TN 4-90 M3 GTS 1919 >.■'' 1 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ^m^^^'""^ t\BR^^* Cornell University Library TN 490.M3G78 1919 The mineral industry of the British Empi 3 1924 004 683 730 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004683730 IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES' BUREAU. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. WAR PERIOD. MANGANESE. (1913-1919.) LOKDON- PMNTBD AND PtTBUaHBD BT _^,,i''" HIB MAJESTY'S STATIONBKT OFTIOSi. a A Q To be onrohaeed throneh any Bookseller or dlreeflto nom H.M. STATTONBKT Of FIOB at the lolUyvi^^amfa^A'. ' 'MPBRiAL House, Kingswat, London, W.ap,'ancl— i 38. ABnnDON Street, London, aw.a : ' ,■ _ 37, Pm-EE Street, MAnohestbb ; : > ' L ST. ANDREW'S ORBSOENT, OABDniF«--, > /' 23, Forth street, edinboroh !(•'.' -4- cr from E. PONSONBT, Ltd., U6, GRABTe^ay^BET, Ductus. 1921. s';^\ -1 Price 3s. 6d. Net. ' 4-"''^ ''',,, rJ, >■ ''"/ii'iiui PEEFACE. The following digest of statistical and technical information relative to the production, consumption and value of Manganese will form a part of the volume or volumes on the Mineral Eesources of the British Empire and Foreign Countries con- stituting the Annual Mineral Conspectus of the Bureau. In this, the first year of publication, an effort has been made to fill in, as far as possible, the hiatus due to the war in the pubUca- tions relating to mining and metallurgical statistics. Labour, health and safety statistics have been omitted owing to the difficulty involved in procuring reliable information for the war period, but in future issues these statistics will be included in respect of each year. Eesort will also be had to graphical repre- sentation of statistics of production, consumption, costs, ajid prices. The weights are expressed in long tons, that is to say, the British statute ton of 2,240 lb., and values in pounds, shillings and pence at par rates of exchange. E. A. S. Ebdmaynb, Chairman of the Governors. 2, Queen Anne's Gate Buildings, London, S W.l. May, 1921. (32710) Wt. 250— 65/92J 1500 6/21 H.St. G, CONTENTS ■GENERAL WORLD'S PRODUCTIOlir , BRITISH EMPIRE : United Kingdom Egypt West Africa Union of South Africa . I Canada Newfoundland ... India Australia New Zealand Page. 5 16 24 33 35 37 41 44 45 59 64 FOREIGN COUNTRIES : Austria, Hungary, and Bosnia-Herzegovina . Belgium France Germany ftrreece Italy Rumania ... Russia and Georgia Spain Sweden Tunis Costa Rica Cuba Mexico Panama Porto Rico United States Argentina Brazil Chile Ecuador Uruguay China Japan Philippine Islands REFERENCES TO TECHNICAL LITERATURE INDEX 65 67 69 71 74 75 80 80 89 91 94 94 96 99 101 102 103 115 116 124 126 127 128 129 131 132 141 GENEBAL. Ore Minerals. The manganese ore minerals of commercial importance include :— (1) pyrolusite (MnOj), containing when pure 63'2 per cent, of manganese; (2) braunite (3 Mn.Os + MnSiO^) , containing 643 per cent, and having a sihca content sometimes as high as 8 to 10 per cent.; (3) manganite, or " grey manganese ore " (MnaOj.HjO), containing 62'5 per cent, of manganese; (4) hwus- mannite (Mn,0.), containing 72 per cent. ; (5) psilomelane, a complex hyd rated oxide or manganate of doubtful composition, containing from 45 to 60 per cent, of manganese, with varying amounts of barium and potassium; (6) wad,, or "bog man- ganese," an amorphous earthy mixture of hydrated manganese oxides with oxides of cobalt, copper, and iron, the manganese content varying from 5 to 50 per cent. ; (7) rhodochrosite , or dialogite, the carbonate of manganese (Mn CO3), containing 47'8 per cent, of manganese; (8) rhodonite, the silicate of manganese (MnSiOa), containing 4r86 per cent, of manganese. Of these, the most important are the oxides, including pyro- lusite, psilomelane, and braunit«. Other important manganese minerals include : — (9) mangan- iferous iron-ores, highly variable mixtures of manganese oxides and iron oxides, in which the proportion of iron usually exceeds 40 per cent., while that of manganese may sometimes be as low as 5 per cent. ; (10) the manganiferous zinc-ore, franklirdte, CFe,Zn,Mn* 0. (Fe, Mn)j03, containing 10 to 19 per cent, of manganese ; (11) manganiferous silver-ores, mixtures of man- ganese and iron oxides (the latter generally in excess of the former) with var\ang small amounts of silver and lead minerals. Manganiferous ores have commonly been divided into : — (1) iron ores, containing less than 5 per c^nt. of manganese (below which content the manganese is not paid for) ; (2) man- ganiferous iron-ores, containing 5 to 40 per cent, of manganese; and (3) manganese ores, containing not less than 40 per cent, of manganese. Under this nomenclature, a manganiferous iron-ore might actually contain more manganese than iron, and, to avoid that difficulty, L. L. Fermor, in 1909, (*) proposed the following ^classification as being more rational : — Percentage Percentage of manganese. of iron. Manganese ores ... ... ... 40 to 63 to 10 Ferruginous manganese-ores ... 25 ,, 50 10 ,, 30 Manganiferous iron-ores ... 5 ,, 30 30 ,, 65 Iron ores ... ... ... ... ,, 5 45 ,, 70 This table is applicable to all ores with over 50 per cent, of "Mn-i-Fe, and the classification is roughly conformable with the ^ ' The Manganese-Ore Deposits of India, by L. L. Fermor ; Mem. Greol. Surv. India : Calcutta, 1909, S7, 500. 32710 A. 3 product to be manufactured from each, the divisions correspond- ing roughly to higher grade ferro-manganes-e, low-grade ferro- manganese, spiegeleisen, and pig-iron respectively. ■ in the United States, the use of the following classification of manganese-bearing raw materials, adopted during the war, is being continued : — Per cent. of manganese. Manganese ore, containing more than ... ^^ qk » Ferraginous manganese-ore, containing ... 10 to 35 Manganiferous iron-ore, containing ... ..- 5 ,, 10 The lowering of the specification for ferro-grade ores from a minimum of 40 per cent, manganese to a minimmn of 35 per cent, took place in the United States in May, 1918, when the stajidard content of ferro-manganese was lowered from 78—82' per cent, to 70 per cent, manganese. The object of relaxing ore specifications was to widen the market for the leaner and more sihceous domestic ores, at a time of stress, and it is con- sidered probable that former specifications will be revived with the return of normal conditions. Investigations showed that both spiegeleisen and silio>o-manganese could be produced from le^m domestic ores, this enabling the high-grade domestic ores to be conserved and reducing the need for high-grade foreign ores.* Mangardfcrpus zinc residuum is a product obtained by roasting franklinite, aftei" mechanical and electromagnetic separation from the other zinc minerals (willemite and zincite) with which it is associated in. the unique deposits occurring near Franklin Fur- nace, New Jersey, U.S.A., the zinc being volatilized and collected as zinc oxide. The residuum contains from 12 to 15 (commonly 14 to 15) per cent, of manganese, and about 40 per cent, of iron, and is smelted to spiegeleisen in blast-furnaces. The term manganiferous £lver-ore is applied in the United States to raw materials, whether oxides or carbonates, containing more thaai 5 per cent, of manganese, and sufficient silver to make them more valuable as a source of silver than for manganese. As found in the U.S.A., such materials commonly contain 5 to- 45 per cent, of iron, several per cent, of silica and lead, and a little gold and copper. They are shipped to lead- or copper- smelters, where the silver, gold, lead and copper ajre recovered. The manganese aids in making a fusible and fluid slag. Uses of Manganese Ores. 1. Metallurgical. — Probably about 95 "per cent, of the world's production of manganese ores, manganiferous iron-ores (using the term broadly), and manganiferous zinc residuum is '" C. M. Weld and others ; Manganese Uses, Preparation, Mining Costs and the Production of Ferro- Alloys • Bull No 173. Bureau of Mines, "Washing- ton, D. C. 1920, 5-7 used directly or indirectly in the manufacture of iron and steel, the small percentage of truemanganeseore not so consumed being used in the chemical, electric dry-battery, glass and paint industries. The greater part of the ore used in metallurgy is consimaed in the making of the ferro-alloys required for steel* production (ferro-manganese, spiegeleisen, silico-manganese and silico- spiegeD, while the remainder — consisting wholly of man- ganiferous iron-ore— is used for the direct production of manganiferous pig-iron. Self -hardening steels, made before the development of " high-speed tool steels," contained from 3 J to 4 per cent, of manganese. Nickel steels containing from 20 to 25 per cent, of nickel and 5 to 6 per cent, of manganese have been largely used for many years, for electrical resistance-wires. The quantity of manganese consumed in the manufacture of " manganese bronze," " silver bronze," and other special alloys is relatively unimportant. The average mangajiese bronze of commerce may contain traces only of manganese, the amoimt never exceeding 1 per cent. The higher grades contain not more than 0'05 per cent, of manganese. I^e principal function of man- ganese in the ferro-manganese or (as perhaps more usual in modern practice) the cupro-manganese added to the copper-zinc alloy is to act as a deoxidizer. When ferro-manganese is employed, the small amount of iron thus introduced into the " bronze " is stated to increase appreciably the strength and toughness of the alloy, the most important use of which is in the manufacture of steamship propeller blades. It is beyond the scope of this publication to refer at length to the numerous special bronzes and brasses containing rnanganese that are of industrial importance. 2. Chemical and General. — (a) As Oxidizing Agents : Manganese dioxide is exten- sively used in the manafacture of dry-cell electric batteries, and for decolorizing glass — ^to which a slight amount of iron in the form of ferrous silicate gives a green tint. (For decolorizing glass, from 2 to 15 lb. of manganese ore, of about the same high grade as that for dry-cell manufacture, is required per 1,000 lb. of sand, a larger addition resulting in an amethyst tinge, while, if as much as 30 lb. is added, a black glass- is produced.*) Manganese dioxide and salts prepared therefrom are extensively used as driers of paints in linseed or other drying oils, the quantity added to the oil being usually less than 0'5 per cent. The dioxide is also employed in the manufacture of manganates and permanganates of sodium and potassium, used as disinfectants, for purifying various gases, and for other purposes. It has been extensively used in the manufacture of Eng. and Min. Jouni., New York, 1919, 108, 242. A* chlorine, but this gas is now obtained in the United'^ Kingdom, the United States, and other lajrg© chlorine- producing countries almost entirely by electrolysis of either chloride of sodium or chloride of potassium. The dioxide is still used in some labora- tories for the production of oxygen on a small scale. (b) As Colouring Materials : Manganese compounds are used- to colour glass, pottery, tiles, and bricks, in calico- printing and dyeing, and for certain paints (brown,. , green, and violet). (c) As Flux : Certain manganiferous ores from the weathered parts of silver-lead deposits are used as a flux in Smelting lead and silver ores. (d) Miscellaneous Minor Uses : Salts of manganese have been used experimentally as fertilizers in the produc- tion of rice and leguminous crops, but their value for this purpose has not yet been established ; massive rhodonite is in limited demand as an ornamental stone in the United States; and there are certain medical and other minor uses for manganese com- pounds. Value of Metallurgical Manganese Ores. The value of metallurgical manganese ores depends on (1) the percentage contents of manganese and iron.; (2) the percentages- of objectionable impurities (phosphorus, silica, alumina, copper, cobalt, lead, zinc, barium, etc.) ; and (3) the physical condition in which the material is delivered at the blast-furnace. A basis of 50 per cent, manganese has long been common in the European steel industry, with a penalty for each unit below that percentage and generally a premium for each unit above it. Ores of " ferro " grade, i.e., for the production of the standard grade of ferro-manganese, are usually required to contain not less than 40 per cent, of manganese when dried at 212° F. Silica is generally penalized in Europe when in excess of 8 per cent. Phosphorus should not exceed 020 per cent., a penalty being imposed in the United Kingdom for each 001 or 0'02 per cent, in excess of 0'15 per cent. Alumina in excess of 10 per cent, is very objectionable, especially when silica is also high ; while the other impurities mentioned above are objectionable in the smallest appreciable quantities. The ore, being shipped as ballast when intended for metallurgical purposes, should be siifficiently hard and tough to withstand excessive disintegration between mine and destination, and should arrive in coherent lumps, vsdth a minimum of fines and dust, if it is to be used for blast-furnace production of mangaiiese alloys. During the earlier months of 1913, the price per unit* of manganese in first-grade manganese ore delivered c.i.f. a£ United * 1 per cent. ; equivalent to 22'4 lb. in a ton of 2,240 lb. Kingdom ports was lOd. to Is., and for the remainder of the year 9^d. to lljd., until December, when the quotation was 9d. to lOJd. Between that month and the outbreak of the war, "the price fell gradually to 8Jd. to 9Jd. per unit. During the war there was no open market for manganese ores in this country. The prices paid according to analyses for metallurgical man- ganese ores imported into the United States are not disclosed, and can be estimated only approximately from the c.i.f. values of shipments from the various exporting countries as recorded by the United States Customs authorities. Price schedules for high-grade domestic ores have, however, been issued at intervals by the Carnegie Steel Company, these , governing the United States market in normal times. The following table* sum- marizes schedules issued "by the company in recent years : — Prices Paid for Domestic Manganese Ores in the United States. Prices per unit for Manganese percentages ranging from Price per unit of Iron. Silica standard. Phosphorus standard. Year. 40 to 43. 43 to 46. 46 to 49. 49 and over. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. per cent. per cent. 1910 1914 1915 1916-17 23 36 46 24-25 24 40 60 25 25 43 53 26 26 45 55 5 8 8 8 8 0-20 0-20 0-20 0-20 These prices are based on long tons for material (samples dried at 212'-'' F.) doMvered at the furnace : silica penalty, 15 cents per ton for each unit over 8 per cent. ; phosphorus penalty, up to the year 1910, 1 cent, per unit of manganese for each 0"02 per cent, of phosphorus over O'lO per cent. — thereaftef, 2 cents per unit of manganese for each 0"02 per cent, of phosphorus over 020 per cent. Payment for the iron in manganese ores cf '■ ferro " grade was discontinued in the United States several years ago. During the war period the Carnegie Steel Company issued no schedules of domestic metallurgical manganese ore prices after May, 1917, but on 28th May, 1918, a new schedule, adopted by the Ferro-AUoys Committee of the American Iron and Steel Institute and approved by the War Industries Board, became' effective, remaining so until 1st January, 1919. This schedule represented a slight advance in the price of most ores with less than 10 per cent, of silica, and covered manganese percentages ranging from 35 to 54 and over. • Mainly Min. Res. of the United States (Annual;, U.S. GejI. Surv., " Washington, D.C. 10 Prices given in the Carnegie Steel and other American scheduler apply to ferro-grade ores only. Those for " ferruginous man- ganese-ores," containing from 10 to 35 per cent, of manganese, have always been subject to indiNddual contract. CM. Weld (op. cit., 8) remarks that, when the alloy to be produced is sihco-manganese or silico-spiegel, a much higher content of silica is acceptable than with ores to be used in mak- ing ferro-majiganese or spiegeleisen, but the two former alloys can advantageously be made only in the electric furnace. Ores with 30 to 40 per cent, of manganese and 20 to 25 per cent, of silica can be used to advantage in making silico-manganese. The ratio of silica to manganese may be still higher if the usual slag- making constituents are relatively absent. It is also probable that at least a part of the phosphorus in the ore may be volatilized in the electric furnace, thus raising the permissible limit of that element. Eoughly, the same holds good for siUco-spiegel; with the substitution of iron for a part of the manganese. Practically all the iron in manganese ores of ferro grade goes into the alloy produced, to that extent crowding out manganese. In general, the permissible ratio of iron to manganese in the ore would be about 1 to 10 for 80 per cent, ferro-manganese and 1 to 5 for 70 per cent, ferro-manganese. Ores for the manufacture of spiegeleisen may contain a much larger proportion of iron. No exact specifications for ores of this class have been customary in the United States. In general, the silica and phosphorus requirements have been about the same as for ferro-grade ores, the balance consisting of manganese and iron in varying ratio, together with gangae materiaJs, such as alumina, lime and magnesia (Weld : he. cit.). Comparison of Priees of Ferro-Grade Manganese Ore and Ferro-Manganese in the United States.- (C. M. Weld : op. cit., 12. Data largely from Metal Sta,tistics,. New York, 1918.) — TT)— Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 Price of 80 per cent. Ferro- manganese per ton. |__ 57-87 55-80 92-21 164-12 309-17 285-00 (2) Price per unit of Mangauete in Ferro- manganeae. ._J 0-72 0-70 1-15 2-05 3-86 3-56 m Pric« per unit of domestic Ore oontaininir 46 per cent, of Manganese, delivered at furnace. 0-25 0-25 0-40 0-50 0-75* 1-23* 1^ Ratio between unit price of Manganese in " Ferro " and that of Manganese in the Ore. (Col. 2 divided by Col. 3.) 2-88 2-80 2-88 410 5-16 2-93 * Estimated averages. The last column in the above table indicates that, although the ratio between the unit price of manganese in ferro-manganese 11 amd that of manganese in the ore was abnormally high during 1916 and 1917, the price adjustments of 1918 brought this ratio back nearly to the figures for 1913-1915. The ratio shown for 1918 was possibly less favourable to the furnaces than that for 1913- 1915, owing to the groat increase of conversion cost through high oosts of labour, fuel, and supplies. Value of Manganese Dioxide for Ohemical Uses. The ' value of manganese ore for use as an oxidizer in non- metallurgical industries depends essentially on it-s content of available oxygen, i.e., the amount of oxygen obtainable from the ore by the action of acids. This is usually stated in terms of manganese dioxide (MnOa). The following table by L. L. Fermor {op. cit., 598) shows the proportions of MnOa and avail- able oxygen and manganese dioxide present in pyrolusite and psilomelane : Pyrolusite. Psilomelane. MnOz. BajMnOs. MnsMnOs. Available oxygen MnOs equivalent of available oxygen MnO: present 18-39 100-00 100-00 7-81 42-46 21-23 13-06 77-33 77.33 The available oxygen in psilomelane should rangei around 13 per cent., corresponding to about 77 per cent. MnO,. In actual practice these figures are slightly less, owing to a little mechanically-included impurity. Manganite contains only 49'44 per cent. MnOs ; braunite, only 43' 11 per cent. ; haus- mannite, only 37'99 per cent. ; rhodonite and rhodochrosite, nil. As the basis for chemical purposes may be 60, 70, 80, or even ^0 per cent. MnOa, pyrolusite is ob^^iously the best ore, psilome- lane may often be good enough, while the other ordinary man- ganese ore-minerals are of little or no use to the chemist. Before the war, high-grade Eussian (Caucasian) pyrolusite was almost exclusively used m this country and in the United States for the manufacture of dry-cell electric batteries, British specifications calling for 86 per cent. MnOj and not more than I per cent, of iron. In the flint glass and dry-cell industries of the United States, specifications call normally for 80 to 90 per. cent, (commonly 80 to 85 per cent.) MnOa, but in" 1918 ores with only 70 per cent, were accepted. The higher grades are still required for the manufacture of flash-Hght batteries. It has been customary in the United States to require that the iron content in ore for these two industries should not exceed 1 per cent., but that limit is now regarded as being probably arbitrary as relating to dry cells, and it has been recently stated that 2 or 3 per cent, or even more of iron as oxide does not greatly 12 affect the efficiency of such cells. During the war, manufac- turers of dry cells in the United States accepted material running- as high as 3 to 4 per cent, iron (Weld : op. cit., 19). Copper, nickel, cobalt, and arsenic, which are electro-negative to zinc, aire the most harmful impurities in ordinary dry-cell batteries, and none of these, should exceed a few tenths of 1 per cent. Lime, in the form of ca»rbonate, should not exceed about 2 per cent, in mangaoiese ores intended for use as oxidizers, and may be required to be entirely absent. Phosphorus is harmless in ores employed for the production of chlorine. For colouring pottery, tiles, and bricks, argillaceous and siliceous ores contain- ing less than 40 per cent, metallic manganese have been used. For glass-making, siliceous pyrolusite is acceptable, but carbon- aceous pyrolusite is objectionable. As to physical condition : manganese ore to be treated in stills should be sufficiently porous to allow of the percolaticm of acid, and so compact as not to crumble; ore to be used for dry cells or for flint glass manufacture, when the melting is done in pots, if not received in a finely divided condition, requires crushing and pulverizing, a common specification for the former use requiring that the nm of material shall pass through a 10-mesh or a 20-mesh screen, while some manufacturers require the removal of the dust. When the melting is to be done in tanks, lump or granulated manganese ore is commonly used ill glass-making, the objection to its use in such forms,, namely, th@ time required to melt it into the batch, applying particularly to pot-melting. The prices of " battery," " chemical," or " dioxide " ores rose very considerably during the war in this and other countries, such ores, fomierly worth $20 to ^35 per ton in the United States, selling there (best grades) for $80 to $100 per ton delivered. It was estimated in 1918 that the demand for manganese ore for dry cells and flint glass in the United States, was then at the rate of about 35,000 tons per annum. Ferro-Manganese and Ferro-Manganese-Silicon Alloys. The iron-manganese alloys principally used in steel manu- factiire axe ferro-manganese and spiegeleisen. These contain varying amounts of carbon and silicon, and minor impurities. In comparatively recent years alloys of iron with manganese and silicon, intermediate between ferro-manganese and ferro- silicon, have been employed to an increasing extent in the manufacture of steel. These compomids, which contain a considerable amount of silirx>n, are known as silico-manganese or silico-spiegel (silicon ferrn-mangariese), respectively, according to the manganese content. The name fen-o-manganese has been rather loosely apphed to- alloys of iron and manganese containing not less than 25 per cent, of manganese ; but, as made on a large scale in the United, 13 Kingdom and the United States, standard ferro-manganese is- normally guaranteed to average 80 per cent, of manganese or over, the commercial alloy ranging ordinarily in this country from about 70 to 80 or (rarely) 88 per cent. British ferro- manganese contains less phosphorus than that made on the Continent. The lower alloy, spiegeleisen, as made in Europe, may con- tain from 10 to 35 per cent, of manganese, but the percentage ranges commonly from 18 to 22. British and American standard spiegeleisen contains ordinarily about 20 per cpnt. of manganese. Analyses of many samples of typical ferro-manganese and spiegeleisen show that the ca»rbon content decreases slightly as the percentage of manganese increases. Harbord and Hall* remark that the phosphorus content should not exceed 010 per cent., and if possible not 0-06 per cent., but that it is often very difficult in these days to obtain ferro-manganese and spiegeleisen with so low a content of phosphorus, this being one of the diffi- culties with which steel makers have to contend in the manufac- ture of steel very low in phosphorus. Ferro-manganese can be made only from high-grade man- ganese ores, but spiegeleisen can be manufactured from man- ganiferous iron-ores, manganiferous zinc residuum and other r'aw materials with low manganese content. Ferro-manganese can be used for either Bessemer or open-hearth steel-making pro- cesses, but has normally been used only in the latter. Before the war, spiegeleisen was used only in Bessemer practice. For making very low-carbon steel by any of these processes, f ferro- manganese is necessary. The use of spiegeleisen in the making of open-hearth steel in the United States doiing the war was rendered necessary by the shortage of ferro-manganese supplies from Europe (chiefly from the United Kingdom). Price of British Ferro-Manganese. The average price of ferro-manganese (80 per cent. Mn)^ in the United Kingdom for 1913 was about £9 per ton. In 1915 the price for home consumption was fixed by the Ministry of Munitions at £20 per ton. In February, 1916, it was raised to £25 on account of increased freights on imported manganese ore, and in January, 1918, it was further raised to £26 10s. per ton. In March, 1919, the price fell to £25 per ton, and in November, 1919, to £23. For export to allied countries the prices were kept open during the war period. At the end of November, 1920, the official quotations were £37 per ton for home trade and £45 per ton for shipment, unofficial export quotations being about £52 to £53 per ton. * F. W. Harbord and J. W. Hall; The Matallurgv of Steel : London, 1918, 1,55. 14 Analyses of British Ferro-manganese and other Alloys. The followiDg analyses show the composition of ferro-man- ganese and spiegeleisen of about the standard grades, and of manganese-iron-silicon alloys, as made in the United Kingdom : Ferro-manganese : ' («) (6) (c) in : (d) («) (/) Silico-spiegel : As made in Blast (g) Furnace. As made in Electric C{h) Furnace (chief < (i) grades). (. 0) Analysis : per cent. Man- 82-00 80-62 80-00 20-40 20-11 20-00 17 -50 to 20-87 50to 55 68 to 75 50 to 55 Iron. Carbon 9-90 (X) 11-80 73-20 (X) 73-90 ix) («) {X) 6-58 7-00 7-20 5-00 4-99 .5-20 1-05 to 1-89 1-0 0-8 0-65 Silicon 1-00 0-30 0-80 110 0-42 0-75 9 -45 to 14-23 20 to 25 20 to 25 30 to 35 Sul- phur. Trace Nil 0-004 Trace Nil 0-008 Nil 0-03 0-02 0-02 Phos- phorus. 012 0-159 0-180 0-06 0-074 0-05 0-065 to 0-098 0-06 0-052 0-04 (aj) The difference between the percentages given and 100 is mainly iron, (o) (d) F. W. Harbord and J. W. Hall : op. cit., 55. (6) (e) {g) Darwen and Mostyn Iron Co., Ltd. (c) (/) Linthorpe-Dinsdale Smelting Co., Ltd. (ft) (») U) Ryland's Directory, London, 1920. Samples (o) and (d) contain 0-10 per cent, of arsenic. The per- centage of this element in the other samples is- not stated. In the United States, standard ferro-manganese (80 per cent. Mn, approx.) normally contains 7 per cent, of carbon and standard spiegeleisen (20 per cent. Mn, approx.) 5 per cent, of carbon. In order to render practicable the use of the lowei^grade domestic manganese ores in the United States during the war, the composition of ferro-manganese (formerly 78 to 82 per cent, manganese) and spiegeleisen (formerly 18 to 22 per cent, manganese) was considerably modified in that country, while silico-mangajiese and silioo-spiegel came into somewhat greater prominence. Approximate Range of Conipostition of Manganese Alloys as now commonly made in ike United States. {G. M. Weld, op. cit. — Data largely from E. Newton, Man- ganiferous iron-ores of the Cuyuna District,. Minnesota : Univ. of Minn. Bull. No. 5, 1918.) Alloy. Manganese. Iron. Silicon. Carbon. Ferro-mangauese Spiegeleisen Silico-manganese Silico-spiegel Per cent. 50 to 80 10 to 35 55 to 70 20 to 50 Per cent. 40 to 8 85 to 60 20 to 5 67 to 43 Per cent. 0-5 to 1-5 About 1-0 About 15-0 4 to 10 Per cent. 5 to 7 4 to 5 0-35 t-5to3-5 ]0 The phosphorus must be so low that the alloy additions will" not cause the phosphorus in the steel to exceed the specified limit, which is usually about 005 per cent, in the United States. The quantity of manganese ore required to produce an iron- manganese alloy depends on the grade of alloy desired, the quantity of gangue impurities present in the ore, and the losses of manganese in smelting (which in good furnace practice may total 25 per cent.). Roughly, from 2i to 2J tons of bigt grade manganese ore are required to produce 1 ton of ferro-manganese (80 per cent. Mn). The principal functions of manganese in steel manufacture are : (1) the promotion of chemical reactions — deoxidation and desulphurization, and (2) the imparting of certain chemical and physical properties to the purified metal — recarburization, and static properties due to the amount of manganese remaining in the finished steel. Unless deoxidizers are added, steel made by an oxidation process will contain gas-holes, the formation of which is to a greater or less degree prevented by the use of manganese alloy. An important effect of such addition is to. impart fluidity to the slag, rendering it more easy to run off. The proportion of manganese alloy added to the molten steel varies with the oxidation of the bath, the composition of the pig metal used, manganese losses in slagging and volatihzation, and the amount of manganese required in the finished product. The average consumption of 80 per cent, ferxo-manganese per ton of steel produced before the war was probably from about 18 to 20 lb. (roughly, 08 to 1 per cent.), the quantity of alloy required being sometimes as much as 25 lb. per ton. The trend of consumption of manganese in the form of alloys firing recent years in the United States may be gauged from the following figures* : — For 1913-14, the' combined production and imports of metallic manganese was 15 '6 lb. per ton of steel produced, or nearly 0"7 per cent. ; for 1915-16, 14" lb. per ton, or 0625 per cent. ; and for 1917-18, 143 lb. per ton, or 0-638 per cent. From this it would appear that the consumption of manganese in making steel in the United States during the war was nearly 10 per cent, less than in the years immediately pre- ceding it. In the finished state, steel contains ordinarily from 0'3 to 1 per cent, of manganese. The highest-grade ferro-manganese is used in the production of " manganese-steel," an alloy discovered by Sir Robert Hadfield in 1883. As now manufactured in this and other countries, manganese-steel may contain 11 to 14 per cent, of manganese (usually 12' 5 to 13 per cent.) ; the carbon content is generally kept near 1 per cent., although it is sometimes 1"3 per cent, or slightly higher; the silicon content lies between 0"3 and 0'8 per cent., and that of phosphorus between 0"05 and 0'08 per • Manganese and Manganiferous Ores in 1918, by D. F. Hewett : U.S. Geol. Snrv., Min. Ees. U.S. 16 cent. The sulphur content is so low as to be neghgible. Low- manganese steels with 7 to 8 per cent, of manganese (known as " loman steel ") are finding some use, these having a higher and better defined elastic lunit than the regular commercial gradesi, and yet with considerable though much less ductility. They are also cheaper to make.* Commercial manganese-steel is a self -hardening steel, possessing extreme hardness, great tensile strength, and high ductility; its elastic hmit is very low and not well defined ; it has a high coefficient of expansion ; for a metal, it is a poor conductor of electricity ; it is non- magnetic; it is almost free from blow-holes. Cast and hot- worked (rolled or forged) manganese-steels are largely used where strength and high resistance to abrasive wear are of special importance (as for the wearing parts of rock-breakers, crushing rolls, ball-mills and dredge-buckets, and for railway switches, crossings and rails used on curves, burglar-proof safes, etc.), although the practical impossibihty of machining the parts has prevented its application to certain uses. The nqn-magnetic property and hardness of manganese-steel have brought it into important use for the cover plates and coil shields of electro- magnets for lifting heavy iron and steel 'articles. Until comparatively recent years, both ferro-manganese and spiegeleisen -^re manufactured exclusively in the blast-furnace, a method that is wasteful of both manganese and fuel. The electric-furnace method of. producing ferro-mangatiese was fij^st used in 1899 ; but, owing to the losses of metal by volatihzation ■ due to excessively high temperatures, the development of pro- duction by that method was retarded, and it is only withiu the last few years that control of electric-furnace temperatures has been perfected. Ferro-manganese is now being produced com- mercially, on an appreciably increasing scale, in the electric furnace ; and, in mangane-se'mining localities where hydro- electric power is very cheaply available and conditions generally -are favourable, production by this method, which is less wasteful erf manganese and gives a high-grade alloy, must become increas- ingly important. Against the low capital outlay involved and the low cost of labour required, however, there must be set off the high electrode consuraption, which renders the cost of pro- ducing manganese alloys in the electric furnace higher than that of blast-furnace production. Silico-manganese and sihco-spiegel can advantageously be made only in the electric furnace. The future of the electric-furnace method would appear to depend very largely on the continuance of a high price for the product. WOELD'S PEODUCTION OP MANGANESE OKE. Deposits of manganese ore are widely distributed through- out the world, but the occurrences of considerable commercial importance at the present time are hmited to a few countries, * Manufacture and Uses of Alloy Steels, by H. D. Hibbard, New York, 1919. these including Eussia (Caucasus), British India (southern and centraD, Brazil (States of Minas Geraes and Bahia), and West Africa (Gold Coast). The less important occurrences include those of Italy, Spain, the United States, Cuba and Japan. Deposits of ferruginous manganese-ore and manganiferous iron- ore are also widely distributed, occurring in the United States, Germaiiy, Greece, Italy, and Egypt (Sinai Peninsula), while in the United States deposits of manganiferous zinc-ore and man- ganiferous silver-ores are extensively mined. Accounts of these and minor occurrences follow, under the respective countries. For a long series of years before the war, the principal pro- ducer of manganese ore, properly so-called, was Eussia, where production commenced in 1879. Production in British India started on a very small scale in 1892, in the Vizagapatam district, Madras Presidency ; bat it was not until after the discovery of the rich deposits in the Central Provinces, in 1899, that the Indian manganese ore industry became important relatively to that of Eussia. Brazil followed in order of importance, manganese ore having been discovered in the State of Minas Geraes in 1888, although the first shipments were not made until 1894. The highest production reached by Eussia in any year was 1,234,900 long tons in 1913 ; the record output for British India is shghtly over 900,000 tons, in 1907; while the Brazilian industry reached its zenith during the war with a production of 524,291 tons (exports) in 1917. The manganese ore production of British India for 1908-11 exceeded that of Eussia, this being to some extent attributable to political dis- turbances in the Caucasus ; but in 1912 Eussia resumed the leading position and retained it until the outbreak of the war, when her most important market, Germany, was abruptly cut off, and the subsequent closing of the Dardanelles stopped oversea shipments. The statistics of production given later show how the British-Indian manganese-ore industry also suffered during the war period, and how the BraziUan industry, the development of which had long been retarded by the distance of the principal mines from the nearest shipping port, and inadequate railway facUities, expanded rapidly as a result of the stoppage of Eussian and the curtailment of British Indian exports to the United States. Statistics have" been tabulated by L. L. Fermor,* com- paring the costs of production (including mining administration and royalty), road and railway transport, ocean freight, and destination charges, of Indian, Eussian, and Brazilian man- ganese ores delivered c.i.f. at London. These show that, with low rates of exchange, the Brazilian ores could compete in that market in pre-war years on equal terms with those of India and Eussia, while at a considerable disadvantage , with high rates of * Mem. Geol. Surv. India, 1909, 37, 489. 