[I if #*!ii fimff liiiiw^^^^^^ iffh'iii I II teliSMMi fm «■<; ^l .Ill I ■-. ' ~1 M?l i'!' ' ,TW-i s(5ifl feT The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028898926 3 1924 028 898 926 olin Overs TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY THE PROVINCE LOWER CANADA. BY JOSEPH BOUCHETTE, ESQ. H. M.'S SURVEVOR-GENERAL OF LOWER CANADA, LIEUT. COL. C. M., V. p. OF THE LIT. AND HIST. SOC. OF QUEBEC, AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOC. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, LONDON. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMAN, PATERNOSTER- ROW. 1832. TO HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY, KING WILLIAM IV. THIS TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OP ONE OP GREAT BRITAIN'S MOST HAPPY AND FLOURISHING COLONIES, IS, WITH HIS MAJESTY'S SPECIAL PERMISSION, MOST BESPECTrULLY DEDICATED BY HIS MAJESTY'S MOST GRATEFUL AND DEVOTED CANADIAN SUBJECT AND SERVANT, JOS. BOUCHETTE. PREFACE. Antecedently to the year 1759, the dominion of North America was divided almost exclusively between the Kings of England and France ; the former possessing the immense Atlantic seaboard of the continent, the latter the territories along the borders of the gigantic " Fleuve du Canada," or River St. Lawrence. But the conquest, gallantly achieved by Wolfe on the memorable plains of Abr'am, near Quebec, left, subsequently to that event, but a slender footing to the French crown in America, whilst it at once extended the empire of Great Britain from the Atlantic Ocean to the shores of the Pacific, and rendered it almost co-extensive with the whole northern division of the New World. England continued in the undisputed possession of these her immense dominions, for a period of nearly sixteen years, when those revolutionary discontents broke out in the old colonies, which ended in the declaration of their independence, and their recognition as a free and independent state, by the treaty of Paris, 3rd of Sep- tember, 1783. Whether the reduction of Canada accelerated the separation of the original British North American Plantations, by removing the check vphich the relative geographical position of the surrounding French possessions was calculated to produce upon the colonists, it is difficult to say; but it is, perhaps, less pro- blematical whether England would this day have had to boast of her valuable transatlantic dominions, had not the victory of the British hero, who fell in the consummation of the conquest of Canada, preceded the birth of the United States of America, as one of the independent nations of the world. Certain it is, how- ever, that the severe consequences of the loss of the British plantations were greatly mitigated by Wolfe's victory, and the accession of the French colonies to the British empire, to which, not only from their intrinsic worth, but because of the political power and the commercial advantages incidental to the possession of them, they have since become important appendages. In the war waged by the colonies against the mother country, the people of Canada, although so recently become British subjects, resisted with fidelity every b2 Vlll PREFACE. attempt that was made to seduce them from their new allegiance, and with bravery repulsed every endeavour to subdue them. Such devotedness was highly appre- ciated ; and England, at the termination of the revolutionary war, directed her attention towards giving increased consequence to her remaining possessions, with the design of drawing from them some of the supplies she had been accustomed to receive from the countries recently dismembered from the empire. It was some time, however, before the efforts of the mother country were attended with any degree of success, and a new order of things established, by which the languor that marked the growth of the colonies as French plantations, gradually gave place to a system of more vigour in the agricultural improvement of the country, and a more active development of its commercial resources. If the British dominions in North America be viewed merely in relation to their vast superficies, which exceeds 4,000,000 of geographical square miles, their importance will become apparent ; more especially when the manifold advantages of their geographical position are properly estimated. Glancing at the map, we see British sovereignty on the shores of the Atlantic, commanding the mouth of the most splendid river on the globe ; and, sweeping across the whole continent of America, we find it again on the coasts of the Pacific Ocean, thus embracing an immense section of the New World in the northern hemisphere, reaching at some points as far south as 41° of north latitude, and stretching northward, thence, to the polar regions. But the importance of these possessions should be estimated less by their territorial extent than by the resources they offer, their capabilities of improvement, the great increase of which their commerce is susceptible, and the extensive field they present for emigration. The British North American provinces occupy but a comparatively small portion of the aggregate superficies of the whole of the British dominions in the western hemisphere ; yet they cover about 500,000 geographical square miles, and contain a population which in round numbers amounts to nearly a million and a half of souls. Of the above superficies, the province of Lower Canada embraces almost one half, whilst its population absorbs nearly an equal proportion of the whole population of the North American Colonies. The inhabitants of Lower Canada are chiefly Catholics, the number of that persuasion being about 7-Sths of the totality. Of the remaining eighth, rather more than 2-3rds belong to the Episcopal and Presbyterian Churches, and somewhat less than l-3rd comprises all other denominations. In point of local advantages, situation and fertility, Lower Canada is decidedly one of the most valuable and interesting sections of the British Colonial Empire ; and although its climate is rigorous during part of the year, the clearness PREFACE. IX and wholesomeness of the atmosphere, atones, on the one hand, for its severity, whilst the abundance of snow that falls in winter, contributes, on the other, to the vigour of vegetation in summer. The general features of the country are bold and imposing. The St. Law- rence, in its greatest amplitude, flows majestically through the heart of the pro- vince, receiving, on both its banks, the ample waters of many a fine river, opening convenient natural avenues to the collateral parts of the country. Upon a rocky and commanding eminence, 400 miles from the Gulf and about 650 from the sea, stands Quebec, the capital of those colonies and the key of the country, with a seaport calculated to harbour first-rate line-of-battle ships; 180 miles further up the St. Lawrence is the flourishing city of Montreal, which yields to Quebec in the strength of position, only. It enjoys an excellent seaport, also, and, being the emporium of the American and Upper Canada trade with the province, is rapidly increasing in commercial opulence and population. The following statement of the recent imports and exports at Quebec, much of the latter of which had passed through Montreal, will convey some idea of the activity of commercial business at the principal seaport in the province. ^ Imports for 1830 and 1831. Date. i^uTieheons. Hhds. Muscovaiio sugar. HUDS Ctoffee. Bags. Coals. Hhds. Tons. 1 i5 >> M 1 J, 1 s CQ i 1 cq 1 H i 3 H 1 August 12, 1830 August 9, 1831 7416 237 5682 456 459 204 294 605 1027 1669 1055 3237 332 456 401 267 190 190 18 34 8 16 1991 2504 3936 3433 55 160 447 Increase 219 311 642 2182 124 16 8 513 55 287 Decrease 1554' 255 134 503 Exports for 1830 and 1831. Date. Fot and pearl ashes. Flour. Beef. Pork. Wheat. i. > 13 1 s i 1 1 i i 1 i i a 1 n f i August 12, 1830 August 9, 1831 12552 6288 5506 5734 2332 3078 2020 811 3428 4157 25838 20068 24648 27305 6108 2809 49167 15554 2634 1713 8062 7445 325763 1887008 Increase 228 746 729 265r 1561245 Decrease 6264 1209 5770 3239 33613 921 617 To agriculture and commerce, by which the importance of the province may be estimated, emigration may be superadded as a consideration of no insignificant moment, when we reflect that nearly 50,000 emigrants from the United Kingdom were, in the course of this year (1831), landed on the wharfs at Quebec. Pre- X PREFACE. eminently, therefore, as is Lower Canada the immediate scene of this emigration, every information relative to it that could be conveyed to the people of this country, and especially the people of Ireland, may appear particularly desirable ; and although the following work necessarily contains a variety of topographical details of no pressing utility to the emigrant, it will be found to embrace much information for his guidance, arising out of the experience of those who have pre- ceded him in the formation of new settlements. In consulting a work containing so many statistical details, the reader will, naturally, be desirous of knowing the sources whence the information it conveys may have been derived, and it is satisfactory for the author to be able to state, that those sources can be relied upon for their accuracy and respectability. The sei- gneurial tenure of the lands, which prevails in by far the greater portion of the inhabited parts of Lower Canada, and the ecclesiastical divisions of the province, offer, of themselves, the most valuable means of statistical information. — The seigneur is competent to give the boundaries, dimensions, and subdivisions of his estate; its soil, surface, and its general topography, which he usually has graphically ex- hibited in maps, to which the author has, in most cases, had free access. The curate, as well as the seigneur, is acquainted with many of these particulars, and is moreover competent to form a correct estimate of the produce of the parish over which he presides, the extent of the lands in cultivation, the nature and amount of the farming stock and population. Upon all these points, besides a variety of others, have the seigneurs and curates of the province been, severally and par- ticularly, consulted, both by personal application from the author, and by circular queries, to which the most ready and ample replies were almost universally com- municated. The volume of exact information conveyed, in formal returns to the legis- lature, by the very intelligent class of the community to whom we have already referred, — the gentlemen of the Roman catholic clergy, — upon all matters con- nected with the circumstances and statistics of the vast number of Roman catholic parishes of the province, constituted also a further corroborative fund of facts of considerable importance. The elaborate investigation of the subject of crown lands by a committee of the House of Assembly, of which Andrew Stuart, Esq. was chairman, having elicited a variety of information relative to the tenures, topography and statistics of the colony, has likewise furnished a portion of the materials upon which the author has had to work. The information relative to the townships is derived from sources no less authentic and respectable. A considerable part of it, the author possessed in the PREFACE. XI official records of his own office, through which all soccage grants have been made since the existence of the colony. Another part was collected from the official and non-official returns and statements of resident township agents, upon which the utmost reliance could be placed. A third resource was found in the principal land- holders and leading inhabitants of the townships, who were regularly consulted, in a series of queries, upon the local, agricultural, statistical and religious state of their respective sections of country. In addition to these multifarious means of informa- tion, the public returns of the census of 1825 were carefully consulted, and to the whole mass of documents thus accumulated, were superadded the results of three official tours performed by the author in 1820, 1824 and 18S7> in the course of which he visited the settled extremities of the province, and traversed the old and the new settlements in almost every direction, noting with care, as he went . along, the information with which he was furnished, on the spot, by the intelligent inhabitants whom he consulted, and sketching the country as he proceeded. Out of these combined materials has grown the following Topographical Dictionary. There are many minute points connected with the topography of a country, of the utmost importance to those seeking for complete information as to its resources, for the arrangement of which, as well as for the facility of reference, the alphabetical form affiirds distinguished advantages ; and this has induced the author to prefer the lexicographic plan, which he confidently presumes will be found to combine many and important advantages, from its comprising, under one view, all the particulars that can be required upon any one point. Thus every county, parish, seigniory or township is described under its particular head, with reference to its boundaries, extent, locality, soil, &c. ; its statistics are then tabularly detailed, together with the description and amount of its agricultural produce and live stock. After the description of each seigniory or fief is an extract of the original title thereof, taken from the archives of the province. The lakes, rivers, roads and canals come also under their respective names, and are all described in topographical detail. Under the head " Province" will be found a general description of Lower Canada ; and under that of St. Lawrence an ample and somewhat nautical account of that important river. The system of opening roads through the forest, and of commencing clearings for settlement in the wilderness, will be found explained under the heads of Mull, Roads, New Settlements, and incidentally in various other parts of the work ; and as this infor- mation is derived from the experience of practical settlers, it is the more valuable to the emigrant who may eventually take lands in Lower Canada. In fact, nothing has been omitted which the author conceived might be of the slightest interest or importance, and which the researches of, and the accumu- Xll PREFACE. lation of documents for, now nearly thirty years, could enable him to embody in such a work. That it is altogether free from defects it would be presumptuous probably to hope, especially when it is considered that such a work is the first of the kind that has been undertaken, not only for Lower Canada, but for any other of the British colonies; yet the author may vouchsafe to say, that the general correctness of the information may be fully relied upon. In the method and systematic arrangement of the Dictionary, the author has pleasure in acknow- ledging the assistance he derived from Mr. Thomas G. Bucke; and he trusts that the frame of the work and the classification of the details will be found judicious. The author, in fine, has studied utility far more than elegance ; the earnest desire of conveying information and not a visionary prospect of literary fame, to which he cannot presume to aspire, has brought him again before the public, and he confidently hopes to receive that indulgence which, he thinks, he may claim, from the motive by which he has, avowedly, been actuated, in the publication of a Topographical Dictionary of Lower Canada. LoNDOKj October, 1831. TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY LOWER CANADA. ABBREVIATIONS. Aug. Augmentation. B. b. Barony. C. c. Canal, co. County. D. d. District. e. East. F. p. Fief. fr. from. I. Isle. Id. Island. L. l. Lake. 1. League, m. mile. n. North. P. p. Parish. R.r. River. S. Seigniory, s. South, sq. square. T. t. Township. V. v. Village, w. West. ABE AbagusquasHj or " small water," rises in the rear of Trois Pistolles^ S. It is a river, or rather a chain of lakes, forming one of the head branches of the a. Toledo, which it enters a little below I/. Orsale Wallagamuch. Abawsisquash, river, rises in a small l., con- nected by a portage with l. Orsale Wallagamuch, one of the sources of the Toledo. It runs n.w., cutting off the s, angle of the S. of Trois PistoUes, and joins the h. of that name. By means of this E., which is narrow, rapid and obstructed by falls, the Indians pass in canoes from the n. Toledo to the St. Lawrence. Abenakis, v. Indians. Abercromby, township, in the co. of Terre- bonne, is in the rear of the Augmentation of Mille Isles and joins Kilkenny n.b. When this town- ship was originally surveyed it was considered barren and the lands unfit for cultivation; but more recently the reverse has proved to be the case, and both sides of the North River, which traverses this township in a n. w. direction, already pre- sent a tolerably large and improving settlement of Canadian farmers, who have been unadvisedly located by Mr. Dumont, proprietor of part of the seigniory of Mille Isles, and who, in conse- A B E quence of the great deficiency of superficial extent sustained by him in the augmentation of that seigniory, produced by the interference of the an- terior seignorial grant of the Lake of the Two Mountains, has thought himself at liberty to ex- ceed his seignorial limits, and has accordingly con- ceded the lands on both sides of the North River to the lateral depth of nearly seven miles within the township of Abercromby. These concessions ex- tend, generally, three arpents in front on the river by 30 in depth, and pay an annual rent of five livres and Sibushels of wheat. The number of con- cessions is about 120 and the population amounts to about I7O; there are 40 houses, one saw-mill, and a potashery belonging to Mr. Laviolette. The total annual produce of this new settlement may be said to be about 2100 bushels of wheat and other grain, besides 3700 bushels of potatoes and 600 of Indian corn. There are in the settlement about 29 horses, 12 oxen, 36 cows, 50 sheep, and 71 pigs. Many of the settlers make excellent maple sugar, of which about 2000 lbs. are made annually. The lands in this t. are generally un- even and broken, being traversed by rocky ridges. The soil is light and in many parts stony and sandy; but there are some valuable tracts of ex- B A C H A N C cellent land and meadows. This t. is well wa- tered by several rivers and creeks, and a few small lakes. A few militia locations were made here, but, as the lots were not laid down with sufficient precision in the hasty survey made in 1803, the settlers could not enter into possession. — Ungranted and unlocaied 35,600 acres, exclu- sive of reservations — 1st Sept., 1829. AcADiB, county, in the District of Montreal, bounded n. w. by the co. of Chateaugay, s. by the province line, e. by the R. Chambly or Riche- lieu, N. E. by the co. of Chambly, and s. w. by the N. E. line of the t. of Hemmingford and part of the S. of Beauharnois, is 22^ m. long and 20 broad, and comprehends the S. S. of La CoUe and De Lery, the t. of Sherrington and the isles in the B. Chambly or Richelieu nearest to the county, and which are wholly or in part opposite, viz. Isle aux Noix, Hospital Id. and Ash Id. The centre of the CO. is in lat. 45° 9' N. Ion. 73° 27' w. It contains 242 sq. miles, several parishes, one town, and three villages, and sends two members to the provincial parliament. The place of election at Ste. Marguerite de Blairfindie. The principal rivers are, the Blontreal, La Tortue, and La Colle. The chief town is Dorchester. About one-half of the population is Canadian, the other half American, English, Irish, and Scotch. Stalistics. Population 9637 Court-houses 1 Potash works 3 Protestant Gaols . . 1 Breweries . 1 churches . 2 Towns . 1 1 Distilleries . 2 Curates . 1 Villages . 2 Medical men 2 Parsonage Houses . . 210 Notaries . 3 houses . 1 Gristmills . 2 Shopkeepers 11 Wesleyan Saw mills . 7 Taverns , 9 chapels . 1 Carding mills 2 Artisans . 35 Rom. Cath Fulling mills 2 River craft . 3 chapels '. 1 Tanneries . 2 Tonnage . 15 Presbyteries 1 Potteries . 2 Keel boats . 5 Schools . 4 Annual Agricultural Pro duce. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Wheat . 53,0U0 Peas . 23,020 Indian corn 11,200 Oats 58,000 Rye . 2,296 Potatos 14,3,400 Barley 9,900 Buck wheat 2,000 Live Stock. Horses . .3,950 1 Cows . 6,435 Swine . 6,085 Oxen 9,268 Sheep . 19,820 AcHiGAN, river, takes its rise from Echo Lake, in the t. of Abercromby, and from the Killamey lakes and many streams in the t. of Kilkenny. These numerous waters unite and form the Achi- gan, in the settlement of New Glasgow, in the Augmentation to Terrebonne, It crosses the S. of Lachenaye, enters the S. of rAssomption, towards the middle of its depth, forming a considerable bend ; and, after being increased by the Ruisseau des Anges, it waters the village of St. Roch, and in a very winding course leaves the S. for that of St. Sulpice, where it falls into rAssomption about two miles above the village of that name. Although the Achigan may be called a large river, it is not navigable and is only used for mills and for bringing down the timber felled in the upper parts of the adjacent seigniories and townships. Acton, a township in the co. of Drummond, is bounded e. by Roxton and Ely, w. by Upton, and N. N. E. by Grantham, Wickham, and Dur- ham. About one half has been surveyed and granted, but no part is settled. The land is level, and, lying rather low, is overspread with several swamps covered with spruce, fir, white pine, cedar, &c. ; the drier tracts are timbered with ash, beech, maple, and birch. It is watered by two large branches of then. Yamaska. — Ungranied and un- located, 9372 acres, exclusive of reservations — 1st Sept., 1829. Adstock is a projected township in the co. of Megantick; it adjoins Tring and Thetford and is not surveyed. Ahpmoojeene-Gamook (L.), «. St. John, R. AiGLBj one of the principal isles at the eastern extremity of the Id. of Montreal. The soil is good, and chiefly in grazing land.. There is a productive farm with a tolerably good house. Alder (R.), v. r. des Aclnais. Aldpield, a projected township in the rear of Onslow and in the co. of Ottawa. Algonquin, v. Indians. Amherst, a projected township in the rear of Ponsonby and in the co. of Ottawa. Ance a Beaufils (F.), in the co. of Gaspe. Ance a Catherine (Cove), v. Saguenay, r. Ance a la Barque (Cove), ». Saguenay, b. Ance a la Bataille (Cove). Ance au Bateau (Cove), v. Ne wLongueil, S. Ance au Coq (Cove), v. Le Page, S. Ance au Snelles (Cove), v. Mids, S. Ance de Berthier (Cove), in Berthier, S., and CO. of Bellechasse. Ance de I'Etang, fief, in the co. of Gaspe, is chiefly above little Fox River, which traverses the E. extremity. The S. of Grand Vallee des Monts is on the w. ANT ANT Title.—" Concession du 20me Septembre, 1697, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intend- ant, au Sieur Franqois Haxzeur et Denis Riverin, de VAnce de I'Etang, situ^e au bae du fleuve St. Laurent, six lieues au dessous de la Vallee des monts de Notre Dame, avec une demi lieue de front de chaque cote de la dite Ance, sur une lieue de profondeur." — liegistre d'Intendance, No. 5, folio 18. Ance des Morts (Cove), in the co. of Gaspe. Ance de^iMoRTS (Cove)j in Mitis, S. Ance Sablon (Cove), on the Labrador coast, at the B. extremity of the province, to which it was reunited, with other territory, by act of the imperial parliament in 1825. Ance St. Jean (Cove), in AncbSt. Vallibr (Cove),w. St.Vali,ieh, S. Ance Snell (Cove), in the S. of Cote de Beaupre. Andrews brook, in the co. of Bonaventure, runs into n. bank of the Ristigouche near its mouth. Angb Gardibn (P.), V. Cote de Beaupre, S. Angb Gardibn (V.), v. Cote de Beaupre, S. Anges, des, a rivulet. Ruisseau des Anges rises in Lachenaye, S., and, running e., cuts the division line into I'Assomption, S., where it enters the Achigan about one m. above the v. of St. Roch. Ann's Town, v. Beauharnois, S. Antaya or DoRViLLiER, fief, is in the S. and P. of Berthier, and in the co. of Earthier. It fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded w. by Dautre. It extends \\ league along the river and one in depth ; and, with the adjacent Isle au Foin and the intermediate islets, was conceded, 29th Oct., 1672, to the Sieurs de Comporte. The soil is good and generally well cultivated and settled. The surface is generally level. Title. — " Concession du a9me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Comporti, d'une demi lieue de terra de front, sur une lieu de profondeur, a pren- dre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, bornee d'un c6t6 par la con- cession du Sieur Dautre, tirant sur le fleuve et descendant vers les terres non-conc6d6es ; avec Ylsle au Foin et islets situ^s entre la terre ferme de son front et la dite Isle au Foin.*^ — Registre d^Intendance, No. 1, folio 20. Anthony (L.), v. Murray Bay. Anticosti, island, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This island, on account of its extent, geographical position and importance to mariners, is of con- siderable interest. It is now comprehended in the CO. of Saguenay, being reannexed to the province of Lower Canada by an act of the imperial parlia- ment passed in 1825. It previously formed a part of Labrador. This isle was conceded in March, 1680, to the Sieur Jolliet. Its situation is in the widest part of the entrance into the St. Lawrence, lying w. s. w. and b. s. b. Its length is about 125 m., and its extreme breadth about 30, containing about 1,530,000 sq. acres. Although it has neither bay nor harbour sufficient to protect ships from the dangers of the sea, having only many small creeks, it is not altogether unprovided with the means of succouring persons who may be ship- wrecked or in want of an asylum against that perilous element. The surface is in general low and the soil and timber of very inferior quality. On the N. of the island the shore is occasionally more elevated, and three remarkable high lands or mountains break the monotonous appearance of this large extent of flat land ; one is opposite Little Jupiter river, another in the rear of s. w. Point, and the third, called Table Mountain, is near the w. extremity of the island. The rivers are of no importance. On account of its geo- graphical position, this island is of great interest to all navigators who sail up the St. Lawrence from the Atlantic ; therefore, the bearings of its extreme points have been frequently determined, particularly by Major Holland, Mr. Wright and, lately, by command of Admiral Sir Charles Ogle, by Mr. John Jones of his majesty's ship Hussar, who seems to have ascertained their precise situ- ations with the greatest accuracy; his authority, and particularly as it is the most recent, is here given : — West Point, lat. 49" 52' 29" n.. Ion. 64o 36' 54" 9 w. ; variation, 22" 55' w. ; East Point, lat. 490 8' 30" N., Ion. 610 44' 55" 9 ^. . variation, 240 38' w. ; North Point, lat. 49" 57 38' n., Ion. 640 15' I" 4 T^. . South-west Point (by the au- thor's former map), lat. 49" 23' n.. Ion. 63o 44' w. — By a recent act of the provincial assembly, two light-houses are to be erected on this island, one at the East Point and the other at the s. w. Point. As the navigation of this part of the gulf is con- sidered by sailors in general as very dangerous, no apology is necessary for the insertion of the fol- lowing extract from " Sailing Directions," by Mr. Lambly, who, by order of government, placed the direction boards and nailed them to trees near the beach, the branches being first cut off. — " Two leagues s. b. from the west end of the island of Anticosti lies Cape Henry, the west side of Grand Bay ; Cape Eagle forms the east side of this Bay, and they are n. w. and s. e. of each other, three miles distant. This bay lies n. and s. and runs 2^m. b2 ANT A B G into the island, with good anchorage for small vessels in from 2^ to 4 fathoms water. In running down from the west end of the island come no nearer than ten fathoms : the breakers will be seen on the shoal which lies from the beach i m. ; and when you are down to Cape Henry, haul into six fathoms, towards a long flat spit of sand, which lies s. B. from this cape; it is very regular; five and six fathoms a good birth from it. Run along this spit and round the s. e end of it in four fa- thoms at low water, and come to anchor; you will then be 1-j m. from the houses, which stand on the north side of the bay. This hay is about one mile across ; at this anchorage small vessels may anchor farther in, with shelter from s. w, and even s. s. w. winds ; but the outer anchorage is exposed from s. s. w. round to the s. e. — Mr. Delisle lives on shore here at the houses, and remains all the year, and government has put a quantity of pro- visions into his possession for the supply of unfor- tunate shipwrecked persons, which are issued in regular quantities to each man; the captain giving him receipts for the expenditure. — The Reef that is to the westward of the west end of the island does not lie farther oflfthan two miles, and at that distance you cross it in ten fathoms, but it is very narrow, and only three casts of the lead can be got. — From Grand Bay to the s. w. point of the island the shore is all bold, and so steep there is no trusting to the lead. You may stand to the island within one mile, and you will see all the danger on the beach : there is not a reef or a rock to be seen A m. from the beach. — The great river which is just to the westward of the s. w. point of the island is called Jupiter River ; its proper name here is Seal River. — The shore from the s. w. point to the south point is all bold likewise, and no danger; ships may safely stand to within one mile from it. There is no anchorage on any part of this side of the island except Grand Bay. — Two leagues to the westward of the south point of the island is Jupiter River (called Shallop Creek in the charts). Mr. Hamel lives here, and has in his possession the same quantity of provisions, and for the same purpose as Mr. Delisle, at the west end of the island, viz. 16 barrels of flour, 8 barrels of pork and 8 barrels of peas ; and there is also an- other depot of provisions in the possession of Mr. Godin, who resides at Fox Bay. This place is five leagues n. vv. from the east end of the i.sland. — Off the south point of the island lies a reef of rocks two miles. This is the only danger on the south side of the island. The east end of the island is flat two miles off, and lies from the south point E. s. E. distant seven leagues. There are no inhabitants on any part of the island, except those mentioned. — Jupiter Biver (or Shallop Creek) is very small, with just water in it to float a boat- load of provisions at low water ; small vessels may anchor in a small cove just to the westward of the creek; and there is one anchorage on a spit of sand that runs from the east .side of the river (with a N. E. wind) in four fathoms. One cable length off there is twenty fathoms and a little farther off fifty fathoms. — In the year 1808 direction boards were placed along the island to assist any unfor- tunate person to. find the provision posts that are mentioned above : viz., one on the west end of the island, marked, ' Two Leagues East to the Pro- vision Post.' — Four leagues s. e. from Grand Bay another, marked, ' Four Leagues West to Pro- vision Post.' — On the pitch of the s. w. point one, marked, ' Ten Leagues West to Provision Post.' — In a small cove, to the eastward of the s. w. point, another, marked, ' Ten Leagues East to Provision Post.' — Half-way between this board and Shallop Creek stands another, marked, ' Six Leagues East to Provision Post.' — And near the east end stands another, marked, ' Seven Leagues West to Provision Post.' — The island of Anticosti is thought to be very dangerous to ships coming to Quebec, but it is not so dangerous as is said. When sailors can see the island they may make free with it ; and, by doing so, they will always get faster to the westward with foul winds than in the ofiing ; and by keeping within two or three leagues of it they wiU be clear of the strong s. E. current that always runs in the offing. There is no danger of being embayed, and the floods are pretty regular near the island. Tides at Anticosti flow on the full and change days 11 o'clock; rise 10 feet in spring tides, and 4 feet in neap tides, and run tide and quarter." Tllk.—" Concedee en Mars 1680, par Jacques Diiches. nean, Intendant, au Sieur JoUieW'—Registrc a'Intendance, JVo. 10 a 17, folio Ciy. Appenin, river, in the S. of Lauzon, falls into the left bank of the Etchemin. Arbue a la Croix (F.), v. Champlain, S. Ahgknteuil, seigniory, in the co. of Two Mountains, is bounded, s., by the Grand or Ot- tawa river, n. by the Gore of the t. of Chatham, ARGENTEUIL. B. by the S. of the Lake of Two MountainSj and w. by the t. of Chatham. This seigniory is two leagues in breadth and four in depth (by Title), containing about 58,000 sq. arpents. This pro- perty was granted, March T, 1725, to Mons. d'Aillebout, and now belongs to Major C. John- son. 520 farm lots, measuring about 49,000 ar- pents, are conceded and mostly built upon and cultivated ; but the lots and settlements are neither separately regular nor uniform with each other, either in size or position, the rivers and brooks having been made in general the front boundaries ; in consequence of which many irregularly formed tracts intersect the settlements. 27,000 arpents are under cultivation, and 31,000 in wUd wood- land. The soil fronting the Ottawa is composed of clay, sand, and gravel, and much of it is calca- reous : the central sections are clay, loam, and marl, intermixed with some high and stony land. The north side, though mountainous and rocky, contains many fertile intervals. The land, which abounds in stone, is generally very fertile when cleared and cultivated. The wood is much diversified, varying according to locality ; the higher lands producing beech, birch, hemlock, and maple ; the level and low lands yielding spruce, soft maple, ash, elm, cedar, &c. ; on the mountainous and rocky parts are hemlock, white spruce, &c. ; and near the brooks is white pine, though not in great abund- ance. The roads and bridges are kept in good repair, and there is one established ferry, which is at the Carillon Rapids. The rates are, for a foot- passenger 6d., for a saddle-horse 1*. Qd., and for a carriage 2*. The Ottawa, which flows east- wardly, is navigable as far as the south-western angle of the seigniory, where the navigation be- comes obstructed by the foot or termination of the rapid of the Long Sault, and where this- river is to form a junction with the intended Grenville canal. The North River runs obliquely through the seigniory, and, though not large, is of much advantage, as it aiFords many mill-sites. Its cur- rent is generally rapid, and only partially navi- gable. Besides these important rivers, there are many never-failing small streams and brooks run- ning into and through the seigniory: they are called West River, River Rouge, Davis Brook, Clark's Brook, Pine Brook, &c., all extremely beneficial to the lands through which they flow. — The population exceeds 2800 souls, chiefly epi- scopalians and presbyterians, who have their re- spective churches ; and a clergyman of each per- suasion is attached to the parish of St. Andrews, which is at present the only parish in the seigniory, though another will be erected comprising the settlements of North River down to Beach Ridge or to Muddy Creek, which nearly traverses the seigniory. Under the auspices and direction of the Royal Institution six public schools have been established and supplied with male teachers : many of the scholars are instructed gratuitously, and their average number is about 180. Be- sides these public schools, there are three private establishments under the direction and tuition of females. Parents and guardians in this sei- gniory seem, happily, to appreciate the good that must eventually result from early instruc- tion. There are two excellent flour-mills, a paper-mill, a carding and fulling mill, three saw- mills, four potash-works, two distilleries, two brickkilns, six blacksmiths' forges, and three tan- neries. The number of tradesmen and artisans is about 100, viz. 12 Carpenters 3 Silversmiths 8 Tailors 6 Millwrights 1 Plater 18 Shoemakers 9 Blacksmiths 2 Watchmakers 4i Tanners and 5 Wheelwrights 10 Weavers curriers 9 Masons and 4 Coopers 6 Millers, &c. plasterers The horned cattle is generally of a good breed, and, though not of the largest size, is hardy and well adapted to the climate. The farmers are very attentive to its improvement, and consider the cross between the English and Canadian the most thriving; and, as much of the soil is adapted for good pasturage, a quantity of excellent beef is produced for the market. There is every reason to hope that a good breed of horses will be ul- timately obtained, for many English, American and Dutch horses have been introduced, which, crossed with the Canadian race, will produce a sturdy breed of draught horses, fit for any cli- mate or service. Some attention is paid to sheep and swine, though neither can be considered of the best breed, nor are there many more reared than are required for the use of the inhabitants.— The annual consumption of grain in the S. is about three-fourths of the produce. Hay is abundant, the meadows yielding 2500 tons, 100 of which are sold to persons employed in the lumber- trade on the Ottawa. Hemp is raised in many parts of the seigniory, though not extensively, its cultivation being considered expensive, — The lower part of A R G A S C this seigniory, bordering on the Ottawa, is to- lerably well cleared from wood, and contains large patches of fine meadow and pasture, as- cending gradually from the river to woodlands of great extent, which yield timber of different kinds of first-rate size and goodness, and which have hitherto been very little thinned. — Scarcely a third part of the seigniory is divided into settle- ments, and the remainder presents many tempta- tions to agricultural speculation. The concessions on the bank of the Ottawa are the most numerous and perhaps the best cultivated : others are on the Riviere Rouge, in a range between it and the North River, and along both banks of the latter, all ex- hibiting strong indications of a thriving industry. The island Carillon, 3 m. long by f m. broad, is very good land, but at present not used ; which, with a smaller island near it and another at the entrance of North River, are appendages to the seigniory,— -The village of St. Andrews occupies both banks of the North River, and, in point of beauty and situation, has the advantage of even St. Eustache. In 1824 it contained 28 or 30 houses, and 200 inhabitants, now increased to 55 houses and about 330 souls, composed of American and British born subjects. It also contains a grist and saw mill and an extensive paper-mill, be- longing to Mr. Brown, opposite whose residence is a handsome bridge over the river. Perhaps, through aU the upper part of the district of Mont- real, no tract of equal extent will be found of greater fertility or possessing more capabilities of improvement ; and, if fertility of soil and easy ac- cess to water conveyance be duly appreciated, it will not be easy to select a tract more advantageous to settlers than the seigniory of Argenteuil. Statistics. Population 2550 Churches . 2 Schools . . 6 Villages . 1 Houses in the village Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Cloth 55 Corn-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Paper-mills Saw-mills . Tanneries . Potash factories 4 Distilleries . 2 Postmaster . 1 Taverns . 9 Artisans . 100 Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. 30,000 12,000 7,000 Potatos Turnips Peas Bushels. 110,000 . 3,000 10,000 Bushels. Rye . 20,000 Indian corn 50,000 Live Stock. Cows . . 2,000 I Swine Sheep . 3,200 1 Annual Produce of Domestic Looms. 1,200 I 1,200 I Ells. 7,750 I Flannel Ells. , 3,850 Linen 1,600 Ells. 5,800 Title. — "Pierre Louis Panel, Ecuyer, Propri^taire dn Fief et Seigueurie A' Argenteuil, produisit un Acte de Foi et Horn mage, du 7me Mars, 1725, rendu par Dame Louise Denis, Veuve de Pierre d'Aillehoui, Ecuyer, Sieur i' Ar- genteuil, faisant mention ' d'une promeeses {suns octroi ri- gulier) de la part du Gouvernement Fran5ois, a Mr. A'AU- lebout et autres personnes, d'une fetendue de terres qui se rencontreront au cbtt du Nord, la Riviere dn Nori com- prise, depuis le bas du Long-Sault jusqu'a deux lieues en descendant du c6t6 de Montreal, (avec les Isles, &c. ) sur quatre lieues de profondeur.' Aussi un Arret du Con- seil, d'oi il paroit que cette Seigneurie joint celle du Lac des deux Montagues et que les rumbs de vent dn front et de la ligne qui termine la profondeur doivent etre Est, quart de Sud-est et Ouest quart de Nord-ouest; et que les rumbs de vent des lignes qui bornent la largeur de chaque c6t6 seront (pour la Seigneurie du Lac des deux Montagues aussi bien que pour celle i' Argenteuil,) Sud quart de Sud^ouest et Nord quart de Nord-est" — Registre des Foi et Hommage, No. 76. Page 3/iS, 21 me Mars, 1781. Cahiers d'Intend. 10 d 11, folio 576. Armagh, township, is in the rear of the Aug- mentation to La Durantaie and the S. of I'Epi- nay. There are no settlements in this t. The Riviere du Sud traverses the s. w. extremity. The soil is not very good; but there is meadow- land between the hiUs and the rocky ridges that traverse it in a s.w. and n.e. direction Un~ granted and unlocated, 41,000 acres, exclusive of reservations — 1st Sept., 1829. Arnold, river, rises in the high lands in the T. of Clinton and falls into the s. extremity of L. Megantick. It derives its name from the Ame- rican general Arnold, who, in the year 1775, passed part of his troops down it when conduct- ing his army through an almost unknown country to besiege Quebec. Arthabaska, township, in the co. of Drum- mond, is a triangular piece of land, situated be- tween Chester and Halifax on the s.e., Bulstrode, Stanfold, and Somerset n.w., and Warwick s. w., containing a much less extent than a full township. The land is much of the same nature as that in the townships of Halifax and Chester, but in some parts lower, and rather swampy. The timber is chiefly birch, beech, elm, and some pine, with much of inferior qualities upon the swamps. Se- veral branches of the Nicolet and Becancour run through it. No part is settled. — Ungranted and unlocated, 15,600 acres, exclusive of reservations 1st Sept., 1829. Arundell. a projected township in the rear of Harrington t. in the co. of Two Mountains. AscoTT, a township in the co. of Sherbrooke, advantageously situated at the forks of the river St. Francis, bounded n. by Stoke, s. by Hatley and Compton, e. by Eaton, and w. by part of thft^ A S C ASH branch of the St. Francis that connects with Lake Memphremagog. — In every point of view this is a desirable tract : the land is of exceedingly good quality and so well varied as to answer all the purposes of the farmer; the timber is beech, maple, pine, basswood and oak ; it is watered by some rivers of considerable magnitude, branching oflFinto the adjacent townships of Compton, Clif- ton and Eaton, which in their course through this S. turn several grist and saw mUls. Settlements on a very large scale have been made and several farms, by the sides of the rivers, have attained a degree of flourishing superiority, that shows their improvement to have been very rapid, as no part of the land was granted prior to the year 1803. The majority of the settlers here, as well as in most of the neighbouring townships, are Americans, who, since their domiciliation, have taken the oaths of allegiance to the British go- vernment. These people, generally very indus- trious and persevering, are unquestionably much better managers of their farms than the Canadians, particularly when they take the land in a state of nature. By the system they pursue, a tract of ground, from its first clearing, becomes fruitful and turns to account in a much shorter period than if under the hands of provincial farmers, who would follow the methods of their forefathers : for the American is an experimentalist and varies his operations according to the nature and quality of the materials he has to work upon. The population is 1000. Several factories and saw and grist mills have already, in some degree, laid the foundation of commercial speculations that bid fair to obtain a considerable increase. In the encouragement of these, the navigations by the St. Francis into the St. Lawrence and through Lake Memphremagog and the rivers branching from it into the United States, the main road by the St. Francis towards Three Rivers and Quebec, and several other roads lead- ing into the different townships, will be greatly instrumental. At the forks of the St. Francis and at the foot of the great fall are Hyatt's mills, in a most convenient situation. This valuable property bolongs to Mr. Gilbert Hyatt to whom, with several associates, the township was originally granted, and who is at present the greatest land- holder A rich mine of iron ore, much impreg- nated with sulphur, has been discovered on a farm near Sherbrooke, and a mineral spring near the Centre of the t — The cultivation of hemp has been found productive, and the distillation of whisky from potatoes is a source of much profit. — Neat cattle and live stock in general are in a flourishing state of improvement. — The village of Sherbrooke occu- pies an elevated situation on both banks of the river Magog, at the Forks of the St. Francis. It contains about 75 houses, and its settlements, are connected by a tolerably good bridge, near which are Mr. Goodhue's mills. The churches and the greater part of the village are in Orford, but the old court-house and the gaol are on the Ascott side of the river. The population is about 350. It is the seat of the jurisdiction of the inferior district of St. Francis, and is a place of more general resort than any of the vUlages in the neighbouring town- ships : it is, as it were, the emporium of the town- ship trade, and the place of transit through which the chief part of the township commodities are con- veyed to the St. Lawrence: these commodities are, chiefly, pot and pearl-ashes, horses, horned cattle, and some sheep. At some distance from the village is Belvidere, remarkably well situated, the residence of the Hon. W. B. Felton, the pro- prietor of large tracts of land in this and other townships. — Lennoxville, about 3 m. s. of Sher- brooke, is situated in lot 10, 5 th range, on a rising ground on the s. side of a branch of the St. Francis. It contains about 20 houses, and its population is about 120. The church, seated on a rising ground s. of the road, is built of larger size than is necessary for the extent or population of the parish. The houses of this village are scat- tered along the public road leading to Compton and other townships near the province line. Population . 881 Churches . 3 Schools . 3 Villages . 2 Statistics. Corn-mills . 2 Saw-mills . 3 Potasheries . 2 Pearlasheries 2 Tanneries . 1 Shopkeepers 5 Taverns . 3 Artisans . 21 Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen . Bushels. . 10,000 , 10,400 100 405 500 Potatos Peas Bushels. . 17,800 . 1,500 Bushels. Rye . 8,180 Indian com 2,000 Live Stock. I Cows . . 653 I Swine Sheep . . 1300 | 590 Ungranted and unlocaled 12,248 acres, exclusive of reservations — 1st Sept., 1829. Ash (L), v. Richelieu, k. AsHBERUSK or AsHBEKKisH, river, discharges ASS ASS its waters into the head of L. Temiscouata, and takes its rise in a chain of small lakes in the ridge of mountains to the n. w. of that l., separated from Trois Pistolles r. hy a short portage. AsHBUBTON, a projected township in the rear of I'Epinay, S., in the co. of I'lslet. AsHFORDj township, in the co. of I'lslet, is in the rear of the S. of St. Roch des Aulnais. Its average superficial extent is 10 miles square. A few ranges of lots have heen surveyed and some militia locations made, but no settlements have been formed. The soil cannot be considered very good but it is susceptible of cultivation, and abounds with pine timber, some beech, maple, spruce, &c. It is traversed in many parts by rocky cliffs, and is watered by several rivers and creeks, the principal of which is theRiver Quelle. — Ungranted and tin- located 20,000 acres, exclusive of reservations — 1st Sept., 1829. AsHKATSi, lake, in the co. of Saguenay. The diameter of this small circular I,, is about 5 m., and its waters are conveyed to L. Assuapmoussoin through the small r. Red Carp, that runs into the R. Miskahouska. AsHuPEKACHiGAN, river, empties itself into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. AsKATiCHE, lake, in co. of Saguenay, receives the waters of the small L. Patitaouaganiohe, which is in lat. 48". 18' : their united waters fall into the Nekoaba k., which also receives the waters of L. Nekoaba, and empties itself into L. St. John. AsKATiCHE, river, falls into l. St. John. AssoMEGUAGAN, rfver, runs into the left bank of the Matapedia. Assuapmoussoin, lake, in the co. of Sague- nay, is 10 m. long. It lies in lat. 49° 27' n. Ion. 73° 55' w. It receives the waters of several lakes, among which are the Necoutd, Ashratsi, and Mis- kahouska ; the last two unite their waters by means of the Red Carp river which rises in lake Ashratsi; these waters form the R. Miskahouska, which, being increased by a small river that rises in lake Necoutd, soon after falls into the N. w. extremity of l. Assuapmoussoin, which is con- nected with the B. of that name by portages leading to the Shecoubish lake and river. At the N. B. extremity of l. Assuapmoussoin is a King's Post. Assuapmoussoin or Asuap, " The Indian's Ambush," or " The Place where the Elk is laid wait for," a river of the first magnitude, rises in unknown lands in the Saguenay countryj and running in its general course from n. w. to s. e. receives the tributary waters of the Shecoubish, the Twashega and the Salmon rivers, and falls into the western side of l. St. John. At the mouth of this r. lie two islands covered with brushwood : one, not less than 1-J ra. long, pro- duces elm, ash, fir, and alders. Below this island the B. is not less than f m. wide, and above it nearly ^ m. The land at the entrance of the b. is of excellent quality, chiefly alluvial. Ascending the river, the land on the w. side is better than that on the b. and the timber principally consists of elm, ash, cedar, fir, balsam, red spruce, white and red pine, yellow birch, some poplar and white birch. On the e. bank the timber consists of tama- rack, white birch, spruce, fir, balsam, aspen, and pine ; cypress and a red or Norway pine are com- monly observed on both banks. At i^ m. from its mouth and above another considerable island the river becomes very shallow and the current runs down, with much swiftness, to a cluster of three islands of the same character as the one already described. The Portage au Saumon, on the w, bank, just below the Salmon r., is 1200 yards, leading partly through woods and partly on the beach. Here the Assuapmoussoin falls in two cascades : the uppermost is, more strictly speaking, a perpendicular fall of about 15 feet, affording in the basin below a propitious site for a mill. Higher up is Portage a I'Ours, lying on the b. side of falls which are at least 50 feet in perpendicular height, and have a fine effect. Its length is nearly 1^ m. and it leads through a growth of cy- press, small red pine and fir, produced on a sandy poor soil. Still higher up is the Petit Portage a I' Ours, which is 350 yards across a narrow tongue of land. Here the R. describes a crescent fallina o over the rocks in a very picturesque manner and the sand-banks, on both sides, afford but a verypoor idea of the country. ^ m. higher up are Pemouka Rapids and carrying-place. The portage is 660 yards over the rocks, which, in spring, are covered by the b., and the carrying-place is then made on the opposite bank. The Portage of Pemouka or f Last Pine," so called from its being opposite the last pine that is to be seen through the interior country, leads through a white spruce or tama- rack swamp. About 30 m. up the river the land ceases to he good, and, at the Portage d, UOurs, the country is only fit for hunting the caribou and A U B A U L the moose. This inferiority of soil continues to the foot of the Grands Rapides, about 9 m. higher, where the land becomes totally unfit for cultiva- tion, being traversed by a range of rocky moun- tains that produce nothing but fir and spruce trees. The ComjJany of the King's Posts have a trading- post on this R., about 45 m. from its mouth. From this post to li. St. John the Assuapmoussoin is one continued rapid. Aston and its augmentation, a township in the CO. of Drummond, in the rear of the S. S. of Becancour and Godefroi; bounded n. e. by the River Becancour, s. w. by the n. b. line of the S. and aug. of Nicolet. On the Becancour and Ri- viere Blanche the land is rather high, but, a short distance thence, it descends into a low flat. The soU in general is good, and would no doubt prove highly productive if brought into cultivation. In situations near the rivers the timber is oak, elm, pine, beech, birch and maple ; in other directions it is either cedar, hemlock or spruce. — The Blanche and the Becancour, the banks of which are ex- tremely picturesque, water it very completely. — This T. and its aug. have been surveyed, and a great extent granted and located; but there are no settlers, except a few in the front ranges. Mi- litia locations were made, and 800 acres granted to Capt. Douglas on the e. branch of the Nicolet. — The new road, leading from the ferry opposite to Three Rivers into the southern townships, tra- verses the aug., and passes at the ferry near Capt. Douglas's residence, which is rendered by its hospitable proprietor of great assistance to travel- lers. — Vngranted and unhealed 26,352 acres, and 6,164 in the augmentation, exclusive of reserva- tions — 1st Sept., 1829. AsTURAGAMicooK, river, runs into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Atcook, a small river that runs into the r. Trois PistoUes. AuBERT Gallion, fief, and De l'Isle, in the CO. of Beauce, are the last two seignorial fiefs on the River Chaudiere, which separates them from each other. — Aubert Gallion is bounded, s. w. and s. B., by the T.of Shenley, n.b. by the R. Chaudiere, and N. w. by Vaudreuil, S. It is twol. square, and was originally granted to Dame Aubert in 1736, and is now the property of Jacob Pozer, esq. The land in both fiefs is good though generally moun- tainous and broken, and on the Chaudiere thickly settled, but the farms exhibit neither good manage- ment nor much care ; nor did the inhabitants till lately enjoy that character for industry and its at- tendant comforts so visible in many other parts of the district. The timber in both fiefs is generally of a good quality and in profusion. Aubert Gallion forms part of the p. of St. Francois and contains a good grist and saw mill. The first concession is to- lerably well settled. The proprietor, being a Ger- man, invited a number of his countrymen to emi- grate and settle in this fief, which he effected at much expense ; they have been very successful in the raising of hemp and its preparation for use. Title " Concession du Si'lme Septembre, 1736, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquari, Intendant, a Dame veuve Aubert, de deux lieues de terre de front et de deux lieues de profondeur, du cote du Sud-ouest. de la riviSre du Sault de Chaudiire, en re- montant, il commencer a la fin de la concession accordCe au Sieur de la Gorgcndih'e, ensemble les isles et islets qui se trouveront dans la dite riviere dans I'etendue de deux lieues, et des deux cotes d'ieelle; lesquels isles et islets seront partagees par egale portion entre la dite veuve Au- bert et le Sieur de I'Isle, auquel nous avons accords au- jourd'hui pareille concession du c6t6 du Nord-est de la dite rivitoe." — R4gistre d'Intendance, No. B, folio 11. AUBIGNY, town, V. LaUZON, S. Auckland, a township in the co. of Sher- brooke, lies between Hereford, Drayton, and Newport, bounded w. by Clifton, and e. by Em- berton. The land is uneven and rugged, in some places mountainous and in others sinking into swamps ; the level and dry tracts have a pretty good soil, which, if brought under culture, would answer moderate expectations, and some patches in lower situations appear fit for hemp. The tim- ber is a mixture of most kinds found on the sur- rounding tracts. This t. is abundantly watered by a great number of streams and brooks, some of them flowing into the St Francis and others into the Connecticut River. The n. half of the town- ship has been granted, but no part of it is settled, and a sort of footpath runs through it, by which the Indians frequently make their way to the River Chaudiere. — Utigranied and unhealed 20,900 acres, exclusive of reservations — 1st Sept., 1829. Auf/NAis, des, " River of Alders," called, in the Indian or Crie languages,- Peshikaouinamish- ushihi, is the narrow outlet, winding among alders, of the lake Kiguagomishish, by which that l. dis- charges itself into La BeUe Riviere. Although 9 m. long, if followed in its windings, this r. is in reality only 3 m. in a straight line, and about 22 yds. wide. There is but one canoe portage, which is 550 yds. long, and lies about a mile from Lake Kiguagomishish; and thence to the Belle Riviere there is a path, preferred by those who have no duty to perform in the canoes, because c B A I B A I the river is much obstructed by alders and canoes pass with diiBculty. This r. flows through an alluvial soil composed of layers and mixtures of sand and clay. The course of this river is exceed- ingly tortuous, and, being narrow, is much ob- structed by fallen trees ; and the entanglement and intertwining of the branches of alder, with which both banks are covered, render portages sometimes necessary where there is plenty of water and little current. The Portage des Aulnets, however, is occasioned by the river tumbling over the rocks. The timber on the banks of this b. is elm, ash, spruce and some pine and fir. The K. des Aul- nais runs, with a gentle current, into the n. e. side of a basin formed by the Belle Riviere, having passed over a picturesque fall occasioned by a fels- pathic rock. On the s. shore is a narrow cliannel which leads to Lac Vert. AuLNBs, des, (R.)> v. des Aulnais, h. AuNAis, des, river, rises in several small lakes, and joins the Batiscan near the w. line of Per- thuis, S. AviKON, Baie a 1', v. Ouiatchouan, r. B. Back Lake, v. Drayton, t. Baddely, river, in the co. of Saguenay, falls into Lake Kiguagomishish, and is supposed to be a com- munication between it and Lake Kiguagomi. This is a very pretty r. though choked with alders; its course is from 7 to 8 miles, and it passes through a rocky country, covered with a small quantity of black earth, and falls into Cushcouia bay. Along the banks of the R. is a mixture of red and white spruce with some pine, white birch and sapin, and the soil is a mixture of clay and sand. This R. derives its name from Lieut. Baddely, employed by the colonial government to make a geognostical survey of this part of the Saguenay country. Baie des Allouettbs, v. Saguenay, r. Baie des Rochers, v Saguenay, r. Baie du Pbbvhb, v. Baie St. Antoine. Baie St. Antoine, or Lbfebvre, seignory, in the co. of Yamaska, is bounded s. w. by Lus- saudiere, n.b. by Nicolet and, in the rear, by Cour- val. — Two leagues in front and depth. —Granted Sept. 4th, 1683, to Sieur Lefebvre, and is now the property of Mr. Le Blanc. — This is in all respects a very productive tract of land : in the front the Longue Pointe, Pointe aux Pois and Pointe a la Garenne, all stretching boldly into the St. Lawrence, form the extremities of two large bays ; to the b. of Pointe a la Garenne is the Baie du Febvre, also trenching deeply into the seignory. "For some distance on the margin of these bays is a marsh that in the summer affords excellent pasture, singularly intersected in all di- rections by numerous small and clear rivulets, from which to the main road, crossing the seignory from E. to w., are some very rich and luxuriant meadows. From the main road the land continues a gradual elevation to the rear ; the soil is mostly a fat clay or good black mould highly fertile. Ex- cept in the marshes and meadows, which have much inferior wood, the timber is of the best kinds. The river Nicolet, crossing a small part of the s.e. corner, is the only stream towards the back of the seignory. — About two-thirds of this property are under culture and can boast of some farms in a very flourishing state, particularly near the road- side. The want of water com-miUs is supplied by several wind-mills. The church is placed about the middle of the seignory on a rising ground, be- low which are several good houses, almost sufficient in number to form a respectable vUlage ; among them are two or three shops and a tavern, for which the situation is not ill chosen, as the place is a great thoroughfare. A main road strikes off towards the southern townships. — In this S. 136 persons are employed in agriculture without re- ceiving wages, and 61 are hired labourers, one quarter of whom would take new lands. — The farms are chiefly between two and three arpents in width. The population consists of native Cana- dians. Statistics. Population 2,935 Curates ] Taverns i Churches 1 Corn-mills 1 Artisans 23 Presbyteries 1 Saw-mills 3 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Wheat 19,000 Barley 2,000 Peas 7,300 Oats 13,000 Potatoes 16,000 Rye 300 Some Indian corn is grown, and also a considerable quantity of hay. Live Stock. Plorses 1,2001 Cows 1,5G0 1 Swine 2,000 Oxen 1,400 1 Sheep 3,000 1 Title.—" Concession du ime Septembre, 1683, faite par Lefebvre de la Barre, Gouverneur, et de Meulks, In- tendant, an Sieur Lefebvre, des terres nonconcSd^es, d'en- viron deux lieues de front, joignant au Nord-est la terre du Sieur Cressd, d'autre au Sieur de la Lvssaudiere, au Sud-ouest, au Nord-ouest sur le lac St. Pierre, sur pareille quantitd de profondeur, a prendre dans le bois vis-a-vis al dite largeiir, nvec les isles, islets, et pi-airies qui se rencon- treront sur le dit espace. Insinuations du Cousctl Supirieur, lettre B. folio 31. B A S B A S Baie St. Paul, (V. and P.) v. Cote de Bbaupre, S. Baie St. Paul (S.), v. St. Paul's Bay. Barpord (T.), between Hereford and Barn- ston, in the co. of Stanstead, is not a full towijship, having only seventeen lots in each range. Isaac W. Clarke, esq. obtained a grant of the greatest part of it in 1802, and other grants were made previous to 1821. No part is settled, although it is a tract that promises to become valuable, as the land is everywhere excellent and the timber good. It is watered by many rivulets and streams, espe- cially by a considerable branch of the river St. Francis, whioK traverses the township in a wind- ing course near the w. division line. Barnston, township, in the co. of Stanstead, is on the province line, and next to Stanstead, T. The surface is a continual succession of hill and dale. The chief part of the land is good for the growth of grain and other usual productions ; some swamps are met with in the low parts. The timber embraces almost every sort, but the best are beech, maple, elm, ash, lir and some oak. It is watered by several small lakes, rivers and streams, on which there are grist and saw-mills. The w, half was granted in 1801 to Messrs. Lester and Morrogh, and the greater part of the e. half belongs to Sir R. S. Milnes, Bart., none of which was settled in 1811 ; but since that period many of the lots have been settled upon, and some with- out the permission of the legal proprietor. This t. is traversed by several, roads of communication from the surrounding townships, especially from Stanstead and Hatley. The settlements are in a tolerably flourishing state, and the population, chiefly in the western half, may be computed at 1,650. — This settlement may be called a continua- tion of that of Stanstead, from their relative con- nexion. Barnston contains two corn-mills, four saw-mills, several schools, several pot and pearl asheries. — Ungranted and unlocated, 5,387 acres. Babre, rivulet, in the S. of Monnoir. Buis- seau Barre rises a few miles from Mount Johnson, and, being joined by two nameless rivulets, in- creases the stream of r. du Rapide below fief St. Michel; their united streams fall into r. des Hurons. Barthelemy (I.), V. Sagubnay, r. Basque, du (I ), v. Richmond, t. Basques, aux (I.'s), v. Trois Pistolles, S. Bastonais, river, in the co. of Portneuf, rises in a small pond e. of Long Lake, through which and the gr. and lit. Wayagamacke Lakes it flows and joins the St. Maurice R. a little below the Post of La Tuque, and about 10 miles above Isle au Noix. — Ascending this n., its width is found to vary from 20 to 25 yards ; it flows through an alluvial tract of good land, extending to the ad- jacent hills, which intercept the course of the r. and occasion a fall of near 130 ft., formed of 3 cascades and presenting an excellent site for a mill. The portage here, about 30 chains or 660 yards n. n. e. of the mouth of the r., is 325 yards long. From this portage, IJ- m. upwards, the stream is swift and very winding, and the banks exhibit a favourable appearance for settlements, although to an inconsiderable width, as the moun- tains foUow the general direction of the r., which suddenly leads s. s. e. and is seen issuing from a small lake, where the land is low, excepting on the s. side where it rises at a short distance. The prevailing timber from the St. Maurice to this L. is red spruce, fir, birch, red pine, and some maple. Near this lake the Long Portage com- mences ; it is nearly 4 miles and leads through uneven land, in many places swampy or hilly and poor. The swampy parts are very wet and some- times rocky, timbered chiefly with spruce, fir, birch and cedar ; and on the hills are fir, birch, pine and some maple. The soil here is in ge- neral sandy or of a light loam. The upper land- ing of this portage lies on the borders of a small lake about ^ m. long and |~ broad, which is con- nected with the Great Wayagamacke l. by the Bastonais running in a narrow channel. The deputy surveyor-general, who explored this part of the country, ascended the lake as the sun was sinking behind the distant hills. The scene it ex- hibited was truly splendid and was rendered the more impressive, while he paddled over the un- ruffled surface of this beautiful sheet of water, as the hills echoed the characteristic song of the voy- agers ; and the occasional shrill cry of the loon, with which this lake abounds, enhanced the pecu- liar interest and wildness of the scene. — This l., which is 9 m. from the mouth of the Bastonais, is of very irregular figure. Its bays are deep, and it is 11m. long by 3 in width and contains 4 or 5 islands towards its n. side, and several others, at its head, where the river enters it. The adjacent land, s. w., is hilly, and on the parts that rise gradually from the L. the timber is chiefly spruce, pine and birch. — Above this l. is the 3d portage on the Bastonais ; it extends, e. s. b., 270 yards over very rocky, poor c2 B A S T O N A I S. land timbered with sprucSj white birch, cedar and basswood. The R. runs on the right side of the portage, and forms a cascade of 20 ft. perpendi- cular fall. From this portage to the next, which is 100 yards, the land is low and of a scanty soil with some hills in the background, and the tim- ber is chiefly tamarack, white birch and pine, some cedar and red spruce. From the last-men- tioned portage to a stiiF rapid, impassable except for light canoes, the r. is very winding and nar- row; the land, though still low, is of a better description, and is susceptible of cultivation. — A little higher up is the lake called the Little Wa- yagamacke, which is 26 m. from the mouth of the Bastonais : it is surrounded by gentle swells, tim- bered chiefly with fir, spruce and pine, growing on a sandy soil. Its greatest length is about 4 J- m. and its breadth 2. Near this l. is a very long and rough portage, extending 1^ m., and traversing a broken, rugged tract, timbered with balsam, pine, poplar, fir and spruce. This portage leads to a small lake that empties its waters into the L. Wayagamacke. Higher up is the 7th port- age, which is 135 yards long, and reaches the bor- ders of Long Lake, which is nearly 3-1 m. in length, and in some places about i m. broad. The land on its borders is hilly, sandy and rocky, clothed with white birch, spruce, fir and small pine. It lies about n. b. and s. w., and at the head of it is the 8th portage, 1150 yards long. This portage leads along the elevation that borders on an extensive tamarack swamp to a small pond and the first waters of the Bastonais River. This small pond, the bottom of which is a deep bog, is surrounded by an immense white spruce swamp, and affords a subject for geological speculation. Here are to be found a quantity of large rounded water- worn rocks near the outlet, that are heaped together on the borders of the lake and cover the land for a few yards. Bastonais, North, river, rises in a leech pond not far from the head waters of the n. e. branch of the Batiscan, in the co. of Quebec, and falls into the St. Maurice about 1^ m. above the post of La Tuque, in the co. of Portneuf. Nearly at the head of this R. is Crooked Lake, surrounded by low, swampy land, and timbered chiefly with ta- marack and fir. From this L. the ll. takes a N. course through land timbered with red spruce and balsam. After running through another small l. the H. improves considerably, being about 30 or 40 ft. broad in places : the banks generally low. although occasionally bold and rocky. The pre- vailing timber at this place is red sprucej a favour- able indication of the nature of the soil. Soon afterwards the r. forms a cascade of 15 ft., and 1 m. lower down is a rapid, whence the current runs very swiftly to another rapid or rather cas- cade. The country here assumes a mountainous aspect; the granite rock forming the w. bank of the R. is nearly vertical, rising to about 50 ft., the summit covered with moss, while the opposite bank is an extensive horizontal plain, stretching to the foot of the mountain that ap- proaches a cascade, where the n. contracts into a narrow channel formed by pendent cliffs, which rise about 50 ft. perpendicular. The N. Bastonais does not appear to have formed its present bed, which seems here to have been created by some convulsion of nature; for, though the mountains are at a distance and the country to the s. w. a horizontal plain, the river takes a sudden direction towards them and leaves the plain to follow its broken course through the mountains. Here se- veral hills, unconnected with any adjacent chain, rise out of the great plain, genersJly in conical shapes, and may be seen at a considerable distance. The R. having passed over a rapid, down which canoes are shot unloaded, slopes its course s. s. w. between hills over a few rapids to the head of a considerable fall and the portage Dore, 300 yards long. — Soon after, the river contracts to a narrow channel and falls in a cascade of about 50 ftu, which is divided by two islands into small chan- nels, that increase the rushing noise of the torrent as it foams with splendid effect over the rocks. The islands are covered with moss and the stinted fir tree, while the- surrounding country is gene- rally wooded with the tall red spruce, diversified by the smooth water- worn surface of the rocks in the vicinity of the fall, whose whiteness contrasts with the dark shade of the fir tree, giving an in- teresting effect to the scene. — A mile below Port- age Dore is Lake Kajoualwang, which is 10^ m. long. The surrounding land is similar to that of Lake Edward. The hills do not rise to any con- siderable height and are timbered with spruce, fir, white birch and pine. The l. forms a large bay on the w., out of which runs the N. Bastonais, which penetrates the country for 60 mUes and discharges itself into the St. Maurice. The ascent of the K. to Lake Kajoualwang, hitherto unex- plored, is effected by the Indians in 8 days, and the descent in 6, there being only 5 portages. — BAT BAT At the mouth of this K. very fine dor6 and pike are caught, with which the post at La Tuque is amply supplied. Batiscan, riverj in the co. of Champlain, is formed by the junction of two branches, one de- scending from the N. B., in the co. of Quebec; the other from the N. w., in the co. of Portneuf, and falls into the St. Lawrence in the S. of Batiscan. The N. w. branch rises in Leech Pond, near the source of the Bastonais and about 11m. from Little Wayagamacke L. This branch, near its source, is about 22 yards wide; its banks are low and composed principally of white sand, producing an abundance of huckleberries, and the prevalent tim- ber is tamarack, fir, birch, and some pine. This stream flows with a gentle current through low swampy land to a portage about 1|- m. from its source, where the carrying place, about nine fur- longs in length, leads over a rough tract of land rising from a wet tamarack swamp up a steep mountain, and then descending to another leech pond on a level with the swamp on the other side of the mountain. This pond is | m. long and less than 130 yds. wide. The rocks on the port- age are granite and gneiss and the soil is generally sand or light loam, covered with a thin vegetable mould. The bottom of this small lake or pond is muddy and shallow. Between this l. and another is a portage 130 yds. wide. The features of the last-mentioned L. vary essentially from the other mud lake or pond, although so very near each other ; its bottom is gravelly and its water clear, and its level higher ; its shape is like that of a bird in its flight and the adjacent land assumes a bolder character, although not better adapted for agricultural purposes : the soil is sandy and co- vered with blueberries. The next carrying-place is 1000 yards and lies through tolerably good land bearing spruce, some black birch, cedar, fir and balsam. Another small lake is at the end of this portage, where the land again becomes wet and swampj"-, timbered with spruce and fir, and de- scends steeply to the border of the lake, round which it is generally low and produces spruce and fir. From this L. there is a portage of 290 yds., over an extensive swamp, to a lake which supplies the first waters of the N. b. branch of the Batiscan. This lake is about 1 m. long. The portage separates the two branches. — The progress of this branch to its junction with the n. e. branch, in the aug. to Grondines S., has not been ex- plored. — The N. E. branch of the Batiscan rises in the last-mentioned l., at the head of which is a portage of 150 yds. to the borders of Lake Ed- ward, into which a tine rapid stream, following the portage, falls with a cascade of 15 ft., offer- ing a propitious site for a miU. Lake Edward, which derives its name from an Indian hunter of Batiscan, is 36 m. fr. the farthest extremity of Great Wayagamacke L., and 19 m. from that of the lesser lake of that name. It may be said to form two lakes, owing to a large island which extends nearly the whole length of it, and which in some places is about three leagues broad. The greater sheet of water is the n. w. passage. The s. b. is used by hunters coming from Batiscan, About one m from the portage Lake Edward acquires greater dimensions, extending b. s. e. — The land, as far as Dinner Point, about 9 miles from the w. extremity of the L , rises gradually from the l. into gentle swells timbered with fir, spruce, white birch and pine, and some parts are considered susceptible of improvement. Farther n. b the land is more prominent and the shores in many places rocky and barren. The i.. afterwards contracts to ^ m. and the land becomes more mountainous and broken, rising in many places from an iron-bound shore into clifl^s of granite; the timber on these mountains is fir, tamarack and small white birch. At the head of the lake, which is about nine miles from Dinner Point, a stream about 18 yards wide enters it, with a gentle current, through an alluvial soil extending to the foot of some high hiUs. This H. leads to a pretty lake surrounded by mountains of no favourable appearance for settlement. Be- yond this h. is a portage of 500 yds. leading to an- other L., whose waters increase the n. e. branch of the Batiscan ; the land round this l. is moun- tainous and rocky. The next portage is 400 yds., and passes over a mountain beyond which the n. e. branch appears an insignificant stream. The ge- neral course from the n. w. to the n. b. branch, up to the last place here described, is about e. n. e. 30 miles. The latter lies very nearly on a level with the former, and, running s. through unex- plored lands, crosses the n. part of the S. of Per- thuis and joins the n. w. branch in the augmenta- tion to Grondines S.