hill-sides. Culm B'— 16' high. 
 
 * * * Loxoer pistillate spikes on long, eoasert peduncles, all densely flowered. 
 
 Perigynia not infiated. 
 
 34. C. granularis. Meadow Sedge. 
 
 Barren spike sessile, or on a short peduncle ; fertile spikes 2—1, cylindric- 
 oblong, neariy erect, lowest sometimes distant; perigynia roundish -ovoid, 
 nerved, recurved at apex, with a very short, entire beak, longer than the ovate, 
 wute glume. A common species with long, leafy bracts, exceeding the culm 
 and yellowish spikes of mature fruit Foliage glaucous. Culm 8'— 15' high. 
 Xn wet meadows. 
 
 35. C. pallescens. Pale Sedge. 
 
 Barren spike sessile, or on a short peduncle ; fertile spikes 2—3, oblong- 
 ovoid, approximate, somewhat nodding at maturity ; perigynia elliptic-obovate, 
 somewhat nerved, obtuse, about as long as the ovate glume. Cnlm and leaves 
 pale green, somewhat pubescent ; bracts leafy, the lower one often undulate on 
 the margin. A common species, 6'— 10' high, In wet meadows. 
 
 36. C. conoidea. Shining Sedge. 
 
 Barren spike on a long peduncle; fertile spikes 2 — 8, oblong, lower remote; 
 bracts leafy and sheathing, not longer than the culm ; perigynia oblong-conic, 
 nerved, smooth, entire at apex, usually somewhat longer Uian the sharply acute 
 or mucronate glume. A species with bright green foliage, common in mea- 
 dows. Culms 6'— 10' high. 
 
 F. Staminaie spikes several, terminal. 
 
 37. C. retrorsa. Bent Sedge. 
 
 Barron spikes 1—8, often pistillate at base; fertile spikes 4^G, oblong-cylin- 
 dric, erect; upper approximate ; lower remote, on a long, exserted peduncle, 
 sometimes somewhat branched at base; all densely flowered, with long and 
 leafy bracts; perigynia much Inliated, nerved, ovoid-globose, spreading, and at 
 length reflexed, tapering to a 2-forked beak, much longer than the lanceolate 
 glume. A rather stout, leafy species, not wncommon on the edges of ponds and 
 marshes. Culms 1 - 2 ft. high, rigid, nearly smooth. 
 
 38. C. lanuginosa. Woolly Sedge. 
 
 Barren spikes 2 — 8, uppermost pedunculate; lower shorter, ses-sile; fertile 
 spikes 1 — 3, cylindric, erect, densely flowered, with long, leafy bracts, much ex- 
 ceeding the culm ; perigynia woolly, somewhat inflated, ovoid, nerved, obtusely 
 8-angled, with a short, 2-toothed beak ; teeth sharp, very hairy. Culms with 
 flat leaves and bracts, A common species in wet grounds, growing 1—2 ft 
 high, 
 
 39. C. filiformis. Narrow-leaved Sedge. 
 
 Barren spikes 2 — 8 ; uppermost pedunculate ; lower shorter, sessile ; fertile 
 spikes 1 — 8, ovoid, or oblong-ovoid, densely flowered; bracts filifonn, longer 
 than the culm ; perigynia ovoid, densely woolly, scarcely recurved, with a very 
 short, 2-toothed beak, about equal to the ovate, acute glume ; leaves and bracts 
 filiform involute. A common species in marshes, remarkably distinguished by 
 its very long, filiform, involute leaves and bracts. Culms 10' — 18' high, slender. 
 
 40. C. lacustris. Lake Sedge. 
 
 Barren spikes 1—4 erect ; uppermost pedunculate ; fertile spikes 2 — 3, ob- 
 long-cylindrlc, erect, remote, on short peduncles, or sessile; bracts long and 
 leafy, much longer than the culm ; perigynia ovatc-oblong, somewhat inflated, 
 nerved, with a short, straight thick beak, with 2 spreading tc-cth, a little longer 
 than the oblong, mucronate glume. A stout species, 2 — 4 ft, high, with broad 
 leaves. Common in marshy grounds and along rivers. 
 
 41. C. ampuUacea, Smooth Sedge. 
 
 Barren spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cylindric, remote, sessile, or on short peduncles j 
 rarely nodding; bracts leafy, longer than the culm ; perigynla roundish -ovoid 
 rarely oval, much Inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, tapering to a short, 2- 
 toothed beak, longer than the lanceolate glumes, which are sometimes awnless, 
 sometimes tipped with a rough awn of various lengths; culm obtusely triangu- 
 lar, smooth ; foliage glaucous. A variable species common in marshy grounds, 
 2—3 ft. high ; most abundant at the North, 
 
 42. C. bullata. Cluh Sedge. 
 
 Barren spikes 2 — 3, slender, erect ; fertile spikes 1—2, mostly 1, approximate, 
 oblong-cylindric, sessile, or on short, smooth peduncles; perigynia much in- 
 flated, ovoid, spreading, nerved, tapering to a long, rough beak, much longer than 
 the lanceolate, obtusish glume. A rather common species in wet grounds, with 
 narrow leaves and bracts, distinguished by the short and thick usually solitary 
 fertile spikes. Culms 1—2 ft high. 
 
 Order CXL. Graminese. — Grass-family. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 A. SpikeleU \-flowe7'ed, with 2 glumes and 2 paleca, or less. 
 
 * Glumes absent, or l>oth very minute. Palese 2. 
 
 1. Leersia. Flowers perfect Paleae all awnless. 
 
 2. ZizAMA. Flowers monoecions, paniculate; upper branches with fertile 
 flowers and awned paleae ; lower with barren flowers and awnless palete. 
 
214: 
 
 OliDEE CXL. QRAMINE^ — CfK ASS-FAMILY. 
 
 **Spikclets ill panicles, often mucb contracted? 
 and apparently racemose. 
 
 f PalecR awnless or laWi ijicoTispicuotts avms. 
 
 4. Agr68tis. Glumes equal, or the lower somewhat longer. Paleoa thin, 
 not coriaceous, obtuse, upper smaller ; one often minute or wanting. Stamens 
 usually 3. 
 
 5. CiNNA. Lower glume somewhat shorter than the upper one; lower 
 palea with a short, inconspicuous awn on the back below the tip ; upper palea 
 1-nerverl. Stamen 1. f » n i 
 
 6. MunLENBERGiA. Glumcs usually acutc OF mucrouate ; lower one smaller, 
 often minute, usually shorter. Palere mostly shorter than the glumes, sur- 
 rounded by short hairs at base ; lower 3-nerve'd, usually mucronate. Stamens 3. 
 
 8. Calamagii6sti9. Spikclets with a rudimentary, plumose pedicel. Glumes 
 mostly nearly equal, longer than the flower. Palcte surrounded at base by 
 a tafc of white bristles ; lower palea awnless, or with a rather inconspicuous awn 
 attached to the back. Stamens 3. 
 
 31. Milium. Spikelets without any rudimentary pedicel ; glumes apparently 
 3, equal. Pale» 2, coriaceous. Stamens 3. 
 
 80. Pnii,ARis. Spikelets with 2 rudiments of abortive flowers, 1 on each 
 side of the perfect flower. Paleae shorter tliau tlio equal glumes. 
 
 1 1 Palem icith a conspictious awn. 
 
 6. MuiiLENBERr-iA. Lowcr glume smaller than the upper, sometimes 
 minute. I'alea3 2, herbaceous. Awn of the lower palea single, not jointed on 
 its apex. 
 
 7. Bracuyelyteum. Spikelets with the filiform pedicel of an abortive 
 flower lodged in the groove of the emarginato, upper palea; lower glume none ; 
 upper minute. Stamens 2. 
 
 9. Ortzopsis, Glumes nearly equal. Paleaa equal; lower coriaceous, en- 
 velopins: the upper, with the awn jointed on to tbe apex. Stamens 3. 
 
 10. AiiisTiD-v. Glumes not equal, often mucronate. Lower palea with 3 
 awns at tip, much larger than the upper. 
 
 K * * Flo^vcrs, primarily at least, arranged in simple 
 or nearly simple spiUes. 
 
 t Spike simple or nearly simple, terminal. 
 
 3. PiiLKUM. Spike simple, dense, cylindrical. Glumes mucronate or awned. 
 Paleaj both present, awnless. 
 
 24 IIoRDEUM. Spikelets in threes at each joint of the racbis. Glumes side 
 by side, mucronate, awned. Lower palea awned at apex. 
 
 t + Spikes -more than one. 
 
 11. Spartina. Spikes very densely many-flowered; few or many, in a 
 terminal raceme. Glumes acute or awned; upper one larger than the awnless 
 paleai. 
 
 32. Pabpalum. Spikelets loosely arranged in 2—4 rows, on one side of the 
 flatttened rachis, orbicular. Spikes few. 
 
 83. Panictjm. Flowers oblong, crowded in clusters of 2 — 3, in 1-sided, ap- 
 proximate, slender spikes. 
 
 i?. Spiki'lH-'i really 2,-Jlowered, the upper perfect, the lower stamina te or 
 np.titrtil, and in the latter case usitally reduced to a single palea, so tJiat the 
 flower appears to have 2 glumes andZpalecB. 
 
 83. Panioum. Spikclets single, with the terminal flower perfect, not sur- 
 rounded by bristles, arranged in racemes, panicles, or compound spikes. 
 
 34. Setarta. Spikelets surrounded by severaT or many bristles, and ar- 
 ranfTL'd in a cylindrical more or less compound spike. 
 
 35. ANDRoi'orioN". Spikelets in pairs, one pedicellate and sterile ; the other 
 with the terminal flower perfect and awned, all arranged in spikes or racemes. 
 
 36 S6Raiiu-M. Spikelets in clusters of 2 — 3, 1 only with the terminal flower 
 perfect and awned, the others sterile or mere rudimentary pedicels; all ar- 
 ranged in panicU'S. 
 
 37. Zt:A. Flowei-s monoecious; barren flowers in terminal, numerous ppikes; 
 fertile in solitary, lateral spil<es, inclosed in a leafy involucre of numerous bracts. 
 Styles long and slender, much cxsert. 
 
 C. Spikelets really Z-Jlowered, 2 of them imperfect or adortive^ mostly 
 reduced to single paleoi. 
 
 23. IlnLcns. Spikelets in contracted panicles; lower flower abortive or 
 obsolete; middle flower perfect; upper flower starainate. 
 
 29. ANTiioxANTiitTM. SpikcIets in nearly simple, cylindrical spikes; the two 
 lateral flowers neutral, reduced to awned paleaa ; middle flower perfect, with 
 awnless palea. 
 
 jy. Glumes containing m.ore than 2 flowers, or if only 2 hot?i are perfect, 
 
 * Spikclets in panicles "ivUich are often mncli con- 
 tracted and spike-like. 
 
 t Lo^oer palea with a conspicuous awn. 
 
 12. Dactvlis. Spikelets 3 — 6-flowered, In dense, 1-sided clusters, forming a 
 crowded panicle. Glumes awned, somewhat rough and ciliate on the back, as 
 also the lower palea. 
 
 17. FrsTUCA. Spikclets 8—10 flowered, in open panicles, or contracted, 
 spicate ones. Glumes unequal. Paleae rounded on the back, entire, awned at 
 the apex. 
 
 18. BR^^MUS. Spikelets 5 — 12 flowered, in loose, at length drooping panicles. 
 Glumes unequal. Lower palea mostly 2-cleft, with a straight awn below the tip. 
 
 25. AiRA. Spikelets with 2 perfect flowers, rarely a third imperfect one. 
 Flowers liairy at base. Lov/er palea awned on tbe back below the middle. 
 
 26. Daxtiionia. Spikelets 7-flowered, in a loose, racemose panicle. Lower 
 palea 2-toothed at apex, with an awn composed of the three twisted nerves 
 rising from between the teeth. 
 
 27. AvENA. Spikelets 3— 6-flowered; uppermost Imperfect Glumes nn- , 
 
 equal. Lower palea rounded on the back, with a twisted awn, consisting only 
 of the nilildle ner^^, and arising on the back below the 2-cleft;'(ip. 
 
 + 1 Lower pale(S_atonless. 
 
 13. Glyokkia. Spikelets nearly terete, 3— 13-flowcreil. Flowers pei-fect, 
 sessile, deciduous, the rachis separating into pieces at the joints. Glumes short, 
 unequa],persistentafter the falling of the flowers. PalefB nearly equal; lower 
 7- veined. 
 
 14. Brezopyrum. Lioecioua Spikelets compressed, 5— 10-flowered, in a 
 den.'-e, spicate panicle. Leaves revolute. 
 
 15. PuA. Spikelets compressed, 2— 7-flowered, in open panicles, clothed 
 with moro or less of a web-like down, but not bearded at base. Upper palea 2- 
 toothed, deciduous, together with the larger, 5-nerved, lower palea. 
 
 16. Eragr6stis. Spikelets compressed, 2— 40-flowered, in open panicles, 
 not webbed or bearded at base. Paleffl free from the grain; lower palea 8- 
 nerved ; upper one persistent after the rest of the flower has fallen. 
 
 17. Fest^oa. apike]ets8— 10-flowered ; flowers not webbed nor bearded at 
 base. PaleiB rounded on the back ; upper one adhering to the inclosed grain, 
 which is somewhat downy at apex. 
 
 19. PuRAGMiTES. Spikelcts 3 — 7-flowered; flowers with a copious silky 
 beard at base ; lower flower neutral or with 1 stamen ; the others perfect with 
 8 stamens. Glumes very unequal. 
 
 "'='' Spikelets in simple^ ternj^inal spikes. 
 
 20. TRixicuM. Spikelets 3— 10-flowored, attached singly to the joints of the 
 rachis, with the side against it. Glumes 2, on opposite sides of the spikelet. 
 
 21. Seoale. Spikelets solitary at each joint of tbe rachis, 2— 3-flowered. 
 Glumes 2 opposite, subulate, shorter than the flowers. 
 
 22. L6lium. Spikelets 5 — 9-flowered, solitary at the joints, and attached 
 edgewise. Glume single on the outside of the spikelets, except at the terminal 
 spikelet which has 2. 
 
 23. ifir.YMus. Spikelets 2 — 7-flowered, in clusters of 2 — iat each joint of the 
 rachis. Glumes side by side on the front of the spikelet, rarely none. 
 
 1. LE:fiRSlA. 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed, perfect, in secund racemes, 
 arranged in panicles. Paleoe 2, compressed, carinate,' awnless, 
 nearly equal; lower broader. Stamens 1 — 6. Stigmas plumose. 
 Per. 
 
 1. L. oryzoides. Cut-Grass. 
 
 Culm rough backwards, with hooked prickles, as also the lanceolate leaves; 
 panicle sheathed at base, with numerous diffuse branches; stamens 3; palero 
 whitish, ciliate on the keel. A common and very rough grass in wet gi'ounds, 
 well known by the booked prickles of its stem and leaves, which are sharj), 
 rough, and readily cut the flesh. Culra 1 — 2 ft high, Aug. 
 
 2. L. Virginica, White Grass. 
 
 Culm slender, branching, geniculate or decumbent at base, clothed with re- 
 curved bristles at the nodes ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rongh backwards, but not 
 so much as in the last; sheaths rough backwards; panicle simple ; flowers ap- 
 pressed on the slender branches; stamens 2 ; paleaa greenish, slightly ciliate, 
 A more slender species than the last, with the stem and leaves much less rougb» 
 and a simpler panicle. Culm 15' — 20' high. Aug. 
 
 2. ZIZlNIA. 
 
 Flowers monoecious. Spikelets l-flowered, both kinds in tlie 
 same panicle. Glumes mostly wanting. Paleai of the barren 
 flowers awnless, of the fertile, with a straight awn. Stamens 6. 
 Styles 2. Fcr. 
 
 m 
 
 1. Z. aqudtica. Indian Bice. 
 
 Culm hollow, smooth, tall; leaves flat, very long, 11 n ear-Ian ccolato, smooth, 
 serrulate ; panicle very large, pyramidal ; lower branches spreading, staminate ; 
 upper branches erect, pistillate ; pedicels of tbe pistillate flowers clavate ; lower 
 palea with a long awn ; grain linear. A tall, aquatic grass, on the shallow 
 borders of streams, and of swamps, salt or fresh. Culm 4 — S ft. high. The 
 spikelets and fruit are very deciduous. Eather common. Jidy—Aua, 
 
 8. PHLfeUM. 
 Glumes 2, carinate, much longer than the palete, mucronate or 
 awned. Paleoe 2, unequal, truncate, included in the glumes. 
 Stamens 3. Per. 
 
 1. P. pratense. Timothy. Herd^s Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, simple, smooth, sometimes bulbous at base; leaves flat, glau- 
 cous ; flowers in a long, dense, simple, terminal, cylindrical spike ; glumes cili- 
 ate on the back, truncate, tipped with a very short awn ; anthers purplish. A 
 very valuable species, frequently cultivated for hay, and thoroughly naturalized. 
 Culm 2—4 ft. high. June— July. 
 
 4. AGE6STIS. 
 Spikelets l-flowered, paniculate. Glumes 2, subequal, or the 
 
OEDEE CXr.. GEAlVnNEiE — OE ASS-FAMILY. 
 
 215 
 
 lower one larger, mostly longer than the palese. Palea; 1 — 2 ; 
 lower one larger, often awned; upper one often -wanting, or 
 minute. Stamens 3. Caryopsis free. Per. 
 
 * Upper palea minute op wanting. 
 
 1. A. scibra. Hair Grass. 
 
 Cnim erect, very slender ; leaves narrow, short, somewhat rough ; lower 
 ones involute ; npper shorter and very narrow ; panicle largo, very loose, with 
 capillary diverging branches, which bear the purplish flowers near the ex- 
 tremities ; lower paleas mostly awnless, or with a very short awn. A delicate 
 grass In fields and wet places that have become dry, distinguished by its largo, 
 capillary, very delicate panicle, with its branches whorled. Culm 1—2 ft. high. 
 
 2. A. canina. I)og''s Bent-Grass. 
 
 Culms slender, mostly decumbent ; radical leaves setaceous, involute ; those 
 of the culm iiat, linear ; panicle sijort and loose, somewhat spreading, with slen- 
 der bran^es ; lower palea awned on the back ; awn long, and at length bent ; 
 upper palea minute. An introduced species, common m tho meadows of N. 
 England, distinguished by its long awn. The spikelets at first green, become 
 purplish. Culm 1—2 ft. high. July-Aw'g. 
 
 * * Tipper palea present 
 
 3. A. vulgaris. Bed-top. Herd^s Grass in Penn. 
 
 Culm mostly erect, slender; loaves linear, with smooth sheaths ; liguleshort, 
 truncate ; panicle spreading, with slender, purplish branches ; lower palea 8- 
 veinod, twice as long as the upper, equaling the glumes, rarely awned, A valu- 
 able grass, introduced and thoroughly naturalized, distinguished by its cylindri- 
 cal, purplish panicle, with slender, spreading branches. Culm 1 — 2 ft. high. 
 
 i. A. dlba. WTiite-top. 
 
 Culm erect, or ascending above, decumbent, or rooting at base ; leaves lin- 
 ear ; sheaths smooth ; ligule narrow-oblong ; panicle narrow, at length con- 
 tTacted, with Blender, roughish branches ; lower palea 5-veined, rarely awned, 
 shorter than the glumes. Another introduced species, equally common with 
 the last, distinguished by the narrow, whitish panicle, and decumbent stem. 
 Culm 1—2 ft. high. July. 
 
 5. CfNNA. 
 
 Spikelets l-flowered, crowded in an open panicle. Glumes 2, 
 carinate ; lower one smaller. Flower pedicellate within the 
 glumes. Paleaj 2, the lower longest, with a short awn on the 
 back. Stamen 1. Per. 
 
 1. C. arundinacea. 
 
 Beed Grass. 
 
 Culm tall, erect, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, rough on the margin ; 
 iigule long, lacerated ; panicle large, compound, spreading, at length contracted ; 
 lower glume considerably shorter than the lower palea, and about equal to the 
 upper palea; spikelets green, rarely purplish; awn scarcely, if at all exceeding 
 the palea. A tall, rank grass, not uncommon in wet grounds. Culm 2—5 ft. 
 
 ^'' ""■ 6. MUnLENB:&EGIA. 
 
