Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924077723280 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 077 723 280 In compliance with current copyright law, Cornell University Library produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1992 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 1996 1 'jif'XltV'c'^ mm 'rW^E^M,i^S9^>,^k: ^^^4i^.l'y» Emmanuel MltQt Stajga^iite, Vol. v.] lent TERM, 1894. [No. T N the eighteenth century Emmanuel had a long and honour- able roll of learned men. From Joshua Barnes, the famous editor of Euripides and Professor of Greek from 1695 to 1712, down to Samuel Parr and Dr Farmer, the College was at no time without some member of distinction in the world of letters. The eighteenth century was pre-eminently a time of textual criticism in England. Bentley, the famous Master of Trinity, had led the way, and the younger generation, if they could not, like the Homeric heroes, boast themselves greater than their sires, could at least claim to have followed worthily in the track of their predecessor. Nor were they classical scholars only. Among the younger race were the poet Gray and the critic Tyrwhitt, who outstripped Bentley in one respect. His services to EngUsh were as great as those to Greek, for his contemporaries and successors have been glad to admit that he deserved as well of Chaucer as of Aristotle. ' For some important points in the history of Richard Dawes I have to acknowledge the great help I have received from Rev. P. H. Bowers, Rector of Market Bosworth, Rev. Richard Titley, Rector of Barwell with Stapleton, who most kindly supplied me with a list of all the entries relating to the Dawes family which occur in the Stapleton Register between 1656 and 1728, and Hill Motum, Esq., To^vn Clerk of Newcastle. E. C. M. 4 so EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. Dr Burney, the learned brother of a more famous sister — the authoress of Evelina — compared the learned men of Cam- bridge in this age to the Pleiads, and the second of the group in brilUancy is Richard Dawes. Probably no author who has become famous in his own lifetime has found more unanimous biographers than Dawes. The editors of his great book — the Miscellanea Critica — which passed through five editions, the author of his Life and the writers in dictionaries of biography, all tell us the same facts, few in number and not always accurate. Even Nichols, the industrious compiler of the History of Leicestershire, although he made a journey to Market Bosworth especially to find out something about Dawes' schoolmaster for insertion in his eighth fat folio, is unable to tell us anything of Dawes himself in his early years or of his parentage. Most writers aver that Dawes was born either at Stapleton, between Market Bosworth and Hinckley, or in Market Bosworth itself in the year 1708. All, however, profess ignorance of his parentage. Chalmers, in the Biographical Dictionary, says that there lived at Stapleton in the beginning of last century a Dr Dawes, who was a learned man and an earnest searcher after the philosopher's stone, and that probably our author was descended from this gentleman. The conjecture is a specially unfortunate one. There is no record in the register of Stapleton of the birth of a Richard Dawes in 1 708, or any year approaching to that date. On the tenth of May 1709, however, there was buried at Stapleton one Richard Daws (the spelling is immaterial, members of the same family having their names spelt indifferently Dawes, Dawse and Daws). This gentleman, being in nearly every case where his name occurs in the register described as Mr or Esq., was obviously a person of importance. He had a large family, whose bap- tisms are duly recorded. Most of the children died before RICHARD DAWES. 5 1 their father. A Richard Dawes, son of Mr Richard Dawes of Stapleton, died so long before as the year 1664, and in 1706 occurs the entry "Jane the wife of Richard Dawse Gent buryed fifeb. 14." It is clear, therefore, that Richard Dawes of Emmanuel is not directly connected with this family. And there can be , little doubt, I think, that two entries kindly unearthed for me by the Rector of Market Bosworth from his parish register do give us the origin of the scholar. They are as follows — (the scribe of Market Bosworth was evidently of the opinion of honest Dogberry that reading and writing — and spelling — come by nature) : Wedings 1708. Mr Richard Dawes Mauls ter and Margritt Reaner both of Mkett Bosworth was married y" ^^ day of June by Lne. Christetiings 1709. Richard Dawes the son of Mr Richard Dawes and of Margritt his wife was baptized y" 2"] day of June 1709. A Benjamin Dawes, apparently a brother of Richard, was baptized on the 13th day of July, 17 11. The fact that Richard Dawes' father was a maltster does not give us much help as to the worldly position of his parents. Dr Farmer, the famous Master of Emmanuel, was also the son of a Leicestershire maltster, but his family was prosperous and ancient, boasting of a coat-of-arms and having its male members described on their tombs as Gent It is possible, therefore, that Richard Dawes belonged to some branch of the Stapleton family. But that his parents were poor seems likely from the fact that he entered Emmanuel as a sizar, a term which had a different meaning in those days. Dawes' biographers are not much more successful regarding his schoolmasters than they are regarding his origin. To a man they declare that he received the first elements of his 4—2 52 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. education from Anthony Blackwall, another Emmanuel worthy, so famous in his day as to have his book, called "The Sacred Classics Defended and Illustrated," translated into Latin by a German and published at Leipzig. Blackwall was first school- master at Derby and afterwards at Market Bosworth. But as he did not leave Derby till 1722 no doubt Dawes must have been under Mr Richard Smith, Blackwall's predecessor at Market Bosworth. That Dawes owed his thoroughness as a scholar to his training for four years under Blackwall is pro- bable enough, for the grammar which Blackwall used was of his own making and was reckoned so excellent that his friends, after much persuasion, prevailed upon him to publish it in 1728. Mr Nichols, upon the authority of Dr Johnson, who was second master at Market Bosworth in 1732, some time after Blackwall had left the school, declares it a poor per- formance. But the great doctor's judgment in this matter may be considered doubtful. For does he not himself declare that he did not know which was the greater torment — for him to teach or for boys to learn grammar as he taught it 1 It is not probable that Kidd's recollection of hearing that Dawes proceeded from Market Bosworth to Charterhouse is correct. Dawes certainly came to Emmanuel on the nomina- tion of the head of the Dixie family, and was afterwards a Dixie Fellow. It is likely therefore that he came direct from Market Bosworth School. Dawes was entered on the College books as a sizar on Feb. 18, 1725 — really 1726. as the year then began in March, — and is described simply as from Leicestershire. A later entry adds " Author of the Miscellanea, an excellent Greek Scholar. Schoolmaster at Newcastle." At Michaelmas in the same year he came into residence. He occupied a 'chamber study' in that 'old opposite building to Bungay building,' which extended in the