- — These branches being united form the river Batiscan, which then takes a s. course and passes diagonally through the 2nd aug. to St. Anne S., and then, running through the N. w. angle of the 1st augmentation to that seignory, it enters the s. of Batiscan, where it falls into the St. Lawrence about 2 m. below the BAT B A U V. of Batiscan.— The Batiscan is nearly of the same extent as the Jacques Cartier b,., and the good lands on it extend at least 30 m. in a straight line from the St. Lawrence. The entrance of the Batiscan is obstructed by a sand bar, but, the water being deep, it is navigable for several miles, when the stream becomes impeded by rapids and falls. This river affords an abundant supply of the petite mome, a species of codiish, in catch- ing which, and in salting it for market, the in- habitants are employed during the winter to the latter end of January. In the summer a great number of eels are caught. Batiscan, Little, is a small river that dis- charges itself into the eastern bank of the river St. Maurice, about 2 m. below the Rat k. It communicates with the Batiscan River by 5 port- ages and 4 lakes, from which it derives its name. The first lake of magnitude is only about 1 league from the St. Maurice. Batiscan, seignory, in the co. of Champlain, has the St. Lawrence in front, the S. of Champlain and its aug. on the s. w., and Ste. Marie with the aug. to Ste. Anne on the N. e. ; its breadth is about 2 leagues and its depth 20 ; granted March 3d, 1639, to the Order of Jesuits, and is now reverted to the crown. — This S. comprises 3 parishes — St. Sta- nislas, St. FranQois, and St. Genevieve ; and its settlements occupy three principal concessions or range.s — one on the St. Lawrence, in front, and a double concession along each side of the r. Batis- can. — The number of conceded lands or farms is 113. — Bordering on the St. Lawrence the land is low, but it soon obtains a gradual rise for the distance of nearly 4|- leagues to the interior ; it then becomes mountainous as it gains upon the N. w. ridge. The soil in the lower parts, like the adjacent seignories, is a light earth, rather sandy, covering a stratum of good clay ; but, pro- ceeding northward, the soil gets stronger and is enriched for a considerable space with fine black mould, affording many capital tracts for the growth of all kinds of grain. In the front the wood is nearly all cleared away and the land cultivated for 2 or 3 miles inward, and for rather more than 5 miles on both sides of the R. Batiscan, on which are many good settlements which appear very neat and well managed. The whole of this seignory has not been explored, but, as far as it has been visited, it is found to produce excellent timber of the best kinds.— La Petite Riviere Cham- plain, with some smaller streams, water the front, besides the Great Batiscan River, which, though rolling a much broader current, is so shallow as not to be accessible for boats higher than 6 or 7 m- from its mouth. Over this R. and the Champlain are ferries, where canoes and scows are always in readi- ness on either side for travellers, carriages, &c. In addition to the main road, that crosses the seignory, others ascendj for several miles, on each side of the Batiscan and communicate with the adjacent grants. About 6 miles up on the east side of this river is the foundery of the same name j it con- sists of a furnace or smelting-house, a casting- house, two forges, dweUing-houses and various other buildings. The manufactures once carried on here were similar to those of St. Maurice ; the original proprietors being dead, the works have been stopped and the establishment is abandoned and in decay. Statistical Table of the Seigniory of Batiscan. Parishes. g 1 o S 3 3 1 1 1 3 i 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 ■■J 1 1 i 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 i 3 3 0. o J= A 2 2 3 3 < 10 10 s 1 1 i § 18 18 i § 1 1 Annual AgricuUuTnl Produce, ii bushels. Live Stock. | i. 1 1 « 0, s o i o 1 d. S S 1068 3910 1450 6 _C "ft CO 267 980 405 St.Stanislas > deBatiscan J St. Genevieve St. Fran5ois 621 1.344 701 2669 3120 9008 6100 7800 13500 9100 208 100 100 •6716 21900 8500 780 3010 2000 5790 780 200 980 178 675 280 176 690 297 334 1590 690 18228 30400308 100 37310 1133 1165 2814 3428 1652 Title Concession du S3mo Mars, 1639, faite par Mon- sieur de la Ferii, pour la Compagnie, aiix reverends i)eres Jfcsuites, du fief de Batiscan, joignant d'uii c6te un quart de lieue au dela de la riviiire de Batiscan au Nord-cst, et d'autre c6tt au Sud-ouest, un quart de lieue au dela de la riviere Champlain en la largeur, sur vingt lieues de pro- fondeur. Cahiers cV Iiitendancc, No. 2 a 9, folio 29. Battueks a la Carpe, v. l. St. Peter. Batturbs aux Ali.ouettes, v. Saguenay r. Baudet, au, river, traverses, diagonally, the t. of Lancaster and enters the S. of New Longueuil at the s. w. corner of the concession, CCte St, An- B E A B E A drej andj cutting the division-line in several placeSj falls into l. St. Francis at Pointe au Baudet. Baudouin, Damej fiefj v. Tilly S. Bay of Gappb (P.), v. Gaspe Bay. BayonnEj riverj in the co. of Berthier, rises in several small streams in the extremity of the aug. to Berthier. After the union of these streams, a little heyond Castle Hill, the Bayonne enters the aug. to Lanoraye, and, taking a s. course, is aug- mented by other small streams near the church of St. Elizabeth, then turning e. it enters the S. of Berthier and receives a stream from above the church of St. Pierre ; it is afterwards increased by the Bonaventure Creek that traverses the settle- ments of St. Esprit ; the Bayonne then hastens to the St. Lawrence, with which it unites its waters near the village of Berthier opposite Isle Castor. This E. is deep and navigable for loaded boats for 4 or 5 m. from its mouth ; higher up its naviga- tion is prevented by rapids and falls. There are 2 falls of 16 ft. perpendicular. The great diversity of character in the lower one is remarkable : the rock over which the river falls is of hard gray limestone in deep horizontal layers, marked here and there with small seams of quartz ; the bank, a httle below the fall, is a perpendicular mass of blue and white marble, out of which runs a strong spring of most pungent acrid taste, with a strong bituminous smell, and immediately contiguous to this the bank is of common limestone, in shallow layers, with a dip of 65 degrees. Bean, a small river in the S. of Beauharnois. Bbauce, county, in the district of Quebec, is bounded n. b. by the co. of Bellechasse, s. w. by part of the S. of Saint Giles, by the townships of Broughton, Tring and part of Shenley, to the s. e. boundary line of the S. of Aubert Gallion, thence along the s. e. boundary of the last-mentioned S. to the R Chaudiere; thence s. up the middle of the R. Chaudiere, and through the middle of the l. Megantick, to the entrance of Arnold r.; thence up that R. to the s. boundary of the province : on the N. w. by the co. of Dorchester, and s. e. by the s. boundary of the province. — It comprises the seignories of JoUiet, Saint Etienne, Sainte Marie, Saint Joseph, Vandreuil, Aubert GaUion, Aubert de risle, the townships of Prampton, Cranboume, Watford, Jersey, Marlow, Rixborough, Spalding, Ditchfield and Woburn, and that part of Clinton, E. of Arnold r — This co. is 68 m. in length, and its average breadth is 21i; but at its s. extremity it is 60. Its centre is in lat. 46" n., lon.70" 35' w. — This CO., containing 1,987 sq- miles, is uneven and mountainous and abundantly watered by numerous rivers and streams, the principal of which are the Chaudiere, du Loup and la Famine. This co. is intersected by numerous roads including the new Kennebec road, which presents a shorter and more direct communication from Quebec to Boston in the U. S. The co. of Beauce sends two members to the provincial assembly and the place of election is alternately at Ste. Marie and St. Joseph. Statistics. Population 10,665 Grist-mills Churches, R. C. 5 Saw-mills Curates 5 Carding-miUs Presbyteries 5 Fulling-mills Schools 3 Tanneries Convents 1 Potteries Villages 1 8 39 4 2 2 2 Potasheries Medical men Shopkeepers Notaries Taverns Artisans 14, 7 11 99 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 56,430 38,000 23,500 111,300 Bushels. Peas 22,361 Rye 510 Buck vi'heat 600 Bushels. Indian corn 2,010 Maple sugar cwts. 1,933 Live Stock. 3,2251 Cows 2,171 1 Sheep 5,662 I Swine 19,808 1 5,972 Beauharnois, county, in the district of Mont- real, is bounded n. b. by the co. of Laprairie, n. w. by the r. St. Lawrence, and s. and s. w. by the southern boundary of the province, and includes the Grande Isle and all the islands nearest to the CO., which in whole or in part front it. It com- prises the S. of Beauharnois and the townships of Hemmingford, Hinchinbrook and Godmanchester, and the tract of Indian lands to the west thereof, extending to the Indian village of Saint Regis, in- clusively, on the s. boundary of the province. — The length of this co. is 55 m. and its breadth 22, and it contains 710 sq. miles. The centre is in lat. 45° 10' n.. Ion. 74° 5' w.— One- third of the population is native Canadians and two-thirds Scotch, Irish, Americans and Indians. — It con- tains several parishes and flourishing villages, of which the principal are Beauharnois, St. Regis and Dundee. — The principal rivers are the Cha- teaguay, which traverses the entire county, En- glish River, Outardes, Norton Creek and Black River. — This triangular section of the province commands considerable local advantages, derived from its favourable climate and very extensive frontage on the St. Lawrence. The soil in ge- neral is excellent and the timber of superior quality. This co. sends two members to the pro- B E A B E A vincial assemblyj and the place of election is St. Clement. Statistics. Population 14,164f Churches, Pro. 1 Churches, R. C. 4 Curates S Presbyteries 4) Schools 2 Villages 5 Grist-mills Saw-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Tanneries Potasheries Pearlasheries Distilleries Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 4 1 2 11 10 63 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Peas Rye Horses Oxen Bushels, Buck wheat 5,400 Indian corn 20,950 Mixed grain 5,374 Potatoes 195,400 Bushels. 61,805 46,660 14,000 41,800 11,550 Live Stock. 2,076 1 Cows 5,678 1 Swine 3,9161 Sheep Hay, tons 25,300 Cwt. Flax . 277 Butter . 5,080 Maple sugar 1,326 17.599 1 6,838 Bbauhabnois or ViiiLBCHAUVE, seignory, in the CO. of Beauharnois, extends along the St. Law- rence 6 1. by as many in depth (by title), and is bounded in the rear by the t. of Hemmingford, s. w. by Godmanchester and Hinchinbrookj and N. E. by the SS. Chateauguay and La Salle and the T. of Sherrington. — This tract was granted on the 12th of April, 1729, to Sieur Claude de Beauharnois, and is now the property of Edward EUice, Esquire, M. P. — In this seig- niory are the following interior divisions named Catherine's Town, Helen's Town, Mary's Town, Orme's Town, North and South George Towns, William's Town, James's Town, Russel Town and Edward's Town. There are three Catholic missions, viz., St. Clement, St. Timothee and St. Martin, not yet erected into parishes, The church in St. Clement's parish is an unseemly building, and wm soon be replaced by a handsome structure, as measures to that effect are in active progress. At St. Timothee there is a neat small church with a spire ; and that at St. Martin, when completed, will be large and handsome. On the r. Chateau- guay, in the division of s. George-town, there is a presbyterian church. — There are 47 concessions in this S. and the superficies exceeds 254,016 ar- pents, of which 133 are in concession and 120,208 remain unconceded. The quality of the timber is generally excellent and the pine and oak, the latter particularly, have always been esteemed su- perior to almost any other growth in the province. — There are three schools on the foundation of the Royal Institution; one at Williamstown, one at North Georgetown and one at Ormstown : parts of the seigniory entirely British. — In the Canadian part there is no public school. Among the few Canadians who have any wish to give education to their children the practice prevails of taking a teacher into the house of one individual and collecting there the children of as many pa- rents as are desirous of this benefit, each paying his quota of the expense. Of these private schools there are not more than four or five. Their bene- fit is very limited, and little else than the cate- chism is taught. — Besides the townships this S. contains la Grande lie and other smaller isles, a village and two domains. — La Grande He is formed by the waters of the St. Lawrence and is 21 m. in circumference, and has been, in some degree, in- habited for more than twenty years. — Beauharnois village, in Ann's-town, is well situated on the E. side of the mouth of the k. St. Louis and on the bank of the St. Lawrence. It contains about 60 houses besides a manor-house, one-third built of stone and many two stories high, a grist and saw-mill and three taverns, and the steam-boat that plies from Lachine to the Cascades stops at this village, where it takes in its daily supply of wood. — At the mouth of the St. Louis is also the domain called St. Louis, and the other domain, named du Ruisseau, is in Helen's Town. — This S. contains three corn-mUls, one at Annfield, one at Peche au Saumon, on the r. Chateauguay, and one at Norton Creek Bridge; one saw-mill on English River, and several considerable pot and pearlasheries exclusive of numerous kettles scat- tered through the woods. — Many of the cultivators having been bred to trades follow them or not as convenience or prospect of emolument prompts. — There are no fairs, but there is an annual plough- ing-match in October. — The general state and con- dition of the cattle among the Canadian settlers in this S. cannot be praised, no care being taken by them for their improvement. The horned cattle are diminutive and ill-shaped, the sheep small and coarse wooled. The swine, their chief animal food, are of very inferior quality, long in the legs, coarse in the flesh and bad fatteners. The reverse of all this may in general be said of the cattle belonging to the English settlers, who pay particular attention to the different breeds and keep them in good order. The Canadian horse may be con.sidered as the best bred and most thriving animal, but will be always subject to deteriora- tion until the system of emasculation is generally practised. From the pains Mr. Brown, Mr. El- lice's agent, now bestows on this branch of rural BEAUHARNOIS. economy, and from the inclination evinced by the Canadians to imitate his laudable example, it is rea- sonable to expect that a very great improvement will soon take place in every, kind of cattle. — ^The principal roads in the S. are as follow : — Along h. Si. Louis; on both sides of the k. Chateauguay in progress of connexion through Godmanchester and Hinchinbrook, with those leading to the v. of Four Comers and Fort Covington in the U. S. ; on both sides of English River; the road into the U. S. from La Prairie by St. Constant through Hemmingford ; and the roads in front of each con- cession and their connecting branches. — The prin- cipal roads are generally kept in very good order. — There are no toll bridges ; but three ferry boats are established on the Chateauguay, the property of individuals who take what toll they can get. — ■ Several places in this S. are well adapted for the cultivation of hemp, particularly a considerable tract in the division of James' town, to the west of Blueberry-plain. — In agricultural operations both horses and oxen are used. The Canadian settlers usually plough with two yokes of oxen and one horse, but all other agricultural work is done with horses. The best farmers among the British settlers use the swing plough with one pair of horses, but the new settlers almost entirely use oxen. For other purposes horses and oxen are indiscriminately used as fancy or convenience di- rects. — The produce of hay is very uncertain. In 1828 it was tive times the amount of any of the three preceding years. — The quantity of flax sown is generally very small J only 6^ bushels of flax- seed are supposed to be sown annually. — The quantity of homespun manufactures may be esti- mated from the number of sheep: — 4100 sheep, yielding, on an average, 2 lb. of wool each, and 1 lb. being required to make 1 ell of etqfe du pays (the common grey cloth) produce 8200 ells, \ of which is made into other woollen stuffs, which require not, on an average, more than £lb. of wool per ell. — In this S. Americans sometimes contract for wood to make potash and afterwards quit the lands, which consequently become reduced in va- lue. — In the front are a few swampy places covered with cedar and spruce tirs, of no very great extent and generally between the banks of the Chateauguay and the St. Lawrence, a mean breadth of about 3 leagues. In the divisions of James Town and South George Town is a level space about 3|- m. by 2, called Blueberry Plains, an horizontal stratum of rock, of the quartz spe- cies, from the crevices of which spring immense quantities of the shrubs that bear the berries after which it is named. — The rivers Chateauguay and St. Louis run through the S. from s. w. to n. E. -Out of the former many and not inconsiderable streams branch off to the interior, some of them crossing the Province line into the American ter- ritoiy ; the principal are called the English River, Bean River, Riviere aux Outardes and Sturgeon River. By the Chateauguay, a fine river, navigable for boats and the usual river-craft, large quantities of the timber felled in Beauharnois and the ad- jacent townships of Godmanchester and Hinchin- brook are brought down into the St. Lawrence. There are roads leading along it from which others branch off to the U. S. — Previous to the com- mencement of hostilities with the U. S. the popu- lation was a mixture of Canadians and Ameri- cans, the latter amounting to about 200 families, who, on that event taking place, immediately withdrew into their own country. — Whether esti- mated by the mildness of the climate, the general goodness of the land, the variety of timber of every description, among which oak, elm, pine and beech are in great quantities, the advantage of water con- veyance at all times, from the breaking up of the frost until the commencement of winter, or by its contiguity and easy access by main roads to the State of New York, this may be universally allowed to be a most valuable tract of land, affording as good a basis for improvement as perhaps any other in Lower Canada. This S. is unexceptionable in point of locality as well as for all agricultural purposes, abounding with many spots particularly congenial to the growth of hemp and flax. The relative posi- tion of this S. and the adjoining townships with the United States must ensure great advantages, especially as they lie contiguous to the line of com- munication to Montreal, with roads in many di- rections, numerous routes for an expeditious water conveyance and a fertile soil ; these are solid rea- sons for conjecturing that this part of the district of Montreal will attract the attention of traders and cultivators, and vie, in a few years, with most others of the province in population and agricul- ture. — The following bays, points, &c. are in Beauharnois Channel, in front of the S. — viz. Do- maine du Buisson, Pointe aux Erables, Rapide de Bouleau, Rapide Croche, Knight's Island, Les Faucilles (a rapid). Hungry Bay, and Cartier's Point, — Laurence Brown, Esq , to whom the au- thor is indebted for valuable information, is the resident agent. BEAUHARNOIS. The Divisions, Concessions, number of Lands in Concession and their superficial extent, number of Pro- prietors and their national extraction, and the quality of the soil, in the Seigniory of Beauharnois, in March, 1828, were as follow : — TowDship, or Division of the s Seigniory and Concessions. "SB Arpens. Number of Proprietors, and their na- tional extraction. Cana- Ene- „ ^ ... Ame- _ dian. lislT. Scots. Inah. ^j^^„. Tot. Quality of Soil, &c. it.-) 4 Akn's town. Concessions of Lake St. Louis, Chateauguay and La Beauce Grand Marais * C6te St. George ■ * Cate St. Laurent • * River St. Louis • Maky's town. 1st, 2d and 3d Concessions ith ditto * 5th ditto * 6th ditto Helen's town. 1st Concession 2d ditto • Catherine's town. 1st Concession Grande lie lie aux Chats North George town 1st Concession C6te St Laurent • * River St. Louis • Orm's town. 1st Concession *2d ditto 3d ditto William's town. Front Concession • Sturgeon River Concession 1st Concession 2d ditto . 3d ditto ■ Beach Ridge ■ * Bean River Norton Creek English River Edward's town. Norton Creek English River South George town, 1st Concession * English River James' town. * 1st Concession * Forks of Outard River Russell town. Black River ■ Forks 1st and 2d Concessions, and 1st, 2d, and 3d Sections } Village or Beauharnois. 1 47 95 24 .SI 14 18 56 12 9 22 61 44 24 28 1 43 9 5 48 48 48 58 25 33 33 33 42 66 21 46 25 45 16 9 3 110 65 1462 7993 1927 3575 1418 1810 6420 1150 762 2013 6241 4565 2070 1700 180 4762 890 528 5498 4800 4800 5296 1219 3351 3351 3351 4092 7034 504 9361 6532 1941 4205 2300 4172 1953 900 304 11000 4fl 133808 128 41 34 12 23 12 9 17 83 82 38 36 27 7 4 71 34 35 27 34 2 78 4 41 4 8 12 2 2 5 2 3 1 2 2 6 49 . 1027 44. 123 6 904 38 15 16 12 28 6 40 4 13 29 10 22 12 326 71 20 13 8 3 25 21 1 1 9 19 2 135 42 38 255 93 131 1421 2 1 100 131 130 43 34 14 25 69 12 9 20 83 82 38 36 1 55 9 5 49 46 40 71 .34 50 43 46 42 84 8 111 61 19 38 23 43 16 8 1 110 55 The Concessions lying on the Lake St. Louis and River Chateauguay are occupied by good habitans, with comfortable houses. The land produces excellent wheat : that in the Beauce, though generally of a light soil, yields good crops, and seems very favoura- ble for the cultivation of hops. The Grand Marais lands are excellent. The other Con- cessions being recently made show but little progress. The soil is various. The front of the 1st Concession is stony, but gradually improves to the rear; and in the 2d, 3d, and 4th Concessions the soil is ^of the best quality. These lands are occu- pied by wealthy inhabitants, with good stone nouses and substantial barns. The remain- der is good land. \ The extremities of these Conces-sioos are f excellent; the middle is rather stony, but r well adapted for sheep pasture and orcnards. ) The 1st Concession is well built. -^ These lands are of superior quality and / verv productive. The Grande lie is most > valuable, for the country does not afford I better land. The lie aux Chats makes a J beautiful farm. [ The soil in this division is good through- }- out, and the part occupied by the Lowland I Scotch is cultivated in a superior manner. The 1st Concession is one of the most flourishing settlements in the province; and the lands being altogether of the best auality, and in the hands of respectable British farmers, are cultivated according to the most approved system of agriculture. In the 2d and 3d Concessions the soil is good. This township contains every variety of soil : much of it is however of good quality, and no part of it unfit for agricultural pur- poses. The Concessions on the Beach Ridge -and English River exhibit the greatest im- provement as British setUements ; those in the 1st Concession and on the River Cha- teauguay aud Sturgeon River are the most flounihiug Canadian settlements. Much of the land in this division is of > inferior quality; the best of it is well cul- tivated and improving rapidly. ' The soil in this division is of a middling ■ quality, generally of a light clay or sandy. I Settlement is advancing. ' Much like the former township, but with [a greater proportion of good land. 1 The lands on the Black River and Forks, I formed by its confluence with the English I River, are very rich and fertile: those in V the rear are on a high stony ridge, but a^rd good pasturage for cattle. There are some considerable orchards. The small valleys or intervals produce abundance of hay. ^ On the lake the soil is a strong clay ; in ^ the rear It is of a very productive nature. 1663 Proprietors. 242 Non-resident. Resident. ' Nevir Concessions since the census of 1826. B E A B E A Statistics of the entire Seigniory. Population 7,105 Churches . 3 Curates . 2 Presbyteries 2 Village . 1 Corn-mills . 3 Saw-mills . 5 Pot and Pearl- asheries . 14 Just, of Peace 3 Medical men 1 Shopkeepers 8 Taverns . 5 Artisans . 29 Boats . 2 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Wheat . 37,800 Potatoes 110,000 Buck wheat 2,G00 Oats . 29,100 Peas . 29,300 Indian com 12,000 Barley . 9,900 Rye . 4,500 A considerable quantity of maple sugar is made in this S. Live Stock. Horses . 1,185 Oxen . 2,174 Cows . . 2,862 Sheep . 4,390 Swine . 4,890 riWc— Concession du 12me Avril, 1729, faite par sa Majesty au Sieur Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, et au Sieur Claude de Beauharnois de Beaumont son frere, de six lieues de front sur six lieues de profondeur, Nord-est et Sud-ouest ; joignant la Seigneurie de Chateaugay le long du fleuve St. Laurent, avec les isles et islets adjacentes. Insinuations du Conseil Sup^rieur, lettre Y. folio 129. Bbaujbuj v. La Colle, S. Beaumont, Seignory and Augmentation, in the CO. of Bellechasse, lies between Vincennes and La Durantaie and is bounded in front by the St. Lawrence, and in the rear by St. Gervais; its breadth is f league, its depth \\. — Granted Nov. 3d, 1 672, to Sieur des Islets de Beaumont ; the augmentation, April 10th, 1713, to Sieur de Beau- mont and is of the same dimensions as the ori- ginal grant : they now belong to Fereol Roy, Esq. — The. farms are 3 arpents, in front by 40 in depth ; and the lands conceded prior to 1759 were granted on the following terms : 20 sols per front arpent by 40 in depth, one sol for quit rent, one capon, the obligation of grinding corn at the Banal mill, and with a reservation of timber for the purpose of building churches, mills, &c. — The capon is supposed to have been never demanded. — A great many of these landholders neglected to take a legal contract of concession, thinking that the seignior's letter would be solely sufficient to secure them in quiet possession of their lands. Some unfortunately lost their letters and others lost the copies of their contracts (the minutes of "which were burnt at Quebec.) After 1759, when their titles were required to be produced, those who were unable to do so were obliged to obtain new ones, when, instead of 20 sols being required for each front arpent, besides the sol for quit rent, 30 sols were imposed, and more frequently even 40. There are, in this parish, only 9 or 10 persons at most who pay one sol only by way of quit rent, without any other rent. — This tract presents, ge- nerally, rather a light and sandy soil and rises to a considerable elevation on the bank of the river, but preserves a tolerably level surface when compared with the adjacent grants. The greater part of the seigniory and a considerable portion of the augmentation are in a flourishing state of cul- tivation. Adjacent to the St. Lawrence there re- mains little timber, but, penetrating farther into the interior, much may be found of first rate quality. Several small streams water the S. very plentifully, and the augmentation is intersected by the rivers Boyer and du Sud. The church and parsonage-house are seated on the bank of the St. Lawrence, and a grist-mill is on the Riviere du Sud. The seigniory is crossed by several roads leading into the adjacent grants. — The parish of St. Etienne de Beaumont includes the first two ranges of Beaumont and Vincennes, part of Li- vaudiere, fief Mont-a-Peine and as far w. as the habitation of Jean Boilard, Statistics of the Parish of St. Etienne de Beaumont. Population 1069 I Presbyteries 1 1 Corn-mills . 2 Churches . 1 | Curates . 1 I Saw-mills . 3 Annual Agricultural Pioduce. Wheat Oats Bushels. . 6,018 . 5,000 Bushels. Barley . 100 Potatoes . 8,000 Live Stock. Peas Hay Bushels. . .3,000 tons, 7,502 Horses Oxen . 49.3 . 270 Cows . 905 Sheep . 2,004 Swine . 6,655 The parish of St. Charles extends over the aug- mentation to Beaumont, and is included in the description of Livaudiere, S. Title. — Concession faite au Sieur Des islets de Beau- mont, le 3me Novembre, 1672, par Jean Talon, Intendant, de la quantity de terre qui se trouvera sur le fleuve St. Laurent, entre le Sieur Bissot, et Mr. de la Durantaie, sur une lieue et deraie de profondeur. KSgistre d'' Intendance, No. l,^/io31. Augmentation. — Concession du lOme Avril, 1713, faite par Philippe de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Michel Begon, In- tendant, au Sieur de Beaumont, fils, d"un terrein non-eon- c6d6 contenant une lieue et demie en profondeur, et sur le front et largeur de la Seigneurie de Beaumont, entre la Seigneurie de la Durantaie et eelle des heritiers du Sieur Bissot. Sur la carte cette Seigneurie est couchee a quatre lieux de profondeur, au lieu de trois lieux ; I'autre lieu ayant ete apres accordee au Sieur Jean, dans le titre de St. Gervais. Rigistre d' Intendance, No. 6, folio 31. d2 B E A B E A Beaupokt, river, rises about 1 m. above Chaxl- bourg V.J in the S. of Notre Dame des Anges, and winding in an e. direction falls into the St. Lawrence near the s. w. boundary of the S. of Beauport. It turns the signorial mill, an oil-mill, and a grist-mill at its mouth. Beaupobt, seigniory, in the co. of Quebec, bounded n. e. by the 06te de Beaupr6, s. w. by Notre Dame des Anges, in front by the St. Law- rence and in the rear by the township of Stone- ham. It is one league broad by four leagues deep. It was granted, Dec. 31, 1635, to Robert GifFard, Sieur de Beauport; but, by that concession its depth was limited to I-J^ league ; on the 31st Mar. 1653, the other 2^ leagues were added : it is now the property of Narcisse Duchesnay, Esq; The original concessions in this seigniory were granted prior to 1759, and each farm, extending 3 arpents in front by 30, 40, or 50 in depth, pays a quit rent of 40 sols and one capon for each front ar- pent.- — The surface of this S. embraces a variety similar to that of the neighbouring seigniories, being intersected by ridges of different heights ; between the first rise of the ground and the beach of the St. Lawrence, is a level space ranging the whole breadth of the grant, occupied as mea- dows, pastures, or gardens ; the soil is black mould intermixed with clay or marl : on this flat there are many large globular fragments of granite quite detached and lying loosely on the surface. Hence, penetrating farther to the interior, the soil varies considerably, almost as frequently as the inequali- ties of the land. On the front ridge, where the road passes, are flat ledges of rock, that in some places for a considerable extent are quite bare, and in others but very superficially covered with a layer of earth ; more inward these rocks disap- pear and are succeeded by a dark mould, or a yel- lowish loam which continues to the skirts of the mountains. — In the front parts of the S. remains but little wood ; in the interior, however, and on the heights, the timber is of the best quality, beech, birch, and maple. — ThisS. is watered n.e. by the River Montmorenci, over which is a convenient bridge a short distance above the falls, by the Petite Riviere de Beauport, and by many small streams falling into the St. Lawrence forming rivulets along the beach at low water : about two leagues from the front is situated Lake Beauport or Water- loo, and at a short distance farther on the River Jaune ; some small mountain streams flow between the different ridges, — The cultivated land extends about six miles from the St. Lawrence and is, for the most part, in a state of excellent tillage, pro- ducing all kinds of grain abundantly, vegetables, &c. In various parts of the S. are quarries of stone, that furnish an excellent supply for the new buildings in the neighbourhood and in the city of Quebec ; there are also in many places indications of veins of coal, but no attempt has yet been made to work them. A large quantity of maple sugar is made here, and indeed in all the adjoining sei- gnories. On each side of the road along the St. Lawrence the houses in this S. are so thickly placed, that they seem to be the prolongation of one town ; the farm-lands and garden-grounds in a most flourishing state ; the orchards and occa- sional clumps of trees combine to render this road one of the most pleasant in the environs of Quebec. The roads communicating with the adjacent grants are enlivened by houses and gardens at short in- tervals from each other, throughout nearly their whole distance. — On the road leading to the capital, the populous Village of Beauport is situated on a gently rising ground ; it contains from 60 to 70 houses, many of them built of stone and distin- guished by great neatness in their exterior ap- pearance: the church and parsonage-house are situated on the s. side of the road, the former much more observable for solidity than for beauty or embellishment: regularity and neatness are prevalent through the whole village. This vil- lage is the residence of many families of the first respectability besides tradesmen, artisans and farmers. On the declivity of the hill, w. of the church, stands a manor-house, an ancient irre- gular stone building, designed originally for de- fence as well as residence : chiefly remarkable for the extraordinary thickness and solidity of the walls. A little to the w. of this house, and on the bank of the River Beauport, are the distillery and mills erected about 40 years ago by the Hon. John Young at a very great expense ; they are seated on the w. bank of the river, over which there is a bridge leading past them ; the distillery belongs at present to Mr. Racy, and the mills to the heirs of the late T. M'Callum, Esq. The buildings and other appurtenances of the distillery form a hollow square exceeding 200 yards on each side : in the middle of this square are several large stone buildings, communicating with each other, containing a still-house, malt-house, granary, ma- B E A B E A chinery, &c. of every description for carrying on the whole process of distillation and rectifying to a very large extent. The R. Beauport is navi- gable as high up as these premises for small decked vessels, which anchor along the wharf adjoining. The mill is both extensive and complete in a building three stories high ; the water for work- ing it is received from the Beauport into a large reservoir or dam above the road, whence it is conveyed to the mill by an aqueduct. — On an eminence to the north-eastward are two handsome stone dwelling-houses with gardens and summer- houses, surrounded by a wall ; from their sin- gularly beautiful situation, and the rich prospect they command over the basin of Quebec and sur- rounding distant objects, they obtain much notice : the Hon. H. W. Ryland is proprietor of both. — The Falls of the Montmorenci present the most majestic spectacle of the neighbourhood, and in- deed one of the grandest in the province At the foot of the Falls is situated the large timber esta- blishment, oi'iginally commenced and conducted by Messrs Usborne, Paterson, and Co., and now the property of Peter Paterson, Esq. It consists of a large saw-mill working 33 saws, including several of a circular shape ; also a store-house, dwelling- houses for workmen, a large and convenient wharf, and several booms for the reception of floating timber at high water. Ships anchor opposite to this establishment and are loaded with the assist- ance of scows and flat-bottomed river craft. The masts are generally floated along the sides of the ships. The handsome residence of the proprietor is seated on the summit of the hill w. of the Palls. — The late Hon. Juchereau Duchesnay, in 1821, commenced a settlement immediately in the rear of the lands previously conceded below Lake Beau- port or Waterloo. All the proprietors in the new settlement formed by Mr. Duchesnay, with few exceptions, are English, Scotch, and Irish ; some are proprietors and merchants, others merchants only, artificers and labourers ; several of the latter are employed in the king's works. — The settlers on Lake Beauport who could handle the axe and were industrious had sufficient employment as labourers, and were paid by the acre at the rate of 10 dollars, if clearing for crops, and 5 dollars for branching, felling, and logging only; other settlers not possessed of capital and who could not handle the axe, resorted to Quebec for employment. — The quantity of land cleared in these new settlements is from 3 to 400 arpents : the expense of clearing 10 dollars each arpent, without the removal of stumps ; there is no land, or lot of land, where the stumps have been removed by these settlers, an opinion being prevalent among them that such removals tend to impoverish the land ; the stumps therefore are suffered to remain and decay na- turally. — The first and principal settler on Lake Beauport is Mr. Shadgett, and the following sta- tistical account of the settlement was drawn up in 1824. Population Land in cultivation 105 51 arpents. Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. Potatoes . 1515 Turnips . 100 Bushels. I lbs. Cabbages . 1500 Maple sugar 300 Carrots . 9 1 — The Parish of Notre Dame de Misericorde, or Beauport, extends, by I' Arret de Conseil Superieur du 23 Janv., \'i'23,, one league on the St. Lawrence and thence ^ league into the S. of Notre Dame des Anges, along the bay of the r. St. Charles, extending in depth to Bourg Royale. Statistics of the Parish of Beauport. Population 1888 Churches, R. C. 1 Presbyteries Curates Schools Villages Corn-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills Oil-mills Breweries Di.stilleries Ship-yards Ship-timber es- tablishment Rope-walks . I Justice of Peace 1 Medical men Shopkeepers Taverns . Artisans . River-crafts Keel-boats I 2 7 26 I 6 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen . Bushels. I . 12,200 Potatoes . 37,620 Peas . 3,200 Rye Bushels. 75,4.00 5,200 1,000 Bushels- Buckwheat 100 Indian corn 680 Hay tons 2,761 Live Stock. 754) 701 Cows . Sheep 1508 4,520 Swine 1050 Title.— "-^ Concession du 31me D(Seembre, 1635, faite par la Compagnie a Rolert Giffard, Sieur de Beauport, de la Seigneurie de Beauport, contenant une lieue de terre, a prendre le long de la cote du fleuve St. Laurent, sur une lieue et demie de profondeur dans les terres, a I'endroit ou la riviere appeUe Notre Dame de Beauport entre dans le dit fleuve, icelle riviire comprise. De plus, prolonge- ment du 31me Mars, 1653, par Mr. Lanzon, Gouverneur, de deux Ueues et demie de profondeur, laquelle, avec la concession ci-dessus, forme une lieue de front sur quatre de profondeur."— Le Rigistre desFoiet Hommage, No. 16, folio 78, 3me Fev. 1781, dit que la Seigneurie de Beauport s'^tend en front depuis la riviere de Notre Dame jusqu'au Sault de Montmorency. — Segistre d'liitendance. No. 10 a n, folio 655. Beauregard, isles, lie in the St. Lawrence, opposite to the upper part of the S. of Vercheres EEC EEC and fiefs St. Blain and Guillodiere. Although not of great magnitude, these isles are useful to the neighbouring seigniories for the purpose of grazing cattle and the soil is good. They lie immediately above the Isles Eouchard. Title — " Conced^es le 17me Aoust, 1674, par le Comte de Frontenac, Gouvemeur, au Sieur de Beauregard, dont I'une est audevant du bout de la Seigneurie du Sieur de VercMrea, en montant, et les deux autres etant sur la ligne qui regarde les isles apparteiiantes au Sieur de Grand- maison." — Rigistre d'Intendance, Let. B. folio 1. Eeaurivage (F.), v. St. Giles S. Eeaukivage, river, traverses the S. of St. Giles diagonally and near its n. angle leaves thatS. and enters Lauzon, vi^here it receives the Ruisseau Gosselin and the Riviere Rouge, and, meandering in its approach to the church of St. Anne, passes afterwards through unconceded lands and falls into the Chaudiere at the E. extremity of fief St. Denis. This river is in no place navigable; its fall is very considerable and its current, in spring and autumn, very powerful. In the heat of sum- mer the waters are very low and sometimes insuf- ficient to drive a grist-mill of one pair of stones : in the upper part of St. Giles S. the bed of the river is principally solid rock. Eeavbr Erook, runs into the r. Assome- quagan. Bbcancour, a large river, winding beautifully in a very devious, course, rises in the townships of Eroughton and Leeds, whence it branches into those of Inverness, Halifax, and Ireland, where many minor streams flowing from nu- merous small lakes fall into it. After traversing the townships of Nelson and Somerset and the fronts of Stanfold and Eulstrode, in an easterly direction, for about 46 miles, it alters its course to north-west, running about 21 miles more be- tween Aston and Maddington and through the seigniory of Becancour, where it discharges itself into the St. Lawrence. The banks towards its source are high, steep and frequently rocky, but decrease in elevation as the h. descends. The current being embarrassed by falls, rapids and shoals, is navigable only at places for canoes and boats. In the broader parts are some small islands covered with fine trees, which, viewed from the banks, display the varied hues of their foliage with pleasing effect. Within the limits of Ee- cancour seigniory are two mills on this river. Isle Dorval, a small low island, covered with under- wood, divides the mouth of the Becancour into two channels. The valley which this river waters consists generally of cultivable lands, and in many places the soil is of the first quality. The scenery on the banks of the Becancour is much admired, and near the great falls in the front of Blandford T. the river is remarkably picturesque. The fall is about 24 ft., or, comprising the cascades above, about 60 ft., and near it is a superb situation for a mill. In this river are the maskinonge, the dor6 and other excellent fish. Becancour, seigniory, in the co. of Nicolet, is bounded, s. w. by Godefroi, n. e. by fief Dutord and by the townships of Aston and Maddington in the rear. 21 1. in front by 2 in depth. Granted April 16, 1647, to Sieur de Becancour, and now the property of the heirs of the late Lieut. Col. Eruere, Etienne Le Elanc, Esq. and Ezekiel Hart, Esq. The lands, conceded prior to 1759, pay a quit-rent of one livre and a capon for one arpent in front by 30 in depth, subject to the obligation of grinding corn at the seignorial mill, the right of pre-emption, droit de retrait, and a reservation as to timber. Three-fourths of the property be- longing to Mr. Le Elanc, being conceded prior to 1759, are, consequently, held under these condi- tions. Much higher terms are now demanded for the unconceded lands. — Towards the St. Law- rence the S. is flat and of an excellent and exu- berant soil, producing good hemp and flax. — The timber is not much entitled to notice, the lowlands affording none but of the most inferior sorts, and the higher situations only beech, maple, birch and a little pine. — Three-fourths of the S. are in cultivation, and several of the farms ex- hibit a high state of improvement ; the best are on the St Lawrence, and on each side of the rivers Becancour and Blanche. Besides these rivers, this S. is watered l)y the Godefroi, Lake St. Paul and Lac aux Outardes. — The main road along the St. Lawrence crosses the k. Becancour just above Isle Dorval, and two others lead up the river, one on each side. The want of proper roads has, for many years, been a great impedi- ment to the comfort and prosperity of the inha- bitants, and has materially retarded the forma- tion of new settlements. This inconvenience has lately been in some degree obviated, and, by an act of the provincial legislature, the sum of £500 has been granted for the improvement of the road from Gentilly to Becancour. — From the front of the S to Three Rivers is a ferry over the St. BEL BEL Lawrence. — Just above Isle Dorval and on the w. side of the b. Becancour was the hemp-mill, &c. established by government and placed under the late Mr. Campbell. The church, parsonage and a few houses surrrounding it, are situated on the E. bank of the Becancour : a short distance from which is a village of the Abenaqui Indians, consisting of a few ill-built wooden houses, or, more correctly speaking, hovels ; the manners and occupations of these people are precisely similar to those of the village in St. Frangois. — The parish of la NativitS de la Ste. Vierge et de St. Pierre, or Becancour parish, by virtue of a decree of the council of state, March 3, 1722, which confirmed the regulation of Sept, 20, 1721, comprehends all the frontage on the St. Lawrence, extending from fief Cournoyer to fief Godefroi, including fief Dutord and all the S. of Becancour. — The fol- lowing statistical account includes the whole pa- rish, viz. the fief Dutord as well as the S. of Be- Population 2752 Churches, E. C. 1 Curates . 1 Statistics. ~ Presbyteries . 1 Corn-mills . 1 Shopkeepers 1 Taverns Artisans 1 15 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats Barley Bushels. 17,600 9,909 300 Bushels. Potatoes 15,000 Peas . . 4,800 Live Stock. Bushels. Rye . 300 Indian corn 100 Horses Oxen . 960 . 850 Cows . 14,20 Sheep . 4,900 Swine . 2005 Title. — " Concession du 16me Avril, 1647, faite par la Compagnie au Sieur de Becancour, situee au Sud du fleuve St. Laurent, contenant deux lieues et un quart de front sur pareille profondeur; tenant du c6te du Nord-est au fief Dutori et du cote du Sud-ouest au fief Godefroi ; par devant le fleuve St. Laurent, et par derrifire les terres non concedees ; avee les isles, islets et battures qui se trouvent tant dans la riviSre de Becancour que dans une autre riviere appeUe la riviere St. Paul qui se deeharge dans le dit fleuve." — Cahiers d' Intend. 10 a, 11, folio 414. Bblair (S.), v. Les Ecureuils, S. Bellechasse, county, bounded n. e. by the CO. of rislet; s. w. by the n. e. boundary lines of the SS. of Lauzon and JolUet and of Framp- ton, Cranbourne and Watford, and thence by a line prolonged s. e. to the s. boundary of the pro- vince ; N. w. by the b. St. Lawrence, and it in- cludes all the islands in that river nearest to the CO. and in the whole or in part fronting it ; and on the s. e. by the s. boundary of the province. It comprises the seigniories of Berthier, St. Val- lier, St. Michel, Beaumont and its augmentation, la Durantaie and its augmentation, la Martiniere, Montapeine, Vincennes, St. Gervais and Livau- diere, and the townships of Buckland and Stan- don. — The centre of the co. is in lat. 46° 27' n. Ion. 70° 25' w. and it contains 581 sq. m. and seven parishes. Its extreme breadth on the St. Law- rence is 19 m , its average breadth 1 7 m., and its average depth 35 m. — This co. sends two mem- bers to the provincial parliament, and the places of election are St. ValUer and St. Gervais. — The surface is uneven and in many places, particularly in the rear, mountainous ; the soil nevertheless is susceptible of cultivation and produces abundance of good timber. — It is watered by the rivers du Sud, Boyer, Bellechasse, and their several branches, be- sides numerous other streams that fall into the St. Lawrence. In the front of the co. is a chain of flourishing and interesting settlements. The population consists entirely of French Canadians. Population 14,965 Churches, R. C. 8 Curates . 7 Presbyteries 8 Convents . 1 Schools . 4 Villages . 2 Statistics. Grist mills . Saw mills . Carding mills Fulling mills Tanneries . Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River-craft Tonnage Keel-boats 23 21 130 2 36 7 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Rye Bushels. 100,848 82,300 11,720 2,585 Buckwheat 2,500 Bushels. Indian com 910 Mixed grain 3,105 Peas . 17,530 Potatoes 235,534 Hay tons, 46,508 Cwts. Flax . . 391 Butter . 4,787 Maple sugar 568 Live Stoclc. Horses Oxen 5,394 [ Cows 4,202 1 Sheep 8,552 I Swine 41,786 17,354 Domestic Manufactures. Etoflfe du pays . 50,150 Flannel, &c. 40,000 Ells. Linen . 36,060 Looms 601 Bellechasse, river, rises in the S. of St. Michel, in the co. of Bellechasse, and, traversing the adjoining S. of St. Vallier to its n. e. corner, falls into the St. Lawrence. Belle Fleue, river, falls into the Saguenay below Ha Ha bay and is 66 ft. wide. At its mouth is a valley of very good, cultivable ground. BEL BEL containing 15 or 16 acreSj behind which are rocks that rise in gradations. BelIiEisle, riverj rises in the S. of Descham- bault, and, running s., cuts off the s. b. angle of the S. of La Chevrotiere, and runs into the n. side of the St. Lawrence. — v. DeschambaulTj s. Belle Riviere, called by the Indians Kush- pahigan, " a place which is ascended," runs into the s. B. side of lake St. John. At its mouth, called Kouispigan, the land on both sides forms a sheet of fine bright sand, but it improves gradually and rapidly as the r. is ascended. For 2 miles from its mouth the soil on both sides is an alluvial fiat, extending some distance from the banks to a rising ground which keeps a parallel direction with the river ; the soil on this flat is clayey, oc- casionally exhibiting a surface of rich loam, or vegetable mould, and produces elm, ash, fir, black and yellow birch, alders, spruce, and pine. From the 2nd to the end of the 6th mile, up the stream, the R. is deep and rapid, the banks occasionally bold, the land in many places excellent, and the timber is elm, spruce, black, white, and yellow birch, ash, poplar, pine, and balsam with some cedar and alder. The r. then, at the lower land- ing of a portage, is contracted to about 10 yards; the rushing waters precipitating over rocks, the wildness of the surrounding scenery and the cliffs, 75 ft. in height, impending over the basin and river, form a very interesting and picturesque cascade vi^ith a good site for a mill. Here the portage is upon the n. bank and is \ m. long, lead- ing over a very high hill, where the land is again level to the upper landing at the head of another full of about 20 ft. high, making the difference of elevation altogether between 50 and 60 ft. Here the land is of good quality, composed of a dark argillaceous loam beneath a rich vegetable mould; the varieties of timber are red spruce, ash, balsam, black and white birch, cedar, elm, red and white pine. This description of land forms the leading -s feature of the country along the banks of the Belle Riv. to the k. des Aulnais, about 2 J m. above the portage; the general course of the R. is s. e. Here the Belle Riviere forms a large basin, in the centre of which is an island of excellent land. The river enters this basin at the s. b. end, with a cascade of 10 feet, falling through a narrow con- traction not exceeding 2 or 3 yards at most. On the N. E. side of the basin the ii. des Aulnais enters with a gentle current. For about 3 m. higher up the Belle Riviere the land is more broken and hilly, rising in some places nearly 100 feet above the bed of the river, whose general course is from the basin about s. s. w., and is not less than 30 yards wide. In the vicinity of the small streams, that flow into the main river, are some valuable beds of blue soft marl and frequently much clay forming the sides or slopes of the hills. The timber on their banks is ash, elm, fir, and balsam, and, for a few miles in the interior, spruce, pine, balsam, and birch, and the land is of arable quality. — This R. is navigable for large bat- teaux for many leagues, and further on for bark canoes. Bellevue, fief, lies betv^een the S.S. of Ver- cheres and Contrecceur in the co. of Vercheres. It is bounded by Cournoyer in the rear, and con- tains -J 1. in front, by one 1. in depth. Granted 3d Nov. 1672, to Sieur de Vitre, and now belongs to Chicoine, esq. All this slip is under good cultivation but is not watered by river or stream. Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon Intendant, au Sieur de Vitr(, d'une demi lieue de front, sur une lieu de profondeur, a prendre depuis Its terres dc Conti ecoeur, en remontant vers ies terres non con- cedees." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. \,folio3\. BBi.osir., river, rises near the rear-line of the S. of Beloeil, and, taking a n. e. course, is joined by a small stream from the n. w., running nearly parallel. It falls into the Richelieu opposite Isles au Cerf. It works a grist and saw-mill. Bbl(eil, seignory, on the n. w. of the river Richelieu, in the co. of Vercheres; isboundedw.by the S. of Chambly, b. by that of Cournoyer, s. by the R. St. Lawrence and n. by lands stretching to the rear of the S. of Cap St. fllichel and the ad- joining small fiefs, and which form an augmenta- tion to Beloeil. — 2 1. in front by 1 ', deep, and the augmentation is nearly of the same superficies. — The principal grant was made, January 18, 1694, to Sieur Joseph Hertel and the accessory one, March 24, 1731, to Sieur de Longueuil. The Baroness de Longueuil is now proprietor of both. — The soil along the Richelieu is light, but in some places it is as rich as any in the district of Montreal. The uncleared parts ufford some beech, maple and birch timber but more of spruce, fir, cedar and inferior sorts. The n. b. part is well watered by the little r. Beloeil, along the banks B E R B E K of which is a range of excellent concessions; some smaller streams traverse the lower part and like- wise fall into the Kichelieu. Various good roads lead through the S. and the main road follows the course of the b. Richelieu. The houses of the settlers, many extremely well builtj are dispersed through the different concessions ; here and there a few together, but no village. The church and parsonage-house are near the Richelieu. — A few arpents, fit for cultivation, in the p. of St. Anne, are reserved in wood, which is becoming scarce. — That part of the augmentation that lies at the rear of the S. of Varennes is settled, but the parts abutting on the rear of la Trinit§ and St. Michel are still covered with wood. — In this S. are 260 families. The most flourishing settle- ments are in the first three ranges on the r. Riche- lieu. Population 1,788 Churches, R.C. 1 Curates 1 Statistics. Presbyteries Corn-mills Tanneries Shopkeepers 1 Taverns 1 Artisans 12 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Rye Horses Oxen Bushels .31,200 20,800 15,600 2,000 8051 690 1 Bushels. Indian corn 230 Peas 15,600 Potatoes 46,000 Bushels. Mixed grain 3,000 Maple sugar, cwts, 36 Live Stock, Cows Sheep 1,610 I Swine 4,600 I 1,050 Title. — " Concession du 18me Janvier, 1694, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Sochari, Intendant, au Sieur Joseph Hertel, de deux Ueues de terre de front, avec une lieue et demie de teiTe de profondeur, a prendre du c6te du Nord-ouest de la riviSre Richelieu, a la Seigneurie de Charnbly, en descendant ieelle riviere, vers les terrcs non concddees." — Segistre d'Intendance, No. ii, folio 16. Augmentation. — " Concession du24me Mars, 171.3, faite par Phil, de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Francois de Beauhar- nois, Intendan^ au Sieur de Longueuil, le long de la riviere de Richelieu, d'une lieue de terre de front sur une lieue et demie de profondeur, en lieu non-conc4d^, a. prendre depuis la Seigneurie de Belceil, qu'il possMe, en tirant du c6t6 du Sud-ouest, derriere la Seigneurie de Charnbly pour le front, et pour la profondeur dans les terres en allant au Nord-ouest." — Rigistre d^Intendance, No. 6, folio 3. Bblsiamitb, river, in the co. of Saguenay, falls into the gulf of St. Lawrence, a little above Bustard Bay. Benoit, lake, lies near the r. Saguenay, from which it is approached by the portage of Pelletier bay. It is of considerable extent, of very irregular shape and is surrounded by mountains of no great height. Bkrgbronnes, les, two rivers in the co. of Sa- guenay, emptying themselves into the St. Law- rence, a few leagues below the estuary of the R. Sa- guenay. One of these rivers has been ascended 1^ league, and nothing worthy of remark was dis- covered except some prairies, which are supposed to produce annually from 7 to 8000 bundles of hay. The land susceptible of cultivation on the banks of this river may extend from4 to 10 arpents from the water, and is bounded by rocky mountains, whose only ornament is moss and a few tufts of juniper. The shore of the St. Lawrence and the interior from the point " Des Grandes Bergeronnes," as far as that of " Bon Desir," 3 leagues below it, have been explored. The shore, which is at most 100 feet high, on account of its gradual ascent, offers a rich vegetative border. Bbrisfobd, a projected township in the rear of Abercromby, in the co. of Terrebonne. Bbrthieb, county, in the district of Montreal, bounded n. b. by the co. of St. Maurice, s. w. by the co. of Lachenaie, n. w. by the northern boundary of the province, and s. e. by the river St. Lawrence ; it includes all the islands in the St. Lawrence, nearest to the co., and in whole or in part fronting it. It comprises the SS. of Berthier and its augmentation, Du Sabl§ or York, part of Masquinonge, Fief Chicot, the SS. of La- noraye, Dautray, Lavaltrie and their augmenta- tions, Daillebout, De Ramsay, the t. of Brandon, part of the S. of Lanaudiere, the t. of Kildare and the islands of St. Ignace and Dupas. — This co. is 24 m. broad and its depth to the n. w. boundary of the province 240 m., containing 5,760 sq. m., of which 624 m. are in settlements bordering on the St. Lawrence and in the adjacent unconceded lands. — The s. extremity of the co. is in lat. 46° 2' N., Ion. 73° 12' w This co. sends 2 members to the provincial parliament and the place of election is at the v. of Berthier. It contains 7 parishes, besides parts of 2 others. The face of the county, for 15 m. from the St. Lawrence, is generally low and level; it then assumes a bolder aspect and becomes uneven, and, in the vicinity of lake Maskinonge and the rear of the t. of Kildare, it is mountainous, the land, nevertheless, being more or less susceptible of cultivation as far as the exploring surveys have extended, beyond which little is known of the country; its general cha- racter, however, has been ascertained to be moun- tainous, traversed by various rivers and streams, and watered by several lakes. The surveyed and B E R B E R settled parts of this co. are abundantly watered by the rivers Chicot, Bayonne, (^reat and Little Cha- loupe, St. Charles, Brook River, St. Joseph, St. John, L'Assomption, part of the k. Maskinonge and the L. of that name. The Bayonne and the Chaloupe spread into several branches and the r. L'Assomption, by far the largest, winds and tra- verses the CO. in a s. direction. Along the sides of these rivers are flourishing settlements and good roads. — This co. includes several islands in the St. Lawrence, particularly those that lie con- tiguous to the S. of Berthier To those who are desirous of making new settlements this co. pre- sents numerous advantages, arising from the qua- lity of its soil, population, agriculture, and local situation. Population 17,695 Parishes Churches, R. C. Curates Presbyteries Convents Schools Villages Statistics. Corn-mills Saw-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Tanneries Hat manuf. Potteries Potasheries Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River craft Tonnage Keel boats 25 22 158 2 36 5 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Rye Peas Horses Oxen Bushels, 117,636 159,632 14,981 5,375 38,959 Bushels. Buckvpheat 2,500 Indian corn 3,296 Mixed grain 4,085 Potatoes 470,913 Hay, tons, 64,111 Cwts. Flax 569 Butter 4,302 Mapl. sug. 1,063 Live Stock. 7,022 I Cows 10,756 i Swine 6,172 I Sheep 38,068 ( 9,236 Berthier, river, is about 16m. from the k. Maskinonge ; it is not navigable for any di- stance although there is a considerable body of water. Berthier, seigniory, in the co. of Bellechasse, has the river St. Lawrence in front, St. Vallier s. w,, St. Thomas n. b., and the Riviere du Sud in the rear. It is 2 leagues in front by as much in depth. Granted Oct. 29th, 1672, to Sieur Ber- thier ; it is now the property of the ladies of the General Hospital at Quebec and is held under a lease for 29 years by Claude Denechaud, esq., of which 13 years are unexpired. He pays an annual rent of 60/. and 45 bushels of wheat. This gen- tleman holds half the domain by purchase and the other half belongs to Mrs. Ruelle. This seigniory is bounded on the map according to a private sur- vey. Its irregularity arises from a cession made by the proprietor, Jan. 22, 1 728, to the seignior' of Riviere du Sud. — Alight sandy earth, varied" with yellowish loam, is the prevalent kind of soil and is highly productive of grain of all kinds ; the largest proportion is under culture and an im- proved system of husbandry. Many of the farms are in a flourishing condition, of which those on the Riviere du Sud and the bank of the St. Law- rence are perhaps the best and most conspicuous. Along the front the ground is rather low, but it gradually rises to a small ridge about a mile from the shore, from the summit of which a very in- teresting prospect unfolds itself; the R. St. Law- rence, between 1 1 and 12 m, across, is beautifully varied by groups of islands, lying off the w. end of Crane Island ; the is. end of the island of Or- leans, with all its rich diversity of scenery, and the lofty mountains rising behind Cape Tourmente complete the distant view ; the descent from the crest of the ridge down to the shore is a continua- tion of well cultivated fields, enriched with almost every object that can make a landscape perfect | these, with the addition of the church, and a small cluster of houses charmingly seated, almost close to the water, on the edge of a little cove called Le Trou de Berthier, when viewed from the main road, are well calculated to give a stranger an exalted idea of the picturesque beauty of the country. Another chain of heights, somewhat more elevated, rises between it and the riviere du Sud, on which there is some fine timber ; in other parts of the S. wood is not abundant. The rivers du Sud, a la Caille and Belle Chasse provide an ample and complete irrigation for every part. Near the Riviere du Sud stands the church of St. Francois and, at a short distance from it, a grist- mill worked by a little rivulet flowing into the river. Numerous good roads intersect every part of the S ; the main or post-road is on the bank of the St. Lawrence. — The rivers afford salmon, eels, white fish, &c. The horses are, generally, of the Norman breed. The parish ot St. Francois is bounded n. by the first concession of Berthier, s. by the rear-line of the seigniory, e. by St. Pierre, and w. by the di-. vision-line of St. Vallier. It consists of 3 con- Cessions, each of 42 or 60 arpents in depth. The farms are 3 arpents each in breadth, and extend in depth to the rear-line of the concessions. The land consists of a good, black, strong soil on a blue clay. The timber is not remarkable, and is a B E R B E R mixture of pine, spruce/ maple, birch, &c. This parish is watered by the river du Sud and by the Jyason which turn 4 mills, viz., one for grinding com, one for sawing, one for fuUing, and the 4th for carding. — On the N. side of the main road are the church, presbytery and a most convenient house called a convent or, more properly, a nunnery or school for the education of girls. All the establish- ments of this kind are superintended by two or three nuns from the congregation of Quebec. — This parish produces a considerable number of live stock and one half of the sheep and young stock are sent for sale to the Quebec market. Among the inhabitants enjoying ease arid comfort in this parish may be particularly mentioned Mr. Eraser, heut.-colonel of militia, whose residence is on the s. side of the n. du Sud and opposite to a handsome bridge ; his extensive farm buildings suflSciently denote the productiveness of his farm and his com- paratively numerous stock of cattle, which consists of 9 horses, 28 cows, 6 oxen, 60 sheep, &c. &c. — The most flourishing concessions are on the n. side of the du Sud, that on the s. side, extending to the mountains, is still covered with wood. The cure of this parish serves also the parish of Ber- thier, between which and St. Francois there is a good road of communication. Statistics of the Parishes of Berthter and St. Francois. Parishes. a. u 1 u 1 ! 3 > c 5 i 1 c 6 E A 1 5 1 s 3 1 '1 1 s 1 1 1 1 1 in 1 is 1 Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. Live Stock. j $' i o 1 1 0. i a i 8 g. 6 Berthier St. Fran9ois 786 850 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 i 7280 12400 2600 7200 260 2800 3040 4200 260 5200 100 300 18000 12250 390 450 290 600 780 1150 1690 3500 400 900 Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Berthier, de deux lieues de teire de front sur pareille profondeur, a prendre sur le flfiuve jS'^ Laurent, depuis I'ance de BellecJiasse incluse, tirant vers la riviere du Sud, iceUe non comprise. " Cette Seigneurie est bornee sur la carte suivant un' ar- pentage particulier. L'irregularitS de ce terreiii provient d'une cession que firent les proprietaires de eette Seigneurie k ceux de la riviSre du Sud, par une transaction du 22me Janvier, 1728." — BSgistre d'Intendance, iVo. l, folio 7. Berthier, seigniory, in the co. of Berthier, with its fiefs and augmentations, is bounded s. w. by the S. of Dautre and augmentation, n. b. by those of Dusable or New York and Maskinonge, in the rear by the t. of Brandon and in front by the St. Lawrence. Granted 27th April, 1674, to M. Berthier J the augmentation granted 31st Dec, 1732, to Sieur Pierre L'Etage. This property is now 2| 1. in front by 4^ in depth, containing 13 superficial leagues, and the only part not belong- ing to the Hon. James Cuthbert, a gentleman re- markable for his urbanity of manners and hospi- tality to strangers, is a fief comprising one half of Isle Dupas and about 2 1. in length. The ma- jority of the concessions were granted prior to 1759, each measuring 3 arpents by 40, 30, 20, &c., according to local circumstances, and on the conditions usual at the time. — This S. contains two parishes and the half of a third, 1 6 ranges of con- cessions and an island inhabited. There are 714 lands granted; and the most populous concessions are those on the rivers Bayonne, St. Esprit, and St. Cuthbert. Three-fourths of the S. are under cul- ture and one-fourth in wood : in the first 4 leagues of its depth the surface is level and, in the rear, precipitous and rocky. L'Isle Dupas, an arriere fief, lies in this S. There are also two other fiefs included within the lateral lines of the seigniory : the fief Chicot on the n. b. side of the S., and the fief Dorvilliers on the s. w. side..^Iron ore, both mountain and bog, of excellent quality, and free- stone are found in this S., and an extensive bed of pure yellow ochre has lately been discovered by Mr. Cuthbert, which, being calcined or heated, as- sumes a beautifully red colour ; the vein, from 12 to 14 inches deep, of a tenacious quality, lies about 6 inches under a surface of vegetable earth. On the best cultivated ranges the wood is nearly all cleared away ; but on the others, and in the back districts, there still remains abundance of hois de chauffage or fuel with some little maple, beech, cedar, hemlock, butternut, pine, larch, elm, and birch. The soil in general is good, except to- wards the rear, where it is rocky and sterile ; in 152 BERTHIER. the concession called St. Cuthbert it is a fine ve- getable earth, several inches deep, on a subsoil of strong clay ; in that of St. Esprit a strong deep loam; in St. Pierre a rich light earth; in St. Catherine a small part is a good loam, and the rest of somewhat inferior quality; in St. Jean there is a mixed soil equal in fertility to either of the others. — In front of the St. Lawrence the land is low, especially towards the n. b. boundary, but the arable is very productive, and the re- mainder is a succession of very fine meadows. The other parts of the S. are but indifferent in quality, and some of it about the back boundary even bar- ren and unfit for tillage. — Most of the concessions are farmed in a very good style ; but those where the greatest improvement is visible are St. Cuth- bert, St. Esprit and St. Pierre, where industry and careful arrangement have produced ease and even afiiuence. — Wheat is the chief prpduction of these lands, whicli are fit, generally spbaking, for every species of culture and produce annually about 100,000 bushels of grain. The important articles hemp (which grows spontaneously near every ruin) and flax, might be raised in almost any qilantities, if the farmers would adopt a different method of cultivation. The rivers Chicot, La Chaloupe, Bayonne and the Bonaventure Creek afford a convenient and equal irrigation. About 5 miles from the v. of Berthier, on the s. w. bank of the Bayonne, is' a very copious salt spring, strongly impregnated with inflammable gas, from which the inhabitants, when Admirals Walker and Phipps respectively blocked up the St. Lawrence, made a considerable quantity of salt, and they now make use of the water to knead their bread. The water is always cold as ice, and is found efficacious in sprains and white swellings Up- wards of 1000 able-bodied men are furnished for the militia. — The main road by the St. Lawrence, and the different roads through the concessions, are maintained in excellent repair. The winter traverse between Berthier and Sorel is on the ice, winding among the islands ; it is computed to be about 5 miles and very secure. — The bridges across the rivers are free of toU.— The domain of Berthier, on the s. w. side of the river Bayonne, contains 335 arpents, approaching in goodness to the best of the district. In front of the S. several fine islands form the s. boundary of the Chenail du Nord ; they are named Isles Randin, Dupas, Castor, &C.; — In this S. is a school for girls, well attended, under the direction of the sisters, of the congregation ; and there are also 4 private schools for boys. — There are 3 villages built, gene- rally of wood, Berthier, St. Cuthbert, and Pierre- viKe. — The village of Berthier is pleasantly situ- ated on the N. side of the Chenail du Nord, and forms one principal street, consisting of 125 houses placed, sometimes at long intervals, on the side of the main road to Quebec : many of them are extremely well-built and handsome There are, exclusive of dwellings, a great many granaries and storehouses for general merchandise, it being a place of some trade, whence British manufac- tured goods are dispersed over the neighbouring populous seigniories, and whence also large quan- tities of grain are annually exported. — The popu- lation is 850. — The church that claims notice not only as being a handsome structure, but for the elegance of its interior decoration, is situated at a small distance behind the main street. This village being about mid- way between Montreal and Three Rivers, in the direct route of the public stage- coaches that have been established upon the plan of those in England between the former place and Quebec, and being also the principal interme- diate post-office station, is a |*lace of great resort and considerable traffic. At the inns travellers will always find good accommodation. On passing through the Chenail du Nord, the village with its gardens, orchards, meadows and surrounding cul- tivated fields, form together an agreeable and pleasing assemblage of objects, although from the flatness of the country the prospect is not marked by any of those traits of grandeur so frequently observable on the n. side of the St. Lawrence, de- scending towards Quebec. The land is here so little above the level of the river, that in the spring, when the melted snow and ice occasion a rise of the waters, it is sometimes overflowed to a considerable distance, and much damage is done to the lower parts of the houses in the village and to the goods deposited in the stores. These inundations have occasionally been so great that it has been necessary to remove large quantities of wheat from the upper stories of the granaries.