SARAWAK. 
 
 REPORT BY CONSUL-GENERAL USSHER. 
 
 1877 
 
1 
 
 m 
 
 ill 
 
 '^^(p^^.-^W 
 
 ^ORNELL UNTVERSmr 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 (THACA, N.Y. 14853 
 
 * o * ■ • 
 
 
 John M. Echols Collection 
 on Southeast Asia 
 KROCH LIBRARY 
 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 3 1924 078 409 624 
 
 BORNEO. 
 
 SAEAWAK. 
 licport hi/ Consul- Oeneral Ussher on the present Condition of Sarawa 
 
 TsuuiTonr. 
 
 SAnA.WAic, or tlio territory now incliulcd iindor tliafc general 
 appellation, has a coast lino direct of about 220 miles in length, 
 taking it from Tanjong Datu, in latitude 2° 5', to Taujong Kidurong, 
 in 3° 10', north. Owing to ita irregular character, deep bays and 
 indentations, its actual extent may bo calculated at 400 miles. The 
 territorial area is supjiosed to comprise abo\it 28,000 square miles, and 
 extends a great distance into the interior, in oasterlj' and north-easterly 
 direction, probably as far as the head waters of the Ilejang llivcr. Ita 
 capital and seat of Government, with a population numbering 20,000, is 
 called Kuching, and is on the Sarawak lliver, about 16 miles from 
 the sea. 
 
 Population. 
 
 It appears to 'be difilcult to calculate the population of this iaigo 
 territory. IMany tribes and races are found within its limits,' Malays 
 as well as Byaks. The estimate arrived at by tlie Raja's Government 
 
 is as follows : — 
 
 Number, 
 
 Malava 60,000 
 
 ChiiieEB 7,000 
 
 Milanaus .. 30,000 
 
 Sea Dvnks of the Batang Lupar and other rivers 90,000 
 
 LaudDyakB .. .. 35,000 
 
 Total .. 222,000 
 
 The sea Dyaks once formed the famous piratical tribes " who in 
 common with the Balanini and Illanuns once devastated the Archi- 
 pelago; since their reduction and subjugatioa by; Sir James Brooke 
 they have proved to bo amongst the Btaunchealj and most loyal sup-' 
 porters of the Brooke dynasty, and are principally relied on as a local- 
 militia in case of trouble and danger, lb was these tribes, once so 
 Bternlv dealt with, that a few short years afterwards ilew to the 
 aaHistance of the late Kaja, when ho w-as surprised and forced to fly 
 from Knelling, the capital, by the Chinese rebels, whonic these wild 
 ' warriors pursued with relentless ardour until the miserable remnant of 
 the mutineers was enabled to seek a refuge in Dutch territory. 
 
 The Chinoso in Sarawak are now an orderly and well-conducted 
 community, and although many times more numerous than they wore 
 in those days, woulil never again dream of such a rash experiment as 
 their outbreak oC 1807, This couHpiracy-waa Buppoaod to have been 
 pnvlDjl in-incipally by exaggeralod news of English disasters in China, 
 anal* Imvo had oitonsivo ramilicalious elaowhero. The Qoverumout 
 
■^■51/^ 
 
z DOHNKo: 
 
 of iSnrnwalc lins aiiico tlion inatiliiitcd a heavy pcnnltj' ngaihst tlioso' 
 Inkiiif; part; in n. " liiiey " or secrcb Cltineso souieby, the members of 
 wluul\ ill Siirawiik, as in Siiip;a]ioro nnd Penang, aro generally ilio 
 itiBtigatora of riotous and rehoiiioiis conduct on the part of tlic OhincHO. 
 The recognised leader and nclivo cliiof of. a secret '■ hiiey " is liable tc 
 capital piinirtliment by tlio law of Snniwalc. 
 
 The JNlnlays of Sarawak struck mo as being a superior race to those 
 of Brunei, although the latter set store by their purity of descent, and' 
 the former must be derived from the same stock. Many of tlio 
 Sarawak Malay chicils have pleasant faces, and exhibit an intelligence 
 that has probably been called into existence by the active part they aro 
 pcrmiltod to take in the government of the country. The Malays aro 
 also traders and engaged in industrial pursuits. 
 
 The Dyaks appear to bo steadily improving ; their country, once a- 
 teri'or to strangers, as the land of head " hunters," is now orderly and' 
 safo for the moat part, and thoir eluofs, as will be seen eventually, take 
 an active ]jart iu the management of their own local allairs, and are 
 subsidized and recognised by the general Qovoruinent. 
 
 OVEUNiriDNT. 
 
 Tho Government of Sarawak may bo termed a mild despotism, ita- 
 arrangements being in thoir general features and elfect not unlike tho 
 constitution of a crown colony. Tlio Jlnja is of course tho absolute 
 head of tho State, and he posacHses tho [)Ower analogous to but supcrioi- 
 to that wielded by a colonial governor in a crown colony of spontaneous 
 and independent action; this jiower is however rarely exercised, and 
 for all practical jjurposes of local and general goverinnent ho is assisted' 
 by a legislative council composed of two Europeans and live native- 
 Malay chiefs. 
 
 While tho current business of the cimntry is carried on by this 
 body, a larger assembly is periodically hold. This council is composed 
 of the principal representatives, native as well ne European^ of the- 
 various districts, and in the ordinary course sita once in three years,, 
 except wdien specially summoned to discuss important and pressing 
 business. It numbers between iifty and sixty members, nine-tenths ot" 
 whom are natives. Any important change in the law or modiiicatiott 
 of native custom would be considered by the General Council and 
 rejected or confirmed as occasion might suggest.. Doubtless also all' 
 matters of general importance to the State would be discusaod by this- 
 body. 
 
 Tho Executive Government is carried on by the Eaja and his- 
 European ollicers, assisted by natives, members of both councils, and- 
 would appear to partake of tho naturo of aprivy council. 
 
 The government of the various districts and out-stations, forta, and 
 rivers is entrusted mostly to European olfi-cers, who are termed' 
 llesideiita ; these are generally assisted by subordinate or Assistant 
 liosidents. There are also employed native or Eurasian and Chinese 
 clerks, who act as writers, accountants, iutorjjreters, &c., afc'eacb 
 statiou. 
 
 Tho number of tho European atafl' ia as follows : — 
 
mi 
 
 '^ 
 
 %j. 
 
 Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924078409624 
 
BiiiA.Tri.K:. 8 
 
 Number. 
 
 Divlbional Roaidonla . . .. .. .. .. 2 
 
 2n(l class „ .. . . . . . . . . 4 
 
 ABsisliint „ .. .. .. ,. ,. 3 
 
 !^[aglBt.ralca . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 
 
 Commandant at Kuching . . . . . . . . 1 
 
 Treasurer „ . . . . . . . . 1 
 
 Iklcdical ofTicer „ .... . . . . 1 
 
 Junior and subordinate ofTiccrB in training for 
 
 higher poats . . . . . . . . . . 6 
 
 Total 19 
 
 Tlioro fire nlso the commauder and officora of tlio Kaja'a guubodfc 
 •"Aline." 
 
 Tlio n.ntivo ^tnfT of paid chiefs and members of council consists of 
 ■'twenty-two in all, who are distinbiitcd as under — 
 
 Number. 
 At Kuching .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 
 
 Ladong and Lundu . . . . . . . . . . 3 
 
 Bataiig Lupar . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 
 
 Itcjang . . . , . , , . . . . . . . 3 
 
 Muka 3 
 
 lUutiilu 2 
 
 There aro no fixed regulations as to promotion, 4iiid the salaries are 
 ■of a niodest dcscriptiou. 
 