18 exchange; also that the manganese ores of Vizagapatam, British India, cost less to deMver at London than those of the Central Provinces and Eussia, and that the two latter cost about the same. Assuming that the figures tabulated show the average cost fairly and that all the ores were first-grade, containing 50 per cent, of majiganese, except the Vizagapatam ore which is assumed to have averaged 46 per cent, and to have fetched second-grade prices, then the prices per unit at which the ore oould be sold at no profit or loss at the time when the comparison was made are as follows : — Pence per unit. British India : — Central Provinces via Bombay ... ... ... 8'7 Vizagapatam .. ... ... ... •-. 8'2 Eussia : — Caucasus ... ... ... .■ ... ... 8'5* to 9-4+ Brazil : — Minas Geraes 7"36J to ll-it During the wai- Brazihan and other available ores were im- ported into the United States without the regard for cost that would have influenced buyers in normal times; but, with im- proved railway transportation from the State of Minas Geraes to Eio de Janeiro and better facilities for loading at that port, the Brazilian manganese ore industry, while continuing to find its best market in the United States, may perhaps become a more formidable competitor with India and Eussia in European markets, although, when normal conditions are restored, Germany will certainly again obtain practically all her man- ganese ore supplies from Eussia. Tchiaturi (Caucasian) ore has a high phosphorus content, ajid is therefore more suited to the metallurgical requirements of the Continent, where the basic process of steel nlanufacture is so extensively employed, than to those of the United Kingdom, where manganese ore is chiefly consumed in the production of ferro-manganese. There has been a large demand in this and other countries for high-grade Caucasian manganese ore for the chemical, dry-cell, and flint-glass industries, a concentrate of exceptional purity, containing from 81 to 92 per cent, of man- f^anese' dioxide and less than 1 per cent, of iron, being obtained 'by washing the fine, earthy material. The cutting-off of such supplies during the war was especially felt by manufacturers of dry cells. * Demaret ; Annales des mines de Belgique : Brussels, 1905, 10, 886. t Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., New York, 1898, 28, 207. X Demaret, loc. cit. 843, with exchanges at one milrei8=7d!. and \M. re- spectively. 19 In 1913, Eussia produced about 54"4 per cent, of the world's total output of manganese ore, British India about 35-9 per cent., and Brazil about 5"3 per cent., an aggregate of 95-6 per cent. The world's outt)ut in that year amounted to about 2,272,250 long tons. The production of manganese ore by the principal pro- ducing countries in recent years is summarized, so far as trust- worthy statistics are a-vailable, in the following table : — Production of Manganese Ore by Principal Producing Countries. Quantity (long tons) . Country. 1913. 1914. 1916. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom 6,393 3,437 4,640 5,140 9,942 17,466 12,078 Gold Coast* — — — 4,258 31,136 30,292 85,189 Union of South Africa... — — — — 110 486 138 Carada — 25 179 854 141 393 + British India 815,047 682,898 450,416 645,204 590,813 517,953 534,995 Auatcilia 27 26 1,260 3,196 4,006 8,891 4,969 Austria 16,280 13,586 11,738 t t 177 + Belgium — — 492 3,808 1,988 2,569 t Bosnia- Herzegovina ... 4,624 4,054 10,254 22,310 48,066 t t Fran'-e 7,608 6,290 10,158 10,633 11,403 9,712 4,738 GermanyJ 748 t t 939 598 1,017 644 Grpece — 401 3,542 — 6,045 t Hungary 18,705 11,230 11,521 t 88,818 t t Italy l,.'i96 1,622 12,37.1 17,855 24,138 31,383 30,346 Russia and Georgia 1,234,900 891,400 528,900 247,000? 201,380^ 150,000S t Spain 21,247 12,944 14,098 13,950 66,560' 76,465 66,614 Swedenjl 3,937 3,584 7,485 8,751 19,554 16,304 12,081 Tunis — — 1,437 1,9h4 5,707 1,378 1,292 €osta Ricalf — — — 1,244 7,163 9,680 9,988 Cuba — — 9,000 33,120 44,496 81.966 1 7,711 Mexico — — — — 72 2,8H2 2,258 Panama^ — — — 10,498 5,202 5,607 2 Porto Rico — — — 737 1,189 1,350 + United States 4,048 2,635 9,613 31,474 129,405 305,869 66,322 Argr ntina^ — — — — 6,600 .849 2,305 Brazil* 120,335 180,679 284,032 495,044 624,291 387,066 319,777 Chilef Ecuador^ — — — — 202 2,998 441 — — — — — 107 20 Peru — — — — — 20 t Chinal Japan — — — 20 2,997 1 17,755 16,803 25,470 48,647 50,579 56,109 t Philippine Islands — — 2,962 ■ 640 t * Shipmrnts. + Statistics not yet available. I Prussia onlv (complete statistic* not available). § Georgia only. II Not inoludins " powdered pyrolusite," averaging about 100 tons annually. ^ Exports actually received by the United States in those years. Reserves of Manganese Ore. ■ The proved and probable reserves of manganese ore in the principal producing countries cannot be closely estimated, owing to the modes of occurrence of the deposits, which are 2U often masses of very irregular form, or ore-bodies of varying size- (concretionary nodules and pockets, etc.) scattered through sott argillaceous rocks, or deposits of which only certain portions- can be economically exploited for a variety of reasons (character of the enclosing rock, quantity of water to be pumped, etc.). In certain cases, as in British India, no attempt appears to have- been made to prove by means of shafts or bore-holes the depths- to which the deposits of manganese ore extend. Discussing this subject in 1909, L. L. Fermor {op. cit., 546- 548) remarks that many deposits of manganese ore do not extend to greater depths than 50 feet. The mining and quarry- ing of manganese ore-deposits in different, parts of the world has shown that the oxide ores have been formed, in the majority of cases, at or close to the surface, and do not extend to any considerahle depth, say beyond 50 to 500 feet. If, however, any portions of the .ores of the Central Provinces- of India can be considered as metamorphosed sediments, such portions may be found to continue to as great a depth as the associated rocks of the gondite series, and this may in some cases be considerably more than 300 to 500 feet. The same re- mark apphes to any other deposits, such as those of Sweden, that have been formed by the metamorphism of original man- ganese-oxide sediments. The franklinite deposits of New Jersey, U.S.A., in which the manganese-zinc-iron mineral is regarded by some as having been formed by the metamorphism of original sediments containing both manganese and zinc, and which has been proved by boring to continue to depths of more than 1,000- feet, may be cited as an example of a manganese-oxide mineral proved to continue to a great depth. British India. — The following table shows the depths to which the Indian manganese-ore deposits had been proved at the date of Fermor' 8 Memoir, and to which he considered that they might be expected to continue : — Depths to which Indian Manganese Ore Deposits Extend. Depth to which Depth to which • Depth to which deposits may in deposits may Area. proved. some cases be possibly continue in expected to continue. some cases. (1) . (2) (3) Feet. Feet. Feet. Central Provinces . . , 80 150 to 200 300 to 500 (or more). Vizagapatam 100 160 to 200 300 to 400 Sandnr 50 80 100 Mysore 30 60 80 The figures in column (1) refer to the larger deposits only. In some cases in each area deposits have not continued even ta 21 these depths. The figures in column (2) aJso apply to the larger- deposits, such as Kandri, Kodur, Durgamma Kolla, and Kumsi, typical of each of the four areas mentioned. The figures in column (3) are the probable outside limits to which the most extensive deposits in each area may possibly persist. In the absence of any bore-holes or shafts proving the deposits to con- tinue to any greater depths than those given in column (1), the other figures were based on theoretical guesses. Fermor gives the following rough estimates of merchantable manganese ore. in certain of the Indian deposits at the date of his Memoir : — Central India. — Jhabua State :— Kajlidongri deposit, 837,000 long tons (lying within 50 feet of the surface). Madras Presidency. — Sandur State : — Sandur Hills, 10,000,000 long tons (to depth of 80 feet). -Mysore State. — Shimoga District : — Kumsi deposit, 800,000 long tons (ta depth of 50 feet). These deposits, of course, represent only a small percentage- of the probable total reserves in the Indian deposits of man- ganese ore. The northern portion of the Kajlidongri deposit averages from 46 to 52 per cent, of manganese, and the southern portion from 46 to 48. (For analyses see p. 52.) It is- suggested by Fermor that the manganese ore-deposits of Sandwr State may possibly contain in all about 100,000,000 tons of ore, averaging about (but probably under) 50 per cent, of manganese. A considerable proportion of the 10 million tonhs which he regarded as already " probable " is described as bein^f fairly ferruginous, and saleable as ferruginous manganese ore rather than as manganese ore proper. A typical analysis shows 45 per cent, of manganese, 12 per cent, of iron, about 1 per cent, of silica, and O'Ol per cent, of phosphorus. As to the Kumsi deposit (Shimoga District), the Estimate of 800,000 tons of ore to a depth of 50 feet is given as the probable maximum, with a bare possibility of 500,000 tons. The ores of the Shimoga District are usually of second or third grade, averag- ing about 47 per cent, manganese. Russia and Georgia.. — Tchiaturi Deposits : — The quantity of manganese ore avail- able for actual exploitation in these deposits has been variously estimated, the amounts ranging downwards from 200 million to 22 million tons. An estimate of about 110,000,000 tons appears to have been generally 22 adopted.* This ore, without cleaning or sorting, aver- ages from 40 to 45 per cent, manganese. Nikopol Deposits : — The total tonnage qf ore available in these beds has been estimated at from 7,400,000 tonst to 11,250,000 tons.J H. K. Scott and others are of the opinion that the quantity of ore available is much greater than this. The better class of this ore contains about 57 per cent, of manganese.. Deposits in the province of Podolia, south-w^egt Eussia, also contain very large (unestimated) tonnages of manganese ore, and there are other more or less important sources of supply in that country, Brazil. — Minus Geraes : — The combined ore reserves of the two principal mmes in this State (the Morro da Mina and the Wigg) were estimated in 1905 at more than 7,000,000 tons. § In 1915 the reserves of the Morro da Mina mine alone were estimated (by the management) at 10,000,000 tons. The ore of this mine, as shipped, averaged 50'47 per cent, manganese before the war, but the grade fell appreciably before the Armistice, owing to the urgent demands of the United States. Bahia : — Deposits of manganeae ore that have been worked about 16 miles west, of Nazareth, a town on the Jagua- ' ripe river, 30 miles south-west of the port of Bahia, are estimated to contain more than 700,000 tons of ore. II The ore of the Pedras Pretas mine, the principal pro- ducer in this State, averages from 43 to 49 per cent, manganese. Matto Grosso : — It has recently been estimated that there are about 120,000,000 tons of manganese ore in this State, with an average content of 45'6 per cent, man- ganese. The principal deposits are in the Morrp de UruGum and the Morro Grande, west of the Paraguay Eiver. MaranMo : — It is estimated that one hill, in the Turyassii district, about 190 miles east of the port of Para, in this * Beyschlag, Vogt and Kruach ; The Deposits of the Useful Minerals and Eooks: London, 1916, 3,'l)Qa (Trans, by S. J. rruacott). E. 0. Harder; Manganese Ores of Siissia, India, Briizil and Chile ; Trans. Amer. Inst.M.E., 1916, 66, 3-*. (The estimate of 22,000,000 tons was^given by H. K. Scott in a discu'siou of th's paper.) f B. C. Hnrder loc. cil., 40. J N. T. Belaiew and S. I. Atchkassofl : The Russian Economist : Journal of the Russian Economic Association in London, 1921, 1, No. 2, 295-300 § U.S. Geol. Sutv., Min. Res. U.S. l'.lO.^, 99. (l Miller and Singewald ; Mineral Deposits of South America • New York 1919, 188. 23 State, contains about 300,000 tons of ore, averagint; more than 48 per cent, of manganese, within 50 feet of the surface. The foregoing estimates relate to the three principal producing countries. The reserves of manganese ore in other regions are mentioned, where estimates are available, under the respective countries as dealt with herein. Of these minor countries, the most important in the British Empire, as regards manganese ore production, is the Gold Coast. Gold Coast (West Africa) : — ^It is estimated by the owners of the Dagwin Extension Concession that the detrital ore alone, lying on the surface and down to a shallow depth on that area, amounts to nearly 3 million tons. Ore at the outcrop of a deposit at the northern end of this property is stated to average 50 per cent, man- ganese over a proved length of about 2,200 feet. Estimates of the reserves on other sections of the property owned by the company exploiting the man- ganese ore deposits of the Wassaw district are not available. Of the other producing countries, the United States, which is the largest consumer of manganese ore, may be mentioned : — United States : — At the end of 1918, the amount of maji- ganese ore containing 35 per cent, or more of manganese in sight in the deposits of the United States was esti- mated by the United States Geological Survey at 699,760 tons, with 1,130,000 tons more in prospect. In addition, more than 17,000,000 tons of low-grade ore, containing from 5 to 35 per cent, of manganese,, are estimated to be in sight in the known deposits. BEITISH EMPIEE. Of the few countries in the British Empire producing con- siderable amounts of true manganese ore, India stands conspicuously alone as a serious competitor .with the two principal foreign producers, Kussia and Brazil. Promising deposits are, however, being exploited in West Africa (Gold Coast), and recent discoveries in Canada and other parts of the Empire may prove to be of commercial importance, although in some cases these may furnish a portion only of the domestic requirements. Commercially valuable manganiferous deposits occur extensively in Egypt (West-Central Sinai), the ore consisting of varying mixtures of oxides of iron and manganese. Of these deposits, the most important are those in the Um Bogma Hills, where, however, the average manganese content of the total reserves is only about 32 per cent., while the iron content is only about 25 per cent. 24 United Kingdom. Manganese ore occurs in North Wales, the West of England, Derbyshire, Warwickshire, and Cumberland, also in Scotland and Ireland. The production of such ore in the United Kingdom has never been large, and, for many years, practically all the output has been obtained in North Wales, chiefly from mines in the Lleyn Peninsula, Carnarvonshire, and in smaller quantity from Merionethshire. The output of North Wales from 1892 to 1912 amounted to 91,133 tons, of which 81,429 tons were raised in Carnarvonshire and 9,704 tons in Merionethshire. The Welsh production since 1912 is shown in a table, from which it will be seen that there was a marked increase in the Merioneth- shire output during the period under review. It is unlikely that any considerable quantity of manganese ore could be profit- ably obtained from the other areas mentioned. A geological account of the various occurrences in the United Kingdom is given in Memoirs of the Geological Survey of England and Wales.* Carriarvonshire. — Three mines, all situated in the Lleyn Peninsula, have furnished the manganese ore output of this county, namely, the Nant, the Benallt, and the Ehiw. Prom 1894 to the end of 1912 the combined production of the two former amounted to 68,084 tons, while from the Ehiw mine 13,845 tons were raised. Since 1908, practically the whole of the Welsh output has come from Nant and Benallt, the output since 1914 being almost entirely from the former, although from 1916 to 1919 about 40 per cent, of the production was obtained in Merionethshire. At Nant, the ore occurs as a much-faulted bed, from 10 to 20 feet in thickness, interstratified with shales and flags of Ordovician age, and is worked by an incline from which several levels have been driven. The unaltered ore contains manganese in the form of carbonate (dialogite) with a small proportion of silicate (rhodonite), but it has been changed by weathering at the outcrop into a hydrated black oxide. The average content of manganese is only about 30 per cent, (some samples yielding 36 per cent.), that of iron o^nly about 10 per cent., while the silica and phosphorus percentages are excessively high, having been stated! to average 18 per cent, and Q-S to OS per cent, respectively. The ore is shipped, in as large lumps as possible, to smelters in Liverpool. At Benallt, several beds of manganese ore occur in the shales, which have been folded into an antichne, the limb that has been principally worked dipping at about 40=> Both this mine and * Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain Vol I — Tungsten and Manganese Ores, London, 1915. , i • • t The Mining Journal, London, 1907, SI, 828. 25 itg neighbour, the Ehiw, have been idle and full of water since 1913. The workings include adits, two shafts 110 feet in depth, and open workings from which apparently some ore could still be obtained. The average manga];iese content of the ore in these two mines is said to be 3'2 to 33 per cent., some samples reaching 38 per cent. Merionethshire. — Manganese ore occurs in the Llanbedr district in the form of a bed of mixed carbonate and silicate inter- stratified with the Harlech grits. The bed of ore, which is traceable for many miles along the sides of river-valleys, varies in thickness from 10 to 20 inches, and is coated near the surface, and on the joints and cracks that traverse it, with impure black oxide of manganese, a decomposition product containing from 20 to 22 per cent, of manganese. The ore is richest in the weathered crust, which consists of earthy pyrolusite. Formerly this was dug, the carbonate and the silicate being rejected as useless.. The value of this unaltered ore in glass-making was- subsequently discovered, and the workings, which were aban- doned about the middle of last centurj", have been to some- extent re-opened. The ore won, broken into lumps about 2 inches across, has been sold to glassworks at St. Helens, Lancashire. There appear to be considerable reserves below the existing shallow workings. The production recorded since 1892 has come from several localities, but during the four years 1909-1912 the output (amounting to only 618 tons) was entirely obtained at Moelfre, about 2 miles south-east of Llanbedr. Here the bed mined is aboat 15 inches in thickness, and the ore, which consists of mixed carbonate and silicate, contains from 30 to 32 per cent, of manganese. The weathered parts were richer, but have been worked out. There are still large quantities of unaltered ore at Moelfre, but high working costs appear to prohibit the mining of this deeper and harder material to any large extent. Derbyshire. — A few hundred tons of wad have been obtained at Brownedge, near Winster, in this county, the ore occurring in flats, pipes, and pockets in the Carboniferous Limestone, but so irregularly as not to permit of systematic working. The- method of Gaining is to sink a shallow shaft and work the mineral from this as far as practicable. The wad occurs with ochre and some barytes, and the small quantity raised is carted to the Via GelUa colour works, near Matlock, although the material is inferior in quality to that imported for such use. Sonae 10 tons of wad might be raised weekly near Winster, and the mineral is said to occur at other localities. West of England. — Deposits of manganese ore are often found in East Cornwall and North Devon in connection with very dark and somewhat hard slates, the ore occurring mostly in beds or veins as peroxide, associated with much iron and silica, but also as carbonate and sihcate. The peroxide is most 26 abundant in the Carboniferous slates and shales to the 'i™^]^"^ Tavistock, Devon, where it occurs in the form of interbedded lenticular deposits.* Pyrolusite and rhodonite were formerly produced in considerable quantities in the neighbourhood ot Launceston (East Cornwall) and Brenton T.or (Western Devon). A nearly vertical lode of manganese ore, varying in width from a few inches to several feet, was worked for many years at UptoQ Pyne and Newton St. Cyres, east of Dartmoor. The best por- tions of this lode are stated to have contained large pockets of pyrolusite, but wad was found near the surface, and m.some places there were considerable masses of psilomelane. In 1872, the Newton St. Cyres mine was re-opened, and from that year to 1879 produced 1,260 tons of ore, value £5,465. The price of the ore subsequently fell to £1 per ton, and, although the lode was reported to be fully 10 feet in width at a depth of only 18 feet below the surface, working became unremunerative. t Considerable quantities of manganese peroxide have also been met with in the Euther's (Euthvos) Mine, on Tregoss Moor. While many of these deposits are still unexhausted, they cannot be worked profitably at present prices for the product. Prom about the middle of last century, a lode containing manganiferous spathic iron-ore was worked for a number of years at Ealeigh's Cross, in the Brendon Hills, West Somerset. The ore, which is stated to have contained about 12^ per cent, of manganous oxide, was used by the Ebbw Vale Iron Company for making spiegeleisen. Scotland and Ireland. — The manganese or© deposits of these two countries are of little or no economic importance. Production of Manganese Ore in the United Kingdom. (Figures supphed to the Bureau by the Chief Inspector of Mines, Home Office.) CarnarvonBhire. MerionethBhire. Total. Ye»r. Quantity Quantity Quantity Value. (long tons). (long tons). (long tons). Total. Per ton. £ i; £ s. d. 1913 ... 5,291 3,977 102 95 5,393 4,072 l5 1-2 1914 ... 3,313 2,804 124 127 3,437 2,931 17 0-7 1915 ... 4,585 4,585 55 55 4,640 4,640 20 1916 ... 3,372 3,623 1,768 2,397 5,140 6,020 23 61 1917 ... 6,093 8,640 3,849 7,235 9,942 15,875 31 11-2 1918 ... 10,481 1«,222 6,975 14,091 17,456 33,313 38 2-0 1919 ... 6,912 15,246 5,166 13,865 12,078 29,111 48 2-5 ♦ J. H. Collins : mouth, 1912. t Ibid. ObeervatioiiB on the West of England Mining Region : Ply- 27 Consumption of Manganese Ore in the United Kingdom. The annual consumption of manganese ore in the United Kingdom during the period under review cannot be stated with precision in the absence of information as to stocks on hand at the end of 1912 and subsequent years ; but the following table showing the annual domestic production, imports and exports of that ore, and the net amount retained in the country, may be regarded as roughly indicating the consumption. The exported ore consisted entirely of Colonial and Foreign produce. Domestic Production.* ImportB (Colonial and Foreign). Total of Domestic Year. Gross.f Less Bxported.f Net. Production and Net Imports. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Long tons. 5,393 3,437 4,640 5,140 9,942 17,456 12,078 Long tons. 601,177 479,435 372,724 440,<;59 331,264 365,606 264,800 Long tons. 9,959 7,013 288 35 116 512 8,755 Long tons. 591,218 472,422 372,436 440,624 331,148 365,094 256,045 Long tons. 596,611 475,859 877,076 445,764 341,090 382,550 268,123 * Home Office Statistics. f Annual Statement of Trade of the United Kingdom. By far the greater part of the imported ore was consumed in the production of ferro-alloys, chiefly ferro-manganese, the remainder being used in connection with basic pig manufacture. According to F. H. Hatch,* 15 per cent, of the consumption in 1917 was used for the latter purpose. During 1913, the last year of normal conditions before the war, the quantities of manganese ore received in the United Kingdom from the principal exporting countries, with the per- centages of the total represented in each case, were as follows : — Country of Origin. British India Kussia Portuguese India ... Brazil Spain Other (Foreign) Countries Quantity (long tons). 308,790 241,894 24,710 18,792 3,919 3,072 P©r cent, of total. 51-36 40-24 4-11 3-13 0-65 0-51 Total 601,177 100-00 • The Iron and Steel Industry, 1914-1918; London, 1919, 126. £8 The following table shows the quantity and value of the -imports of manganese ore received in the United Kingdom from various cioiintries during the period under review : — Imports of Manganese Ore into the- United Kingdom. (Values c.i.f. U.K. Port.) (Annual Statement of Trade of the United Kingdom.) Quantity (long tons). Prom 1913. 1914. 1916. 1916. 1917. 191is. 1919. Gold Coast British India Other British Possessions 308,790 225,086 348,964 60 2,711 421,443 144 21,720 300,600 128 29,510 324,338 4,261 24,410 226,887 5,747 Total from British Pos- 308,790 225,086 849,014 424,298 322,348 358,109 267,044 Germany Kussia . . Spain Japan (including For- mosa and leased terri- tories in China). Portuguese Possessions in India. Brazil Other Foreign Countries 307 241,894 3,919 24,710 18,792 2,765 188 177,646 3,596 20,276 46,494 6,150 8,866 70 260 14,516 19 2,809 630 13,011 11 2,137 1,710 1,937 3,128 4 2,231 816 1,449 2,641 460 6,257 363 394 708 39 Total from Foreign Countries. Total 292,387 264,349 23,710 16,361 8,916 7,497 7,75« 601,177 479,435 372,724 440,659 331,264 365,606 264,800 Valu» (£). Gold Coast British India Other British PoaseBsions 708,125 607,314' 1,085,849 232 13,553 2,200,778 2,249 149,868 236,632 2,052,525 2,957,611 1,751 41,518 184,624 1,743,547 32,821 Total from British Pos- 708,125 507,314 1,086,081 2,216,680 2,204,144|3,2H4,761 1,900,972 Germany Russia Spain Japan (including, For- mosa and leased terri- tories in China). Portuguese Possessions in India. Brazil Other Foreign Countries 1,823 463,161 13,617 5^,255 46,227 6,915 686,988 1,056 323,297 10,268 44,850 101,825 13,046 26,725 670 500 66,514 268 19,169 8,498 77,935 218 (;.?,K2 15,503 48,272 22,084 35 _ 80,652 9,33',i 47,S24 22,006 2,873 U6,747 2,493 1 1,063 5,971 721 Total from Foreign 494,340 84,677 106,820 149,036 162,694 16«,98.i Total 1,296,113 1,001,654 1,180,758 2,322,400 2,.353,180 3,397,455 2,127,957 Average value per ton ... 5. ,1. 43 1 i d. 41 9-4 J. d. 63 4-3 i. d. 105 4-8 s. d. 142 0'9 s. d. 186 1-2 s. d. 160 8-7 The imports of manganese ore into the United Kingdom in 1920 have been reported as 452,613 tons. 29 Imports of Manganiferous Iron-Ore into the United Kingdom. (Values C.J./. U.K. Port.) (Annual Statement of Trade of the United Kingdom.) From 1913. Quantity (long 1914. 1915. 1916. 1 tons). 1917. 1918. 1919. Total from British PoBsesBions (British India)... 2,717 5,720 3,994 20,288 st, extends apparently for about 400 feet along the strike, and has a vddth at right angles to this of about 70 feet. An adit about 220 feet below the crest in this locality passed through manganese ore in three places, one showing solid ore for a stretch of 60 feet. Where not in ore, the adit passes through light-coloured clay or altered shales dipping from 60 degrees to 70 degrees to the south-east. A main drive was being put in on this section of the ore-body at the date of this account, and had been carried 100 feet in solid ore, crosscuts showing the width to be maintained. The ore exposed in this • The Mining Magazine, London, 1917, 17, 271. 32710 B 2 36 adit and connected workings assayed from 46 to 47 per cent, manganese. Although pyrolusite is occasionally found on the Dagwm Concession, the mineral generally is psilomelane. Broadly speaking, the percentage of manganese plus iron is fairly constant at 55 to 56 per cent. ; thus, with 53 per cent, of manganese, there is about 3 per cent, of iron ; with 45 per cent, of manganese, about 9 to 10 per cent, of iron. In clean ore the silica and phosphorus are low. Up to July 31st, 1917, shipments amounted to 30,600 tons of ore, the average' percentage com- position of which was as follows: — manganese, 52; iron, 4'6; sUica, 4; phosphorus, O'll. The Company's report for the year 1918 showed that the out- put of manganese ore had been restricted by waJit of shipping, but it was expected that shipping facilities, would be gradually improved. The outstanding difficulties were the railway rate and terminal charges (8s. 6d. per ton over a distance of 33^- miles) and insufficient lighterage at Seccondee. With lower rail- way rates and adequate shipping facilities, 90,000 tons of ore oould be produced and shipped per annum, ajid, when various pending arrangements were completed, this quantity could be largely increased. The manganese ore deposits on the Darwin Extension Con- cession have been reported as extending for about 2f miles, ' divided into zones, on which development is being carried out. At the northern end of this property a deposit is stated tO' have been proved over a length of about 2,200 feet, with ore at the outcrop averaging 50 per cent, manganese, the thickness of the deposit being probably over 30 feet. In the second zone, the deposit is said to be about 1,800 feet in length, and in the third about 1,400 feet ; while a parallel range to the east of the third zone is stated to contain extensive deposits. It is estimated by the owners that the detrital ore alone, lying on the surface and down to a shallow depth, on the Dagwin Extension, amounts to neariy 3 million tons. Production of Manganese Ore in Gold Coast Colony. (Exports — Values f.o.h. Seccondee.) (Govt, of the Gold Coast, Annual. Eeports on the Mining Industry.) Dagwiu Conoeasion. Dagwin Extension Concession. Total. Year. Quan- tity (long tons). Estd. value. Quan- tity (long tons). Estd. value. Quan- tity (long tons) . Estd. valne. Total. Per t(jn Total. Per ton. Total. Per ton. 1916 ... 1917 ... 1918 ... 1919 ... 7,953 12,344 11,051 £ 13,391 46,638 21,194 s. d. 33 8-1 76 6-8. 38 4-3 4,258 23,183 17,948 24,138 £ 38,216 56,981 29,591 s. d. 32 11-6 62 4-6 24 6-2 4,258 31,136 30,292 35,189 £ 51,607 102,619 50,785 .9. d. 33 1-8 67 9-0 28 10-4 37 In the report of the Fanti Consolidated Mines, Ltd., for 1918. it is stated that, in addition to the ordinary ore shipped in bulk, containing about 51 per cent, of manganese and o per cent, of iron, several consignments of rich ore, containing about 86 to 87 per cent, of manganese dioxide and about 1 per cent, of iron, had been bagged and shipped. In the report for 1920 it is stated that the quantity of manganese ore shipped in that year was 41,546 tons, and that it is intended to develop and equip the Company's property for the production of 200,000 tons of ore per annum. Figures compiled by the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce show that 1,194 tons of mangaaiese ore, valued at S15,587 (at 4<;. 2d. to the S = £3,247) were received in the United States from British West Africa (presumably the Gold Coast Colonv) in the vear 3919. Union of South Africa. Manganese ores occur in the Union, according to T. G. Trevor,* in three main classes of deposit : — (1) Fissure veins, and enrichments on then- outcrops due to weathering. (21 Connected with the dolomites and Moodies series : (o) Diffused in the dolomites. (6) In-egular deposits in the dolomites and Moodies series, (c) Bedded deposits in the dolomite and jMoodies series. (3) Weathering products derived from dolomites. By far the most important deposits of manganese ore yet opened up in the Union are those of class (3), as proved in the Krugersdorp District of the Transvaal. Cape Province. — ^Deposits of class (1) are fairly numerous in the south-west Districts, occurring at Houfc's Bay, Constantia Nek, Kogel Bay (in False Bay), Botha's Halt near Worcester, Du Toit's Kloof near Wellington, French Hoek and Galedon. These have been investigated by A. B. Welsh. + In all cases the outcrops were very much larger and richer than the actual veins, showirig a distinct enrichment at the surface due to weathering. The ores contain a comparatively low percentage of manganese and are rather high in phosphorus; the quantities available are generally not large, and costs of mining and trans- port would be heavA , vein-mining being required except in the case of the Caledon deposit, which in many places has no over- biu-den and could be worked by open quanving. Approximate • Manganese ; The South African Journal of Industries ; Pretoria, Transvaal, 1919, a. 35. ^ ^ „ ^ f Report on Manganese Deposits of S.W. Districts of Cape Proflnce ; Dept. of Mines and Industries, Union of S. Africa, Pretoria, 1917. 32710 B 3 38 analyses of clean, hand-sorted ore from the three most important occurrences show the following percentages : — Caledon Du Toit's Kloof Hout's Bay Manganese. Iron. 38 40 30 16 to 20 13 to 22 9 to 16 Silica. 6-5 0-75 to 4 6-00 to 12 Phos- phorus. 0-378 0-47to0-57 0-47 to 0-66 In every case the phosphorus is excessively high, and, as at presenit known, these deposits are not sufficiently large or rich to be of economic importance. Transvaal. — Deposits derived from the weathering of dolo- mites have been opened up on several . " farms " in the Krugersdorp District. The deposit on Elandsvlei No. 23, which is typical of its class, has been described by the Inspector of Mines for the District. The geological formation is Black Eeef Series. Where the deposit occurs there is a covering of red soil, under which lie remnants of dolomite formation in the form of disintegrating chert mixed with clay, lime, and ironstone, the manganese mineral occurring in this mixture in nodules varying from quite small size up to 12 or 15 inches in length anid averaging about 6 inches. The ore occurs chiefly as dioxide in the form of pyrolusite or psilomelane, as a pseudomorph after oxide of iron, chert, and shale, every nodule having a certain amount of yellow oxide of iron attached to it even), after dressing. The workings cover an area of about f of a mile by haK a mile, and consist of shallow pits varying, in depth from a few inches to a maximum in a few ca.ses of about 10 feet, depending chiefly on the thickness of the red soil covering. Ini some places boulders containing manganese lie on the surface. Rich pockets have been found in three locali- ties on the farm, these being probably more than 100 yards in cross measurement, and it is expected that other similar local en- richmenits will be discovered. Analyses of cobbed ore awaiting shipment showed about 59 to 63 per cent, of manganese dioxide, hand specimens running as high as 92"5 per cent. It is believed that an output of marketable manganfese ore could be obtained from the Krugersdorp and similar deposits in the Union sufficient for all possible domestic needs. The areas in the Transvaal and Bechuanalarud where the (dolomites lie almost horizontally and have suffered intense denudation are large, and Trevor considers it likely that deposits similar to that described will be found in many places when sought for. An impure wad was formerly mined for a short time on the farm Kromdraai, in the Krugersdorp District, the material being used in the earlier days of the Usher-Adair cyaniding process. On the farms Zwartkrans No. 67 and Sterkfontein No. 68, in tho same district, numerous pits sunk are stated* to have made it clear tM-t the manganese ore occurrences in those areas are in * Manganese in the Transvaal ; The S.Af. Min. and Eng. Jonrn. : Johannes- hurg, 1919, 28, 527. 