— In the entire S. of Ber- thier, including the augmentation, there are Churches Corn-mills Snw-mills Potasheries . 3 Carding-mills 1 Fulling-mills . 1 Clothier's shop 1 B I C B I C There are artisans and mechanics of every de- scription, besides some carriage-makers and many masons ; among them are 18 Blacksmiths 6 Tanners 1 Watchmaker 2 Harness-makers 7 Shoemakers 3 Tinsmiths a Millwrights 4i Bakers Several wheel- wrights 1 Silversmith 4 Butchers 4 Coopers House -joiners, above SO In the parish of BertUer all the lands are con- ceded, except the woodlands near the mountains where the sugarks axe, and those lands are rendered unfit for cultivation by ravines, hUls, rocks and sands, over which there is no road. The i?. of St. Cuthbert was erected about 50 years ago and measures three leagues in front, be- tween Berthier and Maskinonge, on the road from Montreal' to Quebec, and consists of a considerable part of the S. belonging to the Hon, James Cuth- bert and of three other fiefs. Its b. boundary is the N. E. line of the county. It contains 600 families and 300 farm-lots are settled upon, most of which are three arpents in front by 30 or 40 deep. The church is on the w. side of the h. Chicot, about 2 m. in the interior. This p. ex- tends over a large portion of Berthier and the ad- joining S. N. E. Statistics of the Parishes of Berthier and St. Cuthbert. Parishes. i 3 O ■c I 1 1 i •g f i 1 I s 1 a S 3 fa 1 1 i i a 1 S a. i "-a a •a 1 1 I i 1 •s < 5 ! € S Berthier St. Cuthbert 3939 2754 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4> 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 14. 4. 6 6 31 45 1 25 8 Parishes. Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. ■ Live Stock | ! o 1; 1' k E S 1 a. i 1 i i o 350 450 J 2124 2000 .g CO Berthier St. Cuthbert 20800 26000 31000 26800 2500 2050 1000 1180 700 605 7870 9200 42850 45000 15600 1429 1500 8496 7500 1655 1500 Title. — " Concession du 27me Avril, 1674, faite a Mr. Berthier, de trois quarts de lieue ou environ de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laur- «K<, depuis la concession du Sieur Randin en descendant, jusqu'a la riviere Chicot j ensemble une Isle d'une lieue en superficie etant au dessous etjoignant presquel'isle JRujjrfin, vis-a-vis I'Isle Ditpas ; aussi I'isle qui est au bout d'en has de VIsle au Castor, accordee a Mr. Berthier, le 23 Mars, 1675. — Ou les deux concessions sent accordees par un seul titre. Cahiers. d'Intend. where both these conces- sions are.granted by one title." — Rigistre des Foi et Horn- mage, No. S, folio 38, Is 2Gme Janvier, 1781. Augmentation — " Concession du31me DScerabre, 1732, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gillcs Hoequart, Intendant, au Sieur Pierre I'Etage, de trois lieues de terre de front, si telle quantity se irouve entre la ligne qui scpara le fief de DautrS d'avec celui ci- devant appele de Comporte (aujourd'hui Antaya), et celle qui s^pare le fief du Chicot d'avec le fief Masguinongi ; a prendre le dit front au bout de la profondeur et limites des dits fiefs A'Antaya et du Chicot entre lesquels se trouve' le fief de Berthier ; sur trois lieues de profondeur, avec les rivieres, ruisseaux et lacs qui pourront se rencon- trer dans la dite etendue de terre, pour etre la dite conces- sion unie et jointe au dit fief de Berthier." Registre d'ln- tendance, Mo.l, folio 4. Bic, river, in the S. of Bic, is about 20 feet wide, small- and well bridged. It is not navigable for boats or even canoes and the falls prevent timber from being floated down. Bic, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, bounded in front by the s. side of the St. Lawrence, n. e. by the S. of Rimouski and s. w. by a part of the S. of Trois PistoUes, called Richard Rioux. — Two leagues in breadth upon the river by 2 in depth. — Granted with the Island of Bic, lying in front. May 8, 1675, to M. de Vitre. The island is nearly 3 m. in length by f m. in breadth. — In 1774, a dispute having arisen between the pro- prietors of Bic and Rimouski, it was determined by the Court of Common Pleas that the middle of the embouchure of the river Hatte should be the boundary between the two seigniories. — This S. has a few settlers on the coast only, but none on the new road that traverses this S. from Trois PistoUes to Mitis. The surface of this S. is very uneven and mountainous ; the high mountains of Bic and Cap I'Original are conspicuous objects to the voyager as he sails up the St. Lawrence. — The best land of this S. lies in the rear ranges and in the intervals between the rocky ridges that lie parallel with the St. Lawrence. The general BIZ B L A qualities of the land and timber are similar to those of the Rimouski portage^ which lies con- tiguous. In the Bay of Bic small craft can lie completely land-locked and on its borders are a few settlers. The adjacent low lands produce fine hay ; the high lands are rocky and the soil light and stony. Statistics. Population Corn-mills 90 Saw-mills . 1 Keel boats . 1 Annual Agricultural Produce. . 2 Bushels. Wheat . 52 Oats . 10 Bushels. Barley . 4 Rye . 100 Peas Potatoes Bushels. . 16 . 90 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 26 29 Cows . 40 Sheep . 120 Swine . 57 Title. — " Concession du 6me Mai, 1675, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouvemeur, au Sieur de Vitri, de deux lieues de front, le long du fleuve St. Laurent, du cote du Sud, a prendre du milieu de la largeur de la riviere appele Mitis, et qui s'appellera dorenavant la riviere en montant le dit fleuve, et deux lieues de pvofondeur, ensemble I'isle du Sic qui est vis-a-vis. — En 1774, dispute s'etant elevee entre les proprifitaires du Sic et de Rimomky, la Cour des Plaidoiers Communs rendit un jugement, confirme en appel en 1778, qui determina, que le milieu de I'embou- chure de la riviere Haiti seroit la borne entre les dites deux seigneuries." — Insinuations du Conseil Superieur, let. B. folio 14. Birch Island, v. St. MauricBj r. Bird Mountain, v. St. Maukicb, b. BizASD, isle, is separated from the s. w. end of Isle Jesus by the r. des Prairies. It is nearly of an oval form, rather more than 4 m. long by 2 broad. — No records relative to this property have been preserved in the secretariat of the province ; but when the present owner, Pierre Foretier, Esq., did fealty and homage on the 3d February, 1781, he exhibited proof of its having been granted on the 24th and 25th of October, 1678, to the Sieur Bizard. — It is a spot of great fertiHty, wholly cleared and cultivated. — A good road passes all round it, near the river St. Lawrence, and another crosses it about the middle : by the sides of these roads the houses are tolerably numerous but there is neither vUlage, church, nor mill. — Population 757. Wlieat Oats Horses Oxen Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Bushels. , 2,520 Barley . 95 Peas , 4,300 Potatoes 16,002 Live Stock. 2161 Cows 218] Sheep 405 1 Swine 950 Bushels. . 700 320 Title.—" Concession du 24me et 25me Octobre, ]67ffi faite par le Comte de Prontenac, Gouverneur, et Duches- neau, Intendant, au Sieur Bizard, de I'isle Bonaventure (Bizard) ensemble les isles, &c. adjacentes."— Jieg^ire des Foi et Hommage, No. ] 8, folio 90, le Stne Fevrier, 1781. Cahiers d'Iniendance, Xfo. i, folio liil- Black Bay, v. Onslow, t. Black Bay, v. Lochaber Gtore. Black Lake, v. Ireland, t. Black River, in the co. of Saguenay, runs through a very extensive and fertile tract of level land, the greater part of which is on the King^s Post side of the river, and on which about 200 families might gain a comfortable subsistence. — This R. falls into the n. side of the St. Lawrence, opposite Hare Island and about 20 m. above the R. Saguenay. It forms the n. e. boundary of the S, of Mount Murray. Black River, v. Manicouagan. Blainville (S.), v. Millb Isles. Blairfindib (P. and v.), v. Longubuil, b. Blanche, Grande Riviere, in the co. of Ot- tawa, rises far in the interior and, traversing the eastern quarter of Portland, runs through part of Buckingham and entering Templeton, between the 7th and 8th ranges, winds most singularly upon that line as far as lot No. 11. Thence it runs s. to J;he division- line between the 1st and 2d ranges, and, winding e . through the 2d range, discharges itself at lot No. 3 into an arm of the Ottawa, which connects that river with one of the ponds. It is about 130 ft. wide and is navigable for bateaux in the spring about 15 miles ; it then becomes rapid ; its course is about 100 miles, and it is well stocked with fish. — Certain lumber dealers have destroyed the bridge, which had been built over the River Blanche, for the purpose of floating their rafts with more facility down that river into the Ottawa. Blanche, Petite Riviere, rises in the high lands of Buckingham, in the rear of the 5th range, winding n. w. it enters Templeton, where it winds transversely through the two front ranges, then re-entering Buckingham, at the s. w. ex- tremity of the T., it falls into the Ottawa. Blanche, river, copiously waters the t. of Lochaber and its 3 principal branches unite ra- ther more than 1 m. from its junction with the Ottawa, in the centre of the front of the t It is about 130 ft. wide and is navigable for bateaux in spring only, for about 5 or 6 m. from its mouth. It is weU stocked with f>sh B L A B L O BlanchBj. river, rises in the rear of Kildare t. and enters the 3d range of Rawdon, where it joins the n. b. branch of the Riviere Rouge. BiiANDPORD, township, in the co. of Nicolet, is bounded s. e. by the River Becancour, n. w. by Maddington and Gentilly, n. by Livrard, and N. E. by the aug. to Deschaillons. — This t. was erected, by letters patent, in 1823, and contains 54,131 acres. — There are 13 ranges of concessions subdivided into 214 regular and 72 irregular lots. — The principal grantees of the crown are Louis Lagueux, Jean Langevin and Charles Langevin, Esqrs.j&c. — The land is generallylevel with many savannas and the soil, for the most part, good. — The soft wood consists of fir, spruce, pine, sapin, cedar, wild cherry, ash, maple, alder, elm, white ;Wood, walnut, &c. — There are some hUls, from 30 to 40 ft. in height, running from n. e. to s. w. This T. is watered by the GentiUy, the Little du Chene, lake St. Louis, lake St. Eustache, and many smaller lakes. In all of them there is fish. — The grant of this township being so jecent there is no road, except a good winter road from Gentilly to the river Becancour, 15 miles in length, which traverses the township ; a branch of this road, 4 or 5 miles long, leads to iSt. Pierre ; there is also a similar communication between Gentilly and the river Becancour, run- ning between Blandford and Maddington, from .12 to 13 miles in length. — About 600 acres have been cleared, a saw-mill erected, and a patent hand-miU. for grinding corn, imported from Eng- land by the principal proprietors, the great utility of which has already been experienced by the in- habitants of this and the neighbouring townships. — The price of labour is 2s. 6d. a day without board, and Is. 8d. with board. — Much of the land in this T. is, probably, adapted to the cultivation ,Df hemp and flax. — There are about fifty or sixty ■settlers on the crown lands along the river Be- cancour, six leagues from the St. Lawrence. The principal grantees of Blandford have expended about 250/. on the promotion of settlements, and ^ving them means of communication, but all that .has been thereby attained is a winter road of no ,iise in summer. The settlements and clearings along the river Becancour have extended con- jsiderably, and the only check which restrains the jrouth of the neighbouring seigniories, who are in want of land to form settlements, from coming forward, is the want of a communication with the settlements in the seigniories. Animals and Poultry in Slandford. Horses . 7 Heifers and Sheep . . 14, Bulls . . 2 calves 10 Hens . . 156 Oxen . . 23 Pigs . 24 Ducks . . 4 Cows . . "27 BiiEURiB, river, rises in a lake in the S. of De Lery and running s. falls into Jackson's Creek, nearly opposite Isle aux Noix in the k. Richelieu. Bleurie, seigniory, in the co. of RouvUle, is bounded n. e. by the SS. of East Chambly and Monnoir, s. by the S. of Sabrevois, and w. by the river Richelieu. — Granted, Nov. 30, 1750, to Sieur Sabrevois de Bleurie and is now the pro- perty of Gen. Christie Burton. — According to the terms of the original grant it ought to be 3 1. in front by 3 in depth ; but as the grants of the adjoining seigniories are of a prior date, and as such an extent could not be taken without in- fringement upon others, it now forms a triangular space of much less superficial extent. Although lying generally low, with large swamps in many places, there are some tracts of very good land and also some fine timber ; the spots that are cul- tivated lie chiefly upon the Richelieu, and bear but a small proportion to the whole. — A liew road, called the Bedford Turnpike, crossing it diagonally to the river, opposite Fort St. John, •has been traced and measured- in the field and is now proceeding upon. A joint company has un- dertaken it and obtained an act of the provincial parliament for the purpose: when completed it will greatly enhance the value of this and the other properties through which it passes, by open- ing a shorter communication with Montreal and by rendering the intercourse with distant places much more easy. Tille. — " Concession du 30me Oct. 1750, faite par le Marquis de la Jonquiere, Gouverneur, et Francois Bigot, Jntendant, au Sieur Sabrevois de Bleuri, de trois lieues de terre de front sur trois lieues de profondeur, le long de la riviere Chambly, bornee du c6te du Nord par la Seigneurie du Sieur Hertel, et sur la mdme ligne ; du c6te du Sud a trois lieues de la dite Seigneurie par une ligne tiree Est et Quest du monde ; sur le devant par la rivifire CliamUy et sur la profondeur a trois lieues joignant aux terres non- coneedees. — Rigislre d' Intendance, No. 9, folio 72. BliONDELLE, de la, river, in the S. of Cote de Beaupre, rises near the s. bank of the k. Ste. Anne and crosses the road to St. Paul's Bay j BON BON after being joined by a smaller stream about 3 m. from its mouth, it turns a miU. It falls into the N. side of the St. Lawrence. Blueberry HillSj in the co. of Saguenay^ are between Commissioners L. and Bouchette r., on the Guiatchouan communication. Blueberry Plains, v. Bbauharnois, S. Bois Brule (L.), v. Sbtteington, t. BoiscLBRE, riverj rises near the source of the R. Huron in the aug. to the S. of Lotbiniere ; being joined by some little streams it enters the S. of Lotbinierej and, near the rear line, joins the R. du Chene. BoisvBRT, river, runs iiito Lake St. John, in the co. of Saguenay. This r. has been ex- plored for about ^ m. from its mouth ; it was then found too narrow and too much obstructed for far- ther progress. Aspin, white spruce and white birch form the principal part of the timber, and the soil consists of a mixture of clay and sand. Bolton, township, in the co. of Staustead, on the w. side of lake Memphremagog, is bounded N. by Stukeley and Oxford, s. by Potton, w.-by Brome. — This is one of the first townships that was laid out. — The surface is uneven and rather mountainous, being crossed diagonally by an irre- gular chain of heights, wherein several rivers have their sources, and which divides the waters that fall into the Yamaska and other large rivers to the northward, from those flowing into lake Memphremagog and the Mississqui in the oppo- site direction. The lands on the low parts are tolerably good, but those to he b. are the best and present some fine settlements, well cultivated and producing every sort of grain. On the streams that intersect this part are several com and grist-mills. Statistics. Population 1008 Churches, R. C. 1 Curates . 1 Schools . 4 Com-mills . 1 Saw-mills . 5 Potasheries . 3 Pearlasheries 3 Shopkeepers . 2 Taverns . 2 Artisans . 11 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels, Wheat . 14,890 Oats . 1.3,400 Barley . 1,300 Bushels. Peas . 3,000 Buck-wheat 300 Bushels. Indian corn 2,010 Potatoes 20,000 Live Stock. Horses . 460 Oxen . 610 Cows . 901 Sheep . 2,200 Swine . 605 Bona venture, county, in the inferior district of Gaspe, is bounded e. and n. by the co. of Gasp6, and consists of such part of the inferior district of Gasp6 as is included between the co. of Grasp6 and the district of Quebec, including aU the islands in front thereof, in whole or in part, nearest to the CO., which comprises the Seigniory of Shoolbred, the Indian Village of Mission and the settlements above and below the same on the north of the river Ristigouche, the townships or settlements of Carlton, Maria, Richmond, Hamilton including Bonaventure, pox including the town of New Carlisle, Hope including Paspebiac, La NouveUe and Port Daniel. — The length of this co. in front is 166 m., its greatest depth 47, and its narrowest part, at Seminac river, is 21, and it contains 4014 sq. m. — The centre on the r. Ristigouche is in lat. 48° 3' N., Ion. QG" 35' w.— It sends one mem- ber to the provincial parliament and the places of election are Richmond and Hope. — The popula- tion is a mixture of Arcadians, English, Irish, Scotch and Canadians. — The extensive front of this CO. stretching from Point Macquereau on the B. to the Cross near the rise of the s. branch of the B. Wagansis on the w., affords considerable advantages : the bay of Chaleurs and the r. Ri- stigouche, with the numerous bays and coves with which they are indented, supply numerous and productive cod-fisheries, for which the d. of Graspe is particularly noted. — There is much land in this CO. well adapted for the cultivation of grain in general and also for hemp and flax. — The land on the Bay of Chaleurs, from Port Daniel to New Richmond, a distance of more than fifty miles, extending, on an average, two miles inland, is a rich soil consisting of red clay covered with a thick coating of vegetable mould, easy of culti- vation and producing the finest crops. The tim- ber upon it is black birch and maple, interspersed with white birch of large growth, pine, spruce, fir and white cedar. On the Ristigouche are some fine spots of meadow and interval lands. The settlers have cleared, upon an average, about 15 acres upon their lots, which consist of 100 acres upon a front of 3 acres ; the old French custom. The lots in the proposed new townships are di- rected to be laid off in farms of 105 acres upon fronts of 20 chains, which is considered a very great improvement. Towards the front the lands are generally low and gradually rise to the high table land, that spreads over the interior of the peninsula formed by the St. Lawrence and Cha- leurs Bay. From this high land descend the BON BON rivers ttat fall into the St. Lawrence and the bays of Gaspe and Chaleurs. This part of the interior, however, has never been explored; our knowledge of it is founded on the reports of In- dians and hunters. — This co. is abundantly wa- tered by numerous rivers : the principal are the Ristigouche Matapediach Great Cascapediac Little Cascapediac Bonaventuie Great NouveUe Little NouveUe East NouveUe Semiiiac Mistoue Gad uamgoushout Goummitz Pscudy Wembrook Great Wagansis Little Wagansis. The principal bays, &c. in the front are Port Daniel Larger NouveUe New Carlisle Harbour Paspebiac Cove Bonaveuture Harbour Bay of Good Fortune Black Cove Cascapediac Bay Richmond Harbour Traquadigach Bay Carleton Basin Ristigouche Bay. The timber is tolerably good, with large quan- tities of pine fit for masting merchant vessels, but too small for ships of the line. — The only road of communication is along the front, and its improve- ment has been advanced by the judicious expendi- ture of a sum of money voted by the colonial le- gislature for that purpose. Much benefit will arise to this co. and the whole district of Gaspe from the continuation of Kempt Road, which runs from the Ristigouche, along the Matapediach river and lake, and extends to the n. bank of the St. Lawrence through the S. of Mitis. As this road joins the former, a communication is thus opened from Quebec, vM Mitis, to Douglass town on the shore of Gaspe Bay. Statistics of the County of Bonaveuture. Population 5110 Churches, R. C. 10 Presbyteries 3 Curates . 1 Towns . 1 Court-bouses 1 Gaols . I Villages . 2 Houses in do. 138 Just, of peace 8 Shopkeepers 19 Artisans . 34> River-craft 49 Tonnage . 3675 Keel-boats 297 Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Annual Agricultural Produce. Peas Bushels. 11,1.S0 13,095 Bushels. ■ 1,600 Bushels. Potatoes 57,710 Live Stock. 4271 Cows 951 1 Sheep 1086 1 Swine 34421 3220 BoNAVENTURB, isle, in the co. of Gaspe, lies between Cape Despair and Mai Bay, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is a little more than 1 m. from Percd Rock on the main land. This isle is little better than a barren rock, yet a few persons are hardy enough to winter there for the sake of re- taining possession of the fishing places they occu- pied during summer. BoNAVENTURB, river, rises in high lands near the centre of the t. of Cox. It runs s. w. and, entering the t. of Hamilton, falls near the di- vision-line into the Bay of Chaleurs, forming an excellent harbour for vessels of any size. BoNAVENTURB, seiguioiy, was forfeited to the Crown in 1785 in consequence of its never having been taken possession of by the original grantees. It now forms a part of the townships of Hamilton and Cox. Title — '• Concession du 23me Avril, 1697, faite par Lotiis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendaiit, au Sieur de la Croix, de la riviere de Bunavunture, avec deux lieues de terre de front, savoir; une demi lieue d'un cote de la dite riviere au Sud-ouest, en allant vers Kisca- biriac, et une lieue et demie de I'autre au Nord-est, tirant vers Paxp^Mac, sur quatrc lieues .de profondeur, avec los isle.s, islets et battures qui se trouveront dans la dite eten- due; le tout situc dans le fond de ]a,Buie des Chaleurs." — Rigistre d'Intendance, JVo. 5, folio 14. BoNAVENTURB (V.), V. HAMILTON, T. BoNSECOURS (P.), V. Petite Nation, S. BoNSECouRs, seigniory, in the co. of L'Islet, fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded, n. k. by the S, of Islet, s. w. by the S. of Vincelot and its augmentation and by waste lands in the rear. It is 74 arpents broad by 2 leagues deep. — Granted to Sieur VUleneuve, Apr. 16, 1687- — This S. diflTers but little from that of Vincelot, which joins it, in soil and timber. About one half may be under cultivation and is very well inhabited. The system of agriculture is good and well adapted to the land, which towards the river lies low, with the exception of a trifling ridge that runs nearly from one side to the other : in the rear it is rough and mountainous. — Some good timber, particularly pine, is produced in the back part of the grant. — It is principally watered by the Bras St. Nicholas, the other streams being very insignificant. — This S. forms part of the parish of L'Islet or Vincelot. — Under the autho- rity of the provincial parliament a road was made in 1829, from the front road of the third concession in this S., west of the church of L'Islet, to the unconceded lands of the crown. It extends 175 arpents s., including about 7 arpents in the crown BON B O U lands. The width of the road has been made, wherever practicable, 24 ft. wide. 49 bridges of various sizes and substantial workmanship have been constructed on this road. The total expense amounted to about £.450. The soil of the coun- try through which the road passes is generally good and fit for cultivation, with the exception of certain hills or mountains hereafter specified, viz., a high rocky hill at the beginning of the third concession, at which the road commences and over which it passes ; a high hill facing the south, at the distance of 94 arpents from the be- ginning of the road, at the foot of which the Bras Riche crosses the road ; and another hill, at the distance of 111 arpents from the beginning of the road, lying south of the Bras de Nord Est, and rising gradually towards the s. e. Title. — " Concession du 16me Aviii, 1687, faite par Jacques dc Brisay, Gouverneur, et Jeaa Bovhart, Intend- ant, au Sieiir Villeneuve, de la quantity de soixante et quatorze avjjens de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, du cote du Sud, sur deux lieues de profondeur, en cas qu'elle ne soit conccdee k d'autres. Les dits soixante et quatorze arpens tenant d'un cote aux terres des Dames Religieuses Ursulines, et d'autre cote a la veuve Duquet," — Cahiers (Tlntendance, 2 o 9, folio 295. BoNSECOURS, seigniory, in the co. of Lotbiniere, between Desplaines and Ste. Croix, is bounded in the rear by the former and contains about 1^ 1. in breadth by 2 in depth. Granted July 1st, 1677, to Francois Bellanger. The banks of the K. St. Lawrence are here high but the rise is gradual. — This S. is abundantly supplied with timber of good quality, and large quantities are annually felled for firewood and sent to the Que- bec market. — There is scarcely any water — The S. forms part of the parish of St. Antoine. Title. — " Concession du ler Juillet, 1677, faite par Jacques Douchesnaux, Intendant, au Sieur Francois Bel- langer, des terres qui sont le long du fleuve St. Laurent, du cote, Sud,,entre celle qui appartient a la Demoiselle Ge- nevieve Couillard, en remontant le dit fleuve, jusqu'a celle de la Demoiselle veuve Amiot; contenant le tout une lieue et demie, ou environ, de front, avec deux lieues de profondeur." — Insinuations du Conseil Supirieur Icttre, B, folio 88. BoNSECOUiis, seigniory, in the co. of Richelieu, lies between the S. of Sorel and the river Ya- maska, having the S. of Yamaska for its N. e. boundar)'. Granted, August 8, 170^, to Sieur Charon and is now possessed by Mrs. Barrow . The same kind of land prevails generally through this and the adjoining seigniories, of which but a small part can be deemed of superior quality. Much the largest proportion of this grant remains co- vered with natural wood; but little good tim- ber can be found, though the inferior kinds are abundant enough. Title. — " Concession daSme Aofit, 1702, faite au Sieur Charon, jiar Hector de Coliere, Gouverneur, etJean Bochart, Intendant, de deux lieues de terre ou environ de front, sur pareille profondeur, le long de la riviere Yamaska, icelle compris i. prendre vis-a-vis celle accordee au Sieur Rent Fizeret, bourgeois de Montreal, tirant d'un cote a la Seig- neurie du Sieur Petit, et de I'autre aux hcritiers du feu Sieur Bourchemin, avec les isles, islets, prairies et battures adjacentes." — Rigistre d'Jnlendance, No. 5, folio 35. Bouchards, i.sles, lie in front of the SS. of Vercheres and Contrecoeur, in the St. Lawrence. — Granted, Nov. 3, 1«72, to Sieur Fortel.— The largest is about 5 m. long and j m. broad. The land, excepting some good meadow and pasture, is covered with wood and produces some very fine timber. The soil is excellent. These isles are in the p. of St. Sulpice. Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Fortel,^es isles contenues dans la carte figurative que le Sieur de Bccancour a donnee et qui sont eottees A, reservant de disposer en faveur de qui il plaira au Roi de celles cottes B." — Registre c[In- tendance, Mo. I, folio 2.3. BOUCHERVILLB (F.), V. StB. MARGUERITE, S. BoucHERViLLB. seiguiory, on the s. side of the St. Lawrence, is in the co. of Chambly; bounded w. by the fief Tremblay, e. by the S. of Varennes and by Montarville in the rear. 114 arpents in front by two leagues in depth. Granted, 3d Nov. 1672, to Sieur Boucher and now belongs to Madame Boucherville. — The quality of the land, if not of the first class, is far above medio- crity, being for the most part a lightish mould inclining towards sand, and, with careful hus- bandry, by no means deficient in fertility. Nearly the whole is under cultivation, and generally produces very good average crops of all sorts. The wood remaining is inconsiderable in quantity and only of inferior kinds. — Two small rivulets that fall into the St. Lawrence partially water this S. towards the front, one of which works the seig- norial mill. There is no stream in the lower part. — A main road leads from the village of Boucher- ville to the Richelieu and thence to Chambly: several other roads, well kept up, pass through all the settled parts of the S. — All the lands in this S. were conceded prior to 1759, and have been subdivided among a great number of inheritors. B O U B O U whose mode of concession has not been unifornij nor have their conditionSj rents, &c., been equal ; for the particulars of these differences it would be necessary to examine the contracts of each fief. — The village of Boucherville is most agreeably and conveniently seated on the bank of the river St. Lawrence : it contains from 90 to 100 houses, a church and parsonage-house, a chapel and a con- vent or rather a residence for two or three of the sisters of the congregation of Notre Dame at Mont- realj who are sent here from the chief establish- ment as missionaries for the education of females. There is likewise a school for boys. In this place many famihes, who still retain some of the titles of the ancient noblesse of the country, have fixed their residence and formed a society, in which much of the ceremony and etiquette that used to characterise the titled circles of the French nation is still observable ; diminished indeed in splendour, but unabated in precision. Many of these re- sidents have built some very good-looking houses, rendered rather- conspicuous by forming a strong contrast with the major part of those belonging to the other inhabitants, which are by no means cal- culated to attract notice, for symmetry and pro- portion seem to have been as much set at defiance in their construction as regularity has been neg- lected in the laying out of the streets. This omis- sion, however, detracts little or nothing from the general amenity of the situation. — The draining of Boucherville Swamp, very properly, excited the attention and public spirit of the provincial par- liament and a sum of money, sufiicient for the pur- pose, was accordingly voted. The commissioners ascertained that it was the excess of water from the S, of Montarville which overflowed the swamp, and that it was impossible the water could be made to pass off through that seigniory, although it could readily do so through Varennes and Longueuil. Proper water courses therefore have been made, which, being established by law, will be of great advantage to these seigniories ; lands of the best quality having been rendered useless by the sudden and frequent inundations which could not be prevented. The whole of the parts of Boucher- ville and Varennes (from the sources of the waters which run eastward) lying near Montarville and Beloeil, are now protected against the Montarville waters, and may be cultivated with the greatest advantage; the more so because the lands are of the best quality. — The parish of Boucherville comprehends all this S. and part of the S. of Mon- tarville. Statistics of the Parish of Boucherville. Population 2,800 Churches, R. C. 1 Curates . 1 Presbyteries 1 Convents . 1 Schools . 1 Villages . 1 Corn- mills 2 Just, of Peace 2 Medical men 3 Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 2 2 2 21 Annual Agricidiural Produce. Bushels. Wheat 20,800 I Oats Bushels. I Cwts. 18,340 I Maple sugar 27 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 1,206 I Cows 670 I Sheep 1,690 I 5,100 Swine 1,310 I'itk. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, 'par Jean Talon, Inteiidant, au Sieur Boucher, de cent quartorze arpens de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, a prendre sur le tleuve St. Laurent, bomee des deux cotes par le Sieur de Varennes; avee les isles nominees Percees." — Cahicrs d'Litcndance, No. 4, folio 153. BoUCHBTTB (L.), V. OqIATCHOUAN, R. BOUCHBTTB (L ), V. CHATHAM, T. BouLEAu (R), V. Whitb Birch, K. BouLEAUX, Petite aux, v. Sagubnay, r. BouRCHBMiN, seigniory, in the co. of Richelieu, is bounded s. w. by the SS. of St. Hyacinthe and St. Ours, by St. Charles, Yamaska, and de Ramzay N. B., and by Sorel n. w. — 1^ 1. in breadth on each side of the river Yamaska, and 3 1. in depth. Granted, 22d June, 1695, to Sieur Jacques Fran- cois Bourchemin and is now the property of Mrs. Barrow. — The part intersected by the Yamaska is better settled than the neighbouring seignories, but cultivation has not made a very favourable progress and there is much woodland. Title. — " Concession du 22me Juin, 1695, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Jacgices Francois Bourcliemin, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front de chaque cote de la riviSre Yamaska, icelle comprise, a prendre une demi lieue au-dessous du ruisseau dit Salvayle, et une lieue au dessus, en lieu non- concedp, sur pareille profondeur, courant Nord-ouest et Sud-est, avec les isles, islets et prairies adjacentes." — R'e- gistre d'Intcndance, JVo. 4, folio 27. Bourdon, Isle, opposite the mouth of the r. L'Assomption, was once remarkable for an ele- gant bridge erected by — Porteus, Esq. over the R. des Prairies, and which extended from the S. of L'Assomption across this isle to Bout de I'lsle at the N. B. extremity of the island of Mont- real. This bridge was shortly after its erection f2 B O U BRA carried away by the waters and ice in the riverj after the breaking up of the frost in the spring. Titk. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, a Mr. de Repentigny, des deux isles dites Bourdon." — Rigistre d'Intendance, JVo. 1, folio 6. BouRGLOuis, seigniory, in the co. of Portneuf and in the rear of Pointe aux Trembles, is bounded s. w. by D'Auteuil, n. e. by Faussembault, and in the rear by waste lands.— 2 J leagues in front by 3 in depth. Granted, May 14, 1741, to Sieur Louis Fornel. This grant still remains in its na- tural state and no part is cultivated, although the soil is tolerably good, especially on the K. St. Anne, being principally a strong loam. — The tim- ber is various and ash, beech, birch, pine, and maple are found of good quality and large di- mensions. — It is watered by the river Ste. Anne towards the rear and by many small streams which rise in the mountains s. of that river and fall into the Portneuf. Title. — " Concession du 14me May, 1741, faite par le Marquis de Beanharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles tlocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Louis Fornel, de deux lieues et trois quarts, ou environ, de terre, sur trois lieues de profondeur, derritre la Seigneurie de Neuvillc, appartenant au Sieur Demiloise, bornee sur le front par la ligne qui s^pare la dite Seigneurie de Neuville des terres non-concedes, au Nord-est par la ligne de profondeur du lief St. Augustin prolongee au Sud-ouest par une ligne parallele i la precc- dente, a prendre sur la ligne du tief de Bilair aussi pro. longee, et par derriere aux terres non-concedees." — Re- gistre d^Intendance, No. 9, folio 8. BouRGMAKiE, East, seigniory, in the co. of Yamaska, is situated in the rear of the seigniory of Yamaska and is bounded w. by the river of that name, s. by St. Charles, and e. by De Guir. It extends 50 arpents in front by nearly 2 leagues in depth. Granted, Aug. 1, 1708, to Marie Fe- zeret and is now the property of Mrs. Barrow. — This tract is what the Canadian farmers term very good land : in fact it is of rather a superior quality, and, if moderately well managed, would yield abundant crops of grain : at present about a third part of it is under cultivation. It produces a little good timber with abundance of the infer^r sorts such as basswood, spruce fir, hemlock, and cedar. — Besides the navigable river Yamaska it is watered by the river David, that winds a very mazy course and turns a grist-mill ; on each side of this river there is a road, and another that skirts the Yamaska. — The church has no resident curi, and the duties are performed by the minister of St. Michael de Yamaska. Statistics. Population Churches, Corn-mills . . 371 R. C. . 1 1 Saw-mills . . .1 Potasberies . . .1 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats Earley . Bushels. 3,003 2,900 200 Bushels. Potatoes 2,995 Peas . 1,000 Rye . 60 Bushelb Buck wbeat 100 Indian corn 120 Live Stock. Horses Oxen . 137 . 14.1 Cows Sheep . 210 . 790 Swine . 298 Title. — " Concession du ler Aout, 1708, faite par Mes- sieurs de Faudreuil, Gouverneur, et Baudot, Intendant, a Marie Fiziret, etant un reste de terre non-concede d'en- viron cinquante ai'pens de front sur deux lieues, moins un arpent, de profondeur sur la rivifire Yamaska, tirant au Nord-onest, dans la profondeur, joignant au Sud-ouest la ligne de la Seigneurie Botirgchemin ; au Nord-est la ligne des terres conc^dees au Sieur Charon; et au Nord-ouest les profondeurs de la Seigneurie de Sorel, dans IMtendue de la dite concession." — Registre des Foi et Hommage, No. 112, folio 6'k.—Cahier d' Intend. 2 a 9, folia 2.S5. BouRGMARiE, West, seigniory, in the co. of Richelieu, extends from the rear of the S. of Sorel to the R. Yamaska ; bounded s. w. by Bourchemin and n. b. by Bonsecours ; about 60 arpents in front and 1^ 1. in depth. — Granted, Aug. 1, I7O8, to Marie Fezeret and is now the property of Mrs. Barrow. Title. — " Et aussi au Sud-est de la dite riviere un autre reste de terre non-concede d'environ soixante arpens de front sur une lieue et demie de profondeur, tirant au Sud- est aux terres non-concedees, joignant au Sud-ouest le fief St. Churles, appartenant au Sieur Fezeret, son pere, et au Nord-ouest la Seigneuries de Lavalliire." — Bigislre des Foi ct Hommage, Mo. 112, folio 64. BouRG Royal, v. Notre Dame des Anges. BoYER, river, rises in the rear part of Lauzon S., and traversing the fiefs Martiniere, Livau- diere and the augmentation to Beaumont, enters St. Michel S., and, cutting off the western angle of St. VaUier S., runs into the St. Lawrence nearly opposite St. Jean in the island of Orleans. This small river is about 30 paces wide sind so obstructed by sand-banks, trees, &c., that the lightest canoe cannot pass j but at its mouth it is navigable, at high water, for small vessels of 30 tons. There is a bridge of wood over this river free from toll. Brandon, township, in the co. of Berthier, adjoins the aug. to the S. of Berthier s. e. and is bounded n. w. by waste lands of the Crown, s. w. by the S. of De Ramsay, and n. k. by the S. of Maskinong^: its n. e. limits are irre- BRA BRA gular because Lake Maskinonge being in the S. of that name no part of this township extends to the lake. It is in other respects similar in its di- mensions to other inland townships. It has been surveyed and laid out in ranges and lots, and the greater part of the lands numbered were granted to the officers and privates of the Canadian militia who served during the last American war. Some few emigrants have been located in this t. and 12,000 acres have been granted, under patent, to Edmund Antrobus, Esq., where at present there are no settlements : in fact there are no settlers in the T., with the exception of one English family that arrived in the spring of 1820. The lands, up to the 9th range, are generally of excellent quality, and from the 9th range towards the n. w. the surface is uneven and mountainous. — A road has been made to the front line of this t. from the rear of the last concession of the S. of Berthier, 4^ m. in length, under the authority of the pro- vincial parliament. The road is good and prac- ticable and is 18 feet wide, except in two places where, from the great difficulties arising from granite ledges which required blasting, the road has been left 12 ft. wide. In aU situations where the land was low or marshy ditches have been made along both sides of the road. The country traversed by this road is generally hiUy with easy acclivity and descent, and although many ledges of rock are to be met with the land is generally fit for cultivation. The sum of £.300, appro- priated for the making of this road, has not been sufficient to enable the commissioners to give it that degree of perfection which would be required to ensure it from early repairs and give per- manency to its advantages, although it now pre- sents a smooth and easy surface with twelve bridges of excellent and substantial structure : the bridges must be materially injured and the road much obstructed whenever passing tempests shall uproot the contiguous trees, an event of almost monthly occurrence. In addition, there- fore, to the propriety of giving a greater per- manent width to the road, it would be advisable and highly advantageous to cut down the trees on both sides for the space of -25 feet at least, to add ditches where they might serve as drains, and to blast the obstructing rocks; for these improve- ments a further sum of £.150 might be sufficient. It will be found absolutely necessary to continue this road up to the centre of the townships, as the only possible means of bringing it to that degree of usefulness and general benefit that must have been contemplated by the pecuniary grant of the government, especially as it ends in the midst of an impervious forest. It might be continued to Lake Maskinonge for £.300, and, in a direct line, to the front line of the 8th range for £.500, which would be of still greater importance. — The t. jof Bran- don contains an area of 40,000 acres of excellent land ; the crown and clergy reserves being among the best suited to European settlers. A portion has been located to the select and embodied militia who served during the last American war, and these grantees, or most of them, will be so ex- hausted by the expenses incident to their grants, that they wiU not have it in their power to open and complete this road of entry, without which the labour and expense bestowed upon their lots will be lostj whereas the following advantages must inevitably result from the completion of it. — 1st. The speedy settlement of a valuable town- ship. 2d. Easy access to the crown and clergy reserves. 3d. Immediate relief to the settlers abeady established on the n. w. side of the lake and now totally excluded from all communication. 4th. A great facility to the militia for the per- forming of their location duties and their securing to themselves the bounty of his majesty. — The timber of this t. is generally of good quality and many places abound with pine fit for masting. Maple is also abundant and leases are granted for the purpose of making sugar from that tree. Statistics. Population 20 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats . Horses Oxen . Bushels. ■ 156 . 100 10 1 Bushels. Peas . 10 Indian corn 90 Bushels. Potatoes . 2000 Live Stock. Cows Sheep 291 20 Swine 40 Bras, le, river, rises in the parish of St. Gervais, and traversing the aug. to St. Michel S. where it divides the 5th and 6th concessions, falls into the Riviere du Sud about half a league below a grist-mill in the S. of St. Vallier. It is about 30 paces wide in the aug. to St. Michel, and so much obstructed by sand-banks, trees, &c., that it is not navigable even for the lightest canoe. Over this R. is a wooden bridge free from toll. B R O B R O Bbas de L'EsT, riverj in the S. of L'Islet, about 11 yards wide. Bbas du Oubst^ river, in the t. of Tring. A road has been recently opened from this b. to Craig's Road in Leeds. Bbistol, township, in the eo. of Ottawa, is be- tween Onslow and Clarendon and is bounded in front by the H. Ottawa. It is but thinly settled and has no regular roads. Statistics. Population 33 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats . Bushels. . 75 . 40 Indian corn Potatoes Bushels. . 400 . 300 Live Stock. Horses Oxen . 3 4 Cows Swine 5 . 10 BromEj township, in the co. of ShefFord, is bounded b. by Bolton, w, by Dunham and Fam- ham, s. by Sutton, and n. by Shefford. — Some part of the land is good, but other parts so moun- tainous and rocky as to be unfit for culture ; the best will produce grain of most sorts and hemp and flax might also be grown in several places. — On the N. w. side, where it is rugged and high, some good timber is found and also great quan- tities of good bog and mountain iron-ore. — Near Lake Brome, about nine miles in circumference, a few settlements have been made, that afford a fa- vourable specimen of what may be done upon the lands that are at all susceptible of tillage. Several small rivers fall into the lake, upon which some grist and saw-mills have been erected. The po- pulation on the L. is about 600. Statistics. Population 1,314 1 Houses in do. Churches, R. 0. I Curates . 1 Schools . 5 Villages . 1 Corn-mills Saw-mills Potasheries Distilleries Just, of Peace 1 Medical men 1 Shopkeepers . 3 Taverns . 3 Artisans . 20 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 14^000 18,000 3,200 Bushels. . 7,508 Buck wheat 2,096 Indian corn 3,390 Bushels. Potatoes 28,200 Maple sugar, cwts. 28 Live Stock, 550 I Cows 702 I Sheep 1,016 I Swine 2,650 I 813 BROMrTON, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is irregular in figure, bounded n. b. and n. w. by the t. of Melbourne, s. by Orford, B. by the river St. Francis and w. by Ely. In the u, part and by the river the land is of a very fair quality, fit for cultivation and likely to produce good crops of wheat or other grain. The superior sorts of timber consist of elm, maple, beech, bass- wood and birch. The s. part is uneven, rough and rocky and, generally speaking, useless, untracta- ble land. — It is watered by several brooks and streams and by a lake covering several lots in the tenth and eleventh ranges and spreading into Orford. — On the b. St. Francis, contiguous to Melbourne, some settlements have been formed on which are a few well-ciiltivated farms. — The portages occasioned by the great and little Brompton Falls are on the west side of the river within this township. — The population amounts to about 255. The principal landholders are Mr. William Bernard and his associates, the original patentees. Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. , 3,750 . 2,800 155 Rye Peas Potatoes Bushels. 1,200 890 3,750 Bushels. Buck wheat 180 Indian corn 900 Live Stock. 190 I Cows 200 I Sheep 300 I Swine 560 210 Bboughton, township, in the co. ofMegantic, though somewhat mountainous contains much land of a good quality. Many of the inferior swells, if cultivated, would produce wheat and other grain. Some parts are well calculated for hemp and flax, and many other parts are tolerably good natural grass lands. — Well stocked with beech, maple, birch, elm, and other useful timber besides abundance of wood of inferior quality. — Watered by several branches of the Becancour, some rivulets flowing into the Chaudiere and by one or two small lakes. The n. w. half, consist- ing of 22,000 acres, was granted to Messrs. Jen- kins and Hall and is now the property of the latter, who has made some progress in forming a settlement and in cultivating a part of it and has erected some mills. From this settlement to the S. of St. Joseph, on the Chaudiere, there is a moderately good road and another, under the authority of an act of the provincial parliament, has been opened from the r. Bras du Ouest in Tring to Craig's Road in Leeds, 24 m. 43 chains BUG BUG and 20 links. The whole extent has been opened 12 ft. wide and the stumps cut close to the ground ; no ditches have been made at the sides nor has any considerable bridge been made. The country traversed by the road is mountainous but fit for cultivation, and in some parts excellent soil ; there are seven steep hills over which the road has been necessarily carried. The road runs mostly through the waste lands of the Crown and which are of a description to encourage settlement. The sum of £.300 currency has been expended in the exploring, surveying and opening of the road; and £.150 more would cover the expenses of constructing a bridge over the river Becancour (thfe only consider- able stream, being one chain wide) and of cutting the steep hills on the road. — The population is about 75. — Ungranted and unlocated, 12,400 acres. Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats . Horses Oxen . Bushels. . 650 . 610 30 Barley Potatoes Bushels. . 100 1,050 Bushels. Mixed grain 200 Live Stock. Cows Sheep 55 I Swine 110 70 BuuLEES Isles, v. Lauzon, S. Bkuno (F.), v. Maskinongk, S. Buckingham, township, in the co. of Ottawa, is bounded w. by Templeton, e. by Lochaber, in front by the river Ottawa and by the waste lands of the Grown in the rear. — It is divided into twelve ranges and each range into 28 lots of 25 chains 71 links in breadth by 81 chains QQ links in depth, making a superficies of 200 acres, exclusive of the usual allowance of five per cent, for' highways. The first four ranges and one-half of the fifth were surveyed and marked in the field in 1802 with the exception of the late Gapt. Robertson's 2000 acres, which were laid out on either side of the river au Lievre two years antecedent to that period. The land in Buckingham is similar to that of the neigh- bouring townships except from the fourth range N., when it becomes more bold and conspicuous and, rising to a greater elevation, is in various places steep and abrupt. From the fourth range s. to the borders of the Ottawa the surface is low and generally level, occasionally rising and falling in gentle slopes of fertile land, covered with large and well-grown timber. The major part of the first range is overflowed in the spring and fall by the rise of the Ottawa, which copiously irri- gates the soil and leaves, when the waters recede, most wholesome and rich pasturage. The sur- veyed part of this t. is most abundantly watered by the river au Lievre and numerous inferior rivers, streams and rivulets, which meander through the T. in various directions and discharge their waters into the Ottawa and river au Lievre. — n. of the basin into which the r. au Lievre dis- charges itself is a most propitious site for a vil- lage ; but here the lands granted to the late Gapt. Robertson are left in an absolute state of nature. The next eligible position for a village is the crown reserve. No. 10, in the second range, in the proximity of the basin, half of which has recently been located to an individual who might probably surrender his claim if proposals were made and compensation tendered. In that case the nearest crown reserve to No. 10 would be appropriated for the church and other objects. Mr. Bigelow, the actual proprietor of a large portion of the granted lands in this t., has commenced the erec- tion of a saw-mill on the r. au Lievre and cleared several acres adjacent. In 1827 he had cleared above 400 acres ; 300 of which were, the year preceding, in crops of grass, grain, potatoes, &c. He commenced his improvements in 1824, and in three years erected several houses, bams, stores, &c. &c., and was stiU animated with a laudable desire to make additional improvements for the benefit of himself and other settlers in this and the neighbouring townships. — Of the part of this township that has been surveyed 16,940 acres were granted under letters patent, in 1799 and 1803, to Gapt. Robertson, Elias Hawley, Wades, Dunning and others. — The roads are bad. Population Corn-mills Saw-mills 266 1 2 Statistics. Potteries Potasheries Tavems Artisans Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Rye Horses Oxen Bushels. , 1,555 300 90 Bushels. Potatoes 3,725 Indian corn 2,428 Hay tons 142 Maple sugar, cwts. 25 Live Stock. 16 I Cows 20 I 26 I Swine 34 BucKLANi>, township, in the co. of Belle- chasse, is bounded n by St. Gervais, La Mar- B U C B Y tiniSre and Mont-a-Peinej n. w. by Jolliet and Frampton and in other places by the waste lands of the Crown. — The surface is much varied, in many places rising into considerable swellsj with intervals rather swampy but the soil is in general excellent ; even the wet lands are by no means of a bad quality. Every species of grain and grass, besides hemp and flax, might be produced in great abundance. — Principally timbered with beech, birch, maple, ironwood, basswood and elm with a great deal of cedar, spruce fir and black ash. — Completely watered by several large streams and branches of the Etchemin and many rivulets, on nearly all of which are very eligible situations for mills and much good meadow land along their borders. — Large quantities of maple-sugar are made here by the inhabitants of St. Gervais. — Only i of the t. has been surveyed, which is now the property of William Holmes, Esq. of Quebec. — The rear concessions and the s. e. ends of the central concessions are almost, if not entirely, un- fit for agricultural purposes and impracticable for roads being everywhere rocky, uneven, moun- tainous and barren ; the hills bare of trees or ver- dure are in general in the form of sugar-loaves, perfectly precipitous on all sides, and so close to- gether that the space between their bases rather resemble ravines than valleys, and are covered with rubbish, rocks, moss and decayed small stunted trees. — The highest part of this hiUy country is a ridge of lofty mountains rising gra- dually from the s. angle of the t. and pursuing a N. B. direction, after traversing the head waters of the R. du Sud, terminates near the source of the N. w. branch of the main stream of St. John. In April, 1825, the average depth of the snow on this ridge was ascertained to be 9 feet, while in the t. of Frampton, at its base, it was hardly 20 inches — St. Roonaes Hill is a very high moun- tain in the t. of Buckland about 2 m. n. e. of the Crapaudiere Mountain in the S. of Frampton, and is the highest land between the St. Lawrence and the St. John in that direction. — Population about 30. — Ungranted and unhealed 20,000 acres. Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Hoi'ses Oxen Bushels. . 49 . 75 Potatoes Peas Bushels. . 130 . 100 Bushels. Indian corn 20 Live Stock. Bullet Rivek rises near the n. b. side of the T. of Ireland, and, running n. w., passes through Craig's Road into the t. of Inverness, where, being joined by other streams, it forms the k. Clyde. BrjLSTHODE, township, in the co. of Drum- mond, joins Stansfield n. b., Warwick in the rear, Horton s. w. and the river Becancour n. w. — The land is level and low with many swamps and numerous brules, particularly towards the centre ; near the river, and also towards the limits of Warwick, the land rises a Uttle and is of a moderately good quality: the swamps and low lands are in some places of a sandy soil and in others a black mould. On the highest situations the timber consists of beech, maple and black birch ; in the swamps cedar, hemlock and tamma- rack. This t. is well watered by the main branch of the Nicolet, and by several rivulets running into the Becancour.' — One-half was granted to the late Patrick Langan, Esq. and is now the pro- perty of his heirs. — The only settlement is on the R. Becancour, opposite to the t. of Blandford, and contains about 40 souls. Live Stock. Horses Cows Sheep Oxen 5 I Pigs 2 4i I Cows 1 1 Sheep 20 I Swine 131 BURTONVILLB (V.), V. Db LeRT, S. BuKV, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is irregular in its figure and bounded n. by Dudswell, N. E. by Lingwick, n. w. by Newport and West- bury. One quarter only has been surveyed, but the land in general is of a moderately good soil, very susceptible of cultivation and to all appear- ance would furnish good crops of grain of most sorts. — The timber is butternut, maple, beech, ash, birch, cedar and basswood. — Many little streams water it. — An intended road into the state of Vermont striking oflF from Craig's Road, at a place called Kemp's Bridge in the t. of Ireland, will pass through it ; this route has been already marked and blazed in the field and mile-posts are iixed along the whole distance. — Ungranted and unlocated 18,658 acres. Bustard Bav, in the co. of Saguenay, on the n. shore of the St. Lawrence, lies immediately below the R. Belsiamite. Bustard, river, in the co. of Saguenay, falls into Bustard Bay, below Jeremie, on the n. side of the St. Lawrence. By Town, v. Ottawa, r. C A C C A M Statistics. Cabineau or Namjamscutcook, river, rises in Long Lake in the co. of Rimouski and taking a N. B. course enters the S. of Madawaska and s. of the portage, 3 m. from Long's, falls into Lake Temiscouata, a little below the v. of Kent and Strathern. It is said to be 30 ft. wide but of no great depth. Cabinot (R.)^ 'V' Cabineau. Cachee, river, rises near the s. w. corner of La- naudiere, and traversing through the n. w. angle of Carufel joins the Little Maskinongd R. in the S. of Dusable. Cachee, river, in the S. of Blainville, rises s. of the Chemin du Grand St. Charles and near the adjoining S. of Riviere du Chene. It runs s. and falls into r. Jesus. Cacona or Kacouna, fief, in the co. of Ri- mouski, fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded N. E. by Villeray, s. by the Riviere Verte and waste lands, s. w. by the S. of Riviere du Loup. One eighth df this fief is in rocks and savannas ; the whole is conceded and divided into 5 conces- sions, which diminish in number of settlements in proportion to their distance from the St. Law- rence. In the first concession^ the soil is light with a clay bottom, the ridge or highlands being a mixture of sand and gravel. More than one half is cultivated. The soil of the 2d and 3d conces- sions is stronger and more clayey and is traversed by a ridge of highlands susceptible of culture; the lower part in the 2d concession presenting the appearance of a valley. Several savannas or plains are in both concessions and one-third of each is cultivated. The 4th and 5th concessions are more level and one-fourth of the 4th and one- eighth of the 5th are cultivated. The 4th con- cession is divided into two parts by the Riviere Verte. — The wood on the highlands is birch and maple and in the lower parts sapin, white thorn, beech and cedar. — As there is no corn-mill, the inhabitants are obliged to carry their com to the Riviere du Loup mill. As horses only are used in ploughing, the number of oxen is small. One- fourth of all the agricultural produce and one- third of the cloth and linen are sold : cloth at 2s. 3s. 6d. and 5s. per yard and linen at Is. 6d. to Is. 8d. Every farmer on an average makes an- nually SOOlbs. of butter, of which two thirds are sold. Population Corn-mills Saw-mills 1,169 . 1 . 3 Shopkeepers 1 Taverns . 1 Artisans . 23 River craft Tonnage Keel boats 1 . 30 . 2 Annual AgricuHural Produce. Wheat . Oats Bushels. 7,900 5,800 Bushels. Barley . 1,000 Mixed gr. 1,810 Hay . Tons. 3,449 Live Stock. Horses Oxen . 4^8 . 114 Cows . 1,055 Sheep . 5,800 Swine 687 Caille, a la, river, rises in the S. of St. Thomas, near the boundary line of Berthier, in the co. of Bellechasse, and running n. e falls into the St. Lawrence about 1-J m. n. of the mouth of the R. du Sud. Caille, a la. Petite, river, rises in the S. of St. Thomas, and runs into the St. Lawrence about I m. from the mouth of r. du Sud. Calamy, v. Calumet, b. Caldwell Manor, ». Foucault, S. Callemant, v. Calumet. Calumet, Calamy or Callemant, river, in the CO. of Two Mountains. The source of this b . is unexplored, but it descends in two streams from the unsurveyed part of Grenville ; one called the Calumet, the other its east branch : they form a junction about the centre of the fourth range in Grenville, whence their united waters are dis- charged into the R. Ottawa at lot 16 in the second range. Its general course is s., the eastern arm running neai-ly parallel to the river Kingham. It is about 60 or 70 ft. wide and very rapid, and is navigable to a short distance only. It runs about 40 m. and makes fine falls for mills, and near it are quarries said to be of marble. It abounds with fish. Calvaiee, lake, in the S. of Desmaure, is about 1|- m. long and lies between the Riviere du Cap Rouge and the St. Lawrence. It will always ob- tain a large share of admiration when viewed from the surrounding heights, where it presents a rich and diversified prospect, the margin being charm- ingly varied by cultivated lands, here and there broken by small woods and numerous clumps of trees, rising by gradations from the water's edge one above the other. This pretty little lake dis- charges itself by a small stream into the St. Law- rence 1 m. B. of the church of St. Augustine. Camouraska, v. Kamouraska. CamdSj river, in the S. of Berthier and co. of G CANALS. Bellechasse. The Ruisseau Camus rises behind the highlands in the front of the S. and runs N. w., then turning suddenly to the N. it empties itself into Ance de Berthier, on the s. shore of the St. Lawrence. Canals. — The advantages to agriculture and commerce to be derived from the facilities offered by artificial water communications are duly appre- ciated by the legislature of this province, and va- rious sums of money have been voted and applied to this object with a liberality worthy of the im- portant results that may be expected to flow from such useful labours. Of these sums, amounting to £ 180,000, about £ 130,000 have been expended in the progress and completion of the Lachine Canal, a fact that must prove more honourable to the public spirit of the colonial government than the most just and eloquent eulogium. The innu- merable rivers of Lower Canada will facilitate, and their numerous natural and impracticable ob- structions will render necessary, a large number of canals, in order to develop the almost infinite agricultural resources of this increasing colony. The experience of the past proves that these ne- cessary labours have been successfully begun ; and, as the prosperity and population of the country increase, these enterprising efforts wiU become more numerous and extended. The rivers and lakes will ultimately connect the remotest town- ships, and convey their produce into the broad bosom of the St. Lawrence. Some canals have been completed, some are in progress, and many are in contemplation. The Lachine Canal has been completed under an act, passed in the 1st George IV., for making a navigable canal from the neighbourhood of Mont- real to the parish of Lachine. The commence- ment of this canal, at first a private undertaking, will be ever memorable in the commercial history of the province ; for though it is not quite eight miles in extent, its advantages are of the first im- portance to the navigation of the St. Lawrence, on which the prosperity of Upper and Lower Canada most particularly depends. By means of this canal two very great obstructions in the river are avoided, Sault St. Louis and Sault Norman ; and had the canal been continued a little farther to the N. E., so as to have entered the St. Lawrence below the current of St. Mary, its benefits to the navigation would have been still greater. As it is, however, there can be no doubt of its immense utility, and. notwithstanding the enormous sum expended in its completion, its eventual profit. Although the cost has far exceeded the original expectation, yet the execution is such as to do credit to those who effected the several departments of the work. The rock and other excavations are well and neatly done, and the locks and bridges are handsome and made with a view to durability, being superior to any in America and inferior to none in Europe. It will hardly be credited, although strictly true, that the gunpowder expended upon the rock exca- vation by the contractors cost them above 10,000 dollars. — The length of the river basin and of the adjoining. wharf is about 350 yards: the latter is formed of stout timber placed obliquely on end, well tied behind and carefully filled up with earth, but it is impossible to speak decisively about the effects of its pressure until it is tried. The fences have been a source of heavy but Unavoid- able expense ; therefore a railing of cedar, on a more durable plan, being thought the most eco- nomical, the commissioners have erected a very strong and neat railing of that material along the N. w. side, from the banks above the canal wharf up to the bridge of the lower Lachine road, which, besides being ornamental, wiU protect the canal and allow of an excellent public walk in sum- mer. Trees are here planted, which, if they suc- ceed, will add to the appearance and form a shel- ter from the sun ; these trees have been procured and planted by means of voluntary contribution. As repairs will always be occasionally necessary, the canal commissioners still continue their services, which however are given gratuitously. These repairs are indispensable from causes produced by the severity of the climate, which no artificial means can thoroughly guard against ; but a great eventual saving will arise from immediate repairs being made when needful. These repairs, how- ever, will be chiefly confined, for many years, 1st, to the holes caused by the percolation of the canal water through the banks where they are raised above the level of the solid ground : 2d, to the tunnels which convey under the bed of the canal the natural streams : for when the thaw is sudden these tunnels cannot at once discharge the accu- mulation of water thereby produced, and a breach may be the consequence if they are not properly attended to. 3d, The passage of the Little Lake or river Saint Pierre, across the cour.se of the canal, cannot be avoided and must, every spring, be a CANALS. source of danger to the banks and of expense in their repairs, which no art can thoroughly guard against, as no tunnel for its passage under the canal could possibly have been made of a magni- tude to deliver, at once, the quantity of water which collects in the low grounds between the C6tes Saint Pierre and Saint Paul at the breaking up of the winter. This tunnel is 5 ft. in diameter. — The eventual profit that will arise from this spirited enterprise is placed beyond doubt by the following account of the progressive increase of the tolls which have been annually received : Amount of the Tolls collected on the Lachine Canal. In 1821 1825 1826 £10 4 1260 10 2029 18 In 1827 1828 i£3051 16 6 3442 18 lOi Abstract of the act passed (Mar. 14, 1829) to establish certain rates, tolls and duties on the Lachine Canal, and to provide for the care and management of the said canal. " ]. From and after the passing of this act the following rates, tolls, &c. shall be payable on boats, &c. passing through the canal ; which said rates shall be paid for tha whole distance between Lachine and Montreal in ascend- ing or descending the said canal, and so in proportion for each and every mile of the said distance that any such boat, &c., or merchandise or effects, may pass or be con- veyed upon the said canal : s. d. Timber . . . per ton 3 Firewood in rafts . . per cord 1 Ditto, in boats or scows . . ditto 6 Boat or vessel, 5 tons and under each 6 3 Ditto, between 5 and 20 tons each 8 9 Ditto, . between 20 and 60 tons each 12 6 Ditto, above 60 tons . each 13 Merchandise and liquors . . per ton 1 9 Ashes . . . per barrel 5 Beef and pork . . ditto 3 Salt . . . . per ton 9 Flour or rice . . per tierce 4 Ditto . . . per barrel (• 2 Ditto . . . per J do. 1 Persons in a boat, not of the crew each 6 Horse, mare, bull; ox, &c. . each 6 Hog, goat, sheep, calf, or lamb . ditto 1 4 Wheat or other grain per bushel or minot Of Stone , . . per toise 2 6 Lime . , . per hhd. 3 Shingles , . per thousand 3 Standard pipe staves . . ditto 15 Bundles of hay . . per hundred 1 " 2. Fractions of a mile to be considered a whole mile. " 3. Boats, &c. passing below lock No. 4, to pay the like tolls as if they had passed all the locks. " 4. Boats and scows laden solely with firewood or other timber, having passed down the canal and paid the rates, exempted from toll in ascending, if unladen and empty. " 5. Governor authorized to appoint commissioners for superintending and keeping in repair the canal, and to ap- point a secretary, treasurer and toll-collector. " 6. Commissioners not entitled to any remuneration for their services. " 7. Commissioners declared a body corporate. A sum- mons served on the secretary, in any action against them, sufficient to compel them to appear. " 8. Commissioners may employ lock-keepers and other assistants, and allow a reasonable remuneration for their services. " 9. Rates and duties to be paid to such persons, and at such places near the canal and in such manner, as com- missioners may direct and appoint. " 10. In cases of damage done to the canal or to the bridges, &c. by any boat, &c., such boat may be seized and detained until the injury is repaired. "11. Commissioners authorized, where the pro\'ince ought by law or equity to bear the charge of making, &e. fences along the canal, to agree with the proprietorsot land, on which the fences are, to allow a reasonable in- demnity for the trouble of making and keeping the same in repair. " 12. Tolls to be paid over quarterly to the receiver - general. " 13. Salary allowed to secretary, treasurer and toll- collector, not exceeding 2001. " 14. Secretary, treasurer and toll-collector, before en- tering into the duties of his said office, to enter into bond to his majesty for the faithful discharge of his duty. " 15. Commissioners to render an account to the legis- lature. " 16. Continuance of this act not to exceed Dec. 31, 1831." Chambly Canal. — Commissioners have been chosen to carry into effect this important under- taking, so necessary to the general interests of the province, and particularly to all the settlements near the n. Richelieu and the districts of Quebec and Three Rivers. Its line of communication is to run along the Richelieu from the Chambly basin to the village of St. John in the barony of Longueuil, a distance of 11 miles. A sum of money has been appropriated for this purpose by a vote of the Assembly, Mar. 22, 1823, and it was then decreed that the undertaking should be commenced as soon as the Lachine Canal was completed. That enterprise was finished in au- tumn, 1826 ; but no steps have as yet been taken to open the Chambly Canal, excepting those of surveying and tracing out the line. — It is sup- posed that the objects of this canal might be at- tained by a much shorter line and at a much less expense than what will be required by the pre- sent plan ; and it has been suggested, that if some improvements were made in the navigation of the K. Richelieu, a canal of five miles only would be sufBcient. The improvements suggested to be made in the b. St. John, or Richelieu, have been thus detailed: — "Commencing at the rapids of St. John, a channel 60 or 80 feet wide for crafts drawing 4 or 5 feet water could be made over these rapids by simply forming a dyke the lengtli g2 CAN CAN of the rapids. A bank answering for a towing-path might be made of the stones and rocks in the rapids, at the head of which an elbow might be carried out the distance required to throw into that channel ii sufficient quantity of water. From the foot of these rapids to the head of Chambly rapids, there is no other obstruction than a few scattered rocks at the Mille-roches and a shallow place at St. TheresBj each about six acres in length, and both of which could be, at a trifling expense, made na- vigable for a vessel drawing four or five feet of water; the first by removing the rocks, the se- cond by the junction of the two islands at St. Therese. By this junction, the great body of water which now passes over to the e. between the two islands would be retained in the w. channel, which would, it is believed, give a sufficient depth of water. Should, however, the junction of the islands not raise the water sufficiently, by putting out an elbow from the head of the main island to- wards the east, as much water as could be required might be brought into the west channel, which channel, being confined to a narrow space by the island alluded to above and the main land, could be raised to any height, as it would altogether depend on the length of the elbow. — These im- provements, as simple as they may appear to some, and which it is believed would not cost above 5 or £6000, would undoubtedly give a navigable river from St. John to the head of Chambly rajjids, a distance of about seven miles out of eleven, leaving only between four or five miles of obstruction, viz., the length of CJiambly ra- pids. From the head of Chambly rapids to the basin, the river may perhaps ofifer but few advan- tages. Should it therefore be found necessary to cut through the land there, there is a fine head of water ; and, it is said, by going back a few acres, there is a ravine running through a barren part of this section of the country, which would offer many advantages to such an under- taking. At all events, should it be found neces- sary to avoid both ravine and river at these ra- pids, it would be a work of minor consequence when compared with the Herculean task proposed by Mr. Price's fourteen miles plan, which, besides the additional expense of making a canal seven miles longer than necessary, would involve the undertaking in an unavoidable and enormous ex- pense for the purchase of the land, for the making and keeping in repair the numberless bridges that would be required and the fences that would be necessary on each side of the canal." Gremille Military Canal extends from the ba- sin to Greece's Point, in the t. of Chatham, more than 6 miles. It was opened by the two com- panies of the royal staff corps belonging to the military establishment immediately contiguous to Grenville basin. This important work was con- ducted under the immediate superintendence and direction of Major Duvernet. This officer having sailed for England with his company, the com- mand at the Grenville station devolved upon Captain Read. The canal is cut through the solid rock in various parts, forming an aggregate length of about 4 miles of rock excavation, to an extreme depths in some parts, of 30 feet. Its average width at bottom is from 25 to 30 feet, and at top from 35 to 40, and the depth of water is computed at from 5 to 6 feet. The object of the Grenville Canal is to connect the navigable sections of the Ottawa River interrupted by the impetuous Long Sault rapid and other inferior rapids below it, especially that in front of Mr. M'Robb's property, at the foot of which he has very judiciously laid out a village, now eaUed Davis Village. The Cascade Canal, in the S. of Soulange, has been made in order to avoid the danger of passing the cascades at the entrance of the St. Lawrence into lake St. Louis. It is usually called the Mi- litary Canal, and is constructed across a point of land through which all boats now make their way to the locks at Le Buisson. It is 500 yards in length and is furnished with the necessary locks. On each side, land 100 ft. wide has been relin- quished by the proprietors of Soulange and Vau- dreuil, which is reserved for public purposes. At the entrance to the canal from lake St. Louis is a guard-house, where a small party of military is always stationed. Cananshing (L.), v. O Cananshing. Canards, aux, or au Caneau, river, is near the B. extremity of the S. of Mount Murray. On this little R. mills might be erected. It falls into the St. Lawrence and its mouth forms a safe har- bour for boats and small craft. The battures op- posite extend about 8 or 9 m. and, being without any useful vegetable production, they continue to be the resort of immense collections of water-fowl. — At Echavffaud aux Basques, near its mouth, are large masses of iron ore in wide veins. CAP CAP Caneau, au, V. Canards, n. Canie, island, in the gulf of St. Lawrence near the Saguenay coast, between the rivers Ma- chigabiou and Chimepanipestick. Canot, au, V. Toledo, r. Cap a I'Aigle, v. Isle aux Coudres. Cap a 1' Est, v. Saguenay, jr. Cap Brulb, in Cote de Beaupre, S. Cap de 1' Abatis, in Cote de Beaupre, S. Cap de la Gribannb, in Cote de Beaupre, S. Cap de la Magdelaine, seigniory, in the co. of Champlain, is bounded s. w. by the river St. Maurice, n. b. by the S. of Champlain and its augmentation and by the St. Lawrence in front. — The breadth is 2 leagues and its depth 20, ex- tending N. into the interior. — Granted Mar. 20, 1651, to the order of Jesuits and has now de- volved to the crown. — It contains 17,707 arpents in concession and the greater part of the lands conceded, as well as of the lands unconceded, are not susceptible of cultivation. There is, however, one concession of 40 arpents wholly settled, and one of 20 arpents partly settled with 5 or 6 houses on the St. Maurice, below the Forges. A small number of the non-conceded lands have been enclosed, but there is no road to them. 800 su- perficial arpents were conceded prior to 1759, at the rent of un copre per arpent, at which rent they still continue. — The few young persons who take new lands prefer taking them near their re- latives or friends, however inferior in quality they may be ; and the soil of almost the whole of this S. is a white sand. — The timber towards the in- terior has attained a very fine growth. — Com- pared with the great extent of the grant, a small portion only is under cultivation, which lies prin- cipally on the St Lawrence and on the St. Maurice almost up to the Falls of Gabelle. The settle- ments, however, are not remarkable for very good management; the wheat and other crops, there- fore, are but indifferent on land that might be made to yield abundantly ; for the situation of the farms on the banks of the rivers and the quality of the soil are both favoui-able to agricultural im- provement. — The Quebec road passes, almost close to the St. Lawrence, by the ferry over the St. Maurice to the town of Three Rivers. This ferry, by which the established post-road is continued, is nearly 2 m, across. The price demanded from each person is 2*. Qd. and in like proportion for horses and carriages; but about li m. higher up the river there is another, where the charge is only 3rf. each person, and 1 s. 3d. for a horse and carriage. By the side of this road stands the church with its presbytery. — At the mouth of the St. Maurice are the islands Bellerive, au Cochon, St. Christophe, La Croix and L'Abri; they are low and almost covered with wood of the inferior sorts, but afford some very good grazing land. It was once in contemplation to throw a bridge across this river opposite to Isle St. Christophe: it would prove of great public utility and, on a route so much frequented, such an undertaking could hardly fail of being profit- able. — Between Isle Bellerive and the main land there is a very good situation for laying up river craft during the winter, where they remain secure in about 8 feet water, and escape injury from the breaking up of the ice in the spring. Population 572 Churches, R. C. 1 Curates . 