 Laws .a-nd Customs. 
 
 .The greater portion of the Sarnwiilc law, cspooially as regards soci.nl 
 matters, such as divorce, inheritance, marnnge, &c., ia, as might 
 reasonably be expected, unwritten. It is administered principally 
 witli the assistance of native authorities properly versed in the 
 tr.aditions governing their social code, and handed down to them under 
 a patriarchal system, but altered from time to timo by the Europeans 
 and- natives governing the country to suit, ns well as may witii safety 
 bo attempted, the increased scale of civilization progressing fltoadily 
 among the native inhabitants of Sarawak, 
 
 The criminal law is framed and generally administered upon the 
 basis of Englisii law. Special enactments are in somo -cases m.ide to 
 meet the particular circumstances of the country and people, and 
 considerable freedom is necessarily permitted to those administering it, 
 avoiding for the present the technicaltiea of a regularly framed code, 
 and as a rule the discretion thus extended to the administrators of 
 tho law does not appear to bo abused ; moreover, most decisions of 
 importance come under tho notice of tlie 3laja, -who himself administers 
 justice in tho Supreme Court of Kuching iti patriarchal fasiiion, assisted 
 •and baclcod by European and native assessors. 
 
 Tho courts of lirat instance aro threo in number." one for criminal 
 cases, presided over by tho llo.sidcnfc of each district ; one for social 
 matters, as divorce, matrimonial disputes, &c., jiresided over by native 
 judges (members of council); and a potty debt court, or Court of 
 JRequesls. From tiie two first of these courts appeals lie to the llaja 
 in the Siiprcn\o Court in Kucliing, or when tho Supreme -Court is held 
 in tho districts, to the Divisional llcsidcnts, who aro also the preaidiug 
 judges thereof. 
 
 This Siipren-io Court appears also to talto initiatory cogniK.ance of all 
 serious criminal ollenccs, such as nnirder, forger^', arson, Ac. 
 
■1 DOBNKO. 
 
 No aentonce of death may bo cnrriod out without tho coK.firraatlon 
 of the Hajn, to whom tho evidence ia submitted. 
 
 Appeals from tho Co\irt of Eoqueata.lio to a full bench of magis- 
 trates of not lees than four in number. 
 
 iioBidoa tlieso regular centres of jurisdiction thu distant tribes o£ 
 Dyalca and otliors aro permitted to elect their own cliioOs of villagca, or 
 "long houses," who may settle petty unsos, roceivo trilling fines, whicli 
 are limited in amount, and do otiior little acts of justice, for which thoy 
 are held roMponaible ; but any caao of importance must be rof^irred to 
 the oatablishod courts. 
 
 Tho moat important of tlie native customs, wliich is against our 
 ideas of humanity and justice, tho institution of slavery, haa been 
 reduced to the narrowest limita than can at present bo safely reached. 
 Tho Sarawak Qovenunent appears to act wisely under the circum- 
 atances in wliich it finds itself situated witli regard to tliia custom ; 
 finable summarily to aboliali it, but prudently recognizing ita existence, 
 instead of protending to ignore it, tlio Qoverameiit haa grasped the 
 nettle, and by gradually surrounding it and hedging it with proliibitory 
 and donbtlesa obstructive rogulationa, is talcing tho best moans to oH'oct 
 ithi cventnnl extirpation. The export and import of slaves ia ])ei'omp- 
 torily forbidden under severe penalties, and is conacieiitioualy cheeked-. 
 But lately the fiaja fined and drove out a Brunei cliiof of importance, 
 who was convicted of an attempt at lliis serious offence. 
 
 The first important feature of tho slave rogulationa ia this: that 
 under ordinary circumatancea any slave may work out hia own freedom, 
 by paying to his master a comparatively low amount, which any bonds- 
 man, I should think, could raise if ho desired his liberty ; Hi. sterling 
 neems to have been the sum originally fixed by the law, but 1 do not 
 know if this ia tho limit; and female slaves and children are leaa 
 weighted. One good point resulting from the general tenor of the 
 slavery laws ia, that a man who haa ao worked out his freedom will in 
 most cases liighly value it, and prove a steadier and more beneficial 
 member of society than ono of a ruck of idle, dishonest, and ignorant 
 savages, suddenly act free without a proper appreciation of the value of 
 liberty, with no aenao of rosponaibility, and not possessing tho power of 
 utilizing his jirecious possession. Without controverting the groat 
 principle of the right of freedom inherent in every man, the results of 
 a sudden and total abolition are, as we have rensoJ to know, generally 
 disastrous for a long period. 
 
 The regulations respecting immoralities between masters and 
 female slaves aro of tho strictest description. Any woman slave, with 
 ■whom her master haa had intercourse, beoomea ipso facto free. Special 
 exemptions alao aro mado with regard to tho ofiapring of such cou- 
 nexiona, although in this respect, and as regards tho children of bonds- 
 men generally, some improvement will, T trust, bo effected as soon as 
 prudently may be. 
 
 No slave can be transferred without tho full privity and consent 
 thereto of the local court, before which the transaction must take place 
 and be duly registered. Certain classes of slaves become ipso facto free 
 by lapse of lime, or from neglect of the owner to claim them. 
 
 A distinction is mado between outdoor and indoor slaves, in favour 
 of tho former; tlieae may bo looked upon as partaking of the c)inracter 
 of tho serfs in feudal limes, and would appear to be specially benofitod 
 by the rule as to InpHO of time mentioned in tlio preceding pnrngraph. 
 
 iliiUrcatmcnt oi' slaves ia Hoverely jniniahed, ut times to the extent 
 of inammiiasion by tho court having tho power of liberating such 
 maltreaLod slaves. 
 
To quote from tlio works of an officer of fclio Snrawnk Qoveru- 
 tnent : — 
 
 "In Sarawak nny Budilcn stops to abolish slavery could not liaro 
 been carried out without giving olVence to the native chiefs, on whoso 
 good-will Iho Government, especially at the outset, had much to depend. 
 However, tho system relating to slavery, that was then organized, and 
 which lias been Hteadlly pursued, has been Buccossful in loading to a 
 decrease of the evil, especially in preventing masters from holding and 
 wielding unjust and cruel power; and the natives are finding out that 
 slave labour is not eiiual to freo labour, and the latter is very per- 
 ceptibly taking tho place of tlie former." 
 
 And again 1 may cite tlio words of the present ruler of Sarawak, 
 addroaaed to his llesidcnts in an exhaustive circular on this subject in 
 18(58, before liis accession to tiio Raj : — 
 
 "The Tuan IMuda wishes to express his opinion that this a very 
 important question, which involves much that might raise the prejudices 
 and antipalines of the chiefs and all those who possess slaves ; lie thinks 
 if tho custom were discussed publicly, with a view to bringing about 
 reforms to ameliorato slavery, that such a discussion would have a 
 contrary ell'oct, and cause masters to bring claims (in most cases just 
 ones) against people who have been slaves, but who have been living 
 comfortably, and to all intents and purposes independently, for many 
 years past. 
 