line of the Hall forward to the street. In those days, RICHARD DAWES. S3 it must be remembered, the front of the College was towards Emmanuel Street, and along St Andrew's Street there ran a high wall, to which there extended three lines of buildings, one beyond the kitchens near Emmanuel Street, another as a continuation of the present Fellows' buildings or Founder's range, and the third in which Dawes' room was situated, inter- mediate between the two. The space between the large court and St Andrew's Street was thus divided into two smaller courts, the Bungay Court towards Emmanuel Street and Wol- fenden's Court. In the College list of rooms Dawes is recorded as succeeding Ds Marston on Sept 29, 1726, and as paying the outgoing tenant J^^ for 'income.' The room was not of the best It is described as " on the Corner Staircase where y' old passage was, one Chamber at top of all, 2 Studies belonging to it, one on y' stairhead, other w*^ y' chamber." Ds Marston apparently drove a hard bargain with Dawes, for at his own entry he had paid his predecessor, one Stubbings, only ^i. \os. We are told that Dawes was of a rather solitary and saturnine disposition, and if so the situation of this room, which, to judge from Loggan's plan, was somewhat isolated from other rooms, was likely to encourage such a temperament. Of Dawes as an undergraduate we know nothing. His biographers hint that in Cambridge he developed certain peculiarities of manner which seemed to indicate a tendency to insanity and which caused him trouble in his later life. But of this there is no contemporary evidence. His pecu- liarities, if he had such, did not necessitate a record against him in the Discipline Book. We gather that he was a Dixie Scholar and that he held in addition sundry exhibitions, but this worldly prosperity does not lead even to such an entry as is found in the case of a contemporary named Shaw, who on being made a scholar " that very night did come into College at one half- 54 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. hour after 12." That he was not so inaccessible as has been imagined is shown by the fact that Hubbard his contemporary, who became later Tutor of the College, and was for many years Senior Fellow and University Registrary, refusing in his old age the Mastership and supporting the election of Dr Farmer, remained a lifelong friend of Dawes, and along with Dr Mason of Trinity saw the first edition of the Miscellanea Critica through the press. Another friend whom Dawes made at this period was William Paley, the father of the more famous author of the Evidences of Christianity. The elder Paley was a minor canon of Peterborough and for many years head-master of Giggleswick School. Kidd, the editor of the fourth and fifth editions of Dawes' work, was a pupil of Paley, who used to tell many funny stories of Dawes (multa narrare de Dawesio memo- riter et jucunde solebat). Of these stories unfortunately only one is preserved. Dawes finding his life was too sedentary joined the society of bell-ringers, in which he presently became the master spirit. Lady Margaret had bequeathed the bell-ringers a cer- tain allowance of ale, a refreshment after toil in which the stricter minds of the University thought Dawes indulged too freely with a company in all respects beneath him. In 1727, while still an undergraduate, Dawes produced a copy of Greek hexameters on the death of George I. and the accession of George II., which was published along with others on the same subject in that year. His verses are much like other verses on similar subjects. They purport to be Bucolic. Palaemon, Damoetas and Thyrsis are the interlocutors, and rehearse the usual platitudes which do duty on such occasions, though perhaps with more warmth than a Jacobite College, as Emmanuel was in those days, might have thought necessary. Thyrsis with laudable agility is able to mention in one line the Edwards and the Charleses that are dead and in the next the Henrys and the RICHARD DAWES. 55 illustrious William whom he hopes the Muses will bewail no more, but Damoetas has the misfortune to begin a verse ^uXXa \vTn\% (nifjidov. As Kidd quaintly remarks, if one of Dawes' pupils at Newcastle had ventured thus to shorten the first syllable of XtJjnjs he might well have trembled sub ferula Orbilii plagosi. Dawes duly took his degree of B.A. in 1729. On Nov. 18, 1729 and at Lady-day 1730 W. Whitehead, presumably Dawes' Tutor, acknowledges receipt of jQj, for the Sudbury Plate, which fell in this year to Ds Daws (sic) as the best scholar of his year. From Christmas 1729 to Michaelmas 1733 Dawes was a 'Whichcote Scholar, an honour which brought him £,\o a year. For the payments made in 1732 and 1733 the receipt is in his own handwriting, which is small, neat and much more distinct than most others of that period. On the 2nd of October, 1731, he became a Dixie Fellow of the College on the nominatidn of Sir Wolstan Dixie and proceeded to his Master's degree in 1733. Next year the position of Univer- sity Bedell was vacant and Dawes being "of a strong athletic frame of body'' was a candidate. He was defeated however by one Burrowes of Trinity, a result which Monk in his life of Bentley is inclined to regard as possibly the begin- ning of that ill-will towards the great Master of Trinity which Dawes manifests in his writings. Monk imagines however that there was also another cause. In 1736 Dawes had produced another copy of Bucolic Greek verses in honour of the marriage of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and in the same year had pub- lished " proposals " for printing by subscription the first book of Milton's Paradise Lost with a parallel Greek version, a- specimen of which is appended. This specimen is undeniably bad, as Dawes himself soon realised, for in the introduction to the Miscellanea Critica he mercilessly picks it to pieces. Monk supposes that Bentley had severely criticised this speci- 56 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. men. Certainly if Aiistarchus criticised at all he was not likely to be lenient, for in one of the notes appended to the specimen (which consists of verses 250 to 263, "Farewell happy Fields," etc.) Dawes somewhat impertinently flouts Bentley's edition of Milton and refutes one of the supposed interpolations by a quotation from Bentley's notes on Horace. Monk supposes that Dawes was so irritated by the great critic's censures that he forthwith devoted himself to the most carefiil study of Greek, with the result that in eight years, of which six were occupied also in teaching, he was able to pro- duce a critical work which at once placed him at the head of living textual scholars. All this is, however, only hypothesis. No doubt at an earlier period Dawes was a hard student. The elder Paley told Kidd of the hours that he had spent with Dawes poring over Terence and Bentley's crp^cStW^io. At the time, feeling in the University ran high against Bentley. Mason, one of the Fellows of Trinity most strongly opposed to Bentley, was pre- sumably a friend of Dawes, as he aided Hubbard in passing the Miscellanea Critica through the press. It was besides not an age of lenient criticism. Dawes, moreover, in later years at least, proved very ill-conditioned in his relations to his neighbours. Hence all these reasons may have combined to make him somewhat petulant and hypercritical where the work of his great predecessor was