1 Presbyteries 1 Corn-mills . 1 Statistics, Saw-mills Tanneries . Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River craft Tonnage Keel boats 5 1 20 1 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxea Bushels. . 3,900 . 8,000 100 Bushels. Peas . 1,200 Potatoes 7,900 Buck wheat 200 Bushels. Indian corn . 60 Mixed grain 100 Live Stock. 180 1 Cows 135 1 Sheep 3601 Swine 720 270 Title.—" Concession du 20me Mars, 1651, faite par Mr. de la Ferte, aux reverends peres Jhuites, contenaut deux lieues le long du fleuve St. Lament, depuis le Cap nomme des Trois Rivieres, en descendant sur le grand fleuve, jusqu'aux endroits ou les dites deux lieues se pour- ront etendre, sur vingt lieues de profondeur du cote dn Nord, et compris les bois, rivieres et prairies qui sont sur le dit grand fleuve et sur les dites Trois Rivieres." Re- gistre d'Intendance, No. 2 u 9, folio 131. Cap Chat, fief, in the co. of Gaspe, lies near the N. w. point of the division-line between the districts of Quebec and Gaspe and is bounded in front by the St. Lawrence. — The harbour must be approached with the greatest precaution, or the mariner will be exposed to imminent danger. As shipwrecks have frequently occurred here, the provincial legislature has granted £150 per ann. to establish a depot of provisions at the k. Ste. Anne, below and near Cap Chat, for the relief of shipwrecked mariners and others. A salary of £50 is allowed to the guardian of the depot, who CAP is ordered to keep a register of the persons re- lieved, the quantity of provisions furnished and the names of the vessels vvrecked. Statistics. Population 29 [ Shopkeepers 1 | Keel boats . 4 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. I Bushels. I Bushels. 80 Potatoes . 250 1 Peas . 25 Oats Horses Oxen Live Stoclc. 4 I Cows 5 I Sheep 7 I Swine 13 22 Cap Chat, river, in the e. part of the d. of Quebec, cutting the division-line, runs into the co. of Gaspe and soon falls into the St. Lawrence. Cap D'Espoir, fief, in the co. of Gaspe, be- tween Mai Bay and Little Pabos. Statistics, including Ance d, Beaufils. Population . 184 | Keel boats . 40 Annual Agricultural Produce, Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. I Bushels. I 600 1 Potatoes 3,700 1 Peas Live Stock, 3 1 Cows 30 1 Sheep 301 Swine 80 Bushels. 350 34 Cap Maillard, w. Cote de Beaupke. Cap Tourmentb, v. Cote de Bbauprb. Cap Rosier, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, about midway between GriiBn's Cove and the ex- treme point of Cape Gaspe, at the entrance of Gaspe Bay. — Population 54; keel boats 4; an- nual produce of potatoes 75 bushels ; agricultural stock 1 horse, 1 ox and 3 cows. Cap Rouge, river, rises in the highlands near the rear boundaries of the S. of Desmaure. In the serpentine course it describes in passing dia- gonally through the S. it receives many small streams froiri the right and left ; its banks are elevated, but the eminence is attained by a very gradual slope, or it may be said more correctly, that it flows through a narrow valley abounding in natural beauties of the most picturesque kind, and possessing all the charms that can be looked for in the most skilful landscape composition. This r. enters the S. of Gaudarville and gra- dually bending s. falls into the St. Lawrence near the s. w. angle of that seigniory. Its course in C A P general is eminently beautiful and picturesque. In Gaudarville it feels the attraction of the ebb tide of the St. Lawrence so strongly, that at low water its bed is, nearly dry, and can be crossed with the utmost ease without the assistance of the ferry-boat ; but at high water boats of con- siderable burthen can enter it and ascend as high as the mill, about | of a mile from the St. Law- rence. At its mouth is an established ferry, where boats and scows are always ready though not always necessary. Caps, des, river, in the S. of Blainville and Lachenaye, rises in the concession Bouchetteville and runs into the St. Lawrence opposite the most eastward island of the cluster called The Pilgrims. Cap St. Glaude, rivulet, in the S. of Vin- cennes, rises in the plains that extend from the S. of Montapeine and discharges itself into the St. Lawrence. It works five mills ; one for carding, one for fulling, another for sawing and two for grinding corn. Near its mouth is a fall of about 150 ft., at the bottom of which is one of the com- miUs. Cap St. Ignace, fief, in the co. of I'lslet, is bounded N. E. by the S. of Vincelot, N. w. by Gagne fief, in the rear by the S. of Ste. Claire and in front by the St. Lawrence. It is i 1. in front by 1 league in depth and is the property of Mons. Vincelot. No document relating to this grant has been found among the records lodged in the surveyor-general's office. — Well watered by the Bras St. Nicholas, which runs transversely through the middle of the fief.— Very little tim- ber remains. — 3 concessions have been granted, and 2 of them are settled. — This fief is moun- tainous and rocky, except in the front concession which, however, is not entirely without rocky places and hillocks. Some rushes that grow here are good food for cattle, and without which the horses could not be supported. The horses are generally of the Norman breed and with little or no improvement. Orchards are more numerous here than in other parts of the district. AU the inhabitants living w. of the church carry their corn for grinding to the Moulin a Carde in the S. of St. Thomas, which is a loss to the seignior of Cap St. Ignace. — The parish of St. Ignace com- prehends the fief of that name with Goose and Crane Islands (Isles aux Oies and aux Grues), which are the property of Mr. M'Pherson and contain several settlements, which with the salt CAP CAR marshes are very valuable ; the proprietor has an extensive farming establishment and rears a large stock of cattle : the excellent butter which he sends to the Quebec market in considerable quantities is sold for Id. or 2d. per lb. higher than any other. Statistics of the Parish of Si. Ignace, including Goose and Crane Islands. Population 1,803 | Churches, R. C. 1 ( Presbyteries 1 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels 13,500 9,100 1,060 Bushels. Potatoes 18,000 Peas . 1,222 Rye . 509 Bushels. Indian corn 100 Mixed grain 1,000 Live Stock. 699 1 Cows 390 1 Sheep 905 I SwiHe 3,690 1 1,350 Cap St. Michel or La Trinitb, seigniory, in the co. of Vercheres, joins Varennes s. w., the fief Guillaudiere n. e. and is bounded by the aug- mentation to Beloeil in the rear and by the St. Lawrence in front. One league in front by H 1. in depth. — Granted, 3d Nov., 1672, to Mons. de St. Michel and is now the projierty of Jacques Le Moine Blartigny, Esq. — A diversity of soil prevails, the greater part of which is good, being either a fine black or a grayish mould that proves fertile when tolerably well managed. The whole S. is under cultivation. — The rivers St. Charles and Notre Dame run across it, and are sufficiently deep to be navigable for boats of burden. — The uncleared lands, scarcely half a league square, afford hardly any other wood than the spruce fir, a species of very trifling value. — On the rivers are two corn-mills and one saw-mill. — Part of the S. is divided into four small fiefs, held by Messrs. Delette, Beaubien, Gautier and Monde- lette, containing together -^ league in breadth by ^ 1. deep. — Two islands in the St. Lawrence, lying in front of this grant, are appendages to it ; each nearly ^ m. long and from 8 to 10 arpents broad ; cattle are sometimes pastured on them. Title. — " Le titre de cette Concession n'a pas ete trouv6 dans le Secretariat. Par un acte de Foi et Hommage, Bendu le 3rae Aoflt, 1676, devant Mr. Duchesneau, alors Inteiidant, il paroit que ce fief doit avoir une lieue de front sur une lieue et demie de profondeur, situe sur le fleuve St. Laurent, entre les concessions de Mr. de Varennes et Laurent Barney, Sieur de Grandmaison, avee deux petites isles vis-a-vis de sa devanture." — Rdgistre des Foi et Hom^ Mage, No. 7,1, folio 182, le lOme Fevrier, 1781. Cap Sante (P.), v. Pobtneuf, B. Cabiboo Mountain, v, St. Maurice, h. Caribou, river, falls into the Saguenay a league below the Chicoutimi on the opposite side of the R., at a place called les Prairies, meadows that pro- duce the hay that is consumed at the post of Chi- coutimi. This R. is inconsiderable and for -^ mile inland is one arpent wide. It runs from the hills to the N. w. and forms a good harbour at its mouth. Cableton, township, in the co. of Bonaven- ture, is bounded N. E. by the t. Maria and Cas- capediac bay, s. by the bay of Chaleurs, w. and n. by waste lands of the crown. — The land rises into lofty mountains. — This t. contains two villages and is watered by two rivers, the G. and L. Nou- velle, and in its front lies Tracadigash bay. The lands fit for cultivation are occupied and amount to one or two concessions only. Statistics. Population 576 1 River craft . 18 I Keel boats . 2 Shopkeepers 4 1 Total tonnage 1350 | Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Horses Oxen Bushels. 2,352 1 Oats Bushels. [ Bushels. 2, 100 1 Potatoes 15,400 Live SlocJc. 83|Covi's . 146 I Sheep . 200 I Swine 612 I 690 Carlisle, New, v. Cox, t. Carupel, fief, in the co. of St. Maurice, lies in the rear of the first part of the S. of Mas- kinonge between Dusable and fief St. John. — 141 arpents in front by 2 l^gues in depth. Granted, March, 1705, to Jean Sicard, Sieur de Carufel, and is now possessed by L. A. Duchestiay, Esq. — The land is good and fertile mixed here and there with a reddish clay and sand. — Almost every kind of good timber is found and some of the pine grows to large dimensions. — The k. Maskinonge traverses this S. from the n. w. by which the timber felled here is sent down to the St. Law- rence. — The part under cultivation contains some very respectable farms and good houses by the side of the main road. — This fief contains three concessions, each having a road kept in good order, and it forms part of the parish of St. Joseph de Maskinonge. — 230 lands or farms are conceded in 5 ranges, called, 1st, Ste. G6nevieve,- 2nd, n. e. of the Ruisseau de Louniere ; 3rd, s. w. of ditto ; 4th, N. E. of the Ruisseau du Bois Blanc ; 5th, CAS C A X s. w. of ditto. — About 12,000 arpents are in a state of cultivation and about 9,000 unconceded, the greatest part of which is fit for agricultural improvement. — There is a superb quarry of lime- stone ; also a species of potter's earth fit for paint- ing. — The cattle is generally good, and the in- habitants carefully attend to its improvement. — The fief Marie-Anne is in this S. to the n. e. of the R. IMaskinonge and enjoys the right of hanaliti over the entire S. The rear joins the S. of Lanaudiere. In Carufel are one private school, 5 sawr-miUs, many limekilns, 3 blacksmiths, many carpenters and wheelwrights and 10 or 12 joiners. — This S. produces from 20 to 25,000 bushels of wheat, 15,000 bushels of oats and as much peas and barley. Title. — " Concession du mois de Mars, 1705, faite par Philippe de Rigmid, Gouverneur, et Frmifois de Beauhar. nois, Jntendant, au Sieur Jean Sicard, Sieur de Carufel, de I'espace de terre qui reste dans la riviere de Masqui- nongi, dans le lac St. Pierre, depuis celle qui a, ete ci- devant accordSe au Sieur Legardeur, jusqu'au premier sault de la dite riviere, ce qui contient deux lieues ou environ de front sur pareille profondeur." — Rigistre d' Intendance, JVo. 5, fulio 40. Cahiers d' Intend, more authentic. Cascade Canal, v. Canals. Cascades, des (V.), v. Soulangb, S. Cascapediac (G.), river, in the co. of Bonaven- ture, rises in the rear of the t. of Richmond and traversing over a great part of that t., enters the adjoining t. of Maria near its s. e. angle, where it falls into the bay of Cascapediac and forms an excellent harbour for vessels of every size. Cascapediac (L.), river, in the co. of Bonaven- ture, rises in the rear of the t. of Hamilton and running s. w. enters the t. of Richmond, where it empties itself into Cascapediac bay about 6 miles from the mouth of the Greater Cascapediac. Cassimaquagan, river, runs from the e. into the R. Matapediac, aflFording at its mouth a favour- able site for a mill and an excellent situation for settlers. It is said to be navigable for many miles and abounds with valuable pineries. Castor, island, at the n. w. end of l. St. Peter and at the mouth of the b. Bayonne, is between Randin and Isle Dupas. Casupscull or Cosupsooul, river, in the co. of Rimouski, rises in a l. towards the s. boundary of the CO. It runs s. w. for the greater part of its course, then taking a sudden turn more to the w, soon enters the e. side of the Matapediac, and is the largest stream that empties itself into that river being navigable for 60 or 60 miles. Cat, river, so called in Algonquin, meaning Pole Cat, is a small stream running into the western bank of the St. Maurice above the Upper Matawin island. Catherine's Town, v. Beauharnois, S. Caudie, Grande, river, rises in a lake at the N. E. angle of the T. of Dorset, running s. to near the centre it takes a sudden turn e. and in the 5th range leaves the t. for that of Shenley, where it falls into the R. Chaudiere near the s. angle of that t. Cawoqd, a projected township in the co. of Ottawa, is bounded e. by Shorn, w. by Mansfield, s. by Litchfield and n. by waste lands of the crown. Caxton, towliship, in the co. of St. Maurice, is bounded s. e. by lands belonging to the Forges of St. Maurice, s. by St. Etienne and Dumontier, s. w. by Hunter's Town and N. by waste lands of the crown. — Here are only a few settlers, although a large number of acres were granted to the oflBcers and privates of the Canadian militia who served during the last American war. The t. is abund- antly watered by numerous rivers and lakes, among which are Lac O Cananshing and Lac des Perchaudes. — As the value of the townships is so much accelerated and increased by the formation of new roads, the anxiety of the legislature of this province ought, in that respect, to be duly appre- ciated. The following extract from the report of the commissioners appointed to open a road of communication from the old settlements of Ya- machiche to the t. of Caxton will prove that such undertakings are easily executed, and will afford some interesting information relative to this va- luable though unsettled township. — The report is dated Feb. 1, 1830: — "We proceeded to open and complete the said road by day labour. Be- ginning on the road of Picdure, about 12 acres from the River du Loup, we opened a new road across the concession of Picdure, beginning in_the division line of one Gilmet and Lachance, and con- tinued Northward to the next concession of Belle- chasse, distance 24 arpents. The land in this route is low with some hills intervening and thickly wooded ; one arpent of which was cause- wayed, five high hills reduced and made accessible, and ten bridges built none of which above 18 ft. long ; widening and completing the road on the concession of Bellechasse (which had been opened) to the land of one Callier, distance about 6 arpents. C H A C H A From Bellechasse, on the line of Callier's landj to- ward St. Joseph concession, a new road is opened and completely finished to the concession road of St. Joseph, a distance of 52 arpents, through a thickly wooded country : in the course of this road nine hridges were built, none of them above 18 ft. long ; five hills reduced and made accessible and 2^ arpents of road causewayed. Arriving at St. Joseph at lot No. 48, the road, which was merely opened to the t., we completed by widening and extracting all the stumps to lot No. 69, at the township line, distance 42 arpents, in which eight bridges were erected, none above 18 ft. ; six steep hills reduced and made easy of access and nearly one arpent of savanna causewayed, making in all about 4^ miles. The whole of the road is 18 ft. wide and where necessary ditched ; the stumps are every where extracted and the whole line has a beautiful appearance. Came to the place of be- ginning and continued the road to the bank of the River du Loup, below all the chutes and rapids ; thus giving a communication from the township of Caxton to the St. Lawrence by the river du Loup, which from this place is navigable for boats and rafts, and also a communication to Ma- chiche by the roads of St. Joseph, Bellechasse and Picdure A road was opened through the 1st and 2nd ranges of the t. to the distance of 52 acres, and also across the first six ranges and be- tween the 3rd and 4th ranges lo lot No. 19; and another road along the front line of the t. from the 2nd to the 5th range, making in all, including the road first mentioned, 15 miles. Throughout the whole extent the land was found to be of the best quality, the wood consisting of maple, birch, beech, ash, &c. In some places the land is low, where the woods are cedar, spruce, &c. These places required to be causewayed or ditched, which has been partially done. About £100 would finish all the roads in this t. We believe that with £150 we might be able to go over the whole line, and complete what yet remains to be done on the 6th and 7th ranges ; and also to open a road between the 5th and 6th ranges to the Great Lake, which would open a large tract of very fine land." Cbdrbs, des (V.), v. Soulangb, S. Chaffers Brook rises in two streams near the s. line of Inverness and towards the centre of that T. joins the R. Clyde. Chalburs Bay mav be called an arm of the gulf of St. Lawrence and is bounded on the N. by the counties of Gaspe and Bonaventure and on the s by New Brunswick. The entire N. coast of this extensive bay from the gulf to the river Ristigouche, which discharges itself into the w. extremity, is in Lower Canada. — This bay ex- tends from E. to w. about 88 m. and its greatest width is about 20. The navigation of the bay is perfectly safe and the anchorage, every where, so good that neither ship nor fishing-boat was ever known to be lost. Storms are not more frequent in this bay than at Quebec, and, although they occur here oftener than at Perc6 and in the bay of Gaspe, the air is more humid and colder; about the same difference exists between the air of Quebec and Montreal. Chaloupb, G. and L., two rivers that rise in the S. of Lanoraye and its augmentation. The greater river rises in two branches w. of the church of St. Elizabeth, and after receiving the Little Chaloupe, increased by St. Charles Brook, it takes in the s. w. branch and enters the S. of Berthier, where it falls into the St. Lawrence nearly 1 m. above the v. of Berthier opposite Isle Randin. Chambly, county, in the district of Montreal, is bounded n. w. by the river St. Lawrence ; s. b. by the river Richelieu or Chambly, together with all the islands in the rivers St. Lawrence and Richelieu nearest to the co., and in whole or in part fronting it ; s. w. by the n. e. boundaries of the seigniories of Laprairie and De Lery, and n. e. by the co. of Vercheres ; it comprehends the seig- niories of Boucherville, Montarville, Longueuil, fief Tremblay, Chambly West and the barony of Longueuil. — It is 33 m. long and averages in breadth ll^- m., and contains 211 sq. miles. Its centre is in lat. 45° 28' 30", Ion. 73° 17' 30" The population is 12,932, of which ^^ths are na- tive Canadians and the remainder English, Irish, Scotch, and Americans. — It contains 5 parishes and part of the p. of Blairfindie, 4 villages and the town of Dorchester (erroneously inserted in the CO. of Acadie). This co. sends two members to the provincial assembly, and the place of election is Longueuil. — In agricultural produce and po- pulation this CO. vies with most in the province, and the quality of its soil is inferior to none. The surface in general is extremely level with the exception of the mountain of Boucherville, remarkable for its conspicuous appearance and height: on its summit are two beautiful small H C H A C H A lakes and a corn and saw-mill at the source of a small river that runs s. w. and falls into the H. Montreal about 1 m. w. of Chambly Basin: both these rivers turn several corn-mills. The little K. Montreal winds prettily through the co. in an E. direction and falls into Chambly Basin. Be- sides these rivers this co. is abundantly watered by the h. Richelieu and the beautiful Basin of Chambly, by which it is bounded on the b. and N. s. — Numerous roads traverse this co. in every direction : the principal are those along the rivers, the BoucherviUe road, the Chemin k la Grande Savanna and the Laprairie road. — Almost the whole of this co. presents good and flourishing settlements and lands in a good state of cultiva- tion. Statistics. Population 12,932 Churches, Prot. 2 Parsonage-ho. 1 Churches, R.G. 6 Cures . 6 Presbyteries 6 Wesleyan chap. 1 Colleges . 1 Convents . 1 Schools . 3 Towns . 1 Villages . 4 Gaols . 1 Corn-mills 15 Saw-mills . 5 Carding-raills 4 Fulling-mills 3 Tanneries . 2 Potteries . 1 Breweries . 2 Distilleries . 1 Founderies . 1 Ship-yards . 2 Medical men 3 Notaries . 6 Shopkeepers 22 Taverns . 25 Artisans . 190 River-craft . 4 Tonnage . 21 Keel-boats . 5 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats . Barley . Peas . Bushels. 121,166 75,440 12,910 12,500 Bushels. Rye 4,508 Buck \yheat 2,500 Indian corn 1,985 Mixed gr. 4,115 Bushels. Potatoes 247,157 Hay, tons 30,029 Flax, cwts. 368 Butter,Gwts. 1,986 Live Stock. Horses Oxen . 4,492 Cows . 6,466 Sheep . 9,872 . 2,852 Young cattle 2,437 Swine . 2,760 Domestic Manufactures. Cloth Flannel Ells. 38,872 24,600 EUs. Linen . . 31,100 Looms . . 307 Acres in Cultivation. Under crop . . . 30,925 Fallow and meadow land . 60,580 Total in ( •ulture 91,505 Chambly (R.), v. RicheI/Ieu, r. Chambly, East, and Chambly, West, in the cos. of Rouville and Chambly divided from each other by the b. Richelieu. — The extent of each seigniory is 3 leagues in length by one league in depth ; and both were included in one grant to M, de Chambly, Oct, 29, 1672. Chamhly, East, is in the co. of Rouville, and is bounded s. e. by Monnoir; n. e. by Rouville and Beloeil ; s. w. by the barony of Longueuil. — The land, nearly level, is generally equal in qua- lity to any in the d. of Montreal and is, nearly all, under a very favourable state of cultivation: — This part of the original grant now belongs to the heirs of the late Lieut.-col. de Salaberry, C. B. and to Lieut.-col. de Rouville. — The k. Richelieu or Chambly, whose entire course in this S. is navi- gable, by passing through the original grant, di- viding it into E. and w,, affords many advan- tages. Chambly, West, in the co. of Chambly, is bounded N.w. by the seigniories of Longueuil and Montar- ville and s. w. by the barony of Longueuil: it now belongs to Samuel Hat and Henry Bender, Esqs. — There are no lands unconceded, and two- thirds were granted prior to the conquest. The concessions extend 3 arpents by 30 and the rent is 1 sol tournois and a quart of wheat. — The greater part of the youths in this parish are de- sirous of forming new settlements; a few are in a condition to do so and others are equally desirous but want the means, and yet none will settle in the townships. — The surface, like that of E. Chambly, is level and the land is good, well settled and cultivated. Chambly Basin is a beautiful expansion of the river, nearly circular, and about 1\ m. in diameter : it is embellished by several little islands, covered with fine verdure and natural wood, as ornamentally disposed as if regulated by the hand of art. Three of them lie at the mouth of the river Montreal ; some smaller ones, called the Islets St. Jean, are spread in a very picturesque manner, at the de- scent of the rapid of Chambly j the dark-hued fo- liage of the wood, that nearly covers them, forms a pleasing contrast to the bnlliant whiteness of the broken current. When rowing on this magnificent sheet of water, in a fine day, the prospect is truly enchanting. The three steeples of Chambly, Can- ton and de la Pointe, nearly represent the ex- tremities of a triangle, whose sides are bordered with objects which by their size, beauty and variety, most agreeably interest the beholder. — On the rapids above the Basin are the elegant and extensive corn-miUs belonging to H. Bender and S. Hat, Esqrs., seigniors of East and West Cham- bly respectively. These mills, 7 in number, work 24 sets of stones and are never in want of water : C H A M B L Y. their excellence tempts the inhabitants from every part of the surrounding country, to a considerable distance, to bring their wheat thither yearly; the more so, as they are destitute of such an advan- tage in their own parishes, owing to the want of proper water-courses ; this is particularly the case below the Chambly basin, where the comparative stiUness of the river precludes the possibility, with any prospect of advantage, of building mills of this description. 1 Chambly Fort is on the w. side of the basin which, when seen from a distance, has some resemblance to an ancient castle : it was built (of stone) by Mons. de Chambly, some years previous to the conquest of Canada by the English, and is the only one of the kind within the province ; its form is nearly square, containing several buildings and all the requisite means of modem defence which have been put into substantial repair; the approaches to the fort are not protected by any out-worksi nor is there a ditch round it. Before the late hostilities with America only a small detachment of about two companies formed the garrison, but, when the war began, the advantageous position and proxi- mity to the enemy's frontier pointed it out as a strong point d'appui, where troops might be as- sembled and an extensive dep6t formed : during the season for operations, in the years 1812, 1813, and 1814, there was always a considerable force encamped on the plain near it, which in the last- mentioned year exceeded 6000 men ; during this period additional storehouses and other buildings were erected on the ground that has always been reserved by government for such purposes. Chambly Village,\]mh on one of the most beau- tiful spots in Lower Canada, is in West Chambly and on the bank of the Richelieu, not far from the fort : it contains 90 or 100 houses, chiefly built of wood, forming one principal street ; many of the houses are elegantly built and shaded by lofty poplars. At the s. end of the village are some large and valuable mills close to the rapid of Chambly, and near the mills stands a good manor- house. This place is a great thoroughfare, as the main road from Montreal to the American states passes through it, which, with the continual re- sort to the mills, occasions a good deal of activity among the traders and mechanics, and contributes very much to its cheerfulness as a place of re- sidence ; among the inhabitants are reckoned many of the most respectable families of the district, in- vited hither by its agreeable situation. The land- scape of the surrounding country is rich and well diversified, aflbrding several very beautiful points of view; and there are many spots whence they may be seen to great advantage. The regular and venerable fort, the mills, the little elegant church of St. Joseph, houses dispersed among well cultivated fields, the various woodland scenery near and remote, the distant point Olivier with its village and beautiful church, the more distant mountain of Chambly or Rouville, the continual change of objects on the basin and river, with the singular appearance of unwieldy rafts descending the rapid with incredible velocity, will amply gratify the spectator's admiration. Chambly College is in the village and is a flou- rishing establishment, founded by Mr. Mignault, the cure, aided by the principal inhabitants of Chambly. The zeal and liberality of that gentle- man on this interesting occasion, have been uni- versally acknowledged. — This edifice is at present only a one-sided building, to which two wings will be added when circumstances require the ad- dition ; it is 60 French feet long inside the walls and 50 ft. broad. There are two stories above the ground floor, which contains the kitchen, the re- fectory and domestic ofiices ; the first story com- prises the hall of recreation, 35 ft. by 25, a parlour and the room of the principal ; and at the back are the school-roomj the French school, the house- keeper's room and a corridor. On the second floor are the dormitory, 60 feet by 25, four chambers for the tutors and scholars and a corridor. The college is built on ground a little higher than the street and is isolated from all other buildings. The following inscription by desire of the founder, Mr. Mignault, is to be inscribed on the building : Fliimina saepe vides parvis e fontilaus orta. The foundation stone was laid June 12th, 1826, and the building was finished by the 1st of Feb. following. It already contains 74 scholars who receive an elementary, mercantile or classical edu- cation. Boarders pay 20/. per annum and day boys a piastre per month. The Parish of Chambly, by a regulation con- firmed by a royal decree. Mar. 3, 1722, extends 3 leagues in front along the k. Richelieu and one h2 C H A C H A league in depth on each side of that river ; the frontage extends one league ahove and two leagues below Chambly Fort. Statistics of the Parish of Chambly. Population 4.210 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . 1 Presbyteries 1 Corn-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills Founderies Taverns Artisans 1 3 25 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Bushels. 38,000 Title. — " Concession du 29me Oct. 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Chambly, de six lieues de terre de front sur une lieue de profondeur, a prendr'e sur la riviere St. Louis (Chambly) savoir trois lieues au Nord de la dite riviere (deux lieues en deja du Fort que y est bati et une lieue au dela) et trois lieues au Sud de la dite riviSre." — R^gislre d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 10. Chamouchouin (L.), v. King's Posts. Champlain, county. The boundaries of this CO., as prescribed by the recent act of the pro- vincial legislature, are found to be impracticable. The act directs that it shall be bounded n. b. by the CO. of Portneuf ; s. w. by the b. St. Maurice; s. E. by the St. Lawrence, and n. w. hy the northern boundary of the province. The a. St. Maurice had not been so far explored, before the passing of the act, as to enable the legislature to foresee the difficulty that would arise in carrying this part of it into execution. Since that period the St. Maurice has been explored far into the interior by the deputy surveyor-general, who has discovered that its course runs so much more to the N. E. than was expected that it entirely crosses the CO. of Champlain and enters that of Portneuf. By this unforeseen winding of the r. it is impos- sible that the co. of Champlain can be bounded both by the St. Maurice and the province line; it is therefore more than probable that the course of the St. Maurice will be preferred, being a na- tural boundary and rendering the county more compact than it would be if bounded by the pro- vince line, which boundary would create confusion in the administration of justice and be an inex- haustible source of inconvenience between the inhabitants of the counties of Champlain and St. Maurice. Taking for granted that this co. will be bounded by the course of the St. Maurice from the St. Lawrence to Portneuf, it will be 66 m. in depth by 23 in breadth and contain 783 sq. miles. — Its centre on the St. Lawrence is in lat. 46" 28' N., Ion. 73" 17 30" w.— By the act above mentioned this co. contains the SS. of Ste. Anne and its augmentation, Ste. Marie, Batiscan, Champlain and Cap de la Magdelaine ; it also in- cludes all the islands in the St. Lawrence nearest to and in front of the county. It contains 5 parishes and the population is entirely Canadian. The principal town or village is Ste. Anne. This CO. sends two members to the provincial parlia- ment ; the place of election is at the ferry nearest to the St. Lawrence on the n. e. side of the R. Batiscan. — This co. is exceedingly well watered by rivers and lakes; the principal rivers are the Ba- tiscan, the St. Maurice, the Champlain, part of the R. Ste. Anne, and their tributary streams. These rivers traverse the county in every direction. — The land in the front of the co. is in general level and the soil light,' but, towards the interior, the surface is uneven, occasionally traversed by ridges of hills, and the soil stronger with much of it lit for cultivation. Population 7,300 Churches, R. C. 5 Curfe Presbyteries Schools . Villages Corn-mills Statistics. Saw-mills Tanneries Potasheries . Pearlasheries Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers . Taverns Artisans River craft . Tonnage Keel boats . 5 9 45 5 73 6 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Peas Rye Horses Oxen Bushels. 41,773 68,300 608 10,390 1,100 Bushels. Buckwheat 1,760 Indian corn 640 Mixed grain 4,380 Potatoes 238,516 Cwts. Flax . 79 Butter . 2,432 Maple sugar 386 Hay, tons, 21,177 Live Stock. 2,3531 Cows 2,422 1 Sheep 5,7491 Swine 10,9481 3,482 Domestic Manufactures. Cloth Flannel Ells. 7,040 5,443 Linen Looms Ells. 6,446 136 Champlain, river, rises in the S. of Cap de la Magdelaine and taking a course n. e. traverses the Aug. to Champlain and enters Batiscan where it turns s. and after becoming the boundary be- tween that S. and Champlain, falls into the St. Lawrence. C H A C H A Champlain and its Augmeijtation, in the county of Champlainj lie between Cap de la Magdelaine and Batiscan. The seigniory is li 1. in front by 1 league in depth and was granted Sept. 22, 1664j to Etienne Pezard, JSieur de la Touche. The Augmentation, of the same breadth as the seigniory and 3 1. deep, is bounded in the rear by the t. of Radnor and waste crown lands ; it was granted Apr. 28th, 1697, to Mad. de la Touche, and the present proprietors are Mr. Munro and Mr. Poole. — In the front of the S. the soil is a yellow loam mixed with sand; in the rear it is stronger and better, in many places so good for the cultivation of flax, that it is to be re- gretted that so profitable and important an article is not attended to. — The timber is various and, though not of first rate quality, is not too much mixed with the inferior sorts. — This S. is watered by the little river Champlain and by many small streams, which rise at a short distance in the in- terior and, winding down the gradual descent to the St. Lawrence in little rivulets, cross the main road, agreeably diversifying the meadows and cul- tivated grounds along the front. The R. Cham- plain works a corn and a saw-mill. — About one third of this seigniory is cultivated in a neat style and, by the side of the Quebec road, displays many good houses with thriving farms almost wholly cleared of wood. — A very small proportion of the aug. is under cultivation; the remainder conti- nues in a state of woodland producing some ca- pital timber. — The narrows of the rivers supply abundance of the fish called petite morue in the be- ginning of winter, and in the spring considerable quantities of eels are taken. The corn grown here is consumed by the inhabitants, who sell a little hay. The horses are, generally, of the Canadian breed. The Parish of Champlain, by a regulation con- firmed by a royal decree. Mar. 3, 1722, extends 2^1. along the St. Lawrence, viz. from Batiscan to fief TArbre k la Croix, from Champlain to fief de Marsollet and from I'Arbre a la Croix to Cap de la Magdelaine, comprehending the depths included in these boundaries. — A few years since, the in- habitants of the V. Hayotte in the p. of Champlain were alarmed by the following extraordinary oc- currence : a tract of land, containing a superficies of 207 arpents, was suddenly moved about 360 yards from the water's edge and precipitated into the river Champlain, overwhelming in its progress bams, houses, trees and whatever lay in its course. The earth thus removed, dammed up the river for a distance of 26 arpents. The effect was instan- taneous and accompanied by an appalling sound ; a dense vapour, as of pitch and sulphur, filled the atmosphere, oppressing those who witnessed this awful convulsion almost to suffocation. A man named Dube, who was on the ground at the time, was removed with it to a considerable distance, and buried up to the neck, but was extricated from his perilous situation without sustaining any serious injury. The course of the river being thus ob- structed, the waters were swelled to a great height by this extraordinary event. Dube lost an island of 5 arpents, which he had on the river. Another inhabitant, named Hamelin, also suffered a loss of land, wheat and hay ; and a third, named Francis Gossett, had his hay and grain destroyed. — The parish church and parsonage-house are near the road. Statistics. Population 75.5 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . 1 Presbyteries 1 Villages . 1 Coin-mills 1 Saw mills Tanneries . Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River-craft Tonnage Keel-boats 2 12 1 15 1 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. 10,400 240 242 Bushels. Potatoes 173,500 Peas . 1,300 B ushels. Mixed grain 1,300 Live Stock. Cows . 475 1 Swine Sheep . 1,440 1 360 Title.—" Concession du 22me Septembre, 1664, faite par Mr. de Mesy, a Etienne Fezard, Sieur de Latouche, d'une lieue et deniie de terre de front a prendre sur le grand fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la riviere Champlain eu montant sur le dit fleuve, vers les Trois Rivih-es, sur une lieue de profondeur dans les terres ; la dite riviere Cham- plain mitoyenne, avec ceux que occuperont les terres qui sont de I'autre c6te d'icelle, avec tous les bois, pres, rivieres, ruisseaux, laes, isles et islets, et gSneralement de tout le contenu entre les dites bornes. — Les Jesuites ayant par leur titre anterieur de Batiscan, un quart de lieu au Sud- ouest de la riviere Champlain, cette Concession ne pouvoit s'etendre jusques-la, mais avant I'annee 1721, Us cederent a M. Latouche Champlain, ce quart de lieue compris entre leurs borne etla dite riviere; et c'est ainsi que la Seigneurie est actuellement bornee." — Insinuations du Conseil Supe- rieur, Bigistre B. folio 7. Augmentation. — " Concession du 28me Avril, 1697, faite par Louis de Buade, Comie de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Madame de Latouche, de trois lieues de terre en profondeur, joignant la derri^re de sa Seigneurie de Champlain, sur tout la largeur d'icelle ; tenant d'un cote au fief de Batiscan, et de I'autre au fief du C H A C H A Sieur Hcriel. — Hertel ii'est qu'un arri^re fief, concede par les r6v6rends PSres Jesuites dans leur Seigneurie du Cap de Magdeleine." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 5, folio 16. CHAKLESBonRG, fief, village and mountains, v. Notre Dame des Anges, S, Charleston (V.) v. Hatley, t. Chateauguay, river, in the co. of Beauharnois, rises in several branches descending from the State of New York into Hinchinbrooke, where it forms the boundary line between that t. and Godman-: Chester; whence it traverses the S. of Beau- harnois separating Jamestown from Ormstown, South Georgetown from North Georgetown, and Williamstown from Annestown; it then enters the S. of Chateauguay, waters the settlements of St. Jean, and at the n. e. angle of the S. falls into the St. Lawrence, washing two sides of Isle St. Barnard. About the middle of the third con- cession of Ormstown the Chateauguay receives the river Outarde and, near the n. w. angle of Williamstown, the united waters of North Creek, Black River and other tributary streams. The Sturgeon river, from the rear of the S. of Chateau- guay, falls into it about 1 J m. below the church in the Canadian settlements of Williamstown. The Chateauguay is navigable to a considerable distance above its mouth for bateaux, the smaller sort of keel boats and canoes. Large quantities of timber were formerly conveyed in rafts down this river from Godmanchester and Beauharnois, but the trade of this article has much diminished since the settlements have increased. Chateauguay, seigniory, in the co. of Laprairie, joins Beauharnois, s. w., Sault St. Louis, n. b. and La Salle in the rear ; the front stretches 2 1. on the St. Lawrence by 3 in depth. — Granted Sept. 29th, 1673, to Mr. Le Moine, Sieur de Longueuil, and at present belongs to the commu- nity of Grey Sisters at Montreal. — Through the whole of this property there is very little variation in the land, which lies nearly on a level and is generally of good quality; the arable producing very fair crops of grain of all kinds. — All the lands or farms are conceded; about 100 were con- ceded in 1 759, each, measuring 3 arpents in front by 30 in depth, paying 1 sol tournois per super- ficial arpent and a capon for each front arpent. — There are some good ranges of settlements along the borders of the St. Lawrence, on both sides of the rivers Chateauguay and St, Regis and also in the intermediate spaces, which may be reckoned about one half of the whole grant and they are under pretty good cultivation. This S. has one village and on the west side of the Chateau- guay, near its discharge, stands the church de- dicated to St. John and on its banks are also a corn-mill and a saw-mill. At the mouth of this R. is Jsle St. Bernard, sometimes called Nuns Island, about one superficial mile in extent and very well cultivated. This isle is an appendage to the grant and contains a house usually deno- minated a convent, a term certainly misapplied, for it will in no way answer the description of such an establishment, unless the residence of two members of the order to which the property belongs may be allowed to convert it into a man- sion of that description. — The r. Chateauguay crosses this S. diagonally and is navigable as far as the S. extends. The Sturgeon river rises in the rear of the S. and in a winding course runs through the w. division line into the S. of Beau- harnois. The first waters of the river St. Regis rise in the b. part and immediately leave this S. for that of Sault St. Louis. Population 4396 Churches, R. C- 1 Cures . 1 Statistics. Presbyteries . Convents Villages Corn-mills Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 28,000 22,000 5,000 Bushels. Rye . 3,800 Potatoes 60,000 Bushels. Peas . 14,100 Indian com 6,500 Live Stock. 1,219 1 Cows 1,450 1 Sheep 2,700 1 S\vine 7,500 I 2,600 Title. — " Concession du 29me Septembre, 1673, a Mr. Le Moine, Sieur de Longueuil, de deux lieues de terre de front, k commencer dix arpens au-dessous de la riviere du Loup, en montant dans le lac St. Louis, du c6t6 duSud; et de profondeur trois lieues, ensemble Wsle St. Bernard qui est a I'embouchure de la dite riviere."— Fot et Horn- mage, No. 48, folio 214, le 9,lme Fivrier, 1781. Cahiers d" Intend. No. 10 a 1"], folio 425. Chateau Richer, (P.), v. Cote de Beauprb, S. Chatham, township, in the co. of Ottawa, joins GrenviUe, w., the S. of Argenteuil e., and is bounded in front by the Ottawa river and in the rear by Wentworth. This t. is 9 m. in breadth and 12 in depth; its dimensions, divisions CHATHAM. and subdivisions are with few exceptions the same as other river townships, some of its original grants having been made in compact tracts or blocks, which were subsequently laid out so as to meet the exigency of the actual settlements made previous to the survey. in 1803. The local po- sition of Chatham is highly favourable, and the lands may be divided into two classes. The first embraces the lands comprised between the Ottawa and the seventh range, which are generally level, risingin some parts into gentle acclivities commonly called maple ridges, and, in other places, falling by easy slopes that terminate in extensive natural meads that afford rich and excellent pasturage. In- termixed with these are many small cedar swamps which are not, however, of any material disad- vantage. The land in this part of the t. is cal- culated to produce hemp and flax and every va- riety of grain raised in Lower Canada. The lands composing the second class are compre- hended between the seventh range and its rear out- line and are higher and more uneven and broken, being traversed in various parts by mountains and high rising grounds, which are generally inters mixed with intervals of rich soil. The hills are in some places barren, particularly on the borders of Grenville. Of this section of the t. -J may be said to be fit for cultivation, and the lands to that extent were located to Scotch emigrants in 1814, who have since that period improved and culti- vated a large portion. — The timber in this t. is of a superior description, and, though considerable quantities have been felled and disposed of, much valuable pine and oak with some elm are still to be found, also beech, birch, maple, &c. — This t. is watered' by the North river, which enters at the 5th concession on the e. side and returns to Argenteuil at the 3rd concession ; and also by the West river, an arm of the North river, which strikes into this t. near the Argenteuil Chute com and saw-mills, and runs through the centre in a s. direction, and is navigable nearly 6 miles through the Chatham lots, where, in the 11th and 12th ranges, it breaks into several lateral streams and irrigates the surrounding country. The lots are finely watered by the number of streams di- verging from the extreme point of this river. In the rear part are 8 or 9 small lakes, the largest from 40 to 50 acres. By the Riviere du Nord the timber felled in this and some of the adjoining townships is floated down to the Ottawa. — The •Grenville canal begins about 3 m. within this t. — 34,669 acres are granted under letters patent to various individuals : the following proprietors, in 1806 and 1812, obtained lands in separate com- pact tracts in the first four ranges uninterrupted by reserves, viz. the late Col. Robertson, the late Mr. McDougal, Dr. Simon Fraser, Lauchlan McLean, John Robertson, and Daniel Sutherland, Esq. with others of his family. The lands in the 5th, 6th, 7th and the greater part of the 8th range, are also under patent and were granted mostly to the persons above-named and to Wm. Fortune and the late P. L. Panet whose patent for 2,200 acres bears date as far back as 1799. About two thirds therefore of the lands have been granted within the last 30 years, when the -first settlements in Chatham commenced. — 8,000 acres are under cultivation. — The first range of this township exhibits most prosperous and flourishing settlements, with good houses and well cultivated farms, especially along the public road. In the second range neat farm-houses and extensive im- provements are likewise to be seen, but they are more scattered over the country. Beyond thefourth range the vast tracts of granted lands, up to the eighth range (in which are situated several blocks of crown and clergy reserves) remain almost a total wilderness, checking the advancement and prosperity of the new emigrant settlement in the rear third of Chatham, whose inhabitants are in- dustriously contending against the disadvantage of the want of roads to the Ottawa.* This new settlement has, however, the advantage of an easy outlet through the S. of ArgenteuU. — There is a good road across the front continuing, along the Ottawa, the main route from Montreal to the upper townships on the bank of that river ; two other roads lead towards the rear, one as far as the 4th range and one as far as the 12th which ends at Chute mills; another road lies between the 9th and 10th ranges In this t. are two public schools under the direction of the Royal Institution, each attended by about 50 pupils and conducted by male teachers. — Two saw-mills are built on small brooks, one on the bank of the Ot- tawa and the other in the 2nd range. — The cattle are chiefly of the English and American breeds. ■^ — Linen cloth is made here to some extent, but the principal articles of commerce are timber and CHATHAM. potashes. — The village is called Davisville and contains 21 Dwelling-houses 2 Merchant stores 4) Taverns I Blacksmith's shop 1 Tailor's shop 2 Carpenters and joiners. The population is 1073 ; and the total quantity of grain raised, chiefly Indian corn, is above 20,000 bushels, one third of which is sent up the Ottawra to supply persons engaged in the timber trade. — The inhabitants of the old jiatented lands in Chatham are English, Scotch, Irish, Americans and a few Canadians. The lands held under mi- litary locations are chiefly settled by emigrants from Scotland and compose the new settlements. Scotch emigrants were located to lots of 200 acres, which covered the residue of ungranted lands in 1819, but 48 have forfeited their lots from various causes. — The handsome and well situated settlements on the front of Chatham, combined with the prospect of the majestic Ottawa, together with the flourishing settlements and neat villas on the opposite shore, especially the village at Point Fortune, form a coup d'oeil truly interesting, particularly when it is remembered that all thir is the work of about 30 years. — In front of the t. are some small islands that form several rapids. Chatham Gore. — The emigrant settlements in the Gore in the rear of Argenteuil are chiefly established on the borders of a fine lake about 1 m. in length by ^ m. in width. The land com- posing this tract or Gore is in general fit for cul- ture, and the front part has been recently surveyed and divided into 4 ranges containing several beau- tiful lakes, on the borders of which are the houses of the new settlers. The surface is mountainous and the soil rocky, but not so much as to prevent the establishment of excellent farms. The soil is a clayey sandy loam, for the growth of wheat and Indian corn not to be surpassed, and is generally fit for any other grain. The timber is chiefly maple and beech, but there are many other va- rieties of useful wood : the maple affords large quantities of sugar. 1500 acres and upwards are under cultivation : the annual produce per acre is 20 bushels of wheat, 30 of Indian corn and other grain in proportion. The average price of labour is from 2s. to half a dollar a day, but in summer agricultural labourers are scarce at any price, the diflferent canals employing at high wages all the superfluous population. Hemp could, doubtless, be cultivated to great advantage and flax is already grown on most farms. — Three roads lead from the S. of Argenteuil, but they do not afford a comfortable conveyance. If the contemplated road to the Rideau should ever be cut, it would of course tend materially to improve this part of the country. — A meeting-house has been lately erected, and the rector of St. An- drew's performs service at stated periods. The settlers in the Gore are all Irish and exclusively of the church of England. — A school-house has also been lately erected, and the scholars are from 30 to 40. — One of the proprietors of lands in the Gore is Mr. Perkins, a naval ofBcer, whose re- sidence is near lake Bouchette. Here are several potash factories but no corn-mill ; the inhabitants are obliged to take their grain for grinding and their timber for sawing to the Argenteuil seig- norial mills, a distance of 6 or 7 miles. — Here are about 300 head of neat cattle, chiefly of a mixed breed between the American and Canadian ; if they are not so profitable as the new breeds they are, at least, useful and hardy animals. — Several beautiful lakes in the t. and the Gore abound with trout, pickarel, eels and other varieties of fish. The waters of lake Bouchette are clear as a diamond and afford abundance of fine salmon- trout : it is about one mile in circumference, and is bounded by Chatham, Wentworth and the Gore. These lakes, when the country becomes more clear of timber, with the fine diversified hill and dale scenery, will afford one of the most pic- turesque and romantic spots in the province. — When it is considered that only a few years ago this whole tract of country was a dense forest, se- veral miles from the residence of a human being, it must strike every one with surprise that so much has been effected by poor .settlers without capital or any other resource but their labour. Branches of each family having been in the habit of working during the summer on the canals, they have, by saving the produce of their industry, been able to cover this extensive tract with their herds and flocks. These people left their native land with trifling resources, without patronage, guides or protectors, and are now living in comparative plenty without excepting, perhaps, a single fa- mily ; and there is not a finer looking company of militia in the province than the settlers of the Gore. C H A C H A Statistics of Chatham and the Gore. Population 1,473 Churches, Prot. Saw-mills Potasheries . Potteries Tanneiies Medical men Shopkeepers Taverns Blacksmiths , Millers . Millwrights . Carpenters Shoemakers Weavers Tanners Masons Tailors Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen . Bushels. 13,500 9,000 Bushels. I Potatoes 16,500 Maple siig. Indian com 1,400 1 Cwts. . 93 Live Stock. 226 1 Cows 325 1 Sheep 600 1,000 Swine Chats, des, (L.), v. Ottawa, r. Chaudibbe Falls, v. Ottawa, b. Chaudiere or Kettle Lake, v. Ottawa, b. Chaudiehe, river, in the cos. of Beauce and Dorchester, derives its origin from the springs and streams that feed Lake Megantic, which separates the t. of Maiston from Ditchfield ; it flows N. from this lake 46 m. to the s. of Aubert Gallion and then n. w. into the St. Lawrence, a distance of 61 m., making its whole course 102 m. from Lake Megantic. — The first stream of any magnitude which falls into the Chaudiere is the K. Eugenie in the projected t. of Gayhurst; it then forms the e. boundary of the t. of Dorset, where it receives numerous tributary streams. The Chau- diere is joined by the Grande Coude near the s. angle of the t. of Shenley, and after receiving many rivulets it becomes the partition boundary of the S. S. of Aubert Gallion and Aubert de I'lsle, receiving near the s. w. angle of the latter the b. du Loup ; hence it proceeds to the s. of Vaudreuil which it divides into two nearly equal parts with- out being much increased, the small stream Touf- fre des Pins being the only b. it receives in that S., excepting perhaps one near its n. division line, which is at present unexplored ; after this it enters the S. of Ste. Marie which it traverses, be- coming the partition boundary of the S. S. of St. Etienne and Jolliet, and in its course receives nu- merous additions but no waters of any note. It then traverses the S. of Lauzon and, about 4 m. from its estuary, receives the r. Beaurivage and still nearer its mouth takes in le Grand Ruisseau and then disembogues itself into the St. Law- rence, about 6 m. below Quebec on the opposite side of the river. — Although the Chaudiere is not navigable throughout for boats or even canoes, on account of its numerous rapids, falls and other impediments, yet it maintains a character of some importance, being equal if not superior in mag- nitude to the St. Francis. — The length of country which it traverses is about 100 mUes, and the breadth probably not much less for the most part than 30 ; the extent of land, therefore, which it clears from redundant waters must be from 2,500 to 3,000 square miles. In breadth it varies from 4 to 600 yards, and its stream is frequently divided by islands, some of them containing many acres and covered with timber-trees : the banks in ge- neral are high, rocky and steep, rather thickly clothed with wood of indifferent growth ; its bed is rugged and much contracted by rocks jutting from the sides, which occasion violent rapids. The descent of the stream over the different shelves oc- casions falls of considerable height, one of which is particularly celebrated for its beauty and sur- rounding scenery, but the cause, which contributes so much to the grandeur of its appearance, ren- ders it unserviceable as a water communication. — Although of no utility as a water conveyance, yet the Chaudiere traces out a route whereby an easy access may be had into the American territories, during the whole year. From Quebec, along the E. bank, there is an excellent road for about 50 m. and thence a tolerably good one in continuation as far as b. du Loup, where the Canadian settlements at present terminate. — The most celebrated of the Chaudiere Falls are about 4 m. from its mouth. Narrowed by salient points extending from each side, the precipice over which the waters rush is scarcely more than 130 yds. in breadth and the height from which the water descends is about as many feet. Huge masses of rock rising above the surface of the current, just at the break of the fall, divide the stream into three portions, forming partial cataracts that unite before they reach the basin which receives them below. The continual action of the water has worn the rock into deep excavations, which give a globular figure to the revolving bodies of brilliant white foam and greatly inci^ase the beautiful effect of the fall. The spray thrown up, being quickly spread by the wind, produces in the sunshine a most splendid variety of prismatic colours. The dark-hued foliage of the woods, which on each side press close upon the margin of the river, forms a striking contrast with the snow-like effulgence of the fall- ing torrent : the hurried motion of the flood, agi- tated among the rocks and hollows as it forces its CHE way towards the St. Lawrence, and the incessant sound occasioned by the cataract itself form a combination that strikes forcibly upon the senses, and amply gratifies the curiosity of the admiring spectator. The woods on the banks of the river, notwithstanding its vicinity to the capital, are so impervious as to render it necessary for strangers who visit the falls to provide themselves with a competent guide. Few falls can be compared with this for picturesque beauty. The best view is to the left from a ledge of rocks that project into the basin, from this spot the scene is surprisingly grand ; the next point of view is from a parallel ledge behind the former ; there is also another good view from the ledge of rocks above the fall, look- ing down and across the fall and up the river. Chawgis or OcAU Droushta, a large lake N. N. w. of Lake St. John. It is on the r. St. Maurice. Chenb, du, v. Du Chene. ChehtseYj a projected township in the co. of TAssomption. In this t. is a chain of mountains, beyond which are 3 leagues of rich meadows on which some persons, without any right whatever, have mown upwards of 6,000 bundles of hay. On these mountains are two or three lakes abounding with fish ; beyond which for upwards of 6 leagues the land is very fit for cultivation and produces hard wood, oak, pine and a great quantity of maple from which 50,000 lbs. of sugar are made annually. — At the outlet of the lakes many saw- mills might be erected. — Good roads are opened as far as this t. — Some of the inhabitants of St. Sulpice settled here before 1821 ; but, having lost their settlements by means of persons who obtained grants from the Crown, they declined settling there. Chbsham, a projected township in the co. of Sherbrooke. Chester, township, in the co. of Drummond, lies between Tingwick and Halifax, and is bounded N. w. by Arthabaska and s. e. by Ham and Wolfes- town. This t. has great advantages in point of locality with a soil, in every respect, fit for all the purposes of agriculture though still remaining almost unbroken by the plough. The timber is mostly beech, maple, pine, birch, elm, basswood, butternut, cedar, spruce and hemlock. — Watered by large branches of the Nicolet and Becancour, which wind through it in various directions. — The whole t. has been surveyed and two quarters CHI of it were granted in 1803, one to the late Joseph Frobisher, Esq. and the other to various indi- viduals; the other two quarters have been located to the officers and privates of the Canadian mi- litia who served during the last American war. Two or three farms are settled along Craig's Road which traverses this t. diagonally. — Un- granted and unlocated 4,975 acres. Statistics. Population . 10 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. . 40 . 30 Barley Potatoes Bushels. . 10 . 230 Bushels. Indian com 18 Live Slock. Cows 5 I Swine Chevrotiere, v. La Chbvrotiere. Chibouet, river, rises in the recesses of the forest in the co. of St. Hyacinthe ; it waters the S. of De Ramzay and, running in an irregular course, falls into the R. Yamaska near the w. angle of that seigniory. Chichester, a projected township fronting the Ottawa and lying between Sheen and Whatham. It is watered by a stream called the Black River. Chicot, fief, v. Dupas, F. Chicoutimi Post, i^_King]s Posts. > Chicoutimi, river, or Shekutimish which means " farther out it is still deep," forms the s. boundary of the peninsula near Lake St. John in the CO. of Saguenay. It rises in Lakes Ouiqui and Kenwangomi, between which and its fall into the Saguenay, about 74^ m. to the s. w., are 6 or 7 portages, otherwise the Chicoutimi would be na- vigable for bateaux ; but on account of the cascades and rapids which render these portages necessary, canoes only can pass up the r., with which the inhabitants of the Post maintain a traffic with those of L. St. John, the more direct communi- cation by the Saguenay, through the Grande De- charge, being impracticable. — Soon after the Chi- coutimi has left L. Kenwangomi it fells 15 ft. into a basin surrounded by high mountains, and this fall causes the first portage, called Portage des Roches or Assini Caputagan, which extends 200 yards and leads over the rocks which in spring are covered by the h. The basin here formed by the Chicoutimi is nearly | m. in length. This R. then runs down with considerable swift- CHICOUTIMI. ness for about 1^ m. and is embanked by high rocky hills rising to about 200 feet; there the mountains terminate, resting about the region of L. Kenwangomi, The land on the banks then becomes level and appears to improve being tim- bered vyith spruce, fir, pine, a few elms and cedar. Occasionally on the left, when the fire has burnt up the vegetable mould, the soil is discovered to be rocky and barren. — About 3^ m. below the Portage des Roches is the Portage de I'Islet, ox Ministouki Caputagan, so called from an islet in the middle of the k. ; this islet is longer than the portage which is about 700 yards and lies through good land, a rich dark loam timbered with black birch, spruce, pine and ash. The river is then divided into two channels by a large island ; the s. W. channel is broken by cascades and rapids, and the N. E. is a long rapid, which is frequently passed down by canoes. — ^From the foot of this portage to the Beau Portage, or Milow Caputagan, is two miles ; the riyer averages about 80 or 90 yards wide, its right bank being high and rocky, while its left is good soil timbered with elm, ash, spruce, birch and pine. On approaching the Beau Portage which lies on the right bank the land is a light, coarse, yellow loam possessing a great proportion of sand and is timbered with spruce, white birch, pine and some elm. Beau Portage, about 250 yards long, lies through tolerable land, chiefly sandy loam timbered with white birch, red pine, poplar and spruce and avoids the cascades about 20 feet in elevation. — 7i mUes hence is the Port- age de r Enfant, or Washkow Caputagan ; the banks of the B. exhibit in this distance much improve- ment in soil and timber, the former generally an argillaceous loam and the latter spruce, elm, ash, fir, pine, black and white birch and some cedar. The river, which varies from 4 to 6 chains in width, is occasionally interspersed with well-timbered islands, most of which are alluvial. The general course of the river between Beau Portage and the Portage de I'Enfant is about n. n. w. ; between these portages the latest explorer met a canoe con- taining an Indian family"; their astonishment at beholding a canoe of strangers was singularly ex- pressed by a smile or rather a silent laugh, for which peculiarity the Montagnais nation is di- stinguished by the Indian name Papinashuah, which signifies laughers or sneerers. Four miles from Portage de I'Enfant is Isle au Sepulchre, which derives its name from having been the burying-place of two persons who were drowned. The Portage de I'Enfant, about 200 yards long, is so called from an accident which occurred about 50 years since to an Indian, who, in passing this portage, left a young chUd in his canoe which was carried ofi" by the current and passed over a very considerable fall without upsetting, to the great surprise of the father and of aU who have seen the place. The Falls of I'Enfant are between 40 and 50 ft. taking the cascades collectively. The portage lies over tolerably good land, a yellow loam timbered with spruce, ash, cedar, poplar, elm and pine. From the lower landing it is but 20 chains across the basin at the foot of the falls to the Portage du Chien, on the right bank of the river. — The Portage du Chien also about 200 yds. in length, leads over very good ground and avoids a cascade of about 15 feet in height; it is tim- bered with cedar, fir, birch, red spruce, white and red pine. The land down the k. preserves that character of fitness for settlement which it more or less exhibits from the Portage de I'Islet, and a few streams discharge themselves on both sides. — 1^ m. farther down is the landing at the Port- age de la Poussiere or Meia Caputagan, vulgarly called Ka-Ka, at the head of a high fall which at its edge is divided by a small island. The portage is nearly 200 yds. long and the falls about 45 ft. — At the Portage of Chicoutimi, above the falls, the river contracts to less than 25 yards while opposite the portage it is about 120. This port- age is about a mile below Ka-Ka. The land in that distance is of an excellent description and the tim- ber is elm, ash, pine, fir and some white birch. The Portage of Chicoutimi or Shekutimish Caputagan, 2 m. in length on the left bank of the river, is very level with the exceptten of a gulley formed by a small rivulet near its s. w. end. — The Falls of Chicoutimi are about 40 or 50 ft., tumbling through a contracted channel over the rocks that interrupt its rapid course into the basin that forms part of the harbour of Chicoutimi. — From an eminence, which overlooks the harbour, the noble stream of the Saguenay is seen to flow in majestic silence towards its confluence with the St. Law- rence. Although not possessing the bold features of L. Kenwangomi, the great breadth of the river, the striking scenery, the group of buildings in the foreground and the small solitary chapel on the adjacent eminence, form a combination of most interesting objects. — The banks of the Chicoutimi i2 C H O C L I are not above 30 feet in height near the E., but at the distance of about 10 chains on each side there is a second bank about the same height. The timber and soil are the same as in the peninsula formed by this r., the Grande Decharge and the s. E. side of Lake St. John. — However safe the harbour of Chicoutimi may be as to winds and moorings, it cannot accommodate ships of consider- able draught without their grounding at low water ; for vessels that draw more than 1^ fathom cannot reach the basin of the Chicoutimi River, on account of the narrow channel between the shoals that set out from Pointe aux Trembles and the Chicoutimi Point, and in the channel the water is at most but two fathoms. Outside of the shoal, which ex- tends about 300 yards into the stream of the Sa- guenay, vessels can anchor in 3, 4, or 5 fathoms. Hearing Cape St. Francis about a mile below the post. Vessels are also exposed to a very strong current at the ebb tide, which would require their being moored to the shore, besides the anchor. The tide rises between 16 and 18 ft. perpendicular in 4i hours flood. — The harbour and this part of the Saguenay are frozen over from the 1st or 5th of December to the 10 or 1.5th of May. Chibns, aux, river, in Blainville, rises in a small lake or pond about midway of the line that divides that S. from the S. of Riviere du Chene. It runs N. E. past the v. of Ste. Therese and with a gentle inclination s. discharges itself into the r. St. Jean or Jesus. Chien, au, a small stream that runs into the B. Saguenay. Chigoubiche, river and lake, in the Saguenay country. The River forms the lake and has two branches forming an angle like that of the rivers Richelieu and St. Lawrence. — The Lake is about 3 1. long and is shallow though deep enough to carry large boats. It is separated by one carrying- place only from Lake Chuamoushuane. Chimepanipestick, river, in the co. of Sa- guenay, runs into the mouth of the St. Lawrence about 16 m. above the bay of Seven Islands. ChINOUAGOMI (L.), V. KiGUAGOMI, L. Chinouagomishish (L.),«.Kiqoagomishish. Chipiloginissis, v. East Lakes. Chissouematou, river, rises in the highlands 8. of Mistissinnys Lake and running n. w. falls into the Assuapmoussoin not far from the l. in which that r, rises. Chomonchoan, lake, in the Saguenay coun- try, not far n. from the l. in which the K. As- suapmoussoin takes its rise. Chossb, k la, river, runs into Lake St. John from the n. w. Christie Manor, v. Noyan, S. Chuamoushuane Post, v. King's Post. Chuamoushuane, river and lake. The river runs into L. St. John and is navigable for large bateaux for many leagues and farther up for bark canoes; on the right and left are several small lakes. Lake Chuamoushuane is formed by an expansion of the r. ; it is nearly 7 1. long and is shallow though deep enough to carry large boats. Chub, river, runs into the St. Maurice from the N. e , between the Iroquois rapids and the mouth of Ribbon River. Cinqs, des, river, falls into the R. St. Mau- rice opposite Lower Matawin Island. Clarendon, township, in the co. of Ottawa, is bounded s. by Bristol, w. by Lac des Chats, n. by Litchfield and e. by waste lands of the crown. — It possesses numerous small streams, including Prendergast river, all running into Lac des Chats and the Ottawa ; and on the boundary-line sepa- rating the 8th and 9th ranges are two small lakes called Lake Irien and Decoy Lake. — This township is but thinly settled in front and ha§ no regular roads. It is the last t. settled on the n. bank of the Ottawa and is 150 m. from Montreal. —Ungranted and unlocated, 31,729 acres. Population Saw-mills Statistics. 