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THE FREHCH RSVOLU'flOH IM UAKfliaqim 
 
 by 
 
 J&srln Im^dcm 
 
 Thesis presente<i to the 
 
 for the Dagroo of 
 Baoh'.flop of Lrttrcro 
 
 Ithaca, K. Y. 
 Juue 1897. 
 
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 *-«-->ji <2».u.^^ A 
 
Cont(m%B4 
 
 Chapt':--i? I 
 
 Doscripti.Mi or nariiiiiquo 
 
 :age 
 
 ««»«*«» »*°JL 
 
 Chapter XI 
 
 Early Ti^oubles ir. the Island ..,,«...* 7 
 
 Gh*ipt,-;i' III 
 
 D-iiia;? aw OovtrxTioi" 
 
 10 
 
 cnapter T7 
 
 Daraas at Gpos-Morne ..,••«#•, .••,♦30 
 
 Cilaot'-r V 
 
 The Govi-^i'tiiaoiit, of LohaiiiAo 
 
 • •••••••• tp7 
 
 Chapter VI 
 
 Th« Emicllsh Ir«rasions 
 
 62 
 
 BitllOcjraphy. 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Hi I4/J?.TIHIQIJE 
 
 Chapter I 
 Description of Martinique 
 
 Martinique, thus called because it was dlncovered on 
 St. i;artii)*o day, is orii^ of the cetitral islands of th; went 
 IiKiles known as tho Lesser Ahtl-llno, or vandward Islands, 
 It lies betii?ofjn Ouadeloupe and Doninlca or. th^^ north and Saint 
 Luoia on tho south, and is not far ronoved fro;; an'' of then, 
 tho distance to Guadeloupe being 1m th-* neighborhood of 
 eighty T;iles, to Dominica thlrty-threo rallas and to Kalnt 
 Lucia, twenty-$'Wo rdl.^s. Thl.s whole group of T^ndward 
 Islands lies Irr-tv^een five and six };■ ndred niles fron liaiti 
 or San Donilneo in a south-easterly dj.reotlon. 
 
 l.fartlnique itself Ig oblong in shape mid h.>.n an extrRrae 
 length of forty-three Jilleo ;And nomi width of nin*te<=)n miles. 
 Its area Is three hundred eighty square nlles. In the 
 northf^r, and southern parts of the island are clusters of 
 volcanic nountaiiiB, which are connected by a line of inferior 
 heights. Thifi chain forms a backbona for the island, and 
 
 (1) Encyclopedia Brlttanica. - Pardon, p. 18. 
 
reaches its hlgher.t elevation In th^--^ north-w^st, iri Mount 
 Pelee, which has an altitude of four thousand four huridrod 
 thirty feet. Deep ravinos arid precipitous chasms charactei^ 
 ize the mountain slopes, but the thick growth rend<^rs this 
 feature little noticeable. About seventy streftas of fairly 
 good sis^o find their way fron the highlands to the ocean, 
 and during the rainy season raimy of thosi hoooiw^ deep and 
 swift, TvH) of these have particularly novel nances: "les 
 rivleros d© Monsl*3ur ot de Madarie". 
 
 The G(ia coast or. the eact is broken. Bays, Inlets, 
 lofty CUP8S, iivlands and rockn abound on this Atl^mtic 
 side. Tivi southern coaat is much nore regialar, but is bold 
 and steep. The western coast is th) only one pres'^ritln^^ 
 any awampy natur6. This is the physical characteristic 
 of the b<«y of Fort do Prarice. Tiie shores of the island are 
 Biirrounded by coral reefs, wliich serve to break the force of 
 many tidal waves. 
 
 The fjoil is Gxceedij>3:ly fertile. Indlgir.ous are nont 
 of th'.! prominent plants of the tropics, AUkinsls of palm 
 trees, aloes and valuable woods abound. 
 
 Most of the domestic animals of the isl^md were ii'- 
 poPted. The native aniraals ar-;: possiais, lissards, in'isk 
 rats, parrots, paroquets, humnlng birds, fltuningos, iguanas 
 
arjd serpents* The snakes in Martinique were noted par- 
 
 tic'i^larly in the se'V')nteonth century, and Oi,e of tho reascus 
 glV6n''|or the abandoniiig of a settlement by a French ©xpedi- 
 tion sent out in 1835 was th'^ abundanc'-; of nnakes. 
 
 The ollinate of the Island is warm and humid. It ia not 
 suited to Europeans. Illness abounds, partlculuriy during 
 the winter season ^tien thf^ hoat Is intense. Yellow fever 
 is by far th«-i worst of the disc ir.es Bsoniraon to theso islands. 
 It is th'.- most fatal, and often the sufferer doos not sur- 
 vive twenty-four hovirs. Of late Y'mvs cholera has appeared 
 in kartinique, but it ■«&!;; '.lOt pT'^Vf-il(mt in the period or the 
 Revolution, The year is divided into the wet «nd dry 
 seasons, the former lasting frou April to thg *;nd of Octo:r=>r, 
 
 In 1789, the population of Martinique wub tioi^^^ti^inQ less 
 thari ininety thoustii^d souls. There \^'.?ro about eleven 
 thousand wMtes, fSnre thousand raulattocs and scvonty-throe 
 thousand slaves, Saint Pi^^rre was the chlftf city. Fort 
 Royal, v;h0fje name was changed during the years that followed 
 the I utbreak of the Hevolution to Fort de France, was the cap- 
 ital and th'.' next town of cciaisorcial i;iiportance. Both of 
 these towns are on th') viostern shore of the island. Saint 
 
 (1) Boyer-Poyrol^iau. vol. Il, p. 184. 
 
 (2) Ouerln, vol. Y, p. 523, 
 
4 
 
 PiexTO lying about <»ight liiles from th-^ northora point, a^ d 
 Fort do France about cqn<iily cUotant fJ?ora OiiOh ^rtti'emlty. 
 This town has a good hm-bor, bnt Saliit Pierre is not 80 
 woll pi*oviai)d b'-'ing ■m.Uit Xn th« foria of an aiaphithoatre 
 facing tho sea. The hills rise-- in the nacKg' rouiid , the town 
 spreading out over them. At tho tlino of the Rr;volutlon, 
 Saint Pierrf! wat3 the coTujectirig liJiK between th'"- other colon- 
 ies and Pirlrj, 
 
 Port d*j Prance possessfis one of Vhe largest and suf9r>t 
 harbors o*: tht; /Vitilleo, vshich vtan at that tine an today 
 def'inded by Fort BourbOii. 
 
 The gov:-^vrmerit exlstln,^' in K'artif.iquo in 1789 was very 
 
 like that of any of tno other French coloiiies. But thir; 
 
 particuleir inland was the soMt of a hi*;h<n-' offloiftl than any 
 
 otherof the Lesser AntillQB, for it vnis the heaciqnarters of 
 
 th- Gov<;r:ior-O'^inoral.- ^ho had jurlsdiotion over all of the 
 
 oth<Br French islai-|3s of tho grouor. exoopt Ouadeloupe. Hie 
 
 pOT^f was yvQiit. He v?a5 coT'r-iarjdor-ln-chiQf , miA in this 
 
 capacity he could declare war or make peace, but thfi civil 
 
 government was; not in his hands, A npecial officer the int-n^i 
 
 anf, s>!ured thte ojvll dutlos iwith hlin, and tii fact that the 
 
 / dutlt3E Of thos© ti^o officers wore at times not carefully 
 :> '''■ 
 
 dlstlinguished gave rise soiaotlm^s to various troubles. 
 
Th- intendaiits caui© fpoin tl)o 'bonrgools class wj.il© the 
 govt^^TOors, as- offlcei?s i:. tho anay, w re usually nobleraen. 
 Thi.'i. social dirfor^^noo aocoiituate^l thc^ tx'oubl© at'isiiig out 
 of 111 defined poviorn and was fnutfiil of maiiy disputes. An 
 extriple of t/ixs sort ocl ciiffereijoij in to ha soin iii tho lorig 
 stcu^i;;io bcfv^eoii Yioin';iiil hih} i\julon, •wiiich isas goirig on 
 in 1789, 
 
 A ooloniitl assembly not 'nee h year for d^'libQratlve 
 iiui'i'OG'js. It conaiGtou of tjie governor, the liitenu.inti 
 tito coi-iiaisjjlonor-fi-^iierui of th-.^ MaririO, twc ni'-iubcrs lioiii- 
 natod ty the oovorelgii, ori'i el'-5ct-<l froh; t:;ach dist^^ict. 
 
 at th,; /i' ?i!i of ti)o judiciary v^et"'; two judges una a 
 criMlnal juiiSfj. Two sub-off icors '-.e o, a rocordj.";r and an 
 Ac/in^ of fiiiUrjoe. The "soiigschauasees" ^cre iiotidUT nor;-^ 
 than ordinary justices' cc-ji^ts. 'i};oy reri'ie.-'jd fii,ai de- 
 cirj.lons in c.-,.')oo involvlriti -lu^iounts of loss thturi one hundred 
 livres, Txior-.;o courts cOiisirit<;U of niiudge, a "prooureur 
 du roi" una a recorder. 
 
 T}i.c oc-ilci; WQ).*'? under Lh<:) supervision in each thUitrict 
 of a corjMn^iioner, ¥.'ho had an asr>lGtant. In 1707 tho conniJ 
 sionors VI !i?0 rt.jpla^od by oaptainn of the qimrterc. These 
 officecfl attondod also to tho collection of the taxos, for 
 which thoy viot'G accountable to tiic intendant. 
 
6 
 
 Tho iiarcltiOh cf tiv^ iolmid conslDted o.f, th' rr:iiliient of 
 Martinique togoth^^-r witri both white n^iO nulattD rnilitia. 
 Tti'j i^efiii'ipvnt Wfif? In time of jMiaoo clivifie^i, p^r-t of th-^i koL iora 
 ! '^iikc fiarciGonQd «t Foi't Bourbon in Fort Royal, itnC th-; bal- 
 ance bftlrur £.'u^risonefi at, r,^XvX Pierre. 
 
 To reacJily i.'rici>rrtiti:iiid ti\'.'i long sfrrics: of Gor;i'uni;cl ovvr/itn 
 tho narration of which is to follow* on?^ raust be&r li'i jsind 
 that Fort Royal, bojjides bein.-^ the }-iafc\d quart ^jrs of the ^:;ovorn- 
 niont, was iikevtis'J th-; hejuJquarters of the courjtiT and 
 planter eleiiient or tho ooloiiy, wlil*-; Saiiit x^ioi^r*'*, tho liirger 
 and noro corari'^rclai city, i^as tlr hor.i9 of tho laerchant olv^ss. 
 Tho negroes at this tirio were about equally diBtributod- 
 
Early Trcublot; in th*) Is^I^wkJ 
 
 Tho yrar 1789 Viuc « rOBtler^rj cnf^^ 1). l^.^rt iriqiio.^^ The 
 xv-V'n of tl-..- fall of t);i':/ B^itlln reaci-a-id the i^.lsw¥l lii Sontember, 
 but troublf^ was brewing lorig bofor^^ tbtt tlno 
 
 Lat-; lii October of th^t- y.'-;;ir there i«;i.!: rea.l in tJie na«- 
 ticj.uil ..iSBei-ajly at ?ar*lo a l.';ru:;ti:y petition tcon tlv" laula^- 
 toes of the Colciile;;;. The n ui:s of coaimiiiGatlorf botv^een 
 the islaiidfj vUKl i'VaiiCO at that tliae K'^^^? so ve-y slov/, tbrit 
 this petltitm was cloubtloGr^ drav. i,i up '^ucly In tliO -/-r^ap, and 
 long bofox'e nows of the outbroaK in Prti'ls reached thf> colonlcts 
 The petition Inron^ed tbo ho;':c £;ovo^j.: ;«-n:it of tht^ dii^coivtnut 
 of the ootitionora v*ho coMplravjftd of th^' .■!&rin'^r jn v;oich they 
 wore provvtted fror: active vjorK In th-'' ;;:cv'^rr,: iont arid xiare 
 t^oiiorally iield iii coi ta ■•jt a/.d rcleciat'^l to lov» social ruriic 
 by the wj ite popvil/itlon. The coraplalnt vjug a long one, and 
 a strong atte?ipt V(a;; j-jndo to ai.i-eal to the patriotic and 
 corapassionat-) nature of the Fronoh people, SnfMi-cing of . tlie 
 DLilatto s It says: "Borri cltizenc and frc^onoa, thoy live as 
 strangers in their o\>n landr,. Excluded fro;n nil positions. 
 
 (1) Archives ParlemftntaiPos» vol, IX p. 476. 
 
8 
 
 from all places or dlgiity, ri'oti all professions, tl^^y aro 
 r'^l'-jgutod simply to th^ exoroiae of some of the lO'iohardc 
 ar-ts. The ooloreci citisS'-TiS have boe/i unable b'-^CJiiise of 
 the iiiitiirie]? xd whioh tho wliitos have shut than ca.it of the 
 meetiijfis, to hav« any voicQ in the choice of representatives 
 to ha oei-jt to Pax'iH, and have had no way in whicii tr^ bring 
 their cieoirQB unci necessities bnfoi'o th?i notico of the honQ 
 goverriiaoiit,'* 
 
 A dOLiand iwas made in the papoi* for the ri/;ht to .send ran- 
 latto repreaentativos to Paris: "th" colored people havo 
 oviclf'mtly tliO owne right to domand this representation as 
 thi.; -Ahit^; i^oGple.** Reference waa ijade to the edict of Iturcja 
 1685 which gave all tho rights und privileges to th'i; thfxt 
 It uif- to th''; vihitos. Thoy, liKo the whites, w®re pro- 
 pri3tOi*s «nd cultivators, th y tco paid subsidies to the 
 htixte and were a factor in its w(3lfarc. It was stated 
 that quit© lately in Bpite of all tho oppocBBiO]i und'-^r 
 which they wore sutT-jrlng, in spite of the efforts of thfUr 
 adversaries to iii^nm thmn, fh<"; mulattoes had had the gent^r- 
 osity to propo?5<i to the whites a settl-jra^jnt to ha pasoed upon 
 by tho national Amici.jbly, but the ofx^f^r wan scornfully re- 
 jected. Thoy had also voted to largely pay off tho debts 
 
of tl'r: State, Til'*! i-.tlaiico of tho petitl<.;'rj consifttocl of us, 
 apnoal for a ri/--,t in,:; of afTalra l/' rieniiu of thi,; Rt^uiibllcan 
 doct-'^irjes, vihicr. tho nation ?ia(] ado-t'Ml in itB guvervii.ierit 
 uiid politics oV'-;r-yvfhoes3 oxcoj.)': v,lt}i tJiOs<'i ..'isople in the .mzt 
 Indlaji o^ioiiien, Ti.is p*'ititIon ahovvs vec;/ w -ll a b.xd ^tato 
 of uffalrs in i4aL'tlnique ju-t before the aotiuil outl^r-'^a.^ 
 
 1 
 
 h'Ut li'.r-: was oth'.ii* trouiiL') hrt^viliig.* The por;' T^hltc-s, 
 
 the inhabita.' t^3 cf the tov;;nr,, w^re quat'relliitj wit/a the rich 
 plcinte:rB of the couiiti'y, tmu .strlffc) was ^iOiiyi oxj ar; v; ul 
 betw-^^ejfi the fiovei^jjox', Vion^niii, imu the inl«:;iiclciiit , r'L'u.lcji 
 d'Ecotier. Viorno'ijil ori hir; ar':'ival had ii.i/.e'diat'dy ii^xao an 
 att<'3i:ipt to ijifiiio about a mot,-<-) modsfa'-nte laiiJ. kind troutKiont oi 
 thi"; slavey. The latter, taKiriig aciviuittg-j^"; or thxr; swpr-urt, 
 fonaee a .^iot to eelivei' tii^jiiseivas of the ou,>r<;esioii i. X' 
 th-: wiiitee, and PouJ.cu iia;.ouiat>:ly accuBea tiie Goveriior of 
 h'sviriti oncouiCij^j-'jd th.lo revolt. The cha-p^ie was luost unjust, 
 for ViOifaei.i-il haci ti-i«Jd to peevMiit tl)/^ ontbfcmK . und v*i-;on in 
 A.^igiint 1789, t}»'. crisis was aliOUt to cuM^i, i-iis tui^ji-gy and 
 dv'Olsion prevoiiten any opon sti-uggle. In the supproscion 
 of the trouble he ?,'ar, ai(3";d more by t)ie nulatto thi«A tho 
 
 (1) Ouoirin, vol, V, -. ;>43, 
 
10 
 
 whlto militia. 
 
 The colony V'lou ly oraoiiiiaiioes, par*t.oo-: of thci geiierai 
 deslf^o fop ilborty, but vvithout go.:]!^: co fur as to ai'.ay the 
 prlnoiple to tfv» blaokc. Thr) v.hitts lo, Ked to the Consti- 
 
 tuent A'Tr;o«:<bIy to ofroct political cha/^vr<^;s i''^:st :;ultod tc 
 tlio peculiar situation in tbo i eland. 
 
 The newR of the fnl;. of the Baotile, and tho o-rrytB 
 VJhich had followed thir. ovoiit In Fn.rlr;, reuchod M irtlnlquo 
 in oOptoi;;b -r 1789«^ Thn Inhubltai.ts of Taint Pierre Ira- 
 ni'^ilidtely follo73.r;{i tii''; i'.y.ix:\j-,le of tho rovolntiO'iJ.str? v^'hose 
 work they )ind juBt hi^atvi, ab nt , and adoptel the tri-cclor. 
 Laniioy, th,'^ corumndant of Saint Plorre, in -jpite of all );is 
 flt'iaiess oould not sur^pros the disoraer Tvhic}' th^-; adoption 
 of the ne^ oocKade broiit;ht ab^'Ut* Vlori^niil at firnt or.porjnd 
 this faj'*atical outburet, but so.:.i 3:m '; ov: f-^itlle bin efforts 
 wer-o, o.O aisthorized t]:0 cac-ryinc cf t]:"> nov,' fl;.'/; -n condi- 
 tion that :i.polo;.Uf?^> b'-^ offerfxl to I'luncy. The r>f>opl<-^ and 
 tr.o B.ldlera tho,(i 'oecieie roooSicilfid at:d tho tri-color \-:an 
 car^io:;' to th-'; churoh and tlun-c blor.oed, 
 
 Tho inhabitfints of tho tovi,)i of Fort Royal wo-o nor'^ un- 
 
 (1) Par -J GO, p. 90. 
 
 (2) Ouerini vol. V, :-. .'343. - Fai-c*)n, p* 03, 
 
tier oontr 1. The actual preseno© of tJic Govoraor had up to 
 this tlia© kept tha exoitoi'ieiit in ohecK, but WjSan the tri- 
 color QOQkad© was reo^grjized in Fort Royal as it hud i>eert in 
 Saliit Plerro, it "becaj'io the subject of u fiero© q\,iarr©l b^t- 
 w^joii the wi:itesi who clulraod to irnive th.c sole ri/^ht to wear 
 it, aiid the I'julattoeo, who desii't'M to wear it as i»«ell. 
 
 Viomouil did faot ^oi; 'We in this lntoXorano<d of the class 
 of raen who w©re li> reality of such fs^Sit help to the pl:unters» 
 and, in aiding witti theaa, he was Imnediately m.d*; the object 
 of slanderous Ottlurtany, hio private llfo waa attacked, and 
 derjouno<5d as guilty of all laariner of evils. A hirer"; mob 
 even threatened hir> lif*^. Poulon, the intendant , instead 
 of helping th<> governor, ^as ftjuong his iiost vicslent accusers 
 and for a long tine obstinately stood ir. the way of any «et- 
 tleraont betweoi. th*: i«hltes mu\ tho blacks. Little by little 
 Vioinouil's quiet moderate actions brought about once iiore a 
 peaceful state of affairn in the towii. Hardly was quiet 
 thus restox-ed when nam nioasurea were tcikeri against the Go- 
 vernor, Two aoserabllOB were formed one in Saint Pierre and 
 one in Fort Royal and both proceeded to investigate VioiTiouil*s 
 coriduct* A report war. sent t> the King in which the Oovem-- 
 or was declared eullty of criminal acts, oven fi*om the pul- 
 pits of tho church he was doMOun-^ed, nnd, althougli the moro 
 
1 o 
 
 reasonable oltizons aia not onte-r into tho excited perse- 
 outlori, and looke;.! with dread on tho threat©riiiig prospect, 
 the feeling was so strong against Viomeuil as to render his 
 position very imsafo. 
 
 Viomo'iil callett together tho Colonial Assembly and foun d 
 support In this way. The chief duty vjiioi.. he laid befcro 
 this body was to elect df-ipvities to the National Assei-iblyt 
 The colonists like a.l thoso throu^'hout Ainerioa, r:evo not 
 awar© that th€> deputies had already b^en elected. Biit 
 this election had already taKon plao« through the imonn of 
 a club in Paris. Following the *3xample of the Masslac Club, 
 Which i^aa mad's ap strictly of plantern fro Sim Doming;o, a 
 gather-ina: of a light nature nade -ip of planters from ilartlnlque 
 and tho other French Antilles soon acquired the habit of 
 meeting at the hiaae of Moreau di^ Saint-M<?ry who was an ex- 
 tremely well oducutod man and ^;v]io stood forth as a friend of 
 the negroes, TMs club elected Moroau d-^ Slaint-Mery and 
 Arthur do Dillon to repr'^sent Martinique iii the National 
 Aasemblyi ar^d these- raen wore recogidKod and ad. iittf?;J by this 
 body. 
 
 From tho opening of the Colonial Assonbly in t'no middle 
 
 (1) Ouerln» vol, Y, p. 240 
 
13 
 
 Of Hoveiaber a spirit of hatred "betwe'^n the covn^or ;irKi the 
 intendant was rnovQ proiv yxnced thaii ever; their corros- 
 pondence to the ministry in Frfincfi wao rail of ooinnia-bits* 
 the one against th other* To further comi.>licat9 jatters, 
 Saint Pierrs becauEs© of its preponderanoe in com erce and 
 population over the other towns d* marsded certain rrlvileger,, 
 
 and V)h<eYi the other to\vns failed to takt=! ariy notice of these 
 
 2 
 dejaands, a feud wa?; irji-ediately raXr.er'U Certain neasurss 
 
 of free mxdo benefitted the coimtpy people, but injured the 
 
 rnerohants, aiid feeling wan j,ir<vU80d over this question vshlch 
 
 soon resulted in a deej^ hatred hot^enn the town and planter 
 
 populationo. 
 
 Early in 1790, a revoljr on the part of certain soldlors 
 
 broKe out. The artllleryraen had l-^een employed in bu. Iding 
 
 new fortifications, and were dlBButlofied v;it.h t).e payment 
 
 received from their officers. In the roport rhl h Vlorneuil 
 
 sent to thH Minister of tho i'arine, it wa-s stated that the 
 
 incentive for the uprisiru? cainr; fr-on Cuadelcupo, vhi-^re the 
 
 3 
 dlsturbaiiC'^ was (juicKly put down. In Ifartiiiique, however, 
 
 It was );)oro serious; there the artill«5ry->!ion of one brigade 
 
 (1) Ouorln, vol. V, p. 244. 
 
 (2) Pardon, p. 93. 
 
 (3) ATchivt^s Parlementttires, vol. XV, p. 284. 
 
14 
 
 Of the colonial Artillory, arid two battalions of the Colonial 
 Infai'itry Ro^jiraojit took up tho struggle. The despatch furthr 
 stated that the citizens mixed up in th<; quarrel, and 
 badly naltraated two officers wj c 'vvoro •bllo'ed to take pannjige 
 for FTui'iC'ij tliot tho tvcor>3 of Fort Royal threatenod to march 
 
 against Salr.t Pierx^e, Tho inhabltasits took a strorsg in- 
 
 1 
 terest In quieting tl."^ trouble. Thoy got pOBsession of 
 
 the batteries tmd the povdor inasftJ^lnen, a/id tooK charge of 
 the tovau Tho alai'/ wao so gre.it that th« neroltajit shli'f:; in 
 
 tho port TiOlrhed tinchor nttc. -fscnt to sea In order to pre- 
 vojit theli' 1^ cm ij frorv. r ixlnf ir; tho affUlr, 
 
 On 10 Mcircli th'",'re appoiired a proclanatlcn tnaking kiiorn-i 
 a docroo of tho Constituent Aaser-ibly,^' Kac}, colony war> 
 authorlgad to ©xprens its iBiow r'^£;..r-d3a,.; the oonstltution, 
 the logiolutlon and odraiidstinition bor^t b dted to ltr> wel- 
 fare. The oril:-' rostrlction >«af3 that, .'ach colony ohoiild 
 conforra .st."ictly to the genorui princlplSR which attached it 
 to the KOthor country. 
 
 The Gov<;;riior was dlsnatlofied v.ith tho por-ij.tlon ho y;uo 
 now in arid th.'"; new order O'" thiiies broug>it abt ut by tho r.o- 
 volutlon. '^fh&ther Viomouil dfuauvdod J.xo di';n,ir,sal or 
 v.iiethor it 'aus colely tho work of tho auth* *"ltier> in Paris, 
 
 (1) ParcJon, p. 94. 
 
IS 
 
 ti.ere ICi sono clubt. He Ic^t office Oxj it-iroh 1790, and 
 was succeoc"!oa by the Vlccmte tie Damaa. The iiew Goveimor 
 had hold" the iiosltion in earlier ixiid rno^'e -pronoerowi tixnes, 
 nnd was a v-^-Icob''; ch-icc to both classes of colc.istB, al- 
 though time wan to show ti^at he was not to be so fox*turiate 
 In this acijr.l; Istritlon, tmO "^us to b'^corio in his turn an ob- 
 ject cf RUBplolon aud hatred in thf eyes of a O'irtaln part 
 of tho inhabita ts of t]ie Isl md. 
 
Ct.aptOP III 
 Darritts as Oovoi''i.cr, 
 
 The new governor aiTlvrjci in I4ai^ch and :Li.ii.odiatoly a:;- 
 sumed t}io dutitit: of Mb ofriae,"^ I,, .spite of all the trou- 
 ble that had rf:;centXy occucnxi in Martihiquo ftr. a result of 
 the changes that v/err; taklrji; jvlace in Fr<inco, the Islaucl 
 was exoeedirigly prosperous at just this tlr.c fron an agri- 
 cultural antl coi;W;i^^r'cial stsiiulpoint , Both In exportliig and 
 iiiiuorting a laiv.e and profitalio business liad been done dur- 
 ing the previous year, so th&t in receipts and expenditure's 
 tf.e large sum of forty-ftnir lalllion francs h.ul cr.aiJijed 
 hmids in the various transactions. The tota: population of 
 the i-feland had risen to tinety-nlne ti.*iJ8ana. Uev^.p beforo 
 had H2irtlnl<iuQ been go pi"cspei:'ous; but tlsls "riapiy state of 
 affairs vms to b" follovj<;c.l by g.i--;.ut,er dibaatoro than any 
 that had yet occurred. 
 
 The first dlff©r©noe which wa3 to le.A.vl to such pro* 
 longed and severe stfu^'tjlos lator, occur i*ed in connection viith 
 
 (1) Pardon, p. 94# 
 
17 
 
 the colonial AR:;einbiy r'hich was converi'-'u shortly after Datnas's 
 arrival to expre^n th---; ^ Ir.h'-o ■xn''i naxls of tr*^; colony to 
 tha Gonstlt'.iont Ass^nbly in Purln, Tv-'enty-seves. parishes 
 were to be roprosont^ti. Twenty of these dersiPod that the 
 previous mORiberB shotild contiia)/; to Coi\:\ the body, the other 
 seven desired nev? oloctlons. The Oovor:-or axid the Aonenbly 
 rospe<5tef] th<^ rier^r-' of the majority , and <a=aa2'ed the orii^lnal 
 elections vam. Saint Piorre aiKl tho neleMbofit^ districts 
 wero Included airtorvr the novon parishod» constituting the 
 iiinority, and a cry was lETiietJlotely raised by this defeated 
 faction. Tho pooplo of Saint Pierre asKe«l help of neigh- 
 boring colonies on ttie cround that they v^ere th*-J victims of 
 despotism and injustlc*=^. Tl'so Qovfirrior and Uio Aesenbly, 
 hoping to avoid the necessity of onfoixjirM.; on Saint Pierre 
 the re(ioenition of the deoicion, endeavored to acm^ the 
 question with tho an^jry colonists. 
 
 The people of Saint Piopi-c whaa calling ou the coloniots 
 
 S 
 Of Onadeloup© for ] olp ,«:ave uhother roasoij for their discontent. 
 
 They complained that for soverMi j'-oarri the rJ'^vernment of Mar- 
 tinique had mado uce of the colonial assombly to establish 
 
 (1) Pa.i'dOji, p. 95. 
 
 (2) Boycr-Peyreleau, vol. II, p. 360. 
 
18 
 
 between th« town ptjople ami tj.o country people (Uie i or- 
 chants arul the plant<^rs) a nharp division which vrar. unfair. 
 In trade an excesGlv© tax was laid upon th© faniier, the 
 benefit of which fell to the lattar, vsro, aonsoquently, 
 weP'-> strong; In supporting the present order of things, while 
 thoir neighbors in the towns desired a revolixtlon ni.lch 
 should insure a fairer dlvlnlon of the public taxes. It 
 ¥»as also r©p3?t3sented that thft country eloraent was fir strong- 
 er in the struggle than the othor Bide, that, by ccntrolling 
 of militia the rich pl^tnters v?ere able to rouse the une^^r 
 of tho now governor against Paint Pierre. 
 
 In a letter sent froTi llartinique to Paris in April, it 
 was stated that even by the time Damas arrived, the feoling 
 betweeri Saint Pierre and Fort Roytti had growi ^o strong 
 that both sidfJB were arning for the strug/jle. Tl-ie suburban 
 sido.had gone r.o far as to force the people of tlie country 
 parishes to jslgn *la scIbsIo/* against r-aint Pietrre. It 
 was <5ven reported tiiat an attack on that tov*n had boon plan- 
 ned for the very night on which the new governor reached 
 the island, and that his arrival alone prevt-jrjted the currying 
 out of the plan. As soon as Danms was inntalled, the Fort 
 Royal faction secured Jiis signature to various partisan rana- 
 
 (1) Moniteuif, 1790, p. 108, 
 
19 
 
 sures without evou hinting of unothfn' sldo to the qTu;:,ticri, 
 and thjs pfu-ty ln;,>^jcUatoly cainou such coiu/Icito coi.trol of 
 the govf^'i.or tju.: v.jutk a d'^legatlon from Saint Flfa^re called 
 upon Mill, Iv .;«lvifiOfl the visitoi's to hastily depai't ar> tholr 
 ari*iv.-ii had caused }:.'jch exclteriOnt in '.ho uoighbori.ood. 
 
 TliC £iv)at entrain on Da- .aa soars proved too f^riiiat fof Ms 
 delicato health to stiuiu. He was pj^onouricod uiiflt, for 
 the time telrig, to attend to the affairD of ih^j adniinlstra- 
 tirri and H. da Da;iois<5ttu, th ■ Dlrector-Goneral of the forti- 
 fications of the Windward Islands, wag Gvibatltnted, 
 
 Increased ©xclteiaent was caused in Saint Pierre by 
 what seoKiec to tho cltisens un iiisult olTerccl by two offi- 
 cers of the jtartlnlque regirK^ntt ^i Boulet and MalliTrbe, to 
 
 1 
 the n w cockade, Thermo officer;; oat in the theatre oi. a 
 
 certain occnsion without v»o;:u*iriG the national cockade. Tho 
 
 fact was quickly noticed by tho audience; tho officers wero 
 
 exhorted hy tho people not to dlBtiri£-i;i!uh thoi-isoivos in this 
 
 way. The soldiers filled to offor any good reasons why 
 
 they v*3i»e liot shCKsin*; tho c-loi'a and arrot:.aiitly rofusod to 
 
 accept oocKados offeror] by cho p'^oplo abeut 1]\qu* Froia 
 
 this Riiall ev6?;t civil war almost bi-oke out. The officers 
 
 TB 
 
 (1) Boyer-PeyBeXeau , vol, II, p, 362 - Archives Parlenentaii'cs 
 vol, XIX, p. 579. 
 
20 
 
 v»ec*e maltreated hy tho peoplo; th<^n the reslment ca, e to 
 the support r.f its offioors and px-o^ared to fire ori the 
 crowd. Blood ■p^Ki.uld certainly have hemi ajc^d had /iOt the 
 intendaut, Fculai, throw r» ].ij.solf in front of the bayonets. 
 The soldiorr, rotlr-ed to Fort Royal and proceeded to lay ex- 
 tonoivo piai'iG for obtal, J.i:ig viSrjgeance for vthat they v-ere 
 pleased to call th<^ ofreade.] Lotox' of their I'^^^lnent . 
 
 Realising ti.at th'iy constituted by far the weaicer party 
 In tho stiMf^rile which seosicd iiievitablo, the citiaotis of 
 Sa;'rit Pier>i-c lor^kod aUut for iielp, Laumoy, the cof;i! iandant 
 of thP: town, V rcte to de Gimut au-i de Clugny of Guadeloupe. 
 The assenbly of Fasini-Terre, the c-.'-i-ital of Guadeloupe, 
 elected four of its iKis.ibers t^ c^ to Aurti/ ique tiifd endeavor 
 to restoco peace. Help was aloo asko*- and recolw^d from 
 
 Saint Lucl;i» Tabii£io .>nd tj.<3 doi'Ond jncies of Guadeloupe, Harle- 
 
 1 
 Galante and la Do:;leaur'. 
 
 A special lotter soiit frori the in:tnlolpalit y of Saint 
 
 Piet^re on 5 April, r'X>u-.>ot(.;d that tho governor, do Glufiny, s 
 
 dhoiild CORK? vdtb the expedition, and Ito accordingly went 
 
 alone- ''oiothor one of the ct.iipany, tlio coiuxindor of the 
 
 volunteers; wan Luzon ■lav, %; o uppeia'r. later in Martinique in 
 
 (1) Monitour, 1790, p. 108 • 
 
a more iiaportant capacity. This amed expedition acoon- 
 PliDhed TJhat it sot out to do. I'f^atuul ooiicocniont? ¥*<);o 
 luude aud Jufiticc ronflei-od to Spirit Pierro. 
 
 But it was not t;.ifi event alone wiiich cauoed tho speody 
 pacification lix the isiJiwU On 17 April, ti ore art-lved frora 
 France a ohii) 'r.rinln^ tno rwg of the D^cro*; or 8 Mat'ch of 
 the 'uUioiial Assembly. This decr-oe juid boon adopted nldst 
 wild enthusiasiii in the assembly as the i'i^Duit of jirolonged 
 labor Una rosoarch ^hi tnfi part of the Colonial Cociiiittee. 
 The features or tho pvij>'.:!r V'ivn (i) tli^a tho Colonios were to 
 bo cOiinidored as a pai*t of t\v:> Euy.ipe, •vvor'O to receive the 
 saiiio blesriij/^y that Fi'srice had eccelVfKl without bQi/c; sub- 
 jected to such i'periul l.v;n as should l^e unj;;nt to the col- 
 onies because of their local and uoculJar n^eds. {2) Each 
 colony was authoi?i«Qd to r;«3tlce its hX^->h known rogarding con- 
 54titutio.., le£;i^-lution t-md acij:dnl Titration, only ixilng 
 Ghar,-jed to oorifomi to th«^ .bimeral principles vdiich bourid th ; 
 colonies tc the motropolla. (.3) Colonial a aonblles whoro 
 thoy existed, werQ to rftpronejit tho wiKhes of the colony tc 
 tho home govonorueiit. V:.n©i»6 tiioy did not exist, they wers) 
 to be fonacd iniiediatdy. (4) The King yan to send meansj 
 
 (1) Moiiiteur, 1-790, p. ma and 08. 
 
or Inntr'ucticn to the colortleG. '7hr;ii tlie p^oplr' did not 
 r.o?:!,seflR liji assembly, tho}- vfore to ]>o taught how to insti- 
 tute c;ie, ^M-.oro they djfi possess the asserably, they were 
 to bo ;-;]-,crai h.o-.v vor^t to rut) it. Thooo items, together «ith 
 tho i/coiTiise tii''.it colonial connerco r.hould he v?eil looked 
 aftor, v.u;r() tho :>it'inci;)Ml conoo :'jionc.. The Coloriir,ts were 
 i aich pleanod ulth the df):7ree arid, conin,?: at just th^t ti::ie, 
 it y^aa au 1 T^taut fa;-;tor 1;; oas'-lr.p; tlie people to q lint 
 iio\i:> for u V'niie, 
 
 Towiirds tho oii(] of !-.ho raoiith (April), the fh'p'i' tat Ions 
 rco\i Gu..>::i-:;lou.j<.5 and the oth<^r islands VjCtorK thenselvos hons, 
 
 thin<'J.n,£; that th:';ic nlsnlon had bei-sn snocessfiiX, an.' that 
 
 1 
 
 QUiQt would ronalii, in Ita-t^tir.ique. But the paciflciitlon 
 
 l^iKto.3 only a oliort tine, The tov.jn m" Fort Royul becawe the 
 hc.iaq-;!.,.rtorn cf thone whh fjuoportoi' the idnri.G of metropcli- 
 
 tah t;'-v<;in.ir,';:nt , ",ho lockop to ?<•■ 'Is as a model to bo follov.cd 
 
 2 
 
 iii jnuttcx's of nutioj ;i,l focliiiff /irid ;^^ v>-^rn]aont , It ^'-a^ us 
 
 ^»;oll tho ho-:;:;qp?irtor3 for th^^ -.l-mtf:r elaaent. Saint Pierre, 
 on tir'i oth'Or" hand, v^-ir; tho virrr'^oiT.vnnf, of all those who pro- 
 cl. lined t^.i^:. li'.orty had "rood th'^ people fw;; all duties to 
 th^! ::;otro: oli$, 3X;.(l "<ho fallf-'-d to aeo in the nev. democratic 
 
 (1) Boyer-Poy-tvaoau, vol. II, p. 303. 
 
 (2) Parcl05i» vol. V, p. 245 
 

 principle of "equality", any roai^on Tor le'':si co/jtf^- ,>t being 
 sho^vn the irriiluttoes, lo:.o Oi/ia'c.;..tiioi, being cx.^^rcisea on the 
 sl-ive:;.. Saxnt Pierre v,as -tho j.tTOnghold of tho r;ie reliant 
 class. In Forf. -.oy.il there huu. ^uth^ored ^u,-Out t.Lte. governor 
 and f^'oops, the ci-lOiO--; peopieaiid the officers of th-- rnilitiu , 
 This f;ti*oi-; fiortv- I'l-jolved to ;jarcii on Suii.t Pierre mid ei- 
 ther b'eing 'J.''- :><"opirt to toruu ov dostj-oy tho towii, TJse 
 threat oriirii:: (.l.iiT^o-x' cauood a BO'Ci.a appeal, o.- the part or 
 the i-ix^plo of Saint l-'io-rro to tho other:, of the ,Fr':/iCh kn- 
 tillers, 
 
 Th"-' volunteers of I3.iS:;!)-T<;rre, under IXigona'd er , invited 
 de Clugny, tho ;'CV',-x-nor, on";': moco to go along n-::, coMiiarKh:r- 
 in-chi'^f of t>-:f? (?xv;ccIj.tioii. H'3 consented, hopiiVi to bring 
 al:oiit one" a/::.alii a coriCiliutlOii* Ail tn-i.t could he done 
 this time, hovjovor, was to j/it off for a v.liile a bloody out- 
 break. 
 
 Iio soonor Iivm' this fuitcoijcl expedition left ti'^^ island 
 
 than a fierce attuck on ."aint Fiorro was planned and exe- 
 2 
 
 cuted. An e.ara stinulus vu3 tiivoi» this bitter hostility 
 felt towards S&i,nt riorro b: tlie jolOi'<!<i uQO-pla ai.d their- 
 sur^porterG, W mi ovcijt whicii hapi'uned in thut town early ijr; 
 
 JUJ lO . 
 
 (X) Pardon, p. 95, 
 
It vsarj t.:'o day upon v.hich the "Fet«-Diou" was to be 
 C0lobr*t\t,tnl, The v,-hito nilltia of tl-:; tvvn v-ore averee to 
 adnitt.liit'; ti o colo:v-;ri ];J.litiii. Tiio iaf:.t= :• iy.Klnted on beiijg 
 allOT*ort t:"' joJn in tho prooen^ixoii. Tic r;;^:ult v-u:^ h fj..j:t. 
 Blood was shod, .-ind tho v'luter. , v; o \v.;oo s'JccoGoral, sei'/.ed 
 and rivn;:e::; thJ/rty-foia'' of th''i iTi.lat^ooG, TJie r'-;i'jort of 
 
 this raolc" t,; Ich 'flas st^jit to Paris voyiCvto-^. It us ar* a^";.air 
 
 in wiach^so; ?'toc! . lac'rn \ver-c Killed", but after -.^hloh 
 
 X 
 "perfoot quiet v^as i*'^3tored". 
 
 Then c-nia the attacK on Saint Pierre. Tbe fii*e, 
 
 Vfhich had onl" cfi -h tCLiporarlly rnaother-:;!, was foined Into 
 
 fiu'y by rbis Oi.::5r; eshlbitici' of >.or;tliity to the juiiattoen, 
 
 an tbln evvT/it had ,: cat rnflu-UiCo ac well in caunin^^ the go- 
 
 2 
 vernor to give the signal for MJj.icbrieni.. He ceuld t<5ke 
 
 the f.tand teat tho imlartoe- had i:';';u C'1A'-11:- dealt vo.th, 
 and that hlfi authority had bOi;n traeicd Viitr, cr/iite, ot in 
 Sal7it Ploree, vniat';ver reasoiiu h^^< J:\ay have ofyerred, the 
 nintial was elvon and oxtencive j l;ui3 i-'err; laid for tl^e ta:ii:j/^ 
 of the towi. 
 
 M. de Pojitei^o;::, v;}.o coiii'.unded t3v: n^r/al ^ov^er In atten- 
 dance on the covernci^ wan orderi:;;:; to apiiro;;c]i ;:.aii;,t Pierj-'O 
 
 (ii.) Monitmw?, 1790, p. 213. 
 (2) Ibid. i>. S17. 
 