 Spikelets l-flowered, in more or less contracted, often spicate 
 panicles. Glumes acute, mueronate, persistent; lower one smaller, 
 often minute. Palea: 2, usually bearded at base, inclosing the 
 grain, and deciduous with it; lower more or less mueronate or 
 awned at apex. Stamens 3. Per. 
 
 * Lower palea more or leas mueronate, not awned. 
 
 1. M. sobolifera. Drop-seed Grass. 
 
 Culm slender, ascending, slightly branched ; leaves linear, short; panicles 
 much contracted, terminal and axillary, with simple, Aliform brancbes ; glumes 
 acute, somewhat shorter than the equal paleie ; lower palea short, mueronate. 
 A slender species, common in rocky woods, distinguished by its simple panicles 
 with filiform branches. Culm 1—2 ft. high. Aug. 
 
 2. M. Mexieana. Mexican Drop-seed. 
 
 Culm erect, ascending, very branching, and very leafy above ; leaves linear, 
 short; panicles numerous, terminal and axillary, contracted, densely flowered; 
 branches somewhat spicato ; glumes acute, unequal ; upper glume as long as the 
 very acute, lower palea. A common grass in damp grounds, distinguished by 
 its numerous, densely flowered, contr.actcd panicle.^. Culm 1—3 ft. high. Aug. 
 
 3. M. glomerata. Clustered Drop-seed. 
 
 Oulm erect, smooth, simple, or with a few apprcssed branches ; leaves erect 
 
 flat, rough ; panicle narrow-oblong, contracted into a kind of interrupted, clus- 
 tered spike, on a long peduncle; glumes nearly equal, awned, with the awns 
 twice as long as the very acute or mueronate palea. A species rather common 
 in bogs, distinguished by its nearly simple spicate panicle. Culm 1—2 ft. high. 
 All^. 
 
 * * Lower palea awned. 
 
 4. M. sylvatica. Wood Drop-seed. 
 
 Culm ascending, very branching ; brancbes dilfasely spreading; leaves lan- 
 ceolate, with smooth slieaths ; panicles contracted, densely flowered ; glumes 
 Bubequal, mueronate, nearly equaling the long-awned, lower palea. A rather 
 common species, in rocky woods, distingnished by the very branching culm 
 and dense panicles. 2—3 ft. high. Sept. 
 
 5. M. Wildenovii. Slender Drop-seed. 
 
 Culm slender, erect, nearly or quite simple ; leaves lanceolate, with pubescent 
 sheaths; panicle slender, contracted, loosely flowered, with remote, iilifonn 
 brancbes; glumes rather unequal, acute, half as long as the long.awned palea. 
 A slender species, common in rocky woods, distinguished by its nearly simple 
 stem and contracted panicle, with Its flliform branches. Calm 2—3 ft. high. 
 Aug. 
 
 -. BEACIIY:eLTTEUM. 
 
 Spikelets l-flowered, with a filiform pedicel of a second abor- 
 tive flower, arranged in a simple, appressed, racemose panicle. 
 Lower glume wanting ; upper minute, persistent. Palea: 2, in- 
 closing the grain; lower tipped with a long, straight awn. Sta- 
 mens 2. Per. 
 
 1. B. aristalum. Bearded Drop-seed. 
 
 Culm erect, simple, slender ; leaves lanceolate, flat, with somewhat pubes- 
 cent sheaths; flowers large, nerved, in a slender panicle, consisting of simple, 
 appressed branches, resembling a spike or raceme ; awn as long as the flower ; 
 abortive flower lodged in the gi'oove in the back of the upper palea. A slender 
 grass, rather common in rocky woods. Culm 1 — 3 ft. high. June. 
 
 8. calamage6stis. 
 Spikelets l-flowered, often with a minute, rudimentary pedi- 
 cel of an abortive flower, in a loose panicle, varying to a spicate 
 one. Glumes 2, carinate, nearly equal in length, longer than the 
 palese, which are surrounded by a tuft of white bristles. Lower 
 palea awned on the back, below the tip, or awnless, mostly longer 
 than the upper one. Stamens 3. 
 
 1. C. Canadensis. Blue-joint. 
 
 Culm simple, tall, stout, rigid ; leaves with smooth sheaths, linear-lanceolate ; 
 panicle oblong, loose ; lower palea S — 5-nerved, nearly as long as the lanceolate 
 glumes, equaling the tuft of hairs surrounding it, and with a very fine awn on 
 the back below the tip, scarcely exceeding it. A rank, reedy grass, 2—5 ft. high, 
 with somewhat glaucous foliage, rather common in wet grounds. July — Aug. 
 
 2. C. arenaria. Sea-sand Beed.» 
 
 Culm stout and rigid, erect, arising from stout, creeping rhizomas ; leaves 
 smooth and glaucous, very acute and involute at extremity ; panicle contracted 
 into a dense, thick spike, with short, appressed branches ; glumes nearly equal, 
 somewhat longer than the equal palea, compressed, carinate ; lower palea some- 
 what mueronate or awned ; toft of hairs much shorter than the palea; ovary 
 with lanceolate scales at base much longer than itself. A stout grass 2 — 3 ft. 
 high, common on sandy beaches. Aug. 
 
 9. 0ETZ6PSIS. 
 Spikelets l-flowered. Glumes nearly equal, mostly longer than 
 the flower. Lower palea coriaceous, at length involute, and in- 
 closing the upper equal palea and the grain, tipped with a 
 straight, deciduous awn. Stamens 3. Scales at the base of the 
 ovary mostly 2, manifest. Per. 
 
 1. 0. asperifolia. ^fountain Bice. 
 
 Culm nearly naked, clothed with mere sheaths of leaves, erect, simple ; 
 leaves few, long, erect, radical, narrow-linear, rough on the margin ; panicle re- 
 duced to a nearly simple, racemose, few-flowered spike, the lower branches 
 bearing only 1 — 3-flowers ; palete whitish, somewhat pubescent ; lower one with 
 a long, straight awn at least twice its own length ; caryopsis white, as large as a 
 rice grain, farinaceous. A common inhabitant of rich, wooded hill-sides, where 
 its long, rigid leaves remain green through the winter. Oulm 6'— 15' high 
 
216 
 
 ORDER CXL. GRAMINE^ GRASS-FAMILY. 
 
 2. O. melanocarpa. Black Millet. 
 
 Culm erect, simple, leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, flat, with sheaths 
 bearded at the throat; panicle mostly simple, consisting of loose racemes; 
 glumes acuminate, muoronate ; palefe somewhat hairy, nearly "black when ma- 
 ture ; lower one tipped with a long, straight awn, nearly an inch long; fruit 
 black. A leafy species, remarkably distinguished by its black fruit, rather com- 
 mon in rocky wood?. Culm 2 — 3 ft. high. July — Aug. 
 
 10. ATtiSTIDA. 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, unequal, often niucronate ; 
 palese pedicellate ; lower tipped with 3 awns ; upper palea much 
 smaller, minute. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. 
 
 1. A. dichotoma. Poverty Grass. 
 
 Culms taftcdjdichotomously and very branching; leaves very narrow, more 
 or less revolute; spikelets on clavate pedicels, in short, appressed racemes*; la- 
 teral ones tninnte, middle one as long or longer thau the palea, bent or twisted. 
 A common graps in sandy fields, distinguished by its very dichotomous culm, 
 which is 6' — 12' high. Aug. — Sep. 
 
 11. SPARTtNA. 
 
 Spikelets l-flowered, much compressed, arranged in two rows 
 on a triangular axis, forming dense racemose spikes. Glumes 2, 
 compressed, very much carinate, acute or muoronate, rough or 
 bristly on the keel ; upper one the largest, longer than the awn- 
 less palese. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, long. 
 
 L S. polystd,c]iya. Marsh Reed-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, rigid, tall and stout; leaves broad, rough on the margin and 
 somewhat beneath, very long, involute toward the extremity ; spikes purplish, 
 very numerous, in a dense raceme; glumes mucronate; palece equal, twice as 
 long as the lower glume. A tall, rank grass, growing in salt marshes. Culm 
 S— 8 ft. high. Aug. 
 
 2. S. jdncea. Salt Bush-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, slender; leaves very narrow, involute the whole length ; spike- 
 lets few, 2 — 5, on short, smooth peduncles; uppermost sometimes sessile; 
 glumes acute, lower one much shorter than the lower palea. A much slenderer 
 species than the last, with very fine, almost capillary, involute leaves, growing 
 on the sea-beach and in salt marshes. Culm 1—2 ft, high. Aug. 
 
 3. S. glabra. Smooth Marsh- Grass. 
 
 Culm tall, erect, very smooth and somewhat succulent; leaves flat, "very 
 smooth, very long, tapering to a very long, fi.ne point, which soon becomes in- 
 volute, smooth on the margin ; spikes several, 6 — 15, erect, sessile; upper glume 
 scarcely exceeding the equal palejs. A rank species, distinguished by the 
 smoothness of all its parts, and the comparatively few sessile spikes. Culms 
 2-6 ft. high. Aug. 
 
 12. DlCTYLIS. 
 
 Spikelets 2 — 3-flowered, aggregated in dense clusters, forming 
 a dense, branching, 1-sided panicle. Glumes unequal, carinate, 
 mucronate. Stamens 3. Per. 
 
 1. D. glomerata. Orchard Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, somewhat rough; leaves linear-lanceolate, rough, somewhat 
 glaucous, carinate ; panicle dense, secund, with remote branches; glumes very 
 unequal ; anthers large, yellow. A common grass, introduced and naturalized 
 in shaded fields, especially orchards. Culm 2—3 ft. high. June. 
 
 13. GLTCi;EIA. 
 
 Spikelets seyeral-fiowered, mostly cylindrical and not flat. 
 Flowers sessile, deciduous by separation of the joints of the 
 raehis, leaving the membranous, somewhat unequal glumes. 
 Palese nearly equal; lower one 5 — Y, mostly '7 -nerved. Stamens 
 2—3. Per. 
 
 * Spikes rather de7ise, ovate op oblong, 
 
 1. Gr. Canadensis. Battlesnalce Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, smooth ; leaves rough, somewhat glaucous ; panicle very large, 
 somewhat pyramidal, with long, capillary, spreading branches, which at length 
 are drooping; spikelets rather large, ovate, short, tumid, 6 — 8-flowered, droop- 
 ing; lower palea acute, longer than the obtase, entire upper one; stamens 2. 
 A stout, showy ra-ss, 2—3 ft. high, distinguished by its large, swelUng, drooping 
 spikelets. July. 
 
 2. G. elongata. 
 
 Manna-Grass, 
 
 Culm erect, smooth; leaves very long, rough; panicle contracted, narrow, 
 very long, with racemose, somewhat secund, nodding, appressed branches; 
 spikelets 8— 5-flowered, erect, tumid, ovoiJ ; lower palea obtuse, somewhat 
 longer than the very obtuse upper palea. A common species in wet meadows 
 and woods, distinguished hy its short, ovoid spikelets, arranged in a very long, 
 racemose panicle. Culm 2—3 ft high. June— July. 
 
 3. Gr. nervata. Nerved Manna-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, smooth; leaves long, rough above, with roughish sheaths; 
 panicle large, broad, diffuse, with capillary, at length drooping branches; spike- 
 lets small, very numerous, oblong-ovate, 3 — 4-flowered, purplish ; paleas obtuse, 
 nearly equal, conspicuously veined; upper one 2-tootlied; stamens 8. A com- 
 mon meadow grass, 1 — 8 ft. high. June. 
 
 4. G. pallida. Pale Manna-Grass. 
 
 Culm smooth, creeping at base and then ascending; leaves flat, somewhat 
 glaucous beneath, pale green above; panicle rather large, nearly simple, very 
 loose, with capillary, erect, spreading, roughish, few-flowerod.branch6s; spike- 
 lets lanceolate, about S-fiowered, 5-veined, truncate at apex, minutely 5-tooth- 
 ed; upper one 2-toothed. Common in shallow water and very wet swamps. 
 Culm 1 — 8 ft. high. July. 
 
 5. G. aquatica. Water Manna-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, smooth, stout, leafy ; leaves broadly linear, thin ; panicle large 
 and long, very much and diffusely branched; branches somewhat erect, at 
 leuEcth spreading; spikelets narrow-oblong, 5 — S-flowered, mostly purplish 
 lower palea truncate; upper one shorter, 2-toothed, A stout, showy species, 
 common, especially in Nortliern districts. Culm 3 — 5 fL high. July. 
 * * Spikelets linear^ loosely Jiowered. 
 
 6. G. fliiitans. Floating Manna-Grass. 
 
 Culm compressed, ascending from a creeping, rooting base ; leaves broad- 
 linear, short, very smooth ; panicle very long, contracted, with nearly simple, 
 racemose branches ; spikelets T — 11-flowered, an inch or moreulong, appressed ; 
 lower palea obtuse, mostly somewhat longer than the upper one. An aquatic 
 species, distinguished from the preceding by its long spikelets, and from tho 
 following by its obtuse flowers. Culm 2 — 4 ft. long. Eather common in shal- 
 low waters. June. 
 
 7. G. acutiflora. 
 
 Pointed 3Ianna-Grass. 
 
 Culm smooth, compressed, ascending from a creeping, rooting base; leaves 
 narrow, small, shorter than iu the last; panicle very long, much contractcci, 
 with nearly simple, racemose branches ; spikelets very long, from 1' — Ij', 5 — 
 10-flowered; lower palea acute, shorter than tlie upper one, which tapers to a 
 long, acuminate point. A species much resembling the last It is found in 
 similar situations, but is distinguished by its much longer and very acute 
 flowers. Culm 2 — 3 ft long. June, 
 
 14. BRIZOPYEUM. 
 Spikelets 5 — 12-flowered, compressed, arranged in a very 
 dense, spicate or somewhat capitate panicle. Glumes 2, carinate; 
 lower ones nerved. Palese 2 ; lower palea somewhat coriaceous, 
 and obscurely nerved, acute. Ovary pedicellate. Flowers often 
 polygamously dioecious. Per. 
 
 1. B. spicatuin. Quaking- Grass. 
 
 Culms smooth, tufted, rigidly erect very leafy above ; leaves long, rigid, 
 involute, acute ; panicle densely spicate, with short branches, crowded with 
 sessile spikelets; flowers smooth, dicecious; stigmas of the pistillate flowers 
 very long, plumose. A common grass of the salt marshes, growing in tufts, 
 6'— 15' high. Aug. 
 
 15. p6a. 
 Spikelets compressed, ovate or oblong, few-flowered, in loose, 
 open panicles. Glumes usually shorter than the flowers; the 
 lower one smaller. Lower palea scarious on the margin, 5-nerved, 
 mostly clothed at base with a soft, web-like down. Upper palea 
 smaller, 2-toothed, deciduous with the rest of the flower. Sta- 
 mens 2 — 3. Per., except No. 1. 
 
 1. P. annua. Low Meadow-Grass. 
 
 Culms low, mostly decumbent or spreading, somewhat compressed; leaves 
 short smooth, with smooth sheaths; panicle nearly as long as broad, with 
 mostly solitary, at length horizontal branches; spikelets 3— 6-flowered, on very 
 
OEDEE CXL. GEAAIINEJi: GEASS-FAMILT. 
 
 217 
 
 short pedicels, much crowded ; flowers slightly downy near the apex, A low, 
 annual species, 8' — 6' high, common every where, especially In cultivated 
 grounds and around dwellings, and forming a short, soft turf. Mai/^Jfov. An. 
 
 2. P. serotina. False Bed-top. 
 
 Calm round, slender, smooth; leaves linear, flat; ligules long, conspicuous; 
 panicle large, very diffuse, on a long peduncle; branches slender, in half- 
 whorls of fours or fives, rough, hranching and numerously-flowered above ; 
 spikelets 2— 8-flowered, on short pedicels, greenish, mostly yellow at tip, often 
 tinged with purple; glumes lanceolate, very acute; flowers webbed only at 
 base. A very slender and rather tall species, 2 — 8 ft. high ; common in mea- 
 dows and along streams. Jime — July. 
 
 3. P. trivialis. Bough Meadow-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, terete, somewhat rough; leaves rough on the margin, with 
 rather rough sheaths; ligule long, acute; panicle pyramidal, diffuse; branches 
 In half-whorls of 4—5 ; spikelets 2— 8-flowered, nearly sessile, densely crowded 
 on the branches: flowers webbed at base. A valuable grass, 2— 8 ft. high ; 
 common in meadows and pastures; Introduced. July. 
 
 4. P. pratensis. Meadow-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, round, smooth ; leaves with smooth sheaths ; ligules short, trun- 
 cate; panicle pyramidal, diffuse; branches spreading, in half-whorls of 4— 5; 
 splkelots 8— 5-fiowered, nearly sessile, densely crowded on the branches. A 
 "Tery valuable pasture-grass, naturalized and growing every where, resembling 
 the last, but distinguished by Us smooth culm and sheaths, and short, truncate 
 ligule. Calm 1—3 ft high. May—July, 
 
 5. P. compressa. Blue-Grass. 
 
 Culms compressed, ascending from a creeping base ; leaves linear, short, 
 deep bluish-green ; ligule short, truncate ; panicle contracted and dense, some- 
 what secund ; branches short, 2 — 8 together in half-whorls, crowded through 
 nearly their whole length, with the nearly sesbile, 8 — T-flowered, compressed 
 spikelets ; flowers webby at base. A slender species, 6'— 15' hlg^j common In 
 tufts, distinguished by its slender, compressed culm, and bluish-green aspect 
 Jwne^July. 
 
 16. ERAQ-E68TI9. 
 
 Spikelets 2 — 40-ilo-wered, compressed, in an open panicle. 
 Glumes mostly shorter than the flowers. Lower palea not web- 
 bed at base, 3-nerved. Upper palea persistent after the rest of 
 th 3 flower has fallen. 
 
 1. E. megastdchya. 
 
 Spear-Grass. 
 
 Culm branching at base, spreading or decumbent; leaves flat, smooth; 
 panicle pyramidal ; branches usually naked on the axils ; spikelets very large, 
 oblong or ovate-oblong, 6 — 30-flowered, of a dark, almost lead-color, with short 
 pedicels. A very showy grass, naturalized and rather common in sandy fields, 
 distinguished by its strong and rather unpleasant odor. Culm 10'— 20' high. 
 Aug. An. 
 
 2. E. capillaris. Slender Spear-Grass. 
 
 Culms slender, simple, tufted; leaves fiat, smooth, the sheaths often hairy; 
 panicle very large and delicate, with diffuse, capillary branches, naked in the 
 axils; spikelets 2 — 4-fiowered, on long, filiform pedicels. A very delicate spe- 
 cies, 1—2 ft. high, with a very large, compound, capillary panicle. Common 
 in sandy fields. Aug. An. 
 
 3. E. spectabills. Showy Spear-Grass. 
 
 Culm simple, tufted, smooth, erect; leaves long, rigid, mostly smooth; 
 lower sheaths more or less pubescent, sometimes smooth: panicle very large, 
 capillary ; branches spreading, rigid, at length refiexed, usually bearded in the 
 axils ; spikelets oblong or oblong-linear, 7— 10-flowered, purplish ; lateral ones 
 on appressed pedicels of their own length, A slender species with a long, ca- 
 pillary panicle, distinguished ftom the last by its more numerously-flowered 
 spikelets and bearded axils. Culm 1—3 ft. high. Aug—Sep. An. 
 
 17. FESTtJCA. 
 
 Spikelets 3 — 10-flowered, in open or racemose panicles. 
 Flowers not webbed at base. Glumes unequal, usually carinate. 
 Palete rounded on the back, entire^ acute, and often awned at 
 apex. Upper palea usually adhering to the ripe earyopsis. 
 Stamens mostly 3. 
 
 1. F. tenella. Slender Fescue-Grass. 
 
 Culm very slender, wiry, mostly simple ; leaves very narrow ; panicle sim- 
 ple, with racemose branches, contracted so as to resemble a spike; spikelets 
 6 — S-flowered; palea subulate, tipped with an awn shorter than itself! A very 
 slender grass with flne, setaceous leaves, 6'— 12' high. Common in dry soils 
 and along road-sides. Jane — July. 
 
 2. F. elatior. Tall Fescue-Grass. 
 
 Culm smooth, erect ; leaves broad-linear; panicle open, loosely branching, 
 with spreading, drooping branches ; spikelets crowded, 4 — 6-flowered ; lower 
 palea awnless. A tall grass, 2 — 4 ft. high, rather common In meadows and pa* 
 turcs. June. Per. 
 
