film mm ''Ifekm OTH SIDES to q public qpjESiioNS :miEFI^,DMATED CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1 89 1 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Z7161 sii rne " Univers,,y ut " a 150 Resolved, That the /employment of children in factories and similar indus- tries should be forbidden. 65. Christian Science 152 Resolved, That the doctrine of Chris- tian Science is justifiable. CONTENTS. QUESTION PAGE 66. Caucus System 155 Resolved, That the present caucus system should be abolished. 67. The Direct Primary 158 Resolved, That all officers should be elected by direct primaries. 68. Presidential Nomination System . . . 161 Resolved, That the party nominee for President should be nominated by a Federal Primary without regard to State lines. 69. Commercial Reciprocity 164 Resolved, That the United States should further extend her policy of com- mercial reciprocity. 70. International Copyright Law .... 167 Resolved, That the International Copyright Law is justifiable. 71. State Ownership of Manufactories . . 170 Resolved, That the State should oper- ate and conduct manufactories. 72. Employers' Accident Liability .... 173 Resolved, That employers should be forced to duly compensate all employees injured while in their employ. CONTENTS. QUESTION PAGE 73. Socialism 176 Resolved, That Socialism is the best solution of American labor problems. 74. State Bank-Note Tax 179 Resolved, That the law which imposes a tax on State bank notes should be repealed. 75. The American Protective Association . 182 Resolved, That the principles of the American Protective Association deserve the support of American citizens. 76. Grant of Sugar Bounties 185 Resolved, That the grant of sugar bounties would be contrary to good public policy. 77. Assets Currency 188 Resolved, That National banks should be permitted to issue notes based on their general assets. 78. Free Registry of Foreign-Built Ships . 191 Resolved, That foreign-built ships should be admitted to American registry, free of duty. CONTENTS. QUESTION PAGE 79. Shipping Subsidies 194 Resolved, That the United States should establish a more extensive system of shipping subsidies. 80. Restriction of Mormon Practices . . . 197 Resolved, That the practices and policies of the Mormon Church should be further restricted by the Federal Government. 81. Pensioning of Aged Citizens .... 200 Resolved, That all citizens of the United States who, because of old age, have become incapable of supporting themselves, should be given a pension adequate to support them. 82. Old Age Insurance Policy ..... 203 Resolved, That the United States should adopt a compulsory old age in- surance policy. 83. International Gold Standard .... 206 Resolved, That an international gold standard should be adopted. 84. Silver Coinage 208 Resolved, That any further coinage of silver in the United States is unde- sirable. CONTENTS. QUESTION PAGE 85. The Closed. Shop 211 Resolved, That the principle of the closed shop should be generally adopted in the United States. 86. Reciprocity with Canada 214 Resolved, That the United States should have commercial reciprocity with the Dominion of Canada. 87. House of Lords . . . 217 Resolved, That the English House of Lords should be abolished. 88. The Aldrich Currency Plan 220 Resolved, That the Aldrich currency plan should be /adopted in the United States. 89. Federal Income Tax ....... 223 i Resolved, That the United States should adopt an income tax policy of taxation. I i 90. Federal Inheritance Tax .:.... 227 Resolved, That the Federal Govern- ment should levy a progressive inheri- tance tax. CONTENTS. QUESTION PAGE 91. Torrens' Title Registration 230 Resolved, That the Torrens system of land-title registration should be adopted throughout the United States. 92. Railway Pooling 233 Resolved, That railways should be al- lowed to enter into pools and rate agree- ments under supervision of the Interstate Commerce Commission. 03. Method of Amendment 236 Resolved, That the Constitution of the United States should be so amended as to allow Congress to propose amend- ments and a majority of all the State Legislatures to ratify the same. 94. National Charters for Corporations . . 239 Resolved, That all interstate corpora- tions should be required to take out national charters. 95. The Initiative and Referendum . . . 242 Resolved, That the optional initiative and referendum should be adopted by the several states. CONTENTS. QUESTION PAGE 96. The Recall of Judges 246 *> Resolved, That the privilege of the people to recall their judges should be generally adopted in the United States. 97. A Central Bank 249 Resolved, That the United States should establish a central bank. 98. International Arbitration Court . . . 252 Resolved, That there should be estab- lished an international court having permanent jurisdiction over all interna- tional disputes. 99. Disarmament of the Nations .... 255 Resolved, That the time is now ripe ^" for the disarmament of the nations. 100. Fortification of Panama Canal . . . 258 Resolved, That the Panama Canal should be fortified by the United States. , ONE HUNDRED PUBLIC QUESTIONS BRIEFLY DEBATED QUESTION I. Resolved, That labor organizations promote the best interests of the working man. Affirmative Arguments. I. It is only by controlling their interests through organization that the working men can protect themselves against the exactions and greed of the capitalists. II. The labor organization is to the work- ing man in a business way what the lodge is in a social way. It cares for him and his family in as just a legitimate and adequate a way as does the lodge. III. The formation of labor organizations, more than any other thing, has fostered the study of economic problems by the working man. 2 ARE LABOR UNIONS BENEFICIAL? IV. Labor organizations have averted more strikes than any other thing possibly could, be- cause the organizations are all in favor of sympathetic strikes, and the executive com- mittee will consider thoroughly every applica- tion to strike before permitting it. Affirmative References. Nicholas Paine, A Dividend to Labor. James Bron- sen Reynolds, Benefit of Labor Unions. American Federationist, vol. 10, pp. 79-30. Outlook, vol. 73, pp. 715-20. Q. J. Econ., vol. 3, p. 403. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 14, p. 717. National Rev., vol. 23, p. 637. 19th Cent., vol. 22, pp. 863-98; vol. 59, pp. 483-87. Pub. Opinion, vol. 12, p. 317. Negative Arguments. I. Labor organizations have been the source of more discontent among the working men than anything else, because they have made it possible for the working man to know just enough to create dissatisfaction. II. Labor organizations are a detriment to society economically, because they are the source of so many strikes. III. The tyranny of the officers of labor or- ganizations is a far greater restriction on the ARE LABOR UNIONS BENEFICIAL? 3 freedom of members than anything they might suffer without any such organization. IV. It has been through labor organizations that all the anarchistic and extreme socialistic organizations have developed. Negative References. William Edward H. Lecky, Democracy and Liberty. McClure's, vol. 20, pp. 323-6. World's Work, for No- vember and December, 1912, and January, 1913. Fort- nightly Rev., vol. 9, pp. TJ, 42,7- Edinb. Rev., vol. 130 p. 380. Blackwoods Mag., vol. 102, p. 487; vol. 107 p. 554. Pol. Sci. Mo., vol. 8, p. 586; vol. 33. p. 361 Nation, vol. 2,7, P- 428; vo 1 - 46, p. 190; vol. 59, p. 5 Westm. Rev., vol. 132, p. 581. Spectator, vol. 70, p 330. Forum, vol. n, p. 205. Atlantic Mo., vol. 104 p. 469- QUESTION II. Resolved, That the formation of a separate politi- cal party would be for the best interests of the laboring classes. Affirmative Arguments. I. The older our country grows and the more we become like Europe, the more our laboring classes are separated from the higher classes. II. The labor problem is the greatest in the nation at the present time, and as such has a right to representation in a party of its own. III. The capitalists control one or the other of the great parties in practically every elec- tion ; if the laboring classes formed themselves into a party, they would force the capitalists into the open. IV. Laboring men are already consulted and figured on as one of the most powerful forces to be reckoned with at election time. Affirmative References. 19th Cent., vol. 32, pp. 864-98 ; vol. 37, p. 1. Pub. 4 POLITICS FOR LABORING CLASSES. 5 Opin., vol. 12, p. 317; vol. 15, p. 567; vol. 16, pp. 313, 338. National Rev., vol. 23, p. 637. Liv. Age, vol. 249, pp. 778-83. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 22, p. 401-15. Arena, vol. 35, pp. 476-80. Rev. of R's, vol. 33, p. 347-8. Outlook, vol. 91, p. 138. Negative Arguments. I. Every election one or the other of the great parties pleads the cause of the laboring classes. II. The laboring problem is an economic and not a political one. III. To form a separate laboring man's party would be to inaugurate a cause for a civil war between capital and labor. IV. The great federations now formed are more potent than any political party could pos- sibly be. Negative References. Westm. Rev., vol. 132, p. 581. Pub. Opin., vol. 2, p. 278; vol. 11, p. 352. Spectator, vol. 70, p. 39; vol. 73. PP- 330, 879. Liv. Age, vol. 250, pp. 579-89- Pol- Sci. Q., vol. 22, p. 401-15. QUESTION III. Resolved, That the Progressive Party deserves the support of the American people. Affirmative Arguments. I. The times demand a new national party. The issues which formerly divided the Repub- lican and Democratic parties no longer exist. II. The real division of the American people is that of Conservatives or Reactionaries versus Progressives, — the Interests versus the People. III. Neither the Republican nor the Demo- cratic party can be entrusted to carry out the Progressive principles; the old parties are handicapped by machine politicians and mere partisans. IV. An entirely new party is the best and only means to ensure real and substantial prog- ress in the principles which the Progressive party represents. Affirmative References. 20th Cent. Mag., vol. i, pp. 308-25; vol. 2, pp. 44-7. 6 THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY. Outlook, vol. 92, p. 78 ; vol. 96, pp. 19, 857. Rev. of R's, vol. 46, pp. 131, 197. Hampton's Mag., vol. 28, p. 165. Independent, vol. 70, p. 605. Speech of Sen- ator Norris in U. S. Senate, July, 1912. Speeches of Roosevelt, Beveridge, Garfield, Johnson, etc., presiden- tial campaign of 1912. Negative Arguments. I. There is no popular demand for a new party; the agitation comes from a compara- tively few disappointed leaders. II. The movement is a dangerous one in that it will lead to a dictatorship in American poli- tics and government. III. The evils of which the Progressives complain in the organization of the old parties will not be cured but only made worse by the formation of a third party, for the leaders of the new party are largely disappointed office- seekers and adventurers. IV. Progressive doctrines will be adopted by one or both of the old parties to the extent that the people demand. Negative References. Harpers Weekly, vol. 55, p. 10. Independent, vol. 72, p. 600. Nation, vol. 94, pp. 26, 126; vol. 100, p. 809. THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY. World's Work, vol. 21, p. 14067; vol. 24, p. 363. Speeches of Senators Works and Fall in U. S. Senate, July, 1912. Republican and Democratic campaign books, and speeches of Taft, Wilson, Bryan, etc., presi- dential campaign of 1912. QUESTION IV. Resolved, That our present policy of excluding the Chinese from this country is unjustifiable. Affirmative Arguments. I. The Chinese should not be discriminated against as they now are. It is un-American, and other classes of immigrants are even less desirable. II. There is no country making more rapid progress in civilization than is China at the present time. Her religious and governmental ideas are being revolutionized. III. China will some day be a dangerous foe on account or because of unjust discrimination. IV. The Chinese are peaceful, honest, de- sirable citizens, and they are good and cheap laborers. Affirmative References. R. M. Smith, Emigration and Immigration. Cyc. of Pol. Sci., vol. i, p. 409. Arena, vol. 24, p. 21 ; vol. 32, 9 io RESTRICTION, CHINESE IMMIGRATION. p. 113. Nation, vol. 28, p. 145 ; vol. 56, p. 358; vol. 89, p. 574. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 126, p. 506; vol. 139, p. 256; vol. 174, p. 368; vol. 186, p. 422; vol. 188, p. 918. Outlook, vol. 80, p. 614 ; vol. 81, pp. 952, 1066 ; vol. 82, pp. 342, 770. Ind., vol. 54, p. 12; vol. 56, p. 947. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 36, sup,, p. 2J. Negative Arguments. I. The Chinese are our lowest type of immi- grants in that they are malicious, addicted to opium and gambling, and are uneducated. II. The Chinaman has shown that he does not care to be absorbed in our civilization ; that he only cares for our opportunities and money. III. The Chinaman's manner of living is ab- horrent to the American workingman, who is compelled to compete with him in wages; and his religion is contrary to the spirit of Ameri- cans. IV. Our policy in denying citizenship to the Chinese is only placing on them a legitimate restriction. Negative References. R. M. Smith, The Chinese and The Chinese Ques- tion. J. W. Jenks and W. J. Lauck, The Immigration Problem (the latest and best treatise of the whole ques- RESTRICTION, CHINESE IMMIGRATION. n tion). Bliss, Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 240. New Inter. Enc, vol. 4, p. 541. United States Statutes at Large, vol. 22, p. 58; vol. 23, p. 115; vol. 25, p. 476. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 139, p. 256 ; vol. 157, p. 59 ; vol. 183, pp. 15-23. Overland Mo., vol. 7, p. 428. Scribner's, vol. 12, p. 862. QUESTION V. Resolved, That the United States should have uniform marriage and divorce laws. Affirmative Arguments. I. There is need of handling in a more effective way this problem which is making us notorious among the nations. II. The confusion arising because of the dif- ferent laws of the several states makes it easy to obtain a divorce in some place on some ground. III. The evil is so universal that it should be handled by universal, or Federal laws. IV. The fact that all divorces and marriages were under Federal law would make them more stable and would eliminate what might be called legal bigamy. Affirmative References. Arena, vol. 2, p. 300 ; vol. 37, pp. 85-6. Atlantic Mo. f vol. 61, p. 680. Cent. Mag., vol. 1, p. 411 ; vol. 59, p. 12 UNIFORM MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE LAW S. 13 636. Forum, vol. 2, p. 429; vol. 13, p. 541. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 130, p. 547; vol. 136, p. 305 ; vol. 150, p. 263 ; vol. 157, p. 11. Nation, vol. 10, pp. 332, 366, 404; vol. 36, p. 418; vol. 37, p. 408; vol. 56, p. 60. Negative Arguments. I. The marriage laws must of necessity be administered by local officials, and the marriage and divorce laws should be under the same jurisdiction. II. The evil is one which is so personal that it should not be removed to the jurisdiction of the Central Government. III. The divorce laws of the several states are practically uniform. IV. The evil does not lie in lack of uniformity but in lax administration of law, and a Federal law would not cure this evil. Negative References. Arena, vol. 5, p. 243 ; vol. 23, p. 88 ; vol. 29, p. 167 ; vol. 30, p. 186; vol. 32, p. 291; vol. 33, pp. 142, 262. Independent, vol. 58, p. 215; vol. 6i, pp. 465, 1265. Collier's, vol. 46, p. 40. Forum, vol. 3, p. 161 ; vol. 10, p. 115. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 113, p. 508; vol. 139, p. 234; vol. 144, p. 429; vo1 - x 49. P- S 2 95 vo1 - I 5°> p. no. Rev. of R's, March, 1912, p. 372. QUESTION VI. Resolved, That the naturalization laws of the United States should be made more stringent. Affirmative Arguments. I. The ease with which foreigners can be- come American citizens is one reason why we get so many who are undesirable. II. Under our present laws the foreigner has full right of Homestead almost as soon as he lands, and this privilege should be abridged. III. Our laws should demand a much higher standard of American education and knowledge of American customs and policies than they do. IV. The clan or clique tendency of foreigners could be broken up by making them study our government for some time before becoming citizens. Affirmative References. Forum, vol. 7, p. 597 ; vol. 13, pp. 128, 475 ; vol. 32, p. 686. Education, vol. 19, p. 30. Century Mag., 14 REVISION OF NATURALIZATION LAWS.. 15 vol. 34, p. 621; vol. 67, p. 472. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 1, p. 199. Rev. of R's, vol. 37, pp. 464-7. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 136, p. 541 ; vol. 137, p. 417 ; vol. 138, p. 415 ; vol. 177, p. 837. Nation, vol. 24, pp. 348, 362 ; vol. 41, P- 5°3- Negative Arguments. I. The requirement of five years' residence in America before the foreigner is granted citizen- ship is enough. II. The requirement necessary to pass the ex- amination demands that they know more about our government than many of our native born do. III. Our naturalization laws are more strict than those of many other nations, and as strict as those of any other nation. IV. People who once become Americans never change their allegiance, and there is no occasion for increased exactions. Negative References. No. Amer, Rev., vol. 52, p. 209; vol. 185, pp. 530-9 Atlantic Mo., vol. 78, pp. 445, 655; vol. 86, p. 535 Outlook, vol. 73, pp. 29, 260, 555, 968. Nation, vol 45, p. 518 ; vol. 62, p. 248. Journal of Soc. Sci., vol. 39 p. 67. Forum, vol. 8, p. 684; vol. 11, p. 541 ; vol. 14 pp. 103, 600. QUESTION VII. Resolved, That the United States should further restrict foreign immigration. Affirmative Arguments. I. Further immigration is not needed to de- velop the country. II. Immigration, by pouring into our midst the rubbish of all nations, has kept us from reaching and maintaining the standards of civilization and education we should in America. III. It has endangered our political institu- tions because of the clan tendencies of many types of immigrants. IV. Our demand for working men of the immigrant type has reached "its margin of utility." Affirmative References. J. W. Jenks and W. J. Lauck, The Immigration Problem. Atlantic Mo., vol. 71, p. 646. Forum, vol. 42, 16 RESTRICTION, FOREIGN IMMIGRATION. 17 p. 552. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 152, p. 27. Outlook, vol. 81, p. 956; vol. 87, p. 99; vol. 91, p. 656; vol. 92, p. 794. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 3, pp. 46, 197; vol. 4, p. 480. Public Opinion, vol. 16, p. 122. Negative Arguments. I. The amalgamation of all peoples is what has made America what she is, and it should continue. II. The criminal, diseased and pauper classes are already restricted; and the Mongolians are excluded because of the differences in the type of living between them and our working men. Further restrictions are unnecessary. III. Further restrictions are undesirable. Immigrants are constantly in demand, especial- ly as laborers in the South and West. IV. Immigration of all classes gives America a unique place in the hearts of the immigrants' relatives who remain in the home land. This is a healthy and favorable feature to cultivate. Negative References. Independent, vol. 60, p. 261 ; vol. 67, p. 204. Soc. Sci., 1870, No. 2. Forum, vol. 13, p. 360. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 134, p. 347; vol. 154, p. 424; vol. 158, p. 494; vol. 180, p. 856; vol. 188, p. 36b. Rev. of R's, vol. 33, p. 491. QUESTION VIII. Resolved, That the United States Navy should be enlarged. Affirmative Arguments. I. We have the smallest navy in the world among the larger powers. II. Our coasts are hardly fortified at all, and we have not battle ships enough to protect them from foreign invasion. III. We need a greater Merchant Marine, and could have it if we had a navy built so that in times of peace it could be used for mercantile purposes. ' IV. The best guarantee of peace is an equip- ment for self-defense, which a larger navy would furnish. Affirmative References. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 91, pp. 88-96. Independent, vol. 64, pp. 633-5. 19* Century, vol. 60, p. 448. Overland Mo., vol. 13, p. 423 ; vol. 24, p. 367. Penn Mo., vol. 12, p. 45. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 149, p. 54; 18 MAINTENANCE OF INCREASED NAVY. 19 vol. 159, p. 137. Scientific American, vol. 92, p. 418; vol. 97, p. 400 ; vol. 98, p. 386 ; vol. 100, pp. 198-9. Negative Arguments. I. For America to increase her navy would be for her to deny that she believes in interna- tional peace. II. A navy is the most expensive kind of pro- tection a nation has to support. III. If we were to place the money it would take to increase our navy to any extent, into commerce, we would realize returns on our investment and not be emphasizing war by our acts. IV. International laws protect our citizens in every nation in the world, and we do not need a Merchant Marine if we can hire other nations to do our work cheaper than to build one our- selves. Negative References. Nation, vol. 48, p. 319; vol. 53, p. 483; vol. 57, p. 341 ; vol. 58, p. 284 ; vol. 60, p. 141 ; vol. 87, p. 108. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 183, pp. 776-9. Liv. Age, vol. 252, pp. 763-5 ; vol. 263, pp. 570-3 ; vol. 265, pp. 763-6. Contemp. Rev., vol. 91, pp. 634-41. Congressional Record, 1894-5, pp. 2256, 2305. Scientific American, vol. 92, p. 418 ; vol. 97, p. 400. QUESTION IX. Resolved, That it would be beneficial to adopt simplified rules of spelling. Affirmative Arguments. I. The English language is the only one in existence which is not pronounced as it is spelled. II. Every one knows the sounds of the let- ters, and if the pronouncing were according to the spelling it would lessen the confusion. III. The laws of psychology upon which spelling is based are Audition and Visualiza- tion, and our present rules ignore them both. IV. Under simplified rules, spelling would be reduced to a science. Affirmative References. Independent, vol. 61, pp. 524-52. Nation, vol. 83, p. 279. Outlook, vol. 84, pp. 165, 576; vol. 82, p. 848; vol. 91, pp. 841-4. Atlantic Mo., vol. 97, pp. 854-85. Pamphlets issued by the Simplified Spelling Board, New York. 20 IS SIMPLIFIED SPELLING BENEFICIAL? 31 Negative Arguments. I. Present methods are so universally estab- lished that they could not well be changea. II. The English Language is becoming more universal every day, which is proof that it has no serious defects. III. Spelling is largely based upon memory, and to simplify word-formation would not alter the law. IV. The English language has its derivation in so many other languages that the different ways of spelling must be maintained in order to insure accuracy in definition. Negative References. Scribner's, vol. 40, p. 252. Bookman, vol. 24, p. 171. Nation, vol. 83, pp. 301-3. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 189, pp. 260, 273. McClure's, vol. 28, pp. 102-11. Educational Rev., vol. 26, pp. 516-25. Outlook, vol. 77, pp. 636-7. Dial, vol. 32, p. 236. QUESTION X. Resolved, That the parcels post system should be more extensively adopted in the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. A parcels post system will be profitable for the government in that a much larger busi- ness can be handled with but little additional expense. II. It will be profitable to the people in that it will greatly lessen the charges of transporta- tion of small packages. III. The Parcels Post makes . it possible for the rural districts to do a great deal of their trading in the great cities where the advantages are better than those they now have. IV. It is already being used with great suc- cess in European countries, and its limited adoption in the United States argues for a further extension of the system. Affirmative References. Amer. Mag., vol. 71, pp. 427-39, 620-30. Inde- THE PARCELS POST. 23 pendent, vol. 53, pp. 2607-8; vol. 63, pp. 1185-7; vol. 67, pp. 986-7; vol. 70, pp. 105-7. 20th Century, vol. 3, pp. 514-22. Outlook, vol. 90, p. 801; vol. 72, pp. 147-8; vol. 96, p. 567. World's Work, vol. 21, pp. 14248-51. Negative Arguments. I. The government cannot carry on this business as economically as a private concern. II. Retail men have a right to object to their customers trading with the great wholesale houses of the larger cities. III. Governmental regulation of express rates would accomplish all that a Parcels Post will. IV. It would make our postal system too bunglesome and slow. Our wide extent of ter- ritory and other conditions are very different from those of other countries where the parcels post is used extensively. Negative References. Independent, vol. 70, pp. 72-3. Journal of Po!. Econ., vol. 16, pp. 417-35. House Documents, March 3d, 13th, 1908. National Hardware Bulletin. Bliss, Enc. of Soc. Reform, pp. 931-3. Cosmopolitan, vol. 36, p. 497. Independent, vol, 70, pp. 72-3. Outlook, vol. 96, p. 794. QUESTION XI. Resolved, That the Gothenburg system of elim- inating private profits offers the best solution of the liquor problem. Affirmative Arguments. I. This system has been successful in Nor- way, whereas Prohibition has failed in America. II. It gives permission to sell or drink mild drinks, and a chance to make profits on them. III. By making the salesman subject to the law, it puts a ban on drunkenness. IV. It would not only reach the saloon prob- lem but all other evils incident to the saloon. Affirmative References. Atlantic Mo., vol. 72, p. 538. Arena, vol. 9, p. 561 ; vol. 33, p. 134 ; vol. 34, p. 647. Forum, vol. 14, p. 514 ; vol. 17, p. 103. New Eng. Mag., vol. 11, p. 785. Mc- Clure's, vol. 32, p. 422. Rev. of R's, vol. 8, p. 548. Spectator, vol. 73, p. 40. 24 SOLUTION OF THE LIQUOR PROBLEM. 25 Negative Arguments. I. Such a system tries to solve the liquor problem through politics instead of striking at the root of the evil. II. This system does not even segregate the business from social centers as would a high license. III. It puts a premium or bar on private business, which is un-American. IV. It makes no return of revenue to the government, as would a high license. Negative References. Arena, vol. 33, p. 134; vol. 34, p. 647. Nation, vol. 49, p. 470; vol. 66, p. 25. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 144, p. 498; vol. 147, p. 638. Rev. of R's, vol. 8, P- 533- Spectator, vol. 69, p. 918. Contemp. Rev., vol. 90, pp. 861-72. Outlook, vol. 89, pp. 561-4. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 32, pp. 545"55- QUESTION XII. Resolved, That prohibition is a better solution of our liquor problem than high license. Affirmative Arguments. I. Prohibition demands absolute abstinence, and this is the final solution of the liquor problem. II. Even though the laws are violated prohi- bition shuts up the public "brawls," and honest men, even though they like liquor, will not sneak around to a back door to get it. III. Where prohibition has failed it has been because of lax administration and not because of an inherent defect of the principle. IV. It has worked in many states and will continue to work better as it establishes itself. Affirmative References. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 89, pp. 410-15; vol. 135, p. 525 ; vol. 143, p. 382 ; vol. 147, p. 121. Arena, vol. 36, pp. 168-73 ; v °l- 38, p. 610. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 2, pp. 59-68. Independent, vol. 60, pp. 1033-5 ; vol. 64, 26 PROHIBITION VERSUS HIGH LICENSE. 27 pp. 162-3; vol. 67, pp. 168-78. Forum, vol. 7, pp. 678-82. Outlook, vol. 89, p. 231 ; vol. 88, p. 102. Pop- ular Sci. Mo., vol. 45, p. 225. Rev. of R's, vol. 38, pp. 91-2 ; vol. 39, pp. 601-4. Survey, vol. 24, p. 492. Ladies' Home Journal, vol. 28, p. 21. Negative Arguments. I. Prohibition has been a failure wherever tried, as in Maine, Iowa, etc. II. There is nothing about a high license which could be evaded. It is what it claims to be. III. A high license would produce a vast amount of revenue for the government, and it would not be a tax upon the necessities of life. IV. High license does not deny personal in- clination a right to assert itself, and it does not demand dishonesty, as prohibition does. Negative References. Atlantic Mo., vol. 95, pp. 302-8. Forum, vol. 2, p. 232; vol. 3, p. 152. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 91, pp. 626-32. Nation, vol. 12, p. 353; vol. 16, p. 365; vol. 36, p. 35; vol. 46, p. 70; vol. 49, p. 470. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 139, p. 185; vol. 141, p. 34; vol. 144, p. 498; vol. 188, pp. 910-17, Independent, vol. 67, pp. 168-78. Outlook, vol. 82, p. 820 ; vol. 91, pp. 34i"3- Harp. W., vol. 55, pp. 6, 12. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 26, p. 787; vol. 44, p. 577. QUESTION XIII. Resolved, That General Booth's employment sys- tem should be adopted in the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. By a system of colonization men and women are better prepared to cope with the problems of the world than in any other plan of charity work. II. In its removal of temptation, creation of a wholesome atmosphere, and encouragement of thrift, the employment system is psychically scientific. III. It gives individual thrift and initiative a chance to develop, for it favors the deserving. IV. It has been used with great success in England and to some extent in Germany. Affirmative References. Forum, vol. 12, pp. 751, 762; vol. 17, p. 52; vol. 23, PP. 7So-6o- Nat. Rev., vol. 16, p. 781. New Rev., vol. 7, p. 493; vol. 16, p. 489. Rev. of R's, vol. 2, 28 GENERAL BOOTH EMPLOYMENT SYSTEM. 29 p. 492. Westm. Rev., vol. 135, p. 429. Contemp. Rev., vol. 72, pp. 792-8. Outlook, vol. 90, pp. 175-9. Negative Arguments. I. The proposed system handles men like cat- tle in that it attempts to make a wholesale re- generation. II. The Employment System is superseded by better and less discriminating systems such as "Boyville" and the "George Junior Republic/' which are more typically American. III. The Employment System is open only to the unmarried, and it is the man with the family who needs aid and encouragement. IV. Such shelters as the Employment Sys- tem only encourage and promote vagrancy and shiftlessness. Negative References. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 6, p. 537. Church Quar. Rev., vol. 32, p. 223. Contemp. Rev., vol. 62, p. 59. Na- tional Rev., vol. 16, p. 697. Forum, vol. 12, p. 762; vol. 15, p. 753. Spectator, vol. 69, p. 916. Rev. of R's, vol. 22, p. 689. QUESTION XIV. Resolved, That the jury system should be abol- ished in the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. The jury is usually made up of men who know nothing about law. II. There is no use of having laws if they are not to be administered by men who under- stand them. III. The jury must swear that they know nothing about the case, which means that the whole trial depends upon the plea of some bril- liant lawyer. IV. A trial by judges only would mean that the law would be interpreted and administered according to the intent it had when made. No lawyer could controvert testimony by ridicule or appeal to the emotions. Affirmative References. Atlantic Mo., vol. 48, p. 9. Arena, vol. 33, pp. 30 ABOLISHMENT OF THE JURY SYSTEM. 31 510-3. Amer. Law Rev., vol. 20, p. 661. Century, vol. 3, p. 124; vol. 4, p. 302. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 92, PP. 304-9; vo1 - 134. P- 224; vol. 139, p. 348; vol. 187, pp. 856-9. Forum, vol. 3, p. 102. Rev. of R's, v °l- 37. PP- 607-8 Westm. Rev., vol. 172, pp. 50-60. Negative Arguments. I. A jury of one's peers is the only body of men who can judge all circumstances justly. II. If we are to destroy the jury we will be reverting to Monarchy or Hierarchy. III. The jury system is the earliest known form of trial. It was used in primitive times by all tribes and has been used ever since. IV. A trial by judges would mean that only the letter and not the spirit of the law would be administered. Negative References. Outlook, vol. 99, p. 794. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 36, pp. 175-84. World's Work, vol. 15, pp. 8221-3. Arena, vol. 33, pp. 510-3. Amer. Law Rev., vol. 22, p. 853. Century, vol. 4, p. 299. Nation, vol. 16, p. 428. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 125, p. 447; vol. 139, p. 1. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 24, p. 676. QUESTION XV. Resolved, That capital punishment should be abolished. Affirmative Arguments. I. Capital punishment is only legalized mur- der. It is taking life. II. It gives the criminal no chance to reform, which should be the aim of all punishment. III. It has never been proved that it served in any measure to eradicate crime. IV. It is not so severe as life imprisonment and has none of its redeeming features, such as pardon through good behavior and reforrri. Affirmative References. ■ Stolz, Capital Punishment. Thomas Beggs, The De- terrent Influence of Capital Punishment. Arena, vol. 38, pp. 259-63; vol. 41, pp. 525-34. Westm. Rev., vol. 91, p. 429; vol. 172, pp. 96-9; vol. 176, pp. 177-9. Cosmopolitan, vol. 50, pp. 704-7. Form. Rev., vol. 52, p. 323. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 62, p. 40; vol. 116 32 ABOLISHMENT OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. 33 p. 138; vol. 133, p. 550. Rev. of R's, vol. 34, p. 368; vol. 40, p. 219. Negative Arguments. I. Capital punishment is the only means by which the full measure of punishment can be" given the criminal. II. The man of criminal nature is not so likely to commit murder if he is sure that the gallows are awaiting him, while life imprison- ment means to him that "while there is life there is hope." III. Capital punishment has been used by all nations since the dawn of history. IV. The reason that the effects of capital punishment upon the decrease of crime are not more striking is because of lax administration and not a fault of principle. Negative References, W. T. Dwight, A Discourse on The Expediency of Capital Punishment. W. H. Thompson, Murder and the Death Penalty. G. B. Cheever, Capital Punish- ment. Spectator, vol. 105, pp. 1017-8. Literary Di- gest, vol. 38, pp. 506-7. Westm. Rev., vol. 176, p. 177. Liv. Age, vol. 268, p. in. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 133, PP- 534-So. Forum, vol. 3, p. 381. QUESTION XVI. Resolved, That fraud practiced in our elections could be eliminated by adopting the English system of prevention. Affirmative Arguments. I. Most of the corruption in American poli- tics comes from the use of vast sums of money with which to win elections. II. Such means of winning gives us men seeking power and fame, and not men with the interests of the people at heart. III. The English System forbids the use of carriages or automobiles for transportation to the polling places, all advertising on placards, and hiring of halls for speech-making. IV. It demands an absolute publicity of all campaign expenses, which cannot exceed a cer- tain limit and must be only the money of the candidate. Affirmative References. Forum, vol. 15, pp. 129, 148. Century, vol. 44, 34 PREVENTION OF ELECTION FRAUDS. 