QE 2.62J A3 1885! mmMj^\ 'mms I o > X -J truv ■! O o wymmmp^''^'^ !:UK:c/ Vv\iU,^V w>':\_/ mygi 'mim^iiMt smmmwiili BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF 1S91 ,,jim ^°^"^'^° "°^"^'W//r?>^ Cornell University Library QE 262.A3D15 1886 The geology of the country around Aldbor 3 1924 004 543 447 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004543447 i_All Rights Beserved."] MEM0IE8 OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF THE COtTNTRY ABOUND ALDBOROUGH, FRAMLINGHAM, ORFORD, AND WOODBRIDGE. (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEETS 49 S. AND 50 S.E.) BT W. H. D ALTON, E.G.S., EDITED (with some ADDITIONS) BT W. WHITAKER, B.A., F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E. PUBLISHED Br OEEBE OS THE LOEES COMMIBSIOKEES OB HEB MAJESTY'S lEEASUET. LONDON: PRINTED FOE HEE. MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. PtTBLISHED BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East HAEDiKfi Sieeet, LosDOi-, E.G. ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK, Nosth Beidge, EDiNBUitaH. HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, Geabton Stbeet, Dotlin. 1886. Price One-Shilling. LIST OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS, SEGTiONS, AND PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Tub Maps are those of the Ordnance Survey, geolosioally coloured by the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom nnder- tho Superintendence of Abch. Geikib, LL.l)., I'.a.S., Director General. (For Maps, Sections, and Memoirs illustrating Scotland, Ireland, and the West Indies, and for full particulars of all publics* tions, »e«"Oiitalogue." Price Is.) ENGLAND AND WALES.^(Scaleane-inchtoamlle.) Maps marked • are also published as Drift Maps. Those marked t are published only as Drift Maps. Sheets S», 6, 6«, 7*, 8, 9, II to 22, 25, 26, 30, 31, SS to 37, *0, 41, 44, 47'. 64', price 8«. 6d. each. Bheet 4, 6s. Sheets 2*, 10, 23, 24, 27 to 29, 32, 3S, 39. 53, 84t, 85t, ■*«. each. Sheets divided into quarters ; all at 8a. each quarter-sheet, excepting those in brackets, whioh are 1». Gd. each. BOKIZOWVAS. SECTZOn'S, •VESi'TSCILS, SECTION'S, 1 tu 139. Gniiland, price 5s. each. 1 to 75, Snsland, price 3s. 8d. each. COKIPZiSTED COmfTIBS OS' XiZireSiAKZ> A1S1> "WAImUS, on a Scale of one-inch to a Mile. Sheets marked • have Descriptive Memoirs. Sheets or Counties markedt are illustrated by General Memoir*. ANGLKSEYt,— 77 N, 78. Hor. Sect. 40. BEDFORDSHIUB,— 4iiNW,NE, SWt. SBt, 62 WW, NB, S"W, SB. BEBtCSniBB,— 7', 8t, 13", 13*, 31', 45 SW. Hor. Sect. 59, 71, 72, 80. BBEOKNOCKSHIREt-SS, 41, 42, 58 NW, SW, 57 NB, SE. Hor. Sect. 4, S, 6, 11, and Vert. got!t.4andl0 BUCKING HAMSHIRfl,-7* 13« 45* NE, SE. 46 NW, SWt, 52 SW. Hor. Sect. 74, 79. CAEI!.MA]lTHENSHmBt,37,8S.40,41,42NW,SW, 56SW,57 SW, SE. Hor.-Sect. 2-4,7.8,; and Tert. Sect 3-6 13 14 CAEllNARVONSHIRE,-)— 74 NW, 75, 76, 77 N, 78, 79 NW, SW. Hor. Sect. 28, SI, 40. • . • CARDIGANSHIREt,— 40, 11, 66 NW, 57, B8, 59 SE, 60 SW. Hor. Sect. 4, 6, 6. CHESHIRE,— 73 NB, NW, 79 NE, SE, 80, 81 NW, SW*, 88 SW. Hor. Sect. 18, 48, 44, 60, 61, 66, 67, 70. CORNWAIilit,— 24t. 26t, 26t, 29t, 30t, 31t, S2t, & S3t. DBNBlGHt,— 73NW,74,75NE,7SNE,SS,79NW,SW,SE,80SW. Hor.Seot.Sl,35, SS, 39,43, 44j andVert Sect 24. DBRBTSaiREt,— 03 NE. 63 NW, 71 NW, S W, SB, 72 NE, SE, 81. 83, 88 SW, SE. Hor. Sect. IS, 48, 60 61 6'i 70 ' BEVONSHIRBt,-20t, 21t, 23t. 23t, 24t, 26t, 26t,& 27t. Hor. Sect. 19. " ' " DOESETSHIEE,— 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23. Hor. Sect. 19, 20, 21, 22, 56. Vert. Sect. 23. BSSEX,—!*, 2*, 47 ♦, 4 8. Hor. Sect. 84, 120. SlilNTSHIBEt.— 74 N£. 79. Hor. Sect. 43. . GLAMOEGANSHIREt,-20, .36, 87, 41, 4 43 SE, SW. Hor. Sect. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ; Vert. Sect. 2, 4 6 6 7 9 10 47 GLOUCESTERSHIRE,— 19, 34*, 35, 43 NE, SW, SB, 44*. Hor. Sect. 12 to 16, 69; Vert. Sect. 7. 11 IB 46 to 51 HAMPSHIRE,— 8t, 9t, 10*, lit, 13*, 14, 15, 16. Hor. Sect. 80. ' ' HEEBFORDSHIKE,-42 NE, SE, 43, 56, 66 NE, SB. Hor. Sect. B, IS, 27, SO, 34 ; and Vert. Sect IB HERTFORDSH IRE,— It N W, 7*. 46, 47*. Hor. Sect. 79, 120, 121. HUNTINGDON,— 51 NW, 62 NW, NE, SW, 04*, 05. KENTt.— It SW & SE, 2t, St. 4*, 6t. Hor. Sect. 77 and 78. ^^a?^!,'^?^"'''' ^^' ^^ ^^'' ^^' ^^ ^^' ^^ ^^' ^'^^^ ^^' ^''' "^' ®^ ^^^'' ^^- ^■"'- ^"^^ "^ *° «8> SS to SV. Vert. Sect. .lEICBSTBIlSHlRB,-53 NE, 62 NB, C3*, 04*. 70*. 71 SB, SW. Hor. Scot. 46, 48, 49, 52 122 124 125 MBE,IONETHSHIREt,-59 NE, SB, 60 NW, 74. 75 NE, SB. Hor. Sect. 26, 28, 29. 81, 32 35 's7 S8 ' • i.oa.aa. MONMOUTHSHIRE,-:35, 36, 42 SB.NE,4,', SW. Hor. Sect. 5 and 12; and Vert. Sect g 9 10 12 aiONTGOMEEYSHIREt,-56 NW, 59 NE, SB, 60, 74 SW, SE. Hor. Sect. 26, 27, 29, 30, 32 34 35 Sfi ss NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. -04, 45 NW, NG, 46 NW, 53 NW, NE, SW, 53 NE, SW. & SB 63 SB 64 HOTTINGHAM,-70*, 71* NB, SB, NW, 82 NB', SB*, SW, 83, 86, 87* SW. Hor Sect 60 61 OXPORDSHIRE,— 7*, 13*, 34*, 44«, 45*, 63 SE*. SW. Hor. Sect. 71, 72, 81 82 PBMBROKESHIREt.-SS, 89. 40. 41, 6S. fior. Sect. 1 and 2 ; and Vert. Sect. 13 and IS KADNORSHIUE.— 42 NW. NB, 50. 60 SW, SE. Hor. Sect. 6, 6. 27. KUTLANDSHIREt.— this county is wholly included within Sheet 61.* '"T5f 64^ KdTert'^lecf 3^2:*."' ''^' '^' ""' '' ^^' ''' '' ^^- ^^- ^"- «-*• '*■ ^'^^ S", 83, 34. S6, 41, 44. SURREY,- 1 SWt, 6t. 7*. 8t. 12t. Hor. Sect. 74, 75, 76, and 79. BUSSBX,-4*. 6t. 6t, 8t, 9t, lit. Hor. Sect. 73, 76. 76, 77, 78. TrAEWICKSHIRE,-44*,45NW, 53*, 54, 62 NE, SV/, SB,63NW, SW, SE. Hor. Sect 23 48 to Kl • V.ri- B.„f o, WILTSH 1RE,-12*, 13*, 14, 16, 18. 19, 34*, and 85. Hor. Sect. 15 and 59 ' " ' ^'"^- ^'"*- ^^ WOECBSTBRSHIRB.-43 NB. 41*. 64, 65, 63 SW, SB, 61 SE. Hor. Sect. 13, 28, 26. 60, 69, and Vert Sect IB CBMSBAa MEBIOIRS OE- SHE GEOXiOGICAI, SURVBTT _ REPORT on CORNWALL. DEVON, and WEST SOMERSET. By Sir H.T De La BErTTiH ^6.. 'tn-o\ muURES and DESCRIPTIONS of the PALiEOZOIC FOSSILS in the abo^Ccunt^rs BvPko?'p2ttt„ ,«» The MEMOIRS ofthe GEOLOGICAL SURVETofGRBiT BRITAIN. Vol I Ms Vol tV fin ^ P^^^ ^J^^ * ^^'^'^ ''''^fieZ^^X)^''''' ^- "•^^"^^"- ^PP^'i--^^ J-^-S-T.HandR.ExHlBx.'L!"%'n^td!''^^^^^^^ (Vol.lII """"l^eSlf"™- ^'""- ^'"'''^''"*^'"=«'"«^«*»°fS-''°dW.Tmcts.ByW.WHiTAKBE. IS.. (Vol. IV. of Guide CO the GEOLOGT of LONDON and the NfllGHBOURHOOD. By W. Whitakee. 4th Ed. Is \_All Bights Reservedly MEMOIES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND ALDBOROUGH, FRAMLINGHAM, ORFORD, AND WOODBRIDGE. (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEETS 49 S.. AND 50 S.E.) BT W. H. D ALTON, E.G.S., EDITED (with some ADDITIONS) ET W. WHITAKER, B.A., ¥.Qr.B., Assoc. Inst. C.E. PUBLISHED BY OEDEK 01' THE LOBDS OOMMISSIOITEES OP HEK MAJESTY'S lEBABUEY. LONTION: PRINTED FOR HER MAJE-TY'S STATtONEEV OEPICE. PUBLiaHED BY BYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East Haeding Steeet, Londoh-, E.G. APAM AND CHARLES BLACK, NoETH Beidue, Edinbueqh. HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, Geaeton Steeet, Dublis. 1886. ■Price One Sfiilling, 6 'Vv?i PREFACE. The area described in tbe present Memoir lies in the south-eastern part of Suffolk, and is shown in the two Quarter-sheets 49 S. and 50 S.E. of the Geological Survey Map of England and Wales. It includes nearly the whole of the Coralline Crag. Owing to the extent and thickness of the superficial deposits only one edition of the maps is issued, representing the distribution and variety of these deposits with «uch small tracts of the older formations as appear r.t tbe surface — the Chalk near Earl Soham, and the London Clay at tbe bottoms of some of tbe valleys in the southern part of the area. By the help of well-sections, however, the north- ward extension of the older Tertiary groups has been traced. A full account of tbe literature devoted to tbe Red Crag will be found in the Memoir on tbe Geology of Ipswich ; only those works that treat specially of the Coralline Crag are enumerated in tbe following pages. A general Monograph of tbe whole of tbe Pliocene formation of England is now i n preparation. ARCH. GEiKIE, Director- General. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, 1st November 1886. E 18801. Wt. 10035. NOTICE. The mapping of Sheet 50 S.E., and of the adjacent strip of sea-coast comprised in 49 S., was almost entirely done (under the superintendence of Mr. W.'' Whitaker) by Mr. W. H. Dalton, who also wrote the Memoir before his retirement from the Geological Survey. In preparing the MS. for publication, Mr. Whltaker made some insertions from his own field-notes, and from published Memoirs by various Authors. He has also added the remarks on the Fossils of the Coralline Crag, on the literature of the subject, and on Shingle, besides contributing the larger part of the Appendix of Well-sections. H. W. BRISTOW, Senior Director. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, S.W. 20th October 1886. CONTENTS, Pack Preface by the Director General - - - • - iii Notice by the Director - - - • • • -iv Chap. I. Introduction. Cretaceous and Eocene Beds. — ^Area. Rivers (by W. W. and W. H. D.) Physical Features. Geological Formations. Chalk. Reading Beds. London Clay - - 1 Chap. II. Coralline Crag. General Description. Fossils (by W. W.) Literature (by W. W.), Details 5 Chap. III. Red Crag. General Description. Details. (Valley of the Finn. Valley of the Deben, up the Right Side. Valley of the Deben, down the Left Side. Valley of the Butley River) - - 12 Chap. IV. Red Crag (continued). Details. (Valley of the Ore or Aide, up the Right Side. Valley of the Ore. Valley of the Aide and Saxmundham Valley. Valley of the Ore (or Aide), down the Left Side below Snape. Sea-board. Hundred River Valley and Minsmere Valley). Chillesford Clay - - - - 20 Chap. V. Glacial Drift. Divisions. Lower Boulder Clay. (Valley of the Deben. Valley of the Butley River. Valley of the Aide or Ore. Northward from Aldborough). Sand and Gravel. (Valley of the Finn. Valley of the Deben, up the Right Side. Valley of the Deben, down the Left Side. Valley of the Butley River. Valley of the Ore, up the Right Side. Valley of the Ore, down the Left Side, including the Valley of the Aide. Valley of The Hundred River. Valley of the Leiston Brook. Minsmere Valley) - - 27 Chap. VI. Glacial Drift (continued). — Upper Boulder Clay. (General Account. Valley of the Finn. Valley of the Deben, up the Right Side. Valley of the Deben, down the Left Side. Valley of the Butley River. Valley of the Ore, up the Right Side. Valley of the Ore, down the Left Side. Valley of the Aide. Saxmundham Valley. Valley of the Ore or Aide, Left Side. Valley of the Hundred River. Minsmere Valley. Valley of the Waveney) - 36 Chap. VII. Post Glacial Beds (by W. W. and W. H. D.)— River Gravels. Alluvium. Coast Deposits (Shingle. Blown Sand) - 46 Appendix.— Well-sections. (By W. W. and W. H. D.) - - 50 Index - - - - - - - -"-58 VI ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Figs. 1, 2, — Casts of Valuta Lamberti, showing the Filling in of the Whorls of the Shells 11 „ 3. — Section in a Pit, three furlongs East of Great Bealings Church. (Wood.) - - - - - 12 „ 4. — Section in a Pit on the Common about half a mile West of Butley Abbey. (Pkestwich.) - - - - 13 „ 5.— Section in a Pit by the side of the Road lj(?5)n)ile N.N.E. from Sudbourn Church. (Prestwich.) - 20 „ 6. — Section in Ballast-pit, Aldborough. (Prestwtch.) - 23 „ 7. — Section in a Pit half a mile eastward of Blaxhall - - 29 „ 8, 9.— Views from the Top of Orfordness High Lighthouse. (Redman.) - - • . . - 48 THE GEOLOGY OF THE OOUNTRT AEOUND ALDBOROUGH, FRAMLINGHAM, ORFORD, AND WOODBRIDGE. CHAPTER I.--INTRODUCTION. CRETACEOUS AND EOCENE BEDS. Akea, Sheets 49 S. and 50 S.E. of the Geological Survey Map include the towns of Aldborough (or Aldeburgh), Debenham, Framlingham, Orford, Saxniundham, and Woodbridge, and the important' villages of Earl Soham, Grundisburgh, Leiston, and Wickham Market. The district is about 220 square miles in area, bounded by the North Sea on the East, but elsewhere by land. KlVEES. With the exception of a small brook rising near Tannington, on the northern edge oF the map, and flowing north-westward to join the Waveney at H-oxne, all the district is drained by streams flowing to the S.E., and belonging either to the system of the Deben or to that of the Ore, except for the small streams N. of Aldborough. W. H. D. The Deben rises N. of Debenham and flows S.E to near Rendlesham, receiving various tributaries on the way, from Helmingham, Kenton, and Debach. It then turns S.W., to its estuary at Woodbridge, being joined by a brook from Bredfield. Its chief tributary is the Finn, which, rising N. of Witnesham, flows S. to Tuddenham (just beyond our district) and thence eastward to the estuary of the Deben, receiving in its course the brook that rises at Otley and runs past Grundisburgh and the Bealing.'?. The Ore (anciently Frome), rises near Saxtead, flows S.E. to below Mariesford and tiien eastward to the coast at Aldborough, after receiving the Aide, and at Snape the brook that, rismg above Kelsale, flows S. through Saxmundham. At Aldborough 2 INTRODUCTION. the river, debnrred by the phingle from joining the eea, turns S.W. along the coast, escaping nt HoUesley, four miles below Orford and 10 from Aidborough, after receiving the Butley River. , The tributary JZrfe, rising near Bennington, flows S.S.E. into the Ore east of Little Glembam. Below this junction the names Ore and Aide are used indifferently on the old Ordnance Map. The Butlei/ Eiver„using; south-eastward of Rendlesham, flows E. to Chillesford, and then S. to the estuary of the Ore, beyond our district. The Hundred River is a small stream that rises near Knoddishall, and flows eastward to the sea N. of Aidborough. ^ The Minsmere, which drains the N.W. corner of the district enters tlie sea N. of Sizewell. According to the report of the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Conservancy Boards (Fol. 1877) the Aide ( = Ore) is 30| miles long, with a, drainage area of 127 square miles, the Deben, 32 miles long, with a drainage area of 159 square miles, and the Minsmere is 12^ miles long, draining 25 square miles. W. W. and W. H. D. The following extract from Reyce's Breviary of Suffolk in the Harleian MSS. (No. 3873) shows both the ancient nomenclature and the change that has taken place in the position of the inouth of the Ore : — " Another special River, called of old time Fromus, ...... [Ore] beginning at Tannington and Framlingham, desoendeth to Marlesford, and so of the south-east of Farnham, entertaineth another River, called the Gleme [Aide], which cometh from Rendlesham [Rendham] and both the Glemhamsj thus passing forth to Snape Bridge, it embraceth another River coming from Carlton by Saxmundham, and so continuing his course, by Iken receiveth a third small brook, with all which accompauied, it fetoheth a great compass towards Aldehurgh and Sudbourne, and at length dedicates itself into the broad sea at Orford." Physical Features. The general form of the surface is that of a plain sloping east- wards, from 231 feet above the sea at Ash Booking and about the same above Kenton to 36 at Sizewell Cliff and 78 at Sudbourn Black Walks, with a sharp descent to the sea-level at the estuaries. The distinction between High and Low Sufiblk is not a purely conventional line drawn across this slope, but rather a geological one separating the part where clay predominates fiom that which consists chiefly of light land. As most of the clay-surface is above the 100 feet contour-line and most of the sand below that level, the names bear with them a certain amount of geological correctness. Ignoring the valleys, which are merely gashes in the general plain, this boundary-line is approximately that of the railway ; the principal towns and the heads of the estuaries beino' on it, through the operations of purely geologic:il causes, the junction affording not only a starting point for denudation, but a INTBODUCTION. 3 fei'tile rriixnd soil, an abundant water-supply close to the surface, and buikling-materials. This c^innexion obtains in fait over a large part of the Eastern Counties, most of the principal towns being on sites of peculiar (and favourable) geological otructure or at the heads of estuaries. Geological Fobmations. The beds that occur at or near the surface in this district are as follows ; — Recent /Shingle. Kecent "j Alluvium. Post Glacial - River-Gravel, r Boulder Clay. Glacial --i Gravel, Sand, Loam, and Boulder Clay. L Brickearth and Boulder Clay, [■ Chillesford Beds (Clay and Sand), Pliocene -i Red Crag. L Coralline and White Crag, Lower Eocene { ^"^^P^^ ^^^^ Cretaceous - Chalk. The Reading Beds have been proved by wells to occur, as elsewhere, between the London Clay and the Chalk. They are not, however, to be seen at the surface, owing to the covering of newer beds. Chalk. The Chalk is exposed in very few places, in only one of which does it exhibit its ordinary appearance of soft, white, earthy car- bonate of lime. The other exposures •(mostly natural and there- fore weathered) present a hard, clayey, homogeneous mass, as if great pressure had been applied, destroying the granules of the original substunce by welding or puddling them togeLher. In the N.W. part of the district the surface of the Chalk approximates in slope to the general contour of the country, lying but little below the bottom of the principal valleys, and at one point rising somewhat above the water-level. To the S. and E. it passes below tlie sea-level, the Tertinries and Drift overlyino- it. The inchned plane of the base of the Tertiaries, as fixed in the well-sections at Melton, Orford (Lantern Marshes), and Sax- mundham (see Appendix), is found by protraction to pass but a foot or so above the surface of the Chalk at Framlingham, Easton, and Wickham Market. West of these places the Chalk has been denuded, forming a floor, on which rest the Crag and the Drift. The puddled Chalk, above alluded to, is exposed in the small valley half a mile west of Framsden Meeting House, in a small pond, and is occasionally dug into, in draining, in the Deben aliuvium between Winston and Ashfield it is seen in drains and ponds at mterials frnmEai'l Sohain down to opposite Manor Farm on the east of the brook, and it is said to have been worked in the old brickyard to the west of the village. North of the cottages at Kings Hill, S. of Earl Soham, in an old pit on the western side of the road, the Chalk occurs in its normal condition, 10 to 15 feet above the level of the adjacent 4 CHALK AND EOCENE. brook. In the small stream between Brandeston and Earl Soham, tlw. puddled Chalk is exposed in several places, the highest being due west of Hill rarm, where it is about 25 feet above the level of the main brook. The Chalk is also found in draininfr the marshes below Monewden Hall. A report that the Chalk comes near the surface at Broadwater, below Frain- lingham, seems to be based on the presence of a bed of chalk boulders rather than of the Chalk in place : it is, however, probably not more than 20 teet from the Alluvium anywhere between Framlingham and Marlesford. Patches of reconstructed chalk also occur half a mile N.E. of Brandeston Church, and in the brook below Baddingham White House 2^ m. N.E. by N. of Framlingham ; but it is doubtful if in either case the Chalk itself is near the surface. Reading Beds. A mass of mottled red and greenish loam on the bank of the Deben, between Melton and Woodbridge, ajjpears to have been placed there to form the bank. As no such bed is seen in place* the material was probably dredged from the river-bottom. The blue and brown clays belonging to this series, brought up in boring a well at Saxrnnndham, were indistinguii-hable in character from parts of the London Clay. The thickness of the series may be taken at from 40 to 50 feet. The boundary probably trends from Otley eastwards by Charlsfield and Pettistree to the Deben, and tlien northwards, by Campsey Ash, Great Glemham and Eendham. London Clay. Of this deposit little more cm be said than of the last series, though it is occasionally exposed. It is normally a stiff blue clay, weathering to chocolate brown, and its surface is generally rendered less tenacious by the admixture of sand washed down from overlying beds. It attains a thickiiess of 170 feet about Orford, but in our district its upper part has invariably been removed by denudation in the Miocene and subsequent periods. It is exposed at intervals in the Fmn valley below Witnesham, in the next valley below Burah, in the Deben below Ufford, and on the W. bank of the Butley River. Its boundary-line probably runs by the south of Otley, Reudlesbam, Snape, and Leiston. Sandy clay is seen on the road E. of Grundisburgh Hall. In the brick- yard E. of Woodbridge the London Clay is bedded, and the sand dug from beneath it contains sharks' teeth. A quarter of a mile to the S. W., at a pond on the north of the railway, the clay was proved by boring to be 6 feet thick, over sand. In the brickyard on the railway N. of Wilford Bridge (Melton) the bedding of the London Clay (which is sandy in the lower part of the section) dips slightly to the S.W. A quarter of a mile S.W, of Wilford Bridge the London Clay contains septaria and dips at a low angle to the S.B. * From what seems to be the base of the London Clay haviog te?n found near the surface at Woodbridge, I was led to think that this mass of variously coloured mottled clay might be in place, brought up by a slight rise. Its occurrence at the edge of the marsh, by the wafer, as a detached i»iass, favours Mr, Daltou's view. See also the well section at the end of p. D5. yf^ ^^ CHAPTER II.