 3 F. pratensis. Meadow Fescue-Grass, 
 
 Culm erect, smooth; leaves linear; panicle open, with mostly simple, 
 drooping branches, somewhat secund ; spikelets 6— ll-flowered ; lower palea 
 acute, awnless. A valuable grass, much resmhllng the last, and of which It is 
 probably a variety. Common in meadows and pastures. Culm 2 — 8 ft high. 
 Jime—Jtily, Per. 
 
 18. BE6MU8. 
 
 Spikelets 5 — 15-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, shorter 
 than the flower, nerved. Lower palea convex or somewhat cari- 
 nate on the back, mostly bifid at apex, with an awn proceeding 
 from below the tip. Upper palea convolute, at length adhering 
 to the earyopsis at the groove. Stamens 3. 
 
 1. B. secalinus. Chess. 
 
 Culm smooth, erect; leaves flat, rough above, with margins and sheaths 
 smooth ; panicle spreading, with branches nearly simple, drooping ; spikelets 
 ovate, cylindrical, tumid, smooth, about 10-flowered ; awn of the lower palea 
 usually shorter than tho spikelet A coarse grass with a showy panicle ; very 
 common and troublesome in wheat and other grain fields. Culm 2—3 ft higli. 
 June. An. 
 
 2. B. ciliatus. Brome-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, smooth or hairy, slender ; leaves broad, linear, flat, large, smooth 
 or hairy; sheaths usually densely pubescent near the top; panicle very loose, 
 compound ; branches long, at length divergent, drooping ; spikelets 7 — 12- 
 flowered; lower glume l-nerved; upper glome 3-nerved; flowers tipped with 
 awns more than half their own length ; upper palea ciliate with stiff bristles* 
 lower palea varying from nearly smooth to silky-pubescent over its whole sur- 
 face. A very coarse, variable grass, common in moist and rocky woodlands. 
 Culm 2—4 ft. high. July—Aug. Per. 
 
 19. PRAGMITES. 
 
 Spikelets 3 — 8-flowercd. Flowers with tufts of white, silky 
 hairs at base. Lower flower either neutral, or with n single 
 stamen ; the others perfect with 3 stamens. Glumes 2, shorter 
 than the flowers, cannate, very unequal. Lower palea subulate, 
 more than twice as long as the upper. I^er. 
 
 1, P. communis. Water-Beed. 
 
 Culm erect, smooth, very stout ; leaves very long, broad-lanceolate, glau- 
 cous; panicle very large, loosely branched, at length diffuse ; branches in half 
 whorls, erect, spreading, slender; spikelets 3— 5-floweTed, erect A tall, rank, 
 aquatic grass, found on the borders of ponds and streams, growing 6—10 ft 
 high. At a distance it somewhat resembles a field of Indian-corn. July — Aug. 
 
 20. TElTICUM. 
 
 Spikelets 3 — 8-flowered, spicate, each attached to a separate 
 joint of the rachis. Glumes 2, nearly equal, opposite, ovate. 
 Palese 2 ; lower one awned or mucronate at tip, convex on the 
 back ; upper compressed, ciliate on the nerves. Stamens 3. 
 
 1. T. vulgare. Wlieat. 
 
 Culm erect, terete, smooth ; leaves linear, somewhat rough above ; spike 
 somewhat 4-slded; spikelets crowded, about 4-flowered; glumes vcntricose; 
 awns longer than the flower. The most valuable species of grain cultivated. 
 There are many varieties, in the appearance of the seed, mode of growth, length 
 of the awns, &c., which are fbimd in cultivation. Culm 2 — 1ft high. June, 
 An. 
 
218 
 
 OEDEE CXL. GEAMINKjE — GEASS-FAMILY. 
 
 2. T. repens. Couch Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, arising from a creeping rhizoma ; leaves linear -lanceolate, some- 
 what rough or hairy above ; spike compressed ; spikelets remote, alternate, 4 — 8 
 flowered ; glumes 5— 7-veined, lanceolate ; awn none, or not half the length of 
 the flower. A naturalized species, growing as a weed in gardens, where it pro- 
 pagates rapidly by its creeping root-stalks, and is extremely difficult to eradi- 
 cate. Culm 1 — 2 ft high. Jane — Aug. Per. 
 
 21. secAle. 
 
 Spikelets 2 — 3-flowered, spieate, each attached to a single 
 point of the rachis ; lower flowers sessile and opposite ; tipper 
 often abortive. Glumes subulate, opposite, shorter than the 
 flowers. Lower palea ciliate on the keel and margin, tipped with 
 a very long awn ; upper often 2-toothed at apex. An. 
 
 1. S. cereale. Bye. 
 
 Culm tall, erect, slender, hairy below the spike ; leaves rough above and on 
 the margin, glaucous ; spike, long, compressed ; awns long and straight. A very 
 valuable grain, universally cultivated. Culm 3—6 ft. high, with a spike 8'— 5' 
 long. June. 
 
 22. LdLIUM. 
 
 Spikelets many-flowered, sessile, solitary, placed edgewise on 
 the rachis. Glume single, except in the terminal spikelet. 
 Paleje nearly equal ; lower one awned or mucronate ; upper 
 mostly 2-toothed. 
 
 1. L. perenne. Darnel. 
 
 Culm erect, smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, light-green; spikelets T— 9- 
 flowered, alternate, in 2 opposite rows; lower palea usually awnless, sometimes 
 short-awned. A not uncommon grass, 1 — 2 ft. high, in meadows and pastures. 
 June. Per. 
 
 28. SLTMUS. 
 
 Spikelets 2 — 6-flowered, attached, 2 — i together at each joint 
 of the rachis. Glumes 2, side by side, and not opposite, nearly 
 equal, subulate. Lower palea convex on the back, mostly awned 
 at apex. Per. 
 
 1. E. Virginicus. Wild Rye. 
 
 Culm erect, stout, smooth ; leaves broad-linear, rough, deep green ; spiko 
 erect, rigid, thick, on a short peduncle, which is usually sheathed ; spikelets 
 mostly in paii-s, 2 — 3-flowered, smooth ; glumes rough, lanceolate, tipped 
 with a short awn, thickened at base, as long as tho flowers ; lower palea with 
 a short awn. A coarse, rough grass, 2 — 4 ft. high, somewhat resembling Eye. 
 Very common in damp thickets and along rivers. Aug. 
 
 2. E. Canadensis. 
 
 Nodding Bye-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, rather stout ; leaves broad-linear, dark-green or glaucous ; spike 
 loose, somewhat nodding above the middle, on an esserted peduncle ; spikelets 
 mostly in pairs, 2 — 5-flowered; flowers hairy and rough ; glumes lance-subu- 
 late, short-awned; lower palea tipped with a long awn. Common on rich, low 
 banks of rivers. Culm 3—5 ft. high. July— Aug. 
 
 3. E. hystrix. Lyme Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, smooth ; spike erect, very loose ; rachis flexuous ; spikelets 2 — 
 8-flowered, 2 together, in remote, diverging clusters, quickly deciduous ; glume 
 none, or minute and awn-like ; lower palea tipped with along awn, twice the 
 length of the flowers. A conspicuous grass, 2 — i ft. high, common in moist 
 and rocky woods, and at once distinguished by its remote pairs of diverging, 
 long-awned spikelets, which are almost horizontal. July. 
 
 24 H6EDETJM. 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, with an awn-like, rudiment at base on the 
 inner side, 3 at each joint of the rachis ; lateral ones often abor- 
 tive. Glumes 2, side by side, and not opposite, subulate. Lower 
 palea long-awned at apex. Grain adherent to the palese. 
 
 1. H. vulgare. Barley. 
 
 Culm erect, smooth ; leaves broad-linear, nearly smooth ; spike erect, thick ; 
 spikelets all fertile ; glumes shorter than the flowers ; lower palea very long- 
 awned ; fruit arranged in 4 — 6 rows. A grain frequently cultivated fur malting. 
 Culm 2—8 ft. high. May. An. 
 
 2. H. distichum. Two-rowed Barley. 
 
 Onlm erect ; leaves broad-linear.rough above ; spike linear, compressed, lateral 
 
 spikelets abortive, destitute of awns ; lower palea long-awned ; fruit in 2 rowfl, 
 Another species cultivated for the same purposes as the last, distinguished by 
 its 2-rowed spikes of fi'uit. Culm 2—3 ft. high. Jujie. An. 
 
 25. AtEA. 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, in an open panicle, both flowers perfect. 
 Glumes 2, nearly equal, longer than the flowers. Paleae nearly 
 equal, hairy at base ; lower palea nerved, awned on the back 
 below the middle. 
 
 1. A. flexuosa. Hair Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, slender, smooth, nearly naked ; leaves mostly radical and tufted 
 at base, setaceous, involute; panicle open, loose, with spreading, capillary 
 branches, which are mostly in pairs ; glumes no longer than the flowers; awn 
 geniculate, longer than the glumes. An elegant grass, growing in tufts, on dry 
 hill-sides, 1—3 ft. high. Very common. June^ Per. 
 
 26. danth6nia 
 
 Spikelets 3 — 8-flowered, in a spicate panicle. Glumes 2, longer 
 than the flowers. Lower palea nerved, 2-toothed at apex, with a 
 twisted awn arising from between the teeth ; upper palea obtuse, 
 entire. Per. 
 
 1. D. spioata. Oat Grass. 
 
 Culms slender, erect, ascending, tufted ; leaves mostly radical, setaceous, 
 somewhat involute ; cauline leaves much shorter than the radical ones, erect, 
 with sheaths hairy at the throat; panicle slender, contracted, like a raceme, 
 somewhat secund, with simple branches, bearing a few, appressed, 7-fiowered 
 spikelets; lower palea hairy, with a twisted awn twice its length. A common 
 grass, growing in tufts in dry fields and open woods. Culm 1 — 2 ft high. June 
 —July. 
 
 27. AVilNA. 
 
 Spikelets 2 — 7 -flowered in panicles ; uppermost flower im- 
 perfect. Glumes 2, large and somewhat unequal. Lower palea 
 rounded on the back, nerved, 2-toothed at apex, with a twisted or 
 bent awn on the back. 
 
 1. A. sativa. Oat. 
 
 Culm erect, smooth ; leaves broad-linear, rough above ; panicle loose, witli 
 slender, drooping branchlets ; spikelets 2 — 4-flowered, on slender, drooping pe- 
 duncles ; lower flower awned, rarely both awnless ; upper palea closely invests 
 Ing the grain. A very valuable grain, universally cultivated. Culm 2 — 3 ft. 
 high. It varies with awnless flowers, and blackish grains. June. An. 
 
 28. H6LCUS. 
 
 Spikelets 2 — 3-flowered, in a contracted panicle. Flowers 
 pedicellate, shorter thau the glume ; lowest flower neutral, often 
 wanting; middle flower perfect, awnless; upper staminate, with 
 its lower palea awned on the back. Per. 
 
 1. H. lanatus. Velvet Grass. 
 
 Culm and broad-linear leaves pale green, covered with soft, velvety down ; 
 panicle oblong, dense-flowered, whitish, tinged with purple ; staminate upper 
 flower with a recurved, short awn. A quite common grass, in wet meadows, 
 distinguished by the soft pubescence of its culm and leaves ; 10' — 20' high. 
 June — July. 
 
 29. ANTHOXAUTHUM. 
 Spikelets 3-flowered, in a spicate panicle; lateral flowers neu- 
 tral, consisting of 1 hairy palea, awned on the back ; central 
 flower perfect, with 2 short, awnless palese, and 2 stamens. 
 Glumes 2, very unequal, the upper one larger and equaling the 
 flowers. Per. 
 
 1. A. odorEltuin. Sweet-vernal Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, slender ; leave.3 short, pale-green ; panicle spicate, oblong, with 
 short, nearly simple branches ; spikelets pubescent, green, mostly tinged with" 
 brown ; palete of the lateral flowers ciliate on the margin, one with a bent awn 
 near the base ; the other with a short, straight awn below the tip. A common, 
 early grass, very fragrant when drying ; found in fields and meadows. Culm 
 8'— 16' high. May— June. 
 
 80. PHALAEIS. 
 Spikelets in dense panicles, with 1 perfect flower, anj 2 
 neutral, abortive rudiments at base. Glumes 2, equal, lon^ r 
 
OEDEE OXL. GEAMINE^ — GEASS-FAMILY. 
 
 219 
 
 than the 2, coriaceoiis, aTrolees palese, which inclose the com- 
 pi essed grain. Per. 
 
 1. P. arundinicea. Canary Grass. 
 
 Culm tall, erect, simple or branching ; leaves lanceolate, rough on the mar- 
 gin; panicle contracted, oblong, more or less branching; branches somewhat 
 spicate, densely flowered, at length somewhat spreading; rudimentary flowers 
 hairy, much shorter than the perfect ones. A tall, rank grass, 2—5 ft high, 
 common in wet grounds. There is a variety having broad leaves, striped with 
 diflferent colors, frequently cultivated in gardens under the name of Kibbon- 
 grass. July. 
 
 81. MILIUM. 
 
 Spikelets in loose panicles, apparently 1-flowered, owing to the 
 nearly complete absence of a second neutral flower ; the lower 
 glume of the perfect flower is also wanting, and its place is sup- 
 plied by the remaining palea of the abortive flower. Paleas of 
 the perfect flower 2, awnless. Grain smooth not grooved. Per. 
 
 1. M. effusum. Millet Grass. 
 
 Culm tall, erect, simple, smooth ;leave8 long, flat, thin, broad-linear; panicle 
 very large and loose, with spreading branches ; spikelets ovoid, scattered. A 
 tall grass, 2 ft. high, rather common in low woods, with pale-green foliage, and 
 large, dilTuse panicles. tTiine — Juli/, 
 
 82. PASPALUM. 
 Spikelets roundish, flat on the under side, convex above, in 
 several rows, on one side of a flattened rachis, apparently 1- 
 flowered, with only a single glume, the single palea of the lower 
 empty flower supplying the place of the lower one. Palefe 2. 
 Stigma plumose, colored. Per. 
 
 1. P. setaceum. Wild Millet. 
 
 Culm slender, decumbent or ascending, simple or branching at base ; leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, flat, ciliate, and with the sheaths softly hairy ; spikes mostly 
 solitary, very slender, terminal one on a long, very slender peduncle; lateral 
 ones often with included peduncles ; spikelets orbicular, in 2 rows, each 
 broader than the flexuous rachis. A not uncommon weed in sandy fields near 
 the coast Culm 1—2 ft long. Aug. 
 
 83. PANICUM. 
 
 Spikelets panicled, racemed, or somewhat spicate, consisting 
 of 1 neutral or staminate flower, and 1 perfect flower. Glumes 
 2, usually minute, sometimes wanting. Lower flower with a 
 single palea usually awnless, sometimes awned, rarely with 2 
 paleae ; upper flower perfect, with 2 awnless palese which inclose 
 the free grain. Stigmas plumose, mostly colored. 
 
 § Spikelets awnlcBS, in little clusters, arranged in single, racemose, 
 mostly 1-sided spikes. Lower flower neutral. An, 
 
 1. P. sanguinale. Grah-Grass. 
 
 Culms decumbent at base, rooting at the joints, then erect ; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, and with the sheath somewhat hairy ; spikes 3 — 12, in digitate, ter- 
 minal clusters ; spikelets mostly in pairs, oblong, appressed to the somewhat 
 flexuous rachis in about 2 rows; upper glume shorter than the flower. A com- 
 mon and very troublesome weed in gardens and cultivated grounds, where it 
 spreads with great rapidity. Culm 1—2 ft high, bearing a digitate cluster of 
 s.ei »er, usuall/ purplish spikes. 
 
 2. P. glabrum. Smooth Grah-Grass. 
 
 t ilms procumbent or slightly ascending, mostly smooth, rarely rooting at 
 
 the oints ; leaves short and flat ; spikes 2—5, rather alternately than digitately 
 
 clu' .ered, very slender ; spikelets crowded, somewhat hairy ; upper glume 
 
 eqt iling the flower. A weed like the last, but less common, found in sandy 
 
 fiel is, and distinguished by its almost entirely procumbent, smooth culm not 
 
 rof ting at the joints, and its usually alternate, filiform spikes. Culm 6'— 15' 
 
 Ic g. Aug. 
 
 § 2. Spikelets awnless, panicled. 
 
 3. P. agrostoides. Clustered Panic-Grass. 
 
 Culm compressed, rigidly erect, often geniculate at base ; leaves long, smooth, 
 ith short, smooth sheaths ; panicles erect, terminal and lateral, contracted, 
 imewhat pyramidal ; branches nearly simple, densely racemose, somewhat 1- 
 
 sided ; spikelets small, pedicellate, purplish ; upper glume veined ; lower flow- 
 er neutral, with 2 pale». A common species in wet meadows, 2 ft high, dis- 
 tinguished by its very long leaves and the racemose branches of the panicle. 
 Aug. Per. 
 
 4. P. proliferum. Panic-Grass. 
 
 Smooth ; culm thick, succulent, geniculate, procumbent at base, then ascend- 
 ing; leaves Unear-lanceolate ; panicles large, pyramidal, terminal and lateral; 
 branches slender, at length spreading, with small, racemose, appressed spikelets; 
 neutral fiower consisting of 1 palea, slightly longer than the perfect flower. A 
 common species in meadows and swamps along the coast, distinguished by its 
 succulent, geniculate culms, which are 1—2 ft high. Aug. Ap,. 
 
 5. P. capillare. Hair Panic-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, simple above, often branched at base ; leaves broad-linear, hairy 
 as well as the sheaths; panicle very large, pyramidal, very loose, with numer- 
 ous capillary branches ; spikelets small, on long, slender pedicels ; neutral flow- 
 er consisting of 1 palea, much longer than the perfect flower. A common spe- 
 cies In cultivated grounds, distinguished by its hairy leaves and sheaths and its 
 very large and capillary panicle. Culm 1—2 ft. high, Aug. An. 
 
 6. P. virgitum. Wand-Grass. 
 
 Smooth; culm tall, erect, nearly simple; leaves very long, broad-linear, flat; 
 panicle very large, diffuse, slender, with finally spreading or drooping branches ; 
 spikelets scattered, pedicellate, quite large, often purplish ; lower flower stami- 
 nate ; stamens with purple anthers. A rather common species in sandy soils, 
 especially near the coast Culm 2 — 5 ft high. Aug. Per. 
 
 7. P. latifolium. Broad-leaved Panic-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, smooth, nearly simple, usually bearded with soft hairs at the 
 nodes ; leaves oval-lanceolate, cordate and clasping at base, nearly or quite 
 smooth; sheaths smooth, except at the usually bearded throat; panicle loose, 
 short, on an esserted peduncle, with short, nearly simple, spreading branches ; 
 lower flower usually staminate, with a single palea. A common species in low 
 thickets and damp woods, sufficiently distinguished by its broad leaves with 
 smooth sheaths, bearded at the throat Calm 1—2 ft high. June— July, 
 
 8. P. clandestimim. Stiff Panic-Grass. 
 
 Calms erect, rigid, very leafy above, with short, appressed branches, smooth 
 at the nodes ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, cordate and clasping at base, tapering to 
 along-acuminate poiut; sheaths rough with dense bristles; panicles terminal 
 and lateral, more or less inclosed in the sheaths, the terminal rarely on a long, 
 exsert peduncle, all very loose, with spreading, racemose branches ; lower flower 
 mostly, if not always, neutral, with only 1 palea. A common species in low, 
 wet grounds, especially along streams, distinguished from the last by its more 
 ligid stem not bearded at the nodes, the rongh-hispid sheaths and the partly 
 included panicles. Culm 2 — 3 ft high. Aug. Per. 
 
 9. P. dichotomum. Forked Panic-Grass. 
 
 Culm slender, erect or somewhat decumbent, generally simple at first, at 
 length usually very branching, and often somewhat dichotomous ; leaves lin- 
 ear-lanceolate, flat; radical ones usually much shorter and broader, sometimes 
 smooth and shining, dark green, as also the sheaths, sometimes pale green, and 
 more or less hairy ; panicles compound, terminal and lateral, usually on more 
 or less exsert peduncles, with spreading branches ; lateral panicles often short 
 and simple, and more or less included in the sheaths; spikelets often purplish, 
 small; lower flower neutral, with a single palea. A very common and variable 
 species, growing in moist situations, with corresponding varieties in size, pubes- 
 cence and other characters. Culm 4' — 20' high, or higher. June — Sep. Per, 
 
 % 8. Spikelets crowded in dense, spicate clusters, forming a dense panicu- 
 late npike. Lower palea of Hie lower flower awned or mucronate. 
 