 " Such reforms as are requisite the Tuan Muda thinks bad better be 
 quietly and gradually brought about in conjunction with the chiefs 
 themselves, rather than permit the question to become a public one; as 
 in the majority of cases the master would be a gainor and the slave a 
 loser, were tho question so raised as to causo the masters to put in 
 their claim." 
 
 To summarise tho general tendency of the Sarawak laws and regula- 
 tions respecting slavery is to abolish the system gradually and ofTectively 
 without disturbance, to face a social evil, and by recognizing it to 
 reduce it within the narrowest limits, pending its total abolition. 
 
 The jjower of England has it always unquestionably within its means 
 summarily to abolish such an evil within its dependencies ; nevertheless, 
 the system of pawns and domestic slavery was allowed to exist for 
 many years on the Gold Coast, under the flags of her forts. It is there- 
 fore not to bo ■wondered at that Sarawak has to be cautious, depending 
 as she so much does upon native good-will, and being without the 
 reserve of sti-engtb and prestige of a strong power before she attempts 
 any wholesale legislation in direct contravention of all present and past 
 local feeling and custom ; and she acts wisely, in my opinion, in 
 gradually inducing her subjects by an appeal, or rather by frepuont 
 appeals to their own interest and right feeling, o£ their own free will to 
 allow this ancient but iudefousible custom to drop quietly out of her 
 records. 
 
 ;^[uch of the local legislation is marked by sound sense ; for instance, 
 the treatment of imprisoned debtors appears to bo right and sensible. 
 Every debtor confined in prison can, if he likes, work for tho Govern- 
 ment, receiving a fixed monthly wage for his labour. Half of these 
 earnings may go to the creditor, the other half he retains for his personal 
 use. ]n case of his leaving a wife and family on tho hands of the public, 
 the latter half is transferred towards their support. This arrange- 
 ment cannot tako place without the joint consent of debtor and 
 creditor. 
 
 I believe that the Contngious Diseases Act, or ono akin thereto, is 
 in force in Kuching. 
 
'0 TlonNEO. 
 
 Tho laws I'ORnriling llio liabik of tlio Cliinoso in eooking iiitorcourso 
 "willi pirla of iiiuimluro ngo arc ulao strictly enforced. 
 
 All native marringea to bo lawful must bo eflected before a civil 
 registrar. 
 
 Qiiesiions of divorce, marriage, iiilieritanco, &c., are referred to 
 native courts competent to deal with such niattors. 
 
 Coroners are appointed in tiio ])rincipal centres. 
 
 Capital crimes are tried by a mixed jury ; British or other European, 
 subjects guilty of heinous crimes are tried by a jury of Europeans, 
 Ilcr Britannic Majesty's Consul liaviiig tho right to be present. In eases 
 oE Europeans seriously maltreating or murdering a native, one-half, 
 or at least one-tin"rd of the jury is to consist of natives. 
 
 'J^iio land regulations are useful and present no peculiar features. 
 
 Tiio law of bankruptcy appears to have been in aomo inoasuro 
 assimilated to the English law. 
 
 Milttaut ronc]5. 
 
 The permanent military force of Sarawak consists of a ■well-drilled 
 and olfective body of men termed tho " Sarawak Riingora " ; tliey 
 number about 2U0, and are well-made and of powerful physique, being 
 mainly recruited from tiie Dyaks, whose beauty of form, united with 
 their strength and activity, is rarely to bo surpassed. They are neatly 
 dreaaed in white tunics and trousers, witii black braid ornaments, and 
 tire armed with tho Snider carbine. 
 
 The forts at tho outstations nro massive wooden structurea, armed 
 with a few amooth-boro guns of old pattern, and each fort is manned l)y 
 about a dozen " fortmen," whose duty it ia to garrison and defend tlio 
 Tvorjf. They are mostly occu])ied by tho European oflicers of tlio 
 districts, and are fourteen in number. They are quite edlciont against 
 native attack. Some of them are placed in sole charge of natives, 
 
 Tlie militia, which constitutes tho real force of Sarawak in the hour 
 of danger, ia composed of all tlie ablo-botlied men in the tribes of tho 
 Batang Lupur, Sarebaa and other sea Dyaks ; of tho same tribes ia 
 fact, the subjugation of whom, by the lato Sir Jamca Brooke, and their 
 transformation into defenders of their country, from tlicir former 
 occupation of blood tiiirety pirates, was the subject of so mucli mis- 
 iinderatandiug in England, and tho cause of much undeserved animad- 
 version on a high-spirited and humane ruler. 
 
 Thcso people could turn out about 25,000 warriors, who are ready 
 to assemblo at the aummons of tho Govorument, and dovoto themsclvea 
 to its defence. 
 
 They are in various waj's specially favoured, in consideration of 
 tbeir scrvicea, such as receiving whole or in aome cases partial exomp- 
 'tiou from the capitation tax. 
 
 .The naval force of Sarawak comprises tho gun-boat "Aline," a fino 
 veasel ; a screw steamer of about 250 tons burclon ; and two heavy river 
 steam launches, tho " Qhita " and tho " Eiredy." 
 
 TunLTO Wonics. 
 
 Bosides tho forta tho moat striking 'buildings are tho " Astana," or 
 refiidnnco of tiio ]?aja at K.uciiing, a handsomo and woU ordered 
 dwelling, replete with every comfort, and aurrounded with tastefully 
 laid out gronnils. 
 
 'J'he court hoiiso, a Holid and hnnd.iomo building in iilain atylo, is 
 also at Kuciiing, ii.s well an a lort, barnicks, niul a priaon. Of tlioio the 
 fort ia being rebuilt and enliirgcd, and tho prison ia undergoing altera- 
 
flAllAWAK. 7' 
 
 tioiis and improvomenta. Sovornl now roads, of good conatriiction, aro' 
 being cut tlimugh tlio foresb in dilleronfc diroctiona Ironi Kuoliing ;. 
 Olio of tlieao will open up a comtnnnicntiou with tlio province of 
 Upper Siiriiwak, Tiio princi])al moaiia of communication, l)owevor,.lio 
 in the nunicroua rivera and streama interaectiug. the country.. 
 
 SiiiPPiNa. 
 
 Besides tlio gnn-boata already mentioned there are two trading' 
 atcamers belonging to tiie port of Kucliing, liho " Eaja Brooke " and the 
 "lioy.alist," oi' 25'1 and IDl tons burthen respectively. ' 
 
 The remaining tonnage of Sarawak, which is principally native 
 owned, ia composed of schoonera and amall coaatiug craft, 130 of which 
 belong to Kucliing ; the otliera belong to- other ports, and aro 
 ai)piu-cntly not registered at the seat of Government. They belong to^ 
 peoi)lo at Muka, Biutulu, Sibu, and other places. 
 
 Expohts and Impohts. 
 
 Tiie chief native products of Sarawak nro as follows: — 
 
 Haw s.igo, sago ilo\ir, ])carl sago, antimony fsulphide, regulus, and 
 oxide), quicksilver, gold, coal, timber, gutta-percha, india-rubber, cocoa- 
 nuts, rice, dammar, diamonds, canes, and dye-woods. 
 
 The imports conaiat mostly of opium, salt, tobacco, cloth, crockery, 
 and brass ware. 
 