 (3) 
 
'-it.h the ship "I'lll^igtco" a;,d two hi-irn, and to be Lu reacl- 
 
 iri r^a t'-; :.-iii(l hi -; C'..iii,.ii;,.:i.t iu Lh.;. i,ov,ix. ])^i.ii<.5 v.ith a oon- 
 ^ ST.d'n*at/.!3 luiiu roiC:;j auVXiCed at the saiiO liiio, Ihi ji tJ 
 
 iTi-.a-^Od jAulattooo, tho r-:ji;?nt of ilartijiiu.v; with tho 
 artill';;-'. It ".a:; ;2 far atvoi^a.' Tcrc^j thaii Galrit Pioree 
 could v.aivitoj:, Ykjrcvfi f;jitori;^; the tiy..n, a ;<0';tivz.' v?as hold 
 b'^tVfeen the ;..ovcr).oi» .a^l t:}io i:.v.yo-.v ihoiii'uu.oaa, who caiae forth 
 
 o 
 
 to meot iii. ;, "jJir) foniifsr Ci0i:i;!riued that tli's troops be 
 
 allo'viid to .-..itor \:Tia tluit hxc au.t.u)i-ity uo issiiouiut^^ly 
 ri^cc._:jii:jr;o. T/-:0 ijayoj? conseiitod oii tu': aoi:v:iticn that the 
 tllluttoec :=hOuld i:i>t !;i.t^;rJ thi;, ,;.c„a.; ^^ao ,^r:.ait-.d, iVu- 
 tJiOj!*ltlos difi'er as tc the i.^iiinox- ii; •..]\l:u: Lvj;.as t^)^•k 
 Saint Mei'.f<^. VarlouG contra>--Ucturi' l',^ttei'a v^ert ^^int to 
 Paris rh-;ucrlbirv:; tJiO aiTair. OhC :;lua coat' ;iiur;d ti.nt the 
 c-t;tur'- of tho to^va va:j aooa;,;pii;;haa i>j tji^; uoad O' night 
 ii; a b'^rtiavoiu-. XMniVii:!', that th'^ uov"; r,i.tj; ajjaat w^n vrorc 
 roxic^ily ari'octoa ia thoiz hoiaa'.L; ■v-hllc titO .'om'.n oai 
 
 childrori Iiuii to floe to o;.:capo aiijury, noM'r. ;,>;^ ila.) !3/.ipu in 
 
 3 
 
 thf: hiii.'bor, a . oi?ti.(aj of vaJ.ch i' u;':iiiatcly v,o/ia to r^oa. 
 
 The ether latctiire, that of mi orut.i-l: t'A..ii.,, yotiS-j^sica, 
 
 (1) Pardon, f), Ou. - Moniteur, 1790, »• S17, 
 
 (3) Ibid. p. 9(3. 
 
 (n) Monlteuj* 1790, p« 217, 
 
26 
 
 would seon tc bf trr^ roro likely o;!:;,- Duaar^'s POi.utatin:, 
 ^as rot ono to jn-tify ,,,V7>- ar. ii;i'lviliii..v. atUicK ■.xc^ou fellow- 
 » ccntr !!f?: . Ho >:>?' trio ' v^ith finnriOLis but viltlicut severity 
 to eevofn v/ell. m;at o--0!v-r;cf> th'5 . lil.Atto:;';, v.].r. h.^cl been 
 80 badly tfoatocl by tho ijooplo o^: r;;ant Pio^'ra, ;;oiit to > 
 were not. soc.-:n('iori or rlool rft,-: hy :2t:;j'i.\G ) but th;^ city had re- 
 belled n^-\lr:^t M^ auti^o-lty ana l:i:i ccruUtUxi :m unwar-ant~ 
 ablo act In att;^ckirt': t.ho j.j ,lattO';:;. Cl>i,«rly Un: uirty of 
 the ;;ovorvo-p wan to ron'oro hi:^ authc.rlty lUid jUMirjh Jsis 
 £xiilty nui'Jf?ctf;. Thin h-i; yroc- ■(::e(i to £0. 
 
 The day (10 Jwio) -pon which tho ^,ov.n' ,or'fi force, 
 consisting all told or ai;riit t;i:c ti:0-oa.uu -v.;n, .avf-arod bofore 
 Saint Plorr^o, v/a- ope;;.t in ihto:-'viov;y bvihoon t/;0 ,;,ov';t-ior and 
 th^; r'ayor as bofciv: • ,ont, ion<^f?.'^ juriii- tJiic tj.;ao, tlio to^ri 
 viiin Ir: oon-Htniit O.ahr'/'v of in '^fli..t::, duatinictior:. ":'he 
 forces IIl ^alrit Pl*.^--' -'o i-ont b.'^ p?'.;vor.t6d f x'o; i llriji£; tho 
 first ohot ■'•:hlc;-: ?;onld bo r,i v; oi;;ii;Al Tor yji,ihvijioiblo at- 
 tack. Bxiar. YuiO. ou,rpor'foy _..oaco(I }\ij^ Vi:.:;ul.u- troo.>s in the 
 front. And they r:ervo(; to oniv^^ra tho hot tor hoauix' youtha 
 in tho roar from 00i::itnln;: losy rauh Oital.,:.Uij)it,:;,. 
 
 TowardB evoniu-^, ti)f' p>rr, i :o.io-ii ro'- tii'; oijt:e.:iiiCG of the 
 
 11) iioriitour, 1700, p. 210-222. 
 
troops waj3 irivoi, or: th^-; conaition •ar'^ad:'- cU- ; v.nr^ely tl,;i.t 
 th'S ^.lulattci^3 GhOuid iv:;i.;aj.,. outsid':;. TiiiB iai'at' division 
 
 Qf liai.uG'r; aiiay fortiivauh onc.:i:ii>ea un uli the h:^i,:j.ts in the 
 vicinity, v;];::ro th jy iuiu '^myta th ; fa^iay a.,u OLi^c:>ly vsutched 
 all t::'.t T.as <joii;<i cii in zl^e t^v;ii. TiiO oovernor' eiiter-nl the 
 citi' r ith '"ho jaluiiCv; of his foroc <.UiU r.:i;;ainc;l tiwi'e fox* 
 nc/io daja v.lih hin ti-wo^-a cupea in \,he, ctV'iiOtri viiich his 
 c^i:lIlon v^oi'O .. Otu;y to i;\vouii if riea^>.-;£.va'y , -i^aile tho ilorco 
 nMattoec 'oitched vi,;,il.,jitly outiilau, 
 
 0:ri tl.''; tuiril d,;\y Dc»j.tu.s requeiitco tho woople to convoke 
 an af;sor:.bly of two liiiucir-^d i^opreseiitativo citiKens» The 
 £,--Jt,horiii?; let in Ci'owuea coi.fasion surroiu icloU bv a vast 
 oo.iCO'x'-'TijQ cr tl'iC uiJV';lGOiac £,iic5;jtG, aiid uii tiui^, wao done 
 ',7ar: q'.:iot a dioafcrcjiibi'; B;.u'pri'jo to tj'.es.'-i two iaiijdrod vforthy 
 oiti5?:eri':. It vr i'j y, ••o£.OG^";(i to ;:.Oi'id iXii ai.u-ij;?«S3 cf t,i;ai,JcG to 
 Dallas, the rrvadlu.:, soidicrs vmd the Colonial Asrseriil'ly, and 
 tliO v:ofcl v?ciit for^h that those wi»0 ai^ijjod this >-apoi- '-ould be 
 cciiniderod iroo;l ;;itliion.'-.., oiid that tho othei.*:j \uj id be kno\sn. 
 Sono ni,;nod and ethers laauicod to avoid tiiv- uupli}.i,3.uit por~ 
 rornjance. A fjecoji'I aadj;:'esi; \un, drafted oi' a llci't nature, 
 b'.t th^^ roj^wonr,/^ iv.3L with or. tiie i-ai^t of th^- r-opulace v;aK 
 not such ao to Q.-itlsfy ".he r'^'oiiotcrs of the plan. 
 
 TbiG ci\i).3oa niach c-xai, oration on the part of tho leaders 
 
29 
 
 'Kho had thur. tried to coerce tho clti^onc of Saint t'ierj'© 
 
 and nea.j3ux^o3 vtQw. iMierilately tiiJceia. That riielrt troop-; 
 viore ,iOst<^Kt throughout the tovii anil cavinon rKi.lo road?^ iij tho 
 streets, then followed m act which has bo«n deRcriljert in 
 mmiy cUffexrent wayr>. Soma have pointed ou.t th.'.'- 'he niinor:us 
 arrests of proninant p<-5c)T,le whicli v^'ei^-^ made vove without 
 "eeason, unjust imd ^if^lxirit all tho !• wr. of wars but tho safer' 
 tostimor^ points to the fact that th stnir, taken were takon 
 as a v>unlsh:i:ent for the fright fill eventB of the "Pete .Dieu" 
 aiid worn not s«; harsh arj at first painted. B.inv'rous arT!::st3 
 wOi-'O m-.ido rithout dlstinctior!, a. d none perfectly innocent 
 citiaons vver;; among the prinoners. In all nore thim one 
 hundred fifty were soizod. 0?) the foilo^vln.e; mocmiriP: a nili- 
 tary coiamisalon ap:;:.olnt9a to ^ndg^ the crtptives, liberated 
 many vhoso innooonce nnr^ evident. 
 
 The fifty or raora "-jjio renalned -f-ev^ traiif-;iH>rted by 
 
 sQ.i to Fort Royal, to ronain thfjre ao ririv.on^ri-vi t* bo tried 
 
 1 
 by tho COloni.a Aanonbly arid the. sovecnor. It war. decidod 
 
 thiit Jill thene prisoners nhould be exiled fror; thf* colony,- 
 
 cind preparations were raad© for thair tx\Tinnpomtion to Ft'trnc"!, 
 
 Thio decision ^•'an to oauoe a bloodier civil war ir. the 
 
 (1) P^-sr'^ori, p. oa. 
 
2;. 
 
 that the iJ-j. tJ^iis ooiavj..iaj*iU \<bj:... i^j./^zy of proi ,ot ii.^j;: V-riVi^^il 
 ,atvc-citu--'a o\i tno "v'ot!iJ^~cu" . ih ; pa^iwruaoiit .'l;U..ieu fcr 
 
 tl.-j..i \:uz I'iCh'Uhly i.ot to. i,^j cui, foi' tli'. cfij.o, "Iai'L a fo^-Iiric 
 of i'ity tiiUt Cii^rui^i],' \Xi-> i'cr t. 'jciy i^iCi* ui^'-l tliQ/li.' -'.'.u iJ.lior>, 
 v,hlch v,..:, ..lihcouod u:/' tii': auLho,.! t,io:::i vuth tlio ;^:'--C(:jptlon of 
 ih\: ijovovi'oi- \,a:^ to lOLivj tc hi.tt<:i' uivii v»^tc.. 
 
 (1) Moriitoiie, 1790, p. 228 
 
Chapter IV 
 
 Dtaraas at Gpos-Marne 
 
 Anong the prisoners at Fort Royal santenood to barilshBont 
 werti aany nerchaiits and artisans who were forced to l©aT© 
 behind th<m helpless families and unprotooted proj-erty. 
 It was for thoa® inarj that tho feelingis of pity vmntlonad in 
 the last chapter grow up in Saint Pierre, and spread rapidly 
 ^0 other quarters of tho colony. It was argited that after 
 all thes") citiaens hud but bee^ led on but ursdu© party pre- 
 ^JudiGies to ooraiait a crteo, and that tholr oxpaloion from 
 the island wouia bring about rtore harsi than tha piUiishmont 
 was worth* Many felt that the puni3hra€snt had ^eon suffi- 
 cient already, and that the culprits ^ould Ou being reXeenod 
 show th© GfT©ots of the iQssort taught them cmd jsottle down 
 as good and peaceful oitl^enG. 
 
 The soldiers of the r<3ginent of Martinique ware tmoh 
 influenced by tho inhabitants of Saint Piei*re, and, as a 
 result thoy demandea of the ,:;ovoTOor that tho captives be 
 
 (1) Pardoji, p, 98. 
 
31 
 
 roleasexu To una-Tstarci the full fom© of this dmmnd on 
 the pfXE'% of ao sti*om a f)o<i;^ as the pegir««it at ^im% this 
 tim@, it Is only necessary to know ttet tho dissatisfaction 
 oaus@cl by tl-ja arrest* war; veTy general, that a stroiig feellrsg 
 prevailed that Daunfis ?ms go.ing tou far, and that the Colonial 
 Assombly was assuming police duti'^s -s^hlch did, not belong to 
 it. Daiaas ropliod to t; n; charge against him that it was* 
 his duty to execute what®v©r the assembly decraed, tlie g^-^'V- 
 emor, wh€i. this d@Riarsd was made, beirig unveiling to asaurue 
 the resy.onsibility of pardoning guilty mn.:, isar.odiatoly 
 
 handed the aifficult. quootlon ov v to the coiODial council 
 
 s 
 to decide. Ho oxpi'essQd the view tha^ porhap8 tJfK^ time 
 
 hSKl arrived to ohow olomoncy and hujaanity towarclB tho imfor- 
 
 tunute priBonorfs, raost of v]\.n had rdtos im<\ children, arid 
 
 that in any cas©, it wotild seen adviard:le to oijly exile 
 
 the most guilty funorig the numb'";!", Th6 doci.oi on reached by 
 
 the council v-as that the doiaajid . f the Boldiera oould not be 
 
 granted, the opinion vouchsafed feF th© govfijmor was pro- 
 
 nounded to be a mark of weakness . 
 
 The six soldiers froEi the garrlsoi- of Fort Bourbon who 
 
 had appoarod before Himtm with this deiruind ^sem ordored to ;,;o 
 
 3 
 back and attend to their dutlec un'.tor pain of punishmwit* 
 
 TO ^onitaur, l?90, p. 30:3. 
 
 {2) P-irdon, p. 09. 
 
 (3) Monitour, 1790, p, 296. 
 

 When th©y retiAmed to the fort with the refijinal of the doraajici 
 great exoit^smit mm proauoea. The garplaorj was in a niry; 
 4©aders tooK th© laattar in torid and wei»e eagerly sjpportf5d: 
 ail Insuyreotion broke out* Drnm, greatly alaraQd by this 
 tuiwi of affairs, hastened to the fort, but h^ mm not per- 
 mit tQci to enter, tho bri(%e being drawn on his approach, 
 Tho dornavid for tho releav^*lng of the prlsonoir^ was laade ono© 
 noro, find >. threat vfas added that the towi vfonifi }-m fired 
 on if th<^ authorities r©fU»od to rooonsldor their deciBlon^ 
 The garrison of Fort Bourbon was reinforced by about four htait- 
 dred of tho regimnnt that had been statin ^ ml in Saint Pierre, 
 and it vifas ijot long before two hundr'ed fifty i-mi arrived frora 
 tho regiHi0nt at Guad^slottpe* Ther© were provision."? in the 
 Fort sufficient for ten thouBcvid mm> for six mortthB. 
 
 Tho Hunloipallty of Fort Royal with cioki© of the citlf.ens 
 of tho town'aado an attonpt to settle things, but thoy wore 
 stoppod on thQir approach t' tho B'ort hy pickets on th© pre- 
 text that they had no ordor ; from the g<meral." Tnia iiappen- 
 Ing was T^ltnefiriod by the soldiorn in Fort Bourbon, and 
 was 3uffiei©nt cause for tho firing; on thoir part of two or 
 thro-.; cannon shots. The d<^partiii"ire of tho soldiers fion 
 
 ' . 'P . M il . 1 1 .1 , 1 M I III i. . l .> , i i i flil W. illi.l I ■ M ..,.,■„.,- "" 'Ill . Ill — 
 
 (1) Monitour, 1790. p, 398. 
 
33 
 
 Saint fierre to tho aid of thostj In Poi't Bourboij v»as ,;ot an 
 altogothor pojmlar n. ve 1 the oyes of the cltlaont; of that 
 t^OY.'n. A ffiGvmi),':; -^'as 'held hy fonaer Mu-jlolpal offlcf5rs imd 
 cXtXzimB of various occup itions In w i'-h rosolutions wor© 
 passed to the affect that they d'^sired to jiiairitain p©ac© 
 and not try oi.y innovations. The state of affalris was a 
 raost conrusod .210, iiiKi irnoli of tho trouble that was to folia 
 BQimed to havo no cuuso. In a certain n-'mn<'^ both «ldcs 
 were xughtlnfi for the aasno principle, o-ikI tho 'iuentiori as 
 to tho fato of the ino;. condenn''- to exile oes^ns to havo boon 
 the only raa:,iy definite oauBC for trouble. a pavt of a 
 letter published in tho Moniteur of 30 KovenV:.'Or is intci'QStlrg 
 in this condition, It says: "Both parties consider thera- 
 sQlvos typioally French, both appeal to Fi*anc<5 ..;nd roEo.rnize 
 th@ )ioni-:; authority. An old hatred is tho sole caiiao for 
 this struggle* Tha cjcaoniBts, the pl^^mtrtr; , have alv/a;. s 
 been opposed to the towi of r^alnt Pierre. It is tho narKot 
 of the colony mxd oo/>trolr> noat of the ooimsrco. It is ro- 
 lation to tho planters both a creditor and a del/tor, •» 
 
 On tho first cf Bcpteriiler, the day boforvj tho ship 
 bearing tho exiles v;;is to n^:i, tho tvooprs arid voiimtoors 
 undor tho oaoimand of colonel Ghabrol ana Dugomiiei?, who had 
 nO¥i ari^lved from Guadeloupe for tho third tlrne, set froo the 
 
34 
 
 fifty prlsonops,-^ 
 
 Daman, 'always a xmn of tiolioate heaJ-th was lncai>aoitat©<3# 
 
 Qri his aid© thor-e only romalnod of rogtilai' t^^ooi^^ two com- 
 
 pimies of <j;reimdier8 and these soldi ors v^ot*^ not dosirous 
 
 of takine either sid«i strongly; they tcol-c -ap tlu";lr q\jartors 
 
 3 
 in the houserj of the tovm and I'l^muined quietly th&Vi^., To~ 
 
 viardr. evening;, the artillery of the fort opened firo-; oii the 
 
 3 
 
 town and the sr ips in the harbor. Tlie iattor had to hui^- 
 
 riodly weigh anohoi* and get out of rmig*^. Tr,e sarrir^ori than 
 tooK pofisesGion of t)'*© «ritiro town and flej-iarKle;^ atir-pllrin ;)r 
 tho citiswis. Thare w^s nothing; loft for the ,";ov'rrnor t. do 
 but b^at a hasty retreat, an(5 this ho aecordiri^ly did. To- 
 go' hor with th© colonial asserably, the mxperioT ooU' ell and 
 all the civil and railltary authorities j )ie aiiaiidonea Fort 
 Royal and took up a position at Gros-Morne, a villiige sit- 
 uated Oii a height north-^ast of ?ort Hoyal mid locatsci about 
 midway betwefju th^"? eastem :avl western shorQr:. of the Island. 
 Thin caiap of the gov<-rno»*s war; soon join<^d by m. ..irry of 
 volunteera mostly corrposed o* imilattoas and fr«er] ncj;^T06fi, 
 togath'sr with a large proportion of tho plontorn cf the lo- 
 land* 
 
 (1) Pardoii, p, 100. 
 
 (2) Monitour, 1790, p* 318, 
 
 (3) Pardo-a, p. 100. 
 
38 
 
 Thmx followed soveral weeks of iinORrfcaln ^'arfare* 
 Botr. sidas lncr<}acf5ri in stre^.gth. Dama:; war> ill arid unfit 
 for active ?^or*K, the l^limt of which f«ll on Ommval DmmXn@mt 
 the socond In ooriT'iand, TJils officer was vopy Buoo#s8ful 
 in wlnnine supi>oFt to the goveimiiient oido, aiKl l-eforQ long 
 lii. th*? ©{imp at Oros-Morna, tliore wore united froiu four to 
 five tliouoaiKi Boldlfti's, regulars and militia. The position 
 of tho carip wan elevatod and GnoHy to lye d<5fe; ded, diroct 
 cojamriiGatlon vsar; established with the seaport towi; of 
 La Trinito and, from a military point of view, th*---* eo-^ernor 
 
 arid hiG folio??or0 doninated tht? island miA oo«ld afforde 
 
 1 
 to await doveiopmerits. The stoldiers and the cltisens of 
 
 tho town on tho othor ijand, had a S'-rmt advantage in holdir.^ 
 
 botii Saiiit Pierre and Fort Royal together v.ith the stron/;- 
 
 Tioid Of Fort Bourbon. 
 
 Oii 4 oOptORiber, M. d'Ubraye entorrjd the harbor of Port 
 
 Royal on the frigate "Sonslblo" foloowo<l by th«^ other sr;aller 
 
 ships coiirposirc the fleet of tho ntation, M. d'tllruye 
 
 had, become coimnander of th^? nav<tl forces in the Wij id-ward 
 
 lolnnds or, the doath of M. Pon?.crcs v?hich had occurred Rince 
 
 thf? capture of Sulrst Plorre l^ DumaB* Ho ssooner had this 
 
 <1) Pai'do= , p. 101. - Monltour 17G0, p. 318. 
 (3) feonlteur, 179C. p« 3io, 
 
30 
 
 fle<?t cono v.ithin rarig© thaii the guns of Fort BourT^on arid 
 Wovt Royal ope^. fir© on it* Th© firini: lasted for tteee 
 qmaptei*s of mx hor or until the lust boat was out of ranee. 
 Tfds attach: war, on-erX^a ou li* tjuch conraslori arid hurry, arid 
 tho aln of thfl guni or;-, wao so poor that none of the shipn 
 woT-o injured. Aftoi* reEialniiig for three amu nnai" tho oxi- 
 tf.nGo to th'» bay, the sj.ip^s set sail roi» Prmict^, During 
 thj-o interval a•IJbr<<;^3 sarit two vesjiQl« to s.ant Luoia to 
 no-tify the naval fore© thovc of th!-> atato of affairs at 
 Mattiniqiie but no assistance cov!l(i coi.,e ft-oia tljat isliiiid 
 hocau'^iO of t,h{-> trouble pi'cvaiiing there as '*vQil, This attacK 
 on tho Fronon sldpr-; ohovis tho confuaod state of nine] that 
 the Insurgtriits v/ero iu Ag n';at*ly ay caii be judg.;d tho 
 offio'.'ra m"id crew of the fleet had romalnod neutral, lu-d yet 
 tho ©xcitO!- soldiers sav? fit to fifo on tho;,^ uht;ri the opi^'Or- 
 turiity offorrod. 
 
 Thli; nob like i*iile? of the soldiers and citlseiis in fur- 
 ther exoaplified in tho hai>per;ingr> in l-crt Royal " By 10 
 septemb':r th^a garriso/i of Port lUnirbon alon*; nuiab<:jriid fifteen 
 hundred men, largo relnforcon^jitta hav/ing ar-ciVQd from .Dorainlca 
 and other oolonlcsB beaide t};Oso ult-oudy r^^htionoo. froia Guad- 
 
 (1) Moniteur, 1790, p, 331. 
 
37 
 
 eloiipe. T}.o sAiHiioipal govficr,nmit of Pom FJoirai was forces! 
 to Blgii v,]-iatvjvtn- ot'u :rs the ieader-Q of the insui^'gcnts d.omaxided. 
 Th© streets of the tcmn ^ov^^ full of S3':ldiOTs who exacted 
 r;0{if.y by foi»ce unci connlttod all aorts of •■•rii!>©s m-,tcl oi5.t- 
 rages. In Kalr,t Pierre, n''iur;V,'l-ille, f.;, Chat)rol, the colonel 
 
 was prooluiiiKjci corauunduiit cf the Kational trv-.ps midist wild 
 
 1 
 ©xcitemoiit aj-ici rejoloiri^l. 
 
 DiuUiig thiy timet the Colonial As^^oinbly wan holtiirig its 
 
 sessjLcns In the presence of %h inoapaoltnted governoi* at 
 
 oros-M^rne. Th© forces were sora jwhat increasod by 
 
 tlie ai^ rival of noirKi di^cortarf, fvcr': the other 'Ide. But* 
 
 lij spite of tho far;! that as yot the sur-portorn of the i^ovcirn- 
 
 or had net viith no revei'soe since 1^ virii." ^ort Royal, th'^^re 
 
 Wan iJiuoK, consternation ;.ur.or4?; Tia/jy that tho advisability of 
 
 leaving tlio JLslmj(; v/an considered* Ti\e plan wfir^ '■•o d part 
 
 with the nQgroQS to the 3panluh colony of Trinidad. Many 
 
 th Aietit that the colony was hopQlossly lost md^ssL; speedy g'-cg- 
 
 cor arrivod. Tho insiirgt^ntis had by this tlno mac]'; an at- 
 
 t':)L!X)t to cut of DaLias* siip'pllen, by aexiding thlrtoon urned 
 
 Silps to blockade tho port of Trinito. The effect cf this 
 
 V(a3 fQlt in the Gimp at Oroy-Morno by tlio gnrnXrig scarcity of 
 
 (1) Monitour, 1790, p. 031. 
 
 (2) PardOi;, p« 102. 
 
38 
 
 Sfvovl Aons, jiO the danger of Btarvation inor-eas-.Ki tho feolings 
 of droart. 
 
 ^ The Goloriiai Asoombly at ai.><;nt- this tine rofnuiated a 
 cieciaratlon rsjlative t^ ti^e new politioaX schome v^nioh t?ie 
 rri'^nbers hop'H* to lntrG:iuo«3 .Into t)ie eolouy,* It w f,. con- 
 ceivea in a libex»al spirit; nxtO had llb<rfty for its watoh- 
 vjordj, but an far arj tl;e olaverj ihj] i'l^e'i; r!«n v:riro cojicenip.ii 
 it exprof-jfjou tl\e wioh tim:. tlie const Ituey.t arvsenbl}-'- of the 
 hoj,;o govornijont vioiiiu n.^vo;' take Gtor.n -vithout thn aarjerjt 
 of the colon. ai Ass<%:i .:y. It Ohdod i;, mi oatJ^i of fidelity 
 to the 'ii- tian, t.ho law ani2 the Kin^:^'. 
 
 'Hie tv/o dfTvnitlos rfiprooojitirii;; HiiPtloiquo at this tine 
 ware ;.ltu Blarichetloro and DiZlon. TJid,- -wi-'r'. tv?o honest 
 
 aiid oiipabie :aoi)» 7Jv3 Saint Pierre ..'arty v/a-^ ..ilso ropfonon- 
 tocU It had serjt out early iu tii-* otmicgle |.l-u R'wsto and 
 Corio* 
 
 About tlic- jiiiddlc of ofiptOTiljfu' difforout tactloa wer'6 re 
 sorted to oii both b1u!K:.;, T;hic/i v.-ore 30 n to ta^liiv; about a ohang 
 of fortime. '/l-on at. laot Dariar; lau^ Dai-ioisoaii f<0.t tliori- 
 oolvos sufficiently oti'or^; to ; triko .i blow Ihe:- i;.«ocoodod 
 to <.ioso. Botfj Fort Roval auO n-cUit riof';'0 woro attaclsed; 
 
 (1) Pardoti. p. 101 
 
 (2) Moiiiteur, 17€^, p* 334. 
 
39 
 
 these towns not tho Gnallo>ieo l)y lnstit)»ti2ic: B^rtioo, Wj;1 
 several indecisive oi ica^cnoi ,t r; ivox-e th 53 fought until ar. l:ri~ 
 portant victory wan v^oii vy thr; zoV'^xriimdal Blda. Danos 
 vMiD aclvln-^vi ti-.iat i'nj e:<p«^;aitioii wis to bo sent out "by tho eneciy 
 to ?'ol3o Le La/ioiitii), a vj,ila,i:.:: a few ;.lleR sduth of Gron- 
 korne, wid about tlv- nane rilatance oast of Poi»t Royalt The 
 Qov-^:Vi OS- aetf^rydn'K' to niu-'crlso this 'diVic;' rn in one of th<j 
 rocky d-fller: alcjir; tTi<^ roMte. The nlaj) was mubi -Mid ctxv- 
 rlofi throuSi: rjunooanrnlly, Dugou :iv:;r , at tli^; hoaa of fif- 
 teon h'n.-red riori, foil ;U:to ti;0 trap on 35 R-^pte^b-n^ Ho was 
 uiiublo tc deploy his troi-'ps. ?i)i<\ u-as fcrcec? to r^^ti^eat after 
 l(.'nii!;7 four I'lundrrjd rncii. 0.. the sarac day a' division of 
 five hun^ix'fSd of the rxlitiu n.iu iiad;; a nortio fror;; Saint 
 Piorre to net u-. a docoy. L 'druijii- o€ trs-' fnt'> vjf th<^ !;Kiln 
 diviFti'vn, ti'-iG ouo beat a h »nt7 r-^troat. 
 
 Sevorul tineo haa rie.itiori been r.ia/le of -Diu^Oiiiiiier, who 
 on tb'i'Ofi rjoiniT'ito occ.tGions cano to M-ti'tirriquo fron Gu.Kloloupe 
 to ail] nupprorvulrig wtet Wn tbought t) b© lr;,|>)Btice nnd cmelty* 
 A Morc exact iQtCva'.-dge of tlr) T-vm is riot njt of plac.^ now. 
 When th*^ f:l.rst outbcoak of /to-tilltion bad o-^ciu-red lr'tv,een 
 th<? people of .Saint Pi'^.'ro aisc) tlio li-egroos, DugOiii-iior v/ao -a 
 
 (1) Pardoii, p, 1(;?U 
 
 (n) Saint Alblri,- IXcoriiiior 
 
40 
 
 ms^oip In tho militia i/j Ouaaoloupe. ¥s tooK up arras 
 with tho General idea of bairig in favor of ©nwjncipatlon. 
 The confcd8i:'«tlon cf trad^i's »: d whites, ciaKing up the 
 SaiVit Piorre side oarfiod th<:) word ^Lib^n'ty* oii their barriers* 
 Th^sa pooplo she ao htiVf) started in by associating i^^ ttioir 
 miteiTprise GoloiJ'ed laan, frno nen mscl slaves; iMy wo-- Id have 
 galnod i]:r©ater ^dvarjtae© ov©y the plant era, arid v,'ould as ?ff>ll, 
 h«vQ the pMlariX<33 Kost Inter'.irjtod in the delivereufiee. The 
 fQdepalists nfivo sufilcientXy blind to i];.:v:;in# tlmt th&y 
 could retain in bondfige those vrho hud alrfsad^J' Jii.do great 
 steps tmmrdB hii-her clvlllxatlon* Dw^oLuulef gut; tjaa in-* 
 conslBtency. "You vjiil euccumb", r5i\ld he, "you who trdrik 
 you can ovgmxX%0 Bevolutioris vjith> ut the union of all th<-^ 
 forces* Liberty will nevor be attained ©xoopt through 
 ©quality, because ec^ality tiion© fUTriish©^ sufflolont anas 
 tfe triuiiph oV'-fr th^: mco-iy f;no?aies". XXigojiUiier reffionstysaioo 
 Of rottson was in vain, and he <t3 ari offioer in th*? nllitia 
 was rorwaci to go to Martinique a^ ive have se-'n* Ono^- thti?© 
 he ti^lod to malce use of the confidence which mm ^fid©ly felt 
 in hira to ©nabl© himr^elf to act aa a Hiediatop* His fraiiknes^ 
 and loyalty together with th'-; Isigoi? of ids character brought 
 hXm univai-sal ostoora. He aooopted the office off erred Mn 
 of Coimaandor-Gonsrttl in th© hopof] of being ia that capacity 
 
41 
 
 bettor able to bria?;/ aboiit. r,eac«-!5. 
 
 WViM thlB position vwhlch v;(3 s«x; Diigoiriraieip occui^ying at 
 fii'st, he TWiis load on to t]i<5 more wctivo leadership ^hlch 
 m& heive later Yfltnessed, partly by hl3 own will, for he hopod 
 for s npmdy conciliation ana partly beoaiae of his nilitary 
 duty. to attempt was made by a captain to assasslruito 
 him in Martinique, Ixit tho plot fMled* 
 
 The morriiic aft for (J30 Septoiaber) the attaoK upon Du- 
 
 gomnsler Ui d hir. imn '«hio; httd rssiilted so disastrously to 
 
 1 
 them, Diunas Issuc-J a proolai^mtion. It was a leiigthy appeal 
 
 to tho colonist 3 to rotur^ to their dutlas antl md thoir 
 rebellion. It vsixs point*?.'i out that tho cxjlonlai ass«a3bly 
 hvid l>e@Jj regularly foriaed aocording to th© laws an<I the 
 tho colonists w^r© bound to abide by ii s ccaiMumls. h re- 
 j^oaoh was inoludod against the Raint Piopro party for hav- 
 ing won over soldiers by iiOBt vile methods; for having seissd 
 forts whoso oanrton ■^qto tunind on the town jvid ahips of the 
 King; for having called citizens from the noia-r.boring Is- 
 lwnd> and brigands from all the Antilles to their aid} for 
 having pillftged habitations, attaclBod citizons united for 
 their l^Jltlnato defense, and covered thti soa with pirates to 
 intercept cojrjjunloations, Auraesty ^as pro/dsed all those 
 
 (1) Pardci,, p. 103* ~ Moniteur, 1790, p. 347, 
 
42 
 
 ¥)ho would return to their dutloB and TOCogrilKe the. authority 
 Of the troveniment, Oarrlnons of other colonies w©ro to 
 return hoiae, foi'ts to be handed over to tl.e govunior, safe 
 passage would be promised thoe© vihom the goveiTior shotild 
 thiriK nacessary to oxpel froia the islarid,. 
 
 The r/-.bllcaticn of thlo proclariatioij in Paris broi-ieht 
 forth a struggle in the i-ress hetv^eon trie regul^.r deaogatos 
 
 Of th© islarK?* aiid Ml! Ruste anc: Corio, the cvaogates from 
 
 X 
 
 Saint Pierr©* These l.itter feared tho effect T^hlch Daiaas* 
 
 proclamation would have or^ thQ natlozial assembly and on the 
 
 putjlic, Thoy ther»!!foro prooeaded to fir^test against its 
 
 veracity, arid expressed th*) hope th-it the real (leathers of 
 
 all the trouble would be found out by the invest ieatirig cora- 
 
 niisiiionors who ware to b^ sent cut by the hi ne g:overiir)ont* 
 
 Aft'?r the engagements late In SoptO'aber already den- 
 
 oriteod thoro ^tw quiet for a time. Although Damars* pro- 
 
 clariation failed to lairing about any Iriuedlate steps to^-ards 
 
 reconciliation* It mxB coramonly bol laved in Marti. iquo 
 
 that thf^ authorities werr- in lotigue at this tirao vvitii the 
 
 3 
 
 governmental side at Orofs-Mome. Provip,lon;5, nrmn and 
 ajsaminltion h"d beer, .-jskod hy the lattor of the fonaor an<^ ra- 
 
 (1) Pardon, p» 103. 
 
 (2) Boy«n*-Poyr6loau,vol. II, p. 374. 
 
43 
 
 Golved by the);.. The only vool fW^tlnis that vjac going on 
 so.uis to hnvo hoan betv^eon bandc of nr--bi^om fron Gro8"l-:Qmc 
 aiKl oriiall parties of tho otlier aide/ There oah be littlo 
 doubt that thof.e tiliirontraiijed nogi^oos conrdttod .-.iariy atw>- 
 citl03 purtiailtiTly ill the vicinity of Gvdiit Plorm vrhich, 
 '«it]iou.t aiding thy; cu.-.so they Gtood for, cinr/ly holpod to 
 a^._:arvato th© Gituation iUi'.l uolay a litttloFiCiit . a letter 
 to Paris tolling of thoE?*? affairs renupKs at; v^ell upoii the 
 work of a party in Saint Pierre whose endeavor v^ar^. to prevent 
 clti3e:n5 who MeT- iloHlv<mB of leviviiig the colony froj. doing 
 so. Sua?! r(Oopl«-; fi.ujjd it i. i.>0p3ible to leavQ, 'wen thooo 
 v>]-io vvoiT; williiit t'"> r^ay wr^ll foi* the i.-i'ivilege* JUrther in-* 
 foi^raatioa i& >i;ivei"i ii. tno oui;;o lett'-T whicii toi:i.s how |.hc 
 orily viOikiiB of ooMjuiiioation hetvjo^ui Saii.t Pie^r® .lad Fort 
 Royal was ono ciaall -■irood boat which carried mail iUid pa;>GCji- 
 g«rs, iiOvi Oi. 17 October, tlire© }umdrad of the Saint Pierre 
 party had be.:; oont <<gain3t foixr h ndrad of the ■aioi-y on- 
 trenched oi, a hoiglit, hOTff theoo tteee hundrod in spit© of ro~ 
 info reorients which oai;.io up, f'^orfs obllgeti to rotroat with 
 imny V'0undt=5d, h^'v; it war; ffjared that forty offiofji'a and 
 rjoldlero v?oro or pari., £ to desort to the govcnuiientiil sido, 
 
 (i) Monittiup, p. 30,). 
 
44 
 
 and wei^f? being watched. 
 
 About the nltiUlo of October, thiu'c ux-rived tuonty-twc 
 
 deputies rrot\ GuadoXoupe, thv-:i.^ rvou ;-;aiiit Luoia ..aid two 
 
 1 
 
 xrom ;4arie-0alaii.e, Tl-iOy.Jiold a cori8ultatj.Oii lar^tliig 
 
 several day 3 at ia L.cseiitin witii deputies tvom Ot'on-'liox'ne, 
 The iisootX;;=^ wu:-; arrai^god in tho i,op'.: tliat a coLiciliation 
 Liii^lit be arranged, b.it noxio couXf.:; bo ar-raiitiod. afillo these 
 neL-otiatiO;.,'s vnar':.- stii» poiiuing, t'«o fiiiips arrivod fron 
 Franco . On 26 Octoijor, t/,e frit;. it "l^iaabuooade" dropi>-d 
 ;;i:ic'. or at Saint Anne lit thu eatrei^e aout); cf tho iaiaid, en-i 
 th0 !iitip "La For-ii.o" ai?' ivod at La Trinite oit 1 Novo; f. .er." 
 So-.-:; o;"'fars wei-e ia..<io to the cro;;t; of these 15. ii>s to ontlce 
 thcti to jcln tho Sairxt Piorrc painty, but tliay each ii;3:iGdiatc- 
 ly uoi.t !i deoutatio/i Xc a,^or.-;:oxn-;0 iianl vJiOr, tliese r;:;turned arid 
 t'lio non hoard tlio tv^uo ot^'-to of aiY'airs, they rosoiv^-.d to 
 stand by Daiaau and ofror iun their B^jrvicaB, It was through 
 tho aid of these nevj suppoyteips, imdoi? thtj ohevalior de 
 R®vlePO, that Daiaas little hy lit'le -Aar. cjuubled t-' win the 
 lorii:: fight. ?ort Royal, Fort Bourboii .ui.;. Gaint PAorr© were 
 all bsaieged. DetailB of <Ci tho c&pitt.ilatioxis are not 
 Viiry oxpliclt but the final arrung^Jaonts made v<oro (1) that 
 
 (1) Monitour, 1790, P. 356. 
 
 (2) UouXtrnxv, 1701 » p. 25, 
 
1 
 
46 
 
 the pant wotiXd be forgotten ly both v,1(1qb, ami tho ciQClslon 
 
 left to th.e Ifetior.ai Aononibly, (n) t)iat ^.}v rcrtn would 
 
 t'O rot^^rrjed to th.^ ayt:noritiOK, '3) t>-i!;t ^^n colonial ABoeiYoly 
 
 sho-C.cl, bo nucpryKlod tcgf'jthcr ^ith Itr. r'-^oor«t acts tmtll a 
 
 ac5ir;ploto acttl'-^rnent coiilfl be reacbnri, (4) that both siden 
 
 ':•>'!. cnlcl iii'iite in rostorlrij^ the negrooG to thoir former flutles, 
 
 and (5) th^it the LiDnicipalitios should be rooctablishoa in 
 
 1 
 thf) parlshco to iia.i.ntaln peace ajv"; attend to tho public welfare* 
 
 There oould bo little doiib'^. that the chovalior do Ri- 
 vior'-^ and iilr; fo-.^co ip-;-t' •; larecly ro^.r-o-j-iniblo for tho oucoorie, 
 Tho Cclonl-xL iiBZiii-:bl7 1 still Ijioldlrig Itc Gear.ion at Oros- 
 J.!c.n'ie, nroclAirni)d rip Rlvlore ;aivl the Vicente d'Crloaris» viho 
 oora.'M^.TidoO '»l»Er:bu':ca('o*, the savlcrc of the c^lorij'' arid all 
 the 71; dwarrt Islands. 
 
 The r-'iiicun orfoctn cf •:mr vere very ovi'^Mrft Iri Martinique 
 flurl;,^: t}io tinter of 1700 - 17?1 tha^, follov^v;.'^ The coun- 
 try v.u\3 Ivir-joly clovar>t:\toci, oc;x;erco cj](^ a/'i:"i»l culture sv.Tjpt 
 a\my; rmriy flcldo arjf' f':!i3liairigf; ;;ad 'oeejj iiiTTied, In fact 
 It vufi n. si";rioun rui^^ntlon hov the pr»cplo ^^ere tr find nourir;h- 
 iinjyti ^.r^i to add tc ♦-.h"' j'lsery, it could h^anny be claiKied 
 
 (1) Mcnitour, 1701, p- 35, 
 
 {:]) Gnnvln, vol ", ju 305. 
 (3) PardOi), p» "XOO, 
 
46 
 
 that poiice TJao roaily rt-jiatored. It war. v«yy evifi<-vfxt that 
 a ooru'Xoto oLiXiigo v:>;.:j rjOcci:,i;jca'y, TL3 ttiii^,,!') coulu not bo 
 Ui'jcL TDtood overt li. the .Islasja, i.uch l<5fis .ijj rarxG. With 
 the coloidal oCVv-rnnoiit ea -i i,t,».,ii.;ot.LlX> urjei th''^ island 
 cerv rulljr, iii t.e luost ■;votchea coafUtioii, it h^iO ever boon 
 in* th'; peoplo, Dtiii liCiTboriiig tboix^ old fdol,Mi^.B of claas 
 hatred, v?aitea for tha cprinti, which was to b'tiiu: tho^■; a 
 
 lif;V ^:OV-:.:'i'Or and Othor eVldujiCOS Oi' th'; BtV'^Aig haiid of thG 
 
 i. other coui.'try. 
 
Til© GovtD nanisnt of Baha^ie . 
 