35 p. 940; vol. 46, p. 150; vol. 147, PP- 144, 149. 78i. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 146, p. 21 ; vol. 148, p. 82. 19th Century, vol. 15, p. 123. Harper's W., vol. 50, p. 194; vol. 52, p. 7. Negative Arguments. I. The English System is cumbersome and instead of being Iron Clad it is only a net of Red Tape. II. In England the campaign is not so much by party as by candidate, and the system which would work there would not apply in the United States. III. The publicity of campaign funds is no more a part of the English System than of our own. IV. If means of conveyance gives a more uni- versal vote, it is a means to an end which is desirable. Negative References. Forum, vol. 15, p. 142. Century, vol. 44, p. 960; vol. 47, p. 788. National Rev., vol. 2, p. 189. Sat- urday Rev., vol. 56, p. 489. Harper's W., vol. 50, p. 194; vol. 52, p. 7. QUESTION XVII. Resolved, That coeducation should be generally adopted in American colleges and universities. Affirmative Arguments. I. Coeducation only places men and women in the relationships that they will always have * to bear toward each other in society. II. It tends to keep the college curriculum on a more liberalizing and less technical basis. III. It develops culture as well as mental powers, and teaches each sex an appreciation of the other. IV. The experience in this country for the last fifty years has been in favor of coeducation. Affirmative References. Education, vol. 4, p. 427; vol. 13, p. 259; vol. 36, pp. 442-51, 5°3-i 2 - Forum, vol. 3, p. 631. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 118, p. 140; vol. 132, p. 467; vol. 146, p. 566; vol. 148, p. 687. Nation, vol. 88, p. 404. Independ- ent, vol. 63, p. 871; vol. 65, p. 323. Westm. Rev., vol. 88, p. 320 ; vol. 109, pp. 56-90. 26 ( -1 VI, ■\ COEDUCATION IN COLLEGES. 37 Negative Arguments. I. The fundamental physical differences of the two sexes demand different schedules and curricula. II. The atmosphere of the American college is • what keeps Americans from coping with foreigners in scholarship: concentration is lacking. III. The more technical subjects could be -i more fully developed if each sex were unham- pered in the development along suitable lines. IV. The segregation for the brief course does not so much serve to keep each sex from knowing the other less, as it does to know their own sex better. Negative References. Educational Rev., vol. 4, p. 164; vol. 3^ pp. 466-75. y" Independent, vol. 55, p. 366; vol. 65, ppT 323-6. La- dies' Home Jour., vol. 28, p. 16. Pop. Sei. Mo., vol. 5, p. 198. Nation, vol. 11, p. 24; vol. 16, p. 52; vol. 18, p. 408. Outlook, vol. 72Vpp. 871, 887,, Rev. of R's„ vol. 29, p. 102. Harper's W., vol. 48, p. 1288. \ QUESTION XVIII. Resolved, That women should be granted the suffrage on equal terms with men. Affirmative Arguments. I. The idea that women have no right to vote is a relic of militarism, and this is an age of in- dustrialism. A property or an educational qual- ification for suffrage would be far more just and logical than a sex qualification. II. Woman has proved herself the equal of man in governmental affairs, such as the college class room, county offices, lawyers, etc. III. The influence of women would tend to purify politics and to aid in the solution of governmental problems in which she is most largely concerned — child labor, education, sani- tation, pure food, saloons, etc. IV. The experience of those states where woman suffrage has been tried argues for its general adoption. 38 EQUAL SUFFRAGE. 39 Affirmative References. Helen Sumner, Equal Suffrage in Colorado. John Stewart Mill, The Subjection of Women. American Mag., vol. 67, p. 288. Arena, vol. 2, p. 752 ; vol. 5, p. 68; vol. 10, pp. 201-13; vol. 11, p. 353; vol. 16, pp. 570, 748; vol. 40, p. 92. Canadian Mag., vol. 33, pp. 17-21. Outlook, vol. 91, -p. 780. Independent, vol. 96, p. 1309. Contemp. Rev., vol. 4, p. 307; vol. 20, p. 360; vol. 47, p. 418; vol. 83, p. 653. Negative Arguments. I. Suffrage is not so much a right as it is a privilege, and expediency demands that it be restricted to men. II. There is no need for woman suffrage. Women have been and are being granted their "rights" without the suffrage. III. When granted the suffrage, the lower class of women could be easily bribed and the higher class would not exercise the privilege. IV. Experience with woman suffrage thus far does not justify its general adoption. Negative References. J. M. Buckley, Wrong and Peril of Woman Suf- frage. Helen K. Johnson, Woman and The Republic. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 35, sup. pp. 10, 28, 36. Forum, vol. 2, p. 439; vol, 8, p. 515; vol. 17, p. 406; vol. 43, 40 EQUAL SUFFRAGE. PP- 495. 595- No. Amer. Rev., vol. 143, p. 290; vol. 177, p. in ; vol. 178, p. 103; vol. 190, p. 158; vol. 191, p. 549. Univ. of Texas, Dept. of Extension Bulletin No. 233. Outlook, vol. 55, pp. 789, 964. QUESTION XIX. Resolved, That the contract system of employing labor should be abolished. Affirmative Arguments. I. The contract system makes out of the al- ready criminal class a class of slaves. II. It gives the industries which employ them undue advantages in the reduction of prices. III. It does not help to teach the criminal a trade by which he can support himself after he gets out, and this is the idea of all our latest reforms — to prepare him for worthy citizen- ship. IV. Experience with the contract system argues for its abolition. Affirmative References. 2nd Annual Report of the Commission of Labor, 1886. Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics, 4th Biennial Report, 1886, Part I. Michigan Bureau of Labor Statistics, 4th 'Annual Report, 1887. Princeton Re- 41 42 CONTRACT SYSTEM EMPLOYING LABOR. view, vol. 5, p. 225. Outlook, vol. 90, p. 846; vol. 91, p. 9. Harper's W., vol. 52, p. 16. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 22, p. 49. Negative Arguments. I. The criminal is a great burden on the state and should be made to earn his living by any kind of work set before him. • II. If the state sees fit to make this a part of the punishment, it is no worse than many other forms. III. To allow him to work at a task of his own liking will only mean to let him work when he pleases. IV. While susceptible of improvement in methods, experience shows that the contract system should not be abolished. Negative References. 2nd Annual Report of The Committee of Labor, 1886. Mass. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 10th Annual Report, 1879, Part II. Princeton Rev., vol. 11, p. 196. Forum, vol. 6, p. 414. Nation, vol. 40, p. 194; vol. 45, p. 88. Science, vol. 7, pp. 28, 68. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 22, p. 49. QUESTION XX. Resolved, That a competitive civil service exam- ination is needed in the separate states. Affirmative Arguments. I. Gaining government positions by competi- tive examinations is in keeping with American institutions. II. To make the appointments according to the notions of the heads of departments is to leave a field for political wire-pulling. III. The competitive system would not allow one man to hold the office long enough to de- velop corruption and graft. IV. Experience generally with the competi- tive system argues for its general adoption in our civil service. Affirmative References. Report of The U. S. Civil Service Commission, 1886- 7, pp. 120-43 ; 1894, p. 120. Senate Reports, Number 576, pp. 166-82. Atlantic Mo., vol. 65, pp. 433, 671. 43 44 COMPETITIVE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMS. Forum, vol. 14, pp. 201, 216. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 3, p. 245; Outlook, vol. 90, pp. 893-4; vol. 93, p. 850; vol. 96, p. 334. 19th Century, vol. 59, pp. 571-80. Chau- tauquan, vol. 42, p. t>77- Nation, vol. 82, p. 46; vol. 86, p. 72 ; vol. 87, pp. 566, 617. Rev. of R's, vol. 31, P- 317- Negative Arguments. I. The proposed system would remove the re- sponsibility from the heads of departments. II. It would not assure harmonious working within a department because the subordinates might believe in different policies than the head. III. The examinations are open only to men under 45 years of age and held only in large cities ; thus they are discriminative in methods. IV. The shifting of men in office would mar the efficiency of the service. Negative References. Senate Reports, 1887-8, No. 2373, pp. 46-7. House Reports, 1885-6, No. 1001. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 132, p. 305. Constitution of the U. S., Article II, Section 2. Nation, vol. 69, p. 384. Educ. Rev., vol. 14, p. 411. Outlook, vol. 84, p. 799. Cosmopolitan, vol. 37, pp. 70-5. Rev. of R's, vol. 34, pp. 317-24. Forum, vol. 30, p. 608. QUESTION XXI. Resolved, That the United States should annex Cuba. Affirmative Arguments. I. Annexation would insure Cuba a stable government and rapid development. II. It would give American consumers ad- vantage of the Cuban product of sugar without paying a tariff. III. Geographically, Cuba is a part of our nation and her productions would supplement those we now have. IV. Annexation would eliminate the trouble- some question of a protectorate which we now have on our hands, and is the only ultimate so- lution of the problem. Affirmative References. Rev. of R's, vol. 34, pp. 424-30. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 163, pp. 731, 42; vol. 183, p. 1037. Forum, vol. ll > PP- 559-67; vo1 - 21, pp. 278-87. Independent, vol. 45 46 ANNEXATION OF CUBA. 53, pp. 1469-70. Outlook, vol. 84, pp. 304-6. Metro- politan, vol. 25, pp. 265-81. World Today, vol. 11, pp. 1 197-9. Atlantic Mo., vol. 86, pp. 45-52. Negative Arguments. I. Cuba is making great progress in educa- tion and government under her own system. II. Annexation would ruin the American sugar industry and throw a great many men out of employment. III. It would necessitate a great expense on the part of the government to keep up coast fortifications. IV. A better arrangement is to keep it a protectorate and have reciprocity. Negative References. Forum, vol. 32, pp. 623-8; vol. 66, p. 73. Inde* pendent, vol. 53, pp. 1464-8 ; vol. 61, pp. 965-8 ; vol. 66, pp. 926-27. Outlook, vol. 84, pp. 455-64; vol. 91, pp. 273-4. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 172, pp. 403-15. Rev. of R's, vol. 21, pp. 595-6; vol. 41, p. 355. World Today, . vol. 2, pp. 729-35. QUESTION XXII Resolved, That Canada should be annexed to the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. Geographically and ethnologically the United States and Canada are one nation and one people. II. The historic development and character of the two peoples are the same, and it would not be like annexing foreigners. III. Annexation would enhance the com- merce of both countries because it would remove the present artificial barriers. IV. It would give Canadians the benefit of our manufacturing industries and give us the benefit of their great undeveloped farming areas. Affirmative References. Goldwin Smith, Canada and The Canadian Question. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 131, p. 14; vol. 136, p. 326; vol. 47 48 ANNEXATION OF CANADA. T 39» PP- 4 2 -5 - Forum, vol. 6, p. 241. Century, vol. 38, p. 236. Contemp. Rev., vol. 80, pp. 386-98. Inde- pendent, vol. 67, p. 1393. Outlook, vol. 72, pp. 568-9; vol. 75, pp. 521-9. Nation, vol. yy, p. 6, Negative Arguments. I. Canada does not desire annexation, and it could be effected only by our giving up far more than we would receive in return. II. We would be giving a great benefit of markets for practically nothing in return except a great seacoast to guard. III. It would destroy our American identity and make us a mongrel nation. IV. It would destroy the great resources of our custom duties, and be unfair to the farmers by throwing them in competition with men who raise more per acre on cheaper land. Negative References. Goldwin Smith, Canada and The Canadian Question. Statesman Year Book, 1895, p. 205. Liv. Age, vol. 252, pp. 515-24. Rev. of R's, vol. 35, p. 717; vol. 44, pp. 92-3. Forum, vol. 6, p. 451; vol. 9, p. 562. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 148, p. 665. Mag. of Amer. Hist., vol. 16, p. 180. Arena, vol. 19, pp. 26-42. QUESTION XXIII. Resolved, That the annexation of Mexico to the United States would be for the best interests of both countries. Affirmative Arguments. I. Mexico is geographically a natural part of the United States, being contiguous territory with no natural separation except a medium- sized river. II. Mexico is commercially a part of the United States already, and the completion of the Panama Canal will make the relationship closer still. III. Americans have large investments in Mexico, devoted to the development of its abun- dant resources, and these investments it is the duty and to the interest of Mexico to protect and encourage. This she has failed to do, and that country will continue to be held back in progress and civilization by revolutions until 49 . so THE ANNEXATION OF MEXICO. support is furnished by the stronger arm of the United States government. IV. Annexation to the United States is in- evitable. Our country cannot maintain the Monroe Doctrine without protecting foreign interests, and this will mean intervention, and this, in turn, will mean annexation. V. Mexico's great need is a stable govern- ment. This the United States could give her, to the mutual benefit of both countries. Affirmative References. Harper, vol. 88, p. 31. Harper's W., vol. 53, p. 34. Engineering Mag., vol. 6, p. 663. Munsey, vol. 30, p. 481. World's Work, vol. 6, p. 3843 ; vol. 17, pp. 11274- 8. World Today, vol. ir, p. 1059; v °l- 2I > P- 589- Banker's Mag., vol. 79, pp. 421-34. Amer. Mag., Janu- ary, August and October, 1910. Current Lit., vol. 49, p. 604 ; vol. 52, pp. 388, 506. Independent, vol. 69, p. 1061 ; vol. 70, p. 1065. Rev. of R's, vol. 43, p. 462; vol. 46, p. 238. Negative Arguments. I. It is neither necessary nor desirable for the United States to assume the burden of governing Mexico in order to enjoy her com- mercial advantages. II. The population of Mexico contains a THE ANNEXATION OF MEXICO. 51 large proportion of peons and Indian half- breeds who would only bring us another race problem. III. American investors in Mexico went there at their own risk and should take "the chances of war" without aid from the United States government. IV. The spirit of national freedom is strong among Mexicans. They desire an independent Republic similar to the United States', and should be left free to work out their own destiny. V. Annexation would only intensify the anti-American feeling that already exists among the Mexicans. Negative References. No. Amer., vol. 162, p. 33 ; vol. 164, p. 639. World Today, vol. 16, pp. 550-4. Overland, n. s., vol. 56, pp. 3-22. Independent, vol. 68, p. 132. Cosmopolitan, vol. 48, pp. 432, 433, 577. Outlook, vol. 96, p. 652; vol. 97, pp. 613, 620, 730. World's Work, vol. 24, P- IS- QUESTION XXIV. Resolved, That the United States should perma- nently retain the Philippine Islands. Affirmative Arguments. I. The Philippines are not yet able to govern themselves, and by the time they are they will be so thoroughly educated in American ways that they will not care for other than American government. II. The ultimate relationship of the United States to the Philippines will be the same as England to Australia or Canada, where the utmost freedom of self-government is per- mitted. III. We need the Philippines for naval and marine purposes, coaling and the like. IV. From an economic standpoint of com- merce and trade the United States and the Philippines are supplementary. Their tropi- cal productions supplement the products of our more temperate climate. 52 RETENTION OF THE PHILIPPINES. 53 Affirmative References. Worcester, The Philippine Islands and Their People. Shurter, Science and Art of Debate, pp. 180-90. Re- ports of Philippine Commission. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 166, pp. 641, 759; vol. 170, p. 272; vol. 176, p. 236; vol. 179, p. 291; vol. 186, p. 510-24. Forum, vol. 25, p. 534; vol. 26, pp. 14, 279, 641, 650; vol. 30, pp. 265-70. Atlantic Mo., vol. 81, p. 577; vol. 82, p. 552 ; vol. 92, p. 256 ; vol. 94, p. 577. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 13. P- 585; vol. 17, p. 460; vol. 2^, 47-74- Century, vol. 56, pp. 555, 788, 873 ; vol. 61, p. 129. Negative Arguments. I. The Filipinos' laws, language and customs differ largely from ours. They spring from a different civilization, and so will never assimi- late American ways. II. The establishment of a protectorate over the Philippines and the enactment of reciprocal trade relations would accomplish all the good and involve none of the evil features of colon- ization. III. The retention of the Philippines will necessitate great expense for naval protection on the part of the United States. IV. The necessary close relation which such a policy demands is an inconsistent and unde- sirable one for a superior and an inferior race. S4 RETENTION OP THE PHILIPPINES. Negative References. Foreman, The Philippine Islands. No. Amer. Rev vol. 167, p. 239; vol. 169, pp. 425, 885, 894; vol. 179 pp. 282, 860; vol. 184, pp. 135-49; vol. 185, pp. 365-77 Forum, vol. 26, p. 177 ; vol. 32, pp. 594, 662 ; vol. 33 387. Arena, vol. 20, p. 445; vol. 21, pp. 84, 736; vol. 28, pp. 1, 113; vol. 29, p. 48. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 14, p 240. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 76, p. 226. Independent, vol. 60, pp. 560-4; vol. 64, pp. 475-6. Outlook, vol 91, pp. 75-82. Everybody's, vol. 19, p. 640. QUESTION XXV. Resolved, That the Monroe Doctrine should be abandoned by the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. The Monroe Doctrine was enacted in re- taliation against the Holy Alliance, and inas- much as the Holy Alliance in no longer a policy of Europe, America is not justified in main- taining the Doctrine. II. The Doctrine denies the canons of Inter- national Law in that it demands that America be given power over land she does not own. III. The Monroe Doctrine is a policy that is likely to lead us into serious trouble by reason of the relation it enforces upon us toward Mexico and the Latin-American states. IV. The Monroe Doctrine is a relic of the beginnings of international relations, and de- nies America's present attitude towards inter- national peace. 55 56 ABANDONMENT OF MONROE DOCTRINE. Affirmative References. A. B. Hart, Foundation of American Foreign Policy, Chap. VII. J. B. Henderson, American Diplomatic Questions, Part IV. T. S. Woolsey, America's For- eign Policy, pp. 223-38. E. J. Phelps, Monroe Doc- trine in America and Europe, Chap. II. Forum, vol. 7, p. 192; vol. 20, pp. 456, 705. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 173, p. 832; vol. 176, pp. 321, 518. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 11, pp. 30, 44; vol. 14, p. 355. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 7, p. 1013 ; vol. 78, p. 837. Westm. Rev., vol. 145, p. 271 ; vol. 149, p. 237; vol. 150, p. 171 ; vol. 159, p. 125. Nation, vol. 34, p. 9; vol. 60, p. 356; vol. 61, p. 304; vol. 62, pp. 4, 30, 90; vol. 66, p. 368. Negative Arguments. I. The Monroe Doctrine came as a measure on the part of the United States to offset the European policy set forth in the "Holy Alli- ance," and so was justified in its inauguration. II. It is the only policy by which peace can be maintained in Latin-America, where so many of the European nations desire a foot- hold. III. It is the only policy that carries out Washington's advice of, "Friendly relations with all and tangling alliances with none." It demands neutrality. IV. Now that we have the Panama Canal, ABANDONMENT OF MONROE DOCTRINE. 57 it is imperative that we maintain the Doctrine. To allow European control of any of the coun- try about the Canal would be to forfeit the con- trol of the Canal itself. Negative References. J. W. Foster, A Century of American Diplomacy. J. A. Kasson, The Evolution of the United States Con- stitution, pp. 223-73. Theodore Roosevelt, American Ideals, Chap. II. J. B. McMasters, With the Fathers, pp. 1-54. S. E. Baldwin, Modern Political Institutions, Chap. XIII. John Che,twood, Manilla, or Monroe Doc- trine. Senate Documents, 54th Congress, 1st session, No. 31. Forum, vol. 20, p. 713; vol. 30, p. 722. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 133, p. 523 ; vol. 160, p. 651 ; vol. 169, p. 448; vol. 176, pp. 185, 728, 881. Arena, vol. 23, p. 247. National Rev., vol. 26, p. 595; vol. 27, p. 156; vol. 40, p. 871. Spectator, vol. 75, p. 478; vol. 89, p. 280. QUESTION XXVI. Resolved, That the commission plan of city gov- ernment should be generally adopted in the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. This plan demands the direct primary and short ballot. II. It is so simple that a common and honest citizen can act as one of the Council. III. It makes the city a unit and gives the opportunity of selecting the best men at large. IV. It gives the organization of the city gov- ernment the same form as men have to deal with in big business affairs, and thus makes it more economical and business-like. Affirmative References. C. R. Woodruff, Commission Government (articles pro and con). John J. Hamilton, Government by Com- mission. Arena, vol. 38, pp. 8-13. r Amer. City, vol. 3, pp. 276-8 ; vol. 4, pp. 34-6 ; vol. 5, pp. 36-9. Chautau- quan, vol. 31, pp. 168-70. Current Lit., vol. 50, pp. 466-70. Twentieth Cent., vol. 3, pp. 222-9. Independ- 58 COMMISSION PLAN OF CITY GOV'T. 59 ent, vol. 68, pp. 415-6. Everybody's, vol. 22, pp. 435- 47. Outlook, vol. 85, pp. 839-43 ; vol. 94, p. 822. Mc- Clure's, vol. 27, pp. 610-20; vol. 35, pp. 97-108. Rev. of R's, vol. 36, pp. 623-4. Survey, vol. 23, pp. 502-4. World's Work, vol. 14, p. 9419. Negative Arguments. I. The plan proposed breaks up district rep- resentation and gives the opportunity for po- litical pull being the basis for the government of the city. II. It gives no opportunity to use the Ameri- can system of checks and balances. III. It separates accountability from respon- sibility, and thus renders the administration slow and erratic. IV. It is a plan formulated with the idea of getting experts for its officials, but this will never be accomplished by popular election. Negative References. Bryce's, American Commonwealth, 3rd Edition, chap, by Seth Low in appendix. Proceeding of Conference for Good City Government, Buffalo, 1910, pp. 556-61. Arena, vol. 41, pp. 38-41. Municipal Engineering, vol. 40, pp. 8-12. Kansas City Post, Kansas City, Mo., May, 1908. Midwestern, January, 1910. Century, vol. 74, p. 270. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 38, pp. 853-76. American City, vol. 4, pp. 79-82. QUESTION XXVII. Resolved, That the eight-hour day for common laborers should be generally adopted. Affirmative Arguments. I. The men who work by day wages are the poorest paid class of workmen in the world. II. The type of work they do is generally the kind which is very hard and so demands a great amount of energy while at work. III. Statistics show that most of the acci- dents in the large factories happen late in the day because of fatigue. IV. This would give the working man more time with his family and an opportunity to de- velop socially and. mentally. Affirmative References. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 150, p. 464. Forum, vol. 1, p. 136. 19th Century, vol. 26, p. 21. Contemp. Rev., vol. 56, p. 859. Westm. Rev., vol. 134, p. 642. Public Opinion, vol. 1, pp. 55, 69, 79, 104. Outlook, vol. 79, 60 THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY FOR LABORERS. 61 p. 1017; vol. 84, p. 391; vol. 88, pp. 522, 571, 618. Arena, vol. 36, p. 375. Rev. of R's, vol. 32, p. 480; vol. 34, p. 622. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 35, p. 239. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 21, p. 414. Negative Arguments. I. This is a matter not for legislation but for custom to govern. II. The working man has no right to de- mand a time-limit any more than the profes- sional man who has to work at all hours of the day and night. III. The rule proposed would soon be car- ried to the extreme of demanding the same rule on the farm, etc. IV. The greatest amount of crime is com- mitted on Saturday afternoon and in the even- ing, when the laboring man is idle. Negative References. Atlantic Mo., vol. 65, p. 800. National Rev., vol. 16, p. 496. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 53, p. 440. Contemp. Rev., vol. 57, p. 240. Westm. Rev., vol. 139, p. 526. Spectator, vol. 62, p. 392. Outlook, vol. 79, pp. 1017-9; vol. 95, pp. 50-1. Survey, vol. 22, pp. 841-3 ; vol: 24, pp. 170-1. Cassier, vol. 23, p. 762. Journal of Pol. Econ., vol. 13, p. 597. QUESTION XXVIII. Resolved, That intercollegiate foot-ball promotes the best interests of college life. Affirmative Arguments. I. Foot-ball gives vent to the energies which every man has who is possessed of real college worth. II. It develops the physical powers and thus makes more competent the mental. III. In all colleges it demands a certain standard of scholarship to be able to partici- pate in foot-ball. IV. It prepares men to cope with hard propositions when out in the world, and de- velops a temperament in them which ought to be a part of their training. Affirmative References. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 24, pp. 446, 587; vol. 45, p. 721. Atlantic Mo., vol. 65, p. 63. Forum, vol. 16, p. 634. Century, vol. 46, p. 204; vol. 79, pp. 442-57. Nation, 62 INTERCOLLEGIATE FOOT-BALL. 63 vol. 36, p. 268. Independent, vol. 61, p. 1220; vol. 59, pp. 1293-4. Outlook, vol. 93, p. 566; vol. 94, p. 104; vol. 96, pp. 541-5. Educational Rev., vol. 38, p. 525. McClure's, vol. 25, p. 264. Negative Arguments. I. Foot-ball detracts from scholarship. It is impossible for a player to get his studies well during the foot-ball season. II. Foot-ball makes class distinction in that it is not a sport in which all college men can participate. III. It is a relic of barbarism, and should be abolished on account of the spirit it develops in the players and in the school at large. IV. It is a dangerous game, and is likely to maim some of the best of our college men for life. Negative References. Nation, vol. 55, pp. 406; vol. 57, pp. 422-44; vol. 59. PP- 399. 457. 476. Public Opinion, vol. 16, pp. 244, 505. Independent, vol. 67, p. 1463 ; vol. 79, p. 363 ; vol. 82, p. 151. Outing, vol. 55, p. 514. Current Lit., vol. 40, pp. 21-5. Rev. of R's, vol. 33, p. 71 ; vol. 44, p. 481. Educational R., vol. 42, pp. 162-9. Harper's W., vol. 52, pp. 8-9. Collier's, vol. 44, p. 13. QUESTION XXIX. Resolved, That secret fraternities in high schools should not be permitted. Affirmative Arguments. I. High School fraternities are undemo- cratic. They set up false standards and pro- mote snobbishness. II. The effect on school spirit is bad. Fra- ternities produce clannishness and factional strife, and inject politics into legitimate school activities. III. The effect on scholarship is bad. The time and attention of members and would-be members of fraternities are diverted from the main purpose of school attendance. IV. High School fraternities develop all the evils, without any of the benefits, of fraternal organizations. The High School student is too young for fraternity life. Many institutions exclude even the college freshman as being too immature for membership in a fraternity. 64 FRATERNITIES IN HIGH SCHOOLS. 65 Affirmative References. John F. Brown, Secret Societies in the American High School, pp. 319-27. Century, vol. 78, p. 641. Everybody's, vol. 21, pp. 173-83. Education, vol. 29, pp. 517-27. 69th Annual Report, Mass. Board of Edu- cation, 1904-5, pp. 180-98. National Education Asso- ciation Report, 1905. Colorado School Journal, vol. 2 3» P- l 7S- Ladies H. J., vol. 24, p. 12. Elementary School Teacher, vol. 5, p. 576; vol. 6, p. 47. School Rev., vol. 13, pp. 1, 10. Educational Rev., February, 1912. Negative Arguments. I. Fraternities develop the social phase of student life, which is nearly or quite, as im- portant as mental development. II. They tend to gratify the organizing in- stinct. III. They aid in the preparation for after- life. IV. There is no legal or logical justification for excluding them. Interference by school authorities would be an infringement upon stu- dents' rights and liberties. Negative References. Note. Most of the printed matter favors the affirma- tive. The following references, however, will be sug- gestive for the negative. School Review, vol. 12, p. 66 FRATERNITIES IX HIGH SCHOOLS. 2; vol. 13, pp. 361-70; 429-33; vol. 14, pp. 492, 739. Report U. S. Commissioner of Education for 1909, 1910. Rev. of R's, vol. 36, p. 338. World Today, vol. 19, pp. 1337-42. Education, vol. 13, p. 468; vol 19, p. 517; vol. 29, p. 25. Educational Rev., vol. 43, p, 170. QUESTION XXX. Resolved, That municipalities should own and control the natural monopolies. Affirmative Arguments. I. The very fact that water and gas are capable of being classified as natural mon- opolies is enough to deny the right of individual profits accruing from them. II. They are such commodities as every one who is a citizen of the city must use, and in private hands there is too great a chance for extortionate prices. III. By governing them by municipal con- trol the rates would be reduced to the minimum. IV. Municipal ownership would eliminate all chance for corrupting the city officials by bribery. Affirmative References. William R. Hill, City Ownership of Water Supply. Arena, vol. 33, pp. 215-6; vol. 38, p. 188. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 27, pp. 20-36; vol. 31, p. 634. Century Mag., 67 68 MUNICIPAL CONTROL OF MONOPOLIES. vol. 39, p. 721. Forum, vol. 8, p. 286. Harpers Mag., vol. 81, p. 99. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 158, p. 294; vol. 182, pp. 701-8. Pub. Amer. Econ. Ass'n, I, Nos. 2 and 3, p. S3 ; II, No. 6, p. 507; VI, Nos. 4 and 5, p. 295. Negative Arguments. I. Private ownership insures more rapid and business-like development. II. Public ownership means that the affairs of business will be bound up with political machines and so be less efficient. III. Public ownership is more likely to be of the type of worn-out business. For fear of over-taxation the machinery and buildings are not kept up. IV. Public ownership has never proved en- tirely successful on account of not having the best workmen, slowness of operation, and inef- ficiency in satisfying complaints. Negative References. James Blake Caboon, A Business Argument Against City Ownership. Robert Donal, Recent Attacks on Municipal Ownership in England. Arena, vol. 36, pp. 594-8; vol. yj, pp. 181-89. Nation, vol. 7, p. 285 ; vol. 56, p. 449. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 3, p. 572 ; vol. 5, p. 411. Public Opinion, vol. 16, p. 576. World Today, vol. 12, pp. 621-5. QUESTION XXXI. Resolved, That the Federal Government should construct all irrigations works. Affirmative Arguments. I. Government ownership of these works and projects would insure the minimum of cost in construction and maintenance. II. It would develop thousands of acres of land which is now desert. III. It would inaugurate a reclamation policy in keeping with our conservation policies. IV. It would insure equal distribution of water and furnish it at the minimum price. Affirmative References. Charles W. Garfield, The American Horticulturist. Outlook, vol. 70, pp. 907-10. Independent, vol. 53, pp. 1 999-2001. Nation, vol. 47, p. 390. Forum, vol. 12, p. 740. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 150, p. 370. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 36, p. 364 ; vol. 43, pp. 145, 162. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 20, p. 513. 69 70 FEDERAL CONTROL OF IRRIGATION. Negative Arguments. I. The Carey Act already provides for par- tial government control of construction. II. The farmers of the irrigation districts have been able to construct their canals and maintain them at less than the cost to those who rent water from the government or a company. III. The government would be much slower in acting than some man or group of men would who saw profit in the development of some district. IV. Under government construction the ir- rigation projects would be thrown open to the parleying of politicians instead of allowing men to develop their own homesteads. Negative References. Forum, vol. 12, p. 740; vol. 32, pp. 573-81. Rev. of R's, vol. 8, p. 403. Senate Reports, 1889-90, vol. 5, No. 928, Part I, pp. 7, 167. House Reports, 1890-1, vol. 4, No. 3767, p. 6. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 20, p. 513. Arena, vol. 28, pp. 618-25. Independent, vol. 55, p. 2915. QUESTION XXXII. Resolved, That there should be Federal control of quarantine. Affirmative Arguments. I. The control of contagious disease is one of the most vital considerations the govern- ment should have to deal with. II. The quarantine would not be so univer- sally violated if it were controlled and enforced by the Federal government. III. Local control does not prevent removal and escape, and has no way of redress if the individual should escape into another commun- ity or state. IV. This plan would be in keeping with our system of quarantine used at the harbors, etc., and could be administered just as well. Affirmative References. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 23, pp. 617-36. Forum, vol. 14, p. 133. Nation, vol. 56, p. 78; vol. 81, p. 233. Science, 71 72 FEDERAL CONTROL OF QUARANTINE. vol. 6, p. 23 ; vol. 10, p. 315. Public Opinion, vol. 14, pp. 293, 295, 323, 470 ; vol. 15, p. 554. Scientific Amer., vol. 93, p. 294. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 23, p. 671. Negative Arguments. I. The Federal government is too far re- moved in its administration to deal as quickly as occasions for quarantine would demand. II. The general government would neces- sarily have to follow iron clad rules, as it al- ways does, and in many cases of quarantine these are not only unnecessary but burdensome. III. The government already has control of all that is necessary in its harbor and mail reg- ulations of quarantine. IV. The plan is open to the general objection that it would allow the Federal government to absorb powers that can be exercised as well or better by the several states. Negative References. Nation, vol. 55, p. 178; vol. 81, pp. 232-4. Congres- sional Record, 1879, pp. 987-93, 1002-11. National Board of Health Bulletin, vol. II, p. 613. Public Opinion, vol. 14, p. 323. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 23, p. 617. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 15, pp. 52-68. QUESTION XXXIII. Resolved, That government ownership of rail- roads in the United States is desirable. Affirmative Arguments. I. The general tendency is toward govern- ment control, as is evidenced by the many duties which are being imposed upon the Inter-State Commerce Commission. II. The government pays the railroads im- mense sums annually for- transportation of mails, soldiers, supplies, etc., which would be saved by government ownership. III. Government ownership would do away with all the rebate and rate-cutting troubles we have had. IV. The experiences of other countries show without exception that passenger and freight rates are cheaper under government control. Affirmative References. Charles Waring, State Purchase of Railways. In- 73 74 GOV'T OWNERSHIP OF RAILROADS. dependent, vol. 64, p. 932. Forum, vol. 3, p. 392 ; vol. 10, p. 174; vol. 17, p. 81 ; vol. 18, p. 704. Westm. Rev., vol. 172, p. 472. Arena, vol. 3, p. 291 ; vol. 4, pp. 152, _ 273 ; vol. 35, p. 86; vol. 36, pp. 555, 577, 653 ; vol. 38, P- 373J vol. 39, p. 630; vol. 41, p. 160. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 13, pp. 143, 291 ; vol. 15, p. 41 ; vol. 19, p. rfy\ 108. Atlantic Mb., voi^^p. 119; vol. 81, p. 120. Na- tion, vol. 28, p 298 ; vol. 36, p. 100. Outlook, vol. 82, pp. 391, 818. Quarterly Jour, of Econ., vol. 23, p. 137. "Negative "Arguments. I. Government ownership means endless red tape and cumbersome manipulation of all trans- portation. II. The fact that it works in the sluggish and militant nations of Europe does not prove that it would work in the United States.^ III. Every great project or industrial and commercial system of America has been the re- sult of individual initiative. IV. The railway rates are governed by economic law, and will be efficiently adminis- tered by the Inter-State Commerce Commission. Negative References. W. D. Dabney, Public Regulation of Railways. Mar- shall M. Kirkham, Private vs. Government Control of R. R. Arena, vol. 34, p. 79. Atlantic Mo., vol. 37, pp. GOV'T OWNERSHIP OP RAILROADS. 7S 360, 693 ; vol. 38, p. 72 ; vol. 81, p. 433. World's Work. vol. 9, p. 5933 ; vol. 13, p. 8333 ; vol. 14, p. 9148. No Amer. Rev., vol. 137, p. 205 ; vol. 138, p. 451 ; vol. 156. p. 562. Forum, vol. 5, pp. 267, 299, 429, 469; vol. 11 p. 79; vol. 18, p. 250. Quarterly Jour, of Econ., vol 2, p. 162; vol. 9, p. 77; vol. 14, p. 450; vol. 23, p. 137 Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 3, p. 572 ; vol. 6, p. 474 ; vol. 15, p. 37 Nation, vol. 34, p. 224; vol. 35, p. 150. Outlook, vol, 87, p. 482. QUESTION XXXIV. Resolved, That the government should maintain and operate a telegraph system in connection with the post office. Affirmative Arguments. I. All telegraph work is of the same type of communication as that handled through the Post Office department, and it would only be logical to make it a part of the Post Office system. II. If such a system were maintained much of the rapid communication now done by spe- cial delivery letter and even post cards would be done over the telegraph. III. It would be a profitable undertaking, for the profits now accruing to private companies would go to the government. IV. The ease with which telegraph messages can be delivered over the telephone makes the business a much more usable connection. It 76 A POST-OFFICE TELEGRAPH SYSTEM. 77 also means that its future use will be much greater than at present. Affirmative References. Arena, vol. 5, p. 464; vol. 13, p. 372; vol. 15, pp. 49, 242, 587, 802, 947. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 132, p. 369 ; vol. 149, p. 44 ; vol. 158, p. 294. Forum, vol. 4, p. 561 ; vol. 9, p. 450; vol. 10, p. 174; vol. 17, p. 81. Atlantic Mo., vol. 31, p. 230 ; vol. 81, p. 120. Nation, vol. 37, pp. 90, 132; vol. 38, p. 136. Independent, vol. 63, pp. 460-1. Negative Arguments. I. In order to maintain and operate such a system, every post office in the country would need to be equipped with a system and operator, which would involve a great initial expense. II. The working of such a plan would neces- sitate night and day service in every village in the country in order to make it of universal benefit. III. Telegraph service would not be im- proved, for good business demands that private companies make their methods and operations efficient. IV. There would be given the opportunity of political corruption to mar the efficiency of such a service. 78 A POST-OFFICE TELEGRAPH SYSTEM. Negative References. Munic. Affairs, vol. i, pp. 245-89. Arena, vol. 15, p. 245 ; vol. 28, pp. 188-92. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 137, p. 422; vol. 139, p. 51 ; vol. 166, p. 342. Forum, vol. 24, pp. 471, 723. Nation, vol. 15, p. 402 ; vol. 16, p. 90; vol. 32, p. 55 ; vol. 77, p. 354. QUESTION XXXV. Resolved, That the Federal Government should own and operate the telegraph lines. Affirmative Arguments. I. The work done would be more prompt and efficient if the Federal government were back of it. II. The systems would be amalgamated, and there would not be the confusion of transfer with its resultant mistakes. III. The telegraph system could then be run on the plan of the Post Office department and would soon be run comparatively as cheap. IV. Government ownership would make in- ternational communication much more avail- able. Affirmative References. Hugo Richard Meyer, British State Telegraph. Forum, vol. 4, p. 561 ; vol. 9, p. 450. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 142, p. 227 ; vol. 143, p. 35 ; vol. 149, p. 44. Nation, vol. 27, p. 90; vol. 38, p. 136. Atlantic Mo., vol. 31, 79 80 GOV' T CONTROL OF TELEGRAPH LINES. p. 230. O. J. Econ., vol. 2, p. 353 ; vol. 21, p. 96. Inde- pendent, vol. 63, p. 460. Arena, vol. 27, pp. 179-87; vol. 28, pp. 188-92. Negative Arguments. I. The only reason our telegraph systems are as great as they are is because they have not been hampered, as have those of other coun- tries, by the government. II. The express business is an example of the international scope which a private or cor- porated concern can encompass. III. We do not care for the cheaper rates which might come from government ownership if we have to sacrifice speed of delivery and communication to the slow-moving machinery of the government. IV. Our telegraph service is now based upon competitive efficiency; under government own- ership it would be subject to political manipu- lation. Negative References. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 3, p. 572. Public Opinion, vol. 4, p. 399. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 139, p. 51. Nation, vol. 49, p. 85. Senate Reports, 1883-4, vol. 577, pp. 13-50. Fortn. Rev., vol. 91, p. 526. Q. J. Econ., vol. 21, p. 96. QUESTION XXXVI. Resolved, That the Federal Government should have control over national elections. Affirmative Arguments. I. Federal control would bring the election of national officials closer to the people. This would create a more thorough investigation of men and politics. II. The "grandfather" clauses of the South and the failure to count certain classes of votes would be impossible, for elections would be above sectional prejudices and control. III. Federal control would create a uniform- ity of election laws and practice, and would be a sure remedy for evils which a state for local reasons does not care to remedy. IV. Federal control would in no sense affect state autonomy. An election law that is good for one state is equally as good for every other state. 81 82 FED'L CONTROL OF NATL ELECTIONS. Affirmative References. John Hampden Doughtery, Election in Politics. Century, vol. 35, p. 692; vol. 44, p. 54. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 151, pp. 257, 593. Forum, vol. 5, p. 508; vol. 9, p. 705. Outlook, vol. 82, p. 580. Negative Arguments. I. Federal control of national elections would mean either Federal control of state elections or it would mean that there would have to be two sets of officials. II. The idea of Federal control of national elections violates the American feeling of local autonomy, and aims to build up a central gov- ernment. III. Federal control and regulation would only serve to create prejudice and unpatriotic sentiment in the South, where the negro vote is best handled by local authority. IV. The plan proposed would invade the field of States' Rights. Negative References. Forum, vol. 5, p. 134, 383 ; vol. 8, p. 365 ; vol. 25, p. 99. Nation, vol. 49, p. 185; vol. 51, pp. 104, 161. Public Opinion, vol. 9, pp. 237, 261. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 151, p. 266. QUESTION XXXVII. Resolved, That Federal control of our natural re- sources should be further strengthened and ex- tended. Affirmative Arguments. I. The conservation of natural resources — forests, water, minerals, etc. — is to-day too im- portant and pressing a matter to be left to the different and changing policies of forty-eight jurisdictions. II. State control is impracticable ; as, for ex- ample, where rivers, forests, or mines extend into or through two or more states. III. Control by the Federal government is the only means of ensuring a consistent and continuous conservation policy. IV. Experience favors Federal rather than State control of natural resources. Affirmative References. Roosevelt, New Nationalism. Van Hise, Conserva- tion of Natural Resources. Science, n. s., vol. 26, p. 514. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 192, pp. 209-16. World's 83 84 FEIfL CONTROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. Work, vol. 19, p. 12,662. Craftsman, vol. 21, pp. 585- 94. Outlook, vol. 87, p. 291 ; vol. 95, p. 57 ; vol. 96, pp. 60, 90; vol. 99, p. 300; vol. 100, p. 852. Negative Arguments. I. The further extension of Federal control over our natural resources would be an unjusti- fiable move in the direction of a paternalistic or bureaucratic government. II. The greatest need in the problem of con- servation is the education of the people, and this can best be brought about by local responsi- bility and control. III. Where state interests conflict or over- lap, resources can be controlled through inter- state agreements. IV. A blanket policy to cover the whole country is impracticable. The problems of con- servation are widely different in the different states, and each state should be left free to deal with its own peculiar problem. Negative References. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 188, pp. 740-52; vol. 191, pp. 465-81. Independent, vol. 68, pp. 155, 697. Nation, vol. 91, p. 136. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. yy, pp. 313-32. Outlook, vol. 96, pp. 90-1. Rev. of R's, vol. 39, pp. 317-21. QUESTION XXXVIII. Resolved, That the issuing of Federal injunctions in labor disputes should be forbidden by Congress. Affirmative Arguments. I. Labor disputes are never of a national character, and hence should be handled by local or state authorities. II. The Federal government is so far re- moved from local affairs that such injunctions are likely to be unjust. III. A Federal injunction is looked upon by the laboring classes as discriminatory legisla- tion. IV. A Federal court should be purely a court of law, and not a legislative body. Affirmative References. F. J. Stimson, Labor in Its Relation to Lam. J. H. Benton, Jr., What Is Government by Injunction? Jno. Mitchell, Organised Labor, chap. 37. Arena, vol. 10, p. 497 ; vol. 19, p. 378 ; vol. 20, p. 194 ; vol. 29, p. 561 ; 85 86 FE&L INJUNCTION IN LABOR DISPUTES. vol. 30, p. 48. Cur. Lit., vol. 40, pp. 464-5. Eco. Studies, No. 1. Independent, vol. 52, p. 1328 ; vol. 65, pp. 460-3, 348-51. Nation, vol. 59, p. 190. Outlook, vol. 91, pp. 3-6. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 4, p. 261 ; vol. 10, p. 189. Harvard Law Rev., vol. 11, p. 487. Rev. of R's, vol. 16, p. 356. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 5, p. 28. World's Work, vol. 6, p. 3384. Chaut., vol. 37, p. 126. Negative Arguments. I. The Federal Court has the same right to issue injunction as any other, and inasmuch as it is recognized above Congress, it is final. II. Oftentimes the Federal Court is the only power which is not prejudiced f III. Many labor troubles are railroad strikes and the like, and hence affect such National questions as mail transportation, etc. IV. Labor organizations are National and even international in scope and activity, there- fore the National Government must deal with them. Negative References. G. L. Bolen, Getting a Living, chap. 20. Henry Brannon, Treatise on the Rights and Privileges Guar- anteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Report of Amer. Bar Ass'n, 1891, vol. 17, pp. 30-51, 299-331. Amer. Law. Rev., vol. 18, p. 599; vol. 21, p. 41; vol. FED'L INJUNCTION IN LABOR DISPUTES. 87 34, p. 161 ; vol. 37, p. 148. Independent, vol. 65, pp. 348-54. Nation, vol. 65, pp. 160, 256. Outlook, vol. 83. P- 916; vol. 89, pp. 132-3, 786-9. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 188, pp. 273-84, S77-83. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 23, pp. 408-39. Forum, vol. 15, p. 311; vol. 18, p. 1. Public Opinion, vol. 15, p. 28; vol. 23, p. 229. Nation, vol. 65, pp. 160, 256. QUESTION XXXIX. Resolved, That municipalities should house the poor of the city. Affirmative Arguments. I. The poor people of a city are usually citi- zens of such city, since they are working men of the city shops and do not come to the country at all. II. To house the poor of a city would be cheaper than to deal with vagrants incident to not doing it. III. The money could be easily raised by a small tax and would be much surer and better than dependence upon charity. IV. These Municipal Homes could be made work shops to such extent that they would not attract too many of the improvident and lazy. Affirmative References. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 25, p. 248; vol. 26, p. 779. Fortn. Rev., vol. 40, pp. 587, 761 ; vol. 49, p. 284; vol. MUNICIPAL HOUSING OF THE POOR. 89 84, p. 904. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 74, p. 464. 19th Cent., vol. 17, p. 926. Pub. Amer. Econ. Ass'n, Nos. 2, 3, 4. Rev. of R's, vol. 40, p. 202. Negative Arguments. I. Such a move would draw to a city all the shiftless and worthless people of the surround- ing country. II. It would encourage the improvident and tax the provident. III. The County and the State are the proper powers to deal with this problem. IV. This could hardly help any but the un- married, and real poverty is felt most by those with families. Negative References. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 26, p. 779. National Rev., vol. 2, p. 301. Forum, vol. 5, p. 207. 19th Cent., vol. 14, p. 934. Pub. Amer. Econ. Ass'n, vol. 8, Nos. 2 and 3, chaps, 5-8. Westm. Rev., vol. 121, p. 127. QUESTION XL. Resolved, That the United States should place a high tax upon all immigrants. Affirmative Arguments. I. Immigration should be restricted on ac- count of its demoralizing and criminal and im- provident character. II. Immigrants are unaccustomed to our po- litical institutions, and so either become hostile or political tools. III. A high tax would shut out at least the undesirable improvident type. IV. This would only be asking immigrants to pay but a comparatively small fee for the homestead and business opportunities offered them in this country. Affirmative References. Peter Roberts, The New Immigration. Forum, vol. ii, p. 635; vol. 14, p. no. Yale Rev., vol. 1, p. 125. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 152, p. 27, Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 3, 90 FEDERAL TAX UPON IMMIGRANTS. 91 pp. 46, 197; vol. 4, p. 480. Na. Congress. Record, 1890-91, House Misc., Documents, 1887-88, Nos. 572, part 2. Negative Arguments. I. Taxation of immigrants would create an undesirable and dissatisfied class of citizens. II. The immigrant would look upon his citi- zenship as a right, not a privilege; patriotism would therefore not be fostered. III. The plan proposed is undesirable. It would keep out the ambitious peasant and his family, who are our most desirable immigrants. IV. The proposed plan is unnecessary, for our laws, already exclude the diseased, paupers, insane and criminal classes. Negative References. J. J. Sturz, Suggestions for Encouragement of Im- migration by Theoretical, Financial and Practical Means. John Peter Altgeld, The Immigration Answer. Nation, vol. 45, p. 518. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 134, p. 347; vol. 154, p. 324; vol. 156, p. 220. Forum, vol. I3» P- 360. Westm. Rev., vol. 130, p. 474. Labor's Cyclopedia, vol. 2, p. 85. National Rev., vol. 16, pp. 1 13-124. Forum, vol. 11, pp. 541-9. QUESTION XLI. Resolved, That United States Senators should be elected by popular vote. Affirmative Arguments. I. The present form of electing United S'cates senators is based upon the distrust of the people. It says in effect that they are not capable of electing the senators. II. A senate elected under the present method does not represent any specific constit- uency. It does not represent the people, and there is no reason why it should represent the State Legislature. III. The requiring of our state officials to elect senators confuses state and national poli- cies. The citizen may have to vote for an un- favorable state candidate in order to get the right United States candidate elected. IV. If senators are elected by the direct vote of the people, the people will get the legislation 92 POPULAR ELECTION OF SENATORS. 93 they want, for no senator could buy his way into the senate through the people at large. Affirmative References. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 19, p. 554. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 185, p. 70. Outlook, vol. 83, p. 612. Independent, vol. 64, p. 1444. Arena, vol. 40, p. 428. Congressional Rec, vol. 23, Part 2, p. 1270; Part 6, pp. 6071-72; Part 8, pp. 7775, 7777; vol. 28, Part I, pp. 73-6; Part 2, pp. 1382-5. Independent, vol. 52, pp. 1291-2. Out- look, vol. 89, pp. 363-64. Negative Arguments. I. All nations have their two houses elected in different ways and by differently divided dis- tricts or divisions. II. To make the election according to popu- lation would mean that the centers of popula- tion, such as New York City, would to a large extent control the Senate. III. The present system gives the state legis- lature a national function. IV. Popular rather than State election of senators would be a move toward a more cen- tralized government, which is undesirable. Negative References. Outlook, vol. 6, pp. 27-34. Forum, vol. 18, pp. 270-8. 94 POPULAR ELECTION OP SENATORS. Congressional Rec, vol. 23, Part 4, p. 3191 ; vol. 26, Part 8, p. 7777; vol. 25, pp. 71, 101-110; vol. 32, Part 5, pp. 5204-9; Part 7, pp. 6495-6594. World To-day, vol. 10, pp. 499-507. Independent, vol. 52, p. 1292; vol. 64, pp. 1311-12. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 185, pp. 70-72. World's Work, vol. 13, pp. 8489-90. !Arena, vol. 38, pp. 353-60- Pol- Sci. Q., vol. 20, pp. 577-93. QUESTION XLII. Resolved, That the President of the United States should be elected by popular vote. Affirmative Arguments. I. The President is the executive of all the people, and from the standpoint of democracy every voter has a right to vote directly for him. . II. The fact that the electoral vote does not represent, and even sometimes contradicts, the popular vote is evidence that it does not indi- cate the will of the majority. III. If the President were elected by popu- lar vote, every citizen's vote would count as much as any other citizen's. As it now is, all that is necessary to carry a district or state is a majority of one; all those over the majority are superfluous and might just as well not vote. IV. The knowledge of the fact that a mere majority of all the votes would determine the election would force the nominating convention 95 9 6 POPULAR ELECTION OF PRESIDENT. to nominate only the men who would the most likely win this majority. Affirmative References. Forum, vol. 40, p. 470. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 22, p. 146. Outlook vol. 90, pp. 299-303. Rev. of R's, vol. 30, PP- 35 2 -3 ; vol. 31, p. 31 ; vol. 37, p. 331 ; vol. 39, p. 34. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 171, p. 281 ; vol. 180, pp. 9-18. Nation, vol. 87, pp. 592-3. Negative Arguments. I. We have a representative election of the president now in the Electoral College, which is in keeping with our republican form of gov- ernment. II. A purely popular election would mean that the great centers of population, such as New York City, could practically control the election. III. The people elect the legislators, and it is through them that they get the laws enacted which govern the nation. The President is an executive, commander-in-chief of the army, etc., and as such is above the clamor of the populace. IV. By popular election it would be possible for a small minority to elect a president, for POPULAR ELECTION OF PRESIDENT. 97 there are always four or five candidates and no one can get a clear majority of the total votes cast. Negative References. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 19, p. 19; vol. 22, p. 146. Scrib- ner's Mag., vol. 27, pp. 643-56. Forum, vol. 40, p. 470. Rev. of R's, vol. 31, p. 31 ; vol. 37, p. 331. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 171, p. 273. Independent, vol. 52, p. 1292. Forum, vol. 18, p. 270. QUESTION XLIII. Resolved, That Presidential Electors should be chosen by districts instead of on a general ticket. Affirmative Arguments. I. Our president should be chosen so as to be the absolute choice of the majority vote, and under the Electoral College he is not. II. Such a move would tend to nationalize all sections, for they would realize that they were surely represented in the presidential elec- tion. III. Under district representation a larger general vote would be polled, whereas now a large proportion of voters in those states where the result is certain do not vote. IV. This plan would break up the New York balance of power and the "Solid South." Affirmative References. Forum, vol. 12, p. 902. Atlantic Mo., vol. 42, p. 543. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. 99 Nation, vol. 52, pp. 421-2 ; vol. 81, pp. 5-6. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 180, pp. 9-18. Outlook, vol. 90, pp. 776-7. Negative Arguments. I. District electors would demand that all states be divided up according to population, and this in turn would mean that the Eastern states would control. II. Such a system would always result in the election of a House and President of the same party, and this would be dangerous. III. It would encourage gerrymandering, which has always been the case in district elec- tions. IV. This plan would ultimately mean that state and national legislatures and the Presi- dent would all be of the same political com- plexion, which would be literal monarchy. Negative References. Amer. Law Rev., vol. 121, p. 1. Nation, vol. 83, p. 85. Outlook, vol. 90, pp. 229-303, 77^-7- Century, vol. 7, p. 124. Inter. Rev., vol. 5, pp. 201, 207. Forum, vol. 12, p. 702. QUESTION XLIV. Resolved, That the pension policy of the United States is not justified. Affirmative Arguments. I. The pension policy has been flagrantly ex- travagant, demanding an appropriation one year as high as $140,000,000, and the sweep- ing provisions of the 1912 pension bill will in- crease the pension graft beyond all reason. II. The men who fought are no more de- serving of aid than those who did not go to the war on account of age or ill health, and yet who suffered because of the war. III. Every man who was in the war can find some excuse incident to his service for his ill health at seventy or eighty years of age. IV. If the soldier receives remuneration in the form of a pension, he is not serving his country because of patriotism, but for money. Affirmative References. Century, vol. 28, p. 427; vol. 42, p. 179; vol. 46, p. THE UNITED STATES PENSION POLICY. 101 135. Harper's Mag., vol. 86, p. 235. Nation, vol. 44, pp. 92, 136; vol. 48, pp. 5, 258, 438; vol. 55, p. 466; vol. 91, pp. 462-3. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 156, pp. 416, 621-30. Forum, vol. 6, p. 540 ; vol. 12, p. 423 ; vol. 15, pp. 377, 439, 522-40. Pop. Sci. Mon., vol. 65, p. 18. Negative Arguments. I. In granting pensions our government is only following the practice of all civilized countries. II. The men who fought are most of them disabled in some way because of their service in the army. III. No patriotic tax payer will object to helping pay these men for the great sacrifices they made and for what they did for the Nation. IV. The pension came as a reward and is in no sense a price or wage paid these men for their services. Such being the case, a pension system creates rather than destroys patriotism. Negative References. Amer. J. Soc, vol. 14, pp. 64-67. Century, vol. 42, p. 790. Congressional Record (Pensions), 1885-95. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 153, p. 205; vol. 156, p. 420. Outlook, vol. 76, p. 680 ; vol. 82, p. 333 ; vol. 94, p. 595. Conf. Char, and Cor., 1906, p. 484. QUESTION XLV. Resolved, That municipalities should furnish aid to the unemployed in times of depression. Affirmative Arguments. I. The unemployed are natural citizens of these municipalities and aid the city in times of prosperity. The city should remember this. II. Municipal aid to the unemployed in hard times would eliminate the evil of vagrancy, and the poor would be taken care of at less expense than in the jails. III. There could be established regular businesses by which these people could be fur- nished work. IV. The city can do this through the sale of bonds, etc., and the common charities have no such mode of support. Affirmative References. Forum, vol. 16, p. 655 ; vol. 17, p. 276. Arena, vol. 9, p. 822. Charities, vol. 20, pp. 608-9. x 9 tn Cent., MUNICIPAL AID TO THE UNEMPLOYED. 103 vol. 32, p. 845. Q. Jour. Econ., vol. 8, p. 168. J. Pol. Econ., vol. 15, pp. 513-30. Rev. of R's, vol. 9, pp. 29, 179. Negative Arguments. I. Municipal aid to unemployed would tend to encourage shiftlessness. II. The undeserving would be iust as wel- come as the deserving. III. The municipalities can not afford to keep an industry just for times of depression. This is the time when such an industry would not pay, and other times it would stand idle. IV. The plan proposed is no part of the proper function of a municipality. The estab- lishment of private charity institutions has proved to be the best method of dealing with this problem. Negative References. Forum, vol. 17, p. 287. Q. Jour. Econ., vol. 8, pp. 168, 453; vol. 15, pp. 513-30. Public Opinion, vol. 16, p. 121. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 3, p. 282. Nation, vol. 57, p. 481 ; vol. 59, p. 6. Spectator, vol. 59, p. 1473. Rev. of R's, vol. 9, pp. 29, 38, 179. QUESTION XLVI. Resolved, That the executive appointments of a City Mayor should not require Council confirmation. Affirmative Arguments. I. The Mayor is elected as chief executive of the city and should be such to the extent of controlling all executive offices. II. The people have the chance to elect the right kind of an executive, and if they do not elect a man competent to control the executive side of city government, they are to blame. III. The dividing of accountability means the decrease of responsibility and consequently of efficiency. IV. This system has proved effective in New York City and elsewhere. Affirmative References. Bryce, American Commonwealth, pp. 472, 561. Scribner's, vol. 2, p. 485. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 23, p. 195 ; vol. 27, pp. 139-42. Nation, vol. 13, p. 333 ; 104 INCREASE OF POWER OF MAYOR. 105 vol. 82, p. 463. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 153, p. 587. Forum, vol. 3, p. 170. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 20, p. 447; vol. 22, pp. 645-62. Negative Arguments. I. The Mayor system has been productive of more corruption than any other form of city government. II. The tendency is toward the Commission form, which is just the opposite to that of a chief executive. III. A distribution of power brings the gov- ernment closer to the people and makes it less despotic and monarchical. IV. The theory of Council approval is the idea of check and balance which obtains in all American political institutions. Negative References. Lincoln Steffins, The Shame of the Cities. Bryce, American Commonwealth, p. 50. Forum, vol. 12, p. 165. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 153, p. 580. Outlook, vol. 82, p. 5. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 17, p. 35. Atlantic Mo., vol. 89, p. 391. World Today, vol. 11, p. 943. QUESTION XLVII. Resolved, That cities should own their street rail- ways. Affirmative Arguments. I. The street railways of a city are something every citizen uses, and so are on the same basis as the streets. We would not think of advo- cating private ownership of the streets. II. The city railways use the streets for transportation, which is fair only if they are a part of the city property. III. If the cities owned and operated their own systems they could either run them at a lower cost to the passengers or increase their efficiency, for they would be run at cost. IV. This would do away with such things as ninety-nine year franchises, sympathetic strikes, and private monopoly and bribery. Affirmative References. Edward W. Bemis, Municipal Monopolies, pp. 397- 106 SHALL CITIES OWN STREET RAILWAYS? 107 404. Arena, vol. 12, p. 393; vol. 19, p. 218; vol. 25, p. 198; vol. 32, pp. 318, 428, 461 ; vol. 34, pp. 644-7 vol. 35, pp. 526-9 ; vol. 17, pp. 396, 530. Atlantic Mo. vol. 71, p. 120; vol. 91, p. 408. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol 2, p. 433; vol. 14, p. 310; vol. 18, p. 479; vol. 24, p 261. Amer. Jour. Soc, vol. 12, pp. 241-53. Forum vol. 32, p. 201. Rev. of R's, vol. 35, pp. 329-33. Q. J of Econ., vol. 6, p. 98; vol. 12, p. 83. Negative Arguments. I. Municipal ownership has always tended to lessen the efficiency of the system. II. Municipal ownership would mean politi- cal control by some administration and conse- quent corruption. III. The city officials would see to it that many people got free transportation, which would preclude all reduction in common fare. IV. Under private ownership the feature of competition could be used to a greater extent, and thus solve the franchise problem and in- sure cheap transportation. Negative References. A. R. Foote, Municipal Public Service Industries, pp. 1-89. Arena, vol. 31, pp. 620-22; vol. 37, pp. 181-90. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 29, pp. 275-91. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 72, p. 669. Independent, vol. 52, p. 1165. 108 SHALL CITIES OWN STREET RAILWAYS? Nation, vol. 65, p. 26; vol. 72, p. 250. 19th Century, vol. 52, p. 713. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 182, pp. 953-960 ; vol. 183, pp. 729-36. Rev. of R's, vol. 31, p. 256; vol. 32, p. 106. Outlook, vol. 82, pp. 705-6. Q. J. Econ., vol. 13, p. 453 ; vol. 14, p. 121. QUESTION XLVIII. Resolved, That the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution should be repealed. Affirmative Arguments. I. The fifteenth amendment was an unneces- sary addition to the Constitution. The thir- teenth amendment, and the first section of the fourteenth freed the Negro and gave him en- trance into our courts of justice. II. The amendment, coming at a time when the South was so bitterly opposed to it, was an unwise move. N III. It has not been effective because of the "grandfather clauses" and such legislation as has practically made it a dead letter. IV. It has been the cause of what is known as the "Solid South," which is not conducive to just representation. Affirmative References. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 15, p. 493; vol.. 18, pp. 95- too no THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT. 118. Atlantic Mo., vol. 85, pp. 145, 473, 634; vol. 88, pp. 121, 289, 437. Forum, vol. 1, p. 126; vol. 5, p. 383; vol. 6, pp. 144, 586; vol. 30, p. 115; vol. 32, p 460. Independent, vol. 60, pp. 15, 21-26; vol. 65, p 651 ; vol. 71, p. 660. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 142, p. 307 vol. 170, p. 785; vol. 175, p. 534; vol. 179, p. 402 Nation, vol. 90, p. 334. Negative Arguments. I. The Negro's educational and civic ad- vancement depends upon his being recognized as entitled to all the privileges of citizenship. II. The Negro has made marked advance- ment since the Civil War, and has grown to be an indispensable industrial factor in the South. As such he deserves recognition. III. The Federal enactment was a reason- able restriction upon the state's sovereignty. It is only one out of fifteen such cases. IV. The problem can better be solved by es- tablishing a universal educational standard as a basis of suffrage. Negative References. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 27, pp. 597-609. Atlantic Mo., vol. 78, p. 441 ; vol. 84, p. 577 ; vol. 87, p. 817 ; vol. 90, pp. 65, 289; vol. 106, pp. 612-19. Forum, vol. 1, p. 562 ; vol. 5, p. 627 ; vol. 30, p. 693 ; vol. 32, p. 1 16 ; THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT. in vol. 36, p. 289. Independent, vol. 64, p. 1322; vol. 65, pp. 651-2. Nation, vol. 66, p. 398; vol. 69, p. 384; vol. 76, pp. 204, 324, 346. Outlook, vol, 60, p. 1059; vol. 61, pp. 486, 711, 802; vol. 72, PP- 2 93> 607, 619, 950; vol. 93, pp. 310-16. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 189, pp. 89-92. QUESTION XLIX. Resolved, That a reasonable property qualification should be made the basis of municipal suffrage. Affirmative Arguments. I. It is only just that those who bear the burden of taxation should control the admin- istration. II. The improvident who are a menace to the city have no right to vote their type into municipal office. III. A property basis for suffrage is espe- cially demanded in city government because of the foreign population, which is not in the country districts. IV. It would eliminate graft, for it is those that do not have anything at stake who can be easily bribed. Affirmative References. R. G. Gettel, Readings In Political Science, pp. 305- 12. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 30, pp. 296, 520. No. Amer. PROPERTY SUFFRAGE QUALIFICATION. 113 Rev., vol. 137, pp. 218, 413. Forum, vol. 10, p. 357; vol. 12, p. 153. Outlook, vol. 67, p. 648; vol. 94, pp. 43-4. Nation, vol. 34, p. 245. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 21, pp. 177-89. Harper's W., vol. 44, pp. 974-5. Negative Arguments. I. City government has very little to do with property, and its policy should not be governed by such qualifications. II. A property requirement would eliminate all young men and those who were getting started in business because they had not yet accumulated property. III. Men who live in the city but have large business interests elsewhere may be its most desirable citizens. IV. The working classes, who have no property, often do more to make the city than any other class of citizens, and it would be both inadvisable and unjust to disfranchise them. Negative References. National Conference for Good Government, 1894, Providence Pub. Co. Lib. Bulletin, I, No. 2, p. 14. Harper's W., vol. 44, pp. 974"5- Outlook, vol. 64, pp. 434-6, 184-5. Forum, vol. 14, p. 267. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 103, p. 241 ; vol. 175, p. 534. QUESTION L. Resolved, That we should maintain an educational qualification for voting. Affirmative Arguments. I. The fact that we deny women, paupers, criminals and the insane the privilege of voting shows that we consider suffrage a privilege and not a right, and that we believe the privilege should be restricted. II. If we believe in intelligent voting, then we cannot deny that education, the basis of in- telligent voting, should be the basis of qualifi- cation for suffrage. III. At present we have educational quali- fication for naturalization, but not for voting. This is unfair to the foreigner and an incon- sistency in policy. IV. An educational qualification for voting would do away with much of the corruption in politics. Most of the purchased votes come from among the uneducated, and the political 114 EDUCATIONAL SUFFRAGE QUALIFICATION. 115 demagogue does his most effective work among the ignorant. Affirmative References. W. E. Lecky, Democracy and Liberty, vol. I, pp. 58-98. F. J. Goodnow, Municipal Problems, chap. 7. N. S. Shaler, The Citizen, pp. 206-15. R- M. Atchi- son, Un-American Immigration, chap. 4. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 127, p. 1 ; vol. 136, p. 119; vol. 137, p. 413; vol. 139, p. 492. Forum, vol, 9, p. 117; vol. 11, p. 29; vol. 14, p. 159 ; vol. 26, p. 393 ; vol. 32, pp. 460, 686. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 15, p. 493 ; vol. 19, p. 408. Educational Rev., vol. 12, p. 120 ; vol. 28, p. 105. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 26, p. 194. Century, vol. t>7> P- 621 ; vol. 67, p. 474. Negative Arguments. I. It does not follow that the man who can- not read and write or who has not attained a certain standard of scholarship does not have a sense of right and justice, nor that he is not capable of measuring the worth of candidates seeking office, — the things which make a man an intelligent voter. II. To tax a man and not allow him to vote would be to deny the principle of "Taxation without representation is tyranny." III. Suffrage is within itself an education. n6 EDUCATIONAL SUFFRAGE QUALIFICATION. Good citizenship and interest in governmental affairs can be encouraged only by the use of the suffrage franchise. IV. It is not true that the corruption of present political methods is due to lack of edu- cation, but more often to political rogues who are in most cases educated well enough to easily pass any educational test. Negative References. C. W. Elliot, American Contribution to Civilization, pp. 21-31. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 103, p. 241. Forum, vol. 1, p. 209; vol. 3, p. 170. Atlantic Mo., vol. 43, p. 71 ; vol. 78, p. 441. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 26, p. 194. Internat. Rev., vol. 6, p. 2. Cosmopolitan, vol. 9, p. 508; vol. 14, p. 476. Westm. Rev., vol. 137, p. 680. Outlook, vol. 67, p. 648. Nation, vol. 3, p. 371. Open Court, vol. 8, p. 3959. QUESTION LI. Resolved, That a single tax on land values should be adopted in the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. A Single Tax would be collected before profits were considered, and would thus not be subject to evasion or shifting incidence. II. A tax upon land values would be a tax upon "unearned increment," and not upon things which are produced or developed by the owner. III. It would eliminate the entangling com- plexities of the customs and other taxes, and would dispense with an army of tax-gatherers. IV. It is a just tax, because it is based upon natural production and not upon wages or necessities of life controlled by monopolies. V. The single tax would remove the danger of land monopoly by men of large wealth. 117 n8 THE SINGLE. TAX. Affirmative References. Henry George, Progress and Poverty; The Land Question; and other works. Bliss, Ency. of Social Re- form, pp. 414-19. Arena, vol. 3, pp. 157, 525; vol. l8 . P- 399; vo1 - 2l > P- 5*5 vo1 - 26 > PP- 2 9 2 > 3 62 ; vo1 - 34, p. 500; vol. 35, pp. 366-72; vol. 40, pp. 33 1 " 2 - No - Amer. Rev., vol. 133, p. 65 ; vol. 141, p. 1 ; vol. 145, p. 1; vol. 158, p. 175. .Forum, vol. 8, p. 40. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 5, pp. 357, 494. Westm. Rev., vol. 137, p. 513; vol. 154, p. 162; vol. 156, p. 197; vol. 166, p. 418; vol. 167, pp. 630-5. Everybody's, April, 1912. Univ. of Texas Record, vol. 11, No. 3, May 22, 1912. Amer. Mag. for 'November, 1912, p. 52. Negative Arguments. I. The single tax would be discriminating in that it would not touch any industry except agriculture. II. Land does not belong equally to all unless its value is contributed to equally by all, which is notoriously not the case. III. The single tax system does not even aim at making men pay taxes according to their ability, and consequently exempts the multi- millionaires who may have made their money in speculation. IV. It would be a rigid tax and would pro- duce least in times of greatest stress. THE SINGLE TAX. 119 V. The single tax could not be made to pro- duce enough revenue to carry on over one- tenth of the government's projects. Negative References. Bliss, Encyc. of Social Reform, pp. 11 17-19. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 137, p. 147 ; vol. 144, p. 107. Forum vol. 3, pp. 15, 433. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 6, p. 625. Q. J of Econ., vol. 7, p. 433. Century, vol. 42, p. 792. Q J. of Soc, vol. 22, p. 116. Nation, vol. 31, pp. 65 117; vol. 38, p. 237; vol. 92, p. 10. Independent, vol 64, pp. 815-16. 19th Century, vol. 65, pp. 191-205 vol. 68, pp. 389-98. Arena, vol. 35, pp. 323-4. Sat Rev., vol. 61, p. 388. QUESTION LII. Resolved, That there should be some legislation providing for the guarantee of bank deposits. Affirmative Arguments. I. The failure to guarantee bank deposits is the only instance in the business world where no surety is given. II. The guarantee would mean that bankers themselves would see to it that there were no more bank failures. III. The fact that deposits were guaranteed would bring thousands of additional dollars into circulation, and so would itself aid the bankers. IV. The plan has already been tried out with success in Canada and several of the states. Affirmative References. William Jennings Bryan, The Guaranteed Banks. Outlook, vol. 88, pp. 55, 65 ; vol. 90, p. 53 ; vol. 92, p. 304; vol. 93, pp. 478-9. Independent, vol. 65, p. 418. GUARANTEE OF BANK DEPOSITS. iai Cur. Lit., vol. 45, p. 362. Banker's Mag., vol. 77, p. 397; vol. 78, pp. 78, 269, 821. Jour. Pol. Econ., vol. 17, p. 65. Negative Arguments. I. Before a depositor can lose his deposit, if placed in a National bank, the stockholders must lose twice the worth of the stock, which precludes any chance for fraud. II. To establish a guarantee law would be to force the prudent and good banker to pay for the imprudence of the bad banker. III. Such a scheme could not suffice in times of depression because the surplus would not be large enough (New York law, 1840-42). IV. A far better solution of our monetary problem would be a Central Bank of deposit. Negative References. James Lawrence Laughlin, Later Day Problems, pp. 238-72. Scribner's, vol. 44, p. 101. Nation, vol. 87, p. 220. World's Work, vol. 17, p. 10,874. Chautau- quan, vol. 52, p. 322. Outlook, vol. 90, pp. 53, 60, 339. Rev. of R's, vol. 340, p. 345. Banker's Mag., vol. 76, pp. 27, 163; vol. 77, pp. 67, 103. Independent, vol. 64, p. 914. Chicago Banker, vol. 24, p. 28; vol. 25, p. 22. QUESTION LIII. Resolved, That legislative bodies should be chosen by a system of proportional representation. Affirmative Arguments. I. If this is a government by the people then every man should have equal representation, and proportional representation means this. II. Such a system would do away with ger- rymandering. III. Such a system would demand that men who lived in states which were overwhelmingly Republican or Democratic would wield an in- fluence proportional to their population. IV. Such a system would also demand the popular and proportional election of United States senators. Affirmative References. Jno. R. Commons, Proportional Representation; Representation of Interests. Arena, vol. 7, p. 290; vol. 10, p. 767; vol. 14, p. 221 ; vol. 28, p. 610; vol. 30, p. 591 ; vol. 31, p. 157; vol. 32, pp. 269, 403; vol. 34, pp. 344-7 ; vol. 36, pp. 46-9. Atlantic Mo., vol. 69, pp. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION. 123 542, 678. Contemp. Rev., vol. 94, pp. 437-51. Inde- pendent, vol. 52, pp. 141 1, 1479. Nation, vol. 5, p. 130; vol. 13, p. 69; vol. 43, p. 229; vol. 54, p. 4. Rev. of R's, vol. 39, pp. 374-5. Forum, vol. 9, p. 538. Westm. Rev., vol. 167, pp. 1-11. Negative Arguments. I. Such a system would deal a death blow to our dual form of government. II. Proportional representation would de- mand that both senate and house be elected in the same way, and it would be the only instance of the kind in the world. III. Proportional representation would per- mit the great centers of population completely to control the government. IV. Proportional representation would cre- ate sectional troubles between the East and West. Negative References. E. R. Naville, Objections to Proportional Represen- tations. Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution. T. R. Ashworth, Proportional Representation Applied to Party Government. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 104, p. 205. Fortn. Rev., vol. 4, p. 49; vol. 23, p. 830; vol. 43, p. 202. Arena, vol. 10, p. 767. Contemp. Rev., vol. 45, p. 714. 19th Century, vol. 17, p. 312. Nation, vol. 37, p. 347. Decisions of Wisconsin State Supreme Court, vol. 81, p. 440; vol. 83, p. 90. QUESTION LIV. Resolved, That sugar should be admitted into this country free of duty. Affirmative Arguments. I. An industry which gives us only one- tenth of our supply is too small to demand such discrimination as a protective duty. II. Everybody uses sugar, and that means that we all contribute to the income of the few men in the sugar industry. III. The duty injures all industries in which raw sugar is one of the ingredients, and so raises the prices of those commodities also. IV. The sugar schedule has already caused retaliation on the part of Germany, and has helped to keep down reciprocity with South America and Cuba. Affirmative References. Independent, vol. 60, pp. 66-9. Sugar and Tariff Reform Series, III, No. 12, p. 174. Harper's W., vol. 38, pp. 602, 771, 819. Rev. of R's, vol. 39, pp. 646-54. Nation, vol. 59, pp. 74, 112. Congressional Record, .. I2 4 FREE SUGAR. 125 1889-90, vol. 10, p. 631. Atlantic Mo., vol. 101, p. 334. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 23, p. 548. Outlook, vol. 92, p. 22. Negative Arguments. I. The revenue accruing from this duty is the greatest of any schedule, and the burden is borne almost in the ratio of the ability of the individual to pay, for the rich use more sugar than the poor. II. The beet sugar industry will establish itself as one of our greatest industries if only given protection. III. The removal of the sugar duty would not solve the refinery trouble, for refineries could still obtain the raw material. IV. To remove the sugar duty would be to deny or destroy the whole revenue policy of the nation, for it returns about one-fourth of the customs duties. Negative References. Henry George, Protection of Free Trade. S. M. Patten, The Future of Raw Material. Nation, vol. 88, p. 426. Rev. of R's, vol. 39, p. 646. Protectionist, vol. 21, p. 619. Senate File for Aug. 3, 191 1. Con- gressional Record, 1893-4, Appendix, pp. 634, 1 178; 1889-90, Appendix, p. 437. Harper's W., vol. 38, p. 218. QUESTION LV. Resolved, That wool should be admitted into the United States free of duty. Affirmative Arguments. I. The American wool industry is not suffi- ciently important in comparison to the world's industry to deserve a protective schedule. II. The climate of the United States keeps us from growing the finer qualities, Mohair and Angora, which are produced in South America and Australia. We should not have to pay a high tariff on these wools. III. The removal of the tariff would give the American factories a greater and finer quality of raw material. IV. The discrimination in favor of a few hundred sheep and goat raisers against the millions who wear woolen goods and conse- quently pay the tariff, is unjust. 126 FREE WOOL. 127 Affirmative References. A. Penniston, Both Sides of The Tariff Question C. W. Wright, Wool Growing, and The Tariff. Amer Jour. Pol, vol. 1, pp. 231-8. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 8, p 14; vol. 19, pp. 610-47. Nor. Amer. Rev., vol. 154, p 133. Tariff Reform Series, vol. 3, No. 19, p. 343 ; vol 5, No. 1, p. 1. Amer. Mag., vol. 67, pp. 437-49; vol 6 7> P- 578. Nation, vol. 89, pp. 318-21. Negative Arguments. I. The wool growers need protection because of the advantages of climate, etc., in Australia and South America, and the cheaper labor in those countries. II. The vast areas which can be utilized only for grazing purposes would be waste lands if the industry were blotted out by free foreign competition. III. The industry has doubled twice in the last fifty years under our protective system, and the price of wool has been lowered one- third. IV. The agricultural tendencies of South America and the droughts in Australia are fast destroying the wool industry in those countries ; hence the preservation of the industry in the United States will mean much in the future. 128 FREE WOOL. Negative References. Soc. Econ., vol. 7, pp. 145-8. Senate File, July 28th, 191 1. Bulletin of Nat. Ass'n, Wool M'f'rs, vol. 18, Nos. i, 3 ; vol. 21, p. 333 ; vol. 23, p. 275 ; vol. 29, pp. 268-9. Congressional Record, 1893-4, Appendix, pp. 1064, 1 172. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 19, p. 610. Every- body's, vol. 22, p. 656. Amer. Econ., vol. 47, p. 9. Protectionist, vol. 20, pp. 515-19. QUESTION LVI. Resolved, That a free trade policy should be adopted in the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. There is no economic basis for a protec- tion policy. It only creates artificial competi- tion and helps to destroy natural competition. II. The difference between American and foreign wages is more than overbalanced by the increased cost of living. III. If the working classes can live within their means by being allowed to purchase for- eign-produced goods, and can not do so by buy- ing home-produced goods, it is to the interest of the nation to allow them to buy foreign goods. IV. The fact that other nations pay custom duties is no reason why we should. The fact that the German consumer pays a tariff on all American goods is no reason why the Ameri- 129 130 FREE TRADE FOR THE UNITED STATES' can consumer should have added to his cost of living a tariff on German goods. Affirmative References. Taussig, Tariff History of the United States. Ash- ley, Modern Tariff History. Independent, vol. 65, p 1209. Forum, vol. 5, p. 79; vol. 6, pp. 167, 276; vol 8, p. 475 ; vol. 32, p. 608 ; vol. 41, pp. 492-6. Fortn Rev., vol. 85, pp. 294-7. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 136, pp 270, 671 ; vol. 190, pp. 535-56. Nation, vol. 82, p. 358 ; vol. 88, pp. 597-8. Contemp. Rev., vol. 86, p. 18. Out- look, vol. 89, pp. 961-2; vol. 90, pp. 765-7; vol. 92, pp. 378-80, 663-4. Rev. of R's, vol. 36, pp. 47-50 ; Jan., 1912. Negative Arguments. I. Protection helps to develop home indus- tries and resources by lessening foreign com- petition. II. It has always had a tendency to raise wages, and has been the one thing which has made America the home of the working man. III. Its schedules can be so arranged as to make all industries equally profitable. IV. It is demanded by the fact that other N nations restrict competition of our products in foreign markets. FREE TRADE FOR THE UNITED STATES. 131 Negative References. J. R. Dew, Lectures on the Restrictive System. Franklin Pierce, Tariff and the Trusts. Forum, vol. 4, PP- 357, 5 82 ; vo1 - 8, p. 136; vol. 10, p. 142; vol. 30, p. 430. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 135, p. 403; vol. 139, p 372; vol. 147, p. 460; vol. 150, pp. 27, 281, 740; vol 175. P- 746. 19th Century, vol. 5, p. 638; vol. 54, pp 181, 202, 369, 538. Outlook, vol. 92, pp. 378-80. Q J. of Econ., vol. 3, p. 259; vol. 15, p. 371 ; vol. 18, p 135- QUESTION LVII. Resolved, That the short ballot should be adopted in all municipal elections. Affirmative Arguments. I. By limiting the number of names on a ballot to five or not more than ten, no unworthy- candidate could pass the search-light of public investigation. II. By giving the chief officials the power to appoint their subordinates, the short ballot increases the significance of an office. This will tend to attract men of better caliber to- wards political offices. III. The complexity and intricacies of the long ballot can not help but invite political pa- tronage and corruption, which would be de- creased were there but one-tenth the number of men to be selected. IV. The short ballot concentrates on the few important offices and thus insures a sound basis for all offices. 132 THE SHORT BALLOT. 133 Affirmative References. Atner. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 5, pp. 600-4. Pol- Sci, Q. f vol. 24, pp. 589-614. Outlook, vol. 93, pp. 896, 996; vol. 92, pp. 635, 780, 829, 971. World's Work, vol. 19, p. 12760. Independent, vol. 67, pp. 389, 1389. Nation, vol. 80, p. 367 ; vol. 81, pp. 395, 415. Everybody's, vol. 26, p. 372. Negative Arguments. I. The short ballot is a step towards bureau- cratic government in that it makes of the few men elected a hierarchy to whom all officials under them are subject. II. The fact that so many of the minor offi- cers would have to depend upon superiors for appointment would require that such superiors, in order to be elected, would select the minor officials by pre-election promises. III. The fact that the electors would demand a declaration concerning future policy would rob the plan of its theoretical benefits. IV. With so few men to be elected and so many to be appointed the opportunity for a gigantic political machine would be much more favorable than in the case of the long ballot. Negative References. Note. This being a comparatively new question, 134 THE SHORT BALLOT. most of the articles favoring the affirmative. These following general references, however, will be found suggestive for the negative : Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 16, pp. 62-7; vol. 21, pp. 37-58. Outlook, vol. 81, pp. 863-8; vol. 99, pp. 362-4. Nation, vol. 72, p. 169; vol. 80, pp. 84-5» 3 6 7; vol. 81, pp. 395, 415. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 184, p. 558; vol. 191, pp. 602-11. Arena, vol. 39, pp. 59-64; vol. 40, pp, 216-8. Independent, vol. 69, pp. 1152, 1316. Editorials for the negative may be found in files in the Aurora Beacon (Illinois), The Cleveland Leader (Ohio), The Concord Patriot (New Hampshire) and The New York Press. QUESTION LVIII. Resolved, That public education should be made compulsory for all children who are fourteen years of age or under. Affirmative Arguments. I. The fact that the status of society rests upon the education of the individual of society, makes it unwise to leave the education of chil- dren to individual choice. II. Compulsory education would improve the public schools themselves because it could com- pel a more universal interest in the school sys- tem. III. The fact that a man may not care whether his child is educated makes it neces- sary for the child's good to enforce school at- tendance. IV. Compulsory education, by demanding that all children under a certain age be in school, would solve the child labor problem. 135 136 COMPULSORY EDUCATION. V. Compulsory education, whenever fairly and fully tried, has worked successfully. Affirmative References. M. P. Cavert, Compulsory Education. Education, vol. 4, pp. 25-34. Charities, vol. 21, pp. 961-4. Educ. Rev., vol. 5, pp. 119-30. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 32, sup. pp. 57-66. Sewanee Rev., vol. 16, pp. 25-42, 298- 308. Proceedings of Nat. Educ. Ass'n, 1871, pp. 220-4; 1905, pp. 103-11; 1908, pp. 1229-31. Fifteenth Ses- sion, Southern Educ. Ass'n, 1904, pp. 78-94; Eigh- teenth Session South. Educ. Ass'n, 1907, pp. 97-108. Compulsory Education, Bulletin of the Univ. of Texas, Dept. of Extension. Negative Arguments. I. In many localities such compulsory at- tendance upon public schools would be imprac- ticable because of the poor school facilities. II. One man has no more right to dictate the standards of education for another man's children than he has to set his standard of clothing, food, etc. III. The idea that a child must be educated before he is fourteen years old or he never will be, is fallacious. The child who will not study is often better off out of doors developing brain cells which he will later use. COMPULSORY EDUCATION. 137 IV. In many instances the age would be ar- bitrary, and better education could be gotten at home or in private schools V. Experience does not favor the general adoption of compulsory education. Negative References. Paulsen, German Education, p. 140, J. W. Perrin, The History of Compulsory Education in New Eng- land. Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. II, pp. 960-1. Education, vol. 14, pp. 352-7. Educ. Rev., vol. 3, pp. 444-9 ; vol. 4, pp. 47-52, 129-41 ; vol. 6, pp. 129-36, 140. Outlook, vol. 88, pp. 94-6. Jour, of Educ, December, 1909. Proceedings of Nat. Educ. Ass'n, 1890, pp. 186-91, 191-9; 1905, p. 150. Bulletin No. 4, Confer- ence for Education in Texas, Austin, Texas. Com- pulsory Education. Bulletin of Univ. of Texas, Dept. of Extension. QUESTION LIX. Resolved, That the State should supervise and control primary and secondary education. Affirmative Arguments. I. The welfare and progress of a state de- pends upon the education and advancement of its youth. Therefore, the state should take it upon itself to see that its primary and sec- ondary educational system is the best. II. If private and church schools are too prevalent, American and civic ideas will be made secondary to sectional, and in case of foreign schools un-American, ideas may be taught. III. By state control a uniform system can be carried out and more efficient work and teaching insured. IV. It is only by a system of state schools that compulsory education can be carried out. 138 STATE CONTROL OF EDUCATION. 139 Affirmative References. Lalor's Cyclopedia, vol. II, p. 29. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 19, p. 635. Forum, vol. 11, p. 59; vol. 12, p. 208. Contemp. Rev., vol. 27, p. 70. Educ. Rev., vol. 1, pp. 26, 52 ; vol. 5, p. 424. Barnard's American Journal of Education, vol. Ill, p. 81. Education, vol. 12, p. 152. Negative Arguments. I. State supervision means that all children must be forced into classes where age instead of intelligence is the standard. II. State schools will become involved in politics. Teachers and text-books will be ob- tained through political influence. III. Education is an individual matter and should be propagated according to the individ- ual parent's will. IV. State control demands that the man with no family or a small family must, by the pay- ment of taxes, help in educating other men's children. Negative References. Paul Le Roy, Beaulieu, The Modem State, pp. 63- 91, 155-62. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 17, p. 664; vol. 30, p. 699; vol. 31, p. 124. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 133, p. 215 ; vol. 153, p. 193. Forum, vol. 12, p. 196. Fortn. Rev., vol. 34, p. 42. Nation, vol. 42, p. 51. QUESTION LX. Resolved, That further Federal legislation in re- spect to trusts and industrial combinations is desirable. Affirmative Arguments. I. The Sherman Anti-trust law is not strin- gent enough. It does little more than force the large monopolies into a number of smaller ones. II. The attempt at state control has not proved satisfactory, for monopolies, harassed by stringent laws, only move or transfer to another state. III. The elimination of competition practiced by corporations who own parallel railroad lines should be stopped, and the Federal government is the only sovereignty with jurisdiction wide enough to stop it. Affirmative References. C. R. Van Hise, Concentration in Control. Forum, vol. 26, p. 452 ; vol. 27, p. 523 ; vol. 28, p. 412. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 138, p. 535; vol. 169, p. 210; vol. 140 FURTHER FEDERAL TRUST LEGISLATION. 141 172, p. 906; vol. 183, pp. 189-94. Outlook, vol. 90, pp. 3-5. Arena, vol. 26, p. 362; vol. 28, p. 449; vol. 29, pp. 414, 644; vol. 30, pp. 200, 337. McClure's, vol. 31, pp. 665-80. Atlantic Mo., vol. 85, p. 47; vol. 87, p. 737; vol. 89, p. 332. Independent, vol. 53, p. 1001 ; vol. 54, pp. 2132, 2927; vol. 55, pp. 123, 539; vol. 65, pp. 137-40. Negative Arguments. I. The Sherman Anti-trust law, if properly enforced, will accomplish all that could be de- sired. II. Trusts and corporations must be char- tered under state laws, and to permit further Federal control would be to confuse state and national jurisdiction. III. The history of open and free competi- tion proves that the combination of great busi- ness interests was an economic benefit. • Negative References. Forum, vol. 27, pp. 257, 268; vol. 30, p. 286; vol. 31, p. 213; vol. 38, p. 732. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 170, p. 244; vol. 172, p. 641 ; vol. 175, p. 877; vol. 179, p. 420. Arena, vol. 22, p. 301 ; vol. 23, p. 617; vol. 24, p. 405; vol. 29, p. 63." Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 2, pp. 45, 63; vol. 3, p. 385, 572; vol. 18, pp. 1, 462. Independent, vol. 51, pp. 2634, 3375 ; vol. 52, pp. 540, 645. Atlantic Mo., vol. 101, pp. 9-16. QUESTION LXI. Resolved, That a National Board of Arbitration should be created, to have jurisdiction over all rail- road disputes. Affirmative- Arguments. I. The railroads are national in their scope, and so Federal arbitration is the only rightful jurisdiction. II. A Federal board would mean that its decrees could be backed by Federal injunction, which would mean the endjDf strikes. III. Prompt action such as this plan would bring about is necessary because of -the many phases of national life transportation affects. IV. Compulsory arbitration has proved a success where it has been tried, — Australia, Canada, etc. Affirmative References. Jno. P. Peters, Labor and Capital, pp. 133-9, I 43"5 2 > 179-84, 185-99, 245-58, 448-57. Public Opinion, vol. 17, p. 809. Arena, vol. 7, pp. 30, 306; vol. 39, pp. 532-8. Atlantic Mo., vol. 67, p. 34. Forum, vol. 18, 142 NATL RAILWAY ARBITRATION BOARD. 143 p. 425. Charities, vol. 21, pp. 71-2. Jour, of Soc. Sci., vol. 28, p. 86. Nation, vol. 59, pp. 42, 376; vol. 80, pp. 50-2. Outlook, vol. 102, pp. 752-7. Literary Digest, December, 1912, p. 1048. Negative Arguments. I. The existing courts can settle or could be given power to settle all disputes. II. Compulsory arbitration would destroy the right of civil contract. III. This move would be a blow to organized labor and would not be satisfactory to the rail- roads, for in either instance it treats men as groups, not as individuals. IV. The Interstate Commerce Commission is restriction enough on individual rights ; and if necessary, its field could be broadened. Negative References. Jno. P. Peters, Labor and Capital, pp. 168-78. World's Work, vol. 5, pp. 2789-90. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 175, pp. 597-606. Contemp. Rev., vol. 93, p. 308. Arena, vol. 7, p. 587. Forum, vol. 1, p. 307; vol. 15, p. 323 ; vol. 18, pp. 14-19. Nation, vol. 42, p. 354; vol. 59, pp. 42, 376; vol. 70, p. 471 ; vol. 81, pp. 50-2. Out- look, vol. 88, pp. 8-9, 567. Public Opinion, vol. 17, pp. 809-11, 832, 863. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 1, p. 497; vol. 24, pp, 660-71. QUESTION LXII. Resolved, That the United States should adopt a cabinet system of government. Affirmative Arguments. I. A cabinet system presents a more uniform plan of government in that it is more highly co-ordinated. This not only insures more rapid and efficient work, but the officials can be held more strictly to ^heir party promises. II. It gives the ministers, who are appointed by the Executive and approved by the upper house, a chance to speak and confer with the lower house, which is always elected by the people. This keeps all three branches of gov- ernment working in harmony. III. The cabinet system presents an oppor- tunity to place experts in position where they draft bills and initiate legislation. IV. The cabinet is always subject to the will of the people and resigns if out of harmony 144 CABINET SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT. 145 with them. The members are subject to all the people and not to sectional bosses. Affirmative References. Henry Duff Traill, Central Government, Chap. II. Mary Taylor Blauvelt, The Development of Cabinet Government in England. Internat. Rev., vol. 4, p. 230 ; vol. 7, p. 146. Atlantic Mo., vol. 50, p. 95 ; vol. 57, p. 542; vol. 65, pp. 771-2. No. Amer. Rev., vol. in, p. 330; vol. 118, p. 1. Century, vol. 48, p. 864. Over- land Mo., vol. 3, p. 17. Nation, vol. 28, p. 243; vol. 32, p. 107; vol. 46, p. 279; vol. 87, p. 546. Negative Arguments. I. The cabinet system is nothing more than a modern hierarchy in which a few men either dictate or formulate all laws. II. The establishment of the cabinet system would deny the value of the American princi- ple of check and balance in legislation by in- stituting virtually one branch to take the place of three. III. The cabinet system is in direct opposi- tion to the modern tendency of popular legisla- tion. It is in every sense contrary to the initia- tive and referendum. IV. The American cabinet, while not in con- 1^6 CABINET SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT. formity with the cabinet system, accomplishes as an advisory body all the purposes of the cabinet system, and escapes the evils of bureau- cracy. Negative References. Amer. Historical Association Papers, vol. 4, Part 3, pp. 109-28. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 3, pp. 1, 306. The Federalist, No. 11. Atlantic Mo., vol. 57, p. 180. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 124, p. 21 ; vol. 171, p. 265. Nation, vol. 16, p. 233. Gontemp. Rev., vol. 81, p. 214. Fortn. Rev., vol. 73, p. 922 ; vol. 75, p. 836. Overland Mo., 2nd Series, vol. 3, pp. 17-33. QUESTION LXIII. Resolved, That a three years' course for the A. B. degree should be adopted by colleges and univer- sities. Affirmative Arguments. I. The establishment of a three years' course would greatly increase the number of men en- rolled and consequently would increase the number of educated men in the world. II. The establishment of a three years' course for a degree would be a greater induce- ment to professional men to make it a pre- requisite to their professional careers. III. The fact that the A. B. degree could be taken in three years would not demand that those who cared for further work could not take it in a graduate school. IV. There would be no limit set on the amount of work one might take in three years. If he desired and was capable he might do four years' work in three. 147 i 4 8 A SHORTER COLLEGE COURSE. Affirmative References. Harvard Mo., vol. 10, p. 201 ; vol. 11, p. 127. An- dover Rev., vol. 13, p. 75. Nation, vol. 49, p. 425 ; vol. 51, p. 12; vol. 81, p. 503. Annual Report of the Presi- dent and the Treasurer of Harvard University, 1886-7, pp. 75-76; 1890-1, pp. 1-9. School Rev., vol. 8, pp. 92- 103 ; vol. 9, pp. 1 14-9. Bokin, vol. 23, pp. 562-5. Negative Arguments. I. The standard of work done by a three years' course would be naturally lower than at present, and American educational standards are already low in comparison to European standards. II. Any one who cares for only three years' work may avail himself, through the present elective system, of almost any amount and class of work he desires. III. To reduce the curricula from four to three years would be to make the whole of college education consist of book learning. There would not be time for development of the culture which goes with the four years' curricula. IV. To shorten the college course would only accentuate the hurrying and cramming process which is a recognized evil in America. A SHORTER COLLEGE COURSE. 149 Negative References. Minority Report of the Faculty of Harvard Univer- sity to the Board of Overseers, December 23, 1890. Atlantic Mo., vol. 66, p. 161. Educ. Rev., vol. 1, pp. 1, 133. Harvard Mo., vol. 9, p. 1 ; vol. 12, pp. 1, yy. Education, vol. 11, p. 585. Academy, vol. 5, pp. 441-8. Nation, vol. 51, pp. 106, 226. QUESTION LXIV. Resolved, That the employment of children in factories and similar industries should be forbidden. Affirmative Arguments. I. The factories do not need children to do the work. They are so highly protected that they can afford to hire mature servants. II. The physical atmosphere and severe strain of routine in which the child is compelled to work, seriously impairs his physical develop- ment. III. The general attitude towards society which is bound to grow up in the child because of his treatment is unhealthy. IV. The close atmosphere and the absolute lack of open-air freedom seriously impair the child's physical and mental development. Affirmative References. Sidney Webb, The Case for the Factory Acts. Charities, vol. 20, pp. 104-7; v °l- ! 5> P- 527. Ann. ISO CHILD LABOR. 151 Amer. Acad., vol. 25, p. 417 ; vol. 27, pp. 281-4 ; vol. 28, p. 301; vol. 29, pp. 104, 115-24, 125. Cosmopoli- tan, vol. 42, pp. 109-12, 233. Arena, vol. 36, pp. 584- 91 ; vol. 37, pp. 175-81. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 189, p. 890. Outlook, vol. 85, pp. 360-4; vol. 88, pp. 94-6. Harp. W., vol. 50, pp. 1 132-3. Bulletin of United States Bureau of Labor. Negative Arguments. I. In many instances the aid of children's wages is necessary to sustain the family. II. There are more children spoiled by idle- ness than by work, as is shown by the rich class. III. The aid of children is essential in many industries where the work is so light and sim- ple that to employ adult workmen would be too expensive. IV. The better method would be to restrict the number of hours the children might be per- mitted to work. Negative References. Hutchins and Harrison, History of Factory Legis- lation. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 25, pp. 551-7; vol. 29, pp. 50-6, 125; vol. 33, sup., pp. 49-62. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 184, pp. 332-3. Pol. Econ., vol. 18, pp. 628- 33. Publication of Amer. Econ. Ass'n, 1890, vol. 5, No. 2. Charities, vol. 17, pp. 639-49. QUESTION LXV. Resolved, That the doctrine of fhrifijian $rAmte^ i a justifiable. ^■■ «g>f Affirmative Arguments. I. The freedom of opinion and religious be- lief which prevails in America raises a strong presumption that Christian Science needs no special plea for its justification. II. With the discovery and practice of tele- pathic methods, in control of one mind over another, Christian Science has proved a great many of its doctrines. III. The recent Emanuel Movement of Bos- ton has proven that Christian Science, in its purest form, is a great aid to the medical pro-' fession. IV. The life and conduct of the Christian Scientists as a body justify the doctrine. Affirmative References. Parrington, Christian Science. Mrs. Mary Eddy, Science and Health. Publication of Christian Science IS2 IS CHRISTIAN SCIENCE JUSTIFIABLE? 153 Pub. Soc, Boston. Overland, n. s., vol. 52, pp. 297-9. McClure's, vol. 31, pp. 472-6. Cur. Lit., vol. 41, pp. 202-4; vol. 43, pp. 651-2. Arena, vol. 38, pp. 567-74; vol. 39, p. 572 ; vol. 41, p. 330. Independent, vol. 43, pp. 651, 1239. Negative Arguments. I. The doctrine of Christian Science is notii justifiable, because it denies the service of drugs\ and causes a great many deaths by forbidding?" the use of them. II. Christian Science is not justifiable from| a religious standpoint, for it teaches mysticism y and not practical ways of aiding your fellow/ man. III. Christian Science is not justifiable, be- cause it hinders educational progress. It does not believe that knowledge put forth alone is necessary. IV. The occultism and mysticism that sur- round the Christian Science doctrines condemn the whole system. Negative References. E. C. Farnsworth, The Sophistries of Christian Sci- ence. Atlantic Mo., vol. 80, p. 403; vol. 93, p. 433. Fortn. Rev., vol. 78, p. 1028. Catholic World, vol. 80, p. 639. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 175, p. 756; vol. 176, pp. 154 IS CHRISTIAN SCIENCE JUSTIFIABLE? I, 173. Outlook, vol. 83, p. 404. Contemp. Rev., vol. 82, p. 658. Cur. Lit., vol. 45, pp. 534-7; vol. 46, pp. 408-10; vol. 48, pp. 400-2. Westm. Rev., vol. 158, p. 179. Cosmopolitan, vol. 45, pp. 319-23. Arena, vol. 38, pp. 567-8; vol. 74, pp. 52-61. QUESTION LXVI. Resolved, That the present caucus system should be abolished. Affirmative Arguments. I. The caucus system is a ban on progress, because in the caucus those who have pro- gressive ideas or ideas different from their predecessors are not strict enough party men to have standing and influence. II. In the caucus a collation of the forces of two weaker candidates' forces may defeat the forces of the strongest and most popular candidate. III. The caucus offers too many chances for unfair play, such as short-notice meetings and packed caucuses. IV. With the fast disappearing delegate convention must go the caucus which was nec- essary to choose the delegates. Now that the people vote directly for candidates through the primary, the caucus is no longer needed. 155 156 ABOLITION OF CAUCUS SYSTEM. Affirmative References. James Bryce, American Commonwealth, chaps. 57- 74. Theodore Roosevelt, Essays on Practical Politics, p. 46. Q. Stickney, A True Republic, chap. 5. F. W. Whitridge, in Lalor's Cyclopedia, vol. 1, pp. 260-4; v °l- 3, pp. 851-56. 19th Century, vol. 4, p. 695. New Englander, vol. 34, p. 473. Forum, vol. 14, p. 189. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 3, p. 99. Christian Examiner, vol. 87, p. 137. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 137, p. 257. Penn. Mo., vol. 12, p. 177. Atlantic Mo., vol. 52, p. 323. Negative Arguments. I. The caucus is nothing more than a pre- liminary convention; and is the only opportun- ity the working man has to use his political right of influencing his fellow man in politics. II. The caucus is far less expensive than any other method, because there are not the ballots and other printed matter to be paid for. III. The so-called evils of the caucus system are not due to the system but to corrupt men who are powerful enough to influence others. The abolition of the system would not eliminate these corrupt men. IV. The practicability of the caucus system lies in the fact that it can be used in all phases of political machinery from the ward to the ABOLITION OF CAUCUS SYSTEM. 157 national convention, the latter being only a great caucus. Negative References. Geo. Lawton, The American Caucus System: Origin, Purpose and Utility. W. C. Ford, American Citizens' Manual, Part I, pp. 91-7. Theodore Roosevelt, Essays on Practical Politics. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 3, p. 106. Na- tion, vol. 8, p. 86. Fortn. Rev., vol. 30, p. 721. Munic. Affairs, vol. 1, pp. 560-1. Gunton, vol. 22, pp. 65-72. Eclectic Museum, vol. 145, p. 569. Arena, vol. 17, p. 1013 ; vol. 55, pp. 291-8. QUESTION LXVII. Resolved, That all officers should be elected by direct primaries. Affirmative Arguments. I. A direct primary system simply demands that any man who represents his party at the polls must previously have been designated as his party's choice by majority vote of the indi- viduals belonging to such party. II. The direct primary has arisen from a realization that delegate voting cannot be made representative, and it is made possible through close communities and the intimate knowledge furnished by the modern newspaper. III. The direct primary does away with the packed caucus and conventions where coalitions were made more to defeat some candidate than to nominate another. IV. Experience argues for the general adop- tion of the direct primary, for it is being used successfully in a number of states. 158 THE DIRECT PRIMARY. 159 Affirmative References. Ernest Meyer, Nominating System. E. L. Godkin Unforeseen Tendencies of Democracy. F. B. Ray The Crawford County System. Forum, vol. 42, p 493. Rev. of R's, vol. 35, p. 748 ; vol. 38, p. 399 ; vol 39, p. 274; vol. 41, p. 597. Arena, vol. 35 p. 587 vol. 36, p. 52; vol. 41, pp. 377, 550. Outlook, vol. 88 p. 343 ; vol. 90, pp. 51, 383 ; vol. 91, p. 370; vol. 95, p 131. Nation, vol. 82, p. 28; vol. 83, p. 48; vol. 88, p, 128. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 28, p. 442. Rev. of R's vol. 46, pp. 439-45. Univ. of Texas Record, vol. XI No. 3, May 22, 1912. Negative Arguments. I. The direct primary entails a great expense to the state in making practically two extra elections and in the printing it demands. II. Where a man is nominated by the direct primary he does not represent any platform, and to be elected he must be pledged to a plat- form or policy. III. The direct primary system intensifies party feeling and marks more plainly party lines in that no man dare vote for a man not of his own party. IV. Under the direct primary system the vote is largely controlled by sentiment, and the best stump speaker is usually nominated. 160 THE DIRECT PRIMARY. Negative References. C. L. Jones, Readings on Parties and' Elections, pp. 53 _ 79- Geo. W. Lawton, The American Caucus Sys- tem: Origin, Purpose, and Utility. Arena, vol. 17, pp. 1013-4; vol. 55, p. 291. Nation, vol. 8, p. 86; vol. 87, p. 131. Fortn. Rev., vol. 30, p. 721. Outlook, vol. 89, PP- 965-7 ; vol. 95, pp. 131-2. Forum, vol. 42, p. 493. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 90, pp. 1, 222; vol. 190, pp, 222-30. QUESTION LXVIIL Resolved, That the party nominee for President should be nominated by a Federal Primary without regard to State lines. Affirmative Arguments. I. In management by party and convention methods, the management is by cliques and groups and the will of the people is disregarded and ignored. II. By a universal Federal primary a basis of representation would be reached whereby every man's vote for a nomination would be equal with every other. III. The primary without regard to state lines would do away with the objectionable "unit rule" (all delegates voting one way) by which the minority of many communities are not represented. IV. The principle of a primary of some kind is now being used successfully in many states. 161 162 NEW PRESIDENTIAL NOMINAT'N SYSTEM. Affirmative References. Rev. of R's, for March, 191 1, and May, 1912. Na- tional Conference for good government, 1910, pp. 328- 9, Forum, December, 1909. Illinois Law Review, p. 403. Collier's, April, May, and June, 1912. McClure's, vol. 39, p. 719. Court Reports, vol. 102, Maryland, p. 119; vol. 181, Massachusetts, p. 184. Negative Arguments. I. Under the direct primary, only men of wealth and the demagogues who can in public meeting persuade the people, could hope to win. II. It is a step in opposition to our system of government in that it tends to destroy the sovereignty of the state by disregarding state lines. III. Under the direct primary the big inter- ests and the powerful corporations would exer- cise more influence than under the present sys- tem, owing to the immense field to be covered at one time and the fact that no other organ- ization could cover the field. IV. The machinery for administration and the cost of conducting such a primary would be so great that it would be inadvisable. Negative References. 'Every Man His Own Campaign Manager, Outlook, NEW PRESIDENTIAL NOMINAT'N SYSTEM. 163 February, 191 1; vol. 99, p. 302. Nation, vol. 91, p. 178. Outlook, January 27, 1912. Note. Most of the references favor the affirmative. The results of primary nominations in Oregon, in which Senator Bourne was defeated for reelection, re- ported in the press in March, 191 2, are very strong negative arguments showing that the people do not participate in the primaries intelligently. Nation, vol. 8, p. 96; vol. 87, p. 131. Outlook, vol. 89, pp. 965-7; vol. 95, pp. 131-2. Forum, vol. 42, p. 493. QUESTION LXIX. Resolved, That the United States should further extend her policy of commercial reciprocity. Affirmative Arguments. I. Reciprocity means an equal exchange of favors; not free trade but joint trade, and its definition denies any unfairness. II. Reciprocity is a policy by which the United States could admit free of duty articles which are at a high premium, in exchange for the very things which we have in abundance. III. Commercial reciprocity fosters peaceful international relations. IV. Reciprocity would be particularly ad- vantageous with Canada and Cuba because of their proximity, and a free exchange of food- stuffs with these two countries would give us practically all the products of these countries. Affirmative References. J. A. Kassen, Reciprocity. House Executive Docu- 1*4 COMMERCIAL RECIPROCITY. 165 ments, 48th Congress, 2nd Session, No. 226. Senate Executive Documents, 51st Congress, 1st Session, No. 158. House Reports, 54th Congress, 1st Session, No. 2263. Report of the Industrial Commission, vol. 19, p. 191. Forum, vol. 28, p. 493. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 177, p. 22. Arena, vol. 30, p. 585. Atlantic Mo., vol. 81, P- 577; vol. 88, p. 145. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 58, p. 625. J. Pol. Econ., vol. 12, p. 495. Ann. Amer. Acsd., vol. 19, p. 185 ; vol. 23, p. 55. Pub. Opinion, vol. 9, p. 263 ; vol. 15, pp. 97, 121 ; vol. 27, p. 131. Negative Arguments. I. Commercial reciprocity will resolve itself into one of two things : Either it will be com- plete free trade, or nations not favored will re- taliate with higher duties on American products. II. A policy of free trade would break down our tariff system. This would bankrupt many industries and rob our government of its revenue. III. To favor one nation above another would be to violate our "most favored nation" treaty clauses and breed hostility where the favor was withheld. IV. With our country so equally developed in manufacturing and agricultural industries, to favor one would be to injure the other. The 166 COMMERCIAL RECIPROCITY. reciprocity treaties would be merely the result of our national elections. Negative References. A. J. Wilson, Reciprocity, Bi-Metalism, and Land Tenure Reforms. Sir T. H. Farrar, Free Trade vs. Fair Trade. Sir Lewis Mellet, Reciprocity. G. W. Medley, The Reciprocity Craze. W. C. Ford, Reci- procity. C. F. Bastable, The Commerce of Nations. Forum, vol. n, pp. 268, 419; vol. 14, p. 255; vol. 25, p. 683 ; vol. 32, pp. 466, 616, 622. Contemp. Rev., vol. I3» P- 340 ; vol. 35, p. 286. Outlook, vol. 69, pp. 796-7. Nation, vol. 73, p. 125. QUESTION LXX. Resolved, That the International Copyright Law is justifiable. Affirmative Arguments. I. Good books and literary productions are in no sense the property of a nation, but of the author. He should be given the widest field possible for distribution. II. An international copyright tends more universally to standardize literature and bring thinking men the world over in close touch with each other and with the common masses. III. It places American books in competition with the best foreign publications instead of the cheapest, and thus fosters a higher type of literature. IV. American publications would be im- proved because of being in competition with the best publications of Europe. 167 1 68 INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT LAW. Affirmative References. G. H. Putman, Question of Copyright. R. R. Bow- ker, Copyright, Its Law and Its Literature. Henry Van Dyke, The National Sin of Literary Piracy. Brander Matthews, Cheap Books and Good Books. House Reports, 1889-90, No. 2401. Forum, vol. 16, p. 616. Century, vol. 1, p. 942. Literary World, vol. 20, p. 24; International, vol. 8, p. 609. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 14, p. 530. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 181, pp. 69-79. 19th Century, vol. 65, p. 10,567. Negative Arguments. I. All foreign publications must be trans- lated, which makes equal competition impossi- ble under any scheme. II. Copyright is a statutory privilege, and so there is no way it could be legitimately made international. III. The opportunity for an international publishing combination is presented under the proposed plan. IV. The difference in the price of wages paid by publishers makes an international standard of sales impossible. Why, then, not charge extra for foreign publications? INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT LAW. 169 Negative References. H. C. Cary, Letters on International Copyright; The International Copyright Question Considered Forum, vol. 1, p. 1500; vol. 16, p. 616. No. Amer Rev., vol. 146, pp. 68, 76; vol. 148, p. 327. Pub Opin., vol. 9, p. 161 ; vol. 15, p. 608; vol. 16, p. 347 Nation, vol. 59, p. 169; vol. 87, p. 484. Rev. of R's, vol. 43, pp. 721-4. Dial, vol. 30, pp. 3-5. QUESTION LXXI. Resolved, That the State should operate and con- duct manufactories. Affirmative Arguments. I. So long as private corporations are per- mitted to own and manipulate manufactories there will be monopolies in restriction of com- petition. II. The ownership and control of manufac- tories by the state would remove the conflict between capital and labor. The laborers, being a part of the state, would be a part of the capital. III. Many industries which would be a bene- fit to the state but which are hampered for lack of initial funds, could be financed. IV. Either the cost of manufactured articles could be lowered, or the profits now accruing to private capitalists would become the revenues of the state. 170 STATE OWNERSHIP OF MANUFACTORIES. 171 Affirmative References. Forum, vol. 10, p. 174; vol. 17, p. 699. Harper's Mag., vol. 73, pp. 250, 450, 571. Fortn. Rev., vol. 20, P- 557- 19th Century, vol. 5, p. 1 1 14. Nation, vol. 37, p. 90; vol. 38, p. 136. Public Opin., vol. 4, pp. 103, 222; vol. 10, p. 31 ; vol. 14, p. 446. Negative Arguments. I. Individual initiative has been the one force which has developed all industries; to remove it would be to initiate stagnation. II. State ownership would result in a divi- sion into labor and capital parties and conse- quent political control by one of these two factions. III. The state cannot disregard the fact that the greater portion of the capital of the nation is controlled by a few individuals. These indi- viduals, by virtue of economic law, would eventually control. IV. Such a step would result in socialism and militarism, and either of these is out of harmony with American democracy. 172 STATE OWNERSHIP OF MANUFACTORIES. Negative References. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 137, p. 422; vol. 139, p. 51. Century Mag., vol. 9, p. 737. Forum, vol. 17, p. 394. Atlantic Mo., vol. 37, p. 360. Public Opin., vol. 7, p. 230. Outlook, vol. 72, pp. 880-4. McClure's, vol. 18, p. 83. Nation, vol. 74, p. 460. 19th Century, vol. S3. PP 390-404- Li v - Age, vol. 237, pp. 276-86. QUESTION LXXII. Resolved, That employers should be forced to duly compensate all employees injured while in their employ. Affirmative Arguments. I. The highly specialized features of modern industry render the common law liability for accidents no longer adequate. II. The employee is generally working for such low wages that unless he receives compen- sation from the employer he will be thrown upon the mercy and charity of the state. III. Many insurance companies will not in- sure men who are compelled to work in danger- ous positions. It is only just that the employer, in case of accident, to some extent assume the liability. IV. If the employer were forced to insure against all accidents, many causes for accidents would be removed. V. Under a system of compulsory compen- 173 174 EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY FOR ACCIDENT. sation the employer would simply include this item in fixing the prices of his products. Affirmative References. Nicholas Paine Gilman, Methods of Industrial Peace. Rev. of R's, vol. 41, p. 533. Survey, vol. 22, p. 666; vol. 23, p. 604; vol. 24, pp. 69, 733, 788, 795. Inde- pendent, vol. 52, pp. 1716-9; vol. 64, p. 1340. Out- look, vol. 88, p. 104; vol. 92, p. 319; vol. 94, pp. 824-6. Chautauquan, vol. 59, p. 4-1 1. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 185, p. 651. J. Pol. Econ., vol. 16, p. 157. Charities, vol. 21, p. 459. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 15, p. 487; vol. 26, p. 499 ; Nation, vol 82, p. 440. Forum, vol. 33, p. 46. McClure's, vol. 40, pp. 169-77.. Negative Arguments. I. The employee assumes the risk of accident when he accepts his position. II. Accidents in many cases are due to fa- tigue. Therefore, the solution is in shortening the hours which the employee is compelled to work. III. In industries where the work is over- dangerous the wage is generally made com- mensurate. IV. Under this system, the consumers, and not the employers, would ultimately have to pay. EMPLOYER'S LIABILITY FOR ACCIDENT. i?$ V. A system of industrial insurance such as England and Germany now have would be a much more scientific solution of the problem. Negative References. Survey, vol. 22, p. 820; vol. 24, p. 84. Charities, vol. 19, p. 1203. Outlook, vol. 83, pp. 86, 902. Amer. Law Rev., vol. 32. Westm. Rev., vol. 29, p. 405 ; vol. 57, p. 61. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 138, p. 502. World's Work, vol. 18, pp. 11,874-6. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 15, pp. 487-91 ; vol. 26, pp. 499-515- Sci - Amer., vol. 53, p. 22,015. QUESTION LXXIII. Resolved, That Socialism is the best solution of American labor problems. Affirmative Arguments. I. Socialism in its purest sense means gov- ernment control of all utilities. Such control, by eliminating private capital, eliminates the fight between labor and capital. II. Socialism, according to the "Ricardo Theory," measures values by the standard of "amount of energy expended," and all the working man asks is just recompense for the energy he has expended. III. The Socialistic theory would not be det- rimental to the more efficient or educated, for the scale of wages could very easily be regu- lated according to class or profession. IV. The fact that socialism is gaining ground so rapidly and that all nations are adopting its principle of government control 176 SOCIALISM AND THE LABOR PROBLEM. VJ7 and regulation, if not its name, goes to show that it has inherent remedial qualities. Affirmative References. W. D. P. Bliss, Definition of, and Arguments for Socialism. Jno. Spargo, The Socialist. Bernard Shaw, Socialism and Superior Brain. Dr. A. Shaffle, Quintessence of Socialism. Bliss, Ency. Soc. Reform, pp. 1131-6. Arena, vol. 25, p. 48; vol. 29, pp. 31, 524; vol. 30, p. 530; vol. 36, pp. 157, 359; vol. 37, pp. 45, 302; vol. 38, p. 423; vol. 39, p. 564; vol. 41, p. 201. Westm. Rev., vol. 157, p. 89. Outlook, vol. 81, p. 555. Cur. Lit., vol. 43, p. 537. J. Pol. Econ., vol. 13, p. 98. Independent, vol. 61, p. 493; vol. 68, p. 1086. Rev. of R's, vol. 29, p. 349. World's Work, vol. 24, p. 452. Negative Arguments. I. Socialism is in direct opposition to indi- vidualism, and it is through individual initia- tive that all great industries have been built up. II. Socialism, in demanding that the stand- ard of values be the "amount of energy ex- pended," denies the law o f demand . The standard of value is efficiency and producta- bility. III. Socialism makes the mistake of trying to create by statute something which is a tendency, and so must be built up by education. 178 SOCIALISM AND THE LABOR PROBLEM. IV. Socialism denies the ejfifiifia cy of genius . ' And there is not any other way of adjusting the state's wages than by majority vote. Real efficiency is attained only by the few, and these few, under socialism, would be deprived of their just reward by the majority, in trying to apply economic laws to a moral question. Negative References. Dr. A. Snaffle, Impossibility of Social Democracy; Quintessence of Socialism. Prof. J. E. Le Rossiquol, Objections to Socialism. Bliss, Ency. Soc. Reforms, pp. 1 147-9. Arena, vol. 37, pp. 7, 274. Westm. Rev., vol. 170, p. 492. Century, vol. 79, p. 903. Outlook, vol. 70, p. 213 ; vol. 91, pp. 265, 619, 662. Chaut., vol. 30, p. 252. Nation, vol. 86, p. 214; vol. 88, p. 527. Amer. Jour. Soc, vol. 2, p. 202. Fortn. Rev., vol. 90, p. 86. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 18, p. 599. Jour. Pol. Econ., vol. 13, p. 98. Rev. of R's, vol. 39, p. 609; vol. 40, p. 88. QUESTION LXXIV. Resolved, That the law which imposes a tax on State bank notes should be repealed. Affirmative Arguments. I. The tax now placed upon the issuance of currency by state banks is absolutely restrict- ive. That was the avowed purpose of the en- actment of the law. II. The narrowing of the field of issuance to only National Banks is the main cause of an unresponsive currency. The notes must be based upon government bonds, which are abso- lutely rigid. III. By allowing state banks to issue notes we would approach an asset currency, and yet might demand that the notes be covered with a reasonable reserve. IV. A new law which imposed a much higher tax, or only permitted issue of notes by state banks in time of emergencies, would be much better. 170 180 TAX ON STATE BANK-NOTES. Affirmative References. Forum, vol. 12, p. 186. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 7, p. 55. Commercial and Financial Chronicle vol, 54, pp. 781, 868; vol. 58, p. 618. Nation, vol. 55, p. 193. Con- gressional Record, 1893-4, pp. 5477-83, 5604-8, 5666-8. 5614-6. Negative Arguments. I. The law denying, through the medium of a high tax, state banks the right to issue notes, came into existence as a result of the experi- ence with "wild cat" banking and "pen bank- ing" in this country. II. Even if it is admitted that the national banking system is not what it should be, the fact still remains that currency is national and must always be issued by national banks. III. The solution of the question lies not in the repeal of the law levying a tax on state bank note issue, but in removing the basis of national bank note issue and making the sys- tem more elastic. IV. Any state bank worthy of the name can become a national bank. Negative References. F. A. Walker, Money, p. 479. W. L. Royall, An- drew Jackson and the United States Bank, p. 34. H. TAX ON STATE BANK-NOTES. j8l W. Richardson, National Banks, p. 86. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 7, p. 55. Lalor's Cyclopedia, vol. 1, pp. 204-22. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 154, p. 150. Forum, vol. 12, p. 186. Congressional Record, 1893-4, pp. 5337-54. 5483- 92, 5595-6o4- QUESTION LXXV. Resolved, That the principles of the American Protective Association deserve the support of American citizens. Affirmative Arguments. I. The purpose of the American Protective Association is to protect American citizenship and American institutions from any organiza- tions or forces which may threaten them, and for such a purpose it is to be commended. II. The religious test to which the policy of the Association would subject all officials is no more than a demand that the religious ideals of the incumbent shall not deny the ideal of the government. III. The intense fight against the Catholic Church is only a safeguard against papal rule in America. The Association demands that al- legiance to the United States be placed first. IV. The policy of the Association would eliminate all danger from anarchists by deny- i8i THE AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASS'N. 183 ing them and their kind entrance into the United States. Affirmative References. W. E. Gladstone, Vatican Decrees and Civil Allegi- ance. E. D. Meade, The Roman Catholic and the Public School. Bishop Coxe, The Jesuit Party in American Politics. Harper's W., vol. 38, pp. 1017-8. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 158, p. 573; vol. 159, p. 67. Forum, vol. 15, p. 263; vol. 17, pp. 196, 427"34- Christian Examiner, vol. 78, p. 399. Fortn. Rev., vol. 25, p. 385. Pub. Opin., vol. 17, p. 590. Literary Digest, July 27, 191 2, p. 152. Negative Arguments. I. The principles of the American Protective Association deny the principle of American freedom and the spirit of the Constitution, which assures freedom of religious belief. II. The idea of secret political organizations of this kind are more dangerous than the things they are trying to eradicate. III. The fight against the Catholic Church is unwarranted. The Catholics have always been loyal, as shown in the Spanish-American War with a catholic country. IV. The policy of taxing religious, educa- tional, and charitable institutions is un-Ameri- i&t THE AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASS'N. can in that we believe in free schools and free- dom of religious institutions. A tax on chari- ties would itself deny the spirit of charity. Negative References. Edward Stanwood, History of Presidential Elec- tions, p. 93. Constitution of the United States, Article VI, Amendments to Article I. Forum, vol. 17, pp. 196, 513. 524, 434; vol. 18, p. 138. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 158, p. 563; vol. 159, p. 278; vol. 189, pp. 321-6. Century, vol. 47, p. 789; vol. 48, p. 954. Catholic World, vol. 31, p. 94; vol. 49, p. 649. Outlook, vol. 89, pp. 58-60. Overland, n. s., vol. 50, p. 397. QUESTION LXXVI. Resolved, That the grant of sugar bounties would be contrary to good public policy. Affirmative Arguments. I. To give one industry bounties is to give to one class of people advantages not given to others, and so ;/ould be class legislation. II. The grant of bounties in order that the manufacturer can supply the masses with cheaper sugar gains nothing, for the masses themselves, through taxes, pay the bounties. III. The grant of bounties would tend to destroy the law of supply and demand in all products, for in the creation of one artificial price for sugar it would destroy all relative values in other products. IV. Sugar is already one of the highest pro- tected foodstuffs we have. 185 186 GRANT OF SUGAR BOUNTIES. Affirmative References. D. A. Wells, Recent Economic Changes, pp. 295- 309. Lalor's Cyclopedia, vol. II, p. 99. Fortn. Rev., vol. 42, p. 638. Nation, vol. 42, p. 420 ; vol. 45, p. 164; vol. 47, p. 24. Saturday Rev., vol. 64, pp. 142, 847. Congressional Record, 1889-90, pp. 10, 712-16, Ap- pendix, p. 391. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 17, pp. 39-41; vol. 18, p. 134. Negative Arguments. I. Anything which will tend to develop the sugar industry will develop the country, for there are large tracts of land in Idaho, Utah, and Colorado which can be used for nothing else. II. Sugar is so universally used that any- thing which will tend to reduce its cost to the consumer will be beneficial to all citizens of the nation. III. Bounties are the best method of aid, for then any one wishing to enter that field of in- dustry can avail himself of the opportunity. A higher protective duty would simply mean aid to great corporations. IV. Under a system of bounties all surplus of money could be used in developing the in- dustry. GRANT OF SUGAR BOUNTIES. iSy Negative References. "Essay on Industry and Commerce," in works of Alexander Hamilton, Part III, p. 366. Congressional Record, 1888-9, pp. 888-95; 1889-90, p. 4266. Ameri- can Register and Review, vol. 31, p. 289. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 17, pp. 1-43. QUESTION LXXVII. Resolved, That National banks should be per- mitted to issue notes based on their general assets. Affirmative Arguments. I. Our present currency system, being based on government bond or government debts, was inaugurated for the purpose of adequately handling the government debt rather than to establish a suitable currency system. II. The greatest fault with the present sys- tem is its inelasticity and lack of responsive- ness in times of emergency. III. The establishing of an Asset Currency would be but an addition to our universal cur- rency system. It would prevent the issue of notes on the credit of the national bank's lia- bilities. IV. This system is being utilized with suc- cess in other countries, and if put in operation in the United States it would relieve the ASSETS CURRENCY. 189 annual depression caused by the need of ready money to move crops, etc. Affirmative References. Sound Currency, vol. II, Nos. 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 13; vol. Ill, Nos. 1, 3, 10, 12, 14, 17, 23 ; vol. X, Nos. 1-4; vol. XI, Nos. 1 and 2. House Reports, 57th Con- gress, 1st Session, No. 1425; 2nd Session, No. 3148, Parts 1, 2. Forum, vol. 12, pp. 476, 772; vol. 13, pp. 325, 725. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 166, p. 172; vol. 173, p. 854; vol. 177, p. 487. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 7, p. 55; vol. 12, p. 307. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 15, p. 495. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 3, pp, 529, 559, 573, 581. J. of Soc. Sci., vol. 38, p. 212. J. Pol. Econ., vol. 6, pp. 93-311; vol. 7, p. 253; vol. 10, p. 119. Century, vol. 55. P- 627. Negative Arguments. I. Our present system has been a hundred and thirty years in its building. It has the confidence of the people as no new system could have, and such confidence is the greatest asset of a good monetary condition. II. The failure of a single bank would de- stroy the most potent theory of all good cur- rency systems — absolute safety. III. The operation of Gresham's Law (that cheap money tends to drive out good money) igo ASSETS CURRENCY. would force the gold out of the country and leave us only the "asset currency." IV. The fluctuations of need for money would mean that there would be periods when through lack of immediate retirement of asset currency there would be a surplus of money, which would lead to over-speculation and ex- travagance. Negative References. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 178, p. 388. Forum, vol. 12, pp. 186, 483; vol. 22, p. 182. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 11, p. 133. Arena, vol. 19, p. 602; vol. 20, p. 39; vol. 21, p. 151; vol. 22, p. 740; vol. 30, p. 382. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 3, p. 597; vol. 11, p. 191; vol. 13, p. 31. Nation, vol. 77, pp. 99, 200, 334. QUESTION LXXVIII. Resolved, That foreign built ships should be ad- mitted to American registry, free of duty. Affirmative Arguments. I. Our shipping industry is in a deplora- ble condition because American ships cannot compete with foreign ships in manning and building. II. Ninety-five percent of our commerce is carried in foreign bottoms, which would be dangerous in case either the United States or one of the nations whose ships are carrying our commerce should become involved in war. III. Subsidies are artificial and involve a tax upon the masses in favor of the few. Further- more, they have never been the cause of any country's shipping development. IV. If foreign ships could be registered with greater freedom, American capital would be invested in the industry. American commerce 191 i 9 2 FR EE REGISTRY OF FOREIGN-BUILT SHIPS. would then be carried on under the American flag and the ships would be available in time of war. Affirmative References. D. A. Wells, The Decay of Ocean Mercantile Ma- rine. John Codman, Free Ships. J. D. J. Kelly, The Question of Ships, No. Amer. Rev., vol. 148, p. 478. House Reports, 1889-90, No. 1210, Minority Re- port. House Report, 1882-3, No. 1827, Views of the Minority, Congressional Record, 1890-1, p. 1044. Cong. Globe, 1871-2, Part III, p. 224. Negative Arguments. I. Free ships would completely destroy our ship-building industry, for American labor can- not compete with foreign labor. II. American capital is already freely in- vested in foreign ships carrying American products. III. Free ships would not be able to compete with foreign-manned ships unless they were manned by other than Americans, in which case they would be useless in time of war. IV. The proper solution is the removal of the high duty on material out of which ships are built, thus enabling our shipping industry FREE REGISTRY OF FOREIGN-BUILT SHIPS. 193 to be built up and to compete with foreign ship-building. Negative References. C. S. Hill, History of American Shipping. W. W. Bates, American Marine. H. Hall, American Navi- gation. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 148, p. 687; vol. 154, p. 76; vol. 158, p. 433. House Reports, 1891-2, No. 966, Views of the Minority ; 1887-8, No. 1874, Views of the Minority, p. 10. Congressional Record, 1890-1, P- 997- QUESTION LXXIX. Resolved, That the United States should establish a more extensive system of shipping subsidies. Affirmative Arguments. I. It is only by a grant of shipping subsidies that we can establish a merchant marine at all in keeping with our dignity and prestige. II. The cheaper labor available both in building and manning vessels in foreign coun- tries makes it impossible for American ship- builders to compete with them. III. The increase of our merchant marine would mean the increase of our navy, for the vessels, if owned by Americans, could be util- ized in time of need. IV. We need an independent merchant marine for the protection of our industries. England and Germany carry about seventy-five percent of our exports and imports. A war between them would sadly disable us. 194 WIDER SYSTEM OF SHIPPING SUBSIDIES. 