 On comparing the returns attached ta-thia report some of the 
 exports for 187G, especially for jungle produce, are considerably in 
 diminution of those of iS7l. This is especially noticeable in the 
 articles, under the head of foreign exports of gutta-percha, india-rubber, 
 birds nests, and antimony. Thesejunglo products are getting gradually 
 worked out in the neighbourhood of the province of Sarawak Proper; 
 and the natives are now turning their attention, owing to the special 
 encouragement of the llaja," to agricultural industry. Popper and 
 gambier aro now being largely cultivated, and tho results aro not yefc 
 Bulliciently large to show tho improvement expected, but which a tew 
 years will probably develop. The natives will then, while not neglect- 
 ing the various sources ot wealth lying easy to their bauds, not h;ivo 
 to rely solely on thorn for their prosperity, but on tho more stable and 
 solid fruits of their own industry. 
 
 Eut tho corresponding atatemeuts of 1871 and 187G nevertheleas 
 point to a ateady improvement in trade, and tho territory can show 
 exports during the past year, foreign and coastwise, amounting to more 
 than 250,000/. sterling; tho imports being but little under that 
 amount. 
 
 EilTENTE AND ElPENDITTJKE. 
 
 I have not been furnished with any returns of tho expenditure of 
 Sarawak, and it is possible that tho Government may not have been iu 
 u position to supply accurate information under this head, owing to a 
 radical change Avhich has lately taken place iu tho metliod of keeping 
 accounts of tiie ]inj. 
 
 The revenue amounted in 1871 to 157,501 dol., and in 187G to 
 183,182 dol., showing a decided although not largo increase during the 
 Ilvo years. 
 
 It is ]jrinci|ially derived from farms, sucli as opium, arrack, pawn- 
 broking, Ac. Gambling farina are still |)crmittcd. 
 
 7\ii imiiortniit il.dm i.i furiiiHhdd by (he royalties on niiuorala ; 
 antimony bringing iu the largcat Bliare. 
 
8 nonNEO. 
 
 The exoiuption tax ia of 2 dol. per man, pnid by tlio Mnlaj's ; tlioso 
 Borviiig ill llio militia aro free. 
 
 Tlio Dyiiic tax ia a capitation tax of 3 dol. per family ; tlioso liable to 
 military servico nro exempted in part. Bachelors pay half tho tax. It 
 is probable that this tax can be bnt partially collected. 
 
 The remaining revenue is made up from customs duties, both export 
 nnd import, tho former being a small impost on raw jungle produce. 
 Manufactured ])roduce is not weighted. A. portion of tho revenue is 
 also dorivod from laud and township lots. 
 
 PuDLio Debt. 
 
 In tho absence of specific information on this point I can only state 
 that I boliovo the public debt to consist of a considerable sum of 
 money, wliich was advanced from his private fortune by the late Raja, 
 Sir James Brooke, mid which now forms a mortgage or first charge upon 
 the public assets of Sarawak. 
 
 EccrilSSIASTICATj. 
 
 There is bnt one missiort in Sarawalc, tho English Protestant Mission, 
 sent out by the Society for tiio Propagation of the Gospel. It is iire- 
 sidcd over by the Eight lievercnd Dr. Chambers, who is Bishop of 
 Labnan, Sarawak, and Singapore. It numbers about six members, 
 scattered over tho territory. Its efforts do not appear to have been 
 attended with marked success, the luiinber of converts being stated as 
 but few. Each mission station has a school attached to it. 
 
 Educational. 
 
 The Sarawak Government has three Government schools at present, 
 two in Kuching and one in Upper Sarawak. I liaye no statistics con- 
 cerning them. 
 
 General GEoanAPniOAL and Piitsical Features. 
 
 Sarawak may be described for tho" most part as an extensive and 
 dense forest, intersected in every direction by rivers and streams, and 
 traversed in some parts by lofty mountain ranges. These streams 
 form natural waterways, and in great i)art take tiie place of roads, and 
 thus they afford access to the most distant tribes, who would other- 
 wise be unapproachable. , Some of these rivers are powerful and rapid, 
 such as tho llejang river. 
 
 Tiie timber of Sarawak, especially in the south, is boundless in 
 quantity ; valuable woods of many descriptions abound, and are generally 
 nsed in native house building, and for other purposes. Good shingles 
 are made in Sarawalc from an almost indestructible wood named 
 " bilian," and brick making is carried on to some extent in the neigh- 
 bourliood of ICuching. 
 
 Sarawak is rich in minerals. In common with many other parts of 
 Borneo it possesses valuable coal mines. In one portion of tho terri- 
 tory an expert sent out from JOngland calculated that a supply existed 
 in one spot of more than d',0(X),000 of tons, not diUlcuIt of access. 
 A small mine is now worked at a trilling cost by the Government in 
 tho Sndong district, and BudiiMcnt is obtained from it to supply the 
 three Covcrnmont stoamerH, and to leave a burphia, tho sale of which 
 about rncou|)H tlio Govornment its working cx])ondiLuro. 
 
 Quicksilver has been worked in various places aud undoubtedly 
 
BAttlWAlC. 
 
 coiiRiderablo qiiaulilies yofc oxist. Antimony, lina boen found and 
 worked by tlio JJornco Company in largo amounts, aud afc t;roat profit. 
 Gold oxlHta in amall qnantitioa, and is principally waslied oy Ciiineao ; 
 it would ])robnbly not repay ]!liiro|)oan labour. Tlio same may bo said of 
 diamonds; tiioy aro not numorouB, but I have seen somo good 
 apcciniena. 
 
 Copper, niangancao, and plumbago Iiuvo also been discoverod in 
 Sarawak, but not yet in sudieient quantity to warrant tlieir being 
 worked. 
 
 Tlio aapoet of tbe country, especially in tlio aoutb, is beautiful. 
 Tiio landsciipo in llie nciglibourliood of tiie Matang and Santubong 
 ranges, in tlio viirinity oF ICucliing, aro particularly striking and 
 roni.'uitie. Tlio ilora ia numerous and interesting, aud magnificent 
 orcliida abound. Tlio lanna of Sarawak ia varied and extensive, and 
 ba.s been worked from time to time; but there is doubtless mucli to bo 
 done yet. In common witb l.Iie rest of the forests of tbe island of 
 Borneo, it ia tlie clioacn lionie of the " inias," or orang outang, of which 
 two spegea exist. 
 
 The cliinato is wet, 1.82 inclina of rain having fallen in 1870. It, 
 ncverllieleas, appears to bo Jiairly liealtliy for Europoims, who all 
 seemed to bo in good health and spirits during my stay there. The 
 average temperature is rather higher than that of Labuan, and may bo 
 stated at about 85° Ji'alirenheit. In the mouutains a sensible diminu- 
 tion is perceptible. 
 
 Qeneual IlEMAnKa. 
 