 10. p. Cr(js-g411i. Barn-yard Grass. 
 
 Culm stout, branching at base ; leaves lanceolate, fiat, rough on the margin, 
 otherwise smooth, as also the sheaths ; spikes alternate, compound, forming a 
 dense panicle ; lower flower neutral, with 2 pale»; lower palea, awned; awn 
 rough, usually long. A coarse, weedy, variable grass, very common in rich, 
 waste grounds. The flowers are sometimes awnless, and the sheaths densely 
 hispid, when it gr«ws in salt-water ditches, as it often does. Calm2— 4fli 
 high. Aug. — Sep. An, 
 
 84. SETAEIA. 
 Spikelets in compound, cylindrical spikes, furnished with 1 or 
 
220 
 
 ORDER CXLI. EQUISET^.CE^ SCOUEmG- RUSH-TRIBE. ORDER OXLH. FILICES — FERN-FAMILY. 
 
 more bristles, resembling a-wns ; otherwise as in the Panicum- 
 proper. An. 
 
 1. S. glauca. Bottle-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect; leaves lanceolate, rough, hairy at base; spike dense, cylindrlc, 
 of a dall-yellowish color when mature; bristles in clusters of 6 — 10, much 
 longer than the epikelets. A very common weed in -waste places, distinguished 
 by its bristly, cylindrical spike. Calm 1—3 ft. high, July— Aug. An. 
 
 85. ANDROPOGON. 
 Spikelets in pairs at the joints of the rachis, spicate or ra- 
 eemed, one of them pedicellate, barren, often rudimentary; the 
 other "with the lower flower neutral, and consisting of a single 
 palea ; the upper perfect. Palese thin and more delicate in tex- 
 ture than the longer glumes ; lower one awned at the tip. Sta- 
 mens 1 — 3. Per, 
 
 1. A. furcatus. Broom-Grass, 
 
 Culms erect, branching, nearly smooth ; leaves linear -lanceolate, nearly 
 smooth; radical ones very Jong ; spikes straight, 3 — 6, hairy, digitate or clus- 
 tered at the top of the culm, or else fewer and terminating the branches, usu- 
 ally purple ; spikelets approximate, hairy, appressed ; sterile spikelets stami- 
 nate, awnless ; stamens 8. A coarse, tall grass, 4—6 ft. high, common in dry 
 soils, and distinguished by its digitate spikes. Sep. 
 
 2. A. scoparius. Beard-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, slender, very branching ; branches erect, paniculate ; leaves nar- 
 row, hairy, as also the sheaths; spikes slender, loosely-flowered, terminating 
 the branches, 2 — 3 from each sheath, on peduncles of various lengths, usually 
 purplish ; rachis flexuoas ; pairs of spikelets remote ; sterile spikelets neutral ; 
 lower glame awned; lower palea of the perfect flower with a twisted awn. A 
 more slender species than the last, common in sandy soils, distinguished by its 
 more slender branching stem, and its slender spikes on separate peduncles. 
 Culm 2-^ ft high. 
 
 36. S6EGHUM. 
 Spikelets pedicellate, in clusters of 2 — 3, forming an open pa- 
 nicle; lateral ones barren, often mere pedicels; middle spikelet 
 fertile. Glumes coriaceous ; 2 lower flowers neutral, consisting 
 only of single palese ; upper flower with 2 palese, the highest of 
 which is awned at the tip. 
 
 1. S. ntUans. Indian-Grass. 
 
 Culm erect, terete, simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous, rough ; pani- 
 cle oblong, somewhat crowded ; perfect spikeletq bright reddish -brown, at 
 length nodding, crowded toward the base with reddish hairs ; awns twisted, 
 longer than the flower ; sterile epikelets small, very imperfect, often mere hairy 
 pedicels. A coarse grass, 2 — 5 ft, high. Common in sandy soils. Aug. — Sep. 
 Per. 
 
 2. S. saccharatum. Broom-Corn. 
 
 Culm tall, erect, solid ; leaves lanceolate, pubescent at base ; panicle very 
 large, diffuse; branches long, slender, whorled, at length drooping; perfect 
 spikelets with hairy, persistent glumes. This well-known grass is extensively 
 cultivated for its large, branching panicle, which is used in the manufacture of 
 brooms. Culm 6—12 ft. high. An. 
 
 ST. ZfeA. 
 Flowers monoecious. Barren flowers in terminal, clustered 
 racemes. Spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes 2, obtuse, nearly equal ; 
 palese obtuse, awnless. Fertile flowers lateral and axillary, densely 
 arranged on the surface of a soft, spongy, at length nearly woody, 
 round rachis, which is inclosed in an involucre of numerous bracts, 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, 1 flower abortiye. Glumes 2, obtuse. Pa- 
 lese awnless. Style 1, very long, fiUform, upper part pendulous 
 from the closed apex of the involucre. Grains in 3 — 12, usually 
 regular rows, compressed. An. 
 
 1. Z. mays. Indian Corn. 
 
 Culm erect, le^y, branching only at base ; leaves very long, channelled, re- 
 curved, entire, 2— 4 ft. long; barren spikes 6—12, in terminal, nearly digitate 
 clusters ; fertile spikes, 1 — i, nearly sessile, 6' — 15' long, and even longer. A 
 universally esteemed grain, cultivated in almost all sections of the United States, 
 and every where in the American tropics. Culm 5 — 8 ft, high at the North, 
 10—20 ft, at the South. The grain varies from white to yellow, red, and even 
 blue and purple. July. 
 
 Series IL Oryptogamia, 
 CLASS IIL— XCROGENS. 
 
 Ordek CXLI. Equisetacese. — Scourmg 
 Htcsh-tribe. 
 
 1. EQUISi:TUM. 
 Fructification spicate. Sporangia 6 — 7, attached to the under 
 surface of each peltate scale, 1-celled, opening on the inner side. 
 Spores numerous, each furnished with 4 elastic filaments termed 
 elaters, which are coiled spirally aroiind it. 
 
 1. E. limosum. Pipes. 
 
 Stem tall, stout, smooth, many-furrowed, at first nearly simple, at length 
 producing simple, erect branches from above the sheaths ; spikes oblong-ovoid; 
 sheaths appressed, with short, acute, dark-brown teeth. A tall, leafless plant, 
 2 — 3 ft. high, common in wet meadows and the borders of ponds. Most of the 
 stems bear a single, dark, terminal spike, hut others are barren. All are aimual 
 and greedily eaten by cattle. July. 
 
 2. E. hyemale. Scouring Bush. 
 
 stems evergreen, erect, mostly entirely simple, many-furrowed, with the 
 ridges rough ; sheaths whitish, black at top and base, with subulate, quickly de- 
 ciduous teeth ; spike terminal. A stout, upright species, suflSciently distin- 
 guished by its very rough stem, which is often used in scouring metals, and by 
 its sheaths. Stem 2 — 3 ft. high. Common in wet grounds. June. 
 
 3. E. arvense. 
 
 Field Morse-tail. 
 
 stems fertile and sterile; fertile stems brownish, bearing the spike, erect, 
 simple, with large, inflated sheaths, which have long, dark-brown teeth, appear- 
 ing early in the spring and soon decaying, followed by the sterile stems, which 
 are erect or decumbent at base, with numerous, long, simple, whorled, quadran- 
 gular, rough, green branches. Avery common species in wet grounds. The 
 fertile and sterile stems are remarkably different in appearance, the one being 
 simple and brownish, and the other very branching and green. April. 
 
 4. E. sylv4ticum. Wood Horse-tail. 
 
 stems fertile and sterile ; fertile stems erect, bearing the single, pedunculate 
 spike, with a few whorls of greenish, compound, reflexed branches, which are 
 racemose with the numerous hranchlets; sterile stems as in the fertile, except 
 that they are later, and have numerous green branches. Distinguished from 
 the last by its branching fertile stems, and its whorls of deflexed branches with 
 numerous hranchlets. Stem 6' — 12' high. Common in wet grounds. May 
 
 Ordee CXLIL Filices. — Fern-family. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GEXERA. 
 
 SuBOKDEK I. Polypodinea3. 
 
 Fronds circinate In the bud. Sporangia in dots, or in lines or clustei-s on the 
 back of the frond or its segments, pedicellate, the pedicel expanded above in to 
 a ring, surrounding the sporangia, which open transversely on the inner side. 
 Sori mostly inclosed while young in a membraneous covering called jul Indu- 
 
 SlUM. 
 
 * ludusium none* 
 
 1. Polyp6dium. Sori separate, never confluent, scattered on the back of 
 the frond. 
 
 2. SxRUTnioPTEEis. Sorl on a separate, fertile frond, which is much smallei 
 than the sterile, crowded, and at length confluent and covering the whole under 
 surface. 
 
 * =<= Indusium present. 
 
 t Sori strictly confined to the margin, 
 
 3. Ptekis. Sori very narrowly linear, confluent, iu a continuous marginal 
 line. 
 
 4. AniANTUM. Sori roundish. Indusium reniform. Frond somewhat pe- 
 dately parted. 
 
 6. DiCKSoNiA. Sort roundish, with a double indusium, one opening out- 
 ward and one opening inward. 
 
 9. Det6pteris. Suri roundish, with a single, somewhat flattened, rouudish- 
 reniform indusium. 
 
 1 1 Sori not confined to the margin.. 
 
 5. AsPLENitTM. Sori linear or oblong, attached lengthwise. Indusium 
 opening lengthwise. 
 
OEDER CXLII. FILICES FEEN-FAMILT. 
 
 221 
 
 7. Ct8t6pteri8. Sort Tonndish. Indusinm oblong-reniform, cucullate, In- 
 flated nt base, attached by the inner side, and opening on the other. 
 
 8. Wo6d9ia.. Sori globular, Indusinm attached by the base all the way 
 round, opening above at the centre. 
 
 9. Dey6ptei!is. Sori round. Indosium round-reniform, flattened, opening 
 all round. 
 
 10. PoLYSTicHUM. Sori round. Indusinm orbicular, depressed and attached 
 at the centre, opening a'J round. 
 
 11. Onoclka. Sori on separate, smaller fronds, inclosed in a sort of berry- 
 uke Involucre, at first separate, at length confluent. 
 
 SuBOKDEE II. OaranndineK. 
 
 Sporangia naked, destitute of a ring, opening by a longitudinal slit. Frond 
 circinate in the bud. 
 
 12. OsMDNDA. Sori large, subglobose, pedicellate. 
 
 SuBOKDEK III. Ophioglossese. 
 
 Sporangia 1-celled, opening by a transverse slit, destitute of a ring. Frond 
 not circinate in the bud. 
 
 18. BoTRYciiiuM. Sporangia in a racemose panicle, distinct. 
 
 1. P0LTP6DIUM. 
 Sori roundish, irregularly scattered on the under surface of 
 the frond. Indusinm none. 
 
 1. P. vulgare. Polypod. 
 
 Frond oblong in outline, deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, obscurely 
 crenate, green on both sides ; stipe smooth, naked ; sori large, roundish. A 
 common evergreen fern in woods, where its creeping, scaly rhizomas form large 
 patches, distinguished by the oblong, simply pinnatilid fronds and nearly entire, 
 oblong segments. Frond 6' — IS' high. Jiilt/. 
 
 2. P. Phegopterls. Triangular Polypod. 
 
 Frond annual, twice pinnatifid, triangular in outline, longer than broad, 
 hairy on tlie veins ; pinnie lanceolate ; 2 lower ones deflexed ; the ultimate seg- 
 ments oblong-linear, entire i sori minute. An elegant foru, distinguished by 
 its triangular outline, and the deflexed lower pair of pinnae, which make it ap- 
 pear somewhat hastate. Ehizoma blackish. Frond 6' — 12' high. Kather com- 
 mon in rich, rocky woods, especially towards the North. Juli/. 
 
 3. P. Dryopteris. 
 
 Ternate Polypod. 
 
 Stipe very slender, smooth, brittle ; itond ternate, divisions twice pinnate, 
 spreading, deflexed, light green, very thin and delicate in texture ; ultimate 
 segments oblong, obtuse, somewhat crenate ; sori on the margin ; rhizoma fili- 
 form, creeping. An exceedingly delicate and beautiful fern, growing in the 
 shade of rocky, and especially mountainous woods. Frond 4^ — 8' high. July. 
 
 2. STEDTHI(3PTEEIS. 
 Sori on separate, smaller fronds, at length covering the entire 
 lower surface, arranged on thepiunate, unconnected veins, desti- 
 tute of an indusium, 
 
 I. S. G-ermdnica. Ostrich Fern. 
 
 sterile fronds tall, with stout, smooth, channelled stipes, pinnate ; pinnae 
 sessile, pinnatifid ; ultimate segments entire ; fertile fronds much smaller, with 
 numerous, contracted, brownish segments covered with sori. A very large 
 and showy fern, not uncommon in low, rich woods, growing in clumps. The 
 fertile fronds are about a foot high, the sterile frond* 8— 4 ft., and even higher. 
 Ang. 
 
 8. PTilEIS. 
 Sori linear, very narrow, confluent in a continuous, marginal 
 line. Indusium continuous, attached by the margin. 
 
 1. P. aquilina. Brake. 
 
 stipe erect, stout, bearing the ternate frond at summit ; divisions bipinnate, 
 very spreading ; ultimate segments oblong-lanceolate ; upper segments entire ; 
 lower somewhat pinnatifid, with obtuse, oblong lobes. A tall stout fern, trian- 
 gular in outline, with a dull green frond, and usually purple stipe. Very com- 
 mon in pastures, fields and thickets. The continuous indusium forms » margin 
 to all the segments of the frond, which, together with the stipe, is 2 ft. high. 
 A%ig. 
 
 4. ADIANTITM. 
 Sori roundish, marginal on the lobes of the frond. Indusium 
 reniform, appearing like a reflexed margin of the frond, and bear- 
 ing the sporangia on its under surface. 
 
 1. A. pedatum. Maiden-hair. 
 
 stipe erect, slender, black, bearing a 2-parted frond at top, each division con- 
 sisting of several slender segments branching from one side, and bearing nu- 
 merous, oblong-rhomboid segments, which are oblique, petiolate, entire on the 
 margin next the rachis, inciscly cut at the other margin, appealing as if valved, 
 and of a glaucous green. A very elegant and graceful fern, distinguished by 
 the black, polished stipe and branches, and delicate foliage, 8' — 15' high. July. 
 
 5. ASPLilNIUM. 
 Sori linear or oblong, oblique, scattered, attached lengthwise. 
 Indusium opening lengthwise in the direction of the mid-vein. 
 
 1. A. ebeneum. Ebony Spleenwort. 
 
 Frond on a short, smooth stipe, erect, linear-lanceolate in outline, pinnate ; 
 pinnse lanceolate-oblong, somewhat falcate, sen*ate, sessile, auriculate at base 
 on the upper side ; sori numerous, in short lines on both sides of the mid -rib. 
 A slender, elegant fern, with a smooth purple stalk, growing 6' — 15' high. 
 Common in rocky woods. Aug. 
 
 2. A. Trichomanes. Dwarf Spleenwort. 
 
 Fronds tufted, linear in outline, pinnate; pinnaa small, roundish-elliptical, 
 nearly sessile, oblique and entire at base, crenate above. A delicate little fern, 
 common in tufts on shaded rocks, 3' — V high, with very slender, purple stalks. 
 July. 
 
 3. A. thelipterdides. Silvery Spleenwort. 
 
 Frond with a chatfy stipe, pinnate ; pinnae deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceo- 
 late; ultimate segments oblong, obtuse, with 2 rows of shining, silvery sori, 
 which, when young, are covered with shining, silvery indusia. A handsome 
 fern of a pale green color, not uncommon in low, shaded grounds. It is dis- 
 tinguished before maturity by the shining silvery hue of the indusia. Frond 
 1—3 ft. high. July. 
 
 4. A. Filix-foemina. Common Spleenwort. 
 
 Frond oblong, or oblong-lanceolate in outline, bipinnate, entirely smooth ; 
 pinnae lanceolate, acuminate ; segments oblong-lanceolate, pinnatiiidly cut and 
 toothed ; sori large, oblong, nnmerous, finally confiuent over the whole under 
 surface of the frond, and giving it a dark-brown color. Very common In moist 
 fields and woods. Frond 2—8 ft high. July. 
 
 6. DICKS6NIA. 
 Sori roundish, marginal, distinct Indusium double ; one con- 
 sisting of a recurved, 2 Upped, little sac, that opens outward, 
 and is attached by its edges to the proper indusium, which is 
 marginal and opening inward. 
 
 1. D. punctilobula. Gossamer Fern. 
 
 Frond slightly hairy, ovate-lanceolate in outline, pinnate ; pinnro deeply 
 twice pinnatifid ; ultimate segments cut and toothed ; sori minute. A very 
 delicate and beautiful fern, remarkable for the numerous and very fine divisions 
 of its pale-green frond, 2 — 3 ft. high. July. 
 
 T. ctst6pteeis. 
 Sori roundish. Indusium oblong-reniform, cucullate, inflated 
 at base, attached by the inner side, and opening on the other- 
 
 1. C. frigilis. Bladder Fern. 
 
 Frond oblong-lanceolate in outline, bi- or tri-pinnate; ultimate segments ob- 
 long or oblong-ovate, more or less pinnatifid and toothed ; rachis winged by the 
 decurrent segments. A slender and variable species, common on moist, shaded 
 rocks. July. 
 
 8. wo6dsia, 
 
 Sori globular. Indusium thin, attached by the base all the 
 way round, open above, at the centre, with a variously cut and 
 fringed margin. 
 
 1. W. obti'isa. Hairy Wood Fern. 
 
 Frond ovate-lanceolate in outline, very slightly hairy ; pinnae ovate or oblong, 
 very broad at base so as to be somewhat triangular, almost pinnate again ; ulti- 
 mate segments oblong, rounded at apex, pinnatifldly divided into lobes, each of 
 which bears a single fruit-dot. A little fern 6' — 8' high, growing in tufts on 
 rocks. The stipe is slightly cbafi'y. 
 
222 
 
 ORDER CXLin. LYCOPODIACE^E — CLUIi-MOSS-FAMIL\' . 
 
 2. W. ilvensis. Woolly Fern. 
 
 Frond oblong-lanceolate in outline, smoothish and light-green above, 
 covered with a reddish wool beneath, as also the stipe ; pinnaa oblong, almost 
 pinnate ; ultimate segments crenately and minutely toothed ; sori attached near 
 the margin, at length almost confluent A little fern, 4'— 6' high, distinguisbed 
 by the hairy under surface of the frond. Common on rocks. June. 
 
 9. dkt6pteeis. 
 
 Sori round. Indusium Bomewliat flattened, roundish-reni- 
 form, opening all round. 
 
 1. D. Thelypteris. 
 
 Frond lanceolate In outline, pinnate, tapering in width from base to apex; 
 pinnjB linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatlfld; ultimate segments oblong, obtuse, 
 nearly entire, revolutc on the margin ; sori crowded, at length confluent A 
 common fern in low grounds and swamps. Frond 10' — 18' high. Juhj — Aug. 
 
 2. D. Noveboracensis. 
 
 Frond oblong-lanceolate in outline, pinnate, tapering in width to the apex, 
 except near the base, where the lower pairs become shorter than those above 
 and are bent down; pinnaa linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid; ultimate seg- 
 ments oblong, obtuse, nearly entire, not revolute at the margin. Sori scattered, 
 marginal, not at any time confluent A common species in wet grounds, much 
 resembling the last, but of a paler green, and with the texture of the foliage 
 somewhat more delicate. Frond 10'— 18' high. July— Aug. 
 
 3. D. intermedia. Shield Fern. 
 
 Frond obiong-ovate in outline, bipinnate, of a rather dark, shining green ; 
 segments narrow-oblong, obtuse ; lower ones deeply pinnatifid, with sharply 
 toothed lobes; upper ones pinnatifidly cut, with more or less toothed lobes; 
 serrate teeth 'of the ultimate segments tipped with soft, short bristles. Sori 
 sparsely scattered. A very common species in woods, 1 — 2 ft. high. July. 
 