concerned. The time had now come for Dawes to leave Emmanuel. He had not taken orders, and indeed in later life expressed some contempt for the clergy. Kidd even hints that he may Jiave been tinged with atheism, which was specially rampant at this time in Cambridge. In 1739, one Tinkler Duckett, a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, was, after solemn trial before the Heads, expelled from the University. Bentley was surprised to see that Duckett was a " small and spare person- RICHARD DAWES. $7 age," and exclaimed " What ! Is that the atheist ? I expected to have seen a man as big as Burrough the Beadle." Monk, from whom I quote, is in doubt whether the right reading be Burrough or the name of Dawes' successful rival, Burrowes, but quotes a verse of Kit Smart, the Pembroke lunatic poet and translator of Horace, pinguia tergeminorum abdomina Beddlorum, to show that all three bedells (for such was then University state) were men of weight. When Bentley made the remark was he thinking of an enemy who was as big as Burrough the Beadle and a suspect ? However this may be, Dawes' Fellowship would have soon expired, since he had not taken orders, and he probably thought it wise to secure some permanent situation in good time. Fellow- ships were at that time so small (a Dixie Fellowship was worth only ;^3o) that they could have hardly supplied a maintenance without other resources. Otherwise Dawes was presumably comfortable in Emmanuel. In 1736 the Master of Emmanuel broke his neck, and a new Master, William Richardson, had been elected. From information supplied by him, the life of Dawes in the Biographia Britannica was mainly compiled, so that it may be supposed that like Hubbard he was on friendly terms with Dawes. He was a High Churchman and an ardent Tory. The good Doctor prided himself on having been present when a boy at the trial of Sacheverell, in 1710. "He was a most strict and unpleasant Master to his Fellows," we are told by one of them — Dr Bennett, afterwards Bishop, first of Cork and Ross and later of Cloyne — " but had a great regard for the Prosperity of the Body, with a Gentleman-like behaviour and a liberal mind." He was so strict a disciplinarian that he punished the wearing of a neckcloth (then considered unacademical) instead of a stock as a breach of morality. In his old age the Tories wished to present an address to the king in support of the American war. The Whigs, led by Dr. John 58 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. Jebb, vehemently resisted this proposal Dr. Richardson had himself carried to the Senate House, and when asked whose voice it was, as he could scarcely be heard, he cried out, '' It •was I, Master — it was I; I came to save the University.'' Hubbard also was a Tory, though we are told " that in course of years his mind assumed a more liberal cast." His co-tutor Bickham held the same views, being apparently for that reason appointed tutor in preference to Hurd, afterwards Bishop of Worcester, and in his own day, at any rate, a more famous personage. Dawes too, whatever his sentiments in poetry as to the house of Hanover, was a Tory in prose. In the Miscellanea Critica, when expounding Aristophanes' Lysistrata 530 ff., he cannot resist a jibe at Sir Robert Walpole. The word KoXvi/tc/AaTa (Dawes is guiltless of the barbaries of accents) suggests to him that it would have been well if a Kakv^nua. had been put on a certain irpoySovXos of the British nation for the last twenty years. This must have been written about 1 742, at the time of the fall of Sir Robert Walpole. Are the words rediviva ab anno jam sexto Lysistrata a sneer at the queen of George II., who it is well known strongly supported Sir Robert till her death in 1737 ? On June 7, 1738, "Mr Richard Dawes, Master of Arts, was appointed Master of the Grammar-school, Newcastle-upon- Tyne, in the room and place of the Revd. Mr. Edmund Lodge," who had resigned. He was to begin his duties at Michaelmas, and on the 9th of October in the same year was made by act of Common Council Master of the Hospital of St Mary the Virgin, in the Westgate, an office which he could hold along with the Mastership of the Grammar-school. We may conjecture from the Dixie accounts in the College that Dawes had not resided much in Cambridge for some time. The earlier receipts for his stipend as Dixie Fellow are signed by Dawes himself, but his signature does not appear after RICHARD DAWES. 59 Christmas 1736. Later payments were made by proxy, as on March 15, 1738, when M. Lyne received 'of y' Master seven pounds, eleven shillings and nine pence for the use of Mr Daws.' On April 23, 1739 J. Tooke received from the Master ;^2i. 6 J. which with j^ I. 4^. 'allowed for Reading in Chappell' was in full for three Quarters Stipend due at Lady Day. His final payment was apparently forgotten till March 1744, when five pounds was paid to Mr Hubbard for him. For some time after Dawes' settlement in Newcastle there is no record of his history. A letter from him to Dr Taylor, of St John's College, the learned editor of Lysias, is preserved. The date of tJus letter is not fixed, as it is headed only 'Newcastle, May 31,' the year not being given. As he ex- plains to Taylor that he is preparing a volume for the press to be entitled Emendationes in Poetas Graecos, etc., the letter must have been written before the publication of the Miscel- lanea Critica, and as the statement of contents given in this letter differs considerably in both matter and arrangement from the work as published, it may be presumed that the letter is somewhat earlier. In a postscript Dawes regrets that the only subscription to Taylor's Demosthenes which he will be able to send will be his own. "The good people in this part of the world are not very fond of Greek." Taylor's original ' Proposals ' for the publication of Demosthenes appeared in March, 1739. The main subject of the letter is with regard to the original value attached by the Greeks to the' symbol E, a matter in which a modern scholar will think that Taylor has the best of the argument The argument is founded on Taylor's commentary on the marble tablet brought home by Lord Sandwich, which contains " a most minute account of the receipts and disbursements of the three Athenian magistrates deputed by that people to celebrate the feast of Apollo at Delos in the loist Olympiad, or 374 before Christ, and is the OO EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. oldest iDScription whose date is known for certain." This dis- sertation appeared in 1 743, and since Dawes prefaces his letter by congratulating Taylor on his 'late preferment,' the date seems to be certainly fixed for May 31st, 1744, Taylor having been appointed Chancellor of the Diocese of Lincoln in April of that year. If this date be correct, the changes in the subject-matter of the Miscellanea Critica must have been carried through quickly, for in 1745 this great work was issued from the Cam- bridge Press. The title as given on the title-page of the original edition is Miscellanea Critica in sectiones quinque dispertita. Scripsit RiCHARDUS Da wes a. m. Coll. Emman. apud Caiitabri- gienses non ita pridem Socius; hodie ludo liter ario et gerontocomio apud Novocastrenses Praefectus. Cantabrigiae Typis Academicis cxcudit J. Benthatn. Veneunt apud Gul. Thurlboum Cantab, et Johari. Beecroft Land, mdccxlv. The five parts of which the work consists are : (1) Emen- dations of Terentianus Maurus. (2) Oxoniensium Pindari editorum desideratae a/cptySttas specimen. (3) The true pro- nunciation of Greek. The principles according to which Attic Futures differ from Ionic. The different uses of subjunctive and optative. Errors in quantity admitted by a recent editor of CalUmachus and Emendations of Callimachus. (4) The value of the consonant or "breathing vau in Homer. (5) The principles of ictus observed by the Attic poets. Emendations of sundrj- plays of Aristophanes accompanied with emendations on the Tragic poets. In Sections i and 3 Dawes took special pains to vent his spleen on Bentley and on his luckless nephew Thomas, who is described in the notes to the Dundad&s "a small critic who aped his uncle in a little Horace.'' The great Bentley Dawes unfairly charged with knowing nothing of Greek save what he learned from indices. It was a matter of no great difficulty to show that RICHARD DAWES. 