 The position and prospects of Hiirawak cannot fail to bo of con- 
 siderablo interest to JilngliHhmen. Jt is not too much to say that 
 Sarawak presents one of llie lew remaining eliances of existence to 
 the enervated and indolent race of Malays. Under such a government, 
 which apjiears to strive to impress them with a sense of tlieir duty to 
 the state, as well aa with a feeling of self-respect, by inducing and 
 encouraging tliom to take an active part iu the administration of 
 public alliiii's, the Malays of Sarawak ought to prosper; and they iiavo, 
 moreover, continually before their eyea the example of'tlie miagovern- 
 nicnt and anarchy existing iu the wretched kingdom of Borneo Proper, 
 which is apparently hastening to ruin and decay. The comparison 
 between Briiuoi and Sarawak cannot but bo gratifjing to the inliabi- 
 tants of the latter; and if any spark of ]irido and energy yet lingers in 
 the breasts of this onco powerful people of Brunei, tlio reflection upon 
 their misgovernnient and apathy, plainly forced upon them by the 
 aspect of the prosperity of Sarawak, when compared with the decadence 
 of Brunei, should stimulate the latter to some attempt at reviving their 
 'ancient proatigo. But J fear that nothing will now arrest the general 
 decay and ruin sensibly attendant on the Malay races of the Peninsula 
 and Archipelago. To their inherent vioos of aouBuality, rapacity, and 
 indolence, tho youth of Brunei, and doiihtleas of other Malay countries, 
 are superadding tho deadening odects of opium ; and tho action of this 
 drug, injurious aa it probably is to the active miuded and induatrioua 
 Chinese, muat in timo prove poaitively fatal to tho enfeebled aud 
 nerveloaa conatitutiona of the modorn Malays. 
 
 The policy of tho Sarawak Government appears to me to be just 
 and equitable toward the native Dyak and other races. It may fairly 
 be aasumed to bo ao, if wo tako ns a teat tho fact that extensive tribes 
 of savages have been tranaiiuiled from IiiwIobh head-hunters and pirates 
 into comparalivoly peaceful agriculturiata. The crime of head-hunting 
 )3 now scarcely known iu Sarawak. Indeed, I regret to state that it 
 
10 Boimro. 
 
 npponi-H to 1)1'. mnro coinniou in t.lio torril.orioH of liis lligliiicaa tiio 
 tiulLiii l.liim elsowliero, niiil bo bold did .1. iliid tlioso gentry on my 
 arriviil in l./abiian, tiuiL 1;\vo cnaea wore absolutely before mo of bead 
 taking witbin tbe Jiritiab colony of Labnnu itself, wbcrc a panic on tbat 
 aeeouTit had exiated Cor soino time. Tlio snino rcmarka apply to tbe 
 oriino of i)ii'acy, a jict ofl'iMK.'C with tbo old niiuiuidera, and a venial one 
 in tlicir eyes. What littlo i)ira<;y exista on the- westei'Ti coasta of 
 JJorneo ia not to be found M'ithin the dominiona or seaboard of 
 Sarawak. ]t is rather to bo b')oked for in tbo territories on the noi'tb- 
 weat eoasls of IJrunei, .again partially witbin the i\omiual jurisdiction of 
 the iSultan ; and to a greater extent on the nortli-eaat coast. 
 
 Thci-o are doubtless to be found in the rule of Sarawak many 
 defects, some of which might be at onco amended, others again that 
 time only can efl'aco. In criticiy-ing severely any apecial legialation or 
 custom at jjrcsont obtaining within tjie country, it would be necessary 
 that all the attendant circumstances should be thoroughly elucidated' 
 aiul considered, before arriving at a sweeping and condemnatory judg- 
 ment upon mattera which, to the eyca of the moat civilized colonists in 
 the world, ap])oar anomalous or even \vrong. Sarawaic is yet not forty 
 ycai-a old, and has time bel'oro her to amend and improve any delects of 
 government. As long as the main objecta conatituting the welfare of 
 the community be kept in view, and tiie people are generally contented 
 and happy, tlie objections to whicii I have referred can practically have- 
 but small weight iu the balance. 
 
 One of the principal recommendations attaching in tlio eyes of ^he 
 native lo liluropean rule in Sarawak is the honesty of its administration, 
 especially in ])ocuniary matters. Tbo object of the JVfalay nobles ia 
 olden times, and, indeed, now in the territories of Brunei, was to 
 8([ueezo as much as might bo from tho wretched aborigines ; the pi'in- 
 cipal aim of tho European appears to tlieni to be, to solve tbe problem 
 oi" how to carry on an effective Govornmont at the lightest possible cost 
 to its Bubjccts. This didiculty has met with a creditable solution in 
 Sarawak ; a taxation of about 40,000Z. per annum, distributed amongst 
 a population of 200,000 aonls, and giving a statistical average of from 
 6s. to Os. sterling per head, can scarcely be called oppressive. (In cal- 
 culating this average, 1 strike out about 50,000 frontier natives, who 
 probably escape paying taxes at all.) A.nother recommendation in the 
 eyes of tho native is tho possibility of obtaining even-handed, if rough, 
 justice. It is not necessary, as they see and admit with satisfaction, 
 that litigants should enter into a pecuniary competition with their 
 opponents to purchase the favour and countenance of their judges. 
 
 Education and progress will safely and surely eradicate many of the 
 evils remaining in tho State, which may bo viewed as legacies, fortu- 
 nately diminishing, of a barbarous regime long since extinct. In the 
 lueantimo natives, Mahomedan as well na Pagan, will be best ninnagod 
 and improved by showing a proper degree of respect for their usages 
 anil customs, especially by a complete tolcranco of their forms of 
 worship ; and tlio only real blot iu Sarawak, that of slavery (although 
 existing in a modified form), may bo trusted to die out with the gradual 
 extension of European rulo, and tho increased iutclligence of tho 
 coming generation. 
 
 Tho occasions requiring tho employment of armed force are becoming 
 rare, and disturbances are strictly local. 
 
 'L'hc real power of Sarawak is based upon tho remembrance of and 
 gralifude duo lo tho Into Uaja, Sir .Tainca IJrooke, as well as upon the 
 iirm administration and ovon-handcd justice of tho present Qovcriuuont. 
 No ouo visiting Sarawak can fail to obsorvo tho respect nud aflccliou ia 
 
SilUWAK. 11 
 
 wliicli tlio prcBCiil; llaja nnd liia fiimily nro hold by tlie oriLii-o comiiiuiiity. 
 Tho fack la as nokicoablo ainoiip; Europuana as among tlio natives; and 
 I may obscrvo lliab tho inodcratoly paid but fairly enicieiit European 
 staft" ia socially ou a par with tho ofilciala of tho (Tcnoraiity of our 
 colonics. Tlie modo of lifo amongst tho European body is quiet and 
 ■unoHtcntatious, but of hospitality tiiero .is abundance, nnd no visitor 
 leaves iSnrawiik without pleasant reminiscences oE his stay. 
 
 A further noteworthy feature is to bo found in tho roaults obtained 
 with HO little money. The civil list of tho llaja is, I. know, moilcst in 
 all respects; and it is not every (Jovernment that on a yearly reveuuo 
 of 4'0,000Z. sterling, would bo enabled ofWictively to rule 25,000 square 
 miles of tcrrilor)'-, witli a po|nilation of over 200,000 souls, to keep up a 
 respectable standing military force, to garrison anil main tain fourteen forts, 
 to pay a competent stall' of European oIRcor.s and native authorities, to 
 niiiintain three gunboats, to protect commerce and agriculture, and 
 generally to guarantee safety to lifo and property within its limits. 
 
 Sarawak is on good terms with its Dutch neighbours, who have 
 lately by vigorous measures repressed and put an end to the disturb- 
 ances caused by their frontier Jjyaks of JCajjuas^. 
 
 In conclusion, I may observe, that although dc fauto and, as ho 
 contends, I bcliovo, dti jure absolute ruler of Sarawak, tho Jlaja 
 clings to liis ICnglish nationality; and " JJritiah interests," to use his 
 own worils, " aro paramount" within his domiiiionH. In spite of tho 
 anomaly oi lie position, this fertile country should oidy be looked upon 
 ■as an item of the great colonial empire of Great Britain, and, I trust, 
 as virtually iindor her shield and protection. 
 