 It vvas praotioaliy xMpo::tuli0 for the autiioritios In 
 Paris to find OMt where to lay %h<f blam© fof* all the v«ar arxl 
 ca}?nag<3 that had 'tm^iu going on in Maiftinique*" AVion^'i the 
 people, (h.inxaQXiMtlQii against Drnmu ami de Cliwsi.y were }*fiard 
 on <2iil sides, tait thes© tv»o wjra inot the orily vii3tir^*3 of 
 popular Xx^iiigjemtioii* lioui'ly all the pi-oninent laeri of bcth 
 parties, including the naval officers lately nent out frosi 
 FrarKje* wero assail! ul for h<*viije acted wrorcly ii' •>oiite pai'- 
 ticular or other, Little by littl©i as tho details of the 
 doings in S^tmAmv -and Ootobfar caiio In to the homo L'ov-erii- 
 j;.'5nt, the 0xcitem<5nt aros© until iho news browjht forth the 
 ijost fiery debates in the asB^^ni/ly. Th@ colonial cojmiittoe 
 was acfmsed o.'j the one side of having oppoaed the latsaesuros 
 proposed by the "ne/xrophilQS", v^Jhich wore ao vsell adapt od to 
 I5i*ev€!rit Bucli revolution, aid, through tho rsevj^Mipw of Morcau 
 do saint-Wery, thir, ooraiitt^ie replied that the ohly fousiblo 
 rnoano of Jiandliag the outbreak v-ibv: th.ft ones they v^erQ puttiiig 
 
 _ Hi l l I - .II I [-■ r I -■■— .,.,->■■■ ■■.ii... I..— —..,-.- ,■■.. — .. . ■■.—..■— .,■..■- ..—■». .— - ....I. 
 
 (1) Ouerin, vol* V, p. 305. 
 
48 
 
 to uao» 
 
 In Hovoriber, M, Baimave was appointed tc jnaka a clrcuro- 
 ©tantlal report of th-^ state of affairs.-^ lio prrjseotod it 
 on the ttjenty-nlnth of tho month. tIiq nun mici substance 
 Of tho report mm to th© effect that Damas hid acted an the 
 loader of a prty .ir» terti/iiquo:!*! patlier tMri afj a colo,-j.al 
 governor, -.aht If this wero r.ot, tnie he would h.Ave bef^n able 
 to prevent all tho ooro serloii® co!,trov^vzy betwoeis t>.<? 
 plaijtevs .'.m<j mepohants, Barnave pr-oposad that tho colonial 
 asseiibly bo dlofiolvod, mjfl that ooi,Tialr.sionei»« arjd tro.ops be 
 so;jt out to tho isliuuu th© forra-^r with full aut.'.orlty to 
 r-ooataMiGh, poac© arid ordor. 7}mve v^is vmch urwillingnoDn 
 expressQci on the pai't of marjy to believe tliat Daraas hjxl 
 actocl li; this factional miU'inor, but Bari.ave's i-'ronosal l/i 
 regard to the aissoliitiou of the colonial aoGonbly ai-icl the 
 seiidirig of the ooiaaissioriors and troi:.ps was oroj.ptly approved 
 and actod upon. k decroo v.-ar; pansecl aibotJyine exactly those 
 moasur^i. arK'i noticts of t^jfJ sjirvo Wrir; r>er,.t th'-5 'next Diontli to- 
 i^urtinique* Preparations v^ore nad© to sejir^. tho o:q)oditipn 
 forth iri tho upririg. 
 
 Bijt tl'ilG stop cri tho -part of tho gcvex^iuriejit tlid not 
 
 2 
 serve to quiet the ©xcitei ent iii Paris or in thu; colony. 
 
 (1) Pardon, p. lC-3, 
 
 (s) Ouerini vol* V, p« 905. - PartJori, p, 108, 
 
40 
 
 The su^3j0ctn of t}.-> .lOthor ecu:, try in CtxT> off Mj.-rtii.lquD v^ore 
 closely follov?in£ t>M} nt'-pn of tivdr i'ovoluiioi.wy brothers 
 in^ Franco. T^ o Miltco l-ocviinci i'"oyi:i.l:lS';&, tJi-^-i MO/-;:i'Oi*s ntoori 
 for th« principler} cr lll):,'ty ..uc! .■,q:;ality. "iT;.: f(u»r,:ier 
 through their ropreurijitaiiv-s mid syiapathijsriisors iij, Paris, 
 attorntcfl to provo to the C-.;iistltuoiit Aosoi.ibly t/iat ti th'^^ 
 case Of the Colonial ulavoa, It wi,.^; lin-racti cabX*^ a^d vsrcrc 
 to apply tfin j^ "^voliit ionury princi:.los of fr^ocioiu aucl oquaiityt 
 hovmver t^oII cuch pririCiplOD Kii;;ht v^u^k i;i ooimeotioi. Viitr; 
 all das GOO i). TvmiGCj, But triO uupi'^ortGrs of thia claiia 
 had a .'itz''Ctnger oo^.o^jitlois to fii^i.t tluui tl-jtjy imve miual to» 
 pf^tion, Ron'-:Br':'orro :isi<l otsY.r^ d:$,.iXi ^-li^u that tho colored 
 population be nade ellijiluo to Ojijoy all t.ho i^x^hta of citi- 
 2!cn3« Ro>'er;nic^ ro s^'Oke severjil tiraou ojt ti'ti:* s\iljj0ct, iXtid 
 uttered io f.hJ.s co.:,' ectlon ou'; ;.ia,:orable Bentei-ice: "Perinneiit 
 lor; coloni-'"'B nliitot quHr/i pri:iciwr/'. The- roault was that t:i 
 thone negroes borvr of rr«»; raroiits v«i';re iloclared eli£:ible to 
 enjoy tho r;L;;).tf; of oitl^unn if H.'^j fulfilled tii« ordinary 
 coiditions for j.oldli^ tho rr>.u clilno, T},is vjecislon cmisoti 
 ^r'-iit cUcBatinfuotiori u. ori^j- th'-. coio.aui cle^'.uti^'JS. ITiey 
 had fjtoocl all alciig ou ti\o ground that the colOj.ial assoribli--3 
 6}'!0ul<l bo ixj.lo-^^-(} to fi*n\.i'; these rnwttGrs; they jiow announced 
 that th€sriwofUld .'io loriger attend the sens ions of tha asscm- 
 
50 
 
 bly, bticaus© thoy arnolOivr^c^ their rU:hU: tc li<.v.; hQen vio- 
 latod aiid scoriiOtl, 
 
 , Tlio ilocisioii iibove (iriscciucid . ,i8 la^ieiy brought about 
 th;'o-ii^;h flie rkx^jiO of a deputation of colored people Beiit 
 cut fi'ovfi Pa^i Dotiij-jigo . V/io loftdcr of tiUs c-Pdy -^vaB one Hay- 
 r.;Onci a irulatto. ii-,.; vsgs <^illO'vv:;il to r^^raKu* cefOin-; the na- 
 tlovial aanoiibly to ; louci i.I::. Cviun^, w},ich he did, ably 
 P^:i)i*i}is3 Oat cl,e liu"c,e >iroportJ-on of ti.« C'.-loreu popultitioru 
 t:v; li!tfi;:i?oets vr.ich Xt ^/e yyi^anOiitcid and the sv^rviGon alr^saciy 
 roiit-or.^d by it .^iiU i-. bo ranoucod in thcs iMtuTQ. xho '/vnit^-r: 
 ho rdctu;>oa ui) tyi.\Aut;> o; <i craol mid h''J3?BJi natui'o. 
 
 I: I tiiO (^i.tillcrj ti;:; ijo^^f^ of tliiri deci'GO 'war; rec-DiVt^U by 
 the Whiten vatn uiich cliav^ust oiid aiiti-jr. Thooo i-oopie vi;.!j'o 
 wot .icslivuG of havitii5 ai* assijsiiatiOit t3ji-- place botwoin 
 tJ^Oi.iaclVi'G .a.;, .ho coloi'ad population, They XooKed xifjou the 
 ne,:rcoB uG llZ'J^itii.iUtQ.CiiliarOi., uDv-orthy cv orgoyixig thfj 
 priviloges tix^.y ovnjoyedj th'^ tri\ii;;pii cuid joy of the negroes, 
 ],o-rvivc,Ty 'ja:; ::v<;a t^rd.st«;;i' ti.an the C:inisust und rovulnion of 
 tho viites. 
 
 ':^'liO twHifj of SaiHt ; iorre had boeii put ih legal ordor once 
 )riOre» but tiio pO'U'l'' >voi*o non^i tho l03;i hostile tovjards the 
 
 (1) Mo/iiteur, 1791, p/ 13a, 
 
51 
 
 tho oolonial asRanbly .-vd h-b cor ittoo* "vitn joy thi citi- 
 3*3ns reooivo^: f!Oi^i of Harjuwe'^ docrc; of ;59 IIovq ]„.n', ;ukI 
 they hurrlodl:' sent on a copy of .it to thn co--''.-rri:u;nt et 
 Gros-Morne. Tho p:ovov-no-e ]«t>colvoc! the cl.-M-iit.itlr.Ti Bv^nt 
 with tho docreo but ''\'-oli-n^-i\ to KUE:pr:]-id the colonla; assoM- 
 My UTitll ho nhcuid r,,o ofnoj.ally notified to do go. Just 
 previous to t}iis oveist D;nan liao sent ;c;ay o^l a sid:. 'boimcl 
 for Saiiit-Miilo about ono luK-di'^Kl yoim^r :"on of Fort Hcyal 
 ana Saint Piorvo wli. h a ;:orTi t-k'T^ i.rl^or^!^r^) In 5^-nt ■^a^cr.'^ 
 There ruyr-:^ sono nolc'^lora anc: G.diorc 3:\cii£ th^^ pj'i';i:ncx's. 
 On 21 Ajvrll, the nati'r^al aE:?onn;>ly, h'tvir>t:; i't-;c' 'Iv-u ;x report 
 of this affair, ordorotl th:<t tho nailorrj he o-ost l<jck to 
 their quortors, th-^ soarUerc to ncno clt.u]'-:!, :.uid tlv; othora 
 retained in Saint-Hnlo und^;" -irr'int tc YjO donlt with l,y tho 
 con: :1ns lonors fu;rjt out. Lator* tho fKO^al, nilitary arifl. 
 oolonial oorv:lttoos vf^v^ ordered to o"ai;iriO li^to tic giu.lt 
 of thono iieii, arul I;t.tor on in JujiO, tho IJatiivn^a ;:.;:, ;;iil3ly 
 pardoned then all. Tlio or.'ioial ,iotif;l -ritlori vhir^}. Drciao 
 salw he ^C'-lu v;ait ■■a» r.ot Ions in arrivirij. j}i in March 
 1791, a oquadron undfr tl:9 (X^rri'ir-f^ of 'A* 'V: <}'.r\:Pdui urpivtid 
 at Port dn FY>}ino«. This offlo«^v "bT'oneyit tlv"- ff^ue comijlo- 
 
 (1) Ai»chlvef5 Parlsnantalros, vol, XXV, p. 335. 
 
5S 
 
 sionors, L..oont6, K!i/p.iltot, Montc1;^noix nnrt Lli.^fy;", '^:].c had 
 booii iii;pointod 13) Pafln, kuI oscort"'! t,- the Inlun'l an VM-ai 
 lU do Bohairuo, t;}iO hud be:-ri /ippoir'tod to siicc^'-;;-'*! Druiao an 
 ,':oV'':vnoT„ Titoops 'verc aXfio bron^iit alorc v:hic)'! ^TfM^•:; to 
 til' e the i^'Iu^.^ or the vc^.^lmcint alroad^'- It, ']■-'-; isl;'rd., -..'hlch 
 h..cl played si^ich a pi-opiir^e^t i/ort in tho rfc-^r.t t.^'oiibl-'i^. 
 
 Tho CO!,:to de B<:;i-.ai~{S vtiX'i a ^iiar' f-'-'-lI fitt-vl to anr;-::V) c^n 
 trol of f,j,o (lif:lc!jlt ^:t;ltn of a^rairs In t}-;«'^ lsl..Hii' ." i:o 
 \?as a prou(l# Ir^oorlouG ria-), ".iic cotilc^ !iOt Ijf- ttvo:> f rc; . a 
 course h:^ bf'-llev^nl to be tl's;-^ rl>:ht o>jh„ }?o rtu: of a docif)- 
 iteo nature, quick in for ^ i rip: M^; c plT>i<">r5S nrif- th'r; , to act. 
 V.o dcnlr;at*';('> ijot Ir, a ty^-anrsAoal but In r\r! :v-tJ;oritutlve 
 V'iciy, '^11 thop''^ >'ihc catic in ooritrict with hin. Tlo. i-^as 1 Oi^^n 
 ohai';C;^3(! v.ith having r'bne 'ut to W;;rtji-jlqrir} rith th''^ i/rocori- 
 ceivou Idea cf fornlrc »- c-^i t'';T rr^volntion T'-v tho ^"oyullnt 
 cause. Th-n'o i<^; notliirv: to prnvn this. H-" var.' vict ari 
 euthi'slaBtlc rjupportoi* of the ropublicrui l;'*^;in of equality, 
 but tills m-^^de hi;> fiO^^; -^ho lefjf] mithfi''! to hi;- tv^^f^t. Bo- 
 b.:*DJO, ? Ofv>ro louviri/:: F-::'ariOO, li^.c" p-<->onir;'v'» th*"; Tltif: to do all 
 in bin .nowor to n.ivo the colonlon, Tho Frc-v.'^^, ixjcpin foared 
 that th^^y Might lose t.]\(^r.o. l;;lr).r;dB r;ot alcTif^ ti:rou;--h t,]ie 
 dngv^^fXeri stato ::^oachC'l by mo ,iiS of v;lv,a v.-ar, ])nt Lfjcuuse 
 
 (1) Guf^fin, vol* V, p. 313. 
 
of a drOiifi of lh('; Engli^ih, huoBo se-a. uOvjui* w.jg ivtct being 
 Inwoased at Jus5t tldu t-i-o. 
 
 Tiio new coveriiOF v-^ont imrnf-ii-iotely to vfork to i'*ight 
 tiiijigG» Fore. Royal uixl i^'ort Bourbon were taKoii chiirge of 
 by tno liov-- arrivals, A prorapt sulniBBion v*an (>^.v!ar!dod, of 
 ::-'aliit Pler."e, v-'hi-^-h wan uot long in ncrrilij^^,, Tlie voluntoev%o 
 frow Guadeloupe tincl ti-^.' otlier cclcuies v?ei»e or-tjor-'fl to ©n- 
 lur-k iiiModMtnly, DU';:or:nier hue; to tinfitily Uiipart viith 
 the otlierr;* Tho reci^.^::nt of -:artli-,j.qu«, and that of Oua;lo~ 
 lou;>o KG i'oll, v.'ui; flisarned, aiKJ. these soldier's voro not 
 allcwocl to rjeo fnoso nc^-ily av-:'ivr!c.!j v^ho v/ero to ta'Ko tholi* 
 place. Some arni.ia :-:ilavoG fciih<J in v-,a*io\is ct^jnps, v.-cre nlfjo 
 dlranaoci, Glrarain, by DohaiiU«'s oi^dors, ti?aii5poi'tocl ail 
 tiio Jirtlllery air;! .'ii.ii. u.yjition li- Suint Plerro to l*Ilat-a- 
 H?vilor8, a r^-;-.;!! l^jlaiKi f:.outh of i'^ort Royul. Tho nercliant 
 rililpr;, vJliOoe officopa and 0}^^^!^•i^, had \>lixyeu no sh\aH part i?- 
 er4Cou:eu^^ir^j tiv^i revolutlorilsty, ^K-r^ orrtorou aryay* or made 
 utv:"i of t- ' t.(:'a7iB;.ort fn^ Old, Martinique and. GuacioXoupo ■roci- 
 hiOntD to Fi'iU'.t!>o-» Goiu-; of tlio i!or^) m^dorA of tlv:^ iQaders 
 of t.V.o volutitoers and tiio Saijit Piei*re i^Ai'ty war® r>nippO(l off 
 wit J; those Bi.-ldl&X'ii. 
 
 The vMork of reorgsini station anci repaii' w.Tnt stoacllly 
 
 (1) Ouorln, vol. V - Arciivcs Parlo. wol. XXVI, p. 1S3. 
 
54 
 
 population ojic!;; ],\oi>o took iir tlv^lr '.vork, T'i!.x-ov;aa rjor.e 
 (li::oo> tciit oxIiibJ-te'.i on the ari*iv;ii of th*) decrf^e of 1 Jime, 
 
 n'^^^ par')., to. '^ Th-:: vultor^ wore irjclirjnv! to bo angyy, Vnit 
 
 tlv; fimiionn of liio i:ryfii'i,or or-ovo'iitou. any outbreak. The 
 
 coLU:iiGnloiiers Old not got aloij>: w^lZ wit:. ;-eh;u,_aiic, T:c:.zi{iQz 
 
 th-.a uiifcrtuiiato oircuM:jt^u-tce, t;.t: clln::ito arfootetl t:.oir 
 
 ho. :1th and ali biit oji© iiisli-sted \u/on r'-^turrdng to Prmioo. 
 
 Tlu;; one, Lluiy^^v, Ti'ui.aln^-f at v^h it oeoiiOu to hi;- Mi: duty uu- 
 
 til hi": ijiciumoO, .irid diou. Ai.othQi* of thoae corn, iIgg loners, 
 
 Lacoote, ;!]v:u j.o v^a;; atout to dc.'.ar't , told the f::ovrn'riOi' 
 
 pl.'inly ti;a!: ]ic sMouId deuCimc® iiir: la the llati* jjai Ansorihly* 
 
 Thio v:ari for <■•, long tj n^; <.\1'.\ i^chvC^ie «^~i tho cv^l }io ccwM, 
 
 ?iii:^ it was V' --y Ilkoly (Uia to hifs uru'i'ion.'-llnoss v.ho.i, Iv,; bft- 
 
 ca,;:,; i;lni^:t^;i" oT tiio Mari/iO later on, thai; Bohaguo v»as foro'xl 
 
 to £0 over fron the revoluti'. nary r.ido aiid proclaiia hlnself 
 
 <Alotinct.l7 roi» thii Dourbons, 
 
 AiiOth.o-v-* vj.f;-,,- is t'::;,'en of ti is l^nraoh betwoen ^ovor. :or 
 
 and oor-iiGGion^^i's in a lottay fro;: SaiiA ^lerr- publir^hOi: in 
 
 nanprlct forii i,i Vtxvln early 1m th-? f.^ll of 3S1. It is ,/ : ' 
 
 ontitXe d; tf"aTrujc3 Detail s ur l a Hevolutioii, do In Marti. dgu^'," 
 
 (1) Par-doii, r-. iiru -,:j^:''' 
 
 (2), Ouorin, vol. V. r)« 319. '■,-:;>^--''" 
 
 f3) Carton 470. - 
 
Ti.o Irittov in a.ut:;:r: July 3':^ i;j tlri;,- ,,,5^,110.^110. i-, HoJuvvir 
 vma ac i^no'i of im-jii,^ for. />cl a coalitj-v.n v^iti. th:'. Cu.lly 
 
 i.iarto u-tr; fcn»i\u^:: ii. ..iar^i^iilQiin;, v^iid i.^xS accu."..'s: of ' oint; 
 tlv; uo-it'jr .Uii suj'. .ox't of a..l tho c ui:t'^;r-.-;vol'Ativ.7iai-y 
 
 t'Miil :l!.Ol';L aii:;. ii-vv jOwt:-. It v,<..: clUi^il'id thu t, thO ._JOV.:;r;j; i' 
 
 v^us (i3ai ijo oi^ jcii, laialj-'j oa tiu'.' w>,«.i't, (.'i" Lj'n.y 'pa'trii.ct.Sj 
 
 tl at :.'■ allov.'C;i ..10 % Iji-i'iol ci'liUv;o tc oO co: ^ l'.-:i;il ^;ithc■;t 
 OiTorlii^: UiO ri;i!Ody, that i:i;; v./;;,jj. \; t iij^' -i.cy . ai, to favor 
 Q..1:.' th'^ r^ ^'-.tl.itvt uido aaa to .;ot vo^'i' aMra.-.rly tov/.o-dn t:'i>A.,(r: 
 v'l.'- I'- ■. .::iaod tcu:: t.G La^^; i-rijjc;:i;.;..';;i oj tho rovo:<.ut--on. 
 Lu.-'ij;; tj.';f.:>v .ai:-.;;r i..:;.ti;y t.;'"; i-:o^.ijij -.kv) i:,v.i. i;*fi i.v.t, b^^^twoei 
 tho 0; Ic'iixcou -.'■.c j',:.;arivU to >:.h'": t^'J.'^alov a...:I liO;:o ia 
 tj e ..^iaority, ivy.o, ji.;u;Io.l l>;" ia.!. ..v'VOt-awi's v^ax; c'. .:./;4;.... iitr 
 oV':; ■ op-yiily to th'^: c"vvy^..,liGt, : ieli'^« 
 
 ;:;ai-:.y h' 17C;;, tho lc,;in:,,aLiy':i u;ieo.; ;bly jaiuo ■Xl^c;tlv;:' 
 
 atcoi.rpt tiJ u iict ti.-" ffa'j;- nt .ta tao coioiiio'-:; 
 
 i-.^~VCi'4 .ic 
 
 V-'UD act trr", Ci\i.j Ir.iaii'l v-iicoo i'',j3t.i.-;'U',.iiii;a-;y v.d.'j Ci'.u,..<liitj viaxioty* 
 It Vvc.G uecro. (1 thai tho c;o:.or!;(l r,i:a Gl,..ula ,jO a<.;itti..vl to 
 Vvto i(< .^.Ll ;airiBii ol(-;ctiOjiiS, •'li'i ;a,^.au.a uC 'v^iC-i-'.-a to a-1 
 al^.;.C(:a;« ii-ov: oC'rii.iiissii)!:;-'" ■.vi:;i'0 to :..<■. '^Oiit out* fovir cf 
 v:hor had ': .rta7il>^uo ar; t; olr aoctJaiatii.'}!. rho af^WS <^^f tho 
 
 (1) CAi'U'lri, vol. V, p. 340. 
 
oQ 
 
 forced to r>tVi.i£,;10 i\£:.ir.iU. th-; l.<'J:aO/.cy or t;.:; OClwidal 
 
 makiiic trouble ;.;, th(:i.r jtyfu3. c;r;nlro to ],iV:lXly thvu^' off 
 Vil:;;t V')i.'\rul:i±,H thoy r.^.y ntlll 'i.otMi ■^o.dia , oa.u :!j .,,:■;;' !■.!,■ ly 
 
 tl:-^a;: .-)qi:/il j.t.y, \T,o nai :0 oil ;:t.-ii,v,l' o;;).'; 
 
 i i :'■.■ 
 
 tp-- ■ did, ;;ij:d tl>;'^ 3 iul.ir.to<-;o ;:;;.!<' V/'y vi.ulc:. y.^iR;,y.iC ' ^ 
 ct";^OT!y yind .■iv:-;f; i»..ro :,:'>W:. t ;■ : v'Vu Ii>,.!itil„tl :;^. 
 
 y.:r'y/" a-'t.o:' tl^-a :v"; .y*; ! r^oi- ti.tj ^y.v :. i„ .■■.;. i: ; Lv- ;o;,.,t(.: , 
 vl o ';,■ .M iX'u idi i-;tt;;'' of tj ') i!.,;rii;0. yrij;y,i.t It ^y.ut t] at 
 
 Cu.or.tl Roo/i'iiiyofai ^■■'■^^ a:-.;;v>j.,it'';u = ,cv..^ :•);,.. j' ijOij.u^al of i;],.; 
 
 1 
 "/iiiuwui^ Icl.aicr; in -lac-; of Pojiii^rji^ij. ],-y\ ^;ov'.:!f,;:or5 wtu-:; 
 
 tilGO ap^^oiiit-;;: fo" Guadr)lo;iyf^ Ujic" yali/t "licja, T;,05^; t,y:'C^) 
 
 or Ic-n':-; ■wit]i -:;''-o v^ov cOi j .lo;:; i'^h'"t.--r> sailr;,' ii^ A yymt 1703. 
 
 It 1^'.:^ "hlLy; t; 1:: 'jxyoi; iticn vru'- ccccu.ii.y t,h<: oc;..:; that 2i«d 
 
 vo.^r:;-o(l i.;ai'ti7"ii<:i'no cy M-i'': ac yyall oy ;ii ; voyayty Ik Pi'^aVice 
 
 find tiW) de^tr-jctlcii of: '>,s\^'- cojy;t_\utiOii i^y 1701, 7hx;^ 
 
 ■":aar-;0:! ; iucl; C"ccit'S.iaiit : avtrr;' ciie co :;iva";C.nI ;iii.:r;ijj.r frCv;d 
 
 (1) CivSi'lu, vol V-, y, 350, 
 
57 
 
 Of hjn civic oath, };v.;^. th.> oolojiii.tf; j'O i>;<u ]>■.' ■. li.^^'-d 
 upon ..B tiio -\tvoiirzt rcivclut:-OiiJGta a-d ]va-. .lots, vnr- },>.- 
 
 revoliitic}! Juivi,;^: b .eri net ui- ii:. Furio ]:y ;„,.; ausi;^1j^j ^. ;: 
 Pinisoirs:. anii s, c<ivnn^; the- >;o:i03u.nt3 tc ■ idL'': patriirtic 
 oiains i^lmt t;-":;' ntood for l,i,r: i.,:..' ,;-:vf;;: ti:.,:; i.t . 
 
 The 6 pcditl;';! of iiliin oj.iwn "wrla.. Re;; .i; ,;t':au, ain-iyed 
 
 off '^Upe r:;alOnc;, oa i: o'";f'.t'i h<M', ro]/..y,i-:; ;;;0 t ;*. pi^^.t t!J 
 
 th'; rie'^it, to \}-:'l;uZ J-t , if xt p:::v o to b'-^ F:'':^:C;., tc i. safe 
 a;.o cru'::o lUid- r ti.<-; oycito-- of ^I'IIaI-... ?\ a;. d ■:■::■;.:;. ':iv:. , ti.c 
 :;^ovor-nor ha^': inif*tU_; nuf',- that U;C &^." i'l^^als i-C!'C r.-onoh, ;.iiid 
 aftvr r-ivln/., co^c it.i';-l v:ith ti.o o;.;loni;a asac. ;t:.y , i\ ; r;.';i;t, 
 th'"'-^ u^"j:.':^ti^js 0,-. =i r:ei;,.i.:t,ci. bout to i.;^iuoo t.o 'favionv, cf~ 
 fio:jx'!:; an?; cC::rdr'.s cnn^r; vho v'-:r«; op boarO tc Joiii UiOiofiolvoo 
 to ti:o a:5:;o, M2% It v,ao ..o';, ti.o ri^turn to tlo:; i;:l::.yid of a 
 ijOv:orPil force uiid ;r tJiC tricolor t],at vu:.;: fi-.i^-n: ;,u iiuch a;^ 
 the iv;tT!r'ii of a lui^s«^ },ur;b ■' of oib offondorc to tii>; colony 
 :.McO uf; olt] coiaioro of ti^o i'r.rir\-,:i>t ti.at i.Kl bo i; cbip.vOci 
 liorio fiooo a t')i.' Ib;ha.iiio' r; ,<rriv,il aiib olJ ti;;o; i litatorn of 
 all Klf-lo. To toe ;;;ov-"o-oor'f; vqnoct the co.^ .io'.bojiors :>ent 
 iiii mii^rv^v to ti,'" ():" oot tio.'v tliOy v^o 'Ic!. hav:-? ^.o conforoiioc 
 v»ltl.i TobclG. Roo: amboau nude the san© x'o: ly» Bcliacvie tried 
 
88 
 
 eaimostily to Gonoiliatf^ thee© offlcors, am m m\d the as3Qi>- 
 W.7 fi0v& inclined to glv© in on ccrjdition tlmt no Tiolonc© 
 should be aone them 03? arty of th© islaM^rs, arid no deport- 
 ation to Franc© of aiiy of the auti.oi?lties tak^ place. But 
 the QomnXtiBlpimrn viqvq ©tubborfi ana the oommnder of one of 
 the f^igatos* following theii? orders, mmounoi^d tTiat h® 
 would attach if not pemitt^d to enter the harbor v^ry shortly* 
 
 In this axferofmity, th@ colony i^ae declaradi to be in 
 danger, and th© people ©ad© preparati02is to defend th<»s©lvea<, 
 Hoohamboau who ©eoms to have b®en largely under th® influence 
 of the GOinralssioners, nom sent an afi(flfe-deN«C{A ^p to Fort Royal 
 under cover of th© aaitoiess, but ha cajie too late. Exas- 
 peration had reached a oilmax as a rasult or th® report gXir^m 
 by the asserably^s doputles sent to thfi fleet, of th^ treat- 
 ment they had reoelv^d, Tha officer was not nuolesV'd, but 
 
 ©afetly rcturnod in tho moTuim to Roohausibeau . Shortly 
 afterward th© frigate ) entlon^cJd abov© cor^.ienc^Jd to manoouvrai 
 but tho iiihabltants of Fort Boyal wasted hO tiisio, and firod a 
 few Shots to ariaotmc© their intention of defwdirjg th© toWi* 
 The volunteers pouared into the town and the whoi© laland "was 
 aroused* Brulx, the cormaondar of th« fleet saw that th© 
 odds were agaiast him, and h© signalled all th® ships to snake 
 for tha open s®a, whloh they dld» The cheTalier da Bivlere 
 
Jio^m 
 
 '.Hi 
 
 (St. «... I 
 
 "■•D 
 
 ■no: 
 
 :ili.: 
 
 ;t<; 
 
50 
 
 with fowp ships ohasea the squadTOn an<3, although no fig; ting 
 took plae©, the four ships dia not return to Fort Boyai until 
 it was cortaixi tha th© wi^Ejy wor© well @n rout® to Ban Doaijr>- 
 go. B®hagti®, ia Mb rt')port of the whole affair i claiia©d 
 that Jio hatl oxily in acting as he did been abl® to save th© 
 ooloriy from devastation and ruiru 
 
 A fe¥« days after this @v©Pit, the colonial ass^ahly 
 delegated to Itself tho.pow©r to declare BQhagij* g^aeral of 
 the Wiridward Isles* But th© i*@volutioaary spirit was 
 gaining ground every d«y» arid this declttration did not 
 aiaount t smiah* Roohaiatoeau went to San DomXiw^t s«h©r« ho 
 wao batter rQoeivad, 
 
 Tho L«ss:is;lativ© Aasj^asally in Paris*- 'wh©ri it heard of th« 
 reoepticn ^ivon Hochmiibeim at i-^nrtlniqu® ordered that ariothor 
 ©apedition be s-3nt out to tiririg the island to terms mid to 
 instal the n^v, goveriior. This expedition was placed -andor 
 coiamand of Lieutenant Jean-Rayiiond LaorossOt It sot forth 
 from Brest on 34 Octobar 179S and ojj 1 Decomber it arrived 
 off Saint Pierre, and ther^ learned fully «f the counter re- 
 volution in th© island an<i of tho flight of the fle^^t of Bruix* 
 Martiniquo fey this tim© had lacoiae royalist* Lacrosse sot 
 sail froiji th'v-ro to th© English ie.1 nd of Dominioa, ^Jher© 
 
 (1) Pardon, p* 118 ♦ 
 
 lerin, vol ?, p» 392 
 
60 
 
 Kajiy patJfiots of th^^ Islana were imlted* m® go¥o.mor, 
 ^mmB Bime®, wam@d Lacross© to g;o muyt (aiKl ttm Bhipn set 
 sail fox* Saint Lucia v?hlch l''.lai'id mas at tfm %itm cali®d "la 
 Fid[©l@« beomise it remained true to th© :r^volution» La- 
 03?08S© veal's very v.ni.i reoo-v-sa there, and frc»i t$mr^ im trie^ 
 to irsfliiartc© the i-oyallst islsfids, Maa?tlni<iwe and Ou©il©loui>e,. 
 to ?*eerit®t' the jsi^e of the Reyoluticm. Iv'^ i*rot© a patriotie 
 aocij.iaerit but tho two colonial assmiblles of %)ms9 islimds 
 w@re ma;;© orily the no-i?e vitileiit by its app©8ffaiiiC6. ITiay 
 deiioimced tte revolution, treated Lacross© as an ady©«tiir@r 
 and thr0at©n©d with death a^y o-no ^ho should brine th-0 ad- 
 dress into ttoo royalist colony* A cJm;g@ gsu:5@ over affairs 
 Xv, cuadeXoiipe and Lacross© ^as wolcoiaQd thfef© at last in 
 Januai^y 1795, The Y^hole oolony ohaagod quickly frc^i th© 
 white flag to %h^i trleolor and Laoix)ss« -was mada pifovlisionsjl 
 govapnoi** 
 
 Behagua, Be^ero and tho oifeea? l©ad@3?s in M^iFtiriique 
 were grt^iying nioro and Kiore alarm'X]* TJ^ey issr@ rjot b@lJig sui» 
 port@das timj hB& to®«B arid their cmiso iifaK meeting witb re- 
 versals at ho!Eas« TJi^y Kn©^ too that KoohisBateau wo«ad rotum 
 ■with a ©troKys; force ar«2 that their cause was ctoomM,- Aoqor** 
 ingly th©y dooided to leave JlartiniQu<5, and on 11 January, 
 they sailed mtmy with all the ships of th*^ station imd a 
 
1 
 
 
01 
 
 XargQ niaabor of pl-mter© to tho lta.mi(l of Tj'inldad. The 
 colonists at once notified Lacrosse that he was Mitrusted 
 i^lth th© provisional govamment of the Islaiid ajrf Roohaia- 
 feeau ^SiQ OTdQTmd to hin post, ijove attainable, at >.kirtinique. 
 
' Ohaj>t©r VI 
 
 the English Invasions. 
 
 Roeharabeau had only beerj in oharge of th@ goverraaant 
 a 3hoi*t tira© when h^^ was assailed by two eii«5l©6s a loyalist 
 ©xpedltion \2nder Befe<3igu« md aii Snglish expedition a:,afvr' Ad- 
 miral Oar<^!iw>r. The nei? dovernor was a good soldier antl a 
 
 T 
 
 loyal Sopublioan* H@ had followed hXn father, K?ho was 
 a marshal of Franco into the army ^hex.^ he was nothliig but a 
 mere boy» Before he ^as twenty he had become a lieutenant* 
 He went rilth this father to America, and was vei?7 active 
 in many of the CMipaigns iii the ¥/ar of inaepewaonco . Be- 
 fore retumirig to fiance, he was raade a mesiber of the society 
 of the Clnoinati and loi^ remainedi a olos© frierrl of CJeneral 
 Waahiiigion. Roohambemi ^un less than forty years oXd when 
 he took charge of affair® in Martinique and the other Windward 
 Islands, where he was to show great ability as a ea-ier before 
 his final downfall, 
 
 Hoohambeau had not been lo.g in office when, ou 31 Jane 
 1793, the conventloii issued a df^cree the purixjrt of which 
 
 (1) Biographie Itoiverselle. 
 
G3 
 
 1 
 was to tiiis Qfrect. Tho Conveiition after having mavd th« 
 
 reports of the Liilltary, mw-al and finance craxvlttees, \ms 
 
 lead to "bellov© th£^ maiiv fanner iii}:aMtants of Martiniqiue, 
 
 ijtiiom otiiei" colonies, hacU daring the time of the Revolution, 
 
 h&oii foro^d to leave th<5 Island imd flee for sfifety becaus© 
 
 Of the couhtcx* r<jvolution tendenoles of Behetgu© and others 
 
 l/i authopiiy. This body no^ a<)sire<:l to ritike it poqsitol© 
 
 for Buch as ¥?efO really v^ortiiy to return. t'.miy wer'c no« 
 
 allowed to ipotus'n on tho prasei.tation of oertifloates in vsdoh 
 
 oathes BQ « takon that tho porooij in quontion had always 
 
 beon a good oitiaen, oto. etc, Tiiese returned colonists 
 
 wex'e to b<5 foirai<s<3 into military companies tc ta@ part in any 
 
 defenoa of the Isiaa^Kl vs||ioh might be nacessar'y Is^ev on, 
 
 2 
 
 But thera was some fanat cal Bourbon adherents left. 
 Iliey not only opposed thf^ ji'-;w iiOV(?3?rsaent , tsux united together 
 und6y arms in th© interior of the iolimd arid at SQint 
 
 Pierro, thj:'oat<2nlnc ai' open i-ovoit. 'Thn ^votoot v,;id ;ot 
 heaitat© to assort hl0 authority, a. id Esad® ii.medlat® p^'©- 
 paratlons to ettaolc th«GO am.d and rrienaclr^i royalists. A- 
 bout the middle April 1793, the royaliBts sent tv*o conparv- 
 Xqs to a situation nQnr Fort Royal. One corapariy was made 
 
 (1) Monitmir, 1793, p, 175, 
 
 (2) PiiTdo , p» 123* 
 
 (3) Moralt©urf 1703, p* ^7* 
 
04 
 
 UP of wMtes, one of uegroes. Thme zoMle.m c^'-ptuted a 
 iressel taking three patriots priaoners mid appi'opriatlng 
 a larg© awount of aixaudtlon. On the slxte>©nth of %h& 
 month the governor's troops xm^'i an attack on thea© two oora- 
 p^iles, Tno ooXxwm& \?ere foiiaed, one ccaari«a<3M by Roch®>« 
 b©au himself, tii© other by ii^snoral Sairit-Oyi^aiu Roclaam- 
 beau's division attadteri the omap, and after a figiit lastins 
 t^o hours foraeci the mieHjr to abariaoifj it. Aft^r t- l3 erigatj©- 
 ment Gen'ral Saint Cyjpan was shot by his own soitiiers, Oniy 
 Boiagpo a3coar;ts of this action wp<& to \m fo^mSi* St* Cyran 
 was charged with helm a royalist «s3rripathi,8er» presusuably f. 
 because he savM from death some unfortimte oreolss* He 
 was courtiriartialedi, condcisinad ancl shot* 
 
 IXtrlrig all this p ^riod, Bohague, th© former governor 
 v/ho had becom© nuch a stsumoh royalist was at moTk lit th© 
 Spanlsli iBlimd of Trini«Iadl,^ He got togi^thor all the royal~ 
 ists Who hud fled fron Martinique f?ith hiia» or later un, 
 at Roch@rabeau*a approach* arid ©rabarKed witii thora for Mnrtiniqii© 
 He did not solicit Englslh aid but pr«=!pared to ooriqu^r the 
 island himsolf * At first Kochajr.toslau -was r.ot equal to the 
 oocrtsion, aand th<a invadf^rs soon took the posts. Case Navir©, 
 a ariiall poat a short distance north of Fort Boyal and Gros-M 
 
 ii) (MQrXi., vol 7* p, icu 
 
65 
 
 Uorm as well an tho Cortn of La Trinlte mnt Le llarjju 
 
 It soemed m tl-ough the future of the color-y rented on the 
 
 out con® of this iLiporKUn^:; strusfilo IsetTioen tn«^ returned royal isfe 
 
 and the Rspublloar. goverrjraffsnt. 
 
 An ^jvaiit however, ??]iich happened towarclB tl^^ nifldio of 
 
 ■J 
 June lij this Bifuie year, 1703, chav,£;-ni the coiirs*^) of fjtrents. 
 
 This mm the first of tho Ersgllsh lnVi»sion» of the period. 
 
 On 11 Jim© a BQnadron iiridor Admiral 0ardn©r ana GeiierjxJ. 
 
 Bi^oe arrived off Cace Havirc. T'lls a3?i*lval wafi disconcert- 
 
 ing anct alarr^lne to Roohanbeau, emo it cau^ocl Efsiiagiie ; luc]-. 
 
 worry an<] nany qualms before h<i at lufjt decided to join 
 
 forces with th© Sngllf.h* Four cmthoriti*-'3 lay stress on 
 
 the idea that Beha/ruo tto'sIcI have gladly vvlthdravr-, from the 
 
 l&lmid rather than fight with the island \v.t that this stop 
 
 was ispOGsiblo for hlB* It iE quite certain that h<5 himfscif 
 
 tooK no actiye part in the fight iryi v.-hlch w-s to follo?r. 
 
 On 10 JxmQi the British troops nunbering abrut tveive 
 
 hund3?ed v;ero diR^-jribnrked at Caoo Navira, where thny T.ei«e 
 
 jolnftd by ei^ht hirridred royalists, and preparations v?ere 
 
 made to attack Sair t Pierre, which Iw a fw miles to the 
 
 northward*^ The rooplt of the attack ?fhicli follo>vQd ■was a 
 
 rnpulsf^ to th« English^ biit tita exact circurintanoes of the ers^ 
 
 Ml iN^II«— I [■iiri • rni 1n ifn i rri-i — '•^ — ^„.....p_,____ ^__„_ ]■-■■» i rr ii nin n M i n i iii m i n ii II ii w iiii i ii II I I ii I II I I i|i|iii II ' I II 1 1 1 1 III! i ( II I 
 
 (1) m^Tint VOX VI, p* 10« 
 
 fii l Ui ft^^f ^'" ^^^^ Brioyolo. Brit, vol, IV, p. S83, 
 
GS 
 
 £iiGoi.;C/jt afo diff ■■rentiy portrayed by the nnftlj.sh arid Fronch 
 '■■istor.;.,:iiS. Tluj .■;;-:act v/,../ 1,, \;;_ici' th'"i ti.'o auVuiiCiri^; 
 co-lAi ,ri:-:, uno :-;o] .;,>o. .ocl ol' the I^r-itlBh, the i:;th>^;i> of royaliots, 
 v-:)re th;\:v;ii into (Iiaorci-:;v a;jd ^'Otvoat i:^ i ot co;taii,ly 
 
 kijOiin. Ery.iij. Edv;arci5 ii, ]-_.:; histoi'i of tho v:est IruliOE 
 
 1 
 h.d thio to Gay: '•7iT'av'r>'or Lure :^iut lew n.i;'5ht "r'Hv--^ hrrr-n 
 
 ol;tai iOd, iji Vi.-: Jt^GijatcI'i^r. fron "ho Gcn;-Ka;d' ^,-ln-chicf to 
 
 _,ov n'lLvioyit , allth-:it h. ;: Ijo^^jj coMi:aiJiiGat<..d to id:<r-! public lien 
 
 1: u xii,^.^ov coi^anG, ,..ij , I o:...ll r -ifOut tlj" KJb'^tci tial 
 
 /■■i-t ii: th':: Co;j';ral ' ;^ ovH i \'Oi'drj: 'TliC .■iornlri.j of the oi^/iteenth 
 
 (ho Ol';;0;'Vo:. ) v;,::i.; tl'.'; tiijo fixed fo;* ^.h^; att-ch, aiij Tiv-:! ;;ore 
 
 to ;. •'.'<• ro:-V;a.'d ±ij tv.o oclii :x:u, tl;-,: G/iC! d - ,Gir;ti>it: of the 
 
 hi'itifb. ti-oo^j f^l'^"- o':,hO:"- of t],- f ronch I'oynlif.ts, axicl for 
 
 t?d3 ^.1 u-va-^'-o, th.".; ti'-oops \;t;j.'e ^jut i-i iiC'tio/j Ijofoce daybroak; 
 
 fut '■ ii:L oviuj Lui oly , ;:;ono alana iir/iu;^ t,Jo;!i: plac?; cuiong tho 
 
 royallrtt;, "lioy bogaa i a i.ur.tako, fli-iii/^, o,i .iv; ariOther, 
 
 vjiO. theii'' GOnj ..ai'id :.: boxii,:, Gjv.;;i'!;ly ^-rwiuitl';:^ o... th<'; occo.Dlori, 
 
 hi', tL'Oop;:. v';ro dir;ccj2:oei'tod tuid j.ru:turjtl:'" retired to 
 
 tho ^■ci-;t fro V;:ici thoy luid r_u.rch-;:d. iiilo coiKaict st3"o:i£ly 
 
 \a'o/od t];a' ii:' d';pcii>b;nco could b.'; ::-l^■<c^b- o._ t/.o i^oi^alists, 
 
 ...nd that t];o .itta ;k cu^ciliiSt r.aint Pioi-ro ir.iPt havo loeen car- 
 
 (1) Edv.ardo, vol. IV, .j. S83. 
 