6 1 the nephew was very unlearned in the quantity of Greek words. It would have been more generous of Dawes if he had refrained from this onslaught, for both uncle and nephew had died three years before. De mortuis nil nisi bonum was not, however, the motto of criticism in the last century. The com- ments on the Bentleys in the new edition of the Dunciad pub- lished in 1743 were even more vitriolic than before. Dawes may have thought that he conceded enough when he suppressed a section in his book which was to deal with Bentle3^s notes on Aristophanes, for it may be questioned whether in that field ' the awful Aristarch * could have coped with his younger rival. It would moreover be unjust to Dawes if we admitted the truth of Monk's remark in his Life of Bentley that Dawes was anxious to " appropriate to himself the praise due to the illustrious critic; and that he hoped to veil this disingenuous scheme by testifying dislike and contempt for his master." Dawes was probably a cross-grained and ill-tempered man, but it is not true to say that his "knowledge of the digamma had been collected from what Bentley had suffered to transpire of his intended edition of Homer," for Dawes' contention that the digamma was not found in Ionic Greek is in the main accurate, although he failed to explain the scansion of Homer if the digamma was not used in Ionic Greek. Dawes' greatest service was rendered, however, to the Attic dialect. He set before himself the accurate notion that each dialect had its own forms, and that forms from different dialects were not mixed together. He laid do\vn more accurate rules for the uses of various con- structions than had prevailed before his time ; and if it be true, as Monk says, that in 1736 Dawes 'showed himself ignorant of the very rudiments of that science by which his name has since been distinguished,' it must also be admitted that a large part of this science as applied to Attic Greek originates with Dawes 62 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. himself. The best testimony to his ability in emendation is that many of his conjectures were confirmed later by the Ravenna MS., a distinction which rarely befals a critical scholar. A cursory examination of such a book as Brunck's edition of Aristophanes will show how much was done for the text of the poet by the Emmanuel critic. The book had an instant and great success. Succeeding scholars in the eighteenth century are almost unanimous in their praise of parts of the work, and that it is no longer studied to any great extent is simply owing to the fact that the valuable elements in it have become the commonplaces of every text- book. In 1781 it was repubhshed by Burgess, Bishop first of St David's and afterwards of Salisbury, whose edition with notes is a remarkable work for a young man not yet of M.A. standing. This edition was reprinted at Leipzig in 1800. A fourth edition was published with notes in 181 7 by Thomas Kidd, who inserted an appendix containing Dawes' published verses and other pieces. A fifth edition was called for in 1827. With the publication of the Miscellanea Critica Dawes' work as a scholar comes to an end. In the preface he announces his intention to edit the Attic poets. Homer and Pindar. But he published nothing more. His labours as a schoolmaster were no doubt heavy. His most famous pupil became also an Emmanuel man. This was Anthony Askew, the Aeschyli editionis promissor, and a famous book collector. In his life he is said to have been educated at Sedbergh, but in the College records he is distinctly stated to have come from Newcastle School, 'Mr Dawes Master.' Askew was entered on July 11, 1739, when his age is stated to have been 1 7. His father, Adam Askew, M.D., was an eminent physician who had moved from Kendal in Westmoreland to Newcastle. Dawes and he were apparently on very intimate terms. Dr Parr records ( Works, VII. 593) how he was told by Anthony Askew that he had RICHARD DAWES. 63 received a part of his education under Richard Dawes, and how Askew "with great pleasantry described the astonishment and terror which he felt upon his first interview with a schoolmaster whose name was a /lop/toXuKciov in the North of England" Dawes, however, was not successfiil as a Schoolmaster. The Town Council were apparently given to interfering, and Dawes was irritable and suspicious. It appears from the minutes of the Newcastle Town Council for September 22, 1 746, that Dawes had proposed to resign the office of Master. The Council having considered his proposals ordered " that an offer of ;^8o p. a, for his life be made to him as a consideration for his quitting and resigning his place as Master of the School and also the place of Master of the Hospital of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Westgate and all benefits and profits arising thereby," and the Mayor, Cuthbert Smith, was desired to lay this offer before Dawes and report his answer to the Council. Things had gone ill with Dawes. In the Addenda to the Miscellanea Critica he attacks the printer because on page 16 he has attached the marks of an anapaest to vefiiens when it could not be so scanned, and has inserted a comma in the suc- ceeding line which vitiates the emendation. Dawes adds pathetically : " By some fate for several years it has usually happened that persons to whom I have rendered some service have treated me ill." On the Aldermen of Newcastle he took an odd revenge. He taught his boys to translate ovos wherever they met with it as Alderman, thus anticipating Mr Bumble in his opinion of the law. Unfortunately his pupils did not un- derstand that this was a purely esoteric meaning of the word, and in their public exercises they rendered it so "seriously, though otherwise well instructed." This naturally created a scandal and may account for Dawes' proposal to resign upon a retiring allowance. The offer of the Town Council was not however, as it 64 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. seems, agreeable to him, for the Town Clerk informs me there is no further mention of Dawes till January lo, 1748, when a Committee was appointed, five of whom were to be Aldermen, to consider a renewed proposal made by him for his resignation. In the meantime Dawes had done his best to alienate his friends. During the months of April and May in 1746 he advertised weekly in the Newcastle Courant a forthcoming series of "Extracts from a MS. Pamphlet intitled the Tittle Tattle Mongers." No. i of these extracts was