— CORALLINE CRAG. Geneeal Description. The C(:)ralliiie, White or Bryozoan Crag is the lowest division of the Pliocene formation in the British Isles, and is only found in the county of Suffolk. It is correlated by M. Van den Broeck with the Middle Sands of Antwerp, and placed in the Dies'ian or Lower Pliocene, though more recent than the Sables de Diest* It consists of beds, mostly light in colour, of shelly sand (locally called Crag) with thin bands of crystalline limestone, overlain by soft yellow rock largely composed of Bryozoa or Corallines. A third division is constituted by Peof. Prestwich and others, of the upper 6 feet of the Eock-bed, consisting of shell-detritus and sand ; but no clear line of separation is visible, and the difference appears due only to frost-action. The older buildings of the district frequently contain blocks of the Rock-bed, and the abandoned quarries often j)resent a vertical face, weathered grey and sprinkled with moss and lichen, giving the appearance of the more compact Second.ary rocks. The thick- ness of the series is not easy to ascertain but may be taken at 50 or 60 feet. The nodule-bed at the base consists of nodules of phosphate of lime, rolled mammalian bones impregnated vrith the same mineral, and large rounded and subangular stones of various origin, with a few shells. Amongst the stones are generally to be found fossils derived from the London Clay and from other formations, some- times phosphatized. The mammalian bones are supposed to be derived from some deposits, now destroyed, of an age between that of the London Clay and that of the Coralline Crag. The occur- rence, in a similar bed at the base of the Red Crag, of pebbles of rock containing fossils of Diestian species, confirms this hypothesis. The knowledge of this base- bed of the Coralline Crag has how- ever been derived from one section, closed many years ago, at Sutton, out of our district. (See Memoir on 48 N.) With regard to the other divisions made by Prestwich (see p. 8), although their validity has been disputed, yet as they are partly lithological they may perhaps be retained, without attaching too great importance to them. W. H. D. Fossils. Although occurring over so small an area, and with an outcrop of only a few square miles, the Coralline Crag has yielded a * Eequisse geologique et paleonfologique des Depots pliocenes des Environs d'Anvers. Ease. iL Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg.,t.\z. (1878,) Pp. 130-136 of separate reprint. 6 COBALLINE CEAG. larger number of species than all the rest of the Crag together, including even the many derived species of the Red Crag. It is, perhaps, the richest hunting-ground for fossils in the kingdom, not only from the number of species, but also from the abundance of specimens (in i-o many cases) and from their frequent perfection. As with the Red Crag, authorities differ concerning the total number of species, Peok Prestwioh making this 559, in 1871,* with the proportion of living and extinct sjjenes shown in the table below, whilst in 1872 f Mr. Bell makes the number 707, to which he adds 38 in an Ap]iendix to separately printed copies of his paper. These differences are owing, like those already noticed in the account of the fossils of the Red Crag,t to the difference between naturalists as to what are specific or varietal characters. The above-mentioned authors have given lists of these fossils, as also has Mr. Wood, for the MoUusca, in his great work thereon. It is needless here to specify names, or even to note the more common genera ; enough to say that from the tables given, and from the opinions expressed by various authors (see below, under Literature), the rich fauna of the Coralline Crag points to a milder clime than our own, and to conditions in which marine life was abundant. Proportion of Living and Extinct Species. (Pbbstwich.) Extinct. Living. Total. MoUusca .... Poraminifera - - - - Brj'ozoa - . . . Entomostraca, Corals, Cirripedia, and Echini. 52 47 65 34 265 63 30 13 317 100 95 47 198 361 559 Of the above 265 species of living MoUusca the same author gives the following range, on the authority of Dr. GwYN Jeffreys. In this case, and in the table from Mr. Wood's work, I have added the percentage figiu-es, so as to make com- parison more easy : — Mediterranean British West European Scandinavian Mid Atlantic Deep Atlantic Arctic Various others * Quart. Journ, Geol. Soe., vol. xxvii., p. 134. •)■ Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. ii., No. 5, p. 187. j The Geology oi the Country around Ipswich, etc., p. 31 (1885), 200 species. or over 76-4 per cent. 185 about 69'8 171 over 64-5 135 „ 3S 60-9 99 „ 37-3 92 „ j> 34-7 34 „ 12-8 12 „ J> 4'5 CORALLINE OKAO. 7 Of the 391 species of MoUusca which he recognised in 1874 Mr. Wood gives the following range: — * British and Mediterranean - - 154 or over SD'S per cent. Mediterranean and not British - 51 „ about 13 ,, British and not Mediterranean - ^0 „ over 5'1 ,, Not British or Mediterranean - 24 ,, ,, 6"1 „ TotallivinR - - 849 636 Not living .... 142 about 36'3 These figures would be slightly altered by later additions in Mr, Wood's second and third Supplements (1879, 1882). Literature. In the Memoir on the district to the south (48 N.) an account is given of the various works that refer to Red Crag geology, and, as many of these treat of the Crag generally, or as a whole, there is no need here to repeat the notice of their contents : we may confine ourselves to papers that specially deal with the Coralline Crag, and which are not noticed, or only partly noticed, in that Memoir, referring the reader to it for most of the general Crag papers, beginning with those of Mr. Chaelesworth, in 1835, the first in which the Crag was divided.^ Mr. R. Fitch, in a short note printed in 1835,J defended Charlesworth's term Coralline Crag, though on the mistaken ground that the abundant fossils are corals. In 1863 Prop. E. Forbes and Mr. S. Hanley, in the Introduction to their work on British Mollusca,§ remarked that the source of our moUuscan fauna is that of the Coralline Crag, in which are to be found niany of the ancestors of our living shell-fish, mostly forms of southern type. Some of these have lived on to our time, but most, struggling with the advent of less favourable conditions during the deposition of the Red Crag, were banished from our seas when glacial conditions set in, and did not return until the restoration of warmer times. In 1854 Mr. S. V. Wood described some tubular cavities in the Coralline Crag near Sudbourn and Orford.|| These differ from the ordinary funnel- shaped pipes, which also occur (though of small svie), are generally of 18 or 20 inches diameter throughout, and perpendicular, or nearly so. The walls of the most perfect were smooth, and masses of Fascioularia and Theonoa were cut through as if by a boring-tool. He thought that these chimney- pipes could not have been formed by the downward action of acidulated water (as the funnel-pipes have been) ; but were probably due to the upward issue of acidulated gas, while the Crag was beneath the sea. He alludes to some cavities near the bottom of the Coralline Crag at Eamsholi, of which I believe there is now no trace. Dr. J. G. Jeffreys, in his work on British Shells, concludes that nearly 60 per cent, of the marine shells of the Coralline Crag are of species now living in British seas, and that this formation is " the starting-point, and as it were the cradle of our moUuscan race^"1I * Supplement to the Crag MoUusca, Part ii., p. 219. •f The others are Woodwakd, 1835 and 1836 ; Charlesworth, 1836 and 1837; Desnotbrs, 1837; Ltell, 1839; Wood, 1848; Pkestwich, 1849; Clarke, 1851; Wood, 1859; Carpenter, ISbS; Lankestee, 186.'j and 1867: Oodwin- AusTEN, lh66 ; Jecks, 1870; Bell, 1871 and 1872; Ltell, 1873. J Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. vii., pp. 463, 464. S A History of British MoUusca and their SheUs, vol. i., p. xxxt. II Phil. Mag., ser, 4, vol. vii., pp. 320-326, pi. v. ^ British Conohology, vol, i., pp. Ixxxix-xcii. S"'. Land. 1862. 8 CORALLINE CEAG. In 1866, in a paper on the Red Cmg,t Mr. S. V. Wood says, that in the Coralline Orag there " are the remains of 27 genera that are extinct in the British seas From this it is fair to infer that this Crag belonged to a period long antecedent to the deposition of the Red."* In 1868 Mr. Godwin-Austen remarked of the Bryozoan Crag, as he calls it, that " it is a good division, because it is an indication of a definite range of depths, where the sea-bed was not within reach of surface-disturbance, yet where the drifting power was considerable, and having its own proper fauna. Assigning to these beds depths of 40 fathoms, a difference of 300 feet is the least that can be assumed, as that of their original, compared with their present conditions."t Prof. Prestwich's paper on the Coralline Crag appeared in 1871.J In it the author remarks that the area of outcrop is only about 8 square miles (in which he probably includes parts where there is a covering of Red Crag), and that, though the Coralline Crag may have extended from Aldborough to Tattingstone, yet, if so, it has been removed by denudation, except in the low range of hills from Gedgrave northward to Orford, Sudbourn and Iken, and the outliers of Aldborough (this may be not an outlier but only separated by marsh), of Sutton and of Tattingstone. The surface of the London Clay, moreover, beneath the Coralline Crag is uneven. He divides the formation as follows : — Feet. Upper "I A. Sand and comminuted shells - . . - 6 Division, >ff. Soft false-bedded stone, made up of broken-up shells 36 feet. J and remains of Polyzoa - - - - 30 /. Sand, with many small shells and layers of broken-up shells - - - - - - -5 e. Sands, with many Polyzoa, often in the position of Lower growth, some small shells and Echini - - 12 Division, ■^ d. Broken-up shells and large whole shells, with layers of 47 feet. limestone in the upper part - - - - 15 c. Marly beds, with many well-preserved shells, often in the position in which they lived - - - 10 b. Broken-up shells. Cetacean remains and Polyzoa - 4 a. Phosphatic nodules and mammalian remains - - 1 Note. — The thickness of e may be 2 feet too much, that of d 5 feet, and therefore that of the lower division 7 feet. (See later paper in same vol., p. 496.) Details of sections and lists of fossils are given, and a lengthy review of the fauna, with its relations to existing faunas, from which it is concluded that the differeaces in the proportions of recent to extinct species in the different classes is so great that the results are difficult to reconcile. The history of the formation is thus traced out : Between the period of the London Clay and that of the Coralline Crag our Eastern Counties seem to have been dry land, though to the south and east there was sea, which gradually encroached westward, over our area : a movement which was accompanied by a rise of the land to the east, and perhaps to the south. With this movement the climate got colder, as evidenced by boulders (probably ice-carried) in bed a. Subsidence went on, finer materials (6) were deposited, and then c and d were formed in comparatively deep tranquil water, being succeeded by the Polyzoan bed (e) showing the greatest depth of the period (from 600 to 1,000 feet). Then came a slight shallowing, with the deposition of /, and further elevation, exposing the sea-bed to the action of tides and currents led to the heaping up of the upper division. The continuance of the movement of elevation raised the Coralline Crag above the sea and exposed it to denuding actions, which broke it up into islands and reefs. A general lowering of temperature, or, more probably, the setting in of fresh currents from the north, from the continued subsidence in that direction led * Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc, vol. xxii., p. 541. + Geol. Mag., vol. v., pp. 47.5, 476. J Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii,, pp. 116-146, pi. vi. CORALLINE CEAG. 9 to the introduction of northern forms of life and to the gradual extinction of southern ones. In 1872 Messrs. S. V. Wood, Jun., and F. W. Hakmer* regard the Coralline Crag as rot having a thickness of over 60 fp.et. They doubt the constancy or determinability of the horizons into which Prestwich divides the Lower Division ; for, so far from their being characterised by groups of fossils, Mr. Wood's long researches have been mainly confined to one pit at Sutton, with a vertical range of only a few feet, and from which he has got specimens of nearly all the species of the formation. Moreover, so inconstant is the MoUuscan fauna, that many species once found at a place may not be noticed there again for years. They object also to the depth of deposition assigned to thePolyzoan bed (e), asit would have carried the Crag sea over all East Anglia, and beyond, and it is unlikely that all traces of such a sea should have been removed. Again, nothing among the MoUusca points to a greater depth of water than 40 fathoms. Two years later, in 1874, Mr. S. V. WooDt remarked that the MoUuscan fauna of the Coralline Crag has Mediterranean affinities, and that the condi- tions of temperature of the period, as inferred from the Mollusca, seem to have been nearer to those of the seas of Southern Europe and of the Azores than to those of British seas. The most abundant species arc southern ones, but there are many species of arctic or boreal character. Mr. P. F. Kendall, in 1883,t drew attention to the fact that whilst the shells in a pit near Aldeburgh were, with one exception, of the kinds deter- mined by Ur. Sorby to have their carbonate of lime in the caleite-form, the many casts were, without exception, of the kinds in which the carbonate of lime is in the form of aragonite. The former, of course, is the more stable, and the latter the more soluble. The calcite-shells of the Crag, moreover, have been almost wholly free from the attacks of boring animals. The con- solidation of the Coralline Crag, and the dissolution of its aragonite-shells, are concluded to have taken place before the deposition of the Red Crag, a frag- ment, with casts of shells, from the older bed having been found in the newer one. In 1885 Mr. W. H. Dalton noticed§ the manner of infilling of some casts of Volnta Lamberti, but his remarks have been reproduced further on (p. 11). In the Memoir on the district to the south (the northern part of Sheet 48), the outliers of Tattingstone, Sutton, &c., are described. W. W. Details. A part of the principal mass of the Coralline Crag, extending into Sheet 48, N.E., has been purposely left undescribed in the Memoir on that district, in order that the whole mass might be dealt with in the following pages. In Boyton Marshes, west of the mouth of the Butley River, the phosphate- nodule beds of the Coralline and Red Crags are in contact,|| the upper part of the Coralline Crag having been removed by erosion. A little further north, a shallow pit was worked in 1871, near Bush Covert. The exact spot is no longer identifiable, all trace of the phosphate-workings being obliterated by agri- culture, but Prof. Prestwich writes that " from the abundance of Cardita senilis, Astarte Omalii and Cyprina islandica, the occurrence, although rare, of Mytilui hesperianus, Pecten maximus, and Isocardia cor, and tlie absence of the ordinary shells of the Red Crag, with the exception of a few speci- mens of Trophon antiquus, near the surface, I should feel disposed to con- sider this a disturbed portion of the Coralline Crag, and to refer the 2-foot coprolite-beri below it to this formation."^ As but two feet in thickness, at most, of the Coralline Crag remains undis- turbed, it is, of course, impossible to indicate its presence on the map, except * Supplement to the Crag Mollusca (by S. V. Wood), Part 1. Palaontograph. Soe. Pp. ii-iv. t Supplement to the Crag Mollusca. Part ii., pp. 192-196. J Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. x., pp. 497-499. § Quart. Journ. Geo/. Soc, vol. xli., Proc, p. 2. II See The Geology of the Country around Ipswich, etc., p. 28. ^ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 12S. 10 CORALLINE CRAG. by the sign k' engraved on the boundary-line between the London Clay and the Red Crag. The shelly sands of the Coralline Crag are well seen in two pits at Ged- grave, one about 200 yards south-east of Ferry Barn, the other at Low Farm, both showing sand with layers of comminuted shells and irregular bands of shell-lirnestone, probably belonging to Prof. Prestwich's division d. The cattle-yards at Gedgrave High House are excavated in the rock-bed g., but the vertical sides, overgrown with lichen, liverwort and mosses, do not offer favourable opportunities for examination. The Goiiier pit, which in 1863 afforded Dr. S. P. Woodward so rich a series of Mollusca, was near the edge of Sheet 48, N.E., a quarter of a mile east of the Butley River, and in division/. The pit near the Keeper's Lodge, Broomhill, west of Orford, is thus described by Prof. Prestvs^ich : — * Surface and Drift soil, 3 feet. Yellow sand, full of detached Bryozoa, chiefly Fascicularia and Alveolaria, a few shells (e), 7 or 8 feet. Sandy beds of comminuted shells, intercalated, in which are layers of large shells, well preserved and often double (in the lower part) a few Bryozoa, and thin bands of tabular limestone (d), 15 feet. The rock-bed {g) has been quarried, through overlying beds of red sand, near Orford Castle, and (without covering) near Roydon Hall Farm, where it extends to the sea-level, but rises again northward, the shelly sands / being seen at the edge of Sudbourn Marshes, east of Ox House, and the rock-bed being quarried close under the Chillesford Clay feature, a little to the south of Ox House. In Suribourn Park there are some shallow pits, almost wholly weathered down, about half a mile south-uest of the church and close to the road into Orford. The rabbits burrowing into the decomposed rock throw out large numbers of Fascicularia, Alveolaria, &c., of large size and m perfect preser- vation. There is a fine pit in the angle of the roads a third of a mileW.S.W. of Sud- bourn Church, and another, abounding in Echmoderm remains, in the Park, about a quarter of a mile N.N.E. of the Hall. Near the stables the division d is seen in u large shallow pit : the shelly sands contain many large Cyprince, and other lamellibranchs with united valves, and the surfaces of the thin irregular bands of limestone are covered with delicate Polyzoa, indicating probably the contemporaneous deposition and solidification of the stone. The rock-bed is, or has been, quarried at several points along the base of the Red Crag to the east-north-east of Sudbourn Church, but in no case are the exposures of the lower series of interest, except as determining the limits of the upper. At the cross roads, four-fifths of a mile to N. 28° E. of the church, is a large pit showing Prof. Prestwich's division h, the upper 6 fret being loose shelly sand with few Polyzoa ; but this appears to be merely a disintegrated condition of the rock-bed. Half a mile east-north-east of this are sands, probably of division e, crowded with Polyzoa. These beds, or those of division /, skirt the marshes to Webber's Whin rising gradually northward. They are seen at Calton Farm, and again half a mile to the west, and then descend northwards. The rock-bed is fairly exposed at Iken brickfield, about half-a-mile W.N.W. of Oalton Farm (see p. 21) ; and the beds/ near Redland's Covert. The latter here consist of firm stony Crag, a mass of shells and casts, false-bedded at top and bottom, but not in the intermediate beds. Among the shells Mytili largely predominate, forming here and there the entire mass of considerable slabs. Near the top are con- cretionary masses, and a few Polyzoa. Bands of tufa occupy crevices and bedding-planes of open texture. On the north of the Ore, opposite to Stanny Point, similar beds form a low cliEf of loose brashy rock, and a shallow pit, a quarter of a mile northward, is in like material. From a small pit in the rookrbed, about 100 yards N. of Aldborough Hall were obtained many oasts of Valuta Lamberti, the inner whorls of which were * Quait. Jouru. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., pp. 122, 123. COEALLINE ORAGt 11 cut off by planes representing the surface of tlie fine calcareous mud within the dead shell as it lay at the bottom ; the outer whorl only receiving its full complement of sediment, which rose to less and less height in each successive whorl. (Figs. 1, 2.) The planes really are somewhat curved, rising slightly at the margin through the capillary attraction of the fine mud to the side of the shell, then there is a ring of depression, and then an upward arching of the interior. These 6urves point to the presence of an elastic cushion of gases (evolved by the decomposition of the animal) acted upon by varying pressure (probably tidal) communicated through the mud from the mouth of the shell. Unfor- tun^itely the curvature of the surfaces has been indistinctly rendered in the cut. Figs. 1 and 2. Casts of Voluta Lamberti, showing the Filling in of the Whorls of the Shells. Drawn by Mr. J. Gr. Goodchild, from specimens in the collection of Mr. H. Stopes. Near the Red House there are pits on both sides of the high road, in which, as elsewhere, the formation of pipes, filled with the reddish-brown sandy earth resulting from the decalcification of the rook may be studied with advantage. The effect of these pipes on overlying beds will be referred to later on. (See p. 26.) This ia the most northerly point at which the Coralline Crag is seen, but Mr. C. P. Ogilvie of Sizewell tells me that it forms dangerous sunken rocks o^ Thorpe and Sizewell, E 18861. 12 CHAPTER III.— RED CRAG. Geneeal Description, The Ked Crag consista normally of very shelly sand, of a blue colour, from the contained protoxide of iron ; but in this form it is only met with in sinking wells, in pluces where the shells and the colouring-matter are alike protected from the action of the carbonic acid and oxygen contained in percolating vvater. Nearer the surface the blue is chauj^ed by oxidation of the iron into red, and the shells are rendered very friable. But the most .usual form of this deposit, at, and often for 20 feet beh)w, the surface, is sand of a deep orange-brown colour, with bands and streaks of clayey peroxide of iron, sometimes passing into hard, blackish- brown limonitic concretions, solid or hollow, and, in the latter case, empty or partially filled with angular fragments of ochre. The concretionary structure is sometimes developed on a very large scale, affecting the beds through three or four feet of vertical thickness, and 30 or 40 feet in horizontal extent, as in Fig. 4, p. 13. The bands and streaks of varying intensity of colour, whether, as here, in concentric circles, or, as is generally the case, horizontal, are clearly of posterior date to the deposition of the bed", and are due to the re-arrangement of the im[)alpable particles of oxide of iron by percolating water. The unaltered shelly beds are often very obliquely current-bedded, and a mass of this nature is sometimes seen rising as a boss in the middle of the altered sand, the apparent bedding of which is horizontal, as in Fig. 6, p. 23. These bosses of unaltered shelly Crag sometimes graduate into, at other times are sharply separated from, the decalcified part. In Fig. 3 _the_ cpncentration of ochreous material at the limit of percolation is instructively shown. Fig. 3. Section in a Pit, 3 Furlongs East of Great Beatings Church. Messks. Wood and Habmer. Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., p. 76. Scale 10 feet to the inch. 6. Red stratified sands, being a altered and restratified. b'. Band of dark, partly hardened, ferruginous loam. a. Bed Crag, unaltered and full of shells. .RED CKAG. 13 ■<* in e£i !> 6 "^ !>3 * ■ l-li @ f*' 1 ^ i i iJ s . ^ 7i / '. 03 / 1 a ^ /. !(, I ' )!( S '^ I s>-- f « ^ 1 F li. 1*^ .f *' ■M Itjfc s r cq J, 'fe. / NH I •w I 1 8 I . I I I Ws\ \-^ x.^^ PpUr /^* i\ \ o I a o I ■a la « .a o I r3 rt TO £ O ^ B .g s - Fi W CQ "* irj to t^ o 0) I to a ■S o .9 1^ o 1^ ll I.-: OS B 2 14 BED OEAG. In many cases parts of the limonite have been formed before the decalcification was complete, so that casts and impressions of some of the shells remain to testify their former abundance. The Red Crag has been subdivided as follows by Mr. S. "V. Wood, jun., from structural and palseontological characters: — 3. Butley Crag ; 2. Orwell-Deben Orag ; 1. Walton Crag (the oldest). — The second of- these contains only worn and remanU shells of the Walton Crag, and is without any trace of those that characterize the Butley Crag. He further thinks that there is reason to suppose that the region between the Orwell and the Deben was elevated above the sea-level before the formation of the Butley Crag, which was deposited on the shores of the newly-raised land. The boundary, however, of the divisions, if discoverable, being so only by laborious examination of the" fossils obtained from sections separated by considerable stretches of decalcified sand, it has been found necessary, without impugning the correctness of Mr. Wood's deductions, to treat the Eed Crag as a whole. The divisions, at most, are of less importance than many of the breaks in the older rocks which have not been honoured by more than a passing notice. Contemporaneous oscillations are also recorded in the Belgian Pliocene deposits.* Details. Valley of the Finn. The most westerly point in this district at which the Red Crag is exposed is at Witnesham Street near the head of the Finn Valley. Here, in three small pits on the N. side of the high road, reddish current-bedded gravel and sand of Glacial age overlie a whitish sand presenting the appearance, not easily described, ot decalcified Crag, minus its colouring matter. The usual ironshot sand is dug in a fourth -pii about 200 }'ards S. of the public-house on the by-road to Tuddenham. In the valley of the unnamed tributary of the Finn rising near Otley, several exposures of Crag occur. From the high road at Great Bealings to the farms 700 yards W.N.W. of the church, shelly Crag is frequently seen in casual sections. A large pit at the farm a third of a mile E. of Grundisburgh Hall is in the decalcified sand with a capping of Glacial gravel. The shelly Crag is seen in an old pit a quarter of a mile E, of Grundisburgh Meeting House, but north and east of this, for several miles, only decalcified ferruginous sands are visible, though under the wide plateau of Boulder Clay, patches of unaltered Crag may exist. In the side valley half a mile W. of Grundisburgh Church the following section is exposed in a sand-pit : — Glacial. — Horizontally-bedded white sand, 18 feet. Red Crag. — Obliquely-bedded ferruginous sand, 7 feet. In a large pit just N, of Olopton Church, the decalcified sand, strongly current-bedded and with limonite-bands, is affected by many small faults, possibly due to settlement from unequal dissolution of shells. No trace of these, nor of phosphatio nodules, is seen in this or in the adjacent pits west of the high road and on the opposite bank of the brook descending from Clopton Common. • Van den Bedeck. Esquisse geologique . . . des Depdts plioctees , , d'Anveis, Ann, Soc. Mat. Selg., t. ix, 1876, 1878. RED CEAG. 15 The ferruginous sand is seen in several pits about Hasketon and Great Bealings, viz. : — i mile E. of Hasketon Hall 700 yards N.E. by N. of Hasketon Ohuroli, i „ S.E, „ „ - 600 yards E. by N. of Thorp Hall. ^ „ E. by S. „ „ - 200 yards N. by E. of Hasketon Parsonage. The last of these shows sand and gravel upon current-bedded limonitic sand. The road-cutting up from Thorp Hall is in decalcified sands, but half a mile east are pits, on either side of the road, showing shelly Crag, with a greater or less thickness of ferruginous sand over it, capped by sand and gravel. The hill-flank between Thorp Hall and Great Bealings affords several exposures of shelly Crag, as do the cuttings on the high road. The pit at the farmstead 200 yards N.E. of the church shows sand and gravel over shelly Crag. Fig. 3 (p. 12) shows the structure of the Crag in a pit 750 yards eastward of Great Bealings Church, at the edge of the map. 200 yards N. of Bealings House a pit by a wood shows : Boulder Clay, over Yellow Sand, over Dark Red Sand (? Crag). Valley of the Deben, up the Right Side. At Woodbridge the decalcified ferruginous sands occur in a pit a quarter of a mile west of the Abbey, and shelly Crag has been found in weU-sinking on Market Hill. At the back of the British Schools (400 yards N. by E. of the church) a fine pit, gives the section below : — Glacial Drift. Whitish sand and gravel alternating with red bands. abundant shell fragments ; about 40 feet. ? Crags. Clayey red-mottled sand strongly current-bedded ; 10 feet. The occurrence of phosphatic nodules, in the rain-wash overlying the London Clay of the brickyard at the eastern end of Woodbridge, testifies to the proximity of the Crag, probably on the road just above. In the hollow between Woodbridge and Melton Street shelly Crag is fre- quently exposed by rabbits, &c. It has been dug at the entry of the drive to Fern Villa. On the western side of the grounds of Foxburrow Hall, west of Melton, a large overgrown pit shows : — On the western side : Slightly laminated Boulder Clay "| Nearly vertical. Coarse light-coloured laminated sand j dipping to west. In the middle of the wide floor : Decalcified ferruginous, over shelly. Crag; On the north-eastern side : Brown briokearth, slightly laminated (may be decalcified remains of Boulder Clay). Chalky gravel and laminated sands, with tufaoeous matter along beds of more porous nature. The shelly Crag is seen in pits on the lane leading from the old turnpike- gate eastward to the brick-kiln. These show the usual decalcification in the upper part, and in one of them, blocks of consolidated shelly material, deeply stained with iron, are crossed by veins of white calcite, indicating more gradual deposition than the usual tufaceous deposit, and showing also the complete peroxidation of the iron and the consequent absence of any soluble ferruginous matter. The pit 600 yards S.W. of Melton Church has been figured by Messrs. Wood and Harmer,* before the principles of decalcification and oxidation were recognized, as an example of a mass of Crag undermined and partially surrounded by Glacial beds. It is now known that the whole is of Crag age, * Supplement to the Crag Molluso3i Parti., pi ■x.iti.i Pal&ofttogfaplu Sod 1872. 16 EED OEAG. but the figure well illustrates the capricious manner in which the alteration often takes place. The altered part yields occasional casts of shells. From Melton to Ufford the Crag does not come to the surface, but it is exposed, under gravel, in a small pit at the fork of the roads N. of Ufford Place. Some red sand, probably Crag, is seen in the lane to Ufford Thicket. An old pit a quarter of a mile S. of Byng Hall, in the side-valley, N.N.W. of Ufford, shows the following beds : — j GlacialDrift.{Bo;^td'G£vel,4feet. Shelly Crag, 12 feet. Of two pits north of Byng Hall the lower presents the followitag section, whilst the higher shows only the last two beds : — Glacial Drift.{B-JierC^y.^^_ Decalcified Crag (red eand). A pit a c[uarter of a mile B.S.E. of Java Lodge, southward of Pettistree, furnished m 1878 a rather complex section of Drift over Crag. Eastern face of pit : Inches. 7. Grey-brown loamy sand ..-•.. 6-12 Line of gravel. 6. Orange-coloured sand, passing S. into yellowish over white sand 42 5. Seam of blackish laminated clay. (This and the beds below it are broken by a small fault, trending N. 17 E. and shifting the southern beds down 12 inches : no break is noticeable in the beds above. A pocket of gravel above the black clay on the downthrow side only.) 4. Boulder Clay, with a seam of sandy brickearth in the middle - 30 3. Lenticular mass, to left side (N.) only, of coarse chalky gravel, over which the clay arches. 2. Orange-brown sand with limonitic stalactites and a few shells. 1. Yellowish- white and orange-coloured Crag, horizontally-bedded. The right (S.) side of this section is hidden by a slip, and beyond it is the following : — Gravelly Boulder Clay in position of (7) : Orange-brown sand = (6) 48 — 42 in. Blackish laminated clay = (5) 8 „ Boulder Clay = (4) ' 24—18 „ Orange-brown sand = (2) 4 — 10 — „ Boulder Clay — 2 — 12 " Sand as (2) 12—14—16 ,', Boulder Clay 2 „ Sand as (2). Between Ufford and Ash Abbey several exposures of shelly Crag occur on or near the railway, and the outcrop is traceable to the east of Pettistree where the Glacial Drift descends into the bottom of the valley. ' Red sand, probably decalcified Crag, occurs on both sides of Potford Brook between Letheringham Lodge and Thorp Hall, and shelly Crag is exposed' under Boulder Clay, at the edge of the Alluvium east of the lodge, and also at Letheringham Old Hall, the preservation of the shells in these two' cases beins clearly due to the protective influence of the clay-covering. Between Monewden, Winston, and Earl Soham the Crag has been proved to be absent by the laying bare of the Chalk floor, but this is due to denu- dation, as the Crag exists m full thickness ten miles to the north and is foimd at higher levels southwards. RED OEAG4 17 Valley of the Deben, down the Left Side. Traces of Crag were found in sinking the Artesian well in Easton Park (see p. 50), and west of the park a large pit showed the following section (1875J :- Boulder Olay, on the northern side : a trace. Very Sandy gravel, 15 feet. Soft ferruginous band. Fine soft grey micaceous current-bedded sand, 4 feet. Mr. S. V. Woo-D, junior, has suggested that this last bed may be referable to the Crag. A quarter of a mile west of Glevering Hall there is slightly ferruginous sand, with seams of soft very micaceous iron-sandstone, but without any trace of shells or of phosphate. - Similar sand occurs about a mile to the E.S.E., at the bend of the river below Gallows HilL From westward of Gainpsey Ash there is a continuous outcrop on the left bank of the river. A pit in the cliff facing the Alluvium, a mile E.S.E. of Wickham Market, gives the following section ; — Boulder Clay, 2 feet. Sand, 14 feet. Shelly Crag, 15 feet. In the cliff facing the Decoy another pit showed 11 feet of sand over shelly Crag, 23 feet. A large pit at the cross-roads above this shows only Crag, shelly below, limonitic above. Shelly Crag is also seen in the railway-cutting near by, and in pits at llendlesham High House and Naunton Hall. A pit about a quarter of a mile south of Bridge Farm, W. of Eyke, yields a considerable variety of shells. Over 30 feet of ferruginous sand is shown in a fine pit at the southern end of Wilford Bridge, apd at a lower level the shelly Crag, which is also exposed at frequent intervals from thence to Sutton Haugh. Valley of the Butley River. One of three fine Cras pits between Butley and Tangham Folly to; the S.W. has been figured above (Fig. 4).. Much of the ground about Bush Covert has been worked over for coprolite, thelayer Of which was at one point 3 feet thick. It has already been stated that this phosphate-bed may "belong partly or entirely to the -Coralline Crag. Several Crag pits lie between Carman's Wood (E. of the church) and the Water Mill, and between the latter and StavertonPark. Some of these have been described by previous writers, but from indefiniteness asto exact locality the sections cannot now be identified with certainty. Dr. J. E. Taylok gave in 1871 a section at Butley as foUo^s :— * (ChiUesford Clay. Upper Crag. ' Ghillerf6rd Clay. Crag. Lower Crag, false bedded. This seems doubtful, no evidence of such division of the Chillesford Clay having been elsewhere noticed : possibly a slip of the face of the pit misled the observer. The probable position of this section is a quarter of a mile east of the Oyster Inn, almost directly abovethe pit which has been, called the Butley Oyster pit, and which is thus described by Mr. A. BELLf : — "The section now presented by the excavation has been cut into a * Geol. Mag. ,:\o\.ym:, -p. an. t Gcol.'Htag., vol.iyiii., pp. 450,, 451. fl871.) 18 , EED CBAG gently rising elope for nearly 300 feet in length, by about 35 feet in its deepest part." 1. Drift sand, black, full of small particles of quartz, with, a large number of rolled stones [Rainwash]. 2. Red sand, passing into 3. Yellow sand, then into Red sand. A large mass of brownish clay (full of casts of the common mussel and Trochus cinerarius) at one part. 4. "Vein of fine white sand, extending rather more than half-way across the pit. "These sands [2, 3, 4], etc. are about 18 to 20 feet thick, and axe nearly, except where in contact with the Crag, totally devoid ot organic remains. Finely comminuted shells occur at the lines of junction." 6. Red Crag full of shells. 6. Red Crag „ ,, r j e 7. Unfossiliferous sand, partly false-bedded at top, separating 5 and 6 [? both over and under 5, over 6 in the figure given]. 8. Lineof freshwater shells. . 9. Red Crag with shells. " A series of layers of fine sand and shells, having a rapid dip, being the lowest deposit seen." " The cross section [nearly at right angles] gives traces of considerable erosion." A list of 192 species of shells from Crag at Butley is given in this paper. The Crag ceases to be shelly a quarter of a mile W.N. W, of the Oyster Inn ; but is seen in its decalcified state up the valley to Orphans Piece and down the other (left) side to Wantesden Heath, between which and Chillesford there are several exposures of shelly Crag, one being in a hillock surrounded by ;dluvium. On both sides of the valley decalcification commences with the disappearance of the protecting sheet of Chillesford Clay. At Chillesford, the pit, behind the church and that in the stackyard below the church, furnish an almost continuous section. Prof. Peestwich having proved by excavation the nature of the few feet of beds between the floor of "the upper and the top of the lower pit. It roust, however, be borne in mind that the latter pit is exposed to decalcification, from which the beds seen in the higher are exempt. The section is as follows : — * f Light-coloured Boulder Clay with a seam of broken shell-fragments .. ., I at the base. h^Th I ^""^y °^^y' '^^^ ^ ^®"' ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^> v^f*^^'*' passing down into Ch h "^ light-coloured clayey sand, with patches of perfect but friable. (16 ft.) Yellow sands without shells. (^Part proved by digging. Yellow sands with few shells. r Seams of ferruginous sands with a few seams of clay and ome Lower pit, shells, in the Seams of comminuted shells. Stack- < Pebbly sand. yard. Light-brown sand and iron-sand, with shells in greater variety and (22 ft.) more perfect. |_ Beds of comminuted shells with some entire. At the brickyard, half a mile E. of the church, Prof. Phbstwich noted in 1849 the following section ;— • Yellow and grey laminated sandy clay, with indistinct oasts and impres- sions of shells, 12 feet. Yellow sand, with a few shells in the lower part, 5 feet. In the well below this the shelly Red Crag was met with.f * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, tdI. xzvii. p. 836. t QUai't, Journ, Geol. Soc, vol. t,, pp. 346, 347. BED CRAGi 19 Prof. Peestwich mentions the occurrence of the vertebral column of a whale 31 feet long in the Chillesford Clay.* South of the Decoy a few casual exposures of shelly Crag occur, and at Chillesford Lodge, and half a mile westward thereof, there are Crag pits. The Crag extends from these to half a mile W.N.W. of Sudbourn Church, but there are no permanent exposures in that space. The Red Crag of the Orford outlier, between the Butley River and the Ore, is almost entirely decalcified, but a trace of shells is seen half a mile S. by W. of Sudbourn church. * Qiiart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., pp. 337, 338 ; and Dr. Crisp, Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1,868, Sections, p. 61. CHAPTER IV.