67 
 
 ri@d OTf cololy by the rjritlsh troopr., to wiiich tnoir niunbers 
 ware iiot aquai. Tmrj v^=re therefore oydere^l to mtuvn tc 
 their formeu* in-stst Ti^t^ whence they i'eei:il)arK«M. Thisis 
 tii@ whole or lijjariy tho -,4iOlo, or v;hat thn British lidriiiiis- 
 
 tr;itlon thowyht propox"' to raniish for the gratification of tt 
 public curiosity, ccncor.liig: ; he conuuct ai!;;, failure of thin 
 unfortujiatc expedition} arid iiideed it is sufficient to 
 ci;jaonstrat© that tiie atronc assurances vii.ich have? been 
 giVr-Ti, and tho sanguine exj>i::otations- 'ivhich h a;3 "ixi m. z-oiTvxl 
 of frupport anci assistat'OO fron the ci'eritoi' p^.r-t of tho Pi*©neh 
 iiihabita t.z hqtq ZiOt ^UGtifietl by tlisi evr-it," 
 
 iJo i-iuci. for thn iJisglioh siao of the stoi»y. The French 
 ropci'ts diffor coasid rabiy. They oiaij; tiiut ttn British 
 rqpulse Viti:, iMG riot alone to disorder in tho British arid, roy- 
 alist raravs, but in tho first place to a Tw-ak attack on 
 tne part of KochaF.beau im^l the i.ti. plo of Zixlnt Piei»r« who 
 had c.UQ out to :;ioot ti'iO i-3'ivaaovr.. T;J.3 utt.acK ia dcs- 
 oribad aa oao froia aiabuah, and its .cosult a:; a pnulo imone 
 the iiistXisii iii'Ki n)yalists, folio?*ocl b;- a hanty retroat. 
 Ml aut.^vox'i aeu i-cree that t]\e royalists woye i.ot midejc* B@h£5gi; 
 ■Alt inateM a o ^rtainoolonol do GlMat viho icms vonally 
 Mcmidmk i'.i th© ongfjigtsnient » 3m:,)0 and his wint togrttht,;^ v.'itli 
 many of the yoyaliets wej?© Quickly taken on boanl the nrdps 
 
68 
 
 or Acljalral (Jardnei^-, and the uol'eated axpaditjLon sot sail 
 
 for Sail Doriiliu.;c N-jvvs of the evoiit was iioni-jdiatoly sent 
 
 1 
 toj.^arlo. Tnci lot tor Etated that the i^oyalists iiaci 
 
 either plo<lg0d oi* p^^en placed niiaor ari^ost. Of the latter 
 
 It v;a.. rriportod that tLeiMi ^®ve one liiiiir^i^ea forty, T??o 
 
 thousand othei-- ijihabitahts raen wouien ana Ci.ildrcn of both 
 
 colors, n?ee or in alv slavey who were suspecte^d of having 
 
 been in nynpathy with the oneiy, -.vei-e alsc> a.^r^sted. The 
 
 propm-ty of al the x-oytAiiats v^hicJi ;.*aoimt®d in valiis to 
 
 tvo h',i.'i;;;ved i'lillion r^ancs >/vas ccnfiscated. 
 
 The ^riflish had indeed b-en x'epulsod, Ixit they did 
 
 7iOt vfait mmvj months befor<3 strikiji^-i a socond and thin tlia© 
 
 a successful blow cAt lviartj.r«iue, Wnon the Eiiglls, isunlstry 
 
 received t}iO nowt> of 33?u»e*t5 is-epulso, they oonaiderocl It of 
 
 paraiiount necessity that t)ic honor of th© Britiali arms be 
 
 inr.iediatoly vlnd-icated and they resolved to .scjnd out to th© 
 
 Wost XridlQS iMx',>idiatr3iy snoli u force that riuch more might be 
 
 acccr;2)ll shied that t.he nore conq^iest of JvUiTtinique, in fact 
 
 that, in thi"; words or their dQClaration the eni>^iy lalght be 
 
 dir>lo«ijed "froni every one of thoir i^ossossions in that part 
 
 s 
 
 of tho v^orld." Orders vi^srG iBsiied for the embarliiation of 
 
 (1) Moalt?iir, 17S3, p, S30. 
 (S) Etiwarda, vol. IV, p. BH* 
 
09 
 
 fourteen r&ghmntn of iiifantry ox- about eleven thous-.rKi neri» 
 Th@ fleet K%loh waa to transport this foree* ^as made up of 
 •four first v&te ships of war, ana iiliae ttlgat^m besides 
 sloops, bosBdj katchos, and t3?eai sports", tfM, the chances 
 of 9Uoc«>as nigitt be tlie greatest possifel©, two of the nost 
 distiijeuisliotl offlc©3?'3 Of thai or any ag© wer© put at the 
 head of th© venture. TbB ohlof ooismuind was assigned to 
 Sir Charles orey, who w s to act ass general of the land 
 forces, and th© naval ooramand i?as givo to Vlco-'Adwirai 
 Sir John Jorvl0* TJio whole expedition was r^sady to s.ot 
 sail in less tharit three laonths from the timo of th® re- 
 ceipt of the despatches tQlllng of 0en®r4 Brace's railure. 
 Only a few days before th€f sailing date, the force was r^e^- 
 en©d by tli© withdrawal from it of four thousand six hundred 
 men, viho >v©r® detained for otli^jr sertic©. The ministry 
 assured tho Oeneral li) coinmiind that it yms not ej^ectod that 
 he Ghould n<jw be able to do all that vfould ba possible witn 
 tho original forco, tout intlruated that he should do all that 
 h© sould» 
 
 The armmaant set soil on 36 Hovembe^ 1798 and arriv^^d at 
 the island of Barbados s on 6 January, 1794* where it was soon 
 join«^ 'oy ^- f'trxv-fr^.tv rjrn ship, mid aojn® extra frigatas* 
 
70 
 
 fh e fore® i^ejaainod in this plao© for a month. The %Xm 
 was occupied in drillins th^'ira«n ana mkiag all final -rfv* 
 parationa. Then thfs fleet set sail for Ilartirdque, having 
 on board a little over rilx thousmid mm fit for active 
 service, including a detachment of mevQ dragoons* The 
 ships approaohevi the island on 5 February, mid a.^rm^mimn%z 
 
 y*©re made for three rtistlnct and eoparate dlserabarKatlons 
 aooording to Sir Charlea G»ey«8 desire. The flfst landing 
 took plaoa the nmm evening in the Bay of Gallon, on the north- 
 east of the island* Major~0eneral Dundats was a the head 
 Of this detaJSiteent. Before) tho landing could take place* 
 the enoiay had to be driven from a battery* The troops 
 caniped that ni^.ht Qbout thre<i mil©« fron the tiriets of Trinite* 
 On the following day, the division advanced until Morn<? Le 
 Brim, a strong poet oorai-iandlng; Trlnite vun taicen^ The 
 troops were iindor fir-v umich or the time, but lao gi'eat 
 
 loss was sustained, Trlnite Foi^t was ifeken together with 
 scwst stores and ai;amjnitlon* The nhipn Ija the haite>r of the t 
 toKfn were taken by th'? EnsUsh fleet* but the town Iteelf 
 was bum©d by eome mulattoes undajr a well known leader, like*- 
 wise a lauilatto n cied Bellegarde, IHh^m itallattoeB had tried 
 to defend a certain situation and falling decided to ret fire 
 to the tow» mM retreat. 
 
7X 
 
 On the 0v©rjirig of 7 February, Dimclas loaviiig Trlnito 
 fXjrt T^?@ll garrison©<l, l©d his omi brigade on to 03?os«Mom®* 
 TharQ h^s found the strong fortlfloatlo » absolutely abai>- 
 doaedj, the mim& having retajeed. On the ixinth of the uontht 
 a stK>ng poaitirm was takes at a dlstauoe of two leagtftss 
 f3?oia ftort Royal, imd in oc^me siaall sklKaishos in the aei^rh* 
 
 boi'hoocJ Which follow©?!, th© ^eiay inva^la'bls^ gave way im-' 
 rn@41ately« In this positloni Dund ss vmmXn^d imtil on th© 
 night of the tenth, he was ^ttackad by eight himdred of the 
 islanders uiid<^^ Bellegard©, the mulatto ganoral TJi© oners' 
 was r^ulsM* 
 
 Th® ne»t of th© three divisions into which Sir Charleis 
 
 G3?«jy had divided his forces » to be landed was that mid^v 
 Colonol Siff WnBjpl®B oordon* Th^ dl^*MbapKation was planned 
 to take place at Case liavlr®, tait thiscould riot woll b@ 
 accomplished, and Case Pilot© was Bei«30t«d as a landing plac© 
 iast©ad# sordon by a circuitous jiovonent through th® 
 Dioujatalas stanagcd to gain a very oomraandlne post on the 
 raorxiiiig of 9 February. A further advarico was Runde, and in 
 a tm days without having beei. obliged to fight but littl@, 
 th© invaders w@ro iii possession of all the battsrias between 
 Case Havlre and fcmtt Royal, and was st3?ong:ly ontronchM 
 witJaln a leagu© of Fort Bourbon itis^lf* 
 
V3 
 
 In t}w vMB>ii%Ximf tlj/s coK!::arid03p-in-o]il0f, OeiK'^ral Grey 
 togethor with Lloutenant 0®nfi»pal Presoott imd th© balance 
 Of the fo3?o©B had landed Ih the southesstorn part of the 
 islurid at Trols Rivieres* A difficult Eiarch hM been made 
 across tiie countiry to the town Saleo, A division was do* 
 tachod to take poss^saion of a siaall IXet a H«mi®r6s -sfr^dch 
 was ajTi lBL>ortaiit post inasr'iuoh as its poBBminion wcis n^oQssBUpy 
 for th© EBSXiaiit in order that thee^ Eiight get into the harbor 
 of Port Royal. On th« night of the tenth, batteries ^ere 
 eyeeted on a u@ight Goiananciiij^ the isiianci at a dis%a«o« of 
 four hundred yards t and on tJi® followirig day a brisfe bosa- 
 bardaont qidckly brout;ht about thf5 surrender of the garriaon# 
 after a loss to it of fiftoan killed and tv^^nty-flv© woundod. 
 Seventeen cmiijon some raortars and arjaminitiort foil into th© 
 hands of th^ Engli0h, Hie ioiimd itsolf is *a st©ep and 
 barren rocK, inaocossibl© except in on© place only, isher© tie 
 
 ascent is by a iddder fl:itml agiiirmt a parpandieular wall; 
 
 i 
 
 and the suinr/jit is ninety f©et abov© the l©v@l of th<? Ma*"' 
 
 The oaptUTf^i of this position made it posoiblR for the floet 
 to talEO poa session of th© harbor of Fort Royal irai^od lately* 
 Plana w«5re noxt lutde for tho capture of Saint Plerr©* 
 On® r©glffi<3»t. and th,if<?« extra coiapauiies v»0r<3 despatclied on 
 
 (1) Edwards, vol IV. p. 291 • 
 
73 
 
 Ships for the Bay of Saint Pierre* Dui'daB ^olxmd foroesj 
 rath Sir Ciiirles Grisy'B troops, aiid on 14 Felaimaipy .an ad- 
 vance v?as made« &oim rather sever fighting tooK place 
 botvioeri the colonir^ts arid various divisions omtin Erigllsft 
 but the foi'nier ii'tviirlablt feifel back, abandonirig their posi- 
 tions. On 16 Pabruary, the English '«vere *i.thin two le-x- 
 eu©8 of 30,1 it PiHi>c(5, 111® coiaraajider then received a re- 
 quest from the Fronoh for a thr@<5 days respite, during ^hich 
 they oould consider the advisability of a capltulatioii, 
 but only three hours ««re graiitod for thia pwrpos®* and 
 th© advaiioe ^as continued, Th© expedition which had b®en 
 sent by sea wus woll tlsaod, and, after sucoeasfUlly passing 
 two batteri^iSt the troops landed early on th© ij-toruine of 
 the seventeenth Lma advano^Jd on the town, TliiO ga^rlsori of 
 Saint Piefre, however, olTerred no rosi stance, Utt imnKidiat©- 
 ly evacuated* Tha British entered quietly and tlj® cap- 
 ture v«as absolutely free o f pilliig® or diao'rdor. Ilie 
 land army was not far b@hi/id this posit iozj in arriving at 
 thQ towa* 
 
 One iapcrtant oaajipaigji r<:main0d to be foii^'ht out bo- 
 fopo th© ieland ooiild be sum oned to surr^mdor. Fort Royal 
 and its strong fortress. Fort Bourbont raust be tidcen* Th© 
 OoiroTOor, Rooh««(Jb«5au» had b©';n subjected to ; i>.ch bad fort\jn© 
 
74 
 
 1 
 
 in tfe<3 vMtX®w or ziki'iiort at this oritloal tim€. Hews had c 
 
 come to Martiiiiqiie of the deolariition on the ;ui*t of the con* 
 TTaiilon Of the froedom.of the sXavea in San Doaliigo. As 
 a cjattv-r of fact this tlocree was made applioabl© to all the 
 coloiiiec Oi; 4 Febi-u^try 1794 aiid,. al. thoti.::;h ©nough tliae had 
 not y«t elapsed for kaowledg© of this to have re cfasd th© 
 island, the people stjconglj ©xpect©d ilutst this news, arid 
 tbeir discontent over the pi'Ofipoct manifested itself in s^ 
 general dlssertion froEa the government mid the authoyitieo 
 in S'^iorai. BochaEibsau at one tita© found himself at the 
 feead of oray §ight h ridr©a mmi* But -Hhdn Saint Pi«?i?y© 
 ?ias ©vaciiatsd, a oertain numb©i' of its inhablta;itsi Joined 
 his forces, ^hlch w©3?@ p3?0paring for a sioge in Fort Bourlx>lit 
 a siege destined to last tiUyty-two days^ 
 
 Bofore tha British co ad effaatively bojnMrd Port Botuv 
 
 S 
 
 bon». the heiijyits SouPior had to be taKent Thes© hoights 
 
 wero strongly dei'imvm by the mulatto leadsir, B@ilegard9, 
 and a considerable body of tfoops, Th© British ilarmed to 
 attacK this position on tho niicht of 18 February Uit on the 
 same night* ^tieh. pr<;parationB were boiiig made for this attack* 
 Bcllogard© hins^elf mad© a sortto* att^^jptirig tc out off the 
 oora luniOAtlon bett«een the troops and the ships* The English 
 
 (!) Ouerin, vol VI* p# SO, 
 f2i__Et3»«Jrds« vol* IV, p. 203, 
 
7r> 
 
 ooiBi^n der too^ m^rmitag^ of th^^ event. WMle iJfiFt of h^ 
 twops engagsd the French, Ui^ (.aiarice ntoi^aecl and took 
 their oanp. in a short time Bellogar<i©*s own gims 
 wer'e tia-rjod -pori Mm. A ffm days iater, this sMlatto leador' 
 wltin three htmctre*! of his follcwors mrrreridereti* Bellecsts*^ 
 was alloisod to go to teerica. 
 
 After this ot@j> had i;j€di,. tal-ien, the siege of F^rt Kojrsl 
 und Fbrt BotirlKm cor.ttienced. Many batteries ^nw& Qttfot^^, 
 mxd an Inof^nn&nt bomMrdatent was kept up rdght and day. 
 Brjrar) Edv/ardr> sp<stilct3 of the actions of the foro© in this 
 way; *Th@ exert lous of both (amay arid navy) wore "aniraated 
 by th€5 pi'esene® and gg)Virobatioii of his royal hlf:3m©ss Prince 
 Bd^aM, avtlvp.a from Qiie])©<J the f>;urth of March, and tiiking 
 the coMnand of Sir Ch«^rlef5 Gordon's brigaa© eet m-j adKiir- 
 able exitmple of f'lGClplinf? anil good conduct by his bohaTior 
 durln^'j th«^ tfumXwSiBv of tho ca^p.paign.*' 
 
 On 17 March, a combine tl assault ij the imval and 
 larjd for c®b tooJ^ placa ijporj the fort arid toi?irt of Fort Roy®l» 
 Car>taln Faulkner of the sXoc.p Zehra acted with great bravery 
 X,i leading hin 'fol^wQrg fro?-- the fihlp to the forts ramparts, 
 ovar th©6© and to an attack on the on^'jins'', in whloh the latter 
 W6r© succonjsfully drlV'-:)n from the position. At the uicm 
 llmQt the tomn isms ©riter©d by a laad foro«» and soori all pos-- 
 iti£ma_»®r© surrotiderea exct^pt Fort Bourbon which corita.ined 
 
76 
 
 tho goves^j or hli.Eolf, rtociiai.ibe.AU booh sav? '.he futility 
 of a iQTiam atz-ue-ile, and u CiApitulation was a,:;rd6d upon. 
 Oh B5 Mm*cl-i ^tha garrisoii, r-educed to nlno huruU'od nen, 
 laar-choa cut pi^iiJoiiCiH: of vaiv."^ To tho ^^allaiitry vvlth wl.lch 
 thlD fortr"o:,y vi-ua dt^fondod, Geiicjrai oroy bor«^ an hoiior-'iblc 
 tci3tinc,-iiy by oblieyvijjxi Ujat '♦Tho British t"i?oops on ©I'ltaring 
 tho place could f>ourcely find au .liicri of groui <l w/doh had 
 not beoji t>nic;!-t6cl by tjiolr shot a3*a shells." TM valiant 
 French gavrisoii ^.te tv:inspoi'i'.<l to Franoe. RcKJh«i!itX5aii aiyi 
 liJ.G 30oond in coi;u:umd vcivc peaiitt'Jtl to go to tli*=5 Uiiitort 
 Stat OS acoorcUnc tfe th^ir axpresfiod deoiro. 
 
 For th<:; noxt oU,;ht yeaxT*, tho i^oloiiy of :iaptiiil<|iie r«- 
 raainod laid-j'i:' Eijgliah dojainution," Tlie conquerors allowed 
 the ci"^/il ^iOde and the judic.lai'y ain^aiconants to :g'{imtiiri 
 us they vHji*^. The coloijlal courioil uas reestabliahod cond 
 all tli'-s olO- custoiais* f-h© rrjar folt V;y th^ inhahliaiitB 
 for tli'5 tbrQatoncd llb!^^^•itiO):i of ti'.e 3lavf>s by th'^ Convention 
 waD one caaso 'v}-iy the iii-i^jlit;}-! wera v.ell irecoived an tho riov; 
 wasters of tho colony. 
 
 General Frescott wan left bclund as GoveiT'Or with five 
 i?e^iBQnts. One of his first actc w^io to politely r^i-quest 
 
 (1) EawaMs, vol. IV, p. S00. 
 (S) Pardon, p 131. 
 
77 
 
 the people to ruui;*? ooi -0-1 as loners v;^o .sliouid .apportion 
 the oxpOiioes of tho v.ur a-.on£; the ta::fp:^y!^rs. When thin 
 prOQliiunati-Oii oroa:;ht no refiponsa, riT/tlior, jnoro seveiNj was 
 forthwith publiciio-;; oi^aoring such an rt:po3?tionrient , and 
 corifiucation -Aa::- trroateuod IJ? thir> soooncl notice ^'as not 
 observ^.d, Littlo by littlfa thing's ■?^'^rs adjust eci and the 
 years tlmt iirsaediut'';ly follov.':;d -t^ore pfoppcrous enough* 
 Tho- colonlLits v-.-atcr.od cloiilLy tho coirrse of fT/e^ts irj Fj?anco, 
 and boiiiii .vaallr PfoncL, t'noy cano to anticipate lors^^ingly 
 a cha^e of axTairs v.hen their If^Iands r.h'--^X<''- one:? more be 
 5'roiiCh, But tht;r.:; 'waa /.o opoa r6stlesf;ness, vmdey the 
 Eiiolioh *n.!lo, th-; pt-M:plo ';:ocaj:iQ har^: ivcr'Klnii:; ai-' thrifty 
 ;i£;aiii. i-lartlBi^juo Vi>a3 oiio • f tho iKlands i^Jiich Engl^md i'o- 
 'storod to FViiUiCa at iho Mmo of th'^ Peaoe of toions. Late 
 ih SGptiiiJuei* 1802, u 7^^e:iCh ngunui'cn -ii^-vlvfid l^Tiiiglxie H. 
 VXilux'Ot v-.'i;o v:a;5 yont out by FraiiC(5 'vit); th« title "capi- 
 tiiine-genei-al « r He v.'ub £lvoii a spleMcli:! reo.iption by tho 
 l^^eopl©, and uz'faiar? attt^iition bj^ tho r'etlrlrig Fj-ii;lish Go- 
 yQvuor, MajoivOoni;raX 3ir ;'?illiau Iv^ppel, A few days later, 
 all th<u; I.riglxah h.^a Uoparc.ea, and liartlnlfnie T?-tn once niopc a 
 possossiOii of the Fr-'noh i'r.ticru 
 
Bibliography. 
 
 Ouorin, L6or.» Hlstoi^t* Maritime de F^-ai^co. Paris: 1358. 
 Pardori, La Martiiilqu© ^©puis sa D®couverte Juaqu^a 
 
 nos Jcmi^s. Paris: 1877, 
 Boyei^Peyrelaau (Eugene-Edouard) L«3 /uitillos FroinGalaes. 
 
 Papist X823. 
 Archives ParlOBHgntaireD , 1789 - 1792. 
 »Le MoKiteur Onlv >i-s<3l« 1789 - 1794. 
 Carton 470 - Pan-hlet Detail sur la Revolution do la Miirtin- 
 
 iqu©. 
 
 Bflvsards, Bryan. The Hlstox^y, Civil ax\u CcstsEi .roiiil, cf the 
 British Colon! ^JS Ij. the west liidies. Phila; 1806. 
 
 StophoriSi H» Morse* A History of tht3 Fi^onch RRvoxutiOii, 
 Hw TorKj 1880 • 
 
 A. R» C. cle Saint Albiiu Dooui-ientB x-eiraifs a la Kevolution 
 TvcmGaiBQ* Paris: 1873* » Article on Du^oivlor' . 
 
 Blograpfei© tMiversell©. 
 
 EncyolopMia Brlttanloa. 
 
THE FREilCH REVOLUTION IN aUADELOUPE 
 
 W 
 
 Just 111 A. Seubert 
 
 Thesis presented to the 
 Faculty of Arts ViO. oci.iuces, Gorrr-11 Uiilvarr.ity 
 
 for ti'K-; Degree of 
 Bnchelor of Letters 
 
 It Lac a, N. Y. 
 June 1S07. 
 
IQ 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
Coiiteiit.3. 
 
 Chapter I Pag^ 
 
 Desci*lption of GuaclelouL-e 1 
 
 Chaptf-n' II 
 
 Early Troubles in Guadeloupe 10 
 
 Chaptt;r III 
 
 To t].e Proclainatiori of tie Republic, 20 Sept-;i:i- 
 ber 179j7: 21 
 
 Chapter IV 
 
 To the Arrival of tho r^nj^lish Expo itlon or, 10 
 April 1794 31 
 
 CI 1 apt or V 
 
 Capture and Recapture of Guadeloupe , 
 
 10 Ai^ril - 10 December 1794 39 
 
 Chapter VI 
 
 Governneut of Victor Hugues. Conclusion . , 54 
 
 m • . 
 
THE PRENCm;REVOLl]TION IN GUADELOUPE . 
 
 Chapter T 
 Description of Guadeloupe 
 
 Gimcloloiipe ir^ one of the group of islands known aB the 
 Lf3nso:!' Aijtilltis or Pronch WlM.dvmrd Islands. It is situated 
 alout slxty-tv?o nllos nort}' by wf-^st from J'^Iartinique and 
 flv^'i h-.nid're(i rllen east of San Doroingo. Dominica lies 
 between Ouadelcupo arid I^ir+inique. The "Riviere Salee" or 
 Halt Stre;in, Tvi.ic^ in fi-on opf; hundred to four hundred yards 
 in '..Idth, runn north and south dividing the island into two 
 parts. The -^.trea^^ is abont three and one-half rtiiles long. 
 Tho Ir-;! iiid is v:ry Irregnlar in form.. Basse-Terre has a 
 cij'c uiferonce of about eighty-seven lalles, while Grande- 
 Terre hua a cirr^urference of about one hundred six miles. 
 lying near r-u-:jdoloupe Dr^? ^ivf^ snail islands widoi'; cxre its 
 fl'ipend'^ncies. !1-irie-0alante is the largest of "-.hese is- 
 lands .'.r, lioo about tonty miles southeast of the southern 
 end of tho ®alt ^tretUD. Dire-^tly south of Basse-Terre and 
 
 (1) Encyclopedia Britannica. 
 
eight miles fi»om its Boutho^;rn point are the Iler> des Saintes. 
 
 About six miles east of Oi^ande-Terre is the islunr] La Desirade. 
 
 This island is very high and was the one first, RO-^n by Colun- 
 
 bus' on I is second voyijge in 1493. Saint Martin lies one 
 
 hundred thirty- five miles north north-v.'est of Guadeloupe 
 
 and fifteen Uilles south east of it 1b the island of Saint Bar- 
 
 thele:}:y. 
 
 The island was neuaed Guadeloupe by Columbus because of 
 the llXeriesa in ci^t or shape of itr; mountains to thoso of 
 that nana in the Spanish Estraniadure-i The water of Guade- 
 loupe ^sas reputed the best in the Antilles. Fron the din- 
 cover:^ of hti island until 1035, wh-)n the French first es- 
 tablished themselv ;s there, the Spanish galleous and nerchant- 
 nen were obliged by order of the royal council to go to 
 Guadeloupe and there supply tlienselves with water. 
 
 Guadeloupe proper forms an oval, in size it is twenty- 
 eight miles north and south and frcii twelve to fifteen riiles 
 east to vest. Its coasts only are cultivated. The 
 center of the island is occupifxl north and south Irj a noun- 
 tain chain, wooded and volcajiic. The hijhost point is over 
 three thousand feet above the level of the sea. Ti.eir surnraits 
 end in cones and from their bases come fort] a>' ut seventy 
 rivers and rivulets, which raove sugar nillG ynd make the noil 
 
 (1) Boyer-Peyreleau, vol. I, p. 168. 
 
3 
 
 fertile. Durirc the rainy se.ison, the;,' become uistijictive 
 torrents, li, the iart;eL..t cf the ri ers rmny fish are fouiid. 
 Tho'^ i^vc i.al£,able for oiiiy a short distanoo fr-on tho sea. 
 The l:aj.ilcG aro steep, in soi.m Gl,.cf.s rOiCiiiiic. tjio height of 
 on-3 I'-ririrod fifty feet. 
 
 FroLi tho midct of nountains .L'i3<:;s "io Souri-ioi-e" to a 
 heit^ht of 4, -^03 feet. Ito tvc sLuai/its v, ich are o^:aied 
 ••Pitons" r.ro fcrnoa of.b.-a't; c^iloiir^d rocks. hot far from 
 the prlnclp.jl sin:'.;- it ajiu to\v>.tv1 tliO vc-r.t is a cr-ter from 
 v/hich ccMos ociitinuaily a hl.ricX, thick, suli^hurcus smoke 
 with ?.'hic}i :;_r(j nixeri sr:'arks, vj sil>le at xii,_;r,t. Tclow and 
 q'itc near the cri^:.!! "ritcn" tcv-ui'u tho south io a second 
 ci'ater, not so larti;e as the first frci; w] ich (il&( a eke is ' 
 contiiually Iscuirji,: fcr'.h. 
 
 'iCV'.'ard tht; crtli east aT'o foiuic;, tvjo .poairigs v:hich load 
 to f:;aver2is. Vheii^ .tGi>e:ct io ffi^htAj.1 and iasfires honor. 
 One of these cr/orns y.iiich is ov;;.! iii fcu-Li secins to have a 
 dia:ieter of ojiO hundred feet. fiicha co^ief; f^rtli coiitinu- 
 ally mixed sor.etinef., ivith thick, bla-k v.i./oes. I^uch sul- 
 phur if., on tho sides. T]:e \,alls ar:; s J-d tc be ooaposed of 
 e-norrious ctcnos an^' of calc-a-aMa. earth gov -.red v ith crys- 
 tals and Etalaetites. Rocks thrown into this bot*-.oinless 
 
4 
 
 abyss make a rubbling urxl f,ToloY\g:e<\ noise, not stopnlrig u;)til 
 they reacli tl;o vory cor.tev of the vole: 'no, Rlnce 1798 there 
 has not bonn ■:«; emi'tlon of "La Soufrlere", but before that 
 tii.iC tj.cro \,er(o sovo^-al. In the vlclnlt'' of the volcin-ic, 
 the l^iiu !:■; iio lone';:' cultivated since the lava, with which 
 is uixod fjulphut', fron the eruptions has taken a-wa:/ the for- 
 tilit;.' or -;.he ground. The olinnte anon^; the mountains is 
 co..tinuaLly co^d, but at their foot it ir. fresh and salubri- 
 ous, rauG. llkt^ that of Frjjice dMr^lr;,- autumn. 
 
 The coast of CriindolOiipo i-'tich 1b ■ xposefi to the regular 
 east wind is olevat-d anfl alv..:!yR has a pure and healthful 
 aiT'. In tV:'-: lovfcr l-jr,ds of the vestern side, the wind is 
 inti^rcepted an!; it in barrc; , unhealthy <^md scarcely popu- 
 Itxted. 
 
 The city of Easse-Terre in the c-\pit'<l and residence of 
 the Goloni'il Governo:'. It is situated on the coast in 
 the south-vjcGtorn cart of the island. The city is rwriark- 
 able for its r.prihoS (eaux viv^':), the vfater fron which is 
 use^: for public four^tains anf' 'Ino for fountains with v^'i^ich 
 ne-'rly every house is r^uijplieii. The city has no good court, 
 its roadstead 13 exposed to all r^lnds. Vessels, therefoi*e, 
 usually anchor at the "Saintes". 
 
 The eastern part of the island is called Orande-Terre, 
 
5 
 
 owing to its extent. It is i.. the foi-n-, of a tr-iar,,>:lo. The 
 cc-unti-V iu tiono-i-raiy flat und itr, :K;il Ig fornert of a rich and 
 f'ertilo O'-iCtii. it in not crossed by rlvevf;, it.s i-.i^hont 
 t-^iut is net over one lauiorecl feot. T]iefo Is s'-arcely Hi.y 
 v,.itei: v/iiicl, is Giiitiil'lo for d>)i"iestic use, rnin v.'ater being 
 u.'-iecl ,.i:.:.A.ot y:]tiT:ly. Sii;c;3 there are no nount'tins in Grande 
 To.-r<.', ruii, fails lo^;:; often t'l'.dii in Barjce-Terro and that dis- 
 trict ic ;-:ulji--:t to lonj drxiigjit n . Polrite (t Pit^'^i in the 
 ■ji"i: cipal tC'/n. It is sitnated ii; the n out h?ier, tern onct of 
 Gr^vnci^j T':ri-e cu ti\o £o.lt Riv-=?i-. Its fort is cv.a of the 
 fiiiei-'t c.:.>>:;n£i th.. i'lanc.:. But one vesr.ei of y^ar can enter 
 at a i.ii:iu UG til!.; ,;nt.raiice is r;urtourided by nte-p rocks. 
 ih'- •a.itri.nco 1l i^uai'doc 1:: ?crt Ploir d'Epee whi-h was built 
 in 1763. It in nitiuitoc' a little over a nlle from Pointe 
 a Pitro on a p.'cjfict en of th;- ^'Oast. In 1'79G, this fort 
 wa;:; ^:i.lar^'"i:.l ly Victor I'rguoo. lie added a trench or fosse, 
 b.iG lions, a /'ocerv.ir, colls, etc., and provided accomoda- 
 Liv-;ns for on:: . unlrcd fift/ rion. The ---cil in Grande Torre 
 is uyod :.ior;tly f-;r c:rc- la,; suc^r c;uie. ?} e other ore in- 
 portant i-roducts asvj coifee, coco^:i ^oid nottoa. In the 
 iacuj-itainou:: ^^u^t of Guadolonpo, forests are abun^ arit. The 
 trees mOot com. :rn are th': sandal, the ;;uia-tree, t,ho Mahogany, 
 the iron wood and the log wood. Located on th^; isl.jrid are 
 
6 
 
 fmjr hot water frprinss vhich itp oxtrf?mely useful to the in- 
 haliltarits in car;OB of ricy.r'^sp. c-'Ur'-^f'' by the climate. Bxit 
 two soasorir:- are known in the Antlllor,, the dry season, 
 
 v;)iir;h Vet;inn at th'" -iiO of October nr;fl l^ists until April, 
 and the r'ajny season. The r.iins are light during March and 
 I'uuy hwt V-'Ocon'^ diluvial in Aur^^iust, lantlng until the end of 
 Octob.vr . 
 
 Covernr.erit . Th-^ cnicnlstp wer-' cormiandecl by a military 
 officer kj-xC' ri as th*^ povorr or. Besider:; hira, thni-e was a 
 
 Oovorno'.'-C'en^'eal of the '"-.ntilleB vho was. corimand a'-iri-chiof 
 o--/e'.- all tl f^; cclonles; excepting' Onadeloiipe anf its dependen- 
 cies, ilie Governor 'n po-'-'er was absolute. He could maico 
 pe .e-,' oc •'■.•rr'. The set p of despotism to which a governor 
 niSl~t be I'^d nncle it. n^-^cessary tr separate the nllitary and 
 civil ad. 'Inist ration'- . The l^r^.ttcr i^as in the liandc of an 
 Intendant. The exact povern of each was not llralt<;d, so 
 that dlooi'der vv.-is often eanped by one or the other clainine 
 the pO'A'e;" T.'lici th'^ other- 7;as eye^'-'cislnff . The intendants 
 c-inie fron th<^ b'Ou.n':f'oir class,- wh.ile the governors, as offi- 
 cerr; in th*^ ■■V':y; vvoi^"; npnally r;obl'-'!rnen. In 1763, a Oianber 
 
 of Afiricultu "-e was formed at Guadeloupe and ariother at llar- 
 
 2 
 tJ-ilque. They vere conpcned of seven colonirns. They T;cre 
 
 (1) Boyer-PejTeleau, vol. I, p. 042 
 
 (2) Ibid. p. 347. 
 
all aop^inter] by th*^ Klru: ^m vi'^-^^e ' ocnuolj^.a -•.vitii what con- 
 cornea tl:o i>opi!l"tAf'r), v'lt: cl - 'riiTir;:, a.r:r'i oi'lt'ire, navlga- 
 tir'ji, vo-\ r>, carialr:, vo-rlcn of dof.-;rise, ?v.'i thp general pro- 
 f^r':^:':.': of tlio cclorj$:. T^ie:' h-'c1, only tho f'irht of n^iking prr~ 
 po;ii'.ior;r:. Heitho*' tlie ;rov r-^ior nor int'-^idarit coulr) as5;lr:t 
 at thoir i!ir;et,ir);:. There ^'as Hi+ on'=^ ri.nutv in Paris for 
 bo til oh:jnbors. 
 
 Ill 1737, t}i<^ ci-.anb/or?; v.'ero suppressod hw' the colonial 
 a5'';oii'bly vi.-ic; forTV'!. 1+ -■!.", oo'i'On'^fl iri oach c<jlony of the 
 ■jovf.-riior, i'lt'^n'^int , tYie so-^ctcI in nnyvrrarvi, oorTrilsGlonor- 
 genci'al of i^^ii'clne , t'>o ^vv-e-t.j.«^^><^u^ 'Vi.^s./u-txcc-d from ti,n r over- 
 eirn, a d'':])utr ffOi;; oi'^h -"'iS'rlr;t, arifl fiepution fpopi denond- 
 'Jiii i'^lari^r. T)/':y v.ni-o r "^'evf^d -^v-t.-n' '"ori/!' ye-jv^j. The 
 usri'ini' ly iiet. f--ach yo.^r ar, ^ ncter' on affairs r'-latlng to 
 G'::r:;-:0::COj a,pric\]l-^u.re , et'". ThP oolonJ--?. 'inr^einbly had a 
 
 i'opror-cj.t'-itiv'-; '>t Pari?;. Turinf; +hP' poriori oth'^ :^evolr.tion, 
 th .: "iv'')ijts o" ■':h'" y^"^ ii'^'llc" r';r].ar'"T' +.?)e .'^o^^f p'nor of the 
 colon:". 
 
 Jur:.tlC':- vas roi,d;:r'>f! hy -i civ.-*. 1 anr^ a crinin,;-! judge, 
 
 o 
 
 aG^ji3ted by a rccrder and a collector Can a-'nnt of fina.-'Coc.'^' 
 
 It Vv'an coniporjf^d C" forty titriLvr councillors, procureur- 
 
 (1) Boyer-Peyreleau, vol. I, p. 349. 
 
 (2) Ibid. vol. I, p. 360. 
 
8 
 
 genei-al, four .uscosaorc (all of v }ion had l.on.. adruttod to the 
 bur ill r'r-unce) :^na u roccr;':.^ , aliio t: o .jovrriiop, Antendant, 
 t/-o sec. ..cl iii cc\;i.,:xiiC, oub-ciolr;£;at :-;.:'; '"?'tC rinr the nciuiis- 
 oioi'i'v o:, the ;!.i.*i2;i;. LatOi' tlior;-; 7:as als.'^ ;'''o «-,ii;?d a sovor- 
 Oi,,ii counC_l :ai:' in ti.c . la-o o ' ho, or sat the rc-^rocncv .'^ 
 iho lijto.iJa;.t .>!* j£-L..OLi . Th:;: cou:il i.o': ^";ve'r tro months. 
 It, judged of .11 ti-li.o3, cLvil and c rL.;l/.,.,:;l , acfOi'd ii^j, to 
 oho "cu::.i:,..l.! of r:.iCi:;", and thOu ccou;.i;d itnolf ^vith liaval 
 
 Oi' CCi;;: .C'^'Clal I'lff.lii'o. 
 
 iiie "^GiiOsch.AUcscos" v "ordi. ary Jii.dioiL.rion" wo o ^iivn 
 tj.o i.Gv-c;i to Jndt.0 aj..- iAitl.(..ut ..ij^';al iii c^aJG involving not 
 over i:.!).^^ aUn'-a ea livrca It va^.G go; . oso " oi' a j'..ici,'>.e, a 
 
 ''pi'00iii-tiiii--d(.;- i\,.i " , hu.vii;£; .a.o or tvo o^idstitLttoc , aiid a 
 rocoi'd'^i'. li.ore Javiodioti^ a r:.latC(] to affairs both civil 
 arid i;i'iii±iial c^ii.. thoi j.n!t toico ;.i v, .ooh. 
 
 'i'ho ^locurQQr d'- roi had und. ;i> hin a priice oo, li-.io.sioner 
 aiid i .al ohaicO' of tho police of tliO oit^ Latox', 1763, thore 
 wac ^uitaln-iSi.od iii oacr iiii^-ter ;.i coir i:.nicij-:p havii\;_: unde him 
 a lieuti'jnujit lUiC^ i.o .,ad oiiacoO of i.-.-^^iitaiij-h:,-;, iJi<:^ oooco. In 
 1707 t/iO ci . J .iLs,ioxions V/oro i-t;i.l'^iced ly Cayj.ino o " tho var- 
 ious quartoi's Y.ho actod ..s -olico ja>,' had c;ha./£o of t}io col- 
 lection of taxea. 
 
 (1) Boyer-Peyreleau, vol. I, p. 370. 
 
The population is made up mostly of wMtes, milattoes, 
 
 1 
 quadroons mvl blacks. . Fomorly Carlbs wer-e found thore. 
 
 In 1789 the population consir.ted of b«twpv>n 1^,000 .iijd 14,000 
 
 o 
 v?hit';G, 3,000 raaiattoos and 85,oro hlaoks. The v;hiter, ''ero 
 
 overtaken in larg:e n fibers b^^ yellow fever and other mala- 
 dies coriJ':0.:. to the tropics. 
 
 / 
 
 (1) Pai^doii, La Quad ol cup H d» )puls sa Decouvefte Jusgu'a nos 
 
 Jours , p. 20. 
 (.'.;) Stophens.H. "iocHts, A History of thtj t'rti.tcli Revolution, 
 
 vol. I, p. 
 
Chapter II 
 
 Earlv Troubl'?-^. in C-'Oci'^ loupe 
 
 For s^V'->>>al year-^ i-^^for^'^ tv.,:^ oiit"!-n''"a> cr "ho Revolution 
 ill France, tl-o cclon^- o^ Ou-KV^lcupe •"nlo^'-ed por^-r' ancl i^rcr;- 
 ■pority. Tho l>i' nV'i*ar-.tn of .:;.ll clacr^es and co1ot> sefiraed 
 
 coritrr-ted -.lir": tv~y '•nRi-'^fl tl '"'r -n'-'lv.^s i^'^her vit^! ...jricul- 
 
 tural or -^C'Tinrcial aff-'lr'B. T}^ - l'^j.l';l;'t.iori l^-^tvcftii slave 
 
 2 
 a}.d V'Mte ^'ar, 'icco>'("'l^.t^lto^"t-r'r^:^-f)Oir'» . TMb code coii- 
 
 sist'';d of a collnctiori of ^.'^vz and (■""'"■dir,;i"c-f: y :i,"h h.n" been 
 
 druv/M up di;r1rif" the rol,'>„n C Lcui:^^ XIV to :iOOt tro neecJc of 
 
 thp O'-lojiler;. They '^o/^ar In MarcV 10^5 -ijid rio.iiiy penal 
 
 '■ne^s'jros and rtatn r-^-p.il -t ;otis for r.'lavoo v.'^io :if1.;-.t<;d. 
 