 I append a list of printed instructions for young officers from tho 
 Ilajn. 
 
 They apjiear to bo wise and practical, nnd oflbr an indication of tho 
 spirit ill which tho Governniout of Sarawak is carried on. 
 
 Hints to Young Outstation Olllcors from the Enja. 
 
 An oQicer to bo efficient must have regularity in his habits, nnd to 
 possess this he should tie himself down to do things at stated times and 
 intervals. He should never give au order for anything to bo done 
 oicept he sees that his order is properly carried into ell'oct. No out- 
 station in the country is so oxtensivo that it cannot be guided and 
 governed by one man who possesses an active mind combined with dis- 
 ciplino or regularity. Such au one cannot only superintend all things 
 ])crtaining to public interest, but devote a certain amount of time to 
 social and friendly intercourse with those ho has to govern, and this is 
 necessary in order to obtain somo knowledge of the character of tho 
 people. He can do all this, and yet iind plenty of spare time for 
 loisuro or study, and would enjoy the latter the more by koepiug his 
 mind iu a state of discipline. Such occupationa nlso tend to preserve 
 Loalth. 
 
 Fortmen. — INEcn entered to take service should bo free men and not 
 slaves or debtors — and so far as can bo nacertninod, boar an honest 
 character. The recruits should go through somo kind of drill, even to 
 make them hold themselvos upright and march up nnd down when on 
 duty. To keep thomsolves clean is Homething toward-i making soldiorH 
 of them. They mu.st bo made to obey with alacrity and bo useful. If 
 other good niou aro over and with thsm it will not bo long before th.iy 
 ■show whether I hey aro good fur anything. Ucssides their waichos they 
 should turn out at seven o'clock every morning and do at li-ii.st one 
 hour's w(M-k in clearing or cutting gr.ij-s, or in other w.iys making the 
 grounds tidy. 
 
J2 DOHNBO'. 
 
 ^r»i*.— 'BoBidoa a regulnr inspoctiou onco a week, an odioer, if liff 
 Lna an eyo practieod to seo tilings in order, could uevor wallc through or 
 enter his forfc without observing it' anything was out of plaeo — a trial of 
 a lock or two, and n feel with tlio linger in tho inuzzlo to see if rust 
 esibiB, will show him the statg of tho arms. An odleer who has not 
 been brouglit up to manage arms can soon put himaolf in tho way of 
 becoming accustomed to them, by trying a ffw ex|)erinicnta. Seeing 
 how olhers use thoin will toach him Homething, Sooiiing inCormalion 
 and lacing difTicnlties till they are mastered is tho only road to 
 efllcicncy in every pvofession. Everything to the Biiiallost item Bhould 
 bo in eye of an ollicer. Arms, number and kind, ammunition, cartridges 
 big and small, shot, shell, caps, wnds, rammers and sponges, priming 
 wires and horns, vent lists, &c. How stowed. How to be got at 
 quickly. Safe from lire. Properly arranged. Tiioro should he a 
 regular inspection of all theso tilings once a week, the officer examining 
 for himself and not trusting to tho reports of olhevs. 
 
 Some dilllculties may arise at times in obtaining supplies from 
 Knelling, there would, however, bo no dilliculty in making good tiie 
 dofii;ioncies, if there wero a stock of iino and course gi-ained powder, a, 
 bulli.'t mould, and some lead. Native fortitien can mnke as good small 
 arm cartridges as thoso snppTied from Kiudiiiig. The charges for big 
 guns can bo put into biaeliu bags — made llio sizo of t1ie iioro of tiio 
 gun. "VV^ada can bo twisted into grummets, tho size of tlio dilli'ienfc 
 bores, of rattan, or '' akar," as good w rope/ Torches can be made of 
 tho Blieath of cocoanut blossom, or old Manila rope, well dried cocoa- 
 nnt husk, or many barks 6f trees. Tlio length of ahy dispart is one- 
 sixtii the diderence between the circumferojiee of tlie base and centrer 
 rings — on the latter tlie dispart is placed, a temporary one of wood, or 
 wax tied or stuck on will j)rovo as true as tho best. 
 
 One-Dftb, or even the sixth, of tiie weight of tho sliot is used as tho 
 weiglit of an ordbiary charge, with ligiit brass guns even less will bo 
 found suDiciont in firing round shot. Swivels and light guns are apt to 
 kick dangerously when overcharged. In loading big guns, tho captain 
 of tho gun aliould always stop tho vent — and the man who sponges 
 should do it by turning it round quickly tiirco or four times, well 
 forced into the base of the gun. In ramming home the charge, the 
 loader should only leave his arms and never his body exposed before 
 the muzzle of the gnu, and, after striking it sharply twice, should 
 spring back, while the captain pricks tlie charge with tho priming wire 
 to lind out whether it is homo, if so, the shot is then forced in with a 
 wad on it, to keep it from rolling from its place. The wad should fit 
 tight, as if the shot gets misplaced it is a[)t to burst tho gun. In 
 marching or walking with natives who are carrying loaded muskets, it 
 is very difficult to make them understand that it is necessary to keep 
 their arms at half cock. An officer had bettor see that they do this, or 
 keep out of the way himself, as there is- almost as much danger in 
 letting tho hammer rest on tho nipple with a cap as carrying it on full 
 cock. 
 
 On Cleanliness. — It is a mistakenidea that natives who are forfcmon 
 can't bo taught to keep a place clean and tidy. After tho necessity of 
 this is pointed out to them for a short time, they will see to doing it, as well 
 as any Europeans, who also require to bo taught at fust in a similar way. 
 It cannot bo too carefully attended to, as it looks well to visitors, and 
 is a good example to the whole country. An ollicer has little prido 
 who allows any uiitidyncNa, however mean his habitation may be,' 
 Morning and afternoon sweeping of every part is necessarv. A brush- 
 ing away of cobwoba, and the Uoor kept clear of oil spola and other 
 dirt. 
 
BAtlAWAlC. 13 
 
 0/1 Uuitchin//. — Tlio men wlio ■\vntch shoiiltl bo kept from silting 
 down,— if Uioy nro oiico allowed to do this tlioy become slovenly, will 
 soon lio down, and sleep will bo tlio result. The best and surest test 
 of n good wdteh is to lienr tlio steps of a sentry as lio niiirciics dny or 
 niglit. If these a.ro silent ten to one if he is not naleop, or at any rate 
 not w-atehing. I'^ortmen, especially now ones, aro very liable to be 
 insolent in their bearing to tlio ilihnbitauts oi the country, and some- ■ 
 times hail boats to atop them for amnsoment or for private purposes — • 
 flueh aa to b\iy llwh, sirih, or fruit ; such anomalies must bo prevented 
 or tlio fort gets a bad name, and is looked upon more as a liindranco 
 tlian a bcnolit. Tiie people will hold tlieraaelves aloof, through fear of 
 being inaiilted, and the use of audi a building as a centre point, where 
 all parties can bring thoir complaints and seek ])rotection, ia lost. The 
 fort, or odlccr of the Ibrt, must make the rules obeyed, and in doing bo 
 he may olteii, or aomctimca, lulvo to resort to severe measures, auch aa 
 llring on a paaaing and auspicious looking boat, or apprehending trouble- 
 Bomo characLora — but this is only in accordance with his duty, and can 
 bo undorstuod aa sncli by all jjarties. It will only tend to make him 
 reapected, and not in any way bring about discontent, or a bad name. 
 