 4. D. cristata. Crested Shield-Fern. 
 
 Frond narrow-oblong in outline, pinnate; pinnfe short, ovate or oblong, 
 very broad at base, so as to appear somewhat triangular, acute, usually alter- 
 nate, deeply pinnatifid ; lowest segments oblong, obtuse, nearly pinnatifid, the 
 others finely serrate, or toothed ; sori large, in a single row, between the mid- 
 vein and the margin often confluent A rather common species in swamps 
 and low grounds, distinguished by its long, narrow, dark -green fronds, which 
 arel — 3 ft high, with a scaly stipe. July. 
 
 5. D. marginale. Marginal Shield-Fern. 
 
 Frond oblong-ovate in outline, bi-pinnate ; pinn» lanceolate, broad at base; 
 ultimate segments oblong, obtuse, more or less crenately toothed; upper ones 
 decurrent; sori large, arranged entirely on the margin. A large, elegant fern, 
 common in moist, rocky woods, 10' — 15' high ; distinguished by its entirely 
 marginal sori. 
 
 10. POLYSTICHUM. 
 
 Sori round. Indusium orbicular, peltate, depressed, attached 
 to the centre, opening all round. 
 
 1, P. acrostichoides. Chaffy Shield-Fern. 
 
 Frond lanceolate In outline, on a chaflfy stipe, pinnate ; pinnae nearly or quite 
 alternate, distinct, lanceolate, and somewhat falcate, on short stalks, serrate, 
 rarely cut and lobed, teeth tipped with bristles; upper one smaller, and bear- 
 ing the sori near the mid-rib, which at first merely contiguous, soon become con- 
 fluent, and cover the surface. A very common fern, with dark, evergreen 
 foliage, growing 1—2 ft high, in woods. July. 
 
 11. ON"OCL:^A. 
 
 Fronds fertile and sterile. Fertile frond bipinnate ; alternate 
 segments very strongly revolute, forming a sort of berry-shaped 
 involucres, containing the sporangia. Sori at first separate, at 
 length confluent. Indusium thin, cucuHate, attached bythe lower 
 side. 
 
 1. 0. sensibilis. Sensitive Fern. 
 
 sterile fronds in clumps, on long, smooth stipes, broad-triangular in outline, 
 deeply pinnatifid, almost pinnate ; segments oblong- lanceolate, entire or undu- 
 late and toothed, varying to pinnatifid; upper segments passing into each 
 
 other. A very common fern in low grounds, especially the sterile fronds, with 
 a remarkable difference between the sterile and the smaller, fertile fronds ; 10 
 —18' high. July. 
 
 12. OSMteDA. 
 Sporangia globose, pedicellate, naked, opening with 2 valves, 
 entirely covering the surface of the much contracted fertile 
 fronds, or fertile pinnae. 
 
 1. 0. spectibilis. 
 
 Flowering Fern. 
 
 stipe smooth; frond bipinnate, entirely smooth, bearing the fruit in a ter- 
 minal, contracted, racemose panicle; ultimate segments oblong-lanceolate, dis- 
 tinct, serrate, rather oblique at base. An elegant fern, 2 — 3 ft high, distin- 
 guished by the terminal, reddish -brown, bipinnate panicle, formed of the con- 
 tracted segments of the frond. Common in swamps and low grounds, June. 
 
 2. 0. cinnain6mea. Cinnamon Fern. 
 
 sterile and fertile fronds separate, appearing at the same time, each clothed 
 with long, rusty wool ; sterile fronds at length smooth, pinnate ; pinnae lanceo- 
 late, pinnatifid; ultimate segments broad, ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire ; fertile 
 fronds bipinnate, mucli contracted, nearly or quite covered with the reddish 
 sporangia. A very common fern growing in clumps in low grounds and 
 swamps. The fertile fronds soon decay, but the barren fronds continue to 
 grow, attaining the height of 3 — 6 ft May— June. 
 
 3. 0. Claytoniana. Interrujpted Fern. 
 
 Fronds at first woolly, especially at base, soon smooth, pinnate; pinna3 ob 
 long-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, except a few which are near the middle, and 
 when full grown are completely pinnate and fertile, covered with reddish-brown 
 sporangia; ultimate segments of the sterile pinnse oblong, obtuse. A very 
 common fern in low grounds, 2—6 ft. high, distinguished by its middle, fertile 
 pinnse between sterile ones at base and summit May — Jicne. 
 
 18. BOTR"^CHIUM. 
 
 Frond consisting of 2 portions, a terminal, pinnately-parted, 
 contracted, racemose, fertile segment, and a lateral, sterile seg- 
 ment. Sporangia sessile, distinct, clustered, opening by 2 trans 
 verse valves. 
 
 1. E. Yirginicum. Rattlesnake Fern. 
 
 Plant somewhat hairy; sterile frond situated above the middle, ternately 
 divided completely to the sessile base, triangular in outline ; primary divisions 
 pinnate; pinnte pinnately divided; ultimate segments oblong-lanceolale, pin- 
 natifidly cut and toothed; fertile frond bipinnate, forming a contracted, race- 
 mose, pedunculate panicle. A beautiful fern, common in rich, rocky woods, 
 1—2 ft. high. July. 
 
 Ordek CXLIII. Lycopodidcese. — Chtb-mosS' 
 family. 
 
 1. LTCOPdDIUM. 
 Sporangia compressed, mostly reniform, 1-celled, opening by 
 2 transverse valves, axillary, usually in a kind of spike consist- 
 ing of reduced leaves or bracts, with the sporangia in their axils, 
 or sometimes contained in the axils of the proper leaves. 
 
 * Sporangia in the axils of the proper leaves. 
 
 1. L. lucidulum. Shining Club-moss. 
 
 stems thick, simple or dichotomous, with a few ascending branches; leaves 
 dark green, in about 8 rows, more or less spreading or recurved, linear-lanceo- 
 late, acute ; stem 4'— 8' high, thickly clothed with the rigid, dark green leavcSi 
 which are larger than in the other species. Common in low rich woods. Aug. 
 
 * * Sporangia in distinct spikes 
 
 2. L. dendroideum. Tree Club-moss. 
 
 stem erect, simple below, with the linear- lanceolate, short and erect, ap 
 pressed leaves in 4 rows, dividing above Into many, nearly or quite erect, cylin- 
 drical branches ; spikes 1—3, cylindrical, sessile, the branches being leafy tc 
 the top. A handsome little tree-like evergreen, arising from a creeping rhizo 
 ma. Common in moist woods. Stem 6' — 8' high. Aug. 
 
OEDEE CXLn. LYCOPODIACE^ CLTJB-MOSS-FAMILT. 
 
 223 
 
 3. L. obsci'irum. Spreading Club-moss. 
 
 Stem erect, clothed by the linear-lanceolate leaves in 4 — 6 unequal rows ; 
 branches spreading, flat, the leaves on the upfier side being shorter and ap- 
 pressed ; spikes 1 — 8, sessile, cylindrical. A common species in damp woods, 
 distinguished from the last, which it much resembles, by the spreading, almost 
 horizontal, flat branches. Stem 6'— 8' high. Aug. 
 
 4. L. clavatum. Ground Ivy. 
 
 stems creeping, with short, ascending, densely leafy branches; leaves 
 linear-subulate, mucronate, spreading, curved upward ; spikes 2—3, apparently 
 pedunculate ; the leaves on the very slender foot-stalk being minute and un- 
 conspicuous. A common trailing evergreen, found in dry woods, distinguished 
 by its long, creeping stem, and short, ascending, densely leafy branches. July. 
 
 5. L. complanitum. Ground Pine. 
 
 stem creeping; branches erect, ascending, compressed, dichotomous; 
 branchlets numerous, spreading, almost horizontal, compressed ; leaves minute, 
 
 appressed, subulate, in 4 unequal rows, united by their decurrent base ; mar- 
 ginal row with slightly spreading tips; the other rows entirely appressed; 
 spikes 2 — 6, cylindric, pedunculate. A trailing evergreen, frequent in moist 
 woods, where it forms large beds. July. 
 
 2. SELAGDffiLLA 
 Sporangia of 2 kinds, the first are very minute, l-celled, and 
 opening by 2 transverse valves; the other kind larger, 3 — 6- 
 valved, and containing much larger spores. These 2 kinds are 
 either found in the same axils, or the larger are separate, in the 
 lower axUs. 
 
 1. S. rupestris. Bock Glub-moss. 
 
 stem creeping, with many tufted branches ; branches ascending, densely 
 clothed witli the scattered, linear-lanceolate, imbricated, appressed, grayish, 
 mucronate leaves ; spike leafy, 4-angied, with both kinds of sporangia In the 
 same axils. A grayish, moss-like plant, on rocks, of a somewhat stunted, dried 
 up appearance. Stems 2' — 8' long. July. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 A. in composition has tho force of not, 
 or without, as apetalous, loWiout 
 petals. 
 
 Abortion ; 860. 
 
 Abortive ; wanting by abortion. 
 
 Acaulescent; destitute of a caulis, 
 (326) or proper stcih. 
 
 Accent; tbe grave accent, thus ("" ), 
 denotes tliat the vowel over which 
 it is placed is long ; the acute accent, 
 thus ('), denotes that the vowel is 
 short. 
 
 Acerose; 275, at (15). 
 
 Achenium ; 4S1. 
 
 Achlamydeous; destitute of both calyx 
 and corolla. 
 
 Acotyledonous; 121. 
 
 Aculeate; prickly. 
 
 Acuminate; 234, at (8). 
 
 Acute; 2y-t, at (1). 
 
 Adherent: 833, at (2). 
 
 Adnate; 292, at (I) ; 363; form of the 
 anther, 428, at (2). 
 
 Aerial-roots ; 152. 
 
 Aggregate; densely clustered. 
 
 AJbumen; 68; 501. 
 
 Alburnum; 201. 
 
 Alternate; 260, at (1). 
 
 Alveolate ; presenting the appearance 
 of a honeycomb. 
 
 Ament; 342. 
 
 Ancipital ; flattened, so as to appear 
 2-edged, 
 
 Andrcecium; 434. 
 
 Androgynous; having staminate and 
 pistillate flowers in the same clus- 
 ters. 
 
 Annual ; abbreviated An., 144. 
 
 Anterior; that part or side of any or- 
 gan which is furthest from the main 
 axis is said to be anterior. 
 
 Anther; 416. 
 
 Apetftlous ; without petals. 
 
 Appressed ; pressed down closely upon 
 something else. 
 
 Aquatic; 151. 
 
 Arborescent; attaining the size of a 
 tree. 
 
 Aril; 503. 
 
 Armed; furnished with thorns, pric- 
 kles, or some such appendage. 
 
 Arrow-form ; 2T5, at (1). 
 
 Articulation ; 277. 
 
 Aseendina ; 237, at (1). 
 
 Asfiurgent; same as ascending. 
 
 Auriculate— Auricled ; 276, at (13). 
 
 Awn ; 385. 
 
 Awned ; furnished with an awn. 
 
 Axil ; the angle between a leaf or its 
 petiole and the branch or stem on 
 which it grows. 
 
 Axillary ; growing in an axil. 
 
 Axis; 112. 
 
 Baccate; berry-like. 
 
 Bark; 213. 
 
 Banner; 872; 408. \ 
 
 Barbed; furnished with stiff, 'hooked 
 hairs. 
 
 Barren; 373. 
 
 Beak; a stifi" terminal point. , 
 
 Bearded; furnished with lon{^, tufted 
 hairs. 
 
 Berry ; 47T. 
 
 Biennial; abbreviated Bien. 
 
 Bifid ; two-lobed or two-parted. 
 
 Bilabiate; two-lipped; in application 
 equivalent to Labiate; 396. 
 
 Bipinnate ; 279, at (5). 
 
 Bipinnatifid ; twice pinnatifid, as when 
 the segments of a pinnatifid leaf, 
 275 at (20) are again pinnatifid. 
 
 Biternate : 281, at (1). 
 
 Bracted — Bracteate ; fnrnished with 
 
 Bracteoles; 850; ;'.^4 
 
 Bracts; 296. 
 
 Branches; 175. 
 
 Branchlets; subdivisions of the 
 branches. 
 
 Bristles ; 81, at (1). 
 
 Bud; 172. 
 
 Bulb ; 241. 
 
 Bulblet; 242, 
 
 Bulbifcrous; bulb-bearing. 
 
 Caducous ; 411, at (1). 
 
 Ciespitose ; growing in tufts. 
 
 Calyptra; 99. 
 
 Calyx ; 881. 
 
 Cambium ; 44. 
 
 Cambium Layer ; 202. 
 
 Campanulate ; 394. 
 
 Canescent ; clothed with a silvery- 
 white pubescence. 
 
 Capillary; very slender— as fine as 
 hairs. 
 
 Capitate ; clustered in heads ; 845. 
 
 Capsule; 471. 
 
 Carinate; shaped like the keel of a 
 ship. 
 
 Carpel ; 455. 
 
 Carpellary ; 458. 
 
 Carpophore; Order LYIL, page 114. 
 
 Caryophyllaceous ; 401. 
 
 Caryopsis; 484 
 
 Catkin ; 843. 
 
 Caudate ; tipped with a tail-like ap- 
 pendage. 
 
 Caulescent; possessing a caulis (226), 
 or proper stem. 
 
 Caulescent ; belonging to the caulis 
 (226), or stem. 
 
 Cells— of the ovary, 455— of the an- 
 ther, 422. 
 
 Cell-growth; 83. 
 
 Cellular; 26. 
 
 Cellular tissue; 29. 
 
 Centrifagal — inflorescence ; 884. 
 
 Centripetal; 834. 
 
 Chafi'y ; clothed with chafP-like scales. 
 
 Channelled ; deeply furrowed or 
 grooved. 
 
 Ciliat6 ; 81. 
 
 Circinate; 258, at (6). 
 
 Clrcumsessile ; opening all round, as 
 in the pyxis, 487. 
 
 Cirrhose; 279, at (4). 
 
 Clasping; 275, at (14) ; 285, at (4). 
 
 Clavate; club-shaped; enlarged up- 
 ward toward the apex. 
 
 Claw; 393, at (2). 
 
 Cleft; same as lobed, 276. 
 
 Colored; not green. 
 
 Column ; Order CXXT., page 126. 
 
 Coma; a tuft of silky hairs attached 
 to a seed ; 497. 
 
 Comose; furnished with such a tuft 
 
 Commissure ; 482. 
 
 Complete— flower ; 854; 370. 
 
 Compound leaf ; 277. 
 
 pistil: 413; 454. 
 
 Compressed ; flattened. 
 
 Concave ; hollowed out 
 
 Conduplicate ; 258, at (1). 
 
 Cone; 491. 
 
 Confluent; growing together. 
 
 Conical— root ; 139. 
 
 Connate; 2T5, at (17). 
 
 Oonnectiler 422. 
 
 Connivent; converging toward each 
 other. 
 
 Continuous; uninterrupted; without 
 joints or divisions. 
 
 Contracted; drawn together ; scarcely 
 spreading, as a panicle with ap- 
 pressed branches is contracted. 
 
 Convex; swelling outward. 
 
 Convolute: 878. 
 
 Cordate ; 275. at (7). 
 
 Coriaceous ; thick ; leathery. 
 
 Corm ; 2-13. 
 
 Corolla; 351; 883. 
 
 Corymb; 338. 
 
 Corymbose ; arranged in a corymb. 
 
 Cotyledon; 117. 
 
 Creeping — stem; 245. 
 
 Crenate ; 2S3, at (5). 
 
 Crest; a ridge-like process somewhat 
 resembling the crest of a helmet. 
 
 Crown ; an appendage of the disk, as 
 in the thin cup-like expansion of the 
 Narcissus. 
 
 Cruciform : 400. 
 
 Ciyptogamous; 103. 
 
 Cucnllat(^; hooded; resembling a hood. 
 
 Culm; 223. 
 
 Cuneiform, or cuneate; like a wedge. 
 
 Cut; 283, at (T). 
 
 Cylindric ; shaped like a cylinder. 
 
 Cyme; 347. 
 
 Cymose; arranged in a cyme. 
 
 Dash ( — ) between two numbers signi- 
 fies tliat any number between those 
 given including the numbers them- 
 selves will be correct, as stamens 
 1 — 8, which is thus expressed, sta- 
 mens from 1 to 8; that is either 1, 2, 
 or 3. 
 
 Decandrous; 435. 
 
 Deciduous; 315, at (1) ; 411, at (2). 
 
 Declinate and declmed ; bent down- 
 ward. 
 
 Decompound; 282. 
 
 Decumbent ; 237, at (2). 
 
 Decurrent— leaf; 275, at (28). 
 
 Decussate ; crossing at right angles. 
 
 Definite ; few in number and not sub- 
 ject to variation. 
 
 Deflexed ; bent downward. 
 
 Dehiscence— of the anther, 422 ; of 
 the fruit, 467. 
 
 Deltoid ; shaped like the Greek letter A 
 
 Dentate; 283, at (3). 
 
 Depressed ; pressed down. 
 
 Diadelphous; 437. 
 
 Dichotomous; regularly forked ; 182. 
 
 Dicotyledonous; 119. 
 
 Diclinous; flowers not perfect; 374. 
 
 Didymous; composed of 2 equal, sep- 
 arable carpels, as in Umbelliferie. 
 
 Didynamous ; 436, at (1). 
 
 Diffuse ; widely-spreading. 
 
 Digitate; 280. 
 
 Dicecious; 437. 
 
 Discoid ; 407, at (1). 
 
 Disk; 345, 854; also in the radiate 
 CompositDS ; 407, at (2). 
 
 Dissected ; 283, at (8). 
 
 Dissepiment; 455. 
 
 Distinct; not united. 
 
 Divaricate ; widely diverging or sepa- 
 rating from one another. 
 
 Divided ; same as lobed and lobes, 
 276. 
 
 Dorsal — suture; 458. 
 
 Downy, same as pubescent; 81, at (3). 
 
 Drupaceous; drupe-Ilke. 
 
 Drupe; 480. 
 
 Ducts; 43. 
 
 Echinate ; covered with minute pric- 
 
 Elaters; 97. 
 
 Elliptical ; shaped like an ellipse ; 
 nearly the same as oval, 275, at (5), 
 but often narrower and acute at the 
 ends. 
 
 Emarginate ; 288, at (6). 
 
 Embryo; 502. 
 
 Emersed; out of water. 
 
 Endocarp; 466. 
 
 Endosmose ; 167. 
 
 Ensiform ; 275, at (27). 
 
 Entire ; 283, at (1). 
 
 Epicarp; 468. 
 
 Epidermis; 77 — of leaves, 254 
 
 Kpigyuous; situated on the ovary. 
 
 Epiphytes; 159. 
 
 Equitant; 259, at (8). 
 
 Erose ; 2S3, at (11). 
 
 Exosmose; 163. 
 
 Exotic; not native; of foreign origin. 
 
 Exsert; projecting out of tho flower 
 or other envelope. 
 
 Exstipulate; 294 
 
 Extrorse; ^4. 
 
 Falcate ; curved like a cutlass blade. 
 
 Farinaceous; having the consistence 
 of grains of meal. 
 
 Fascicle; 848. 
 
 Fascicled— root; 142. 
 
 Fastiglate; flat-topped, as in corymbs 
 
 Feather-veined ; 271. 
 
 Fertile; 378. 
 
 Fibrils; 127. 
 
 Fibrous — root; 135. 
 
 Filament; 418. 
 
 Filiform; very slender; thread-form. 
 
 Fimbriate ; fringed. 
 
 Fistular, or fistulous; hollow. 
 
 Fleshy; having nearly the consistence 
 of flesh. 
 
 Flexuous; zig-zag. 
 
 Floral envelopes; 351. 
 
 Florets; 407. 
 
 Flower; 351. 
 
 Flowering plants; 108. 
 
 Flowerless plants ; 103. 
 
 Foliaceous; leafy; leaf-like. 
 
 Follicle ; 476. 
 
 Forked; separating into 2 diverging 
 branches; 182. 
 
 Free ; 883, at (1). 
 
 Free central placenta; 462, 
 
 Frilled ; 283, at (9). 
 
 Fringed ; bordered by a fringe. 
 
 Frond; 98; a leaf-like expansion, as in 
 flgs. 8 and 15, Plate III. 
 
 Fruit; 465; 466. 
 
 Fugacious ; 315, at (2). 
 
 Funiculus ; 500. 
 
 Funnel-form; 895. 
 
 Furcate ; somewhat forked. 
 
 Fusiform ; 187. 
 
 Genus; plural genera. 
 