39 *^® ^.o™i of veins intersecting the strata more or less along the bedding planes so far as direction goes, but forming generally a network of closely intersecting seams with occasional pockets and lenses of fairly large size. Wherever pits have been put down upon the surface of these two farms the crushed cherty rock with numerous seams of high-grade manganese ore is usually in evi- dence, while also there is a vast accumulation of loose ore and nodules in the overlying detritus. In addition to ore suitable for metallurgical and' chemical uses, a large supply of mangan- iferous earth and other natural pigment earth of good quality is stated to exist on these farms. A company has been formed to exploit the deposits. Samples of the ore assayed in Johannesburg showed from 47-59 to 59-4 per cent, of manganese, and generally less than one per cent, of iron, the percentages of phosphorus and sihea being well below the penalty limits At Derdepoort, near Pretoria, a small vein of manganese ore (pyrolusite), dipping at a high angle, shows signs of permanence (Trevor, loc. cit.). The outcrop had been worked for about 40 yards to a maxunum depth of 35 feet by the end of, 1918, the width of the vein at bottom being about 4 feet. A bulk sample assayed in England yielded the following percentages after drying: manganese, 56-10; iron, 2-63; silica, TTO ; phosphorus, 0-135. The ore was reported to be good hard mineral, and, if its quaUty holds, the deposit should be capable of supplying a sufficient quantity of high-grade ore for the electrical and kindred requirements of the Union. A few tons of manganese ore are being mined per month near Pretoria for use in the cyanide works of the Eand. Other deposits, usually poor in manganese and of no great extent, occur elsewhere in the Transvaal. Natal. — Investigations of occurrences of manganese ore in this Colony (chiefly pyrolusite, with wad and psilomelane) have shown that the material, even when very carefully hand-picked, cannot be brought up to a 50 per cent, grade ; and,, in view of the high cost of working the deposits and the heavy transport and freight charges that shipments would have to meet, the establishment of a manganese industry in Natal is regarded as impracticable.* Production of Manganese Ore in the Union of South Africa. \ No production of manganese ore in the. Union is recorded foi- the years 1913-16. The figures for later years are as follows, no values being stated : — Quantity (long tons). Tear. Transvaal. Natal. Total. 1917 1918 1919 206 559 71 42 262 5 248 821 76 * F. H. Hatch ; Report on Minesand Mineral Resources of Natal, London, 1910. f Annual Reports, Mines Department, Union of South Africa : Pretoria. 32710 B 4 40 During the same years, the total actual sales of manganese ore in the Union were as follows : — Transvaal. Natal. Total. Year. Quan- tity (long tons). Value. Quan- tity (long tons). Value. Quan- tity (long tons). Value. Total. Per ton. Total. Per ton. Total. Per ton. 1917 ... 1918 ... 1919 ... 79 407 138 536 1,701 776 s. d. 135 8-4 83 7-0 112 5-6 31 79 £ 105 264 s. d. 67 8-9 66 10-0 110 486 138 £ 641 1,965 776 s. d. 116 6-5 80 10-4 112 5-6 The value of the total production of manganese ore in the Union to the end of 1919 is almost negligible, the figures being as follows :— Transvaal, £3,013 ; Cape Province, £179 ; Natal, £549 ; Total, £3,741. The ore produced in the Transvaal during 1919" contained 48'67 per cent, of manganese. The production of manganese ore in the Union in 1920 was only about 60 tons. / Manganese Ore Exported from the Union of South Africa. (Values f.o.b. Port of Shipment.) (Annual Statements of Trade and Shipping, Union of South Africa.) Value. Year. Quantity (long tons). Total. Per ton. £ s. d. 1913 ... 20 116 116 1914 ' ... 49 99 40 4-9 1915 ... 73 371 101 7-7 1916 ... 2 21 210 1917 ... 5 46 184 1918 ... 95 518 109 0-5 1919 144 453 62 11 Figures compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce -show that 144 long tons of manganese ore, valued at $3,570 (at 4s. 2d: to the $ = £744), were received in the United States from British South Africa (presumably the Union of South Africa) in the year 1919. 41 Canada. The following account of the manganese ore resources of Canada is abstracted from the Final Report of the work of the Munition Resources Commission, Canada, covering the period November, 1915— March, 1919. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. — At present there is no manganese mine in the Maritime Provinces developed to the point of steady production. Practically all the recent tonnage has been derived from small mines at New Ross, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia. These produced only from 1 to 2 tons daily of very high grade ore, all of which was exported to the United States and sold to glass and dry-cell manufacturers at prices ranging from $120 to $175 per ton. There is no production in New Brunswick or Nova Scotia of ore suitable for the manufacture of ferro-manganese, but the work of the Commission has disclosed the possibility of securing some tonnage of low-grade ores capable of concentration. Bog- manganese deposits found in New Brunswick contain some ore suitable for the production of spiegeleisen. A deposit of banded manganese ore in sandstone has been prospected to some extent at Walton, Hants County, Nova Scotia. This ore com;ains about 15 per cent, of manganese, and experi- ments have demonstrated that it can be concentrated to a product containing over 45 per cent, of manganese and that high-grade ferro-nianganese can be made from this product in electric furnaces. Prof. T. C. Gwillim, in his Report to the Munition Resources Commission of August 23rd, 1917, states that two varieties of manganese ore are found in the Maritime Provinces : (1) the hard ores, pyrolusite, manganite and psilomelane, which occur usually as reniform lumps or streaks, and sometimes as large pockets containing several hundred tons, in the reddish shales and the conglomerates, and in the grey limestone strata of the Lower Carboniferous rocks; (2) the soft bog-manganese ores, or wad, which are deposited by springs and occur in patches on the surface, varying in extent' frorn an acre or less to many acres and in depth from a few inches to 20 feet. Usually these bog ores, which are found at many places, especially in New Brunswick, are very wet and contain much" organic matter, being covered with moss, grass or -even large trees, where the springs have ceased to saturate the- ground. Such ores on drying at 100°C. lose over 50 per cent, of their weight, and may contain from 10 to 55 per cent, metalhc manganese. They amount in the aggregate to possibly several thousand tons, but at normal prices of, say, $12 per ton, offer little encouragement for working up into a saleable product. Examples of the hard ores nre found at Shepody Mountain, Markhamville, Jordan Mountiiin and Quaco Head in New 42 Brunswick, and at Loch Lomond, Cheticamp, Walton, and other places in Gape Breton and Nova Scotia. A local variation is found in the New Eoss district of Nova Scotia, the only producing locality at the present time, where hard ore occurs in vein forma- tion in a biotite-granite. In the past, such deposits have been mined until some particular local enrichment was worked out, very little systematic search being made for other pockets that probably occur on the same geological horizon. These hard ores have commanded a price in normal times of $60' per ton, for the chemical, dry cell, and glass industries, and were worth con- siderably more than $100 per ton at the date of the Commission's Final Eeport. There are not yet in evidence any deposits of manganese ore in eastern Canada that offer a reasonable supply for the ferro-manganese industry in competition with foreign ores. Alberta and British Columbia. — Certain manganiferous deposits from calcareous springs in Southern Alberta, exainined in 1917, were reported to contain less than 10 per cent, of manganese. An occurrence of manganese ore near Kaslo, on Kootenay lake, British Columbia, examined for the Commission, gave indications at first of a small tonnage of 40 per cent, ore; but subsequent work disclosed more ore, and several hundred tons have been exported to the United States. In 1918, a new discovery of manganese ore near Cowichan lake, on Vancouver Island, was reported to look promising for mer- chantable metallurgical ore. It occurs as a mixture of secondary oxides, principally pyrolusite, psilomelane and manganite, derived frojn the alteration of rhodonite, which occurs in strong outcrops throughout a manganiferous area extending for a distance of over 25 miles in a north-westerly direction on the north side of Cowichan lake. In 1919, nearly 600 tons of manganese ore, containing more than 50 per cent, of manganese and less than 20 per cent, of sihca, was shipped from the Hill 60 property on Cowichaji lake before the roads became impassable on account of winter rains. An aerial tramway is to be installed, which should enable con- tinuous shipments to be made in future. About 100 tons of high-grade manganese ore was also shipped from the Curie man- ganese group, near Kaslo. Both shipments went to the Bilrowe Alloys Co., Tacoma, Washington.* The consumption of ferro-manganese in Canada for steel production during the war period was about 1,000 tons monthly, all of which had to be imported from the United ^Kingdom and the United States, at prices ranging from $200 to over $300 per ton. At the present time there is no production of ferro- manganese in Canada, but the Algoma Steel Corporation, Ltd., at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, continues to manufacture spiegeleisen in blast furnaces, and the Electro Metals Ltd., of Welland, Ontario, have commenced the production of sil'ico- manganese in electric furnaces. Ann. Rep. of the Minister of Mines, British Columbia, 1919. 24. 43 a o d o o pi I 1 a a S -«• ^5 c3 » 1 1 O) > g =rt i-H n Oi is-flt CO .r« 1 1 00 -"* <§-^al 1 1 TiT o o" IN 1^ •^ 00 to to CO CO 00 >l 1 1 rH 1-1 crt 00 eo o 00 00 to !M CN (M_ CO IM '^iO lO UO to o CTJ •-1 1 1 T— i " ^rt — T— ( (M to o 00 s ■ (M (N CO (M Quan- tity (long tons). ^ l-H OJ ■^ lO •"* ^ 1 1 -1* c^ iO to VO '-' 1 1 T-H .o^ ^ T-H to^ T— 1 ^ Cjf y-l (M ",3 Kl >o r-( ■* ^- 1— 1 00 1! T-t T-H «•'»'» 1 to ^ m to to s » 1 «rt>ffl ^ I— 1 ca 1— 1 1-H T-H CO OS i-H (N --I (M > — r (N (N T-H Quan- tity (long tuns). C^ t^ ■* VO ^ T)< OJ c~ t^ , UO T OT VO UO O (M 1 OD 1— 1 tH era" tH OD CO (N -S Tt< ^ 1—1 o o ^ ■* 1^ P, ^ T-i tH 1— 1 rA«i-^ 1 t- to CO >o T-H >o « ^ rt 1 tH T— I 1— ( T-H SJ ys o o 00 CO to CO CS (M r-4 t— 1 T-H Quan- tity (long tons). lO •>* 03 lO •* QO' 00 -r era , I> o 00 CN ^ ^ 1 T— 1 1M_ i-H (>J CM oo" ^3 00 00 T-( o Oi IT- 1^ T— 1 r-t .^•'O 1 1 CO lO lO o CO =« n K 1 1 T— 1 1—1 T-H tHT >• £ P* 6rt "^ A no lO o CO TH -1— lO >o O ^ c- •* g.-S o fl H 3 S S C3 S cn ■e=3 a d a H M a «H ■ffl Tl b n C} 0} )z< O ■e n frf^ BQ a O M ;zi -§ # H 44 Ferro- Alloys entered for consumption in Canada, by Countries. Fiscal years ended March 31. (Annual Eeports of Trade of Canada.) Perro-silicon, Spiegeleiaen and Ferro-manganese. Year. Quantity (long tons). Great Britain. Newfoundland and Labrador. Germany. United States. Total. 1913 1914 17,221 12,158 67 1,940 9,867 1,347 3,404 20,508 25,496 After 1914, the classification was amended as follows :- Spiegeleiaen and Ferro-manganese. Quantity (long tons). Total Quan- tity (long tons). Year. Containing 16 per cent, or less of manganese. ( Dutiable.) Containing over 15 per cent, of manganese. (Free.) Great Britain. Ger- many. United States. Total. Great Britain. India. France United States. Total. 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 408 8 51 120 46 1,713 213 434 593 653 2,121 221 485 713 699 5,494 6,352 4,876 4,831 9,337 201 1 10,137 4,857 5,130 6,641 20,178 15,632 11,209 10,006 11,472 29,716 17,753 11,430 10,491 12,185 30,415 Newfoundland. Extensive deposits of low-grade manganese ore have long been known to occur on the north-east coast of this Dominion along the south side of Conception Bay, associated with limestone, near the base of the Cambrian series.* Some testing of these deposits has been done, but regular mining has not yet been attempted. Wad, or bog-manganese, is stated to occur in many locaUties, but so far no high-grade manganese ore has been discovered. A sample from Conception Bay has been reported as an impure manganite, containing aS'O per cent, of manganese, 2^0 of iron, 17" 56 of silica, and 0100 of phosphorus. * J. P. Howley ; Mineral Resources of Newfoundland : St. John's, N.F., 1909. 45 -S. C. Dale* has described occurrences of manganese ore near Manuals, Topsail, Long Pond, Chapel Coys and Brigus, on Conception Bay ; also occurrences some 50 miles to the north-west on Smith Sound, Trinity Bay ; and others about 50 miles to the south-west on Placentia Bay, on the south coast. The manganese minerals and interbedded bands of jasper are stated to form zones from -20 to 30 feet in width in shales and hmestones of Lower Cambrian age. There is an exposure of nodular carbonate of manganese in Manuels Brook. One hundred and sixty-five tons of manganese ore are reported to have been shipped from Newfoundland during the year 1920. India. Exploitation of manganese ore deposits in India dates from 1892, when production on a small scale began in the Vizagapatam district, Madras Presidency. Production in the Central Pro- vinces started in 1900. The Indian manganese ore deposits of economic value can bs ' divided into three main groups — (1) Deposits associated with a series of manganiferous in- trusive rocks known as the kodurite series, consisting typically of manganese-garnet, orthoclase felspar, and apatite (phosphate of lime), from which rocks the manganese ores have been formed by the percolation of water carrying carbon dioxide and alkaline carbon- ates in solution. The depths to which these ores ex- tend is thus probably determined by that of the zone of weathering. Important examples of these deposits occur in Vizagapatam, Madras. (2) Deposits occurring in rocks of Dharwar age, either as consolidated beds of chemically-deposited manganese" dioxide, or associated with the gondite series, a group of strongly metamorphosed ma.nganese-silicate rocks resulting from the alteration of manganiferous sedi- ments. Important examples of these deposits occur in G-angpur (Bihar and Orissa), Panch Mahals (Bom- bay), Jhabua (Central India), and in Balaghat, Bhan- dara, Chhindwara and Nagpur (Central Provinces). (3) Deposits occurring on the outcrops of Dharwar rocks as replacement masses formed by the action of manganiferous solutions at and near the surface, modi- fied in some cases by subsequent segregation. Im- portant exaihples of this class occur in Singhbhum (Bihar and Orissa), Jubbulpore (Central Provinces), Goa (Portuguese India) , Bellary and Sandur (Madras) , Chitaldroog, A'iadur, Sbimoga and Tumkur (Mysore). * Manganese deposits of Conception and Trinity Bays (Newfoundland) ; Bull. Geoi. Soc. America, Xew York, 1914, 25, 73. 46 The following brief accounts of the various known deposits of manganese ore in India are derived mainly from The Manganese Ore Deposits of India, by L. L. Fermor (loc. cit.). Descriptions of Deposits. Central Peovinobs. Balaghiat District. — The deposits of this district are confined to a belt of country about 75 mil'es in length and 9 miles in width, stretching in a west-south-west direction across the centre of the district. Proceeding from west to east, the following deposits may be mentioned : — Analysis : Per cent. Man- Iron. Silica. Phos- Water. ganese. phorus. 1. West of the Wainganga river : — Ihirori. — Five parallel ore bands 52-29 7-77 3-86 0-11 0-38 exposed in places over a total length of 6 miles. Much of the ore high grade, consisting of a lurd grey mixture of psilomelaue and braunite. Ramrama. — Outcrop f mile in length. 52-78 7-88 5-35 0-09 0-22 One or two bands of good quality ore exposed. Katangjheri. — (a) Outcrop 500 yards 53-96 5-97 6-02 0-04 0-23 in length. Hard grey ore inter- banded with quartzite passing into soft lower grade ore. (b) Outcrop nearly i mile in 49-08 6-63 1-62 0-11 0-85 length. Only workable portion consists of " speckled ore." 2. East of the Wainganga river : — Balaghat. — Length of ore band, It 52-63 5-28 2-62 0-05 0-12 mile, maximum thickness about 45 feet. In part grey psilomelane, and in part light-grey crystalline hoUandite.* CT^Mo.— Length of ore band, 3 miles, 51-54 7-38 3-86 0-18 0-35 maximum thickness about 19 feet. Occurs on same horizon ae the Balaghat. Ores, psilomelane and braunite. * A munganiite of barium, manganese, and iron. 47 Bhandara District.' — The ores of this district occur as lenticular banids, associated with gondite rocks, in a series of quartzites, schists, and gneisses forming an extension of the manganese- bearing zone of western Balaghat. The rocks occupy an area '20 miles in) length with a maximum width of 18 miles in the north-west of the district. Three groups of deposits are known : — Analysis : P ar cent. Phos- •Man- Iron. Silica. Water. ganese. paorus. Group 1. Kosttmbak. — Three lenticles of ore 50-62 10-10 3-95 0-138 0-4O on one line of strike, outcropping for ^ mile. Sitapathur.—OTe band traced for 51-70 ; 8-U 6-19 0-10 0-17 1| mile. Width 12-20 feet. Ore 1 a mixture of psilomelane and braunite. Minigpur. — Six separate masses of 49-81 8-74 5-89 0-09 0-34 ore consisting of a hard grey braunite-psilomelane mixture, in- terbanded with quartzite and braunite. Group 3. Kiirmiira. — Outcrop 1} mile in 51-11 5-58 4-09 0-22 0-34 length, 40 feet in width. Ore a mixture of braunite « ith psilome- lane and pyrolusite with psilo- melane. Chikhla. — Outcrop about 2J miles 50-69 , 7-95 8-16 0-114 — in length, maximum width 80 feet. Ore a mixture of braunite and psilomelane. Sitasaongi. — Main ore band about 53-29 4-83 6-26 085 0-21 1,200-yards in length, and 12-53 feet in width. Composed of inter- banded gondite and quartz, etc., with patches of workable ore. Group 3. Pachara. — Ore band a horizontal 52-09 3-86 2-61 166 1-15 lenticular bed varying in thickness from a few inches to 5i feet. Composed of a psilomelane-bran- nite mixture. 48 Chhindwara District.— The deposits of this district occur m an area 17 miles in length from north to south, with an average width of about 7 miles." TTrie ores form lenticular bands inter- calated along the strike of a complex series of metamorphic rocks intruded by granites and pegmatites. Analysis : Per cent. Man- Iron. Silica. Phos- phorus. Arsenic. ganese. Kachi Dkana.— O Litcvop about i mile 51-87 to 2-82 to 1-lOto 0-004 to in length. Ore varies irom mixtures 56-82 5-30 16-27 0-135 of braunite and psilomelane to finely crystalline braunite with unaltered spessartite rock, etc. Sitapar. — Outcrop an elliptical hillock, 54-77 6-96 7-42 0-089 0-032 27 yards in length by 23 yards in breadth, and 20-25 feet in height. Ore-body 158 feet in length and 133 feet in thickness. The ore is unique. including six different manganese minerals. Ghoti — Two parallel ore bands, about 49-65 7-71 8-74 0-279 750 and 440 yards in length respec- tively. Ore a mixture of psilome- lane and braunite. Bowari Warhona. — Ore band, proved 53-59 5-pO 6-21 0-074 for 1,600 feet, has average thickness of about 6 feet. Ore consists of braunite, psilomelane and hoUandite in varying proportions. Nagpur District. — The ores of this district occur inj a belt form- ing a western continuation of the manganese-bearing 'rocks of Bhandara and Western Balaghat. The belt is 31 miles in length from east to west, and has a maximum breadth of 11 miles. The rocks are of the same character as those of the Chhindwara district and include acid and pyroxene gneisses, hornblende — and mica-schists, quartzites, and crystalline limestones, arranged in parallel discontinuous bands. The ore deposits are divided into two classes : — (i.) Ores occurring as lenticular bands intercalated between the gneisses, schists, and quartzites, and associated with gondite or rhodonite rock, or with both. (ii.) Ores in) crystalline limestones, in the form of lenticles or bands of nodules. 49 These two classes are subdivided into geographical groups, as follows : — Analysis : Per cent. Man- T ai- Phos- Iron. , CMlica. ganese, 1 phorus. Water. CLASS I. Group 1. Kodegaon. — Two separate ore bodies : No. 1 a 2 : 1 mixture of braunite and psilomelane, the mass being 205 feet in length by 115 feet in width. No. 2 measures 300 feet in length by 20 — 80 feet in width. Average analysis, both deposits. Gumgaon. — Ore band 1,200 feet in length by 300 feet in width, but good ore only 50 feet in width. It is a hard braunite-psilomelane mixture. Group 2. Kandri. — Ore band forms a horse-shoe curve i mile in length rising into hills having a maximum height of 260 feet. Ore is braunite with some psilomelane. Mansar. — Ore band outcrops for li mile, rising to height of 350 feet above the surrounding plain. For about two-thirds of its length, on the crest of the hill, the band consists almost entirely of high-grade ore of uniform composition, with an average thickness of 45 feet. Ore consists of braunite with hard bands cemented by psilomelane. Group 3. Parsioni.— Ore band about 2 miles in length, with average thickness of 50 feet. Beldottgri.—Oie-hois nearly 300 feet in length and about 60 feet in width, but about one-half the thickness is rendered worthless by patches of , manganese silicates. Ore varies from " friable granular braunite to hard compact varieties. 52-54 •60 4-08 53-05 54 to 57 .b4 • 46 5 56 3to5 4- 8-2 4-47 8 to 10 8-36 0-10 0-12 0-08 to 0-12 0-07 0-28 0-33 53-70 5-53 I 4-94 006 1-02 5b Average : Per cent. Man- ganese. Iron. Silica. Phos- phorus Water. Lnhdongri. — Ore-body 380 yards in length, 200 yards in breadth, and rises to a height of 30-35 feet above the general surface level. The thickness of the deposit may amount to 60 feet, practically all composed of workable ore, either coarse cry- stalline brannite, or fine-grained psilomelane with patches of braunite. Kacharwahi. — Ore-body about 100 yards in length, 92 feet in width, and of considerable depth. Composed of layers of ore 5-10 feet in thickness, interbedded with hard quartzite and soft Bchistoss rocks. Ore is a fine to coarse grained mixture of braunite and psilomelane. Waregaon. — A deposit opened up in alluvium, the ore band being exposed for length of about 300 feet, the thickness being about 30 feet. Work abandoned owing to influx of water. Group 4. Mandri. — Two roughly parallel ore bands, the northern about 270 yards in length and 6-14 feet in width, the southern about 590 yards by 24-40 feet. Manegaon. — Two bands exposed : the main about li mile in length, average width 50 feet ; the other 600 yards in length. Only a portion of these bauds is merchantable ore. Guguldoho. — Ore band li mile in length, but only 350 yards contains workable ore. CLASS II. Small masses, beds and bands of nodules in crystalline limestones, too poor to work in situ, though the residual accumulations on the sur- face are sometimes exploited profit- ably. Mandir Bir. — Residual nodular ore derived from a crystalline limestone by weathering. Band traced for over 6 miles. 47-12to 50-64 7-34 to 10-62 52-81 6-55 50-45 8-22 53-23 49-15 46-24 5-27 6-04 6-40to0-054to 7-45 0-098 7-57 6-8 0-069 0-28 0-068 0-50 10-26 16-34 50 to 52 5-31 2-90 2to4 5to9 0-106 0-09 0-188 0-05 to 0-12 0-73 0-35 0-54 51 Range of Analyses of Manganese Ores- from the gonditic deposits of the Central Provinces. (Kec. G-eol. Surv. India, 1919, 50, 292.) iNnte. — The averages of these analyses are given in brackets.] District. JSo 01 Manganese. Iron. 1 Analyses. Silica. Phos- phorus. Water. Balaghat... 13 49-08 to 54-51 5-28 to 9-10 1-62 to 602 1 0-04 to 0-24 0-12 to 0-85 Bhandara .. 13 (51-88) 49-00 to 5407 (7-40) 3-86 to 10-25 (3-74) 2-08 to 6-50 (0-11) 0-06 to 0-34 (0-37) 0-09 to 1-00 Chhindwara 9 (51-94) 48-95 to 54-97 (7-27) 5-00 to 11-77 (4-59) 4-98 to 10-63 (0-14) 0-06 to 0-28 (0-44) 0-00 to 1-27 Nagpur ... 30 (52-72) 42-28 to 56-62 (7-08) 2-09 to 16-34 (7-16) 2-90 to 18-48 (0-11) 0-04 to 0-65 (0-38) 0-11 to 1-32 (51-53) (6-24) (7-25) (0-215) (0-49) The above samples \Yere taken at or close to the surface, and deeper working is revealing a tendency towards a progressive increase of phosphorus contents with depth. Jubbulporc District. — The ores consist of manganiferous weathering products, to which Fermor has given the name " lateritoid," and may contain haematite, psilomelane or impure pyrolusite. The ores won ai'e mainly second-grade manganese ores and third-gxade fenmginous manganese-ores, and ai^e of httle vaJue economically. A few tons have been mined in recent years, possibly for spefcial pui-poses. Analysis : Per cent. • Man- ganese. :ron. Silica. Phos- phoruK. Mansakra. — Deposit colisists of brecci- ated quartzite cemented by pyrolusite and limonite with veins of pyrolusite and psilomelane. Ore-body 240 feet in length, 120 feet in breadth and 10 feet in thickness. Gosalpiir. — Deposit consists of pyrolusite nodules, with subordinate amounts of Milomelane and iron ore, forming a ayer of varying thickness in the soil. 1 ! 54-66 3-17 i i 2-74 0-1-2 52 The quality of the ores available for extraction near Sihora and Gosalpur is shown by .the following recent summary of analyses (^) :— [Note. — The averages of these analyses are given in brackets.] No. of Analyses. Manganese. Iron. Silica. Phos- phorus. Water. Manganese ore. Manganifer- ous iron- ore. 34-53 to 56-80 (45-56) 6-20 to 25-60 (20-26) 1-60 to 10-30 (4-79) 19-17 to 47-10 (28-78) 1-40 to 4-79 (2-68) 4-40 to 23-40 (12-99) 0-03 to 0-46 (0-215) 0-02 to 0-85 (0-25) 03-9 to O-90 (0-56) 0-12 to 0-66' Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 1919, 50, 293. Bombay Pebsidbncy. Panch Mahals. . Analysis : Per cent. Man- ganese. Iron. Silica. Phos- - phorus. Water. Sivarajpur. — Ore-bodies of considerable size occur along the crest of a ridge for about 3 mi es. Ores consist of psilomelane with some braunite and jyrolusite, and have been partly ::ormed by replacement of limonitic quartzites of the Dharwar series. 30-20!to 49-35 3-05 to 6-25 2-80 to 40-65 0-16 to 0-25 0-30 to 0-40 Central India. Jhabua. Analysis : Per cent. • Man- ganese. Iron. Silica. Phos- phorus. Kajlidongri.— The ores outciop for length of 1,000 yards and form a bed 20 feet in thickness associated with phyllites, gondite and quartzites. Ores consist of braunite and Ttiiytures of braunite and psilomelane : — Northern portion Southern portion 46 to 52 46 to 48 8 to 9 8 to 9 7 toll 6 to 9 0-15 to 0-30 0-08 0-25 53 Mysore State. The maoiganese ores of Mysore are all of a superficial character. Theyi form masses, often of considerable size, in thei weathered portion of the rock, and occur also as con- cretionary nodules and nests in the underlying lithomarges, phyllites and quartzites, either as psilomelane or as pyrolusite. The depth of the deposits is shallow and the grade of the ores comparatively low. They contain high percentages of iron, but are low in silica and phosphorus. The deposits occur on the outcrops of the Dharwar rocks of the plateau of Mysore. Chitaldroog District. — At Sudarhalli, in this district, a replace- ment deposit, varying in thickness from 2 to 20 feet, caps the surface of a hill; it contains psilomelane, and about 10,000 tons of ore may be available. Many similar deposits are known to occur in the district. Kadur District. — In this district large deposits of nodular psilomelane occur in a clay matrix at the base of Kannikalmatti- Hill. Shi7)ioga District. — The principal deposits of this district are in the Shikarpur, Kumsi, Channagiri, Tuthalli and Shimc^a taluks. The ores occur as superficial masses, resting on the outcrops of the Dharwar rocks, usually forming horizontal cappings on the tops of the hills. The ores are usually of second or third grade, containing on an average about 47 per cent, of manganese. Tumkur District. — The deposits of this district are all situated within 12 miles of Chiknayakanhalh. The ores are of poor quality, probably averaging not more thar; from 42 to 45 per cent, of manganese. Bihar and Orissa (Gangpur District). Analysis : Per cent. Man- Iron. Silica. Phos- phorus. Oariajhon. — Outcrops of man- ganese ore occur in a band of gondite rocks extending for about 3i miles. The most important ore-body forms the crest of G-ariajhon hill, and is about 720 feet in length and 10-20 feet in thickness. 46-48 to 58-64 1-70 to 16-33 0-65 to 11-20 0-08 to 0-15 54 Madras Peesidbnct. Bellary District {Sandur Hills). — The Sandur Hills are com- posed of bands of schists, phyUites, and ferruginous quaxt/ites with interbedded igneous rocks. The whole series is disposed in a great syncUnal trough, and the ores are almost entirely confined to the crest and western slopes of the western limb of the syn- cUne, being especiaily developed on the outcrops of the phyUites, which have been impregnated anid replaced by ore. The prin- cipal constituents of the ores are psilomelane and wad. Second- ary pyrolusite and manganite occur in cavities. Braunite is found in smaller amount. The total reserves of the Sandur Hills have been estimated at about 10 milUon tons, including fer- ruginous manganese-ores. As a rule, the ores are not of high grade, although the proportions of sihca and phosphorus are low ; they usually conrtain a high percentage of iron oxide. A typical analysis shows 45 per cent, of manganese, 12 of iron, about 1 of .silica, and O'Ol of phosphorus. , Vizagapatami District. — The composition of the ores associated with the kodurite series of this district varies in different localities, the principal ores consisting of psilomelane with subordinate a,mounts of pyrolusite and braunite. The ores vary from fer- ruginous manganese-ores, /lontaining from 13 to 19 per cenit. of iron, to manganese ores with 43 to 50 per cent, of manganese. The proportion of phosphorus is often rather high, but that of silica is comparatively low. Analysis : Per cent. Man- ganese. Iron. Silica. Phos- phorus Kodur. — Here a manganiferous belt about 3 miles in length is worked at intervals. Garbham. — Ore-body has proved length of 2,200 feet, and possibly extends for a further 2,000 feet. It is 167 feet in thickness at the middle, and Las been proved to a depth of at least 100 feet. The ores consist chiefly of a dull grey psilomelane with patches of other ores, and are generally of third grade and often highly ferruginous — Manganese ore Ferruginous manganese-ore 47-11 45-39 35-43 9.70 9-99 19 -.32 3-15 4-43 6-90 0-191 0-45 0-423 Deposits of manganese ores have been found in numerous other localities. 55 Production and Exports of Manganese Ore, British India. For the quinquennial period 1909-10 to 1913-14 the total re- corded export of Indian manganese ore amounted to 3,035,530 tons (not including exports via Mormugao, Portuguese India), the yeaxly average being 607,106 tons. These exports were dis- tributed as follows : — Country Percentage. United Eingdom 318 Belgium United States France Holland Germany Japan Italy Austria-Hungary 24-7 •21-8 16-0 3-] 11 0-6 0-5 0-4 Total ... 1000 During the war the Belgian market for Indian manganese ores was lost, while exports to the United States were greatly diminished. The following tables show (1) the quantities of mauganese ore- produced annually in British India during the war (calendar years), with the shares of the different pro^mices, and (2) the quantity and value of the manganese ore exports during the period (fiscal year?), showing the distribution of the shipments. Production of Manganese Ore in British India. (Statistical Abstracts relating to India, and Rec. Creol. Surv. India.) Quantity (long tons). Year. ♦ + § II % Totals for whole of Bihar and Bombay. Central Central Madras. Mysore. British Orissa. India. Provinces. India. 1913 li;215 40,914 6,814 649,307 96,296 10,501 81.5,047 1914 6,070 27,223 6,642 564,890 60,018 18,055 682,898 1915 507 26,915 366 399,215 288 23,125 4; 0,416 1916 2,834 55,876 — 558,828 2,755 24,911 64,=),204 1917 11,906 27,107 — 517,841 i,t;82 32,277 590,813 1918 16,345 38,095 — 438,628 2,230 22,655 517,953 1919 21,533 44,533 441,475 2,778 24,.;76 534,995 * Ganspur and Singhbhum. § Balaghat, Bhandara, Chhindwara, t Panch Mahals and Chota Udepur. Nagpur, and Jubbulpore. t Jhabua. il Sandur a ad Vizagapatam ^ Chiefly Shimoga. The VBjlues per ton (.f.o.b. at Indiani ports) of ore produced by the respective provinces in 1918 were : — Bihar ajid Orissa, £2 6; Bombay, £-2-6; Central R-ovinces, ,f 29 ; Madras, £1-5; Mysore, £r9. 56 Exports of Manganese Ore from British India. (Fiscal years ended March 31st.) Values f.o.b. at Indiam Ports. (Annual Statement, Sea-Borne Trade of British India.) T^r\ Quantity (long tons). 1914. 1915. ■ 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom Egypt (*) 258,776 227,281 380,967 463,850 200 313,468 295,230 Total to British Empire. 258,776 227,281 380,967 464,050 313,468 295,230 Austria-Hung Belgium Prance Germany Holland Italy ... Japan ... China (f) United States ary 10,310 187,821 103.847 18,950 8,200 7,800 16,018 106,327 4,030 66,043 46,326 14,250 9,157 73,503 20,000 20,850 3,346 47,400 61,940 28,400 17.480 1 65,062 48,055 10,200 17,557 44,051 6,560 57,400 1,575 14,996 9,600 Total to Foreign Countries. 459,273 213,309 91,596 172,883 119,863 90,131 Total 718,049 440,590 472,563 636,933 433,331J 385,361 Share of Bengal „ Bombay ,, Madrai^ 74,575 606,724 36,750 61,054 365,286 14,250 77,648 392,915 2,000 233,337 394,146 9,450 17.8,323t 247,608 7,400 204,935 180,376 50 Total (tons) ... 718,049 440,590 472,563 636,933 433,331t 385,361 Total (i Average value ?alue) ... per ton £ 808,763 s. d. 22 6-3 £ 502,019 s. d. 22 9-5 £ 553,906 s. d. 23 5-3 £ 836,171 s. d. 26 3-1 £ 571,121$ s. d. 26 4-3 £ 501,533 s. d. 26 0-4 * Included in " Foreign Countries " prior to 1915-16. t Exclusive of Hongkong and Macao. X Includes 1,501 tons of ferro-manganese, valued at £23,347. By calendar years, the quantities of manganese ore exported were as follows :— 1933, 772,336 tons; 1914, 537,960 tons; 1915, 418,733 tons; 1916, 580,328 tons; 1917, 514,424 tons- 1918 350,826 tons; 1919, 370,459 tons; and 1920, 711,424 tons. Indian Ferro-Manganese. Ferro-manganese appears in the Indian export returns for the first time m the fiscal year 1916-17. The alloy is made by the Tata Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., at Jamshedpur (late Sakchi) in 57 Bihar and Orissa, and the Bengal Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., at Kulti, BengaJ. The quantities and values of ferro-manganese exported are as follows : — (Handbook of Commercial Information for India, by the Col- lector of Customs, Calcutta. Annual Statement of the Seor- Borne Trade of British India, Vol I.) Fiscal Year.* 1916-17. 1917-18. 1918-19. Quantity, tons Yalus, total „ per ton 2,608 £60,424 463s. i-bd. 2,101 £38,346 365s. 0-3d. 10,878 £272,045 500s. 2 -Id. The exports of ferro-manganese in 1918-19 were distributed as follows, the port of shipment being Calcutta : — (AnniiaJ Statement of Sea-Borne Trade of British India, 1918-19, Vol. I.) To BritiBh Possessions : United Kingdom Natal Canada Total to British Possessions Foreign Countries : France Italy United States Japan ... ... Total to Foreign Countries Quantity (long tons). 103 50 1,997 Value t (£). 2,572 1,250 49,933 2,150 53,755 999 4,453 900 2,376 24,993 111,313 22,500 59,484 8,728 218,290 Total 10,878 272,045 Labour. Some 20,000 workers are employed annually in the manganese quarries. In Vizagapatam and Mysore, native labour is easily obtainable ; but in the Central Provinces, Central India and the Sandur Hills, workers have frequently to be imported. The rates of wages paid to labourers in the Central Provinces vary from 3 to 8 annas per day. The mine owners usually work through con- tractors, paying them at a given rate per 1,000 cubic feet of stacked and clean ore, and for dead-work per 1,000 cubic feet of cavity made by the removal of soft " deads," or, in the case of hard " deads," per 1,000 cubic feet of stacked waste. * Ended March 31. t Rupees converted at R.15 = £1. 