 J'\)ur muskets, or rillea, should ahvaya bo kept ready loaded and 
 capped — and discharged once a week. More than four only Avhcn the) 
 country ia in a disturbed state. 
 
 Cash and Revenue. — 'Any ti'ansactiou whlcli has to do with money 
 must necessarily bo of importance, more especially when the money it) 
 not the individual's own property. 
 
 Olio of the moat important branchea of duty connected with an 
 outstation is that proper aiiporvision be kept on the Hovenue and 
 Treasury departments, and if these are not properly attended to ap 
 oflicer ia i'ar Iroin having his charge in an efficient st.atc. If one part be 
 faulty, however t.rivinl, it more or loss aflccts the whole. 
 
 Outstation cash aud revenue husinesa is of so simple a character 
 iliat any one, wlio has no knowledge of methodical bookkeoping and 
 double entries; cau keep all straight and clear if ho paya proper atten- 
 tion to it. 
 
 There never can he any excuse for extravagance nor forgetfulneas in 
 monetary concerns — twenty minutes a day of supervision, or two hours 
 a woek, or eight hours a month would prevent mistakoa arising. The 
 abovo times given could enable one to examine everything, to see witgea 
 and bills paid, and if necessary, to copy out accounts or cash statements. 
 However much an ollicer may be called away on other services he can 
 always spare eight hours a month in attending to so important 
 a duty, and no ollicer ia fit to hold any post of importance unless ho 
 does 80. 
 
 General JiemarJcs. — Proper deference should always be sliown to tho 
 chiefs of whatever class they may be, and in any case of difllculty, more 
 especially when an officer feels he has not suflieient experience to decide 
 with safety, and even oftentimes in trivial affiiirs, it ia as well to asic 
 tho advice aud opinion of the head meu; it siitisfioa them and 
 strengtheua you, and a great object is to throw as much rospousibility ou 
 the sliouldera of tho native chiel'a as possible. 
 
 Yon are not obliged in all cases to follow thoir advice, but tlio fncfc 
 of aaking it is a compliment to thorn, aud gives them an interest iu 
 wdiat ia being done hy the Qovernmont. There is no doubt, when 
 uninfluenced uy prejudice and relationship, tlio decisions of natives are 
 very sound and aonaible. Europeans too often given them credit for 
 knowing too little; this is a mistake, and a man should never ho ahovo 
 taking advico, however old ho may bo, and when in a strange country it 
 
li 1)0 aK ICO. 
 
 is trebly neceasi\ry and useful. In every day concerns — jungle walking 
 — marks denoting danger from traps and animals — umnaguinent of 
 boats in river or on coast — -judging tlio state of weather — and in many 
 other ways, the knowledge of natives must necessarily bo superior to an 
 Eurojjcan. 
 
 Tliero are certain personal dangers to be avoided by those who have 
 to occupy positions of trust wlien young, who are llirown nuich on their 
 own resources and iiold aiitiiority over others without the check of 
 senior odiccrs and public opinion always immediately over tliem. The 
 danger is, in allowing any relapse of right principle, or sense of duty, 
 ^vhlch an Englisli gentienuin is supposed to have instilled into him from 
 childliood. Also Llio avoidance of becoming ovcrbcLiring and despotic 
 wlion left so much witii subservient natives. This topic miglit bo much 
 enlarged upon, but anyone can think it out best for himself, and will 
 come to the conclusion that the manner of life in this country should 
 not be dillbront from what it would be in England. 
 
 Manner with I7alivcs. — Tho best manner in tho long run with 
 liativoB is to bo thoroughly natural and in no ^Yay patronii^ing. A mix- 
 ture of kiiuluess and freedom, with severity wiien required) without 
 harsiiness or bullying. Joking to be limited to the comprehensions of 
 the people ; if they cannot luularstand a joke tliey are liable to mis- 
 interpret and gatlu'r wrong impressions. JSTever ])ut natives on a 
 fainihu' footing. They liold their ^lositiou in society and you yours. 
 They arc not inferior but they are dllVerent. 
 
 Always bo guarded .against giving way to sentimental likings for 
 particular natives in calling tiiem by familiar terms, and achnitting tlujin 
 into intimate friend or relationship. They cannot understaiul or appre- 
 ciate this behaviour, and in tiie eiui will dislike it. It injures and oi'ton 
 ruins them, as a petted horse ia spoiled. u\n odicer who tries euch an 
 experiment with tlie best intention, and in the hope that it will raise 
 the tone of tho native, labours under a mistake, and will lose inilnence 
 by such acts of misplaced kindness. Ail olKcer on duty, as one is in au 
 outstation, is not as as a private individual who can do as he likes. 
 lie should i-ccollect that he is in harness, and that to hold himself steadily 
 fl,t tho collar determines not only liis future but the future of the com- 
 munity among whom ho lives. Nothing artilicial or extraneous in the 
 Bhape of gilt or tinsel will hel|) to gain the confidence of the natives. 
 They are too matter-of-fact and only admire and respect strength in its 
 entirety. 
 
 An ofllccr working for tho general good in his profession with a 
 healthy tone of mind and body, doing' his duties with earnestness, 
 etrength of purpose, and tact, is marked, and leaves an impression ou 
 tho multitude; a reality ia oiio thing, a Blindow another — and by tho 
 sum total of hia many acta the result is shown to bo sound or othcr- 
 ■wise. 
 
SAIIATTAK. 
 
 Oompahatiye Eevenuo Eofcurns. 
 
 15 
 
 
 1871. 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 
 Dol. 
 
 c. 
 
 Dole. ' c. 
 
 
 Farms — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Opium 
 
 42,800 
 
 00 
 
 46,300 00 
 
 
 Qambling .. 
 
 12,402 
 
 50 
 
 13,338 00 
 
 
 Arriick 
 
 7,601 
 
 60 
 
 6,703 72 
 
 
 Pawn 
 
 452 
 
 00 
 
 800 00 
 
 
 Antimony royalty .. 
 
 16,051 
 
 10 
 
 8,888 88 
 
 
 Quicksilver „ 
 
 4,444 
 
 44 
 
 ■ 4,444 44 
 
 
 Exemption tax 
 
 19,600 
 
 00 
 
 19,343 70 
 
 
 Dyak revenue 
 
 11,650 
 
 00 
 
 21,338 23 
 
 
 Import (liitioB — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tobacco tax 
 
 4,320 
 
 00 
 
 6,033 00 
 
 
 Salt 
 
 2,850 
 
 00 
 
 6,402 00 
 
 
 Excise „ 
 
 530 
 
 00 
 
 . • 
 
 
 Matclica „ 
 
 64 
 
 00 
 
 522 00 
 
 
 Spirits „ 
 
 • • 
 
 
 441 00 
 
 
 Jars, steel, &c. 
 
 , , 
 
 
 1,638 00 
 
 
 Guns .. .. •• 
 
 
 
 22G 00 
 
 
 Export duties — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sago tax . . 
 
 135 
 
 00 
 
 6,200 00 
 
 
 Gutta 
 
 . , 
 
 
 2,960 00 
 
 
 Camphor , . 
 