98 I Cora-milts . 1 I Potasheries . 1 1 Artisans ll Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats Horses Oxen , Bushels. . 430 . 4,50 Potatoes Peas . Bushels. 3980 30 Bushels. Indian corn 1380 Map. sug. cwts 18 hive StocJc. 5 I Cows 14. 1 Sheep 111 Swine 4 16 Clifton, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, joins Compton w., Auckland B., Eaton n.. Bar- ford and Hereford s. The surface is mountainous and broken ; the soil good and generally clothed with birch, maple and beech interspersed with spruce, fir, and a small proportion of pine and poplar. The settlements are chiefly on the road to Eaton in the 2d and 3d ranges, and in the corner of the T. on Salmon river. The soil, which is unexceptionable, would produce grain of every kind abundantly. Some swamps covered with C L O COM cedar and black ash spread in different directions and might be drained with the greatest facility. — The timber is spruce, beech, ash, maple, birch and basswood; the spruce greatly predominating. — Watered by 2 or 3 rivers and by many less consi- derable streams, aU of which ultimately fall into the St. Francis ; it is also watered by some small lakes in which are trout, succors, chub, perch and eels. — Though large grants have been made to several persons since the year 1799, they have at- tracted but few settlers. — The roads improve but slowly, and there is one bridge. — At a private school from 12 to 15 scholars are instructed. — The population in 1827 was 60 and is now 83. — Un- granted and unhealed, 1,000 acres. Statistics, Population . 83 1 Corn-mills . 1 ] Potasheiies , 2 Schools ■ 1| Saw-mills . 1 Pearlasheries 1 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Bushels. . 1,286 . 1,020 Bushels. Barley . 90 Potatoes . 1,510 Bushels. Peas . . 90 Indian corn 310 Live Stock. Horses Oxen . 51 . 02 Cows . 78 Sheep . 170 Swine . 65 Clinton, townsliip, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is a small tract, only equal in dimension to the quarter of a township. It is most agreeably situ- ated at the s. extremity of Lake Megantic, joining Marston N. and in other directions surrounded by Chesham and unsurveyed wastes. The soil in general is of the very first quality, exhibiting inany large patches of luxuriant pastures. The timber is pine, beech, maple, birch, fir, spruce and cedar. — It is watered by the river Arnold and some other streams falling into the lake. No part is settled, although the t. abounds with numerous excellent situations, where the land is fit for every species of agriculture. CiiORiDON, seigniory, in the co. of Bonaven- ture, fronts the R. Ristigouche. The boundaries of this S. were formerly settled by an agreement between the heirs of R^ne d'Eneau and Mr. de Fronsac. This S. extends from the mouth of the R. Perccpic up the r. Ristigouche. — It has never been settled and is now the property of the crown. An historical account of it and its extent are in- cluded in the title. Title " Par Acte de Foi et Hommage rendu le 3me Juin, 1736, par Jean Claude Louet, au nom i.' Anne Morin, son epouse, veuve de Rini d'Eneau et au nom du Capi- taine Rent d'Eneau, sou fils, pour le fief d'Eneau 11 paroit qu'il exhiba uije ordonnance de Mr. de Cluimpigny, In- tendant, du 28me Mars, 1691, annex^e a une rcquete, faite par feu le dit Sieur d'Eneau, exposant que ses litres lui avoient kit enlev^s par les Anglois, et demandant d'etre maintenu dans sa possession de la riviere Ristigouche avec huit lieues de terre de front sur pareille profondeur, le long de la dite riviSre, et les isles et battures qui se trouveront devjint de la dite ^tendue, avec droit de chasse, peche, &c. La susdite ordonnance accordant le contenu de cette requete, sauf seulement les oppositions que pourra faire Mr. de Fronsac, Seigneur de Miramichi. De plus un accord entre les hMtiers du dit feu Sieur Reni d'Eneau et Mr. de Fronsac, par lequel Cloridon fut borne comme suit, savoir, commenfant d Fentree de la riviere au Porcppic, qui tombe dans celle de Histigoucbe, en montant la dite ri- viire Ristigouche ; et que les rumls de vent des ierres du dit Sieur d'Eneau soient Mord-est et Sud-ouest pour la pro- fondeur, confortn^ment d ceux du dit Sieur de Fronsac, et a I'igard du front ou largeur Sud-est et Nord-ouest." — Itls. Con. Sup. lettre J), folio 53. Ci/YDE, river, rises in Lake William in the t. of Halifax, whence, through the line that divides that T. from Inverness, it enters Lake Lomond, taking an e. course. After running through that t. it is soon increased by the Black River from the N. and the Bullet River from the s. After receiving Chaffer's Brook it runs to the division- line of Inverness, near which it enters the r. Be- cancour in the 14th range of the t. of Nelson. CoATicooK or Kawatikouck, river, in the co. of Sherbrooke, rises in the state of Vermont and a little below the v. of Norton enters the rear line of the T. of Barford at its s. w. angle ; then run- ning along the boundary-line it enters the 7th range of the t. of Compton and running through that T., bearing to the N. b., enters the ^ik range of the T. of Ascott, where, near the v. of Len- noxville, it empties itself into the R. St. Francis. — In Compton it turns Conroy's mills in the 5th range and Pennoyer's mUls in the 2nd. It is so much obstructed by falls, which form good sites for mills, that its only advantage for transport is the running of logs to the different mills. CoLBKAiNB, a projected township in the. co. of Megantic, bounded n. by Thetford and Ireland, B. by Tring, s. by Winslow and w. by Garthby. Watered by lake St. Francis and some small lakes and streams. Columbia Falls, v. Ottawa, r. Columbia Pond is a small lake in the t. of Hull at the e. extremity of the 5th range. It is fed by a stream that rises in the 7th range, which passes through the lake and conducts its waters to the Ot- tawa a little s. of the estuary of the Gatineau. COMEATHIBUB, (R.), V. KaCUATHIEUE. CoMMissiONBRs' Lakb, in the co. of Saguenay, is on the r, Ouiatchouan and is separated from COM CON Bouchette L. by Blueberry hills. It receives se- veral rivers, among which are Red river from the N. w, and the rivers Davis and Gouldie from the w. CoMPTONj township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, joins Ascot n. w., Barnston and Barford b. e., Hatley s. w. and Clifton n. e. and is in no re- spect inferior to Ascot. In various parts it has many wide spreading but gentle rises of most ex- cellent land thickly covered with pine, maple and beech timber of fine quality and large size.— Completely watered by the rivers Coaticook and Moose, the former connecting with Lake Tome- fobi and both with the St. Francis, besides many less considerable streams near which are some fine breadths of luxuriant meadow and pasture. —An industrious population, about 1200 souls, inhabit numerous settlements on the banks of the rivers, where most of the farms appear to be in a very thriving and excellent condition, generally producing crops of wheat of excellent quality, and in quantity far beyond the home consumption. Many large patches of land might be very beneficially employed in the culture of flax and hemp. The principal rivers work se- veral mills and there are some manufactories of pot and pearl-ash. — Through the most cultivated parts roads have been opened and bridges thrown over the rivers, all kept in good repair, by which a communication is formed with the main road to Quebec and with the state of Vermont. — There are a few traders and artisans, who, in following their respective trades, create something like the first rudiments of commerce and confer a com- parative importance upon this increasing settle- ment. This township was erected by patent in 1802, when 26,460 acres were granted to Jesse Pennoyer, Esq. and several associates, much of which was immediately cleared and is the best settled and best cultivated part of the t. ,• the greatest portion of this grant is at present held by various settlers, M. Pennoyer having retained no more than a sufiiciency for his own use. In the year 1810, 13,110 acres in the easternly part were granted to Sir Rob. S. Milnes, Bart., and several lots of it are now in an advanced state of cultivation ; the whole, from the general quality of the soil, by a little industry and good manage- ment, might be turned to a very profitable ac- count. — 'The common price for clearing lands in this T. is from 10 to 12 dollars an acre. Population 1202 Churches, Pro. 1 Schools . 1 Corn-mills . 2 Statistict. Saw-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Potasheriea . Fearlasheries Shop-keepers Taverns Artisans Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Bnehels. Bushels. Wheat . 17,510 Rye . 2,000 Peas . 5,100 Oats . 13,160 Buck wheat 1,911 Potatoes 22,800 Bailey . 1,313 Indian com 4,130 Live Stock. Horses . 803 1 Cows . 1 ISO | Swine 1270 Oxen 926 1 Sheep 2420 CoNNBCTicuT Lake, in the t. of Drayton, forms part of a large k. of the same name that runs into the state of Vermont. , CoNTRECCEUH, seigtuory, in the co. of Ver- cheres, is bounded by BeUevue and Cournoyer s. w., St. Ours N. E. and by St. Denis in the rear. — Two leagues in front by two in depth. -—Granted Oct. 29th, 1672, to Sieur de Con- trecoeur and is now the property of the heirs of Monsieur de Laperriere. — The land is rich and fertile, in some few places flat and low but almost every where in a favourable state of cul- tivation ; it produces good crops of grain of ex- cellent quality. So much of this S. issettled that the tracts of woodland are insignificant, in proportion to the whole extent, and in these tracts timber of large dimensions is scarce. — The Ruisseau La Prade, rising about the middle of the S., and several smaller streams contribute to the fertility of the soil and in their course work some mills. — AU the lands are conceded and most of them prior to 1759, on the royal terms. There are five ranges of concessions of different depths, se- parated by as many public roads intersected by others running from the Saint Lawrence, and also by the main road extending from St. Denis and St. Antoine, on the r. Richelieu, to the St. Law- rence, a distance of 2 1. whence there is a ferry to La Valtrie on the opposite shore; the fare is 2s. for a foot passsenger and 7s. 6d. for a horse and carriage. In the second range of con- cessions is the Brflle St. Antoine and in the fourth Le Grand Bi-^6 : these places derive their appellations from the method, sometimes adopted, of clearing the lands by burning the wood upon the ground where it is felled, after such parts of it as are wanted for immediate use are removed ; or else by setting fire to the trees and underwood while standing : when once fairly on fire, they COT COT will often continue to bum for weeks before the flames are subdued. How far the conflagration has spread is shown by the blackened and scorched appearance of the contiguous woods, and by the many half consumed trunks and roots that remain for years in the ground, being extirpated only as the farmer's leisure offers convenient opportunities. Accidental fires sometimes occur in the forests, which, being spread by the wind, and no means taken to extinguish them, occasion brfiles to a great extent. — There are two neat churches and parsonage-houses in this S. but no village; the houses however are numerous, distributed along the different roads in the concessions and towards the banks of the St. Lawrence. — The group of small islands in front, called Les Islets de Con- trecoeur, is an appendage to the S. Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par • Jeati Talon, Intendant au Sieur de Contrecceur, de deux lieues de terre de front sur autant de profondeur; a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis les terres du Sieur de St, Ours, jusqu'a celles du Sieur de Villeray."— Cahiers d' Intend. 2 d 9, folio 190. Coo Coo Cash, river and lakes, in the co. of Quebec, are between the rivers Flammand and Vermilion which fall e. into the St. Maurice above the North Bastonais river. Copps Village, v. Stanstead, t. CoKiBOu, river. This small stream runs into the Saguenay just below Cap St. Frangois. CosupscouL (R.) V. Casupscull. • Cote de Beauprb, seignory, in the cos. of Saguenay and Montraorenci, joins Beauport s. w. and reaches to the r. du Goufire n. b. extending 16 leagues on the St. Lawrence by 6 in depth. — Granted Jan. 15th, 1636, to Sieur Cheffault de la Rlgnardiere ; now the property of the eccle- siastics of the seminary of Quebec. — This very extensive seigniory is more mountainous than any other in the province, yet it contains a large pro- portion of rich and fertUe land. The nature of the soil varies much ; on the low grounds along the front, from Beauport to Cap Tourmente, is a dark-coloured mould of good quality, occasionally mixed with sand, clay and marl ; on the higher lands is for the most part a strong black earth, which, as it approaches the mountains, gives place to a yellowish loam. — Beech, maple, birch, pine, hickory and basswood are very abundant, also the inferior kinds, cedar, spruce fir, hemlock, &c.— • From the N. e. extremity of this S. to Cap Tour- mente, rather more than 22 m., is a strip of land varying in breadth from -J- m. to 1 m. bounded n. by an eminence of considerable elevation : the part of this space not under tillage is very excellent meadow land ; the outer margin, at low water, is a continued marsh of not much less than 1 m. in width visited by wild-ducks, snipes and plover in amazing numbers. Beyond this level the ground continues to rise by gradations until it reaches the lofty mountains in the rear. Cap Tourmente is a bold bluff point, rising 1892 ft. above the St. Law- rence and a very prominent object; hence to Cap Maillard, another bold promontory about 5 1. down the river, there is a continuation of capes and projecting points, which, varying greatly in their size and height, rise abruptly from the beach; at their base is the route called Le Chemin des Caps, which is the only means of communication between the two places and not passable at high water. From Cap Maillard to Cap de la Baie, nearly 3 1., is a narrow space between the river and the rising ground in the division called La Petite Riviere, similar to that westward of Cap Tourmente, which is very well cultivated. Pro- ceeding by the Bay of St. Paul and the river du Gouffre, the country is exceedingly moun- tainous ; but the soil is good, thickly inhabited and well cultivated. — This seigniory is watered by a great many streams running into the St. Lawrence and the river du Gouffre ; the more considerable are — Montmorenei Du Sault k la Puce Au Chien Ste. Anne Du Domaine Du Sault au Cocbon Bras du nord-ouest Gouffre Des Mares Hemus, &c. &c. du The corn-mill, formerly on la Petite Riviere, is now erected on the river du Sault a la Puce. The old mill on the r. Remus was on the e. of the road; the new one is built on the w. side about 1|- arpent from the old site. — This seigniory is divided into 8 parishes, viz. — Ange Gardien Chateau Richer Ste. Anne St. Joachim St. Fireol La Petite RiviSre Baie de St. Paul St. Urbain. In each of these parishes are one church, one parsonage-house, one corn-mill and several saw- mills. — The best cultivated and most populous di- visions of the seigniory are Ange Gardien, Chateau Richer, Ste. Anne, St. Joachim and the settlements of St. Fereol. Between the settlements of St. Fe- reol and those of La Petite RiviSre a barren tract COTE DE BEAUPRE. intervenes 5 1. in length, which has always proved most injurious to the progress of the settlements ahout St. Paul's Bay, there being no means of communication between the two settlements, ex- cept by water and the uncertain route of Le Chemin des Caps. — The roads in this important S. have undergone considerable improvements latterly. The road traced in 1815 by the Dep. Grand Voyer, Chevalier D'Estimanville, which runs circuitously along the front of the S., being found inconvenientj a new one has been opened by order of the legislature and money for its com- pletion voted. This road was opened in 1818 by Mr. Foumier, under the direction of the commis- sioners of roads appointed by the Assembly; it ex- tends from the N. w. end of the Route de St. An- toine to the r. Ste. Anne, 29f miles. The sum of 1000/. having been voted for the purpose of making settlements on this road, 13 settlers were established previous to the 8th Jan. 1830, and a house was then being built for a settler at the 14th or last post The mean depth of the cul- tivated lands in this S., measuring from the front, is as follows : Arpents. Ange Gardien 30 Chateau Richer 30 Arpents. Ste. Anne 40 St. Joachim 25 Arpents. St. F^reol 30 The height of the most elevated parts of the S. is as follows : Cap Tourmente . 1892 feet, measured. Montagne Ste. Anne ] 900 feet, supposed. Cap Maillard . 2200 feet, supposed. Mountain Remy from 6 to 700 feet. The Parish of Ange Gardien, by a regulation of Feb. 20, 1721, confirmed by a decree of Mar. 3, 1722, extends \\ 1. along the St. Lawrence and is bounded w. by the r. Montmorencij e. by the R. du Petit-Pre which separates it from the p. of Chateau Richer ; it comprehends the whole depth of that part of the S. All the farms in this p. were conceded previous to 1759, each extending 3 arpents in front by 1 1 league in depth, at the rate of 20 sols for each front arpent. This parish is populous and well settled and the main road, passing along the eminence almost fronting the river, presents a number of very good houses on each side, which, with those on the rising grounds more in the interior, have a most picturesque eflFect. Many young agriculturists have left this p. and that of Chateau Richer and settled in the districts of Montreal and Three Rivers ; but none go to the townships. The Parish of Chateau Richer, by a regulation confirmed by a royal decree of March 3, 1722, in which it is called la Paroisse de la Visitation de Notre Dame, extends w. from the R. du Petit- Pre, which separates it from the parish of Ange Gardien, to the r. au Chien e. which divides it from the p. of Ste. Anne. It runs 2^ 1. along the shore of the St. Lawrence and comprehends the whole depth of that part of the S. In this p. are the ruins of a Franciscan monastery, built at the beginning of the last century, on a little rocky promontory on the bank of the St. Lawrence ; its destruction took place at the time the British army, under General Wolfe, was encamped on the e. side of the river Montmorenci: the exterior walls and part of an adjoining tower still remain. On a rising ground, in the rear of these ruins, stands the parish church, rather a handsome structure with two spires : from this spot a wide-spreading and beautiful prospect unfolds itself, comprehend- ing a large portion of the river. Cap Tour- mente, the Island of Orleans, Cape Diamond and the intermediate scenery of well-cultivated ti-acts bounded by distant mountains to the n. and s. About 1 league from the church is a charming cascade on the river Sault a la Puce. — All the farms in this parish were conceded before 1 759, each 3 arpents in front by 1^ league in depth, paying a quit-rent of 20 sols for each front arpent. The Parish of Ste. Anne, by a decree of the council of state. Mar. 3, 1722, which confirmed a regulation of Feb. 20, 1721, extends one league in front along the St. Lawrence and is bounded w. by the P. of Chateau Richer and e. by the p. of St. Joachim from which it is separated by the R. Ste. Anne, and stretches to the rear line of the S. — All the lands or farms in this P. were conceded prior to 1759, each extending 3 arpents in front by 1^ league in depth, subject to the moderate payment of about 2 livres old currency for each front arpent as a kind of quit-rent. The Parish of St. Joachim, by a regulation made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by a decree of the council of state, March 3, 1722, extends \\ leagues along the St. Lawrence from Cap Tourmente b. to the r. Ste. Anne, w. and n. — This is one of the most beautiful parishes in Lower Canada; it is thickly inhabited and the lands are of good quality and in high cultivation, pro- ducing wheat and other grain very plentifully; it contains also some very luxuriant pasturage. COTE DE BEAUPRE. Nearly all the farms in this parish were conceded prior to 1759, each extending 2 or 3 arpents in front by 1-J- league in depth, subject to a quit- rent of about 2 livres old currency per front ar- pent; for the small number of farms conceded since 1759 the seigniors must pay very moderate reiits, for the farmer, who pays most, is annu- ally charged for his farm only 9s. 9^d. in money and a quarter of a bushel of wheat ; the greater number pay much less. The farms in this pa- rish are very unequal in extent and much di- vided ; many on the St. Lawrence are 1-| league in depth by 1, 2, or 3 arpents in front ; others are bounded n. w. by the river Ste. Anne, s. e. by the St. Lawrence and the road called Trait- carri and some on that road by a concession called St. Elzeard ,• so that the depth of these farms varies from about 25 to 75 arpents. Be- sides the farms of a uniform breadth, there are others varying from a quarter of an arpent to 15 or 20 arpents. The only part of all these farms fit for cultivation is that extending from the St. Lawrence to the foot of the hills ; it would be useless to attempt to turn the other parts to profit. These farms are so much divided that a farmer sometimes possesses land in 5 or 6 different places. The farmers, in general, rear their fa- milies in rustic respectability and nothing more. All the lands fit for cultivation are occupied; many are unconceded n. e. of St. Fereol, but the climate is there so severe that corn cannot generally be grown to advantage; the farmers, therefore, instead of breaking up new lands, have neither the courage nor the means of cultivating the lands conceded between 1740 and 1750. — The new road communicating from St. Paul's Bay to this parish traverses some good lands lying N. E. of St. Joachim parish and n. w. of la Chaine des Caps, extending from Cap Tour- mente to Cap Maillard. — The parochial church has nothing remarkable in its exterior, but the in- terior is decorated in the most elegant manner, and it would be difficult to select a parish in all the province whose inhabitants excel those of St. Joachim in social, moral, and religious duties. — In this parish, delightfully situated on a rising ground, at a short distance from Cap Tourmente, is a charming country residence called le Coteau Fortin, with a chapel and various outbuildings, belonging to the seminary of Quebec, to which many of the superiors retire every year during the summer. — From 150 to 200 barrels of eels are caught by the inhabitants in this p. and at les Caps. The Parish of St. Fereol lies n. w. of the parish of St. Joachim and is about 2 1. in front. The settlements range chiefly along the w. bank of the B. Ste. Anne for about 6 m. ; and the cleared lands commence 5 or 6 arpents e. of the Riviere a la Rose. Some of the inhabitants are sufficiently rich, but many of them are poor and receive cha- ritable assistance from the inhabitants of the ad- joining V. of St. Joachim. The Parish of Petite Riviere, by a regulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by a decree of the council of state, Mar. 3, 1722, extends one 1 in front along the St. Lawrence. The road through the settlements of this parish is, for about 6 miles, well settled on each side, the houses neat and the farms in a respectable state of tillage. The road continues to La Martine, a settlement about 3 m. in the interior, whence it goes through Cote St. Antoine and C6te St. Gabriel, as far as the R. Remus, about 10| miles. At short intervals through this route are houses and farms in a flourishing state. From 8 to 900 barrels of eels are annually caught by the inhabitants in this parish and at des Caps in the neighbourhood. The Parish of Baie de St Paul, by a decree of the 3rd of March, 1722, which confirms the re- gulation of Sept. 20, 1721, includes the S. of du Gouffre, 3 1. ou the St. Lawrence s. w. and the Isle aux Coudres, In St. Paul's Bay and along the river du Gouffre the settlements are girted by a loftyrange of mountains, stretching n. from the St. Lawrence and enclosing a valley about 13 m. in length and from 1 to 1^ m. in breadth, the greatest part of which is numerously inhabited and very well cultivated, notwithstanding the land is in many places very rocky and uneven : several spots on the sides of the hills, being difficult of access from their elevated and precipitous situation, are tilled by manual labour and are extremely fertile in grain of most kinds. On this tract the houses of the inhabitants are nearly all of stone, very well built and whitewashed on the outside, which greatly adds to the gaiety of the general prospect of the settlement, as well as to the neatness of their individual appearance. Several small streams descend from the mountains, and after meander- ing through the valley fall into the Riviere du Gouffre, turning in their way several saw and com-miUs. The main road passes at the foot of K c o u c o u the bounding heights to the extremity of the cul- tivated land in Cdte St. Urbain, and on each side presents many neat and interesting farms and set- tlements in a very improved state. The church of St. Pierre is situated on the bank of the Riviere du Gouffre. The Parish of St. Urbain, by a decree dated Sept. 8, 1827, extends about 9 miles along the k. du Gouffre by about 9 miles in depth. — This p. is watered by two arms of the du Gouffre. — The soil is sandy. — Several saw-mills are about ^ 1. from the chapel ; and on the rivulet Remy is seated the new seignorial mill at a short distance from the old one. In this p. is a considerable quantity of iron ore and a magnetic ore, a large specimen of which the author laid before the literary society of Quebec with specimens of white lead : this ore was found in the vicinity of the lower corn-mill at St, Paul's Bay. Statistical Table of the Seigniory of Cdte de Beaupri. Parishes. g 1 A. 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 a 1 7 1 1 7 1 "T . 4 5 be S 1 2 3 i 9. 1 1 31 33 1 br s % 1 1 > 'a I i 1 Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. Live Stock. 1 1 i 1 1 SJ5 g X 6 1 s w 1652 720 250 1638 344 480 2270 7354 Ange Gardien Chateau Richer Petite Riviere Sainte Anne St. F^reol St. Joachim St Paul and > St. Urbain 5 Total . . 701 1037 .337 692 519 689 2628 6603 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 6 7 3 4. 30 48 1 2 6 9 19 4,1 187 247 2 3 9 li 6500 10920 2132 93M 2288 9360 18500 4572 3000 750 5200 1560 650 2340 130 740 260 156 130 2600 520 780 910 5200 54S0 2850 6500 3500 6200 18206 676 740 520 650 130 390 607 49 4S 130 61 49 67 105 236 360 100 234 168 240 683 354 540 171 1521 258 360 1365 590! 1888 900 2880 210 450 1755 1872 430 1376 600 1920 1810 3664 59080 18072 4016 ■2210'45936 .3713 2015 4569629514050 Title. — " Concession du 15me Janvier, 1636, faite par la Compagnie, au Sieur CheffauU de la Regnardiere, situee du cdte du Nord dufleuve St. Laurent, contenant I'ctendue de terre qui se trouve depuis la borne du c6t6 Sud-ouest du dit fief, qui le s^pare d'avec celui ci-devant appartenant au Sieur Giffard, en descendant le dit fleuve St. Laurent, jusqu'a la rividre du Gouffre, sur six lieues de profondeur dans les terres ; avec les isles du cap brulf, I'islet rompu et autres islets etbattures au devant de ladite Seigneurie." — lUgUtre d'Intendance, No. 10 a IT, folio 667. CouDEE, Grande, river, rises in and runs through waste lands belonging to the crown, and empties itself into the r. du Loup, opposite the x. of Jersey in the co. of Beauce. Coughnawa6a (V.), V. Sadlt St. Louis, S. CouLANGE (L.), V. Ottawa, r. CoULEs DBS Roches, river, in the island of Montreal, rises in the C&te de St. Leonard, and running n. e. for about 3 m. turns N. and falls into the r. des Prairies opposite the n. e. end of Isle Jesus. Coui/Buvres, des (L.), v. l, St. John. couhcelles (i.), v. dorval,, i. CouRNOYER, fief, in the co. of Nicolet, lies contiguous to Dutord and is bounded n. b. by Gentilly. — J 1. in front by 3 1. in depth, but the original title has not been discovered. It now be- longs to Etienne Le Blanc, Esq. — Towards the rear the land is higher but in all other respects precisely similar to Becancour, and the timber is nearly of the same species that prevails there. Two-thirds of the land is well settled and in a superior state of cultivation. Title. — " Situe au Sud du fleuve St. Laurent, contenant une demi lieue de front sur trois lieues de profondeur, tenant du cote du Nord-est au fief de Gentilly et du cote du Sud-ouest au def de Dutort, appartenant aux benders de feu Sieur Linctot. — Par le reglement des paroisses fait par le Gouveriieur et I'lntendant, cet fief est dti pour avoir deux lieues de front sur trois de profondeur." — Ri- gistre du papier Terrier, folio 204, le 2me Mars, 1725. CouHNOTER, seigniory, in the co. of Vercheres, is bounded n. w. by Vercheres and Bellevue ; s. w. by BeloeU; n. e. by Contrecoeur and in the rear by the r. Richelieu. — 1|^ leagues in front by 2 in depth. Granted March 1st, 1695, to Sieur de Cournoyer, and is now possessed by Joseph Tous- saint Drolet, Esq.— All this S. is conceded and settled and the land is nearly similar to that of Vercheres and Contrecoeur, chiefly of good qua- lity, producing wheat and other grain in abund- ance. The best cultivated part is on the bank of the Richelieu and towards Contrecoeur; the quan- tity under management is about two-thirds of the whole. The uncleared lands are chiefly at the N. w. angle, and afford wood of inferior kinds only.— It is watered by the Richelieu and the c o u cox Ruisseau Gaudete. — The roads are generally good and an excellent one leading from the village of Vercheres, close to the St. Lawrence, and follow- ing the Richelieu joins the main public road to Chambly, &c. — Although there is no village there is one school for boys. — Oxen as well as horses are used in agricultural labour. One-half of the wheat grown is consumed in the S., the other half is sold either as corn or flour. — Three ferries over the Richelieu. — Three concessions in front, of an irregular shape, are in the Parish of St. Mark ; the church, 120 ft. by 50, is on the bank of the Richelieu. Statistics of the Parish of St. Mark. Population 1173 Schools . 1 Churches, R. C. 1 Corn-mills . 5 Presbyteries 1 Tanneries . 1 Shopkeepers 1 Taverns . 2 Artisans . 13 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. . 15,600 . 9,100 200 Potatoes Peas Rye Bushels. 21,500 4,000 2,600 Bushels. Indian corn 100 Mixed grain 910 Maple sug. cwt.28 Live Stock. 420 1 Cows 380 1 Sheep 620 1 Swine 2,400 ( 380 Title. — " Concession du ler Mars, 1695, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur de Cournoyer, de deux lieues de terre de front sur pareille profondeur du cote du Nord de la riviSre Riche- lieu, a commencer a la Seigneurie du Sieur Joseph Hertel, en descendant la dite miiTe."-~R6gistre d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 19. CouRYALj seigniory, in the co. of Yamaska, is in the rear of Baie St. Antoine or Lefebvre and extends to the t. of Wendover. — 2 1. in breadth by 3 in depth. Granted Sept. 25th, 1754, to Sieur Cresse and is now possessed by — Badeam, Esq. — But little of this grant is cleared; the land how- ever is much above mediocrity : in a few swampy places is found the timber usual on a wet soil ; the uplands produce beech, maple, birch and pine. — This S. is watered by the s. w. branch of the Nicolet and by the St. Francis, on which is a corn-mill belonging to the seignior. — The settlers are established upon the banks of the two rivers and have improved their farms very fast ; their number would have been greater if the rents im- posed were more easy. — The only road is that from St. Antoine to the new townships. Title. — " Concession du 25me Septembre, 1754, faite au Sieur Cressi, par le Marquis Duquesne, Gouverneur, et Frarifois Bigot, Intendant, de deux lieues de front sur trois lieues de profondeur, situSe au bout de la profondeur de la Seigneurie vulgairement nommC-e la Baie St. Antoine ou du Felvre, au bord du lac St. Pierre, laquelle Seigneurie a deux lieues ou environ de front, sur deux lieues seule- ment de profondeur, et se trouve enclavfee entre le fief du Sieur Cressd pere, au Nord-est, et un autre fief apparte- nant au Sieur Lussaudiire au Sud-ouest."— ii^^s^re d'In- tendance, No. 10,/oHo 19. Covey's Hill, v. Hbmmingfohd, t. Cox, township, in the co. of Bonaventure, is bounded e. by the t. of Hope; s. by the bay of Chaleurs; w. by the t. of Hamilton and N.by waste lands of the crown. — It is watered by the R. Bonaventure and contains the town of New Carlisle and the village of Paspebiac. — New Car- lisle is partly in Cox and partly in Hope, but the greater part is in Cox. It is a small fishing town and is laid out with a view to future compactness and regularity. It is centrically situated on the Bay of Chaleurs ; the houses are built of wood and a gaol, a court-house, a custom-house and a school have been erected. The situation is very healthy, and the adjacent lands rank among the most fertile in the district. Numerous settlements extend on each side, occupying nearly the whole front of the townships of Cox and Hope, and which, including the town, contain nearly one- half of the whole population. These settlements are in a much more improved state than any of the others. The want of corn-mills is seriously felt by the inhabitants, and greatly retards the pro- gress of agriculture : there are good mill sites on a river that takes its source in a small lake in the T., and which runs near these settlements. In front there is an excellent beach, where the fish is cured and dried. — The Village of Paspebiac is s.w. of New Carlisle, and is seated on the mar- gin of the Bay of Chaleurs. This village is the principal commercial depot of a company of mer- chants trading under the firm of Robins and Co. The Company made its first establishment at Pas- pebiac in 1767 and was obliged to abandon it, from the autumn of 1778 to the spring of 1783, on account of the depredations of the Americans. Since that period they have continued it unre- mittingly to the present day. They have built 20 square-rigged vessels, which carry 3790 tons, besides a number of small ones, for the coasting trade, of 30 to 65 tons each. Their establishment comprises 8 dwelling-houses, 10 store-houses, with a sail-loft, rigging-loft aod mould-loft for ship- builders and 1 1 sheds. The annual amount of out- fits and supplies imported from Europe is upwards k2 C R A D A U of £ 10,000 sterling. They export annually from 22 to 27,000 quintals of dried codfish, about 100 barrels of pickled fish and 30 to 50 tons of cod-liver oil. Besides this establishment the company have an extensive fishing-post at Perce, one at Grand River and one at New Port, where the ships' crews and a number of servants from the parishes in the en- virons of Quebec, in all about and sometimes above 350 men, are employed from the beginning of May to the latter end of August, and about half that number tiU the close -of the navigation in the latter end of Nov. The trade they carry on in the district of Gasp6 supports about 800 families, which are supplied by the Company with all necessaries for the fisheries, wearing apparel, &c. &c. Statistics, comprehending Paspehiac and part of Carlisle in Hope T. Population 667 Churches, R.C. 1 Presbyteries 1 Court-houses 1 Gaols . Villages Artisans . 1 . 1 . 18 River craft . 6 Tonnage . 450 Keel boats . 37 Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat . Oats Bushels. 1,800 1,620 Bushels. Potatoes . . 7,050 Peas ... 400 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 57 133 Cows Sheep . 149 . 374 Swine . 325 Title of Paspebiac. " Concession du lOme Novembre, 1707, faite par Ri- gaud, Gouverneur, et Ruiidot, Intendant, au Sieur Pierre Leymar, de la pointe de Paspibiac, dans la Bate des Chaleurs, avee unelieue de front du cdt6 de I'Est de la dite pointe et une lieue du cote de 1' Quest, avec les isles et islets qui se trouveront au devant de I'^tendue de la dite concession, siur trois lieues de profondeur." — Insinuations du Conseil SupSrieur, lettre C, folio 38. Craig's Road, v. Roads. Cranbourne, township, in the co. of Eeauce, is bounded n. by Frampton, b. by Standon and Ware, s. by Watford, w. by Aubert de I'lsle and Vaudreuil, and is 45 m. from Quebec. — The lands are surveyed and divided and are with few ex- ceptions of good quality. The part, between the main branch of the R. Etchemin and the lake of that name, consists of an excellent upland soil well calculated for settling. The price for clear- ing land in this t. is 60s. per acre. — Cranbourne is watered by numerous streams and several lakes, the principal of which are the rivers Des Pleurs and Guillaume, Lake Etchemin and Petit Lac. — Ungranted and unlocated 40,000 acres. Crawford Lake, in the first lot of the 3rd range of Chatham Gore, between Lakes Nesse and Bouchette, near the boundary line of Went- worth. Crbux, rivulet. — The Ruisseau Creux is a small stream that rises in the S. of Terrebois ; it runs N. B. into the S, of Riv, du Loup. Croche, a name given to the North Basto- nais R. Crombr Lake, v. La Noraye, S. Crooked Lake, v. N. Bastonais, r. Cross, the, v. Wagansis, r. Crossways, lake, is an expansion of the earlier waters of the r. St. Maurice; it lies between lakes Chawgis and Oskelanaio. CuLOTTB, la, lake, lies in the centre of a range of lakes forming the first waters of the river aux Lievres. Cumberland, fief, in the S. of Aubert de I'Isle, fronts the R. Chaudiere and is bounded n. by Vaudreuil. Cushcouia, bay, v. Baddbly, r. Cutiatendi (L.), v. aux Pjns, r. D. Daaquam, river, rises in the t. of Ware and, running b. through waste lands of the crown, enters the co. of L'Islet ; being increased by the waters of the Eseganetsogook river and lake it soon after falls into the k. St. John. D'AiLLEBOUT D'Argentbuil, seigniory, in the CO. of Berthier, is bounded in front by the river L'Assomption ; s. w. by the t. of KUdare ; N. E. by the S. of De Ramzay and in the rear by waste crown lands.— l^league in front by 4 leagues in depth. Granted, Oct. (5, 1736, to Sieur Jean D'AUlebout d'Argenteuil and now belongs to the heirs of the late Hon. P. L. Panet. — It contains about 40 houses along the road near the front. Title. —" Concession du 6me Oct., 1736, feite par Charles, Marquis de Beaiihamois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Jean d'Aillebout d'Argrntenil, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur, derriere la Seigneurie de Lanauraie, laquelle sera bornfee pour la devanture par la rive du Nord de la riviere de VAssomption ; du c6te du Sud-ouest par la ligne de la continuation de la Seigneurie de Lavaltrie ; d'autre cote, au Nord-est par une ligne paraUele, tenant aux terres non-concedi'BS, et dans la profondeur par une ligne paral- l^le & la devanture; joignant aussi aux terres non-con- cidi'es." — Registre d'Intendance, No. ^ folio 14. Dahtigny (S.), v. Villeray, S. Dauphin, river, in the island of Orleans, is a DAW DEL small stream formed by three rivulets. It turns a mill at its mouth on the s. e. side, opposite Isle Madame. D'AuTEUiL, seigniory, in the co. o^Portneuf, is in the rear of the augmentation to Belair and is bounded N. e. by Bourglouis ; s. w. by the s. of Jacques Cartier; N.w.by waste crown lands. — Half a league in breadth by 4^ 1. in depth. Granted, Feb. 19, 1693, to the Sieur d'Auteuil.— This mountainous tract is still in a state of nature, and is indeed likely so to remain. It produces some good timber and, judging from the different kinds, the soil may be considered above mediocrity. — The k. Ste. Anne traverses it near the middle. Title. — " Concession du 15me F^vrier, 1693, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur D'Auteuil, d'un reste de terre non-conc^de, qui a pour de front la ligne de profondeur du Sieur Toupin Dusault ; au Nord-est la ligne du Sieur Dupont, au Sud- ouest celle du fief du dit Sieur D'Auteuil; et au Nord- ouest la ligne qui sera tir^e au bout de quatre lieues et demie ; ensemble les rivieres et ruisseaux et tout ce que s'y trouvera compris." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. ii, folio 10. Dautke (F.), v. Lanorayb. David River, in the co. of Saguenay, runs from the north and empties itself into the right bank of the R. Peribonea, 3i miles from l. St. John ; it appears to be navigable for canoes for a great distance and continues about 10 chains wide as far as the first portage, which is about 9^ miles from its mouth. David River, in the co. of Yamaska, is formed by the Ruisseau des Chenes and other small streams rising in the t. of Upton, which meet in the S. of Deguir and that of Bourgmarie East, where this r. waters the domain of J. Wurtell, Esq. and turns the mills belonging to that gen- tleman ; it soon after enters the S. of Yamaska and falls into the R. of that name a little above Isle Joseph. Davis River, in the co. of Two Mountains, is formed by the waters of several lakes in Chatham Gore, and running s. into the S. of Argenteuil falls into the North River. Davis River, in the co. of Saguenay, runs into Commissioners' Lake from the w. opposite Blue- berry Plains. Davis ■( v.), v. Chatham, t. Dawson's Lake, in the Gore of Chatham, lies in the 2nd and 3rd ranges and in the centre of that part in front, which has been surveyed. Dbadman's Isle, v. Magdalen Islands. Debartch (S.), v. St. Hyacinthe, S. Decoy Lake, in the t. of Clarendon, lies e. of Erien Lake, near the centre of the t., between the 9th and 10th ranges. Deep River, in the co. of Quebec, runs through waste lands s. w. into lake Quaqua- gamack. Deguir, seigniory, in the co. of Yamaska, bounded n. and n. e. by Pierreville and St. Fran- cois; s. and s. E. by the township of Upton; s. w. by Bourgmarie East and N. e. by Courval. — Its figure is irregular, the greatest length being 2^ 1. but its extent does not agree with the original grant, which specifies 2 1. of front by 2 1. deep. — Granted, Sept. 23, 1751, to Sieur Josephe De- guir, called Desrosiers ; the property now be- longs to Josias Wurtell, Esq. who has about 300 settlers. — In many places the land is low but, if cleared, fit for productions of every sort common to the country. The timber is generally of a su- perior class. Several branches of the river David water it and along them are dispersed a few set- tlers, who have their farms in a forward state of cultivation. — Were a critical revision of the boun- daries to take place, some of these tenants now holding from the seignior of Deguir would prove to be located within the township of Upton. — The road to Drummondville (v. Grantham) is now finished ; a better road to the borough of Sorel is much wanted, the present one being long, very winding and passing over a great many hills,, it would be advisable to give it a straighter direction towards the h. Yamaska at some place fit for the erection of a bridge. The cost of this alteration has been calculated at about £400. Title. — " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1751, faite par le Marquis de la Jonqniere, Gouverneur, et FranfOis Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Joseph Deguir, dit Desrosiers, de deux lieues de terre de front ou environ, sur deux lieues de profondeur, a prendre au bout de la profondeur de la Seigneurie Si. Franfois, bornee d'un cot^, au Nord-est, a la riviere St Francois, au Sud-ouest a la Seigneurie de la Dame Petit, sur le devant au trait quarre de la dite Seigneurie de St. Fraiifois, et dans la profondeur aux terres non-concedSes, ensemble la riviSre David qui se trouve dans I'entendue du dit terrein." — Rigistre d'Intend- ance, No. Q, folio 82. De Lery, seigniory, in the co. of Acadie, bounded n. e. by the barony of Longueuil; w. and N. w. by the t. of Sherrington and the S. of La Prairie de la Magdelaine ; s. by the S. of La DEL D E R Colle and e. by the k. Richelieu. — 2 1. in front by 3 in depth. Granted, 6th April, 1733, to Chaussegros de Lery and is now the property of General Burton. — The whole of this tract is low, having in many parts cedar swamps and marshes that spread over a large space : where the land is dry a good black soil generally prevails, which, when cultivated, proves very fertile. The pro- portion settled is much less than that in the adjoining grants, a large part still remaining in its natural state of woodland. — The river Mont- real runs through this S., and the r. Bleurie and Johnson Creek rise and fall in it. A small lake, near the middle, frequently overflows the sur- rounding low lands and makes a marsh to a con- siderable distance; but neither the marshes nor swamps are so deep as to prevent draining, which, judiciously performed, would in a short time ren- der the land iit for the plough or convert it into excellent meadows ; however, while there remains so much land of a good quality to be granted, which comparatively requires so little trouble to clear and improve, it is most probable that these tracts will long continue in their present condition. The best settled parts are about the woods of Acadie, and by the road leading to the state of New York, which, with a few other dispersed settlements, may amount to about one-third of the whole seig- niory. The road that passes through the woods of Acadie, being the military route to the fron- tiers and the line of march for troops moving in that direction, has been benefited by some sub- stantial repairs and has, in many parts, been cause- wayed for the passage of artillery and heavy bag- gage. — Near the boundary of La Colle is a small place called Burtonville, composed of a few houses distributed without regularity on each side of the main road. — In the Richelieu, near the mouth of the Bleurie, is Isle aux Noix, formerly the property of the late General Christie but now belonging to the Crown ; it is a flat, a little above the level of the river, containing only 85 acres; it lies \0\ miles from the boundary-line, in an excel- lent situation to intercept the whole communi- cation by water from Lake Champlain ; it is, con- sequently, a most important military station and has been fortified with all the care its command- ing position deserves. In this isle is a place for building ships, where the Confiance of 32 guns was launched. Statistics. Population Churches, R. C. . 1,531 Presbyteries 1 Saw-mills . . 1 . 1 Annual JgricuUural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 27,000 Oats . 30,000 Barley . 4,900 Bushels. Potatoes 83,000 Peas . 8,000 Rye . 1,000 Bushels. Buck wheat 2,000 Indian corn 1,980 M. sugar, cwts. 38 Live Stock. Horses . 1,910 Oxen . 2,118 Cows . 3,010 Sheep . 9,060 Swine . 3,000 Title " Concession du 6me Avril, 1733, faite par Charles, Marquis de Bcauharnois, Gouvemeur, et GUla Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Chaussegros de LSry, de deux lieues de front le long de la rividre de Chambly, sur trois lieues de profondeur; les dites deux lieues de front i prendre depuis la borne de la Seigneurie du Sieur de LongueuU, qui va au Nord-ouest, en remontant vers le lac Champlain, i une ligne tiree est et ouest du monde, et joignant la profondeur aux terres non-concedees." — jRe- gistre d'Intendance, N'o. 7, folio 13. De l'Isle, seigniory, in the co. of Beauce (vide Auhert GalUon), bounded n. by Vaudreuil; w. by the Chaudiere, which separates it from Aubert Gallion ; e, by Watford ; s. by Jersey and waste lands. — It is 2 leagues square. Granted, in 1736, to Sieur Gabriel Aubin de L'Isle and now belongs to M. de Lery. — This fief is watered by the rivers Chaudiere, du Loup and la Famine. In the vicinity of R. du Loup are many extensive tracts of excellent meadow land. Title " Concession du 24me Septembre, 1736, faite par Charles, Marquis de BeauTiamois, Gouvemeur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Gabriel Aubin, De L'Isle, d'un terrein de deux lieues de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, du cote du Nord-est de la riviere du Sault de la Chaudiire, avec les isles et islets qui sont dans la dite riviere du c6te du Nord-est; a commencer a la fin d'autres trois lieues concid^es au Sieur Joseph Fleury de la Gorgendiere et finir aux terres non-concedees."— ^- gistrc d'Intendance, No. 8,Jblio 12. De Pbiras, v. Mitis. De RamzaYj seignioiy, in the co. of Berthier, joins d'AiUebout and is bounded n. e. by the t. of Brandon. — 11 1. in front by 4 1. in depth. Granted 7th Oct., 1736, to Dame Genevieve de Ramzay, widow of Sieur de Boishebert, and is now the property of the heirs of the late Hon. P. L. Panet. — This grant, as weU as d'Aillebout, consists of good rich land in the lower part, but in the rear, approaching the mountains, the soil is either a hard unfruitful clay, upon which the farmer's labour would be thrown away, or irre- gular and broken strata of rock; it is however D E R D E S tolerably well timbered with beeclij birch, maple, some oak and a little pine, besides the common sorts for fuel — A small range on the w. bank of the 11. L'Assomption is all that is under culture. — The village lies on the main road that leads to- wards Berthier from the a. L'Assomption; it consists of 25 or 30 houses, of which the most con- spicuous is that of Mrs. Panet. The highlands stretching across the S., in the rear of the v., produce a very pleasing effect. Title " Concession du 7me Octobre, 1736, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouvemeur, et Gillea Hocqiiart, Intendant, a Dame Geneviive deSamzay, veuve du feu Sieur de Boishibert, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur, bomde sur la de- vanture par la rive du Nord de la riviSre de VAssomption, du e6te du Sud-Ouest par la ligne de la concession nou- vellement accordfe au Sieur d'Argenteuil; d'autre, au Nord-Est par une ligne parallele, tenant aux prolongation de la Seigneurie d'Antaya ; et dans la profondeur par une ligne paralUle a la devanture, joignant aussi aux terres non-concedtes. " — Rigistre d'Intendance, Ifo.S, folio 15. De Ramzay, seigniory, in the co. of St. Hya- cinthe, is bounded s. w. by the S. of St. Hyacinthe ; E. and N. E. by the t. of Upton ; s. w. by St. Charles Yamaska and Bourchemin. — 3 1. in front by 3 in depth. Granted 17th Oct. 1710, to Sieur de Ramzay and is now the property of the heirs of P. Langan, Esq. — Very little of this S. is cul- tivated, or even cleared. Judging of the quality of the land from the timber, there is every reason to suppose that it might be brought into use with very good prospects. Towards the N. e. are some swamps thickly covered with cedar and spruce fir, the certain indication of such a soil ; the woods on the higher parts are of much better kinds and, in some places, show the ground to be of a strong and good quality. This S. is watered by the river Chibouet. Population 3( Churches, Pro. Cures Statistics. Corn-mills . Saw-mills Medical men Notaries Taverns Artisans Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. 3,189 2,900 100 Bushels. Potatoes 3,820 Peas . 1,005 Rye . 20 Bushels. Buckvrheat 100 Indian corn 119 Live Stock. 143 123 Cows Sheep 368 1 Swine 778 221 Title, — " Concession du 17me Octobre, 1710, faite au Sieui de Ramzay, de I'etendue de trois lieues de terre de front sur trois lieues de profondeur, savoir, une lieue et demie audcssous de la riviere Scibouet, qui tombe dans la riviere Yamaska, et une lieue et demie au dessus, courant du Nord-est au Sud-ouest, avec les isles et islets qui se trouveront dans la dite riviere, vis-d-vis de la dite con- cession : et donnant a la dite concession le nom de Ram- zap," — IKgistre des Foi et Horrwiage, No. 96, folio 62, le 2me Janvier, 1781. Cahiers d'Intendance, No, 2 2 9, folio 358. Derry, a projected township in the co. of Ottawa, lies b. of Portland and n. of Buckingham and Lochaber. Deschaillons, isle, in the r. Richelieu and in the centre of the S. of St. Ours. The Ruis- seau la Prade falls into the Richelieu n. w. of this isle, and the v. of St. Ours is about 1 m. to the s. E. DisscHAiLLONs (S.), V. St. Jean Deschail- liONS, S. Deschambault, seigniory, in the co. of Port- neuf, is bounded n. b. by the barony of Portneuf ; s. w. by La Chevrotiere ; by the St. Lawrence in front ; by waste lands of the Crown in the rear. — One 1. in breadth by three in depth. Granted Mar. 1, 1652, to Demoiselle Eleonore de Grande Maison and now belongs to Louis de la Gorgen- diere, Esq. and the Hon. Juchereau Duchesnay. — This, in almost every respect, is a very valuable property ; the soil is of unexceptionable quality, being a mixture of good clay with a little sand, a fine yellow loam and in many places a rich black mould, which in the vicinity of Point Des- chambault has a stratum of rock beneath it. The surface is uneven, and from being a fine level flat near the river, it rises in small ridges mount- ing, by gradations, one above another nearly to the rear limits of the seigniory. From the w. also there is a gradual acclivity from the plain to the height of Point Deschambault ; on this plain the land is every where fertile ; the greater part being in an excellent state of cultivation, the nu- merous farms on each side of the main road, with their substantial houses and every requisite ap- pendage, afford pleasing evidence of the industry and good husbandry of the proprietors. In this S. are 6 ranges of concessions, 4 of which are oc- cupied in farms and another is in progress of being settled. On the ranges towards the interior msiny of the lots display an equal share of good manage- ment, which is the case With nearly aU the land under tillage, amounting to a full third of the whole seigniory. — The timber is of a moderately good quality and is mostly beech, maple and pine: there is, however, some wood of inferior descriptions. — The rivers Ste. Anne, crossing the rear. La Chevrotiere, Belleisle and a few smaller DESCHAMBAULT. streams contribute to the luxuriant fertility of the soil. In the n. Ste. Anne, which is rapid every- where in this Sij is a fall of about 130 ft. At the mouth of the Belleislej when the tide flows, the water is 10 or 12 ft. deep and admits boats and schooners, which are there protected from the ice during winter. It meanders through this S., where it is remarkable for its subterranean chan- nel of about 7 or 8 arpents in length ; and in the line, that separates the lands of Joseph Baronet and Joseph Morin, this n. runs under a rock by means of holes formed by nature and thus tra- verses the lands of the latter s. e. A little short of the place where the water rises out of the earth is a crevice in the rock, which seems to have been occasioned by an earthquake. In this crevice many attempts to catch fish have been made unsuccessfully j but about an arpent lower down is a second crevice, about a foot wide and 60 ft.- long, where very fine trout have been caught and even eels — The Point of Descham- bault has a considerable elevation, and stretches boldly into the river to the Richelieu rapids ; the face of it appears a firm clay and sand without any interposition of rock or stone. On this point the church of Deschambault is built, and on the summit of the salient extremity is a very beauti- ful grove of pine-trees, remarkable rather for re- gularity and equality of size than for individual magnitude. A little below the church, on the sloping side of the point, is the manor-house of Monsr. de la Gorgendiere. The river St. Law- rence forms a large curve between Cap Sante and Point Deschambault, and either in ascending or descending the combination of objects that it pre- sents is highly interesting and agreeable. The point was formerly a sort of military post, as the French, in 1759, had a battery upon it for the purpose of defending this pass of the river against any force that might have been sent up- wards; indeed, this situation with the superior height of Platon, on the opposite side, might easily be fortified so as completely to command the pass- age either way, and, together with the difficulties of the Richelieu rapid, would render any attempt to force it very disastrous. — In this S. is one vil- lage, consisting of 15 houses of wood, 1 inn, 4 dealers, 2 shoemakers, 2 blacksmiths, 1 miller. — The eel-fisheries in front of the S. are pro- ductive and almost every inhabitant has a fishery ; besides eels, dor6, carp, achigan and a number of sturgeon are caught ; in autumn the epland abounds and in the winter the petite morue, a spe- cies of small codfish. In the R. Ste. Anne salmon and salmon-trout are taken in abundance. From July to the beginning of October the salmon is caught by the light of a torch. In the winter bears and wild deer are hunted. — The parish of Deschambault is 2 1. in front by 3 in d^th, and is divided into two seigniories; the more considerable, belonging to Mr. Louis Fleury de la Gorgendiere, is 1^ 1. in front by 3 deep ; the other, belonging to Mr. Louis Garriepy, is half a league in front and 3 leagues in depth, and is to the s. w. The church, by virtue of a de- cision, May 14, 1731, the seignior of Descham- bault, who offered to furnish land to build a church, upon which the copyholders of the S. were obliged to build a presbytery and provide for the expense pro rata. This judgment, which gives the right of patronage to the seignior, was made by virtue of an edict of May, 1679 — The presbytery is prettily described in the following verses sent to the author, with information relative to the parish, by Mr. J. B. B. — C. P. Sur un mont escarpe que cent beaux pins eouronnent, De leur feuillage epais les ombres f environnent. Les vapeurs et les vents conduisent les vaisseaux Sur un fleuve a tes pieds qui deploie ses eaux. Sur toi sejour heureux soufle le doux zephire; Pour Tomer avec I'art la nature conspire. Near the church is a little village of 12 houses only, and in the second range of concessions are 2 other little villages of 12 or 15 houses each in a tolerable state. The church is agreeably situated on Cap Lauzon in the first range. There are 2 public schools in which reading, writing and arithmetic are taught ; there are also 2 private schools. — The cattle are generally good and their different breeds carefully attended to, particularly sheep and swine : every farmer, one with another, winters 12 to 15 sheep, about 3 pigs, 5 cows, 3 calves and 2 or 3 horses. — All the wheat and peas grown are con- sumed in the p., and about 1730 bushels of oats are annually sold. — The roads are sufficiently good, with the exception of some which are in a bad state. There are no bridges of consequence. — The soil in general is congenial to the growth of hemp, and every farmer makes on an average from 25 to 30 lbs. of flax ready for spinning. — In several places are quarries of stone, but the best is in the concession called St. Frangois. — There are two D E S D E S mineral springs ; one on the farm of Louis Delisle, the other on the farm of Pierre Perrault. — Each family makes, on an average, ahout 15 ells of flannel stuff annually. — Horses are generally used in husbandry, oxen very seldom. — In the parts 'bordering on the St. Lawrence a great number of small codfish, petites morues, are caught from the middle of Dec. to the middle of Jan. They always come at the same time of the year, and, passing all the rivers as far as Three Rivers without entering any of them, come up the St. Lawrence for the purpose of spawning, and always ascend through the first channel of Three Rivers. — In this p. are 4 shipyards, in which 5 vessels have been built, varying from 40 to 160 tons each. Statistics of the Parish of Deschambault. Population 1570 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . 1 Presbyteries 1 Schools . 4 Villages . 1 Corn-mills . 2 Carding-mills 1 Saw-mills . 5 Ship-yards . 4 Medical men 1 Notaries . 1 Shopkeepers 5 Taverns . 1 Artisans . 25 River-craft . 13 Tonnage . 537 Keel-boats . 2 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Bushels. . 10,400 . 11,300 Bushels. Barley . 1,450 Potatoes 13,300 Bushels. Peas . 6,500 Indian corn 100 Live Steele. Horses Oxen . 720 . 480 Cows . 1,44.0 Sheep . 6,000 Swine . 960 Title.—" Concession du ler Mars, 1632, faite par Mr. de Lauzon a Demoiselle Eleonore de Grandmaiso7i, situee au Nord du fleuve St. Laurent, contenant une lieue de front sur trois lieues de profondeur, tenant du c6re du Nord-est au fief de Portneuf, appartenant au Sieur Croisilk, et du cot^ du Sud-ouest au fief de la Chevre- ti^re." — Rigistre d' Intendance, No, 10 a 17, folio 392. Desmauhe or St. Augustin, seigniory, in the CO. of Portneuf, is bounded n. e. by Gaudar- ville ; s. w. by Pointe aux Trembles ; in the rear by Guillaume Bonhomme and Fausembault; in front by the St. Lawrence. — No ofiicial record has been found relative to this grant, consequently its original date and precise dimensions are not known. Les Dames Religieuses of the General Hospital of Quebec, to whom the property belongs, in performing fealty and homage, 19th Mar. 1781, produced as their title an act of adjudication, dated Sept. 22, 1733 ; but which was indecisive of the di- mensions of the S., no notice whatever being taken of the extent. By the regulation of the parishes of the province, it is designated as containing 2^ 1. in breadth by If 1. in depth. — With a surface -varied and uneven this S. possesses a rich and fertile sioil, which on the large swells and high lands is a lightish loam, but in the hollows and valleys, lying between them, it is generally a good black mould. The situation is so favourable for all works apper- taining to agi'iculture, that full three-fourths of the whole seigniory is under tillage ; the farms, and indeed the major part of the concessions, ap- pear to great advantage and display many favour- able specimens of careful husbandry. In propor- tion to the increase of cultivation the quantity of timber has diminished and little of superior quality is standing ; the common kinds are not in much greater abundance. — It is watered by the Riviere du Cap Rouge, between which and the St. Lawrence is Lac Calvaire. — The land border- ing the St. Lawrence is the highest in the seig- niory, whence there is an alternation of ridges and valleys, the former diminishing in height as they approach the rear boundary, composing to- gether a most agreeable undulation in the per- spective scenery. This property is very conveni- ently crossed by roads, in almost every direction, and most of them are kept in good repair ; that along the front is called the post road ; another, passing in the rear to Jacques Cartier bridge, is de- nominated the stage road ; on each side of the Riviere du Cap Rouge a road leads to the S. of Pointe aux Trembles, with several intermediate roads in connexion ; by the sides of each are many fine settlements, the houses well built and the farms showing every appearance of comfort and even aifluence. The church, seated on a point projecting into the St. Lawrence, a corn and a saw-mill upon a little branch of Riviere du Cap Rouge, between two lofty banks where it dis- charges into the St. Lawrence, compose a pleasing point of view either from that river or the emi- nence just above the mills. On both sides of the mouth of the Cap Rouge are the extensive timber establishment and ship-yard belonging to Messrs. Atkinson, who hold a government con- tract and furnish timber and masting for the use of the royal navy. An extensive shoal, or rather reef of rocks, bounds the whole front of the sei- gniory: the Islets Donbour lie upon this reef, opposite the s. w. boundary. This S. is in the p. of St Augustin, with the exception of La Cdte St. Ange in the 3rd concession, which is served by the curfe of Vielle Lorette to whom it pays tithes. D E S D I S The Parish of St. Augustin comprehends parts of the SS. of Desmaure, Fausembault and Be- lair^ and belongs to the ladies of I'Hotel Dieu at Quebec. It contains 4 concessions, those nearest the St. Lawrence the most populous, -^ths of the p. are under cultivation and |-th in wood. There is one school, supported by the parish, in which 60 scholars are instructed in French and English. Near the church, 130 ft. by 52, built on a point projecting into the St. Lawrence, is the small but pretty village of St. Augustin, consisting of 14 houses including an inn, through which the post road passes. The horses are of the Canadian breed and though small sufficiently good. Nearly all the grain grown is consumed in the p. The roads are not kept in good repair, and there is one bridge over the r. Cap Rouge. Both horses and oxen are used in agriculture. Some surplus ma- nufactured articles are produced for sale. Although the soil is not generally adapted to the growth of hemp, yet it is in some degree cultivated. — The lands in this p. were all conceded prior to 1759. Statistics of St. Augustin P. including St. Catherine of Fausembault. Population 1,993 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . 1 Presbyteries 1 Schools . 1 Villages . 1 Corn-mills . 1 Saw-mills . 2 Notaries . 1 Artisans . .19 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Bushels. 11,309 13,000 Bushels. Potatoes . 18,000 Peas . 3 000 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 424. 848 Cows Sheep . 1,060 . 2,334, Swine . 636 TiUe. — " L'Enregistrement de cet octroi n'a pas ^te trouvfe jusqu'ici au Secretariat de la Province. Les Dames religieuses de I'Hopital, qui possSdent actuellement ce fief, en rendant Foi et Hommage le 19me Mars, 1781, n'ont produit qu'un Acte d'adjudication en date du 22me Septembre, 1733, dans lequel ni les dimensions iii le nom du concessionnaire de cette concession ne sont mentionn^s. — Par le reglement des paroisses de cette province, I'eten- due de cette Seigneurie se determine a deux lieues et demie de front, sur une et demie de profondeur." — Ri- gUtre desFoiet Hommage, No. 64,/oKo 168, le I9me Mars, nSl.