actually pub- lished as a duodecimo pamphlet of forty pages in 1 747. This treatise is now extremely rare and is in no library to which I have access. Mr Hodgson, perpetual curate of Jarrow with Heworth, where Dawes died, who wrote an account of him for the Society of Antiquaries at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1828, gives at some length an analysis of this curious work. The first extract was entitled "The origin of the names Nesowanassa and Logopoiion" the former apparently meaning Britain as the queen of islands and the latter Newcastle as the town of tittle- tattle. Among others on whom his lash falls is Dr Adam Askew, the father of his pupil Anthony Askew, who is called Pol)fpragmon and Fungus. Manners in Newcastle apparently were not on a high level, and the ' apish ' character of Dawes' nose and the Socratic grotesqueness of his countenance had, it seems, furnished Dr Askew with a subject for his wit. Askew had unearthed a line of Martial (i. 42, 18), non ctdcunque datum est habere nasurn, and, attaching it to a caricature of the schoolmaster, sent it to him. The jest was not of the happiest, and in the pamphlet Dawes retorts that Askew had misunderstood the meaning of nasum in the passage and adds the deserved but savage rebuke : " What is still more unlucky for the pleasant animal, the line is an epigram upon a stupid buffoon that fancied himself witty and RICHARD DAWES. 65 probably used to exercise his precious talents upon blemishes in people's features, since this is the most abject kind of scurrility and such as even an idiot is equal to." He also jeered at Askew's ' musical son,' his former pupil. The second and third extracts were devoted to a castigation of Akenside, the author of the Pleasures of the Imagination, who was the son of a butcher in Newcastle, and who before he was twenty had won a great reputation as a poet It is generally charged against Akenside that he was ungrateful to attack his former schoolmaster as he was supposed to have done in the lines, Thee too, facetious Momion, wandering here, Thee, dreaded censor, oft have I beheld. Bewildered unawares: alas! too long Flushed with thy comic triumphs and the spoils Of sly derision ! till, on every side, Hurling thy random bolts, oflFended truth Assigned thee here thy station with the slaves Of Folly. Thy once formidable name Shall grace her humble records and be heard In scoffs and mockery, bandied from the lips Of all the vengeful brotherhood around. So oft the patient victims of thy scorn. (Pleasures of the Imagination, III. 179 fiF.) If Akenside, as Mr Gosse in the Dictionary of National Biography asserts, left Newcastle in 1739 in order to study divinity in Edinburgh, he could not have been Dawes' pupil for more than a year at most He, moreover, disavowed the application of the lines which the Newcastle wits made, although Dawes candidly says he does not believe the dis- avowal. Whether Akenside's disavowal was genuine or not, he had the grace to omit the lines in later editions. Dawes made a furious onslaught on Akenside's style, alleging that the bard of 'blushing diffidence,' as he nicknamed the poet E. c. M. S 66 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. after one of his own phrases, had in one passage compared himself favourably with the Almighty. Besides the three extracts published, a fourth and a fifth were announced in this pamphlet as follows : " iv, the char- acter of Porcus. Porcus with a pen in his hand, recommended as a proverbial expression to answer the Latin Asinus ad Lyram. v, the character of Strepsodicus." Of the persons thus indicated nothing seems to be known. In the Newcastle Courant from October lo to November 14, 1747, Dawes published the folloiving extraordinary advertise- ment. Speedily will be Published. I. Philonoi Antipolypragmonis Epistola ad juvenem a\a- if>vo-)^a.vvo<^\va.f)ov Antonium Askew, M.B. Coll. Emman. apud Cantabrigienses, non ita pridem Pseudo-Socio-Commensalem, .(Eschyli editionis promissorem. In quo o Setva ohii&r festivum caput, ex suis virtutibus ornatur. [Then follow several Latin quotations ending with Te miror, Antoni CiC.J II. Consilii a Pantohno Thrasonida, Academiae Pana- lazonicae alumno, undecimum aetatis annum agente, de Lycophrone edendo suscepti declaratio. ol $€01 Tovs y-qyevcLi AXai^ovevofiei/ot. Trod VTrepyjKovTtffav. It can hardly be supposed that the general public under- stood much of this. It was no doubt meant for the Askew clique, but was more likely to expose Dawes than the Askews to ridicule. In the British Museum there is a reprint of a curious pamphlet entided T/ie origin of the Newcastle Burr, which the editor says has always been attributed to Dawes. The reprint (Newcastle, 1844) is taken from the second edition, which was published in London in t767. The date of the first edition is unknown. The pamphlet is in Hudibrastic RICHARD DAWES. 67 verse and it is possible to gather from it that the author came from the South and that he had a poor opinion of the North- umbrian folk, but there is nothing to indicate Dawes as the author. The theme is the arrival in Northumbria "when Edwin reigned, some thirteen hundred Twelve months since " of a female missionary named Rurefratra, who almost civilized the natives ; " In short, so dignified their Natures, They much resembled Human Creatures." "Belzy" however, finding "his imports daily thinned," speedily reconverts the Northumbrians to their ancient habits and they are just about to burn Rurefratra at the stake when an Angel conveys her "safe 'cross OfiFa's Dyke." The North- umbrians are punished by Heaven, " For in their Throat a Burr is plac'd, By which this blessed crew is trac'd ; And which, when they wou'd speak, betrays A gutt'ral Noise, like Crows and Jays ; Or somewhat like a croaking Frog, Or Punch in Puppet Show, or Hog. ****** 'Tis judg'd by learned Commentators, Who're seldom wrong in those hard Matters, That the curs'd Mark on Scoundrel Cain By Heav'n imprest for Brother slain, Which made his Neighbours flj' his Sight As tho' he'd Goblin been or Sprite (Sure Mark the Savage to denote) Was but the Burr fix'd in his Throat." If this doggerel is the work of Dawes it presumably belongs to the same period as the eccentric effusions previously men- tioned. On June 26, 1749, the committee appointed in the begin- ning of the previous year made its report. The Council agreed to their recommendations that if Mr Dawes resigned 5—2 68 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. his offices as schoolmaster and master of the Hospital, the Council should pay him an allowance of ;^8o for his natural life, to commence from Midsummer 1748, and should grant him certain Fines on the renewal of leases of the property of the Hospital. Dawes retired at Midsummer 1 749 to Heworth Shore, then a pleasantly wooded and retired spot upon the Tyne. From his retirement till his death on March 21, 1766, there is no record of any further classical research. He spent much of his time in rowing on the river and in walking in the lanes near his house. According to Mr Hodgson he was strongly built, tall and cor- pulent, ■Nvith flowing snow-white hair. The naughty boys of the neighbourhood used to call him " White Head " and irritate him by crossing "their noses with their finger and thumb, a dirty trick which he abhorred." He used to shake his stick at them, but instead of beating them threw them coppers, liking to see them scramble for them. " His companions were few and selected ; but here, as in Cambridge, not always chosen on account of their high rank, but with minds con- genial to his own. He brewed good ale, and a humourous and eccentric blacksmith at the adjoining hamlet of Bill Quay frequently partook of it. A person who remembered him well, told me ... . that her father, who was a weaver at Heworth, and of the name of Bowes, used to shave him three times a week, and that he always knew on entering his room whether he was disturbed in his mind or not; for when he spoke he was right, but, if he was silent, he was in a low state ; and in these melancholy moments, he would take the razor very gently out of Bowes's hand and draw it as gently across his sleeve without doing him any harm j but, to use the words of the same narrator, 'while he was doing so, a cold fear used to come over my father, lest, when he was in that low state of mind he might not be always safe with a razor in his hand. RICHARD DAWES. 