 • • 
 
 
 800 00 
 
 
 Billan .. .. 
 
 i » 
 
 
 1,898 00 
 
 
 ]3eeawax . . . . 
 
 k • 
 
 
 130 00 
 
 
 lurds' nests . . . . 
 
 • • 
 
 
 120 00 
 
 
 Ilattan 
 
 • • 
 
 
 1,990 00 
 
 
 Gnliga 
 
 • • 
 
 
 17 00 
 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 34,702 
 
 00 
 
 86,199 00 
 
 
 Total 
 
 167,501 
 
 64 
 
 183,182 97 
 
l.G 
 
 BOHNEO. 
 
 TnABE Eoturna for 1871-7G. 
 
 IMPOUTS — FORKION, 
 
 Articles. 
 
 1871. 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 Dol. 
 
 Dol. 
 
 Treasure 
 
 
 
 113,337 
 
 94,985 
 
 Gutla percba. 
 
 
 
 7,260 
 
 722 
 
 llice 
 
 
 
 89,099 
 
 129,001 
 
 Gold 
 
 
 
 2,369 
 
 1,527 
 
 Cloth 
 
 
 
 212,359 
 
 260,106 
 
 Brass ware . . , 
 
 
 
 23,200 
 
 18,108 
 
 Fish 
 
 
 
 8,335 
 
 14,466 
 
 Opium , . 
 
 
 
 16,358 
 
 34,820 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 
 
 62,928 
 
 52,407 
 
 Tea 
 
 
 
 2,517 
 
 3,101 
 
 Wines 
 
 
 
 10,681 
 
 7,874 
 
 Sugar 
 
 
 
 12,305 
 
 11,491 
 
 Jara . . 
 
 
 
 16,571 
 
 8,417 
 
 Iron ware . . 
 
 
 
 20,263 
 
 32,802 
 
 Crockery ware 
 
 
 
 18,318 
 
 7,230 
 
 Cocoanuts . . 
 
 
 
 19,808 
 
 14,978 
 
 oil 
 
 
 
 20,901 
 
 25,813 
 
 Salt 
 
 
 
 11,125 
 
 10,612 
 
 Gunnies 
 
 
 
 6,200 
 
 8,021 
 
 Paddy 
 
 
 
 280 
 
 1.715 
 
 Bficho de mer 
 
 
 
 200. 
 
 3,110 
 
 Eaw sago , . 
 
 
 
 673 
 
 3,033 
 
 Birds' nests 
 
 
 
 240 
 
 580 
 
 Sundries . . , 
 
 
 
 116,481 
 
 108,884 
 
 Total 
 
 • • 
 
 • ■ • 
 
 780,308 
 
 845,128 
 

 
 BAnAWAK. 
 
 17 
 
 I JIPORTg — Co ABTINa. 
 
 
 Arliclca. 
 
 1871. 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 Dol. 
 
 Dol. 
 
 Treasure 
 
 
 
 114,847 
 
 85,912 
 
 Oiit.ta pprclia 
 
 
 
 13(!,483 
 
 50,391 
 
 Imlia r\il)ber 
 
 
 
 96,930 
 
 32,074 
 
 HecRwax 
 
 
 
 17,795 
 
 4,840 
 
 Jiirds' ncsla 
 
 
 
 13,680 
 
 7,339 
 
 Rice 
 
 
 
 24,065 
 
 10,63(5 
 
 Faddy 
 
 
 
 10,292 
 
 3.871 
 
 l{a\v Pago . . 
 
 
 
 130,743 
 
 174,131 
 
 KatLans 
 
 
 
 639 
 
 7,867 
 
 Gold 
 
 
 
 4,048 
 
 5,748 
 
 Timber 
 
 
 
 2,673 
 
 2,365 
 
 Cattle 
 
 
 
 600 
 
 28!) 
 
 Sago flour . . 
 
 
 
 20,993 
 
 900 
 
 Camphor . . 
 
 
 
 8,860 
 
 22,554 
 
 Fisii mawB . . 
 
 
 
 614 
 
 610 
 
 „ fins .. 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 261 
 
 Darnar 
 
 
 
 1,209 
 
 4. '59 
 
 Galig.'i 
 
 
 
 1,374 
 
 1,183 
 
 Canes 
 
 
 
 0,200 
 
 02 
 
 Vegetable tallow . 
 
 
 
 , ^ 
 
 1,987 
 
 Fish 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 17,898 
 
 Coal 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 5,335 
 
 Sundries. .. 
 
 
 
 48,780 
 
 35,410 
 
 
 647,555 
 
 472,637 
 
 Add foreign 
 
 780,368 
 
 845,123 
 
 Total 
 
 
 • * ■ 
 
 1,427,923 
 
 1,317,065 
 
18 
 
 llOJlIfirO. 
 
 ExpoiiTB— FonniQN. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 1871. 
 
 187G. 
 
 
 Del. 
 
 Dol. 
 
 Treasure 
 
 
 
 109,532 
 
 64,487 
 
 Clotli 
 
 
 
 23,103 
 
 10,975 , 
 
 'rolmcco 
 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 4,365 
 
 Uraea ware . . 
 
 
 
 2,031 
 
 4,512 
 
 Fish 
 
 
 
 7,304 
 
 20,300 
 
 llice 
 
 
 
 20,(322 
 
 20,226 
 
 Taddy 
 
 
 
 3,570 
 
 2,317 
 
 Sugar 
 
 
 
 1,849 
 
 1,137 
 
 Coeoanuta . . 
 
 
 
 930 
 
 327 
 
 oil 
 
 
 
 1,215 
 
 2,7U 
 
 Gold 
 
 
 
 4,962 
 
 2,749 
 
 Timber 
 
 
 
 635 
 
 35,220' 
 
 f^ago Hour . . 
 
 
 
 164,935 
 
 313,559 
 
 Diauionda . . 
 
 
 
 1.0H5 
 
 4,130 
 
 liccBwax 
 
 
 
 19,021 
 
 . 7,075 
 
 Oiilia perclia 
 
 
 
 182.694 
 
 75,558 
 
 Dainar 
 
 
 
 4,024 
 
 6,934 
 
 India nilibcr 
 
 
 
 99,U48 
 
 41,402 
 
 IJirds' iicsta 
 
 
 
 32,200 
 
 22,051 
 
 I'Mali mawa . . 
 
 
 
 0,027 
 
 2,777 
 
 „ liiiB 
 
 
 
 837 
 
 1,905 
 
 Quiokflilver 
 
 
 
 24,992 
 
 108,050 
 
 Antimony ,. 
 
 
 
 61,090 
 
 45,958 
 
 Canca 
 
 
 
 6,382 
 
 1,088 
 
 Ealtana 
 
 
 
 709 
 
 47,301 
 
 Camphor 
 
 
 
 3,920 
 
 11,221 
 
 15 aw aago . . 
 
 
 
 11,752 
 
 20,781 
 
 DCclic do mer 
 
 
 
 2,295 
 
 3,390 
 
 ISuudriea 
 
 
 
 26,700 
 
 40,677 
 
 Total . 
 
 • 
 
 • • ■ 
 
 769,020 
 
 930,542 
 

 DATE 
 
 DUE 
 
 
 liAV . 1 
 
 rt et^MmnsA 
 
 ■-.- 
 
 
 nim^»M 
 
 «&*''oi\i\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GAYLORD 
 
 
 
 PRINTED IN U.SA