1918-19 was Is. o-544d. per rupee. The average rate of exchange during 58 Royalty. As a general rule, mines in British India are subject to a royalty of 2^ per cent, on the sale value of ore at the pit's mouth ; but,asthis is inconvenient tousers in the case of manganese ores, the rate has been fixed as follows, except in the case of Madras : I anna per ton of ore when the price per unit of first-grade ore is Sd., and J anna for each additional penny in the unit price up to lid. When the price per unit is 12rf. the royalty is 3 annas per ton of ore, an addition of 1 anna being made for each additional penny in the unit price up toi lid. , the scale thereafter up to 18d. being enhanced by a further 2 annas for every extra penny in the unit price. The royalties in the Indian States are generally considerably higher than this. , Average Cost of Indian Manganese Ore Delivered c.i.f. at English and Continental Ports. The average cost per ton of Indian manganese ore in general delivered c.i.f. at English ports during^ the period under review can be calculated from the table (p. 28) showing the quantitiep and values of manganese ore imported into the United Kingdom. The following table shows the average cost per long ton delivered c.i.f. at English and Continental Ports of manganese ore from the different producing' areas in India, immediately prior to the war (rupees converted at rate of Es. 15 = £1 then ruling) :• — (Eec. Geol. Surv. India, 1015, 46, 150.) Producing Area. Port from which exported. Bombay. Calcutta. Viza- gapatam. MormugSo. Central Provinoes Gangpur, Bihar and Orissa ... Jhabua, Central India Panch Mahals, Bombay Vizagapaiam, Madras Sandur,. Madras Mysore s. d. 35 10 29 7 35 4 s. d. 42 2 29 9 s. d. 31 3 8. d. 31 3 39 4 Prices of Indian Manganese Ores during the War Period. The normal pre-war market prices of Indian manganese ores in London were approximately as follows :- — Pence per unit. 1st grade ores (50 per cent, manganese and upwards) 10 2nd grade ores (48-50 per cent.) 9-9^ 3rd grade ores (48-50 per cent.) &-9 69 In 1914 the average price per unit was 9d. as against lid. in 1913. When war broke out, the hostile European markets and those of Belgium and Holland were closed, and direct export to the United States was prohibited ; and, although there was a rise in the price in the last quarter of the year, only isolated cargoes were sold, the rise being due solely to enhanced freight rates, consequent on the shortage of shipping tonnage. During the first half of 1915, the Indian manganese industry was greatly depressed. In August of that year a strong demand for ore arose in the United Kingdom, France, and the United States; but, owing to shortage of shipping, especially towards the end of the year,- this could not be fully met. In consequence, prices advanced, 17W. per unit being reached, but this followed the abnormal increase in ocean freightSj insurance, and other charges incidental to shipping, the result to the mine-owner being no better than in normal times. Throughout 1916, there was a strong demand for manganese ore for munition pm-poses in all the allied countries, and the Indian mines were vigorously worked. The shortage of shipping was to some extent reheved by special anungements made by the Government. Prices continued to advance, and the average rate per unit for the year was 29^^. Against this there had to be set a further increase in freights and other charges, but the results were more favourable to the mine-owner than those of 3915. In 1917, the demand for ore continued strong from all the alhed countries. The shortage of shipping also continued, but, as in 1916, was relieved by special arrangements. The rise in prices persisted, the average rate per vmit for the year being 37Jd. The further rise in freights, insurance and other charges resulted, however, in the min&^wner being in about the same position as in 1916. In 1918, a fair demand continued until the signing of the Armistice, when there was an appreciable abatement. Prices rose to 44d. per unit, but this record figure was due entirely to the further increase in ocean freights, which reached 126Js. per ton, with the consequence that the net results to the mine-owner were no better than in the two preceding years. The demand for Indian manganese ore during 1919 was smaller than in the previous year, and prices averaged only about 28 Jd. per unit. The average ocean freight, however, fell to about 78s. 6d. per ton, and this decrease counterbalanced the dechne in prices, the net result to the exporter being about the same as in 1918. Australia. The production of manganese ore in Australia is very small, owing to the limited domestic demand for such material; but it is believed that, with the development of iron and steel manu- facture in the Commonwealth, production will be stimulated, and 60 that sufficient manganese ore could be raised to supply the full requirements of that industry. Ncic South Wales.— Ores of manganese have been found in considerable quantities in many parts of this State, but generally in localities somewhat remote from the coast and lacking proper transport facilities. The deposits occur in Palseozoic and Mesozoic strata, in Pleistocene clays, and associated with intru- sive hornblendic rocks and serpentines. The commonest ores are pyrolusite and psilomelane, but manganite, dialogite, rhodonite, and braunite are also found. Manganiferous iron-ores occur, in the Mudgee district. The total recorded output of manganese ore in New South Wales up to the end of 1912 was only 577 tons, valued at ±1,662, these figures representing exports. The production since then is shown in the general table for the Commonwealth . Victoria. — Manganese oxide occurs in the Snowy Eiver porphyries at Nowa Nowa and in a lode near the Buchan-Snowy Eiver junction. East Gippsland ; but the very small quantity of manganese ore hitherto produced in this State has come from deposits in a vein stockwork at Heathcote, Bendigo District. There appears to have been no output since the end of 1916, up to which 'date the total production of Victoria was only 247 tons, value £919. Queensland. — The manganese ore occurrences of this State have been described by B. Dunstan.* The most' important are in the Gladstone and Eockhampton districts, the mine at Mount Miller near the former town being by far the largest producer of manganese ore in the State. The occurrences are principally in ferruginous slates, schists, quartzites, and other altered sedi- mentary rocks. In the Gladstone district the deposits are sometimes lenticular, but in generaJ irregular in shape and occurrence, the manganese ore area being roughly 15 miles in length with a maximum width of 12 miles. The workings of the Mount Miller mine are situated in a hill rising about 400 feet above the Calliope Eiver, the width of clean ore varying from 3 to 21 feet. The ore is chiefly psilomelane, but contains also pyrolusite, the impurities being mainly silica and country rock. During the period 1895-1913, this mine produced 14,172 tons of manganese ore, containing on an average 75 per cent, of manganese dioxide (equivalent to about 47 per cent, of manganese). In July, 1914, the ore resei-ves were estimated by Ij. C. Ballt at 35,350 tons, containing from ].8 to 51 per cent, of manganese. Of this, 26,925 tons were estimated to contain from 40 to 51 per cent, of manganese. The phosphorus content is not, so far as known, high enough to affect prejudicially the value of the Mount Miller ore; but silica is present in large amounts in some of it, and, * Queensland Mineral Deposits ; Queensland Govt. Min. Journ., Brisbane, 1917, 18, 286. t Mount Miller Manganese Mine ; Queensland Govt. Min. Journ., Brisbane, 1915, 18, 12. 61 according to Ball, is likely to increase as depth is attained and psiloraelane gives way to braunite and rhodonite. Analyses of the highest-grade ore showed 5 per cent, of sihca, and the per- centage in the ore of the deeper levels is so high that selective minitig, and possibly surface treatment in addition, would be required to give a product acceptable by smelters. The output has been used at the Mount Morgan gold mine in the chlorination process. Occasional small shipments of manganese ore have also been made since 1895 from deposits at Auckland Hill in the same district, the ore averaging 65 per cent, of manganese dioxide. Manganese is common in the rocks of the Gympie Goldfield, in Middle Gympie formation, and there is said to be a large area of undeveloped manganese-bearing country in this region, the deposits occurring as irregular masses in slate, quartzite, and jasper.* Manganese deposits have also been worked on a small scale in the Gore district, and occurrences in the Cairns district have recently been described by H. I. Jensen, t who estimates the deposits of that region as being both large and of high average grade, and therefore likely to prove very valuable. Western Australia. + — Deposits of manganese ore occur in many localities of this State, but there has been practically no produc- tion of such ore up to the present time. In 1908-9, 2 tons, valued at £4, and in 1914-15, 3 cwt., produced in the South- West Division, were exported, the precise locality from which these small quantities were obtained not being reported. The most important manganiferous iron-ore deposits so far discovered in Western Australia occur on the South Coast. Large deposits of such ore exist in the Byre Eange, between Phillips and Hamersley Rivers, near Culham. Inlet, but no mining has been done on these. About 5 tons of manganese ore are stated to have been exported from the south coast, but nothing is known as to the nature and geological relations of the deposit worked. A manganese deposit of the true fissure lode type has been opened out to a slight extent on the Hamersley Hiver, this occurring in association with the sedimentary quartzites of the Mount Barren Ranges. The lode trends generally east and west across the Hamersley Gorge. An analysis showed the following percentage composi- tion : — manganese, 32'58 ; ferric oxide, 21'31 ; water, 644; insoluble, 21-12 ; and undetermined, 1'30. Cobaltiferous manganese ores occur in the Barren Ranges, on Gardner River, samples yielding : manganese, 34'67 to 41'86 per cent.; cobalt, 0"39 to 067; nickel, trace to 0-25; silica, 15-32 to 17-94 ; with 1-8 to 2-7 dwt. of silver per ton. * Ferro-Alloys and Alloy Steels : Bull. No. 9, Advisory Council of Science and Industry, Commonwealth of Australia, Melbourne, 1918. t The Manganese Ores of the Cairns District : Queensland Govt. Min. Journ., Brisbane, 1919, 20, 53. + A. Gr. Maitland ; The Manganese Deposits of Western Australia : Mining Handbook Ueol. Surv. Memoir No. 1, Chapter II, Economic Geology, Perth , W.A., 1919. 62 A deposit of high-grade nianganese ore (pyrolusite and psilomelane) occurs at Desmond, in the PhilUps Eiver Goldfield, on the old Mt. Chester Lease M.L. 250. The lode can be followed along the surface for about 800 feet, the deposit, which has an underlie of 70° to 75° to the south-west, lying in a belt of schists forming the Eavensthorpe series. A clean body of ore, 20 feet in width, was exposed by a trench, and an adit driven 90 feet below the outcrop cut the lode at 300 feet in, the ore-body measuring 20 feet across and containing two veins of manganese ore, the larger being 9 feet in width. Two samples yielded the following percentages on assay : (1) massive dense pyrolusite : manganese, 48-20 per cent. ; "iron, 9-80; silica, 2-20 ;_ (2) soft powdery pyrolusite: manganese, 21'41 ; iron, 27'35 ; silica, r76. A complete analysis of another sample froni this locality gave : manganese, 43-99 per cent.; ferric oxide, 7-77; sihca, 10-84; phosphorus pentoxide, 0-18 ; cobalt oxide, 0-45 : nickel oxide, 006 ; alumina, 3-91. Many of the Western Australian laterites contain appreciable quantities of manganese, sometimes as more or less spherical concretions ; but it is regarded as unlikely that they will ever constitute a source of exploitable manganese ores. It has recently been reported* that a company owning deposits of manganese ore at Horseshoe Bange, Peak Hill Goldfield, is seeking authority to construct a railway, 87 miles in length, from the locality to Meekatharra, which is 369 miles by rail from the port of Geraldton. The State Mining Engineer, in a recent report on the Horseshoe Range, stated that a safe estimate of the ore available would be IJ million tons from open excavations on the superficial crust, with probably larger quantities below. In addition there are said to be very large quantities of ferruginous manganese-ore, which would be valuable for iron and steel manufacture. Analyses of bulk samples at the laboratory of the Geological Survey showed percentages ranging as follows : — Per cent. Per cent Manganese ... 2416 to 52-14 (Manganese dioxide ... 59-15 , 78-34) (Manganous oxide ... 2-91 5-71) Iron ... 3-48 , 34-49 (Ferric oxide ... 4-97 , 49-27) Silica ... 0-36 2-82 Water ... 0-43 0-88 It will be noted that the percentage of silica is satisfactorily low. The percentage of phosphorus is not stated. The State Mining Engineer calculates that the total cost of production and delivery to the European market would be i'6 5s. per ton, the expenses being apportioned as follows : mijiing, * Chem. Eng. and Min. Rev., Melbourne, 1920, 13, 97. 63 3s.; road tranaport, £2; rail transport, la.; port expenses, 10s.; treight, ±2 15s. ; insurance, landing expenses, agency, etc., 10s. Jrie estimates that ore from this locality containing 46 per cent of manganese would yield a substantial profit. The manufacture ot terro-manganese from the lower-grade ferruginous ore for export is suggested. South Australia. —Production of manganese ore in this State began m 1882 and was continuous until 1895, the output to th^ end of that year amounting to 13,112 tons, valued at £45,911. This ore appears to have been mamly produced at the Soutli A.ustralian Mine, Boolcunda Creek, near Willochra, where there are four parallel lodes, one averaging 9 feet in width and the others from 2 to 5 feet, composed of pyrolusite, manganite and psilomelane. For 1896-1900 no production is recorded; for 1901-1903 the output was only 160 tons, valued at £411; and there was no further, prod action of the ore until after the outbreak of the war. The output since then is given in the general table for the Commonwealth. Manganese deposits are being worked by the Australian Manga- nese Company and others on the western sidejof Pernatty Lagoon, the niain group of claims being about 4 miles N.E. from Woocalla, 71 miles from Port Augusta on the railway to Kalgoorlie. These deposits have been described by the Government Geologist.* The first claims w^orked for manganese in this locality appear to have been taken up in 1914, when 50 tons of 50 per cent, ore were raised ; but it was not until 1916 that the deposits attracted much attention. A reddish quartzite or sandstone forms the bed rock of the district. At the manganese claims, an extensive formation of impure manganiferous and ferruginous dolomite rests on the quartzite, the ore deposits occurring as segregations in the residual clay resulting from the decomposition of the dolomite. In the case of the larger deposits, only occasional outcrops of manganese ore and dolomite, and, to some extent, the colour of the overlying soil, afford any guide to their limit. Owing to the nature of the deposits and the want of sufficient prospecting, it is- impossible to estimate the total tonnage of ore ; but it is regarded as certain that a very large amount is obtainable from the various leases and claims of the AustraUan Manganese Company, and that further prospecting will add considerablj'^ to the known occurrences. A large tonnage of ore suitable for steel manufacture can be obtained by sorting the masses of ore from the clay, with but little cleaning ; while also a considerable tonnage of chemical grade ore can be obtained by selection. Mining is cheap, the overburden being generally not more than 2 feet in thickness, and little or no explosives being required. The total quantity of ore shipped by the Australian Manganese Company from their workings at Pernatty Lagoon from January, 1917, to April, 1919, was 841 tons, of which 735 tons were sold. * Review of Mining Operations in South Australia, No. '25 (July -December 1916), and No. 31 (July-December, 1919) : Dept. of Mines, Adelaide. 64 Of this total, two lots, analysed in London, gave the following results after drying at 212°F. : — Manganese dioxide Manganous oxide Ferric oxide Silica Alumina Lime Magnesia . . . Sulphuric anhydride Phosphoric acid ... Oxide of copper ... Carbon dioxide Combined water . . . Metallic manganese Metallic iron Sulphur Phosphorus An analysis of a shipment of 102 tons, made in New York, is stated by the Company to have shown L5'62 per cent, available oxygen (equivalent to 84'87 per cent, of manganese dioxide), and 3' 44 per cent, of iron. Production of Manganese Ore in the Australian Commonwealth. 1.— 164 tons. Lot 2. — 152 tons. Per cent. Per cent. 86-64 85-83 1-49 1-61 4-29 4-89 1-80 1-60 118 1-48 0-40 0-30 0-18 0-19 0-26 0-242 0-078 0-089 0-02 trace trace trace 3-37 3-62 99-708 99-851 55-93 55-51 3-00 3-42 0-104 0-097 0-034 0-039 New South Wales. Victoria. Queensland. Weitern Australia. South Australia. Total. Year. Quan- Quan- Quan- Quan- Quan- Quan- tity Value tity Value tity Value tity Value tity Value tity Value (long (£). (long (£). (long {£). (long (£). (long {£). (long (£). tons). tons). tons). tons). tons). tons). 1913 27 163 27 163 1914 — — 20 70 6 27 — — — — 20 97 1915 713 535 97 337 200 820 — 3 250 563 1,260 2,258 1916 1,924* 1,443* 85 300 643 2,793 544 2,700 3,196 7,236 1917 3,721* 2,791* 21 105 — 264 1,597 4,006 4,493 1918 6,512* 6,228* — — 1,299 4,151 1,080 17,876 8,891 28,266 1919 4,661 13,953 — — ■ 20 — — — 298 1,490 4,969 — Exports only. New Zealand- Manganese minerals occur in many parts of New Zealand, but the production of manganese ore in the Dominion has never been large, the total quantity exported from 1878 (when shipments began) to 1911 (when exportation entirely ceased) bein^, according to the Annual Mines Eeports, 19,364 tons, valued at £61,906. It is not expected that exportation of manganese ore 65 could be profitably undertaken in the future, although there are a number of deposits that will be valuable when steel-making, glass-manufacture, and other industries requiring manganese have been established in the Dominion. A hst of the localities in which manganiferous minerals occur has been given by P. G. Morgan,* the most common occurrences being manganite and psilomelane.' FOEEIGN COUNTEIES. Austria, Hungary, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The average annual output of these countries for the period 1910-1912 was approximately as follows : — Austria^Hungary, 21,000 long tpns; Bosnia-Herzegovina, 5,100 tons. For the years 1909-1913, the separate production of Austria averaged 15,465 tons ajinually, and that of Hungary, 13,737 tons.t The outputs during the war period, so far .as statistics are at present available, are shown in the table giving the world's production. Not only has the production been small, but the ore is generaJly of low grade, and the steel industry has normally obtained practically aU of its requirements of the material from Russia. The principal producing districts are situated in Carniola and the Bukovidna. According to H. K. Scott, t rhodonite is found at Vigmisica, Carniola, as irregular bands in the Triassic strata; at Flatten, in Bohemia, manganese ore occurs as films and stockworks in granite and mica-schists ; at Krogle (near Donina), in Istria, the mineral is reported to oontain 40 per cent, of manganese; at Kaskogerl, in Styria, rhodochrosite is found in Silurian limestone ; at Felso-Visso, in Hungary, the same mineral occurs as beds ; at Cevljanovio and Derazevic, near Serajevo, in Bosnia, the ore (pyrolusite and psilomelane) occurs in the Triassic strata and contains about 46 per cent, of manganese. The manganese ore-bodies in the Bukowina§ (investigated by Scott in 1913) are situated on the slopes of the Carpathian Mountains in the Dorria Vatra district, the principal deposit, that of Arschitza, occurring near the village of Jacobeni. The exploratory work on the different outcrops of manganese ore was originally undertaken about the middle of the last century to discover iron ore suitable for use in blast and puddling furnaces, but the phosphorus and manganese in the Jacobeni Hmonite prevented its successful utilization. The ores now mined in the district occ-ur as lenticular bodies, composed principally of rhodochrosite with some manganese as silicate, enclosed in mica schists, the carbonate being altered into manganese and iron oxides for a considerable depth below the surface. The average analysis of dried samples of ore from the three principal lenses developed at Arschitza, taken from the outcrop to the first level, * The N. Z. Journ. of Science and Technology, "Wellington, 1919, 2, 113. j The Mineral Industry, New York, 1916. J Manganese Ores of the Bnkowina ; Joiarn. Iron and Steel Inst., London, 191P, 94, 288. § By the Treaty signed at Trianon on 4th June, 1920, the Bukowina became part of the Kingdom of Eumania. 32710 C 66 a depth of about 300 feet, showed the fo] lowing percentage composition: — manganese, 33'06; iron, 14o0; silica, 17 36; phosphorus, 0"45. The average of the different official analyseB of the mineral produced at the mine showed in the dry ore 30'30 per cent, of manganese and 0'34 per cent, of phosphorus. Samples taken by Scott of the washed-ore output of the dressing plant showed average percentages in the dried material as follows : — Manganese Tron Silica Phosphorus Washed Ore 1st grade. 2nd grade. Average, Per cent. 44-80 11-70 5-05 0-365 Per cent. 41-90 12-2 + 8-05 0-4:'.n Per cent. 42-90 12-06 7-20 0-41 Manganese Waste. Per cent. 27-90 17-04 20-30 0-534 Manganese Mud. Per cent. 28-20 12-12 29-10 0-390 The 1st grade product amounted to 12'8 per cent, of the out- put of the plant, the 2nd grade to 22'2 per cent., the manganese waste to 375 per cent. , and the maaiganese mud to 19"2 per cent., while waste to- river amounted to 8" 3 per cent. The washed ore and manganese waste were sold to makers of ferro-manganese for the Austrian market, the former on a 46 per cent, and the latter on a 28 per cent, manganese basis, with a phosphorus penalty in both cases. The manganese mud was purchased by the Austrian Mining and Ironworks Company on a 28 per cent, manganese basis vidth a phosphorus penalty, and worked up in a rotary furnace with burnt pyrites and hot-blast stove flue dust. Selected crude ore was sold for use in the manufacture of basic pig-iron, the basis of sale being 37 per cent, mangaaese with a phosphorus penalty. Selected peroxide ore was sold to glass and chemical manufacturers, to the former on a 65 per cent, and to the latter on a 70 to 75 per cent, manganese pieroxide basis. Schemes were under consideration in 1913 for more extensiY© mine development and the erection of a new dressing plant to handle 50,000 tons of ore per annum. Some 200,000 tons of ore had already been mined, and calculations showed that over 150,000 tons still remained unextracted in the lenses above No. 1 Level, while further quantities of both oxide and carbonate ore were expected to be proved at lower levels. Imports and Exports of Manganese Ore into and from Austria-Hungary . (Stahl u. Eisen, 1919, 33, 951.) Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Imports Exports (long tons). (long tons). ■66,197 541 54,645 233 201 165 1,035 516 150 3,920 67 Belgium- Small deposits of impure, low-grade manganiferous ore, suit- able for the making of spiegeleisen, occur in the valley of the Liemie, province of Liege. Production began to assume fairly considerable size in 1887, when a branch railway to the district was completed. In 1888, an output of 27,340 tons was obtained but onlly about 14,200 tons were produced in 1902, and for the next few years there was practically no output. The production rose in 1908 to over 7,000 tons, but fell to 6,170 tons in 1909, after which year no mining appears to have been done until the Germans began to work the deposits in 1915. The Belgian man- ganiferous ore deposits, which are of two different types, sedi- mentary beds and alteration products in pockets, occur in the communes of Bihain, Malempr^, Arbrefontaine (province of Luxembourg) and Lierneux (province of Li^ge). Analyses of samples taken by a German engineer in 1915 showed the follow- ing percentage composition* : — Manganese, 24" 14 to 2949 ; iron, 7'10 to 16"93 ; siKca, 21"55 (average) ; phosphorus, 0"44 (aver- age). According to L. Eyben, director of the Societe Maritime et Qomm'erciale d.'Anvers,+ the annual consumption of manganese ore in Belgium is normally 115,000 to 120,000 tons, white the quantity of ferro-manganese imported annually is 10,000 to 15,000 tons, that of spiegeleisen being about the same. Belgium does not produce these alloys. In addition to the manganese ore con- sumed in the country, a large tonnage is received from abroad for consumers in Germany, Luxembourg (Grand Duchy) and other European countries. Next to the United Kingdom, Belgium has normally been the largest buyer of Indian manganese ore, the proportion of the Indian exports received from April 1st, 1912, to March 31st, 1914, being 25'16 per cent., and for the financial year 1914-1915 (in which the war started), 15 per cent. Russian exports of man- ganese ore to Belgium in 1912 and 1913 represented 19' 15 per cent., and in 1914, 22'75 per cent., of the total exports from the Tchiaturi field. Asi a purchaser of Brazilian manganese ore, Belgium ranked third in order of importance (taking in 1913, 6"42 per cent, and in 1914, 5 per cent, of the Brazilian exports), the United Sta.tes being the largest buyer and the United Kingdoiji the second largest Before the war, the Industrial and Commercial Company of Antwerp was one of the chief operating companies in the Tchiaturi district, owning a plant capable of producing 100,000 tons of 53 to 54 per cent, washed manganese ore per annum. * Annales des Mines de Belgique, Brussels, 1920, 21, 36. t Ibid., 14. 32710 C 2 68, Production of Manganese Ore in Belgium. {Statistique des Industries Extractives et M^tallurgiques.) Quantity Value* Year. (long tons). (£)■ 1913 — — 1914 — — 1915 492 400 1916 3,808 3,412 1917 1,988 2,024 The production for 1918 is elsewhere stated as 2,569 tons. Imports of Manganese Ore into Belgium (Prmcipal Sources) J From 1912. (India, 1912-13.) 1913. (India, 1913-14.) 1914. (India, 1914-15.) Quantity (long tons). Quantity (long tons). Quantity (long tons). India Russia (Tchiaturi) ... Brazil 171,066 193,500 187,821 182,500 11,610 66,043 154,467 10,430 The foUowiag table shows the sources and ultimate destinations of manganese ore imported into Belgium during the first six months of 1914t : — Source of Supply, Imported into Exported from or Destination. Belgium. Belgium. Quantity Quantity (long tons). (long tons) Germany 317 56,033 Brazil . 10,430 — Spain 9,564 — Luxembourg (Grand Duchy) . — 2,233 British India . 104,184 — Portuguese India 6,986 — Eussia (Caucasus and Nikopol) . .. 147,919 1 Other Countries ... 1,700 871 Total ... . 281,100 59,138 Retained in Belgium (by difference) ... 221,962 In 1919, 55,304 tons of manganese ore were imported into Belgium.! . * Values converted to Ji sterling at the rate of 25 fr. := £1. t Based on manganese ore exports of the respective countries. % Annaleg des Mines de Belgique, 1920, 31, 14. (Quoted from the Bulletin of Foreign Trade of Belgium, Ministry of Finance). § Stahl u. Eisen, Diisseldorf, 5th August, 1920, 1056. 69 The tonnage remaining for consumption in Belgium was abnormally large, and it is suggested that a large part of it was destined for Grermany, who would expect to find it in stock at Antwerp after invading the country. Deposits of manganese ore of good quahty exist at Katanga, Belgian Congo, but these appear unlikely to be worked owing, to their great distance from the coast. France. The -total production of manganese ore in France immediately before the war was 5,486 long tons in. 1912, and 7,608 tons in 1913, the output coming chiiefly from the Vieille-Aure (Hautes Pyrenees) and Eomaneche (Saone-et-Loire) mines.* No later statistics of the domestic production appear to have been published. In 1890, the Eomaneche mine had an output of nearly 14,000 tons of manganese ore, but by 1909 its production had fallen to 3,783 tons.t Puchs and De LaunayJ describe the ore at this mine as barytiferous psilomelane containing about 60 to 70 per cent, of manganese oxide with 13 per cent, of baryta. The deposits consist of a series of fissure veins, while there are also some pockets, somewhat resembhng the " flats " of lead veins in the North of England, which appear to be partly contact deposits and partly cavity-fillings in limestones of Liassic age. The Las Cabasses mine in the Department of Ariege (Pyrenees) produced considerable quantities of carbonate ore between 1892 and 1896, but operations were suspended in 1904. In 1908, however, nearly 6,000 long tons of the ore were mined, and in 1909 nearly 1,400 tons (L. De Launay, loo. cit.). Some silicate of manganese mines in the Hautes-Pyreneea, such as the Ltouderville, Ader^nelle and Vieille-Aure, produce ore which is treated electrically at Villelongue near Pierrefitte (ibid.) Production of Manganese Ore in France. (Statistique de V Industrie Minerale.) Year. Quantity (long tons). 1913 7,608 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 6,290 10,158 10,633 11,403 9,712 4,738 The production of manganese ore in 1920 has been reported as 5,605 tons.§ • L. Gruillet, Organiyation of French Production after the War, Paris, 1918, Ist Section, 60 ; and The French Year Book, Paris and London, 1919, 730. + L. De Launay, GUes Mineraux et Mthlliferes, Paris and Li^ge, 1913, 2, 529. + Traiti des Oitei Mineraux et MMalliferes, Paris, 1893, 2,15. S Preliminary statistics, Admihisiration des Travaux Publics (Paris). 33710 *^ ■' 70 Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919* Production of Ferro-manganese in France. {Statistique de V Industrie Minerale.) ■ Quantity (long tons). 15,303 3,811 14,148 12,886 10,992 ( 77 (over 80 per cent, manganese) ■■ 1 19,019 (under ,, ,, ,, ) French Imports and Exports of Manganese Ore. (Le Commerce de la France, Ministere des Finances, Paris, Annual.) Imports. Exports. Year. Quantity (long tons). Value.t Quantity (long tons). Value.t £ £ 1913 254,768 932,160 1,678 6,120 1914 151,020 552,560 404 1.480 1915 12,389 50,360 39 160 1916 57,716 469,280 271 2,200 1917 76,113 773,560 107 1,080 1918 58,036 613,440 32 360 1919 108,306 1,091,920 1,288 13,600 The following table shows the principal sources of the French imports and destinations of the exports of manganese ore in 1913 :— (L. Guillet, op. cit.) Imports. Exports. From Quantity (long tons). To Quantity (long tons). India Belgium Bussia Spain... Brazil Indo-China Other Countries 86,630 1,631 134,829 24,049 7,098 430 1,790 Germany Italy Switzerland Other Countries 1,021 1,203 538 328 Total 256,457 Total 3,090 The totals are both /in excess of those for 1913 published officially at an earlier date. • Includes Alsace-Lorraine. Figures for year as reported by ComiU des Forget de France. In the same year, 12,492 long tons of spiegeleisen were produced, f Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs := £1. / i. As will be seen from later tables, exports of manganese ore to France from Eussia and Brazil ceased for the period of the war soon after its outbreak, but continued on a reduced scale frop India. French Imports and Exports of Ferro-Manganese. (Le Commerce de la France, Ministere des Finances, Paris, Annual.) Imports. Exports. Tear. Quantity (long tons). Value* (£). Quantity (long tons). Value* • (£). • 1913 ... 1914 ... 1915 ... 1916 ... 1917 ... 1918 ... 1919 ... ■ . 14,163 5,082 6,873 5,292 6,257 9,560 11,502 172,720 ' 61,960 166,520 258,160 356,080 680,160 818,320 3,775 3,255 2,464 1,553 1,267 324 761 39,920 34,400 59,680 75,760 72,160 23,000 54,120 The ferro-manganese exported was produced in electric fur- naces. The principal sources and destinations of ferro-mAnganese im- ported into and exported from France in 1913 were as follows : — (L. Guillet, op. cit.) Imports. Exports. From Quantity (long tons). To Quantity (long tons). England Germany Other Countries 9,617 4,498 100 England Belgium Bussia Other Countries 1,651 1,351 305 519 Total 14,215 Total 3,826 The totals differ shghtly from those for 1913 published officially at an earlier date. Germany. The deposits of manganese ore in Germany a^e of very Small economic importance, only a few hundred tons having been obtained annually before the war, this output coming from a * Values converted to £1 sterling at the rate of 25 francs = £1. 32710 C i 72 deposit at Giessen, Hesse-Daxmstadt. Manganiferous iron-ores, however, occur extensively, and have been worked on a large scale, more particularly during the war period, for the productiott of low-grade ferro-alloys. Prior to 1914, the Gferman steel industry depended for practically all of its manganese ore requirements on imports from Russia. The manganiferoua iron-ore deposits of Hesse-Nassau, from which such mineral wa& principally obtained, have been stated to contain not more than 20 per cent, of manganese, with 30 to 35 per cent, of iron, there- being large quantities of poor ore carrying 12 to 15 per cent, of manganese.* Eaxly in 1915, deposits in the Siegen and Nassau regions (manganiferous iron-ore, containing 15 to 20 per cent, of manganese), which had hitherto been considered not worth working, 'were extensively developed for the production of a low ferro-alloy containing 80 to 40 per cent, of manganese, the slags being resmelted to enrich them in manganese and then used as fluxes, t The Siegerland mines were said during the war to be yielding about If milhon tons yearly of manganiferous ore containing 12 per cent, of mangaaiese,J the total output of the district in 1915 being about 2J million tons, most of which was used in the manufacture of spiegeleisen.§ The output of manganiferous ore in Germany for 1912 was 90,988 long tons, valued at 12s. lOd. per ton, this production having been obtained in the neighbourhood of Coblenz,|| where the ore occurs usually as pockets in limestone. Complete statistics of the domestic production for the period 1913-1919 are not yet available, but, so far as can be ascertained the Prussian production was as follows : — Prussian Production of Manganese Ore. (Zeits. j. das Berg-, Hiitten- und Salinenwesen, Berlin, 1920, 68, 18.) Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Quantity (long tons) . 939 598 1,017 544 A'^alu6§ 5,523 11,360 21,888 22,732 ^ The production for 1913 is elsewhere stated to have been' 748 tons. * L. De Launay : op. cii., 2, 528. t L'Echo des Mines, 12th November, 1916. i The Mineral Industry, New York, 1916, 3S, 495 § Ibid., 195, 34, 493. II Production of Prussian Mines, Salt-Works and Smelters of the Prussian States (Annual) : Berlin. 73 In 1913, Germany imported 669,436 long tons of manganese •ore, as against 514,718 tons in 1912. The sources of supply, quantities, and values of the ore imported in 1913 are shown below : Imports of M anganese Ore into Germany, Year 1913. {Statistisclies Jahrhuch fur das Deutsche Reich, Berlin, 1914, 201.) Quantity. Value.* From— Total (long tons). Per cent, of total. Total. Per ton. British India, etc. ... Russia Spain Brazil Other Countries 174,783 439,760 27,026 21,521 6,346 26-1 65-7 4-0 3-2 1-0 £ 444,100 871,550 53,550 . 56,800 16,350 s. d. 50 10 39 8 39 7 51 10 51 6 Total 669,436 100.0 1,441,.S50 43 1 German imports of manganese ore for the first half of 1914 ainounted to 385,580 tons. + On the outbreak of tiie war in August of that year, imports of such ore from Eussia, Spain, India and Brazil, and of ferro-manganese from the United Kingdom, ceased, and the German steel industry had to look for its requirements of manganese ore to accumulated stocks, low-grade deposits within the Empire, contributions from Austria-Hungary, and such stocks as might be found in Belgium. With the current exchange, Germany has been unable to buy any considerable quantity of foreign manganese ore since the conclusion of the war. During the year 1913, 700,832 tons of manganese ore, contain- ing over 30 per cent, of manganese, were smelted in Germany. J In 1917, German blast-furnaces consumed 45,258 tons of man- ganese ore containing over 30 per cent;, of manganese, in addition to which large tonnages of manganiferous iron-ores were con- sumed for the production of spiegeleisen and other ferro-alloys. Exports of manganese ore from Germany in 1913 amounted to 9 146 long tons, valued at £32,450 (71s. per ton), as against 7'765 tons, valued at £37,400 (96s. 4d. per ton), m 1912. § These exports consisted largely, if not entirely, of high-grade dioxide for chemical uses, there being a considerable demand for such dixoide 'f Values convertfii to £ sterling at 20 marks = £}■ ^ ^ . ,. .. , t The Mineral Industry, New York, 1914, 23, 518. Later statistics are not § Statistisches Jahrbuch fur das Deutsche Reich, Berlin, 1914, 201. 