 IJono Of t]:OS'^ ' Ts olthor forr.ally c" directly establir/ned 
 
 slavery V.ut thoy '.v^rM-; to protoct ri'^-ri firii'' to r!\'p'l:ito tic 
 
 troatiriort of nlovorj;. 7]-ol" r-as tho "'-fino of l^^-ir-latlon in 
 
 tho crlonl'^'3 ^snd m- ■nh?+ koot th-'^ tf'£::^-}t}ier. It entab- 
 
 lio?-iOf' a line lot-nen t.h<'; V'l^ckn jn? vhiter3. T'osidcs re- 
 
 i^trictin^ 'Dlaven, it pl^ cod dutif^o ;:i.nd C. 11;-,. it ions on tlie 
 
 rpt,.;istrute f^nd tho i'w.st-r. In 1786, now llr Itr? v.T:v.f, made 
 
 (1) Pardon, p. 75. 
 
 (2) Boyor-Peyreleau, vol. I, p. 136, 
 
11 
 
 by yihlcAi the x-lj-hts of the slares were furtl.or reoogrilzed. 
 With t;j; nevii'G of tr.e first events of the Revolution, 
 :.i.titations sinilar to those In the i:Ot::ior cciuitry, took plac- 
 in the colonies. The qunstior. arose as to ropresontativeG 
 
 in tr-.o assembly in Frimce. The blackr: and irulattoos 
 thitought they had aa much ri^rht to b ccino rf^prosentativos 
 as di;^ th'^ vvlites. On 9 Augur:t, 1789, there np^.oared in the 
 assembly a deputation fro; the Island of Guadelciiixi. This 
 
 d-puta+lon presented a petition froii the inhahitants of Guad- 
 elonpft in regard to thn ):unber and ri-nnr of nlf^ctlng depu- 
 ties to tho Assembly. Thoy expressed tlie vvinh of having 
 six deputi'-s. The petition va- handed to th- coroiittee of 
 verification for examination. Nothing- was "one 1.;, regar-d tc 
 li'.e natter until or: 23 Septrwr.bor^ it -nas decided that Guade- 
 loupe should have tv-c represent. itlves an; th it tvo other 
 men should ]>old tjv-' posi':ion of "si i-pliants". De Galbert , 
 a naval ofricr, and his co-legue de Curt w-n^e the men chosen 
 to represent Guadeloupe v.hile th<-- supoll tnts were Danpier» 
 and Bowlij.*^ In th;-; same meetirig a cojiplaint was nade 
 about the way in TMhici. th"^ representatives for San Domingo 
 had b!":en admitted. A nunber of Creoles from tiiat colony 
 
 ,1) Le Monlteur Univer-solla, 1780, p. 38. 
 (^1) Archives Parlementarles, vc.l. IX, p. 103. 
 
12 
 
 living in Paris aiid led by a laa: rK'jried Gouy ci»Arcy, w}iO 
 although not a oreole had tho habits and tendencies of one, 
 foirmed thf-:sagQ.ves into a body known as the Club of the Hotel 
 Massiac. Th>;y iippeared at the St at os- Gen '-"al and later 
 took th<; oath of the "Jeu df) Parnie". Aft^-r that tie as- 
 sembly adiiitted Gouy d'Arcy an.d fivo of his coll*5£-Ties as de- 
 puties without their having bi.; )n sanctioned by the colonists 
 of San Domirigo. Ho action viao taXen against the men and 
 rhey continued to act as deputies. 
 
 Each class in tho colony tried to turn to its own ad- 
 vantage ths ideas of liberty expressed in France. The 
 planters saw in this the noans of placing themselves at the 
 head of th^e govem-.;ent ; the other vvhites placeri themselves 
 on a level wii^h the privileged, whoi: they haliJ) t< that time 
 looked upon vith scorn; the peor;ie of color hoped foe a gr.id- 
 ual change and a participation in civil and political richts; 
 the blacks took up the word liberty .and caused trcul ie, being 
 secretly urged on by so^^ie who wis; ed to obtain b^Tieflt by 
 their uprising. 
 
 In Guadeloupe, the tri-color cock.-ide which had been adopt- 
 ed caused trouble in Pointo-a-Pitre for l\. D'Arrot w/io war- 
 
 (1) Giv-icin, niEtoire MaritiiuC de France , vcl. v, r,. 240. 
 
13 
 
 v.'yio war; second in comi i;nd, wished to suppi^ess it, but M. 
 de Clugny, th« govt-)r...or, a ...a lov.^;t,; and r^^ppeoted by all 
 ave:£*ted the trouble. "'■ The free-port (entropot) for American 
 trade had been Puii,to-u-Pltre but by a decree of 28 Decombor 
 1786, it had been chariged to Basse-Terre. Nov; Pointo-.i- 
 Pitre waiited to again have it3 privilege as a free port. 
 It was decided by the colonial Assembly whlcj net at Petit 
 Bourg, that Ijoth should partake of the /mericaii trade. The 
 meetin^j; was held at Petit-Bourg because ih^ J/eoplo of both 
 Point e-a-Pltre and Basse Terre thou£-ht it should bo heM^ 
 in tiiOir city. Nothirig resulted exc.^jpt commercial rivalry 
 betw(::i;/i the tviO cities. But while matters vei-f; so ea-.lly 
 ::-,ettle.i in Guadeloupe, civil war was ;;oing on in San EOiiingo 
 and i/iartinique. Guaacloupe 
 
 Guadeloupe received a deputation frora St. Pifspe, Mar- 
 tinique, asking for iiaiiediate assistance for they were hav- 
 ing war with the city of Port Royal. Tlie fonuer ci^y had 
 declared itsolf a free port and Fort Royal vvished to prevent 
 its doing so. Dugoraiiiier was chosen as leader of the forces 
 G'!nt to assist Saint Pierre. 
 
 Jean- Francois Coquiile DugoMaier was bor^i ii.i Guadeloupe 
 
 (1; Boyf;r-Pi:;yr.jloau, vol. II, ,. . 3o;-;. 
 
14 
 
 111 1733. At an early age, he si owed great fondness for the 
 
 army and at thlrte^vn he entered the service. His advance 
 
 Jul 
 
 T.as rapid. In 1790, ^war. naao coinmandRr of natloi.al guard 
 
 of GuadelouiJO. Having ; property in M-u'tiiilque, iie took in- 
 terest in affairs thereand vn^en trouble broke out, he wr-rnt 
 to tho asr-iti^tiiiice of Saint Piorre. Or ;;is return to Guade- 
 loupe in x7Q2, Lo r nailed but a short tirae. In the same 
 y--!ar h(3 worit to Paris acklng for aid for tho patriotic party 
 of Martinique but he roused vc:- little interest o]; tlio 
 sui ject as there ware so d my matters of greater iLiportance 
 to be c>.,n3idered. Ko v^as ap,-ointerI depu.ty to tJie Convention 
 for i.lartiniquo but refused it as he preferred life in tho 
 arr-y. /'ai a^.iycintn'ent as Brigadier-General in x.\m Arir.y of 
 Italy was given hiji. At the siege of Toulon in 1793, he 
 distinguished himself. After this, Dugoiruiier becane CoLUiand- 
 er-in-chffif of the Army of the Pyrenees-Orientalo's. Ho won 
 many vistories. On 18 November 1794, he whs killed on the 
 
 field of the battle of Ascola in Catalonia after having put 
 tho enemy to flight. 
 
 Under Cugorjnier, the expedition left on 5 Ki^ril for Saint 
 Pierre anc?, returned triumphant during the latter part of the 
 
 (1) hoyer-Foyreloau, vci. I, ii. ?/5?>. - Blogr-iphie Univer- 
 selle. - A* R. C de Saint Albin. 
 
15 
 
 sajTie month, .7hile the were gone, there had been «ji in- 
 surrection Of the negroes in Guadeloupe which Vfus easily 
 
 1 
 put down. A ahort tin« after tho ficnt expedition had re- 
 turned fron luirtinique, war acarln broke out there betv^eon 
 Fort Royal and Oros Morne. This time Dugorai iler went with 
 the forces as before but Governor de Gli%iiy vms asked to take 
 charge of the e:q)edition. He did bo in the hope that he 
 could conciliate the tv*o parties. Although Dugoiamier was 
 a plaiiter and one of the pai'ty who wished for changes as In 
 opposition to the old ccnservatlve party, foniied riostly 
 from the boui-gtoio class, ho v^as fl£'"' tiru:. with the bour- 
 geois, but this was because he v;a,s ^n exi:erl:riiced ::-':'ldler 
 ail had been chosen in Gualeloupe to lead the forcer, in that 
 colony. v.hie de Clugny was on thin second oxpedltion, trou- 
 ble began in Guadeloupe for it \ras f-.^ared that, owing to his 
 secret coninuni cat ions with the Governor of tertinique.that 
 M. Danas, he ?^ouli take sorne action v;hich inlg]it hux't tho li- 
 berties of the people. 
 
 On 3 September, a number from tJis insurgent party many 
 of whom v/ere soldiers on th'^; pretext of flanking the muni- 
 cipality of Basse Terre for some win© which had been given 
 them, went to tho mayor. They haJ two flags. One of these 
 
 Jl") Guerin, vol. V, p. 246. 
 
 (2) Pardon, p. 77 - Moniteur, 1790, p. 325. 
 
16 
 
 theyiiifciv(j t'.^ the mayor ^./alo tho ciher v^as ks^pt hy the icuder 
 oi' t]i';it' pui'ty. Ai'uer iiavj.ii^ rormou a coMiilttue wjach t'^ok 
 ti.o oatii Of civioii: they »v;'r.t to tlj; t^ovevnor, askliit: hir. to 
 ■^■■jdix^ b^jiui-i; theiii. The: told i xu that they v^ere patriotri, 
 ti.at they had made their uutl^ t'.. t,hc cour.ittee, uixl that If 
 he did ;,ot <^Cij^) v.ith vw^u-t the:' l-,a-! aone, they ¥../.ild abandon 
 liiM, h'e pi'cniGed to abidr, v,:' his oat. . The soldiors were 
 satisfied anu r .tired. On tnJ follovia;. .ay, thwre arrived 
 a vessel froia :,:ai'tii.ique ivith the; nev.s of fui-thex- t/Miblos 
 li.ei'o. T;.is :;uUDed iiiL;ro excjitc;;;^;nt aj.d a fear th::t de Clugny 
 jiUc^lb. bo joinod i,i a olot a^u..ast the oolcnists. Thoy led 
 }'l;/i fro;j kIg h^.uGC c...jc, ^hov;ou nin a oord hari£jiit_' from the branc 
 of a dc-xto trot; vvhicr. the:' auici i^ao ti.e place for uristo- 
 ci'ats. 
 
 There ocoui/iea an iricidoii'. on 10 Sor-t-Jiibej:' U.lch al- 
 
 tncugih .it passed .;vex-, caused a ider ,broe;c. ^ betv»oon the 
 
 1 
 t'tvo ivax'tieo. " li^iOre arrivrjd. i'x'oi.i .lar'tinique tv/o neasengers 
 
 ^■vith a despatch f . oj'. L^jaac to d-j Cluf.y'. '11. o actl^.ns of 
 
 tneso laen ceomed hiystv;:>.Lca3 tC' t.io ae.plo and tj.io;' w 'i*e 
 
 fo. -lov.^id to tht; i,ou .0 of the C-cvoiiior, TJi^^i ^-eoplo aoked to 
 
 knov'? what via-i ii: the de^patcj;. i:'; read it. T'vio passages 
 
 (i) Moniteur, I'^OO, p. 344. - Boy cr-Peyr'- lean vol. ll, n. 
 309. 
 
17 
 
 werrlecl them most. One was that ''In such a state of af- 
 fairs, you seo that I,(Daiaitts) will be unable to give you any 
 assistance", the other v^as that he "did not doubt but that 
 de Clugny would do all in his powee to Keep the colony 
 attaciied to the ;:i0ther country." There was notlilng strange 
 about such u message after the incidents of ti.e 3 and 4 Sep- 
 tember but the colonists vvere very suspicious and it was 
 decided to arrest de Clugny. A meeting of the Colonial As- 
 sembly ^11X3 called and he was irmufxliately released on 26 
 Septcrifcer, having be n underguard for two weeks. After his 
 release, he sv^^cretly left for I'ointe-a-Pitre where he thought 
 he would be safer. All was now quiet, howev r, and 27 Sep- 
 tember wa' fixed as the date for a fete at Basse Terre to 
 ct'lebrate the union of <ill parties. Later a fete was also 
 held at PolntG-a-Pitr<;. On 25 and 28 September, there arrived 
 two d'M.utaticns from liartiiiique asking for hel]^. It was fi- 
 nally decided tc send twenty-two deputies to conciliate, 
 assisted by two hundr^jd fifty men under Dugoramier. This 
 man distinguished hlri.self uxio it was he who saved Saint Pierre, 
 
 The Colonial Asceiibly Liet at PointB-a-Pitre arr] cane 
 together for the first tine in that city on 16 October. 
 Its business was carried on in very order-ly fashion. One 
 of the first points for deliberation wei'e tie dacret^;s of 
 
18 
 
 March 8 arid 20. These Uecfees r^aated to t)e dtitles axid 
 
 make up of the colonial Assembly. The Governov was invited 
 
 1 
 to attend to Assembly. 7/he.i the sntored the city, a 
 
 salute was fired and he ^••as p:cea.tly applauded thus Riovjing 
 that nrach of tl.o feeliri^j agair^st hi, had diKai.r.e.,..red. The 
 Assembly c.rifirmed t)\e contliiuance of €urt aijd de Galbort 
 as their deputies, together with the rifuw. deputies Vvho had 
 been elected i,: J\;ly 1790. They also decided tha the ti'oops 
 should be kept in strict discipline. 
 
 When the deputies v;ho j^ad gone to conciliate the colon- 
 ists 'of Martin.- que returned to Guadeloupe, they were accoii- 
 panied by several men from rvlurtlniq-e." Tliey cai.G to get 
 amra: lUtkion for llartlnique. The soldi^:.'rs did not like this 
 as they tjiought it was to be used against their comrades 
 who were serving at Saint Plcr-r>e. They made an attempt tt; 
 prevent the supplies from leaving Pointe-A-Pitrc. Some 
 of the soldiers ran to Port Lewis which wa^; at the entrance 
 of the port and occupied it. About four h'.indred armed 
 planters cane down to Point o-a-P.-tre with the Intention of 
 charging on the fort. But I'm: governor with about two hun- 
 dred militiamen had tiO difficulty in occupying; the fort and 
 
 (1) Moniteur, 1790,, p. 68, 89. 
 '(2) Moniteur, 1791, p. 28. - Pardon, p. 82, 
 
19 
 
 the boats with their cargoea left for Martliiique. 
 
 On 6 Decomber, there war. road on the Constituent Assem- 
 bly a letter froLi auadeloup© by one of her reprosentatlves, 
 Chabert de La Chaniere, who with Nadal de Salntrac had been 
 elected deputy for Guadeloupe on 27 July 1790.''" It related 
 to a colonial constitution vjhich the colonists wished to 
 draw up ..after the exanple of the raother count'ry. They 
 argued that they iilone were capable of drawing" up such a 
 constitution as they better ui.d<;rstood the physical and rioral 
 condition which wer^o so different than the conditions of 
 Frar.ce . 
 
 Meanwhile In France, the troubles vshich ?vore agitating 
 
 2 
 the Windward Isl .nds were looked upon with uneasiness. 
 
 On 29 Hoveiaber 1790, the National Assembly rendered a decree, 
 which was sanctioned by the King 8 December, that four comrais- 
 sioners be sent to the islaiid. They were first to find out 
 the exact state the islands vvere in and then to proceed to 
 their organization and administration. They were author- 
 ized to have conniand of foroos both of land and sea, to sus- 
 pend the meetings o' the Col )nial Assembly until the arrival 
 of further orders and to have all pow r cease which was not 
 confirmed by laws or by the commissioners. By the same de- 
 
 Jf) Archives" Pariementarles, vol. XXI i p. 232. - Moni- 
 teur, 1790, p. 340. 
 
20 
 
 cree six thousand troops vmvpi se >t. to the /Antilles. The 
 four men vsho wer-o appointed coninnsioners i.ty tlic F'.ing were 
 Lacoste, I-'aruitot, Montdoiioix ancl Linger, M. de Eehague 
 was appointed Governor-Gene i^ui of the Antilles iii the placo 
 of M. de Dainas. This expetiltion arrivo<^ at Fort Royal 
 
 on 13 Llarch 1791. 
 
Chapter III 
 
 To the Procl;ir.intlori of tlie Rcjpublic, 21 Septor.bfir 1793. 
 
 The expedition f om Fraiice \?j:lch ccaislsted of four con- 
 i isioners, Mn. Lacoste, l-lactaitot, i-'critdonolx und Llru^or, the 
 nevT Governor+General M. do Behii^ue, cHiCi troops, arrived at 
 Fort Royal, MartiiiiquG, 12 ii::.rch 1791. M. do Bejjague 
 raade the volunteer fj fron Guadcloui)e aaiu th'; other islands 
 leave liartiidqua at on-.-e. The trc^ps b-;:,ortt,lrui to Guade- 
 lou..e with Dugornraier at their head arrived at Basse Terre 
 from Martinique on 26 Marcii. On their arrival a .^rand fete 
 v.as ^iven for t/or: by the Ilatiwjial Guard. 
 
 The first duty of the coini.iissioners was to seijd to Guad- 
 fjloiipe copies of t>;e decree of r.};0 national as!j'.;i:i. 'ly ari to 
 make knovm their instillations, vvhicl) they had r..!C6iv0d fr-on 
 that body. 'i'he colonial Assembly of Guadeloupe taid the city 
 council of Basse Teire was suspended by th;;!;.. M. de Glu^'ny 
 (with a number of the members of the Assoi.bly) iiastened to 
 the corimissioners. Ke wished to prcr/ent tho suspension 
 of the Assen^ly for fear, he suid, that^ would cause a d(is- 
 
 (1) Boyer-Poyr Ifiau, vol. II, p. 378 « - Guerin, vol. V, p. 
 
 314. 
 (S) Stephens, vol. II, p. 481. 
 
22 
 
 truotion of the colony. The ooinmlssioners acceded to his 
 wish, Wlieii de Clugny return- xl from Martlilque, h« found that 
 th© Assembly without a quorum h^id held a session, and although 
 it was not valid, he accepted the work It had acco- pllshed. 
 Governor de Clugny, in spit© of the fact that he ^las official- 
 ly independent of the Governor-General M. de Befeague, adopted 
 the latter* s policy. Following the example of Behague, he 
 expelled from Guadeloupe, the insubordinate soldiers and the 
 seditious volunteers who went to St. Lucia. It was at this 
 time that Dugoinriier left for France where he later rendered 
 such brilliant services as a general. There was stationed 
 at Basse Terre the company of artillery "de Marcilly". It 
 was accused of insubordination, and of having no discipline, 
 and of having taken powder and shot from the ;:t.rso lal. It 
 was thought that the company had sorae secret plot on foct. 
 Its members were forced to 1 :ave (tho islar.<:I), 
 
 Early in July, there arrived at Baase Terro the frigate 
 Calypso Which landed a part of its crew on the island.^ The 
 vessel had been sent by M. de Beha.^rue. The object of this 
 visit was not known, and the soldiers, fearing that han . 
 might come to the city, rushed to arms. Attempts were made 
 by the municipality and s> ne of the Inhabita/ts to quiet the 
 
 (1) Boyer-Peyreleau, vol. II, p. 301. 
 
23 
 
 soldiers but they tnbvb urged on by the officers ancl suboffi- 
 cerfi. Several cltlzenn vvctm attacked and ~, (.uiuiou. G&vernor 
 de Glugriy suddenly- appeared with a l.trgt; follovaijii cuid the 
 trouble was npeedlly ended. li.r; comnis si oners v uo viore theii 
 in llai'tli.ique vfere callof; to Guadeloupe iv:, it V'..b fear'ed 
 that further dania,^e \vould be done by the Reginent. They 
 arrived tit Easr.e Torre on 25 August. O/i their arrival they 
 found that a coalition betwean the iuilitary leadei-s and the 
 privileg.'^d class had been formed to oppose the chcuiges in 
 administration of Guadelou;)Q i:ia !e by tho coT;iiais;-doners. There 
 had bef.n fox-uei/, in Guadeloi.po i^Qneval federations foi- festal 
 cele bratlons to wh.ich wore sent dole^iates frora the sriill er 
 federations ull over the isl md, Giiailar federations in 
 San Dornla^o had caused considerable trouble and th.t-j ccniaission- 
 ers dotevTiined to find out the object of tlose organizations. 
 The only ■■Ise thiiig so far done by the federations was to ad- 
 Liit into their asseubllos the people of color. 
 
 The co;jais;.ioners went to P. inte-a-Pitre vi,oro they de- 
 manded that the court sjv ulrt take action on tho soldiers who 
 had caused th-j trouble in tli.; island in July. Tiiey also 
 published a list of proscriptions against one tj.irtletli of 
 the individuals. They returnod to Basso Terre on 29 Sep- 
 teiiber. 
 
On their arrival in that city, the corunlssioners re- 
 colvt^d nevvs of disturbances in £t . Luclu, and lioritdenolx 
 and j.lncer loft for that if^lan-]. A proclfjaatlon was draY;n 
 
 up ly the cor.-iissioners at Basse Terre for the purpose of 
 '■-ivinc more force to th^ law. Principles of moderation and 
 wisdom ^.e.'-n proposed. The coiranlssionors vlslio;: t^.- brin/i 
 to their side colonists vjho had op.-osed them. Lacoste and 
 Ma£:nitot v,ishod to publish thin proclramiition but at this, 
 tho "fecleres" became agitated. It was announced tPat fifteen 
 Bundred men "ere ready to d Gce/id on Basse T.^rre if the prc- 
 '^lana'-icn Vie-.-:t into ef.ect. Oovori'.or de Cl-o^'ny '^.-ir, )iot in 
 r/tvor of this proclariation ai;d not beiic 'ible to pr^ivent its 
 purlicatii.ai, and knfvvlir': that it would gjxuso trouble, he re- 
 si>;rerl from office ofl 3 October. Tho coiarlssionors now 
 vent to the mayor of Basso Terre vjhc , en account of de Clugny'd 
 resignation nnr. .;\t the head of afi'airs and caused hlri to pub- 
 lish the p re clanat ion. The Colonial As&oiibly was called to- 
 gether cind vfrooe a letter to the conraissione.' s Id m]\1o.}\ it 
 was f;ald the proclamation nust be sanctioj^ed by the Ansembly 
 and that it co-.iid not be published v/ithout the authority of 
 t>:e Asnerably. 
 
 (1) Guorin, voi. V, p. 318. - Boyer-Peyreleau, vol II, 
 p. 395. 
 
25 
 
 The comralssioners wrote to Behague telling": i Irn of 
 the troubles and of the rcsigi.ation of de Clugny. Behague 
 did not approve of the ooiiduct of the comials si oners. He 
 
 * 
 
 sent Linols, a young lieutenant lii the navy, to order de Clug- 
 ny under arrest f or t?jenty-four hours for having left his 
 post without authority and then to again talte up his dutien 
 as governor. Lliiois carried Behague »s order to the com- 
 missioners but they refused to exfjcute it saying that 
 the Governor- General was overstepping his power and that an 
 order for the arrest of a Governor co\ild be given alone by 
 the King, or the National Assembly. 
 
 Tired by the various obstacles placed i their way by 
 the municipality of Basse Terre which they saw thoy could 
 not surmount, the comiissioners of the King published on 
 4 October a new proclamation in which there was nothing 
 which could hurt the susceptibilities of the colonial asnen- 
 bly. They then left for Martinique where they arrived on 
 20 October, After their arrival, a conference was held bet- 
 ween the four comraisGii.ners and M. Behague, Lacoste proposed 
 that the governor de Clugny and d'Arrot, Wj o wassecond Iji 
 command in Guadeloupe should be sent to France <ma account 
 for their recent actions before the National Assembly. This 
 schen.e was opp'Osed by Montdenoix and Lingrr .arid b; the Govern- 
 
26 
 
 or-Genoral .a no, so that the laatter waa dropped. 
 
 Their health taeco, arig Impaired owing to the climate of 
 th- Antilles, Lacoste,f Magnitot returned to Frarice." Con- 
 v-'isnloner Lln/^er wan also in bad health but did not leave 
 th^^ Antilles. He died n Martinique a f«w nonths later. 
 
 Early in the fall or 1791, the news arrived in the Antil- 
 les of a decree which had been sanctioned 'oy the King on 1 
 May and rendered by the national Assembly on 15 May. A 
 petition had been sent to the King by the people of color of 
 Martinique, San Domingo and Guadeloupe asking that they have 
 equal rights with the whites. It was this petition which 
 had brought about the decree. It gave to colored people 
 bor-;. of ivee fathers'^and iiothers the right to vote and 
 stated that they were considered as much Fr nch citizens as 
 the whites. The decree wan rendered insplte of great oppos- 
 ition and cause:! the deputl^^s froj- the colonies to leave 
 the Asner-hly. The deputies frora Guadeloupe, Iln. Curt and 
 Oalbert, wrote a letter t. the Assembly saying that after 
 the passing of such a decree, it would be in-Aissible for 
 them to attend the mef-";tings any longer.'^ Sir;ilar letters 
 were sent by the deputies of Martiiiique and Sem Domingo. 
 
 (1) Guerln, vl. V, x . 318. 
 
 (2) Archives Parlementaries, vol. XXVI, p. 07. - Boyer Pey- 
 releau, vol. II, p. 398. - Guerln, volV.p.319 
 
 (J^ lAgehu Pari ^'•""' XXVI, p. 122.- Monlteiar, 1791, p. 138. 
 
27 
 
 The ©ffect of the decree was folt nost in S^n Dorp.ingo, where 
 a geritiral uprising of tii^. slaves against tiie -wiitas and m- 
 latto-:;s took place. In Guadeloupe much loss harm was done 
 l.>t;causG the uecrpie of oolor were wiser and more iioderate and 
 also fewer in liunber in proportion to the whites and better 
 treated tha;. ths« in San Domingo. The Governor of Guade- 
 loupe vms a man of excellent views and of moderation and it 
 was undoubtedly his i-fluence which preventer! the outbreak 
 of a serious slave war in Guadeloupe similar to the one go- 
 ing on In San Loraingo, where an Incapable man was at t. e 
 head of affairs, Agaj nst an those whites, who showed a 
 a';sire to revol$ when it was announced that ^blacks had equal 
 rights with them , de Glugny was severe. 6 October, 
 t>.o hundred fifty of them wsJs^ent to France."^ 
 
 On 30 September 1791, was dissolved the constituent 
 assembly. It was succeeded by the legislative assembly. g 
 This body belioved that It saw in the action of the colonists 
 <'v('..inst the nogro' sa plot against the raother country. A 
 decree was therefore rendered on 28 March 1792 anc] was sanction 
 ed by the King on 4 April to the effect "that in each of the 
 islands, the col nists proceed to the reelection of ineinbers 
 
 (1) Monlteur 170n, p. 358. - Paction, p. 55. 
 
 (2) Boyer-Peyreloau, vol. II, p. 403. 
 
of the colonial ABoenbly arid the iiiunicipality uccorriijig to 
 the foms proscribed by tbo d- cree of 8 M^iroh 1790 and the 
 instniction of tho SSth day or tho s.u.p norith, that the free 
 men, of all colors should bo allov ed to vots In t):e AsGemblies 
 (xria should be eligible to all oiTlceG; three civil ooninlssion- 
 ers vere nvmed for ran Doi:dn^;o and fcur for the windvoard 
 Isltnds with power to take,' all thri laeut. -res necessary to keep 
 order an--' peiioo. An ^xvmoo force consiti.r.r mostly of soldiorn '''''' 
 fror- the national Gtmrd vras to be sent to insure the execu- 
 tion of these raeasures; after their roxruitiPXLr ti :^ colonial 
 assemblies should send to tlie JBglsIatlve corps tlieir "voeu" 
 on the constitution, leelslation und adjrilui st ration, , and 
 to nn.ne tlieir representatives for the Le£i.'-,l«tive Assembly 
 
 A decree y;as passed on 2 July by the ho.tislatlve Assembly 
 and .sanctioned by th": i'irj£: en, 4 July coiuitmuin^: li. de Bc- 
 hfi^uQ, de Glu.jny, d'Arrot hi id Montdeiioix t,i appear before the 
 Assembly and explain their recotit conduct. 
 
 Laccste, who hrid l)oer. conwisaloner to tho /Vntilles had 
 
 1 
 beon made v-inistor of t}io jiarhne on IC March 1392. He 
 
 now named General Rocj-;a^;bOHU, aoven'iO-''-Gon(';ral of the An- 
 tilles in place of do Beluvaio and in uluce of de Clugny, he 
 
 (1) Guerin, vol V, p. 359. - Eoyer-Peyreloau, vol II, p. 40G. 
 
 NNNNW 
 
29 
 
 named General Collot, Goveriioi- uf Q'mdoloupe. These men 
 together with one thourjarid troops and one thousand men from 
 the National Guard set sail for the T/lndward Islands on 10 
 August . 
 
 'iVhlle this expedition was Oii its way, General de Clugny 
 died at Basso Terre and he was suoceeded ad Interim by 
 M. d'Arrot, who had been second i/; cominand. 
 
 Early In September a letter was r<5celV'icl a Basse Terre 
 from the English Jsland Montserrat Sftylng that the Prussians 
 and Austrlans had succeeded in entering Paris and that the 
 Kini: had been restored to the throne. M de I ioilevsmt, Gap- 
 tain of the frigate Calypso asked per. issjon to raise the 
 white flag oi his frigate. D'Arr-ot refused three times 
 fearing that he would get into trouble as he had not yet 
 been ofriclally notified of the restoration of the Bourbons. 
 Most of the colonists re re in favor of having the white 
 flag raised over the forts of Guadeloupe and 1.;. d'Arr-ot was 
 obliged to give in. M. de J/iOllevant imr::;diately set sail 
 for Martiiique with this news and M, de Bel ague iiuiedlately 
 hoisted the white flag as did also the commanders of tho ves- 
 sels lying around Martinique. 
 
 While affairs v;ero in t],l3 st -.te.. the expedition which 
 had left France on 10 Aug st arrived on IG September at Mar- 
 
30 
 
 tlTiique. General Rochajnbe;;.u n^^nt ashore his aid-de-oarap 
 MJlth messages but tl.e lattor was r'lAcecl uridnr arrest as soon 
 ap ho set f - ot i.ipon trie isl.irjfl. 7'ord was tout to Rocharabeau 
 ^ir M. do Ech.x::MO toilisis hiij to YJithdrav* or to "r.-e treated as 
 an cneny. Roohanlv-;.:ni savv tliat bin forces v^u'-e not large 
 enough to dofoat thos'i of I•lartiniql^e mid set, sail for Guad- 
 eloupe. 0- his arrival there, he found tiie v.'jiito fla^:; 
 hoi St or] ovev tl^e forts and r sileo on to San Eorr-lngo where he 
 anchored '';8 Sept^.-inber. 
 
 In France, On 20 Septei-l-ier 17GS, tlje I.o,[;lnlative Asser> 
 l;ly c.-ine to ar-, end. It was succeeded by th*) iiational Con- 
 vention. The first «ork of t}iis Assembly was to ra'oclailn 
 a Re_:'Urlio 21 Sei)tej'roer. 
 
C'laotor IV 
 Tc; tho Arrival of the £iit;lish Expedition on lo April 1794- 
 
 Four new oomcdssloners for the wiiiClKai-d Islarids were 
 a^.i^ointeJ by the Convention, They r.ere Chi-etien de Peri- 
 iiueux, Coroller, i.ho had oei^ii a meriibor or the CoriBtituent 
 ^.sseialjly, and Jeannot and Antoneile, who iiad i.-O' ii raenbers oi' 
 tho Leciii-iiative AssOi.ihly. An expeuitio:i vno despatched 
 to the A( tllies to convey the com. is si oners wito wore to 
 make known the chaiige j.n governnent in FTajice, to force the 
 colonists to accept the republican f^rn of government and to 
 obey ^1:0 lav^s of the nothex' country. This exper:ition fsailed 
 from Brest on 24 October 1792 under Captain La Crease. 
 
 J'.an-i'uiyrii.ond Lacrosse was bt.rn cit Lioillian 7 Eopte^ l-er 
 17-30. He was of noble and dlatiij/juisheu .c-Hiiiy. At the 
 
 age of elghtee.'i years, h'j (entered thC' nuvy :.aiC. 178.'; V9Qs ap- 
 pointf.'d ensi,in. In 178G he /as made lieutenant. At tho 
 outbi'eaK Oi' war in franco in 178P, Lacrosse v;as one of the 
 few naval officers who ac^jpted tJit,' prinGiplv3f:. of the RevoliA- 
 tion::: a/id did not e: migrate. He sailed froi.. FriUice on tho frl- 
 
 (1) Univ. Biog. - Biog. LarousKe. 
 
32 
 
 gate "Cl^iopatre" in 1790 and me^le a cu.„pai,3?! In India. On 
 1 January 1892, Lacrosse wnr rvidn capt an fo hln good ser- 
 vices at tlT) siege of Goojtloioijtii cu'id in October 1792, he 
 Was sent to tiic A;:tllles to force the coionists to ro- 
 co.>j;nize the Republic. He returned to Franco in October of 
 the f'cliowlru;; jroar. During the Reign of Terror, Lacrosse 
 livo.-i in FranC'-; iij seclusion, but in January 1705, he xtas re~ 
 plicod ly the Con''^evtic.'n and wan empl^'ye.;! b; the liaval Gom- 
 mltt.eo. In the disastrous ex^'Odition of 179G against Ire- 
 land, Lacrosse was coji; zander of a division. He v.as created 
 Vlce-a;l lirril ivi May 1797. in 1801, LaoroBse was created 
 Captain-gene i^al of Guadeio^roe. The government of the inland 
 ims at that time in tf-ie h^irids of a colored la^in named Pelage. 
 By th.' s Lian Lacrosse wan forco-l to leave Guadelou.iO. He 
 vent to Domirica. 1t\ May 1802, General RichepeuBe arrived 
 with an expedition and Hf;ain controlled was gaJned over the 
 colony. Lacrosse assuiied hie duty but wari so n recalled to 
 France owing to ill heoith. v/ith the title of "prefet 
 ■ larltirar;" Lacrosse was called to the caiip of Boulogne by 
 Bonaparte to act as Director-General an as secorid in coruifind 
 of the flottllla which v/ao being prepared for the Invasion 
 of j^nglnnd, Ori the death of Admiral Bruix, 18 March ISOG, 
 the coraiand of tli.'i flotilla was given to Lacrosse. He held 
 
33 
 coraraand of Napoleon's flotilla imtil the year 1812 when his 
 
 health became poor. He lived irj /."(itiz'.vrnent feori that tine 
 until hlp. death tjn 10 September 18S9. His wiBdom on sub- 
 jects conr^ected with the orgar<lzation of the navy is shov/n in 
 a bool? called "Considerations sur la Marine", which ho wrote 
 in 1800. 
 
 The expedition sent by the Gonve^ tion arrived on 1 De- 
 cember at Saint-Pier !-e, Martinique, v/iiere the iiolGtinc of 
 the white fla|j^„4«as heard of in Guadeloupe :m(x Martinique." 
 
 LacroGse knew that by stayin^r near these i Glands, ho Kculd 
 ;is bis forced were not sufficiently st:fonG to cope with these 
 of the eneny, bo in danger. He therefore sailed for the 
 I^nglish iBland of Dominica whez-e a cmsiderable n riber of 
 patriots had trtken refuge, Kc anchcred or. 3 Deconbor. 
 He there held confereiices with the refu^jees frcri Martinique 
 and CrU.adeloupe to flrd iiOir^e r.f-'ans of forcinr the d'ioniea to 
 accept the laws of th^! iiother country. But Lacrosse Viuz 
 asked 'oy the Governor cf Dor.ln'lca, OeiiGral Jajat^;rj Bull, to 
 leave the Isl-ind. On 5 December, ,he sailed for St. Lucia 
 as that Island had not shov ii its aciheronco to the Bourbon 
 monarchy. Decrees were published on 10 and 13 Lficoriber in 
 
 (1) Loyer-PeyrolOiiU, vol. II, p. 411. - Ouerin, vol. V, p. 392, 
 
34 
 
 Martiriiqije and Ouad-acu/.e declaring v-ar a>.;ai r.t tli^^ French 
 Re:.!ibllc ;-LriC docl:,.rij,:^ Laci'c.r.s;o nji aclvsejiturer . Iii Ouade- 
 lcvr,o the wc'-na] ty off do-ith was dMcreoa cf^alnst riny one v)ho 
 should brine iiitc the i;.l.irid the aclrtror.r. v itn v;; ich Lacrosse 
 h.'d henr, GOr.t Intu the colonies. 
 
 ''hile Lacrosse \ as in St. Lucia, juar colC; lists fron 
 Martinique JoineO hin u/id his .wirty contlnudlly gr^n^-. Liany 
 sailors dcssertecl the royalists and Cii-io to his side. In 
 Pointi?~n-PitrG, whero tho inercantiie cloinont was loss In- 
 riiiencer'! t"' the blacks tjuuj Basse Tcrre, it was an.-arent that 
 a larc'."' part of the oopi.flation was in favor of the Republic . 
 I'j'iO Tv^V'S which had been I'eceivod frorri "ior,t norr^.t was not con- 
 firmed :m(i the oOldlers v«'lth difficulty kept up an a, pe.aMnce 
 of subiriission. The crews froM the vecseiB anchored at the 
 fort I.e.-.;; in synpatliy ¥;it]< the inhabitants. Tho united, 
 forced the planters to leave Fort i'lerr d'lrpee, a:od hoisted 
 ever it the t i'i~color fla.^. Tv-c rrif;.,ites, tre Ctlypso 
 and the Royaliste vvoro sent V,y H. Bolu^^pio to assist d'Arrot 
 a^-ainst tie Republic.. no. The latt^a- i/i; mediately fortified 
 .11 a.cvar.t.3,:ieous posts and r';.,ulr;ed the v;r:ei :y rnic attacked 
 them at t'-.o different poijits. Lac'^osriO v/as called to Pointe- 
 a-Pitre wrcre he arrived 5 Janutiry. lie vjas r-ceived vvlth threat 
 enthuslasn and the entire tovm su^Mutted to him. Eve-i'v- 
 
35 
 
 T.'horo in Guadeloupe the exariolo of Pointe-a-Pltre was follow':d 
 and ti oz'-> who had sr.cutcd loudest for th-^ white ri^i.: a ch^.vt 
 tine >'^:re, wefe novv the first to becoM-; neiibc-rs or the Re- 
 publlc-.iii p.-r-ty. D* Arret took thr. flrsn possible opnortim- 
 Ity to l-^ftve the iBlfind. V/lilio ev ryc^no vmr, re;]oioing over 
 the nei ctate of a "fairs, he 'jecretly lioa'-'ded a vobboI fand 
 sailed fo}' Trinidad. 
 
 TTk^ ! •iinioipalit;' and c<mrts of tho colony wev^'; liijiot]- 
 iatoly changed and Ropublican clviba were organized. F»cri 
 the v;:fioun distr.'lctG, representative.'; y^'e^'e chcsen v.-i o met 
 at ^?ointe-a-Pit"e. They took tlie nane of "conj,ii,3slon eenerale 
 extraordinaire". As iii tJie -other country, the; estates of 
 the evlijves and clergy were sequestrated. Lleuto'narit La- 
 crosse was proclaimed te; porary £ov'-,vrriOr of th-; Island. He 
 accepted the office on t}ie candltion that Captain Xorrnene, 
 ty e conr-iandant at Marie-GaliUite should t tk.(; l-iis (.lace v.hile 
 he was aiisent forcing the . ther colonies to rocoicnizc the 
 Republic. Captain Xexniiene agre-jd to this and vas considered 
 as second in corni/iand. 
 
 The two generals Rochaiibeau and FJ.card vdio )iad been 
 forced to go to San Domingo, three hn^nths previously now 
 sti.trted for Basse Terre Vvhen they ar''ived on 28 January. 
 
36 
 
 Thoir arrival ciuised mutteriiigs and Rocriainbeau was not re- 
 coct.ized ar; Govoi-nor-Generai. On he'-rins this, Lacrosse 
 h;iaterjed back to Guadeloui.)e and it was throug/! bis efforts 
 that the population recognij^ed Rochajroeau. 
 
 On 6 February, General allot returned to Basse Terre 
 from San DomincC On Jioaring that Lacrosse v;-io Governor, 
 
 Collet decide not to attempt to assume the govox'nor-ship 
 but to await the ar^ ival of the civil coiafnisr^ loners and 
 tr-ocps ffcm Frince. But a party gathniod about hin -who 
 '.vished liii; to assume th'"; office to whlc)) he liad been ap.;ointed 
 He va-ote to Lacrosse on the subject. Lacrosse c<illed togeth- 
 er the "oOiinlsiori generale extraordlnaivsj" v.-hicli decided 14 
 March that L/icrcsse rshould continue as governor. Rochaia- 
 l.:eau ap;.roved this action, Owin/j; to the war vvv.ich had been 
 declared by France agam-'it England an<J Holland, the islands 
 were in rather a dangerrus position as the expedition which 
 h id left France had liOt yet roach'-ul the Antilles. The,re 
 broJ^e out in GiiHdelou.pe a f;lave insurv-.jctlon. The troops 
 ow-int': to desertions wei/e roducec.: to twonty-sovc.;. men of the 
 14tL Re,jihient and one liundred x'ort.'^-ffm.r r-ien of the Regiment 
 of Guadelou.pe. The revi;aind(;r of the mn^o^l force consisted 
 
 (1) Boyer-Peyreleau, vol. II, p. 4S4, 
 
37 
 
 Of poople of color who response" but feebly when brought to 
 act against the slaves. On the night of fJl April, a bujicl of 
 tvicf hundred forty-three negroes attackerl aixi pillaged the 
 homes of : Ix inhabitants. Tv,enty-ono whites ?;e.e massacred 
 .inrl their bodien barbarously lautilatO'i. In SLuco i;f fleeing 
 they gave therinelves ui' to the corinittee of s -fety (surete') 
 whlcl" had been foiTied hy the "coi'^Tiision .i^ener'alo extraor- 
 dinaire". The only i-imis.hi ent that the;- coad o-tain vms 
 iimrisonrnent in tJ-^e fort under a small gnard. They v^ere 
 allowed to coyij.iun- cate with ev'ryovje r-.no it was not very 
 l>Ti'-; before they v>?ere free and fornin^;; "cor;ir-. iojrs". 
 