 Germ; old name for ovary. 
 
 Germination ^ 122. 
 
 Gibbous; 887. 
 
 Glabrous; destitute of hairs, glands 
 and prickles ; smooth. 
 
 Glands; 82. 
 
 Glandular ; 82. 
 
 Glaucous; of a pale sea-green color. 
 
 Globose; shai)ed like a ball or globe. 
 
 Glumaceous ; composed of glumes; 
 285. 
 
 Glume; 885. 
 
 Granular; made up of little grains, re- 
 sembling grains of sand. 
 
 Grain ; same as caryopsis ; 484 
 
 GyncEcium; 444 
 
 Hairs; 80. 
 
 Halbert-form ; 275. at (12). 
 
 Hastate; 275, at (12). 
 
 Head; 845. 
 
 Heart-shaped; 275, at (7). 
 
 Heart-wood; 201. 
 
 Herbaceous; 148. 
 
 Herb; 216. 
 
 Hilum; 500. 
 
 Hirsute ; 81, at (2). 
 
 Hispid ; 81, at (1). 
 
 Hoary ; clothed with short white hairs. 
 
 Hooded; shaped like a hood. 
 
 Hypiicraterifurm ; 392. 
 
 flypogynons; inserted below the ova- 
 ry, usually on the receptacle. 
 
 Imbricate ; parts overlapping one 
 another like shingles on a roof. 
 
 Imbricated-prefloration ; 259, at (4"^; 
 377. 
 
 Incised; 283, at (7). 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 225 
 
 InOfttinito ; namerous and variable in 
 number. 
 
 Tndohiscent; novor opening till ger- 
 mination; 467. 
 
 IndupHcate; same as valvular, 879, 
 except the edges are rolled in. 
 
 Indnslnm ; Order CXLII., page 181. 
 
 Inflated ; blown np like a bladder. 
 
 Inflected; inflexed; bent inward. 
 
 Inllorescenee ; 829. 
 
 Infundibnliform; 895. 
 
 Innate ; 428, at (1). 
 
 Inserted; attached. 
 
 Integument; 496. 
 
 Intemode; 177, 
 
 Introrse; 424 
 
 Involucel; 887. 
 
 Involucre; 887. 
 
 Involute ; 258, at (4). 
 
 Irregular; 866; 405. 
 
 Jointed; with joints or articulations, 
 277. 
 
 Keel; 403. 
 
 Keeled ; shaped like the keel of a ship. 
 
 Kidney-form ; 876, at (8). 
 
 Labiate; 896. 
 
 Laeiniate ; 288, at (6). 
 
 Lamina; 398. at (t). 
 
 Lanceolate ; 275, at (9). 
 
 Lateral ; belonging to the side, thus- 
 lateral leaflets, side leaflets. 
 
 Leaf; 249. 
 
 Leaflet; 278. 
 
 Legume; 475. 
 
 Lcntienlar ; shaped like a lens. 
 
 Liber; 204. 
 
 Lignlate; 407, at (2) and (8). 
 
 Ligule; 292, at (5). 
 
 Liliaceous; 404. 
 
 Limb ; 890, at (8). 
 
 Linear; 275. 
 
 Lips ; the two parts of a labiate flow- 
 er; 896. 
 
 Lobes; 276. 
 
 Lobed ; 276. 
 
 Looulicldal ; 467, at (2). 
 
 Loment; 475. 
 
 Longitudinal; 44. 
 
 Lunate ; crescent-form. 
 
 Lyrate; 275. at (19). 
 
 Marescent; withering. 
 
 Medullary Rays ; 193. 
 
 " Sheath ; 46 ; 197. 
 
 Membranous ; of the texture of animal 
 membrane. 
 
 Mid-rib, or Mid-vein ; 263. 
 
 Monadelpbous ; 437. 
 
 Moniliform ; same as Granulated ; 136. 
 
 Monocotyledonous ; 119. 
 
 Monceclous ; 437. 
 
 Monopetalous ; 389. 
 
 Monosepalous ; 382. 
 
 Mucronate. ; 284, at (4). 
 
 Naked ; not covered. Naked seeds ; 
 not inclosed in a pericarp. 
 
 Napiform; 138. 
 
 Nectariferous ; honey-bearing. 
 
 Nerves, nerved ; same as veins, vein- 
 ed; 264. 
 
 Net-veined; 269. 
 
 Node ; 176. 
 
 Nucleus; 499. 
 
 Nut ; 485. 
 
 Obcordate ; inversely cordate ; 275, at 
 
 )bli( 
 
 Obliqne; 228, at (26). 
 
 Oblong; 275, at (4). 
 
 Obovate; 278, at (3). 
 
 Obsolete; wanting; as it were, worn 
 out 
 
 Obtuse; 284, at (2). 
 
 Obvolute ; 259, at (1). 
 
 Ochrea ; 292, at (2). 
 
 Offset; 282. 
 
 Opaque ; of a dark, dull appearance. 
 
 Opposite ; 260, at (2). 
 
 Orbicular; 275, at (!)• 
 
 Oval; 275, at (5). 
 
 Ovary; 440. 
 
 Ovate ; 275, at (2). 
 
 Ovoid; shape of a whole egg; as an 
 ovoid FttUiT ; thus differing ftom 
 ovate, which refers to the superficial 
 plane of an egg cut through the mid- 
 dle, as an ovate leap. 
 
 Ovale; 440 
 
 Pales ; 385. 
 
 Palmate; 275, at (24). 
 
 Panicle; 839. 
 
 Paniculate; aiTanged in a panicle. 
 
 Papilionaceous; 408. 
 
 Pappus; 886. 
 
 Parasitic; 154; 167. 
 
 Parallel-veined; 273. 
 
 Parenchyma ; 84, at (8). 
 
 Parietal; 462. 
 
 Parted ; same as loberl, or divided ; 276. 
 
 Partitions ; same as di8S0pi'mp.nt'< ; 455. 
 
 Pectinate; pinnatifid with numerous 
 
 entire, slender teeth, like those of a 
 
 eotnb. 
 Pedate ; 275, at (23). 
 Pedicel; 831. 
 Peduncle; 380. 
 Peltate; 276, at (26). 
 Pendulous ; hanging downward. 
 Pepo ; 478. 
 
 Perennial ; abbreviated For. ; 147. 
 Perfect-flower; 874. 
 Perfoliate; 275, at (16). 
 Perianth; 851. 
 Pericarp; 466. 
 
 Perigynous ; inserted around the ova- 
 ry, usually on the calyx. 
 Persistent; 815, at (3); 411, at (2). 
 Personate ; 896, at (1). 
 Petal; 351. 
 
 Petaloid ; resembling a petal. 
 Petiole; 285. 
 Petiolula; 278. 
 Phffinogamous; 108. 
 Pilose; clothed with soft, slender hairs. 
 Pinuffi; the leafiets of a pinnate leaf or 
 
 frond are sometimes so called. 
 Pinnate; 279. 
 Pinnntifld; 275, at (20). 
 Pistillate, Pistil ; 853. 
 Pith; 196. 
 
 Pitted ; with pits or depressions. 
 Pl.acenta ; 469. 
 Plaited ; 258, at (5). 
 Plumose; 116. 
 Pod ; 47.3, 474, 475. 
 Pollen; 416; 419. 
 Polyandrous; 435. 
 Polygamous; 376; 437. 
 Polypetalous ; 889. 
 Pome; 479. 
 
 Posterior; that part or side of an or- 
 gan nearest the main axis. 
 Prefloration; 876. 
 Prefoliation ; 357. 
 Premorse; 141. 
 Pnokles; 84; 187. 
 Prismatic; regularly angled like a 
 
 piism. 
 Process ; any projection from a surface. 
 Procumbent; 237, at (3). 
 Prostrate ; 237, at (4). 
 Pubescence ;' 81. 
 Pubescent ; 81, at (8). 
 Pulp ; the fleshy or juicy portion of a 
 
 fruit 
 Punctate; dotted. 
 Pyramidal ; having the shape of a 
 
 pyramid. 
 Pyriform ; pear-shaped. 
 Pyxis; 487. 
 Quinate ; having 5 leaflets digitatcly, 
 
 280, arranged. 
 Eaceme; 337. 
 
 Racemose ; arranged in racemes. 
 Raohis; 381. 
 Radiate; 407, at (2). 
 Radiate-veined; 270. 
 Radiant; 407, at (3). 
 Radical ; belonging to, or growing at, 
 
 the root. 
 Radicle; 115. 
 Ray, or Ray-flowers; the tjerder of 
 
 ligulate florets in the radiate com- 
 
 positiB ; 407, at (8). 
 Receptacle ; the extremity of the axis 
 
 in the fiower. 
 Recurved ; curved backwards. 
 Reflexed; bent backwards. 
 Regular ; 870 ; 405. 
 Eeniform ; 875, at (8). 
 Repand; 283, at (4). 
 Besupinate; appearing as if Inverted. 
 Reticulated; 269. 
 Eetrorse; backwards. 
 Betuse ; 284, at (5). 
 Eevolute; 258, at (3). 
 Biiizoma; 244 
 Ehomboid; 275, at (6). 
 
 29 
 
 Rib ; a ridge or elevated line. 
 
 Ribs of the leaves; 267. 
 
 KiQErent: 396, at (2). 
 
 Root; 126. 
 
 Rootstock; same as rliizoma; 244. 
 
 Rosaceous ; 412. 
 
 Rostrate; beaked. 
 
 Rotate; 393. 
 
 Rough ; 81, at (4). 
 
 Rugose ; with an uneven, wrinkled 
 surface. 
 
 Runelnate ; 275, at (2). 
 
 Runner; 231. 
 
 Running: 231. 
 
 Saccate ; furnished with a bag or sac. 
 
 Sagittate; 275, at (11). 
 
 Salver-form; 892. 
 
 Samara; 4S6, 
 
 Sap; 64. 
 
 Sapwood; 201. 
 
 Scabrous; rough. 
 
 Scales; small, dry bracts, as in the 
 compositas, and m aments, &o. 
 
 Scape ; 229 : 382. 
 
 Scarious; dry and colorless, resem- 
 bling a thin membrane. 
 
 Scattered; irregularly placed. 
 
 Secund ; ono-Rided ; turned to one side. 
 
 Seed; 107; 494. 
 
 Seed-leaves; 117. 
 
 Segments; same as lobes; 276. 
 
 Semi la composition has the force of 
 half, e. g., semi-cylindrical, i. e., half- 
 cylindrical. 
 
 Sepals; 851; 331. 
 
 Septicidal ; 467, at (1). 
 
 Septifi-agal ; 467, at (2). 
 
 Serrate; 282, at (2). 
 
 Serrulate ; serrate with very fine ser- 
 ratnres. 
 
 Sessile leaves ; 285, at (6). 
 " flowers; 830. 
 " anthers; 421. 
 
 Setaceous ; bristle-form. 
 
 Setose ; clothed with slender bristles. 
 
 Sheathing; 285, at (3^ 
 
 Sheath ; that part o£ a sheathing peti- 
 ole which incloses tho stem. 
 
 Shrub; 214. 
 
 Silicle; 474. 
 
 Silique; 473. 
 
 Silky ; appearing like silk. 
 
 Simple; composed of a single piece. 
 
 Simple leaves ; 275. 
 
 Sinuate ; 275, at (18). 
 
 Sinus ; the space between the lobes of 
 a leaf or other orsan. 
 
 Smooth ; same as glabrous. 
 
 Son ; sporangia of tile ferns. 
 
 Spadix ; 296 ; 343. 
 
 Spathaceous; spathe-like. 
 
 Spathe; 348; 387. 
 
 Spatulate ; 275, at (10). 
 
 Species; page 101. 
 
 Spicate ; arranged in spikes, or spike- 
 like. 
 
 Spike; 386. 
 
 Spindle-shaped ; same as fusiform ; 137. 
 
 Spinescent ; 233, at (10) ; 192, at (4). 
 
 Spinose ; armed with spines. 
 
 Spine ; same as thorn ; 186. 
 
 Sporangium, Spore-case; 97. 
 
 Spore ; 90 ; 97 ; 107. 
 
 Spur ; a tubular prolongation of some 
 floral organ. 
 
 Squamulaa ; Order CXL., page 129. 
 
 Stamens; 352. 
 
 Staminate; same as barren; 872. 
 
 Stellate ; arranged like the rays of a 
 star, thus (*). 
 
 Stem ; 190 ; 191. 
 
 Stemless ; same as acaulescent 
 
 Sterile ; same as barren ; 372. 
 
 Stigma; 442. 
 
 Stigmatose, or Stlgmatic; of or be- 
 longing to the stigma; performing 
 tbe office of the stigma. 
 
 Stings; 83. 
 
 Stipe ; 92. Also a pedicel supporting 
 the ovary. 
 
 Stipellate ; furnished with stipels ; 294, 
 
 Stipitate; raised on a stipe. 
 
 Stipulate; 285, at (1); 294. 
 
 Stipule; 291. 
 
 Stolon; 233. 
 
 Stoloniferous; 233. 
 
 Stomata; 79; 255; 256. 
 
 Straight- veined ; with veins runDlng 
 
 directly from the mid-vein to the 
 margin. 
 Striate; marked with lines. 
 Strobile; 491. 
 Style; 441. 
 Sub in composition has tbe force of 
 
 soTnewJiat. 
 Submersed ; under water. 
 Suborder; page 103. 
 Subulate; awl-shaped, i. «., very nar- 
 
 row^ly linear, tapering from a rather 
 
 broad base to a very fine point. 
 Succulent; juicy. 
 Sucker; 280. 
 
 Suffruticose; somewhat sbr.ubby. 
 Sulcate; furrowed or grooved. 
 Suppression ; 361. 
 Supra- axillary ; growing out above the 
 
 aslb 
 Suture; 458. 
 
 Symmetrical flower ; 869. 
 Tendril; 188. 
 Terete; cylindrical. 
 Terminal ; at the extremity of the stem 
 
 or branches. 
 Ternate; 281. 
 Testa; 497. 
 Thallus; 94. 
 
 Theca ; same as sporangium. 
 Thorn; 186. 
 Throat ; 390, at (3). 
 Thyrse ; 340. 
 Tomentoso ; 81, at (6). 
 Toothed ; same as dentate ; 283, at (8). 
 Torus; same as disk; 845; 354. 
 Trailing; running at random over the 
 
 ground. 
 Transverse; 44. 
 Tree; 213. 
 
 Tripinnate ; 279, at (6). 
 Triquetrous ; 8-angled. 
 Triternate ; 281, at (2). 
 Trancate; 284, at (7). 
 Trunk ; 227. 
 
 Tube of the corolla; 390, at ('.). 
 Tuber; 240. 
 Tuberous root; 140. 
 Tubular; 397. 
 Turbinate ; top - shaped ; inversely 
 
 conical. 
 Turgid ; swelling. 
 Twining; 235. 
 
 Twisted prefloration ; same as convo- 
 lute ; 378. 
 Umbel; 344. 
 Umbellet; one of the smaller umbels 
 
 which compose a compound umbel, 
 
 344. 
 Unarmed ; not furnished with thorns, 
 
 prickles, or stings. 
 Undulate; wavy. 
 Unguiculate ; fiirnished with a claw ; 
 
 398, at (2). 
 Unilateral ; one-sided, 
 Unsymmetrical : not symmetrical ; 
 
 869. 
 Urceolate; urn-shaped. 
 Utricle; a small, dry, indehlscent 1- 
 
 seeded pericarp, with thin and mem- 
 branous walls, more or less inflated, 
 
 and the seed loose within. 
 Valvate, or Valvular ; 879. 
 Valves; 472, at (1). 
 Variety; page 102, 
 Veinlets; 265, 
 Veins; 264. 
 
 Velvety; soft and velvet-like. 
 Ventral suture ; 458. 
 VerspJle; 423, at (3). 
 Verticil; 349. 
 Verticillate; 260, at (3). 
 ViUous, Villose; 81, at (5). 
 Vine; 234 
 Viscid; clamrny, as if covered with 
 
 some sticky fluid, 
 Virgate ; long and slender ; wand-lika 
 Vittse; Order LVIL, page 114. 
 Whorl ; same as verticil ; 849. 
 Whorled; same as verticillate; 260 
 
 at (8). 
 Winged ; bordered -with a thin, leafy, 
 
 or membranous expansion ; e. g. 
 
 winged petiole ; 385, at (2). 
 Woody tissue ; 40. 
 Woolly ; 81, at (7). 
 
INDEX OF THE CLASSES, ORDERS, AND GENERA. 
 
 , Pftee 
 
 Abios 200 
 
 Abletineoe 199 
 
 Abutilon 144 
 
 Acalypha 194 
 
 ACANTHACE^ 118 
 
 Acer 146 
 
 ACERACE^ Ill, 146 
 
 Achilliia 170 
 
 Acnida 191 
 
 Aconitum 135 
 
 Acorns 201 
 
 Acrogens 220 
 
 Actiea. , . .' 135 
 
 Adidntum 221 
 
 Adlumla 137 
 
 ^sculus 146 
 
 Ainim6nia 152 
 
 Agrfistis 214 
 
 Aflinthus 145 
 
 Aira 218 
 
 AlMris 204 
 
 MgSB 132 
 
 Alisma 202 
 
 Alismaceje 126, 202 
 
 Allium 206 
 
 Alnua 197 
 
 AlsineiE 141 
 
 Althaea. 143 
 
 Alyssutn. . . 187 
 
 Am AEANTHACE^ 122, 19 1 
 
 Amardnthus 191 
 
 Amaryllidaoe>e 127,204 
 
 Amaryllis 204 
 
 Ambcrboa 172 
 
 Ambrdsia 171 
 
 Amelanchier 155 
 
 Ampel6psi3 147 
 
 Amphicarpaea 148 
 
 Amygdiilcte 151 
 
 Anacardiace^.IIO, 145 
 
 Andr6meda 175 
 
 Androp6gon 220 
 
 Anemone 188 
 
 Angiosp^rmae 106 
 
 Anonace^ 107 
 
 Anophytes 131 
 
 Anthoxfinthum. . . .. 218 
 
 Antenndria 171 
 
 Anthemis 169 
 
 AntirrliinideEe 178 
 
 Antirrhinum 179 
 
 Anychia 142 
 
 Ap6talte 190 
 
 Apbyllon 178 
 
 Apios 148 
 
 Apium ._ 160 
 
 Apocynaoe^, 188 
 
 Ap6cynum 188 
 
 A(fi:iFOLIACE^.117, 176 
 
 Aquil^gia 134 
 
 Anibis 138 
 
 Arace^ 126, 200 
 
 Araliaok^. .... 114, IGl 
 
 Aralia 161 
 
 Arclian^elica ,. 161 
 
 Arcto^taphylos 175 
 
 Arenilria. 142 
 
 Aretbiisa 208 
 
 Aristida 216 
 
 AEJSTOLOCIirACE^. . 
 
 122, 190 
 
 Armeniaca 152 
 
 Artemisia 170 
 
 Amm 200 
 
 Asarum 190 
 
 Asclepiacace^ 1S8 
 
 Asclepias 188 
 
 AspAragus 203 
 
 Aspl^nium 221 
 
 Aster 166 
 
 Atriplex 191 
 
 Atropa . .^ 187 
 
 AirEANTIACE.£B..110, 144 
 
 Av6na 218 
 
 Pape 
 
 Balsamifluffi 125 
 
 Balbaminaoe^.110, 145 
 
 Baptisia 150 
 
 Barbarea 138 
 
 Bart6nia 188 
 
 B^llis 168 
 
 Benzoin 193 
 
 BRRBERIDACEiE 107, 135 
 
 B6rberi3 135 
 
 Bnta 190 
 
 B6tula. 197 
 
 Betolaoe^ . ...124, 197 
 
 Bidens 170 
 
 BlGNONIACE^ 178 
 
 Bcehm^ria 199 
 
 B0RAGINACB.£..119, 184 
 
 Borfigo 184 
 
 Bolrycliium 222 
 
 Bracliy61ytrum 214 
 
 Bras^nia 135 
 
 Brdssica 139 
 
 Brizopyram 216 
 
 Br6nms 217 
 
 Buxus .., 195 
 
 CabombacevE ..107, 185 
 
 Cactaoe-e 113, 157 
 
 Oakile 139 
 
 Calamagrostis 215 
 
 Cal6ndu!a 171 
 
 Cdlla 200 
 
 Oallistephus 167 
 
 Oalliteioha,oe.j: 124,194 
 
 Callitriche 194 
 
 Calop6gon 203 
 
 Cdltha 134 
 
 Calyoanthace^ . - - 
 
 112, 155 
 
 Calycanthus 155 
 
 Calyst^gia 186 
 
 Camelina 187 
 
 Camellia 144 
 
 Campanula. 174 
 
 Campanflaoeje 117, 174 
 
 Cannabinefe 193 
 
 Cannabis .^ 199 
 
 Cappaeidace^..108, 139 
 
 Caprifoliaoejb.115, 162 
 
 Caps611a 137 
 
 Capsicum 187 
 
 Carddmine , 138 
 
 CJirex 211 
 
 Carpinus 196 
 
 Cnrthamus 172 
 
 Ciirum 160 
 
 Carya 195 
 
 Caryophyllace-e . . 
 