74 in the United States, the United Kingdom and certain other countries. Exports of this material to the United States con- tinued on a decreasing scale until 1915. On the outbreak of the war, Germany was no longer able to obtain the foreign imports of ferro-manganese on which her steel ' mdustry so largely depended, and great efforts were made to find effective substitutes for that alloy as a deoxidizer ajid recarburizer- of steel. Among the " common deoxidizers " tried were alloys of aluminium and silicon, while calcium, sodium, vanadium, uranium and boron alloys were also used, although their cost was excessive and, when not assisted by one or more of the common deoxidizers, the steel produced was not of good quality. The- greatest hopes were based on calcium caxbide, but persistent tests on a large scale proved unsuccessful. It is regarded as unlikely that manganese will be replaced to any important extent in the- manufacture of steel in Germany or elsewhere in normal times. Greece. Deposits of manganese ore occur in Milos and Andros, the- mineral on the former island containing about 30 per cent, of manganese, while that of the latter ranges from 25 to 35 per cent.* The only important deposit of such ore in Milos is that of Ghala.ka, at Cape Vani, in the N.W. of the island, where the mineral occurs intercalated between liparite and argentiferous- barite of Miocene age.t L. DemaretJ gives the percentage composition of 15,000 tons of manganese ore produced in Milos in 1902 as : — manganese, 42 to 52 ; iron, 1 ; sihca, 8 to 12 ; phosphorus, 0'09 to O'lO. Manganiferous iron-ore is rained in the Laurion district, at the south-east end of the peninsula of Attica, the mineral won by the Compagnie Fran^aise de Laurium averaging about 12 per- cent, of manganese and 30 per cent, of iron, while analyses of the ore at the Mkias mine, owned by- the Society des Usines de Laurium, show 14 per cent, of manganese, to 34 per cent, of iron, and 6'62 to 8 per cent, of silica. The ore occurs at the base of the middle limestone, or in the upper limestone, as zones of carbonate of manganese and iron, sometimes with a little disseminated galena and pyrite. Weathering has altered the carbona.te to pyrolusite, which is found in beds sometimes of considerable thickness, or to psilomelane, which fills transverse fissures in the limestone. § About 1894, some 60,000 tons of manganiferous iron-ore from Laurion were exported to Belgium, • Statistique du Mouvement Minier de Grice (Annual) : Athens, t L. De Launay : op. cit., 2, 538. \ Le. o> fc > s. d. s. d. s. d. Carrara Lucca ... 3,617 Fe 40-00 Mn 8-00 20 4 1,507 Fe 40-00 Mn 8-00 20 4 792 Fe 40-00 Mn 8-00 20 4 Firenze Grosseto 675 Fe 29-00 MnlO-00 16 3 3,202 Fe 30-00 MnlO-00 28 5 — ^- — Livorno 98 Fe 13-00 20 4 20 Fe 23-00 24 4 — — — Total... Mnl4-00 Mnl4-00 4,290 4,729 792 In 1919, only 67 tons of manga.niferous iron-ore, containing 40 per cent, of iron and 8 per cent, of manganese, were produced in Italy, the value per ton beiug returned as 28s. id. Before the war the ferro-manganese consumed in Italy was mostly imported, but at the outbreak of hostilities in 1914 several Italian works started the manufacture of this and other manganese alloys. In 1914 and 1915 the production of these alloys was confined to works at Darfo, Brescia province, Milan mining district, but in subsequent years manufacturers in other provinces contributed to the output, although Brescia continued to be by far the most important producer. Of the 12,709 long tons of so-called ferro-manganese produced in the year 1916, 5,508 long tons containing 80 per cent, of manganese were made in electric furnaces, while the whole of the small production of sihco-manganese (containing 20 per cent, of silicon) was also produced by the electric furnace method. * Yalues converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 lire := £. Production of F err o -manganese and Silico-manganese in Italy. {Revista, del Servizio Minerario. Annual.) Year. Alloy. Quantity (iong tons). - Grade. Value.* Manganese Silica. Total. Per long ton. 1914 Ferro-manganese Ferro-manganese Total Silico-manganese Total Ferro-manganese Total Sil ico-manganese Ferro-manganese Total Silico-manganese Total Ferro-manganese Total Silico-manganese Total 1,101 Per cent. Per cent. £ 16,326 8. d. 296 6.S 1916 1,330 754 1,512 80 20 10 — , 650 5 243 11 227 7 3,596 — — 69,670 — 465 72 50 20 — 589 5 447 2 537 — — 15,323 — 1916 5,508 444 1,647 5,110 80 28 20 10 ^ 975 7 569 1 528 5 447 2 12.709 — — 423,019 — 844 — 2(J 38,622 915 2.6 1917 6,219 1,948 1,954 9,106 78 to 80 28 to 30 18 to 20 10 to 12 — 1,219 6 772 4- 609 9 487 10 19,227 — — 736,140 — 744 350 50 20 25 12 975 7 813 1,094 — — 50,528 — 1918 2,207 492 295 3,818 78 to 80 28 to 30 18 to 20 10 to 12 — 1,238 772 4 610 2 487 10 6,812 j 492 1,224 — — 297,734 — 50 20 25 12 974 10 451 6 , 1,716 — — 51,632 — * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 lire = £1. 80 Imports of Manganese Ore into Italy. Quantity Year. (lo'^g ^°^^^- 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 13,719 15,715 29,444 21,192 5,364 8,357 In 1917, 13 long tons of manganese ore were exported from Italy, this being apparently the only shipment during the period under review. Rumania. An extensive deposit of manganese ore was recently reported to have been uncovered in the vicinity of Deznac-Mennyhaza, county of Arad, Eumania,* some 20 miUion metric tons being in sight. The quality is stated to resemble, but to be superior to, that of the manganese ore of Hesse-Nassau, and to be suitable for chemical purposes and the production of ferro-manganese and spiegeleisen. Deposits of manganiferous iron-ore, estimated at 36 million tons and said to contain 35 per cent, of iron, occur in north-western Moldavia at Brosteni in the valley of the Bistrita ; but these are not yel^ being worked commercially. t The manganese minerals of the Brosteni region and their geological associations have been described by V. C. Butureanu.J The group name " ponites " is given to manganese carbonates containing several per cent, of ferrous oxide which form veins in. schists and other crystalline rocks' in the region, while the name " brostenite " is given to compact hydrous oxides of manganese and iron associated with the carbonates. The deposits have not been extensively explored, but Butureanu estimates that 30 million tons of ore are available which would yield 10 million toiis of ferro-manganese . By the Treaty signed at Trianon, on 4th June, 1920, the Bukowina passed from the Austrian Empire to the Kingdom of Eumania. An account of the deposits of manganese ore in the Doma Vatra district of the Bukowina, as investigated in 1913, is given on pp. 65-66. Russia and Georgia. , Economically valuable deposits of manganese ore have been exploited (1) on the southern slope of the central part of the Caucasus mountains, near Tchiaturi in the valley of the river Kvirila, a tributary of the Eion, about 40 miles east of Kutais * Mining Journ., London, 1920, 128, iW. t Rumania : British Foreign Office Historical Handbook, No. 23, 1920, 106. X The Ores of Manganese and Iron of the Crystalline Massif of Brosteni, Rumania : Soc. franc, min. Bull., 1917, 40, 164—177 (quoted by D. P. Hewett, Maaganese and Manganiferous Ores in 1918, U.S. Greol. Surv., Min. Res. U.S. «4y). 81 in the province of that name, which is now comprised in the independent Eepubhc of Georgia constituted in November, 1917 ; (2) in the vicinity of Nikopol (government of Ekaterinoslav, South Eussia), on the Dnieper river, about 100 miles from the Gulf of Odessa ; and (3) in the central part of the Urals ; while extensive deposits of pyrolusite occur in the Gaisinsk district, province of Podolia, south-west Russia. By far the most intportant of the manganese ore-producing districts is Tchiaturi. In the 10 years 1904-1913, the annual production in the Caucasus averaged shghtly over 600,000 tons, that of the Nikopol district in the same period averaging nearly 200,000 tons, while the annual output in the Urals and elsewhere was relatively unimportant, ajnounting to only a few thousand tons.* Of the Nikopol production about 80 per cent, was con- sumed by the South Eussian steel industry, the remainder going normally to Germany,! whereas the great bulk of the Tchiaturi output has normally been exported. The Eussian manganese ore mining industry has always been much handicapped by inadequate railway facilities, and, so far as the Tchiaturi deposits are con- cerned, by the insufficiency of berths for steamers loading at Poti ; while the mining methods and the administration have been greatly inferior to those charajcterizing the Indian manganese ore industry. According to N. T. Belaiew and S. I. Atchkassoff,t the output of manganese ore in the chief producing districts of Russia for the three years immediately preceding the war and the first three years of the war period was as follows ; — (Quantities : long tons.) Year. Urals. South Russia. Caucasus. Total - Total. Per cent. of total. Total. Per cent, of total. Total. Per cent, of total. 1910 1911 1912 903 2,419 3,145 i 0-3 175,323 199,016 234,823 i27-8 545,242 461,855 569,339 [71-9 721,468 663,290 807,307 1913 1914 1915 19,177 3,548 3,226 1-6 0-4 0-6 261,097 235,484 271,839 21-1 26-4 51-4 954,645 652,355 253,823 77-3 73.2 48-0 1,234,919 891,387 528,888 Gertain'of the figures for 1913-1915 differ appreciably from those given by other authorities, but the tonnages for the Caucasus agree closely with those given by Ghambashidze (op. cit.). * M. Stromberg, Eng. and Min. Journ., New York, 1916, 101, 894. t The Russian Year Book, London, 1916, 232. t The Russian Economist : Journal of the Russian Economic Association in London, 1921, 1, No. 2, 297. (Quantities converted 10 long tons at the rate of 62 poods=l ton. 62 Tchiatun Deposits.— These have been described by several authorities. According to D. Ghambashidze,* the total area of ore-bearing- lands is about 400 square miles, of which one-haK contains good ore, the quantity available for exploitation bemg estunated a.t about 200 milhon tons. This e&tima,te is very con- siderably higher than that given by other authorities, including- Beyschlag, Vogt and Krusch,t who state that the present surface ai-ea of the whole deposit, of which about one-half has been removed by erosion, has been estimated by different authorities at between 120 and 143 square kilometres, so that the area of the available deposit must be at least 60 square kilometres (about 23 square miles). Each square metre yields on an average 0'96 ton of ore, and the total reseiwes on the basis of the present development have been reckoned at 110 to 115 milUon tons. This estimate, however, is said to be toO' high, since the thickness of the bed is subject to variation. E. C. Harder J adopts an estimate of 110 million tons, but H. K. Scott§ puts the amount available for exploitation at 22 million tons. A more. recent estimate (the authority for which is not stated) gives the reserves as 45 million tons. § § The geological conditions, according to Beyschlag, Vogt and Krusch.ll are briefly as follows : A tableland of Upper Cretaceous limestone and slate forms the base for Eocene sandstone, etc., and Oligocene and Miocene sandstone, slate, and limestone. The^ beds he almost horizontally, dipping on an average 2J° north- east. The manganese ore-deposit, which lies near the surfa<;e of this plateau and is cut with great regularity by valleys, belongs to the Liower Eocene, and lies a little above the contact with the Upper Cretaceous. Sandstone occurs both in the hanging-wall and in the foot-wall. The whole deposit represents a shallow-water formation. The thickness is generally 5 to 8 feet, averaging 6"9 feet. Within this thickness from 5 to 12 manganiferous layers occur in alternation with marly sands, which in part are also impregnated with ore. These manganiferous layers consist of oolitic material in a matrix of fine-grained ore. The hard layers contain on an average 56 per cent, of manganese, while the softer layers, in consequence of their association with barren material, are poorer. According to the same authorities, the ore as delivered for shipment usually contains from 50 to 52 per cent, of manganese (reckoned with ore dried at 100°C.), 6 to 8 per cent, of sihca, only 1 to 2 per cent, of iron, and 0'05 to 0'17 per cent, of phosphorus. The Tchiaturi ore is composed mainly of pyrolusite, and is very soft. Psilomelane and wad also occur. In some places, according to F. Drake ,11 the ore contains, withoiit sorting * Mineral Resources of Georgia and Caucasia, London, 1919, 132. t Op. fit.. 2, 1105. t Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., New York, 1916, 56, 38. § Bull. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., No. 120, 1916, 2223. §§ Eng. and Min. Journ., New York, 1920, 109, 1111. II Op.cit., 1105. ^ The Manganese Ore Industry of the Caucasus : Trans. Amer. Inst. Min.. Eng., 1898, SS, 191-208. 83 or cleaning, from 48 to 52 per cent, of manganese, but the average percentage is 40 to 45. Concentrates of exceptional purity, prepared by washing for use in chemical industries, contain 80 to 90 per cent, of manganese dioxide. As a general rule, the exported ore which has undergone sorting averages 51 to 52 per cent, of manganese. Where the barren material has been thoroughly -separated, concentrates may carry as high as 61 per cent, manganese. Phosphorus averages about 0'16 per cent., and silica not more than 8 per cent. The proportion of large pieces obtained is low, and much of the ore is very soft, disintegrating to a fine powder during mining, cleaning and transportation. The ore shipped contains so high a percentage of fines on delivery that much of it is unsuitable for use in blast furnaces, rendering mixture with other manganese ores necessary before charging. Ghambashidze (op. cit., 133) gives the following complete analyses of Tchiaturi ore samples : — (1) (2) (3) Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Moisture 2-40 1-61 1-20 Silica 4-49 6-67 2-88 Alumina 1-68 2-141 o-esy 2-34 Ferric oxide ... 0-53 Manganese dioxide 85-67 85-77 84-90 Manganous oxide 1-98 0-80 2-50 Lime 0-76 0-87 0-33 Magnesia 0-20 0-24 0-32 Baryta 0-88 0-68 3-11 Sulphur trioiide - - .1-19 Phosphorus pentoxide 0-42 0-40 0-35 99-01 99-21 * 99-12 Equivalent to Manganese 55-70 54-83 56-60 Phosphorus 0-18 0-17 0-15 According to the same authority, the average assay of actual cargo deliveries is usually about 58 per cent, of manganese in the •dry state. Most of the Tchiaturi ore is delivered by railway to Poti or Batum, on the Black Sea, the distance from the mines to the former port being about 90 miles and to the latter about 126 miles. Transportation from the various mines to Tchiaturi station (1'3 to 3'3 miles) is done by means of ox-carts or pack-horses, owing to the bad condition of the roads, while the 26-mile branch line connecting Tchiaturi with Sharopan, the nearest railway station on the main railway, is a narrow-gauge track, this necessitating the transfer of the ore at that station to the broad-gauge trucks of the main line, an operation adding considerably to the cost of -transport and resulting in further disintegration of the ore. The -cost of mining and cleaning the ore has normally been 6s. 0'5(i. per ton ; road and railway transportation : to Poti, 14s. 8d. per Per ton. s. d. 5 6 14 8- 1 3 2 84 ton, and to Batum, 16s.; port charges, taxes, etc., at Poti, 3s. per ton; port charges at Batum, about Is. Ud., making the total cost of the ore deUvered at Poti 28s. S'Sd., and at Batum 23s. irSd. per ton.* The following is an approximate estimate, + based on the freight and other charges at the end of May, 1920, of the present cost per ton (wet weight) of Tchiaturi manganese ore intended for the metallurgical industry, f.o.b. Poti : — Mining, dressing, trajisport, and loading on rail Railway freight, Tchiaturi to Poti Handling at Sharopan Station and weighing charges, port dues, and loading on board Association of Producers' tax ... Total 26 2 This is equivalent to about Id. per unit on ore averaging 50 per cent, of manganese, dry weight. The tax on ore destined for the chemical industry is 4s. per ton. After realization, at the port of destination, and the deduction from the sum realized of all freight and other charges, the Georgian Government tax of 25 per cent, of the net profit, and the amount already advanced against the ore f.o.b. Poti, any balance is paid to the producer by the special committee authorized by the G^ovemment and known as the Manganese Producers' Company. It is gemerally impossible to extract the ore free from admixture with clay. At some mines the lump ore is picked out by hand, mostly in the open ; at others it is screened to remove the sihceous gangue and then roughly concentrated on tables or by jigging- The ore thus prepared is classified as " very rich," " rich," and '' medium," the sorting process yielding about 33 per cent, suitable for shipment, t The Tchiaturi deposits appear to have been discovered in 1848, but there was no production of ore until 1879, when 871 tons were shipped. The- United Kingdom was the first importer of the ore on a large scale, taking 40 per cent, of the total quantity exported between 1885 and ]898, after which Germany became the chief purchaser. The most important of the numerous companies exploiting the Tchiaturi deposits before the war were the Schalker Gruben and Hiitten Verem, of Gelsenkirchen, Germany ; Forwood Bros., England ; Panassie (France) ; and the Industrial and Commercial * E. C. Harder : loc. cit. t W. H. Eundall, The Manganese Deposits of Tchiaturi, Caucasus : The Mining Magazine, London, 1920, 23, 150-155. % Eng. and Min. Journ., New York, 1917, 104, 647. 85 Company, of Antwerp. The last-mentioned company is stated* to have had a plant capable of producing 100,000 tons of 53 to 54 per cent, washed manganese ore per annum. According lo the British Consul at Batum + the washing plants at Tchiaturi in 1916 were capable of producing 45 million poods (about 725,800 long tons) of manganese ore per annum, and several new plants were being installed. ■ Nikopol Deposits. — The manganese ore-deposit at NUaopol,. South Eussia, occurs in Oligocene rocks, close to the surface ; it is horizontally bedded and has glauconitic clay and sand in roof and floor. Immediately beneath the OUgocene, granite or gneiss occurs, while at Horodizce, about 11 miles north of Nikopol, a Tertiary manganese ore-deposit lies almost immediately on granite. The deposit at Nikopol, which is very silnilar to that at Tchiaturi, is from 1 to 6 feet (averaging 3 to 5 feet) in thickness ; the manganiferous area is estimated at 20 square kilometres (about 7| square miles) and the ore-reserves at 7'3 million long tons.+ H. K. Srx>tt and others are of the opinion that the quantity of ore available is many times greater than this. The ore-bearing layer consists of sandy clay, which contains nodules of psilomelane with smaller amounts of pyrolusite,§ the better class of ore assaying about 57 per cent, manganese. According to Belaiew and Atchkassoff (loo. cit.), the ore is clean lump averaging about 50 per cent manganese and 12 per cent, silica, the phosphorus content being sometimes as high as 0"25 per cent. These authorities give the estimated reserves of workable ore as approximately 700,000,000 poods (about llj million long tons). In 1913 the South Eus&ian district, in which the principal deposit is that- at Nikopol, produced about 21 per cent, of the total Eussian output of manganese ore, and of tljis quantity about 80 per cent, was used by the South Eussian metaLLurgical works, leaving a balance of 20 per cent, for export. In pre-war years the bulk of the exported ore went to Germajiy, about two-fifths being shipped from Nicolaief on the Black Sea., the remainder being sent by rail across the western frontier Before the war, the Eussian steel industry was able to obtain most of its supplies of manganese ore from the Nikopol mines, but, ovsdng to the greatly increased demands of that industry in 1916, th© bulk of such supplies bad to be obtained from Tchiatm-i. Ural Deposits. — Manganese ore has been produced in the Ural district since 1882, but the average annual output during the present century, before the war, appears to have been only about 5,000 tons. In 1913 the production amounted, excep- tionally, to oVer 19,000 tons, but averaged only about 3,400 tons for the years 1914 and 1915. Later statistics are not available. The main deposits in this district, are stated by Belaiew and * S. H. Ball and B. Low ; Bng. an3 Min. Journ., 1917, 103, 410. t Board of Trade Journ., London, July 19, 1918. t Beyschlag, Vogt and Krusoh ; op. cit., 1106. § A. M. Stelzner and A. Bergeat ; Die Erdag«rstatten, Leipzig, 1904-6, 259. 86 AtciikassofF (he. cit.) to oonaist of manigainiferous ores contain- ing only about 12 per cent, of manganese. The output is consumed in the local blast-fnmaces, and the steel works very often require ferro-mnnganese to be imported from South Russia and sometimes from abroad. Podolia Deposits. — Deposits- of pyrohisite, said to be of large size and high grade, occur in the G-aisinsk district, province of Podolia, south-west Russia, the mangaoiiferous region being reported to have an area of about 30 square miles. The district is situated about 220 miles by rail from Odessa. The working of the Gaisinsk deposits commenced in 1915, in which year about 450 tons of ore were delivered to South Russian blast-furnaces. The first cargo of Caucasian (Tchiaturi) ore that reached the United Kingdom after 1914 is stated to have been delivered to the United Steel Compaaiy's works at Workington in May, 1920. The quantity was 7,000 tons, its value dehvered being £84,000. The yalue of this cargo before the war would have been £11,200.* This ore was probably shipped e,x stock. According to a United States Commerce Report,! there was no production of man- ganese ore in the Caucasus in 1918 or 1919. Manganese is at present a Government monopoly, and exportation is possible only by special agreement — a condition resulting in the stagna- tion of trade. For Tchiaturi ore bought f.o.b. Poti, the special conditions usually adopted in British Sale Contracts before the war were, shortly, about as follows! :* The price of the ore to be . . kopek per pood (361128 lb.) of ore dry weight, 'delivered f.o.b. steamer at Poti in bulk. The ore to contain 48 per cent, of manganese when dried at 212°P., any shipment containing less than 46 per cent, being subject to refusal by purchasers, other percentages to be paid for proportionately. The normal amount of silica to be 10 per cent, with a scale of 3d. per unit per ton above and below that amount, the maximum allowed being 11 per cent. The maximum amount of phosphorus to be 0"18 per cent. All moisture to be deducted from weight. American steelworks made , their contracts for Tchiaturi ore before the war at a fixed and progressive price per unit of manganese, the ore not to contain more than 8 per cent, of sihca, nor more than 0'25 per cent, of phosphorus. In case of an excess, the following penalties were stipulated : For each 1 per cent, in excess of 8 per cent, of silica 15 cents ,(7Jd.) per ton were deducted, and for each 0'02 per cent., or fraction thereof, in excess of 025 per cent, of phosphorus a deduction of 2 cents (Id.) per unit of manganese per ton was made. Ore containing * The Financial Times, London, May 26, 1920. t 1920, 90, 321. J D. Ghambashidze : op. cit., 150. 87 less than 40 per cent, of manganese, or more than 12 per cent, of" silica, or more than 0-27 per cent, of phosphorus, could be refused: by the purchasers. Analyses to be made on samples dried at 100°C., and all moisture found in the sample as taken to be deducted from the weight {op. cit.). Eighty per cent, of the manganese mines in the Tchiaturi district are owned by a large number of Georgians, who, in the. early years of the industry, exploited them in an unintelhgent and wasteful manner, each owner working independently. Difficulties soon arose, more particularly with regard to transport of ore in the steep and narrow valleys. Eventually an Association of Manganese Producers and Dealers -was formed,, under the auspices of the Eussian Government, to organize the- transport facilities by road or mechanical means, and generally to supervise the industry. The membership of this Association comprised all producers mining at least 1,600 tons of ore, audi all dealers exporting not less than 5,000 tons per annum.* Up to 1914, the Association had failed to secure from the Govern- ment anything beyond promises of improvement of the transport difficulties, t Towards the end of 1919 about 1,600,000 tons of manganese- ore containing from 50 to 90 per cent, of manganese dioxide- awaited shipment on the quays at Poti. At that- date, the- recently formed association known as the Chemo, or Manganese - Producers' Company, appears to have represented only one- fourth of the concessions, nearly all the remainder being in the- hands of two firms, Tchilingiurian Freres and M. Manuelides, of Batum.+ At about the same time a United States consular report gave the stocks of cleaned ore at Poti and Tchiaturi as 58 milhon poods (about 935,500 long tons), of which- the- Manganese Producers Company held 15 million pood's (about 242,000 tons), the remainder being held by the two firms, mentioned above. In a recent report of the Societe de Darkveti, which has leased its deposits in the Tchiaturi region to a Eussian firm, it was stated that from December, 1919, to October, 1920, 145,000 metric tons of manganese ore were shipped from Poti ex stocks, the accumulation of which, together with the strict Labojir laws, had delayed the resumption of production at the mines until the beginning of July, 1920. In pursuance of the monopoly granted to the Georgian Government, the latter granted to the Chemo, or Manganese Producers' Company, the sole right to export the ore, and it was thus possible to regulate prices. The export duty fixed by the Government is, however, very heavy, being always equal to, and sometimes more than, 50 per cent, of the profit realized on sales. This hea.vy burden, due to the * D Grhambashidze : op. cit., 173. t Caucasia : British Foreign Office Historical Handbook, No. 54, 1920, 66. + L'Echo des Mines et de la Metallurgie, October 19, 1919, 611. 88 financial straits of the Eepublic, has seriously affected the industry.* Production of Manganese Ore in Russia. Complete production statistics for the period under review are not available, but it is known that the Eussian manganese- mining industry . was severely affected by the closing of the Eusso-German "frontier, and that production rapidly decreased on the subsequent closing of the Dardanelles, the greatly in- creased manganese ore requirements of the domestic iron and steel industries being largely, if not for the most part, supplied out of accumulated stocks after 1916. So far as can be ascertained, the total actual production in Eassia during 1913-15 was approximately as follows : — Quantity Year. (long tons). 1913 1,234,900 1914 891,400 1915 528,900 Statistics showing the total production of manganese ore in Eussia during the remainder of the period under review 'are to some extent speculative, but D. Ghambashidze (op. cit.) gives what appear tO' be trustworthy figures showing the production of Georgia alone during the whole period, as follows : — Quantity Year. (long tons). 1913 954,645 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 652,354 258,220 247,000 201,380 150,000 According to the British Consul at Batum (loc. cit.), there was a remarkable revival of manganese mining in the Caucasus in 1916 owing to the. unusually large demands of the Eussian iron works, which were formerly able to obtain most of their supplies from the Nikopol mines in South Eussia. During that year 155,660 long tons were sent from Tchiaturi inland by rail vi& Baku and 98,460 long tons went to Poti. Of the latter quantity Tather less than one-half was for shipment by the Black Sea route -to South Eussia, the remainder going into stock at Poti. Judging from the total amount of manganese ore in stock in the Caucasus at the end of 1916 (about 900,000 long tons) it would appear that the production of ore in that year more than kept pace with the 'demand from the Eussian market. Exports of Manganese Ore from Russia. Complete export statistics for the period under review are not available. In 1913, the total exports of manganese ore from * The Min. Journ., London, 1921, 132, 92. 89 Eussia amouuted to 1,152,180 long tons, and in 1914 to 725,450 long tons.* Before the war, about three-fourths of the total Eussian pro- duction came from Tchiaturi, and m 1913-14 the output of that region was distributed as follows :^ 1913. 1914. To Quantity (long tons). Per cent. of Total. Quantity (long tons). Per cent. of Total. United Kingdom Austria Belgium France Germany (a) Italy United States 246,500 25,400 182,500 55,100 412,000 7,400 137,700 23-1 2-4 17-1 5-2 38-6 0-7 12-9 107,030 32,435 154,467 23,951 326,403 34,548 15-8 4-8 22-8 3-5 48-4 5-1 Total exported ... Used in Russia ... 1,066,000 10,000 100-0 678,834 15,096 100-0 (a) In 1912, the Russian exports to Germany amounted to only 322,500 long tons. About thred-fourths of the exports of Tchiaturi ore to Germany were normally received in that country via Dutch ports, the remainder going to German ports. According to D. Ghambashidze (op. oit.)i, the exports of Tchiaturi manganese ore from the ports of Poti and Batum amounted to 9,750 long tons in 1915 and to 9,769 tons in 1916. Spain. Manganese ores occur in the provinces of Ciudad-Eeal, Geroua, Huelva, Murcia, Oviedo, Sevilla, and Teruel. According to official statistics, 837,000 tons of such ores were mined in Spain during the years 1881-1909, nearly all of this coming from the Huelva carbonate deposits, although work on these was practically suspended for the first ten years of thatperiod. The annual produc- tion exceeded 100,000 tons during the period 1897-1900 but after- wards declined irregularly, averaging only 7,229 long tons for 1909-1911, but amounting to 17,120 tons in 1912. The produc- tion in subsequent years is tabulated. As a result of new dis- coveries and more intensive work during the war period, the yearly output has shown a considerable increase since 1916. Spanish manganese ore is commonly sold on the basis of its percentage content of manganese dioxide. In addition to the production of manganese ore there has been a considerable output in the Cartagena region, province of • Min. Ind., New York, 1915, 24, 490. f Data given by the Council of Congresses of Miners of Manganese Ore (quoted also by The Iron Age, New York, Jan. 27, 1917). yo ;Murcia, of manganiferous iron ore containing from 10 to 20 per cent, of manganese and 20 to 25 per cent of iron, the mmeral occurring in association with haematite. It is used only when the content of siHca is not in excess of 10 per cent., most of the production going to England. Province of Huelva. — The manganiferous deposits of this pro- vince have been described by Hoyer.* They are situated in south-western Spain, on the northern slopes of the Sierra Morena, in the same region as the Eio Tinto pyrites depsits. More than a hundred manganiferous deposits are known in the locahty, these being in the form of lenticular masses conformably interbedded among clay- slates and porphyroids, and belonging in part at least to the Culm formation. The length of these masses is exceptionally over 3,000 feet, but seldom more than 500 feet, the breadth sometimes exceeding 300 feet, but averaging about 100 feet. For the most part the lenses consist of banded or massive compact rhodochrosite and rhodonite, associated with which are ferruginous silicates and chert. The carbonate and silicate ores are oxidized to pyrolusite and psilomelane for an average depth of about 65 feet below the surface. The carbonate ores contain from 28 to 45 per cent, of manganese, 3 to 7 per cent, of iron, and 5 to 15 per cent, of silica, while the sihcate ores contain 39 to 45 per cent, of mangajiese and 20 to 22 per cent, of silica. In most of the ores the phosphorus content is less than O'lO per cent, t Mining operations started in 1858, but, as mentioned above, were practically suspended between 1881 and 1891. Prior to 1898 only the superficial oxidized ores were worked, but in that year the mining of primary ores was commenced. The annual output appears to have reached its maximum in 1900, when 111,088 long tons were produced. The production subse- quently became almost insignificant, the known deposits of car- bonate ore being to a large extent exhausted ; but during the war some new workings were opened which have improved the output. Province of Ciudad-Rial. — An occurrence of bedded mam- ganese ore in the Miocene rocks of the plateau of Lia Serena, near VaJ de Penas, has been described. + The ore consists in greater part of psilomelane, and is stated to contain from 40 to 60 per cent, (on an average 43 per cent.) of manganese, 1 to 20 per cent, of silica, 0'098 to 0'272 per cent, (on an average 0'25 per cent.) of phosphorus, 3 per cent, of oxide of iron and alumina, and 0'14 to 0"37 per cent, of cobalt. The deposit, which has an average thickness of about 4 feet, has hitherto been worked only in open cuts. Province of Teruel. — ^Deposits of silicate ore, said to contain ■33 per cent, of manganese and 30 to 37 per cent, of silica, were * Zeitx.f. praht. Geol., 1911, 19, 407-432. ■i" D. F. Hewett. Production of Manganese and Manganiferous Ores in 1912, U.S. Geol. Surv. Min. Res. U.S. t B.. Michael, ZeUs. f. praJci. Geol.. 1908, 129-130 ; L. De Launay, op. cit., 2, 565 91 discovered in this province a few years ago:, and ore therefrom has been shipped to Bel^um and Luxembourg for smelting with aluminous iron-ores. Province of Ovicdo.— At Covadonga, about 6 miles south-west of Cangas de Onis, a small town 35 miles E.N.B. of Oviedo, a group of mines is being exploited by the Asturiana Mines, Ltd. The ores produced are (a) manganese ore, (h) iron ore, and (o maaganiferous iron-ore. The deposits occur as a capping on limestone, the ore being covered to varying depths by an over- burden of boulder clay. The ore is won either by opencast work- ing after the removal of the clay, or by mining, the method' depending on the thickness of the overburden. The product is washed, and the resulting minerals are passed over a picking-belt, the manganese ore and the iron ore being separated by hand. The rernainder of the mineral, which is too small for hand- picking, is a mixture of pieces of iron ore and manganese ore, and is classed as " manganiferous ore." Statistics of production are not available. Spanish Production and Exports of Manganese Ore. (Revista Minera Metalurgica y de Ingenieria, Madrid.) Production. Exports. Year. Quantity (long tons). Quantity (long tons). Value* (£). 1913 1914 1915 .'. 1916 1917 1918 1919 21,247 12,944 14,098 13,950 56,550 76,465 65,614 27,346 8,822 8,989 8,709 21,280 22,365 17,853 61,146 19,724 , 20,100 19,473 47,581 50,005 39,919 The only production of manganiferous iron^ore in Spain during the period under review appears to have been about 50 long tons in 1917 and 98 long tons in 1918. Sweden. jManganese ores are at present mined chiefly at Spaxeryd and Hohult, south of Jonkoping. in the province of that name, and at Liaigban in Varmland ; but they have also been worked at Bolet, north of Karlsborg, in the province of Skaraborg, and elsewhere in Sweden. The annual production of true manganese ore has never been large. Three types of manganese ores have been distinguished :— (1) pyrolusite with manganite, (2) hausmannite with braunite, and (3) carbonate of manganese accompanying ij;on ore. At Spaxeryd the ore (chiefly pyrolusite) occurs in the " Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 pesetas = £1. 92 form of lodes in the granite ; at LS,ngban it consists of braunite and hausmannite, forming more or less irregular stratiform bodies in the dolomite.* Production of Manganese Ore in Sweden. {Sveriges Officiella Statistik. Annual.) Year. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Quantity — long tons . . . 3,937 .3,584 7,485 8,751 19,554 16,304 12,081 £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Valuef— total ... 8,869 7,712 17,834 38,442 60,952 108,802 96,783 s. d. «. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 8. d. Value — per ton... 45 1 43 47 8 87 10 62 4 Ib3 6 160 2 The annual production statistics do not show the average ■ manganese and iron contents of the total ore mined ; but it is stated that the production for the year 1916 included 3,166 long tons from Spaxeryd, averaging 47 per cent, of manganese, and 706 long tons from LIngban, averaging 56 per cent. The cor- responding figures for 1917 were 6,043 long tons of ore containing 16 to 45 per cent, of manganese from Spaxeryd, and 529 long tons averaging 56 per cent, of manganese from L^ngban. Production of Powdered Pyrolusite in Sweden. (Sveriges Ofji.ciella Statistik. Annual.) Year. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Quantity — long tons. . . 72 79 124 151 152 77 120 £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Value*— total ... 281 334 850 1,712 2,615 1,82.1 3,223 s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 8. d. Value — per ton... 78 84 7 137 1 226 9 344 1 472 11 537 2 Production of Manganese Alloys in Sweden. The production of spiegeleisen in the blast-furnace was begun in Sweden in 1868. Since 1904 several alloys used chiefly in the steel industry have been manufactured by the electric-furnace method, these including silico-manganese containing from 20 to 30 per cent, of sihcon and 70 to 50 per cent, of manganes©.* Ferro-manganese production has been conducted on a consider- ably smaller scale than that of sihco-manganese, and the former alloy has a limited apphcation owing to its high sihcon content. * J. Guinohard, Historical and Statistical Handbook of Sweden. Stockholm. 1914, 1, 49 ; S, 255. ' ' t Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 18-2 kronor = £1 t J. Guinohard, op. cit., 2, 238, 305. 93 The production of the different manganese alloys in recent years has been as follows : — (Sveriges Officiella Statistik, Stockholm. Annual.) Year. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Ferro-manganese : ' Quantity — long tons — 288 932 1,078 1,163 2,089 989 Silioo-manganese : Quantity — long tons 1,353 1,283 2,291 3,145 4,297 2,028 1,535 Perro - manganese - sili- con-aluminium : Quantity— long tons 134 500 ,772 710 1,309 461 80 Imports of Ferro-silicon and Ferro-manganese into Sweden. (Statistik Arsbok, Stockholm. Annual.) The imports of these two alloys are not given separately in the ■of&cial statistics. The combined imports thereof in recent years were as follows : — Year. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. •Quantity — long tons 2,642 1,933 903 10 7 2-5 6-6 £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Value*— total 14,752 8,137 8,091 49 504 277 259 s- d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. ■ d. s. d. s. d. Value — per ton Ill 8 84 2 179 2 98 1,440 2,216 796 11 The imports of these aJloys in. 1920 have been reported as 118 tons.-f- Imports of spiegeleisen in 1919 have been officially returned as 2,815 tons. Exports of Ferro-silicon and Ferro-manganese from Sweden. The combined exports of these two alloys in recent years were as follows : — (Statistik Arsbok, Stockholm. Annual.) Year. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 19194 'Quantity — long tons Value* — total Value — per ton 9,421 £ 107,855 s. d. 228 11 9,886 £ 121,668 s. d. 246 2 10;628 £ 186,582 s. d. 351 1 15,986 £ 442,996- s. d. 554 3 17,695 £ 611,290 s. d. 690 11 11,410 £ 424,743 s. d. 744 6 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 18*2 kronor:=£l. •■ Stahl u. Eisen, 10th February, 1921, 207. J The exports of manganese alloys in 1919 have been officially returned as follows: — Ferro-manganese, 100 tons ; silioo-manganese, 524 tons; silico-alnmino- manganese, 80 tons. 94 Tunis. The principal manganese ore deposits of Tunis were stated in 1908* to occur inland not far from Ain-Mulares, the amount of ore available being estimated at one million tons. The basis of this large estimate is not clear. In 1907 there was a shipment is about two miles south of Braxilito (Brazilito), con- siderably north of Punta Arenas, the chief port of Costa Eica on the Pacific side. Manganese-ore mining developed rapidly in the country in 1916 and 1917, and the industry was employing from 300 to 400 men in 1918. Exports of Manganese Ore from Costa Rica. Complete production and export statistics are not available, but practically the whole of the manganese ore exported from Costa Eica since production began in 1916 has been shipped to the United States, the quantities and values of the ore, as received in the latter country, being as follows : — (U.S. Bureau ol Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce.) Year. 1 1916. . 1917. 1918. 1919. Quantity, long tons Value, * total Value per ton 1,244 £ 8,063 s. f iTiang ftmesie ore imp lorted i nto the United States in 1920 was 606,937 tons, value £2 548,109 •§ • Includes 4 tons from British South Africa and -20 tons from China. f Includes 95 tons from British South Africa ; 107 tons from Ecuador ; 20 tons from Peru, and 3,000 tons from China. J Includes 1,194 tons from British West Africa and 144 tons from British South Africa ; 2,000 tons from Turkey ; 20 tons from Ecuador ; 10 tons from Colombia ; 1 ton from China, and 1,265 tons from Hong Kong. § U.S. Geol. Surv., May 10, 1921. 113 Values of Manganese Ore Imported into the United States. (U.S. Bureau of Foreign ajid Domestic Commerce, Dept. of Commerce.) Value £ * From 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. . 1919. Argentina _ _ _ 8,338 8,152 18,031 Anstralia — — — 4,024 — 2,915 5,493 Belgium 1,232 — — — — BiazU 92,850 153,494 466,841 1,487,463 1,787,145 2,119,612 1,496,223 British India 147,922 105,204 40,547 83,704 76,538 114,143 53,119 Canada 131 283 2,706 15,103 8,444 2,493 3,527 Chile — 4 1,319 10,158 2,906 CoBta Eica — 8,063 44,084 60,594 73,173 Cuba — 14,469 107,122 127,586 573,165 298,5S4 France 2,620 329 — — — , — — Germany 21,586 19,224 4,915 3 — — — Greece 5,066 — — — Japan 16 275 22,174 34,061 17,820 6,320 8,133 Mexico — 1,478 2,040 33,199 55,480 Netherlands 10,878 373 — — — — Panama — — — 65,369 33,983 54,692 16 Portugal — — — 2,499 ^- — 6,479 Bnssia 148,401 102,152 — — — — 61,857 tTnited Kingdom... 2,517 28,376 985 1,496 31,684 127,633 222,238 Other Countries ... 6,807 245 319 — 129t 31,896t 35,164§ Total 422,850 421,692 553,329 1,805,454 2,138,110 3,144,972 2,339,418 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of $l=4s. 2d. t Includes £88, British South Africa, and £91, China. j Includes £443, British South Africa ; £7l3, Ecuador ; £134, Pern; and £30,606, China. TnrkeV § Includes £3,247, British West Africa, and £744, British South Africa ; £2»,000; key ; £134, Bcustdor ; £202, Colombia ; £6, China ; and £5,821, Hong Kong. Manganese Alloys Imported into, and made from Domestic and Imported Ores in, the United States. The combined production of ferro-manganese and spiegeleisein in the United States for the period 1872-1912 amounted to 6,069,213 long tons. During the ten years 1903-1912, imme- diately preceding the period under review, the domestic pro- duction of ferro-manganese was 765,033 long tons, and that of spiegeleisen 2,089,343 long tons, while 715,118 long tons of the former tod 403,225 long totis of the latter alloy were imported from Europe. The ratios of the domestic production to the imports during the ten years were thus 1 :0'935 for ferro-man- ganese and 1 :0193 for spiegeleisen. For 1913 the corresponding ratios were 1 : 0-933 and 1 :0'0007, respectively, the importation of spiegeleisen having nearly ceased. As will be seen from the table below, the production of both ferro-manganese tod spiegeleisen in the United States increased greatly under the stress of the war, the imports of the 114 former alloy in 1918 being less thaai one-twelfth of the domestic production, while those of spiegeleisen were praoticaJly negligible. (Manganese and Manganiferous Ores : U.S. Geol. Surv. Min. Ees., U.S. Annual. [Production of Steel according to Amer. Iron aJid Steel Inst.].) Quantity (long tons). AJloy. 1913. 1914. 1916. 1916. 1917. " 1918. 1919. Ferro-manganese : Imported 128,070 82,997 55,263 90,928 41,969 27,158 33,022 Domestic Production : Prom Domestic oref Prom Imported oref 1,075 118,420 1,978 98,753 1,946 143,896 17,172 210,629 29,183 230,457 80,308 538,640 - Total Domestic Pro- duction.* Total 119,495 100,731 145,842 227,801 260,270 318,948 186,367t 247,565 183,728 201,105 318,729 302,239 346,116 218,379 Spiegeleisen : Imported 77 2,870 200 — 3,968 1,969 27 Domestic Production : Prom Domestic ore Prom Imported ore 41,744 65,236 51,511 25,114 107,062 7,384 141,795 43,027 170,914 28,110 232,986 40,966 - Total Domestic Pro- duction.* Total 106,980 76,626 114,446 181,822 199,024 273,952 84,246t 107,057 79,495 114,646 184,822 202,992 275,921 84,273 Total ... 354,622 263,223 315,751 503,651 505,231 622,037 302,652 Total Production of Steel in the United States. 31,300,874 23,513,030 32,151,036 42,773,680 46,060,607 44,462,432 34,671,232 * Total quantity made. i Figures of production according to Amer. Iron actually marketed not yet available.) ■|- Partly estimated, and Steel Inst. (Figures showing quantity The production of ferro-manganese in the United States in 1920 has been reported as 295,447 tons, and that of spiegeleisen as 119,449 tons§ In the same year, 59,254 tons of ferro-manganese and 5,234 tons of spiegeleisen were imported.il [Min. Ees. U.S. m 1919 (April 6, 1921) ■, gives the total domestic production of ferro-manganese for years 1915 to 1918 inclusive as 144,260 tons, 224,103 tons, 260,225 tons, and 306,076 tons, respectively ; and the total domestic production of spie- geleisen for the same years as 114,556 tons, 182,837 tons, 189,241 tons, and 263,861 tons, respectively ; but does not state the quantities of either alloy produced from domestic and imported ores, respectively.] § Amer. Iron and Steel Inst. The total production of steel in United States for 1920 in given by this authority as 40,773,000 tons (approx.). % U.S Geol. Surv., May 10, 1921. 115 Ferro-manganese Exported from the United States. Tear. Quantity (loDg tons). Value.* Total. Per ton. 1917 (July— December) 1918 1919 1920 2,400 3,577 2,999 3,454 £ 103,834 167,935 92,883 £ s. d. 43 5 3 46 18 11-5 30 19 5 Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of $1 ^ 4s. 2d. Average prices of Ferro-manganese and Spiegeleisen per gross ton, at Baltimore, U.S.A. (Iron Ttade Review, Cleveland, Ohio.) Ferro-manganeae.* Spiegeleisen.f Year. High.+ Low.J High.t Low.J £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1913 13 11 2 10 18 4 — — 1914 14 19 0-5 8 4 3 — , — 1915 22 12 3-5 17 2 10-5 5 16 8 5 16 2 1916 65 28 5 4-5 13 13 9 9 9 10-5 1917 71 8 58 6 6 15 14 5 13 15 1-5 1918 59 3 4 52 1 8 5 10 6-5 12 18 4 1919 44 5 5|| 21 17 6§ 14 1 3|| 5 14 711 Argentina. B. L. Miller and J. T. Singevpald, Jr.,** mention a small deposit of manganese ore at Piedra Parada Grande, near San Luis, from vsrhich a shipment of 100 tons had been made. Other deposits are reported in the vicinity. They are apparently super- ficial deposits on gneiss, and the ore is mixed with quartz and other gangue substances. According to a recent U.S. Commerce Eeport, t + there are now two mines producing manganese ore in Argentina, to supply the ♦ Prices of ferro-manganese from May, 1918, to January, 1919, inclusive, were based on 70 per cent, ferro-manganese, all other prices on 80 per cent. ferro-manganese. ^ ,„.,„.,• ^ j t Prices of spiegeleisen from April, 1918, to June, 1919, inclusive, were based on 16 per cent, spiegeleisen, all other prices on 20 per cent, spiegeleisen. % Prices converted to £ sterling at the rate of $1 = 4s. 2d. S SeptTmber, 1919, thereafter to end of year, £22 18s. 4d. to £25 10.. bd. \ June, 1919, thereafter to end of year, £7 Is. M. to £7 5s. lOd. •• Op. eit., 1919, 49. ft No. 19, January 24, 1921. 116 • demands of the domestic glass and iron industries. Both of these mines are situated in the heart of the Santiago desert, one in the province of Cordoba, 75 miles north of Dean Funes, and the other 25 miles farther north, near Ojo de Agua, in the province of Santiago del Estero The ore occurs as manganese dioxide in a fissure in the granite hills known to extend for at least 50 miles. The deposit varies in vs^idth from 3 to 5 feet, but pinches to almost nothing at a depth of 40 or 50 feet. At the mine in Cordoba the ore has averaged from 65 to 68 per cent, manganese dioxide and 4 per cent, iron oxide, while samples from the Ojo de Agua mine show 75 per cent, manganese dioxide and only one-half of 1 per cent, iron oxide. The small surface deposit discovered earlier in the province of San Luis, about 250 miles to the south, is now thought to be another appearance of the same seam. Native labour costs only from Is. to 2s. per day of 8 hours. With improved transport conditions, it is expected that the two mines will soon be producing a minimum of 600 tons of graded ore per month, of which one-half will be available for export. Production statistics are not available for the period under review, but it would appear that no manganese ore was exported from Argentina during the years 1913-16. In subsequent years, the imports of such ore into the United States were as follows : — Imports of Manganese Ore from Argentina into the United States. (U.S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Dept. of Commerce.) Year. 1917 . 1918 . 1919 . 1920 . Quantity Value* (long tons). '(£). 6,600 8,358 849 8,151 2,305 18,031 5,500 57,292 Brazil- Before the war, Brazil ranked as the third important manganese ore producing country. During the early years of the war, the steel mdustry of North America was almost entirely dependent on Brazil for such ore, and this gave a great stimulus to the manganese mining industry of that country. It is considered likely that the United States will continue to look to Brazil for a large part of its future supplies of manganese ore, although, in order to obtain suitable mixtures for various metallurgical uses, considerable quantities will be required from other foreign countries. It is understood that the quahty of the Brazilian ore exported to the United States towards the end of the war was appreciably lower than in its earlier years, the grade of ore from * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of $1 = 4«. 2d. 117 the principal mine falling from 48 or 50 to 45 per cent, or less of manganese. Owing mainly to the fact that coal has not been found in any considerable quantity near the deposits of manganese ore or the still larger deposits of iron ore (estimated at more than 3,000 million tons, carrjing 50 per cent, of iron, in Minas Geraes alone*), it has hitherto been necessary to export both of these ores instead of smelting thfem locally. The first shipments of manganese ore from Brazil were made in 1894, from which year to the end of 1913 the total production amounted to nearly 2,600,000 long tons. The deposits of Minas Greraes, which persist to a depth of about 400 feet, have probably yielded more tiian 95 per cent, of the manganese ore hitherto exported. Small quantities have been shipped from the State of Bahia. The exploitation on a com- mercial scale of the extensive deposits in the State of Matto Grosso has been prevented hy their great distance from the coast. Manganese ores occur also in the States of Maranhao, Parana, Pernambuco, Eio de Janeiro, Eio Grande do Norte, Santa Catharina and Sao Paulo, byt none of these deposits appears to have been actively mined. The principal deposits have been described by E. C. Harder, + and those of the Lafayette (or Queluz) district, Minas Geraes, by J. T. Singewald, Jr., and B. L. Miller. J Minas Geraes. — The manganese ores of this State occur chiefly near the stations of Lafayette and Miguel Burnier, 283 miles and 311 miles respectively north of Eio de Janeiro on the Central of Brazil railway, some deposits occurring also along the branch railway from Miguel Bumier eastwaxd to Ouro Preto. In 1911 the railway freight was 5 milreis (equivalent at that date to about 6s. 10'5d.) per metric ton for distances not exceeding 500 kilo- metres (311 miles) , and for distances in excess of that limit 10 reis per ton-kilometre, equivalent to about 0"27d. per ton-mile. § Mining was begun a little to the east of Miguel Burniet in 1894, the famous Wigg mine being started. During 1896-97 many deposits were discovered in the Lafayette (or Queluz) district, of which the Morro da Mina, north of Lafayette, on which mining commenced in 1904, has proved to be by far the most important. The combined reserves of the Wigg and the Morro da Mina mines were estimated at about 7 million tons in 1905,11 and in 1915 it was estimated by the management of the • General Economic and Financial Conditions of Brazil for the year 1919 : British Dept. of Overseas Trade, London, 1920, 25. ' t Manganese Ores of Russia, India, Brazil and Chile : Trans. Amer. Inst. M.E., New York, 1916, 56, 31-68. ,.,,,. ^ r , rr t Manganese Ores of the Lafayette district, Minas &eraes, Brazil : Trans. Amer. Inst. M.E.,^ 1916, 56, 7-30 ; and Mineral Deposits of South America, 1919 177—192. § D. Rocha : Cost of Transporting Manganese Ore in Brazil : Eng. Min. Journ., 1911, Pi, 553. II Min. Kes. U.S., 1905, 99. 118 Morro da Mina that development work had proved an ore reserve of 10 million tons in that mine alone* although it had already yielded about one million tons. The production of the mine at that date was at the rate of about 200,000 tons per annum. Several smaller mines produce manganese ore intermittently, among these being the Kodeio, east of Miguel Burnier; the Cocuruto, south-west of Lafayette; and the Queluz das Minas, near the Morro da Mina mine. Inactive mines in this vicinity include the Piquery and the Sao Gon9alo, in the Lafayette district. The manganese ore deposits in the region around Lafayette occur in a complex of granite, gneiss and crystalline schist, while those in the neighbourhood of Miguel Burnier and Ouro Preto occur in overlying metamorphosed sedimients, with which the important Brazilian iron ores are associated. Manganese ores are found scattered through the crystalline complex as large irregular bodies of manganese oxide (usually somewhat elongated and suggesting lenses), most of the bodies appearing to have either gneiss or crystalline schist on one or both bounding walls. Individual masses, as at Morro da Mina, may be several hundred yards in larger diameter, t The ore composing these lenses occurs mainly as massive drusy psilomelane, with some manganite and pyrolusit-e. Average com'position of Morro da Mina Ore as shipped.t (Ore dried at 100°C.) Per cent. Manganese 5047 Ferric oxide and alumina ... 8' 75 (alumina about twice ferric oxide content). ... 1-76 ... 0-069 ... 3'46 ... 12-40 ... 2-50 Silica ... Phosphorus Insoluble residue Volatile matter Water Average analyses of Ore as shipped from other mines in the Lafayette District.^ (Ore dried at 100°C.) Piquery Mine. Sao Gron9al6 Mine. Per cent. Per cent. Manganese 4900 to 5rOO 50-00 to 52-00 Silica ... ... 500 to 7-00 1-00 to 2-00 Phosphorus 0-08 to 010 0-12 to 0-15 Moisture 3-00 to 500 3-00 to 5-00 1* Singewald and Miller : Trans. Amer. Inst. M.E., 1916, 56, 15. '^ wa lit E. 0. Harder : loo. ait., 58—59. t Singewald and Miller : Trans. AnAr. Inst. M.E., 1916, 56, 16. § Min. Res. U.S., 1901, 142. 119 The manganese ore deposits in the sedimentary series occur as definite beds associated with ironstone. The principal bed, that on which the Wigg mine is situated, is from 2 to 3 miles in length, and has a maximum thickness of over 6 feet. This bed is bounded on one side by soft siliceous ironstone, with- a contact zone of mixed soft crystalline haematite and manganese oxide, and on the other side by a ferruginous schist associated with the ironstone. The manganese deposit at the Eodeio mine is of smaller longitudinal extent but of greater thickness than that at the Wigg mine. The manganese ores associated with the sedimentary rocks consist of finely crystalline or amor- phous manganese oxides, probably largely a mixture of pyrolusite and psilomelane, and are of somewhat better grade than those occurring in the crystalline complex.* Typical Analyses of Wigg Mine Ores. (Ore dried at 100° C.) Average. Cargo. Per cent. ( + ) Per cent, (t) Manganese ... 5000 to 5400 54-14 to 5502 Silica TOO to 2-00 0-53 to r25 Phosphorus ... 001 to 0^03 0-03 to 0-021 Moisture ... 1500 to 20-00 4-95 to 4-74 Bahia. — The manganese ore deposits of this State are stated to be superficial, small, and very irregular. The more important occurrences are situated about 16 miles west of Nazareth, a town on the Jaguaripe river (navigable by vessels of Hght draught) about 30 miles south-west of the shipping port, Bahia. Three mines have been worked in the district, namely, the Sap^, Onha and Pedras Pretas ; but for several years until 1917 these were idle. The deposits where mining has been carried on are esti- mated to contain more than 700,000 tons of ore.§ The Sap^ and Onha mines are connected with the Nazareth railway by a narrow- gauge hne, 5i miles in length. The Pedras Pretas mine is only about J mile from the main line, to which the ore is run down a gravity incline. At Nazareth the ore is put on sailing lighters and carried out to steamers. The cost of the ore on board ship, includ- ing mining and transportation, was given as lis. 8d. per ton at about the end of 1916.11 The region is hilly and heavily forested. The manganese ores occur in material derived by the decomposition of crystalline » B. C. Harder : loc. cit., 60—61. t Min. Res. U.S., 1901, 142. j H. K. Scott ; The Manganese Ores of Brazil : Journ. Iron and Steel Init London, 1900, No. 1, 205. § Miller and Singewald : Min. Deposits of South America, 1919, 188. II E. C. Harder : loc. cit., 61—62. 120 schists- probably belonging to the pre-Cambriiin crystalUne complex so extensively developed in eastern Brazil. The ore is mainly psilomelane, occurring as lumps and large masses (some- times botryoidal but mostly angular) in clay and soft earth. At the Pedras Pretas mine, which has been the principal producer in the district, many of the lumps of ore are more than 2 feet in dia- meter, and masses weighing as much as IJ ton are not uncommon, the smallest pieces shipped being about the size of a fisit.* Average Analysis of Ore from the Pedras Pretas Mine. (D. F. Hewett : U.S. Geol. Surv. Min. Res. U.S., 1914, 181.) Per cent. Manganese 43 to 49 Iron 3 to 6 Silica ... , 3 to 4 Phosphorus 0"016 Moisture 2 to 3 Important mining operations were commenced in the State of Bahia in 1917, these including the exploitation of manganese ore deposits in the Bom-Fim district over 200 miles north-west of the port of Bahia. Manganese ore was mined in the State in that year by three companies. One of these, which controls several deposits in the interior and a mine on the coast, introduced machinery, with the intention of competing after the war. In 1918, however, mining in the interior had to be discontinued, owing to the inability of the railway to handle the output, 40,500 tons awaiting transportation. The deposit on the coast was being worked to its fall capacity in that year. + Matto Grosso. — The principal deposits of manganese ore ia this State occur on the west side of the Paraguay river in two mountains, the Morro de Urucum and the Morro Grande', about 2 miles south-east of the village of Urucum, and a few miles south of Corumba. The Morro de Urucum is an isolated, nearly flat-topped, hill rising about 2,600 feet above the surrounding comparatively level country. About half way up, two almost horizontal beds of manganese ore outcrop in strata consisting of banded ferruginous slates. The strata of Morro Grande are similar to those of Urucum, but only one bed of manganese ore .is exposed. In three adits driven into the Urucum for short distances on different sides of the hill the ore beds averaged about 6J feet, 7J feet and 10 feet respectively in thickness. The ores are firm and hard, varying in colour from brown to black. The manganese content of fifteen samples taken from the three * J. C. Branner : The Manganese Dep68itB of Bahia and Minaa, Brazil ; Trans. Amer. Inst. M.B., 1899, 29, 756—770. t U.S. Daily Cons, and Trade Repts., May 23, 1918. 121 adits in 1913 ranged from 40-24 per cent, to 47-10 per cent., the average composition shown by analyses being as follows :— Per cent. 44-03 13-83 Manganese Iron Sihca, Phosphorus Sulphur Alvunina 1-74 0-200 0-015 2-30 Lime Magnesia Titanium Copper Moisture Per cent. 0-230 trace trace 0-006 2-84 It was estimated at that date that about 250,000 tons of manganiferous ore were in sight in the Urucum mountain,- and that, if the two beds extended continuously through the entire mountain, the total ore must amount to 15 milUon tons.* It has recently been estimated that there are about 120 million tons of high-grade manganese ore in the State of Matto Grosso, with an average content of 45'6 per cent, manganese, the content being in some cases as high as 58 to 59 per cent. The deposits in the Morro de Urucum and Morro Grande are worked by a Brazilian mining and shipping company witlj headquarters in Rio de Janeiro, which has been granted concessionary rights for 70 years, dating from 1918, over an area of 25,000 acres. The company is being financed largely by British and American capitalists. According to a Times correspondent, about 10,000 tons of ore has been mined, and this is being held pending the completion of the new railway to the river port of Ladavio, near Corumbd. When plans have matured, the company hopes to produce up to 150,000 tons of ore per annum.! Maranhdo. — Important deposits of manganese ore were discovered during the war in the north-western corner of this State, in the municipality of Tury-assii, on the north coast of Brazil, about 190 miles east of Para. The deposits lie within a tract of 20,000 acres,- the best outcrop of ctre being 4^ miles from the harbour of Sao Jose, on the Piracaua river. Lighters of 300 tons capacity can come within a mile of these deposits, which have so far been explored by trenches only. Manganese oxides appear to form distinct lodes, ranging in width from 4 feet to nearly 9 feet, traceable for more than 3,000 feet. It is estimated that one hill contains about 300,000 tons of ore, carrying more than 48 per cent, of manganese, within 50 feet of the surface. Samples show 47'9 to 51-2 per cent, of manganese; 6-5 to 9-3 of iron; 4 to 5-1 of silica; and 0-04 to 0-20 of phosphorus.! * Miller and Singewald : op. cit., 1919, 190—191. (Description based on unpublished report by W. L. Oumings, who Tisited the region m 1913.) f The Chemical Age, 1920, 2, 533 ; Bng. and Mm. Jonrn., New York, 1920, 1 in fi7R j'u.S. Daily Cons, and Trade Repts., Feb. 8, 1918. 122 Production of Manganese Ore in Brazil. From the beginmng of production in 1894 to the end of 1912, the exports of manganese ore from Brazil amounted to nearly 2,400,000 long tons, the highest output in any one year being nearly 250,000 tons in 1910. The production during the period under review is indicated by the export statistics tabulated below, only an insignificant tonnage being retained for con- sumption in Brazil. The maximum production^ was reached in 1917, the output for 1918 showing a great falling off, due to the large production in the United States. According to the Mineral Industry (1919, 28, 452), the high taxes of the Brazilian Govern- ment caused the United States Steel Corporation to turn to other sources for ore at the close of the war ; and, at about the middle of 1920, about 300,000 tons of ore was lying at Rio Janeiro unshipped, cheaper material being available. During 1920, however, 421,523 tons reached the United States from Brazil. Exports of Manganese Ore from Brazil. iCommercio Exterior do Brasil and other sources.) Exported to Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1916. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom Belgium £^rance Germany United States Other Countries 18,792* 11,610 7,098* 4,920 70,200* 7,715 46,494* 10,430 11,217 U3,924* 9,938 262,582 11,512 495,034 10 524,291 387,066 202,419 Quantity, Total (long tons) Value, Totalt Value, per ton 120,335 £ 181,400 s. d. 30 8 182,066 £ 275,300 5. d. 30 3 284,032 £ 554,200 s. d. 39 496,044 f 1,476,200 s. d. 59 7 624,291 3,014,900 i. d. 115 387,066 • £ 2,546,800 £. d, 131 7 202,419 1 987,067 s. d. 97 6 The quantities shown in the above table as having been exported during 1918 represent percenta.ges as follows : — To United Kingdom Belgium France Germany United States ... Other Countries Total Per cent, of total Exports. 15-62 9-65 5-89 409 58-34 6-41 10000 * Actual receipts from Brazil during 1913. t Report on the General Economic and Financial Conditions of Brazil for the year 1919, p. 61 ; British Dept. of Overseas Trade, London. 123 There were apparently no exports of manganese ore from the deposits in the State of Bahia during the period under review except in the year 1917, when 28,916 long tons, valued at £98,652, were exported from the port of Bahia.* Costs of Manganese Ore Production in Brazil. CM. Weld {op. at., 104) gives the following statement of costs per ton at four manganese ore mines in Brazil : — Mine A. Mine B. Mine C. Mine D. Mining f.o.b. railway cars Haulage to railway station Transfer from narrow to broad gauge railway cars. Railway freight to Rio de Janeiro Dockage at Rio de Janeiro Lighterage at Rio de Janeiro Export tax f 5.00 1.50 0.65 1.85 $ 4.00 1.50 0.65 1.85 f 5.00 0.25 ■ 5.35 2.50 1.90 $ 5.00 2.50 0.25 5.40 2.. 50 1.85 9.00 8.00 15.00 17.50 Mines C and D were handicapped at the date of this Report (March, 1919) by increased freight rates, whereas the other two companies were still operating under old contracts. In addition to the above costs a State tax of $3'20 per ton was imposed during the war, while royalty charges up to $1.75 per ton were not uncommon. The total range of costs for Brazilian ore into ship was, therefore, $12.00 — $22.50 per ton; and, since the low cost was for one of the largest and most important mines, it was regarded as probable that a fair average would be $15 per ton (approx.). Ocean Freight Rates on Manganese Ores from Brazil. The same authority (p. 105) gives the ocean freight rates on manganese ores from Brazil to England and the United States as follows : — Per long ton. $ Pre-war : Brazil to England or the United States 2'88 1916 : Brazil to the United States 5-50-6-50 1918 : Brazil to the United States 15"00 The figure for 1918, which is more than five times the pre- war rate, is understood to include insurance. * U.S. Dmly Cons, and Trade Reports, May 23, 1918 (value converted to £ sterling at the rate of $1 = 4«. 2d.). 124 The average rail freight during the war from the United States Atlantic seaboard to the oonsumer in that country is estimated to have been about $3 per long ton. Assembhng the foregoing figures, the total estimated average cost of Brazihan manganese ore dehvered at United States furnaces in 1918 was $30 per long ton. On a unit basis this would be 67 cents for ore containing 45 per cent, manganese. It is uncertain what will be done bj' the BrazihaJi Federal and State Grovernments with regard to the present high taxes, but other Brazilian costs will probably not be much reduced. The real difference in the future is expected to come from a fall in ocean freights. If these drop to nearly their pre-war level, it should be possible to deliver Brazihan ores to the United States consumer for about $20 per ton, this figure including $13"50 for cost into ship at Kio de Janeiro ; $3 ocean freight; $1, say, for insurance ; and $3 for United States rail freiglit to the furnace. Brazilian ores reaching the United States were formerly of higher grade than those imported in greatly increased quantities to fill urgent orders during the war. If, as expected, the grade should now improve slightly to, say, 46 per cent, of manganese, the estimated average future unit cost delivered to the furnace becomes 40 cents. At an equal price, Brazilian ore will always have the preference over Cuban owing to the higher content of metallic manganese. It was reported in 1917* tha^t the State of Minas Geraes had increased the existing export duty on manganese ore, which includes an ad valorem tax and a special or super-tax also based on the value. On the basis of the proposed official valuation of exported manganese ore at 120 milreis per metric ton, these duties together equal about 12s. 8d. per long ton. In 1920, f a law was sanctioned whereby exporters of manganese ore who within five years instal in the State of Minas Geraea electric furnaces for the production of ferro-manganese, and convert into that alloy at least 10 per cent, of their annual output of manganese ore, shall pay a considerably reduced export duty on ore shipments. The ferro-manganese so produced will "be exempted from export duty for the first five years' working. The existing special tax on manganese ore exports is maintained. It has recently been announced that the United States Steel Corporation has purchased the Morro da Mina mine in Minas Geraes. Chile. Manganese ores occur in Chile iu the Huasco and Carrizal districts of Atacama; the Los Chorros, Las Canas, La Liga, * U.S. Commerce Repts., Nov. 3, 1917. t Renter cablegram, Oct. 10, 1920. 125 Arrayan and Corral Quemada districts of Coquimbo; and the Aculeo district of Santiago. During the years 1885 to 1905 several of the deposits were worked, chiefly in the Carrizal and Corral Quemada districts, but also in the Las Canas and La Liga districts, the total exports of manganese ore for that period being nearly 550,000 long tons. The ore was shipped from the ports of Carrizal and Coquimbo. No manganese ore, was exported from Chile after 1905 until 1917, when some of the mines were re-opened. Chilean manganese ores have been classed, according to their geological occurrence, under three heads* : (1) those occurring interbedded with jasper and chert in a limestone-chert formation , as in the Huasco and Carrizal districts; (2) those occurtring interbedded with red sandstone, shale, and limestone, which in turn are interbedded with massive volcajiic flows, as in the Las Canas, La Liga, Arrayan and Corral Quemada districts; and (3) those occurring as veins in volcanic flows, as in the Aculeo and Los Chorros districts. The Carrizal district is situated between Huasco and Carrizal. In the northern part of the rnanganiferous belt, which is several miles in extent, there are from one to three beds of manganese ore (psilomelane) , varying in thickness from less than a foot to four or five feet, generally separated by only a few feet of chert or jasper. The beds are continuous, but pinch out locally, new ones coming in. The southern portion of the ore belt is comparatively short, and shows several breaks of continuity. The principal part contains four parallel beds of ore (braunite, with some psilomelane and soft black oxides) of which the two lowest have been extensively worked, the upper one having an average thickness of 3 J feet, but being considerably mixed with jasper. In the Las Canas, La Liga, Arrayan and Corral Quemada districts only one bed of manganese ore occurs, while elsewhere two or three parallel beds are found, usually within a few feet of each other. These range in thickness from mere seams up to 4 J feet, but where mined usually average IJ to 3 feet. The ore is pyrolusite. It is generally closely associated with limestone, and in many localities is intermixed with limestone in about equal amount. The manganese-bearing sediments sometimes extend over considerable areas, but are more commonly of limited extent. The deposits are by no means exhausted, and it is suggested that the present activity in the development of the Chilean iron ores and the opening of the Panama Canal may have some effect on the manganese situation. •EC Harder ; Manganese Ores of Russia, India, Brazil and Chile : Trans. Amer.'lnst. M.B., New York, 1916, 56, 62-68. 126 Analyses of Manganese Ore from Chilean deposits. (Lerch Bros., Virginia, Minn., quoted by E. C. Harder, loc cit. Analysis : Per cent. Man- ganese. Iron. Silica. Phos- phorus. Water (combined). Carrizal District : Coquimbana 45-82 2-74 5-42 0-093 3-78 Huasquina 37-08 3-21 11-97 0-116 3-48 Province of Coqmmbo : Mina Alta, Las Oafias 40-31 3-38 11-20 0-022 1-15 Mina Potosi, Las Canas 52-85 1-09 7-74 0-007 0-90 Mina Estrella, La Liga 49-64 1-29 5-00 0-010 1-00 Elsie Cut, Corral 50-00 0-78 9-43 0-013 1-18 Quemada. The output of manganese ore in Chile since production was resumed appears to have been entirely exported to the United States. Exports of Manganese Ore from, Chile to the United States. (U.S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Dept. of Commerce.) 