195 Affirmative References. Edwin M. Bacon, Manual of Ship Subsidies. W. W. Bates, American Marine. C. S. Hill, History of American Shipping. H. Hall, American Navigation. J. D. J. Kelly, Question of Ships, p. 108. Lalor's Cyclopedia, vol. II, p. 987. Overland Mo., vol. 1, p. 462. House Reports, 188-9, No. 4162; 1889-90; No. 1210. Congress. Record, 1890-1, pp. 997, 3355. Sci. American, vol. 105, pp. 50, 227, 295. Independent, vol. 70, pp. 448-52. Atlantic Mo., vol. 106, pp. 740-4 Negative Arguments. I. None of the other great countries of the world have built up their merchant marines bj a system of subsidies. II. The decline of our merchant marine is a result of poor navigation laws which could very easily be remedied. III. A system of discriminatory duties would be a much more sensible way of getting results. We had wonderful success with this when tried up to 1831. IV. Free ships and free ship material would remove many obstacles now hampering our ship builders and owners. Negative References. D. A. Wells, Our Merchant Marine; The Decay of ig6 WIDER SYSTEM OF SHIPPING SUBSIDIES. Our Ocean Merchant Marine. John Codman, Free Ships; Shipping Subsidies and Bounties. J. D. J. Kelly, The Question of Ships. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 142, p. 481-4. House Reports, 1888-9, No. 4162; 1889-90, No. 1210. Congress. Record, 1889-90, p. 6959; 1890-1, pp. 3348, 3368, 3388. Everybody's, March, 1912. Sci. American, vol. 105, p. 46-7. In- dependent, vol. 68, pp. 731-4. QUESTION LXXX. Resolved, That the practices and policies of the Mormon Church should be further restricted by the Federal Government. Affirmative Arguments. I. The Mormon Church is practising plural marriages in violation of the laws and customs of America. This should be stopped. II. The Church is the greatest corporation in America and as such it is dangerous. It is in league with the sugar and salt trusts. III. The Mormon religion teaches its mem- bers to place the church before the government. This is detrimental to patriotism. IV. Through their practice of plural mar- riages and tendency to rear large families, the Mormons are gaining power fast. If the Fed- eral Government does not act very soon, we shall awake to discover a formidable body of people in this country who believe in the "Di- 197 ig8 RESTRICTION OF MORMON PRACTICES. vine Right of Kings" rather than in democ- racy. Affirmative References. John A. Clark, Gleanings by the Way. John Doyle, Sec, The Mormon Menace. Miria Ward, Female Life Among Mormons. Arena, vol. 23, pp. 113, 378. World's W., vol. 8, p. 4903; vol. 5, p. 2881. Atlantic Mo., vol. 85, p. 261. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 176, p. 450; vol. 181, p. 379; vol. 184, p. 46. Cosmopolitan, vol. 50, pp. 439-SO, 693-703, 823-33. McClure's, vol. 39, pp. 481-94. Negative Arguments. I. The Mormons are as they are because of the teaching of their religion, and America stands for freedom in religious opinions and practice. II. The Mormon church through the "Woodruff Manifesto" of 1895 abolished plural marriages, and all existing offences are viola- tions of the rules of the church as well as of the nation. III. Joseph Smith is no greater controller of wealth and people than many other capitalists, and should not be punished merely because he is a Mormon. IV. If the Federal government should strike RESTRICTION OF MORMON PRACTICES. 199 at the church as an organization, it would create disloyalty in the hearts of the Mormons. If it should punish the individual offenders, it would accomplish more and do no harm. Negative References. H. T. King, The Mormons. John Morgan, Doc- trines of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Arena, vol. 23, p. 120; vol. 29, pp. 449"56- World's W., vol. 5, p. 2881 ; vol. 8, p. 4903. Outlook, vol. 64, p. 884 ; vol. 89, p. 269. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 184, p. 46; vol. 187, p. 117. Saturday Rev., vol. 57, p. 16; vol. 59, p. 815. American Mag., vol. 3, pp. 68- 84. Current Lit., vol. 51, pp. 536-7. Everybody's, vol. 25, pp. 427-8. Collier's, vol. 47, p. 35. QUESTION LXXXI. Resolved, That all citizens of the United States who, because of old age, have become incapable of supporting themselves, should be given a pension adequate to support them. Affirmative Arguments. I. Such a policy would be in keeping with the work already being done through our other eleemosynary institutions. II. These old people are a part of the body politic, and society owes it as a duty to itself and them to provide for them. III. To care for the aged in this way would be more respectable than to cast them into poor houses. IV. This plan would permit these old people to remain among their home folks and yet keep them from becoming a burden upon some one else, for they would through this pension be self-supporting. 200 SHALL AGED CITIZENS BE PE NSIONED? 201 'Affirmative References. Henry Rodgers, Social Insurance. Frederick Rod- gers, Old Age Pension. Independent, vol. 61, p. 705; vol. 63, p. 937; vol. 64, p. 1103. Liv. Age, vol. 265, p. 4419. Rev. of R's, vol. 22, p. 95; vol. 27, p. 84; vol. 37, p. 85. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 24, p. 713. Con- temp. Rev., vol. 93, p. 94 ; vol. 94, p. 743. Amer. J. of Soc., vol 14, p. 182. Outlook, vol. 91, p. 571. Arena, vol. 23, pp. 635-46. Westm. Rev., vol. 137, pp. 357-63 ; vol. 154, p. 276. National Rev., vol. 19, pp. 6-12. Negative Arguments. I. We already have many institutions through which we can care for the aged who are incapable of caring for themselves. II. To grant every old person a pension who claimed not to be capable of self-support would be to shift the burden of thousands from the shoulders of their children to taxpayers who owe them no support. III. If these old people are cared for through the eleemosynary institutions, they receive more and better attention than when left in the home of some of their children or friends who are unable or unwilling to support them. IV. The opportunity for graft and fraudu- lent claims, and the opportunity for others to 202 SHALL AGED CITIZENS BE PENSIONED? rob these old people of their pension money, make such a policy unwise. Negative References. Charities, vol. 21, p. 409. Rev. of R's, vol. 22, p. 95; vol. 27, p. 84. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 24, p. 713. Am. J. of Soc, vol. 14, p. 182. Forum, vol. 28, p. 687. National Rev., vol. 19, pp. 12-31. 19th Century, vol. 44, pp. 807-14. Pub. Opin., vol. 26, pp. 397-8. International J. of Ethics, vol. 4, pp. 188-205. Fortn. Rev., vol. 70, pp. 575-80. QUESTION LXXXII. Resolved, That the United States should adopt a compulsory old age insurance policy. Affirmative Arguments. I. The gradual increase in the percentage of old people in our citizenship, due to the fact that we are drawing away from the pioneer days and the days of immigration, demand that we do something to deal scientifically with the sit- uation. II. A very great percentage of our paupers come from the working classes who do not provide for themselves in old age. This con- dition compulsory insurance would obviate. III. The establishing of such a policy would eliminate many strikes which are caused be- cause working men know that they cannot lay by for old age. Under the proposed plan the employer would be helping them to save for the time of need. 203 204 COMPULSORY OLD AGE INSURANCE POLICY. IV. This policy would remove a great bur- den from the shoulders of the state in that it would do away with most of our eleemosynary institutions. Affirmative References. Adams and Sumner, Labor Problems. Amer. Jour. Soc, vol. 17, pp. 177-87. Atlantic Mo., vol. 108, p. 105. Econ. Jour., vol. 9, pp. 520-40. Independent, vol. 61, pp. 705-6; vol. 64, pp. 1 103-4 ; vol. 65, pp. 174-5. Con- temp. Rev., vol. 93, pp. 94-107. Scribner's Mag., vol. S7, pp. 454-67. Survey, January 20, 1912, p. 1622. World's Work, vol. 3, p. 2019. Rev. of R's, vol. 27, pp. 84-5. Harper's Mag., vol. 119, pp. 727-34. Fortn. Rev., January 20, 1912, pp. 40-59. Forum, vol. 40, pp. 569-76. 19th Century, vol. 69, pp. 1 141-56. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 26, p. 500. Negative Arguments. I. Any step towards compulsory support of the improvident by the provident is a step towards communism, and such is the old age insurance policy. II. There are many life and accident insur- ance companies which can adequately handle the problem of old age insurance. III. To establish such a policy would be to encourage shiftlessness, for all would know COMPULSORY OLD AGE INSURANCE POLICY. 205 that they were to be cared for when they grew helpless. IV. The postals savings bank is an institu- tion for the benefit of those who can save but little at a time. If these so-called helpless ones would avail themselves of it, the problem would be solved. V. The portion of the insurance premium the employer would be supposed to add to the fund each year would be subtracted from the wage of the employee, and thus the relative degree of poverty would still exist. Negative References. Rev. of R's, vol. 38, p. 746. Arena, vol. 23, pp. 635-46. Forum, vol. 28, pp. 287-700; vol. 68, p. 187. Nation, vol. 69, p. 146; vol. 82, p. 96. 19th Century, vol. 30, p. 380; vol. 45, p. 681; vol. 68, pp. 957-74- No. Amer. Rev., January, 1912, pp. 108-19. Westm. Rev., vol. 176, pp. 209-214. Atlantic Mo., vol. 108, pp. 105-9. Econ. Rev., July, 1892. Blackwood's Mag., January, 1912, pp. 147-54. Outlook, vol. 30, p. 191 1. QUESTION LXXXIII. Resolved, That an international gold standard should be adopted. Affirmative Arguments. I. An international standard for money would greatly simplify commercial relations between the nations. II. Gold is the only metal which has ever been used for coinage that has a universally recognized value. III. The gold output of the world is large and is being increased. There is no danger that it is not sufficient. IV. No other metal is as portable, as durable and as constant in its valuation as gold. Affirmative References. F. W. Taussig, The Silver Situation in the United States, Part No. II. Robert Giffen, The Case Against Bimetallism. Jour. Institute of Bankers, pp. 277-9. Q. J. of Econ., vol. I, p. 319. Fortn. Rev., vol. 46, p. 206 AN INTERNATIONAL GOLD ST ANDARD. 207 480. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 43, p. 582 ; vol. 76, pp, 287-92. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 160, p. 38. Negative Arguments. I. To adopt an international gold standard would be to make the money standard of value rest upon legislation and not upon economic value. II. To adopt an international gold standard would be unfair to those countries, such as India and China, which have the silver stand- ard. III. To adopt a gold standard would be un- fair to the countries without gold mines. IV. To adopt an international gold standard would be to put the future volume of money at the mercy of the gold output of the world. We have no proof that it will be sufficient to maintain such a standard. Negative References. F. A. Walker, Money, Chaps. 9, 13. J. S. Nicholson, Money and Monetary Problems, Part II. S. M. Mc- Vane, Political Economy, p. 123. Labor's Cyclopedia, Part II, p. 883. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 8, pp. 197, 212-15, 401. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 3, p. 153. Rev. of R's, vol. 8, p. 406. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 76, pp. 287-92. QUESTION LXXXIV. Resolved, That any further coinage of silver in the United States is undesirable. Affirmative Arguments. I. The wealth of a nation does not depend upon the amount of dollars she has, but upon the prosperity of her people and the produc- tivity of her industries. Simply making more dollars could not make a nation richer. II. Further coinage of silver would, accord- ing to "Gresham's Law" (that the poorer money drives out the better), cause gold to disappear from this country. III. The fact that the commercial value of silver is only about one-half that indicated on the silver dollar makes it an unworthy and dis- creditable money. IV. So long as gold is practically the uni- versal standard of values we should try to maintain a monetary system in keeping with it. 208 CESSATION OF SILVER COINAGE. 209 Affirmative References. W. S. Jevons, Investigations in Currency and Fi- nance, pp. 303-16. F. W. Taussig, The Silver Situation in the United States. J. F. Laughlin, The History of Bimetallism in the United States, Chapters 13 and 14. Nation, vol. 56, pp. 96, 432, 466, 448 ; vol. 57, pp. 13, 22, 61, 94, 222; vol. 58, pp. 266, 463. Independent, vol. 63, pp. 1286-9; vol. 68, pp. 325-7. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 22, pp. 645-52. Arena, vol. 15, pp. 555-62. Negative Arguments. I. There is need for some kind of money as a supplement to our gold standard, to make our currency system elastic and responsive to sudden demands for more money. II. Gold is being utilized so widely in the arts that the supply is likely at any time to be de- pleted. III. With so many greenbacks, which have no real value at all, in circulation, it behooves the United States to coin more silver in order that these greenbacks may be retired. IV. It is not necessary that the silver coined be -valued at any other than its commercial ratio to gold. Negative References. F. A. Walker, Money. J. S. Nicholson, Money and 2io CESSATION OF SILVER COINAGE. Monetary Problems. E. Suess, The Future Silver. J. D. Horton, The Silver in Europe. S. M. Mac Vane, Political Economy. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 8, p. 197. J. of Soc. Sci., vol. 32, p. 27. Report of United States Monetary Commission, 1887, p. 15. Harper's W., vol. 38, p. 1206. United States Statistical Abstract, 1893, p. 42. Nation, vol. 85, p. 430. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 22, pp. 274-89. Rand, McNally's Bankers' Monthly, vol. 25, pp. 266-7. QUESTION LXXXV. Resolved, That the principle of the closed shop should be generally adopted in the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. The closed shop is a necessary result of modern industrialism : it is based upon the fact that the welfare of the laboring classes is bound up with the device of collective bargaining. II. If Labor Unions have a right to exist, which is no longer denied, they have a right to insist on those conditions which are necessary to their existence; and they cannot exist if non-union men are permitted to take the jobs of union men. III. The closed shop is legally justifiable. An employee has a right to say that he will sell his labor on condition that he is not to work with obnoxious persons. In like manner, laborers can combine to sell their labor collec- tively, and on the same terms. THE CLOSED SHOP. IV. The closed shop is morally justifiable. It accomplishes the most good for its members as a body. Affirmative References. John Mitchell, Organized Labor. Encyclopedia of Social Reform, pp. 851-3. Atlantic Mo., vol. 94, p. 433. Independent, vol. 63, pp. 990-3. American Fed- erationist, January and March, 1904. American Indus- tries, December 1st, 1904. American J. of Soc. Sci., vol. 28, p. 40. Nation, vol. 79, p. 46. Arena, vol. 39, pp. 544-7. American Mag., vol. 72, pp. 545-51. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 180, pp. 28, 912 ; vol. 195, pp. 66, 618. Negative Arguments. I. The principle of the closed shop denies the right of individual contract. II. The closed shop is bad for the labor union itself. If unions are to render permanent service to the laborers, they must be voluntary organizations. The coercion of laborers by laborers is no better than the coercion of labor- ers by capitalists. III. The general adoption of the closed shop principle would grant too much power to labor organizations. A trade union should be kept upon its good behavior by the knowledge that THE CLOSED SHOP. 213 an unreasonable or selfish policy will result in an appeal to non-union men. IV. The closed shop would deter business enterprises and injure business interests. The open shop is necessary to preserve the liberty and protect the rights of employers. Without an open shop, the men who have put their money into the business can no longer control their own property, but are practically com- pelled to turn it over to an organization which considers its interests as opposed to those of the capitalists. Negative References. Ency. of Soc. Reform, page 853. American Econ. Ass'n, vol. IV, No. 1, February, 1903. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 149, p. 413. Arena, vol. 21, p. 131. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 27, p. 517. Green Bag, vol. 18, p. 339. Current Literature, vol. 51, pp. 654-6. Outlook, vol. 100, pp. 359-67. Overland, n. s., vol. 51, pp. 288- 94. World's Work, vol. II, p. 6955; vol. 14, p. 9164; vol. 15, p. 9675. QUESTION LXXXVI. Resolved, That the United States should have commercial reciprocity with the Dominion of Canada. Affirmative Arguments. I. The United States and Canada are one geographically, topographically, and in civiliza- tion and habits, and anything short of com- plete commercial reciprocity is an artificial dis- tinction. II. The lumber, furs, and fish industries of the Dominion of Canada, together with her growing agricultural development, would per- fectly supplement our fruit, manufacturing, and mining industries. III. With the tariff removed, our transporta- tion lines would convey most of the Canadian raw products to port, and much more of their raw materials would be sent into the states for development. IV. Already thousands of our farmers are 214 RECIPROCITY WITH CANADA. 215 emigrating to Canada. We shall soon not be able to cope with her in agriculture. If we wait until Canada develops manufacturing indus- tries, we shall not be able to compete with her in either her markets or our own. Affirmative References. Goldwin Smith, Canada and the Canadian Question, pp. 281-301. Erastus Wiman, Closest Trade Relations Between United States and Canada. Albert Shaw, National Revenues. Century, vol. 16, p. 236. Forum, vol. 6, p. 241 ; vol. 7, p. 361. New Englander, vol. 53, p. 1. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 139, p. 42; vol. 148, p. 54; vol. 151, p. 212. Harper's Mag., vol. 78, p. 520. Negative Arguments. I. Commercial reciprocity with Canada vir- tually means reciprocity with all nations, for any nation could ship through Canada into the United States. II. Our industries would be crippled by such commercial relation, for such industries as agriculture, cattle raising, and mining would be thrown into direct competition with Cana- dian industries fostered on land worth only one-tenth our own land. III. Already our transportation lines are 216 RECIPROCITY WITH CANADA. doing all the Canadian business they could do under any other relation, for by shipping bids, Canadian products are shipped across the United States, and Canadian wheat is shipped here and milled and shipped back free of duty. IV. Commercial reciprocity with Canada in time of international disturbances would make trade unstable, for England, and consequently Canada, would necessarily maintain strict neu- trality and thus would have to sever many rela- tions upon which our commerce had come to depend. 'Negative References. James Douglas, Canadian Independence, Annexation and British Imperial Federation. H. C. Lodge, Reci- procity with Canada (Speech before the House Mar- ket Club, April 2, 1903). Penn. Mo., vol. 5, p. 529. No. Am. Rev., vol. 153, p. 468. Forum, vol. 6, pp. 451-6. Canadian Mag., vol. 18, p. 226; vol. 23, p. 416. Chautauquan, vol. 34, pp. 239-40. Independent, vol. 57, p. 1277. QUESTION LXXXVII. Resolved, That the English House of Lords should be abolished. Affirmative Arguments. I. The House of Lords is composed of men who hold their office by right of inheritance, and so cannot be composed of real statesmen. II. The Lords have for some time been stripped of initiation of legislation, and so far as influence is concerned, might just as well not exist. III. The expense incurred by a body so use- less as the Lords is an unnecessary drain upon the tax-paying body of the nation. IV. The fact that the Lords can practically remove from office the House of Commons in a body not only means an expense for another election, but injures the legislative machinery of the government. Affirmative References. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 184, pp. 649-54; vol. 187, pp. 217 2i8 ABOLISHMENT OF HOUSE OF LORDS. 898-90; vol. 190, pp. 711-16. Westm. Rev., vol. 166, pp. 599-03. 19th Century, vol. 61, pp. 517-22. Out- look, vol. 84, pp. 957-8. Arena, vol. 37, pp. 72-4. Contemp. Rev., vol. 91, pp. 319-28; vol. 92, pp. 16-21 ; vol. 96, pp. 129-39, 641-51. Rev. of R's, vol. 34, pp. 133-4, 593-7- Negative Arguments. I. The dual form of legislative bodies is so universal that it is almost an unwritten inter- national constitution. II. The removal of any check upon the House of Commons would be to allow the less deliberative body to enact laws which are radi- cal, and such laws are characteristic of the work of all lower houses. III. The fact that the Lords do not have to depend upon any voting body to elect them removes them from the contriving of sectional legislation and likelihood of log-rolling. IV. The members of the House of Lords are men who have every educational advantage, and hence are qualified to deal with public questions as statesmen. Negative References. No. Am. Rev., vol. 184, pp. 649-54; vol. 187, pp. 898-90. Fortn. Rev., vol. 87, pp. 1003-17; vol. 91, pp. ABOLISHMENT OF HOUSE OF LORDS. 219 760-9. Westm. Rev., vol. 166, pp. 599-603 ; vo«. 167, PP- 33°"3- 19 th Century, vol. 61, pp. 336-68, 517-22; vol. 62, pp. 167-76. Outlook, vol. 84, pp. 957-8. Arena, vol. 37, pp. 72-4. Forum, vol. 38, pp. 455-8. Atlantic Mo., vol. 98, pp. 790-6. Liv. Age, vol. 250, pp. 465-75 ; vol. 257, pp. 195-200. Rev. of R's, vol. 34, pp. 593-7 ; vol. 36, pp. 255-6. QUESTION LXXXVIII. Resolved, That the Aldrich currency plan should be adopted in the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. The establishment of a national reserve will eliminate the possibility of a shortage in cash at crop-moving times and other times of depression. II. The co-operation of all the banks would minimize bank failures in the country in that every one would have confidence in so unified and powerful a system. III. The power for issue will be placed in harmony with the demand for disbursement, which means that in time we will have a basis for issue of other than national bonds. IV. The demand made by the Aldrich bill that a goodly reserve be left in the local banks not only protects the banks locally, but fur- nishes local funds for ready money on call. 220 THE ALDRICH CURRENCY PLAN. 221 Affirmative References. W. R. Hamley, The Aldrich Plan : A Review of Its Powers and Functions. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 188, pp. 212-25; vol. 193, pp. 539-50. Independent, February 29th, March 14, 28, 1912 ; vol. 72, p. 665. Nation, vol. 76, p. 184; vol. 92, p. 73. Everybody's, March, 1912. Forum, vol. 45, pp. 539-47. Cur. Lit.. February 12th, 1912. Outlook, vol. 88, p. 106, 149-50, 340-1, 676-7. Literary Digest, November 14, 191 1, January 20, 1912. Q. J. Econ., vol. 20, p. 135. Pamphlet, "A National Reserve Ass'n, and The Cotton Movement," Banking Reform Series, No. 5. Pamphlets issued by "National Citizens' League for the Promotion of a Sound Bank- ing System," Chicago, 111. Negative Arguments. I. No such reform is demanded, for our present system is more than meeting our needs except in times of panics, and at such times no plan can help, — a fact that is proved by the history of all nations. II. By the centralization of all the gold in the country there would be created a gigantic money trust controlled by a few financiers. III. The very fact that the banking system is so tangible an organization as it is will make it susceptible to political control. 222 THE ALDRICH CURRENCY PLAN. IV. The congestion of money in Wall Street is in accordance with the demand made and interest paid for it. No system could control this. If it did it would hamper rather than aid our money movement. Negative References. W. R. Hamley, The Aldrich Plan : A Review of Its Powers and Functions. No. Amer. Rev., March, 1912, pp. 310-18. Jour. Pol. Econ., vol. 16, pp. 94-7; vol. 20, pp. 25, 41. Independent, vol. 64, pp. 427-8, noi-2; vol. 72, pp. 555-58. Nation, vol. 36, pp. 164-5 ; vol. 89, pp. 450-5. Banking Reforms, March 16, 1912. Cur. Lit., vol. 50, pp. 584-6. House Documents, No. 291, 62nd Congress. Everybody's, April, 1912. Moody's Mag., March, April, May, 1912. Speeches of Senator La Follette, March, 1908. QUESTION LXXXIX. Resolved, That the United States should adopt an income tax policy of taxation. Affirmative Arguments. I. The present system of indirect taxation is not sufficient to yield revenue for the ex- penses of the government and carry out its improvement projects. II. The income tax, being based upon na- tional or internal wealth, would be free from foreign forces in time of war either here or abroad, which under the present system always causes serious fluctuations in our na- tional revenues. III. The income tax would remedy the evils of inelasticity in our present system, because the rate could be changed and thus the yield of revenue changed at any time. IV. The income tax would be a more just and equitable tax than our indirect taxes, be- cause they are based on consumption and fall 223 224 FEDERAL INCOME TAX. most heavily on the poor man, while the income tax, being based on wealth, will fall on those most able to pay. Affirmative References. Lalor's Cyclopedia, vol. 2, p. 485. Amer. J. of Pol., vol. 3, pp. 650-4; vol. 4, pp. 49-504. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 4, pp. 551-89; vol. 6, pp. 268-83. Amer. Law. Rev., vol. 29, pp. 73-7, 550-8, 807-17. Arena, vol. 36, p. 659. Chaut., vol. 54, pp. 324-36. Cur. Lit., vol. 17, pp. 129-33. Pub. Amer. Econ. Ass'n, 3rd Annual Meeting, Sect. 4, pp. 1-121. Econ. Studies, Nos. 4 and 5, pp. 255-388. Econ. J., vol. 8, pp. 173-82, 325- 32; vol. 17, pp. 417-32. VForum, vol. 19, pp. 48-56, 521-31, 707-22. Fortn., vol. 41, pp. 513-20. Harp. W., vol. 53, p. 10. Independent, vol. 67, pp. 178-82, 969-71, 1497-1501. J. of Pol. Econ., vol. 3, pp. 255-88; vol. 15, pp. 421-34; vol. 18, pp. 610-27. 19th Century, vol. 16, pp. 56-67. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 158, pp. 1-7; vol. 182, pp. 824-8; vol. 190, pp. 615-27. Nation, vol. 9, pp. 452-3 ; vol. 71, p. 197; vol. 87, p. 593. Outlook, vol. 49, pp. 109, 215, 312; vol. 82, p. 883; vol. 94, pp. 55 2 -3- Pol- Sci. Q., vol. 8, pp. 220-51; vol. 9, pp. 618-48; vol. 10, pp. 221-47; vol. 16, pp. 701-11; vol. !7. PP- J 47- 8 ; vo1 - 2 5> PP- I93" 2I 9- Q- J- of Econ., vol. 6, pp. 207-25 ; vol. 13, pp. 445-52 ; vol. 20, pp. 287- 300. Rev. of R's, vol. 33, pp. 736-7. Spectator, vol. 95, pp. 246-7. Survey, vol. 23, pp. 510-8. Westm. Rev., vol. 77, pp. 50-69; vol. 144, pp. 41-8; vol. 165, PP- 124-31. FEDERAL INCOME TAX. 225 Negative Arguments. I. While the income tax has been used in other countries with greater or less success, it has never been tried and could not be success- fully administered in a nation with a dual form of government. It demands a tax machinery controlled and operated by the central govern- ment. II. The income tax is so easily evaded that those who are expected to pay it would dodge it or shift the burden through a raise in prices of the commodity they controlled. III. The administration of the income tax would involve so much machinery and so many men to operate it that it would be unwieldly and expensive in the extreme. IV. In the only experience our nation has ever had with the income tax (the Civil War experience) it proved a grievous failure, and fell off in its returns very rapidly as soon as the war was over. Negative References. Note. The following books are the best for obtain- ing a general knowledge of the subject: K. K. Kenner, Income Taxation. Seligman, Income Tax, 226 FEDERAL INCOME TAX. Progressive Taxation. Bliss, Essays of Social Reform. Bullock, Silent Readings in Pub. Finance. Phelps, De- baters' Handbook, Income Tax. C. F. Bastable, Public Finance. Ann. of Amer. Acad., vol. 4, pp. 557-89; vol, 30, pp. 82-106. Am. Law. Rev., vol. 29, pp. 847-56. Arena, vol. 35, p. 213. Blackwood's Mag., vol. 178 pp. 279-84. Contemp. Rev., vol. 93, pp. 191-206. Cong Record, 1893-4, 1894-5. Econ. Journal, vol. 5, pp. 527- 31; vol. 8, pp. 325-32; vol. 17, pp. 105-70. Forum vol. 17, pp. 1-14. Fortn. Rev., vol. 87, pp. 87-97 Harper's Wk., vol. 52, p. 32. Independent, vol. 67, pp 1-2, 1492-1501. J. of Pol. Econ., vol. 3, pp. 311-37 vol. 4, pp. 37-53. Moody's Mag., vol. 3, pp. 331-3 No. Amer. Rev., vol. 160, pp. 601-8, 589-60; vol. 182 pp. 801-28; vol. 190, pp. 231-40. Nation, vol. 26, p 162; vol. 50, pp. 24-5; vol. 57, pp. 404-5; vol. 58, pp 133-4; vol. 60, p. 272; vol. 88, p. 319; vol. 89, p. 4, Outlook, vol. 93, pp. 602-3 ; vol. 95, pp. 45-50. Pol Sci. Q., vol. 3, pp. 1-16; vol. 4, pp. 37-65. General Econ., vol. 23, pp. 296-306; vol. 26, pp. 331-2. Westm. Rev., vol. 165, pp. 22-30; vol. 166, pp. 115-7. QUESTION XC. Resolved, That the Federal Government should levy a progressive inheritance tax. Affirmative Arguments. I. Great fortunes, when not obtained through the initiative of the possessor, are a detriment to national ideals. The inheritance tax only strikes at those who have not earned these fortunes. II. There could not be conceived a system of taxation more in harmony with the theory of ability to pay, for only those with money are taxed, and they on a progressive scale. III. The Federal government alone can col- lect this tax, for the state laws are not uniform, and by moving from one state to another the tax could be avoided. IV. By means of a high progressive inherit- ance tax sufficient revenue could be obtained without increasing the burdens of the con- sumer. a»7 228 FED'L PROGRESSIVE INHERITANCE TAX. Affirmative References. Max West, Inheritance Tax. Pub. of Amer. Econ. Ass'n, vol. 9, Nos. i and 2. Columbia College Studies in Economic and Public Law, No. 2. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 15, p. 292; vol. 18, p. 529; vol. 19, p. 288. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 160, pp. 95-6 ; vol. 182, p. 824. Forum, vol. 23, p. 257. Reader, vol. 11, pp. 151-8. Albany Law Journal, vol. 57, pp. 294-7. Negative Arguments. I. It is not the size of the fortune which is a menace to society, but its use; consequently a great evil may be very lightly taxed and some- thing which is not an evil at all may escape taxation. II. The possibility of amassing great wealth is what brings to America the progressive peo- ple of all nations. To discourage this thrift would be to impede the nation's progress. III. An inheritance tax could be easily evaded. The possessor could sell for a mere pittance his total fortune when he saw he was declining in health. IV. The revenue derived from such a tax would be so small as to mean nothing in help- ing to carry on the government. FED'L PROGRESSIVE INHERITANCE TAX. 229 Negative References. Thos. G. Sherman, National Taxation, pp. 45-8. Banker's Mag., vol. 73, p. 27. Nation, vol. 64, p. 333. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 8, pp. 220-51, 427. Moody's Mag., vol. 3, pp. 331-3. 19th Century, vol. 66, pp. 7-17. Spec- tator, vol. 96, p. 604. Amer. Law Rev., vol. 40, pp. 711-20. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Session, Ohio State Bar Ass'n, pp. 138-57. Banker's Mag., vol. 73, pp. 27-34. Outlook, vol. 83, pp. 150-1. QUESTION XCI. Resolved, That the Torrens system of land-title registration* should be adopted throughout the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. This plan will furnish a better system of conveyancing than we now have, and by grant- ng indefeasibility of title will give a land owner absolute security. II. The plan will result in greater certainty and simplification in land titles. III. Under this plan transfers can be made and titles registered quickly and with a mini- mum cost to the public and to the individual. IV. By this plan real estate will be changed from a slow to a quick asset, and will be as available as bonds as a basis on which to se- cure credit. Affirmative References. Harvard Law Rev., vol. 4, p. 278; vol. 6, pp. 302, 230 TORRENS' TITLE REGISTRATION. 231 311, 369; vol. 7, p. 24. Amer. Law. Rev., vol. 33. p. 42 ; vol. 35, p. 727. Outlook, vol. 61, p. 392 ; vol. 64, p. 378; vol. 74, p. 153. Forum, vol. 33, p. 310. Cen- tury, vol. 21, p. 586. Spectator, vol. 55, p. 1024. Negative Arguments. I. The Torrens System is cumbersome be- cause of the multiplicity of instruments and records. II. If this plan were adopted, trusts and equitable rights would be defeated by the cer- tificate of title, for the record would show nothing of such matters. III. The adoption of this plan would burden the public with a complex system of registra- tion, and the expense thereof could only be met by an increase in the rate of taxation. IV. This system in its initial recording would uncover so many complexities in Amer- ica that it would be impossible of operation because we have so many different kinds of registrations which would have to be changed. Negative References. Harvard Law Rev., vol. 6, p. 410; vol. io, p. 299; vol. 12, p. 26. Amer. Law Rev., vol. 25, p. 755 ; vol. 232 TORRENS' TITLE REGISTRATION. 28, p. 196; vol. 31, p. 254. Spectator, vol. 55, p. 1024. Westm. Rev., vol. 126, p. 76. Law Q., vol. 14, p. 327. Note. For additional see : Index to Harvard Law Re- view under recording and registry laws ; Bibliography in American Law Review, vol. 28, p. 197 ; Bibliography on Land, Arena, vol. 16, p. 380. QUESTION XCII. Resolved, That railways should be allowed to enter into pools and rate agreements under super- vision of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Affirmative Arguments. I. Preferential rates which result in the con- centration of the commerce of the country in a few hands can be avoided by permitting pools and rate agreements. II. Reasonable and stable rates will be sus- tained and secured if pools and rate agreements are allowed. III. The shipper who has no choice of routes will be protected against unjust discrim- ination if pool and rate agreements are entered into. IV. Pools and rate agreements will give the railroads a practical defense against disastrous rate-cutting. 233 234 RAILWA Y PO OLING. Affirmative References. Johnson, American Railway Transportation, Chaps. 15, 16 and 17. Ann.. Amer. Acad., vol. 8, p. 230. Re- port of Industrial Commission, p. 20. Outlook, vol. 63. P- 943- Forum, vol. 27, p. 223 ; vol. 33, p. 143. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 167, p. 543; vol. 168, p. 62. Columbia Law Rev., vol. 11, p. 532. Century Law Jour., vol. 73, p. 425. English Mag., vol. 42, p. 488. Negative Arguments. I. If pools and rate agreements are per- mitted, the railways will be given absolute con- trol of the transportation, commerce, and wealth of the country. II. Pools and rate agreements are opposed to the principles of the common law in that a few magnates can dictate prices which must be paid by all people. III. Monopoly will be substituted for com- petition if pools and rate agreements are al- lowed, and such a step would result either in absolute government control by the Commis- sion or it would be disastrous to the shipper. IV. The lessening of competition will pre- vent the growth of the railway industry, for competition is necessary to the development of a commercial enterprise. RAILWAY POOLING. 235 Negative References. Note. A general discussion of this question will be found in the following books: American Railway Transportation, Johnson; Interstate Transportation, Barnes ; Railway Transportation, Hadley ; Railway Co- operation, Langstroth and Stiltz. Report of Industrial Commission, p. 20. United States Supreme Court Re- porter, vol. 17, p. 540. Forum, vol. 24, p. 92; vol. 25, p. 129 ; vol. 27, p. 551. Outlook, vol. 99, p. 840. Amer. Econ. Rev., vol. 1, p. 766. QUESTION XCIII. Resolved, That the Constitution of the United States should be so amended as to allow Congress to propose amendments and a majority of all the State Legislatures to ratify the same. Affirmative Arguments. I. The amending of the Constitution was made extremely difficult because at the time it was adopted it was recognized that the states, which had always had supreme authority, need- ed something very rigid and binding to hold them together. II. The rapid advance in governmental af- fairs in recent years makes it highly desirable that we have a means of keeping the Consti- tution in harmony with this advance. Under the present method we cannot do this. III. With the coming of the initiative, refer- endum and recall, it is recognized that the peo- ple have a right to make the laws. The Con- stitution is no exception. 236 METHOD OF AMENDMENT. 237 IV. Under the present method it is so diffi- cult to amend the Constitution that a very small minority can stop progressive legislation. It should be so that at least a majority of the people could control. Affirmative References. Tucker, Constitution of the United States, vol. 2, pp. 667-692. James Bryce, American Commonwealth, pp. 254-9. Meyer, Nominating Systems. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 104, p. 652. Forum, vol. 9, p. 266. Living Age, vol. 28, p. 190. Negative Arguments. I. The Constitution was made difficult to amend because it was recognized that there should be some instrument to keep temporary public opinion from controlling. II. The fact that we have already passed fifteen amendments is proof that it can be amended when it is really needed. III. The Constitution does not need to be made more flexible, for by construction and interpretation it can be made to meet all needs. IV. It would be a grave mistake to allow Congress to propose amendments at will, for it is recognized that nine-tenths of the work 238 METHOD OF AMENDMENT. Congress does now is along lines which never benefit any one. It would be the same way with amendments. Every session would bring a number of useless amendments to be sub- mitted. Negative References. Townsend, Analysis of Civil Government, pp. 31-33, 202-3. Alexander Hamilton, The Constitution. Lowe, Government and Parties in Continental Europe, vol. 2, pp. 238-300. James Madison, Papers, vol. II. Alex- ander Hamilton, in the Federalist, pp. 544-55. Ameri- can Law Rev., vol. 26, p, 688. QUESTION XCIV. Resolved, That all interstate corporations should be required to take out national charters. Affirmative Arguments. I. Our present method of allowing interstate corporations to operate under state charters al- lows the corporations too great a chance of evading the law. The states cannot extend their jurisdiction over the whole country. II. A corporation doing interstate business must necessarily find different laws governing business and commerce in the different states. Thus it is governed and hemmed in by legal restrictions rather than operated according to economic law. III. A Federal requirement would place all corporations on an equal basis of competition. At the present time those chartered under the laws of a state which has few restrictions have the better of the competition. 239 240 NATL CHARTERS FOR CORPORATIONS. IV. The compulsory Federal charter would eliminate the lax laws of many states occasioned by bidding for these great corporations. Affirmative References. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 26, pp. 665-80. Atlantic Mo., vol. 100, pp. 530-6. Nation, vol. 80, p. 4; vol. 81, pp. 252-3 ; vol. 89, pp. 264-5. Independent, vol. 61, pp. 839-40. Outlook, vol. 81, pp. 1046-7; vol. 94, pp. 98-9. World's Work, vol. 9, pp. 5779-80 ; vol. 19, pp. 12730, 12755. Rev. of R's, vol. 32, p. 746 ; vol. 41, pp. 270-2. Negative Arguments. I. The enacting of a Federal Charter law would force a recapitalization and practically a reorganization of ninety percent of the cor- porations of the country. II. The inauguration of such a policy would seriously upset the taxation system of the sep- arate states under whose laws the corporations are organized. III. A system of this kind is another move- ment towards centralized government, which is not desirable in America. IV. The remedy lies in leaving the interstate corporation affairs in the hands of the Inter- NATL CHARTERS FOR CORPORATIONS. 241 state Commerce Commission and extending its powers and jurisdiction. Negative References. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 26, pp. 665-80; vol. 32, pp. 235-9. Atlantic Mo., vol. 100, pp. 530-6. Nation, vol. 81, pp. 252-3; vol. 89, pp. 264-5. Outlook, vol. 81, p. 900 ; vol. 82, pp. 96, 873-4. World's W., vol. 9, pp. 5779-80; vol. 19, pp. 12730-8. QUESTION XCV. Resolved, That the optional initiative and refer- endum should be adopted by the several states. Affirmative Arguments. I. Under the system of representative legis- lation it is impossible for citizens to voice their sentiments with any degree of satisfaction, for they vote for a single man and that man takes part in the passage of many measures. II. Under the optional initiative and referen- dum this delegated power is retained, but the citizen has, in addition to electing his repre- sentative as legislator, the opportunity to make suggestions and ratifications concerning meas- ures or bills. III. The passage of bills by the log-rolling method would be eliminated under the initiative and referendum, because a citizen would vote for a bill on the merit of the bill and not be- cause he expected a return favor. 242 THE INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM. 243 IV. Bribing and the like would be reduced to a minimum under direct legislation, for it would be a hopeless undertaking to try to bribe the whole body of citizens. Affirmative References. Hermen Lieb, Initiative and Referendum. Frank Parsons, The City for the People; Referendum in New Zealand. W. D. McCracken, Swiss Solutions of Amer- ican Problems. Jonathan Bourne, Speeches in the United States Senate, May 5, 1910. Geo. E. Chamber- lain, Speech in United States Senate,, April 20, 191 1. House Documents, No. 1, pp. 482-94. Senate Docu- ments, No. 603, in serial No. 615; Document No. 529, in serial No. 5266. Arena, vol. 18, pp. 613-4; vol. 24, p. 47; vol. 25, p. 317; vol. 28, p. 119; vol. 30, p. 96; vol. 31, p. 561 ; vol. 33, p. 267; vol. 34, pp. 142, 234; vol. 35, pp. 46, 507, 523, 600; vol. 36, pp. 45, 186; vol. 38, p. 315 ; vol. 39, pp. 131, 643 ; vol. 40, pp. 142, 245, 283. Hampton Mag., vol. 26, p. 459. Independent, vol. 54, pp. 429, 2789; vol. 64, p. 595 ; vol. 66, p. 421 ; vol. 68, p. 1374; vol. 71, p. 606. McClure's Mag., vol. 37, pp. 234, 435. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 169, p. 174; vol. 177, p. 78; vol. 185, p. 169. 19th Century, vol. 69, p. 21. Negative Arguments. I. The initiation of intelligent legislation to any extent by the common citizen is an impos- 244 THE INITIATIVE AND R EFERENDUM. sibility. He does not understand the science of law-making, and he has not the time to study the many measures to be considered. II. The general policy of permitting so small a per cent of the voters to petition for legisla- tion makes possible not only minority but dan- gerous destructive legislation. III. By the use of the referendum many bills formed by far-seeing and wise statesmen may be defeated because the common citizen has neither the wisdom nor the spirit of progress to ratify them. IV. The machinery for conducting legisla- tion by direct initiative and referendum is both cumbersome and expensive. Negative References. A. L. Lowell, Government and Parties in Continen- tal Europe, vol. II, pp. 238-300. W. H. Taft, Objec- tions to the Referendum, Address at Columbus, Ohio, August 20, 1907. Civic Federation of Chicago, Speeches in Opposition, Bulletin No. 3. Speech of Senator Sutherland of Utah, Cong. Record of July 11, 191 1. Arena, vol. 24, p. 47; vol. 28, p. 119; vol. 31, p. 153 ; vol. 38, pp. 71, 79. Amer. J. of Soc, vol. 10, p. 713. Atlantic Mo., vol. 97, p. 792. Independent, vol. 62, p. 1407. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 185, p. 202 ; vol. THE INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM. 245 190, p. 222. Rev. of R's, vol. 22, p. 224. Note general references : Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 23, p. 577. Independent, vol. 69, p. 734. Outlook, vol. 50, pp. 135, 151 ; vol. 96, p. 321. Atlantic Mo., vol. 108, p. 454. Chaut., vol. 62, p. 148. Nation, vol. 92, pp. 184, 521. Bulletin No. 186, University of Texas, Dep't of Extension. QUESTION XCVI. Resolved, That the privilege of the people to re- call their judges should be generally adopted in the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. The recall of judges is logically and right- fully a part of the movement toward a more thorough-going government by the people, of which the initiative and referendum were the first steps. II. By use of the recall we would be enabled to eliminate the more subtle faults of the ju- diciary as we cannot now do by the impeach- ment process, for impeachment demands abso- lute and concrete charges. III. The very knowledge that it was within the power of the people to recall their judges would tend to restore the waning confidence in the judiciary, IV. The purpose of the recall is not to im- pair the independence of the judiciary but to 246 THE RECALL OF JUDGES. 247 make it possible to remove the corrupt judge who is a shame to his own profession. The honest judge will be strengthened in his posi- tion. The only ground upon which an absolute independence has any right to stand would be the idea of divine rights, and we do not believe the negative care to advocate that. Affirmative References. D. F. Wilcox, Government by All the People. T. J. Walsh, Speech in House of Representatives, August 18, 191 1. 62nd Congress, 1st Session, Document No. 100. Senate Speeches by Jonathan Bourne, Every- body's for March, April, May, 1912. Arena, vol. 28, p. 470; vol. 33, pp. 50-1 ; vol. 36, pp. 45-6; vol. 41, pp. 494-5. Independent, vol. 70, pp. 1075-6. Outlook, vol. 78, p. 472; vol. 89, pp. 831-2; vol. 91, pp. 757-8; vol. 99. P- 95- Negative Arguments. I. The one thing for which the American judiciary stands is its independence of politics. The recall would require that the judge must cater to public opinion. II. The judge's sole duty is to administer the law. An appeal from his decision to the higher courts forces correct administration. No judge likes to have his decisions reversed. 248 THE RECALL OF JUDGES. III. A judge, of all men, is supposed to be above emotional appeal, but to make him sub- ject to recall would practically mean that the appeal of the populace would influence his de- cisions. IV. In many states the State Legislatures have the power to depose the judges. This gives opportunity for the people to act through their representatives and at the same time re- moves the trial from the influence of popular clamor. Negative References. M. A. Shaffner, The Recall. Outlook, vol. 98, p. 852-3. Independent, vol. 70, p. 1135 ; vol. 71, p. 384-5. Century, vol. 82, pp. 624-5. Note. The following mis- cellaneous references will be suggestive for either side : Outlook, vol. 97, pp. 295, 375, 947 ; vol. 98, pp. 378, 912. McCIure's, vol. 2,7> PP- 647-63. Atlantic Mo., vol. 108, pp. 461-5. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 193, pp. 672-90. Conf. for City Gov't, 1906, pp. 382-7; 1908, pp. 223-46; 1909, pp. 326-33. Yale Rev., vol. 18, pp. 206-9. Chaut., vol. 64, pp. 158-9. Survey, vol. 25, p. 879. Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 5, pp 248-9. QUESTION XCVII. Resolved, That the United States should establish a central bank. Affirmative Arguments. I. The history of American panics and the annual recurrence of temporary depressions prove that we lack co-operation and unity in our banking system. II. A further cause of panics is that the people have no faith in our banking system. A government should foster and command this confidence of the people. III. We need a central bank of issue in order that we may centralize and consequently reduce our gold reserve and place more specie in cir- culation. IV. We need a central bank to act as fiscal agent for the government both in foreign coun- tries and with our own citizens. 249 250 A CENTRAL BANK. Affirmative References. White, Money and Banking. Sound Currency, vol. 4, No. i, p. 23 ; vol. 5, No. 21, November 1, 1908. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 173, p. 854. Living Age, vol. 223, pp. 671-87. Rev. of R's, vol. 37, pp. 77-81. Outlook, vol. 64, pp. 678-9. Q. J. of Econ., vol. 11, pp. 223-47; vol. 12, pp. 12-14, 280-306. Amer. B'kYs Mag, vol. 64, pp. 235-43; vol. 66, pp. 529-49; vol. 72, pp. 834-41; vol. 84, pp. 173-232. Negative Arguments. I. We have twice tried a central bank and each time it became involved in politics and failed. II. The slow-moving wheels of government institutions and the stifling of individual initia- tive which would result from the establishing of such an institution are not in keeping with American progress. III. What we need is not a centralization of powers of issue but of distribution, in order to meet local stringencies and standing needs. IV. The solution of our banking problem lies in the adoption of some such system as the Scotch Banking System or the Old Suffolk Banking System, whereby we can have cen- A CENTRAL BANK. 251 tralization of the business affairs of the bank without government control. Negative References. B. McAdams, Alphabet of Finance. Sat. Ev'g Post, December 28, 1907. Pol. Sci. Q., vol. 10, pp. 573-602 ; vol. 11, pp. 133-57. Rev - ° f R ' s > vo1 - 35. PP- 475-6- Rand, McNally's Banker's Mag., vol. 35, pp. 243-4. Commoner, November 29, 1907; December 13th, 1907. Proceeding of Amer. Bankers' Ass'n, 1905, p. 118. Sound Currency, vol. 8, December, 1901. Nation, vol. 86, p. 90. Ann. Amer. Acad., vol. 31, p. 361. Jour. Pol. Econ., vol. 16, pp. 212-16. Outlook, vol. 87, p. 568. Harper's W., vol. 57, p. 1797. QUESTION XCVIII. Resolved, That there should be established an international court having permanent jurisdiction over all international disputes. Affirmative Arguments. I. Only by the establishing of a court of permanent jurisdiction can we expect to have permanent peace. II. The court at the Hague is only a con- ference and not a court. The difference would be that the proposed court would establish a code of international law. III. Never in recent times has the decision of the Hague nor the decree of any of the temporary tribunals been disregarded, and there is no reason to believe that there would occur any such thing in this instance. IV. The establishment of such an institution would make possible disarmament to a very large extent, because it would so crystallize in- 252 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION COURT. 253 ternational policies that nations would not need to be continually on their guard. Affirmative References. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 169, pp. 433-47. Rev. of R's, vol. 20, pp. 560-7. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 36, pp. 1-2. Law Rev., vol. 38, pp. 899-907. Yale Law Jour., vol. 14, pp. 1-8. Outlook, vol. 79, pp. 21-9. Harper's W., vol. 49, pp. 268-9. World's Work, vol. 9, pp. 5928-32. 19th Century, vol. 63, pp. 166-72. Amer. Jour. Inter- nat. Law, vol. 1, pp. 342-408; vol. 2, pp. 451-7. Inde- pendent, vol. 52, pp. 2314-18; vol. 57, pp. 1239-43; vol. 63. PP. 377-8o. Cur. Lit., vol. 36, pp. 1-2. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 66, pp. 944-57. South Atlantic Q., vol. 4, pp. 123-37. Green Bag, vol. 17, pp. 98-104. Negative Arguments. I. There is no need for such a court. The Hague and the temporary tribunals have served to settle satisfactorily all the disputes of modern times. II. There would be no way to choose the judges of such a court and have the unity that a court of permanent jurisdiction demands. III. There is no way whereby international law such as is contemplated by such an institu- tion could be maintained. Any nation of the 254 INTERNA TIONAL ARBITRA TION CO URT. major class would go to war in spite of the decrees of the court. IV. The only way we can ever hope to have international peace and have it universal is for the separate nations to continue forming treaties, as they are now doing, and it will in time be a universal policy. Negative References. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 65, pp. 871-80; vol. 8i, pp. 843-5 6 ; vol. 82, p. 55. 19th Cent., vol. 45, pp. 689-98. Saturday Rev., vol. 87, pp. 742-3; vol. 88, pp. 156-7; vol. 104, p. 225. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 169, pp. 448-53. Harper's W., vol. 49, pp. 268-9 ; vol. 5i» P- 635. Nation, vol. 80, p. 184; vol. 85, pp. 156, 256. Outlook, vol. 20, pp. 105-6, 1229; vol. 79, pp. 272-5, 472-5, 515-9, 622-5, 7 2 7-30; vol. 84, p. 29; vol. 86, p. 143. Inde- pendent, vol. 59, pp. 286-7; vol. 61, pp. 13, 1471. Col- lier's, vol. 39, pp. 13-14. Rev. of R's, vol. 36, pp. 273-4. Spectator, vol. 99, p. 472. Amer. Jour. Inter- nat. Law., vol. 2, pp. 451-7. Public Opinion, vol. 94, p. 120. QUESTION XCIX. Resolved, That the time is now ripe for the dis- armament of the nations. Affirmative Arguments. I. The policy of talking peace but practising preparation for war is a paradox, and can never accomplish anything toward peace. II. If all the money which is spent on arma- ments were to be spent in the fostering of friendly relations there would be no war. III. There is no danger of any of the great nations ever going to war and so no need of their continuing to build battle ships. If they were to disarm, all the minor nations would follow. IV. It is just as possible in this age to rule the nations by international law as it formerly was to rule tribes by national law. It is but a step in the progress of the world, and the time is now ripe to take it. 255 256 DISARMAMENT OF THE NATIONS. Affirmative References. Nation, vol. 2, p. 757; vol. 58, p. 410; vol. 84, p. 258. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 183, pp. 776-9. Contemp. Rev., vol. 90, pp. 624-38. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 80, pp. 1017-32. Collier's, vol. 40, p. 14. Economist, vol. 66, p. 365. Outlook, vol. 2i, pp. 299-300. Public Opinion, vol. 93, p. 198. Statist, vol. 61, pp. 394-5, 447. Independent, vol. 64, pp. 633-5. x 9 tn Century, vol. 63, pp. 835-51. World's Work, December, 1912. Negative Arguments. I. It is folly to talk of disarmament when there never was a time in history with more wars in prospect than at the present. II. Total disarmament would lead back into the old days when pirates controlled the seas and there was no law of commerce. III. The only way ever to obtain universal peace is by maintaining armaments, and each nation watching the other. IV. Even if such a thing as the reign of in- ternational law were possible, there would yet need to be a police force, and no one nation would trust completely any other. Negative References. Spectator, vol. 97, pp. 161 -2. Westm. Rev., vol. 166, DISARMAMENT OF THE NATIOXS. 257 pp. 258-64; 492-7. 19th Century, vol. 60, pp. 728-44. Harper's W., vol. 51, pp. 300, 1060. National Rev., vol. 49, pp. 177-80. Collier's, vol. 39, pp. 13-14. Reader, vol. 10, pp. 339-43. Saturday Rev., vol. 104, pp. 225-6. Outlook, vol. 22, pp. 139-42. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 84, pp. 614-30. Nation, vol. 84, p. 258. Independent, vol. 58, pp. 80-1. World To-day, vol. 15, pp. 1 136-8. QUESTION C. Resolved, That the Panama Canal should be forti- fied by the United States. Affirmative Arguments. I. To leave the Panama Canal unfortified would be to give all nations an opportunity and an incentive to violate the Monroe Doctrine. II. The United States has spent millions of dollars to build the canal because she needed it as a waterway. If we were to leave it un- fortified we could never be sure that it was open for use. III. The acquisition of the Canal Zone has rendered voidable our treaties with England to the extent, at least, of permitting us to pro- tect our own property in any manner we may choose. IV. No other nation would want to deny the United States the right to fortify the canal, because all nations realize that such a water- 258 FORTIFICATION OF PANAMA CANAL. 259 way should be guarded against siege from in- land or sea. The United States would of course maintain strict neutrality between nations. Affirmative References. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 190, pp. 577-86; vol. 193, pp. 331-9. Saturday Rev., vol. 53, p. 720; vol. no, p. 351. Outlook, vol. 96, p. 256; vol. 97, p. 52; vol. 98, p. 521. Independent, vol. 70, p. 367. Forum, vol. 45, pp. 129- 41. Cosmopolitan, vol. 50, p. 727. Sci. Amer., vol. 104, p. 218. Overland, n. s., vol. 57, p. 409. Rev. of R's, vol. 43, p. 361 ; vol. 46, p. 729. Negative Arguments. I. The United States has no right to fortify the canal because, through the Clayton-Bulwer and Hay-Pauncef ote treaties, she literally binds herself not to do so. II. The canal is not on United States terri- tory, and we have no right to usurp complete control because we have been permitted to build it. III. The canal does not need to be fortified, since either entrance could be manned by bat- tleships any time it became necessary. IV. The fortifications would be a great ex- 2<5o FORTIFICATION OF PANAMA CANAL. pense, and it would cost far more to maintain them than to assemble a fleet at either entrance. Negative References. Alfred Bates Hall and Clarence L. Chester, Panama and the Canal. Harvard Law Rev., vol. 15, p. 725. No. Amer. Rev., vol. 187, pp. 348-56. Independent, vol. 69, pp. 549-50; vol. 70, p. 162; vol. 71, p. 125. World To-day, vol. 20, pp. 287-92. Nation, vol. 92, p. 52. World's Work, vol. 21, p. 14075. Outlook, vol. 96, pp. 256-8. Pros and Cons THE AFFIRMATIVE AND THE NEGATIVE OF THE QUES TIONS OF THE DAY IN THE FORM OF Complete Debates cloth — Price $1.50 Postpaid — 564 pages Besides giving complete directions for the organiza- tion and the conduct of Debating Societies in accord- ance with parliamentary procedure, this book in many of its debates presents the speakers as actually addressing their hearers from "the floor," each speaker in turn with his arguments — the first speakers for the affirmative and the negative in turn ; then the second speakers in turn ; in some cases, the third speakers; and then the sum- ming up by the leaders. The array of arguments thus marshalled constitutes an intelligent and intelligible statement of every princi- ple and every fact affecting the questions debated, thus providing not only an exhaustive study of each ques- tion enabling a thorough mastery of it for knowledge sake, but also furnishing a thoroughly instructive and decidedly lively and entertaining program for an even- ing's pleasure and profit. Among the important topics discussed are the follow- ing:— Government Control Immigration Our Foreign Policy The License Question The Tariff The Suffrage The Currency Question Postage Transportation Our Commercial Policy There is also a list of "questions" suitable for debate, several of which are "briefly outlined," to assist the stu- dent to prebare and to deliver his own ''effort." 43 CONTENTS OF PROS AND CONS cloth — Price $1.50 Postpaid — 450 pages. SECTION. I. II. III. IV. How to Organize a Society. Rules Governing Debates. Introductory Observations. Political Economy. QUESTIONS FULLY DISCUSSED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE AND THE NEGATIVE. V. VI. VII. IX. X. XL XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. Resolved, That the Single Gold Standard Is for the Best Interests of the Country. Should Cuba be Annexed to the United States? Resolved, That the Fear of Punishment Has a Greater Influence on Human Conduct than Hope of Reward. Resolved, That High License Is the Best Means of Checking Intemperance. Should the Government of the United States Own and Control the Railroads^ Should Hawaii have been Annexed to the U. S.? Resolved, That Woman Suffrage should Be Adopted by an Amendment to the United States. Resolved, That the World Owes More to Navigation Than to Railroads. Resolved, That the United States Should Build and Control the Nicaragua Canal. Resolved, That Tariff for Revenue Only Is of Greater Benefit to the People of the United States Than a Protective Tariff. Resolved, That the Expensive Social Entertainments of the Wealthy Are of More Benefit Than Injury to the Country. Resolved, That the Hypocrite Is a More Despicable Character Than the Liar. Resolved, That the Government of the United States Should Own and Control the Telephone and Te)e- grahp Systems. Resolved, That the Average Young Man of To-day Has Greater Opportunities to Make Life a Suc- cess Financially Than His Forefathers. Is Immigration Detrimental to the United States? Are Large Department Stores an Injury to- the Country. Should Greenbacks Be Retired and the Government Go Out of Its Present System of Banking? Resolved, That Our Present System of Taxation Is the Best That Can Be Devised. Should the President and Senate of the J. S. Be Elected by Direct Vote of the People? Resolved, That It Is Not Good Policy for the Gov- ernment of the United States to Establish n Sys- tem of Postal Savings. QUESTIONS OUTLINED. Resolved, That It Is for the Best Interests of All 44 CONTENTS OF PROS AND CONS the People for the Government to Own and Con- trol the Coal Mines. Resolved, That Trusts and Monopolies Are a Posi- tive Injury to the People Financially. Resolved, That Cities Should Own and Control All the Public Franchises Now Conferred upon Cor- porations. Resolved, That Education as It Is Now Thrust Upon Our Youth Is Dangerous to Health and Good Government. Resolved, That National Banks Should Be Abolished. Resolved, That Bi-metallism and Not Protection Is the Secret of Future Prosperity. SUBJECTS FOR DEBATE. Two Hundred and Fifty Selected Topics for Dis- cussion. ADDRESSES FOR SALUTATORY, VALEDICTORY AND OTHER OCCASIONS. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. Oration — Decoration Day. XXXIV. Essay— February 22. XXXV. Salutatory— Life. XXXVI. Oration— Fourth of July. XXXVII. Valedictory. XXXVIII. Address— Christmas Eve. XXXIV. A Temperance Address— The Nickel Behind the Bar. XL. Essay — Coast Defenses. «r How to Use the Voice in Reading and Speaking By ED. AMHERST OTT Principal of School of Oratory. Drake University, Iowa cloth — Price $1.25 Postpaid — 275 pages Many good books have been written on the culture of the voice; but the best things contained in all of them will be found in this volume. In the first division of the book the physical mechanism of the voice is minutely and accurately described and carefully illustrated. How to develop, train and use the mechanism is the next sub- ject considered. The third division consists of a num- ber of choice selections especially fitted to bring out the varying qualities of the voice. The method, the clear arrangement of the matter, and the explicit directions, make this book far more useful to both teacher and student than the more "scientific" but correspondingly more unintelligible treatises on this subject. We can most heartily commend it to the gen- eral reader who desires a clear, /simple, and sufficient work on this difficult subject. CONTENTS HOW TO USE THE VOICE % CLOTH — Price $1.25 Postpaid — 275 PAGES Catiline's last Harangue to his Army Irish Aliens and English Victories ._ Robespierre's Last Speech • William Tell among the Mountains The Soldier's Reprieve Richelieu's Appeal Cheerfulness Honorable Ambition A Dying Heart The Eloquence of Revolutions : Those Evening Bells . . \ The Bore W 9« CONTENTS HOW TO USE THE VOICE Revolution Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg Nature and God The Spirit of Nature Judicial Tribunals The Brave Polonius to Laertes Wolsey, on Being Cast Off by the King . "Look not upon the Wine" Word of Strength Reply to the Duke of Grafton The Fine Arts We A'int All Bad A Dream He and She Pictures of Memory Power of the Imagination Reaching for the Bubbles "Greater Love Hath no Man than This" . How to Attract and Hold an Audience By J. BERG ESENWEIN. A. M.. Ijt. D. Professor of the English Language and Literature in the Pennsylvania Military College cloth — Price $1.00 Postpaid — 272 pages Every clergyman, every teacher, every man or woman occupying an official position, who is likely ever to have occasion to enlist the interest, to attract and hold the attention of one or more hearers, and convince them — will find in Esenwein's "How to Attract and Hold an Audience," a clear, concise, complete handbook which will enable him to succeed. In addition to the choice collection of model orations which this volume contains, the following subjects have received careful consideration: The Theory of Spoken Discourse The Nature of Public Speech The Forms of Discourse The Kinds of Public Discourse The Kinds of Oratory Preparation of the Discourse — Originality The Subject— The Title The Materials— The Writing The Grand Divisions of the Discourse How to Acquire an Oratorical Vocabulary Style in Public Discourse— Digest of Rhetorical Rules Preparation of the Speaker— Mental Preparation Preparation for Expression by Voice Preparation by Drill— Delivery Helps and Hindrances in the Audience Facing the Audience— Do's and Dont's for Discourse Thorough, concise, methodical, replete with common sense, complete — these words describe fitly this new book; and in his logical method, in the crystal-like lu- cidity of his style, in his forceful, incisive, penetrating mastery of this subject, the author has at one bound placed himself on a plane with the very ablest teacher- authors of his day. 109 CONTENTS HOW TO ATTRACT AND HOLD AN AUDI- ENCE cloth— Price $1.00 Postpaid —272 pages The American Idea Daniel Webstei The Children of the Poor Theodore Parker Freedom or Slavery Patrick Henry Napoleon to the Army of Italy , Dedication of Gettysburg Cemetery Abraham Lincoln A Plea for Patriotism . Benjamin Harrison Defense of Rowan . J. P. Curran War with America . ... William Pitt The New Americanism Henry Watterson The Guillotine Victor Hugo Address to the American Troops George Washington Robespierre's Last Speech Glories of the Dawn Edward Everett Eulogy of Lincoln J. P. Newman A Plea for Cuba 7. M. Thurston The New South Henry W. Grady College Men's Three-minute Declamations cloth — Price $1.00 Postpaid — 382 pages Here at last is a volume containing just what college students have been calling for time out of mind, but never could find — something besides the old selections, which, though once inspiring, now fail to thrill the au- dience, because declaimed to death ! Live topics pre- sented by live men! Full of vitality for prize speaking. Such is the matter .with which this volume abounds. To mention a few names — each speaking in his well- known style and characteristic vein: Chauncey M. Depew President Eliot {Harvard) Abram S. Hewitt George Parsons Lathrop Carl Schurz Bishop Potter William E. Gladstone Sir Charles Russell Edward J. Phelps President Carter (Williams) Benjamin Harrisou T. DeWitt Talmajre Grover Cleveland Ex-Pres. White (Cornell) General Horace Porter Rev. Newman Smyth Doctor Storrs Emilio Castelar Here, too, sound the familiar voices of George Will- iam Curtis, Lowell, Blaine, Phillips Brooks, Beecher, Garfield, Disraeli, Bryant, Grady, and Choate. Poets also : — Longfellow, Holmes, Tennyson, Byron, Whittier, Schiller, Shelley, Hood, and others. More than a hundred other authors besides ! We have not space to enumerate. But the selections from them are all just the thing. And all the selections are brief. Another invaluable feature: — Preceding each selection are given, so far as ascertainable, the vocation, the resi- dence, and the dates of birth and death of the author; and the occasion to which we owe the oration, or ad- dress, or poem. 5> . , COLLEGE MEN'S DECLAMATIONS Like the companion volume, College Girls' Readings, this work contains many "pieces" suitable both for girls and boys, and the two books may well stand side by side upon the shelf of every student and every teacher, ever ready with some selection that is sure to please, and exactly suited to the speaker and to the occasion. CONTENTS COLLEGE MEN'S DECLAMATIONS CLOTH— Price $1.00 Postpaid— 382 PAGES The Two Spies, Andre and Hale Chauncey M> Depew Stavoren Helen S. Conant Two Cities Herman Grimm The Stranger's Alms Henry Abbey The Coronation of Anne Boleyn James Anthony Froude Cromwell on the Death of Charles the First, Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton The Inspiration of Sacrifice James A, Garfield (The Twins Robert Browning Hector and Achilles Homer An Appeal to the People John Bright Keenan's Charge George P. Lathrop (The Coyote Mark Twain The Olympic Crown Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton The Mission Tea Party Emma Huntington Nason Mercy Shakspere Morituri Salutamus Henry W. Longfellow Public Opinion Daniel Webster The Destruction of Pompeii Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton Abraham Lincoln . . . ; James Russell Lowell Martin Luther Rev. Charles P. Krauth The Brooklyn Bridge Abram S. Hewitt The Minute Men of '75 George William Curtis Poor Little Joe David L. Proudfit The Pilgrim Fathers Felicia D. Hemans Geology James D. Dana South Carolina and Massachusetts Daniel Webster The Monster Cannon Victor Hugo Our Country Benjamin Harrison The Leper Nathaniel P. Willis The Silent Warriors Anonymous Eatisbon Robert Browning Old Faiths in New Light , Rev. Newman Smyth The High Tide at Gettysburg Will H. Thompson Richelieu and France Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton Farewell to England Edward J. Phelps The Mysteries of Life Chateaubriand The Return of Regulus Elijah Kellogg The Charge of the Light Brigade Alfred Tennyson The First View of the Heavens Ormsbp M. Mitchel The Death-Bed of Benedict Arnold George Lippard The Eve of Waterloo Lord Byron A Eulogy on John Bright William E. Gladstone 52 CONTENTS COLLEGE MEN'S DECLAMATIONS Cardinal Wolsey Shakspere The Home Henry W. Grady The Dedication of Gettysburg Cemetery. . . .Abraham Lincoln The Pipes at Lucknow John Greenleaf Whittier Pain in a Pleasure Boat Thomas Hood The Centennial of 1876 William M. Evarts Arnold Winkelried James Montgomery Christianity the Law of the Land Daniel Webster Raphael's Account of the Creation John Milton Tyre, Venice and England John Ruskin Our Flag at Apia Annie Bronson King Defence of the Irish Party Sir Charles Russell Das Licht des Auges Schiller The Schools and Colleges of Our Country . Pres. Charles W. Eliot The Battle of Ivry Lord Macaulay The Typical Dutchman Rev. Henry Van Dyke ■ The Narrowness of Specialties .... Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton The Apple Dumplings and George the Third . . Dr. John Wolcott Alfred the Great to His Men James Sheridan Knowles New England Josiah Quincy Old Braddock Anonymous The Opening of the Brooklyn Bridge Abram S. Hewitt Burial of Sir John Moore Charles Wolfe The Monarchy of Caesar Theodor Mommsen What's Hallowed Ground? Thomas Campbell Reply of Mr. Pitt to Sir Robert Walpole William Pitt The "Grand Advance" Prank H. Gassaway An Autobiography Rev. Phillips Brooks The Passions William Collins Westminster Abbey Washington Irving Laugh and the World Laughs with You Anonymous Alp's Decision Lord Byron The Cloud Percy B. Shelley Decisive Integrity William Wirt Marathon Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton The American Experiment of Self-Government . Edward Everett Equestrian Courtship Thomas Hood The Spartans and the Pilgrims Rufus Choate The Finding of the Lyre. . James Russell Lowell The Reign of Napoleon Lamartine The Boys Oliver Wendell Holmes The Washington Monument Robert C. Winthrop Wounded , J. W. Watson American Rights Joseph Warren The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . . . Chouncey M. Debew The Burghers of Calais Emih A. Braddock The Book and the Building .... . Rev. Richard S. Storrs The Declaration of Independence Carl Schurs The People of the United States Grover Cleveland The Hand Rev. T. De Witt Talmage Sir Walter's Honor Margaret J. Preston American Battle Flags Carl Schurs The Chariot Race Sophocles The Revolutionary Alarm George Bancroft The Sacredness of Work Thomas Carlyle Flodden Field Sir Walter Scott Death of Garfield James G. Blaine Lord Chatham Against the American War William Pitt Rienzi to the Romans Mary Russell Mitford The Death of Moses John Ruskin 53 CONTENTS COLLEGE MEN'S DECLAMATIONS ~ The Noblest Public Virtue . .... ... Henry Clay The Pond Dr% j ohn Byrom The Victories of Peace Charles Sumner Irish Aliens and English Victories Richard L. Shell Warren's Address John Pierpont The First View of Mexico William H. 'Prescott The Royalty of Virtue Henry C. Potter Marco Bozzaris Fitz-Greene Halleck The Future of America . Daniel Webster Guilty or Not Guilty Anonymous Toussaint L'Ouverture Wendell Phillips Nations and Humanity George William Curtis The Lost Colors Mary A. Barr Freedom or Slavery Patrick Henry Abraham Lincoln Emilio Castelar Driving Home the Cows Kate Putnam Osgood The Sentiment of Reverence President Franklin Carter The Trial of Archery Virgil The Hero of the Gun .... Margaret J. Preston Chief Justice Marshall Edward J. Phelps The First Battle of the Revolution Anonymous Last Inaugural of Lincoln Ultima Veritas Washington Gladden The Army of the Potomac Chauncey M. Depen ■ John Wycliffe and the Bible Rev. Richard S. Storrs The Fool's Prayer Edward R. Sill Palladium Matthew Arnold The Invisible Heroes Henry Ward Beecher Scotland Edmund Flagg Non Omnis Moriar . Horace Crispian's Day. . Shakspere The Queen of France and the Spirit of Chivalry. Edmund Burke The Necessity of Independence Samuel Adams The Trenton's Cheer to the Calliope Anonymous The Battle Schiller The First Predicted Eclipse Ormsby M. Mitchet That Gray, Cold Christmas Day Hezekiah Butterworth Herve Riel Robert Browning The Dome of the Republic Andrew D. White St. Martin and the Beggar Margaret E. Sangster The Greatness of the Poet George William Curtis The Highland Stranger Sir Walter Scott The Black Horse and His Rider George Ltppard The Shell Alfred Tennyson Youthful Valor Tyrtaeus Permanency of Empire Wendell Phtfhps A Morning Landscape Sir Walter Scott Courage General Horace Porter Jerusalem by Moonlight Lord BeaconsAeld Ode to Duty William Wordsworth Ca;sar Rodney's Ride Elbridge S. Brooks The Last Night of Pompeii Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton The Palmetto and the Pine Manly H. Pike The Two Streams of History Rev. Charles S. Thompson Fabius to AemSlius • Lmy The Puritans .Lord Macaulay The Petrified Fern Mary B. Branch , The Wonders of the Dawn ,. . Edward Everett A Retrospect Richard D. Hubbard The Sovereignty of the People Edward J. Phelps 54 CONTENTS COLLEGE MEN'S DECLAMATIONS The Lights of Lawrence Ernest W. Shurtleff Decoration Day Address at Arlington James A. Garfield Character of Justice Richard Brinsley Sheridan American History Gulian C. Verplanck The Prayer of Agassiz John Greenleaf Whittier The Present Age Victor Hugo The Temper and Aim of the Scholar . . . William B. Gladstone Opportunity Edward R. Sill The Supreme Court and the Constitution . . . Henry Hitchcock The Pride of Battery "B" Frank H. Gassaway The Marble Queen Susan Coolidge A Boy's Remonstrance Charles Perry The Toadstool Oliver Wendell Holmes Independence 'Bell Anonymous In School-Days John Greenleaf Whittier A Story of the Barefoot Boy J. T. Trowbridge The Drummer Boy Anonymous The Spinner Mrs. Clara D. Bates Trifles J. T. Trowbridge At Play Anonymous Tommybob's Thanksgiving Vision Anna M. Pratt The Lost Child Anonymous The Nightingale and Glow- Worm William Cowper The Fringed Gentian William Cullen Bryant Playing Bo-Peep with the Star Anonymous The Brook Alfred Tennyson Freaks of the Frost Hannah Flagg Gould The Fire-Fly Susan Coolidge The Kitten of the Regiment James Buckham The Shining Little House Anonymous The Council Held by the Rats T La Fontaine The Motherless Turkeys Marian Douglas The Children's Hour Henry W. Longfellow The Will and the Way John G. Saxe Mercy's Reply , . . . . Anonymous Intercollegiate Debates Edited by PAUL M. PEARSON Cloth Price $1.50 Postpaid 495 Pages This book gives to the literary society in the High School or Academy, in the Normal School, in the small College, or to the literary society in the iso- lated town community the opportunity of knowing how the debaters of the Colleges and Universities like Harvard and Yale and Princeton handle Ques- tions and arguments. CONTENTS INTERCOLLEGIATE DEBATES Cloth Price $1.50 Postpaid 495 Pages Bank Notes Secured by Commercial Paper. Affirmative, University of Michigan. Negative, University of Michigan. References. Federal Charter for Interstate Business. Affirmative, Princeton. Negative, Harvard. References. Initiative and Referendum. Affirmative, Ohio Wesleyan. Negative, Ohio Wesleyan. References. A Federal Income Tax. Advantages. Disadvantages. References. Abandonment of The Protective Tarift. Affirmative, Washington and Lee. Negative, Johns Hopkins. References. Injunction and the Federal Courts. Affirmative, Swarthmore. Negative, Swarthmore. References. CONTENTS INTERCOLLEGIATE DEBATE 7. An Inheritance Tax. Affirmative, University of Michigan. Negative, University of Michigan. References. 8. Federal Control of Railroads. Affirmative, Amherst. Negative, Amherst. References. 9. Restriction of Foreign Immigration. Affirmative, Illinois Wesleyan. Negative, Illinois Wesleyan. References. 10. Asset Currency. Affirmative, Beloit. Negative, Knox. References. 11. Are Labor Unions Beneficial? Affirmative, New York University. Negative, Rutgers. References. Ia Armed Intervention for the Collection of Deurs. Affirmative, Baker. Negative, Washburn. References. 13. Educational Qualification for Suffrage. Affirmative, Cumberland. Negative, Chattanooga. References. 14. The Closed Shop vs. the Open Shop. Affirmative, Chicago. Negative, Northwestern. References. 15. An Increased Navy. Affirmative, University of Illinois. Negative, University of Illinois. References. 16. Guarantee of Bank Deposits. Affirmative, Vanderbilt. Negative, University of the South. References. 17. A Central Bank. Affirmative, Drake. Negative, Drake. References. CONTENTS INTERCOLLEGIATE DEBATE 18. Appointment vs. Election of Judges. Affirmative, University of Georgia. Negative, Vanderbilt. References. 19. The Presidential vs. the Parliamentary System of Government. Affirmative, Dickinson. Negative, Franklin and Marshall. References. 20. Popular Election of Senators. Affirmative, University of Cincinnati. Negative, University of Cincinnati. References. 21. Annexation of Cuba. Affirmative, St. Charles (Minn.) High School. Negative, St. Charles (Minn.) High School. References. 22. Ship Subsidies. Affirmative, Bowdoin. Negative, University of Vermont. References. 23. Government Ownership of Coal Mines. Affirmative, Colgate. Negative, Rochester. References. 24. The Commission System of Mtinicipal Government. Affirmative, Dartmouth. Negative, Pennsylvania State College. References. 25. Postal Savings B'anks. Affirmative, Brown. Negative, Dartmouth. References. Appendix. Questions for debate. 117 New Pieces That Will Take Prizes in Speaking Contests Adapted by HARRIET BLACKSTONE Instructor in the Art of Speaking and Dramatic Art cloth — Price $1.25 Postpaid — 390 pages How do we know they will take prizes? The very excellence of the collection is evidence; and since the publication of this book several years ago we have re- ceived information that many of these pieces have taken prizes. This shows that all the good things have not been used, and there are plenty of fresh selections in this book to give the boys and girls a chance to surprise the audience with something they have never heard. The great variety here presented — oratorical, dra- matic, humorous, and pieces in dialect, well provide material for a wide range of occasions and for a great diversity of individual tastes. CONTENTS PIECES THAT WILL TAKE PRIZES CLOTH — Price $1.25 Postpaid — 390 PAGES The Honor of the Woods Adapted The Inmate of the Dungeon W. C. Morrow Heroism and History Newton Bateman The Shepherd's Trophy Alfred Ollivant Alice's Flag Maurice Thompson Pomp's Story /. T. Trowbridge Through the Flood Ian Maclaren "Gentlemen! The King]" Robert Barr Engineer Connor's Son Will Allen Dromgoole A Son of Abdallah Albion W. Tourgee The Gold Louis Adapted Washington W . Hamilton Spence Jerry, The Bobbin-Boy Adapted The Mount of Laws Hall Caine The Archbishoo's Christmas Gift Robert Barr An Imperial Secret Alexander Dumas The Black Killer Alfred Ollivant The Queen's Letter Anthony Hope The Heart of Old Hickory Will Allen Dromgoole 41 CONTENTS PIECES THAT WILL TAKE PRIZES The Secret 'Dispatches )*. .Adapted Cut Off from the People Hall Caine An Encounter with a Panther James Fennimore Cooper The Cruelty of Legree Harriet Beecher Stowe The Sin of the Bishop of Modenstein Anthony Hope A Study in Dialect Marietta Holley The English Buccaneer Adapted The Death of Bill Sykes L liarles Dickens The Wonderful Tar -Baby Joel Chandler Harris The Escape . . Harriet Beecher Stowe Lincoln at Gettysburg Col. Clark E. Carr An Afternoon in a Hotel Room John Kendrick Bangs Mistress Sherwood's Victory Eva L. Ogdew The Angel and the Shepherds Lew Wallace The King of Boyville William Allen White Nominating General Grant Roscoe ConkUng The Governor's Last Levee Sara Beaumont Kennedy Joam Dacosta Jules Vem« Grandma Keeler Gets Grandpa Keeler Ready for Sunday > School Sally Pratt McLean Bob Henry W. Grady The Fiddle Told Nora C. Franklin Winners by Their Own Lengths Ralph Connor How the Church Was Built at Kehoe's Bar .... John Bennett "Boots" Adapted Ine Prisoner's Plea Adapted The Equinoctial Storm F. Hopkinson Smith Gordon's Reprieve Adapted The Hero of the Day Adapted The Wooing of Miss Woppit . Eugene Field The Stirring Up of 'Billy Williams . . . Harry Stillwell Edwards The Sheriff's Honor Harriet Blackstone President McKinley's Last Address Abridged & Modern American Speaker By EDWIN DU BOIS SHURTER, Ph. B. Associate Professor of Public Sfeaking'at the University of Texas. Formerly Instructor of English and Elocution at Stanford University and Instructor in Elocution and Oratory at Cornell University. A Cohection of our Best American Oratory cloth— Price $1.25 Postpaid — 365 pages The selections in this volume have been collected dur- ing the past seven years while the compiler has been engaged, in instructing college students along the lines of public speaking. It is generally conceded that some sort of training in public speech should be afforded in the higher institu- tions of learning, as a preparation for professional life and the duties of citizenship. This need has furnished the controlling principle in making the selections herein culled from a large mass of material. Some "old favor- ites" are included for purposes of ready reference and class drill ; but the selections are for the most part from The productions of writers and speakers of the present generation on subjects of present interest and importance, having never before been pub- lished in any " Speaker." The selections herein given are fairly representative, and will furnish suggestive models in the study of pres- ent-day oratory. When used for declaiming, most of the selections will not require more than five minutes in de- livery; and by the omission of a paragraph or two, when required, they can all be brought within this time limit. CONTENTS MODERN AMERICAN SPEAKER CLOTH— Price $1.25 Postpaid— 365 PAGES Alhabetical Index by Authors. Out of the Past. , Dr. Lyman Abbott Our Government's Real Peril Dr. Lyman Abbott Ine L,aw of Service Dr. Lyman Abbott Materialism . Felix Adler Colonies and the Constitution Joseph Weldon Bailey lu d/? 10 '■ • 'A ■ ■■ Henry Ward Beecher The Philippine Question Albert J. Beveridge lhe Value and Danger of Precedents in Politics. A. J. Beveridge The Death of Garfield James G. Blaine Combination of Capital and Consolidation of Labor. . . , David J. Brewer An Appeal to the People John Bright Success Edward Brooks Bimetallism William J. Bryan Trusts. William J. Bryan Imperialism . . William J. Bryan The Child of the Alamo Guy M. Bryan Await the Issue Thomas Carlyle American Liberty Hampton L. Carson Eulogy of Hon. Isham G. Harris Horace Chilton The Conservative Force of the American Bar . . . Rufus Choate Frank P. Blair Champ Clark The Greek Revolution Henry Clay Education and the Self-made Man Grover Cleveland Territorial Expansion C. A. Culberson Eloquence of Wendell Phillips George William Curtis The Minute Man of the Revolution .... George William Curtis The Public Duty of Educated Men . ... George William Curtis Nations and Humanity George William Curtis The English Puritan George William Curtis The Greatness of the Poet George William Curtis Robert E. Lee and the Civil War John W. Daniel A Follower of Lee John W. Daniel A Typical Hero John W. Daniel On the Pullman Strike Cushman K. Davis The "Open Door" Policy in China Cushman K. Davis The Treaty of Paris and the Eastern Question . Cushman K. Davis Expand at Home and not in the Philippines . . D. A. De Armond The Place of Athletics in College Life . . Chauncey M. Depew The Lawyer and Free Institutions Chauncey M. Depew Two Spies Chauncey M. Depew The Philosophy of Happiness Chauncey M. Depew Our Duty Towards "Imperialism" . Bishop Doane Expert Knowledge Charles Wm. Eliot United States and Cuba . .' L. B. Ellis Emmett's Defense Robert Emmett Eloquence Ralph Waldo Emerson Self-Reliance . Ralph Waldo Emerson Foundation of National Character Edward Everett The Influence of Greek Civilization W.J. Pox Expansion William P. Frye The Protection of American Citizens William P. Frye A University of the First Class T. W. Gregory Building the Temple John B. Gough What Is a Minority? John B. Gough The New South Henry W. Grady CONTENTS MODERN AMERICAN SPEAKER The Typical American .Henry W. Grady The Old South and the New Henry W. Grady The University the Training Camp of the Future. H. W. Ksrady Centralization in the United States Henry W. Grady The Southern Negro Henry W. Grady The Home and the Republic Henry W. Grady The Negro Vote in the South Henry W. Grady The Stricken South Henry W. Grady Eulogy on Grady John Temple Graves Duty of Literary Men to America Grimke On the $50,000,000 Appropriation C. H. Grosvenor Political Education Arthur T. Hadley The Education of the Eye D. M. Harris "Enthusiasm" : . . . A. Harrington The Relation of the University Man to the State. Marshall Hicks Modern War is Unworthy of Civilization ....'. Dr. Emit Hirsch True Greatness Roswell D. Hitchcock The Conquest of the Philippines George F. Hoar A United Country George F. Hoar Union vs. Disunion Sam Houston "When the Texan Guards the Camp" Sam Houston "The Man with His Hat in His Hand" Clark Howell German Unity Arthur Hoyt "A Plumed Knight" Robert G. Ingersoll Happiness and Liberty . . . Robert G. Ingersoll Lumber on the Voyage of Life Jerome K. Jerome Ambition Jerome K. Jerome On Being Hard Up Jerome K. Jerome The Sunday Newspaper Herrick Johnson The Nation's Need of Men David Starr Jordan "Lest We Forget" David Starr Jordan The Quest for Unearned Happiness . . . . David Starr Jordan Arraignment of Mormonism Charles B. Landis Fraternalism vs. Sectionalism S. W. T. Lanham The Need of a Uniform Bankruptcy Law ... 5. W. T. Lanham Our Policy Toward Porto Rico S. W. T. Lanham Genuine Reforms Mary T. Lathrop The Independent Voter Leo N, Levi Dedication of the Gettysburg Battle Field. . . Abraham Lincoln The Great Peril of Unrestricted Immigration . Henry Cabot Lodge Notification Speech Henry Cabot Lodge The Blue and the Gray Henry Cabot Lodge The Power of Ideas L. G. Long Fame Henry W. Longfellow Democracy James Russell Lowell The Independent in Politics James Russell Lowell Liberty for the Filipinos William E. Mason Burke's Impeachment of Warren Hastings Macaulay National Perpetuity President McKinley Acceptance Speech President McKinley General Grant President McKinlev Reply to the Notification Committee President McKinley On the Appropriation for the Spanish War . . Benton McMillan Time for Bible Study John R. Mott Man's Responsibility to the Higher Law . . Clarence N. Ousley The Corruption of Municipal Government . . . . C. H. Parkhurst Chief Justice Marshall Edward J. Phelps Eloquence of Daniel O'Connell Wendell Phillips The Statesmanship of Daniel O'Connell Wendell Phillips Revolutions Wendell Phillips CONTENTS MODERN AMERICAN SPEAKER The Scholar in a Republic Wendell Phillips The Old South Church Wendell Phillips Character Essential for a Great Lawyer .... Wendell Phillips "The Soldier's Last Salute" Horace Porter Men and Memories of the Southland T. J. Powell Education and Character William /„. Prather National Unity and the State University . . . William L. Prather Texas and the Texans William L. Prather Immortality George Prentice Jury Plea Sergeant S. Prentiss The Lark in the Gold Fields . . Charles Reade Speech on Notifying Mr. Bryan James D. Richardson The Poetry of War Frederick W. Robertson The Doctrine of the Strenuous Life Theodore Roosevelt Individual and National Character Theodore Roosevelt Our Duty to the Filipinos Theodore Roosevelt Clean Politics Theodore Roosevelt The Proper Attitude of the State Towards Wealth ._ Theodore Roosevelt Americanism Theodore Roosevelt Preface to the Crewn of Wild Olive ''John Ruskin Expansion Jacob Gould Schurman Our Foreign Element Jacob Gould Schurman Competition Jacob Gould Schurman The Confederate Battle Flags Carl Schurz The Negro in Politics Carl Schurz National Honor Carl Schurz Truth and Victory D. C. Scoville Eulogy on O'Connell William H. Seward Jury Plea William H. Seward A Plea for the Southern Negro C. C. Smith Patriotism of the Public Press Charles Emory Smith Energy Alexander H. Stephens Abraham Lincoln M. Woolsey Stryker The Nicaragua Canal William Sulzer "Time" Charles Sumner The Victories of Peace Charles Sumner The. Duty of Christian Citizenship T. DeWitt Talmadge Suffering for Others T. DeWitt Talmadge Intercollegiate Athletics Hary L. Taylor The Venezuelan Boundary Dispute John M. Thurston Cuba and Spain John M. Thurston The College Type of Religion Charles F. Thwing College Rebellions Charles F. Thwing Bimetallism or Industrial Slavery B. R. Tillmna Free Speech Theodore Tilton Coyote Mark Twain Ancestral Ideals Henry J. Van Dyke No Colonies G. G. Vest Over Protected Farmers Daniel W. Voorhees Toast to the American Flag Prince Walkonsky Pursuit of Happiness Charles Dudley Warner The Negro in the South Booker T. Washington Expansion Henry L. Watterson Abraham Lincoln Henry L. Watterson The Lincoln-Douglass Debate Henry L. Watterson A Retrospect of Lincoln's Life Henry L. Watterson The New Union Henry L. Watterson Eloquence Daniel Webster Crime Its Own Detecter Daniel Webster CONTENTS MODERN AMERICAN SPEAKER American Citizenship Daniel Webster The Mission of the Anglo-Saxon . . . Charles Emory Weddtngton The American Student Type Benjamin Ide Wheeler Life and Love Kate Douglas Wiggin Education in the South George T. Winston Decisive Integrity William Wirt A Righteous War W. S. Witham The Orator's Cause John D. Wright Individualism vs. Centralization Dudley G. Wooten Eulogy of Texas Veterans •. Dudley G. Wooten Anonymous and Adapted. Sam Houston and the Civil War The National Flag "Chinese" Gordon The "Progressive Populists" The English Speaking Race Campaign Oratory The Victor of Marengo A Great Man of Business The Old Constitution The Professional Spoilsman ... A Southern Court Scene The Maiden Speech of Wendell Phillips Shall the Declaration of Independence be Re- Asserted? The Iron Will of Andrew Jackson Against Whipping in the Navy Preservation of Forests The Best American Orations of To-day cloth — Price $1.25 Postpaid — 303 pages. It has been the aim of the editor to collect in this vol- ume the 'best thoughts of the best Americans of this distinctively notable period in our history — men who are most prominent in its affairs, and who stand as the highest types of honesty, intelligence and useful citizen- ship. The addresses have, for the most part, been selected by the authors themselves, because they are in their own opinion best suited for the collection. Some few are retrospective; they will serve by contrast to show our development. Some are biographical ; they will keep us in mind of the fact that others paved the way for us — that we are followers as well as leaders. The speeches of Webster, Clay, Pitt, Patrick Henry, Calhoun, Lincoln, Beecher, and many others, are to be found in almost every Speaker and Reader now pub- lished. They have been declaimed for years from every school platform in the country, and with most inspiring influence. Andrew Draper says : "The old-time school declamation on re- curring red-letter days in the regular routine of the early schools was a great stimulant to boys and girls. It was not more in the words that were heard than in the fact that the boys themselves gave expression to them. It is the doing of things which stirs ambition and creates power, even the doing of things which some one else has done. There are plenty of men prominent in affairs who would gladly testify to the uplifting influences of the masterpieces of oratory and literature on their own lives by means of the school declamation." This is true, and while we have unabated respect and reverence for the orators of the past, let us also satisfy the universal demand for "something new." The speeches in this volume meet this demand. They are certainly "new." They deal with our present problems and methods of government. They proclaim the thoughts of our wisest men. They will educate and in- spire for future effort. 7? The Humorous Speaker Edited by PAUL M. PEARSON Cloth — Price $1.25 Postpaid— 352 Paget It is the finest humor, next kin to pathos, as well as the common humor of exaggeration and of in- congruity that makes "The Humorous Speaker" what it is. Such fun-lovers as Riley, Jerome, Twain and Dooley have created the selections of this unique collection of good readings. CONTENTS HUMOROUS SPEAKER Cloth — Price $1.95 Postpaid — 352 Pages On the Game of Football "Mr. Dooley" Mon Pierre Wallace Bruce Amsbary The High- Backed Chair Schuyler Kinf Katie's Answer W '. B. Fo-wU Applied Astronomy Esther B. Tiffany The Ruling Passion William H. Siinter Yaw, Dot Is So Charles Pollen Adams I Knew He Would Come If I Waited... Ldmund Vance Cooke Her First Drawing Room Gerald Campbell The Compact George Barlow Sally Ann's Experience Ehza Calvert Hall The Stuttering Auctioneer Charles T. Grilley The Groom's Story Sir A. Conan Doyle A Scene from the Shaughraun .Dion Boucicault Story of the Gate Harrison Robertson Mr. Bob Sawyer's Party Charles Dickens Want to be Whur Mother Is James Whit comb Riley Spreading the News From The Washington Post When the Summer Boarders Come Nixon Waterman The "New Woman" "Mr. Dooley 9 Wet Weather Talk James Whitcomb Riley The Joys of House-Hunting , . . . .Harvey Peake When the Train Comes In Nixon Waterman Saunders McGlashan's Courtship David Kennedy "No, Thank You, Tom" Frederick E. Weatherley Chimmie Fadden Makes Friends E. W. Townsend The Shaving of Jacob Sam Walter Poss A Scotch Wooing Jerome K. Jerome The Wife Who Sat Up George Grossmith A Poem of Everyday Life Albert Riddle The Hard Shell Preacher Edivard Eggleston The Villace Choir - Anonymous 118 CONTENTS HUMOROUS SPEAKERS Ringing the Changes Bertha Moore "Why Don't the Men Propose?" Thomas Haynes Bayly French with a Master Theodore Tilton Speech of Spartacus Bill Nye Fame and Fate Bdniund Vance Cooke Annabel Lee Stanley Huntley The Widow Blind Henry Arthur Jones The Bachelor's Soliloquy A nonymous Women George Eliot Keep on Just the Same Sam Walter Foss The Model Wife Bill Nye Rubaiyat of Mathieu Lettellier Wallace Bruce Amsbary The New Arrival George Washington Cable A Violent Remedy John Seymour Wood When a Man's in Love Nixon Waterman Two Fishers Anonymous Christian Science Mark Twain Chibougamou William Henry Drummond Burglar Bill F. Anstey Two 'Mericana Men T. A. Daly 01' Joshway an' de Sun Joel Chandler Harris Women Gambling "Mr. Dooley" •'This Fever Called Living" Wallace Irwin Artie's Proposal George Ade All's Well That Ends Well T. A. Daly Match-Making Captain R. Marshall A Way Out of It Samuel Lover The Golden Arm Mark Twain The Disagreeable Man W. S. Gilbert In Pursuit of Priscilla Edward Salisbury Field If You Want a Kiss, Why, Take It Anonymous On Cats and Dogs Jerome K. Jerome Da Strit Pianna Wallace Irwin What May Said to December Mark Ambient Cordial Relations Anthony Hope A Certain Young Lady. Washington Irving The Ape and the Lady W. S. Gilbert Rip Van Winkle From a Dramatization of the Original Before Playing Tinkertown Edmund Vance Cooke The Late John Wiggins Ellis Parker Butler Grampy Sings a Song Holman F. Day The Great Pancake Record Owen Johnson The Man in the Moon James Whitcomb Riley The Nap Interrupted Arthur W. Pinero Neighbor Jones's Notion Nixon Waterman The Puzzled Census Taker John Godfrey Saxe The Courting of Dinah Shadd Rudyard Kipling Modern Medicine Strickland W. Gillilan A Seven-Dollar Bill George Randolph Chester The Twins Henry S. Leigh Patriotic Remnants Strickland W. Gillilan Poor Dear Mamma Rudyard Kipling A Department-Store Ditty Charles T. Grilley The Princess Mary Charles Major When Lovely Woman Phoebe Cary Lines_ by an Old Fogy Anonymous De Circus Turkey Ben King Pieces That Have Taken Prizes in Prize-Speaking Contests Compiled by A. H. CRAIG Author of" Craig's Common School Question "Book " and "Pros and Cons" AND BINNEY GUNNISON (Harvard) Instructor in the School of Expression, 'Boston Author of "Near Dialogues and Plays" CLOTH — Price $1.25 Postpaid — 418 PAGES Here you have the selections with which laurels have been won in many a close contest. Having them, your chance of success is infinitely better than that of one who chooses an untried selection. The compilers have spent several years in collecting these pieces from every .part of the country. Many pieces have been specially adapted to the plan of this book. A glance at the list of contents will show how great care has been exercised in making the selection. CONTENTS PIECES THAT HAVE TAKEN PRIZES. CLOTH — Price $1.25 Postpaid — 418 PAGES A Harvard-Yale Football Game Adapted Commencement Sarah Winter Kellogg The Fight with the Aurochs Henryk Sienkiewicz The Wounded Soldier J. W. Watson Burgoyne's Surrender George William Curtis Aspirations of the American People R. M. T. Hunter Nathan Hale, the Martyr Spy I. H. Brown Abraham Lincoln Bishop J. P. Newman Americanism Henry Cabot Lodge As the Pigeon Flies C. B. Lewis The Spanish Mother Sir Francis H. Doyle Love of Country . . . . t I. H. Brown The Storming of Mission Ridge Benjamin F. Taylor Vesuvius and the Egyptian Edward B Lytton A Tale of Sweethearts George A. Sims Battle of Zaraila Ouida Opportunities of the Scholar Henry W. Grady A Murderer's Confession Edgar Allan Poe The Volunteer Organist S. W. Fo t s 3« CONTENTS PIECES THAT HAVE TAKEN PRIZES A Battery in Hot Action Chicago Tribune The Chariot Race Lew Wallace The Battle of Bannockburn Grace Agmlar A Rajput Nurse Edwin Arnold Michael Strogoff Jules Verne Nydia's Sacrifice Edward B. Lytton Best Policy in Regard to Naturalization Lewis C. Levin The Little Outcast's Plea Truth and Victory D. C. Scoville Fort Wagner Anna E. Dickinson The Elements of National Wealth James G. Blaine The Maiden Martyr Duty of Literary Men to America Grimke No Room for Mother Lockport Express Marguerite Evelyn N. Schroeder The Whistling Regiment James C. Harvey Future of the Philippines William McKinley The District School Edwin H. Chapin True Courage Adapted The Soul of the Violin Margaret M. Merrill After the Battle James Dawson Freedom and Patriotism Orville Dewey Constantius and the Lion George Croly The Scholar of Thebet, Ben Khorat .... Nathaniel P. Willis Teachings of the American Revolution Jared Sparks The Engineer's Last Run The Crimson Shroud of Olaf Guldmar Marie Corelli Siege of the Alamo Elisabeth L. Saxon The Scaling of Perce Rock Adapted The .uoat Race Thomas Hughes "Prince" The Boy in Blue John D. Long Kissed His Mother Eben E. Rexford The Teacher the Hope of America Samuel Eells Baby in Church Winnie M. Gow The Stability of Our Government C. Sprague The Knight's Toast The Last Night of Misolonghi Edwin A. Grosvenor "Inasmuch" ■. Wdllace Bruce The Corporal of Chancellorsville John R. Paxton Milking-Time Philip Morse Chariot Race in Alexandria Georg Ebers A Relenting Mob Lucy H. Hooper One Niche the Highest Elihu Burritt A Pathetic Incident of the Rebellion Adapted Over the Orchard Fence ... Harry J. Shellman The Home in the Government Henry W. Grady General Grant's English Mark Twain The Old Actor's Story George R. Sims Not Guilty Adapted The Philippine Islands John D. Long The Sergeant's Story Lochinvar Adapted "Swore Off" J.N. Foot Sergeant Prentiss' First Plra N. L. F. Bachman The Song of the Market-Place James Buckham The Great American Republic a Christian State . Cardinal Gibbons The Traitor's Deathbed George Lippard The Benediction Francois Coppee 39 CONTENTS PIECES THAT HAVE TAKEN PRIZES The Permanence of Grant's Fame James G. Blaine The Home Concert » ■ Midnight in London Ardennes Jones-Foster The Unknown Rider George Lippard Edelweiss Mary Lowe Dickinson Waterloo . . .J. T. Headley The Dignity of Labor Newman Hail Wolfe at Quebec Frank D. Budlong Hilda James H. Rayhill Centralization in the United States Henry W. Grady Opinions Stronger Than Armies Luther A. Ostrander Knights of Labor T. V. Powderly The Province of History James Ridpaih The Opening of the Mississippi in 1862 William E. Lewis The Present Age W. E. Channing The Mysterious Guest Fowler Bradnack The Execution of Andre Henry Peterson The Sioux Chief's Daughter The Pilot's Story W. D. Howells The Blue and the Gray Ellen H. Flagg The Sermon Louisa M. Alcott Parrhasius and Captive Nathaniel P. Willis Scene on the Battlefield Henry W. Grady The \acht Race "New York H"ali" The Speaker Dne Year's Subscription {four numbers), $1.50. All Numbers Kept in Stock. "i'he Speaker," edited by Paul M, Pearson, is a quar- terly magazine of such readings as college professors and platform entertainers seize upon from the month's periodical or the year's novel and cut to serve their particular needs. The following books make up the constantly grow- ing "Speaker" series : Price Cloth 60 Cents; Paper 40 Cents Postpaid No. 1 — Popular Short Stories. No. 2 — Selections Chosen for Declamation Contests. No. 3 — Selections for Children to recite. No. 4 — Cuttings from Stories. No. S — Cuttings from Stories. No. 6 — Ten Short Plays. No. 7 — Readings, and Four Plays. No. 8 — Briefs of Debates, and Readings. No. 9 — Cuttings of Popular Stories. No. 10 — Modern American Oratory. No. 11 — Dramatic and Humorous Readings. No. 12 — Centennial Number. No. 13 — New Platform Selections. No. 14 — Selections for Religious Occasions. No. 15 — Encores: Nearly 200 Fresh, Bright Hits. No. 16 — Popular Platform Readings. No. 17 — Humorous and Dramatic Readings. No. 18 — Monologues. No. 19 — Temperance Selections. No. 20 — Selections for Declamation Contests. No. 21 — After-dinner Speeches. No. 22 — Readings for Schools and Colleges. No. 23 — Recent Short Stories for Recitation. No. 24 — Dramatic Selections. The "Speaker" issues are bound also in sets of four. Vol. I includes numbers 1, 2, 3, 4. Vol. II includes numbers 5, 6, 7, 8. Vol. Ill includes numbers 9, 10, 11, 12. Vol. IV includes numbers 13, 14, 15, 16. Vol. V includes numbers 17, 18, 19, 20, Vol. VI includes numbers 21, 22, 23, 24. Price per volume, cloth, $1.50. Postage 19 cents. "The Speaker" contents catalogue sent upon request. BOOKS FOR LIBRARIES. BOOKS FOR LIBRARIES The following books are in constant demand for sehool libraries. Many of them have been officially listed by State Library Commissions as recommended books for school libraries. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL LIBRARIES Character Building Readers, The Price Parental Love 25 Industry 35 Cooperation and Helpfulness 30 Courage 35 Personal Responsibility 45 Thoroughness and Devotion 45 Adaptability 50 Fidelity and Justice 50 Aspiration and Self-Reliance 50 Self and Duty 50 Entertainments for Every Occasion 1 as New Dialogues and Plays 1 50 Famous Poems Explained (Barbe) x 00 Popular Patriotic Poems Explained (Murphy) 65 Acme Declamation Book 50 Approved Selections for Memorizing. A separate volume for each Grade, 1 to 8 each 30 Letters to Children, Written by Famous People 1 00 Lorna Doone (annotated and abridged by H. 0. 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