 On 7 July, a massacre was coinraltt-od by a party or 
 T^epteT-ibrir^ts" 'vho entered a prisoji at Point o-.i-Pitre Vvhor-:; e> 
 eighteei, men were confined. Seven were Kill<";d. The re- 
 naindnr wore saved b;' the keeper who hid ti,eii fx'Oii the assas- 
 sins. A.t Basse Terre, a crowd got a piece of artillery 
 with v?hich they ej^-oated to Ijroa'^ dovn the gate of Fort St. 
 Charles. ( Forty-two prisoners were }ield th'a-o. General 
 Collot had attempted to set them free but ho li id no force 
 b.'ick of hln and to save fror; deat}i th*; iion vjhc wore ir prison, 
 he put hln shoulder to th<j mouth of the caii .on as the nob 
 were about to far.-; it. At this, tj.e i.ien drew b^.,cl!: as they 
 dar';d not kill the governor. They soon dispersed. 
 
38 
 
 Throughout the Island, there was a spirit of insurrectioij 
 Tlieijiite portion of the population lived incontinudl fear 
 Tov their llv ;., . Mattors wer made still worse by the cen- 
 eral expectation of the decree of tie Convention abolishing 
 slavery and declaring that all men c-esifllng i,. the colonies 
 were French citizens, wh^ch vma ictually passed on in Febru- 
 
 ■y 
 
 X 
 
 ary. ■"hile t; is iio'ws was disturbing the oolonies, tiiere 
 appeared before Martinique , an English exr-edltion, Wi.ioh 
 came with the purpose of attacking the island. England, 
 being at war with France, decided to drive the French f;:^j:;i 
 ail their posse^;3ions in the "findward Isl ndr^. 
 
 The expedition had left Portsiiouth 20 Hcvo^nber 1793 
 ^?ith Acaniral Jervis , (afterwards Lord Saint Vincent) as its 
 leader and witr Sir Charles Grey and Prince Edvvard, Duke of 
 Kent, as its generals. On 6 January, the expedition arrived 
 at BarbadO'V . A month was employ'",'d in ccncent -atlnt; ti^e 
 forces fi'oia the various End:lif;j^ isl^^rids and jn making pr;;- 
 
 parations. The floet appeared before Martinique 4 February 
 
 3 
 
 1794 and tefcr-; Guadeloupe on 10 Arvril. 
 
 (1) Boy'-rPeyreleau, vol. II, p. 4dy. 
 
 (2) See Thesis of L. C. Fu:ie;:-, Th-- Froiini :^evclution in 
 St. Luola. 189V. 
 
Ghapt-.r V 
 
 Capture and Recantur - of GuaO.eloni-.o 
 10 April - 10, Deceiiibor 1794 
 
 Tno i,n,:;lif:;h on i'eao>;in;; Mrii'tlnlque attacked Fort Bourbon 
 v.'hioh Vv s th;-; iioy tc the iBlandt After a siege of thirty- 
 t'VO days, the Fort vux^ takrji.. The reraaind :r of the island 
 v.as th .jj tjuA^l: riciU'^Gfi. Shortly aftor tho r-jduotlvij of 
 JAartinlcue, Saint Lucia vas ocoupi'^d and thon the friclls; 
 set out for Guadeloupe. 
 
 The ii;iand of Guadeloupe was porrly dofendoci arid its 
 capture V as eacy on account of the Int rnai troubles v;; icj-; 
 di^^uiiited the population at a tino v'hejj ciTjcerte.: action 
 i.i'UxiLt evei'ything. Adiali'al oii* John Jervls appe.red off thf^ 
 island -..'itii a squadron of tlivee ships cf the line, several 
 rigittes and transport vessels on 10 April. Ovang to a 
 
 head wind and tids, .i oact of th^-; fl'^;et did ect arrive lintil 
 the ilth. At one o'clock on the Mori.ing of tiio eloventh, 
 the Ad. iral effected landing at Oosier Bay u^id. r cover of the 
 
 (1) Pardon, p. 9o. 
 
 (2) ?or details of tho oaptur •. of hartiniquo an,^ Saint Lj- 
 cla, see Theses of J. Langdon aiid L. c. Fuller, ros- 
 pectivoly. 
 
40 
 
 frlgat':; Wir^choleea. T; An n'ie:ate w;.i? within e,tsy r.^rigo 
 and Ij, a short time silenco.i tho batteries on th-R shore. 
 
 riXTly en tl;o iiic^rMii;/:: of the 12th, a fOT'co of li^^ht 
 ififantry anrt sailors xin-'h r Major-CoiiO-al Duiidas rittacKod 
 Port Flour cl'Epeo. ' Orders v;ere gIvom that t-:,yOiiets, 
 iVi/oriirj aiid p. Kas only wero to Im-; used. TJie fort vas at the 
 Gun. it of a vo-y steep hill v^/,ich th'^ '2i,r;iizi: ^^oldiors under 
 fire founc; sor:e difficulty in aGceudiiit';. 071 /Machine the 
 top or th : hill, n desperate ficht tctk i:.lace but the Eng- 
 lish cucceedod in t'lAiiir; the fort. l\B:tj French S', Idiers 
 were i^ut to the sva)rd. After tiiC Gucc<;ds of the Eng.ish 
 at Fc-rt Fleur d'Zoee, Fort Saint Louir, , Point-.::- a-?itre and 
 ihw h.ittory on the Islet de Cceh:n were- aha) (-ic,, ed and the 
 i;n;2,lish wei-e tnus ir possessi a of Grraide Ter^"':. On the 
 English side th(; 1o:;h vais tva';nty-one killed, thirty-i,ine 
 V our;c!ed a.d tv, o ni^slrvr v^hilp^ tie Freiich lost nixty-seven 
 kille<j, f if t -five v.cunded aid oaio hundr d tfai pi^^i', oners. 
 
 A garrison was ].oft at Fort Fleur dTy-ee a d the other 
 posts of Grande Torre. The expecUtlon than si-.iled rlcnvn to 
 Petit Fourg, aac Basse larre, xAwreo a la.ijdir,;: >a'; riac'e on 
 14 April. "" \7h0]i the advarice of the aa,i;li3h vm^j heard of in 
 
 (1) Erenta ,, vol. I, p. 185. - J.u.ies, vol. I, p. 3:^1. 
 
 (2) Boyer-Peyreie.;u, /ol. I, p. 442. - Jaiaes, vol. I, p. 
 S22. 
 
41 
 
 the city of Basso Terre, ther-e war> great confMRiori and a 
 crowd of seamen and ruffiaiiG ;;et flro to the hospital and 
 to the iMtendarice. Moiaiv-'i'iile Prince J]cr.,ards and Colonel 
 i'.yriOB succeeded in t.iklije PMl-misto wliile General Dundas took 
 H.-uelr.ont. The l.)atterler] at hoth places v;ero taken vvlthout 
 verjr great loss of life. On 31 April, General Collot sur- 
 rendered at Fort Saint CharleG, GuacIeloiiViH an.-i its clopend- 
 encies to tlio Ent:lish. Major-General Dundas vux^. left in con- 
 I'-rjirl of t]v'i Inland >ath a gtirrino i which proved insufficient, 
 Lieut on-.int-General and Sir cyn:\'elev, Grey «vlth the I'onalnder 
 of -.he array left the Island. 
 
 On May 5, there arrived at Barbadoes, reinfoi-cenentt; 
 from Eii/'land. Almost all of the t^'oops - ;-;i-e .sent to San 
 Dornin'.'.o as it was thouglxt t];at that i;;l-ii..d was In the greatest 
 fJange-r of again falling In the j azids of the Frencli. 
 
 On 3 June, here arrived off Guadeloupe n squadron of 
 
 1 
 Frenc': vessles, which had left Rcchefort oyj 25 April. Tr.is 
 
 squadroj; had to le so(:t, i y the h-Puiinal Ci nveition, that 
 
 cody huvin^; he(ird of the arrival of the r>,p-iish lu the Antilles 
 
 It was sent with the hope of keeplr^g Guado.O'ipo linder Frenci:i 
 
 coritcol. The squadf'ori -n('er d^jtain Lc^i.scgues , conslstcc; 
 
 of t,vH- frlipjter:, one eorvette, tva larpe idiips dn led "en 
 
 (1) Boyer-Peyroleau, vol. Ill, p. ol5. 
 
42 
 
 :'lute", and five transports. At trjo he-m of this expedi- 
 tion, arj:] vjxth the title of civil conminDioners '^eve Victor 
 nu.gues :)LiA Ghre'tion. The latter diec^ siiortly after his ar- 
 x'iv;;! 1;, the A.;!tillos. Benidoi=5 thosft r;eri, t;ioro v,ero on 
 board General of Division Au.bert , Brie;adler Genot'al Cartier, 
 Afi,1ut.iiit-G(:;rjf-!t'al Rouyer, a battalifcon of "chasseurs" consist- 
 ing of elQitt h.i]id:?ed thirty men and co;i;;;inded by Chief of 
 Battalion r-.i.'Uoet, 'jnd two conipanios of ari.illeiT cons i stir -j 
 of '.wo h'j.ndrod ue.i -ind coiri^.anded by Captain Polardy. 1)! 
 all th<;re *ore olevCi hundred fifty-three nen. 
 
 Victor Hugues, v-Ijc for severo.l ye^irs pl-yor'' such fin in- 
 porta.jjt rclo in the affairs of Gu;ideloup(3, w;iS bcrr; in har- 
 S','lllos, in 1770. Jlis father vas a merchant. v;iiile still 
 
 very youn£, Hugiies went to San Domii^o tu live-: Tf.'ith an uncle 
 and brother vdto had settled there. Biirin;: the e.irly years of 
 the Revolution, Hugues- saw his uncle ;iaci broth.er :gllled urjd 
 in 17'J3, he retmTid to France. In tiio following y-ar, lie 
 Yiic, naiiied comdssloner to the autilles- H'.icues ts;as -.uc- 
 cosnf^ii Iji driving the rn/;clish fforj Guadoloiioe, and in pro- 
 veiitint^ tlieai froia a,,'_:ain taking ponsessicai of i-ne islruid, 
 Althou;;h the hn^;llGh were suaealor in niudM^^s, thev were de- 
 feated by Ilucues thr...uti}: his audacity^ ^tfid force of character. 
 
 (1) nog. Univer. - Biog. de Larouss^ 
 
43 
 
 Until 14 June 1798, Hugues was at the head of affairs in 
 Guadeloupe but then he wa:: replaced by Desformeaux. On 
 his return to Paris, Hugues kug highly convaended for his 
 success in saving Guadeloupe fron the enemy. He was made 
 acont of th;-^ Directorate at Cayenrje on 1 September 1799, 
 Hugues renained there Ui.tll 12 January 1809 v?hen the colony 
 wac Invaded by an Anglo-Portuguese army and the French were 
 obliged to leave. In 1817, after France was again In pos- 
 session of Cayenne, Hugues was sent there with the title of 
 "conriissaire du roi". He became blind in 182S and returned 
 to France where he lived u.itil his death in Koveraber 1826. 
 
 A landing was made at Gozier by the French on the day 
 of their arrival. They enployed theraselves in burning and 
 pillaging estates, thus giving Lieutenant- Colonel Druiniiiond, 
 who oonvi.anded at Fort Fleur d'Epee an opportunity to collect 
 his forces. Those forces coi.slstefl of three hundred ten 
 officers and nen, among which niuiibef there were one hundred 
 eighty French Royalists. 
 
 The English stationed in Guadeloupe were far superior 
 in number to the French, but pestilence broke out in the 
 
 English army and it is stated that one half of their nunber 
 
 1 
 
 died. Among this number was governor Dundas. Those who 
 
 (1) Encyclo. Brit. vol. IV, p. 301. 
 
44 
 
 lived were not capable of doing good service. it was on 
 5 June that Grey heard of the arvival of th"; French. He 
 was at that time at Saint Chrlstppher and with Jorvlo he 
 immodiatoly set out for Guadeloupe. 
 
 After repeated solicitations, the Royalists who were 
 at Fleur d'Epeo were allowed to attack the Rer-ubllcan army*''' 
 v^'hich h-id landed at Gozler. They wero con: landecl by Captain 
 M'Dowrall of the 43d English Reeinent of ivl^aiit "y. At the 
 first dlschar.^e of guns, a panic took plaee in tho royalist 
 array, probably because tho Republi'^anE v.ere found t') be raore 
 I'iumerous than had been expected. Many threw away ti^elr arras 
 and deserted. Only thirty out of ti e one huiidred eighty 
 men who had left the fort retun>-.d vjlth Cant,.in :vl*Dorvall. 
 
 On 6 June, the French attacked Fort Fleur d'Eoee."' The 
 attack was led by generals Gartler tma Rouyor. Gai/taln 
 Lelssegues bombarded the fort from the sea. Tlie French v.-ere 
 superior to theiaiglish In numbers and, after.' a J?osolute de- 
 fense, the English had to give in and flee v.ith a loss -ef 
 of fifty-four men. Colonel Drumnond hastened on to the nesjt 
 post, Fort Saint-Louis, but found that but a Email force 
 could be mustered. Ke therefor'; crossed nhe river Salle ar;d 
 
 (1) James, vol, I, p. 2':3. 
 
 (2) Guerin, vol. VI. p. 58, 
 
45 
 
 reached in safety the dlGtrict of Basso Terre. General Au- 
 l.ert advised Victor Hugues to follow tho Er^;llsh and to 
 drive them from Basse Terre wr'He their forces v'ero still in 
 confusion and before assistance arrived, but Hu£ues refused 
 to do so and later had a difficult task in occupying that 
 part of the island. Colonel Drurmond and his men made their 
 headquarters at a r-ost called Saint-Jerdn. They named it 
 Camp Derviile. This oost was located on the river Salie 
 and tre English thus had con, .and of th> t Irroortarit waterway. 
 On 7 June Adniral Jervis and Sir OharLos Grey arrived at 
 Guadoloupe with reinforcononts. Grey .joined Dx'Uruiond and 
 Jervis sailed for Pol/it --a-Pitre with the hope cf naklng an 
 attack on that city but he f* unci the Fs'^ench vessles moored 
 with!;; the carenago. It V'/ir; not intil 19 June that suf ■''iciCiit 
 roinforceraents came up to attorapt a recapture of Grande Terx-^e. 
 On 8 June, the Eiiglish left Saint Jean mi^^ mi^trched toward 
 Pointro-a-Pitre. Tnev vvero laet and rcpiilsod by a party cf 
 FronCij soldiers under General Aubert. In tliis engageraent 
 General Aubort was vounded and his successor allowed the 
 En/;lish to retire ri':r'0ut further hariii. 
 
 Sickness was causing havoc mionti the French."^ Com- 
 missioner Chretien was one of the first to r,ucciu!i . Genorals 
 
 (1) BoyerPeyreleau, vol III, p. 23. 
 
46 
 
 Cartler and Rouycr also died of fevor shortly after Chre- 
 tien. The soldiers died off at an alariidn^^ rate, for be- 
 sides boin.; f...tiguocI by const untly v^atohing (.v, enemy v,ho 
 v-ere atteuiptirij to block thera on all sides, thoy lacked food 
 and water, and v-ere living In a clir:ute lAhich wac exceoding- 
 ly :'nhealthy. 
 
 General Grey, on ascertaining the strength of the French, 
 sent orders to the consnanders of the vai-ious ir.l^inds asking 
 for forces. Aft-r there had beoxi collected at Basse 
 Terre all iho forces that could be obtained, d jtachuonts were 
 landed on the side of Fort Flour-d'Epee. Until ti:e first 
 of July, several unimportant skirmishes wor.-; nudn; but the 
 weather becoralng very warm, it was decid^sa to viaKo a final 
 attack and '.-nd the campaign. It was planned thit a large 
 body of troops under Brigadier General Symes should march 
 during the ijight and occupy "Morne du Governei::ont " arid th'"; 
 other heights about Point- ;-a-Pltre, uhilo General Grey at 
 the liCad of the remainder of the arny was to ronain in 
 readiness on the heights of Mascot find at a given signal to 
 attack Fleur d'Epee. 
 
 At two o'clock in the nornlng the troops un er General 
 
 (1) Brenton, vol. IV, p. 303, 
 
47 
 
 Symes laarched on the cit3^ in t^.u; c.jlurans of one thouBarKl 
 
 laon ., oh." Victoi^ Hugues was stationed with a force on 
 
 i.tornQ rtu Gouvernornont ana as soon as the Kngllairi reached 
 
 the tov.71 he fired upon them. The English v.ere u:^,able to 
 
 make a eood attack as the3- vj-re lalslect by their guides and 
 
 entered the toivn-i4i<kere trey -,;ere most exposed to tiie oneny'c 
 
 c.ii.u.on ar>d v/rere it was iiot possible to scale the vxails of 
 
 S 
 the fort. They therefore had to retx^eat. Their artillery, 
 
 equipiaonts and an. ;unitlon v.'cre captured by the enemy and 
 
 for two days Admiral Jervis war, occupied in transporting the 
 
 Eriijlisji ti-'ocps hack to their c-o:;p at ivtoriie Saint Jeari. 
 
 aen'?ral Syuos, Colonel Gobju and several other officers 
 
 3 
 loEt t]^eir lives ii: this fi^ht. The entire English loss v^us 
 
 in tiie neighborhood of ei,:;,ht huiidr*ed men. 
 
 The meditated attack on Fleur d'ipee had to be ;:jiven 
 
 up ai. it vas revived by G'.neral Grey and ;.dmiral Jervis, 
 
 after a consultation oi. 3 July, to £;ive up for tl-.e present any 
 
 4 
 
 attempts on Granac Terre. It was decided to r';lnforce the 
 
 posts of Lasse Terre. After ti'.e arran,";ejnonts v;ere coiu- 
 pleted, General Grey sailed to Calnt Piere, Martinique, where 
 
 ( 1 ) Guerin , vol . VI , p . 01 . 
 
 (/?) Brcnton, vol. IV, p. 304. 
 
 (3) Pardon, p. 100. 
 
 (4) Brenton, vol. IV, p. 305. 
 
48 
 
 he established his headqimrtors. He left, Brigadier- Gen oral 
 Graluim in couii^md of Basse Tcrre during his ab!-:ence, 
 
 Victor Hugues concelvoci the idoa of nr:inc the colored 
 people as solOiers."^ \\ri-<H, he cfilleri upon them two thou- 
 sand responded and, although t;.ey could not h-~. r ^.l disciplin- 
 ed, they were accustoned to the cllnato aiir vore riot over- 
 come by the heat as vore the v,'],ites. C;:ptnln of Artillery 
 Pelardy van aised to the rjink of Divlr>ior>-nonoro.l and nar, 
 made Ccruiaiidunt of the axTaod force v;'r.iie Coriixmc'riant Boudet 
 wa.G nv.de Brigadier Gone-'Ul ..inl had the ti^^K of ^vrilling t'he 
 ri-;v,. ti'oops. Hugues '.upervlrsed evry thijig an:-'" ov;irig to his 
 creat activity he v.as able to aduiijister hctJi civil ami mili- 
 tary affairs. In npite of tVo blockade of the KnellBh, 
 he was able to procure provisions t: rou .h iT^iericans. He 
 wa:: reinforced by patriots froL: r.at-y of the neighboring 
 if, lands. But the rankn of th^^ French were coi .tlnnally 
 w /"ikened by death from yellov- fever and by the continual 
 bOMbardnent from the En^:lioh vessels whi.h did > • t cease 
 u/,til Adnlral Jervis withdrew to Martinique vjlth a p^irt of 
 the naval force in July. 
 
 Cfiiflp Bervllle v^as located on co a'firjaing .ground, on one 
 
 (1) Pardon, p. 101. 
 
49 
 
 1 
 61. e of it was the sea and on the other a marsh. In front 
 
 of the ca.TO was t.he river Salle, on the opnosite banks of 
 wnich v.ciG locatcu Poliito-a-Pitre. The o^ly iio^.s of approach- 
 ing the cai.p was b •• iieiiTis of a narrow pass locate'^, about a 
 mile to the coar. This situation viixs, ho?»rever, very un- 
 healthful anu by the mitidle of August a majority of soid.ierG 
 in th-^ camp vve e on tho Eick list. The different isl.cad.o v^ere 
 di'alned of ti'oops to suoply carap Bervl.le. A body of Fro-nch 
 loy. '.lists also cane to the as::lGtanco of lY.o English. 
 
 Hearing- of the vjt.uilcnosG of the Britioh forces uiid hJo 
 ranks havlni.^ been strengthened by tlie pooi»le of color, P{u- 
 £^es planned un attack on Carip Borville. On the nl;j:rit of 
 26 So'oteraber, tho expedition started, A d.tachiiont uiidor 
 GenexMi Pelardy ei.ibai'ked 1)1 SMid boats laid passed dirr;ctly 
 under the otins of the En^^llsh fleet Iv'-iif: In the harbor. 
 Thoy lajj ed at Goyavt; which is i.-n tho eastcmi coaot of Boisse 
 T'.'c'-re, belov': the jncnith of Rivor ?,.XLlo. Polr.'.rdy uarclied ois ; 
 soldiers northward to Petit Bourg v^i.ich lies o.^ tho coast and 
 about nidvvay l:>eLween Goyave and tho i.iouth of River Salee. 
 At Po^tlt Bourg V/'as stationed Lieutenant-Colonel DruiToiond with 
 
 (1) Brenton, vol. IV, ■'. 30:;. 
 
 (S) Guorin, vcl. VI, p. G2. - Boyer-Poyroleau, vol. Ill, p. 
 27. - Brent on, vcl, IV, p. 306. 
 
50 
 
 a party of convalescents and a numbef of I'o^/allsts. Per- 
 ceiving tl,e superior force of tho French, r^e hantenod on to a 
 battery at Point BacCi^us. il;l3 post was sucroundeci by 
 thr: Jronch ai.d ;il. 1 wore madf,- prlsone-^r. . Pelardy now 
 turneci tho guns of the battery on the En/-:lish vessles, setting 
 fi."0 to one of tie;., before its anchor vas raised. Only 
 eight neji vfore lost on the Froncr; side whil^"' one hUTixlr'xl 
 forty of the Enclinlincsn v/oi*o killed and ono hundred sixty 
 vere tf..kn;; prisoners. A lar};^: cu.pi'ly of stores and one 
 hur.drou sixty barrels of po-,dt:r were alr:0 t: l:oi) by the 
 French. By holdiTit; this r.ositior t}." Fvr^ich cut all sup- 
 plier; of:" from Caiip Eervillo as thnro vr^v nor; no neaiis of 
 cormuTdcation vfith the Eritish flC'-'t . 
 
 Another detaclanent und^^r G'-neral Boiidf^t eT;i>arKed on 
 the same night as Pelardy ar^d advaiic^d to Ltvieiitin, a snail 
 tovn on the northern coast of Bisse Terre. Fror.-i that 
 point tho detachment inarched east to Pay ■'.ahaulT, which it 
 ■cached on the tv'Bnty-r.eventh. 'ihis detachnent now pro- 
 ceeded to form a junction vd.th th-^ '.;-!tachne;,t \^hioh had 
 landed at Goyave, and thus the English were surr^ounded on 
 land by a French force. A tliird detuci ;.:ent cc)njn.anded by 
 Chjef-of-J3attalion Bur';s crossed the River' 3alee. At 4 o» 
 clock on the raornlng of 29 Septenber, Victor Hugues ordered 
 
51 
 
 tioudet to attack tho canp. The French were -Jof ated with a 
 losG Of four hij^,dred neu. Artor tvvc nor^-: at'cackG, .m> 30 
 ; epteniixii- and 4 October, General Graliam saw ti,at. -is i.cn wore 
 greatly outiiumbered and that further resiritai.co v,ar> useless. 
 Mo t].crofc.G capltulutod G October. 
 
 On the following day one thousand four huiideod of the 
 English left tuc Island l!;avli>j: behind a la.cpo ariioinit of ara- 
 ^nunitlo]; and tv*c trousand ^jims." Toward thr; I'jiii:llsh the 
 toi'ns of the capitul.ition 'joeo liberal but toward tao 
 French royalists the ter. :fi v/er^j outragocua. An atterii^t was 
 nado to have tho; i treated as Fmrlichi.ion, but thir; failed. 
 A covor-;o boat v.aa procured in Tfhich twenty-five vaa^e allovjed 
 'to escape. The roiialnd r of the roytiliats W'-re le t tc a 
 miserable fate. Tj.er v-ere tla'oo hund!.;d strong aufl arDketl to 
 he allov^xl to atteiript tc cut their way tja'ou;:]! tlio French 
 anny kaowing that it i.ieant sure dr;ath, but evan ti is wac act 
 /.;ri-jitOd thoi.'i. They v/ere obliged to stand in a royi before 
 a tra'nch with their wrists chained together aijJ. were then 
 shot at by undisciplined recriits. '^Jc, e v/er(? killed, othei*a 
 wounded and many rymalnod untouched but thi^y jell into the 
 trench together arid '^ere covered up with earth v.hat}-ier dead 
 
 (1) Fardoa, o, 104. - Tircnton, vol. IV, y. 307, 
 
52 
 
 or alive. 
 
 On 11 October, Polardy started for the city of Basse 
 Terre which was still cocupied by the Eugllsh. lio arrived 
 tjiere on 14 Ootober-l As he approached the city, the Englioh 
 peL-ceivi:e that they were ;:,r.;ntly outnuyiberc-o , evaluated the 
 city after having destc-oyed tre arnenal, the ra/^.,siiie and 
 the battecies. The only place which was no^ in Englich han;^s 
 nas Fort •.iutilda, or an the French called it, Fort Saint 
 Charles. Pelardy advmjced fron Banse Terre to this fort 
 and in: cdlately began preparations for- hesie^nii;!-; it. Gone 
 artillery pieces arrived in the follov-in,;: ,.:onth ar;d i:,h':r,. tlie 
 firing le^an. The Engll^yri T?ore .ihl.^ to lii-^ld out until 10 
 Dec'i^iber vhen they sav/ that t,h ■; Frenc/ v;ould h^iv^^ ] o diffi- 
 culty in forcing an entrance. Durin,; t;;0 iii.Jit, the fort 
 'vas s.^lently evacuated, tee Enilich tal:ing refn.:^o ii: th-;'ee 
 warships, which had very recently anchored i^elovv tue fort. 
 
 Thus the Island of Guadelou,.e vv:is ■. 'nc"; i^ior^; in tlio 
 hfvnch.! of the French. All the Fn,^:lish v^'ere th:'iven from the 
 ir.l.ind .aid the colonists r/ho had iiided tlr.!},! nao either be-.'n 
 'Killed Of had e-ii^-fated. Victor Hii;i on had entire control 
 over the c-lony, his po^nvr v.a;. d^n.potlc. Capt-iin LeisGUO- 
 
 (1) Boyor-Peyreleau, vol. Ill, p. 35. 
 
53 
 
 eiies, for t]u) servlcos ]v) rendered during this campaign, 
 y?aE pronotod to the rank ■:;f Penr'-admiral. 
 
Chapter VI 
 
 * GovoriLv.ait of Victor Hugues. Gcnciufuon 
 
 A^-tor tj;0 expulsion ox" tlie English from Guadeloupe, the 
 ojitlro co)itrol of affairs ror.ained in tJiO hru-idn uf Victor 
 HuKues." The r^'port Virach h^" r-eitt, t': tho Goiive::tion wao 
 ap.vrovod, and r,o was highly praised for liavini; rijctored to 
 F'caiioe one of the most ii,portant colonies. On account of 
 tho hatred felt toward 'i.ns'lmiCif the onj^il uieasures that 
 KuruoG had uoed toward the English v-cre over looked. The 
 Convf:;nti;:ii sent a.'j eiTOedltion from Brest en ? Nover.ber 1794, 
 to thr; .vutilles to assist Victor Hughes. Ty<o nevv coiJdsslon- 
 ers wej-e also sent. Tho expedition .was oc;-;iajided by Cap- 
 tain Duchesne and -as eojip^osod of enc v^osol, the "iler'culc", 
 and s-/vei'al transports carrying troops, ai rauiiticr,., arr.s , 
 etc. The nev, cora-ulssione 'S v,e'-e Lebas aiid Goyrar.d . inere 
 were in all one thousand five Inanch-ed tv^enty r.en. Before 
 reaching Guadeloupe, t:;e Fr-inch exp-edition h-ul en onccunt'':>r 
 with an Encli^^h vessel aild corvette. One French tra.. sport 
 
 (1) luerin, vol VI, p. o5. 
 
55 
 
 was lost. On 6 January 1795, the Fri^jiich arvlved. .it Pointe- 
 a-Plti'e. ;\ fev: months later Goyrai d set out to recapture 
 Kaijjt Lucia. 
 
 TJ.<^. GonV(-j;.t j on, on 4 Pe',ruary 1794, passed a aftoroo v.hlch 
 fi'O'jci froT^ 'Cavery all j.-eroes." By tho df;cnv^ of 4 April, 
 179'^, colovr''\ pooplo had bc^;, grontoci political rights, 
 but i ovi thoy V ere m-;Kle entirely fre^. This- action was tiiKen 
 '..it^'.ut a p'oparatiori for _ t li^ the colonies having first 
 ' e^M r;af]o. TliO only r :u;v ■ fo.' takir;-; t,]:is ;?;tv?p was th^j 
 aovice c:' £f:'uthou.ax, ri^precent i.itive on i.inrjioij or oro- 
 coi.iBul iij San DoniuKO, tl^at tic: negroes, if -Tv-ie, would he- 
 cciAC' !'Orc clOGOly al.t;ichcu to ?TiulCf^. S. "'thoua;': n.dd in a 
 letto:,' lo the nemlors of t3,e Gonveiition that tliO abolition 
 of ulitver-y a'.on': cfuld prove t civil war and tj'.at it -vould be 
 t'uo o;ily iV^iUiH v.lich woUld onablo the Froiich to di-f'at thei 
 LiiClinh 'A): the Antilles. .". t a- oonthou-ax ' s ny)0(?ch, th':re 
 v;as .^y^eut eathusiasM and btjfor ■ aryori'^^ hnew what' ha;l h.iyyenRd 
 a vote ".'iG talcen and by it slavery was abolish';:'. Tne i^e- 
 sult of this action on the pa; t of the Conveation ve.s fico 
 and bloodshed. It caused the loss of San Domingo, arj island 
 of .yreat fertility which had yielded to the .iother country 
 
 » 
 
 (1) Pardo.-', p. Ill 
 
58 
 
 a coniiaerce of two hundred million franss. 
 
 In Guadoloupe t..e .lews of l^.c docroe of 4 f^elyraary ca ^sed 
 t:\-t^at co-ifLiGioii. i'j.o nogroes irn. ,GdaaLi;ly roraoed to do 
 
 if 
 
 a^y i:icr<o v;oi'k aiv,. ti.-.n united li; the Kcytex'ii ..art of Grande 
 Torre. Had it . ot been for tho fact that Victor HUi:;ues 
 had entire control, Guacleloupo nl^^lit haV'- wi.!;, -ossed a serious 
 sei^vilo v.ar like that v;hich v;acoci in Saii Doriirvjo. Hii^'i-^s 
 ii ,. i'';diat';ly rri-irclted .xgaiixct the lA^cvoes and ovori-oTOrod them. 
 Once and for i\ll ho olaced then v ithii< the Units of v-hlch 
 1: ^ thought they hciiongnd. i;;y c^cvcve exai.inl^s he nado ther; 
 foar hiri. Innteati of their foiYicr servitu(;e, lie iiov placer;, 
 th'';n lUi'.l 'r a lulit-ry diG.'ipiine vu ich was rest rigorous. 
 TliO v,'j,ites, the people of color an-i th;; ne;rroes v^e^e pl-ced 
 ui;d r his (Joi'iin-itien withdit diatinction and all vee-o pun- 
 is) oe re,::,ardle,sf> of color i-md ccdition. 
 
 Guadoloupe s-: 'Ped littl''; liKa .i. Fr- nci. coloiiy hut fa- 
 L.Vi'jr as an indepeiiilent power v;ith Victor hyeuor:' -.ts its head 
 rnlirii;; ae a do::pot."^ A lax'ge anay was oqaJ. .-ed cuid jnaintain- 
 ed orde- v.hilo vifcll arned hattories oe the coast protecte;! 
 tpiro islvijjd from an F.nglish ijivaeion. Muholtjus privateers 
 left t] '^^ islaiid in o:"'ito of the fact i.Ji.tt forty British vessel: 
 
 (1) Boy'"ir-peyr',lean J vc 1 . Ill, :>, .38. 
 (e) Ihid. vel III, p. ^0. 
 
57 
 
 fi'ig.itos aiid corvettes viero statl'.rioci nbont G^iadeloupe. 
 ErxBilish GOn:::evG'? var '<ai;;';:of] for one hi.ij,c^roa fifty v<:;snelc 
 \viu'0 atta-^/:o(^; niiuy of then vofO ivur^ao;!. T};e jiegrofrs were 
 ojn-lo;: :jd e sclnKlvoly i), cnltlvatii.r; thw Roil. T/ie roA/orni«n 
 frci.i r;oqu.'^Gt''eteci estates J^^r^c^ turiii^cl into r,j,(-; .iiblic tr'ri?^^- 
 ■ivcy. 'Zolc:'.l'il productionr;, prizes fcoi; the I':ru:;iir-h arKi 
 coiifiGc ticnc; --ore set^t to France i: ,_.r at quaii"'^ ties. 
 
 Oj; tlv-: arrival of Lehas in Guadeloupe t'Aiaii-K vere riOt 
 oiiaiigoi' ex-reyit th^'t Lf^bas shared none of K\5 v'es'n pov?er. 
 On :' July 1^'95, these two non vho v;ei-'e ..'^:ov!;;'iiJ.ii,:: things ac- 
 
 ocr-,'ii!,,-; to th-3if or-n der.ire Ront !.(nf.ral Polardy to France 
 
 1 
 be-'aiiGe> he v/ould not coini.ly v;lth their \:xr.'n'i3. Jle vmr, 
 
 follovveO by others v?hone services \vere ijot -leai^in/; to the 
 
 ooivij^issieriem » 
 
 The i^'overnr^ei'it of the Directory vias formerl in France oii 
 
 5 JJove l^er 1795, anfl It r^ar, decided th.- t *l;e tvo corirdnr,! oners 
 
 2 
 HuC'ios ri]-!') Leban, sh'^nld be Known as "a.o ontf.-. of t]ie Directory" 
 
 Thene t<^'C nen continued rilin,^ tcpether for soru' tiiae. T;.ey 
 
 ...oKod Brance for nore troops In order that tney ;■:!,;;: :t att ick 
 
 th'^ nei^i^l-boring icl^inds v/^l-h vjere In the h^ndr; of the ^a-^- 
 
 lish but assistance beinf; refused thei : they -fter:; oblic'ed to 
 
 (1) Pardon, i-. 114. - Boyer'-Peyreleau,vol,III,i.. 45. 
 
 (2) Pardoi'i, p. 114. 
 
58 
 
 concentrate all their pover in Guarleioupe. Tiv- criy v.ay 
 they could harn th*': Fri;^lish ras by attacl:in£: trolr corr-erce 
 taicl tiilG tlioy did freray. On 19 March 1??98 they received 
 notice th^.t for oi^:rteon iiontha iicre tney vy.ce to act a::; 
 ixf^eats but Loliao'c health hrr.k'-- down avit] ho was o^llc^c] to 
 r iturn to F-ance in tho fcllO/Jnfr i-ay." 
 
 After Lobas iiari left auudoloupe, Er.guos l;efiaii attack- 
 ing" neutrals. His ambition ]'iad no Units a;.d lio ended by 
 havinL, a nis-ind>%rnt;n :":ing v';ith the U?.ited States wliicli noarly 
 bcon,;,ht about war. TViir; act ixriCi varioua denunciations a- 
 i/Ainst H.ir.^ier; ccv^ced the Llrectory to recu.il hli; to Frnnce 
 ■ mC ao-.oint in hlr; r.iace General Drrrr^nf,>aux Vsitii General 
 Felardy in coiTu^^aiid of the tr... cps oi: 5 June I'^ng. Thece nen 
 left ?rL:.nc9 on 28 Se]vtei<hor i?-j8 ar^d ai^;'ivr;a at Guadelcure 
 on ']2 Ilcve, i.er. Ku.<j:ues had rec(:iv:;d iievs or liis roplace- 
 nent fi''on tlsO }!l^ir;te;- of the Marine ard pr';pared to :rt" ver»t 
 Defc.jrijeaux froT,i ti::.:iic hi^ office v.iie/: le tU'i'ived in Guade- 
 lo.!:^e. }•'■? fo/Tiod a plot ;-^i:ai7int Eenfuura ^ai^.x vdileli, hov?- 
 ever, \ a;: i.ct successful. Uu.:; lei; vvas t.ii.on, iii boa.i'd a 
 v.^Gstil and ':ent tf Fiv^jice. 
 
 Desfourneaux reiiaiiiod in Guade„oupe ui;til Iha aetur:n 
 
 (1) Boye. -i-'<;yroleau, vol. Ill, p. 4^- 
 
59 
 
 Of 1799 when he was rn:>laGOd Iv; throo ti^:oijts v;'no were sorit 
 out In acoordance vjltii a lav^ panseO. on 1 Jaiiuary 1793. The 
 three ag.32its wr;rc Jeamicr-cucUn, nephew of the fai-ious Danton, 
 who h-.cl been rf:cai:.'H.i fron Cay en; c, Eaco de i;.. Ghapelle, 
 who had l^een a i.iembor of the Constituent, and aeneral Lavaux. 
 Thoy arrived at Pcintc-a-Pltre on 12 DeG'-;r;ib'.^3r. It Wc^s at 
 about this tliie that a law passed 25 October, 1797, and 
 v^hich divided Guadeloupe and its d-.-endencies into tv^'enty- 
 sevei cai.t nc v;ith Polnto-a-?itre a^: capital, v<az put into 
 effect . 
 
 Guadeloupe now enjoyed peace and tranquillity after 
 several years of Military rule. But it vvaa tde harshness 
 of Victor Hui'ues coriblned wifn his stren^ith uml personal 
 activity "which kept the colony under French conti^ol. Iri 
 this Guadeloupe r^ac i;;ore successful tiian t,h;- other French 
 Y/est Indian colonies Khich were captured by thr; .d/iglish and 
 held until after the Peace of AijiOiiS . 
 
Blbiio/^ra^.hy. 
 
 Gufjrin, L;^.om. Histolr'; Maritine de Frai^co. Paris: 1858. 
 
 Pardon, La Guadeloupe dopuls sa Decr.'uvcrte jusqu'a 
 
 vios Jours. Pnt'in: IS 'U. . 
 
 Boyer-Peyrelocni (Eugene Edouai-d) Les Antilles Fi'ancaices. 
 
 Paris: 1823. 
 
 Archives Parlojion-taries, 1789 - 1792. 
 
 "Le Moniteur Univerrsolle" , I'-SG - 1794. 
 
 Edwards, Br^aji. T?ie History, Civil -aid Con lercial, of the 
 British colonies 1;^ th''; "ert IndiR. Phila: 1806. 
 
 Stf-';i-lH;riS, H. Morr;'-^-'. A History of the French Revolution. 
 iJov Yorjk: ISSG. 
 
 Brontoii, Edward Pelharu The IJaval History of Grr-Kit Britain. 
 LondOi:: 1837. 
 
 Janor;, '.Mlliaii'. The Naval History of Gr^.-at Britain. 
 London: 1837. 
 
 A. :i. G. do Saint Albin. Eocunents relatifs a la Revolution 
 Francalse. Paris: 1873. 
 
 Bi<\v;i'apnie Universelle . 
 
 Biographic df* Larousse. 
 
 Flncyclopedia l.ritaniilca. 
 
THU i''RKiiGh KLVuLUTI01>i lA SAIIiT LUCIA 
 
 by 
 
 Lucius ChluiUAii Failei" 
 
 Thesis presented to the 
 ucuity ox' jvi'ts ajid ociences, Cornell Univorr^ity, 
 for tho Deg3?oe of 
 
 Baciit;lc/r of iicleiice 
 
 Ithaca, -u. Y 
 June 1897 . 
 
COHTEHTS. 
 
 Introductj,on Pa/^e 
 
 ' A brief miiuiry cf tlie hl'^.toi'y of St. L'.icia iron itr. 
 cUfTcoV'-irT ..,..., 1 
 
 C:;avrtor I 
 
 Description of St. Lucin; its ooxjcUtion; ponu -ition; 
 -ovonuT-uit , !-rc.. in l':'B9 3 
 
 C: apt'-'" II 
 
 The Rf^volutlon in saint Lucia 8 
 
 Chaptei" III 
 
 The Kocivturf; of Bt. Lu:^ja by tho Frencl"! ... 38 
 Crtapt'^r V 
 
 Chapt';;* 71 
 
 Tho ftxpoditlon or Aborcromby aiid Cbrlotiai] . . 36 
 
 Chaptt^r VII 
 
 7}-^ 00'/ -niri'/iit or' I'c^^^e nn<^ ?^n?^I Dls^poslticn of the 
 laland , 45 
 
 Bibii0f3raphy . , , , 50 
 
THE FRI'i.lCM R?:VCLlJTI0ri IK CT. LUCIA 
 
 Inti'OrtTictlon 
 
 r.t. LuGifi, a wjilly b<^autlf-al West Indian island, was 
 dlfjcovrired by coliu-b-jo c-/! St. Lucia's day In If3ri3. A'., th- 
 pe.-iod of its r"!.' ECO very, it Tv-as, like the other Antilles, 
 ccGuplea by the Garibs, a/.d no attempt at ccljn.lzatlon ap- 
 pears to have; loeti iv.ude before 1G35. in thrst year Lou.is 
 XIII of Prance nacfe a £Tt>nt to Wosstb. Lotime arid IXipleasis 
 of all the unoacMpind landD ir! Anr;r.lonj i^ut th'^r.o^ porsons 
 having soleoted ?.[artiriiq^'^i ar a placa of iT-slflt-'nofi, thn 
 Caribe were left In imdi stiirbecl pofir-fsnior. \rntil the arri- 
 val Of ;>cm^ Engli:;h settl'^rj? in ic:^9, Pron thia tine on, 
 It },;*« unf^'^'Ti^ono ^ri-ivi'UB i^'lltioal <:)iihut:^<; ly-Xnc: soinetir;oo 
 declared iLfutvul, uti by tho t, vo,:tty of Aix-la-c-.tpolie A^. 
 1748» tj.o, in pOGcen::loii of the Fp.nich, noxt, capti^rec; or 
 trmmferred tw tlio Briti.^^h fffKl vic>' v.-vrBa. By the; treaty cf 
 Pari3, 1763, nt. Luoia war? allotted to France mic} Dominica, 
 Gt- V.u;C'')nt, Gx'cnarlu and "xCkieo to BnglarjrU" :>ariryj the 
 
 (l) Greiiuau ^^■.u. ii. ^];.; h;.-ndG of th^; Pv nch frcr; 1650 
 to the peaC'.^- of 1763 vvh<->3i It was ceded to Eik^limd, Th" Count 
 cl'Sstair^r tooK it in 1779 bi.it hj the poacr; of 1763, it was 
 
Anarlcaji wals in 1779, It was U^on by th<v BritiGh, but re- 
 stored to Prancf:? by the p-^aoe of 17613. At t,hn cow lenc'^nent 
 of tho French Revoliitiojiary n-ar, it wan again taKoL by the 
 British, evacuated in 1705 ariti r:;tJiKon in 1790. By tho 
 treaty of Amit^na 180S, it was rostoi!*©?! to France, but r<i- 
 taKen again in 1803. The fortunes of vmr finally left it 
 In 1803 aii Enellsh Colony wit)-, a French population, iaaniiors, 
 lani:ua^«'* »nd incliniitionjs. 
 
 retunif^ri to tho '.in/ilish who haviv- since held it-- Boyer- 
 Peyreleau, II, p. 215. 
 