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Quantity, long tons Value," total Value per ton £ 4 s. d. 202 £ 1,319 s. d. 130 7 2,998 £ 10,158 s. d. 67 9 441 £ 2,905 s. d. 131 9 Ecuador. Manganese ore deposits covering an area of about IJ square mile near San Antonio, province of Pichincha, were exploited in 1918, 107 long tons of ore, value £713, being shipped in that year to the United States. In 1919, 20 tons of ore, value £134, was received in the same country from Ecuador. The principal deposit, apparently a bedded vein of manganese oxides, varies in thickness from 3 to 9 feet over an area of about half an acre. An assay made in New York of ore from this locality gave the follow- ing percentages: manganese, 46-36; iron, r55 ; siHca, 6-44; phosphorus, 0-14; copper, P'02. Other samples showed 53-2 per * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate' of $1 = 4s. 2d. 127 cent, of manganese. Some have a higher percentage of silica, and some are mixed with limestone. The deposit lies at an elevation of 7,874 feet, and the conditions are favourable for cheap production. Samples from many other deposits in the vicinity, of unde- termined extent, appear to be of equal quality, from which it is assumed that many thousands of tons of manganese ore can be developed in this region.* Uruguay. Manganese ores are found in many parts of this Eepublic, but most of the known deposits are too smaE or of too low grade for exploitation, while the working of the larger and higher-grade deposits is prevented by the absence of adequate transportation facilities. Deposits of manganiferous iron-ores occur in the Departments of Eivera, Florida, and Eocha. Of these, the most notable occur- rence is that near the Arroyo Zapucay, in Eivera, about 75 miles from the Central Uruguay Eailroad, and more than 300 miles from Montevideo, the only port at present available. In this locality, two hills are stated to be made up almost entirely of ore, branches of the deposits extending for nearly 2 miles into the neighbouring hills. At the surface, the ore is a mixture of wad, psilomelane, and magnetite, and is stated by E. Marstrandert to have the following average percentage composition : iron, 34'8 ; manganese, 2'2'7 ; silica, 9'0 ; phosphorus, 0"03 ; and sulphur, 005. The mining rights are covered by concessions extending over 22,000 acres, granted to the Uruguay Manganese Company. It has been estimated that 80 million tons of ore could be taken out by open-cuts ; but, owing to the lack of transportation facilities, the deposits are not being exploited, although a certain amount of development has been done. A large deposit of similar ore occurs at Caraguata in the eastern part of Eivera, where, however, the transport conditions are worse than those in the Zapucay district. A deposit at Carrasco, about 10 miles east of Montevideo, is being worked on a small scale. This ore-body has a length of 500 to 600 feet and a width in some places of 165 feet, the ore being stated to contain 30 to 40 per cent, of manganese. The ore is used in glass manufacture. At Pantanoso, in the immediate vicinity of Montevideo, a 16-feet vein composed of small stringers is being worked, and ore has been extracted to a depth of 90 feet. During the period • U.S. Consul General at Guayaquil, Dec. 19, 1918. t Preliminary Report on the Mineral Resources of Uruguay : Minitterio de Induitriat, InatUuto de Geologia y Per/oraoioTtes, Bull. No. 2, 1915. 128 January- August, 1918, some 16 tons of manganese ore from this niine were exported to Argentina for use in glass factories. Official statistics for Uruguay show 2 tons of manganese ore exported in 1915 and 1 ton in 1917. China. Deposits of manganese ore are found over an extensive region in Southern China, in the provinces of Kiangsi, Hunan, Kwan- tung and Kwangsi ; but any production and export of such ore was due entirely to the war, and many of the mines ceased working after the Armistice. The deposits in the Canton district, province of Kwantung, are large and easily accessible, but owing to high freight-rates there is practically no market for the ore. With favourable shipping conditions there should be a good export trade in this mineral. Some export of manganese ore was reported in 1916 and 1917 from Pakhoi, in the same province, 12 miles south-east of Lienchou-fu, of which it is the port, and a property on the Lienchou river was opened in the latter year. Near Pakhoi, the Yu Ch'in Company's mines at Nata, closed down in 1916, were re-opened towards the end of 1918, and supplies were then being stacked for shipment to Japan. In the district of Wuchou, the commercial capital of Kwangsi province, there was considerable mining activity in 1918, tiie exports of manganese ore from that locality amounting to 10,678 long tons ; but production ceased abruptly at the end of the war. Manganese ore has been mined by the Hanyang Iron Works Company, in Hunan province, for smelting with their iron ore. Exports of mangtinese ore are included under the heading " Ores, Unclassed " in the annual Eetums of Trade and Trade Eeports, Chinese Maritime Customs, but it is known that the United States received shipments as follows in 1917-19 : — Imports of Chinese Manganese Ore into the United States. 1917. 1918. 1919. Quantity Value,* total Value per ton Long tons. 20 £ 91 s. d. 91 Long tons. 2,997 £ .30,606 s. d. 204 3 Long tons. 1 £ 6 s. d. 120 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of $1=4«. 2d. 129 Manganese ore was imported into China during the years 1913-1919, the Chinese Maritime Customs Eeports giving the following details : — Imports of Manganese Ore into China. Average Year. Quantity. Value. Haikwan Tael exchange. Long tons. Haikwan Taels. s. d. 1913 13 1,341 3 Oi 1914 498 30,276 2 81 1915 4 195 2 7^ 1916 9 425 3 311 1917 9-5 1,089 4 311 1918 ... 275 28,137 5 3t\ 1919 17 674 6 4 Japan. Manganese ore is widely distributed throughout Japan, but is now mined chiefly in Hokkaido and Kyoto, the remainder of the production coming from Gifu, Aomori, Oita, Tochigi, Nagano, and Shidzuoka prefectures. The most widely distributed and economically important deposits of the ore are found in quartzite, homstone, "radiolarian slate, or schalstein, most of these rocks belonging to the Paleozoic age. In the. majority of cases, the deposits are lenticular or irregular in form, lying nearly parallel with the bedding of the rock in which they occur,- and varying in size from small lumps to masses of ore weighing more than a hundred tons. As a rule the ore is mined, by open cuts or shallow pits, exclusively in the zone of oxidation, where it is probably a mixture of psilomelane, pyrolusite, wad and other oxides. Rhodonite is often found in the underground workings, suggest- ing that the ore mined was derived from rhodonite or some other manganese silicate.* Carbonate ores, previously neglected, have recently been mined. The prices of ordinary Japanese manganese ores for metal- lurgical uses are commonly calculated on the percentage of manganese, a basis of 45 per cent, being usual ; but for Japanese " brown-stone " ore (a pyrolusite of exceptionally high grade) special rates rule, based on the percentage of manganese dioxide. This ore is specially suited for chemical purposes. According to G T Hollowayt it contains from about 43 to 56 per cent, of manganese, 7 'to 10 of silica, and about 0-5 per cent, of phosphorus ; and the schedule of prices is agreed at so much per » Minina in Japan : Burea of Mines, Tokyo Japan, iy09, 99J0 ^ t Notes ou the valuation of ores and minerals : Trans. Inst. M.M., London, 1912, 21, 567. 33710 ^ 130 ton if from 85 to 90 per cent, of manganese dioxide, or so much from 75 to 85 per cent., 70 to 75 per cent., or 65 to 70 per cent. Japanese brown-stone containing 87 per cent, of manganese^ dioxide (about the best obtainable) fetches about twice as much as 70 per cent, ore ; while certain Continental pyrolusites, con- taining about 50 per cent, available manganese dioxide and stated to be marketable in the United States, fetch only about one-fifth as much as the 87 per cent. Japanese ore. Production of Manganese Ore in Japan. The expansion of the domestic iron and steel industries in Japan during the war, largely in connection with shipbuilding, created an abnormal demand for manganese in that Empire This resulted in a great increase in the domestic output of man- ganese ore, the production of which for the period under review was as follows : — (35th Statistical Eeport.) Year. 1913 ... 1914 ... 1915 ... 1916 ... 1917 ... 19,18 ... 1919 ... Of the output in 1918, Kyoto produced 10,903 long tons, valued at £38,707 (71s. per ton) and Hokkaido 8,218 tons, valued at £29,804 (72s. 6d. per ton). The remainder, 36,988 tons, valued at £134,229 (72*. Id. per ton), was produced in Gifu and the other prefectures mentioned above. No statistics are available for 1919, but it is estimated that the production of manganese ore was small, owing to the decreased domestic demand after the cessation of hostilities In 1918, Japan proper consumed 47,426 long tons of manganese orej two-thirds of which was used in the manufacture of iron and steel and the remainder for smelting and other purposes. It is believed that the consumption in 1919 was not more than from one-third to one-half of that in 1918.* Exports of Manganese Ore from Japan. The principal countries to which manganese ore is exported from Japan are the United States, the United Kingdom, France and China. Complete statistics of such exports during the period under review are not available. In 1913, the exports amounted to only 22 long tons, no ore being exported in 1914. Quantity (long tons) 17,755 16,803 25,470 48,547 50,579 56,109 * U.S. Commerce Reports, 1920, No. 191, 791. 131 The figures for the next three years are as follows :— 1915, 2,950 tons; 1916, 6,317 tons; 1917, 5,434 tons. In 1918, the quantities of manganese ore exported to the countries mentioned above aggregated 2,335 long tons, valued at £36,692 (314s. 3^. per ton), and in 1919 they amounted to 2,750 long tons, valued at £49,451 (359s. 8d. per ton).* The quantities and values of Japanese manganese ore as actually received in the United King- dom and the United States during the period under review are given in the tables for those countries. Imports of Ferro-nianganese into Japan. Complete statistics for these imports for the period under review are not available. In 1918, Japan imported ferro-manganese as follows : — (U.S. Commerce Eeports, 1920, No. 191, 791.) ■Quantity. Value. Valiie per ton. From the United Kingdom ... Prom Australia Long tonq. 252 506 £ 12,982 29,404 £ 51-52 58-11 Total 758 42,386 55-92 Philippine Islands. Manganiferous ores occur in Luzon, the largest of the Philippine Islands, in the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Bulacan and Tarlac ; also in the island of Masbate, south of Luzon. The most important of the known deposits are those in the •eruptive conglomerate region of Nagpartian, in Ilocos Norte, where the most promising occurrences he between Punta Negra and Punta Blanca. In this region, innumerable small nodules of pyrolusite and limonite are scattered over the surface, in stream beds and in the hill tops, while a great number of vein- lets of manganese oxide, varying in width from less than a quarter of an inch up to 2 inches, have been found between boulders of eruptive rock. The width of the veinlets is approxi- mately the same as the thickness of the surface noduks, all of which are more or less flat and of greater length than width. The lateral distribution of the surface mineral, which has resulted from the weathering of the manganese veins, appears to be extensive ; but in 1907 not more than 2 feet thickness had been exposed, and it remained to be proved whether more than * Ibid. (Values converted to f sterling at the rate of f 1 = 4s. 2d.) 32710 E2 48-93) 4-04 110 0-02 10-58 132 one bed of concentrates existed. An analysis of the ore yielded* : — ^ ^■ Per cent. Manganese dioxide 11 no- (Manganese Ferric oxide Silica Phosphorus pentoxide ... Water Manganiferous ores ai'e found in other localities in intimate association with auriferous oalcite ajad quartz veins, but no pro- duction therefrom has been reported, although some of the deposits are stated to warrant exploration. An analysis of a manganese nodule from Masbate showed a content of 44 oz. of silver per ton.! In 1909, manganese ore to the value of £1,300 was shipped from the Phihppine Islands, but no subsequent output was recorded until 1916, when 2,952 long tons, value £8,125, were produced, and shipped to Japan. J This ore was obtained by the Phihppine Manganese Company from their deposits in Ilocos >forte. The bulk of the shipment was nodular surface ore, the removal of which is stated to have exposed massive beds of manganese ore of good quality. § No production is recorded for 1917, but in 1918 there was an output of 640 long tons of manganese ore, value £938. In addition to the American demand, a good market- awaits the output of these deposits, which is expected to show a large increase when shipping facilities are improved. REFERENCES TO TECHNICAL LITERATURE. R«port on the mineral production of Canada, Mines Branch, Ottawa (Annual). The manganese ore deposits of India, by L. L. Fermor; Memoirs of the Greological Survey of India, Calcutta, 1909, 37; Part 1, Introduction and Mineralogy, 231 pp.; Part 2, Geology, 170 pp.; Part 3, Economics and Mining, 199 pp. ; Part 4, Description of Deposits, 681 pp. Records of the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta (Annual). Reports of the Department of Mines and Geology, Bangalore, Mysore State (Annual). Mineral resources of the United States, U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C. (Annual). The Mineral Industry, New York (Annual). Annual review; Eng. Min. Journ., New York. * W, D. Smith ; The Asbestos and Mancanese Deposits of Ilocos Norte r Philippine Journal of Science, Manila, 1907, 3, 170-i7l. f Mungsmese Deposits of the Philippine Islands : Mineral Resources P.I. for 1911 (1912), 42-47. % The Min. Res. of the Philippine Islands; Division of Mines, Bur. of Science, Mani'a (Annual). § F. D. Bardett : Manila Merchants' Association Review (quoted by the Min. Industry, T.M7, 26, 4H7). 133 1913. The occurrence of manganese in New Ross, Nova Scotia, by H. E Kramm- Can. Mm. Journ., Quebec, 1913, 33, 660. Notes on the Shimoga manganese blocks of the Workington Iron and I Co Ltd.; Geol. Dept., Bangalore, Mysore, Rept. Chief In- spector of Mines for 1912-1913, pp. 11-15. Iron and manganese ore in Victoria; Iron and Goal Tr. Rev., 1913, 87, 52. Notes on some Bulgarian mineral deposits, by H. K. Scott; Trans Inst Min. Met., 1912-1913, 22, 597-619. Study of the ore deposits in th« Province of Katanga, Belgian Congo Colony, by C. Guillemain; Zeits. f. prakt. Gteol., 1913, 21, 333. Influence of manganese on strength of mild steel, by A. Stadeler; Zeits f anorg. Chemie, 1913, 81, 61-69. Abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst 1913, 87, 664. Heating and cooling curves of manganese steel, by R. A. Hadfield ; Journ Iron and Steel Inst., 1913, 88, 191-196. Use of manganese steel for special purposes: machinery parts, by S. R. Stone; Iron Age, New York, 1913, 91, 140-142. 1914. Manganese ores, by E. Schnass; Gluckauf, 1914, 50, 918-923, 959-967. Die Bedeutung der Mangan- und Manganeisenerze fiir die Deutsche Industrie, vou L. Scheffer, Stahl u. Eisen, 1914, 34. 1246-1254, 1336- 1341. Manganese ore in Spain, by R. Pilz; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1914, 22, 373-377. Economic geology of the Belgian Congo, Central Africa (manganese ores), by S. H. Ball and M. K. Shaler; Econ. Geol., 1914, 9, 648. Manganese ore in Cuba, by B. Orton; Stahl u. Eisen, 1914, 34, 1731-1736. Reduction of manganese in the blast furnace, by H. Thaler ; Stahl u. Eisen, 1914, 34, 1481-1484. Corrosion of manganese st««ls, by C. D. Desch and S. Whyte; Journ. of the West of Scotland Iron and Steel Inst., 1914, 21, 176-191. Manganesensteel rails, by R. Hadfield; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1914), 50, 327-339. The magnetic and mechanical properties of manganese steel, by R. A. Hadfield and B. Hopkinson; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1914, 89, 106-137. Research with regard to the non-magnetic and magnetic conditions of manganese steel, by B. Hopkinson and R. A. Hadfield; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1914), 50, 476-494 with bibliography. Discussion on the economy and efficiency of various types of furnaces for melting ferro-manganese, by E. Indenkempen; Stahl u. Eisen, 1914, 34, 803-806. Abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1914, 90, 338. Manganese steel, with especial reference to the relation of physical pro- perties to microstructure and critical range, by W. S. Potter; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1914), 50, 437-475. Manganese sesquifluoride in Bessemer practice, by L. Goldmerstein ; Iron Age, 1914, 93, 250-251, 724-725. Abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1914, 90, 338. The use of liquid ferro-manganese in the steel processes, by A. Sahlin; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1914, 90, 213-231. 134 1915. Moncton Map-area, New Brunswick, by W. J. Wright'; Geol. Surv., Ottawa, Canada, Summ. Rept. fsr 1915, p. r82. The Cambrian manganese deposits of Conception and Trinity Bays, New- foundland, by N. C. Dale; Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1915, 54, 371-456. Mount Miller manganese mine, by L. C. B'all; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1915, 16, 12-15. Geology and ore deposits of Red Cliff, Colorado, by A. H. Means; Econ. Geol., 1915, 10, 1-27. Manganiferous iron ores of Ouyuna Range, Minnesota, by E. P. McCarty; Eng. Min. Journ., 1915, 100, 400-402. On the original type of manganese ore deposits of the Queluz district, Brazil, by 0. A. Derby; Journ. Geol., 1915, 23, 401-405. The geology of Central Minas Geraes, Brazil, by E. O. Harder and R. T. Chamberlin; Journ. Geol., 1915, 23, 341-378, 385-424. The manufacture and use of wrought manganese bronze, by J. L. Jones; Trans. Amer. Inst. Metals, 1915, 9, 264-272. Manganese-copper-nickel steel, by J. B. Rhodes; Iron Age, 1915, 96, 1553- 1554. The thermo-electric properties of special steels (manganese steels), by E. L. Dupuy and A. M. Portevin; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1915, 91, 331-332. Manganese steel, by J. H. Hall; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1915, 34, 57-60. Manganese steel castings in the mining industry, by W. S. McKee; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1915), 53, 437-450. 1916. Tungsten and manganese ores, by H. Dewey and C. E. N. Bromehead; Mems. Geol. Surv., Special Repts. on Mineral Resources of Gt. Britain, Vol. 1, 1916. (London). The geography and geology of west-central Sinai, by J. Ball; Surv. Dept., Ministry of Finance, Cairo, Egypt, 1916, pp. 186-204. The mineral resources of Mysore, by W. F. Smeeth and P. S. Iyengar; Dept. Mines and Geol., Bangalore, Mysore State, Gen. Ser. Bull. No. 7, 1916, pp. 84-109. Manganese ores of Russia, India, Brazil and Chile, by E. C. Harder; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1916), 56, 31-76. Report on the occurrence of manganese ore and barytes at Pernatty Lagoon; Dept. Mines, Adelaide, S. Austr., Rev. Min. Oper. for 1916, No. 25, pp. 55-63. Manganese-oi-es of Bukowina, by H. K. Scott; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1916, 94, 288-305. Notes on manganese in East Tennessee, by A. H. Purdue; Geol. Surv., Nashville, Tenn., Resources of Tennessee, 1916, 6, 111-123. Some manganese mines in Virginia and Maryland, by D. F. Hewett; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 640, 1916, pp. 37-71. The manganese ores of the Lafayette district, Minas Geraes, Brazil, by J. T. Singewald and B. L. Miller; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1916), 56, 7-30. High grade manganese ores of Brazil, by J. T. Singewald and B. L. Miller; Iron Age, 1916, 97, 417-420. The mineral resources of Uruguay : iron and manganese, by R. Marstrander; Mining Mag., 1916, 14, 315-320. The significance of manganese in American steel metallurgy, by F. H. Wilcox; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1916), 56, 412-431. 135 The electric furnace in metallurgical work, by D. A. Lyon, R. M. Keenej and J. F. CuUen; U.S. B'ur. Mines, Washington, D.C., Bull. 77, 1916, ferro-manganese, Pp. 141-145. The influence of carbon and manganese upon the corrosion of iron and steel, by R. Hadfield and J. N. Friend; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1916, 93, 48-76. Manufacture and uses of alloy steels, by H. D. Hibbard; U.S. Bur. Mines, Washington, D.C., Bull. 100, 1916, 74 pp. with bibliography. Action of manganese .in decolorising glass, by S. R. Scholes: Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 35, 518. 1917. Manganese and chromium, by E. S. Boalich; California State Min. Bur., San Francisco, Preliminary Rept. No. 3, 1917, 32 pp. Geological occurrence of manganese, by J. J. Runner; Abstr. Min. Sci. Press, 1917, U4, 128-129. Manganese in West Africa, by S. H. Ford; Mining Mag., 1917, 17, 270-272. Manganese deposits in the south-west districts of the Cape Province, by A. B. Welsh; Dept. of Mines and Industries, Pretoria, 1917, 10 pp. Properties near Kaslo : Manganese group, by A. G. Langley; Minister of Mines, Victoria, B.C., Ann. Rept. for 1917, F. 156. Investigations in the Slocan district, B.C., by M. F. Bancroft; Geol. Surv., Ottawa. Canada, Summ. Rept., 1917, Part B, manganese, pp. 29-33. Manganese ore in India, by B. Jayaram; Dept. Mines and GeoL, Bangalore, Mysore State, Records, 1917, 16, Part 2, 71-102. Queensland mineral deposits. No. 12, Manganese, by B. Dunstan; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1917, 18, 286-292. Butler's manganese show, Oadla Wirra mineral claim, by L. J. Winton; Dept. Mines, Adelaide, S. Austr., Min Rev. for 1917, No. 27, pp. 68-69. The ores of manganese and iron of the crystalline massif of Brosteni, Rumania, by V. C. Butureanu; Soc. Franj. Min. Bull., 1917, 40, 164-177. Utilisation of manganese ores in Sweden, by J. Harden; Met. Chem. Bng., 1917, 17, 701-704. Manganese deposits in Costa Rica, by A. M. Yonge; Bng. Min. Journ., 1917, 104, 739-741. Manganese mining in Arkansas, by T. Shiras; Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 104, 1079-1080. Manganese in California, by C. Billick; Min. Sci. Press, 1917, 114, 327-328. Manganiferous iron ore occurrences at Red Cliff, Colorado, by J. B. Umpleby; Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 104, 1140-1141. Leadville manganese resources; Min. Sci. Press, 1917, 115, 758. The manganese deposits of Philipsburg, Montana, by J. B. Umpleby; Min. Sci. Press, 1917y 115, 725. Manganese ores of Virginia, by M. Haney; Iron Age, 1917, 100, 884-893. Some manganese mines in Virginia and Maryland, by D. P. Hewett; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 640, 1917, pp. 37-71. The mining industry of Brazil, by F. L. Garrison; Min. Sci. Press, 1917, 114, 329-333. Blast furnace treatment of low-grade manganese ores, by R. Cordes; Stahl u. Eisen, 1917, 37, 494-497. Utilization of low-grade manganese deposits, a metallurgical problem. Excerpts from a paper by J. E. Johnson before Eng. Soc. of W. Pennsylvania; Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 104, 1027-1030. 136 Extraction of silver from manganiferous ores, by W. Neal; Paper before the Chem. Met. Min. Soc. of S. Africa. Abstr. Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 103, 229. Use of manganiferous iron in basic open-hearth practice, by E. Newton; Iron Age, 1917, 100, 1290-1292. Manganese steels, by A. Portevin; Comptes Rendus, 1917, 165, 62-65. The role of manganese in alloy steels, by H. M. Howe; Proc. Amer. Soc. for Testing Materials, 1917, 17, Part 2, 5-8; also Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 104, 467-468. Magnetic properties of manganese and some special manganese steels, by R. Hadfield, C. Cheneveau and C. Geneau; Proc. Roy. Soc, 1917, A, 94, 65-87. Ferro-manganese in the iron and steel industry, by R. J. Anderson; Journ. Eranklin Inst., 1917, 183, 579-592. Bibliography of the manufacture of ferro-manganese, by E. C. Buck; Met. Chem. Eng., 1917, 17, 638-642. Manganese in glass used as a deodorizer; Trans. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 1917, 19, 370. Effect of manganese resinate on turpentine, by A. Woodmansey; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1917, 36, 1254-1255. 1918. Manganese, by M. A. Allen and G. M. Butler; Arizona Univ. Bur. Mines, •Tucson, Bull. 91, 1918, 32 pp. Manganese ore in Canada; Can. Min. Journ., 1918, 39, 320-321. Investigations in Western Nova Scotia (Black Rock, Nicholsville and Salem Road manganese deposits), by E. R. Faribault; Geol. Surv. Ottawa, Canada, Summ. Rept., 1918, Part F, pp. 1-3. Investigations in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, by A. 0. Hayes; Geol. Surv., Ottawa, Canada, Summ. Rept., 1918, Part F, manganese, pp. 23-30. Manganese ore on Vancouver Island; Can. Min. Journ., 1918, 39, 390. Manganese at Kandanga, by B. Dunstan; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1918, 19, 558. Lo Minier© di manganese Italiane, by G. Castelli; Rass. Min. Met. Chim., 1918, 24, 64-66. Die Lebensdauer unserer Eisenerzlagerstatten und die Versorgung Deutschlands mit Eisen- und Manganerzen nach dem Kf lege, von P. Krusch; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1918, 26, 11-15, 19-23. Manganese ore in Russia, by H. Klein; Stahl u. Eisen, 1918, 38, 288-289. Manganese ore in the Ukraine, by K. C. Ohlebnikow; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1918, June, pp. 89-92. Resena historica sobre la mineria en Oriente, Cuba; Bol. de Minas, Direccion de Montes y Minas, Habana, Cuba, 1918, pp. 1-36. Manganese deposits of the Caddo Gap and De Queen Quadrangles, Arkansas, by H. D. Miser; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 660, 1918, pp. 59-122 with list of papers, w Manganese washing plant of the Eureka Company, Arkansas, by T. Shiras; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 105, 778. Manganese ore in Georgia; Science, New Ser., 1918, 48, 360-362. Manganiferous iron ores of the Cuyuna district, Minnesota, by E. C. Harder; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 58, 453-486. Manganiferous iron ores of the Cuyuna district, Minnesota, by E. Newton; Univ. of Minnesota, School of Mines Experiment Station, Minneapolis, Bull. 95, 1918, 126 pp. Some manganese deposits in Madison County, Montana, by J. T. Pardee; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull 690, 1918, pp. 131-134. 137 Manganese at Butte, Montana, by J. T. Pardee; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 690, 1918, pp. 111-130. Manganese in New Mexico, by E. H. Wells; New Mexico School of Mines, Bull. 2, 1918, pp. 1-85. Mining manganese at Crimora, Virginia, by M. Haney; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 105, 875. Possibilities for manganese ores in certain undeveloped tracts in Shenandoah Valley, by D. F. Hewett and others; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 660, 1918, pp. 271-296. Manganese deposits of Washington, by R. W. Stone; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 105, 665-668. Ferro-metallic alloys (ferro-manganese), by J. Escard; Rev. Generale des Sciences, 1918, 29, 673-680. The manufacture and uses of ferro-alloys and alloy steels. Report of special committee appointed to investigate the manufacture of ferro- alloys and alloy steels from raw materials occurring in Australia; Committee of Australian Advisory Council of Science and Industry, Melbourne, Bull. No. 9, 1918, 44 pp. Liquid ferro-manganese in steel making; Iron Age, 1918, 102, 208-209. The manufacture of crude sodium manganate for use on the mines, by i^. Wartenweiler ; Journ. Chem. Met. and Min. Soc. of S. Afr., 1918, 18, 161-162. 1919. Manganese, by T. G. Trevor; S. Afr. Journ. Ind., 1919, 2, 35-43. Bibliography of the occurrence, geology and mining of manganese, with some references on its metallurgy and uses, by H. L. Wheeler; EcQn. Geol., 1919, 14, 245-261. Information concerning manganese ore; U.S. Tariff Commission, Washing- ton, D.C., 1919, 28 pp. Manganese ores, by A. H. Curtis; Imp. Inst. Monograph, 1919, 111 pp. and bibliography. Tungsten, vanadium and manganese during the war, by H. R. Aldrich and J. Schmuckler; U.S. War Industries Board, Washington, D.C., Bull. No. 34. Manganese in the Transvaal; S. Afr. Min. Eng. Journ., 1919, 28, 527-530. The base metal resources of the Union of South Africa, by W. Versfeld; Union of S. Africa, Dept. Mines and Industries, Pretoria, 1919, pp. 47-56. -An investigation of certain Canadian platinum and manganese resources,, by G. C. Mackenzie; Trans. Can. Min. Inst., 1919, 22, 305-319. -Metallurgical industries in India : ferro-manganese and other ferro-alloys ; Indian Munitions Board, Industrial Handbook, 1919, pp. 135-137, (Calcutta). The mineral resources of the Central Provinces, by L. L. Termor; Reo. Geol. Surv. India, Calcutta, 1919, 50, 290-294. The manganese ores of the Cairns district, by H. I. Jensen; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1919, 20, 53-54. The manganese deposits of Western Australia, by A. Gibb Maitland; Extract from the Mining Handbook, Geol. Surv. Mem. No. 1, Chapter 2, Econ. Geol., 1919, 1 p. (Perth, W.A.). iReport on the manganese deposits of the Australian manganese Co., N.L., by L. J. Winton; Dept. Mines, Adelaide, S. Austr., Min. Rev. for 1919, No. 31, pp. 64-94. 138 Manganese ore, by P. G. Morgan; N.Z. Journ. Soi. and Techn., 1919,. 2, 113-119. "tfber das Manganeisenvorkommen von Macskamezb (Masca) in Siebenbiirgen, von H. Quiring; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1919, 27, 133-140. Mineral Resources of Georgia and Caucasia, by D. Ghambashidze ; London, 1919, pp. 21-23 and 130-182. Deposits of manganese ore in Costa Rica and Panama, by J. D. Sears;. U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 710-C, 1919, 91 pp. Manganese ore deposits in -Cuba, by B. F. Burchard; Amer. Inst. Min.. Eng., Bull. 147, 1919, pp. 591-595. Recent studies of domestic manganese deposits, by E. C. Harder and D. F. Hewett; Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Bull. 149, 1919, pp. 895-901. Manganese and chromium in California; California State Min. Bur., San Francisco, Bull. No. 76, 1919. Deposits of manganese ore in South-Eastern California, by B. L. Jones;. U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 710-E, 1919, 23 pp. Second Report on manganese deposits of Georgia, by J. P. D. Hull, L. la .Forge and W. R. Crane; Geol. Surv., Atlanta, Georgia, Bull. 35,, 295 pp. Manganese at Butte, Montana, by J. T. Pardee; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 690, 1919, pp. 111-130. Some manganese deposits in Madison County, Montana, by J. T. Pardee; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C.BuU. 690, 1919, pp. 131-143. The mining and preparation of manganese ores in Tennessee, by W. R.. Crane; Geol. Surv., Nashville, Tenn., Resources of Tennessee,' 1919, 9,. 32-47 and 48-59. Min. Journ., 1919, 125, 213-214. Manganese deposits of East Tennessee — II, by G. W. Stose and P. C. Schrader; Geol. Surv., Nashville, Tenn., Resources of Tennessee, 1919, 8, 235-324. Manganese deposits of the West Foot of the Blue Ridge,- Virginia, by^ G. W. Stose, H. D. Miser, F. J. Katz and D. F. Hewett; Virginia Geol. Surv., Univ. of Va., Richmond, Bull. No. 17, 1919, 166 pp. Manganese mines in Ecuador; Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 107, 967. Manganese ore in Uruguay; Min. Sci. Press, 1919, 118, 253. The Iron and Steel Industry of the United Kingdom under War Oon^ ditions, by F. H. Hatch; London, 1919, 159 pp. Problems involved in concentration and utilization of domestic low-grada- manganese ore, by E. Newton; Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Bull. 146, 1919, pp. 379-389. Manufacture and Uses of AUoy Steels, by H. D. Hibbard; New York, 1919,. pp. 24-41 with bibliography. Manganese bronze, by P. E. McKinney; Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Bull. 146,. 1919, pp. 421-425. Use of manganese alloys in open-hearth practice, by 8. L. Hoyt; Amer. Inst. Mill- Eng., Bull. 146, 1919, pp. 277-289. Production of ferro-manganese in the blast furnace, by P. H. Royster;. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Bull. 146, 1919, pp. 367-378. Production of silicon manganese in the electric furnace, by B. G. Klugh; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc., 1919, pp. 269-278. Effect of manganese in slag as a fertilizer, by J. S. McHargue; Journ.. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1919, 11, 332-335. 139 1920. Modificazioni prodotte dalla guerra alia pi-oduzione ed al'consumo del minerale di manganese; La Metallurgia Italiana, 1920, 12, N. 3, 81-94. Manganese usee, preparation, mining costs and the production of ferro- alloys, by C. M. Weld and others; U.S. Bur. Mines, Washington, D.C., Bull. 173, 1920, 199 pp. and bibliography, incorporating Mineral Investigation Series Reports issued during 1918 and 1919. Manganese in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, by J. C. Gwillim; Bog manganese deposits. Upper North Branch, Canaan River, Westmor- land county. New Brunswick, by W. L. Uglow; Bog manganese deposits, Dawson settlement, Albert county, N.B., by W. L. Uglow; Manganese mines, Colchester county, Nova Scotia, by W. L. Uglow; Cowichan manganese, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, by G. 0. Mackenzie; Possibilities for manufacturing ferro-manganese in Canada, by G. C. Mackenzie; Final Report Munitions Resources Commission Canada, Toronto, 1920, pp. 58-103. Manganese-ore mining in India, by E. N. T. Slater; Eng. Min. Journ., 1920, 109, 1155-1159. Manganese at Horseshoe Range, W. Austr.; Chem. Eng. Min. Rev., Mel- bourne, 1920, 13, 97. Also Ind. Austr. Min. Stand., 1920, 64, 557. (Also Report by Government Mining Engineer, W. Australia.) Report on the manganese deposits of the Australian Manganese Co., N.L., by L. J. Winton; S. Austr., Adelaide, Min. Rev. No. 31, 1920, pp. 64-94. Le mineral de manganese, production, consommation, approvisionnement de I'industrie beige, par J. Thoreau; Annales des Mines de Belgique, 1920, 21. L. 1, 1-43. Zur Frage der Eisen- und Manganerzversorgung der deutschen Industrie, von W. Pothmann; Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1920. Die tertiaren Manganerzlager bei Kissoc am Nordrande der Niederen Tatra, von H. Quiring; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1920, 28, H. 8, 117-123. Utilizzazione dei minerali di manganese nella Svezia ed in Italia; La Metallurgia Italiana, 1920, 12, No. 12, 435-440. Ricerche su taluni giacimenti manganesiferi del Senese, per L. Edlmann ; Rass. Min. Met. Chim., 1920, 52, No. 4, 60-62. Einiges iiber den Bergbau in der Bukowina, von Piffl; Bergbau, 1920, Sept. 23, S. 972-973. Manganese at Tchiaturi, Russia; Eng. Min. Journ., 1920, 109, 1111. The manganese deposits of Tchiaturi, Caucasus, by W. H. Rundall; Mining Mag., 1920, 23, 150-155. Manganese ore in Transcaucasia; Iron and Coal Tr. Rev., 1920, 101, 164. The manganese industry of Georgia; Russo-British Chamber of Com- merce Journ., 1920, February. Zona oriental de Malaga: notas sobre su estratigrafia y descripcidn de algunos yacimientos metaliferos, por A. de Alvarado; Bol. Inst. Geol. de Espaiia, Madrid, 1920, 1, 3 Serie, 20-24. Manganese ores of the Southern States, by G. W. Stose; Eng. Min. Journ., 1920, 110, 256-262. Deposits of manganese ore in Arizona, by E. L. Jones and F. L. Ransome; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 710-D, 1920, 92 pp. Preliminary report on the deposits of manganese ore in the Batesvill© district, Arkansas, by H. D. Miser; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 715-G, 1920, 32 pp. with bibliography. Some deposits of manganese ore in Colorado, by E. L. Jones; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull, 715-D, 1920, 12 pp. Deposits of manganese ore in Nevada, by J. T. Pardee and E. L. Jones ^ U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 710-F, 1920, 40 pp. 140 A deposit of manganese ore in Wyoming, by B. L. Jones; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C., Bull. 715-C, 1920, 3 pp. Manganerze in Matto Groeso; Metall u. Erz, 1920, 17, H. 17, 392. Manganese industry in Japan, "by H. T. Goodier; U.S. Commerce Repts., Dept. of Commerce, Washington, B.C., 1920, No. 191, Aug. 14, p. 791. The mineral resources of the Philippine Islands for 1917 and 1918; Dept. Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Science, ^lanila, 1920, p. 26. Recovery of silver from manganese-silver ores, by J. A. Carpenter; Eng. Min. Journ., 1920, 110, 898-902. Electric furnace smelting of Montana manganese ores, by E. S. Bardwell; Paper before Amer. Electrochem. Soc. ; Chem. Met. Eng., 1920, 22, 681-685. Also Iron Age, 1920, 106, 973-976. Reduction of manganiferoue silicate slags, by E. F. Kern ; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc, 1920, pp. 221-232. Beitrage zur Prage der Manganausnutzuns; im basischen Martinofen, von E. Killing; Stahl u. Eisen, 1920, 40^ Nr. 46, 1545-1547. Electric practice in making ferro-alloys, by W. A. Darrah; Iron Age, 1920, 105, 1019-1021. Electric ferro-manganese, by C. D. Grier; Bull. 5, Eng. Experiment Station, Washington. Iron Age, 1920, 106, 549. Manganese alloys used in commerce, by J. Herbert; Technique Moderne, 1920, December, pp. 508-517. Ferro-manganese practice in Great Britain, by P. M. Tyler; Iron Age, 1920, 106, 711-713. Manufacture of potassium permanganate, by R. B. Stringfield; Chem. Met. Eng., 1920, 22, 1027-1030. 1921. Manganese, by N. T. Belaiew and S. I. Atchkassoff; Russian Economist, London, 1921, 1, No. 2, 295-300. Notiz iiber ein Manganerzvorkommen bei Jamboli in Bulgarian, von G. Schmid; Zeits. f. prakt. G«ol., 1921, 29, H. 3, 43-44. Manganese mining in Argentina; Min. Sci. Press, 1921, 122, 389. Renewed activity in manganese mines in Argentina, by G. S. Brady; U.S. Commerce Repts., 1921, No. 19, January 24, pp> 456-457. Die Verfahren zur Erzeugung manganhaltigen Roheisens aus niedrig- prozentigen Mangantragern, insonderheit Siegerliinder Hochofen- schlacken, von H. Thaler; Stahl u. Eisen, 1921, 41, 249-253, 338-343. Manganese as desulphurizer in basic open-hearth practice, by E. A. Wheaton.; Paper before the Amer. Iron and Steel Inst.; Iron and Coal Tr. Rev., 1921, 102, 559. Einfluss des Mangans auf die Pestigkeitseigenschaften des schmiedbaren Gusses, von E. Leuenberger; Stahl u. Eisen, 1921, 41, No. 9, 285-287. Manganese bronze ■ its manufacture and control, by E J Davis ; Metal Industry, 1921, 18, 26-28. 141 IN.DEX. Page. Alabama (U.S.A.), Production of manganese ore in 110 Alberta (Canada), Manganiferous deposits in ... 42 Alloys, see Perro-manganese; Spiegoleisen ; Silico-manganese ; ' Silico^spiegel ; Manganese-bronze; etc. Alumina objectionable in metallurgical manganese ores 7 Andros (Greece), Manganese ore in island of 74 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 75 Appalachian region (U.S.A.), Manganiferous iron-ores in 104-105 Argentina, Exports of manganese ore to United States from ... 116 Manganese ore deposits in 115-116 Arizona (U.S.A.), Manganese ore and manganiferous silver-ore in... 104 Production of manganese ore in ... ... 110 Production of manganiferous silver-ore in ... Ill Arkansas (U.S.A.), Production of manganese ore in 110 Arschitza (Bukowina), Manganese ore at . ... ... 65-66 Output of dressing plant at ... 66 Arsenic harmful in manganese dioxide for di-y Cells 12 in manganese ore at Sitapar, Central Provinces, India ... 48 Asturiana Mines (Spain), Manganese ore and iron ore at 91 Australia (Commonwealth of). Manganese ore and manganiferous iron-ore in ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 59-64 Production of manganese ore in, for 1913-1919 ... ... 64 Austria, Hungary, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, Manganese ore in ... 65-66 Imports and exports of manganese ore into and from ... 66 Production of manganese ore in ... 19, 65 Available oxygen in manganese ores ... ... ... 11 Bahia (Brazil), Bom-Fim district of ... 120 Exports of manganese ore from ... ... 123 Manganese ore-deposits in ... ... ... 119-120 Onha mine'in ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 119 Pedras Pretas mine in ... ... ... ... 119-120 Reserves of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... ... 22,119 Balaghat district (British India), Manganese ore-deposits in ... 45-46 Barium objectionable in- metallurgical manganese ores 8 Basic pig manufacture. Consumption of manganese ore in, in United Kingdom 27 Basic process of steel manufacture, Tchiaturi (Caucasian) ore suitable for ... ... ••• ■'° Basis of sale of manganese dioxide for chemical and other non- metallurgical uses ^^'a Basis of sale of metallurgical manganese ore 8-9 "Battery," "chemical," or "dioxide" manganese minerals, Available oxygen in, prices of, and specifications for 11-12 Beldongri (British India), Manganese ore at 49 Belgian Congo, Manganese ore deposits at Katanga 69 Belgium, Consumption of manganese ore, fei-ro-manganese and spiegeleisen in ... ... ••. ■■■ Imports and re-exports of manganese ore, etc Manganiferous deposits in °' Percentages of Brazilian, Indian and Russian manganese ore exports shipped to °^ Production of manganese ore in •• Bellary district (Madras Presidency), Manganese ores and ferru- 67 68 68 54 ginouB manganese-ores in Benallt Mine (Carnarvonshire), Manganese ore at .. ... ... ^^-^o Bengal (India), Manufacture of ferro-manganese at Kulti in ^7 Bencal Mine (Iron County, Michigan), Manganiferous ore at ... 105 Bessemer practice, Spiegeleisen and ferro-manganese in .. .. 13 1-12 Page. Bhandara district (British India), Manganese ore in 47 Bibliography • 132-140 Bihar and Orissa (British India), Manganese ore in Gangpur District of ... ... ... ... ... ... 53 Manufacture of ferro-manganese at Jamshedpur in ... 57 Blast-furnace, Production of ferro-manganese and spiegeleisen in the 16 Bog manganese, or wad, Composition of ... ... ... ... 5 Bohemia, Manganese ore in ... ... ... ... ... ... 65 Bolet (Sweden), Manganese ore at ... ... ... .... ... 91 Bombay Presidency, Manganese ore at Sivarajpur, Pa,nch Mahals... 52 Bom-Fim district (State of Bahia, Brazil), Manganese ore in 120 Boqueron Eiver (Panama), Deposits of manganese ore on the ... 101-102 Bosnia-Herzegovina, Manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 65 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 19, 65 Braunite, Composition of... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 Manganese dioxide in ... ... ... ... ... ... 11 Brazil, Analyses of manganese ore from the Morro da Mina, Piqiiery Mine, Sao Gonfalo Mine, Wigg Mine, Pedras Pretas Mine, Morro de Urucum, and Tury-assii... ... ... ... 118-121 Costs of manganese ore production in ... ... ... 123 Cost in United States of manganese ore from ... ... 124 Exports of manganese ore from ... ... ... ... 122 Manganese ore deposits in ... ... ... ... ... 117-121 Ocean freight rates on manganese ore from... ... ... 123-124 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 122 Reserves of manganese ore in ... ... ... 22 Taxes on manganese ore exported from ... ... ... 123-124 Brendon Hills (Somerset), Manganiferoue spathic iron-ore in ... 26 Brenton Tor (Devon), Manganese ore at ... ... ... ... 26 British Columbia, Manganese ore Jiear Oowichan Lake (Vancouver Island) and Kaslo (on Kootenay Lake) 42 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 43 British Exports, imports and production of manganese ore, alloys, etc. Sue United Kingdom. British India. See India. Brosteni (Rumania), Manganiferous irou-ore at ... ... ... 80 Brownedge (Derbyshire), Mining of wad at ... ... ... ... 25 Brown-stone ore. Composition and selling basis of Japanese ... 129-130 Bukowina. See Austria, Hungary, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, 65-56, and Rumania ... ... ... ... ... ... gO California (U.S.A.), Production of manganese ore in 104, 110 Canada, Ferro-alloys entered for consumption in ... ... ... 44 Manganese ore in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Alberta, and British Columbia... ... ... ... ... ... 41-42 Production, imports and exports of manganese ore and alloys 43 Cape Province (Union of South Africa), Manganese ore in 37-38 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 40 Carnarvonshire (N. Wales), Manganese ore in Lleyn Peninsula (Nant, Benallt, and Rhiw mines) 24-25 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 26 Carnegie Steel Co. (U.S.A.), Price schedules for domestic metal- lurgical manganese ores issuefl by 9 Carniola (Austria), Manganese ore in 65 Carrizal district (Chile), Manganese ore in 124-126 Caucasus, Manganese ore deposits and industry of 80-89 Central India, Manganese ore in Jhabua 21,45,52 Central Provinces (India), Manganese ore in 20,46-52 Channagiri (Mysore State, India), Manganese ore at 53 Chemical and other non-metallurgical uses of manganese dioxide... 7-8 143 ■Chemical uses, Value of manganese dioxide, and qualities essential in, for Chhindwara district (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore iii Chihuahua (.Mexico), Manganese ore in State of Chikhla (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore in Chiknayakanhalli (Mj'sore State, India), Manganese ore iii Chile, Exports of manganese ore to United States from Manganese ore in China, Exports of manganese or© bo the United States Imports of manganese ore into Manganese ore deposits in ... Chitaldroog district (Mysore State, India), Manganese ore Chlorine not now produced by use of manganese dioxide .. Ciudad-Real (Spain), Manganese ore in ... Coahuila (Mexico), Manganese ore in State of Cobalt objectionable in ihetallurgical manganese ores, and dioxide for dry cells ... Cobaltiferous manganese ores in Western Australia... in Spain Colorado, Production of ferruginous manganese-ore in Production of manganese ore in Production of manganiferous silver-ore in ... Commonwealth of Australia See Australia. Consumption of manganese ore, etc. See under different countries ■Copper objectionable in metallurgical manganese ores, and dioxide for dry cells ... ^ Coquimbo (Chile), Manganese ore in ... Cordoba (Argentina), Manganese ore in ... Cornwall, Manganese ore in ... ... ... Cost of Production, etc., of manganiferous ores, alloys, etc. See under different countries Costa Rica, Exports of manganese ore to United States from Manganese ore in ... ... ... Covadonga (Oviedo, Spain), Manganese ore and iron ore at Cowichan lake (Vancouver Island), Manganese ore near ... Crimora (Virginia), Manganese ore deposit at Cuba, Cost of manganese ore production in Exports of manganese ore to United States from . . . Manganese ore deposits in ... ... Ocean freight rates on maiiganese ore to United States from ... ... ... Production of manganese ore in ... Cupro-manganese, Use of, as a deoxidizer Cnriol (Costa Rica), Manganese ore at -Cuyuna Range (Minnesota), Analyses of run-of-mine ore of' the Beneficiation of manganiferous ores of the ... Grade and tonnage of known manganiferous ore-bodies of the Manganiferous iron-ores of the Production of manganiferous iron-ore in the Dagwin and Dagwin Extension Concessions (Goid Coast Colony) Manganese ore on Prospective annual production of manganese ore on Depths to which manganese ore deposits persist Derbyshire, Wad in Derazevic (Bosnia), Manganese ore at Devon, Manganese ore in Deznac-Mennyhaza (Rumania), Manganese ore. near Dialogite {or rhodochrosite). Composition of No available oxygen in Dorna Vatra district (Bukowina), Manganese ore in Page. 11-12 45, 48 100 47 53 126 124-126 128 129 128 45, 53 7-8 90 100 8, 12 61-62 90 105, 109 104, 110 111 8, 12 124-126 115-116 25-26 96 94-95 91 42 106 98-99 98 96-97 19, 98 7 95 108 108 107 106-103 105, 111 35-36 37 20-21 25 65 25-26 80 5 11 65 144 Page. Driers for oils in paints, Use of manganese dioxide and manganese ^ salts as ... •.. •■• •■• ■■■. . ■■' , ■" ii -in Dry cells, Requirements in manganese dioxide tor .. ^ tt Russian (Caucasian) pyrolusite in demand for U 18 Ecuador, Exports of manganese ore to United States from ... 126 Manganese ore deposits in ... ... •■• i^ Egypt (Sinai Peninsula), Exports of manganiferous ore from ... 35 Manganese ore deposits in ■•■ .•■■ ••• •^•=-^'* Electric-furnace, Prod.uction of silico-manganese, sihco-spiegel, and ^^ ^^ ferro-manganese in the • ■•• •■ ••■ ' Exports of manganiferous ores, alloys, etc. See under different Countries. ,c Felso-Visso (Hungary), Rhodochrosite at ... oo Ferro-alloys containing manganese, Analyses of i^ Functions of, in steel manufacture o-,- ■" See also Ferro-manganese, Silico-manganese, Silico- spiegel, and Spiegeleisen. Ferro-grade ores defined, etc °-|° Ferro-manganese and ferro-manganese-silicon alloys 1^-16 Ferro-manganese, Analyses of British and American 14 Consumption of, per ton of steel produced ... 15 High-grade manganese ore necessary for making J.3 Price of British J^ Price of, exported from the United States 115 Price of, at Baltimore 115 Production of, in hlast-furnace and electric-furnace ... 16 Quantity of manganese ore required to produce 1 ton of 15 Use of, in open-hearth steel-making (normally) 13 Use of, in production of manganese-steel 15- Use of, in production of " manganese-bronze," etc. ... 7 Ferruginous manganese-ores defined ... 5-6 France, Exports and imports of manganese ore and ferro- 71 69 manganese Manganese ore deposits in Production of manganese ore and ferro-manganese in ... 69-70 Franklinite, Composition of 5 Manganiferous zinc residuum produced from 6, 105, 111-112 Origin and proved depth of, in New Jersey 20 Functions of manganese in chemical and other non-metallurgical industries ... ... ■•■ •■• 7-8 Functions of manganese in steel manufacture ... ... ... 7, 15 Gaisinsk district (Podolia, S.W. Russia), Pyrolusite in 86 Gangpur district (Bihar and Orissa, India), Manganese ore in ... 45, 53 Garbham (Madras Presidency), Manganese ore and ferruginous manganese-ore in ... ... ... ... ... 54 Gariajhon (Bihar and Orissa), Manganese ore at , 53 Georgia (Republic of). Manganese ore in. iS'ee Russia and Georgia. Georgia (U.S.A.), Production of manganese ore and ferruginous manganese-ore in ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 109-110 Germany, Exports and imports of manganese ore from and into ... 73-74 Manganese and manganiferous iron-ores in... 71-72 Production of manganese and manganiferous ores in ... 72 Substitutes for ferro-manganese tried during war in ... 74 Ghoti (Central Provinces, India), Psilomelane and hraunite at .,. 48 Glass manufacture. Use of manganese dioxide in ... 7, 11-12 Gold Coast Colony (West Africa), Exports of manganese ore from... 36-37 Manganese ore in... ... ... ... ... ... ... 35-36 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... 36-37 Reserves of manganese ore in ... ... ... 23, 36 Gosalpur (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at 51-52 Gowari Warhona (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at ... 48 145 Page. Greece, Manganese ore and manganiferous iron-ore in 74 Production and sales of manganese ore and manganiferous irou-ore in 75 Grey manganese ore (manganite), Composition of 5, 11 Guguldoho (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at 50 Gumgaon (Central Provinces, India), Braunite-psilomelane ore at 49 Hausmannite, Composition of 5, 11 Heathcote (Bendigo district, Victoria), Manganese ore at 60 High-manganese, pig-iron, made from manganiferous iron-ores in Lake Superior and Appalachian regions 105 High phosphorous — low silica manganiferous iron-ore deposits, Cuyuna district, Minnesota (U.S.) 107-108 Hohult (Sweden), Manganese ore at ... 91 Horseshoe Range (W. Australia), Manganese ore and ferruginous manganese-ore at 62-63 Huelva (Spain), Manganiferous deposits of 89-90 Hungary, Manganese ore in. See Austria, Hungary and Bosnia- Herzegovina. Importe of manganiferous ores, alloys, &c. See under different Countries. Impurities in manganese dioxide for chemical uses 11-12 Impurities in metallurgical manganese ores ... ... ... ... 8-10 India : Cost of production and delivery of manganese ore ... ... 57-58 Description of manganese ore deposits in ... 45-54 Exports of manganese ore and ferro-manganese from... 55-57 Lahour employed in manganese quarries in... ... ... 57 Prices of manganese ore shipped from, in war period ... 58-59 Production of manganese ore in ... ... 55 Royalty on manganese ores in ... ... 58 Ireland, Manganese ore deposits in, of little importance 26 Iron in ferro-manganese and other manganese alloys 14 Iron in manganese dioxide for chemical and other non-metal- lurgical uses, Permissible amount of 11-12 Iron in 'metallurgical manganese ores of " ferro " grade, not paid for in the United States ... 9 Iron ores. Manganese in, not paid for when below 5 per cent. ... 5 Istria (Austria), Manganese ore at Krogle in ... ... 65 Italy, Ferro-manganese and ailico-manganese production in ... 79 Imports of manganese ore into 80 Manganese ore and manganiferous limoni1;es in... ... 75-76 Production of manganese ore and manganiferous iron-ore in 77-78 Production of ferro-manganese and silico-manganese in 79 Jacobeni (Bukowina), Manganese ore near ... 55 Japan, " Brownnstone " ore of 129-130 Exports of manganese ore from, and import^ of ferro- manganese into ... ... ... ... 130-131 Manganese ore in... ... ... 129 Jhabua State (Central India), Braunite and psilomelane at Kajlidongri in 21, 45, 52 Jubbulpore (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore and manganiferous iron-ore in ... ... ... ... ... ...45, 51-52 Kacharwahi (Central Provinces, India), Braunite and psilomelane at 50 Kachi Dhana (Central Provinces, India), Braunite and psilomelane at 48 Kadur district (Mysore State, India), Psilomelane in 53 Kajlidongri (Central India), Braunite and psilomelane at 21, 52 Kandri (Central Provinces, India), Braunite at 49 Kannikalmatti Hill (Mysore State, India), Psilomelane at 53 Katangjheri (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at ... 46 33710 f 146 Page. Kodegaon (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at... ... 49 Kodur (Madras Presidency), Manganiferous belt at... ... ••■ 54 Kodurite series of manganiferous intrusive rocks... ... ■•• 45 Kosumbali (Central Provinces, India), Blanganese ore at... ... 47 Krugersdorp district (Transvaal), Mangan&se ore in ... ... 38-39 Kuiti (India), Manufacture of ferro-mangancsc at... ... ... 57 Kumsi manganese ore deposit (Mysore State, India) ... ... 21, 53 Kurmura (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at... ... 47 Lake Superior region (U.S.A.), Manganiferous iron-ores, in ... 104-111 See also Michigan; Minnesota (Cuyuna Range); Wisconsin. L&ngban (Sweden), Braunite and hausmannite at ... ... ... 91-92 Production of manganese ore at ... ... ... ... 92 Las Cabesses Mine (Pyrenees, France), Carbonate ore at 69 Launceston (Cornwall), Manganese ore at ... ... ... ... 25 Laurion district (Gi-eece), Manganiferous iron-ore in ... ... 74-75 Lead objectionable in metallurgical manganese ores ... ... ... 8 Leadville district (Colorado), Production of manganiferous silvor- _ore in 105-106 Lime (carbonate of) objectionable in manganese dioxide for chemical uses ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12 Llanbedr district (Merionethshire), Carbonate and silicate ore in... 25 Lleyn Peninsula (Carnarvonshire), Manganese ore in ... ... 24-25 Lohdongri (Central Provinces, India), Braunite and psilomelane at 50 " Loman steel " (Low-manganese steel) ... ... ... ... 16 Low phosphorus — high silica manganiferous iron-ore deposits, Cuyuna district, Minnesota (U.S.A.) 107-108 Lower California (Mexico), Manganese ore at Conception Point ... 99-100 Madras Presidency (India), Exports of manganese ore from ... 56 Manganese ore in ... ... ... ... ... 21, 45, 54 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 55 Mandir Bir, Mandri, and Manegaon (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at ... ... ... ... ... 50 Manganese alloys ... ... ... ... ... 7, 10, 12-16 See also Ferro-alloys; Ferro-manganese ; "Manganese* bronze"; Silico-manganese; Silico-spiegel; Speigel- eisen ; etc. " Manganese bronze " ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 Manganese dioxide. Chemical and other non-metallurgical uses of... 7-8 Percentage of, in manganese ore minerals ... ... ... 11 Value of, for chemical uses, etc. ... ... ... ... 11-12 Manganese ore. Quantity of, required to produce 1 ton of ferro- manganese ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15 Manganese ore, Reserves of, in principal producing countries ... 19-23 Manganese ore. World's production of ... ... ... ... 16-19 Manganese ore minerals ol commercial importance ... ... ... 5 Manganese ores. Definition of ... ... ... ... 5-6 Manganese ores of " ferro " grade ... ... ... ... 6, 8-10, 13 Manganese ores, Uses of ... ... ... 6-8 Manganese-steel ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15-16 Manganiferous iron-ores. Definition of ... ... ... 5-6 Manufacture of spiegeleisen from 13, 72-73, 105, 108 See also under various Countries. ^Manganiferous ores, Classifications of ... ... ... ... ... 6-6 Manganiferous pig-iron ... ... ... 7 105 Manganiferous silver-ores defined, etc. ... ... ... ... ... 5-6 Production of, in United States 104-106, 111 Manganiferous zinc-ore (franklinite). Composition of 5 Manganiferous zinc residuum 6^ 105, 111-112 Maiiganite, Composition of ... ... ..'. ... 5 H Mansakra (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at 51 Maiisar (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at 49 JIaranhao (Brazil), Manganese ore in State of 22, 121 U1 Matto Orosso (Brazil), Manganese ore in State of 22, 120-121 M«rionetlishire, Manganese ore in 25 Production of manganese ore in 24, 26 Metallurgical manganese ores. Value of ... ... ... ... 8-11 Metallurgical uses of manganese ores ' 6-8 Mexico, Exports of manganese ore from ' 100 Manganese ore in 99-100 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... lOO Michigan (U.S.A.), Production of manganiferous ore in 105, 109 Milos (Greece), Manganese ore in island of ... ... 74 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 75 Miuas Geraes (Brazil), Analyses of manganese ore from principal mines in State of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 118-119 Export duty on manganese ore from ... ... ... 123-124 Exports of manganese ore from 117, 122 Manganese ore in ... ... ... ... ... ... 117-I19 Morro da Mina, Wigg, and other manganese ore mines in 117-119 Prospects of manganese ore industry in ... ... ... 18, 124 Reserves of manganese ore in ... ... ... 22, 117-118 Minerals, Manganiferous, of commercial importance ... ... 5-6 Mining manganese ores, Cost of. Set Brazil, India, Russia and Georgia, etc. Minnesota (U.S.A.), Manganiferous iron-ore in State of ... 105-108, 111 See also Cuyuna Range (Minnesota). Miragpur (Central Provinces, India), Braunite and psilomelaue at 47 Moelfre (Merionethshire), Carbonate and silicate ore at ... ... 25 Montana (U.S.A.), Production of manganese ore in State of 104-106, 110 Morro da Mina (State of Minas Geraes, Brazil), Analysis of manganese ore as shipped from ... ... ... . . ... 118 Manganese ore at ... ... ... ... ... ... 117-118 Purchased by U.S. Steel Corisoration ... 124 Reserves of manganese ore at ... ... ... 22, 113 Morro de Urucum (State of Matto Grosso, Bjazil), Analysis of manganese ore at ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 121 Deposits of manganese ore at ... ... ... ... ... 120-121 Prospective annual production and reserves of manganese ore at ... ... ... ... ... ... 121 Morro Grande (StaAe of Matto Grosso, Brazil), Manganese oie at 120-121 Mount Miller Mine (Queensland), Manganese ore at ... ... 60-61 Reserves of manganese ore at 60 Mysore State (India), Manganese ore in 45, 53 .Reserves of manganese ore in Shimoga district of ... 21 Nagpur district (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore in... 45, 48-51 Nant Mine (Carnarvonshire), Carbonate ore at ... 24 Natal, Manganese ore deposits and production of manganese ore in 39 Sales of manganese ore in ... ... 40 Nevada (U.S.A.), Production of ferruginous manganese-ore and manganese ore in State of ... ... ... ..'. 109-110 Production of manganiferous silver-ore in 104-106, 111 New Brunswick (Canada), Manganese ore in ... 41-42 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 43 Newfoundland, Manganese ore in ... ... ... ... ... 44-45 New Jersey (U.S.A.), Manganiferous residuum from zinc-roasting in ' ... ' 6, 105, 111-112 New Mexico (U.S.A.), Manganese ore and manganiferous silver-ore in 104 Production of manganese ore and manganiferous silver ore in 110-111 New South Wales, Manganese ore and manganiferous iron-ore in 60 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... QA Ui Page. 26 64-b5 iCewton St. Cyres (bevon), Manganese ore at New Zealand, Manganese oie in ,, '" 10 Nickel objectionable in manganese dioxide for dry cells -1^ Nickel steel resistance-wires, Manganese in 01 o J Nikopol (S. Russia), Manganese ore in ol> °a Production of, and market for, manganese ore from ... 81,85 Nova Scotia (Canada), Manganese ore in 41-42 Production of manganese ore in 43 Onha (State of Bahia, Brazil), Manganese ore at ... ... ... 119 Open-hearth steel, Ferro-manganese normally used in making ... 13 Spiegeleisen used in the U.S. during the war in making... 13 Ore minerals of manganese 5 Oviedo (Spain), Manganese ore and iron ore production at Coyadonga in ; 91 Oxide ores of manganese •■• ■■• ^ Oxidizing agents, Use of manganese dioxide and compounds as ... 7-8 Oxygen, Available, in oxide ores of manganese 11 Pachara (Central Provinces, India), Psilomelane-braunite ore at... 47 Panama, Manganese ore in ... ... ... ... ■.. ... 101-102 Production of manganese ore in 102 Panch Mahals (Bombay Presidency), Manganese ore in 45, 52 Parsioni (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at 49 Pedras Pretas Mine (State of Bahia, Brazil), Pailomelane at ... 119-120 Penalties for impurities in metallurgical manganese ores ... 8-9 Percentage of manganese in manganiferous ores as variously classified ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-6 Percentages of exports of manganese ore to different countries: — from Russia ... ... ... ... ... 89 from British India ... ... ... ... ... ... 55 from Brazil 122 Pei'centages of British imports of manganese ore from principal exporting countries ... ... ... ... ... 27 Percentages of World's production of manganese ore in 1913 by Russia, British India and Brazil ... ... ... .. ... ig Permanganates of potassium and sodium, Uses of ... ... ... T Permissible ratio of iron to manganese iir ores for ferro-alloys ... 10 Pernatty Lagoon (South Australia), Manganese ore at, with analyses of shipments... ... ... ... ... ... ... 63-64 Peroxide of manganese in pyrolusite, psilomelane, etc. ... ... 11 Persistence of manganese ore -deposits in depth ... ... ... 20-21 Philippine islands, Manganese and manganiferous ores in 131-132 Philipsburg district (Montana, U.S.), Manganese ore in 105-106 Phosphorus in ferro-manganese and other manganese alloys ... 14-15 Phosphorus in manganiferous iron-ores of Cuyuna Range, Minnesota 107-108 Phosphorus in Tchiaturi (Cauca/sian) manganese ore, High content of 18, 83 Phosphorus, Penalties for excess of, in metallurgical manganese ores 8-10 Physical condition, important in manganese ore to be treate3 in still* 12 important in metallurgical manganese ores... ... ... 8 Tchiaturi (Caucasian) pyrolusite ai'rives at destination in poor condition ... ... ... ... ... ... 83 Pichincha (Ecuador^, Manganese ore near San Antonio in 126-127 Pig-iron, Production of "high-manganese," in the U.S 105 Playa Real (Costa Rica), Manganese ore at ... ... ... ... 94-95 Podolia (sauth-west Russia), Pyrolusite in Gaisinsk district of ... 86 Porto Rico, Manganese ore in island of ... ... ... ... 102 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 103 Prices of British ferro-manganese ... ... ... ... ... 13 Prices of ferro-manganese and spiegeleisen, at Baltimore, U.S. ... 115 149 1 rices o£ Indiau manganese ores during war period... m 59 1 rices paid for domestic metallurgical manganese ores in the U s" 9 1 rices paid ior manganese ore delivered at United Kingdom port^ 8-9 'rices nn.iiri fnr- m<»nn.ov,«t,„ j; ;j- i_ . ,, .^' . f"'- "° "a 12 18 5 1 rices paid for manganese dioxide for dry cells, chemical and other uses m the U.S Prices per unit at which Indian, Uussian and Brazilian maiianese ores could be sold at no profit or loss in pre-war times 10 1 roduction ot manganese ore by principal producing countries ' 16-19 Psilomelane, Composition of '" ,- Manganese dioxide and available oxygen in 11 Pyrolusite, Composition of c Manganese dioxide and available oxygen in ." .., H Russian (Caucasian), almost exclusively used before the war for making dry cells H Quaco Head (New Brunswick), Manganese ore at '. .,. 41 Queensland, Manganese ore in ' 60-61 Production of manganese ore in ... 64 llamrama (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at 46 lieferences to technical literature ... 132-140 Reserves of manganese ore in principal producing countries ... 19-23 See also under different countries. Residuum, Manganiferous zinc, t^ee Manganiferous zinc residuum. Rhiw Mine (Carnarvonshire), Manganese ore at 24-25 Rhodochrosite (dialogite), Composition of ... ... 5 No available oxygen in ... ... ... ... ... ... n Rhodonite, Composition of... ... ... ... ... 5 No available oxygen in ... ... ... ... ... n Romaneche Mine (Saone-et-Loire, France), Barytiferous psilome- lane at ... ... ... 69 Rumania, Manganese ore and manganiferous iron-ore in 65-66, 80 Russia and Greorgia, Manganese ore in, and industry of 80-89 See also Nikopol; Podolia; Tcliiaturi; Ural; etc. Ruther's Mine (Tregoss Moor, Cornwall), Manganese ore at ... 26 San'dur Hills (Madras Presidency), Manganese ore of the 45, 64 Reserves of manganese ore of the 21 San Luis (Argentina), Manganese ore at Piedra Parada Grande, near ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 115-116' Santiago del Estero (Argentina), Manganese ore in province of ... 116 Sape Mine (State of Bahia, Brazil), Manganese ore at ... ... 119 Scotland, Manganese ore deposits in, of little importance ... 26 Shikarpur (Mysore State, India), Manganese ore in ... ... 53 Shlmoga district (Mysore State), Manganese ore in... ... 21, 45, 53 Sihora (Central Provinces, India), Manganese and manganiferous iron-ores near ... ... ... ... 52 Silica, Penalties for excess of, in metallurgical manganese ores... 8-9 in ores for production of silico-manganese and silico- spiegel ... ... ••• 10 Silico-manganese and silico-spiegel, Analyses of British and American ... ... 14 can advantageously be made only in the electric-furnace 10 Definition of ... ... ... 12 Permissible content of silica in ores for production of ... 10 Silicon ferro-manganese. See Silico-spiegel. Sinai Peninsula (Egypt), Manganiferous ore in 33-34 Exports of manganiferous ore from ... ... 35 Sitapar (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at 48 Sitapathur and Sitasaongi (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at ^'^ Sivarajpur (Bombay Presidency), Manganese ore at 52 South Australia, Manganese ore in, with analyses of ore from Pernatty Lagoon 63-64 Production of manganese ore in ... 64 South Carolina (U.S.A.), Production of manganese ore in 110 J 50 Page. South Dakota (U.S.A.), Production of manganese ore in 110 Spain, iliingnnese ore and raanganiferous iron-ore in 89-91 :\langanese ore produced in and exported from 89,91 Spaxeryd (Swodeni, Pyrolusite at 91-98 Production of manganese ore at ... ... ...... 92 Spiegeleisen, Analyses of, as made in United Kingdom and United States :■■• 13-14 Jlade from manganiferoue iron-ores, manganiferous zinc residuum, etc. 13 Produced in the blast-furnace 16 Used normally only in Bessemer practice 13 Steel, Functions of manganese in manufacture of 15 Consumption of manganese in making, in the U.S. ... 15 Production of, in the United States 114 Substitutes for manganese in making 74 gtyria, Rhodochrosite at Kaskogerl in 65 Substitutes for manganese in steel making, tried during war.,. 74 Sudarhalli (.Mysore State, India), Psilomelane at 53 Sweden, Ferro-alloys exported from and imported into 93 Manganese ore in ... ... ... •■• ••■ ■•■ 91-92 Production of manganese ore, powdered pyrolusite and manganese alloys in ... ... .,. ■■, •■■ 92-93 Tata Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. (Jamshedpur, Bihar and Orissa, India), Manufacture of ferro-manganese by 56 Tchiaturi (Caucasus Mountains, Republic of Georgia), Analyses of manganese ore at ... ... ... ... ... ■•. ... 82-83 Conditions of sale contracts at ... ... ... ... 86-87 Cost of producing manganese ore at.., ,.. ,,, ... 83-84 Exports of manganese ore from ... ... .,, .,, ... 89 INianganese ore deposits (chiefly pyrolusite) of ... ... 82 Manganese Producers Company {Chriiio) at .,, ,., 87 Production of manganese ore at ... ... ... ... 88 Stocks of manganese ore from, at Poti .., ,,. .,, 87 Tennessee (U,S.A.), Production of manganese ore in ,., ,., 110 Teruel (Spain), Silicate ore in ... ... ... ... ... ,,, 90-91 Texas (U.S.A.), Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... 110 Transvaal (Union of S. Africa), Manganese ore in ... ,,. ,,, 38-39 Production and sales of manganese ore in ,.. ... ... 39-40 Tumkur district (Mysore State, India), Manganese ore in ,,. ,,. 45, 53 Tunis, Manganese ore, and production of, in ,.. ,,. .,. ,., 94 Tury-assu (State of Maranliao, Brazil), Manganese ore at ,.. ,,, 121 Tuthalli (Mysore State, India), Manganese ore at ,,, ,., ,,. 53 Ukua (Central Provinces, India)J Psilomelane and braunite at ,,, 46 Um Bogma district (West-Central Sinai, Egypt), Manganiferous ore in 33-34 Shipments of manganiferous ore from ,,, ,., ,., 35 Uuion of South Africa, Manganese ore deposits in the ... .., 37-39 Exports of manganese ore from the ,,, ... ... ,,, 40 Production and sales of mangjinese ore in the ,,, ,,. 39-4t) United Kingdom, Consumption of manganese ore in the ,,. ,., 27 Exports of manganese ore and manganiferous iron-ore from the ,., ... ... .,, ... .., .,, 30 Exports of spiegeleisen, ferro-manganese, etc., from the ... 32 Imports of manganese ore into the ,,, ... ... ,., 27-28 Imports of manganiferous iron-ore into the ,,. ... 29 Imports of si^iegeleisen, ferro-manganese, etc., into the ... 31 Manganese ore in the ,,. ... ... .., ... ,,. 24-26 Production of ferro-manganese, spiegeleisen, etc., in the.., 31 Production of manganese ore in the ... ,,, .,, ,,, 26 Sep also Ferro-manganese ; Spiegeleisen ; Prices of British i'erro-raanganese ; Prices paid for manganese ore delivered at U.K, ports; etc. 151 ^'"*^/ teto' S'"^ '""""'' °^ ™''"'*' "^ ™«"g«"ese ore during ''^'"'' Oomposition of ferro-maiiganese and other manganese alloys in the ^ ^^4 Consumption of manganese ore in the ..[ 104 Jlixports of ferro-mangaaese from the " 115 Imports of manganese alloys into the ... 113-114 Imports of manganese ore into the 112-113 Manganese ore, manganiferous iron-ore, manganiferous sUver-ore, and manganiferous zinc-ore in the 103-109 Prices of ferro-grade manganese ore and ferro-manganese in the, compared ... ... ... -^n Prices of ferro-manganese and speigeieisen at Baltimore... 115 Prices paid for domestic metallurgical manganese ores in the g_^Q Production of ferro-manganese and spiegeleisen in the ... 113-114 Production of manganese ore, manganiferous iron-ore and manganiferous silver-ore iu the 109-111 Production of manganiferous zinc residuum in the ... 111-112 Reserves of manganese ore and low-grade manganiferous ore in the ... ... ... ,.. _, 23 104 Upton Pyn© (Devon), Manganese ore at ... ' 26 Ural district (Russia), Manganiferous ores in 85-86 Production of manganese ore in ... ... 81 85 Uruguay, Manganese ore and manganiferous iron-ore in 127-128 Uses of manganese ores ... ... ... ... ... 5_8 Utah (U.S.A.), Production of manganese ore and manganiferous silver-ore in ... ... ... ... . . _ 110-111 Value of manganese dioxide in chemical and other non-metalliir- gical uses ... ... ... ... ... ... _ 11-12 Value of metallurgical manganese ores ... ... ... ... 8-10 Vancouver Island (British Columbia), Manganese ore near Cowichan Lake 42 Victoria (Commonwealth of Australia), Manganese ore in State of 60 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... 64 Virginia (U.S.A.), Crimora manganese ore mines in ... ... ... 106 Production of ferruginous manganese-ore in ... ... 109 Production of manganese ore in ... ... ... ... HO Vizagapatam district (Madras Presidency), Manganese ore and ferruginous manganese-ore in ... ... ... ... 20, 45, 54 Wad (" bog manganese "), Composition of ... ... ... ... 5 Wainganga River (Central Provinces, India), Manganc^p ore deposits east and west of ... ... ... ... 46 Waregaon (Central Provinces, India), Manganese ore at ... ... 50 Wassaw district (Gold Coast, West Africa), Psilomelane in 35-36 West-Central Sinai. See Sinai Peninsula (Egypt). West of England, Manganese ore in 25-26 Western Australia, Manganese ore, cobaltiferous manganese-ore, ferruginous manganese-ore and manganiferous iron-ore in ... 61-63 Wigg Mine (State of Minas Geraes, Brazil), Analyses of manganese ore from ... ... ... ... 119 Locality of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 117 Manganese ore deposit at ... ... ... ... ... 119 Winster (Dei-byshire), Wad mined .1 1 25 Wisconsin (U.S.A.), Manganiferous iron-ore shipped from 110 World's production of manganese ore 16-19 Zinc objectionable in metallurgical manganese ores 8 Zinc residuum, Manganiferous. Nrc Manganiferous zinc residuum.