—Iiis. Con. Sup. Desplaines, seigniory, in the co. of Lotbiniere, is bounded e. by Tilly and Gaspe; w. by Bonse- cours and Ste. Croix and by St. Giles in the rear. — Granted in two parts : the first, 1 1. in front by 3 leagues in depth from the rear of fief Maranda, to Demoiselle Charlotte Lagardeur, 4th Jan. 1737; the second, about 74 arpents in front by 1 league 60 arpents in depth, being the space between the preceding grant and the 8. of Ste. Croix, to the same person; the whole intended to form only one seigniory. Title. — Partie Nord-EH, — " Concession du 4me Jan- vier, 1737, faite k Demoiselle Charlotte Lagardeur par le Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilks Hocquart, Intendant, de trois quarts de lieue de terre de front ^ la c6td du Sud du fleuve St. Laurent, sur trois lieues de pro- fondeur, a prendre au bout des profondeurs du fief Ma- ramda ; bom^e d'un c6tc, au Sud-ouest, a la Seigneurie de Bonsecours, d'autre au Nord-est a eelle de Tilly, et par derriSrc aux teiTes non-conc^dees." — Rigistre (Flntend- ance. No. S, folio 19. Partie Sud-Ouest. — " Concession du 26me Mars, 1738, faite par le Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et GiUei Hocquart, Intendant, h Demoiselle Charlotte Lagardeur, d'une augmentation de teirein d'environ soixante et qua- torze arpens de front, qui se trouve non-coneede, et en- clave entre la concession i elle faite le 4me Janvier, 1737, et la Seigneurie de St. Croix, tenant par devant au fief dc Bonsecours et Amiot, et par derrifire aux terres non-con- cedees, sur une lieue et soixante arpens de profondeur, pour les dits soixante et quatorze arpens ajoutes ne faire avec sa premiere concession qu'une meme Seigneurie." — Rigistre d'lntendance. No. 9, folio 2, Desplaines, seigniory, in the co. of Terre- bonne, bounded N. and s. by the S. of Terrebonne and its augmentation ; B. by Lachenaye and w. by Blainville. It is watered by the Mascouche and the St. Pierre Est. Deverbois (S.), v. Terhebois, S. Districts. The province of Lower Canada is divided into 5 districts. The three superior di- stricts are calleAMontreal, Three Rivers and Quebec, being so named from the principal town in each district. The two inferior districts are called St. Francis and Gaspi. The districts are the judi- cial divisions of the province having courts of superior and inferior jurisdiction sitting at pre- scribed terms, which are generally the same as those in England. In the superior districts the jurisdiction of the Court of King's Bench is un- limited; but in the inferior districts the civil ju- risdiction is, in some degree, circumscribed by the power of appeal in certain cases, and all prose- cutions for capital crimes must be carried on in the courts of the superior districts. The seats of jurisdiction are as follow : Districts. Quebec Montreal Three Rivers Inf. D. of St. Francis Inf. B. of Gnspe Seats of Jurisdiction. City of Quebec City of ilontreal Town of Three Rivers Sherbrooke, in the x. of A scot New Cailisle, in the T. of Cox Provincial Court of Appeals Established by the .31th Geo. III. c. 6, § 23, for the hearing of all appeals from DISTRICTS. the Courts of King's Bench of Superior Jurisdiction in the province. Court of King's Bench Established by the 34 Geo. III. c 6, § 2, as a court of original jurisdiction, in all matters over £10 sterling, or relating to any fee of office, duty, rent, revenue, or other sum payable to his Majesty, titles to lands and tenements, annual rents, or such like matters and things, where the rights in future may be bound, ex- cepting those purely of Admiralty jurisdiction. An in- ferior tribunal of the same court is also held for the trial of all cases where the subject of contest is £10 sterling and under. The Court of King's Bench has also cog- nisance of all criminal pleas. Provincial Court of Three Riven — Established by 34) Geo. III. c. 6, for the trial of all matters amounting to £10 sterling or under, in which the provincial judge sits alone and gives judgment, from which there is no appeal. Provincial Court for the Inferior District of Gaspi. — This court, established by 34 Geo. III. c. 6, § 14, and its powers extended by subsequent enactments, has cognisance of all matters of £100 currency and under, with an appeal to the Court of King's Bench, Quebec, in all matters above £20. At New Carlisle an Inferior Court for sums under £20 sterling is held, and a Superior Court for the sums above :£20. Provincial Court for the Inferior District of St. Francis. Established by the 3 Geo. IV. c, 17, has cognisance of all matters amounting to £20 and under, with appeal to the Courts of King's Bench, Montreal or Three Rivers, according to the situation in the Superior District of the place of action. The names of the counties, seigniories, fiefs and townships included in each district being given in Vol. I. p. 179, and each of them being parti- cularly described under their respective names in this dictionary, it will be here necessary to give only a general and brief view of each district, par- ticularly as many of their important features are described in the general description contained in the preceding volume. The District of Quebec extends, on the north side of the St. Lawrence, from the n. e. boundary of the S. of Ste. Anne, or s. w. boundary of the county of Portneuf, to Anse Sablon on the La- brador coast. On the s. of the St. Lawrence this district extends from the n. e. boundary of the S. of Livrard or St. Pierre les Becquets, or n. e. boundaries of the cos. of Nicolet, Drummond and Sherbrooke to Cap Chat, where it is met by the w. limit of the Inferior District of Gaspe. On the N. w. this district is bounded by the Hudson's -Bay territory or East Maine; and on the s. e. by the province of New Brunswick and the state of Maine in the U. S. This part of the boundary is, however, at present still unsettled, the govern- ments of Great Britain and the United States being equally dissatisfied with the decision of the King of Holland. This subject is treated more at large in the 1st Vol., under the head of Bounda- ries, to which the reader is referred. — This di- strict embraces the most magnificent portion of the great St. Lawrence and many of its valuable islands, the important river Saguenay, and the whole extent of lands known by the name of the Saguenay Country, large sections of which have been recently explored, and are described at length in the 3rd section of Vol. I. — The general feature of this district is bold and mountainous, presenting a range of high lands on each side of the St. Lawrence, particularly on the north ; from these ridges, in many places, is a considerable extent of fine land gradually sloping to the river, and from Matane to Quebec, in particular, the shore of the proud St. Lawrence is fringed with beautiful settlements, adorned with the most interesting and picturesque scenery. Although the general cha- racter of this district is uneven and mountainous, especially in the interior, the quality of the soil is not inferior to that of any other district. It is traversed in every direction by roads and enriched with flourishing settlements, especially along and near the St. Lawrence, and on the borders of the rivers generally. The roads more particularly de- serving notice are — the Mitis or Kempt road, re- cently traced and opened, which offers a convenient route of communication from the St. Lawrence to the Bay of Chaleurs and the w. and s. parts of the district of Gaspe ; the Temiscouata Portage road leading to New Brunswick ; the Kennebec road communicating with the U. S. ; Craig's Road; and the new and useful communication from St. Joachim to St. Paul's Bay, known by the name of Commissioners' Road, or Chemin Nouveau de la Bate St. Paul (vide Cote de Beanpri). This district includes the city of Quebec, the capital of the province, from which it derives its name, and is abundantly watered by numerous and important rivers and lakes ; the more con- siderablp of which are as follow : KIVERS North oftlie St. Lawrence. Ste. Anne Jacques Cartier Batiscan, part of St. Charles Montmorenci Gouffre Mai Bay Black River Saguenay Belsiamite St. John Ste. Anne, L. Portneuf South of the St. Lawrence. Chaudiere, part of Etchemin Du Sud Du Loup Green River Rimouski Trois Pistoles Mitis Tartigo Matane Madawaska St. Francis, part of St. John, part of. l2 DISTRICTS. LAKES rivers, streams and lakes, the principal of which are as follow : North of the St. Lawrence. St. John Commissioners' Lake Quaquagamack Wayagamack Bouchette Kajoualwang Ontaretri St. Charles Chawgis Assuapmoussoin Shecoubish South of the St. Lawrence. Temiscouata Matapediac Mitis Abawsi squash Long Lake Pitt Trout William St. Francis, part of M'Tavish Macanamack. KIVERS The District of Montreal is bounded e. by the N. E. boundary of the fief Dusable or Nouvelle York, on the n. side of the St. Lawrence ; w. by the CO. of St. Maurice ; s. by the counties of Ya- maska, Drummond and Sherbrooke ; w. and s. w. by the province of Upper Canada, the river Ot- tawa, and the most western limits of the province ; s. by the province line, lat. 45 n. from St. Regis to the river Connecticut, and thence by that river to its source in the high lands ; thence by the n. boundaries of the states of New York and Ver- mont The general character of this district is low and level, especially the settled parts, with the exception of a few isolated mountains in the s, section; the land, however, rises towards the province line and assuming a bolder outline is in some parts even mountainous, particularly in Hem- mingford and Bolton and the vicinity. On the n. .side of St. Lawrence the range of high-lands, so remarkable in the district of Quebec, traverses this district about 6 or 7 leagues n. of the Lake of Two Mountains, and stretching w. to the Grand Calumet on the Ottawa traverses that river, n. of this ridge the country is more or less uneven and mountainous and meets the range of high- lands that divides the waters running into Hud- son's Bay from those that empty themselves into the St. Lawrence. — The soil, which is in general excellent and offers the greatest advantages to agriculture, is traversed in every direction by nu- merous public roads and by-roads, thickly settled and presenting well cultivated farms. The climate, locality, soil and other advantages, render this the richest and most populous district of the pro- vince. It contains the city and island of Mont- real and the towns of William Henry and Dor- chester, besides numerous flourishing villages. — This district is bounded by the Ottawa or Grand River for 335 miles, and is amply watered by other North of the St. Lawrence. Gatineau Lievres Petite Nation Riviere Blanche Riviere du Nord Mascouche Achigan L'Assomption Lachenaye Berthier Chaloupe Du Chene North of the St. Lawrence. White Fish Sables Kilarney Temiscaming Lievres La Roque Rocheblave Pothier Nimicachinque Papineau MaskinongS South of the St. Lawrence. Richelieu Sorel Yamaska and its numerous branches Pyke Montreal, L. Cbauteauguay and its nu- merous branches LacoUe Magog Coaticook Missiskoui, part of. South of the St, Lawrence. Memphramagog Tomefobi Missiskoui Bay Scaswaninepus, part of Yamaska Bay St. Louis Two Mountains St. Francis. Chaudiere Chats AUumets. The District of Three Rivers is bounded n. b. by the boundary of fief Dusable ; e. by the N. e. boundary of the S. of Ste. Anne ; on the n. side of the St. Lawrence : on the s. side of that r. this district is bounded by the w. boundary of the S. of Yamaska and the n. b. boundary of Livrard or St. Pierre les Becquets ; s. w. by the boundaries of the counties of Berthier, Richelieu, St. Hya- cinthe, Shefford and Stanstead ; n. b. by the s. w. boundaries of the counties of Portneuf, Lotbini6re and Megantic, the river Chaudiere, Lake Megan- tic and Arnold River ; n. w. by the Hudson's Bay territory or n. w. limits of the province; s. E. partly by the province line lat. 45" N., the Connecticut and the high-lands stretching from the head of that river eastward. — The surface of this district is, n. of the St. Lawrence, level in the vicinity of that river, and farther in the in- terior it assumes a bolder aspect and, becoming mountainous, partakes of the character of the Quebec district. South of the St. Lawrence it is level until it approaches the townships in the neighbourhood of Ascot, where it rises into large swells and is in many parts mountainous. The soil in this section of the district is excellent, but on the borders of several of the rivers and nearer DISTRICTS. to the St. Lawrence it becomes light and sandy ; towards the border of the province it is infinitely better. The soil n. of the St. Lawrence is de- cidedly light and sandy but susceptible of the ad- vantages of good cultivation, and in the interior of the country it is stronger and stony. This district is traversed by numerous roads in every directiouj for although n. of the St. Lawrence the roads do not extend above 5 or 6 leagues, on the s. side they extend as far as the province line, branching off into the southern townships. — The old settlements or seigniories in this district ex- tend along both sides of the St. Lawrence and up each side of the principal rivers. The townships chiefly lie in the s. section extending from the province line northward. Several villages are in this district : Machiche and Riviere du Loup on the N., and Nicolet on the s. side of the St. Law- rence J also Sherbrooke and Stanstead in the town- ships ; besides these is the town of Three Rivers from which the district derives its name. — This district is exceedingly well watered by numerous rivers, streams and lakes ; the principal of which are as follow : Ncnih of the St. Lawrence. St. Maurice and its numerous branches Batiscan, part of Chaniplain Du Loup, G. and L. Maskinonge Machiche North of the St. Lawrence. O'Cananshing Matawin Goldlinch Shasawataiata Montalagoose Oskelanaio Crossways Perchaudes Black Beaver Bewildered South of the St. Lawrence. St. Francis and numerous branches Nicolet and numerous branches Becancour Gentilly Yamaska, part of. South of the St. Lawrence. Nicolet St. Francis, part of Megan tic St. Paul Outardes Back Lake Connecticut Weedon ' Scaswaninepus, part of St. Peter. Inferior District of St. Francis. — This district was established by an act of the provincial legis- lature, chap. 77 of the 3rd year of Geo. IIL, and is in the form of a parallelogram, more than 50 m. in width from w. to e., and upwards of 100 m. from N. to s. Its superficial extent is supposed to cover 3,000 sq. miles or 2,000,000 of acres.— Although this district is included in that of Three Rivers and is therefore described with it, except- ing a small part in the district of Montreal con- taining 4 townships and part of a 5th, a farther notice of it is deemed proper as it is perhaps the most fertile tract of the province. It extends from the s. bounds of Wickham, Simpson, War- wick and Arthabaska to the s. boundary of the province ; its w. limits are Lake Memphramagog and a line traversing Bolton between the 22nd and 23rd ranges, and extending along the e. boundaries of Stukely, Ely and Acton ; on the e. it extends to the w. bounds of the cos. of Megantic and Beauce. The general surface of this district is rather level, but towards the boundary line, in lat. 45° N. and the r. Connecticut, by which the district is bounded s., it rises into large swells and is rather mountainous. It is most abundantly watered by numerous rivers, streams and lakes, and is traversed by many roads on which are new but flourishing settlements. Its chief villages are Sherbrooke and Stanstead and the court-house is at the former place. The chief and most interest- ing settlements lie in the first three ranges of townships from the province line. — This district contains about 3,500 square miles, in which are thirty-eight townships and part of another, which are particularised in the list given for the district of Three Rivers and marked with an asterisk: Vide vol. 1, page 183. — The population is about 13,500. The Inferior District of Gaspe lies on the e . ex- tremity of the province and on the s. side of St. Lawrence. It is bounded w. by the district of Quebec; e. and n. e. by the river and gulf of St. Lawrence, and s. by the province of New Bruns- wick and the Bay of Chaleurs. The land in ge- neral, which is of an excellent quality, abounds with a variety of timber, as maplej beech, birch, spruce, &c. &c. and almost inexhaustible pineries, which, together with the cod and salmon fisheries, supply the staple commodities for exportation. The whole district is remarkably well watered with numerous streams, which take their rise in the mountains that bound the k. St. Lawrence and run in various directions to the bay of Cha- leurs and into the gulf and n. St. Lawrence ; they abound with various kinds of fish, and most of them traverse tracts of land clothed with im- mense pineries. Notwithstanding its advantasres in richness of soil, &c., the district of Gaspe is ob- viously backward as respects agriculture. This may in some measure be attributed to the exten-. DOM DOR sive fisheries and lumber trade^ which form the chief occupation of its inhabitants. Between Cap Rosier and Cap Chat the coast is mountainous and barren. The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly employed in the fisheries, regulated by an act of the assembly of the 47th of Geo. 3rd; they also carry on a trifling trade in peltry and build on an average one ship and 3 or 4 small vessels an- nually. — The communication between Gaspe and Quebec may be kept up by three different routes : one by pursuing the coast of the gulf and river St. Lawrence ; the second by following the course of the R. Ristigouche as far as the r. Matapediac, and along it as far as l. Matapediac ; thence by Kempt road to the St. Lawrence near the com- mencement of the old settlements : the third route is by proceeding along the Ristigouche river nearly up to its source, whence there is an Indian foot- path or portage road of 9 miles to the k. Ouiauk- squaek, which runs into the river St. John, 15 miles above the Great Fall, whence the traveller proceeds in the road of the Temiscouata portage ; this is the least difficult of the three, and the distance by it from New Carlisle to Quebec is 390 m. ; this may be shortened 18 or 20 m,, by a road that has been blazed from the k. Wagansis to Green River, which descends into the k. St. John in the Madawaska settlements. — The prin- cipal town is New Carlisle. — This district, from its peculiar situation as a peninsula, the capabilities of its soil, its abundant and valuable timber and its extensive fisheries, is susceptible of being made, at no very distant period, equal to any other di- strict in Canada. Districts. Between the parallels of latitude. Between ttie dfgrees of iongitude. 1 i 1 ii ■U V- 1 s c 1.3 19 6 2 1 .5 02 .1 1 Superficial extent of the Seignorial Grants. More or less unfit for cul- tivation in seigniories ind fiefs. Grantcd&loeated in free and com- mon Eoccage in the province up to Sept. 1830. ArpenU. Acias. Acret. Acres. Quebec, including 'i Anticosti and other >- islands 3 Montreal, includ- } ing islands J Three Rivers, in- 1 eluding St. Francis ^ and islands y Gaspe, including > islands J ' " 45 0„ 52 45 49 30 0*^- 45 0^ 49 O"- 47 18 0„ 49 12 O"*- ' " 57 50 0^ 72 4, 0^- 72 54 80 6 72 4 o;, 72 54 0*^- 64 12 67 53 0^- 360 310 320 200 826 1 110 j dj 59 « tm 80 < 127,949 54,802 15,823 7,289 79 63 25 1 12 6 9 6 38 59 53 10 6,639,319 3,269,966 1,220,308 1,547,086 5,656,699 2,786,011 1,039,707 1,318,117 2,600,000 500,000 400,000 600,000 About Iths of the whole may be said to be com. , prified -rtdthin the di- stlicta of Montreal and Three Rivers. Total 205,863 12,676,679 10,800,534 4,100,000 3,179,694 DiTCHPiELD, a projected township in the co. of Beauce, borders the b. side of Lake Megan tic and is bounded s. by Woburn and n. e. by Spalding. DiTTON, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is bounded w. by Newport ; e. by Marston and Chesham ; n. by Hampden and s. by Emberton. The surface is irregular, in several places rising into large eminences, but in general of a mode- rately good soil timbered with beech, birch, bass- wood and maple, intersected by some large streams that fall into the St. Francis. The s. w. quarter has been surveyed and granted, but no part settled. — Ungranted and unlocated, 33,000. DoMAiNE, du, river, in the S. of Cote de Beau- pre, rises in two lakes in the rear of Cap Tour- mente, at least 800 ft. above the level of the St. Lawrence, into which this r. falls. DoNBOUR, isles, in the r. St. Lawrence, are 3 islets lying off the S. of Desmaure, midway be- tween St. Augustin and Pointe aux Trembles. Dorchester, county, in the district of Quebec, bounded n. e. by the co. of Bellechasse; s. b. by the CO. of Beauce; s. w. by the co. of Lotbini&re and N. w. by the r. St Lawrence. It consists of and comprises the S. of Lauzon only, to which S. the reader is referred for additional particulars re- lative to this CO. It is 18^ m. in length by IS* in depth and contains 342 sq. miles. Its centre on DOR DOR the St. Lawrence is in lat. 46° 38' long. 71° 16'. It sends two members to the provincial parliament; the election is held at the place nearest to the k. Etchemin, between the parishes of St. Henry and Pointe L^vi, and at St. Nicolas. Population 1 1, 138 Churches, Pro. Parsonage-ho. Churches, R. C Cur^s Presbyteries Villages Statistics. Towns Schools Corn- mills . Saw-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Ship-yards Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River craft . Tonnage Keel boats . 12 ]3 97 5 83 11 Annual Agriculturtil Produce, Wheat Oats Barley Peas Rye Horses Oxen Bushels. 55,000 43,300 6,430 19,000 4,058 Bushels, Buck wheat 145 Indian corn 7,040 Mixed grain 5,300 Potatoes 93,100 Cwts. Maple sugar 1,810 Flax . . 355 Butter . 3,331 Hay, tons 29,100 Live Stock. 3,709 I Cows 2,923 I Sheep 6,7951 21,902 Swine 7,756 Dorchester (V.), v. LongueuiI/^ b. D'Oksainvii-lBj fief, in the co. of Quebec, N. E. of I'Epinay, is a small grant containing only a superficies of 3575 arpents made May, 1675, by Letters Patent, to the Religieuses of the General Hospital of Quebec from whom it has never been alienated. — The soU is a light sandy earth in- termixed with clay about the front: proceeding inwards it changes to a black mould, and in the vicinity of the mountains it is a good yellow loam. From the river St. Charles the surface is uneven and continues ridge above ridge to the rear, where it is still more abrupt and broken. Near the river are fine meadows and pastures. About one-half of the arable is in a state of very good culture, producing wheat and other grain abSnd- antly, also garden vegetables in great quantity and variety. The lower parts are but scantily timbered ; but on the rising grounds and the skirts of the mountains there is a profusion of fine beech, maple, birch and other woods of the best description. The little river Jaune and several small streams, all flowing into the St. Charles, amply and conveniently water the culti- vated lands. Titk — " Concession du mo's de May, 1675, faite par Lettres Patentes de Sa Majesti, aux Dames religieuses del'Hopital General, du Comte A'OrsaiiiviUe, contenant en superfieie trois mille cinq cens soLxant et quinze.arpens. et de la profondcur de quatre lieues ; a prendre du bord de la riviere St. Charles, sur diflFSrentes largeurs, tenant par devant a la dite riviSre et par derrifire aux terres non- cMces, d'un c6te, au Sud-Ouest \ un fief appartenant au Sieur de VEpinay par une ligne qui va au Nord- Ouest quart de Nord de la profondeur des dites quarte lieues, et du cote du Nord-Est au fief de Notre Dame des Anges; le Comt^ i'Orsainville, et la Seigneurie de Notre Dame des Anges etant sfepar^s, a commeiicer par le front du dit Comt6, par le ruisseau de St. Michel, suivant ses contours et serpentemens jusqu'a environ quinze arpens de profon- deur, oii le dit Comte &'OrsainvUle commence a. etre de onze arpens de front, jusqu'a la hauteur de trente-cinq arpens du bord de la dite riviere St. Charles par une ligne qui court Nord- Ouest quart de Nord, au bout desquels trente-cinq arpens commence une autre ligne qui court au Nord- Ouest la longueur de quarante arpens, au bout des- quels la dite ligne fait un tour d'^querre de trois arpens, au bout desquels reprend une nouvelle ligne laquelle forme la largeur des dits onze arpens, laquelle ligne va au Nord- Ouest quart de Nord, jusqu'au surplus de la pro- fondeur des dites quatre lieues." — Papier Terrier, No. 71, folio 324, le 24me A-oril, 1781 — Cahiers d'Intendance, 10 cL n, folio 730. Dorset, township, in the co. of Megantic, on the w. side of the river Chaudiere, joins Shen- ley N. and is encompassed on the other sides by unsurveyed, lands. This is a large township, consisting chiefly of fine rises of good land, very fit for tillage and almost every where favourable for the culture of hemp and flax, though no set- tlements have hitherto been made in it ; the most inferior part is along the rocky bank of the river Chaudiere. It is well stocked with basswood, birch, maple, beech and elm timber : some of the swamps are covered with cedar and hemlock. Ad- mirably well watered by large lakes and a num- ber of rivers that wind through the t. ; the more remarkable are Lakes M'Tavish, Oliveira and Marguerite, and the k. M'Tavish : the waters of all the rivers, streams and lakes faU into the Chau- diere : on their banks are found some fine breadths of excellent meadow land- The whole was granted to Mr. John Black, but now belongs to the heirs of the late Simon M'Tavish, Esq. DoRVAL, isle, in the S. of Becancour, divides the mouth of the R. Becancour into two parts ; it lies about 1 m. n. of the v. of Becancour. DoHVAr^ or Isles Courcklles, in Lake St. Louis, lie on the s. w. side of the island of Mont- real, opposite the mouth of a r. of the same name. DoKVAL, river, rises in Cote St. Frangois in the island of Montreal; this small stream runs s. in a very irriguous course, and falls into Lake St. Louis in front of Isles Courcelles. DoRVIIiLIER (F.), V. AnTAYA. DoRviLLiEB, fief, in the co. of Champlain, is bounded n.b. by FranchevUle ; n. by the first aug. D R U D U to Ste. Anne ; s. w. by the S. of ^te. Marie and s. by the St. Lawrence. — It is ^ league in front by 1 league in depth and belongs to the Hon. James Cuthbert. Douglas, town, in the co. of Gasp6, is at the entrance of the r. St. John and on the s. side of Gaspe Bay. This town was laid out about the year 1785 and named after Adm. Sir Charles Douglas, then commanding on the Canada station, the father of the present Sir Howard Douglas. — For Statistics, vide Gaspe Bay. Drayton, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, lies E. of Hereford, in the rear of Auckland and Emberton, and is bounded s. by the main branch of the R. Connecticut. This t. has not been sur- veyed and subdivided and no grants have been made, although a tolerably large settlement has been formed on Indian Stream and r. Connecticut by persons from the U. S., who affect to have commenced their settlement, in 1 792, under the auspices and by virtue of a proclamation of Sir Alured Clark, at that time governor in chief. This settlement consists of 20 families, who have made extensive improvements and are respect- ably settled. The lands which these persons oc- cupy form one of the points in dispute between his majesty's government and that of the United States. The population is about 60 ; the principal settler is Dr. Taylor, who occupies 1,000 acres of which 100 are cleared; this gentleman has a good house and a distillery. This t. is watered by Indian Stream and Hall's Stream, also by Back Lake and other small lakes, all of which contain trout, succors, chub, perch, eels, &c. Over the rivers two bridges have been built, but the roads improve slowly. At a private school from 12 to 15 scholars are instructed. Annual Agt icuUurul Produce. Wheat Oats Barley- Horses Oxen Bushels. . 400 . 360 . 30 181 19 Bushels, Rye . . 23 Mixed grain 180 Potatoes Peas . Bushels. . 560 . 130 Live Stock. Cows Sheep 28 1 Swine Drummond, county, in the d. of Three Rivers, bounded n. by the cos. of Yamaska and Nicolet ; E. by the co. of Megantic; s. by the co. of Sher- brooke ; w. by the co. of Shefford. It contains the townships of Aston, Bulstrode, Stanfold, Artha- baska, Chester, Ham, Wotton, Tingwick, War- wick, Horton, Wendover, Simpson, Kingsey, Durham and Gore, Wickham, Gfrantham, Upton and Acton, together with all the gores and aug- mentations of those townships. — Its extreme length is 66 m. and its breadth 47|^, and it contains 1,674 sq. miles. Its centre, on the St. Lawrence, is in lat. 46°. 0'. long. 72°. 0'. — It sends one member to the provincial parliament and the place of election is DrummondviUe. — The surface of this co. is very diversified and there are considerable swamps. — The principal rivers are the Becancour, which bounds the co. n. b., the St. Francis, the main branches of the Nicolet, and their tributary streams. The only lake of any magnitude is Lake Nicolet in the augmentation to the t. of Ham. — The chief roads are those along the R. St. Francis, one from Three Rivers to Shipton called Bureau's Road, Craig's Road, and the road recently opened from DrummondviUe to Sorel. These roads are tole- rably good in the more settled parts of the co., but quite the reverse in other parts, where the lands are in a state of wilderness, on account of the dif- ficulty of keeping them in repair. Population 1,857 Churches, Pro. 1 Parsonage-ho. 1 Churches, R.C. 1 Cures . 1 Schools . 2 Statistics. Villages Corn-mills . Saw-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Paper-mills . Tanneries Potasheries . Pearlasheries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 4 4 4 4 6 20 Anmial Agricultural Pi educe. Wheat Oats Barley Peas Rye Horses Oxen Bushels 18,080 14,503 1,994 2,931 1,2.30 716 912 Bushels. Buck \:'heat 170 Indian corn 8,.S31 Mixed gr. 5,100 Potatoes 27,330 Cms. Maple sugar 306 Flax . . 52 Butter . 827 Hay, tons 17,900 Live Stock. Cows Sheep 1,286 I Swine 3,362 1 1,375 Drummondville (V.), V. Grantham, t. Du Chkne or Pointe du Chbne, river, rises in a lake in the fourth range of the aug. to Gren- vUle. It runs e. to another small lake and turn- ing suddenly s. directs its course to the Ottawa which it enters at the s. extremity of the division line that separates the t. of Grenville from its augmentation. Du Chene (G.) or Belle Riviere, rises in the aug. to the S. of Lac des Deux MontagneSj DUD DUD andj penetrating the division line of the S. of Riviere du Chene near the n. w. angle, runs through and nearly across the seigniory to the v. bf St. Eustache where it falls into the Ottawa. This R. is ahout 60 or 70 feet wide and is not navigable. It turns several mills and abounds with fish. Du ChbnEj river. Petite Riviere du Chene jises in the p. of St. Benoit in the S. of Lac des Deux MontagneSj and running n. e. receives the r. au Prince one mile below the church ; continuing in the same direction for about 2 miles it joins the greater Riviere du Chene. Du ChbnEj river. Petite Riviere du Chene rises in the t. of Blandford, and running n. and N. E. traverses the S. of Livrard and enters the S. of Deschaillons where, at the n. e. angle, it falls into the St. Lawrence. — Navigable for canoes and rafts below the saw-mills. Du Chene (S.), v. Riviere du Chene. Du Chene (V.), v. Riviere du Chene, S. Duck Lakes, in the co. of Quebec, are small and lie between Lake Kajoualwang and Crooked Lake. , DuDSWELL, township, in the co. of Slierbrooke, is bounded by Westbury and Stoke s. w. ; by Wee- don N. E. ; by Wotton n, w. and by Bury s. e. — The land where it is level is applicable to the culture of grain : in some places it is uneven and from the sixth range rises into a considerable mountain that stretches westward into Wotton; its top is flat table land and, from its being wholly free from trees or underwood, derives the name pf the Bald Mountain. In this t. is a great va- riety of timber, beech, maple, birch, basswood, but- ternut, elm and some oak, pine, spruce and cedar. — The St. Francis with many small streams pro- vide an ample and complete irrigation. — Only one quarter has- been laid out,' which was granted to Mr. John Bishop and others ; he is now the prin- cipal landholder : on this part some farms have obtained a very respectable state of prosperity. — This T. will doubtless he much benefited by a line of road now in progress, pursuant to an act of the legislative assembly granting a sum for that purpose, which was passed Mar. 14, 1829. The extent of road to be made under this act is 21 raUes, commencing at the north line of Duds- well and terminating at the district line of Quebec and Three Rivers. This road has been opened by contract, the whole distance, 11 feet wide. The surface of the country generally traversed by this road is good and suitable for cultivation and, with the exception of a few lots, will make excellent farms ; there are on this route but few hiUs, and none which would offer any great obstruction; the most considerable is about 11 m. north of Dudswell. To bring this road into use and make it answer the intended purpose, the following ad- ditional improvements should be made. 1st. The road heretofore opened but now grown up with bushes, from Craig's Bridge in Ireland to the Dudswell road, about 10 miles, should be re- opened and completed, which would require about £50 per mile. This section of the road is mostly very good land for settlement and the hills not bad ; the lands on these 10 miles are nearly all granted. 2nd. A road should be opened from Dudswell line to the settlements in Dudswell, about 5 miles, which would also require £50 per mile ; this distance is through ungranted lands, or mostly so, which are of the first quality for settle- ment and there are no bad hills ; the whole of the lands on this route are well watered, and there is an excellent mill site about 10 miles north of Dudswell line, and another near Nicolet lake about 8 miles north of that line. 3rd. From the settle- ments in Dudswell a road has been opened through Westbury, Eaton, Clifton and Hereford, to the province line, about 50 miles ; the land through- out is good, but, the settlements being few and scattered, the road has been but little used and is in a bad state. The completion of this road would be highly beneficial in promoting the settle- ment of that section of the province, and would thus render a direct communication from the pro- vince line at Hereford to Quebec practicable, the distance being about 140 m. As part of this last- mentioned road includes the settlements of Duds- well and Eaton, the expense of completing it would be £50 per m. for 30 m. 4th. A road has been opened from Lennoxville in Ascot, up the St. Francis R., through the settlements in Westbury and intersecting the Dudswell iroad, 17 m; this road is important for the convenience of Ascot, Compton, Hatley, Bamston and Stanstead, being the most direct route to Quebec, and its com- pletion is an object of the utmost importance ; there are a few settlers upon this road, which runs through good lands and would probably also re- D U M quire £50 per mile to complete it; upon this route the lands are all granted. 5th. The road from Ascot to Eaton should be completed, about five miles unsettled and the road extremely bad ; it would require £250; in some parts of this road the lands are poor, but it connects extensive settle- ments in Ascot and Baton.— Ungr anted and zm- located, 18,663 acres. Population Saw-mills Statistics. 166 I Potasheries 1 Pearlasheries Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. . 2,620 . 1,740 300 Bushels, Rye . 28 Indian corn 600 Potatoes Peas Bushels. 2,100 300 Live Stock. 90 I Cows 98 I Sheep 145 I Swine 3101 150 Du Loup, river, in the cos. of Kamouraska and Eimouski. The course of this k. has never been explored: it is supposed to take its source near the s. angles of the townships of Ixworth and Woodbridge ; whence running N. e. through the T. of Bungay, it enters the S. of Lachenaye and afterwards traversing the S. of Terrebois it enters the S. of Riviere du Loup at Du Loup bridge; it then forms an acute angle, turning suddenly to the s. w., and again touching the boundary line of Terrebois for a moment strikes off to the N. N. B. and in a mazy course passes Caldwell's mills ; about 2 m. from which it runs between the manor-house and the village and is turned suddenly to the n. w. into the St. Lawrence by a point of land jutting into that b. in the form of a crescent. Du Loup, (S.), v. Riviere du Loup. DuMONTiER, seigniory, in the co. of St. Mau- rice, is bounded s. by Grosbois; e. by Gatineau; N. by Hunter's Town; w. by Grandpre. — 1^-1. in front by 3 1, in depth. Granted to Sieur Du- montier, Oct. 24, 1708, and is now the property of the Hon. Louis Gugy. — The soil is similar to that of the contiguous seigniories, Grosbois and Grandpre ; and the S. is principally watered by the B. du Loup and partially by the Grande Riviere Machiche, on both of which are some settle- ments. DUN Title.—" Concession du 24me Octobre, 1708, faite an Sieur Dumontier, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front sur trois lieues de profondeur, a prendre au bout de la profondeur de la Seigneurie de Grosbois, bornce de cbaque cote aux terres non-concfedees." — RSgistre des Foi et Horn, mage. No. 10, folio 52, le 26me Janvier, 1781. Cahiers d'Intendance. Dundee (V.), v. Indian Lands. Dunham, township, in the co. of Missiskoui, between the S. of St. Armand and Farnham, ad- joins Sutton and Brome b. and Stanbridge w. The situation and quality of the land render it a valuable tract. It has plenty of timber, such as maple, beech, birch, elm, butternut, iron-wood, white and black ash; also good oak and pine. The upper lands are rather hilly, having many horizontal seams of rock lying a little below the surface; but on the more level parts the soil is generally a rich black mould with, here and there, a mixture of sand. This t. yields all sorts of grain in abundance, and, in many places, is peculiarly fit for the growth of flax and occasionally for hemp. Swamps, not very extensive or numerous, are covered, generally, with cedar and tamarack; but they might be drained without much trouble, and cleared to great advantage. — Watered by se- veral branches of the Yamaska, by Pyke River and two beautiful little lakes, the largest spread- ing over about 600 acres in the 6th range. Here are a greater number of roads, mostly kept in good repair, than perhaps will be found in any other T., leading through Farnham to the Yamaska and also to the state of Vermont. The Pyke River and some of the smaller streams work several mills. This was the first t. erected, in Lower Canada, by letters patent, bearing date 1796; it was granted to the late Hon. Thomas Dunn, whose heirs are at present the greatest landholders. Nearly the whole is settled, and many extensive farms are worthy of notice for their flourishing and improved state, producing great quantities of wheat, barley and oats, besides most other articles peculiar to the country. Per- haps no tract of land of similar extent, through the whole of the province, is better calculated for a judicious experimental farmer to demonstrate how much the present stock of agricultural know- ledge among the Canadian husbandmen may he inci'eased. — In this t. are several pot and pearlash manufactories, a church, a methodist chapel and 25 houses called Frost Village. D U R D U R Statistics. Population 2,121 Corn-mills Churches, R.C. 2 Carding-iiiills Cures . 1 Fulling-mills Presbyteries 1 Saw-mills Schools . 1 Potasheries . Villages . 1 Pearlasheries Breweries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans . 2 1 3 18 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 22,100 33,000 2,800 75,000 Maple sugar . Peas . Rye . Buck wheat Indian corn . 112 cwts. Live Stock. 1,1741 Cows 1,605 1 Sheep 2,1201 Swine 6,900 I Bushels. 9,800 3,000 6,800 15,000 1,400 DuPAs including ChicoTj seigniory^ in the co. of Berthier. This S. contains the Isle Dupas and extends L 1. ahove and helow the k. Chicot and 1^ 1. in depth. Granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Dupas. The rents of the S. are 4 French livres for each farm. Isle Dupas, which is a long nar- row island, lying nearly parallel with the n. shore of the St. Lawrence, hetween the S. of Berthier and Sorel, is an arrierefief, '2 1. long hy 16 acres broad ; one-half belongs to the Hon. Jas. Cuth- bert, the other half to Mrs. Eneau and is subject to the annual payment of a nosegay to the sei- gnior of Berthier. Mrs. Eneau is also proprietor of fief Chicot. All the lands in Isle Dupas are conceded and the greater part prior to 1759. Statistics. Population . 477 1 Churches, R. C . 1 Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats Barley Bushels. . A800 . 8,500 . 100 Bushels. Potatoes 8,500 Peas . 800 Live Stock. Bushels. Rye . 200 Indian corn 90 Horses Oxen . 193 . 170 Cows . 405 Sheep . 1,002 Swine . 371 Title " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Dupas, de Visle Ditpas et adjacentes, ensemble un quart de lieue audessus et un quart au dessous de la riviere de Chicot, sur un lieue et demie de profondeur, suppose que cette quantity ne louche pas a celle accordfe a Mr. Legardeur, fils." — JUglstrc d'ln- tendance, iVo. 1, folio 35. DdrboiSj river, in the S. of Ste. Marie. Durham, township, in the co. of Drummond, on the west side of the river St. Francis, joins Wickham n. w.; Melbourne s. e.; Acton and Ely s, w. The land is generally good, presenting se- veral extensive and improvable tracts that might be turned to advantage. Beech, maple, birch, butternut, pine, ash and cedar are found in great plenty ; there is some oak but it is less abundant. — Watered by numerous small rivulets. — The principal proprietors are the heirs of the late Thomas Scott, Esq. The Abenaqui Indians of the village in the S. of St. Franqois hold 8160 acres by letters patent. — The Drummondville Road runs through this t. above 10 m. Near the centre is a new bridge built over the Black River and another over a ravine, 210 ft. wide, in which the high waters of the b. St. Francis rise to 8 feet. The old bridge over the Black River, built 12 years since and cost £75, had only one pier and six stringers; the new bridge has 3 piers and 61 stringers, with a solid causeway of logs covered with earth and sand 200 ft. in length. The bridge over the ravine is a cross log bridge, ex- cept two piers to let the water of a small brook pass; the whole built of large hemlock timber. The extent of road made is 4 m. and it is opened to 40 ft. and more ; 3 miles of it are ditched and drained, and the width between the ditches is from 18 to 20 feet, having 16 small bridges or drains to let the water pass from one ditch to another across the road, with nine large bridges, from 20 to 100 ft. in length over brooks and ravines. The line of the Drummondville road through this t. is partly settled, and it runs nearly between the 3rd and 4th ranges, until it comes to the large bridge over the ravine at lot No. 8 in the 4th range, where it approaches the river St. Francis. The soil is good, with hardly a bad lot in the whole line. There are several steep hills over which the road has been carried in the upper part of the t. £125 have been expended and to complete the road through the t. a further sum of nearly £400 wDl be necessary. — This t. is considered one of the best amongst the eastern townships, having nine of its ranges fit for actual settlement, and being well watered with good springs and small brooks. There are most superior miU seats on the Black River. Statistics. Population . . 367 | Saw-mills . . 2 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. . 300 4,390 Live Stock. Cows . 210 I Swine . Sheep . 512 | M 2 Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. . 3,908 . 2,920 127 I 153 Barley Potatoes Bushels. Peas . 700 Indian corn 1,460 250 D U T E A R DusABLB or NouVBLLB YoRK, seigtiiory, in the CO. of Berthier, is in the rear of Mastinonge between Berthier and Carufel — 1 league in front by 3 in depth. Granted, Aug. 15, 1739, to Louis Adrien Dandonneau Dusablej now the property of the Hon. Ross Cuthbert. — A small ridge of rising ground crosses this grant, a little north Of the road to Quebec, which seems to separate the fertile from the barren parts ; south of it the Soil is rich, productive, well settled and under good cultivation ; but on the opposite side of the height it is very indiflFerent and thinly settled by a few farmers, who are compelled to exert their utmost industry to procure a living. The whole tract is almost free from wood, the little remain- ing only fit for fuel. A small stream, called Riviere Cachee, runs through the lower part and works one corn and one saw-mill. — This S. is in the parish of Maskinonge. Title. — " Concession du 15me Aoilt, 1739, faite par Charles^ Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Louis Adrien Dandonneau Dusabli, d'une ctendue de terrein d'environ une lieue de front sur trois lieues de profondeur; laqiielle sera bornee pour la devanture au bout de la profondeur de la conces- sion aceordee par Mr. Talon au Sieur Jean Baptiste Le- gardeur le 3me Novembre, 1672, appartenant aujourd'hui au Sieur Petit Bruno; au Nord-est par les terres con. cedees par le dit Sieur Talon, le 29me Octobre, 1672, aux Sieurs Pierre et Jean Baptiste Lcgardeur, dont le dit Sieur Petit est aussi proprietaire, et parlaligne de la Seigneurie du Sieur Sicard de Carufel ; au Sud-ouest au fief du Chicot, et continuation du dit fief; et par derriJre aux terres non- conc^dees." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 8, folio 30. DuTORT or LiNCTGT, fief, in the co. of Nicolet, IS bounded n.e. by Cournoyer ; s. w. by Becancour; in the rear by the t. of Maddington and it fronts the mouth of the R. Becancour opposite Isle Dor- val. The original title of this concession has not been found, therefore its date and dimensions, as granted, are both uncertain ; it is however at pre- sent a quarter of a league in front by nearly 3 leagues in depth, and is the property of Mens. BeUefeuille. — The soil and timber are similar to those of Becancour. Title. — " On n'a pu trouver le titre de cette Concession ni dans le Secretariat ni dans le bureau du Papier Terrier, de sorte qu'on ne connoit ni I'ttendue de son front ni le nom du concessionaire originaire. EUe est plac6e sur la carte d'aprSs les lumi^res qu'on a pu tirer des litres des concessions voisines. — Par le rfgleinent de I'etendue des paroisses I'ait par le Gouverneur et I'lntendant, cet fief paroit avoir un quart de lieue du front du precedent fief de Becancour qui devoit avoir deux lieues et trois quait de front. " E. Eagle Lakes, called by the Indians Chipi- logimssis, in the co. of Rimouski, consist of five or six lakes, connected with each other by a line of water running from n. to s. Their accu- mulated waters run n. w. into the h. St. John, with which these lakes are also connected by an Indian line of communication branching into two portages, one leading to the r. a little below the mouth of the r. Marienequacktacook, and the other opposite the mouth of the r. Madawaska : another portage connects one of these lakes with a stream that flows into the r. Restook, Eardly, township, in the co. of Ottawa, is bounded b. by Hull; w, by Onslow; n. by waste lands of the Crown ; s. by Lake Chaudiere. Its breadth is the same as that of other river townships, but its lateral lines, running mag- netically N., differ widely in their depth, the b. line being 1,099 chains, the w. line only 325, owing to the curves in the shore of the lake, which runs about n. w. and presents a diagonal front to this township of 14 miles, from its e. boundary in the 1st range to the w. limits of the 9th. This T. is indented by two large bays : the first lies above a small river which falls into the Lake at lot 8 ; the second extends from lot 21 to the w. bounds of the t., and in this bay two other small rivers discharge their waters, which, with several inferior streams, fertilize the front ranges. The soil, in many places suited to the cultivation of hemp and flax, does not yield in fertility to Hull. This t. is well timbered with elm, beech, maple and pine, and may be said to possess every local advantage met with in the townships below it. From the foot of the hiUs, which lie along the 6th range, to the margin of the lake, the country is generally level or rising into rich and gradual swells of excellent land. — This t. is but thinly settled and in front. It is well watered by small lakes but contains no considerable rivers, and has no regular roads. — A tract of 6,411 acres of the E. section of this t. was granted, in 1805, to the Sandford and Lukin families and others the greater part of which has been since conveyed to other individuals; subsequently, 2,600 acres were patented to the Maclean family ; these two grants occupied nearly the whole of the front. Large tracts of excellent land are yet ungranted; E A T EAT whichj if placed under the superintendence of an active agent, may in time become a settlement of interest and consequence. Out of the prosperous colony of Hull the settlements of Eardly may be said to have originated; they are chiefly in the E. quarter and are traversed by the Hull road, which extends to the 14th or 15th lot ; many neat and well-cultivated farms are on this part of the road as well as a school-house, which is attended by 20 to 25 youths of both sexes.— i7B- gr anted and unlocated, 19,590 acres. Statistics. Population . . 136 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats . Barley . Bushels. 770 . 2,030 . . 2,430 Maple sugar Peas . Rye . Indian corn . 36 cwts. Bushels. 260 40 710 Live Stock. Horses Oxen . 21 Cows 18 Sheep 34 Swine . 34 . 104 Eaton, river, is formed by two streams which water the townships of Ditton, Newport and Auckland, and meet in the t. of Eaton about 2 m. N. E. of the church. The r. then winds a n. course into the t. of Westbury, where it falls into the St. Francis in the 14th lot of the 2nd range. Eaton, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is bounded e. by Newport; w. by Ascot; N. by Westbury and s. by Clifton. — The w. half, of which a great part is settled, was granted in 1800, to Mr. Josiah Sawyer and others. The farms by care and industry are brought into good condi- tion, assuming a very flourishing aspect. This tract is of a uniform and favourable quality, generously repaying the farmers wherever it is under tillage. The n. w. part generally is low and swampy ; the other parts may be called hiUy, being a series of bold swells whose bases may be traced by the courses of the streams. The soil in general is stony and occasionally sandy. Towards the N. w., at an angle with the horizon of be- tween 60 and 70 degrees, masses of granite are occasionally met with on the surface, as well as large masses of alluvial rocks, some having the appearance of vitrifaction. Slate of excellent quality for roofing is abundant, and black-lead ore has been found. The rocky strata are inva- riably argillaceous. — The timber is more remark- able for diversity of kind than excellence of qua- lity; pine, birch, basswood, spruce and hemlock are plentiful ; tJiat which covers the summits of the ridges is' generally hard wood, viz. maple, beech, birch and basswood; on the slopes is a mixture of spruce with occasional patches of cedar where the land is very wet. — This t. is not wa- tered by any stream of magnitude, but intersected by numerous small rivulets and brooks. On the principal river, called Eaton River, are several good mill sites, of which some are occupied, and two bridges. Several corn and saw-mills have been erected on some of the streams. — Flax suf- ficient for domestic use is grown ; and though hemp has not yet been tried there is no doubt of its answering, particularly in places. The annual produce per acre, which might be increased under a better system, is, wheat 15 bushels, oats 20, rye 15 to 20, potatoes from 250 to 300. Indian corn is not much grown. — A considerable number of horses and fat cattle are sent annually to market. The cattle, in general, are of the breed common to the eastern townships, and are considered good of their kind. The wages of agricultural labourers 2s. 6d. a day, and the highest wages in harvest- time 3s. 4d. There is a fair proportion of artisans,- but they do not follow their trades separately from; farming pursuits, but when they are employed in mechanical trades they receive 5s. a day. — A large quantity of pearlashes is produced. — This t. is di- vided into two parishes by a line through the 6th range of concessions : the n. portion is called St. Peter's, the s. part St. Paul's. There is a church in each parish. There is one school, provided by the Royal Institution, in which are 50 scholars on the average; there are likewise 2 or 3 private schools. — The roads are not good though in an improving state. — About 9000 acres are cleared. — Ungranted and unlocated, 3100 acres. Statistics. Population 803 Fulling-mills 1 Pearlasheries 1 Churches, Pro. 2 Saw-mills . 6 Distilleries . 1 Corn-mills . 3 Tanneries . 1 Taverns . . 2 Carding-mills 1 Potasheries 1 Artisans . 10 Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. Potatoes 19,100 Peas . 4,500 Bushels. 16,820 9,300 350 Bushels. Rye . 3,100 Indian com 1,600, Live Stock. 562 1 Cows . 924 1 Swine 6161 Sheep . . 1,540 1 770 E B O E B O Eau Chaudb, de 1', river, at the s. e. angle of Buckland, is a large, deep and rapid stream and fordable during one or two months in the y6ar. EbouIiEmbns, lbs, seigniory, in the co. of Sa- guenay, fronts the St. Lawrence and lies between the seigniories of Le GoufFre and Murray Bay and is bounded in the rear by waste crown lands. — 3 1. in breadth by 2 in depth. — No record of this grant has been preserved but it appears by an act of fealty and homage performed Apr. 3d, 1723, by Pierre Tremblay, then proprietor, that he pro- duced a concession of this tract made to Pierre Lessard, but the date was not quoted. It is now the property of Marc P. de Sales La Terriere, Esq. M. P. P. — The name of this seigniory indicates convulsions of nature of which we have only some very loose traditions. According to the history of Canada by Charlevoix, some violent shocks of an earthquake were felt in 1663 throughout the whole of Labrador to the Bay of St. Paul. Others say that, before 166.3, this part of the coun- try had experienced shocks of earthquake, and they believe that Jacques Cartier, in his first voyage to Canada, sailed up the St. Lavvrence from the north without meeting any obstacle ; and that on his second voyage, wishing to follow the same track, he was stopped between the Isle aux Coudres and the north by a considerable renversement des terres, and this diplacement has ever since been called la Grande Pointe des Eboulemens, which forms almost an island considerably serrated by the R. St. Lawrence. The traditions prevalent among the oldest inhabitants support this opinion and also the idea, that the creeks formed near the point were formerly only one, or that the passage followed by the first explorers of the country has undergone some change. This coast has been subject to frequent shocks of earthquake; the most alarming in the memory of the oldest inha- bitants was in Jan. 1757. when the earth cracked in many places without any accident except the fall of some chimneys. During the winter of 1791 this part of the country was again agitated by shocks that continued during 40 days, but they were less violent than the former. These extra- ordinary efforts of nature are still often felt every year, and occasion sudden transitions from heat to cold and vice versd. The shocks are more per- ceptible in winter than in spring or autumn, and those in summer are the least felt. From these natural causes without doubt this seigniory has derived its name. The laterabparts of the great Pointe des Eboulemens, which is almost an island of 14 square arpents, form two large creeks into which many little rivers discharge their waters, which at high tide are sufficiently deep to receive vessels of above 100 tons and which there ride in safety in all weathers. These rivers are fordable at low water and wind across 10 to 12 arpents of breakers, which produce an abundant pasturage and a quantity of d'herbe salU. This seigniory, particularly the beautiful settlements whose ver- dant fields crown the summits of the sloping hills which rise amphitheatrically from the St. Lawrence, and all the coast extending from St. Paul's Bay to Malbay affijrd the most agreeable and picturesque variety and are comprehended in one view. The face of this seigniory is in general excessively mountainous ; but the soil is not inferior to that about St. Paul's Bay, and is in many parts equally productive. The shore of the St. Lawrence is here very lofty, especially about Cap aux Oies ; but the edges of the bays, between the different projecting points, afford some good patches of meadow and pasture land : from the elevated bank of the river the ground continues to rise ridge over ridge until it reaches the moun- tains in the rear, which are at least 1800 ft. above the level of the sea. In the concessions called Godefroi, Dorothee, St. Joseph, and St. George, some very good settlements, in an improved con- dition, present themselves on the slopes of the high lands and in the intervals : the whitewashed cottages and farm-houses, frequently embosomed in thick clumps of trees, have an appearance sin- gularly picturesque. The inhabitants are chiefly settled in 3 ranges of concessions ; the iirst range occupies the borders of the river and comprehends a ridge of land of the greatest fertility, producing com, roots and all the fruits grown in Lower Canada, to a degree of perfection only to be ac- counted for by its favourable situation, which is at the base of mountains that protect it from the inclemencies of the north. The second range is on the highest elevation, where the road from St. Paul's Bay to Malbay passes over a distance of 9 1. The inhabitants have built extensively in stone and wood, and, in spite of the unavoidable diflficulties of the mountainous situation, the roads are good EBOULEMENS. and passable for every description of carriage. The valley that contains the villages of St. Joseph and St. Godefroij on one side of which is seated the parish churchj is at least 3 leagues in circum- ference and the churchy 120 ft. by 60, presents one of the finest prospects. From this eminence the view commands the Isle aux Coudres, sepa- rated from the land by a channel one league in breadth, and all the country, on the opposite side of the St. Lawrence, from Kamouraska to the en- virons of St. Thomas and even to the lower part of the Island of Orleans. The manor-house is in the centre of this valley on the bank of the little river, Ruisseau du Moulin, near which is built the seignorial mill which never ceases to work in the driest summer, being constantly sup- plied with water from the river which is fed by two small lakes. On this river, which conveys the purest water to the door of every house, is another corn-mill and also two saw- mills, in which a large quantity of timber is cut for exportation. The bene- ficence of the Creator, every where apparent, seems to have united in this S. numerous benefits as a counterpoise to the disadvantages of a mountainous region. The different valleys on the sides of the mountains present nearly the same picture. — In the second range the soil is a light yellow, more or less mixed with marl, and extremely fertile. The climate, in consequence of the varied exposure of the lands, is very various and the difference is even perceptible in going from one farm to an- other ; nevertheless, corn and leguminous roots of all kinds prosper as well here as in the first range, although sown and harvested fifteen days later. In the first range the autumnal mists dissolve in rain, in the second they descend in snow. The north and north-west winds are frequent. — A large portion of the third range is cleared from wood, and the soil is less flinty and generally more level than in the second range. This part of the seig- niory is behind the front chain of mountains that bounds the St. Lawrence and extends over a plain from 6 to 7 leagues in depth to the great chain of mountainous rocks. The newly settled inhabit- ants of this range produce an abundance of corn from their lands, which are cultivated with the hoe. The autumnal frosts are later here than in the second range, which causes the belief that the surplus population, which migrate to this conces- sion and multiply rapidly, wiU find abundant means of subsistence. In spite of the local disadvantages, which entail on the inhabitants laborious modes of cultivation, instances of emigration to the plains are rarely known. Their well aired climate and their vigorous corporeal powers appear, as it were, identified. This little colony of Canadian moun- taineers may be compared to the inhabitants of Switzerland, or the Scotch highlanders. — This S. is watered by several streams, but principally by the rivulets du Moulin, du Mouton, de L'Eglise and du Cap aux Oies, which descend from the rear and wind between the different ridges in a manner truly decorative. — On the du Moulin, near its discharge into the St. Lawrence, are seated an excellent corn-mill and saw- mill ; at a short distance from which stands the manor-house, a large and substantial stone building, with nu- merous appendages. — Several roads lead along the St. Lawrence, where the ground is practicable, and in other places over the ridges ; they are in general tolerably good but frequently ascend some very long and fatiguing hills. The want of a road to Quebec is one of the greatest disadvantages of this and the adjoining seigniories. The industrious inhabitants are, as it were, imprisoned during six months of the year, and can only export their sur- plus provisions while the navigation is open. The different sums appropriated by the House of As- sembly for the purpose of opening a communica- tion between St. Joachim and St. Paul's Bay have been expended chiefly in searching for a convenient line of route, and have been totally lost by aban- doning the road opened in 1815 or 16 by the Chevalier D'Estimanville, at that time assistant chief overseer of roads. The sum of iE1900 ex- pended since, under the management of com- missioners, was only sufficient to open a com- munication of 9 leagues across difficult places, where there are many expensive cotes and bridges to make. This road can never be finished without the intervention of the legislature, the inhabitants being insensible to every thing to which they have not been habituated, and without this road this interesting part of the country will remain for a long time neglected. This S. and those of Le Gouffre and St. Paul's Bay, being denied ac- cess by land with other seigniories, owing to the intervention of a barren tract in C6te de Beaupre, the principal part of the disposable produce is transported to Quebec by water, in which trade E B O ECU many schooners are almost continually employed during the season of navigation : their cargoes consist chiefly of grain, live cattle and poultry, besides large quantities of pine planks. — In the bays are some good banks for fishing, which is resorted to as a means of livelihood. Great abund- ance of excellent fish and large quantities of her- rings are caught, besides loche, cod, sardenne, I'eplans, caplans, pilchards, eels and some salmon. The porpoise, which was formerly taken in abund- ance near the coast, is now become more rare; nevertheless, there is still oil made sufficient for the consumption of the inhabitants. —All the front of this S. contains limestone ; the more elevated peaks are granite and there are many quarries of freestone of superior quality. — The timber is of vigorous growth ; the woods contain but little maple and much wild cherry, birch, pine, spruce, poplars, cedar and in general all the dwarf trees usually found in the forests of Canada. — Sul- phureous springs of various strength and aggrega- tion are very common ; there are also many fer-r ruginous springs, but their medicinal qualities are not sufficiently appreciated by the inhabitants. — Ten schooners and four chaloups, carrying nearly .300 tons, continually ply to and from the port of Eboulemens to Quebec, and the chief articles of trade are deals, hoards, firewood and some wheat. — In the S. are many potters, 2 joiners, 2 ship- wrights and 5 blacksmiths. — Each of the 3 corn- mills drives 4 pairs of stones. — The horses are ge- nerally of the original Canadian breed and, though small, are extremely docile and willing. The horned cattle which the late Colonel Nairne, the seignior of Malbay, imported from Europe have multiplied and bring greater prices than any others, and, notwithstanding the degenerating in- fluence of the long Canadian winters, they pre- serve the shape and qualities of their superior breed. Sheep are reared in great numbers, hut the inhabitants pay no attention to selection. — The number of farms conceded in this S. is 284, containing 24,607 arpents. 17,729 arpents re- main unconceded. — This S. is in the parish of Notre Dame de Bon Secours, which also includes a small portion of the S. of Murray Bay. The population of this p. amounted, in 1826, to 1800, although, by an error in the census taken in that year, the number is said to have been only 1400. Statistics of the Parish of Notre Dame de Bon Secours. Population J,632 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Corn-mills . 3 Fulling-mills 1 Saw-mills . 7 Artisans . 10 River craft , Tonnage , Keel boats Ship yards 5 225 . 4, . 2 Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen > Bushels. 9,000 3,500 1,000 Bushels. Potatoes 13,000 Peas 900 Rye 150 Cwt». Maple sugar 62 Hay, tons . 138 Live Stock. 31b I Cows 750 1 Sheep 500 I Swine 50001 1500 Title. — " Le titre de cet octroi n'a pas encore etc trouve au Bureau du Secretariat, mais il paroit par un Acte de Foi et Hommage, rendu le 3me Avril, 172.3, par Pierre Tremilay, alors proprietaire de ce fief, qu'entr'autres litres il produisit une concession faite a Pierre Lessard, portant que toutes les terres en Seigneuries qui se trouvent depuis la Seigneurie, du Sieur Dwpr4, jusqu'a celle du Sieur de Comports, noramee la Malhaie, demeureront et appartien- dront a I'avenir au dit Pierre Lessard (Pierre Tremblay, probablement.)" — R6g. Foi et Hommage, folio 55, April 3, 1723.— Caftjer* ff Intend. No. 2 o 9, folio 3, April 5, 168-3. ECHAUPFAUD AUX BASQUES, V. CaNARDS, R. Echo Lake, in the b. part of the t. of Aber- cromby, is one of the sources of a nameless stream that descends to New Glasgow and joins the Achigan. EcuREUiLs, i/Es, or Belais, audits augmen- tation is a seigniory in the co. of Portneuf. It fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded s. w. by the S. of Jacques Cartier; n. b. by Point aux Trem- bles and in the rear by D'AuteuU. — It is i 1. in breadth by 1 league in depth. Granted Nov. 3rd, 1672, to the Sieurs Toupin. The augmentation, of the same breadth as the seigniory and 2 1. in depth, was granted Jan. 20th, 1706, to Marie Magdelaine Mezerai, widow of Jean Toupin. — Though composed of a soil nearly similar to the front part of the seigniory of Jacques Cartier, B.elair cannot vie with that property in fertility. — The lands are all nearly conceded and most of them settled. Many of the concessions were granted before 1759, and those that have been granted since are held on the same terms as the former. There are some neat and well managed farms. The unconceded lands are of indifferent quality, and many of them totally unfit for agricultural purposes — The river Jacques Cartier crosses the S. diagonally, and it is also watered by the Riviere aux Pommes, a pretty winding stream that flows ECU E S H into the former. The timher has been nearly all cleared off, and what remains is very inferior both in kind and value. — Several roads cross this grant and one, intersecting them at right angles, runs from the banks of the St. Lawrence to the Jacques Cartier. — The augmentation is generally moun- tainous, but the land is not of a bad quality ; it is only partially cultivated near the seigniory and is tolerably well timbered with beech, ash, maple, pine and birch, and is watered by the River Port- neuf and some of its branches. The road from Jacques Cartier bridge crosses it, on each side of which there are a few neat settlements. — The Parish of St. Jean Baptiste- des Ecureuih is divided into three fieft, belonging to Messrs. Deschenay, Hart and Alsop. The church, though small, is large enough for the congregation. The parish contains 60 families, three-fourths of whom, appre- ciating the advantages of education, supply the means of supporting a public school to which all the children of the parish can easily have access ; in this school the elements of the French, Latin and English languages, arithmetic, &c. are taught. : — There is no want of tradesmen in the S. This p. was for a long time celebrated for the quality of its corn, but for some years this reputation has been on the decline. The presbytery is spacious and very commodious. The church, though small, is large enough for the congregation, and the pa- rishioners are inspired with an extraordinary zeal in its decoration ; their contributions for this pur- pose have frequently been surprising. Statistics. Population 512 Churches, R.C. 1 Presbyteries . 1 Corn-mills . 1 Carding-mills 1 Fulling-mills Saw-mills . Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River craft Tonnage Keel boats 10 1 19 1 Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats Horses Oxen . Bushels. 4^.563 5,120 206 190 Barley Potatoes Bushels. 90 . 5,100 Live Stock. Cows Sheep 5101 1,035 1 Peas Swine Bushels. 3,100 309 Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Interidant, aux Sieurs Toupin, Pere et Fils, d'une demi lieue de front, sur une lieiie de profondeur, k prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, moitie au dessus et moilie au dessous de la pointe Bouroila {aux Ecureuils) aboutissant des deux cotes aux terres non-concedecs."— ^ R6gistre d'Intendance, No. l,';foZfo-3J^'»'' Augmentation. — " Concession du 20me Janvier, 1706, faite par Philippe de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Francois de Beatiharnois, Intendant, a Marie Magdelaine Mezerai, veuve de feu Jean Toupin, d'une demi lieue de terre de front sur deux lieues de profondeur derriere la Seigneurie de B6lair, le front a prendre immediatement k une lieue du fleuve St. Laurent." — Registre d'Intendance, No, 5, folio 41. Edward (L.), v. Batiscan, b. Edwakds-town, ti. Beauharnois, S. Ely, township, in the co. of Shefford, bounded E. by Melbourne and Brompton ; w. by Roxton ^ N. by Acton and s. by Stukeley. The whole of this T. has been surveyed and the s. e. quarter granted. The laud is good and, if cultivated, would prove fertile ; the low land, though rather wet, is not unfit for tillage and produces some of the best kinds of hard, black woods. — This T. is watered by branches of the Yamaska and other streams. — Here are very few settlers. — 950 acres were purchased by Mr. Wm. Hall of Quebec for £100. — Ungranted and unlocated 2,800 acres. Emberton, a projected township, in the co. of* Sherbrooke, is bounded by Ditton, Auckland and Drayton, and is watered by the R. Margalloway. Enfant Jesus, de 1' (P.), v. Montreal. English Bay, on the n. shore of the St. Law- rence, in the co. of Saguenay, lies between St. Panovace and Manicouagan Bay. English River, in the S. of Beauharnois, rises in several springs in the rear of William's Town and, winding to the front, joins the Cha- teauguay nearly 1 m. above the church. Ennibs, des, river, rises in waste lands in the rear of the 2nd aug. to Ste. Anne, in the co. of Champlain, and watering the rear part of the S, of Batiscan falls into the k. of that name. Entry (I.), v. Magdalen, I's. Erien Lake, in Clarendon, lies near the centre of the T., between the 9th and 10th ranges and E. of Decoy Lake. Escoumaine, river, in the co. of Saguenay, falls into the n. shore of the St. Lawrence about 10 m. below the R. Grande Berzeronne. Esbganetsogook, river and lake, in the co. of rislet. The river rises in the mountainous and waste country lying s. of the rear boundary of the T. of Ashford ; running s. it receives one stream from the n. e. and another from the n. w., both descending from small lakes. The R. then forms the lake of the same name and, taking a s. w. di- rection, joins the Daaquam about 6 m. above the junction of that river with the R. St. John. EsHBR, a projected township, fronts Lake des AUumetSj in the co. of Ottawa, and lies between N ETC ETC the projected townships of Hastings and Sheen. In Esher the Hudson's Bay Company have a Post. Etchbmin, lake, is in the cos. of Bellechasse and Beauce and lies in the angle formed "by the junction of the townships of Ware, Standon and Cranbourhe ; it supplies one of the main branches of the K. Etchemin No part of the District of Quebec is better calculated to be the centre of an extensive and flourishing settlement than the vi- cinity of the Lake Etcheniin ; no inland situation could be selected better adapted for the site of a village than the margin of this beautiful sheet of Water, which is somewhat more than 4 m. long, navigable from one end to the other and abound- ing with fine fish. The shores of the lake, without assuming the appearance of rocks, are bold and picturesque and the margin in most places either pebbly or composed of the finest sand ; it is sur- rounded by excellent land, presenting on all sides a moderate and gradual ascent from the water and three or four good mill-streams enter the lake at different points. On a small peninsula on the N. side is every appearance of an extensive mine of iron ore : bog ore has been found in great abundance not far from the s. w. side, and indeed on all sides, for many miles round the lake, there are strong indications of this valuable mineral. This lake is in a most central situation ; at the head of a considerable branch of the r. Etchemin, and within a mile or two of the head waters of the River St. John and of considerable streams com- municating with the Chaudiere ; it is in the direct line of the nearest and only practicable route of communication with the River St. John, and is by nature appointed the great highway between Que- bec and the lower provinces ; it is also in the line of the nearest road to the State of Maine and enjoys, moreover, the advantage of proximity to the road lately dpened to the Kennebec settlements, wherefore the distance by that road may be short- ened by descending in a direct line down the valley of the Etchemin to Pointe Levi, in lieu of the cir- cuitous route by the Chaudiere : so situated, few inland places in the province possess superior ad- vantages as a commercial entrepot to the Lake Etchemin. A village in this situation, commu- nicating with Quebec at the short distance of six- teen leagues, would, when the country in the vi- cinity has somewhat advanced in settlements, ofier sk most convenient place of deposit for the produce of the neighbouring country, as well as for that of the St. John district and the state of Maine : being in the high road from the capital, at the distance of a short day's journey, it would also form an in- termediate point of departure for aU the extensive countries lying to the south, south-east, east and north-east. The value of an easy and safe inland water communication with the lower provinces must be obvious, and will ever be an object of the utmost importance to the inhabitants of the British North American colonies. Etchemin, river, in the cos. of Beauce and Dorchester, rises on the s. e. boundary of Stan- don, and, having the T. in a direction at right angles with its general course, it enters Cran- bourne and, sweeping along the s. w. base of the mountains, again returns n. e. before it enters Frampton, forming in its course a rocky penin- sula of 6 m. in length by half that in width : a good water communication exists round this peninsula, the Etchemin being deep and navigable from lot 19 to lot 28, but not lower, for it he- comes a wide and shallow stream on a rocky bed; the rapids in the 10th range extend only a short distance. After -watering the t. of Frasnpton and the S. of Jolliet, it enters Lauzon and tra- verses the whole of that S. to the St. Lawrence, into which it falls between the domain and fief Ursuline. — When the extensive country through which this r. runs, now wholly uninhabited, has been settled and brought into a state of improve- ment capable of reimbursing the cost, an inland water communication from Pointe Levi to Ma- dawaska, and perhaps eventually even to the Bay of Fundy and the distant Atlantic, would neither be doubtful as to its beneficial result nor Very costly in the execution, by simply im- proving the bounty of nature furnished by the rivers St. John and Etchemin. — At the Upper Falls of the r. is an Indian carrying-place and the remains of a canoe have been there found,, which indicate, perhaps, a nearer route to the na- vigable waters of the St. John than that disco- vered by Mr. Ware. From Lake Etchemin to the Middle Falls the descent is very trifling, so that, it is believed, the dicharge du Lac might by embankment be made navigable for boats : the descent at the falls is not more than twenty feet, and the ground is favourable for the construction of locks : from the falls to Ware's River, at the s. angle of Buckland, eight miles, the Etchemin is narrow, deep and navigable, flowing through an V AU F A U alluvial valley : from the last-mentioned place to the Bridge of Ste. Claire, 18 m.,is over a hilly tract of country, but in a gradual slope, affording numer- ous and considerable streams as feeders to a canal ; and, lastly, from the Bridge of Ste. Claire to Pointe L§vij about 21 m. is over a fine level country very favourable for the excavation of canals, so that the whole length of the canal connecting Pointe L6vi with the River St, John would not, in all proba- bility, exceed fifty milesj if so much. Perhaps the bed of the Etchemin, above the Lower Falls, mightj by embankment, be made navigable for a great part of the distance, the fall being in most places very inconsiderable. Eugenie, river, rises in l. Oliveira in the t. of Dorset, in the co. of Megantic, and taking a s. course enters the t. of Gayhurst, through which it winds gracefully in a gentle current until it falls into the Chaudifire near Pointe Ronde. Famine, la, river and lake. The river rises in several branches, in the t. of Ware, which unite with other branches, one of which descends from Lake la Famine in the t. of Watford, and running into the S. of Aubert de L'Isle falls into the Chaudiere near the w. angle of the P. of St. Barbe. The lake is iii the extensive swamp lying in the rear of Ware and Watford. Fabnham, township, in the co. of Shefford, is bounded n. by the t. of Granby and the s angle of the S. of St. Hyacinthe ; s. by Stanbridge and Durham ; b. by the t. of Brome, and w. by the aug. to the s. of Monnoir. It is watered through- out by the first branches of the k. Yamaska. The land is of good quality, generally similar to that of Stanbridge though perhaps with a greater pro- portion of indifferent tracts ; in the n.w. parts are wide-spreading swamps. — The best parts are tim- iiered principally with beech, elm and maple ; on the marshy parts are the usual inferior sorts. — Watered by large branches of the river Yamaska, on which are many corn and saw-mills. — Several roads cross in every direction. Along the banks of the streams are some good patches of settle- ■ments. .Nearly all the land is granted. In 1798, Mr. Samuel Gale and others obtained a large por- tion and stiU continue the greatest landholders : in 1805, a grant was made to the family of the late Colonel Cuyler, and in 1809 the westemly part, being the "rest and residue of Famham," was laid out and 10,176 acres granted to John Allsop, Esq. and others, his associates, who still retain the property. — Ungranted and unlocated 1272 acres. Slatistics. Population 835 Churches, Pro. 2 Curates . 