69 My father .... when he found him well, would not uncom- monly stay a whole day with him.' " Dawes' eccentricity led the neighbourhood to believe that he committed suicide, but the Rev. Mr Hodgson, from whom the above is quoted, assures us that the report was false. Ill fortune, however, dogged him even after death, for the rough headstone which marked his grave recorded that the strictest critic of his generation had once been 'head master of the grammer school of Newcastle.' But perhaps even his spirit, so prone to wrath, would have forgiven this last insult, and the wretched ornament of trumpet, sword, and scythe above it, if he could have known that stone and ornament were the voluntary offering of a working mason, grateful for the presence in his country of so great a scholar. In 1825, at the instance of Mr Hodgson quoted above, a better monument was erected by subscription. Emmanuel College and his editors. Burgess (now Bishop of Salisbury) and Kidd, contributed more than half the sum. The rest was given by scholars of reputation, Musgrave, Dr Parr, Dobree, H. Drury, Tate of Richmond in Yorkshire, who wrote the inscription, and a few others. Of the fate of his manuscripts nothing is known. Dr Farmer, it seems, had a manuscript of which the Miscellanea Critica was an expansion. Askew was reported to have the Emendations to Menander and other MSS. which were never published. But they did not appear in the catalogue of Askew's sale, and their fate is unknown. Dawes' fame rests upon one book, now known but to a few, but not likely to be forgotten so long as classical scholarship survives. P. G. 70 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. ^:^e ^ongs of ^unts. " \1 /"ILL you oblige us -nith some music, dear?" says my Lady Betty to Miss Seraphina, who forthwith seats herself at the piano and with tinlcHng prelude starts to bawl out some incomprehensible jargon of German or Italian — so- called. Music ! ^^^lich ought to be the utterance of the soul and is — what? The vapid sensual sentimentalism of the drawing-room translated to the piano. And the accompanying words which by universal agreement of philosophers ought to express ideas become the embodiment of the sublimest inanity. How is Hector fallen ! How changed are our conceptions of music and song from the time when the ancients fabled of star . choiring to star, and the spheres themselves circling in an all- embracing harmony. Pause we, however, for a moment to think. What is music, and what song ? For answer, hear Carlyle. " A musical thought is one spoken by a mind that has penetrated into the inmost heart of the thing ; detected the inmost mystery of it, namely the vielody that lies hidden in it ; the inward harmony of coherence which is its soul, whereby it exists, and has a right to be, here in this world AVho is there that, in logical words, can express the efifect music has on us ? A kind of inarticulate, unfathomable speech, which leads us to the edge of the Infinite, and lets us for moments gaze into that." In olden times the Poet and the Musician were one ; but increasing conventions of the musical art, requiring lifelong study, have served to separate the two. But are they really distinct? Nay, verily, according to the definition of music as iHE SONGS OF BURNS. /I " the primal element of us, and of all things." A Poet must be a Musician, whether he write in rhymed words or flowing prose, or even write not at all ; and contrariwise, the Musician is at heart a Poet. The true Poet is he who can look deep into the heart of Nature and read what he sees there ; who beneath the thin veil of the Actual can discern, can know the Ideal. So in song the primary need is truth, sincerity, ability to set down what is, and not the perverted products of the imagination. " If thou would'st have me weep^' first weep thyself," is as true to-day as it was in the time of Horace; and the man who would move us by pointing us unto the Infinite must first him- self gaze into the depths; he who would teach must first learn. This sincerity is the basis of that excellence in the songs of Scotland, which has raised its lyric poetry to its pride of place. Culture you may not find there, nor deep philosophy ; they are rude and rustic ; at times the verse is halting and the rhyme faulty ; but they are true, and Truth will prevail. The writers were not introspective philosophers from the schools ; they were ploughmen, shepherds, soldiers, whose life was spent in a continual struggle for daily bread and water; who found in Nature a foster-mother, stern, but kindly and well-meaning withal. Their daily task brought them into touch with Nature in some of her \vildest moods, whence, perhaps, comes that strain of sadness that seems to run through even our most joyous melodies. God they feared, but not man ; so they were not afraid to look the whole world in the face or to dare to be poor. Such were the makers of the songs of Scotland, and of such was the greatest of all, Robert Burns. True, there were kings before Agamemnon, else perhaps even Agamemnon might not have been ; but this king of songsters is second to none, nay, is so easily first that there is none worthy to be placed second to him. 72 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. In the poems of Bums the first great characteristic is truth- fulness. The "true pathos and sublime of human life" he sang — scenes that a mediocrity might call commonplace, vulgar — a mountain daisy uprooted by his ruthless ploughshare, a village courtship, a friendly carousal, these and such as these ; indeed, with the exception of some of tlie songs whose ideas he had adopted from earlier versions, his themes were almost entirely suggested by some passing incident. They partake, therefore, in great part of the freshness of impromptus, and in many cases an additional charm is lent to the composition by the romantic interest thus attaching to it. His words come straight from his soul, and thus the sentiment is pure and true and beautiful, such as no man need be ashamed of — not the jingling nonsense one too often hears at the present day, false sentiment that has brought sincere feeling into disfavour — or rather put it out of fashion — and that gives it the name of effeminacy. Man is born to passion; love is a sacred in- heritance from our parents ; and no one can be a man unless his heart be filled with an honest passion of some kind, with love for a woman, for the whole race, or for Nature herself. This the knights of old knew when they bade their youthful comrades aspire to love — love of the purest, most unselfish, most ennobling kind. And of such kind is the passion that throbs in every line of our poet's songs. And yet there is no blazoning forth of his feelings to the four winds of heaven : we learn it by intuition, by that subtle sympathy of soul that makes the whole world kin, or as friend from friend. As Carlyle points out, there is an honesty of another kind in his songs ; they are true in form as well as in matter. Admirably adapted though they are to be set to music, they do not pretend to have this for object ; they need it not ; they are music in themselves. Such music as the English tongue, less full and less rich vocally, if more cultivated, than its sister THE SONGS OF BURNS. 