 Chapter- I 
 Description of St. Lucia. 
 
 Bt. Lucia ic; nno of a yti'^rc of iJilandfj Gornonly called 
 ;tillor:, or Circ^.hboan :':jl.:-aK;':;, iviiicji oxtoiKl In 
 the nliapn of a hoifon-Ghuw across ti:w ;:nuran„;Q of tho Gulf 
 of Mexico, b>nv;no'. th"; GroatO;:' AirMUfc- c;i tho ) orth-^ost 
 ttJtd th'" ]'iaiiil;:aid oti tho .v.cut/i-oast,. I^ is 13^ 00' north 
 X<A):itMae, onci 00^ 53» ^/v;'it lorcituc^;.* The J:ioi:t eautn^ly 
 of tlv^ r-holo i/;;'ciip except r>arbci^:cor; . i-^ l:i ijitu-iteu at a 
 OU:t'i:iC'' of tv;o:'-^t:'-lV\.;f' rdl^n to the snit};-<;i.ct of Hartinl- 
 quQ an:l. twonty-onc to the north-oarjt of Bt« Vinaont, It is 
 tir'! 'nofit oxt^'-riGivo of tho Leaaef' Antj.llen;, v;j,tii tho exceptiai 
 or Trill id-Mi finn 0-i;acioloup''j, oxtttif'.ir!/.: forty-two Bulles in 
 -^ <inr,th '-siiC. tv;<.nty--ono at Itr; f::r'(yat05t l^rf^ucltht navhw: a 
 ,-,^rc.'r:fororiCo of or'.':: liViiiciY't!<1 anrl fifty riiien, and aj:i urea of 
 on-;^ ]ou\Cii-'r>a fifty-oitlit tho\io.;ncl olx l.iinOr'jn frfonty acres. 
 
 Thfi i^-'l.irid irj p^:'oy<?;r'b:lally known for itn v.llil mid x'onari- 
 tio 5C€m<5ry» ooi-jGiGtlru: of Jioavilj'' tiiub'ir'ici laouiitalns and 
 fortilo valleys. "H-ie x>rlnolpal chain of Tioimtt'tintT ext'inds 
 iorcitucili,:ally ovor t}i'; ceriter of the icland, dlvid.liii? it 
 
4 
 
 into wlnawarcJ and leowar-d dintriots* Fi'on eith®!* side of 
 the main chain, several pjoimtalns of lesser altittjcle aivorg© 
 tot?ard the s^a foDoirjg Ir; the interraediat© space, plains i val- 
 leys or ravines f ^iccordl j-ig to their cUroction and distance 
 from each other. These mountains knoim in the French Antil- 
 les as raornes, are dPtnaely clothed %ith forest trees, 
 and at their r: '"eat est !>oints of elevation bear the distinc- 
 tive names of Sopclere, Paix Bouche and Baraba. Oii the 
 south side of tjjo entwnce to th-^ beautiful bay of ivi.u- 
 rrlere, two oone ^shaped rookB called the Pitons, rise out 
 of th*T! sea t) a hei/jht of thff^e thousand feet ?md near them 
 are craters of extinct volcanoes and solfatarat 
 
 The ru£:g;ed and noujitainous formation of the island, 
 co!tJbln'5d with a want of 'in rgy on the part of the planters, 
 presented groat difficulties in the oonratmction of roads. 
 Th© consequence was that in tl^io lutt«r part of the last 
 century, the internal coRimuni oat ions were extremely bad* 
 One main road extended fron Gros-Ilet at the northern ex- 
 tremity, down the high lands in th^ iiilddle of the island to 
 Suufriere at the Southweste'rn oomor* Another ran fron 
 Castries to the Cui de Sao de I'Esperanoe, passijrjg through 
 Oros-Ilet* 
 
 St. Lucia is watered by innuraerabl© rivers and rivulets, 
 
5 
 
 rlBltm In tho raomes and irrlgntiug the plains arid valleys 
 through whloh they niru Hon© of these are navluable* Th© 
 coast is broiceB by num^Krous bays many of which affora ex* 
 oollent anchorages for ships of every size* th© more Im- 
 portant of thos© to wlri<2ward are Miir<|iiiB, Srand 'Arise, 
 IiOur©t, Deim^sry, PraBliri, Micoud, Trcnmassa, Volot, Can©llo, 
 and Savanrieo, ajKi to leeward, aros-Ilet* Ghoc, Castries, 
 GraiKi~cul-d@-*Sac , Marieots Roseau, An®@ Laraye, Soufrlero 
 and Vicux WoTt* The bays to wlmiward are somewhat iwig'^rous 
 and difficult of access owing to the rugged fonoation of the 
 ^oals and the provaloriofJ of boisterous wlrwis feom tho At~ 
 laiitlo. The Port of Gastriea is ono of tho safest and nost 
 extensive harbors In tho Antilles. 
 
 Abc-ut one thir^-. of a nillo from the northern <^xtreralty of 
 St. Lucia lies Pigf.^on Island, which cojUMantls a view of the 
 ohaamol betwom St. Lucia and Miwtl.Mlque, and early foruied 
 ujQ iiaportant idlltary post. In addition to this, the nore 
 iraportiuit fortrosaos of St. Lucia ai^o Morne Fortune, situated 
 on a hill of awout ei<,'.lit Jnjndrfsd foot el'.;vution oti the savth 
 Sid© of the tovm and hurfcor of Castries} th'; Tapjon guarding 
 on tho ;,50uth the entwmco to Port Castriofs, ixnd Vleux Fort 
 at the southorn c;<tr<imity of th'-; isi.tnd. Thesfs all play an 
 important part in the various struggles for suprejnacy oii the 
 
6 
 
 1 
 island. 
 
 Ill 1789 the population, coiiplled from mithmtia aoureea 
 was 31,778, oonalstlr^T of 3198 whiten, 1886i mulatto^s and 
 17,992 blacKa, Fornerly aino GaritJS W6i?e found thaw but Jit 
 this tirao tliey had diaapp'jai^fsri as a race* l^e olimate, es- 
 pecially in the interior, x& v ;ry imhQalthy, arid th*^ natives 
 ai?0 the only ones i»ho se -n to b© able to resist the yoXlow 
 fever and othor maladi*i8 coir.on to the tropics. To a grfjat 
 esxtont, this ciiinate is counterbalanced in the minds of the 
 inhabitants, by the wohderfUl fertility of the soil, which is 
 due to the overflowing of tfm strearaa during the i^ainy season. 
 The chief products ai*cj cof ee, cocoa* siigar cane and cotton, 
 
 aiid r,he magnificont timber is especially well adapt-^d for 
 
 3 
 
 ghip builrJine. 
 
 Thn French west Indies v/ere In 1789 ruled on a dual sys- 
 tem by royfil officer n who oorranded th"^^ troops, exerciBCd the 
 Qj_vil QOV'^rriVimt anv- inaintaino:^ order, miO. by intendaiits who 
 had entire control of the finances, which resulted naturally 
 in continual clashes and disputes timong thom. Ther© w©i»e 
 two gcviimors-general* one ruling over the Fr'-nch San Dcniingo, 
 
 (1) Breen, St. Lucia , p. 1-11- 
 
 (3) Ibid. p. 165. 
 
 (3) Boyer-Peyreleau, U^ A ntillosj F rancais'T; , p, 314, IX, note. 
 
aiid the other, who resiaed in Martinique, ovot thin tual the 
 otho^ islands, nari'^ay St. Liu-iiu, Toba-o. Mariefialaiit^, Dg- 
 slracl© an-'' th-"^ Galiit'^GjOundoioupo, hovyo-zoi* ; ha4 its own iii- 
 deporj'ient sovQrnor a\;d intencVtjit . Besides th^:;!'-^; we:vi f.'i- 
 pr--mf5 oolonial councils in each ifiland, ^shioh advised the 
 governor' arifl foi-Tieci thomsolv!;-; into a ccin^t of appeal. The 
 garrison of theno colonists conninted of t^iglit coloriial IRe- 
 gin-^nts r.-;ornitoc,l fwin the orijainal olasoeB of Paris, by tha 
 lioutenant or police, riv.>; brisados of th^^ colonial regi- 
 ment of artillery, and soine undisciplined militia consisting 
 of half caste and froed slavos, vihioh foi*ce '««.!> supploriont^d 
 when necessary by sailors froti the f;Mp8 of the We;;t Indian 
 Station. 
 
 (1) StfupheiiQ, H. Morse, A History of the Fren ohi Revolution , 
 V. I, p. 510. 
 
Chapter II 
 
 Tl.,e Revolution in St. Lucia. 
 
 During the early norithr, of the revolution in France, 
 when itn jrifln-ince was belnj: n]om\ by fj-^quont uprisiics in 
 
 the other islands under the coritrol of goveruor-general Banms, 
 St. Lucia was Kept free from ciisturbances, owliig to tt.o pni- 
 dorit anO conciliating guidance; of Captain Lapoque-MonteiFi, 
 Coraciandont of the garrlsont Maiiy of tho inhabitants, how- 
 ever, went to the esBistanco of both Damas and Dugowjrolei' in 
 Martinique, 
 
 On March 13, 1791, a dlvinion placed under t,):0 or<iors of 
 cora-iandant Girftj-'c'^.r!, l;vri(l-;c,l at Frirt Royal Ij: !^!artinlque, the 
 oonrniissjaries Ln Cocto, I^-uytot, Itontfl-^noix and Llr^or, with 
 
 nix thoufptrifl troops an;?. Lifrat-Geirrral I3Bhniipae, nan-x] Govornor 
 
 2 
 
 or tho iVlndward Inl.indo in pl-^o-^ of Viconte chu Duiaan, Be- 
 
 hacne was a ri'in of '>cr)"-"i'5nce an-? ubillty, and acting in 
 haJTiony "with th« colonial /\f/;«^»'ibly or Martinique har, succosd- 
 fjd in puttiue" dcnv/i without T.Tich '.'.irfioulty , thfs partial Iri- 
 surrectlon of ti-.e sla^^es which had broken out as a rt^nult of 
 
 (1) Ouerin, Histoire f>iarXti?:)<^ do Frano') , v, V.p, J34r>-9, 
 
 (2) Ibid, V, V, p« BIT, 
 
9 
 
 the olvli war Widoh rfigeci in the islmd from 1700 to 1793. ~ 
 Soon ttftor hU ar. ival, early in 1791, trouble broke out In 
 the ^ regimetit of Aiiiiis at St. Luciu, Witl he called Mcntdftnoix 
 and Linger to t.lu to diacuiio the nuttter v,-lth them* As a 
 reoiilt, th© two conanlsarieB wont to St. Lucia /•'iwi 5 ted th@ 
 tri-color flap:, ou Mome 'Fortune*, conoelloa tm Govorrjor, 
 Colonel fio Gimat to r.eok saff^ty in flight, and acting togo- 
 
 tl'.er with colonel Laroqus-Moritola, they bro\ight the trouble 
 
 3 
 to an oiid, ■ Behiiglto was an enthuclastlo royalist ancl vfhor; a 
 
 report r'oachrta hin from th-:; Engllr-h coloiif of llontncrrat In 
 August 179*3, that tho Pru.ooians had taken Paris and that 
 Louis XVI wa;, zTiStor-iid to hin formor authority, he at once 
 hoistad tho i«hlte flag, and co.Hianded the governors or coinKand- 
 ants of tho other Irjlfmdr, to do XlKewise. ThiB Laroque- 
 Montels refused to do mid it> a iettor to Behagiis dated at 
 ?>t, lAicia, 14 Oct, 1792, said that ho would hold to the na- 
 tional flag until h-.' had rnQcriVi-.a official orders to i.ho con- 
 trary from France. He lEirnediatoiy i'oport<;d hi', conduct, and 
 the raotives iwhloh had dlrooted it, to tbe hcaa© govci^imient 
 and declared that Ooneral Behagtte, having acted ccntrarily 
 to tho Conetitutloii, he should coas© to oboy hiia, and u;.kod 
 
 (1) Stephens, vol. II, p. 478. 
 
 (3) Bir«0n, Pt 77. 
 
 (3) Ouerin, vol, V, p. 317, 
 
10 
 
 that wo ships or ttm lim and a battalion sufficient to in- 
 
 siire th© pras®yvation of tuo inlmd toe sent hiraj and furthe? 
 
 thai in await Ij5g im wouXd fortify Mom® Fortim®' and aros- 
 1 
 
 IX0t# 
 
 La C08te becoujiry^ iidnlster of tha Havy anci colonies on 
 
 15 Miiroh, 1®92, had rioi?ilnated in the sw-smt of 170S widej!* 
 
 dlreotion of ih© laglslanlvo as^emfely new govecmore for all 
 
 of tho colonies » In SepteraliQr X79S# a SQuaa:ron und<i3? the 
 
 coxnrnafiad of Gap tain Bruix of the Semalllante,, ajprlv^'d off 
 
 Martinlqu© bearing tho Vloomte d^^ Roshambeau, app<'infed to 
 
 sueoeecl B@haf^©» and two thwisand soldiers* BehagM© sup- 
 
 po3?tea by tho colonlaO. AssoEibiy ( f Martinique refunets to 
 
 ^ow him to l®nd, anci althougti swi^prlsed 4m.i IndigTmnt at 
 
 thio refusal, he was for©@a to mihmit* and proica-eded to San 
 
 Domingo t whore ho did effeotlir© work against th@ i^avolting 
 
 3 
 negjfoes. Bahagu© prop«tr©d to hold Martlriqu® fop the 
 
 KXmt b^t at St, lAjcia, i^hloh hecame for mmiy months the 
 
 headquarters of the d©cldeKl antagonists of the ooimter r<i~ 
 
 volution in the Antilles, plots w©p® consti*iitly b^lr^g forraed 
 
 and woi*;od owt by B&miS of oorrespondance with the colony, 
 
 (1) o»i@rin, TOl. V» p. 302* 
 
 (2) IMd* vol. 7, P. 359. 
 
 {3} Stephens , vol, II, p. 479* 
 

 and he a©t with a g'--©at dfsal of opponitian* mcjrj authmtic 
 !i9i»s as'Fived from Frame of the capture of the Tuilaries 
 and the prooliiimtlon of the Republic, and when h© hm^a that 
 Captalri Lacrosse had b:^*i!n favoi^ably reosivad at Ouaaedoiip©, 
 h© f©lt that th*j oaus« of tha Boupbcms v^as lost mtl leaving 
 Martinique 11 January 1793, tooK r#fitge in th© Brmilnh is- 
 land of Trlnldaa.^ 
 
 On 84 Ootob©r 179S, th© frigate la Fellolte ocsapumded 
 by LiQii tenant J<iJ«»a-B&yEion<! La cross®, sailed from BiHist to 
 seek nmi'S of Brulx and Roohaiabeau. He arrived off St» 
 Pierre in Martini^® 1 Deca^iber ami h^ve having laaimM of 
 the oontre-rovolution of this oolorsy aiKl that of Guadeloupe, 
 as well as of the flight of Bmix*!5 convoy, he sailoa for th© 
 English island of Doalnica, whor*5 th© pFotendQd pairioto of 
 th® colonies wero ia pa3?t iudt<5d iiwior tha British fla^i, 
 Th^ governor, Jaiaes Bni©©, feolln£': that the affairs of La 
 Crosse and those of tho English had nothing in common, or- 
 dered him to dapart. 
 
 Turning now to St. Luoia, which had recently been Bur- 
 nsaaed "la Hdele" by the Convontion, for its staunch be* 
 havloj?', ho was rec'jivod with enthusiasm. Rerw he was ahle 
 
 (1) StephenB, vol. II, p* 479. 
 
12 
 
 to dmiBB QQhfmQB for "bringing th© ooimt«r-rfj?oiutlonary 
 colonies baolc Into thepale of the home govomiaent and h© 
 vsrot© a patriotic a(5rtt»ess in behalf of ti is novemont. At 
 this, thf% oolonial assojnblies of Oiiadolotjpe and Martini- 
 que bdcscne even moro vloltjnt and declared La Cirosse a traitor 
 and an adventurer without Wimfi or Kilsslon, also threateiilng 
 with death a ;yone who should introduoo his address into 
 any of the r-estored royalist colonies, Hevertheloss the 
 patriotic efforts we 1*0 not isithout effect. Th© St» Lucia 
 party was enlarged more ?md more by fugitives from Murtinlquoj 
 many ©ailor© of ti:o station desertod and w@nt <m board ?la 
 Fellclt©*, Finally the town of Pointe-.a-Pltre declared 
 itself imd r«adopt©d the national flag 28 Docaiber 179^. 
 The frigutes *la Calypso", and «la Royalist©" still under 
 royalist coRinanders , hant ened to supprt^ss this moveanent but 
 retitod unsuccessful. Invitoa by a doputatlm to go to 
 Pointe-a-Pitra, La Cross© arrived th^re 5 Jajiuary 1793, 
 amidst the acclamations of the inhabitants* Soon all the 
 colony pronounc^^d itself in the smm manner, the municipality 
 and tribunal of the colony was imaediately charigod, ropubli- 
 can olubs orsanlzod, and La crosse was declared provlsionary 
 governor » As soon a.o Behague loft Httrti.sique, an mentioned 
 
 (1) Boyer^Peyr^leau, vol* IX, p. 410- 
 
13 
 
 befoi^e, aoconpmaea by Rivlex^e, Mallavault cJe Vmmom.t and 
 Viilevielle, fearlic the return of Rochanibeau with a :^rge 
 rorco, the natloml flag ..an ir..,<iiately i?i,m up mui a depu- 
 tation sent to La Crosse in order to invest felm wit/, the 
 een©ral provisicnary sovorritiont of th© Wlnawara Islands. 
 Tobago and St. Vlnoent followed the example of QmUQloxm 
 mid MurtiniQuo, while Marlogalante like St, Luoia had remained 
 faithful rroci tho first. On La Crosso»8 reooimimaation, an 
 apulication r^an sent to RoGhmbeau at Smi Domingo, to com© 
 anrl imdertaJ^e the goverrament of tm colony of Martinique. 
 He accopted and the nuraerous oxilOB returned fron St. Lucia. ^ 
 On 3 February 1793, General Ricard arrivod in St. Luoia, 
 hnvine- b an appointed at th« sme time as Rooha^ .beau , to 
 fill the vacant post of govomor, and who lijte Roohambeau, 
 had oorae v.lth Bruix»s expedition. Tm only ovont worthy 
 of not© in Rioard's adriiniat ration until the arrival of the F. 
 Eiclish QXiiCditlon, was th^ promulgation of the decree of 
 4 February 1794, for tho abolition of slavery In thf> French 
 Antiliou. 
 
 (1) CJu©rln, vol. V 
 
 (2) Stephens, vol. II, p. 479. 
 
14 
 
 ChaptQT' III 
 
 T}ie Knclinh Expedition of Grey omd J©j?Tis, 
 
 Th® Republic, presKoa by the Suropomi coalition against 
 it, found it inisofjslblo to ohikI any '&1M of holp to its 
 colonies in the mut Indies, Informea of thoir alaj*irdLng 
 conclltson mid of the urgerjt pi^oceoclings which its niunerous 
 eneralGs wer'-; raaking toofore th'-; Englinh to provoK© their 
 vrjngoajioa liTid ©xcit© tYimi to a decisive attacK, the Hation.'^.I 
 convention In an att«mi>t to Iriprov© natters only nmlQ then 
 worse by acomplete r -.versai of tl-i« colonial cysteru By the 
 decree of 4 February 1794, oXavery wag abolirshcd ima all men 
 without distinction, rosidine in th© colonics v.ere declared 
 French cltiaenr;* On th« firrjt Ueclfii'ation of war by the 
 French, tiic west Indies beoane ^Jgain th© scone of military 
 operations, eaid on tho day ¥;heij th(5 above clocree wa© pro- 
 uuls^itodt a forEiidable esspeditlon presented its^sif before 
 Martinl^^e to attack It, Tlio English liUtailii'.ted by th« 
 cho<^ which thoiJ* honor with u.mm had rocQntly received had 
 resolved to neiul a force poworfiii enough to Ui^a roBsession 
 
 (1) Uoyov^V&yV'lQmxt vol. ii, p. 437. 
 
15 
 
 Of Martinique-, mid to drive th ' F'rench from fill of th'^ir 
 West Inaiuii poss«sfiion{} ar, well."^ 
 
 ^ The expedition to attaoX the Frrtnch Carlbiafiji Islmalsi 
 was aeclUod oii lato in 1793; ft id Lieut enarit-O-neral Or©y 
 aiid Yloe-Attojiral Jei^vis wci^ hc^nilnated to coj la.intl tlje land 
 t«ja Qoa forces respectively, to 1)G er:ii>loyod ois this occasion* 
 Tho fle^)t saiioa €rou Gt. Kelons on 28 Jto'»/fi'ib^:r. 10 
 DoctTOber, dftei:' Qnoonntevlrig t,ad woathor, they ^/arorjOd 
 Porto Sittsto, stopped at Fmichal to talce on v*lno and fnxit* 
 and on Mondfiy, January 1704, ts e Boyne iind her ooiivoy 
 anchored ixi Cciriisle Bay, Bartiadoos. TJia tvo chl<5fs lrffi5©(J*» 
 lately 3«:'t about U*o v.-ork ol' ??ar* A month tvas thus employed 
 lu gatitoi*in& toijether tlie troops from the other lirieiish is- 
 limdrj, p3?r;-parine gimboats, in training th-a nea^ivan for land 
 Gorvice, anci in attondtuice on the sick* 
 
 On 2 Febmaij'y , the e:q>eaition with all th«j affectlv© 
 troops on boai'd waountlng to 0,085 nen soiled fvcn Bridgetown 
 bcimd to J.iurtii'iique, and on triO fifth, thon it txrrivf^d off 
 the island, curiSlot^U of the follov;!/^- ves:>rtls of ^^.tvi" 
 
 Gun fililp 
 
 (Vioa-admiral (b) Sir Johh Jervis, K,l, 
 
 38 BoyrKJ ( 
 
 (Captain Oeorgo Orey 
 
 (1) Edwards* The Higtogy^-Civil ^nd conBaeroial — of th« Brltlnh 
 
 \ X / *»V»I ■«••• **"• »| , . „| , , „ ,1 1 I II t rnf l5 > H _ U ' "" '! "" n i ow iiil .. l lil Mi i l iii II i l li l u )lll " »li «H lii «M~ »i ■ ■ ■■ < I. II 'I I 
 
 west Indies t wi, ill» p. 440^ 
 
 I P.) ^^toh« Wva l History of (>roat Britain t w>l. II, n* 92. 
 
16 
 
 74 
 
 { Comriodorfj chas. Thompson > 
 ( Vong«'3ano® ( 
 
 ( ( Captain Lord Henry PaulfJt • 
 
 { 
 
 ( Irreci stable Car, tain John Henry 
 
 ( Asia Captaiji John Bscmn 
 
 64 ( 
 
 ( Veteran Cuutaln Chas. r.clmurid Ihigerit 
 
 Frigates ; Boaulirrj, SJtntfi-Marfiar'lta, Blonde, Sol6l>ay, Quob«c, 
 Ceres, wlnchelBoa, and Hose, 
 
 Sloops J liautlluo, HattlOBnaKe* Zebra, fwd Avonger; toinb, Ve~ 
 
 store-ships: Dvon^yawy aiitl "'oolviflch.. 
 
 Th© fleet approached th© south-eastern ooast of the Is- 
 land , and the Qmi&v&l having previously made tho rsccftssiiry 
 aprarjgoraents islth Sir John J«rvls, divided tho anay into 
 throe detachsjents, with a view to itmd %hmi at three se- 
 parate and dlstiiiOt quarters* These ii^r® OalXion Bay on 
 the northom coast, Case de Havires, nearly opposite on the 
 south, and Trols Rlviorss toward the Bouth-east. The first 
 ^letachment was coanianded W Major-General DwKias, tho Gooond 
 by Colonel Sir Charles Gordon, and tViO third by General 
 Ore:/' himself, arsBlsttid by Lieutenant General Presoctt. Tha 
 measuro war; well ooncerted; for by inducing the Fror»ch to 
 divide their force, it ©natoled the British to effoct thoir 
 
 fl) JmmBt Th« Naval History of Br eat Britain* v. l, I, p. 316. 
 
X7 
 
 landing at oaoh tvImo© with ^'•ery litt,i<--; loss. Owlne to 
 thi^ natural mid artificiul sfronlrth of thts iE5lr4id, an well 
 as iho iiallaijt defenso 2;.u..]e by Oeih-jral lu cLuinb-suu aiid 'ais 
 gMi^rlsoyi or i.ut six liundred munp it was liOt surrertder^ed until 
 the twenty-fifth of Ma^oh, '^i.en aftor seven weeks of siege, 
 tiio .-arrison mai-chQd out with the hoiior;; of ufart" 
 
 Victory having tbua Vav crowned the Bi^ltish arKio, Geri- 
 eral Creir d<-)teridned, without loao of tiiae to poi'sever® in 
 hln careru' of glory, Leciving five K'^eiiaoiits in cocaiiand 
 of Osiieral Pi-'escotts whon he api'Ointed OovornU**, mid Gomiio-^ 
 
 n 
 
 doi-e Thompson with a squadron lc> coopoi^ate vath hii-i for the 
 protection of tr^e ijsland, h« and Adiairjil Jervift proceeded 
 oil t<ie riori.ijig of 31 March, to the at .acK of St. Lucia. 
 On the DQXt day, i April, tho tJhli-G of war and cx'aiisports 
 arrived tht.?rc, and or; tho sat)© evening, the troops were land- 
 ed at throe different points with litti«5 resiataiice and 
 no lose. Tho Gara© good fortimt^ ha^ attended tho siiips in 
 their passis^e along- tho r>hore, although co^pell^d tw pass 
 within iiunsiiot of tho ijuinerous batteries that llnad it« 
 Thoir hulls, iiaBts, yai^ds, sails and ri&?:i,'-g r<:i-.elV0d nmy 
 shots; fetit crowded hb thoy wore with trooivs <uiu ^ommn, yot 
 
 (1) Edwards, vol. IV, p. S88. 
 
 (S) S©e,«Th0 French Revolution in Martinique" by Jei-vls 
 Langdon, Thesis, 1897 ♦ 
 
18 
 
 not a laaji on board was hun. The ItmO. forces consisted of 
 the brlgado of erciiftcllors uii<lor tuQ Kls Royal Higl'mess 
 Prince EelTP^ard, another of infaiitry imdor Kajor-Oeicrr-ul 
 DuiitUie, and th-j Sixth, iilnth, Wid Poi^y-third Kc;s:iMerito un- 
 d'^r Sir Charles Govaori, th'-> Qiu;ineertt under Colcnal Durnford, 
 cud /.i tlet-iclM.ent of light or*an.u;,cn unuei" Colonel iatiJi'son. 
 Thic ir.ldiK) h'i'1 r.ct th»:; nmais of foj-riiaable «l;ef6iy.se. Between 
 the firat tUK' third Gf Ai.rll, tlio tr-oo.rvs anB.dCted and carried 
 the French outposts, and 011 the fourth, His Rcy'-il Kig'i'ineso 
 Prinoo ad-vard, after .i fatiguing Tiarci! of fourtaeri hours 
 fron the lix\i]Xii^ pliice, hr.lct.od thn B'fitlsh colors on its 
 chief fortr-QGS MoriiC Fortune ; th*. garrison of 300 :.ion having 
 Burreridered on the safvic torTCs of capitulation «g thone that 
 liad been granted to Oon-oral Rocii':(nbf;ai;,. CfOiioral Ricard, 
 tho officer oomisanding in £t. Lucia, d«f;.l red aiid obtained . __,. 
 poinioGion, •'»;: Rochambeau had ^lone befova niM, to orbarK for 
 North America; but the earrisono of : wth ;';t. Lucia -md ;.u-.r- 
 tinlqtM wore Bevjt ot Pri^noe inn lO.Iiatoly upon th^ir surrender. 
 So ra '.id ''^ars th*"; noveniem-G of tho British amy, that Prince 
 Ed??ard rnoril^juito.:! int.r.o Boyno at tj>;.' QXid of fifty-oigi.t 
 hou^a af'tor h« had I'Ujded at St. Luoi<'. 
 
 Haifint]: thun ccrplotod the conquest of St. Lucia, General 
 
 (1) EdwaiHls, vol. IV, P* S97, 
 
19 
 
 Or©y left the sixth -md Hint}! Ho,'aments with dotaolyaonts of 
 artillery and euglnoops as a saenoon, appointed Bii^ Charley 
 Gordon, governor of th(> island .t.:)/^ returned to Mart ini que. 
 The two follor,irig days W9r<^ oocupied in oi-lftixjg tj.o tro(.po 
 and njjking arrangements; and on the eighth, Sir John Jorvis, 
 in the Bcyno, with two other nydps ox" the line, bef-iidf5s 
 fTigates and th© necessary transports, set sail for the ro- 
 ducticn of Ouai'lni' vme. Before leavinj^^ Martinique, a d©- 
 t-iCiV,.j0nt of tho squadron fi&n s«nt to attack tJio little is~ 
 landfj ealle':, hes J3aintes, which was easily carried out hy a 
 party of r;©anon and narinos. Without waiting for the arri- 
 val of ail of hiB troops, (UiuQv&l Grey effect'-^d the landing 
 of a CO 3ideral)l0 body at Groaier Bay in the district of 
 Grand Terre in Guadeloupe, on 11 April. Early the next raor - 
 ing, tn'> little fort Fleur-de-d ♦ Ep©© was taken by assault and 
 r..or>t of tiie garrison pitilODSly put to tJio sword. Ifeither 
 here nor In the other pact of the Isl.ijid did General Dimdas 
 neot v.'iti. much roslBtance, and on 31 April, Genoral collot, 
 the govomor, cnpitulated for Guadeloupe and its di tendencies, 
 Marl©-Galant©» la Desirati© and l©s Saintos, receiving the 
 s.uriv; tor;:r. as had Rochaiub«au and Rioard befoi"© hlia. Major- 
 General Dundas was placed as gover.or, fhir, coia-letod the 
 
 (1) S@© "The Pranch Revolution in Guadeloupe" by J. k 
 Seubert, Thesis, 1897. 
 
30 
 
 entire ccTicv.iest of the fv^n-j-i]: tjos^ienalcmn in t}i<.: v/est In- 
 
 In allot.^:,!]:;^- p-.irrisono for th'-; r.psonrity of th- Bevf^rii:. 
 
 i''lajidr; vioxh h-.t' r;:, rronclf^! dl, tlit; 'Icflcloiicy of trccpr} for 
 that Tnirposn vmn ^.t onco obvituij imO nlarr in^j. It ^jar; filn- 
 covejrod tl-'jt ti'irt rr.cT'tality had Vx:i'^n ro /.'.'^/nt , as t-"' J-nvo i-o- 
 tliic^d th?j raiikD to iv'arly O: (} f'-ilf their Gri£:ia -a;-, nuribcrn* 
 anf' a VG-'y lor^;--; ; roiy^-r-tlon of ti orj'-j remaining ':iiive w-^re 
 vjorrr :.)%;■! by urir'-i.^ittini;;; fjitl^^iie, as to ;.o rn/.dorod Juboolnte- 
 ly iYjc-.r.w.blo of of ricio> t sorviro. This '^ar; .usn tf, tho . 
 Ti-.v>r* fallii);:: '^iffect of extraordinary '■r.orfVlcn In -ni-.o deadly 
 tropj cal olif'.ates. Unfortiui itoly the iiri'^rcuB eHterprices 
 In ^^iiJch t}-,c E'ltioh for'crjs ^^?''7re on^ac^f' r:ad« it inr'OaGlble 
 fcr tl. ; Klnc'- nl:ilHtei*n to :;n'id nuch ■!! T*<-?ii.fc-^c-ov-:j;t, to 
 tho ■;n}u!^ai?(l l:il ud'; as tho oo-:aslOM rcq^^lrod." 
 
 On 4 Jaii'^. tl f5 cci.u!aiitlo:p--in-oi:ief , hoiiii: m that tine 
 T.ith tho ad ira?. , inr^r-MCtlvc the ntatf-^ of St. ChiMstophar, 
 :'oc:iv/^d tiV: nrtl^mch'^^"'' aoc' srit of th'^ deaU. of I^^ajor- 
 03ne-ral JXiridas from the y^d.Iow ->»vor ajic early the v;oxt rion>- 
 ivp- riri-l.of i;j' ol.i-:y::onoo arrivod, 7.hich rondorcirt .,1b lo;;::; at 
 th^it junoture doubly ^jr-eat. T^in ■•;!;- the •;/]:olly-:.;..loolco;l™ 
 for infofination that a Frf^n-'Ch arr. a^oi t or consit;oHb:ie force 
 
 (1) Edwards, vol. IV, p. 300. 
 
01 
 
 waa at that MOiaent off Point o-a-Pet,re in Guarlelciurje. 
 
Th© Reoapturo of St- Lucia by the Fri.TiCi .. 
 
 T ft yoar* l':"04 ^a-: i:.ot ullov>!t;d to panr. i>vit;.vut tiie French 
 t^xjliyj rovi;V),:e for tj oir lai: dliat^un iii the Ai.tiiles. A 
 onall -aval '1ivisi'":ri, c--r.ip(>t;C'u or two f-'i^jutes, la Pique 
 ;mf} In Th::!tl3, a br-ij-. ,xi\'J riv ; tr.u.Sivorta .liad uw./'^--i'e<'5 at 
 the iF:.l,'vn<^ n-C klx, 22 Xncil 1794, uiiior th:^ orUoes of Captain 
 Corontir-ttPbarn do LoisyOf^uefi, havlji/:; Oa board Uv; tv-'o civil 
 conni<)sirn~;:'r., Victr-r Hiiguea «i,ju] Chrotion, aiid, lli)3 troopgf 
 C' .■ruian::'r"(l by Oervrr -1 Aw'ij^^ft rijui Car' lef . /u'tcu' a x>tt3«age 
 of forty (liiy'ij LoisacY^'iieG' dJ.vj,f.,ioii Iu:ui r^jacii'Sd tiiC Antilles, 
 T/hich it h-.cl bo€-" Xi\tei>ue^\ t' r<ile ■/■/:>, tv t I'uv.nd ull occupiod 
 by the Frlti'ih-. Hul': ef; v?af; avi :ti ;b;i.ti,cu';; aiid c^:urcv:,eoiio nan, 
 Who ha"-:^ 51^-1 f. vi'iJ't of l.iD lifo^ in t3iO colonlOH -nd Icnsw the 
 count r"^ Vv'Oll. lla lifcriosQd v*'lt/. Lcirr:ognes to ait*:;i:itjt attacks 
 ur>on tb"; rnc'lJ''}- »t evory o; /^lit by Jarciy, uUvGnt'uj'ous ntrokec, 
 tb-^ success or v.ff.lcb ?«ould Justify thQiv bol^..noss. 
 
 The littlo o3rp<"5«bLtion ccr.oncoa by seizing j)esirado in 
 ordor to procure Wi anchoragOi anU it was fi^on t.J.;-; Island 
 that It <3nr.artod for Guatlel-upo, v.'iiwi''.! uor.io troops imd sailors 
 viore landod 2 June 1704 on the fointe-des-Sa; ines. All 
 
I' vcAi^yi the Buniurir, i^ha :», o-essior of t]>- icl.ivl -was iu 
 
 1 
 dispute. Orey ana J'U-vis ).u.iitoYi0^i -nho^^^i as noon as the 
 
 ncT:r^^Of t]>o oxpofUtiGji re.xoheu tliaa, but ir. s,.lto of thoie 
 
 ovor:mv5laijii:; 2i\.iaooi?s both oij land .\mu sea tjiey lv;;j.ilsli v*'er*o 
 
 rijiull^- forced on ll Deooi'iber to i^.u'/e ti:»: laiainl in tiia 
 
 hujiuri or Lh-; Fc:-ji\o. . ShoTs^tiy o-^I'd'e tiiifi, fOTty tl tci^i.dnecl 
 
 v.*r/i a-^joarted iii nativo boat. -3 for M.xfie-Galantej whore they 
 
 landed <uia Gu,)tiuv;U tho British lvittt-:ries, in rji^ito of the 
 
 pi>^f.>f;2iC0 or :.nii:ii:.:h frltjrtte ana ccrveit-f:.© lu tn^; harbor, thixs 
 
 :u.suOr;i.,liii, th' Px'Onch fO::" GU'idelO .we (x!i.- J-tfi ui-'pon^ion :i«:3* 
 
 liiJOii ioar.iiii^ tliO auecesa o':>t,...ini:u 1. t,}-':- Aiitliiets, ths 
 
 Coavontlo rsoiit out rx'Oi.) .u^ftr^t for aui^f'»5Zoi;,i,o i:i)i 17 :ioyr!n- 
 
 i.,oi' 1794, a iiavul aivi&n'n oc^unea of tho vessel I'Horcjule, 
 
 and h\a.iiy other teann^orte oai'tTinr,; trwc-ija, v.ir::i:., ia'ovl:-;.;OiiD, 
 
 ajid t\K) ij;^v co;:iu:.;-ai'ioyj Lo Baa ui : Govr. ana, to aoyiBt 
 
 Hu.i'so'.;, T/.is ch^v.L:;i.onj less a - tvim:iy:>vt Cvi.x.'iJ.n:l ng u;jO 
 
 n<-,l'-Ui^r^>, 7/hlch hdd IjQOi< t.^tee; 'y tltv- rrirllnh off Enslt'atie, 
 
 r-'M-:" c<i Pol ,t'::-u-;-'ctro, JiJiiUury 170*3, It lmicl':;(l about 
 
 1501 Vi:*ocps ir. •ch^; colony anu Goyi^u.;., alt'Cudy toriiiout^n! 
 
 i . 1 i -ilojiv oy tho lai, ;''^C;i of Victox' I'lUiiios, ii'^tor^daocl to 
 
 iv., ;(KU(ttoly u/idePtuke tw L";coruiii<ii^ GU luci^ for the Kopubllo.; 
 
 (1) see Thesis of J. A. Saub^rt. 
 
 (2) aueriii, vol, V. p. C54. 
 
24 
 
 St. Lucia, though roduoed by the ?;rjgiish, was fai* fron 
 ti-anqiill. Th© insurgents* Blivas ha<l ®tlr@<i into the ^*!ocds, 
 mh&rB tney wero Joined by a mmbei? of French soldiers, who 
 had succeeded to make tholr escape, and these corclomerate 
 masses, organised and instigated toy a f@w d<3raocratlc whites, 
 and encouraged by victor Hug»s, carried on a harassing war 
 against the British, until the cown^nc^sent of 179S> vjjien 
 they Joined with tho expedition from Ouadeloup©, for the 
 recap tupa of the island. 
 
 Ooyrand landed at St. Luela about the mlcldle Of February 
 and t^as iiamediately joined by insurr®ctlonists of all classes* 
 The garrison rnduce<] by slckiiess and dishearteried off«rred 
 but feeble resistance . oros^llet, la Monro, mid th^ battery 
 of St. Euotache forraing the Key to tho worKs of Monae 
 Fortune were successivoly taken. Iri a few days the wlsOlo of 
 the colony ^Ith the exception of the tiifo posts f Castries 
 and Momo B'ortune wei-e in th^: liancis- of the French* Af flairs 
 remained In this sltuati'-n u. ^til about the nlddl© of April, 
 T^hon Bri|p.dler general Stewart resumed active operations li. 
 the hope of recovt3rlng the lost ground. The French wera twice 
 defeated a?id coj ipeiied to retire n^am Vleux Fort and to 
 
 fall back upon Soufriere, whiciv was their chief hoi u Re- 
 solved to follow up tfeis blow, General Stewart advanced 
 
S5 
 
 against Soufrlore. tJndlBiaayod by tJieiP r-'icerit aefe«its, the 
 Republicairis had collectod tognt^ifir a fornidable foro© for 
 tho defense cf thoir nalri positiori. Ou tliis iMroh the 
 British Oftiioria wan sudrterdy att^^cKed by a ^Uvision i!?hich 
 had lieeri nlac-^d in anbush and otily Gxtricuteci hlnraelf art<^r 
 a severe stn.iiifcl'^- On 32 April, he advanced to tiie assnuit 
 of SoufPlere, Ijiit was de-'-atOu after sgvqh hours hard fight- 
 ing, Yfit;}": a lOG^: of 300 men, Th:5.r, r'^tunlse init an end of 
 all hopes of doing moro for th^) present thiin retaiiiing a 
 footing in the island , by maans of the posts that w^r© still 
 In th'^ir i'OGsesoion* Tbn naf'irMl strength of Morne 
 PortTU'f? juRtifiod th«3 oxpcotation that they could vvMo a ntand 
 there Until reinforconionta ccaa ari-ive. Pent up in Morne 
 Forttme for two no-,ths and without aid, thf; Britlr.]. soldiero 
 simK nnder <5ejoct.ion an;", itn fr-equent attendant in tils cli- 
 inat©, the y el lor; fovor. The active Victor Hn^P-S'^s unceasing- 
 ly supplied frosh troops, rtnd tho Franoii at length inoreasing 
 in numbers as th'? British dlninlshed o- l*? Juno, attack':<l 
 and tooK the strong forts of Pi/roon Island and %m ?igi«5, 
 tha latt-'^r ci'-nr-ifinding and atrftria>:;o, or harbor, pr»wontod arjy 
 relief corain^: to I4ornf? Fortuno wltich they .>ovi proparoii to 
 stomt T};(2 British, tberofcro, raeolvod to evacuate the 
 iisland,- a m©e4sur*5 which was hastily careiad into effect on 
 
36 
 
 On the laoriilng of the ninetf^^ith, leuvlMg behlid v^ojaen ami 
 
 ohllcii^en and a qufintlty or stop^s. Captairi Barrot of tJ-ie 
 
 Expei^lwent of 44 guns anned "on flute*, received on board 
 
 bin ship ISOO men, between the hourn of twelve at night imd 
 
 's 
 five in the mophlii^. Ooyrand, a man iffhoso ch?iraotei? vjan 
 
 as f\ili of hunajtiity aiKi loyalty as iTrtfdllgfjnoe am) conraee* 
 allowf3d thi; rornaken ones to pass over to i-Uir-tltilqiie vjlthout 
 delay undeic a flti^j of tn}G0# This Corai Issary establirjhed in 
 St» Uicia a benevolent adnialst ration, wiiich anide hiii loved 
 and ©steeraed by the tantir© colony. 
 