1 Schools . 6 Villages . 1 Corn-mills . 4 Carding-mills 3 Fulling-mills 3 Saw-mills . 13 Tanneries . 1 Hat manufact. 1 Potteries . 2 Potasheries 4 Pearlasheries 9 Breweries . 1 Distilleries . 2 Medical men I Nptaries . 1 Shopkeepers 3 Taverns . 4 Artisans . 18 Aunual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 6,010 Oats . 9,150 Barley . 1,300 Bushels. Potatoes 25,000 Peas . 4,950 Rye '. 100 Bushels. Buck wheat 5,800 Indian com 5,460 Map. sug, cwt. 35 Live Stock. Horses . . 322 Oxen . . 395 Cows . 660 Sheep . 8,355 Swine . 780 Fausembault, seigniory, in the co. of Port- neuf, is bounded N. e. by Guillaume Bonhomme and St. Gabriel ; s. w. by Neuville and Bourglouis ; s. by Desmaure and n. by waste lands. This S. is irregular in front and depth ; its superficial ex- tent about 12 1., one-third of which is in lakes, rivers and mountains. From the S. of Desmaure to the R. Jacques Cartier it is only a narrow slip of land, f 1. broad, and 2i- 1. deep ; beyond that river it spreads to a breadth of 8 m. with an additional depth of 3 1. granted Feb. 20th, 1693, to Sieur de GaudarvUle and now the property of Juchereau Duchesnaye, Esq. The front of this S. is 3 1. from the St. Lawrence and its first two ranges of con- cessions are settled by natives of the country; a third range is conceded to natives but is not settled. The principal settlements are on the Jacques Car- tier, consisting of about 80 farms on each side of the R. ; there is also another settlement more to the N. besides those on Lac St. Joseph, on the discharge of which are an oatmeal mUl, a saw-mill and a bridge 60 feet by 18. A great part of the lands were conceded before 1759, and more recent concessions have been made which are held under the ancient tenure. The land that remains un- conceded is of very indifferent quality, and much of it is totally unfit for agricultural purposes. That part of the seigniory lying between GaudarviUe and Guillaume Bonhomme, though rather moun- tainous particularly towards the river, is of good quality; the land rising gradually affords many n2 F iLU F O U opportunities for cultivation ; the soil is either a middling sort of loam or a layer of black earth, of no great depth, upon a stratum of sand : the farms exhibit good tillage and are by no means defective in fertility. — There is a tolerable variety of tim- ber ; the maple, beech and birch are particularly good : inferior \vood is in great abundance. — Se- veral roads lead to the adjoining seigniories on each side, and one from Desmaure up to the Jacques Cartier, but there is scarcely a stream to be met with until reaching that river; thence northward, this S. is mountainous, continually rising until it approaches the great N. w. ridge, and is very well clothed with timber but it is ge- nerally unfit for cultivation. — This S. is watered partially by the r. Jacques Cartier, by Lac St. Joseph and Lac Bonhomme besides some smaller lakes in the ravines, and also by several little branches of the R. Portneuf which rise in the skirts of the mountains. — Part of this S. is in the parish of St. Augustin and part in the p. of Ste. Catherine, which lies behind it and is served by the same cure. {Vide Gaudarville, and for sta- tistics of Ste. Catherine, p. vide Desmaure.) Statistics of the Settlement of St. Patrick. Population 283 Arpents under cultivation , .310 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Rye Horses Bushels. 90 1,172 27 Bushels. Barley . 54- Peas . . 76 Potatoes 19,340 Bundles. Hay, &c. . 250 Butter cwts. 18 Live Stock. 10 I Horned cattle 64 | Swine 4,9 Title.—" Concession du 20me Fevrier, 1693, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouvemeur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur de Gaudarville, de trois lieues de profondeur au derri^re du fief de Gaudarville, ensemble toutes les terres attenantes qui sont derriere les fiefs des Sieurs Desmaures et Guillaume Bonhomme, et jusqu'i la profondeur de la merae ligne du Nord-est au Sud-ouest, qui terminera les dites trois lieues, ensorte que tout ce qui est compris en la prcsente concession sera born6 d'un bout, par devant, au Sud-est, par les lignes qui terminent les profondeurs des dits fiefs de Gaudarville, Bonhomme et Desmaure, et par derriere au Nord-ouest par une ligne courant uussi Nord-est et Sud-ouest qui terminera la profondeur des dites trois lieues par derriere le dit fief de Gaudarville, ct sera prolongee droit jusqu'au fief de Neuville, et par un c6t^ au Nord-est, d'une partie des terres du fief de Sillery, 4'une partie de celles de Gaudarville, et des terres du dit Bonhomme ; et de I'autre c6t6, au Sud-ouest, born(5e des terres du fief de Neuville." — Rigistre d'Jntendance, No. 4 folio U, Femmbs, ruisseau des, a small rapid stream descending into the N. shore of the r. Saguenay, nearly opposite Ha Ha bay. The Descente des Femmes forms a good harbour for vessels. Fere, river, rises in a small lake behind the high lands near the rear line of the S. of St. Roch des Annais, and taking a w. course washes the boundary line of that S. and Reaume, where it receives a small rill from the s. and turns a mill, from which it strikes off to the n. and running to the village in St. Roch des Annais falls into La Grande Anse in the r. St. Lawrence. Ferme, petite, river, rises and falls in the s. of C6te de Beaupre; it runs through the domain of St. Joachim into the St. Lawrence about 4 m. from the mouth of the R. Ste. Anne. Ferre, river, rises in several lakes in the waste lands in the rear of the S. of Bourglouis ; it runs s. w. through the S. of Perth uis into Long Lake which is the source of the R. Noire. Fitch's Bav is a long sheet of water in the t. of Stanstead emptying itself into Lake Memphra- magog. It receives the waters of a considerable lake that cuts the division line of Stanstead and Hatley. At the mouth of this bay is a small island. Flammand, river, runs into the h. St. Mau- rice above the n. Bastonais r. Fi/EUH, la, river, in the Island of Orleans, rises in the high lands, and taking a s. w. direction runs through the fief Mons. Foulain into the south channel of the r. St. Lawrence. Forges of St. Maurice, v. St. Etiennb, p. FoucAULT or Caldwell Manor, seigniory, in the CO. of RouviUe, is bounded n. by the S. of Noyan; S. by the state of Vermont ; e. by Missiskoui Bay, and w. by the r. Richelieu. Granted, Ap. 1, 1738, to Sieur Foucault ; 2 1. in front by 2\ 1. in depth. — The line of boundary between Lower Canada and the United States runs through this S., by which a great part of it is placed within the state of Ver- mont — The face of this S. is generally level, though slightly undulating and regularly interspersed with swamps and gently rising grounds; the land though low is superior in quality to the other low lands on the east bank of the Richelieu, and may be cultivated with the greatest success ; but this superiority, joined to the benefit of having water communication at its east and west boundaries, has yet attracted but few settlers, who are chiefly American farmers, and are settled in different parts of the S. — Apple F O U FOX orchards flourish well in this S. and various kinds of the plum and cherry are cultivated with success. The forest timher consists of white pinej white oakj cedar, ash, elm, maple, beech, hemlock, larch and fir. — The roads are mostly in good repair ; 5 prin- cipal roads are established by law, 4 of which lead from the province line N. through the s. and one from Missiskoui Bay w. to the river Kichelieu; these are intersected by several shorter roads. — There is a ferry over the Richelieu at the province line, where the river is one mile broad ; the rates of ferriage are, for a waggon drawn by two horses 3s. 9d., a waggon with one horse 2s. 6d., a foot passenger Is. — This S. and that of Noyan ad- joining are divided into 2 parishes ; the w. parish, which includes the protestant episcopal church of Foucault, is called St. Thomas ; there is no parson- age house nor public school, but there are 4 private seminaries in each of which are taught, on an average, 25 scholars. — Foucault is about equally and unifohnly settled in every part. The popu- lation in 1825 amounted to 1051; the number is now increased. About ^ths of the land are under cultivation, and the soil is highly favourable to the growth of hemp and flax j the latter is cultivated by every family for domestic use The average com produce is about 20 bushels per acre: wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, barley and buck-wheat are raised in abundance, and peas are cultivated to a considerable extent. The annual consumption of wheat, rye and Indian corn, for food, is about 8400 bushels of each ; and of Indian corn, peas, buck-wheat and oats, for fattening cattle and pigs and feeding horses, about 9000 bushels. — One corn-mill and one saw-mill have been erected on Wolf Creek by Captain John Taylor, which, from the smallness of the stream, can work only about 4 months in the year. There are 4 permanent potash factories and several private ones of minor importance : there are also 2 tanneries. — Potash, lumber, beef cattle, pork and grain are the prin- cipal articles of traffic, which are exchanged for merchandize. — The price of agricultural labour is 2s. 6d. a day; and a mechanic earns 5s. — Among the tradesmen are 1 saddler, 1 wheelwright, 3 blacksmiths, 3 cordwainers, 1 hatter. — Milch cows and labouring oxen prosper well, and sheep are reared in sufficient numbers to supply each family with wool for winter clothing. — Although no mine nor mineral has been discovered, some specimens of rock crystal, garnet and emerald have been found, also various petrifactions on the shores of the Richelieu. — This S. is watered by Wolf Creek that flows into South River, also by Missiskoui Bay on the e. and by the r. Richelieu on the W. ; these rivers abound with fish of delicious flavour. Title " Concession du 3me Avril, 1738, faite par Chatles-t Marquis de Beaitharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Foucault, de deux lieues de terre de front, bornces du c6te du Nord par la Seigneurie nouvellement concedee au Sieur de Noyan, et surla meme ligne, et du c6te du Sud iv deux lieues de la dite ligne par une ligne parallSle tiree Est et Ouest du monde ; sur le devant par la rivielre Chambly, et sur la profondeur par la Baie de Missisquoui." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 7, folio 9. FouQUBT, a small stream in the S. of Grand- ville and Lachenaye; it turns a corn-mill at its junction with Riviere des Caps. FouRCHE, grande, river, runs through the C8te de la Grande Fourche across theTemiscouata Port- age into the n. w. branch of the R. Trois Pistoles. FouRCHB, petite, river, connects the small lake that receives the waters of h. des Sangues with the s. w. branch of the k. Trois Pistoles. It runs across the Temiscouata Portage, s. e. of the k. Grande Fourche. Fourche, la, a river in the S. of St. Giles. FouRNiBB, fief, in the co. of L'Islet, fronting the St. Lawrence, is bounded s. w. by L'Epinay; N.B. by Gagnier and Ste. Claire; in the rear by waste lands of the crown. — 30 arpents in breadth, by 2 1. in depth. Granted Nov. 3rd, 1672, to Sieur Fournier. — It is watered by the Bras St. Nicholas and two other streams, besides a fourth which rises in a small lake near the s. w. angle. Title. — " Concession du 3me Nov. 1672, faite par Jcaii Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Fournier, de trente arpens de terre sur deux lieues de profondeur, a prendre sur le fieuve St. Laurent; tenant d'un c6te au Sieur de I'Epinay, et d'autre aux terres non-concedees." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 28. Fox, rivers. Great and Little Fox rivers are about 2 m. from each other, both falling into the gulf of St. Lawrence, between Grifiin's Cove and Little Vallee in the co. of Gaspe. Great Fox river runs through the s. angle of fief Anse de I'Etang. Statistics of Great Fox River. Population . . 57. Annual Agricultural Produce. Potatoes Oxen Cows Bushels I 200 I Peas Live Stock. 16 I Sheep 20 Swine Bushels. . 100 18 17 FRAMPTON. Frampton township, in the co. of Beauce, in the rear of the SS. of St. Joseph and Ste. Marie, on the river Chaudiere, hounded n. e. by the t. of Buckland ; s. w. by the S. of JoUiet and s. e. by the T. of Cranbourne. This township is situated at the commencement of the mountainous tract of country separating the waters of the St. Lawrence from those of the St. John, and consequently pre- sents, on its near and farther sides, very different appearances. The s. b. side, from about No. 16 to 28, is intersected from s. w. to n. e. by a chain of elevated mountains, in many places impracticable for roads, frequently rocky and otherwise unfa- vourable for immediate settlement. Like the other parts of the township the elevated portions are, however, very much superior to the valleys, which are generally swamps covered with stones and producing inferior descriptions of timber such as Sapin, spruce, some birch and cedar. — As far as is now known, neither this nor any other portion of the T. contains any limestone or sand. — The N. w. half of the t., although also hilly, is much superior to the opposite side ; all the hills may be cultivated to their summits, the valleys are in general good soil or cedar, alder and ash swamps. The land is every where stony, but the stones are loose and on the surface. The soil is a strong white or yellow clay, producing very superior crops of wheat and other grain, potatoes, turnips, &c. The grass, in the cultivated valleys, is very fine and is thought to be the cause of the su- perior quality of the butter made in Frampton. The uplands are timbered principally with maple and birch with a mixture, more or less, of ash, spruce, iron wood, beech, hemlock, &c. In the valleys and alluvial points on the river are cedar in great abundance, alders, elm, ash, spruce, pine, with many other kinds of soft timber, and occa- sionally also birch and maple, but there is no white birch. — In the valleys are found consider- able quantities of potter's earth. — The whole of the township is uncommonly well watered, and there are a great many very excellent mill seats on the various branches of the R. Etchemin, as well as on the waters communicating with the Chaudiere. — This township will be costly in bringing into cultivation from the number of stones on the surface ; but, once cleared, it will become a very valuable and productive settle- ment, particularly to graziers. — The most con- spicuous mountain is called the Crapavdi^re ; it is in the 9th and 10th ranges. No. 15 to 20, and is only a link of others as high or higher, extending from it to the n. e. and s. w. — The N. E. half of the t. is traversed by the river Etchemin in its whole extent. There are two small lakes in the 3rd range, abounding with excellent trout; both communicate with Pyke River, a branch of the Etchemin. — Roads have been opened and made passable for wheeled car- riages in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 9th and 11th ranges, nearly half way through the t. ; and a cross road, in very tolerable order, has been made between lots No. 2 and 3, from the front to the rear the whole way. The road in the 9th range is opened and passable for 7 miles, and that in the 3rd nearly as far. Other roads are projected and in progress, and a road in continuation of that in the 9th range has been traced to the river St. John (distant from the s. e. side of the T. 17 miles) by order of government. — There are no bridges or ferries established over the Etchemin in this T., but it has now become absolutely requisite that a bridge should be built over that river, as the com- munication between the inhabitants is often cut off by floods, &c. — This t. has not been erected into a parish yet, and there is only one place of reli- gious worship, a Roman Catholic chapel, recently erected in the 3rd range, where service is occa- sionally performed. From the situation of this township it ought to be divided into two parishes, for the N. E. and s. w. sides ought to be distinct. On the south side an appropriation of crown lands has been made for the support of the school ; on the N. E. side there is no reserve for this purpose or any other of the kind. The s. w. side of the T. in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th ranges has been settled from 1816, and at present contains the greatest population, about 170. The settlement on the N. E. side was begun in 1823, 7 years later than the other side; the total number of souls on the n. e. side is 101. — The chief pro- prietors in this township, enumerated accord- ing to the extent of land they respectively hold, are, Mr. Gilbert Henderson, Colonel Jacques Voyer, Mr. P. E. Desbarats, Hon. Mr. Justice Pyke, Mr. Wilb'am Henderson, Hon. James Ir- vine, heirs of Labruere, Colonel Vassall, Colonel Armstrong, besides several other persons who pos- sess from 100 to 800 acres each. — In the n.e. side 900 acres of forest are cut down, of which 618 are cleared and cultivated. On the s. w. side it is sup.. FRAMPTON. posed that the quantity of land improved is ahout one- third more than on the n. e. side. — There is no village although there may he ahout 60 houses in the township, and no trade is as yet carried on. —The average annual crop of wheat produced on an acre of new land is 20 hushels, potatoes from 18 to 25. The produce on the n. e. side of the T. was nearly as follows, in 1827, and very much under an average crop. 4,R00 bushels of potatoes 530 ditto turnips 415 ditto wheat 730 ditto oats 50 bushels of barley 80 ditto peas 165 ditto rye 2,500 bundles of hay The total produce is more than is required for the consumption of the growers ; the surplus is, how- ever, in great demand for new settlers (many of whom had no land cultivated in 1827), and in the adjoining seigniory. It is supposed that the produce of the s. w. side was more than double the above, as there are fewer new settlers, and also a greater surplus for sale out of the town- ship. The seasons for sowing and reaping are about a fortnight earlier than in the vicinity of Quebec. On the s. e. side Mr. Desbarats has erected a saw-mill, corn-mill and oatmeal- mill : on the n. e. side Mr. G. Henderson has a saw-mill, corn-mill and oatmeal mill. — There are many tradesmen, particularly masons, brick- layers and joiners, who, in most instances, work all summer in Quebec while their families look after their farms. There are also shoemakers, weavers, cattle doctors, wheelwrights, blacksmiths and other mechanics settled in both sides of the township. — The average price of agricultural labour is from 2s. to 2s. 6d. per day, the labourer boarding himself, or from Is. 6d. to 2s. with board. — There are ap- pearances of iron ore in several places; the stones are clay slate interspersed with a few boulders of granite, and some few detached pieces of porphyry have also been seen; quartz and quartzstone day slate is very common. — Flax grows well but hemp has not been tried, although there is no doubt of its growth; hops are found indigenous in several places. — The neat cattle hitherto in- troduced are of the common Canadian breed, which, perhaps, with some improvement by ju- dicious crossing, are the best calculated to thrive in a hUly country. — There is scarcely any part of the T. where the stumps have as yet rotted out from the cleared lands, consequently very little ploughing is performed, and when it becomes ne- cessary it is probable that oxen will he used ex- clusively. The average price for clearing is from £2 10s. to £3 per acre. This sort of clearing leaves the stumps on the land, but it prepares it for seeding. Considerable quantities of saw-logs were cut on the n. e. side previous to the lands being granted ; in fact, the land was in general stripped of all the pine and spruce timber fit for logs ia the vicinity of the river. This illegal con- duct has been very injurious to the interests of the grantees, who have thereby been deprived of the only immediate source of commerce to enable them to carry on their settlements. — Out of the money granted for the improvement of internal commu- nications the sum of £300 was here expended. The opening of the projected road to the R. St. John would be of the greatest advantage to the t. gene- rally, especially if carried on to the United States, to which it would then be the direct road from Quebec. — This t. is considered decidedly superior in soil and situation to Buckland, Cranbourne and Standon ; and, of all the settlements in the rear of the French grants below the k. Chaudiere, it is the most forward in improvements and population. It has been occasionally visited by a great many bears, which destroyed some cattle and lacerated others; active measures, however, have been taken by the settlers to prevent the future intrusion of such troublesome visiters. — As the progress of settlement in this part of the province mainly, if not entirely, depends on the state of the roads through this t., the House of Assembly has wisely contributed sums of money for the purposes of opening new roads and the erection of a bridge over theEtchemin. Commissioners were appointed, whose judicious and faithful discharge of their im- portant duties is alike honourable to themselves and the assembly which selected them. They were appointed under the provincial act, 9th George IV. chapter 13, " to open and make two roads in the county of Dorchester, whereof one shall lead from the oM settlements east of the River Chaudiere as far as Lake Etchemin, and the other from the settlements in the ninth range of the township of Frampton, as far as Lake Etche- min on the north-east side of the River Etche- min." The 1st road is that from the r. Chau- diere towards l. Etchemin, through the t. of Cranbourne, about 33 miles, viz. F R A M P T O N. Miles. 1st, From St. Joseph Mill on the ChaudiSre to rear line of St. Joseph, or front line of Craiihoume 6 2nrt. From the end of said road to the inter- section of road number three, carried through 5th range of Cranbourne . . . . 3| 3rd. From 4fth range of Frampton to 8th range of Cranbourne, carried through between lots 14 and 15 of Cranbourne • . . . 6| 4th. From end of last-mentioned road to inter- section of the rear line of Cranbourne, between the 7th and 8th ranges . ..74 Sth. From termination of road carried through Frampton on the north-east side of River Etche- rain to Lake Etchemin, carried on, as nearly as possible, the rear line of Cranbourne . . 9 Total . 33 Of the above roads, the first three have been opened about IGi miles fit for winter roads. There are no ditches, and no stream requires a bridge above 6 or 8 feet span, but no bridges have been made. The width of road opened is 10 feet. The whole of this part of the country is hilly and extremely well watered, but no portion of it is mountainous; the road is not carried over any steep hills, nor are there any streams requiring public bridges ; but the portion of the road leading from the Chaudiere as far as the crown lands in Cranbourne is extremely swampy, and could not be made passable for carts without a very heavy expense. The timber on the adjoining lands has been mostly destroyed by accidental fires, and the quality of the soil is entirely unfit for settlement. The remainder of the road is on the crown lands, which are every where tolerably good, and in some places excellent and very fit for settlement. The remainder of the road proposed to be opened passes entirely on the crown lands, which, with the ex- ception of a small portion in the peninsula in the N. E. corner of Cranbourne, are of good quality and well adapted for settlement, when the roads from Frampton, by which alone they can be ad- vantageously approached, are made good. There are no hills to impede this road, nor any swamps of any extent to increase the expense of making it, but there are two considerable streams to cross, which will require public bridges, viz., one over the main branch of the rfver Etchemin, and the Other over the outlet of the lake of that name. These roads lead directly to a very valuable por- tion of the waste lands of the crown (exclusive of those they more immediately pass through) in Standon, Ware and Watford, all of which are of a description to encourage immediate settlement when roads are made to them — The other road is from the 9th range of this t. on the N. e. side of the K. Etchemin to the n. angle of the t. of Cranbourne. The whole extent of this road is about 9\ miles, commencing on lot No. 10 in the 9 th range of Frampton, and thence following the general course of the B. Etchemin. It has been opened and made passable for carts as far as the river de I'Eau-Chaude at the s. angle of the t. of Buckland 5\ miles. There are one large and two smaller bridges built over streams in this space; but the road has not as yet been ditched, although it will require it in many places. It has been opened 11 feet wide and in places where no settlements are commenced, the wood has been cleared to the distance of a chain on each side. A considerable portion of this road, and more par-, ticularly the first two miles, runs through low land and requires logging at an expense of from £50 to £60 a mile. The country traversed by the road, so far as it is made, is all good soil and mostly in progress of settlement; there is only one steep hill, beyond which the road is excellent ; it is at the commencement and does not exceed an acre in descent. That part of the road which remains to be opened traverses a fine tract of country on the s. side of a gentle slope, forming one side of the valley of the Etchemin usually called Les Aul- naies. There is only one hill to ascend, which may be done gradually, and a space not exceeding 1 mile of low land requires logging and ditching; one large bridge and five smaller ones will be required before the road can be travelled. No road in this ; part of the country can be more important fhan this, it leads and indeed passes through in one place the unsettled lands in Buck- land, and passes through the first range of Stan- don, at the distance of from | to f m. from the most valuable portion of the crown lands in Stan- don, and thence directly to Cranbourne Road now opening ; which until this road is completed will be entirely useless, and the only road by which the waste lands of the crown in Standon, the N. E. part of Cranbourne, the fine tract of country on the T. of Ware surrounding Lake Etchemin, and a considerable portion of Buckland, can be approached. — The bridge over the k. Etchemin in this T, is erected on lot 2 in the Sth range. The length is 321 ft. with two arches of 64 ft. each arch 17 ft. high in the centre by 13 at top; centre pier 50 ft. long by 20 wide at base ; the abutments from 34 to 45 ft. wide. The expense F R A GAD of building this bridge has been about £435, viz.— Voted by the House of Assembly . ^SOO Approaches and homologation, aiout . 80 Subscribed by the settlers, about . , 55 Total expense of the bridge . J!ii35 In rendering an account of their proceedings to the House of Assembly the commissioners very justly remark that no similar work could be con- structed in the province for less money. It is here not improper to observe that the long ex- perience of the author, as surveyor-general of this province, and the evidence of facts prove how ju- diciously the commissioners for the opening and improving of the internal communications are chosen; the economical and judicious manner in which they direct their important labours, par- ticularly the personal supervision which they be- stow, ensures promptness of execution and con- fines the expenses within the limits of the esti- mates ; therefore the sums voted for such pur- poses are never exceeded without attaining an adequate and generally an unexpected beneiit. The money expended on these roads and bridges has, exclusive of the object in view, been of the greatest possible advantage to the adjoining coun- try, both seigniories and townships, and a small additional sum granted for improving the roads in this valuable t. would have the immediate effect of settling the principal main roads up to the boundary of Cranbourne, and thereby open the most valuable portion of the lands in that t. for immediate settlement, which cannot otherwise be effected. The commissioners strongly recommend the opening and making passable, for summer car- riages, three main roads in this t. leading to- wards the waste lands of the crown beyond, and traversing a tract of excellent country offering every inducement for immediate settlement : viz. 1st, a road on the n. e. side of the b. Etchemin; 2nd, a wheel-carriage road on the s. w. side of the K. Etchemin, from the new bridge to Cranbourne, about ten miles. This road will open a direct com- munication with the upper valley of the Etchemin, called Les Aulnales des Mines, and lead directly to the best lands in Cranbourne ; 3rd, improving the present main roads in the 3rd and 4th ranges of this T., by which alone the road at present opened in the s. w. part of Cranbourne can be approached, and the communications from the parish of Ste. Claire through Frampton and Cranbourne to the K. Chaudiere, opened for carts. The author cannot conclude this account of the T. of Frampton without publicly expressing his acknowledgments to Wm. Henderson, Esq., a large landed proprietor, whose public spirit and enterprising talents render him a most valuable member of the Literary Society of Quebec, and are highly useful to the prosperous advancement of the best interests of this part of the province. Population Corn-mills Statistics. 263 I Potasheries . 1 Pesirlasheries 2 I Tayems I Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Bailey Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 830 , 2,500 . 100 9,600 Bushels. . 260 Rye . 330 Indian corn 160 Bushels. Mixed grain 20 M. sugar, cwts. 31 Hay, tons 19 Live Stock. 18 1 Cows 65 1 Sheep 108 1 Swine 68 1 172 Fkancheville, fief, in the co. of Portneuf. This small P. fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded N. b. by La Tesserie; n. w. by Reste des Grondines and n. by the r. Ste. Anne. Fkancheville (F.), v. Grondines, S. Francheville (F.), v. La Tesserie, S. FRELITZBOURft (V.) V. St. ArMAND, S. Frbnes, des, river. Ruisseau des Frenes rises in a concession of the same name in the S. of Mur- ray Bay, and passing through the n. b. angle of the Concession called la Riviere Malbay falls into the R. of that name. Friponne, la, river, in the S. of C6te de Beau- pre, rises in Petit Lac in the p. of St. Joachim and, running first n. w. and then s. w., enters the St. Lawrence nearly 6 m. below the mouth of the K. Ste. Anne. Front Brook rises from several springs and a lake in the 5th range of the t. of Clifton and, running N. through the w. angle of Eaton, falls into the e. Salmon in the first range of Ascot. Frost Village, v. Dunham, t. G. Gabelle, Falls of, v. St. Maurice, S. Gaduamgoushout or Gaduamgouicham, river, rises in two lakes in that part of the district of Quebec which borders on the n. w. angle of the co. of Bonaventure, and, running through that part of the CO., becomes one of the chief sources of the B. Ristigouche. GAS GAS GagnibKj fief, in the co. of L'Islet, is bounded N. E. by Cap St. Ignace ; s. w. by F'ournier ; in the rear by Ste. Claire, and in front by the St. Law- rence. — 10 arpents in front by one 1. in depth. Granted, Sept. 3, 1675, to Sieur Louis Gagnier. — The soil is tolerably rich, productive and in good cultivation, particularly along the St. Lawrence where the surface is level ; the rear part is rugged and mountainous. — Well watered by the Bras St. Nicholas and another river from the e. Title " Concession du Sme Septembre, 1675, faite par le Covite de Frmienac, Gouverneur, a Louis Gagnier, dit Belleuvance, de dix arpens de terre de front, a commencer depuis sa concession, en montant le fleuve St, Laurent,, dans les terres non-concedees, separant icelle et ce qui appartient au Sieuv Fournier, avec une lieue de profondeur, pour etre unie a sa part du fief Lafrenay, qui lui a 6te concede conjointement avec le Sieur Gamache, part qui lui appartiendra." — Registre d'ltitendance, No. 2, folio 15. Gagnon, river, rises in the lakes of Abercromby in the co. of Terrebonne and falls into the Riviere du Nord or North River. Gagnon, river, in the S. of Riviere du Loup. Gagouchigaou or Gagouchigaoumy, river, falls into the s. bank of the k. Ristigouche. Gamache (F.), v. Cap St. Ignace. Gaknbt, river, in the waste lands in the co. of St. Maurice, runs w. into Lake Kempt. Gaethby, a projected township in the co. of Sherbrooke, lies n. b. of Weedon. The Lake St. Francis severs this tract into two nearly equal parts. Gaspe Bay, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the s. B. side of the co. of Gaspe, lies between Cape Gaspe and Whale Head; it runs about 16 ftiiles into the land and is about 5 miles broad : from its extremity two inlets, called the n. w. and s. w. arms, penetrate a considerable distance into the interior and receive the waters of several streams that flow from the mountains : the bay itself is deep and well sheltered ; the shores are lofty and the settlers are nearly all fishermen. The basin is said to be one of the best and most commodious harbours in America, and is capable of containing more than 300 vessels in the most perfect security. It is easy of access and may probably become of importance, as a rendezvous for the homeward and outward-bound fleets. At present, it is frequently resorted to by ships on their way to and from Europe, meeting with tem- pestuous and adverse weather in the Gulf. This place deserves attention from persons skilled in nautical affairs, and competent to give a correct view of the advantages it possesses as a port. Ap- plications have been made for grants of water lots in the basin, which it might be expedient to grant under cert?iin conditions, such as the immediate erection of wharfs and store-houses for the con- venience of shipping and trade, taking care, how- ever, to make suitable reserves for public purposes, such as laying up and repairing vessels, &c. The whale fishery is carried on with some success by a few active and enterprising inhabitants, who are almost exclusively employed in this kind of fishery. Four or five large schooners, manned each with from eight to twelve able and skilful persons, are occupied in whaling during the summer months. This business yields about 18,000 gallons of oil, which is principally sent to Quebec. The num- ber of hands employed in reducing the blubber to oil, preparing casks and other incidental labour, may amount to about 100. In summer the bay is refreshed by a sea-breeze which commences about nine in the morning and lasts till sunset, and is succeeded by a land-breeze that continues tiU the morning. The singular reflection of objects on the shore during calm weather is remarkable in this bay ; the whole face of the shore, opposite to that on which the spectator stands, suddenly appears to change and presents the most fantastic appearances, which continually vary untU, by de- grees, the whole disappear and leave nothing to be seen more than the natural appearances. — Grande Greve is a tongue of land projecting into the gulf that forms the E. shore of the entrance into Gaspe Bay. This place, with its environs, is settled by fishermen. The population amounts to 352. The live stock is 3 horses, 21 oxen and 25 cows. — VielleFemme or the Old Woman is a rock contiguous to the cape and is evidently a fragment or section of it, the space between them having been evi- dently worn and carried away by the sea, or broken off" from the cape by some convulsion of nature. In fine weather this remarkable rock offers to the eye of the spectator at Douglas t., 15 leagues off, the appearance of a ship doubling the cape with a fair wind : this appearance is ren- dered still more striking by the reflection on the rock, on which appear shades of colours that look like the flags of a ship streaming in the air. — Se- veral rivers empty themselves into Gasp6 Bay : the principal are called the n. w. and s. w. arms of the bay and St. John's river. The s. w. arm, in particular, affords good anchorage and an easy resort for vessels during the most violent tempests, which prevail in the gulf at certain seasons of GAS GAT the year. — On the n. side of Gasp6 Basin is the O'Hara establishment, commenced in 1764 by Felix O'Haraj Esq. late judge of the District of Gaspe : this gentleman, who was most de- servedly and highly esteemed, emigrated from Ireland and was the first person who settled here for agricultural purposes; he was the father of the present Lt.-Col. Edward O'Hara, who has been created a Companion of the Bath for his meritorious public services. Statistics of the Settlements of Gasp6 Bay. Settlements. •1 1 5 a 1 1 1 1 1 ■<1 > 2 ! 1 Annual AGricuItural Prod, in bush. Live Stock. 1 •1 2 1 IS i o J, o 1 i CO Gaspe Basin Haldimand . Douglas Tovra Grand Greve Total . 277 103 164. 352 2 1 5 7 2 525 160 15 6 19 71 294 54, 290 720 50 120 900 50 100 256 200 30 3 6 3 180 4 45 21 125 8 54 25 260 25 51 187 23 58 2 896 2 1 1 1 5 9 675 111 64.8 890 1306 200 42 250 212 336 270 Gaspe, county, in the Inferior District of Gasp4 is bounded s. w. by a line commencing at Point Maquereaux on the north side, and at the entrance of Chaleurs Bay, running thence n. w. 47 miles, then south, 69 degrees west, until it intersects a line running from Cap Chat on the St. Law- rence, due s. E. ; on the w. by the last-mentioned line, and N. E. by the river and gulf of St. Law- rence, including the island of Bonaventure and all the islands in front, in whole or in part nearest the same, as well as the Magdalen Islands. It comprises the fiefs Ste. Anne, Magdaleine, Grande Vallee des Monts and Anse de I'Etang, the Bay of Gaspe and settlements therein. Point St. Peter, Malbay, Perce, Anse a Beaufils, Cap D'Espoir, Grand River, Little River and Pabos, and New- Port.— Gaspe may be esteemed among the most eligible situations for commerce in British Ame- jica, from its numerous harbours, wherein vessels of any burden can lie in perfect security j two in particular — the south-west arm of Gaspe Bay and the Bay of Ristigouche. Statistics. Population 2,567 Churches, Prot. 2 Churches, R. C. 9 Curates . 1 Schools . 1 Court-house 1 Gaols , 1 Villages . 1 Corn-mills 5 Saw-mills . 3 Ship-yards . 4 Just, of Peace 3 Medical men 1 Notaries . 1 Shopkeepers 9 Taverns . 6 Artisans . 7 River-craft . 15 Tonnage 1,125 Keel-boats . 441 Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. Wheat . 878 Oats . 3,803 Peas . 1,205 Indian com 198 Bushels. Mixed grain 520 Potatoes 162,610 Maple sugar cwts. 260 Flax . Butter Hay, tons Cwts. . 4 . 610 6,800 Horses . 962 Oxen . . 596 Live Stock. Cows . 600 Sheep . 1,154 Swine 785 Gaspe District, v. Disteicts. Gaspe, seigniory, in the co. of Lotbiniere, in the rear of the S. of Tilly, is bounded n. e. by Lauzon ; n. w. by Desplaines and St. Giles. — 1^ 1. in breadth and depth. Granted, Mar. 25, 1738, to Dame AngeUque Legardeur, widow of Aubert de Gaspe. — There is not an acre of tillage in this S., and it is scantily supplied with water, although it gives rise to 5 or 6 streams besides th^ Riviere Noire and Ruisseau Gosselin in the s. e, angle. Title " Concession du 25me Mars, 1738, faite par le Marquis de Beauliarnois, Gouverneur, et GUles Hocquart, Intendant, a Dame Angelique Legardeur, veuve du Sieur Aubert de Gaspe, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front, der- riSre la Seigneurie de TiUy, appartenant aux heritiers de feu Sieur Legardeur ; a prendre le front au bout de la pro- fondeur et limite de la dite Seigneurie de Tilly; tenant d'un cote a la Seigneurie de Lauzon, et d'autre a celle ae- cordee a Demoiselle Legardeur sa sosur, par concession du 4,me Janvier, 1737, et par derriere aux terres non-con. ctdees," — R^gistre d'Iniendance, No. 9, folio 1. Gatinbau, river, rises in some large lakes far in the interior of the country, between the rear of the T. of Hull and Hudson's Bay : these lakes have been visited by the Indians only. It enters Hull at lot 23 of the 16th range and traverses the T. diagonally, varying in width from 10 to 20 chains, and finally disembogues into the Ottawa in the t. of Templeton, about half a mile below the E. outline of Hull. — Steam-boats have ascended this K. for 4 miles, and it is navigable for the heaviest bateaux and other small vessels for 5 miles from the Ottawa : then it becomes rapid for about 15 miles and turns two mills. It is navi- o2 GAT G A U gable for canoes, it is said, for above 300 miles ; and the Indians ascend this e. when they go into the back country for the purposes of trade. It is a large, wild and rapid stream, and above 5 miles from its mouth is so obstructed by falls and rapids that timber cannot be brought down it — at least the experiment, it is believed, has never been tried. It abounds in views of the wildest and most ro- mantic scenery. At its confluence with the Ot- tawa in lot 27 of the front range of Templeton, this K. is nearly 20 chains wide. It is well stocked with fish and the usual sorts are bass, pike, pickerel, maskinong6,. cat-fish, sturgeon, egls, &c. On the e. bank is a hiU which may become ail object of notice in a military point of view from its shape and commanding position. Ascending the R. beyond this point, cascades and rapids are not unfrequently to be met with, some of which are remarkable for their beauty and variety, environed as they are by a rather picturesque scenery, par- ticularly in the 7th range of Hull where a small saw-mill, situated at the foot of a rapid, breaks into view. The agitated waters, flowing fast be- tween a small island and the main bank, which, on this side as on the other, is much elevated above the bed of the river, produce a fine effect. This river, though well worthy of research, is remark- ably little known. It is the largest of the Ottawa's tributaries and joins it 3 miles below the Chau- diere Falls, nearly opposite the Rideau, discharg- ing at least five times as much water as that river. Our ignorance of it is partly explained by the common report of its course ; because, for up- wards of 100 miles before it joins the Ottawa, it flows parallel with and but a short distance from it, so that no Indian traders have found it worth their while to make establishments on it. This river has been wholly unfrequented by the lumber-dealer on account of the great rapids and falls near its mouth, at one spot said to be 100 feet perpendicular. It is supposed that the Gatineau will present one of the finest pieces of river navigation in Canada, after passing the heights from which it descends near its mouth. The variety of minerals known to lie on the banks of this r. renders it an object of still higher interest. Gatineau and Augmentation, seigniory, in the CO. of St. Maurice, is bounded w. by Grosbois; e. by Pointe du Lac ; in the rear by the t. of Caxton and in front by the St. Lawrence. — 1 1. in front by 1-1 1. in depth. Granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Boucher, junior. The augmentation, of a similar breadth and 41. deep, was granted, Oct. 21, 1750, to Demoiselle Marie Josephe Gatineau Duplessis. — The land is of rather a lighter soil than that of the adjoining grants, but it is equally fertile and under nearly the same mode of culture. — Watered by the two rivers Machiche, whose banks for a considerable distance upwards display some good and thriving settlements, which are connected by many good roads besides the public road that crosses them. Title " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Boucher, fils, de trois quarts de ■ lieues de terre de front sur une lieue de pro- f'ondeur, a prendre sur le Lac St- Pierre, depuis la conces- sion du Sieur Boucher son pere, jusqu'aux terras rion-con- ciiees." —Rigiitre d'Intendance, 2Vo. 1, folio 37. Augmentation. — " Concession du 21aie Octobre, 1750, faite par le Marquis de la Jottquiere, Gouvenieur, et Franfois Bigot, Intendant, a Demoiselle Marie Josephe Gatineau Duf testis, de quatre lieues de profondeur der- liire le fief Gatineau, situe sur le Lac St. Pierre, et sur le nieme front d'icelui." — Rigiatre ctlntendance, No. 9, folio Gaudarville or GuardarvilIiE, seigniory, in the co. of Portneuf, is bounded N. E. by Sillery and Notre Dame des Anges ; n. w. by Desmaure and Guillaume Bonhomme ; in the rear by the R. Jacques Cartier and in front by the r. St. Law- rence. — 45 arpents broad by 4 leagues in depth. Granted, Feb. 8th, 1652, to Louis de Lauson, Sieur de la Citiere. The present proprietor is Juchereau Duchesnay, Esq. — This grant consists of nearly the same species of soil as Desmaure and the lower part of Fausembault, but superior in fertUity and good cultivation. For nearly 3 1. from the St. Lawrence it is entirely settled; thence it be- comes mountainous with scarcely any part under tillage, though many patches appear to be tolerably good arable land. — The front being thickly inha- bited has but little timber, but further on good beech, maple and pine are found in plenty. — Its general fertility is aided by several little streams that trace a mazy course through it and run into the B. St. Charles, and also by the lower part of the Riviere du Cap Rouge. On the west side of this river, near its discharge, there is a gradual slope from the high bank down to a delightful and well-cultivated valley extending almost to the E. St., Charles, and joining the level tract of low land that spreads for a great distance in the rear G A U GEN of Quebec. — This S. is intersected by numerous good roads in all directions : the main one, along the St. Lawrence, ascends several steep acclivities, especially in the vicinity of Cap Rouge, of which travellers seldom fail to feel the effect, particularly in the summer. The following account of the new settlements in Guadarville and Fausembault was given before a committee of the House of Assembly in 1823, by Lieut.-Col. Duchesnay, the proprietor. — " These settlements, mostly of Irish emigrants, were com- menced in Oct. 1820. The number of grants amount to 232 ; and there are about 225 resident proprietors, about 80 children or more, and about 70 or 80 labourers employed. Very few of the settlers had any capital to begin with, most of them had hardly any thing ; they were, therefore, ob- liged to overcome the difficulties incident to new settlements and the want of capital by great pri- vation, extreme economy, occasionally labouring for money to provide provisions, working industri- ously while provided, and when unprovided re- peating the same means. — ^During the summer many of the settlers obtained employment as tradesmen or labourers in the king's works in Quebec; others could not, from the number wanted being supplied. The wages to tradesmen were from 4s. to ,5s. a day, and to labourers from 2s. to 2s. 6d. a day. To these settlers the Quebec Society of Emigrants gave five pounds currency in provisions for the use of those in urgent ne- cessity, and lent to others 101. currency for the purchase of seed. Provisions were besides given to 4 or 5 families and some of the women were assisted by the Quebec Benevolent Society. Some clothing was also charitably given by Mr. Le Franfois, cure of St. Augustin, to some of the men, women, and children. In order to assist the settlers, the proprietor (Col. Duchesnay) liberally advanced to them provisions and seed, opened roads and procured work for some and employed others ; and the sum of 251. currency was expended by the commissioners for the internal communications to assist in making a road to tbe settlement.-^The rents are 30s. currency per lot of 90 arpents, de- ducting the usual charges for the difference of money {argent tournois), wheat, capons, corvees, &c. ; for nearly 4 years no rent was required. Above 670 arpents of land have been cleared (1823)' in St. Patrick settlement; 1 For clear- ing out the -Stumps, 50s. per square arpent are generally paid. — ^^As no capital is required tt) ob- tain lands, and as no rent is paid for the first 3 or 4 years, the settlers are highly pleased with their lands and the tenure ; and if there were more lands in the seigniories similarly situated there would be no difficulty in obtaining more settlers : the only obstacle now (1823) is, the lands to be conceded are at a greater distance, which however would cease to be an impediment if roads were made," &c. Title. — " Oontenant quarante-cinq arpens de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur ; tenant du c6te du Nord-est au fief de Sillery, appartenant aux reverends pSres J^suites, et du c6t6 du Sud-ouest au fief de Desmaure, appartenant au Sieur Auhert. — Cette concession a pour date le 8 de Fevrier, 1632, et fut aeeord^e au Louis de Lauson, Sieur de la CitiSre." — See Cahiers d'Intendance, No. 10 d 17, foUo 638. Gauthieb, river, rises in the lakes of the t. of Abercromby and falls into Riviere du Nord. Gayhubst, a projected township in the cos. of Megantic and Sherbrooke, lies between the t. of Winslow and the R. Chaudiere and is bounded N. E. by the t. of Dorset. The s. b. angle of this tract is watered by the R. Eugenie and by another K. whose precise course is unknown ; both rise in the w. angle of Dorset. Gbntilly, river, rises in Lake St. Louis and several other sources in the t. of Blandford. It runs w. into the t. of Maddington, where it has many branches. Below the saw-mill in Blandford it is navigable for canoes and rafts. From Mad- dington it runs in a serpentine course through the S. of Gentilly from s. to n. and falls into the St. Lawrence about a mile N. e. of the church. Gentilly, seigniory, in the co. of Nicolet, fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded n. b. by Livrard; s.w. by Cournoyer; in the rear by Maddington and Blandford. — 21- 1. in front by 2 in depth. Granted, Aug. 14th, 1676, to Michel Pelletier, Sieur de la Perade, and now the property of Messrs. de Lery. — For a great distance the s. bank of the St. Lawrence is low, in many places but little above the water's level ; it here assumes a different character, rising high and steep, whence there is a gradual descent towards the rear. The soil in front is a sandy loam and good clay, but further back it changes to a strong black mould very favourable to agriculture. The first and se- cond ranges of concessions near the St. Lawrence, and on the river Gentilly, exhibit judicious ma- nagement : the land in cultivation amounts to about ^ of the S. — 4 ranges are conceded, 3 of GENTILLY. wliich are in a great degree inhabited : the grantees of the 4th labour industriously, each on his re- spective farm. The farms in the 1st concession, viz. those that front the river St. Lawrence, ex- tend 40 arpents in depth ; those of the other ranges extend to only 30. — There are no roads across the non-conceded lands, nor are they surveyed. The seignior lays out a range, and, when aU the lands or farms of this range are conceded, he lays out another, and as soon as possible the grantees apply to the grand-voyer to open the necessary roads. — The lands conceded before 1759 were granted in lots or farms of ^ or ^ league in front, 40 arpents in depth, and oftentimes the depth was only li- mited by the extent of the seigniory : since that pe- riod, an arrangement being made with the grantees, such lands have been reduced to 40 or 30 arpents in depth, and were charged by the seigniors with very moderate rents, which have not been in- creased. — The youths are in general desirous of making new settlements. The fathers take in con- cession as much land as they are able, in order to provide for their children who settle as near as pos- sible to their relatives and friends. There are still about 2 ranges of 30 arpents in depth unconceded. Among these there are, as in every other part of the S., good and bad lands : the latter are generally taken by the grantees for wood. — Nothing in this S. retards the establishment of new settlements, which are increasing fast, and the seignior de-i mands moderate rent only. — The timber on the banks of the Gentilly is of the best kind and qua- lity, but that in other parts is only fit for fire- wood, and, for that purpose, large quantities are cut and rafted down to Quebec. — This property is watered by the river Gentilly and two or three smaller streams, which work one corn and one saw-mill. Road from the S. of Gentilly to the R. Be'can- cour. This important road has been commenced by commissioners chosen for the purpose by the pro- vincial assembly, as its general utility to the town- ships on the B6cancour is most obvious, particu- larly to Blandford, Maddington, Bulstrode and Standon, which will thereby be connected with the old settlements on the St. Lawrence : it will also become in a short time, if it be continued to Somerset and Nelson, part of the line of com- munication between the St. Lawrence and Craig's Road. Notwithstanding the care and attention to economy evinced by the superintendant, the commissioners have been unable to make this road but in a very imperfect manner, on account of the nature of the ground over which the road passes. From the St. Lawrence, as far as the rear of the S. of Gentilly, the ground is tolerably favourable to the opening and making of a road; but from the point last named to the river Becancour the land is for the most part low, wet and diificult to drain, unless some labour be spent in clearing and opening the rivers and water-courses which cross the road. The timber on almost the whole of this ground is of large size and consists of cedar, hem- lock, ash, larch, &c. — an evident proof of the fer- tility of the soil, as well as of the difficulty of clearing the road and freeing it from stumps and roots, which must nevertheless be taken out before the work can be made durable. These difficulties inevitably made the performance of the work now done on the road tedious and expensive, at the same time that they convinced the commissioners that when once well made the road in question would yield to none in the province in facility of repair or in goodness. The commissioners caused the part of the road first commenced to be cause- wayed and ditched. Perceiving in a short time that the funds placed at their disposal were insuf- ficient, they thought it their duty to open this communication from one end to the other, even in an imperfect manner, rather than complete a part and leave the remainder unopened. They were, however, able to do no more than to cause the timber to be cut down, the roots and stumps to be taken out, and 18 ft. in the middle of the road to be levelled, leaving uncausewayed and without ditches a multitude of places which it becomes every day more and more difficult to pass with safety. The last-mentioned inconvenience has been in part diminished by the work done on the road by the owners of lands in the t. of Bland- ford, by the causeways they have made, and by their clearing out the river Gentilly and two of the principal water-courses. — Of the sum appro- priated (£470 currency) there remains in the hands of the commissioners £24. Is. 2|-rf. To pre- vent the total loss of the money already expended, it would be necessary that a further sum should be appropriated for the completion of the work already commenced, and for making the necessary ditches, bridges, causeways and clearings. Inde.^ pendently of the work which remains to be done in order to complete this road to Blandford, it GOD GOD would be desirable that the legislature should grant to the persons, to whom lands have been conceded in the back concessions of the S. of Gentilly, an aid to enable them to finish more promptly a road which was verbalized in 1828 and in great part opened by them. £175 currency would be suf- ficient to finish this road together with that to Blandford, and thus an easy and uninterrupted communication would be established between the new settlements on the river Becancour, in the townships above mentioned, and the settlements on the St. Lawrence from which they are distant about 17 miles. Title. — " Concession du 14me Aout, 167C, faite par Jacques Duchesneau, Intendant, a Michel Pdletier, Sieur de la Perade, de la Seigneurie de Gentitly, contenant deux lieues et demie de front sur lefleuve St. Laurent, a prendre aux terres du Sieur Hertel en descendant, et deux lieues de profondeur." — Registre d'Intendance, No, 2, folio 11. Georgetown, i;. Beauharnois, S. Gborgeville (V.), V. NOYAN, S. Glaisbs, aux, river, in the S. of Pointe du Lac, falls into Lake St. Peter between the rivers St. Charles and aux Loutres. GoDBRET, river, in the co, of Saguenay, falls into the mouth of the St. Lawrence between Cap St. Nicholas and Cap des Monts Peles. GoDEPKOi, river, rises in Lake St. Paul, of which it is the main outlet into the St. Lawrence. Its whole course is short, not above 2 m., and forms the division line between Becancour and Gentilly. GoDEFROi, river, rises near the front of the S. of Roquetaillade and running n. e. traverses Godefroi, and near the n. e. angle of that S. falls into the St. Lawi'ence. Godefroi, seigniory, in the co. of Nicolet, is bounded N. e. by Becancour and the most n. ex- tremity of the T. of Aston ; s. w. by Roquetaillade ; in the rear by Aston and its aug., and in front by the St. Lawrence. — |- 1. in front by 3 1. in depth. Granted, Aug. 31, 1638, to Sieur Godefroi and is now the property of Etienne Le Blanc, Esq. and Mons. Loiseau. — Estimated generally, the land is valuable ; in the front, indeed, it is rather light and sandy, but it soon loses that character and towards the interior improves into a fine black mould ; in the rear it lies low and has one or two small swamps and, perhaps, as many brules : a little draining would, in a short time, convert the first into fine meadows, and the latter might be as easily improved into good arable land. — Wood is plentiful, although there is little of first-rate qua- lity. — The rivers Ste. Marguerite and Godefroi, with many small rivulets, wind through this S. and water it completely. — About two-thirds are settled and partly in a state of superior cultiva- tion, particularly on the road or Chem'm du Village, as it is called, that goes from Becancour to Nicolet, the Cfiteaux Vuide Poche, Beausejour, St. Charles and C6te du Brule. Between the difierent ranges there are roads leading to the Route de St. Gre- goire, which communicates with the main road near the ferry across the St. Lawrence. The church of St. Gregoire, surrounded by a few well- built houses, is situated on the east side of the route near the Chemin du Village. The e. boundary of Godefroi is supposed to pass down the middle of the river Godefroi from Lake St. Paul. Title.—" Concession du 31me Aoflt, 1638, faite par Charles Huot de Monimagny, au Sieur Godefroi, de trois quarts de lieues de terre le long du ileuve St. Laurent, sur trois lieues de profondeur dans les terres ; et sont les dites terres bornees du cote du Sud-ouest d'une ligne qui court Sud-est et Nord-ouest, au bout de laqueUe, du cote du Nord, a 6te enfouie une grosse pierre avec des briquetons auprfis d'un sicomore, sur laquelle une eroix a ete gravf'e, le tout pour servir de marque et temoignage, et du cote du Nord-est de la riviere nommee la riviere du Lac St. Paul, sans ntanmoins que le dit Godefroi puisse rien pretendrS en la propri6te du tout ou de partie de la dite riviere, et icelle y etant, ni du Lac St. Paul, encore bien que la dite ligne s'y rencontrasse."— > Ctf Aio- d'Intendance, No. 2 a 9, folio 151. GoDMANCHESTER, township, in the co. of Beau- harnois, on the s. side of Lake St. Francis, is bounded in the rear by the b. Chateauguay, that separates it from Hinchin brook ; by a small part of the province line that divides the British from the American dominions, and by the Indian lands This T., in situation, climate, local advantages, soil and timber may be considered as one of the most valuable tracts in Lower Canada. It is 1 4i m. in front by an average depth of 7 miles, and is divided into six ranges, each being sub- divided into 61 lots, averaging 107 chains in depth by 19 chains in bi-eadth, and a space, one chain wide, is left between the ranges for a road. This T. is watered by l. St. Francis, Dead Creek and the rivers Chateauguay and a la Guerre. The generality of the lands on the borders of the lake are low, but the soil is good and in many parts affords excellent meadows. Most of the lands along the river Chateauguay may also be said to GODMANCHESTER. be low and of a good quality. Towards the in- terior the country throughout ascends and forms large swells of hard timbered land, traversing the township nearly in a parallel direction with the front and intermixed with tamarack and alder swamps, which are more extensive in the e. part. The soil generally is a yellow loam mixed with various sorts of sand, clay and marl and in some places stony. The timber is chiefly beech, birch, maple, ash, elm, some pine and the remains of oak: the swamps are principally timbered with tamarack, cedar and spruce. — This t. was sur- veyed in 1788, when the greater part was allotted and located to the Canadian corps employed in the first American war ; since which the greater part has been granted, under patent, to sundry in- dividuals who had purchased these lands of the original locatees.-^The settlements in this town- ship may be divided into parts, viz. the first, em- bracing the whole front of the township, extends along the lake, and is chiefly settled by Canadians, among whom are intermixed a few more recent settlers, principally Scotch emigrants ; the second part, called the Irish Emigrant Settlement, is more immediately towards the centre of the township, w. of the Riviere 5 la Guerre and the road traversing to the Chateauguay — they occupy lots in the 2ndj 3rd and 4th ranges; the third settlement is that which extends along the banks of the Chateauguay, composed of American and Scotch emigrants. Many of the American settlers along the river have settled without authority since the last war. The fourth and last settlement consists of the lands of Edward Ellice, Esq. M. P. and are chiefly occupied by Americans. In various parts of the t. a few persons hold permits of occupation, but the majority have settled with- out leave or any sort of authority whatever. — The Canadian settlements along the borders of the lake have improved since 1820, but in no degree pro- portionate to those of the Americans and emi- grants who have settled since that period. It ap- pears obvious, that, before that time, the old Ca- nadian settlers chiefly depended for their support upon the resources of fishinig, hunting and the cutting and rafting of timber; the last resource has been carried on extensively for many years, and in consequence timber of a large size, prin- cipally oak and pine, has becbme rather scarce in the vicinity of the lakes, rivers and creeks. The road which extends along the borders of the lake is in many parts very indifl^erent. — Mr. Wm. Hall, of Quebec, purchased 700 acres in this T. for £120, and the whole has been settled without his permission. The lots in the first range (all of which border upon the Lake St. Francis) are, by means of the windings of the shore and the headlands and points which pro- ject into the lake, considerably augmented in their length, and their superficial contents are much beyond the portion of 100 acres assigned by go- vernment. Although the quantity of land in this T. actually under improvement is very limited, but a small number of the lots remain ungranted, unoccupied or unclaimed. — The Village of God- manchester is at the second fork of the k. a la Guerre and is built on government land : it con- tains 82 persons in 16 families, who are traders, mechanics or labourers. — The rapidly increasing population and importance of this t., the general fertility of the soil and its favourable situation between the St. Lawrence and the province boundary line, render it extremely probable that in a few years it may become the channel and centre of an extensive commercial intercourse with the inhabitants of the United States. The following statistical tables give an interest- ing view of the progressive advancement of the settlements in this township. — In 1828 there were 240 families, viz. 71 Irish, 69 Scotch, 60 Canadian, 30 American, 7 English, 3 German, making a population of 1413; and the land im- proved was 2505 acres. Year in which the account was taken. ■3 1^ 1 i Live Stock. 1 1 a 5 flj 1 a 1820 1827 2298^ 739 2036^ 333 880 182 471 151 409 1827 1830 110 250 563 1340 183 1505 399 780 G O U G O U Population 1,340 Corn-mills . 1 Saw-mills . 5 Potashcries . 3 Stalistks. Pearlasheries Distilleries . Notaries Shopkeepers 2 Taverns . 3 Artisans . 15 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats Barley . Potatoes Bushels. 10,830 6,200 1,000 33,700 Bushels. Peas . 6,500 Rye . 6,000 Buck wheat 1,000 Bushels. Indian corn 3,900 M. sugar, cwts. 13 Flax, cwts. 150 GossELiN, river. The Ruisseau Gosselin rises in the rear part of the S. of Gaspe, in the co. of Lothiniere, and running into the S. of Lauzon is joined by the Riviere Noire and falls into the k. Beaurivage. GouFFKE, DV, or St. Paul's Bay River, in the CO. of Saguenay, rises partly in several streams running s. from the rocky hills called Mont des Roches and partly from others that run n. from the centre of the t. of Settrington. These streams unite in the waste lands N. of Settrington and form the Gouffrej which winding s. divides the p. of St. Urbainj in Cote de Beauprc, from Racour- cie, and descending towards the St. Lawrence receives the waters of several rivers, particularly from the n. w., and enters that R. nearly opposite Isle aux Coudres. This river may be considered as one continued rapid, though of moderate vio- lence : the only obstacles to its free navigation arise from an accumulation of boulders in several parts of its channel, over which it is difficult for a canoe to pass without striking. It is in most places shallow, but its shallowest places might be easily rendered navigable, and without doubt for bateaux by removing only such of the boulders as are most in the way of the channel. To drown these boulders would not be easy and would occa- sion a great loss of excellent land, unless ex- pensive banks were formed to retain the waters. This river is surprisingly circuitous, considering the rapidity of its current, and is perhaps one- third longer than the road between St. Urbain's parish and the bay. Although the b. is not easily ascended, being full of rapids, the excellent road on its right bank renders this inconvenience lighter. — In the parish of St. Urbain and in Racourcie, on both banks of the river, are mines of ore ex- tending from 100 yards to 2 miles; the ore is of that excellent quality called by mineralogists mag- netic oxide of iron and by miners rock ore. There is also bog ore in the low grounds adjacent to this B., in the beautiful valley through which it cir- cuitously takes its course. The valley commences in the parish of St. Urbain and continues 6 or 7 leagues to the St. Lawrence, and is perhaps half a league wide. There is also a cross valley on the left bank of the r., which is said to communi- cate with the valley of the Malbay river. These valleys are exposed to injurious frosts on account of the north winds that rush down them early in the fall. — It appears that the river is rapidly gaining on the w. bank and receding from the eastern, owing to the alluvial section that the former presents in many places, while the latter forms in general a gradual slope to the foot of the mountains, which on the eastern side is much nearer the river than on the western. The spring torrents rush with such impetuosity as to tear away a portion of the feeble barrier op- posed to them, particularly at the sudden bends of the river where their efiect is greatest. These torrents by undermining the bant soon make it top-heavy, and the superincumbent mass falling is gradually removed to the bay, where a species of delta is forming. The height of the banks on each side of this b. varies from 1 to 50 ft., and near its entrance into the bay one small limestone rock lifts its head above water in mid-channel. The sandy nature of the soil at the mouth opposes little resistance to the action of the current, which when strongest steals upon the shore contiguous, leaving a proportionable space dry on the opposite side, and in this way one proprietor of lands finds himself possessed of the property of his neigh- bour. When property in this place becomes more valuable, and this natural encroachment more aggravated, it will probably become a subject of litigation. The estuary of this river, with the exception of its bed, is almost dry at low water, but it aflFords a convenient strand for river-craft and boats. GouFFKE, du, river. Bras du Nord-ouest, in the S. of C8te de Beaupr6, rises in a lake in the P. of La Petite Riviere and takes a n. e. course' until it reaches the concession St. Gabriel, when it turns to the s. E. and soon enters the k. du Gouffre, about 1 m. above the ferry that lies near the mouth of that E. GouFFBB, le, seigniory, in the co. of Saguenay, fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded w. by the B. du Gouffre; e. by the S. of Les Eboulemens, and in the rear by waste crown lands — It is about ^ 1. in front by 4 1. in depth along the r. du G R A G R A Gouffre. Granted, Dec. 30th, 1682, to Pierre Dupre and is now the property of Madame Dra- peau. — This S., on the b. side of the river, is nearly the counterpart of the opposite settlement in C&te du Beaupre, possessing almost the same kind of soil and cultivated in a similar manner. — The capes Corbeau and LaBaie, projecting into the St. Lawrence, are of great height and rise abruptly from the water's edge : they are connected with the chain of mountains that ranges along the R. du GoufFre far into the interior ; diverging at first a short distance from it, leaving an intermediate tract of good land, but afterwards drawing quite close upon its bank. — The first concession, border- ing upon St. Paul's Bay and coasting the river, shows a range of settlements where agriculture has obtained no small degifee of improvement : some trifling degree of amelioration has also been obtained in the rear of this range. Prom the capes, that form the exterior points of the bay on either side, the ridges of high lands describe a cir- cuit before they close upon the river : their lofty and craggy summits form a grand amphitheatric back-ground to the picturesque and highly ro- mantic situation generally known as the St. Paul's Bay Settlement. — There are several routes or .concession roads that lead into the interior to the concessions of St. Ours, St. Croix and the village of St. George. Title.—" Concession du SOme D^cembre, 1682, faite ;par Lefebre de la Bane, Gouverneur, et De Meulles, In- tendant, a Pierre Dupri, d'une demie lieue de terre de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur, joignant douze arpens de terre qui sont depuis la borne de Monseigneur I'Eveque de Quebec, en descendant vers le cap aux Oks: le tout concede a titi'e de fief et Seigneurie, avec le droit de chasse et de peche ; pour la dite concession et les douze arpens plus haut mentionnts (a lui concedes par Mr. de Froiitenac) ne faire qn'une seule et meme Seigneurie." — InsiiiTuitions du Couseil Sup4rieur, Lettre B, Julio 19. GouMMiTZ, river, rises in the s. angle of the co. of Bonaventure and runs into the R. Ristigouche between the rivers Gaduamgoushout and Pscudy. Grais la (Falls), v. St. Maurice, r. Graisse, a la, river, in the seigniories of Vau- dreuil and Soulange, traverses C6te St. Louis and appears to connect the waters s. of Isle Perrot with those N. of Grande Isle. Granbv, township, in the co. of Sheffbrd, is bounded n. e. by Milton ; b. by Sheffbrd ; s. w. by Farnham and n. by the S. of St. Hyacinthe. — The land is generally of a useful quality, principally composed of a blackish loam, over which, in some place.s, there is a layer of fine vegetable mould. from which good crops of wheat and other grain might reasonably be expected; many parts are particularly eligible for the growth of hemp and some for flax. The timber consists of beech, elm> butternut, maple, pine and a little oak. The parts laid out were granted in 1785 to officers and pri- vates of the British militia, who served during the blockade of Quebec in 1775-6. — Watered by vari- ous streams running into the n. w. and s. branches of the B. Yamaska. Grand Calumet (I.), v. Ottawa, r. Grande Coudee (b.), v. Coudeb. Grande Dechahge, v. Saguenay, r. Grande Grevb, v. Gaspe Bay. Grandpond, du, river, runs w. into the r. Sa- guenay above Chicoutimi. Grande Isle lies between l. St. Louis and l. St. Francis and fronts Catherine's Town and part of Helen's Town in the S. of Beauhamois. — It is 4|- m. long by nearly 11 m. broad. On the s. side a redoubt was thrown up and a road made across the isle to communicate vrith C6teau du Lac, in the S of New Longueuil, by Col. de Lotbiniere in 1813. This isle, with 2 or 3 smaller ones ad- joining, are appendages to Beauhamois. The Grande Isle divides the stream of the St. Law- rence into 2 channels ; that on the s. side is called the Beauhamois Channel, in the course of which are the rapids Croche, Les Faucilles and De Bou- leau, the latter both intricate and dangerous to Grand Lac, v. Lac St. Joachim. Grande Mere (Falls), v. St. Maurice, r. Grand Pabos, seigniory, in the co. of Gaspe, extends along the entrance of the Bay of Chaleurs 2^ leagues b of the river of Grand Pabos, and half a league w. of it towards the river of Little Pabos — Granted to Sieur Rene Hubert, Nov. 14, 1696. — On the w. side of the bay is the little v. of Pabos and on the opposite side on an eminence are what the fishermen generally call their sum- mer-houses. Slany currents of water descend into this bay from a chain of numerous small lakes on the s. w. Statistics. Population . . 