73 Doric of the North, can hardly produce ; such music as had not been heard since Shakespeare's time, and perhaps never since. Moore in some of his exquisite pieces has come near the same standard of excellence, and others there may be of other tongues whose notes are unknown to me ; but certain it is that none have touched such a variety of subjects as the Ayrshire bard, and most truly he touched nothing which he did not adorn. This is to be seen more particularly in the songs whose subjects he has borrowed in part from previously existing ballads and ditties — borrowed, indeed, but who will say plagiarised ? He found the songs of his country in a woful condition. Pothouse choruses most of them were, rampant with ribald jest, profanity, and indelicacy. He left them pure and fit for the most innocent to sing. Scattered here and there, it is true, there are some stains, but even the sun has spots ; and we must take into account the manners and morals of that age which took for favourite authors Dryden, Fielding and Swift. He \vrote but as he knew, which indeed was far ahead of his time. We must remember, too, that the " Muse of Scotland is not a classical beauty, nor a crowned queen, nor a fine lady, but a simple country lass, fresh, buoyant, buxom, and healthy ; full of true affections and kindly charities ; a bare-footed maiden that scorns all false pretence, and speaks her honest mind. If sometimes indiscreet in her language, her heart is pure ; she never jests at virtue, ' though she sometimes has a fling at h3^ocrisy : her laughter is as refreshing as her tears ; and her humour is as genuine as her tenderness." To return to the variety of the themes of Burns, where will you find such an infinite complexity of feeling? Ten- derness breathes in every line, but how easily it bursts into the vehemence of indignation, especially where "puir auld Scotland" is concerned, for he possessed a patriotism rare in that doubting philosophic age, great even in his patriotic 74 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. country. Essentially a creature of moods he gives himself up to the passion of the moment. When he weeps, he wails as though his heart were broken ; when he smiles — but he never smiles, he prefers to laugh outright. And yet his grief is always tempered at last with resignation, for he was at bottom imbued with that deep religious emotion so charac- teristic of the Scottish people since the time of the Reforma- tion. His poet's eye can see the silver lining even behind the cloud. What pathos could be more heartfelt than that of this stanza from his farewell to Clarinda, lines enough to have gained him the poet's laurels had he never written more? " Had we never loved sae kindly, Had we never loved sae blindly, Never met — or never parted, We had ne'er been broken-hearted." Well, indeed, might Scott say that these four lines contain the essence of a thousand love tales. Again, to listen to him in another mood, hear his rol- licking, devil-may-care ditty on his dilatory brother excise- officer. " The de'il cam' fiddling through the toun And danced awa' wi' th' Exciseman, And ilka wife cries — 'Auld Mahoun, I wish you luck o' the prize, man ! ' The de'il's awa', the de'il's awa', The de'il's awa' wi' th' Exciseman ; He's danc'd awa', he's danc'd awa', He's danc'd awa' wi' th' Exciseman ! " ■WTiy, we can actually see his Satanic Majesty whirling down the street with the unlucky exciseman in a black bag slung over his shoulders, and we can hear the exultant paean that follows his exit. I may recall — I need not quote — his splendid bacchanalian THE SONGS OF BURNS. 75 song — " Willie brew'd a peck o' maut," whose strains are not unfamiliar even on this side Tweed. Or, again, I might refer to "Auld Lang Syne," the notes of which invariably bring a lump to the throat and a tear to the eye as we think of those with whom we "ha'e run about the braes, and pu'ed the gowans fine," but who alas ! are separated from us now by seas of water or of death. ■Where shall we find a better war-song than "Scots wha ha'e," the very name of which is still enough to send a thrill through the veins of every loyal son of Scotland? Where a more exquisite love-song than "My luve is like a red, red rose"; where a more tender refrain than "Ye Banks and Braes o' Bonnie Doon " ; or a more sly and humorous sketch than " Duncan Gray " ? Or, again, would you read a satire so scathing that its words must have fallen like red hot coals, then turn to " Sic a Wife as WiUie had." However, we might quote names and titles by the page, and not exhaust the catalogue of his excellencies ; let us then return to our subject. Sad to say, the philosophic scepticism of the end of the Eighteenth Century left some traces in his life and on his songs j so much so that there be those who have even doubted his religion. Such a mind was bound to face such doubts at some period, but unfortunately French culture had too much influence in Scotland at the time, and France, herself seething in unrest to her very centre, was an ill source of inspiration to a spirit already embittered against the Society leaders of Edinburgh, who had used him for their amusement awhile, and then promoted him to be a measurer of beer-barrels and a hunter for illicit stills at Dumfries. To this we must attribute that restlessness and vainseeking for some visionary air-castle of liberty, that after- wards proved such a bane in his life, and ultimately helped him to his end, long ere his prime. We pity him for his ■jd EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. troubles ; without them we had had more cause to pity our- selves; for the fiery unbreakable spirit of the man nowhere stands out more prominent than in his struggle towards the light and his fight against Fate. It was left to him to embody or anticipate in sturdy rhyme the Revolutionary watchword "liberty, equality, fraternity," in his high-souled song — "A man's a man for a' that," a song of its kind unparalleled in the literature of the world. Not his was vaulting ambition ; not his to sing in marble halls j but he "the man of independent mind was king o' men for a' that.'' His greatest work was that which lay nearest his heart — to sing the loves and losses, the woes and joys of his fellows. This was his earliest wish, this his latest sigh, that he " for puir auld Scotland's sake Some useful plan or book could make Or sing » song at least." Not one only didst thou sing, but many, and truly thou hast thy reward. In thy life-time they banished thee to gauge ale-barrels at Dumfries, but to-day