— RED CU AG— continued. Details. Vallfi)/ of the Ore {or Aide), up the Right Side. A fine section of ferruginous sands, resting upon the rook-bed of thtf Coralline Crag, is to be seen at Orford Castle. A mass of white current-bedded sand caps the little hill east of Roydon Hall, and may possibly be referable to the Red Crag, whirh occurs below the shingle in the marshes east of the river. (See Well-sections, Lantern Marshes, p. 63.) At Ox House there is no evidence of any bed separating the Coral- line Crag and the Chillesford Clay, but the jundtion is not actually exposed, and there may be a foot or two feet of sand between them, representing the Red Crag. On the eastern side of Sudbourn Common the Red Crag thickens out again, owing to the depression of the Coralline Crag surface. The two series are seen in junction in the following five pits : — ' 0-6, 0-8, 1-2, and 1 • 3 miles E. 20° N. from Sudbourn church, and 1 • 1 mile E. 35° N. from the church. In the second of these the Red Crag, full of shells, is nearly white, whilst the Coralline or White Crag is deeply stained with iron-oxide, a testimony to the triviality of colour-names. A band of phosphatic nodules occurs at the junction, and the current-bedding of the Red Crag dips at 30° to W. There seems to be some error in the designation of the locality given by Prof. Prestwich to the section shown in Fig. 5, as there is no trace of a pit at that point, and the Chillesford Clay there separates the Glacial sand from the Red Crag. If for li we read f, there is a pit which might have once shown such a section: an irregular junction of the Red and the Coralline Crags. Fig. 5. Section in a Pit by the Side of the Road \\ (?|) mile N.N, E. from Sudbourn Church. (Prestwich. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 335.) a. Light-coloured sands with fine gravel. b. Ferruginous and yellow sands (Red Crag), c. Coralline Crag. BED OBAG 21 From this point the Crag again becomes very thin, but appears to be con- tinuous. It is seen at several points from Webber's Whin to the Iken Brickfield, where it is only 4 feet thick. The Rev. O. Fishek notes of a pit on Webber's Whin, now sloped down, that the shells in the sand under the Chillesford Clay were mostly double, and in the position of life.* At the brickfield (If mile S.E. by B. of Iken church) the following section is recorded by Prof. Phestwich (1849) : — t Feet. Flint gravel, on eroded surface - - - ."...".* ^"^ [Chillesford Clay]. Laminated grey clays and sands with indistinct im- pressions of shells [The upper 4 feet of the clay is partly resorted. W. H. D.] 10 [Red Crag]. Yellow sands, gravelly at the base - - - - 4 Light bright yellow calcareous Coralline Crag With its top surface slightly uneven and .-.«.- over 30 The Red Crag ranges in this attenuated form along the hillside to near iledlands Covert. Here the lowering of the Coralline Crag surface re-intro- duces the shelly beds, which are seen in several pits in the side-valley descending from Tunstall. The upper part is, however, in most cases decalcified. The following are the principal exposures : 200 yards S.E. of keeper's house. 600 „ S. „ „ S.W. side of the road from Snape to Sudboiun, on both sides of the stream. IJ mile N.W. of Sudbourn church (E. of wood). n „ W.N.W. „ „ (N. of road). ?o°rf^j:w.}of*^«i-*- Th.e second of these is thus described by Prof. Prestvfich J : — Chillesford Clay, with casts of shells ; 10 feet. Light-coloured sand, passing down into shelly Crag. Near Tunstall Meeting-house, a pit on the common exposes — Peaty sand. Light-coloured sand, with gravel at the base ; up to 6 feet. Light and bright rusty-coloured, bedded and false-bedded sand, with fine loamy layers (Crag). The ferruginous sand is also met with in the bottom of a large old pit among the houses. The belt of decalcified Crag skirting the east of Iken Heath affords no good sections south of Iken Hall. A fine exposure is formed at the bend of the river at Iken ClifiF, where the ferruginous sand has been regarded by Mr. S. V. Wood, jun., as par* of ^^^ Glacial Series. § Near the cross-roads, three quarters of a mile W. by S. of Snape Bridge, shelly Crag is again seen. Valley of the Ore. Near the junction of the Ore and Aide the Glacial Drift descends to the level of the valley for a few hundred yards, but from Beversham Bridge to Marlesford there is, on the right bank, an uninterrupted narrow belt of Crag, shelly at the base, and decalcified above. The upper beds are well seen in pits at Blackstock Wood and west of Marlesford Bridge, beyond which no trace oi the Crag Series is found on the western side of the Ore valley. In the artesian well at Framlingham College no trace of the Crag was present, but seven eighths of a mile S. of the station, the railway-cutting on the left side of the valley touches ferruginous sandstone, in which a shell was found, and which may represent the Crag. * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxii., p. 19. f Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. v., p. 347. J Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii,, p. 338. § Quart, Journ. Geol, Soc, vol. xxxvi., pi. xsi. (1880.) 22 RED CRAG. A large pit, 170 yards N. of Parham Station, gave the following section (1876):- r Boulder Clay (eastern side only). ^ .», J Light-coloured bedded sand with three-inch seams of grey clay : Uritt. -{ JO fgg^_ L Gravel, with pebbles of ironstone : 6 inches to a foot. Red Crag. Reddish-brown bedded sand, with much ironstone, one cast of a shell: 12 feet. W.N.W. of Parham Hall the railway-cutting reached, at its northern end, deep reddish-brown sand, resting on compact ironstone, crowded in places with impressions and casts of shells. A share's tooth was also found. i?etween this and the ne.xt cutting to the south, a large pit on the east of the railway shows : — Boulder Clay, 15 feet. Sand, with a little gravel, 8 to 10 feet. Red Crag, a mass of broken shells, 10 to 12 feet. In the cutting 'beyond (southward) is coarse ferruginous sand, with many hollow nodules of ironstone. Near Red Barn, W. of Marlesford Hall, are two pits in deep red, coarse sand, with ironstone. 200 yards N.N.E. of the barn this sand is overlain "by light-coloured sand, gravelly at the base, with a sharp line of demarcation between the two. About 60 yards N. of Marlesford Church is a pit showing the following section : — p, . , r Sand, with a little gravel. 1^ .n. ■! Fine, white, cross-bedded sand. L Thin layer of gravel. n 1 'fi rl r Coarse, rather ferruginous, cross-bedded sand, ^p < Lenticular bed of nodular and laminated limonite. °' L Very ferruginous cross-bedded coarse sand. Frequent pits and temporary openings exhibit the decalcified sands of the Crag between Marlesford and Little Glemham. Valley of the Aide, and Saxmundham Valley. Highly ferruginous sand, probably referable to the Red Crag, is dug behind the school at Stratford St. Andrew, and near White Barn, between Great Glemham and Sweffling. The well at the keeper's lodge in Dodd's Wood, on the left side of the river, is 45 feet deep, ending in what appears to be Crag sand. A mile W.S.W. of Benhall Church, a sand-pit shows horizontally-bedded sand, over clayey sand with seams of limonite, over obliquely-bedded sand with hollow nodules. Below Farnham Church is a pit in shelly sand, with two or more beds of wavy-laminated loam a foot or two feet thick. The railway-cuttings east of the Aide, opposite Snape, are in the ferruginous sands with clayey bands : that at Rose Hill is the first to show a junction with the overlying Glacial sands. The sand-pit, half a mile east of the Snape junction, shows gravel over the ferruginous sands. A pit, a quarter of a mile S.W. of the railway-bridge at Rose Hill, shows Boulder Clay (an outlier ? or Lower Glacial) over Crag sand. At Benhall Lodge the well extends iato the Crag. Two hundreil yards south of Benhall Church Glacial sand is seen overlying the decalcified Crag sand, whilst on the western side of the section the Boulder Clay sweeps abruptly down to the floor of the pit. Half a mile E.N.E. of the church, a pit on the western side of the railway, hows the following section : — Current-bedded sand and gravel, lying with a marked line of erosion on the bed below. Brown Clay, two feet thick on the east, thins away west. Horizontally-bedded Crag sand, with ferruginous bands. RED ORAG, 23 « ^nit^T^'^^^'Jl ,*^' ^u^S'' ^^"'^ 1^° ^««* ^^'''^> as P^-o^ed by a well, at a point a few feet below the top of the formation (see p.' 53) fpv^, f^P road-eutting, south of Sterafleld, shows a band of grey clay above tXT T^\ P'^°'l"^^y "JS^^.^S'- S'''"l='>' ^^"d is dug opp^osite^Stern- faeld Hall, and also about 300 yards to the south-west, where the grey clay band again appears. ^ •' ^ Valley of the Ore {or Aide), doion the Left Side below Snape. There are extensive exposures of the ferruginous sands near Snape Street, and they are touched m the pits at the brickfield, and at Rookyard Farm (see p. 29) Half a mile N.N.E. of the last place, the sand abuts against Boulder Uay by what^appears to be an inverted fault, a viewwhioh is borne out bv the undulations, to be recorded presently, of the lower beds of the Glacial Drift of tnese parts. Ihat the Glacial period was one of oscillations of level is well known, and doubtless differential movements took place to a greater or less extent along lines of weakness. The section near Java Lodge, described on p. lb, bears evidence in the same direction. Ihe Crag sand is traceable up the lateral valley to Friston, and appears to be reached bya pit about 200 yards west of Lichfield House (north-eastward trom the village) where the following section is exposed :_ Boulder Clay, loamy to five or six feet from the top, stiff below; 13 feet Alternations of sand and sandy loam, with fine gravel in places; the sand ' partly consolidated ; thickness variable from resting on an eroded floor but averages 4 feet. ' Tawny ferruginous sand (? Crag), horizontally-bedded on the east, but very obliquely on the west, with apparent contortions in the south-western corner of the section ; 8 feet. The sands are dug at Pound Farm (S. of Friston), and, on the edge of the marsh eastward, at Rushmere Farm. They are well seen at the spur named Mitt Plantation, and are dug in three or four sand-pits north and east. The clay at the brickyard, about half a mile west of Aldborough Station, is worked down to the sand ; but no section of the latter occurs here. Owing to the rise °i *7,*^°f "i'"^ ^P^' *''^ '^^"^^ of ^^^ R«d Crag here rapidly thin away to about lb feet m thickness, but the protecting cap of Chillesford Clav has pre- vented complete decalcification, and shells occur throughout. " Ihe outher on which Aldborough stands has been stiU more protected (being cut oft from lateral percolation from the mainland down to the level of th? Ooralline Crag, which division forms the isthmus of this quasi-peninsula), and a pit in very shelly Crag may be seen near the Water Tower (see Fig. 6). Pig. 6. Section in Ballast-pit, Aldborough. Peestwich. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 335. 2. Brown Sands, with few shells and pebbles, about 10. feet. 1. Shelly Red Crag, about 10 feet. 24 BED CBAO. Sea-hoard. Shelly Crag is again seen on the high road above Aldborough Hall, and to the west of Watering House is a large pond by the roadside, apparently formed by the sinking of the Chillesford Clay into a large swallow-hole in the Coralline Crag. A little beyond the N. end of this pond is a pit showing at its southern face (1878) ; — Feet. White sand (to west) -....- 2 Boulder Clay with nodules of race at its base, lying erosively, with westerly dip, on the bed below - . - - 7 Chillesford Clay 5 on E. to i Sand passing horizontally and downwards into shelly Red Crag .--..-. 4 Traces of shelly Red Crag remain in pockets on the surface of the Coralline Crag in the pit half a mile N. by W. of Aldborough Station. These occur on the northern side of the pit 40 to 60 yards from the road. Mr. S. V. Wood, JuN., noticed here traces of the phosphate-bed.* The railway-cutting east of this is sloped and turfed, but rabbits throw out shelly Crag, which is also traceable on the moor half a mile northward. The Hundred River Valley and Minsmere Valley. "S.E. of the cross-roads at Aldringham Green a pit showed gravelly sand (Drift) over white sand, probably belonging to the Crag."t The ferruginous sands are seen under gravel in a pit 200 yards south of Aldringham Church and again at the farmyard to the east, where traces of the Chillesford Clay occur above the Crag sands, A similar section is given by a pit about a quarter of a mile south of the farm. Half a mile E.S.E. of Aldringham Stone Cottage is the pit known in Crag literature as the Aldborough Thorpe Pit, situated on the southern edge of Aldringham Common. It is celebrated for its abundant well-preserved fossil?, but shows no sub-divisions to be noted here. Traces of the Crag are seen over much of the common, and the flank of the hill extending to Thorpe shows occasional exposures of the same. Between Thorpe and Sizewell the Glacial sands and clays extend below the sea-level, but at Sizewell the Crag rises well above the beach and the inland marshes, and is exposed in several pits. One of these, at the northern end of Sizewell ClifF, about 200 yards inland, is in very shelly sand (of littoral and esfuarine character) mostly white, but somewhat ferruginous above, and containing many bands and lenticular masses of limonite. 250 yards from this is a pit in current-bedded yellow sand with clayey bands, and lines and stalactitio columns of limonite. A quarter of a mile south of this we again meet with white shelly Crag (due west of the word Furze on the map or N.W. of the Gap). Similar Crag is met with in Sizewell Gap and half a mile west of it, whilst at the farm a quarter of a mile S'.W. of the flagstaffj the Crag, though shelly, is more ferruginous. Inland, towards Aldringham and Leiston Commons, the decalcified and oxidised Crag only is seen ; but at the Leiston Ironworks well much shelly sand is brought up, proving that the decaloifioiition, occurs only within reach of percolating, as distinguished from standing, waters. At a slightly higher level there is wavy bedded loam with sand-galls, possibly representing the setting in of the Chillesford Clay. Goose Hill, N. of Sizewell, with perhaps the exception of its summit consists of limonitic sand with occasional casts of shells. The ferruginous sands continue to skirt the hill by Lower Abbey and East Bridge to Theberton and Middleton ; but ' most of the outcrop is masked by the washing-down of gravel and bleached sand. The Crag sands are con- sequently seen only in pits made at that horizon, which are somewhat rare. ♦ Ann. Nat. Hist, ser. 3, vol. xiii., p. 193. f From W. Whitakek's Notes. X As marked on the map. ^Erosion of the cliff may hare necessitated removal >nd re-erection. CHILLESrOED OLAT 25 there is one on tlie New Cut in the outlier of gr&vel a mile from the Sea, and another half a mile north-by-west from Theberton House. These and casual exposures have been our guides in tracing the Crag to Middleton Moor. "On the northern side of Minsmere Level there is some difficulty in iixing ttie upper limit of the Crag, though it is a question of no practical importance. The Crag there consists wholly of unfossiliferous sand, but it is doubtful whether the topmost part of the sand here really belongs to the same formation as the rest, a question that may be better discussed in describing the tract just to the north, to which this area of some two square miles naturally ties on. Of course where one mass of unfossiliferous sand is overlain by another thin bed of like character it is practically impossible, and also practically useless, to draw a line between the two ; at all events a satisfactory line." " At the sand-pit, marked on the map, north of East Bridge, pebbly gravel and sand rests irregularly on sand, probably belonging to the Crag, and about a mile to the east another irregular junction of pebbly gravel with sand was seen." " Shelly Crag has only been seen at one place, the foot of the cliff, where its occurrence was fortunately noted by Mr. E. T. Dowson and Mr. W. M. Crowfoot in 1871,* since which time the base of the section seems to have been hidden by fallen material." " At the hillock named Coney Hill, at the junction of the marsh and the shingle, there is sand, probably Crag."t Chillesfoed Olat. This important bed, indicating the changes by which the shallow and turbulent sea of the Red Crag period became deeper and gradually less agitated by currents, has its southern limit practically coincident with that of the Crag at Walton Naze, Essex,J but is wanting, through denudation, over the interval between VV^alton and Butley, and has not been detected with any certainty westward of Wantesden (in 50 S.E.) and Hales- worth (in 50 N.E.). Whether its present limits in our district are approximately those of original deposition, as Mr. S. V. Wood held (1882), or whether here, as to the north, there has been extensive erosion in the Glacial period is uncertain. The Ohillesford Clay was first described under that name by Peof. Peestwioh in 1849,§ and has since held its place in all classifications of British Tertiaries. It is a fine, almost impalpable, loam, generally grey, but often deeply stained with oxide of iron along the joint-plan,es and along the more porous beds. It passes down, in this district, almost imperceptibly into the Crag below, by gradual diminution of the proportion of clay, and by increase in size as well as in quantity of the particles of sand. But though this passage is so gradual in open section, the change from clay to sand is sharply marked in the soil, and the resistance of the tougher bed to rain-action has in many parts produced a palpable feature almost worthy of the title of escarpment. The most westerly exposures of the Chillesford Clay of our district are in pits on either side of the road three-quarters of a mile west of Butley Church. * Froc. Norwich. Geol. Soc, Part iii., pp. 80-83. f From W. Whitaker's Notes. t Whitakek. The Geology of the Eastern End of Essex . . ., p. 13, and authors there cited. § Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. v., p. 345» 26 CHILLESFOED CLAY. . It is next seen in an old pit half a mile W. by N. of the church, after which its outcrop, thoutfh indicated by a slight escarpment, is concealed by sand washed down from the overlying Glacial beds. In the outlier to the south it is seen in an old pit east of the road 500 yards from the church. Where the outcrop changes its E.N.E. for a northerly course it loses the covering of sand, and is exposed almost continuously in ditches and old pits from a point half a mile N.E. of the church, by the east and north of a little wood, shown on the map, and then westward to the Oyster Inn, behind the stables thereof. An old pit 300 yards west, a ditch-section 150 yards beyond that, and traces of clay above the ferruginous sand on the eastern side of Staverton Park are the last remaining evidences, in this direction, of the Chillesford Clay. The exposures of the clay at Chillesford Church Sind at the brickyard half a mile to the east, have been described in connection with the underlying Crag (p. 18). Old pits occur to the north and east and above the Decoy. Other pits, half a mile west-north-west of Chillesford Lodge and Sudbourn Hall respectively, indicate the course of the belt of clay between the Crag below and the Glacial sands above. In the Orford outlier the clay is seen on the road over Broom Moor, at Sudbourn Church, and at and south-west of Ox House. It is wanting for a space north of the outlier, but reappears on the east of Sudbourn Common, and, circling round Great Wood, extends to Webber's Whin and Calton Farm. Thence, with not infrequent sections, it forms the brow of the hill to Iken brickyard and above Redland's Covert, and west of Black Walks back to Chillesford. The existence of an outlier to the north is demonstrated by a pit in the fields east of Tunstall Heath. On the opposite side of the Ore the brickyard at the junction of the Maps shows about 13 feet of the clay, and a well, rather more than 16 feet deep, extends to the Coralline Crag. Sink-holes in the latter" rock have produced several singular fallings-in of the clay, which descends below its true horizon, the bedding being thrown into festoons or curves, the upper parts of which are but slightly depressed, whilst the lower parts have been thri)wn into semi- circular or more complex forms. The exposure north of VVatering House, described on p. 24, does not imply a thinning away northward of the Chilles- ford Clay, but a local erosion only ; for in the brickyard three-quarters of a mile to the north-east we find about the same thickness of clay as in the southern pit on the edge of the map. In the Aldborough outlier, the brickyard near the Water Tower showed 5 or 6 feet of ash-coloured clay vnth reddish bands, covered to an equal depth by sand, of which the lower foot or two feet was dark red and hard, probably from peroxide of iron accumulated at the plane of arrested percolation. Shallow pits in Chillesford Clay may be seen half a mile E.N.E. of Aldring- ham Church, with a wash of gravel and sand above in the more northerly one. A quarter of a mile west of Sizewell Boathouse is an old pit in yellow sand over grey clay with rusty joint-planes, probably Chillesford Clay, and the last trace of that bed in our district. 