 109, 141 
 
 Ci'issia I'll 
 
 CastJiiiea 196 
 
 Ca-stillOja ISO 
 
 Catulpa 178 
 
 Oeanothus 145 
 
 Cel/vsti-us 146 
 
 Celasti;Ace,k ..111, 146 
 
 Cel^^sia 191 
 
 Cultis 194 
 
 CentaCii'ea 172 
 
 CepbaUmthus 164 
 
 Cerastium 142 
 
 C6rasu8 151 
 
 Ceratophyllaoe^. 124 
 
 aureus 157 
 
 Cheirdntbus 188 
 
 Chelid6nium 136 
 
 CheltJiie 179 
 
 Ciiesopodiace^ 122. 190 
 
 Olionopcidiuin 190 
 
 Ohimaphila 176 
 
 CbioniintLus 189 
 
 Chrysanthemum ... 170 
 
 Chrysospl6nium 159 
 
 Cich6rium 172 
 
 CicCita 160 
 
 Cinchdne» . 163 
 
 Paffo 
 
 Cinna 215 
 
 Circaea 156 
 
 Oirsium 172 
 
 ClSTACE^ 109, 140 
 
 Citrus 141 
 
 Ciadium 211 
 
 Claytdnia 143 
 
 Clematis 133 
 
 Cle6me 139 
 
 C16thra 175 
 
 CIint6nia 207 
 
 Cochle&ria 137 
 
 Collinsdnia 182 
 
 Comdndra .^ 193 
 
 Commelynace^e 128, 209 
 
 Comp6sit^ 116, 164 
 
 Corapt6nia " 197 
 
 Conifers, 125, 199 
 
 C6niuin 161 
 
 Convalliiria 207 
 
 CONTOLVULACE^. . . 
 
 120, 186 
 
 ConTolvCileai 186 
 
 Conv61vulub 186 
 
 C6pti8 134 
 
 Corallorhiza 202 
 
 Core<5psi3 170 
 
 Conundrum 161 
 
 COENACE^ 114, 162 
 
 C6rnus 162 
 
 Corydalls 1ST 
 
 Odrylus.. 196 
 
 Ceassulace^ ..113, 158 
 
 Crataegus 154 
 
 Grdcua 205 
 
 CrotaUria 150 
 
 CBiroiFER^ 108, 137 
 
 Cryptogimia ...130, 220 
 
 Cryptotajnia. 160 
 
 Cucumis 158 
 
 Cuciirbita. 158 
 
 CUCUKBITACE^..113, 157 
 
 Cupr6s3us 200 
 
 Copressineffi 199 
 
 CuPXTLiFEK^ ...124, 195 
 
 Cuscuta 186 
 
 Cuscutineaj 166 
 
 Oyd6ma 155 
 
 Cynogl6ssQm 185 
 
 Cypeeace^ . . . .129, 209 
 
 Cyperns 209 
 
 CyprepMium 2i'3 
 
 Cyst(5pt6rl3 221 
 
 Dactylls 216 
 
 Dahlia 108 
 
 Danth6nia 218 
 
 Daphne 193 
 
 Datura 187 
 
 DaCicus 161 
 
 Decodon 155 
 
 Delphinium 134 
 
 Denttiria 133 
 
 DosnitVliuin 149 
 
 Di^nlhus 142 
 
 DrAPENSlACE.E 120 
 
 Difuntra 136 
 
 Dicksonia 221 
 
 Dicrvilla 163 
 
 DigitEllis .^ 1T9 
 
 DiOSCOKEACE-E. ... 127 
 
 Diplopi'ijipus 167 
 
 DiPSAOE^ 116, 164 
 
 Dipsacus 64 
 
 Dirca 193 
 
 DiscopIfLirii 160 
 
 Drosera. 140 
 
 Droseeaoicj: . . ,Hi.^, 140 
 
 Dryopteris 222 
 
 Dulichium 209 
 
 J^BENACK.E 118 
 
 Echlnosp6rmum 1S5 
 
 ELATINAnEiE Ill9 
 
 El^agnaoe^ 123 
 
 Ele6chari3 210 
 
 Page 
 
 Elodfia llo 
 
 iifelymus 218 
 
 EmpetracejE 124 
 
 EnddgeniB 126, 200 
 
 Epigfea 175 
 
 EpiI6bium 156 
 
 Epiph^gus 178 
 
 Equisetace^ ,.180, 220 
 
 Equisetum 220 
 
 Erechtites 171 
 
 Eragrostis 217 
 
 Erioace^ 117, 174 
 
 Ericineaa 174 
 
 Erigeron 167 
 
 Eriocailkm... 209 
 
 Eriooaulonace.k. . 
 
 129, 209 
 
 Eri6pliorum 210 
 
 Erythr6nium 206 
 
 Eschsch61tzia 136 
 
 Eupatftrium 165 
 
 Euphorbia,. 194 
 
 EUPHOEBIACE^.124, 194 
 
 Ex6genfe 106 
 
 Fagus 196 
 
 Festi\ca 217 
 
 Ficus 199 
 
 FiLicES 131, 220 
 
 Fimbristylis 211 
 
 Foeniculum 160 
 
 Frag^ria 153 
 
 FrAxinus 189 
 
 Frittiliaria 206 
 
 Fumdria 137 
 
 Fd"maeiace^...108, 136 
 
 Fungi 132 
 
 Fuschia 156 
 
 Galdntiius 204 
 
 Gale6psi3 183 
 
 GMium 164 
 
 GauUh6ria 175 
 
 Gaylussilcia 175 
 
 Genti.^na^ 1S8 
 
 Gentianace^. .121, 187 
 
 GERANrACE^...110, 144 
 
 Geriniiim 144 
 
 GerArdia 180 
 
 G6um 162 
 
 Gilia 1S5 
 
 Gillenia 152 
 
 Gieditscbia 151 
 
 Glyccria 216 
 
 Gnaph^lium 171 
 
 Gomphrona 191 
 
 Gi>6dyera 203 
 
 GaAMiNBiE ... .129, 213 
 
 Gratiola 179 
 
 Geossulace^e . .113, 157 
 
 Gymnad^nia 202 
 
 Gymnosperinaj 12.:i 
 
 IlffiMADORAO VB 127, 204 
 
 Ilaloi'iigefo^ 156 
 
 IIamamelack.b .114, 159 
 
 Ilamaini-lis 159 
 
 J[nl6oma 182 
 
 JTedera 162 
 
 lloilyutia 164 
 
 HeliiniLun 169 
 
 Ileliiintheniuin 140 
 
 ITelianUuis 169 
 
 Tleliopsis 169 
 
 llemerocallis 206 
 
 llepAtica 133 
 
 lliputicie 131 
 
 Heracli^um 161 
 
 Ile^peris 138 
 
 Hibiscus 143 
 
 HitT;idLim 173 
 
 HiPPOCASTANAOE^E . 
 
 111,140 
 
 H61cus 218 
 
 llonckenya 142 
 
 H6rd6um 218 
 
 Hiimulus 199 
 
 Pngo 
 
 Hyacinthus 207 
 
 Hydrangea 159 
 
 Hydrdngece ^ 158 
 
 IlYDKOCnAKIDACE.S;. 126 
 
 Hydroc6tyle ., 160 
 
 Htdkopuyllaoe^. . 
 
 120, 185 
 Ilydropbylhim 185 
 
 HYPEEICACE.E...109, 140 
 
 Hypericum 140 
 
 Hyp6pity3 176 
 
 Hypoxis 204 
 
 Hyssopus 182 
 
 Ibcris 188 
 
 tlex 176 
 
 Illic6brea3 141 
 
 Ilysdnthus 179 
 
 Inip^tiens 145 
 
 inula 168 
 
 Ieidace^ 127, 204 
 
 tris 204 
 
 tva 171 
 
 Jasminace.b 122 
 
 juglandacejg..124, 195 
 
 Juglans 195 
 
 Juno ACE JE 128, 208 
 
 Jiiucus 208 
 
 Juniperua 200 
 
 Kfilmia 176 
 
 K6rria 154 
 
 Krigia 172 
 
 Labiate 119, 181 
 
 Lactuca 173 
 
 Lilmium 183 
 
 Lfippa 172 
 
 Ldthyms 148 
 
 Lavandula 181 
 
 Labeaoe^ 123, 193 
 
 Lech6a 140 
 
 Le6rsia 214 
 
 Legumin6se^.. .111, 147 
 
 Lemnace^ 126 
 
 Lentieulaoe^.118, 178 
 
 LeAntice 135 
 
 Le6ntodon 173 
 
 Leonxlrus 183 
 
 Lepidium 137 
 
 Lespediiza 150 
 
 Leucanthcmum 170 
 
 Liatris 166 
 
 Lichenes 132 
 
 Ligustvum 189 
 
 LiLiACE^ 128, 205 
 
 Lilium.... 206 
 
 LlMNANTIlACE.E .... 110 
 
 Limndntliemum. .. 188 
 
 LiNAOE.'E 144 
 
 Linnsea 163 
 
 Liniiria 179 
 
 Linum 144 
 
 Liparis 202 
 
 Liriod6ndron 135 
 
 LitbospL-rmum 1S4 
 
 Lobelia^ 174 
 
 LORELIACE.E 117, 174 
 
 L61ium 218 
 
 Lonicera 1 62 
 
 LopbAnthus 183 
 
 LOEANTHAOB-E 123 
 
 Ludwigia 156 
 
 Lunaria 138 
 
 Lupinus 150 
 
 Luzula 208 
 
 Lychnis 141 
 
 Lycium...^ 187 
 
 LYC0P0DIACE.E..131, 222 
 
 Lycopiidiinn 222 
 
 Lycosp6rnium 187 
 
 I-.ycopiis 181 
 
 Ly^imdchia 177 
 
 L-iTHRACEJE 113, 155 
 
 Lytliriim 
 
 Magn61ia 135 
 
 Magnoliaoe^. .107, 135 
 
 Pflffe 
 
 MMva 143 
 
 Malvaoe^ . . . .109, 143 
 
 Marriibium 184 
 
 MarMa 169 
 
 Matthiola 138 
 
 Medfiola 205 
 
 Medicilgo 149 
 
 Melampyrum ISO 
 
 Melantuace^ .128, 208 
 Melastomace^... 
 
 113, 155 
 
 Melilotus 149 
 
 Melissa....; 183 
 
 Menispebhace^ . . . 107 
 
 Mentha 181 
 
 Meiiydnthes 188 
 
 ^Mert6nsia 184 
 
 Mesembkyanthem- 
 
 ACE^ 109, 143 
 
 Mesembrydnthemum 143 
 
 Mikiinia 166 
 
 Milium 219 
 
 Mimulus 179 
 
 Mirabilis 191 
 
 Mitcbdlla 164 
 
 Mit611a 159 
 
 Molluginete 141 
 
 Mollugo 143 
 
 Monarda Ib2 
 
 Monop6talEe 114 
 
 Mon6tropa 176 
 
 Monotrdpeao 174 
 
 M6reoe 19S 
 
 Moms 198 
 
 Mulgiidium 173 
 
 Muhlenb6rgia 215 
 
 Mlisci 131 
 
 Myositis 184 
 
 Myrica^ 196 
 
 MYRICACE.E 124, 196v. 
 
 Myriophyllum 156~ 
 
 Myetace^ 112, 155 
 
 Myrtua 155 
 
 NAbalus 173 
 
 NAIADACEJE....126, 201 
 
 Najas 201 
 
 Narcissus 204 
 
 Nelumbiace.e 107 
 
 N6peta 183 
 
 Nerium 183 
 
 Nic^ndra 187 
 
 Nicotiiina 186 
 
 Nig61]a 135 
 
 NOphar 136 
 
 NYCTAG1NACE.E..122,, 191 
 
 Nymphcea 136 
 
 Nympu(eace,e . .107, ISO 
 
 Nyssa . . . - 19>> 
 
 Oborakchace-e. . . . ITS 
 
 Q5n6thera 156 
 
 Oleace^. . . .122, IS) 
 Onagrace-e. . . .113, \'<o 
 
 Onoclea 2^2 
 
 Onopordon 172 
 
 Ophioglosseib 221 
 
 Opiintia 157 
 
 ORCniDACEyE . . .127, 202 
 0rnitb6galum 207 
 
 OROBANCnlcE.B ... 178 
 
 Oryzopsis. 215 
 
 Osmorliiza 161 
 
 Osmunda 222 
 
 Osmundinece 221 
 
 Osti-ya. ,^ 196 
 
 OXAHDACE.^ . . .109, 145 
 
 Oxidis 145 
 
 PiBiinia 135 
 
 Panax 162 
 
 PAnicum 219 
 
 PapAver.. 186 
 
 PAPAVKRACEJi ..108, 136 
 
 Parnfissia 140 
 
 Paspalum. 219 
 
 Paseifl6m 157 
 
ENGLISH INDEX. 
 
 227 
 
 rASSIFLORACEiE.llS, 15T 
 
 Pastinica 161 
 
 Peaicul4ri3 180 
 
 Pe1arg6Dlum 144 
 
 Polttndrn 200 
 
 Ponthdrum 158 
 
 P(5rsica 162 
 
 Petinlo 186 
 
 Phffinogdmifl 106 
 
 Philaris , 218 
 
 PhasSolus 143 
 
 PhlladelphoiO 168 
 
 Philad61phus 169 
 
 Phlium 214 
 
 Phl6x. 185 
 
 Phryina 181 
 
 Physalls 187 
 
 PhysosMgla 183 
 
 PhytolSooa 190 
 
 PnYTOLACOACILE 122, 190 
 
 Pilea 199 
 
 Pinna 199 
 
 Pisum 148 
 
 PlANTAGIN ACE^ . . . 
 
 118, 177 
 
 Plantigo 177 
 
 Platanaob^ . ..125, 198 
 
 PIatanth6ra 203 
 
 Pldtanus 198 
 
 Plttohea.....^ 169 
 
 PLUMBAGINACE.B . . 
 
 118, 177 
 
 P6a 216 
 
 Podophyllum 135 
 
 PODOSTEMAOE^ .... 124 
 
 Pogdnia. .._ 208 
 
 POLEMONIACE^ .120, 185 
 
 Polomdnlum 186 
 
 PoIyAnthos 206 
 
 Polygala 147 
 
 POLYGALAOE.fi. .111, 147 
 POLTflONAOE^ . .122, 191 
 
 PolygonMum 207 
 
 Polygonum 191 
 
 PolypodinejB 220 
 
 Polypddium 221 
 
 Polysticbum 222 
 
 P6meiB 151 
 
 P0HTEDEBIAOE.E. . . . 
 
 128, 203 
 
 PontadMa 208 
 
 P6pulns 198 
 
 Portulica ■■ 143 
 
 PonTULAOACE^.109, 143 
 
 Potamog^ton 201 
 
 Potentilla 162 
 
 Pragmites j . . . 217 
 
 Primula 17T 
 
 PRIMULAOE.E . . .113, 177 
 
 Prtnos 176 
 
 Proserpinaca 156 
 
 PruD611a 188 
 
 Prilnns 161 
 
 Tt&Tls 221 
 
 PulmonJiHa 184 
 
 PycnAnthemnm. . . . 182 
 
 Pyr6thrum 170 
 
 Pyrola 176 
 
 Pyr61eiB 174 
 
 Pyras 155 
 
 Qntooclit 186 
 
 Qu6rcu3 . . .^ 195 
 
 Ranunculace^ 106, 133 
 
 Kanunculus 184 
 
 Kdplianus 189 
 
 Ees6da 189 
 
 EESEDicE.E 108, 139 
 
 EnAMNAGE.E 111, 146 
 
 Ehdmnus 146 
 
 Ehdum 191 
 
 Pftga 
 
 EhMa. 155 
 
 EhinanthldesB 178 
 
 Ehodod^dron 175 
 
 Ehiis 145 
 
 Rhyncosp6ra 211 
 
 Eibes 167 
 
 Ricinus 195 
 
 Eobinia 149 
 
 E6sa 15S 
 
 EosioE^ 151, 212 
 
 EITBIAOE.E 163, 215 
 
 EJibus 163 
 
 Eudbfickla 169 
 
 Rftmex 192 
 
 Edppla 201 
 
 Rata, 145 
 
 EuTAOE.*: 110, 146 
 
 Saglna 142 
 
 SagittWa 202 
 
 Salicage.£ 124 
 
 8alic6rma 190 
 
 841ix 197 
 
 84l8ola 190 
 
 SAIvia 182 
 
 Sambiicns 163 
 
 Sdmolns 177 
 
 San^lniiria 136 
 
 Sanicula 160 
 
 8ANTALAOEJ3...123, 193 
 
 Saponaria 141 
 
 Sarracenia .^ 136 
 
 SARRAOBNIACE.E 108, 186 
 
 Sassafras 193 
 
 Saturtja^ Ifl2 
 
 SAURrRACEja. . .128, 194 
 
 Saurilrus 194 
 
 Saxifraga 158 
 
 8AXlFEAGAOEi:.118, 168 
 
 SaxiWgeiD 15S 
 
 Scirpus 210 
 
 Page 
 
 Scler&ntbete 141 
 
 Sclerfathns 142 
 
 SorophulMa. ...178, 179 
 
 SOEOPnULAKIA.CE.B . 
 
 118, 173 
 
 Scutellaria 183 
 
 Secile 218 
 
 Siidum 163 
 
 Selagin611a 223 
 
 Sempervivum 153 
 
 Senecio 170 
 
 Sericocdrpus 
 
 8etAria 219 
 
 Sicyos 167 
 
 81I6no 141 
 
 8U6nea;. . , 141 
 
 8ini>pis 133 
 
 Sisymbrium 138 
 
 Sisyrincbium 205 
 
 Sinm 160 
 
 SMILACEiB 127, 205 
 
 Smilaoina 207 
 
 Smilax^ 205 
 
 SoLANACEfi 120, 186 
 
 SolJnum 18T 
 
 Solidiigo 168 
 
 Sinchns 178 
 
 Sirghum 220 
 
 Sparg&nlum 201 
 
 8partina 216 
 
 Speculiiria 174 
 
 8p6rgula 142 
 
 SpinJcia 190 
 
 Spirdntbos 203 
 
 Spiraea 152 
 
 Stichys 188 
 
 StaphyKa. 147 
 
 STAPnYLEAOE^.lll, 147 
 
 StAtice 177 
 
 Stelliria 142 
 
 Pago 
 
 Stell&tffi 163 
 
 SMptopus 207 
 
 Struthiopteris 221 
 
 8TIBA0A0E.fi 118 
 
 Suffida 190 
 
 Sympboricdrpus. ... 168 
 
 Symphytum 134 
 
 Symplocdrpns 201 
 
 Syiinga 189 
 
 Tagites 169 
 
 Tsnacdtum 171 
 
 •Tardxacum 178 
 
 Ttoma. 173 
 
 Tephrisla. 149 
 
 Teen8!ee<emlace.b. . 
 