the poor man lifts his head when his thought is of thee ; he calls thee " Robbie " by name as his fiiend ; he steps more proudly at his work as he remem- bers that thou hast done the like before. Verily thou hast not lived in vain. A MEDIAEVAL GREEK POEM. 77 o ■TVie. From a MS. in the Emmanuel Library. A DIALOGUE between the Soul and the Body, or an address to the Soul at the moment of departure, was a form in which almost more than any other certain writers in the Middle Ages loved to put their lessons in Morals or Theology. Accordingly specimens of it are known in most of the European languages. One well-known version of the sub- ject is a Latin poem, sometimes attributed to Walter Mapes (end of the rath century), which is printed by Mr Thomas Wright in the Camden Society's edition of the poems of Mapes. It is in rhymed Latin verse which has a remarkable swing and vigour. The first few lines are quoted here as a good introduction to the Greek poem subjoined : Noctis sub silentio tempore brumali, . deditus quodammodo sompno spirituali, corpus carens video spiritu vitali, de quo mihi visio fit sub forma tali. Dormitando paululum, vigilando fessus, ecce quidam spiritus noviter egressus de prsedicto corpora, vitiis oppressus, qui carnis cum gemitu sic plangit excessus. Another version is in Anglo-Saxon, printed in Thorpe's edition of the Codex Exoniensis ; and a fragment of a similar poem (about 700 lines) was discovered in the Archives of H 78 EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. Worcester Cathedral. In this latter (printed by Singer in 1845) the Soul reproaches the body for its defilements : ic was from Gode clene to thee isend, ac thee hauest unc fordon, mid thine luthere deden. That is : I was sent to thee innocent from God, but thou hast undone us, with thy wicked deeds. But hitherto, as far as I am aware, no form of it in Greek has been published. There was said to have been a Greek MS. in the Augustan Library, written by 'Philip the Monk,' and entitled Dioptra}, written like our poem in versus politici, that is, the common ballad metre of the popular songs, arranged according to accent and without regard to quantity. Of this a Latin version by Jacobus Pontanus was printed at Ingoldstadt in 1604. In his notes to this translation^ Gretser says that a Greek poem was mentioned in Turco Grcecia, fol. 198, on the same subject, but he believes it was quite different in substance, judging from the opening lines. He then quotes the first line of our poem and five others occurring later in it, as though they were consecutive. So that though other MSS. of it must have existed, and probably do exist, they were apparently not personally known by either author. But Gretser was quite right in supposing that it was entirely different from the work of ' Philip the Monk.' It is much more on the lines of Walter Mapes and the Saxon poem, with which there are ^ That is, a geometrical quadrant used in calculating heights (regula, or atmissis). ' See Migne, Patrol. Gr.-Lat. 127, p. 705. - A MEDIAEVAL GREEK POEM. 79 many parallelisms in expression and thought, and the Apocrypha AnecdQta, published by Mr James, will show how common a subject of popular reading was such a description of the other world. It is now printed for the first time (in parts) as likely to be interesting to students of mediaeval literature as well as of Byzantine Greek. The MS. seems to be of the 13th century or perhaps somewhat later! Its introduction is as follows : TOV crd/MiTOi Sta^cvywrai koI -ttov Tvyy^avT) o-)(fii trj'S Koivijs dva- <7Tao"eo)S" Kai OTt ov Trar^p ov /xi^Tjjp ov reKva ov crvyyevet^ ov <^iXoi iv kKiirg rg mpa hvvavrai avrfj ^orjOrjarai el ftrj rd ^pya avTrj'S koI ixova. Kal Tivei avTqv TrapaXap,^avov(Ti kcu, -aov /j-eTO. -^(apiarpAv Ka6Lcmj(Ti.v avn^V koI iroia KptVts avrg fuera ttjv avacrTcurtv yevrjTai Kol TTOiroi KXavB/jLoi /cat Gprjvoi, lojawou a Kal ^evov St uiv koI aTrekeyeTO irpos -njv tSiav xl'V)(jv crrixpi TH. A metrical treatise and record in verse of how the Soul is unyoked from the body, and where it abides until the common resurrection. And that neither fat/ier nor mother nor children nor kinsfolk nor friends in that hour can stead it, nought but its own works and they alone. And who receive it in charge, and where he establisheth it after separation : and what kind of judg- ment after the resurrection there shall be for it, and liow great weeping and wailing. By John, Monk and Stranger, wherein he Hkeviise pleaded to his own Sold. Verses 308 [345]. 8o EMMANUEL COLLEGE MAGAZINE. ira)<; Kady -n-m d/xept/jLvei'; 7r&>9 a/MeXeU, -^vxv M-o^ ! ■7TcopovTC^T]i; t£v KaKwv wv enrpa^a's ev koct/j-o), KoX fjLOvqv TTjv /xerdvouzv Trepl iroWov iroietcraai, Kcu ov aKfjLaTO)v '\frv)(ri dfieTavoTjTe ; rl ovk ivOvfiei Ttjv Kpicnv ; lO Tt ov fieXera,'; aTTOKpicnv Trepl tov eKeWev koct/jlov ; Kal ov fiepifj,va<; Odvarov, •7rw<; fj.e\Xei Kal (Teavrfjv eyiioXwa? et? irdaav d/xapriav. 1 5 iXdovTOJv ovv TU)v (f>o^€poov d'yyeXaiv tov KpiTov aov OekovTOiv p.eTaaTrja'ai ae tov koct/jlov tov fiaraiov oval oval aoi, Taireivij, av "K-q^Byt dfj,eXov<7a dve^ayopevToi; Xoi-ttov toI<; irpdKTopaiv eKelvoK' Seivov TO ■y}fvx^oppdyi]fjt,a Kal 6 evrevOev kXovo^, 20 TToXii Be ■)(aXe'Tro)Tepov 17 cnevoaat,'; r) roTe, rjviKa ae KvicKovai r^vpoBev tov Kpaj3^dTov 01 avyyeve2<; oi dSeX(f)ol 01 (plXot Kal 'yvaiTTOi aov • Kal KXaiovaiv oSvpovTau Oprjvovcriv 01 irapovTe'i' lS6vTe<; ftj? d7roB7]fiov ovS^ 0X0)9 virocnpo^ov 25 av Be, "^vj^fi fJLOV, /SXeTret? vvv tov KXavdfiov Kal Toin; Oprjvovi crapKoBev crov ttjp Xvtttjv aWa Trpos /xovov ej(et,v crov ro ^efifia toI'; ayye- •jrapaKcCKel'i re Kara vovv irapdKXrjfftv fj.ejaKr]v " idaaTe /Me, ayyeXoi, ottoj? fieravoijaco ' " olKTeipare Kal dcfjere dWov yovv eva '^povov "tov ^ijcrai, Kal Zua^vyetv tov ^o^ov tov Bavarov, " Ka\ Kkavcrco fwv rd irTaLfj' tovtov; eK^airavwcra " Spa<; ovK i/j,vr)p^vevadii iroTe tt)? tov OavaTOv' " Kal vvv OTav TTjv Kpiaiv fiovrjv BeBoiKa<; ttjv ■\lrTJov inroTpefiec<; oiroiav dpa Scoar) aoi 6 BiKacrTrji; ivBlKav, ^or)d7]aai. 6 1 TTOV Tpaire^wv d^poTtjTe';, fiayeipav /lay/aveiat, ^pa)/j,dTa)v Kol irofUiTcov re Kopot koX iroiKiXta ; TTOV Twv XovTpdov rj dvecTK Kot crapKOt; Oepaireia ; TTOV TWV avKmv to, deXr/Tjrpa tu Tu/nrava xal Xvpai ; ■fjBvi^coviat, (pop/^iyyo'; Kal TrdvTa ra cr'TriKovvTa ; 66 TTOV r) yoLpa 7] Trpocricaipo^ tov ^lov Kal fiaTaia ; £0? ovap SieXvdrjcrav d}!; KaTrvo<: rji^aviadri, 0)9 k6vi<; viro XaCX^Trof dOpow; icTKehdadr}. yfrvx^ P-ov, Ti coe\ei crot to TrrjXivov aapKiov "JO Xiav i6epaTreve<; vvKTat re koI Tjp,epa<; ; TO aoop,a yap iiropvevev e')(pv Taf dvairavaei';' eKelvo p.ev ovv crecrrjTrTai crv S' e^ei? ra? mSivai. o/Mfia KaKw's r/Tevi^e^ ifiiradoo'; ^XepaTi^av, ri yXcocraa (piXoXoCSopo'i v^pecri TepTro/x.evr], 75 ?; aKOT] irdv fiaTatov rjcnra^ero Kal ^avXov, al %6t/J69 ^ivovdTj(opd6r]^, dv hjrevBofiaprvpTja-a^, [dv] ovk ^ydir7]aa<; "rravra^, ■ diravra S09 a ^fiapre^ i^ orov €yevvri6r)<; iv yvwaev re dyvoia re skoiv fj irdXtv dxcoV •jrdvTa crov rd ■^eip6ypaa elcrdyovcn ve<;, <09 €(f>7]fiev, dpTrdaai ae fTjToOi/re?, r^9 •jrXaariyyo'i KaTcoepe<; to ttXtjOo^ yevo/j,ivrj<;. ol dyyeXoi Se (f>€povTepa eKelvrj. OTTOTav ovv 7rpoaipovai dp,^6repoi Td<; irpd^ei^, KaTco<}}epe<; Se ylverai to fiepo^ twv ttXeiovwv, aKipTual re Kal ■^aipoval ol rovrcov '!rpoearwTe<;, IIO ol o erepoi arvyvd^ovai Tvymv (U9 ■^TTTjOevre';. TOTS, yjrvxv H^v Ta-jrecvT], de6<; 6 eXeripjuv, dv eiripXe-^ei irpo'; Ta<; aa