27 CHAPTER v.— GLACIAL DRIFT. Divisions. The Glacial Drift of this district consists of three distinct members : — ; Upper Boulder Clay, with gravel in places. Sands and Gravels, with seams of Boulder Clay. Lower BnulderClay, with seams of sand and brick-earth. '' Before describing these various members of undoubted Glacial Drift, it may be well, however, to notice a deposit of less certain classification, which has been mapped only over the small tract north of the Minsraere Level. This is a gravel, with occasional sand, composed for the most part of pebbles (chiefly of flint, but some of quartz) ; and whilst it seems to underlie the lowest beds of the Cilacial Drift, rests generally irregularly on the Crag sand. Two of these irregular junctions have been noticed at pi 25." " It has been given the name of Westleton Beds by Prof. Prestwich, whilst, somewhat earlier, Me. S. V. Wood, Junr., classed it with his Bure Valley Beds ; but in the Index of our inaps it has been left unbracketed either with the Glacial or with the Plii)cene Series." " The possibility of its being represented, in a distant part of the London Basin, by a gravel of like character as- well as of like doubtf il age, has been alluded to elsewhere."* " This gravel occurs to a greater extent in the tract to the north of our area, where it also caps Chillesford Clay."t Lower Boulder Clay. This consists principally of a sahdy loam with interspersed stones, mostly of small size ; but occasionally the loam passes into, or is represented by, Boulder Clay of characters indistinguishable from those of the lenticular seams and masses in the overlying sands or from those of the [J|)per Boulder Clay., Ihe bedding of the loams is generallv well m irked, and often much disturbed, whilst there is no evidence of this disturbance in the sands which follow., Tlie irregular and spasmodic way, moreover, in which small outlying patches of these lower loams and Boulder Clays occur between the Crag below and the sands above, points to their former continuity as a general covering of the country, smd to subsequent inter-glacial erosion in an interval appa- rently marked by the action of disturbing forces, resulting in a » Guide to the Geology of London. Ed. 3, p. 57 (1880), and Ed. 4, p. 60. f From W. Whitakeb's Notes. E 18861. n 28 GLAOIAr. DRIFT. complete change of the material conveyed to and deposited in this area. The characters, sequences, and general aspect of the^•e lower beds agree closely with those of the Ymt and Second Tills of the Cromer coast, with their intermediate beds, whilst the contorted stradfication suggests a correlation with the overlying Contorted Drift of the coast. Valley of the Deben. The most southerly exposure of. these Ijeds within our district is at the brickyard west of Woodbridee, a quarter of, a mile south-west of Fashing Cake Ha'll,\\4ierte a'loitg- ih^llow sefctiori stoks gentl^'lindulatiiig beds' of lamina^eil loam, of \arying shades of grey and buff, abruptly overWd'by the Upper liouldei- Clay of the neighbourhood, ami occupying 'the pb^ition, i^.and- wise, of the sands and gravels' which orcur in full thickness close by; resting on the Cr»g. This is 'the Hasketoh brickyard of Mr. S.' V. 'Woob; J un. ' ' The Boulder Clay in tlie floo'r of the valley east of .lava L"dge, Pettistree, is probably part of this series. As already described (p. 161, it shows a small fault, not affecting the overlying sands. The Crag sand has been partly torn up and re-deposited in alternations with the lower part of the clay. The patch of clay westward of Java Lodge may be of the same age, as may the lowlying Boulder Clay east and north-west of Wickham Market. Three-quarters of a mile north-north-east of Brandeston church is a pit in greyish loamy sand, with seams of clay, overlying Boulder Clay, the junction sloping sharnly to the west. A little Boulder Clay occurring on both sides of the valley between Brandeston and East Soham, and lying between the Chalk and the Glacial sands, may belong to this part of the series. Yalley of the Butley River. The brickyard at the Rookery Farm, Eyke, shows, in the pits immediately west of Orphan's Piece, tough blue unstratified brickearth, like ihat of the Hasketon brickvard. Only about 6 feet is worked, but the deposit is proved, by a well, to extend some 60 feet down, and it consists of " black stuff all flaky like seaweed." This seems to indicate that the absence of lamination in the visible part is due to weathering. Ti-aces of ferruginous gravel occupy " pots" a id furrows in the surface of the clay, remnants doubtless of the sheet of gravel extending to the west. At the farm this gravel is over 20 feet thick, indicating a sharp descent ,mf„l It IS coloured uniformly with the sand to tl^e south tle.map though GLACIAL DKirX. 33 Valley of the Butley River. Only two sections within the area drained by this stream and its tributaries call for mention here. Half a mile north of Ivy Lodge, Rendlesham Park, an old pit, now ploughed down, showed, in 1876, under a very irregular covering of Boulder Clay, a varying depth of sand, with two thin layers of bedded Boulder Clay separated by stony loam. Half a mile nortiiward of this is a sand-pit with three or four seams of Boulder Clay from two inches to a quarter of an inch thick, and about an inch apart, coalescing into one bed at one side of the section. Valley of the Ore, up the Right Side, Coarse gravel is raised half a mile eastward of Blaxhall Church, and sandy gravel ranges between Blaxhall Street and Beversham Bridge. Sand is dug in two places in the Ueer Park, Campsey Ash, and in a pit about 200 yards north-east of Campsey Ash Church, where it is intersected by a band of Boulder Clay. About three hundred yards westward of the junction of the Framlingham branch with the main line of the railway coarse chalky gravel is seen. ITiere are old gravel-pits on both sides of the high road half a mile westward of Marlesford Station. On the road running parallel with the railway, about half a mils N.W. from tne station, a thick lenticular bed of Boulder Clay occurs in gra\el and sand. In the road-section sand is exposed below it, and a large old pit on the east of the road cuts through it into sand. On the west of the road, at the fork, is an old pit mostly in clay, but very gravelly on the southern side. A large piece of red chalk was found in this clay. In the gravel- pit about 50 yards west of this a streak of Boulder Clay, 6 inclies thick and 3 or 4 feet long, was exposed in 1876. The floor of the pit seems to be Boulder Clay, probal)ly the bed seen in the road. The gravel, of which over 20 feet is seen, contains many pebbles of chalk. Northward of Hacheston Church gravel extends to the further end of the village and up the hollow by Bloomville Hall. The cutting on the railway opposite Broadwater (south of Framlingham) is in sand, with a little gravel. At a point about 130 yards west of tlie 89th milepost, is earthy gravel with a seam of clay showing strong contortions and even inversion. Sand and gravel occur on the railway at the ticket-plitform at Framling- harr, and the brickyaid to the east showed, in 1876, 8 feet of yellow and brown stony loam, with seams of gravel and sand, overlying loamy clay. The irregular surface of the sand under the Boulder Clay at FramUngham causes no less than three inliers of the sand, above and below which the Boulder Clay extends to the bottom of the valley. Two of these lie v.est of Ihe town. ; the third is on the north, partly concealed by the alluvium of the Mere. The most westerly consists of gravel and sand, the next of sand only. A well at the Almshouses, south-west of the Mere, showed a little Boulder Clay at the top, and another bed, about a foot thick, 16 feet down, with sand above and below. Valley of the Ore, down the Left Side, including the Valley of the Aide. The railway-cutting, nearly a mile S. of Framlingham Station, passes at its northern end through a ridge of sand and gravel concealed by Boulder Clay. This ridge showed, in J 876, the following section on the western side of the railway :— Bedded sand and fine gravel with much chalk. Lenticular mass of coarse chalky gravel with a boulder of Boulder Clay. Bedded sand with more and coarser gravel than the upper bed, and boulders of Boulder Clay. The northern side of this section presented a nearly vei-tioal face, against which Boulder Clay abutted. 34 GLACIAL DKIFT On the eastern side of the railway, at the top of the bank, was bedded chalk- gravel and Boulder Clay, the relation hetwten them being obscured by talus. Lower down ^nd beneath the Boulder Clay, which abutted against a very steep face of gravel, was the following section : — 4 Bedded clayey sand. 3 Coarse gravel, rather ferruginous. 2 Bedded clayey sand. 1 Ferruginous sandstone ; a piece of shell (? Crag). 1 and 2 had a slight northerly dip, but 4 occupied the singular position (for such a bed) of resting against a face of 3, inclined at about 60° in the same direction. These beds were sharply cut off, horizontally on the top, and on the southern .side by a face curving from the vertical to 45°, the whole being enveloped, as on the western side, by Boulder Clay with large tabular and unworn flints. The chalky-gravel at the top of the cutting may be part of the Boulder Clay series, It js seen in the road close by. North-west of Broadwater is a large pit in a plantation, mostly showing white sand, with a little chalk-gravel, and some masses of reconstructed Chalk. Boulder Clay is seen at the northern end of the plantation. Sand has been dug in a large pit at the western corner of Parham Wood. In the cutting W.N.W. of Parbam Hall a steep-sided channel has been eroded in the Crag sand, and lined with sandy gravel, a mass of Boulder Clay occupying the centre of the hollow. In the valley of the Aide proper a very fine section is afforded by a pit aboufr a quarter of a mile south of Coldstone Hall, above Brnisyard, where the following beds are seen : — Boulder Clay - - - 3 Feet. Fine white current-bedded sand 13 „ Ferruginous gravel - - 1 „ White gravel - - 2 „ A pit at the back of Hazlewood Hall, S.B. of Friston, shows the following sequence at the top of the series with which we are now dealing : — Boulder I '.lay, 5 feet. Chalky grai'cl, 1 foot. Briokearth with chalk, passing, by alternating laminae, into the bed below, 14 feet. Yellow sand, 2 feet. White sand with scanty shell-fragments, 2 or 3 feet. Reddish fine gravel. Valley of the Hundred River. At Billeaford Hall, E. of Friston, the top of the series is seen in a large pit to be as follows : — Boulder Clay, with an uneven jagged junction, 4 to 5 feet. Laminated loam with pockets of white sand, passing down into the next. 10 to 12 feet. Fine white sand. A quarter of a mile westward of this, a somewhat different junction is seen viz. : — Feet. Boulder Clay with sand-galls - - - 4 to 5 Yellowish sand - - . . . -lto2 Boulder Clay ---... i Brownish-yellow obscurely-bedded loam with bits of chalk, passing down into sand ----- 12 " A like section was noted about an eighth of a mile N.W., showing Boulder Clay, over sand and Boulder Clay, over sand."* * From W. WhitaIcbr's Not«i. GLACIAL: DRIFT, 35 Coarse gravel has been dug. at Coldfair Green and Aldringham Green. On the Common to the east of the latter the sand is blackened by peaty matter to five or six feet deep, below which it is a clear bright yellow. Consolidated flint-gravel occurs on the cliff a quarter of a mile south of the building delusively called on the nrnp the Tea House.- Valley of the Leiston Brook. In a large brickyard, a quarter of a mile northward of the railway-station, a fine section was exposed in 1876, as follows :— Yellow sand; 8 to 12 feet. Brown laminated clay, varying from to 6 feet. White current-bedded sand, with seams of race, septaria and clay nodules. (The bedding dips N. at 30°), 3 to 2 feet. , Well-laminated greyish clay, with potkets of coarse sand, over 10 feet. The section was somewhat altered in 18/8 and showed the following : — * False-bedded light-coloured sand, ? partly gravelly, up to about 12 feet. , , , _ Grey laminated loam, with layers of sund; some broken shells in a patch of coarse sand with small pebbles; nearly 15 feet shown. At the other (E.) part of the pit the upper bed was hardly shown, but there was a gravelly soil over the lower bed, here consisting of, sand with layers of grey laminated clay. The same (lower) clay is dug in an inferior section, in a brickyard 200 yards east of the station, and it has been traced in the valley to the south. Minsviere Yalley, The stratified sandy clay passage-bed at the base of the Boulder Clay is well seen in pits E. and N. of Upper Abbey Farms, north-eastward of Leiston. Opposite Theberton Hall, on the eastern side of the high road, a bed of contorted chalky gravel, with seams of sand and loam, occurs at the base of the Boulder Clay, and may he regarded as belonging to either division of the series. In the side-valley south of the Plough Inn, S.E. of Middleton, there is a good deal of gravel. Higher up, at a pit on a by-lane half a mile west-north- west of Theberton Hall, a bed of irregularly-laminated biickearth, with grains of chalk, separates the sands and the Boulder Clay. " On the northern side of the valley, in a long old overgrown pi in a field about a third of a mile W.N.W. of Scott's Hall, there is, at the eastern end, some Boulder Clay, and near the bottom some gravel, cemented into hard stone by calcareous cement. At the middle part there is a good deal of sand ; and at the western part there is at top, on the southern side, loam full of stones (= weathered Boulder Clay) with a trace of Boulder Clay in it and sand beneath. "Another old pit, at the edge of the next field westward, is in like beds, with the hard conglomerate underlying the Boulder Clay."* * From W. Whitakek's Notes. 36 CHAPTER VI.— GLACIAL T)UI¥T—(conti7iuecl). Upper Boulder Clay. General Account. The greater part of this district is covered by a sheet of clay, more or less charged wiih round and sub-angular stones, largely chalk and flint, but with a considerable proportion of older rocks. There is every gradation in size, from the smallest particle up to blocks weighing over a ton, but it is not common to find stones exceeding 10 lbs. in weight. The clay varies in colour and texture within wide limits, from compact blue stony clay to light-yellow porous loam with few or no !^tones. Son)etimes it changes, by defit-iency of matrix, to a mere aggregation of stones and sand, available as gravel, but such is not very commonly the case. It has been extensively used as tnp-dressing for light land, and the more calcareous {)arts for such of the heavy land as was deficient in lirae-compounds It is used, as has been already noted, to repair the roads on the sandy heaths, and tlie scones picked off tlie fieldc< serve as metal for the thoroughfares in the clay -districts. Though scantily used for brick making, it is employed in building as " clay lump," being worked with straw into blocks about 18 inchps long by 9 inches square in section. When thorouiihly air-dried and set in moi~t clay, these form substantial walls, less permeable to moisture than brick, and only requiring timbt-r-frauiing to support upper floors or roof. Houses thus built indeed are generally dri^r than those of more durable (V) material; for, with judi<'ious protection against direct injury by weather, the clay will outlast the timber. Yalley of the Finn. The base of the clajr was observed about a hijndred yards south of Witneshatii Church; and in the' road-cuttirig south-west of TiiddenHam Hall. A quarter of amile east of Culpho Church the sand and gravd of the small tributary hollow are spen to pass under the Boulder Clav. Up the Otley branch of the valley, in a roadside-pit near Grundisbuvgh Hal], a somewhat shnilar section orcurs. Eastward of Grun disburg h the clay descends to the brook and so continues to Clopton, above which, on both sides of the valley, the base rises slightly, exposing the umlerlying sands. These are seen half a mile south-east of Otley Church, and the boundary of the clay skirts the hillside to the Crown Inn, when it descends to the valley again for a few hundred yards. It rises ajjain at the farm half a mile north-north- west of Clopton Church, where a pit shows red sand and gravel under the Boulder Clay. The olay again descends between Clopton and Burgh, but rises at the latter village, and the liase, skirting the hill, is exposed in a pit south-east of the chunh, and again about a hundred yards west of Burgh White House. From near this to Hasketon the bottom of the valley is occupied by tne Boulder Clay, whilst on the flanks on either side protrude inliers of the Glacial sands and Red Crag. GLACIAL DBIFT. 87 The Boulder Clay lies indifferently on the Glacial sands or on the Cra»j the sands being sometimes absont or very thin : thus they are absent at the pit a quarter of a mile east of Hasketon Hall, and are very feebly represented the same distimce further eastwiird, and near Bealings House, though fairly developed between these Boints. Similarly at Great Bealings, patches of the Boulder Clay are found, some on the Glacial sand, there formino: a continuous sheet, and one on the slope of the Red Crag below. These datn shovti that the Glacial sands were either deposited in a very irregular mannet as^ to thi(:kiie>;s and continuity, or were extensively denuded before the dep.asitiou of the Boulder Clay. I incline to the former view, as more consistent with the facfs afforded by examinat on of the ■whole district. A series of sand- and sbimgie- banks, such as rhust have constituted' the bed of the sea in which these Glacial sandd were formed, must ha,ve had many channels- ramifying hither and thither, often reaching to the lower part of the Bed Crag beds, and sometimes to the London Clay or to the Chalk. The infilling of these channels by clay, would- necessarily produce appareiitly capricious risings- and fallings in the base, df the clay, as exposed by mqdera denudation.. In the valleys of the Deben aiad Ore similar phenomena are pres-ented. The singularly-shaped inlier of sand north and east of Hasketon offers hut 0H& juncbiott With_ tte' overlying clay, in a pit about 200 yards' to the north- east of the cburfch, Valleyt of the Deben, up: the Right Side, The section at the Hasketon BricU-yard has been already, described, pi 26. A quarter of a mile east of this Boulder Glay is seen, resting on sand, 300 yards' aouth of Earthing CakerHall, and half ainiletothe east, beydnd a lane in'a deep gully,, an old, clay-pit occurs on 1>hB pointof the-prbuiontory'of Boulder Clay. The outlier east of Bredfleld White House is< penetrated by a pit reaching, sand ';. a much smaller outlier is seen to the-east. The pit west of Fo.xburrow Hall has been described on p. 15. West of UfEord Place large old pitsjshow the base of the clay; which is also ^posed; at three points near the entry to Byng Hall (to the north). Oh the eastern edge of the inlier of sand,, in the valley S;W. of Dallinghoo", aj-eno less than four pits showing Boulder Glay over. sand. The most southerly of these is on the by-roadito Bredfield, another is a hundred yiirds to the north, the third directly belosir Hif^h House Farm, and the fourth near Moat Farm : the last, shows six feet of Boulder Clay and 16 feet of sands. The exposure of the base of the clay near Mountain's Barn and that of the. little outlier below Pettistree Green have been described on p. 31. Other outliers deserving, only bare mention occur, (1), half a mile south-south- east of Java Lodge;. (2j, at Loudham Hall ; (3), on the railway eastward of the Hall, and (4), a quarler of a mile north of the Hall. The base of the clay- is seen in pits near (ialhara Hall (Wickham Market), Bind, up the Potford tributary-valley, at Park Corner House, below the Cull Farm, and near Charsfield Hall. There are also several junction-pits between the Meeting' House and Letheringham Lodge, bebwi the last place, and in a large pit half a mile to the east. The mode oioocurrenceof ' the Boulder Clay in the upper part of the Deben valley is less regular than in the area drained by the Ore and Aide; or perhaps it would be more correct to say that, in the Deben area, the surface of the Glaeia?! sand' i.