 The English attribute to the failure of th* military 
 operations of 1795, tho want of vigor in prosecuting th) 
 various operations of the cai'ipaign, as well >m a %*?ant of 
 vl|;lemoe on tha part of thoso at the head of affairs. In 
 the case of St. Lucia, the fonaer fault Bftons to have "bosn 
 the cause of complaint. Lieu tenant -General, Sir John 
 Va\ighan, who had suocoeded Sir charloa Grey, with a consider- 
 able body i-f sea atid land forces at his (iisoosal, cci.tluued 
 an indifferent si>ftctator at I^firtiriqiie, of the strui^gle 
 going on 1/i St. Lucia, while the colonists, left to flgi-t 
 theli^ own battle under every ponr.ible dlBadviintf^i^e, were 
 doomed to v^itness the annihilation of the British rule 
 
 pv.ont nr. . vnl . T . p. 252-3 
 
27 
 
 Within, ti»enty nllcs of their headquarters. The abmiaorj- 
 ment of St. Luoia at thlc crltioal juncture war, attended 
 by th^^ liost (llsastTOus consequences for tho liinislish. Hot 
 only were the Fi'enoh Xe't In the undisputed possession of an 
 important railitory post, "but they were enabled to send rein- 
 forcemonts to their friends in the other colonies of St. Vi>i- 
 
 cent » "Grenada and Martinique who -we re thus able to succer.sful- 
 
 2 
 
 ly oppose tho Brltlsl* arrne. 
 
 (1) The island of St. Vincont, on© of the Windward Group* 
 lies in the Caribbean Sea about on« hundred iiiiless west of 
 Barbados in north latitude 13 -10* and west longitude 60°- 
 57* ♦ The nearest island is St. LugIq, which is t^^enty-one 
 miles to the north-oast. St. Vinc(3nt is eighteen miles long 
 and eleven broad, oc^ntaining about 86,000 ac^es of land. 
 The general topography f the island is very like St. Lucia. 
 The east or windward coast, ©specially toward the north is cal- 
 led the Carib country and consist ;3 of a. broad and fertile 
 tract extending about four miles inland from the st^i. Dun- 
 das , Precis of Infoniiatiori Concerning the colony of St . 
 Vinoent , west Indies , r>* ^' 
 
 (2) Breen, p. 85-6. 
 
Chaptfjr V 
 St. Vincent- 
 
 For iie-vr-iy tvic centuries aftm' tiie discovery of St. 
 Vincent by CoUimbiis, on 22 January I4£»8, this island attract- 
 od little or ].o attontirn. Carlbs ^<^r© itn aborinigal in- 
 habit. ints 'i\]0 it is prt babies that t; oy weyw quite numerous 
 judgin/;': from the i.nny stone weapons mid iripioi 'Onts >fhioh 
 have sirice be^n dlscovfjrert in the boII. The aboriginal 
 popMlutlon was ttiigciented la a Klrit'^aiiJ^ njanner. About 1675, 
 an African slave ship b-^ached upon Bequia, an Island about 
 nine miles from St. Vijjcentf uid the negroes who escaped to 
 tho lountalns were kindly reoolved by t,h'i native Garibs of 
 St. Vincent; an<i , incorporating wltli tfOii bocamf; so numerous 
 by tholr nn'oii wit*' those ana by the n-gro fugitives from 
 
 Barbados, thiot th<^3'' were oalied BlacK Caril-s In ordi'ir to dic- 
 
 1 
 
 tlnexu^^y^ th'^m from tie original Caribs vvMoh "unra y«3llow. 
 
 Tho po;iC' of tho Pyrenees between France and Spain %'ao a 
 happy preaage to that ri.ichjterninated in tho Antilles tlve ' 
 bloody wars vsbloi. the CarlbB )i^:i(l uiicodsiifiejly waged with the 
 French ;ind Enellsh settlers, who had tried to usurp tholr ,/■;; 
 
 (1) Boyer-Peyreleau, vol. II, p. 331 - note 
 
29 
 
 lancJs. On 31 March 1660, a fimieval p^mo^^ was concluded by the 
 Frenci and English wlti the Garlbs, and the latter eyjreecl 
 to abandon all of tho islands except Dojilnica mul St. Vincent, 
 which they reserved for themselves in orclf=ir to conoentrate 
 
 theremainder of their unhappy population, then reduced to 
 
 1 
 about 0,COO souls. These islandr> wore then deol-^red neutral. 
 
 This lattwr agrceinent seems to have beej, lightly regtirded 
 
 by England, as by nakln^j variius grants of this island to 
 
 individual f>, tlioy continued to assert sovarolgnty over St. 
 
 Vincent. The act of neutrality v»as oonflnnefJ by the treaty 
 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, but this appears to have been as 
 
 lightly regarded by tho French as the former by tho Kriglish, 
 
 In 1756, hostilities broke out betwee/; these two rwationn 
 
 and St. Vincent T?a3 taKon by General Monokton in 1762. In 
 
 1703, it was forrafiliy ceded to Great Britain, since which 
 
 tirae its goveriuiont has bO'5n administered by Englis)! officers, 
 
 though it was again taken by tho Prersch in 1779, to ix^ finiilly 
 
 restored to Great Britain by the treaty of Versailles in 
 
 1783." 
 
 The Caribs of saint Vincent looked on the French as 
 their natural allios. Therefore, the tidings of the reverse 
 met with by the expedition aijainst Martiniwe under AdEilral 
 
 /I) Boyer-Peyreloaa vol. 31, i^. r^3] 
 ( 2) Dtandas, p. 40 • 
 
30 
 
 Gardner und Oenoral Bruce in June 1793 h^ad a nm^k^ra ^riact 
 
 X 
 upon fneia ir> raisin;: tholr y,t per; it inc\ei...:mdf;iiG€^, The 
 
 liovs or Sir Oi-urlnn Groy's snc -esBes <uai;.po;j t},;-i:r aHolrations 
 for a time but aftey cupturinc Guadeloupe Ij; Octobei;^ 1794, 
 Victor iuigues, by vif^-mn of intrigues with tlv? Curib;^ of St, 
 VliiCorit, rlpoij^'c; thn netulf: of InnurrHction. Head'-cl by one 
 of th'dv ohlofB m\Jiod Chatoyer, tlsosf) : ocr-le lairst Into Vfi- 
 belllon, c: ivrying v;iti tf.o;- tbn u atal liorrorr^ practiced on 
 such occbslonB, riurJcriiig liod, wnieii aijd children aiKi settirig 
 firo to thf; plautaticnn. Ijj fcur flays fro,; trj-> outbreak, 
 
 the C-iril.s ha<I oriti:v0.iBhi'f". tiomsolvo:; oii DorsotsMre hill 
 cvi;rlookin<ti Kiiiynf.on, t};.> ohitjf rt.it.loit of th«3 Kiifcilish upon 
 thP! westo^Ti const of Mi'i l:..Iand. Tb,ey wor-e rr-jijulsed witij 
 tb'^: 1<,BS of tb.-iir chief d-jatoyor and fJfty i t«^.n in m yidjiight 
 •ttacK by r.ore rav troops orga-.lsed by Oov'-inior C^rnoii. st» 
 Vincent l-'l^e Dondnica «r)(! St. Lucia, fiX!,. t;.r:' r-u£:,yed natur© 
 of tbH oountT'y in tb' -'.Of,t difficult iu vilcb to BWPPreBS 
 BUdflen Insurasotlon. On April, t)^ 40t}i Rticbumt arrived 
 and four day?" lat''5r le<' an a' tack on tie onemy ' o oimjj, wblch 
 tboy Buccessfully carried, Tbls Buc-.ess ooulci not be fol- 
 lowed up, for tro <inony reve constantly rt:;Cfdvi/;tj rcinforce- 
 I'lents frO; St. Lucia and Guadeloupe theough tl f; port of Cal- 
 
 (1) Dundas, p* 43, 
 
 (2 ) Bronto. , vox, I» i" 5353. 
 
31 
 
 llaqua, v»hioh tho- hold. The Dritii-.:* ar..>roGlciM-ne- tJiic 
 nlttiatlon, advar.cod unon msd took Calllaqua, ijut tl'te Cari! s 
 soon regained thoir sii].*.vf'lorlty aitfl rottifnlng suhiiioned Cap- 
 tain MolGGWorth t c ooni:iH]fUl<3r of tris .-OBt ; to Gurrendftr. 
 The appe-irancf) of t)-;fi' \lanri, fri^rato, fior-t ar-iirid f.?'Oi:; 
 i'.lnf:rjtont foi*ce<:i tyi':i'i to rioEJnt; ru-O thoy ira'iodlutoly clepart'^d 
 
 for Kiiif^Bton, nx\<l rf;c;<pturHC! DorT.'otBhiro hi?.! by a desperate 
 
 1 
 attack. This occurred at midi i,*.lit but before dnvm tie 
 
 post wac retaken "by a force of two /■vrri'Jred '.«n ui'Kl.^r Llfxit. 
 
 Colof-fol Set on. 
 
 The Prcrc}- , ov entrihlXr.Yv.O th^^TU'v-'lv'-B on the '^'igle, an 
 
 iriyvortant post cor'.sigtlriig of thro--^. small onln'^^nces fonnirjg 
 
 the south west Bide of '.ho valley of Marrlaqua, which they 
 
 stroTif-rly fortified. Sir Johr Vaughan rxhou- ti.jr: fine visited 
 
 St. Vincont to investigate th^' real stato or the lr>i,-md :ma 
 
 upon hi 5 return to I!artl'iquo sent j-.h :ar£o a force as he 
 
 could spare, with store?: rtnd ordnance for its r^ilit^f. The 
 
 BritiBh troops, r^ow urdor the ooir.Mnnd of Li ■ut^--;i!aiit Colonel 
 
 Leighton, advaiiced on 8 .Time 1795 to tho attack of the Visle 
 
 in thx-ee columyis wl hy three diff^Tont routes. kn^r a 
 
 gfivere struggle the -oGt wao Oipture^l -xriO about sixty French 
 
 ore taken but tho Carlbs forsaklna' th-Ur alllec o.u^Uer in 
 
 \'i 
 
 (1) Brentor., vol» I, p# o54, 
 
P.r>. 
 
 iii \h) day, adusht j)ar.;ty ix, fiii^ht. 
 
 Art or providi r,g for the oocurity of th*i Vlgie, the 
 British proceeded to tho Garlb ct-iuitry* waich they laid 
 v.aotft Kith firc) cxiir; ;:.vvoxM, burHiiiig th«=^ houb^--;s Mid ttigASirsg 
 up the riGing crops, T. s i^ost of Mount Young v.a!, then e/.ter- 
 ea ?<.'thout 0;,i>G:;ltj.on, v.iiere Cw-islclerabl^ of ti^-; Carib .u»o- 
 visionc vore captured, Tito i.or,t at Orviu at t\v northorri 
 oxtraaity wac thaii taken with the us j-.i stance? cf the Thorn, 
 
 clocp or v<ar, nlxte ^n c-iiia, through not bi;fcre a sturdy 
 
 I 
 rosiatance oa the {ivt of th-; j^reucii. livery day 'wrought 
 
 forti furth'ir di;..0(/3tratiorj of tho I'atiii r^isuit of t. i,<; aban- 
 
 doni-ierit of St. Luci;.i 'oy V.v-~'- hii^liSi'.. On 17 Septeriibei*, a 
 
 force of five huntJred irsoii from .St. Lucia ifanded unopijosed 
 
 at Orvia, tho ships of the station, tho Thorn and EXj-erl;e),t 
 
 havirig drifted to ii.- ;Wr4.rd with tho cai front. In tho face 
 
 of ♦'.hiG forco, Coi--nel Lo;ife,hton evacu'.itod .uour'.t Young and 
 
 r'-tuniod to iaA^^stoxi, who-,f"- i,o wan qdci'iy followed by the 
 
 Ijivadors who tiius cut off co{aiiu..ioatiOjis wltii t}\<: Vigie» A 
 
 di^rtf^Ciiiaont r;.v"nt tc lt;j roli^if undei:' Colonel Ritchia yms doi» 
 
 f«3atod aiiu it5 loudof vit;. c;ixty i;i<;n riiiii iii 'dio ongaiiemcrjt 
 
 TiiO /;loony ootl':oh for 3t. Vincent wan pai'taally dls- 
 
 oollod by tho arriviil ojj 29 nopt onibor of ^'..iJor-ti'Oneral Irving 
 
 9. 
 
 JX) Brenton, vol. I. p. S55 
 (3) V DuiKias, p. 47. 
 
33 
 
 in the^ciplo, 64 ipdUB, v?itf tiree -fogiiatijits of roinforcciiierits 
 from Martinique. These T^egluer^ts were the 40th, I'Ath 
 and 59th. Upon the arrival of so large a reinforcoi'umt, the 
 French if*ot*e attacked ancJ driven from ev^ir^y post in the neigh- 
 borhood of Kingston, and cojnpoiled to rtJtlre into tho wind- 
 ward part of the island. Her© they vrere held In olose 
 blockade until the spring or 1798, mhe/a they surpi'lsed and 
 captured the cajiip at Coionalre under Major-Goneral Stewart, 
 who had relieved General Ix'vijig in Kovember, On IS January, 
 General Hunter arrived frora Max'tinique and rcllevoti 
 General Stewart of t}ie cornpand. He at onoe concentrated all 
 hlG available force at Fort Charlotte, retaining the Vigle 
 only for two days, or until it was threatened by an overwhelm- 
 ing force. During four months followlngs no deoislve re- 
 sult was reached, although several sharp skinalshes took 
 place. 
 
 Theifisll of St. Lucia on 26 May 1790, deprived the l^ench 
 of tholr headquarters imd th<; soi^rce of relnforoeraents for 
 St. Vincent ar^ enabled General Ab';roroMby to concentrate 
 at Sr. Vincent a forcv large enough to subaue the »illied 
 bodies of French and Carlbs. On 8 June, a large rajriber of 
 
 (1) Brent on, p. S56. 
 {2} Dundas, p. 4'7. 
 
34 
 
 fresh troops arrived at St. Vlnoent and In two days tJiey 
 tomlnated the warfare of sixteen months. The Vigie, whore 
 the French wore strongly ontrenched, was carried by a 
 storming painty of nearly 4,000 men, and General Marlwel sur- 
 r<3ndered with VOO mem after havUig forty Killed and one hundred 
 sixty wounded. 
 
 The war was jot virtually over, Uit the Carihs had for- 
 saKeji their allios, and hot being included in the surrojidor, 
 had 3tlll to bo subduod. TJioy cndeavorod to tenporize but 
 th';lr promises were kiiown frow puct experiences to bo worth- 
 less. Remo^'ul fron st. Vincent were thf-terss offerrod to 
 tltem and thec^ finnlly urmlllingly accepted tv«5rn« The Col- 
 onial assembly ronolved to s^^nd them to the ifil -nd of Balll- 
 coaux until opd'srs were recoivod fron the home govomnent 
 and General Aberororaby lssu'"'d orders to th.tt effect on 15 
 
 July. 
 
 On 18 July, th<) no!> vf fiv; chief Chatoyer pretende^l to 
 surrender himself and a :.argo body of hin followers, but 
 whon th'^ British attejnpted to take them, young Chatoyor and 
 the greater part of hin tri^:o had disappeared into the woods, 
 so that only about 380 Car lbs were nade prisoners and em- 
 barked to Ballloeaux. Thuc during Augii^Jt and September an 
 irregular warfare ensued, durlni; which matiy lives were lost 
 
35 
 
 ov. both sidec* It wa'. not until in tJ-.« early part of October 
 that :>-5veral Ca.r'lb chiefs , findirig that the soldiers gave 
 theja no pest mvi hearirjg of ti- ' KincUy treatment accordod 
 to th'-^ir country nei\ in captivity, tojicind thelc Gubmla.sion. 
 
 By sa October, 1796, 6,080 r.ien, vsomen and child ten, 
 iiioludlrig all of th*; loading Carlbs had surrendered and sent 
 to Ballicoaux, from lihere on 11 Matoh of the following year 
 the. were transported to the islaixl of Rattan in the Bay of 
 Honduras. I/, thio way, tlie Carlbo v<r)re finally disposed of 
 
 HSid tho colony freod fr'om Itif) oxlumstln^"; drain of a protract- 
 
 1 
 Qd war, 
 
 (1) Dimdas, p. 50-52. 
 
/ Chapter VI 
 
 The ExiJodltiori of Abercroraby and Christian. 
 
 CitlZ"n Goyraru) had now, dufirj(; a r. riod of fl,"tefm 
 laonths, held sovereign sway over »(^publicun St. Lucla»V'heii 
 the British government rooolv;d to taKe decisive measures 
 for the protection or their West Indian posseaslcns. On 
 SI April, the long d'jlayod expedition xindor rear Adiriiral 
 C10b*?rry Christian, consirited of two sail of t}ie line and 
 a niunbor of nnaller vessels of war, haviiiti- in chux'ge a nu- 
 reTOxis flent of tranrsportn , arrived In Carlislo Bay, 
 Barbadoes, The squadron had originally sailed on 9 December, 
 but the riaJo*ity of the shi.-s wer-o drivei; btick during Janu- 
 ary by t€«!ipostuous waather, and (;i(5 not finally leave Bplthead 
 until 20 March. Christian wao aoooimmdeO v.y Lleutanant- 
 
 Oenoral Sir Ralph Abororociby with a powerful arr.y . As 
 usual St. Lucia was si^piall*^n cut as tlui primary object of 
 attack. Accordingly, on ^5,T April Sir John Laforey procf^eded 
 with the squadron, now jjr :atly aM^^ionted, and t^vmspGrts to 
 Uarin Bay, Martinique wher? tho whole expedition came to an 
 anchor on the 33rd. The next day Acteiiral Laforey resigned 
 
 (1) James, vol. I, p. 368. 
 
37 
 
 his ooinraand to rear Adiuiral Christian, who had been nominated 
 to succeed him in June, and sailed for England in the 74 gun 
 ship Ma;3entio. On the ovening of thf) 2Qth Christian, with 
 the expedition stood acrosa the criannel to St. Lucia, off 
 vfhich by rooming the v^ole had arrived. Ooyrand's forces 
 at this period consisted of about 2,000 well disciplined 
 black soldiers, a nurab^r* of leno effective blacKs, fm<A some 
 tev hundred whites. By th') aid of the French engineers, he 
 had skillfully fortified the >%hole rarsge of mornes from Gros- 
 Ilet to Orand-cul-de-Sao, anici he vsas abundantly supplied 
 with artillery, aiajiaunition and stores. Morno Fortune vjus 
 his main strorighold, anr. th'^ British resolved to invest thin 
 without delay , 
 
 The thre^i intended point r. of debarkation *'8re, Anoo du 
 Cap, and Anse-Eaquene in Longuevlile bay, Choc Bay,iind Anse- 
 la-Raye, soma dictance south of the Cul-de-Sac. Th< fir^st 
 point in Longuevillo Bay, Anse du Cap, was protected by 
 the five gun bi'ittcry on Pigeon Isl^md, To Keep this battery 
 in check, the 38 i^un fricate H. be; Captain Matthew Honry Scott, 
 lod into the Xnse or oroek. Th*? 74 gun by.Ip Gangv^s, Captain 
 Robert M'Doual, supported her; find thft 18 gmi brig sloop Pell- 
 can, Ciptain John Glar.< Searlo, anchoring in Anse Bequono, 
 covered thi-- troop?; in their approach. Other able dispositions 
 
38 
 
 were made; :md the firo of the s,i ioe (UBmountirjg one arid 
 slloncii'it: ti-.fi ronjalnd-rr on the Pigeon I'-land battery, enabled 
 
 tho flx\st dlviojon cowi'itinded by Brlgauier-General Moopq to 
 
 1 
 make good its imidihg. In tlio cour.se of the eveidrig, Oener* 
 
 ai caiupbeil landed th'^ ether* a ■tac:hi)Oi:tr. or his corps of 1900 
 
 laen, and effect<iJd a j\mctu^">' with Uoqvb,* At t)/ree o'clock 
 
 on th"! unoD.lng of tltC :-]7th, they tijovcd foi^jard to invest 
 
 Mo3?iie Fortune, anc' oncountored u liody of ive hmdred French 
 
 Who iKcd been otatloned at /-.ngler^n plartatlon. These fled 
 
 to I'.orjr Cliubot, afttir firing or/o roimd cind left tho British 
 
 la .Gtor;> th' heights above Choc *-md of tie battfsrif^s on the 
 
 shore, Hext nori iiu; th^i floot, whioj-. had beoi- Kept av;ay 
 
 uY a St rone i^*' curteht, ^Jtocd iy= .ind anchored in Ghoo hay, 
 
 whore General Abercroiiby land^vj thfj rest of the troops tind 
 
 proceeded to reconnoitre the ground, Aft'jr a clooo ln~ 
 
 spoctlon of the heights, Iv. saw the necesr.iftty of dislotlg^i^lng 
 
 the French fron tYvdr con; and ins position on Morno Chabot, 
 
 For that irjrpose, h-; ordered t-o colufUiS coi sistin^ of 1000 
 
 men oaoh undDr coi^'and of Brlgadior-O^meral Moore and Hope 
 
 to iiurch at midnight and attack the nome on two oi-.r-oslta 
 
 sides. This adi.iirable plah failed through the misinformation 
 
 of one of theguld'jr;, so that General Mooro fell in with the 
 
 (1) Jimes, vol* I, P* 3<39' 
 
39 
 
 advanoc picket of the Pp»=irich fully two hours earlier than 
 they had o:q>ectefl, and althovigh r .\iting them, tho naln body 
 escaped beforo General Hope oame up at the appointed tii'ie to 
 Intercept them. On tho following <\txy a strong position was 
 observed Iri the rear of Morne Fortune called Momo Duchaseau, 
 whic) the tv.'o generals <Jeter inod to seize. This was ac- 
 cordin'jly done, and r^lcKets were thrown forvsai'd within one 
 hundred V-fcnty yards of the ontronOiMerits oi-i Mome Fortune* 
 ■■mile they vjere engaged in this quartei', Ma^ or+Oeneral Mors- 
 head T^lth the third division effected a disembarkation at 
 Anne Laraye, as did 800 seanen» under Captain Richard Lane 
 of the 3;^ gun fi'lgtite ARtraca, and George Frederick Rjnrea of 
 tV'.e bomb vonsel Bull -dog, to cooperate in the attack upon 
 Morne Fort^ine. This post being thus ooripletely surrounded » 
 the Prsnch maf-.e determined preparations for resistance t and 
 upon 1 May, sallied forth upon the advanced post of Colonel 
 Macdonald'n grenadiers, but were repTjlsftd with considerable 
 loss on both nides. 
 
 The entrance to the bay of Grand-dul-de-Sao had been 
 successfitlly protected by iseans of batteries erected at the 
 south fiide of the base of Morne Fortune. The British 
 greatly desired to open thi.s bay to their fleet and Abercrom - 
 bie therefore resolved to maKe an attempt against th :lr bat- 
 
40 
 
 tsrla?:. l/.orshoad's dlvialon was cllrected to advance in two 
 columns on the left und Hor.e on the right viae, to attack the 
 battery Soche cIoro to the works on i-\ocne Fortune. Ac- 
 corUri^ily at da-«vn on 'r-.uy 2nd, Hope advanced fi'Oin Uorne Cha)^ot 
 witl: five oonpouleB of thi Hiiihlaiiders , the light irrfantry 
 or tho 37th Hogimant, under colonel Wt3st, and a detachjnont 
 of Malcolm's corps, su;-i.orted by the 55ti^ Regiiumt which v.'as 
 ported at Porrari o, ox(joutoa its iJ art of tho sohcaie and drove 
 tho eneny fr'o,;! tho battery. On 1 May, General Mofsh^ad v^as 
 tftken ill and thti co.. -;.ana dovolvod Ui>on Brigadier- General 
 Perryri and Cclonel Pdddle. The latter gained his position 
 by capturlri/;: tiie battery of Chapin's on the lex't be:ich, but 
 Perryn ne^'ting oone unforoceoii obi.tinictlon failed in his 
 undortaiiinfi to pnun tho river ut GooIb. This I'lft the vic- 
 torious coluiTin alone and oxi^ofifKi to the furious cannonade 
 fron tne fortrons, so thoy vere obliged to fall back to 
 their first position. 
 
 The ^'liTio, the next point to be attacked, comjianded the 
 bay of Castries Kind v'a held by about 200 men. Thiis was 
 planned tc- occur on the nl,,rht of 17 May and the 31st Regi- 
 ment was chor;en for th^i purposo. /U. though the soldiers ad- 
 vanced with spirit, took the first battery, neikftd tlie iams 
 and thr©^' them over the embanknent , a shov\er of grape-shot 
 
41 
 
 frcra above tjiej.i thr<w them into conf-aslon and they took to 
 fliiiht, ^^Ith tho .losG of one llcv.tenaiit , killed, one hund-od 
 fourteen offlcors aiirl pi'ivutes vioundocl urul sixty-five lalss- 
 iiC» 
 
 Undaunted by tj.erse rnvorsos, AbQrcrorablf> pushoa on tlio 
 proparutionn for attucklng the nain position. 'nils war. u 
 task of no ai.all difficulty, a;; the chain of inver.tnent war. 
 ten iiiios in oxtent, and tho /iuno had to be fjrae^.oct nci'or.t; 
 ravines an'i up the ac livlties of nountain urH rocK, which 
 could only have be'-in ^icconpli'Jh'^d hy ty.e zfjal and exertions 
 of the scaiaon. All tjio ro;.ds that vv^•^pe necessary had to 
 be Juacia; of C-ifriagorj there we^^e none, and horses wetcs scarce,, 
 Vihile tho Hep-nbl loans tlvr"^??. every obstacle in the way of the 
 adv.incirit; troops, yet tiie >vorte ;j£:ain^;t Morne Fortwv^ were 
 punhed witli relontlons vigor. It v?a'> f^•on the rl-gc of 
 Duchaneau a£;tsii!Bt the riorth side of tho French intrenchments 
 that tho yrl!!Gipal >ittack vfas carried on. 
 
 The fl'-'ot battery, luou-.tins 18 pieces of Oi'dnai-ice waa 
 Gonplet'^d 16 itay find on tho 24th, thi3 battery and two others 
 with tw :nty-foiir poiUKlera opened upon Moi^ie Fortune. In 
 front was an outwork c Ailed a Plechc, filled v,ith troops, 
 which after batteeiiii: for aoiae hours, Q«noral Ilooro took 
 t,y stozna wltl th--' tjrf^nadiers and iiiiht infantry of the S7th 
 
41 
 
 Regiment, Nocsooner tMr, v-an done, tYum a shower of i:^a.pe 
 shot Via.'- poured down upon tJio Hrltlsh fror;i Uon'r". Fortune on- 
 ly five hUTKlvea yardn dirt-'nt, Init determined to l-.cld the 
 Fleche, Moor-*=^ '.ordered the p^'rnpots r--!verf3ed nriu a trench to 
 le raised to cov*-^r the flr.nks of the rds'^t of the regiment i 
 which carne up to their aie« wiiiie ^vor>:i^,•:: her© under a 
 h0av3-' oannonarle, -a latere body of the l)Cslof:ed sallied forth 
 und'-r the protection of corne hour;'^;5 and natni-al obstacles* 
 and their flro was disastrous. They were finally repulsed 
 by a charge of th-^ flank cnrri^raoG Ic;" by Colonel DnuiLniond , 
 b\it in returning to th'? Fleche suff'^red cor-nidorai-a-:^ loss. 
 General Cot in in comvm^ cf th-^ French s.-m hifi; advaj>- 
 tage, r-^.inforo'^d hl5 party -ind ii.ip '^11-^^1 th{^)v. to niiKe another 
 s.illy with t.r-atet'' resolution. Th-^y uivannod boldly close 
 up to the Erlti'-h 'Abe fi*©!.! the cotvfined nature o" tho ground 
 could prenent >fl?t a riarrov. fr-ont. Con5t-;q'ientl3S th*^ fire 
 fi'Oii thft Fr.'ncb w;tr. BUpfs^'lo^ •■anf; in this 'MrvirenB Moore or- 
 d'?red another charge by the two co; inaril -;s ¥Jhich was bravely 
 done cuid Mt^jor ''.'llBon and C'lpt.-Un Dunlop fell wounded. The 
 Frencn were driven to the fr r't at the front of th<^ bayonet vfith 
 p-reat slaughter. '.c^r'An on refirrjing, tl'^ey v;'?ro exposed to 
 the r?mB <"f th*^ tvmp'.rt* The hou">er; iu fror.'t "^er*^ comiuanded 
 to be burned and the entrenching to b© finished, while Moore 
 
43 
 
 rallied hir. few regaining soidlorn aroiuKl Mm for a third 
 sally w}iicL l-.e. c^omontarily oxps-'ecl. But an tho firr; from 
 the Pi'oncl-i Giiiuions co;tne.'i arid the J3incK6> nln.\reri avtay, lnf;tead 
 of an .u'^inod ImiC of sclcllorns t}i--r'o ir^Buot! f'^cri tie fortress 
 a trulls Of ne.^r-c ijoarerr^ ca-rrlncc biers with which to take 
 
 in tho •i^ounuoci v4"iO atrovr;. iu :orv.; tl;,e d.'f^ad, crl'^fl. plt«o;;sly 
 
 1 
 fo;- help. 
 
 The Kepubiicann daunt ■•€!. l)r this fh"'feat nmit on the ev»n» 
 
 ing of the 34th a fl;V:; of ti*;Tce <'md requestoci a s^ispension 
 
 of uri.is -intil neon the r.ext chiy. It var g:rar(tec'l ■,r:.til sight 
 
 iii the nomlui; v.} or: the Fholr. irland sv.rreridered .n cupi- 
 
 tulatj-Oii, On C6 l!ay the ^arrir.on, to th^ )■■ rthnr of t?«o 
 
 th<3UG:Uiu iviu, ifiarcj^nd out tx} C InW' c'ovn tholr tfn-)r., A^reat 
 
 ,KA;.-.bci" cf ordriance, benJ.de;, ?^.torec of evory noRoriptlon, 
 
 ^nxr> fomid in tho dl ff oprnt forts; '\n6. one ox^ two ';r;all orl- 
 
 vato.:;rr, .inil como inefchantrzriri wor-o f.'D^^iyi Iri th^ carenage. 
 
 "Clv-i total loan cur;tai:aod '.'7 the British lb the roduction of 
 
 this vulu<.i(.;lG l.-.l-.ind, aPio^jMted to fifty-si^'C officers and 
 
 pr-ivatos Killer:, ti^ree hundrod nov-rity-olght wourtdod mid. one 
 
 hTiadfod tv?oiity-trr' i:!i'r;i^ie. Ko record Is'to bf^ found of 
 
 the French Icr.r. . 
 
 (1) Moore, J.C. Th® Life of Sir Johri }4oore , vol. i, p. 126-8, 
 (3 1 Jajaes* vol. I» p.3G9. 
 
44 
 
 On 4 June, Sir Ralph Aberoromby Balled witri the amy* 
 ©acortQd by a floet oommaridied by Ch riot lux i to reduce the 
 Islands of Grenada and St, Vincent, and le t Moore inv^stsd 
 with the military power and civil adciiiiiatration of St. 
 Luclw. 
 
C}>apte->^ VII 
 The GovQrmont of Moore and Final Disi^ositiori of ti.e Island. 
 
 The task entrusted to General Moore -was notlUn*; if not 
 KiXtremely difficult, for althoiigh lorn© Fortune was tjjiKen 
 uii'i tro outposts adjoining tlio isiiina, the rest of the Island 
 reraained unsubduf^. The woods were filled vtitl a^aed 
 bandc of nogroesj, iiulatto<3s and numoi-'ourj prisoners, vfho had 
 escaped and Joined thou, while Victor Hu^'uosi the French 
 coraicmder of Ouadeloupo, contrived in Bpite of the British 
 
 fleet to :;':nd supplies txrvd reinfoPcorif)nts to them by memin 
 
 1 
 of or tali vessoin. 
 
 The first neasure of Moore's cifteii^iint ration i^as to insue 
 
 a prool«inati< n to the Inh'jbitants graritln.^ a fr*ee pardOi< to 
 
 all who would com® within the British line and deliver up 
 
 their annr,, but as this produced no salutary effect, ho made 
 
 a i.ersonal tour of the leeward dlntrict of the island and 
 
 bociuae convinced that the pacific and dfjfenslv*^ poUcy no 
 
 strojigiy advocated by Sir Ralph Al:)ercroniby v.ould be of no 
 
 avail. He then established a line of costs foi» the protect- 
 
 (1) Moore, vol, I, p 
 
46 
 
 ion of the plantations I plac*?d detachrnentrs aion^ the conrA. 
 to intepoept tha small expeditions from Victor Huguas and 
 attackod th'^ brigands wh^rt-iver ho co\!ld[ find them* The 
 brigf"«ids madti! x-opaeted ©xouz'sicns from their strongholds; 
 murdered, burned and pillaged, drove the planters from thsir 
 Plantations into tha tomi ■md croatod a reign of terror 
 throughout thie island. Soiiie of tho Kuown agitators wer-e 
 e.rrented, the principal of 'whon, RMpes Roche » had been one 
 of the Rep'.ibiloa!. ti^jents. A nimbor who v«©re of tho moro 
 violent tyi'O i^ore sf i.>ped off n'ow the iRlasyJ* 
 
 Soon aftej- rftiirnirjg froir* tho lef!7mrd districts, General 
 Moor-; deterniined to visit those to windward* H« Tfa.'^ assailed 
 by the briiiniids at al, ,ost every step and several 8tra.rs£l@rD 
 of /iis p.-ifty 'A^rc murdered. 
 
 On avory occaf:.ion th-; Britir;h were greatly inferior in 
 nuiabcrs, hn% by brave chai^ees led by the General hiraself , 
 tho '.rigands Y*efO invariably rf^puiaed with heavy loss. Al- 
 together about three iamdred of tlnmi wore slain or hanged. 
 Goneral Moore* » measures vrere gradually proving to bo suc- 
 cessful but fo^* a distressing want of troops, it i»ar. in- 
 oossiblo to further carry them out. At the expiration of one 
 year f^'on their arrival, the 3lBt Regiment which landed in 
 
 (1) Moox-e, vol# I, P» I'^B, 
 {p.\ ^TQ&ru ji* XQO. 
 
47 
 
 St. lAicla nine hiirKV-'od firtoeii r-tiv-ai^-, lost by Uisi^.se and 
 war, t^^onty-tvo offioors i\iv: eJ.ojLt h.;naroci fort.-~oiie 
 mn. Under tl,ooe circunamice-;, O^oiif>,,a Moor>:; acic^ted the 
 oxpedifjnce of dfy^tr'oyl:\- all tho er. hik;, provisioiis vathln 
 vivxQh of tho bri£.arir:f:, lu U,'-^ hr.i>o cT starvir^;; tLi>n into sub- 
 'Isriioin. Thl:.: ovoii '-a:. ;.ot r,:u -:,:ossful, for ;.;ciiontarily 
 i;i expectation of aid frora Cuodelcupe, they continued to 
 hold oat. This sue •oi' they noon x'eG:-Uved jra-cy. to i'voore's 
 disinHv, for the coast lino v?aG ontir*'::l:^ tC'.- rio:i*5d msd ex- 
 tensive to be =?ffoctu;illy ;juai Oed at ov^uy .,,.clnt. Upon 
 T'^coipt of thlG iiitellieonco, Hooro in,;'3dlat«ily jv^t off 
 for Vieux Fo^'t yiitn BviQuC :~]t.\ox- Andoir'so;. iw a aix oared 
 canoo, it (r:-in£ unsafo to travfC by land v.ltj.out a l.ii^ge 
 escort. Hi r; . lanr: we-'C t : etii.chorciiG:.y cc .Unic-jt od to tho 
 enemy, an: uftor n.,*ocoodlnv sor:o le^iguos 1;;^ fcuiid j.inself 
 cut off from ca::t';"ieG and his voute towards Vlcux Fort I'n- 
 tc»rce-.t.'?;^ by canoes. Tui-iiing Geav.'ax-*d tov;-:\rds St. VincCnt, 
 h'-^ f-)l"K]od hi?; iJiirr:uorf,; and reached Vi -ux Port l^y a circuitous 
 roato early next ]vxyei'inQ, Ho und a'tooK tia^ dir. action of 
 affairs hero bat "vas aeon otrinken vith fovcrr vdian a ter 
 lyi.ne in a dancorou;) cio; edition for tiireo w aki;, be aan moved 
 to i'.orn<^ Fortano b!'' r.aa. 
 
 (1) Breaii, p. 103, 
 
 /P^ Thid. o. 104. 
 
 3 
 
48 
 
 Oov^.-rj.or of St. ViijGCiit that iu-icire P^are, tjjo d.-li-jf or the bri- 
 fitAiido iii t>.at i.^lcujd Uj.d a iKitivc; or Ct. Luolc*, }iJi;l tiurrerKlor- 
 eu Ui>Oii to^.-Lia. I.ioori,; b^iliiVvec tnat, h^-: couia iiako use of this 
 miiii, so ho soiit i'oc Id.i auC p rciaised to r-<mu*; to hiii his 
 ianus if i^o v-j^ uic; use his jjifluonce in Irrlncin.;... about a niiai- 
 
 luC result V»j.tii the; bi^'iciJUijClD Oi' .'";., Lucift, Ko VUF, fseiit to 
 
 3t» Lucia lii Dec :ljiber IVOG .nd ilii i-nli^.t'dj' non. .cnood co;,irn- 
 ■ jicut-j. wiiG uitJi uiii. bi'iiJuiiUb, but ciftui'Loiiij ;:;oi»)'0:;poric[firiCO 
 th'iir Gi.iv;i"f LaCi'Oii, ''COiii.,aiidiiat of the Froiioii Ai'i^iy in thfi 
 t.Oouii** i'ejuct0..i thO i>i'Oi.u:j;'.vI t ;fl:.:i. 
 
 burly j-ii Jsiituury 1797, Ji:i^ ibilph ,sbe i^aroniby , beiiJi;; on 
 a visxt t;j ...;ai'l-iiUquo, sjonl f 'c r G'^norai iut'oru, .liid oITo/^red 
 hiii tii'7 upuoii.t»iiJat as Guv :n;or or Granada whicli offico was 
 txiOii v<iG:;ait, bJl r'.coiviii,.. n::;';s <;f riior-: tvciiblo c^au50d by the 
 bi'ifciafids, ho cG,:ii,iunic«t-i;u this to General .-^bercroj^ibie and 
 retiu'iifia ii;i :jvll'iL' i.' to his govo/,'rfinerit, Od his arrival, he 
 at cnoc set out v.itii « .-.arty of t^oai*:.;, scourod tho cCunt^T 
 aiid ha]?a..aod th'i bri^Wids oii ove'ri- .'.ide, but his exertion 
 brou'.ht on u i^ccond attucK of fcrvcr, v<hich liearly j>rovod fatal 
 to th^-J Gor.'iral h-^ ViUK aoj.vcyod iiicenLjibl*;; on u vessel 
 and borne tv l-artiniaue v.iier(5 General Abercr-oiiby rooor.inended 
 
 (1) Moore, p* 160. 
 
49 
 
 hi 3 r-fiturn to Siu.iiirid. T..uo endef": tlio carc'^^f In St. Liioia 
 
 of ilrlgaJlor-GenervU r.ir- Jojui i!:;.vr'>, tlif fiitiii'^^ h.-i»c of 
 
 T 
 J. 
 
 Cojier-al i.iGCX'0 iva:. r;uoc..'(xl."'a !• t] cr:;n':Uir;d hy Colon<il 
 
 Jitiiios iJruruK.na, vihc; V'ii;.:;^!.'' follnvjo^' .:i.it th'^ V'ln'A of oporatjon 
 
 aclopteu by iij.r, ixx'-vdecoscor, aii;'; ;,oovi coj^qu-fOi': Die v;hcle of 
 
 Um "if :ii:h Ar-iay of tj.:^ :o.0.s*', vj-ac!. vcir: aocc: ipTi'-hed before 
 
 2 
 
 tllO OiiCi Oi" ti..<; y.,;cii-^ I't?. 
 
 St Luoia, /iOvv cOiitinUO;; Ui^^- c- nriti'-;>: r^ile luitll by 
 the tonus o£ tr:;<:ity of j/j^o-i at, /V.ionH on nn M :t'cL IBO'";, it 
 
 ti]i->.i tc b^-? Of ioii!: JwTm:,!'-;;, a;:K: -ithlr^ fiftw- r;OTit)-5;, hos- 
 tliltieii ► e^'-; t'.;oa:i-5a. In ."lino 180^5 a '-^'Ul sqTiadi'On lui- 
 der CorujOdor-,; ;ja....u':!i ikoJ s.i.ci ;< '.l';taa;i/;'r";jit of troo;,s in 
 GO::J.cuvi of L„';wf,(ir.o-O0ii;.i'(u. G.^ii.fioL^ roc:»ptnn-r) nt. Luci.i 
 for' Gro-.t Br^talij ^^.d horj t'..';:.in.-tcc! t]u>t r'triii:--le for do- 
 r.iniorj, Wi icj- ii-^<i larjted 'U/V.a v^n o'' ono n-^nO'-nO 5lxty years 
 for from thut t-me Cv. Lucii: ha^. ::V'U' b;;PTi ;bi poeBesraon of 
 the lycltish* 
 
 (3) liiid. p» 107. 
 
Blbliogr'aphy . 
 
 « 
 
 3 vol;:. 
 
 ^'va, 2Ui;o.ie-i;doi.mrd, Los Aiitill'''K Fi-'uiicalsors. 
 ;v;^0 ?';li:an. Tne .:.i/,iX }i.;.;jv,ox:';/- of Gr :.*t Dritiun, 
 
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