 110, 144 
 
 Teicrium 184 
 
 Thalictrnm 138 
 
 ThalWphytes 132 
 
 Thija 200 
 
 TiiymElace^ . .128, 193 
 
 Thymus 132 
 
 Tiardlla.....* 159 
 
 Tigridia 205 
 
 Titia 144 
 
 TiLIAOE-E 109, 144 
 
 Tradescdntia 209 
 
 Tragop6gon 173 
 
 Triobostfima 184 
 
 Trientilis 177 
 
 Trlf61inm 149 
 
 Triglochin 202 
 
 Trilliaoe^ 127, 205 
 
 Trillium 205 
 
 Triosteum 163 
 
 Triticum, 217 
 
 Trop<elace.b . .110, 145 
 
 Tropceolum 145 
 
 TCilipa 206 
 
 TuBsililgo 166 
 
 Typha 201 
 
 Ttpiiaoeje 120, 201 
 
 Uljiaoe^ 123, 193 
 
 ijlmns 193 
 
 UsibellIfeeje 159 
 
 ■frrtlea 199 
 
 IjETIoioB-B 125, 198 
 
 Urtioesa 198 
 
 Utriculana 178 
 
 TjTuIdrla 207 
 
 VaccineiB 174 
 
 Vaccinium 175 
 
 ValeelanIoe^ 11 
 
 Verdtrum 2C 
 
 Verbdscum 178 
 
 Verb6na. 180 
 
 Verbenage^ ISO 
 
 Vern6nia 165 
 
 Ver6nica 179 
 
 Vibfirnum 168 
 
 Vicia 148 
 
 Vlnca 188 
 
 Viola 189 
 
 TlOLAOE^ 108, 139 
 
 ■VlTA.OE.fi Ill, I4T 
 
 Vitis 147 
 
 Waldsteinia 163 
 
 Wistdria 148 
 
 Wo6dsia 221 
 
 Xdnthiurn 171 
 
 Xerdntbcmum .... 172 
 XYEIDAOEiE . . . 123, 209 
 
 Xyris ; 209 
 
 Zanthoxylace^. . . 145 
 
 Zantboxylum 145 
 
 Z6a 229 
 
 Zinnia 169 
 
 Zizdnia .' 214 
 
 Zlzia. 100 
 
 ENGLISH INDEX 
 
 Purb 
 
 Ailanthus-tree 145 
 
 Agrimony 162 
 
 Alder 197 
 
 AltbajB. 143 
 
 Angelica 161 
 
 Apple 166 
 
 Apricot 162 
 
 Apple of Peru 187 
 
 Arbor-vitiE 200 
 
 Arethusa. 208 
 
 Arrow-Grass 202 
 
 Arrow-head 202 
 
 Arrow-wood 163 
 
 Artichoke 169 
 
 Ash 189, 190 
 
 Aspen 198 
 
 Aster 166, 168 
 
 Avens 152 
 
 Bachelor's-button . . 172 
 
 Balm 183 
 
 Balmof Gilead 193 
 
 Balsam Fir 200 
 
 Balsamine 145 
 
 Banoberry 136 
 
 Barberry 135 
 
 Barbary Vine 187 
 
 Barley 218 
 
 Barn-vard Grass 219 
 
 Bath-Flower 205 
 
 Bayberry 196 
 
 Beach Plum 151 
 
 Bean 148 
 
 Bearberry 175 
 
 Beech 196 
 
 Beech-drops 178 
 
 Beet 190 
 
 Beggar's Ticks 170 
 
 Bell-flowir 174 
 
 Boll-wort 207 
 
 Bilberry 176 
 
 PftCO 
 
 Bind-wecd 192 
 
 Birch 197 
 
 Bishop-weed 160 
 
 Bittersweet 146, 187 
 
 Black Alder 176 
 
 Blackberry 168 
 
 Black Currant ...... ] 67 
 
 Black Millet 216 
 
 Bladdcrnut 147 
 
 Bladderwort 178 
 
 Blazing Star 166 
 
 Bloodroot 186 
 
 Blue-berry 175 
 
 Blue Flag 204 
 
 Blue Grass 217 
 
 Blue-joint 215 
 
 Blue-eyed Grass 205 
 
 Boneset 166 
 
 Bottle Grass 220 
 
 Bouncing Bet 142 
 
 Box 195 
 
 Box-wood 162 
 
 Brake 221 
 
 Brooklime 179 
 
 Broomcorn 220 
 
 Broom GravSS 220 
 
 Broomrape 178 
 
 Buckthorn 146 
 
 Buckwheat 192 
 
 Bulrush 208, 210 
 
 Burdock 172 
 
 Burr Marigold 170 
 
 Burr-reed 201 
 
 Bush-Clover 160 
 
 Butternut 196 
 
 Batton-bnsb 164 
 
 Bnttonwood 193 
 
 Cabbage 189 
 
 Cactus 157 
 
 Calla 201 
 
 Pnjre 
 
 Canary Grass 219 
 
 Candy-tuft 138 
 
 Canterbury Bell 17.1 
 
 Carnation 142 
 
 Caper-Spurge 194 
 
 Carpet-weed 148 
 
 Carrion-flower 205 
 
 Carraway 166 
 
 Carrot 161 
 
 Castor-oil Plant .... 195 
 
 Catalpa 178 
 
 Catch-fly 141 
 
 Catnip 188 
 
 Cat-tail 201 
 
 Celery 166 
 
 Chamomile 169 
 
 Checkerberry 176 
 
 Cherry 151 
 
 Chestnut 196 
 
 Chick-weed 142 
 
 Choke-berry 156 
 
 China Aster 168 
 
 Chrysanthemum . . . 170 
 
 Cicuta 166 
 
 Cinnamon Fern 222 
 
 Cinquefoil 152, 158 
 
 Cive 207 
 
 Cleavers 164 
 
 Clover 149 
 
 Club-moss 222, 223 
 
 Club-rush 210 
 
 Cockscomb 191 
 
 Comfrey 184 
 
 Cohosh 185 
 
 Coltsfoot 166 
 
 Columbine 134 
 
 Cone-flower 169 
 
 Coral-root 202 
 
 Coreopsis 170 
 
 Coriander 161 
 
 Pjiee 
 
 Corn-cocklo 141 
 
 Corn-spurrey 142 
 
 Cornel 162 
 
 Couch Grass 218 
 
 Cotton Grass 210 
 
 Cowslip 134 
 
 Cowslip (English) . . 177 
 
 Cowwheat 180 
 
 Cranberry 176 
 
 CranesbiU 144 
 
 Crocus 205 
 
 Crowfoot 184 
 
 Crown Imperial .... 206 
 
 Cucumber 168 
 
 Cucumber-root. ... 205 
 
 Culver's-physic 179 
 
 Currant 157 
 
 Cut-Grass 214 
 
 Cypress-vine 136 
 
 Daisy 168 
 
 Daffodil 204 
 
 Dahlia 168 
 
 Dandelion 178 
 
 Dangle-berry 175 
 
 Darnel 213 
 
 Day Lily 206 
 
 Ditch-Grass 201 
 
 Dock 192 
 
 Dodder 186 
 
 Dog's-bane 183 
 
 Dog-tooth Yiolet ... 206 
 
 Dogwood 146 
 
 Droi^eed 216 
 
 Dry StrawbeiTy. . . . 163 
 
 Dandelion 173 
 
 Dwarf Dandelion... 172 
 
 Egg-plant 187 
 
 Elder 168 
 
 Elm 198 
 
 Elecampane 168 
 
 Pnge 
 Enchanter's Night- 
 shade 156 
 
 Evening Primrose. . 156 
 False IMrnpernel .... 179 
 
 Fennel 160 
 
 Feverfew 170 
 
 Fcverwort 168 
 
 Fig 19U 
 
 Figwort 179 
 
 Fivefinger 152 
 
 Flax 144 
 
 Flenbane 167 
 
 Flora's Bouquet . . 186 
 Flower-de-Luce .... 204 
 
 Flowering Fern 222 
 
 Flower of an hour . . 144 
 
 Forget me not 186 
 
 Four o'clock 191 
 
 Fox-glove 179 
 
 Fringe-tree 189 
 
 Gariic 206, 2(7 
 
 Gentian-Fringed 188 
 
 " Soapwort . . " 
 
 Geranium 144, 145 
 
 Gerardia, 180 
 
 Gill run over the 
 
 ground 183 
 
 Ginseng 162 
 
 Globe Amaranth.. . . 191 
 
 Goat's Eue 149 
 
 (Golden Alexanders. 160 
 
 Golden-rod 168 
 
 Goldthread 134 
 
 Gooseberry 157 
 
 Goose-Grass 164 
 
 Grape 147 
 
 Grass of Parnassus . . 140 
 
 Grass Pink 203 
 
 Greenbrier 206 
 
 Gromwell 184 
 
 P«Ea 
 
 Ground Ivy 228, 188 
 
 Ground Nut 148 
 
 Groundsel 170 
 
 Ground Pine 223 
 
 Gum-tree 198 
 
 Hackberry 194 
 
 IFair-Grass 215 
 
 llairbell 174 
 
 Ilawkweed 173 
 
 H.awthorn 1.55 
 
 Hazel-nut 196 
 
 Heart Liverwort,. . . 1.33 
 
 Hedge Hyssop 179 
 
 Hedge Nettle 1S4 
 
 Hedge Mustard. . . . 13S 
 
 Hellebore 21)8 
 
 Hemlock 200 
 
 Hemp 199 
 
 Hemp Nettle 188, 199 
 
 Henbit 1S3 
 
 Herds' Gra.ss 214 
 
 Hibiscus 143 
 
 Hickory 195 
 
 High Balm 132 
 
 High Cranberry. . . . 163 
 
 Hoarhouni 184 
 
 Holly — American... 176 
 
 Hobble-bush 163 
 
 Hollyhock 143 
 
 Honeworl 160 
 
 Honeysuckle 162 
 
 Honesty 1.3S 
 
 Honey Locust. 151 
 
 Hop 199 
 
 Hornbeam 198 
 
 Horse Balm 181 
 
 Horse Chestnut 146 
 
 Horse Mint 179 
 
 Horse Radish 137 
 
 Horsetail 22(1 
 
228 
 
 ENGLISH INDEX. 
 
 Pope 
 
 Houndstongue ...... 185 
 
 Houseleek 158 
 
 Hnoklebeny 175 
 
 Hyacinth 207 
 
 Hydrangea 159 
 
 Hyssop 182 
 
 Hyssop— Great 183 
 
 , Ice-plant 143 
 
 Indian Corn 220 
 
 Indian Grass 220 
 
 Indian Hemp 188 
 
 " Pllysic 152 
 
 " Mallow 144 
 
 " Eice 214 
 
 " Pipes 170 
 
 " Tobacco 175 
 
 " Tnrnip 200 
 
 Indigo Weed 150 
 
 Innocence 164 
 
 Iron-weed 165 
 
 Iron-wood 196 
 
 Iris 205 
 
 Ivy(Englisb) 162 
 
 Jacobea Lily 204 
 
 Japan Globe-flower. 164 
 
 " Eose 144 
 
 Jerusalem Cherry.. 18T 
 
 Jewel-weed 145 
 
 Jonquille 204 
 
 July-flower 139 
 
 Juniper 200 
 
 Knot-grass 191 
 
 Knot-weed 192 
 
 Ladies* Tresses 203 
 
 Lady's Eardrop, 156 
 
 " slipper.. 203,204 
 
 Lake-flower 188 
 
 Larkspur 134 
 
 Lavender 181 
 
 Leather-wood 193 
 
 Leek 20T 
 
 Lemon-tree 144 
 
 Lettuce 178 
 
 Life-everlasting 171 
 
 Lilac 189 
 
 Lily 206 
 
 Lily of the Valley... 207 
 
 Linden 144 
 
 Lion's-heart 183 
 
 Live forever 158 
 
 Lizard's-tail 1 94 
 
 Lobelia 174 
 
 Locust 149 
 
 Loosestrife 177 
 
 Lopseed... 181 
 
 Lonscwort 180 
 
 Lovo-Iles-bleoding.. 191 
 
 Page 
 
 Lungwort 184 
 
 Lupine 150 
 
 Lychnis 141 
 
 Alagnolia 135 
 
 Mallow. 143 
 
 Maidenhair 221 
 
 Manna-Grass 216 
 
 Maple 146 
 
 Marigold 169 
 
 Marsh Elder 171 
 
 " Pea 148 
 
 " Eosomary .... 177 
 
 May-flower. 175 
 
 May-weed 169 
 
 May-apple 135 
 
 Meadow Beauty 155 
 
 Meadow Eue 138 
 
 " Grass ..216, 217 
 
 " sweet 152 
 
 Melilott Clover 149 
 
 Millfoil 156 
 
 Milk-weed 189 
 
 Millet Gras» 219 
 
 Monk's hood 185 
 
 Moosewood 146 
 
 Morello Cherry 151 
 
 Monkey-flower 179 
 
 Moth-Mullein 179 
 
 Mountain-Ash 155 
 
 Mountain Mint 182 
 
 Mountain Rice 215 
 
 Mouse-ear 142, 1S5 
 
 Mother of Thyme. 182 
 
 Motherwort 188 
 
 Mulberry 198 
 
 Mnllein 178 
 
 Mustard 188 
 
 Myrtle 165 
 
 Narcissus 204 
 
 Nasturtium 145 
 
 Nectarine 152 
 
 Nettle 199 
 
 Nine-bark 162 
 
 Nightshade 187 
 
 Oak 195,196 
 
 Oat 218 
 
 Oat-Grass 218 
 
 Oleander 188 
 
 Orchard Grass 216 
 
 Onion 207 
 
 Orange 144 
 
 Orchis 202,208 
 
 Osier 162,197 
 
 Ostrich Fern 221 
 
 Ox-eye 169 
 
 Ox-eye Daisy 170 
 
 Painted Cup 180 
 
 PftgO 
 
 Panic Gross 219 
 
 Pansy 140 
 
 Parsnip — 161 
 
 Partridge berry 164 
 
 Pea 161 
 
 Passion-flower 157 
 
 Pea 148 
 
 Peach 152 
 
 Pear 155 
 
 Pennyroyal 183 
 
 Peony 135 
 
 Peppermint . . .< 181 
 
 Pepper-grass 137 
 
 Pepper-grasa — wild.. 137 
 
 Pepper-root 188 
 
 Pettimorrel 161 
 
 Petunia 186 
 
 Phlox 185 
 
 Pickcrel-weed 208 
 
 Pigweed 190 
 
 Pink 142 
 
 Pine 199 
 
 Pine-sap 176 
 
 Pinweed 140 
 
 Pitcher-plant 136 
 
 Pipes 220 
 
 Pipewort 209 
 
 Plantain 177 
 
 Plum 152 
 
 Poison Hemlock 161 
 
 Poison Ivy 146 
 
 Polypod 221 
 
 Pond-weed 201 
 
 Pond-Lily 186 
 
 Poplar 198 
 
 Poppy 186 
 
 Potato 187 
 
 Poverty-Grass 216 
 
 Prickly-Ash 145 
 
 Priokly-Pear 157 
 
 Prim 1S9 
 
 Primrose 177 
 
 Prince's Feather 192 
 
 Princess' Featber. 191 
 
 Prince's Pine 176 
 
 Purslane 143 
 
 Quakiug-Grass 216 
 
 Eadish 189 
 
 Eagged-Eobin 141 
 
 E.Tspberry 153 
 
 Eattle-pod 150 
 
 Eattlesnake Fern ... 222 
 
 '• Grass . . 216 
 
 " Plantain 203 
 
 Bed Cedar 200 
 
 Eed Centaury 147 
 
 Eed Pepper 187 
 
 Peco 
 
 Eeed-Graas 216 
 
 Ebubarb 191 
 
 Eibwort 177 
 
 Robin's Plantain 167 
 
 Eocket 188 
 
 Eock-rose 140 
 
 Eoman Wormwood. 171 
 
 Eose 158 
 
 Eose- Acacia 149 
 
 Eue 145 
 
 Eush 208, 210, 211 
 
 Enta-baga 189 
 
 Eye 218 
 
 Eye-Grass 218 
 
 Saffron 172 
 
 Sage 182 
 
 Salsify 178 
 
 Samphire 190 
 
 Sandalwood 198 
 
 Sanicle , 160 
 
 Sandwort 142 
 
 Sarsaparilla 161 
 
 Sassafras 198 
 
 Satin-flower 138 
 
 Saxifrage 168,159 
 
 Scouring- Eush 220 
 
 Screw-stem 188 
 
 Sea-Plantain 177 
 
 Sedge 209—213 
 
 Seed-box 166 
 
 Self-heal 188 
 
 Sensitive Fern 222 
 
 Shad-flower 155 
 
 Shagbark 195 
 
 Sheep-Laurel 176 
 
 Sheep-SoiTel 198 
 
 Shield-Fern 222 
 
 Shepherd's-purse 187 
 
 Sickle-pod 188 
 
 Skull-cap 183 
 
 Skunk-Cabbage .... 201 
 
 Slippery Elm 194 
 
 Smoke-tree 146 
 
 Snake-head 179 
 
 Snap-dragon 179 
 
 Sneeze-weed 169 
 
 Snow-ball 168 
 
 Snow-berry 163 
 
 Snow-drop 204 
 
 Solomon's Seal 207 
 
 Southernwood 170 
 
 Sow-thistle 178 
 
 Spearmint 181 
 
 Spice-bush 193 
 
 Spiderwort 189, 209 
 
 Spikenard 2ii7 
 
 Spinago 191 
 
 Pape 
 
 Spleenwort 221 
 
 Spotted Wintergreen 176 
 
 Sprins Beauty 143 
 
 Spruce 200 
 
 Spurge 194 
 
 Squash 158 
 
 Squirrel-corn 137 
 
 Star-grass 204 
 
 Starwort 142 
 
 Stitchwort 142 
 
 St. John'swort 141 
 
 Stock 189 
 
 Stonecrop 158 
 
 Strawberry 163 
 
 Succory 172 
 
 Sumach 145,146 
 
 Summer-Savory..,. 182 
 
 Sundew 140 
 
 Sunflower 169 
 
 Swamp Loosestrife.. 165 
 
 " Pink 176 
 
 Sweet-Brier 154 
 
 " Cicily 161 
 
 " gale 196 
 
 " Flag 201 
 
 " Pepperhush . . 175 
 
 " Potato 186 
 
 " scented shrub 155 
 
 " Sultan 172 
 
 " Vernal Grass 218 
 
 " William 143 
 
 Syringa 169 
 
 Tansy 171 
 
 Tare 148 
 
 Teazel 164 
 
 Thistle 172 
 
 Thorn 164 
 
 Thorn-apple 187 
 
 Tiger-flower. 206 
 
 Timothy 214 
 
 Tobacco 187 
 
 Tomato 187 
 
 Tootbwort 138 
 
 Touch-me-not 145 
 
 Trefoil 149, LW 
 
 Trumpet-creeper . . . 178 
 
 " weed 165 
 
 Tuberose 206 
 
 Tulip 206 
 
 " tree 135 
 
 Turnip 189 
 
 Tway blade 202 
 
 Twin-flower 168 
 
 Twistfoot 208 
 
 Valerian— Greek ... 186 
 Vegetable Oyster... 173 
 Vefvet-Grass 218 
 
 Pno 
 
 Venus' Looking-glass 174 
 
 Verbena 181 
 
 Vervain ISO, 181 
 
 Vetch 148 
 
 Violet 139 
 
 Wake-robin 200 
 
 Wall-flower 138 
 
 " Pepper 158 
 
 Walnut 195 
 
 Wand-Grass. 219 
 
 Water-carpet 159 
 
 " Chickweed... V.'' 
 
 '• Cress 13.S 
 
 " Hemlock .... 160 
 " Hoarhound . . 181 
 
 " leaf 185 
 
 " Melon 168 
 
 " Millfoil 156 
 
 " Nymph 201 
 
 " Pepper 192 
 
 " Pimpernel... 177 
 
 " Plantain 202 
 
 " Pursliine 156 
 
 " Shield 135 
 
 Weeping Willow,... 198 
 
 Wheat. 217 
 
 White Cedar 200 
 
 White-top 215 
 
 White-weed 167 
 
 Wild-Basil 1S2 
 
 " Bergamot 1S2 
 
 " Oalla 200 
 
 " Cherry 151 
 
 " Cucumber .... 157 
 " Germander... 184 
 
 " Ginger. 190 
 
 " Licorice 164 
 
 " Millet 219 
 
 " Pea-vine 149 
 
 " Plum 151 
 
 " Eadish 139 
 
 " Senna 151 
 
 Willow 197, 193 
 
 Willow-Herb 156 
 
 Wind-flower 183 
 
 Winter-Cress 188 
 
 Witoh-IIazel 159 
 
 Wood Anemone , , , , 183 
 
 Woodbine 147 
 
 Wool-Grass 210 
 
 Wormwood.,,, 170, 171 
 
 Woundwort 184 
 
 Yarrow 170 
 
 Tellow-eyed Grass... 209 
 Yellow Henbane.. , 187 
 Zinnia. 109