-* ffi'iiCh less even, its undulations not coinciding with existiiig valleys, so that 38 GLACIAIi DBIFT. the base of the overlying Boulder Clay rises iiml falls in an apparently caprioions mmiier. From the pits iie-ir. L t'lerinihani Lodge the clay sweeps; clown' to the level of Putfbrd Brnok, and i-Iowly rising ugain, skirts the Deben at a few feet above the alluvium for nearly a mile," when it' rises sharply to cross the ridge, and descends to the river again. at Letheringhain Old Hiill, for the most part resiihg directly on Red -Crag.' It is probably continuous under the river to Easton. Rising to the west, it y)asses I.etheringham with fluctnaang elevation, to Come down to the Deben again directly north of that village, and to occupy thit position throughout the north of Hoo parish (except for H narrow outcrop of sand on {he nonh-east), whil^t the sand, as shown by the smaller valleys, firms ridges between Lethering- haiii and Franisden on the south west, and Ilacheston and Earl Soham on the imrth-east. At Branileston, and between Friday Street and Oetingham, the cLiy is at a low level, though probably not below the alluvium. What other depressions miiy be concealed under the broaJi cprea i of tlie clay to the north and west it is imposaihie to say, but the vallej'S iippear to indicate a fairly uniform course bejond Earl Soham and Ashfield. Immediately to the "est of Letheringham Old Hall the base of the clay rises,- and is seen in a pit 700 yards N N.ii. of Letheringham Lodge. A similar tectiim occurs 200 \ards south-west of Letheringham Church, and sand runs up the valley to niar G.iodwin's Place. Another junction is seen about 400 yards weat of the church, and a fine sectinn in a pit by the roadside north- west of the church, where the upper part of the sand, for some two or three feet from the clay, is consohdated into a soft rock by carbonate of lime, carried by percolation from the overlyinjj; Boulder Clay. Up the valley, between Hoo and Monewden, the base of the clay rises considerably, and west of Hoo Church a pit shows the junction svith the underlying beds. This is again seen in another pit some two hundred yards to the south, and yet again in a run-down pit on the furtner side of the road to Monewden, The , junction is next seen a quarter of a mile S.S.W. of Monewden Hall; whence the boundary -line gradually descends to the wood, and back to near tht- Hall, where it rises sharply northward, and aj>ain descends (north-eastward) to the larm in the bottom. North of this it crosses a low ridge of sand, and runs, at a small height above the alluvium of the Peben, to Friday Street,' beyond which, for some 300 yards, it is at or below the level of the river. The sand comes out again afier this inteival, but only as a narrow belt, and as an inlier formed by a gully a quarter of a mile below Cretingham. The sand-pits on the road between Cretingham and Framsden are no longer good sections, but both originally showed the base of the clay. , In the absence of such sections it is uncertain whether the sand in the hollow between Pear Tree Farm and "Welham's Grove is of Glacial age, or a more recent deposit, from the denudation of the Boulder Clay. A siinilar lack of sections obtains in the branch-valley that supplies and diains Framsden. It may be remarked that the natives are in no wise particular as to their water-supply, but it is questionable if stagnant ponds are not safer than open brooks, or even than wells in coarse loose gravel, that transmits, with little filtration, the washings of cultivated land and of spaces inhabited by people whose sanitary science is nil. Gravelly rainwash covers the Boulder Clay alon^ir the northern side of Helmingham Park, and the clay is weathered to a depth of more than 10 feet at the brick-kiln eastward of Booking Hall N.W. of Helminghain where the resulting loam is used. -GLACIAL DEITT. 39 i "In the side-valley, between Pettaugh and Wihston, the only exposures of the base of .the, Buulder Clay. have already been described. The junction is ohscuied by grass in the old brickyard at Barley House Farm, east of Winston, but was visible (1876) near the Malting Farm, half a mile to the west, and at the brickyard north of Winston village. Valley of the Deben, down the Left Side. . Junction-sections are scanty about Debenham, but there is a pit about 300 yards south of White House Farm, showing Boulder Clay over pebbly sands, and at Thorpe Hall, west of Ashfield, exposures of Boulder Clay and of sand were obsei'ved in close pro.timity, but the actual junction was not laid bare, nor is it again seen for about a mile, when an old pit west of Wood Farm shows the junction pretty fairly. The base descends thence to the Deben, along the valley of which, to Cretingham, it remains in this low position, though rising to the north, as shown by the side-hollow east of Wood Farm. This "slope of the base is' again proved a quarter of a mile northward of Cretingham, where a road-cuttmg forms an inlier of sand under the Boulder Clay, although the latter descends the slope nearly to the liver. At the Farm eastward there are pits in clay, to the south-east of the house, but to the north is a lai:ge sand-pit with very little clay cover. The' junction is again seen up the Soham Valley at Manor Farm, and, running pretty evenly round the hollow by Cretingham Lodge, the base of the clay descends to the stream at Earl Soham. ' Half a mile south-south-west of Hill Farm is a pit, dug for sand through the clay.which descends sharply to' the south, but shows a large iniier above the road-west of Brandeston church. To the south-east the clay reaches the alluvium, of the Deben, but the sand rises up in the hollow between Brandeston and' K'ettleburgh. • North of the road and east of the .brook is a sand-pit, at the back of some farm-buildings, showing a' mere trace of Boulder Clay at the top. The clay descends to the 'road for a short distance, and afterwards skirts the hillside above it, a large junction-pit occurring halfway between the brook and Kettle- burgh.' Similar sections are seen on each side of the hollow in which the village of Kettleburgh lies, and a quarter of a mile east of the water-mill. ' The base of the clay is seen in a junction-pit in the fork of the brooks west of Martley Hill (Easton);and thence it descends to the Deben. Rising again almost immediately, it skirts a hill of gravel, reaohinf? the river again near the corner of Easton . Park. North of this the underlying sands are reached through the Boulder Clay, in the pit described on p. 17, and in the large inlier in Easton Park. • The presence of an inlier of sand in Easton village denotes a second boss. Ip the pit described on p. 32, the", northward fall' of the Boulder Clay base is exposed, and on the west of the lane another pit shows a still sharper descent, there being 15 feet of o'ay on the northern side of the face and none on the southern. Two small outliers to thesouth reach down the slope nearly to the level of the alluvium. j ^, ■ rr , The small exposures of Boulder Clay between baston and trlevering Hall are probably in outliers, separated from the main mass by denudation. The junction is seen in an old pit about 400 yards S.S.E. of Glevermg Hall, and 3gain on the east of the park, besides casual exposures. In the mlier between this and Hacheston a large pit, half a mile N.B. of the hsU, shows the base of the Boulder Clay. ,,,■,, n u -j. u .li ^ quarter of a mile south of Rookery Farm (Hacheston) an old pit, by the roadside, shows Boulder Clay to the north and sand on the south, with a steeply-slopin.< line of divisioh. , About 350 yards south of Beggars Barn is a larKeiunotion-pit, and;a similar section, much obscured by weathering, may be seen by the side of the highroad. Other exposures of the base of the clay occur at 600 yards to the S.S:\V., the same distance to S. by E. and a quarter of a mile N.E. of Ashmere HallXwest of Campsey Ash). The base is next seen on the railway south-west . of Campsey Ash station. Thence it crosses to Copperas VVood and, turning westward, is.seen in a pit on the western side of the" road to Rendlesham, and again a quarter of a mile north-west of Rendlesham House. 40 «LACIAL DRIFT, A tiny patch of Boulder Ciay is seen capping sand in a pit a quarter of a mile southwards of Rendlesham Hitih House, and in the stack-yard at Naiinton Hall a mass of Boulder Clay, with almost if not absolutely vertical sides, has been left by the excavation from around it of the Crag, in which it must have occupied a deep gully, the trend of which was N.N.W., at right angles to the course of the Deben at this point, but parallel to the upper part of the valley and almost pointing up it. Traces of Boulder Clay are seen at intervals along the road to beyond Eyke, and these are perhaps in a continuous mass with a small exposure about three-quarters of a mile east of Bromeswell Church. The boundary of the Eyke and Rendlesham patch is much obscured by drifting sand, but the clay extends eastward, and is seen among the cottages north of Orphan's Piece, and ia pits between Tithe Cover and Rendlesham Red House. Valley of the Butley Rioer. The Boulder Clay of the last-mentioned sections, on the east of the water- shed between the Deben and Butley Kivers, is separated only by an accident of denudation from a spur descending from the main mass near Rendlesham Red H )nse. This spur is merely a slight hollow in the sands, in which the clay rests, :ts it does in the lo'ver hollow of the outlier; indeed it is possible that the clay does extend down the intervening slope, masked by drifted sand. The Boulder Clay, extending from Rendlesham to Wantesden, is very thin, and is pierced in many pits : its surface is also so much covered by sand, blown from the adjacent heaths, as greatly to obscure its limits. Clay is seen in, junction-pits south, west, and north of Wantesden Church, at 350 yards, and again at half a mile, south of Ivy Lodge. There is a small outlier, proved only by a pit nearly as big as itself, a mile westward of .Wantesden Hall. Half a mile to the north of Ivy Lodge, Rendlesham Park, a pit, now ploughed do'.vn, showed, in 187t). a very irres^ular junction of the .'■and with the Boulder Clay. On the north-west the hase of the clay was at the top of the section; on the west, .sourh, and south-east at the bottom ; on the east-south-east it rose suddenly beyonJ the face of the section ; it descended to forin a thin patch on the east, and thtn came up aaain ; it reappeared at the north, plunging rapidly down, but rose again immediately to the north-west. With so irregular a junction, it is obvious that boundary-lines are merely generalizations. Half a mile north of this is another old pit showing the Junction. Similar sections are afforded by a pit half a mile west of Tunstall, and by another half way between Tuns' all and Ivy Lodge. A trace of clay is also seen capping the sand in a pit on the road south-east of Potash Farm. Between this and Chillesford are over a dozen pits showing clay over sand thus : — (I.) Half a mile E.N,E, of Potash Farm. (2.) Marked on map, east of Cats Grove. (;-!.) SOOya-dsN.E. of{2). (4.) 600 yards S.E. of (2) and a quarter of o, mile W. of (5). (.5.) Kast of road half a mile southward of Meeting House, (6.) 500 yards S.B. of (.")). (7.) 200 yards S W. of (6). (8.) (>nO yards S. hy E. of (6). (9.) 300 yards S. of (8). (10.) 250 yards K.S.E. of (9). (11.) Back of Chillesford Church 30') yards S. by E. of (10). (12-14.) Two pits marked on the map on the east of the clay spurj with another between them. Mr. S. V. Wood, Junr., noted in No. 10 (now much run-down and' shoiving only the Boulder Clay, and that very obscurely) that faint planes of bedding in the clay were comformable to those of the sand, bnth being slightly arched. In No. 11 the Boulder Clay is similarly b nded in the hollows of' the Chillesford Clay, on the eroded surface of which it rests, but shows no trace of bedding in the upper part. GLAOIAl DEIFT. 41 Valley of the Ore, up the Right Siie. Pits Nos. 12-14 of the above list are on the eastern side of the spur of Boulder Clay, and therefore within the Ore Valley. There is a fine junction- pit rather more than a quarter of a mile east of Tunstall Church. At a hoiise about 400 yards N.W. of the church a well showed loam and red sand in irregular masses, penetrated by more or less vertical lenticular veins of blue Boulder Clay of normal cliaracter. Similar material occurs along the road to the north-east. North of Limefcree Farm, north of Tunstall, is a junction-pit of the usual type, and others occur on the road at a quarter and at half a mile southward of Blaxhall Church and at a quarter of a mile east-south-east and south-west of Stone Farm. In the outlying patch of Boulder Clay west of Blaxhall Church there are three pits showin^f the sand beneath, one is on the north of Coal Pit Wood (a name suggesting that lumps of bituminous shale in the Boulder Clay have been regarded as evidence of coal to be found below), the others are marked on the map. A smaller outlier occurs between this and the railway. The northern end of the spur of Boulder Clay extending towards Blackstock Wood is marked by a junction-pit showing the usual characters, and there is an outlier between this and Campsey Ash Church. On the south-west of the Deer Park the Clay Pit marked on the map touches sand, and there is another pit about 200 yards southward of the church. The extreme thinness of the Boulder Clay around Campsey Ash, and the inequalities of level of the surface on which it lies, cause the boundary to assume a very sinuous form, often without reference to existing surlace- contour. Sand is seen under the clay about 300 yards north of the railway-station. East of the Well House a pit penetrates to sand through clay, whilst on the north of the road at the same level, or perhaps somewhat higher, the sand forms the surface. A quarter of a mile to the north of the Well Hou&e are pits on either side of the road, the western showing 20, and the eastern 15, feet of Boulder Clay, over sand. A long narrow spur of the clay runs to the eastward. About 200 yards northward along the road is seen a deposit of angular flints, worked in a shallow pit, and representing a rather exceptional state of the Boulder Clay, whilst the clay, here wanting as matrix, may be seen as a mixture of brown loam and dark sand in a brickyard a. quarter of a mile to the westward. Boulder Clay of normal character is seen nearly all round these pecuUar forms. Good junction-sections occur on both sides of the high road half a mile west of Marlesford Station. There is a small outlier of Boulder Clay west of Hacheston Church, and at the village a larger one, with a fine pit showing the junction with the gravelly sand below. A similar pit may be seen about 300 yards south of Bloomville Hall. In the second hollow to the north, the base is exposed in an old pit, about 200 yards south-west of Parham Old Hall, and again at the Hall. Thence the boundary descends to the river opposite Parham Wood, and the junction is seen in a pit by the side of the road. With the exception of a slight rise, at and opposite Broadwater, the bottom of the valley is occupied by Boulder Clay from here to near Framlingham. Sand appears to have been reached below the clay in the abandoned brick- yard south of Hill Farm, and the sections described on p. 33, show a temporary rise of the base south of Framlingham Station. In the town the very irregular surface of the sand produces two inliers of tlie sand and gives rise to unexpected complications in the draining and water-supply of the town, which latter depends (18/6) upon private wells and upon a pump by the river- bank. The low ground near the station is Boulder Clay, found by a well at the mill to be 25 feet thick. The inliers of sand to the west have been mentioned on p. 33, and the base of the clay is seen in the nearer of the two, in a pit on its northern side. 42 GLACIAL drift! West of the Mere the base rises towards the College, but-is 40 feet down in the College well, and but little above the Mere where last seen at Little Lodge. ' Valley of. the Ore, down the Left Side. At the back of Framlingham^College is a shallow pit in sharp angular gravel and sand with chalk pebbles. As the Boulder Clay in the well close by is over 40 feet thick, this deposit may be regarded as a modification of the clay. In the wood eastward of . Little Lodge " (to ; the north), and in the adjacent fields, there is seen gravel, which may be either an exceptional condition of the Boulder Clay (i.e., stones .without clay inatrix) or a protruding boss of the, series beneath. The latter is again touched in the bottom of the pond in front, of the Castle Brewery (through. Boulder Clay) and; is only 6 feet from the surface in front of the Crovi-n and Anchor Hotel, whilst a well near by penetrated 40 feet, and another in Double Street 50 feet, of Boulder Clay. The sections on . the railway half a mile southward of the station, as described on p. 34, show similar irregularities on a smaller scale. The base is next seen, on the left side of the valley, at the Rifle Butts, half a ^mile north-west of Broadwater, and thence runs southward with greater' uniformity. Below Broadwater it produces a marked feature, and is seen in a pit south-east ■ of Cole's Green Farm: there are two, other, such pits near Parham House and a fourth on the brook west of Parhatn Green. Opposite ; Parham House and east of it, are two more junction-pits of the usual type. The railway-cutting north of Parham shows the base of the Boulder Clay on each side, and the sand is also touched in three large pits, between the cutting and Parham Wood. To the nortb-west of Parham Hall the base descends sharply, and is seen in , an old pit on the east of the railway, and in the adjacent cutting the Boulder Clay occupi»s a trough eroded in the Red Crag sand. Southward of this are the pits described on p. 34, whence the base rises eastward, and then descends sharply towards the stream between Garden Cottage and Red Barn, a separated patch of clay lying on the slope. Pits showing the junction of Boulder Clay and sand are found in the plan- tation north-west of Marlesford Hall, beyond the road east of the park, and on the road a quarter of a mile west of Little Glemham Manor House. The road- cutting west of Cotton's Barn shows the base of the clay, as does a pit a quarter of a mile to the south-east, and one at Cotton's Barn. Other similar sections are afforded by pits at 200 yards east of the Manor House, three on the south of the road between Glemham Hall and Marlesford Common, one half a mile west of Little Glemham Church, three between the Parsonage and the Church, and one a quarter of a mile east of the Church. Valley of the Aide. At the Keeper's Lodge, on the south-east of Great Wood, north of Little Glemham, a well showed 27 feet of Boulder Clay, whilst to the north of the wood the sand comes up as a narrow inlier. Opposite the mouth of the hollow which shows this, is another junction-pit, and there are three more in the neighbourhood of the Methodist Chapel, Stratford St. Andrew. Outlying traces of the clay are seen covering sand in pits in the north- eastern part of Little Glemham Park. At the Manor House, Stratford St. (Andrew, is a pit showing the junction, and half a mile to the north-west is a similar pit. Great Glemham Church stands on the edge of the clay, or just off it, and a large pit some 200 yards to the N.W. shows the junction of sand and clay. A similar section may be seen half a mile W.N.W. of the church, and another below the group of cottages a quarter of a mile to the N.W. The base of the clay is also e.f posed at the southern corner of High (irove, further N. W., and in two sand-pits between this and Glemham House. The next noteworthy section is at White Barn, south of Sweffling, where however, the junction is not seen, though there are pits in both series near each other. A quarter of a mile south-west of Sweffling Church is another junction-pit. GLACIAL DRIFT, 43 The base is next exposed in an old pit a quarter of a mile east of Sewers Cottage, N.W. of Sweffling, and it runs evenly thence to Cransford HaU, whence it descends gradually, and half a mile north-by-easl of Oransford Church the junction is seen in a pit nearly at the bottom of the side-vaUey. On the north of this the Boulder Clay extends to the road opposite Bruisyard ; and the base is exposed in a pit behind a farm opposite The Rookery. Thence it rises westward, and is met with in a large pit at Hucklin HaU. Three-quarters of a mile north of this it is seen on the eastern side of the brook descending from Laxfleld by Baddingham (in 60 N.B.). From the junction-pit south of Coldstone Hall, described on p. 34, the base runs, with great uniformity of level, to Bruisyard Hall, where it is again exposed. At Rendham Grove Farm it begins to descend, reaching the alluvium of the Aide near Dobson's Farm. South of Potash Cottage (a name suggestive of woodlands and clay soil) the base again rises, and on three sides of Dodd's Wood there are pits showing the junction. At and southward of the Pottery (by the river, west of Benhall), there are two more junction-pits, and others north and east of Benhall Street, one of the best lying to the north of the road to Benhall Lodge. The sheet of clay eastward of Farnham is very thin, and is penetrated by large sand-pits, not only on the margin, but near the centre also. Saxmundham Valley. An outlying patch of clay occupies a somewhat lower level on the east ; and northward of Farnham, the hollow of Benhall Park carries the base back, and nearly converts the clay on the south into an outlier. Southward of Benhall Church is an inlier of the sands, with a pit, already described, at its eastern end (see p. 22). North of the Rectory the base of the clay is shown in a pit, and in the railway-cutting to the east the junction with the sand is obscurely seen. It is better shown- in a pit between the high road and the cutting, and in two pits, one on each side of the railway, westward of Bigeby's Corner, the western of which has been described on p. 22. Another junction-pit is seen near the railway some 660 yards south of Saxmundham Station. The base is seen in many places on the western side of the valley above Saxmundham, viz., near the mill west of the station, 200 yards north-west o£ the Poor House ;, 400j' and again 600, yards east of Spark's Barn; 200 yards south of Carlton- Church; near the Keeper's Lodge ; at the head of The Gull Stream; in thjee pits .between the last and Carlton; at two points westward of Kelsale ; and at Pftiskga,terFarm. On the east of the valley there are similar pits 400 yards north and 100 north-west of KelSale-ChMJCchr and opposite Carlton Hall. Northward of St,ernfl,eld , the base is exposed in a series of pits from the point opposite ^l^igsby's Corner eastward up the lateral valley,- on the eastern side of which there are four- more similar pits between Poor House and Moor Farm. The base is shown iii the road-cutting south of Sternfield, and in a pit in the outlier three quarters of ii mile to the southward. Half a mile south of this two more junction-pits Are seen in the westward spur of the clay, and five others near Snape Chijucch. The most northern of the five is marked on the map as Sand and.Clay Pit, two,ii,e a quarter of a mile south-east of it, and one at the same distance to the-south->west ; from the last 200 yards towards Snape <5Jii!urGh lies the- fifth. Vdltey of ike Ore or Aide, Left Side. Tiie base of the clay is next seen south of Friston Hall, and again in the pit, described on p. 23, near Lichfield House. On the north of the hollow running up from Friston the- base is exposed a quarter of a mile south-south- west of High House Farm, and in another pit half-way betvveen this and the church. Two pits souiih of Laurel Cover lie on or close to the boundary, which here runs -haok so faff east as almost to separate the south-eastward extension of the clay frbm the main mass of the deposit. E 18861. D 44 ■ GLACIAL DRIFT. Turning westward again, for a little, the boundary passes through two pits on the footpath between Friston and Park House Farm, leaving another, on- the road to Ooldfair Green, to the left. Rounding the little hollow above Park House Farm, another junction-pit is passed, about 200 yards north-east of the farm-buildings, _ , . , , , ^ j oa Eastward of Hazlewood Hall, the pit at which has been noted on p. Si, a smaller section is seen on the junction at the next farm, and in a pit some 180 yards north of it. Thence tbe boundary becomes obscured by drifting^ sands, as the hillside curves round out of the Ore Valley, but two or three old pits, carried through the clay to the sand, show approximately the limits of the upper bed. Valley of The Hundred River. The base of the Boulder Clay continues obscure to a point half a mile south- west of Aldringham Church. Here the base is seen in a pit on the edge of the sand, whilst from Stone Cottage northward to the road is a line of four similar pits within a quarter of a mile. A patch of Boulder Clay occurs in the lane half a mile E.N.E. of Billeaford Hall (E. of Friston), and there are traces of the clay on the intervening slope, so that the isolated exposure is probably a fragment of the main mass, and not a lenticular bed in the underlying sand. The pit at the Hall has been described on p. 34, along with that to the west. There is another pit, reaching sand, between Billeaford Hall and Park House Farm. The narrow neck of Boulder Clay east of Friston has a junction- pit in it, and there are three more westward and northwestward of Knoddishall Church . The junction is next seen by the side of the railway, and thence the boundary runs back to Knoddishall, passing one junction-pit on its way, and being exposed in another about 50 yards from the church. Another pit, a quarter of a mile east-north-east of the church, shows how closely the base of the clay follows the contour of the surface, running at a uniform level round the hollow eastward, and turning west to form a narrow spur north of Coldfair Green. This spur shows four junction-pits, two on the north, one at the western point, and one on the south. The base is also seen in pits south-west and north- west of Bedwells Farm. The sand-pit marked on the map half a mile to the north-east is worked through the edge of the clay, which thence skirts round to Leiston Church, 100 yards south-east of which is another junction-pit. North of the railway is an outlier with two pits carried into sand. Half a mile north of the church, and again a quarter of a mile further, as well as at each western corner of the inlier of sand, the junction is exposed in pits. South and south-east of Leiston Abbey is seen similar evidence of the course of the boundary, which passes close to Upper Abbey, and then, turning into the Minsmere Valley, forms a series of three short spurs, on the edges of which, and sometimes further in, are the usual junction-pits. Minsmere Valley. From above Theberton House, near which the boundary passes the section described on p. 35, it runs westward, with five junction-sections very close together about half a mile west-south-west of the House. Thence it runs in and out, according to the contour of the surface, past Theberton (where the base is seen a quarter of a mile west of the high road, and again about 200 yards west of Tiieberton Hall), and far up the side-valley on the north. The section showing its position half a mile west-north-west of the Hall has already been described (p. 35), and the junction is again seen at the sand-pit, marked on the map, a quarter of a mile beyond. The outliers north-east of Theberton Church and Hall contain pits of like character. The long spur extending to Middleton attains a low level near the church, and a mass of Boulder Clay, in the lane skirting the alluvium north of the Plough Inn, seeras to be an outlier at a still lower level. GLACIAL DRIFT. 45 On the high 'road three quarters of a mile west of the Plough the base is again seen in a pit, also at three points southward, and two north-eastward, of Fordley Hall. Lastly, a side-hollow, running up from the valley helow Yoxford, enters this district on the east of and close to the railway and shows the base of the clay just within Sheet 50 S.E. Valley of the Waveneif, '■ Two small inlying patches of sand protrude through the Boulder Clay east of Bedfield, and give rise to a str^ani, flowing by Tannington to join ths Waveney, by a circuitous course, fiear Hoxne. E 18861. 46 CHAPTER VII.— POST GLACIAL BEDS. ■ The river-gravels and alluvial deposits of the district hardly require notice beyond the delineation of their boundaries on the map. They are of course formed from the beds of the higher land and consist ot the same material as these, more finely divided and re-arranged. RivEE Gravels. But small tracts of these gravels occur, and none of the long strips common along some valleys have been found. These patches of low-lying gravel occur in the valley of the Deben from Wick- ham Market to Woodbridge, and in the valley of the Ore from Snape Bridge to Iken. A very small patch has also been mapped about a mile N.E. of Butley Church. By the railway east of Woodbridge Church a pit, 13 feet deep, reached through the gravel to the London Clay, and some large bones were found about half way down, but they were not identified. Alluvium, Strips of marshland occur along the streams, and they widen out to broad marshes by the coast, along the greater part of which indeed the land is of tiiis kind, and below high-water level. The only sections noted are at Framlingham, where " In April 1823 some labourers who were raising gravel on the Little Lodge lands, through which the river runs, dug up at ten feet below the surface, and level with the bed of it, two elephant's tusks."* The overlying 1 feet may have been stony rain- wash or earth slipped from the steep banks. The alluvium of Framlingham Mere, near the Castle, gave the following section for which we are indebted to Mr. Lane : — Made earth, &c. ...... -~| Blue silty clay « • - - - - - | Sand . _ yi feet. Pebbly sand with antlers of deer, abundance of estuarine (?) shells, &c. ...... Possibly the shells are Vniones, mistaken for Myee : unfortunately they were not preserved. Southward from the end of the Minsmere cliff, clay and peaty earth (with roots, etc.) are seen on the fore-shore beneath the beach. These are the sea. ward prolongation of the alluvium, the so-called subnerged forest that is often seen in this position. * R. Gbebn's '■■ History, &o. of Framlingham aad Saxsted." 8 TO. Zand., 1834, p. U. f post qlaciax,, 47 Coast Deposits, Shingle, From Orfordness, at the southern edge of our district, to Aid- borough, is a continuous sheet of shingle, piled up by the sea in the course of time. It is very narrow on the north, but broader on the south, whenne it extends south-westward, dividing the river from the sea, to Orford Haven, as described in the Memoir on tlie map to the south,* and one cannot do better than quote the descriplion of the whole given by Mr. J. B. Redman, in his paper on the East Coast, f " This extraordinary mole of shingle is 10 miles [rather more now] in length, parallel tothe shore The general direction of Orford Beach to the south of the Ness is S.W., and northward, Aldborough beach bears N.N.E. Orfordness is formed of a series of curved concentric ' fulls,' sweeping- round and forming a projecting point in advance of the general coast line. . . . . The triangular projection thus formed encloses salt marshes next the rivers Off the Marsh House, midway between the High Light and North Weir Point [as it then was], and towards the ' Narrows,' there is a local twist, or change in direction, of every successive ridge of shingle. This has produrted a series of hummocks east of Orford Water, opposite Orford Quay and Castle " "Very large pebbles are found on the summits of these ancient 'fulls,' which become lower in-shore, and which, curving round towards the broad water opposite the Castle, denote the successive terminations of the beach ab early periods ; each successive horn shutting in a deep valley between it and the beach upon which it has formed ; these terminations still remain and are distinctly tracesble." .... " Between the two Lights .... there is a modern projection of the Ness, of a brighter, yellower appearance than the rest of the mass. This accumulation, which is the growth of the last twenty years [written in 1863 or earlier], is entirely local, and has been made in a series of convex curves overlapping each other, and forming a point of from 200 yards to 300 yards in extent." "The general formation of Orfordness is like Dungeness, and like it has deep water close up to the point ; and again, similar to Langley Point, the ancient fulls are intersected at an angle by modern formations. Very large flint boulders are found on the summit of the Ness behind the High Light. The local increase at the point has been accompanied .... by a cor- responding decrease .... off the Low Light and towards Aldborough." " In three centuries the shingle appears to have travelled south-westward 5 miles, giving an average annual leeward progression of 30 yards. This rate must have been even greater over certain periods, as for some years past [1863 P], the outlet has been stationary, or rather it has receded northwards, and forced its way through a weak part of the beach, or possibly through a partial breach caused by the sea." With the author's consent, and by the kindness of the Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers, a reproduction is given of Mr. Eedman's views of the beach from Orfordness (Figs. 10, 11, of his paper). These woodcuts cannot fail to assist the reader in appreciating the character of this remarkable shore-accumulation. * The Geology of the Country around Ipawioh, &c., pp. 90, 99. (1885.') f Ftoc. Inst. Civ. Eng., Tol. xxiii, pp. 200,203. (1865.) E 2 48 Figs. 8, 9. yiem from the Top of Orfordness High Lighthouse. (Redman, 1863.) The Naze. Bawdsey. Orford, Orford Castle. Church. Looking S.W. Showing a local twist in the shingle-falls B. of Orford Waters, D. of the Old iaaven. The direction of the fdUs, along Hollesley Bay, is E. by N- to W.tyS. Low Iiightbonse. Looting N.E. by 1 M wi » the modern spit, of 18 years growth, between Aldborough Bay and Hollesley Bay, 200 to 300 yards in breadth. The direction of the old fulls is W. to B., and, near the High Lighthouse; W. by S. to E. by N. POST GLACIAL. 49 From Aldboroupl) to Thorpe ia a narrow strip of shinglcj through \vhioh» near the middle, the Hundred River passes. Of the northern end of this. Thorpe Ness, Mr. RbdmaN remarlcs that "it appears to have grown out to the extent of from 30 yards to 40 yards during the last few years." [1863?]* From Sizewell to the cliff north of Minsmere Level is another strip of shingle, with some blown sand. Blovm Sand. There is a short patch of sand, blown up from the foreshore by the wind, at Thorpe ; and Mr. Redman has described the marsh of Minsmere Level as " fringed by a wide belt of low drifted sand-hillo'iks a furlong broad, then two series of shingle, old, and modern, south of the sluice .... the beach and sandhills decrease northward . . . . . where the modern beach is retreating upon the base formed by, the early sand ' dunes '."f This coast ia well calculated to supply sand, and to the north the pebbly gravel supplies shingle. W. W. and W. H. D. * Prqc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. xxiii., p. 203. t Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. xxiii., p. 204. 50 APPENDIX.— WELL-SECTIONS. By W. Whitakeb and W. H. Dalton. ASPAL. Rev. W. B. Clarke, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 377. Water within 40 feet of the surface. [Drift] { Diluvial [Boulder] Clay, 70 feet. Sand with water, 10 feet. BouLGE Hall. Ipswich Journal, Aug. 3, 1872, p. 5. Bad water, containing organic phosphates, shut out by pipes in the upper part. Large supply of good water got from the Chalk. To Chalk, 160 feet. In „ 90 „ 250 „ Brandeston Hall. A. Legrand. Trans. Soo. Engineers for 1877> p. 141. ? Old well, 16 feet. Clay, about 20 „ To Chalk 36 „ Easton Park. About a quarter of a mile N.E. of the house. Information from Mb. D. Smith (Letter, Dec. 1875). Feet. Old well [? 1845] gave good supply at about 65 ("Very coarse stony sand about 30 Bored in I P'™^*'^'* " _^ ^^^^- 1 To Chalk „ 100 LOhalk 400 to SOO The old well was probably mostly in Boulder Clay. From a letter from Mb. Smith to Mb. S. V. Wood, Junb., dated April 1874, the following further particulars are taken. The sinking went through a considerable thickness of clay into sand, with a good deal of iron. Bored in 1873 in sandy material, with slight traces of Crag. Total depth, 550 feet. Framlingham. Albert College, 1875. About 150 feet above the level of the sea. From information from workmen on the spot. Old well 68 feet. Bad water soaks through brickwork at 40 feet [indicating the base of the Boulder Clay]. Bored below this. Water rose at first to 50 feet from surface; in 1879 it had fallen to 58 feet. rt, 1 1, r Boulder Clay - - - 40 ? \ ^l'^"'«ll lSand,&c. - - - 28?/ Gi'ey, pebbly, very sharp sand, full of impure water Chalk - • . . Thickness. 68 27 135 Depth. 68 95 230 WELL-SEOTIONS. 51 Framlinoham. 1. Near Crown-and-Anchor Inn. 2. In Double Street. Station. Information from Mr. J. Barker. 1. 2. 3. 3. Near Railway Boulder Clay 25 feet, to gravel. Framlingham. An old well, \vifchout precise locality, given by Rev. W. B. Clarke. Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 377- Diluvial [Boulder] Clay, full of septaria and [derived] fossils 15 feet. Sand - - - • - - --25„ Framsdbn. Brickyard N. of Helmingham Park (for Lord ToUemache). Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Bennett, of Ipswich. Water rises to within 23 feet of the surface ; supply good. Thiokkbss. Depth. Mixed soil [Drift 104 feet.] Chalk "Gravel ... Boulder Glay • - Chalk stone or marl Light [-coloured] sand <^ Boulder Clay Brown loaming clay Light [-coloured] running blowing sand Black flints 7 7 1 8 21 29 H 30i 1 31 71 102 2i 104i 6 llOi i 111 99 210 Great Glemham. Rev. W. B. Clarke Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 377. DUuvial [Boulder] Clay- 20 feet. Sand - . - 20 „ Hasketon. Cottage at the S. end of Blunt's Wood, on the edge of the map, i mile N. of Lechford Hall (in 48, iN.E.). S; V. Wood, Junr. Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol, xxxiii., pp. 106, 107. (1877). Thickness. Dbpib. Glacial Drift. ("Boulder Clay - - - - fCoarse gravel - • - J Sand I Fine gravel, with fragments of *> and < marine shells, passing into I gravel. the bed below [_ _ L.Buff sand T) J /-. f Crag with shells Red Crag ^^ Cra| with water 6 6 3 9 3 12 45 57 6 63 4 67 Hblminuham Hall. Rev, W. B. Clarke, Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 377- Thickness. Depth. Mould . . - Clay with [derivative] shells [Boulder Clay] Chalk [P chalky Boulder Clay or gravel] - Dark land - • ■■ 1 56 30 1 57 87 62 WELL-SEjCIIgISS* Lbiston. Ironworks. Information from Mr. Garrf.tt, ffrom, memory). About 60 feet above the sea. Wftter level 34 feet down. Thickness. Depth. Brickeaith, clay, and sand - - 45 45 Blowing sand (yields 8-10 gals, a minute) 5 60 Brickearth, clay, and moulding sand 80 130 Blue shelly Orag ^yields 80 gals, a minute) 60 190 [Bprehole now filled with shelly sand, but it m^ist.have. very nearly Maeb^d the Tertiary cl^y, as the estimated position of the Chalk surface is only 229fe,et.(lp^n.-^'W, H. b.] Melton. Brewery (Mallet's).- 1874. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Bennett of Ipswjcb and information gotbyW.H.D. About 28 feet aboveth^ level of the sea. Qopd supply of W3,tey to 21 feet from the surface. Depth of old well (the rest bored) - - 25 feet. Sand, greenish and clayey towards the bottom 35 „ Chalk To Chalk 60 151 211 MoNE'yvDEN. Mr. Haggar's (plumber). 1876. ^unk and communicated by Messrs. Bennettj of Ipswich. Shaft throughout. Gooa supply, 5 J feet from the bottom. Thickness. Depth. [Glacial J Drift.]*^ [Boulder Clay] ler.j] pChalk.]- Light-cploiired clay ajid stones Large stones . . - Blue clay and chalk stones - rBlue loam . . . [Gl?.cial J Coars^ gravel an4, atones Gravel,) Clay an4rmarl - &b.] LSand ■' rChalk Hard craig mixture [P hardened brecciated chalk] - - • . LChalk . - . . . 10 10 1 11 19 30 3 33 12 45 6 50 -i 60J 1 51^ 2 53i 7» 61 Orford, Lantenr Marshes^ N.E.of the Town. 1875. Ajbout 6 feet above Ordnance Datum, Spnlc and corjiniunicated by Messrs. Beknei^t,, of Ipswich. Water overflows. Thickness. Depth. Depth of old bpre - . {Blue clay - Daikiswd Brpwnish clay Hard reck 'Dfirk loam [Reading Beds?] ' Chalk Brownish clay White and red sand Clay . Faints 65 o 10 1 3 20 4 18 1 96 100 165 167 177. 178 181 201 205 223 224 320 WEWi'SECTIONS. 53 Orpord. Lantern Maishes, No. 2. 1876. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Bennett, of Ipswich. Supply ample but vecy br&cldsh, rcse 2 feet above surface ; in August 1878, as copious less brackish-; in June 1879, still better but had to be shut off during wet season. ■ Thickness. Depih. [Alluvium.] [? Red C^ag.] [noi]((ionCIay, about 129 feet.] [Reading Beds, about 50 feet.] Chalk Ooz? - - - . "White sand and shell - FBlue clay - ■ - J.Rock - - . - "^ Dark brown clay Rock ... White sand Clay ■ - . . White fland . •^ Red apd green cunning, sand [Specimen of red and grey, mottled.Ba.iid, from 186 feet] Blue clay- - . - 24 24 7 31 97 128 1 129 30 , 159 U 160i 6 166i 14 180J 5J- ■ 185i 8^ 194 16 210 70 280 [London Cltty; 108, ftj Orford. Marshes, (Lord Rendlesham's), 1878, N.B., not well No. 3 of the map, the account of which wiUtbaJouicdin the Memoir on 48 N. p. 121. Abo»it:6feet above X)rdnance datn.m,i Sunk and commumcfuted by JNIebars. Bennett. Thickness. Depth. E Alluvium.] Soft clay Red Crag.] White crag fBrown clay - London clay - Rock [septaria] London clay - Rock [septaria] London' Clsiy - Rook,- very hard [septaria] Brown play - LSoft loam (light polour)_ [Reading Beds.] Very fine sandj (nearly .white) . After getting .down some 160 feet this weH was abandoned owing to failure in one of the tubes. Parham. Nopreciseilopality. Rev. W. B. Clarke, Trans. Geo/. Soe., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 377. Diluvial [Boulder] clay, 25 feet. Sand [P partly Crag], 30 „ Saxmundham. Messrs. Waller's Brewery. 1876. Surface level 45 feet above the sea. From information on the spot.— W. H. D. Water rises to 12 feet from surface. Thickness. Dbpth. 30 30 2 32 4 36 23 59 1 60 2SJ 85i ; ■ 86 12 98 1 99 37 136 4; 140 12 152 Bed Crag., Reading Beds. Chalk r Sand \ Red, shelly lOi'ag L Bluish-black" Crag - rStifE blue clay < Stiff green lOlay Lsti£f,brown clay 80 80 6 86 19 105 19 124 1* ■ 125i i 126 63 179 54 WELL-SEOTIONS. The account furnished by Messbs. Bennett, of Ipswich, varies but slightly from the above, as follows : — Thickness. Depth. Old well - Red running sand Crag Clay Chalk 69 30 21 53 16 75 105 126 179 Messrs. Bennett showed me specimens of brown sandy clay from 105 and 107 feet deep, and of green sandy clay and greeu-coated flints from just above the Chalk. W. W. WicKHAM Market. Rev. W. B. Clarke, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 377. Blue Clay • - 50 feet. Sand - . T Clay - Sands and gravel Chalk - LllO WiTNESHAM. Rev. W. B. Clarke, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p, 379. Clay 17 feet. Gravel ? To Chalk 46 63 Woodbridge. Mr. Hayward's Steam Flour Mill, close to the Gasworks. 1874. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Bennett, of Ipswich. Good supply ; about 40 gallons a minute, rising to within 8 feet of the surface. Thickness. Dbpih. Depth of well (the rest bored) - rSand - I Blue clay Sand - [Reading Beds] < Blue clay Sand - I Mixed clsy - I Small flints - Chalk - - - - __ 15 11 26 4 30 11 41 2 43 1 44 4 48 i 48i 711 LTO WooDBRiDGB. Mr. Gall's, The Thoroughfare, 18/6. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Bennett, of Ipswich, Water rises to within 25 feet of the surface. Level not affected by pumping 200 gallons an hour. Thickness. DsprH. Depth of old well (the rest bored) "Sand Clay [Reading Beds] ■i Loamy sand Clialk . Clay ^Flints 14 2 13 3 1 79 30 44 46 69 G2 63 143 WELL-SECTIONS. 55 WooDBRiDGB. Messrs. Hart and Wiinch, maltsters, by the river. 18/6. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Bennett, of Ipswich. Water rises to 21} feet below the surface. Good supply, 70 gallons a minute. Thickness. Difth. Depth o£ old well (the rest bored) fFine sand Mottled clay [Reading Beds]^ Loamy sand Chalk I Dark clay LBrown flints — 23^ 14 37^ 6 43i 14 57^ 3 60} 1 6H 781 140 WooDBRiDGB. Farm f mile N. of church. Communicated by Mr. S. V. Wood, Junr. 1881. Water got at the bottom. Thicsnisss. Humus and sandy brickearth ... White Boulder Clay, very chalky ... Coarse sand, full of chalk grains, and small lumps of chalk, mostly very hard . - . . Sandy gravel, with but few large stones and many shell-fragments and small lumps of hard chalk, the last getting scarcer downwards, and ceasing at the base - - - - - Sandy gravel with few (and those small) stones, no shell-fragments or chalk ... Coarse sand with white grains (? chalk) Yellow gravel, more stones, but none large - More sandy gravel . - . . . Dark yellow sand without gravel* - . The same, darker and with some comminuted Crag in it* . 2 4 12 14 Depth. 2 6 18 32 21 53 12 65 5 70 6 76 4 80 83 * These two beds were regarded by Me. Wood as of Lower Glacial ^^ge, the Crag being remanie. WoooBRiDGB. Mr. Combe's Malting on the top of the hill, near the Sun Inn. 1885. Made and communicated by Messrs. Bennett. Water rises to within 11 feet of the surface. A' good supply. Thickness. Depth. Shaft, partly in blowing sand (the rest bored) [? Crag]. Very fine running sand - Blue [? London] Clay ... f Running sand Mottled clay [Reading J Running sand 9 24 14 24 64 1 134 224 25 39 414 43 454 51 52 140 Light-coloured loam Red mottled clay _ - - Dark green clay with brown flints Chalk, very white and clean - - - This section, which was received after the MS. of the Memoir had been sent in, seems to bring the Reading Beds very near to the surface. Possibly the running sand that occurs 25 feet down may represent the sandy basement- bed of the London Clay ; but on the other hand, the Reading Beds should perhaps be carried higher. W. W. 56 ■WELL- SECTIONS. WooDBElDGE. Notes On Well-sections in Mb; Clarke's Paper. Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., pp. 382, 383. The section, given as that of a well at the Post Office, must be wrong, making the depth to the Chalk 510 feet! Nor can the site be identified : it is not at the present Post Office. The " Barrack -Ground " of another section is also non-existent, and a third, "at the entrance of the town," has too vague a site assigned. Since the publication of the Memoir on the country to the south* two Suffolk well-sections in Sheet 48, N.E., have come to hand, which it is thought best to print here as a supplement to that Memoir. W. W. Felixstow. Messrs. Bugg and CoUey. At the foot of the cliff between Bent Hill aiid the Bath Hotel. 1885. Sunk and communica.ted by Messrs. Bennett, of Ipswich. Shaft, 28 feet, the rest bored. A, good supply of good water. <( [Basement | Loam'^^d ™iits [? pebbles] TLondon f^^^^ ^^'^ septaria at four levels "- Clay, <^[Baseme- f Running sand 64ifeet.] j Bed.] ^_^^^ Mottled clay Light sandy loam - Mottled clay Light sandy loam - Mottled clay Light sandy loam - Slate-coloured"clay Mottled clay . Grey clay - Mottled clay FUnts Chalk - ~ - [Reading , Beds, "^ 43i feet.] UCK. trass. Ft. In, 66 7 2 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 6 7 3 6 3 1 1 6 ?1 7 69 Dbfth. Ft. Is; 66 7 58 11 63 11 64 71 79 81 84 90 97 100 11 103 H 104 11 106 6 108 177 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 Ipswich. Messrs. Paul's, Smart's Wharf, St. Mary Key." 1885 ? Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Bennett. Shaft, 11 feet, the rest bored. Salt water came in through the upper soft part of the Chalk, so that tubes had to be driven to a depth of 117 feet. This effectually excluded the salt water, and a go6d supply of fresh water is got, rising to within about 7 feet from the surface. Thickness. Depth. Mixed soil ..... r Coarse" gravel [? River graVelj [Drift, 291 feet] -^ Boulder Clay- L Gravel and sand Chalk, the upper part veij soft This well is within 200 yards of that at the New Mill, St. Peter's Quay (described in the Memoir on the Geology of Ipswich, p. 118) j but the sections of the two differ very much. 11 11 15 26 12 38 2i m 148i 189 * The Qeology of the Country around Ipswich. (1SS5.) WELL-SBOTIONS. 57 The following sfiction was accidentally left until after sending to press, and is therefore given here, out of its proper place : — KsLSALE, Red House Farm, [? halfway between Carlton and Rendham.] Communicatod by Mr. F. H. Vebtue, of Southwold. Thickness. Depth. Mould and bright clay, with water of fair quality ^h^'w't'^ i Bluish [Boulder] Clay, witli chalk-stones - Uritt.J [Bright sand - - - about f Black muddy sand, with a disagreeable smell, and a plentiful supply of clean L water .....? The classification of the sands is somewhat doubtful. Possibly both may be Drift ; but, on the other hand, both may be Crag. Along the neighbouring outcrops the Boulder Clay is next underlain by Glacial sand ; but that clay extends to such a depth in the well that it may have cut through to Crag. W. W. [Crag.]{ 12 12 3 15 90 105 10 115 58 INDEX. * is prefixed to names o Aldborough, or Aldtburgh, 1, 2, 8-10, 23, 24, 26, 29, 4?, 49. Aldborough Bay, 48. Aide, River and Valley (see also Ore), 1, 2, 20-23, 28, 29, '33, 34, 37, 41-44, 48. Aldringham, 24, 26, 29, 35, 44. Alluvium, 46. Alteration (decalcification) of Ked Crag, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 24. *AiitwoTp, 5. Aragonite-shells, 9, Ash Booking, 2. Ashfield, 3, 38, 39. Aspal, 50. *Baddingliam, 43. Barker, J., 51. Base of Tertiaries, plane of, 3. *Bawdsey, 48. Bedfield, 45. Bell, A. 6, 17. Beuhall, 22, 43. Bennett, Me.ssrs., 51-56. Blaxhall, 28, 29, 34, 41. Blown sand, 49. Boulder Clay, 27, 36. Boulge, 50. *Boyton, 9. Brandeston, 4, 28, 32, 38, 39, 50. Bredfield, 1, 31, 37. Brickyards, 4, 10, 15, 18, 21, 23, 26, 28,29, 32,33, 35, 38,39, 41. Bromeswell, 40. Bryozoau Crag, 5. Bure Valley Beds, 27. Burgh, 4, 36. Biitley, 13, 14, 17, 18,25, 46. Butley River and Valley, 2, 4, 9, 10, 17-19, 28, 33, 40. Bruisjard, 34, 43. Calcite-shells, 9. Campsey Ash, 4, 17, 33, 39, 41. Carlton, 2, 43, 57. Cavities, tubular, in Coralline Crag, 7. Chalk, 3. Charlesworth, E., 7. Char.sfield, 4, 37. Oharsfield Valley, 32. Chillesford, 2, 18, 19, 26, 40. Chillesford Clay, 25. Clarke, Rev. W. B., 50, 51, 53, 54, 56. Clay-Iump (building), 35. Clopion, 14, 31, 36. Coast deposits and changes, 47. Colour of lied Crag, 12, 20. Concretionary structure in Red Crag, 12, 13. Contorted Drift, 28. Coprolite-bed, see Nodule-bod. Coralline Crag, 5. f places out of the district. Crag, 5. Cransford, 43. Cretiiceous Beds, 3. Cretlngham, 32, 38, 39. Crisp, Or. 19. Cromer Till, 28. Crawfoot, W. M., 25. Culpho, 31, 36. Dallinghoo, 37. Dalton, W. H., 9. Debacb, 1. Deben, River and Valley, 1, 2, 8, 4, . 14-17, 28, 31, 32, 37-40, 46. Debenham, 1, 32, 39. Decalcification, see Alteration. Dennington, 2. Depth of Coralline Crag Sea, 8, 9. Diestian, 5. Dowson, E. T., 25. Earl Soham, 1, 4, 16, 28, 32, 38, 39. East Anglia, 9. Eastern Counties, 8. Easton, 3, 17, 32, 38, 39, 50. Eyke, 17, 28, 32, 40. Farnham, 2, 22, 43. Faults, 23, 49. *Felixstow, 56. Filling in of whorls of Shells, 9-11. Finn, River and Valley, 1, 4, 14, 15, 30, 31, 36, 37. Fisher, Rev. 0., 21. Fitch, R., 7. Forbes, I'rof. E., 7. Fossils of the Coralline Crag, 5. Framlingham, 1-4, 21, 33, 41, 42, 46, 50, 51. Framsden, 3, .32, 38, 51. Friston, 23, 29, 34, 43, 44. Frome, River = Ore. *Gedgrave, 8-10. Glacial Drift, 27. Glacial Sand and Gravel, 30. Gleme, River = Aide, (jlemhams. The, 2. See also Great and Little. Godwin-Austen, R. A. C, 8. Goodchild, J. G., 11. Gravels, 30, 46. Great Bealings, 12, 14, 1.5, 37. Great Glemham, 4, 22, 42, 51. Green, R., 46. Grundisbargh, 1, 4, 14, 31, 36. Hacheston, 32, 33. 38, 39, 41. "Halesworth, 25. Hanley, S., 7. Harmer, F. W., 9, 12, 15. Hasketon, 15, 28, 31, 36, 37, 51. Heights of ground, 2. ■ 59 Helminghatn, 1, S8, 51, High Suffolk, 2. *Hollesley, 2. *HoUesley Bay, 48. Hoo, 38. *Hoxne, 1, 45. Hundred Eiver and Valley, 2, 24, 34, 44, 49. Iken, 2, 8, 10, 21, 26, 28, 46. Inclined plane at base of Tevtiaries, 3. *Ipswioh, 56. Ironstone, see Limonite. Jeffreys, Dr. J. G., 6, 7. Kelsale, 1, 57. Kendall, P. F., 9. Kenton, 1,2. Kettleburgh, 82, 39. Knoddishall, 2, 44. Lane, — ., 46. *Laxfield, 43. Legrand, A., 50. Leiston, 1, 4, 24, 35. 44, 52. Letheringham, 16, 22, 37, 38. liimouite in Red Crag, 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, Literature of the Coralline Crag, 7, Little Glemham, 2, 22, 42, London Clay, 4. Low Suffolk, 2. Marlesford, 1, 2, 21, 22, 33, 41, 42. Melton, 3, 4, 15, 16, 31, 52. Middleton, 24, 25, 35, 44. Minsmere Level, Eiver, and Valley, 2, 24, 25, 27, 35, 44-46, 49. Monewden, 4. 16, 38, 52.^ Monk Snham, 32. Hodule-bed of Coralline Crag, 5, 9. „ „ Red Crag, 5, 9, 17, 20, 24. North Sea, 1. Ogilvie, C. P., 11. Ore, River and Valley, 1, 2, 10, 19-23, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 37, 41-44,46,48. Orford, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 19, 20, 26, 47, 48, 52, 53. *Orford Haven, 47, 48. Orfordness, 47, 48. ♦Orwell, River, 14. Osoillations of Level, fi, 23, 25. Otley, 1, 4, 14, 31, 36. Parham, 22, 34, 41, 42, 53. Pettaugh, 32, 89. Pettistree, 4, 16, 28, 37. Phosphate-bed, see Nodule-bed. Physical features, 2. Pipes in Coralline Crag, 7, 11. Plane of base if Tertiaries, 3. Post Glacial Beds, 46. Potford Brook and Valley, 16, 37, 38. Pottery, 43. Prestwich, Prof. J,, 5, 6, 8-10, 13, 18-21, 23, 25, 27. Puddled Chalk, 3, *Ramsholt, 7. Reading Beds, 3, 4. Re-constructed Chalk, 4, 29. Red Crag, 12. Redman, J. B., 47-49. Rendham, 4, 43, 57. Eendlesham, 1, 2, 4, 17, 33, 39, 40. Reyce's Breviary, 2. Rivers, 2. River Gravels,'46. Saxmundham, 1-4, 23, 43, 53. Saxmundham Valley, 22, 23, 43. Saxtead, 1. Shingle, 47. Sizewell, 2, 11, 24, 26, 30, 49. Smith, U., 50. Snape, 1, 4, 21-23,29, 43, 46. Soham Val'ey, <>2, 39. Stern field, 23, 43. Stopes, H., 11. Stratford St. Andrew, 22, 42. Submerged Forest, 46. Sudbourn, 2, 7, 8, 10, 19-21, 26. *Sutton, 5, 8, 9. Swallow-hole, in Coralline Crag, 24. bweffling, 2J, 42, 43. Tannington, 1, 2, 45. *Tattirigstone, 8, 9. Taylor, Ur.J. E., 17. Tertiaries, inclined plane at base of, 3. Theberton, 24, 25, 3ri, 44. Thorpe, 11,24,49. Tuddenham, 1, 14, 30, 36. Tuustall, 21, 26, 28, 40, 41. Uflord, 4, 16, 31, 37. Van den Broeck, E., 5, 14 Vertue, E. H., 57. * Walton (Naze), 14, 25. Waniesden, 25, 40. Water-supply, 38, 41, 50-56. *Waveuey, River, i, 45. Weathering of Boulder Clay, 35, 38. Well-sections, 50. Westleton Beds, 27. Whale, remains of, 19. Whitaker, W., 1, 2, 4-9, 24, 25, 27, 30, 34, 35, 46, 47, 49-.i6. White Crag, 5. Wiokhani Market, 1, 3, 17, 28, 31, 37, 46, 54. Winston, 3, 16, 32, 39. Witnesham, 1, 4, 14, 36, 54. Wood, S. v., J-9. Wood, S. v., Jun., 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 21, 24, 25, 27-30, 40, 50, 51, 55. Woodbridge, 1, 4, 15, 28, 31, 46, 54, 56. Woodward, S. P., 10. *Yoxford, 45. LONDON; Printed by Etrb and Spotiiswoobh, Printers to the Q»«en'8 most Excellent Majesty. For Her Miqesty's Statiotery Office. [10025.— 500.—12/86.] GESSl£SRa.Si TaEHHOTRS OE* TES CSOIiOGZCiLI. SVJfVSY— continued. rfao WEALD (PARTS or the COUNTIES of KENT, SUIIBEY, SUSSEX, and HANTS). ByW.TopiET. 17».6 GW.STS. 6d. ^ 2?Sy ■ ■ ifi?pTOTiNTBY betweS YORK and MAL'TON. J5y C. Frfx-STRAisGWATe. / Is. erf. ??S " ■ Sp kOSIFEROUS rocks N. and E. of LEEDS, an« the PERMIAN and TEIASSIC ROCKS about 93 SW - - ^•^jjCASTER. By W. T. Avbjjke, A.H. Gseeh, J. E. Daktbs, J. CWaed, and E. EussEH. 6d. (O.P.) 94N\V , 94 NE ■ 85 SW, 95ffW . 96 SE S(i NB - 96 NW, 9S SE ■ B8NE- 101 SE IM SW, 108 SE SE SBBBT AZEMOIBS OF TBB GEOKOGICAK SmtVET— con^tVtuet/. SW The COUNTRY between YOUK and HULL. By J. R. Daktits, C. Fox-Steangwats, and A. G. Cameeoit, - DEIPFIELD Bv J. B. Daktks and C. rox-SiEANGWATS. - HEIDI, INGTOK BAY. By J. K. Uaktks and C. Fox-Stkangwaxs. Is. SOARBOBOtJGH and FLAMBOEOTJGH HtAD. By C. EoxSlEASroWATS. Ig. WHITBY and SCAEBOEOUGH. By C. Pox-Steawotvats and G. Kaekow. ]«. Od. - NEW MALTON,PICKEEING,andHELMSLEY. By C. Pox-Steakgwats- is. - ESKDALE, EOSEDALE, &o. By C. Fox-SlBtKOTVATS, C. Eeib and G. Baeeow. Is. 6d. SW NOETHALLERTON and THIESK. By C. Fox-STEAUGWAys, .\. G. Oameeok, and G. BaeeoW. U. M, • KIEKBY LONSDAhE and KENDAL, By W. T. AymiNE, T. Mc K. Hughks, and E. H. TlDSEMAir. 2*. - KENDAL. WINDBEMERE, SBDBEEGH.&TEISAY. Uy W T. Ateuke & T. Mc K. Hughes. M. (O.P.) - TJOETHEEN PAET of the BNGUSH LAKE DISTRICT. By J. C. Waed. 9». SE KORTH CLEVELAND. By G. Baeeow. - OrTEEBUEN and ELSDON. Hugh Millee. (Notes by 0. T. Clougb:.) THE FVUS^ERAL DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES ARE ILLUSTRATED BY THE FOLLOWING PUBLISHED MAPS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. CaAl-FIELDS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. Scale, one inch to a mile. Anglesey, 78 (SW). Bristol and SomeTset, 19, 3S. Coalbroolt Dale, 61 (NE & SE). QloeH.ll,53(NE, NW). . Flintshire and Denbighshire, 71 (NB 4 SEl, 79 (NB, SE). Derby and Yorkshire, 71 (NW. NE, & SE),82 (NW &S\V), ' 81 (NE). 87 (NB, SE), 88 (SE). Forest of Doaii, 4S (SE .4 SW). Forest or Wyre, 61 (SE),'65 (NE). •Iianoashire,80 (NW),81 (NW), 89,88 (SW, NW). leicostershire, 71 (SW), 63 (NW). Northumberland & Darhani,103, 105,106 (SE), 109(SW,SE). N. Staffordshire, 72 (NW),72 (SW),73(NE),80 (SE),81(SW). 8. Stalfordshire, 51, (NW), 62 (SW). Shrewsbury. 60 (NE), 61 (NW & SW). South Wales, 86, 37, 88, 40, 41, *a (SE, SW). Warwickahii-ft.62 (NB SE),63(NW SW).54(NB)..'i8 (NW). Yorkshire, 88 (NE, SE), 87 (S W), 93 (SE) , 9S (SW). GEOLOGICAL MAPS. «■ , , Scale, six inches to a mile. The Coal-flelda .and other mineral districts of the N. of - England aru published on a scale of six indies to a mile, at 4a. to 6s. each. MS. C-ilouriid Copies of other six-inch ' maps, not intended for publication, are deposited for refer- ence in ihe Geological Survey Oflice, 28, Jermjii Stieet, Loudon. Xiancastalrn. Sheet. Sheet. 15. Ireletu. 73. Todtnorden. 97. Oldham. 16. 'Diver.-. tone. 77. Cliovljy. 100. Knowsley. 73. BoIton-le-Moors.lOl. Billinge. 71). HiHwistle. 102. Leigh, Lowton. 50. Tottington. 103. Ashley, Eccles. J 8. Colne. 81. Wardle. 101. Mainehester, 9. LaneshawBr, 81. Ormskirk. Salford.. 85. Standisli. 103. Ashton - under- 86. #idliugton. Lyne. 87. Bolton-lo-Moors. 106. Liverpool. 88. Bury, Heywood. 107. Prescott, 89. Eflolidale, &c. 108. St. Helen's. 92. Bioketstaffe. 109. Winwiek. 93. Wigam. 111. Cheedale. Wurbam — continued. Sheet, Sheet. 18. Muggleawiek. 25. Wolsliigham. 19. Lanchester. 26. Brancepeth. 20. Hetton-l&HoIe. SO. Benny Seat. 15. Ireletu. 16. 'Diver.-. tone. 1 17. (2artrael. 22. Aldinuham. 47. Clithoroe. J 8. Colne. 9. JjanesliawBr, 65. Whalley. 56, Ha!.'gate. 57. Winewall. 61. Preston. e2..^aIderstone. es. 'icorington. 61. Buprile.v. 65. Stiporden Moor. 94. West Houghton. 112. Stockport, S9. Layliinil 70. Blackburn. 71. Haslingden. 72. Clivigor, Bacup, 1. Eyton. 2. Oatcshoad. 3. Jarrow. 4. S. Shields. 6. Greenside. 9.1. Efldollffe. 93. Hfiddleton, Prestwich. Surbam. 6. Winlaton. 7. Washington. 8. Sunderland. 10. Edmoudbyets. 113. Part of Liver- pool. Wear Head. 23. Eastgate. 21. Stanhope. 4*. Eothbury. 45 Longrramling- ton. 46. Broomhill. 47. Coquet Island, 54. Loughor&ley. 65. TJIgham. 66. Sruridge Bay. 63. Netherwitton. 64. Morpeth. 65. Newbiggin. 72. -Bedlingiou. 73. Blyth. 32. White Kirkley. 33 Hamsteriey. 34. Whitworth. . Sheet. 38. Maize Beck. 41. Oockfield. 42, Bp.'Anckland. 46. HnwkslerSillH)). 62, Barnard Castle. 63. Winston, srorthumberland. 80. Cramlington. 98. Walker. 81. Barsdon, 101. Whitfleld. 82. NE.of Gilsland.102. Allendale 8S. Coadley Gate. Town. 87. Heddoii. 103. SWey. 88. Long Benton. " 89. Tynemouth. 91. Greenhead. 92. Haltwhistle, 105. Newlands. 106. Blackpool ra. 107. Allendale. 108. Blanchland. 93. HaydonBridge. 109. Shotleyfield. 55. Soarness. 56. Skid daw. 63. Thackthwaite. 64. Keswick, 2. Tees Head. 6. Dufton Fell. 94. Hexham. 95. CorbridgO. 96. Horsley. 97. Newcastle. Cumberland. 65. Dookraye. 69. Euttermere. 70. Grange. 71. Helvellyn. "Westmorland. 12. Fatterdale. 110. Wellhope. 111. AUeuheads. 112. 74. Wastwater. 75. Stonethwaite Fell. 25. Grasmere. Eedcar. 12. Bowes. 13. Wycliffe. 20. Lythe. 24. BarkbyBaven^. 200. Keighleyr 18. Near Grasmere. 38. KendaU Yorksbire. 116. Conistone Moor. 133. Kirkby Malham; . 184. DaleBnd. 185. Kildwiok. 260. 261. worth, 25. Aldborough, 32. Whitby. S3. Marske. 39. Richmond. 46, 11. Ebchester. 12. Tantoby. 13. Chester-le-St, 16. Hunstanworth. 17. Waskeriey. 47. Bobin Bay. 63. Downholme. 63. Leybonrne. 82. Kidjtones. 84. B. Witton.l 97. Foxup. 93. Kirk GUI, 99. Haden Carr. 100. Lofthouse. 116. Amcliffe. 201. Bingley. 202. Calverley. 203. Seacroft. 804. Aberford. 215. Peeke Well. 216. Bradford. 217. Calverley. Hood's 218. Leeds. 219. Kippax. 231. Halifax. 232. Birstal. Honley. Kirkburton. ZS3. Darton. 263. Hemsworth. 264. Campsall. 272. Holmfhrtli. 273. Peuistone. 274. Bamsley. 276. Darfield. 276. BrodswoTth. 281. Langsell. 282; Wortley. 283. Wath upon Deame. 284. Conisborougli. 287. Low Bfadfoid. 288. Bcdesfleld. 289. Botberbam. 233. East Ardsley. 290. Braithwell." 231. Oastleford. 293. Hallam Moora. 246. Hudderafleld 247. Dewsbury. 248. Wakefield. 249. Pontefract. 250. Darringtdn. 295. Handsworlh. 296. Laughton-en- le-Morlhen. 299 SOO.Harthill. ^ ^ . ,^ , MINERAL STATISTICS. Embracing the produce of Coals, Metallic Ores, and other Miner-ils Hv P Rmni -cnn loc. i .».- . 1,. M. each. 1858, Part I.. Is. 63. i Part II., 6s. 1859. Is. wf iSo 3s!e/ U61 "-s - and Zn^^Hi*", ^^ST. inclusive. 1883.3s.6<2. 1864,25. 1865. 2s. 6rf. 1866 to 1881, 2s, each ^»»". •>»• "«• "Bl, „s., and Appendix, Is. 1862, 3s. 6d. rThsse Statistics are now published by the Some Office, as parts of the Ilsports of the Inspectors nf Mines.) THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN ^''y'_^i'?,^'2""' ,"'"?, ^°'"i ™^''^'*"^ <^'"i""«'o' E^B'""* (0«*''/'i'»'i»*). Part 11 South st„ff„„i I,- -..^ . Part III, South Wales. Price U. Sd. Part IV. ThI Sbi-opshire ftMl-fleld and North Staffo?ffire?u^^^ ^*'3 .isa M ,®.f (%" #^ »i 'V^Mf^^tv fsr^m h'n^n 'fMr::f^/?i },^ :ncsaflr mm