49 | Keel-boats . . d Annul il Af;iicultural Produce. Potatoes • Bushels.! 500 1 Indian corn Live Stock. Bushels. 50 Horses O.xen : 2 Cows 8 Sheep 5 G R A G R A . Title. — " Concession du lime Novcmbre, 1696, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jemi Bochart, Intendant, au Sieuv Reni Hubert, de la rividre du Grand Pahos, autre- tnent dite la riviere Duval, situee dans la Baie des Chaleurs, avec deux lieues et demie de front du cote de I'Est de la dite riviere, et demi lieue du c6te de 1' Quest, en tirant vers la rivifire du Petit Pahos, icelle comprise sur pareille pro- fondeur." — R4gistre d'Intetidance, No. 5, folio 3. Gkandpre or Madrid, seigniory, in the co. of St. Maurice, is on the n. side of Lake St. Peter, between the Aug. to Riviere du Loup and the SS. of Groshois and Dumontier. — One league in front by 3 in depth. Granted, July 30, 1695, to Pierre Boucher, Sieur de Grandpre and now helongsrto the Hon. Louis Gugy. — This seigniory is singu- larly overlaid by that of Riviere du Loup, which, from being a prior concession and the term of the grant expressing half a league on each side of the river, leaves but a small irregular frontage on the lake for Grandpre. This tract, in ^oil and tim- ber, strongly resembles that of Riyiere du Loup, but it is by no means so well settled; there is, however, every probability of its becoming, in a few years, an estate of considerable value. Title. " Concession du SOizie Juillet, 1695, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Pierre Boucher, Sieur de Grandpre, d'une lieue de terre de front dans le Lac St. Pierre, tenant d'un cote aux terres conc^dees de la riviere Yamachiche, et de I'autre a celles de la Riviere du Loup; ensemble les isles, islets etbattures adjacentes." — Rigi^lrc d' Intendance, No. is, folio 18. Grande Riviere or Quiaoksquack, rises near the Portage of Wagansis and the extreme point of the co. of Bona venture, near the first waters of the Ristigouche j it runs s. w. into the B. St. John about 5 m. above the G reat Falls. This river would be navigable for canoes if cleared of trees. The greatest part of its borders is covered with maple, building wood and mixed wood. The land through which it runs appears fit for culture, for its whole course, 8 leagues, is through good land, and the people on the Madawaska settle- ment have commenced other settlements near the mouth of this r. which promise well. The navi- gation is in many places obstructed by jambs of drift-wood, torn away by the floods in the spring which form dams across the R. and which, gradually filling up with soil, sometimes divert the course of the river into new channels. Grande Riviere, seigniory, in the co. of Gaspe, lies in the Bay of Chaleurs and extends 11 1. in front by 2 1. in depth. It is between the S. of Grand Pabos and Cap D'Espoir towards Isle Perc^e. Live Stock. Horses Oxen 2 Cows . 33 Swine . 33 Sheep . 101 Statistics. Population . . 148 ( Keel-boats . . 20 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. I Bushels. I Bushels. Oats . 130 1 Potatoes 2,680 ] Indian corn 68 59 Title. — " Concession du 31me Mai, 1697, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Jacques Cochu, de la Grande Riviire, situee dans la Baie des Chaleurs, avec une lieue et demie de terre de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, a prendre depuis la Seigneurie du Grand Pabos, appartenant au Sieur Ren( Hubert, en tirant du c6t6 du Cap Espoir, vers I'isle Percie," — Rigistre d' Intendance, No. 5, folio 18. Grand Ruisseau rises near the s. w. boundary line of Lauzon, and running n. e. falls into the R. Chaudiere about 2 m. from its mouth. Grand Ruisseau, river, rises in two small streams in the S. of Riviere Quelle. These little streams, at whose confluence and between the forks are some settlements, unite near the boundary line of Ste. Anne, and in that S. run a short course into the St. Lawrence. Grande Vallee des Monts, seigniory, in the CO. of Gaspe, lies between Anse de I'Etang and Magdalen, on the s. side of the St. Lawrence. — 2 1. in front and 3 1. in depth. Granted to Sieur Fran9ois Hazzeur, Mar. 23, 1691. — It is 21. from the r. Magdelaine and 4 1. from L'Etang. — A river of the same name divides this S. into two nearly equal parts. — This S. also includes the isles and islets in front and in the r. Grande Vallee des Monts. Title " Concession du 23me Mars, 1691, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Franfois Hazzeur, d'une Stendue de terre de deux lieues de front, au lieu appelc la Grande ValUe des Monts Notre Dame, dans le fleuve St. Laurent, du cote du Sud, a deux lieues de la riviere Magdelaine, et quatre lieues de VEfang, en descendant vers GaspS, avec la rivifire qui se rencontre a la dite Vallee des Monts, qui sera dans le milieu des dites deux lieues de front sur trois lieues de profondeur dans les terres, avee les isles et islets qui pour- ront se trouver sur la devanture des dites deux lieues, et dans la dite riviere sur la profondeur des dites trois lieues." — R^gistre d'Intendance, No, ii,- folio 3. Grand Village, v. Lauzon, S. Grandville, seigniory, in the co. of Kamou- raska, is bounded n. b. by the S. of Islet du Portage; s. w. by the S. of Kamouraska; in front by the St. Lawrence ; in the rear by the unsur- veyed t. of Bungay.— |- league in breadth by 4 1. in depth. Granted, Oct. 5, 1707, to Marie Anne de Grandville, widow of Sieur de Soulange. p2 G R A G R A One half now belongs to Mr. Tache and the other half to Mr. Joseph Fraser. — 4 ranges are con- ceded and subdivided into 126 lots or farms. One quarter of the S. is unfit for agricultural purposes. The parts under cultivation are, all the two front concessions, three-fourths of the 3rd and the front road of the 4th — In this S. are pineries. Title — " Concession du Sme Octobre, 1707, faite a Dame Marie Anne de Grandville, veuve du Sieur de Sou- lange, d'une lieue ou environ de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, a conirnencer joignant le Sieur de Foulon, dont la concession commence a deux lieues audessus de la riviere de Kamouraska et finit une lieue audessous, et en descendant au Nord-est, joignant son ancienne concession, ayec les isles et islets, bancs et battures qui s§ trouveront vis-a-vis icelle, laquelle sera incorporee et jointe avee la dite ancienne concession, pour des deux n'en f'aire qu'une." — Rig'istrc des Foi et Hommnge, No. 107, folio 107, 2me Aout, 1781. Cahiers d' Intcndance, 10 a 17, folio 594. GkandvilI/B and Lachenayb, seigniory, in the CO. of Kamouraska, fronts the St. Lawrence : it is bounded s. w. by Islet du Portage and the unsurveyed lands of Bungay ; n. e. by the S. of Terrebois ; in the rear by the t. of Bungay and waste lands. — 2 leagues in breadth by 3 in depth. Granted, June 2nd, 1696, to Sieur de Grand viUe and de la Lachenaye. — There are some very fer- tile patches of land ; a small portion of the S. is cultivated, but it is not at present in a very flourishing condition. The best farms are near the main road that passes close to the river. — Timber is sufiiciently plentiful and some is of the best kinds. — This S. is but sparingly watered by a few small streams that descend into the St. Lawrence, and possesses nothing worth notice: there are indeed ranges of concessions marked out which bear the names of St. Andre, Bouchette- ville, Marie Louise Adelaide, Ste. Rachel and St. Theodore : of these St. Andre only is in a good condition ; in the others the ground has Scarcely been broken. A corn-mill is seated on the Riviere des Caps at its junction with the little stream called Fouquet. — The Parish of St. Atidre comprises, besides this S., the SS. of Islet du Portage and Grandville. In this parish is a considerable extent of land unconceded, although it is very fit for cultivation ; there is no road across these lands and but few liave been even laid out. It does not appear that any of the con- cessions were granted previously to 1759; it is difficult to discover why some farms extend 40 arpents in depth while others extend to 30 only, and why 40 sols were at first exacted per arpent and the rent afterwards increased with the addi- tion, in many instances, of a sugar rent, sugar being very often the only return made from the new lands. A considerable number of persons are both willing and able to make new settlements ; and a great number of farms remain unoccupied in the neighbourhood, some of which are of very good quality. The principal obstacle that retards the settlement of these lands is the want of roads across them. The church is seen to emerge very prettily behind two or three hills, and, combined with the Pilgrim isles to the northward, forms an interesting subject for a sketch. Mr. Marquis, a very respectable landholder at this place, is the first who has yet tried the use of embankment of low land in this province to prevent its being in- undated; he has found the principle to answer perfectly, and means to extend his labours to other inundated parts of his estate. Two leagues be- low St. Andre is the entrance to the Temiscouata Portage, and about 14 acres west of it stands a comfortable inn kept by Madame Pirron. Statistics of the Parish of St. Andre. Population 1903 Cliurches, R. C. 1 Curos . . 1 Presbyteries 1 Corn-mills . Saw-mills Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River-craft Tonnage Keel-boats 12 4. 185 2 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen "Bushels. . 11,371 . 3,500 1,250 Potatoes Peas Rye Bushels. 27,600 . 600 . 300 Bushels. Indian com 2,000 Maple sugar, cvvts. 134 Live Stocfc. 460 1 Cows 230 I Sheep 920 1 Swine 4^600 1 920 Title. — " Concession du 2me Juin, 1 696, faite par Louis de Buade^ Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur dc Grandville et de la La- chenaie, de deux lieues de terre de front, sur trois lieues de profondeur en lieux non-concedfs, joignant d'un c6t6 la terre du dit Sieur de Grandville nommee I'islet du Port- age, et de I'autre la Seigncurie de Terrebois, appartenante au dit Sieur de LacUenaie, represeutant Dautier, situ^es les dites concessions sur le fleuve St. Luurmtt, du c6t6 du Sud, audessus de la riviere du Loup." — Registre d:' Intcndance, No. 5, folio 1. Grantham, township, in the co. of Dmmmond, fronts the w. side of the r. St. Francis : it is bounded s. by Wickham ; n. and vr. by Upton. On the St. Francis the ground is high and broken by several deep ravines. — Much iron ore is found in the neighbourhood.— Large extents produce fine luxuriant natural grass, which, after coming to ma- turity, dries upon the ground and is little inferior GRANTHAM. to good meadow hay. — The principal proprietors are the heirs of the original grantee^ the late William Grant, Esq. About one half of the clergy reserves are leased and have been rapidly improving since the terms have been rendered more favourable. The front ranges are the most settled, some as far as the 9th range. The chief proprietors in the township of Grantham are the Hon. John Richardson of Montreal, Lieut.-Col. Heriot of Drummondville, Major Ployart, Capt. Steigar and the heirs of the late Col. De Cham- bault. Mr. Richardson has about 30 Canadian fa- milies improving land for themselves which they have purchased from him at 5s. per acre upon credit. Col. Heriot has built a large house, round which he has cleared about 200 acres of land. A corn and saw-mill are now in operation, and a stone corn-mill is erected at the Drummondville Falls. That gentleman has likewise several lots of land with clearings which are cultivated by others on shares, i. e., he receiving one half of the produce in lieu of rent. There are two bridges of note in this T.; the Prevost Bridge over the Prevost river near its mouth, on the high road from Three Rivers, where Col. Heriot has mills ; and Richardson Bridge, two miles above, upon the Yamasta road lending to Sorel. — The average produce per acre is from 16 to 20 bushels of wheat, and every kind of grain is raised. The cattle is of the American breed, and good breeds of sheep and swine have been introduced by Col. Heriot. The price of agricultural labour is, with board, £2 a month during harvest and 30s. at other times; young men £12 per annum. — The post- road passes through this t. and Wickham, and the mail goes through once a week from Quebec to Boston. There is also a road from Drummondville to Sorel and to Long Point in the adjoining t. of Wickham. The provincial legislature has ex- pended £200 in making a road from Drummond- ville ferry to the upper line of Wickham, joining Durham, 16J m., which, when completed, will be the best communication from the eastern town- ships to Sorel and Montreal: an additional ex- penditure of £700 will be requisite to complete the road in a manner which will enable the back Settlers, who are poor and few in number, to keep it in repair. The commissioner has cleared the road of trees, underwood and windfalls about 36 feet wide, and has in general felled all the leaning trees and most of the dry trees close to the road : he has erected two large bridges and several smaller with squared timber coverings ; he has also made several new causeways and repaired the old, cover- ing them with earth although not deep enough : he has also made several ditches on each side of the road in the wettest places, and has cleared of stumps and roots about one-third of the breadth. The face of the country through which the road passes is, in general, flat and sandy, very fit for a road but not for cultivation, except a few lots on the last 2 m., where the land becomes good and is settled. The continuation of the road through Durham, Melbourne and the townships on the side of the St. Francis to the province line, is well settled and traverses good land, capable of maintaining an immense population. — The road from Drummondville to the S. of Deguir has also experienced the enlightened liberality of the pro- vincial legislature. The sum of £900 has been voted towards its improvement and £827 16s. 3c?. expended : the additional sum of £400 will be required to finish it. As the public utility and convenience of this road are unquestionable, no doubt can be entertained of the liberality of the provincial assembly, more especially as without ■ this additional grant the money expended wiU be entirely lost. Had the soil over which this road runs been any other than what it is, the sum voted for the purpose would have been sufficient ; but the country being very low and flat, and the soil a deep black earth intersected by many swamps of greater or less extent, the waters having no outlet spread over a great part of it and the ground adjacent, which created a vast deal of additional expense and labour. The road being at first made only 33 ft. wide was liable to be blocked up by trees blown across it, whenever the wind was high, as well as to other accidents; it has therefore been opened throughout its whole length to the breadth of from 106 to 110 feet, leaving about 20 feet clear of every obstacle that might impede the traveller. A bridge across the river Prevost, which crosses the road near the village of Drummondville, has been built in a more sub- stantial manner with the heaviest and most durable wood of the neighbourhood : it cost £45 18s. The length of the road is 16L miles. Until this road is completed, the inhabitants of Drummondville are obliged to transport their produce to Sorel either by the k. St. Francis or by the present cir- cuitous route, a. distance of no less than 17 L* G R A G R E while Drummondville is only 9 1. distant from Sorel in a straight line and across a fine level country, most suitahle for a road, having no hills and but one river to impede the progress of any carriage, while the present mode of conveyance is attended with innumerable inconveniences from the unevenness of the road, ferries, &c. if the goods are sent by land, and by many rapids, portages, &c. if conveyed by water, together with the great distance of the journey, which consi- derably increases the expenses of transportation. — The Parish of Drummondville extends over the township of Wickham as well as Grantham and contains two churches, both situated in the village of Drummondville : one is attended by members of the Church of England and the other by Roman Catholics. The village is on the b. St. Francis and was built under the direction of Lieut.-Col. Heriot, C. B. for the accommodation of disbanded veterans. It was destroyed by fire June 22, 1826. Its chief trade is in grain and pot and pearl ashes ; it carries on an extensive traffic with Sorel as well as with the neighbouring townships and those more in the interior to the south. It contains 2 schools, one public and the other private, in each of which 20 scholars are instructed. The settlement of Drummondville was commenced in 1816, during the administration of Sir George Drumraond. It is particularly indebted to Col. Heriot, member of the provincial parliament for the co. of Drum- mond, for its original establishment and progressive advancement. That gentleman has been at con- siderable expense in building several corn and saw- mills : his house and establishment, erected on an eminence at the n. w. extremity of the village, add materially to the beauty of the scenery when viewed from the opposite bank of the St. Francis. — Ungranted and unhealed, 13,315 acres. Statistics of the Parish of Drummondville. Population 389 Churches, R. C. 2 Cur^s . 1 Schools . 2 Villages . 1 Corn-mills . 2 Carding-mills 1 Fulling-mills 1 Saw-mills . 3 Tanneries . 4 Potasheries Pearlasheries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans . 4 4 2 2 10 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 3,763 Oats . 4,000 Barley . 590 Bushels. Potatoes 5,500 Peas . 510 Bushels. Rye . 200 Indian corn 600 Live Stock. Horses . 175 Oxen . 240 Cows . 310 Sheep . 480 Swine 290 Green Island, v. Isle Vertb, S. Green Point, v. Ouiatchouan, r. Green River discharges into the r, St. John, 6 leagues below the church in the settlements of Madawaska. Green River or Quamquerticook, in the CO. of Rimouski, rises n. e. of Middle Lake, and, running s. through the country, receives the waters of several smaller streams ; it passes w. of the Quamquerticook mountains and joins the R. St. John about 3 m. below the church belonging to the Madawaska settlements. Grenvillb, township, in the co. of Two Mountains, with its augmentation, is bounded in front by the Ottawa; b. by Chatham; in the rear by the waste lands of the crown and by La Petite Nation. It possesses many local ad- vantages besides the Military Canal. The front was surveyed and subdivided in iJ88, in 1807 the s. E. section was laid out and subdivided, and in 1821 and 2 the survey was extended to the 7th range. The lands thus surveyed are not of a very favourable description, being bold, abrupt and mountainous, in many parts divested of soil yet ofiering at the foot of frequent mountains rich, fertile and in some places extensive intervals, composed of a sUiceous earth very fit for cultiva- tion. The hills and clifis are chiefly of a condensed granite of various colours. The most conspicuous ridge of highlands rises not far from the St. Law- rence at the s. w. angle of the t., and, extending N. B., traverses it obliquely as far as the 6th range, where it enters Chatham. The meadow-land, which lies at the base of these hills in the front, is over- flowed in the spring of the year by«the Ottawa, from lot No. 8 to the w. line of the t. This part and the remainder, comprehended between those highlands and the St. Lawrence, form a trian- gular space of fine level and well irrigated soil, which was at the time of making the old grants considered by the grantees as the only cul- turable section of the t. Proceeding northward, from the Grenville heights to the 7th range, the face of the country presents only a succession of ascents and descents, abrupt hUls and stupendous mountains, interspersed, nevertheless, with rich vales whose fertility is almost an adequate com- pensation for the many sterile and unarable parts of the T. On the banks of the Calumet lime- stone of a superior species is to be found in abundance, also stone of various colours with GRENVILLE. which mantelpieces have heen made ; and in No. 10 of the 5th range a black-lead mine is worked. The surface of this t. is in general mountainous with many small valleys of excellent soil, and some of the hiUs afford good land for tillage. The soU varies from the richest clay loam to the poorest fox-landj and in many places would produce hemp and flax. The mountains in the t. are more pro- minent about the centre, drawing towards River Rouge, but in the aug. they prevail most on the E. side towards the s. of Petite Nation, rising to great heights in cliffs and broken surface, ap- proaching a great lake in the 10th range, then stretching b. crossing the line to the r. Rouge. An extensive valley embraces the b. part of the augmentation from about the 4th range, and spreading along the Beaver Meadow Creek from the B. Rouge on the b., and embracing variously from No. 1 to 3 in the augmentation until it reaches the base of the mountains in the 9th range, still bounded by the r. Rouge, from which there is an easy and gradual ascent, generally, throughout the whole extent. The soil in that valley is chiefly argUlaceous, sometimes becoming a surface of strong yellow loam mixed occasionally with a siliceous rock, timbered with elm, maple, birch, tamarack, some cedar and ash, pine and hemlock, and is particularly watered by large rivers and their tributary waters flowing to the Rouge. The numerous valleys, particularly the one just mentioned, offer the best situations for settlers in the township and its augmentation. — This T. is abundantly watered by many rivers, rivulets, small lakes and ponds, which traverse it in every direction. The principal rivers are the Kingham, the Calumet and the river Rouge. Many of the lakes are well stored with trout. West of the river Rouge, and in the 3rd and 4th ranges, are five small lakes, into which flow many rivulets and inferior streams that rise in the upper part of the t. ; the waters of the lakes, issuing by several small channels, meet and are discharged into the Ottawa between the front lots Nos. 24 and 25. On the Kingham is the only saw-mill in this T. ; it belongs to Mr. Kaine. — The south and only surveyed half of this township is tra- versed by several roads, the principal of which being that opened at the expense of the province, which runs almost parallel to the n. bank of the Ottawa, entering Grenville at lot No. 1, above the canal j passing through the military depot at the basin, it crosses the Kingham over which there is a good bridge, and thence continues w. to the B. boundary of La Petite Nation. This road appears to have been marked out with little judg- ment, as a comparatively trifling deviation from the existing line might, in more than one place, have rendered it much bettei%, and the necessity of so many bridges and causeways would have been avoided. This high-road is good as far as the 7th lot, after which it becomes impassable. Along the Kingham there is a tolerably good road, leading to Mr. Kaine's residence and saw-mill. The rivers generally in this t. present numerous mill- sites which must ultimately prove highly advan- tageous. Westward towards the river Calumet, over which there is a bridge, the road is tole- rably good and has many new settlements with some well cultivated and prosperous fields; but the habitations and barns are by no means cal- culated to impress the traveller with an idea of ease and comfort. A few such settlements are scattered along the remainder of the road to the division line, between the S. and the augmenta- tion of Grenville. Along the road w. of the Ca- lumet bridge to the lofty ridge of highlands are excellent patches of good land clothed with hard timber, which are, however, by no means so ex- tensive as to make up for the stony and uncul- turable parts of the t. This road continues, though very bad, along the b. branch of the Ca- lumet, and, passing occasionally by the door of a solitary settler, terminates in the 7th range. It should be observed, in justice to the inhabitants of these parts, that they have surmounted, with the most industrious and praiseworthy persever- ance, the various obstacles presenting themselves in regions so hilly and forbidding, and have suc- ceeded in the attainment of a degree of rustic en- joyment beyond what might have been reasonably anticipated to exist in the 4th, 5th and 6th ranges of Grenville at so early a period of its settlement. Several other by-roads communicate with the in- terior settlements and are more or less of the same description. The best settlements are in the east section, most of which is granted under letters patent. — This t. appears to be particularly adapted to the breeding of cattle of all kinds, for all that have been introduced have thrived amazingly. The extent of land under cultivation is 970 acres and 100 of pasture. The average produce per acre is, wheat 10 bushels, Indian corn 15, and G R E G R O oats 20. Wages vary from 8 to 10 dollars a month. — The village contains 50 inhabitants and is built in No. 7 of the 2nd range^ and in 1788 one square mile was set aside for the purpose, and 400 acres allotted to the church and other public insti- tutions. In 1821 the s. half of lot 7 was surveyed and laid out in streets and in two-acre lots of 4 chains in breadth by 5 in depth. Not more than 6 or 8 houses have been erected, and these with- out the least regard to regularity. Locations are made to those who are desirous of settling here, and will contract to clear their lot and build a house within one year from the date of their location ticket. In the village is one school at- tended by 40 scholars. — The Military Establish- ment chiefly consists of the staff corps. The dwell- ings of some of the soldiers and labourers are scat- tered on each side of the GrenvUle Canal, and others live in tents. The houses of the officers are new, neat and comfortable. This important canal has been chiefly cut, blasted and excavated through solid rock : it is nearly completed, and the work is solid and durable. (For farther particulars of this canal see " Canals" and voL i. page 1.55.) — The principal landholders in this t. are Archi- bald M'Millan, Esq., the heirs of the late Col. Taylor, Major Hitter, and Capt. John M'Gil- livray, besides several others who hold grants to an inferior extent. Mr. M'MiUan obtained in 1808, for himself and others, 1230 acres under letters patent and subsequently a grant of lot No. 8, in the 2nd range, which it is to be regretted was not reserved for the use and disposal of the Crown on account of its contiguity to the village. — Ungranted and unlocated, in the t. 10,200 acres, in the aug. 10,130. Statistics. Population Schools Villages Corn-mills 1,875 1 1 . 1 Saw-mills . 3 Potteries . 1 Potasheries . 3 Medical men 1 Notaries . 1 Shopkeepers 3 Taverns . 3 Artisans . 30 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats Bushels. 9,497 2,280 Bushels. Bushels. Barley . 150 Peas . 100 Potatoes 15,000 Indian corn 2,000 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 59 64> Cows . 500 Sheep . 250 1 Swine . 375 It is \^ chain wide and in places very rapid; the banks are low and the soil on each side sandy but very level. It appears to run nearly parallel to the river Terres-Rompues. At 3-^ m. from its mouth there is a fine little cove on the left, and, a few chains higher up, another on the right. One mile from this is a portage, 2 miles long, that runs towards the n. b., leading to lake Patispiscasmetche, which is altogether irregular, and round which are first seen small and very low rocks, extend- ing but a small distance from the banks. Having passed these, the land becomes level and sandy. Gkifpin's Cove, in the co. of Gaspe, lies N. of Gaspe Bay, between Great Fox river and Cap Rosier. Statistics. Population . 53 | Keel-boats . 4 Annual Agricultural Produce, Potatoes . . 300 bush. Live Stock. Horses Oxen 11 17 Cows Sheep 21 5 Swine 11 Grey Pine, river, runs into the Grande De- charge that connects the Sag. a. with h. St, John. Gkondines, les, seigniory, in the co. of Port- neuf, is bounded s. w. by the S. of Ste. Anne and its augmentation; n. e. by La Tesserie; in the rear by the projected i. of Alton and waste lands of the crown ; in front by the St. Law- rence. — Granted in three parts, viz. the w. part, one league in front by ten in depth, 20th Mar., 1638, to the Duchess d'AiguiUon for Les Dames Hospitalieres of the Hotel Dieu of Quebec; the E. part, f 1. in front by 3 1. in depth, 3rd Nov., 1672, to the poor of that hospital; the aug. to the E. part, 2 1. in depth by -J 1. in front, 25th Apr., 1711, to Louis Hamelin: the whole is now the property of Mr. Charret. — Through- out the greater part of these grants the soil is in- different ; a thin layer of poor earth upon a solid bed of stone : here and there a few patches of better quality may be found, and all the known lands on the Grondines' side of the rapid of the R. Ste. Anne are of good quality. — Five conces- sions have been conceded and part of another; the first 4 are cultivated and the first 3 settled. — A small ridge extends across the S. near the front, between which and the St. Lawrence there is very good meadow land. — The timber is of inferior qua- lity. — The principal settlements lie on the main road just beneath the ridge and on the r. Ste. G R O G R O Anne. The soil and timber in general are barely above mediocrity, yet there are some well cul- tivated farms, owing to the industry of the oc- cupiers rather than to the fertility of the soil. Somewhat more than a fourth part is under cul- ture. — This S. is very well watered by the Ste. Anne, the Blanche, and the Batiscan which tra- verses its N. extremity, also by a small rivey in the front that falls into the St. Lawrence ; the last turns a corn and a saw-mill. — This S. has a church and a parsonage-house, but the service is performed by the cure of a neighbouring parish, — The main road crosses the S. near its front : a road ascends the Ste. Anne on each side and another leads to the back concessions. In the St. Lawrence the extensive shoal, called Les Battures des Gron- dines, stretches along the front. There are two stnall fiefs in this S. called Francheville, which, by default of inheritance, have reverted to the crown. Title. Partie Quest — " Concession du 20me Mars, 1638, faite par la Compagnie, a. Dame Duclv.sse d'AguiL ton, pour les Dames Hospitalieres de I'Hotel-Dieu de Quebec, de la Seigneurie des Grondimes, contenant una lieue de terre en largeur sur le grand fleuve St. Laurent, sur dix lieiies de profondeur ; savoir : est, depuis la pointe de I'ance des Grondines, du Cote du Nord-Est, un quart de lieue audessous de la dite pointe, en tirant vers le Cap de Lauzon, born^ par une route qui court Sud-Est et Nord-Ouest ou environ; et d'autre coti au Sud-Ouest trois quarts de lieue, borne aussi par une route qui court Sud-Est et Nord-Onest, d'un bout au Nord-Ouest par une route qui court Sud-Ouest et Nord-Est." — RSgistre des Foi et Hommage, folio 47. Aussi Reg. S Intendance, et Cahiers d'Intendance. Partie Est " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, aux Pauvres de I'Hopital, de trois quarts de lieues de terre sur trois lieues de pro- fondeur, k prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, au lieu dit les Groiidines, tenant d'un c6t^ a la Concession appar- tenante aux religieuses du dit H6pital, de I'autre aux ter- res non-conc^d4es ; tirant eu descendant le fleuve vers Chavigny." Rdgistre dUntendance, No. 1, folio 34. Augmentation A la Partie Est " Concession du25me Avril, 1711, faite par Raudot, Gouverneur, et Vaudreuil, Intendant, k Louis Hamelin, de la continuation de deux lieues de profondeur sur le front de trois quarts de lieue non-concede, 6tant au bout des trois quarts de lieue de front sur la profondeur de trois lieues, en quoi consiste r^tendue de la dite Seigneurie des Grondines; borne d'un c6ti aux terres du Sieur de la Chevrotiere et d'un cote a celles du dit Sieur Louis Hamelin." — Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, folio 47. Grosbois or Machiche, seigniory, in the co. of St. Maurice, on the n. .side of Lake St. Peter, is bounded n. b. by Pointe du Lac and Gatineau ; s. w, by Riviere du Loup and Grandpre and in the rear by Dumontier. — 1^ 1. in front by 2 1. in depth. Granted Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Boucher and is now the property of the Hon. Louis Gugy, Mr. Johnstone and Mr. Dumoulin. — This S. is rather low towards the front, but retiring from the lake there are some few rising grounds. The soil and timber are very similar to those of Riviere du Loup and Grandpre. — Watered by the r. du Loup and the great and little rivers Machiche, over which, where they are intersected by the main roads, are bridges substantially built of tim- ber and possessing a light and pleasing appear- ance. About f ths of the S. are conceded and the settlements, in front and on the banks of the ri- vers, are very flourishing; the houses and farm buildings, well constructed, prove their proprietors to be very industrious and in easy circumstances. On the east side of the main or Quebec road, that here resumes its course close to the b. St. Lawrence, are the church and presbytery of Ma- chiche with a cluster of houses, forming a small neat village.' — The interior is traversed by many roads leading to the seigniories in the rear, as well as to those ou each side. — On the difierent streams are some good com and saw-miUs. The Parish of Ste. Anne de YamacJdche com- prehends Gatineau, Pointe du Lac and the front part of Grosbois or Machiche. Some lands in the P. are still unconceded, and, although not of a rich quality, they are susceptible of cultiva- tion. About one-third of the concessions in this p. were granted before 1759 and generally mea- sured 3 arpents by 40 and were let at low rents, viz. 2 or 3 capons and a crown in money. — AU the young persons are desirous of settling either at home or abroad, but would universally prefer settling near their relations, particularly as it would be the least expensive. — Here are two schools, one for boys and the other for girls, both supported by the parish ; the number of scholars is 28 boys and 30 girls, who are instructed in English and French. — The p. contains 2 villages, one near the church on the k. Petite Machiche, the other on the Grande Machiche; each con- tains about 30 houses. — The church is 120 ft. by 40, besides which there is a chapel. — There are 3 corn-mills ; 2 of them on the Grande Machiche, which are built of stone and are 2 stories high, the other is on the R. du Loup. — One-fourth of the grain grown in the parish, in good seasons, is sold in meal or flour and much provision is sent to the Quebec market. The Parish of St. Leon comprehends the rear part of Grosbois and Machiche and the whole of Dumontier and Grandpre. In this p. are 6 con- Q G U E GUI cessions and 400 farms ; the 2nd concession w, of the K. du Loup is the most inhabited. This P. is watered by the Ruisseau Chakouna and by the R. du Loup, which is very rapid and in general na- vigable for bateaux, A little village surrounds the church; the houses are built with wood and the church is 120 ft. by 52. There are several saw-mills, one on the k. du Loup, 2 on the Cha- couna and 2 in the ravines. — In this p. are some non-conceded lands susceptible of cultivation, in different places, amounting altogether to 1 league. including lands kept for the purpose of wood only. Over these lands there is no road, but the grantees form roads as they are wanted. — The non-con- ceded lands are not surveyed, and no concessions were made, within the precise limits of this p., before 1759. — The number of persons desirous and able to make new settlements would be con- siderable if they could procure farms in the non- conceded lands, which would supply 60 farms of a tolerable quality. Statistics of the Parishes of Ste. Anne de Yamachiehe and St. Leon. Parishes. i u oi s o £ 1 •3 i 1 8 3 1 1 1 A a 1 o 1 3 i 1 1 1 3 5 1 2 1 i s o 1 1 1 2 1 1 i 1 1 o. M 8 1 1 10 1 1 20 13 i s 1 1 25 1 Ste. Anne de ) Yamachiehe 5 St. Leon . . 3376 1792 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 Parishes. Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. -Livestock. 1 1 i o t 1 i a. s t c a 1 1 1 '1 i CO Ste. Anne de > Yamachiehe J St. Leon . . 19800 10400 23400 7800 3250 260 27080 15500 3380 1300 180 50 1300 130 900 413 850 275 2000 825 4500 2200 1260 550 TitU. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Pierre Boucher, de Grand- pri, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front, sur deux de profondeiu', a prendre, savoir, trois quarts de lieue au des. sus de la riviSre k Marciu (Machichej et autant audessous de la dite riviere." — JftSgistre d'Intendance, iVo. 1, folio 39. Gbos Ruisseau, a rivulet, in the S. of Murray Bay, rises in the concession St. Jean, and running s., dividing concession Joyeuse from the 2nd con- cession of Terrebonne, it divides the 1st concession of Terrebonne into two nearly equal parts, and then falls into the St. Lawrence. Grosses Roches, des, is a rivulet that runs from the n. e. and joins the Saguenay near Bay St. Etienne ; about 14 m. from the St. Law- rence. GuEHRE, a la, river, in the township of God- manchester, rises about the middle of the 2nd range, and running n. w. falls into Lake St. Francis. At the upper forks of this r. is built the V. of Godmanchestcr. The navigation of this B. and its branches is of material advantage to the inhabitants of that township. This r. is navi- gable for canoes for some little distance above the Forks ; but as there is a sand bank or bar at its mouth, with only 18 inches of water, it is there navigable only for flat-bottomed boats. About 30 chains from its mouth are two small farm-houses on the B. bank, opposite to which is a chantier. The depth of the water from the lake to the first forks varies from 5 to 8 ft. and thence to the second forks from 3 to 4 ft. GuiLLAUDiEBB, fief, in the co. of Vercheres, fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded n. e. by St. Blain ; s. w. by Cap St. Michel and in the rear by the aug. to Belceil — 30 arpents in front by a league in depth. — Granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Lau- rent Borney, Sieur de Grandmaison, and now be- longs to Hertel, Esq. Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, a Laurent Borney Sieur de Grand- maison, de trente arpens de front sur une lieue de pro- fondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis les terres du Sieur de St. Michel, en descendant vers les terres non-concedies." — Rigistre d'lntendance. No. 1, folio 28. GuiLLAUMB BoNHOMMB, seigniory, in the rear of Desmaure, is bounded n. e. by Gaudarville ; s. w. by Fausembault and n. by the k. Jacques Cartier, — One league in breadth by two in depth. HAL HAM Granted Nov. 24th, 1682, to Guillaume Bon- homme. — This tract is uneven and mountainous ; near Desmaure, the lowest and most level part, the soil is a black mould, but, receding towards the Jacques Cartier, a light-coloured loam pre- vails much covered with loose stones : only a small portion of the land is in cultivation. The timber is both abundant and good, particularly on the high grounds towards the rear. Scarcely a stream or rivulet traverses the interior. Title. — " Concession du 24me Novembre, 1082, faite par Lefelre, Gouverneur, et De MevUcs, Intendant, a Guil- laume Bonhomme, des terres qui sont au bout de celles de Mr. Juchereau de la Ferli, tirant vers la riviere Jacques Cartier, bornfes d'un cdt^, au Sud-ouest, de Mr. Dupont, Conseiller, et de I'autre a Mr. de Mesner, Greffier, au Nord-est; d'un bout, sur le dit Sieur de la Ferti au Sud ; et de I'autre au Nord-ouest I la dite riviere : la dite terre contenant environ une lieue de front avec deux lieues ou environ de profondeur dans les dites terres." — Insimmtions du Conseil Supirieur, Lettre B. folio 26. H. Ha Ha Bay, or Baib des Has ! v. Sague- NAY, R. Ha Ha, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, is between Trois Pistolles and Bic. It is but thinly settled. Hail Bay, in Commissioners Lake, s. w. of Lake St. John. HaldiJiand, a town in Gasp6 Bay, situated on ■ a tongue of land formed by the estuaries of St. John's River and the s. w. arm of Gaspe Bay. — This town was named after General Haldimand, who, about the year 1785, was Governor of Ca- nada, which at that time was called the Province of Quebec. Halifax, township, in the co. of Megantic, between Chester and Inverness, bounded n. w. by Arthabaska and Somerset, and s. b. by Wolfes- town and Ireland. — The soil is generally excellent and would yield abundantly under almost any system of agriculture, and in many places would produce hemp and flax : in the N. e. part, which is low, are a few swamps, which might be easily re- claimed by ditching ; in the opposite dirfection the land is uneven and rises as it inclines towards the s. — The timber is similar to that of Wolfestown and 'Ham. — Watered by some small rivers and streams and the picturesque little Lake Pitt. The s. b. half has been laid out and granted, but none of it is cultivated : Craig's Road passing through a part of it may be, perhaps, the means of attracting some settlers. The principal landholders are the heirs of the late Joseph Frobisher, Esq. and Mrs. Scott and family. — Ungranted and unlocated 7200 acres. Statistics. Population . 15 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Bushels. 50 55 Barley Potatoes Bushels. . 15 . 350 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 1 Cows . 5 Sheep 9 Swine . 8 21 Hall's Stream rises in the t. of Auckland ; running s. through the N. w. part of Drayton it enters Hereford at the 6th range, and continuing in the s. e. quarter of that t. joins the k. Con- necticut on the boundary line. On this stream are good sites for mills ; but as its course is ob- structed by ffills it is of no other navigable advan- tage than for the transport of logs to the miUs. Its middle branch waters the n. e. quarter of Hereford and its N. w. branch circulates about the centre of that t. Ham, township, in the co. of Drummond, be- tween Wotton and Wolfestown, joins Tingwick and Chester n. w. and Weedon s. e. One half has been granted among several individuals. The land might be brought into cultivation with great advantage, and would produce wheat or other grain, and many parts are fit for flax and hemp. The surface is diversified'by many large swells of inconsiderable elevation, covered with wood and some few places in the valleys are rather swampy. — The timber is maple, beech, basswood, birch, hemlock and cedar. — Watered by part of the river Nicoletj which here has its source in the beautiful lake of the same name, near which the road com- municating with Craig's Road is designed to pass. — Ungranted and unlocated 18,500 acres. Hamel Lake, called by the Indians Assini- gaashtets, " a rock that is there," is the largest lake on the R. Pastagoutsic, which runs from Lake Kenwangomi s. b. of Lake St. John. Hamilton, township, in the co. of Bonaven- ture, lies between Cox and Richmond, and is bounded in front by Chaleurs Bay and in the rear q2 H A R HAT by waste lands. — The Village of Bonaventure is pleasantly situated on the w. side of the harbour of the same name. The land on each side of the town is level and good and produces great quantities of grass for cattle. The soil is a fine gray earth on a clayey sub-stratum, which appears fit for the cultivation of hemp and flax ; but the season is supposed to be too short for the growth of grain, the frost generally commencing in the beginning of September and continuing to the middle or end of May. This village or town is advantageously placed for the cod-fishery, and is susceptible of great improvement. The bank on which the fish are generally cured is very extensive and is divided into 95 lots, each extending 40 ft. in front and 120 ft. in depth, sufficient space for curing the fish taken by one shalloup. A vacancy of 10 ft. is left between the lots for the purpose of piling up the fish when cured; and 100 ft. is appropriated, at the point of each beach, for a public landing-place. In the roadstead there is good anchorage for shipping, and the common tides rise from 7 to 8 ft. The town lot consists of 60 acres ; and 1040 ft. of ground divided into 36 lots, each 240 ft. square, to be subdivided into 8 divisions, each 60 ft. in front by 120 in depth, with 200 acres adjoining for the benefit of the town. This v. is only a small place, contain- ing about 25 houses and a church : its whole de- pendence is in the fishery. Hampden, a projected township in the co. of Sherbrooke, is an irregular tract of land lying between Marston, Ditton, Lingwick, Stratford, and Gayhurst. Hare Island lies nearly in the middle of the St. Lawrence, and fronts the S. of Rividre du Loup and that of Terrebois : it is nearly 8 m. in length by an average breadth of about half a mile. It is low and flat, extending in a direction nearly parallel to the shores of the St. Lawrence. The soil is good, but wholly uncultivated. At each extremity are long and dangerous shoals stretch- ing from it. On the s. e. side lie the three small islands called the Brandy Pots : on the w. side is placed the telegraph No. 13, the last in the chain from Quebec. Harrington, a projected township in the co. of Two Mountains, lies between Wentworth and Ponsonby and is bounded in front by Grenville. Its s. w. angle is watered by the r. Rouge. Hastings, a projected township in the co. of Ottawa, fronting Lake des Allumets and lying w/ of th T. of Esher. Hatlby, township, in the co. of Stanstead, is bounded s. by the t. of Stanstead; n. by Ascot; B. by Compton ; w. by the Lake Memphramagog, a branch of the river St. Francis, and Lake Sca- swaninepus. The surface is irregular, in some places hilly, and the quality of the land very variable. The soil e. and n. e. is good and most kinds of grain might be grown ; and w. it is rather superior ; the middle very indifferent, rugged and swampy. On the best lands beech, elm, maple and ash grow in abundance ; in the swamps spruce fir, cedar and alder. Towards Ascot and Compton are some extensive settlements, where the houses and out-buildings are substantially constructed, the farms cultivated with industry and much ability and well stocked with cattle. On the border of Lake Memphramagog is another range of im- proving settlements. — Watered by several lakes besides Lake Tomefobi, which is entirely in this T., and by some small rivers and streams, which as they wind through the cultivated lands turn corn and saw-mills. Many roads lead to the ad- jacent townships, and others communicate with main roads leading to the states of Vermont and New Hampshire. One of the most extensive landholders is Henry Cull, Esq., lieut.-col. of the militia ; a gentleman highly esteemed for his public spirit and the industry and good-will with which he encourages every species of improvement. The first settler in the t. was Capt. Eb. Hovey. The Parish of Charleston commences on the line between Stanstead and Hatley, and on the line between the 8th and 9th ranges of Hatley ; thence N. on the same line it crosses Lake Tome- fobi ; thence on the w. shore of the lake n. until it intersects the line between the 4th and 5th ranges ; thence n. on the same line to the n. line of Hatley ; thence b. on the same line to the line between the 2nd and 3rd ranges of Compton, and s. across that t. to the line between the 2nd and 3rd ranges in Barnston, and then w. to the w. line of that t., and then n. to its n. w. corner ; thence w. to the place of beginning. — In this parish stands the Village of Charleston, near the N. B. corner. It is very pleasantly situated on the main road leading from Sherbrooke to Stanstead Plain ; it contains about 20 neat houses and 115 HEM inhabitants : it has a protestant episcopal church, a school-house, a brewery and a distillery. The site of the v. is in Nos. 5 and 6 of the 1st and 2nd ranges. — Robt. Vincent, Esq. was the first inhabitant and settled here about 20 years since. — Ungranted and unlocated 12,041 acres. Population Churches Curates Schools Villages Corn-mills Cardlng-mills 1,573 1 Statistics. Fulling-mills Saw-mills . Tanneries . Hat-manufact. Potteries Potasheries . Pearlasheries Distilleries . Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 5 1 1 3 2 17 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 18,030 26,500 3,865 Potatoes Peas Rye Bushels. 29,420 4,063 825 Bushels. Buck wheat 80 Indian corn 5,020 Live Stock. 760 1 Cows 914, 1 Sheep 1,5981 Swine 3,169 1 830 Hautbvillb (V.), V. Kamouraska, S. Hayotte (V.), V. Champlain, S. Helbnstown, v. Beauhabnois, S. Hbmison, river and lake : the n. rises in the T. of Buckland and partly in the lake ; taking a s. w. course, it enters the t. of Frampton and joins the B. Etchemin a little below Papa Isle. HbmmingfobDj township, in the co. of Beau- harnois, is on the boundary line between the pro- vince and the United States, having n. w. the S. of Beauharnois and n. b. that of La Colle. This township has been laid out for close settlements, that iSj to be granted by single lots to persons, upon condition of immediately taking possession and beginning to improve them ; a large portion of the T. is settled and some of the farms are in a thriving state. There are five complete ranges of 200 acre lots, and the remainder of the t. is divided in a similar manner to Hinchinbrook ; but a proportion of these reservations has been let under lease. Although the surface is very un- even and several high ridges rise in various di- rections, with many large seams of flat rock a little below the surface, there are many tracts of superior quality fit for the growth of grain, hemp and flax. On the N. b. and n. w. sides are some swamps covered with cedar, spruce fir, tamarack, &c. On the high lands the timber is beech, maple, elm, birch, &c. : along the 2nd range are some oak and pine of large dimensions and good qua- H E M lity. — This T. is well watered by the a. Montreal descending to the Richelieu, and by many small streams that descend from the heights to the Cha- teauguay. — There are many roads, but most of them very indifferent, and practicable only in winter when rendered firm and solid by the frost. — There is only one com and saw-mill in this t. built in the 5th range. — The population consists of 150 families, of whom 70 are from Ireland, 24 from the United States, 19 from England, 11 from Scotland, 10 American loyalists and 3 from Germany. Of the population 345 souls are on the crown reserve without any title. — ^This t. consists of 58,600 acres ; about 6067 acres are under improvement, of which 4242 are among the granted lands, 1,320 on the crown reserves and 505 on the land located by the agent. — Hemming- ford Mountain or Covey s Hill has about the same perpendicular elevation as the Rouville cone and commands an extensive horizon. This mountain, from its conspicuous height, is worthy of notice. It occupies a space of about 3^ miles in length by 2 in breadth and rises by gradations, almost about 1,100 feet from the level of the St. Lawrence. The ascent on the n. side, though rather abrupt, is notwithstanding easy of access, but on the e. it is more gradual ; on the s. side it rises out of a low swamp in the vicinity of 2 small lakes, and rises nearly 200 feet in a perpendicular cliff. From the top of this mountain can clearly be di- stinguished the mountains of Montreal, Pinacle, Mansfield and Camel's Rump, and a most com- manding view of the surrounding country. Population . 980 Churches, R. C. 1 Corn-mills . I Carding-nalls 1 Statistics. Fulling-miUs Saw-mills Potasheries . Pearlasheries Distilleries . 1 Shopkeepers . I Taverns . .1 Artisans . 10 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Bushels. . 7,000 . 6,000 100 Potatoes 3.3,000 Peas . 4,000 Bushels. Buckwheat 1,000 Indian com 3,000 Comparative Statement of Increase. III lis 11 A i 1 Live Stock. | i ll 1 s s en 1820 1825 1829 .3206 6067 2550 2591 358 616 980 171 331 187 285 97 273 588 1372 426 1300 .377 598 HER H I N Hemmingway Brook joins the r. Connecticut near the most s. point of the t. of Drayton on the houndary line. Henrtvillb (V.), V. NOYAN, S. Hereford, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is bounded n. by Clifton and Auckland ; w. by Barford; b. by Drayton and s. by the boundary line. The greater part may be called tolerably good land and generally applicable to any kind of agriculture : the surface is uneven and, approach- ing the river Connecticut, rather mountainous. — The s. part of the t. is partially settled, 1600 acres being under cultivation : most of the settlers are on the banks of Hall Stream and Leech Stream and the lands between them. — There is only one reserve under lease; it is in No. 7 of the 7th range and belongs to the clergy. — The timber is various and in general good, consisting of maple, beech and birch, mixed with spruce fir and a small proportion of pine and poplar. — In the year 1800 the southern half was granted to James Rankin and others ; but a very small progress has been made towards its settlement : a few farms, however, are in a tolerably good condition. — This T. is well watered by several branches of the Connecticut, aided by many small streams de- scending from the high lands. The branches of the Connecticut are called Hall's Stream on which 16 families are settled, and Leech Stream on which 10 families reside, and on both streams are good sites for mills ; it is also watered by Leech's Pond and other small lakes, in which are trout, suc- cors, chub, perch, eels, &c. — There are 4 bridges, two king's highways and 2 or 3 cross-roads : one of the highways extends from line 45 to Eaton through Clifton, the other from line 45 through Barford to Compton. — The Hereford Mountain is in the 5th and 6th ranges and in the n. w. part of the T. — The land under crop averages 180 acres and about 500 acres are annually mowed. Flax of excellent quality is produced, and hemp grows luxuriantly but is liable to the eflfects of early frosts; wheat is the staple commodity and its produce from new land is from 15 to 20 bushels per acre and other grain in proportion. The an- nual consumption of wheat is about 750 bushels and that of other grain 1000 bushels. — This t. is well adapted for grazing and rearing neat stock, horses and sheep, and also for dairy farms. Some of the settlers keep 30 head of neat cattle, besides horses and sheep. Agricultural labour is high; from 1 to 1^ dollar a day without board, with board from 10 to 12 dollars a month, or f ths of a dollar per day in summer and 6 to 8 dollars in winter, or 2s. 6d. a day .i— During haymaking wages are 3s. 4rf. a day, at other times from 8 to 12 dollars a month. Mechanics are paid one dollar a day. — The articles of trade or rather traflBc con- sist in beef, cattle, butter, cheese, pork, pearlash and grain. — In this t. are two private schools: in each from 12 to 15 scholars are instructed. — Ungranted and unlocated, 16,200 acres. Statistics. Population . Pearlasheries 160 Com-mills I Saw-mills 1 2 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 1,500 Oats . 1,280 Bailey . 200 Bushels. Potatoes 2,210 Peas . 210 Bushels. Rye . 45 Indian com 580 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 64 70 Cows . 120 Sheep . 300 Swine . 128 Hertel, fief, fronts the St. Lawrence and lies N. E. of Champlain and s. w. of Batiscan. It has one corn-mill on the R. Champlain, which waters it through its whole extent. It belongs to les Chartiers. Hertbl, rivulet, in the S. of Champlain, turns one flour-mill. HiNCHiNBROOK, towuship, in the co. of Beau- hamois, is bounded s. by the boundary line ; n. e. by Beauharnois and is separated from Godman- chester by the R. Chateauguay. This t. contains 38,000 acres, of which 18,850 have been granted by letters patent: from II to 12,000 acres were granted to non-resident persons in 1821, many of whom were then residing in the United States ; soon after these lands were granted some of the grantees died, and some left the country and were never afterwards heard of: on this tract are some few families without titles to the lands they oc- cupy. This T. is divided into 8 ranges and every range into lots of 200 acres each. From the pro- vince line N. are three full ranges, but the re- mainder is more irregularly divided and is appro- priated to crown and clergy reservations, in large portions or blocks as they are technically termed. The surface is somewhat uneven but the soil, although rather light and in many places stony, is H I N H O R good, excepting only a very few swampy tracts which are covered with cedar, spruce fir and hem- lock trees. The large knolls, or rising grounds, are thickly clothed with good timber. Towards the Chateauguay, in some places, the surface subsides into valleys and gentle slopes, where there are large breadths of fine meadows well watered by several branches of that k. The settlers are ge- nerally near the river's side and in eligible situ- ations along the frontier, in which direction there are several roads passing into the state of New York. The roads are in many parts bad, but are nevertheless frequented by loaded wag- gons. An immense stock of fine timber still re- mains in this township, although, for years past, vast quantities have been cut and rafted down the Chateauguay to Montreal and Quebec. — In this T. are 225 families, of which 79 are from Scotland, 78 from Ireland, 22 from the United States, 15 from England, 12 American loyalists and 5 from Germany ; making an aggregate population of 1214 souls. 5549 acres are claimed under orders in council, of which 2595 are under improvement. 16,.S25 acres are settled upon under the authority of the agent, of which 3044 are under improve- ment. — The Village of Hinchinbrook, called Hunt- ingdon, is built on each side of the r. Chateau- guay ; the portion in Godmanchester on govern- ment ground and the other side on the property of Wm. Bowron, Esq. acquired by purchase. The village is laid out in 3 rows on lots 1 and 2 in the front range of this t. in extensive village plots of from 10 to 20 acres each, which have been mostly located ; and those in the 1st and 2nd ranges, bor- dering on the river, are nearly all settled upon or occupied. The village lots Nos. 4 and 5, in the front of the front range, are reserved for public purposes, where the inhabitants are about to erect a schoolhouse. The village of Huntingdon, lying partly in Hinchinbrook and partly in Godman- chester, is connected by a strong bridge across the river Chateauguay, made of timber and stone, 240 feet in rlength, which cost the inhabitants £250. This village is inhabited by Irish emi- grants and. contains a population of 125 souls; and although the number is not so great as it was some time ago, yet the present residents appear to succeed, in their different occupations and are likely to become permanent settlers : they are composed of small farmers, mechanics, traders, &c. — Vacant lands, 19,150 acres. Statistics. Population 1,214 1 Caidlng-mills 1 Villages . 1 Fulling-mills 1 Corn-mills . 2 1 Saw-mills . 7 Distilleries Artisans . Wheat Oats Barley Annual Agricultural Produce Bushels. Bushels. . 6,225 Potatoes 30,000 . 5,360 Peas . 2,000 3,000 Rye . 1,050 Bushels. Buck wheat 800 Indian com 2,050 Comparative Statement of Increase. Ill •sl if 51 1 Live Stock. 1 1 •Si i i t"^ 3i 3 c » ajo en !>.3s & 1820 545 143 71 72 1825 2238 2170* 5.36 294 242 90 358 81 268 1829 . 3044 ■ 920 . 268 1246 1280 600 Hope, township, in the co. of Bonaventure, is bounded s. by Chaleurs Bay ; w. by Cox ; b. by the settlements of Port Daniel and n. by waste lands. It is watered by the Lower b. Nouvelle, and a part of the town of New Carlisle and its settlements range along the front from the s. w. angle to the r. Nouvelle. Statistics. Population 674 Artisans . 9 River craft . 2 Tonnage . 150 Keel-boats . 33 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 1,050 Oats . 1,450 Bushels. Potatoes . 7,000 Peas . . 100 Bushels. Indian com 200 Live Stock. Horses . 20 Oxen . 80 Cows . 99 Sheep . 272 Swine . 197 HoBTON, township, in the co. of Drummond, is bounded s. by Warwick; n. w. by Simpson and Wendover and n. e. by Aston and Bulstrode. — This small, irregular tract has been surveyed and granted to the militia, but it at present contains only one settler. The main branch of the Nico- let runs through the centre and its e. branch waters the n. e. angle of the t. Statistics. Population Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. . 15 . 40 Potatoes Indian com Bushels. . 100 . 25 Live Stock. 1 I Cows 2 1 Sheep 3 I Swine 4 H U L H U L HowARDj a projected township in the co. of Two Mountains, is bounded n.e. by Abercromby; in front by Wentworth; in the rear by waste lands. Hubert^ seigniory, in the co. of Quebec, is in the rear of St. Gabriel and St. Ignace, and other- wise bounded by waste crown lands. Two leagues in breadth and depth. Granted June 10th, 1698, to Sieur Rene Louis Hubert. — Being far north of all the cultivated lands, the quality or worth of this S. is wholly unknown ; even the timber seems never to have been an object of inquiry. It is watered by the r. Talayorte, which tra- verses it from the n. b. Title. — " Concession du lOme Juin, 1698, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouvemeur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Rin^ Louis Hubert, fils, de deux lieues de terre de front sur pareille profondeur, situfie au derriSre des seigneuries nommdes Sf, Gatriel et St. Ignace, appartenant aux fives J^suites et aux religieuses Hospitalieres de Qudbec: le dit terrein tirant au Nord-Ouest, borne d'un bout des dites Seigneuries, d'autre bout et des deux cotes des terras non-concedees." — Registre d' Intendance, iVi). 3, folio 23. HuDDERSFiELD, a projected township in the CO. of Ottawa, is bounded s. by Clarendon ; e. by Bristol and Aldfield ; n. by Shorn and Cawood ; w. by Litchfield. Hull, township, in the co. of Ottawa, is bounded E. by Templeton ; n. by Wakefield ; w. by Eard- ley and s. by the river Ottawa. It contains 82,429 acres, and was surveyed and subdivided in 1801 under a warrant of survey issued in favour of Philemon Wright, Esq., two of his sons and seven associates, who obtained a grant of 1 2,000 acres under letters patent in 1806. The order of coun- cil was granted Mar. 22, 1800. The grant to Mr. Wright, &c. embraced the whole front of the township and comprehends the ranges 1, 2, 3 and parts of 4, 5, 6, with 2 lots in the 7th range, through which the R. Gatineau runs. The as- sociates in this grant reconveyed, as was the prac- tice at that time, the greater part of the lands to their leader, as an indemnification for expenses in- curred in the survey and for patent fees on the grant, by which means Mr. Wright became the principal and almost sole proprietor of the lands thus granted, upon which it appears he and his sons have made improvements to the considerable extent of 4703 acres in culture, 24 houses, &o. — This T. extends 16 ranges in depth ; each range being subdivided into 28 lots of 26 chains in breadth, by 80 chains 80 links in depth. Such are the authorized dimensions of the lots of land in river townships throughout the province, ex- cepting, of course, the lots broken and indented by the sinuosities of the river or lake upon which they front, as in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranges of this T. — Hull is 120 miles from Montreal and is in the centre of a fertile country, possessing every agricultural advantage in soil and climate. The general features of Hull are mountainous : a range of hills, named by the Indians Perguatina, runs through the middle from e. to w. ; the highest part is not supposed to exceed 900 ft. above the level of the Ottawa : on each side of this range and occasionally upon it are tracts of excellent land and the' swamps are comparatively few and of small extent. The front of the t. is, generally, a plane undulated by gradual swells as far back as the highlands in the 6th range, which traverse the T. in a curvilinear direction almost parallel with the Ottawa. Beyond these the surface rises into more frequent and abrupt slopes, though by no means unfit for tillage, and becomes a rich pasturing and grazing country, much prized as such by the inhabitants. The soil in the level parts and in the intervals frequent in the hilly sections is excellent, and, when under proper cul- tivation, produces in abundance wheat, rye, bar- ley, oats, potatoes, &c. In the immediate vi- cinity of the Chaudiere or Columbia Falls the soil is poorer, being very rocky and sandy; but at a little distance this inferiority disappears and the soil becomes a strong loam. — This t. is tra- versed by several roads; the principal begins at the steam-boat landing, passes through Wright's Village and running along the front strikes the Chaudiere Lake between the 2nd and 3rd ranges ; thence it follows the margin of the lake and en- ters Eardley : this road is very good and on it is the greater portion of the most flourishing settle- ments of Hull. This road is called Britannia Road and extends 7 m. Being the first road made in this T., the mode of forming it may be inte- resting as well as useful ; Mr. W. first marked it out as far as the lake, then ploughed it on each side and threw the earth to the centre to form it oval; he then levelled the hills and laid the stuff from the top into low places, built bridges and paved the road, where necessary, with broken stones; he also built stores at each end for the deposit of different kinds of goods for the ac- commodation of the upper country. — From Co- HULL. lumbia Farm two roads branch off in different directions. One, passing along the edge of Co- lumbia Pond, leads to the Gatineau Farm, re- markable as being the spot selected by Mr. Ph. Wright in 1801 for his first and original habita- tion, and as such is not divested of interest, being, as it were, the parent of the actual flourish- ing settlement of Hull. The other road direct- ing its course w. winds suddenly at lot No. 8, and rejoins the main front road; meanwhile the Columbia Road continues towards the n. until it meets the River Gatineau in the 7th range, where Mr. Christopher Wright's new farm is situated. A road from Chaudiere Lake, cutting at right angles the Britannia Road, leads into the back settlements, where, of course, no good roads can at present be expected : on this road few settlements are to be seen beyond the 4th and 5th ranges, from which to the 3rd range the farms progressively increase and towards the Chaudiere Lake the road passes apparently through an old-settled country. The road communication from Hull to Montreal is bad and in 1821 was impracticable for any horse or team. A road, 16 ft. wide, has been cut by the government commissioners, over 64 miles, to the head of Long Sault and 71 bridges built. There are 4 places where either ferries must be established or large bridges built and the ravines or gullies filled up to enable teams to pass. The remaining 60 miles to Montreal are passable. Mr. Ruggles Wright, the postmaster of this t., in his evidence as to this road, said, that the inhabitants and tra- vellers of every description have suffered great in- convenience for the want of a road, that there have been several mails lost and horses drowned by attempting to transport the mail on the ice early in the fall and late in the spring (there being no land road), and that not a year has passed for the last twenty-five years back that accidents have not occurred either in the loss of property or men's lives, as there are about four weeks at these seasons of the year, between the opening and closing of the boat navigation, when the river is not pass- able, owing to the ice at the Chaudiere breaking up 15 days earlier than it does 60 miles below, and that this is the only possible communication they have to and from a market. Mr. Wright has, with some assistance, opened all the roads to make it possible for his people to pass and repass. One stone causeway,inparticular,costhim above£1000. The total sum expended by him and some of his neighbours upon these roads, during the 20 years after he first obtained the property, amounted to £2211 17s. 6d. besides £955 expended by the government commissioners making a total of £3166 17s. 6d. The extent of roads made with this money is about thirty miles. — This t. abounds with excellent timber, which is chiefly beech, birch, maple, pine, elm and some oak, basswood and hemlock ; the oak is fit for naval purposes and much of the pine for masts of large dimensions. Of the oak there are 4 species : the white, rock, scarlet and red. Of the pine kind there are 10 : the white spruce fir, balsam fir, shrub pine, hem- lock spruce, yellow pine, American larch or tama- rack, black spruce fir, pitch pine, red or Norway pine and white pine. Of the birch 5 sorts : the yellow, black canoe, white and dwarf birch. Of the maple 6 : the soft or white maple, black sugar maple, red or hard maple, sugar maple, striped maple or morsewood, and another species for which there is no English name. Of the beech 2 spe- cies, and also of the ash 2 species, the white and black. The walnut, the hickory and the butter- nut, a species of the walnut, and red and white cedar. Of the cherry there are 3 kinds ; of the willow 6; of the basswood 2; of the elm 2, the common and slippery elm: &c. There are in all, as far as have been observed, 42 species of forest trees and upwards of 60 shrubs. — Hull is abundantly watered by rivers, lakes and numerous tributary streams ; the Gatineau is the principal river, and in a large and rapid stream runs dia- gonally through the t. from n. e. to s. w. and is only navigable for canoes. In the chain of high- lands are a great many lakes, some of which are exceedingly beautiful and abound with excellent trout. The principal lake lies in a transverse po- sition from lot 23 in the 11th range to the com- mencement of lot 28 in the 13th range; it is 3 m. in length by |- m. in breadth and forms a narrow pass of about 16 chains wide on the division line between the Jlth and 12th ranges, which inter- sects a small island situate about midway from shore to shore ; its shape is extremely irregular and at lot 28 it branches offintoEardley ; its waters discharge into the Gatineau at the line between the 15th and 16th ranges, thus running in a contrary di- rection to the current of that river — a singularity occasioned by the highlands which stretch across the 8th, 9th and 10th ranges, and form a natural HULL. division of the waters flowing north and south. — The Columbia Pond is a small lake lying at the extremity of the 5th range; its waters fall into the Ottawa a little south of the estuary of the Gatineau. — An iron bed of great richness has been discovered in the townshipj but it has never been worked. There is also a lead-mine on the Gati- neau River, known only to the Indians, who have brought down quantities of it ; but the situation has not been precisely ascertained, owing to the reluctance which the Indians have to communi- cate discoveries of this nature. Marble of the finest quality is abundant : there is a very fine bed of this mineral on the Gatineau River, near the first rapid, about 400 yards above the still water, where a steam-boat may float with ease and safety. This bed of marble is supposed to be of immense ex- tent ; it appears in the neighbourhood of the iron- mine and the Lac des Chats abounds with it ; that which appears at the surface is of inferior qua- lity : this quarry forms a precipice one mile in length and 60 or 70 ft. high and is of a remark- ably white appearance ; it is a fair species of white marble without vein. There is limestone of the best quality on the borders of the Gatineau, and also a lead-mine in the 10th or 12th range. Granite is found in the interior, on the ranges of rocks or mountains. — In this t. are several excellent and well-cultivated farms, and Mr. Wright has from 5 to 6,000 acres under cultivation ; his son, Mr. T. Wright, has two establishments in the 7th and 8th ranges on the b. bank of the Gatineau ; his lands are advantageously situated and in a high state of culture, affording excellent pasture. — The Columbia Farm is situated in the 4th range, about 14- mile from the Ottawa and w. of Mr. Wright's house. The extent, position, and culture of this farm deserve to be particularly commended. The convenient and judicious subdivision and economy exhibited in the management of this farm are truly meritorious, and reflect great credit upon the enterprise and judgment of the proprietor. All kinds of grain are produced in abundance and hemp and flax may be cultivated with great suc- cess. Mr. Wright one year raised a very con- siderable quantity of hemp and sent a very fine .specimen, measuring 14 ft. in length, to the Hemp Committee of Montreal; he also sent two samples of the seed with two bundles of the hemp to the Society of Arts at Quebec, and was compli- mented in return with a silver medal; from a certificate which he received from the Hemp Com- mittee it appeared that he raised, that year, 11 parts out of 13 of the total raised in the pro- vince. Although this is a very fine country for the growth of hemp, Mr. Wright was obliged to discontinue growing it on a large scale on account of the expense of preparing it for market, the hemp-peelers charging him one dollar per day, or one bushel of wheat, labourers being very scarce : he saved nearly 100 bushels of seed, which he sold in Montreal at a fair price, and was obliged to send the hemp to Halifax in Nova Scotia for sale. He now grows only small quantities for his own use. — The expense and process of clearing and fencing an acre of wild land, its usual pro- duce, and the process of clearing, according to Mr. Wright's evidence before the Committee, are as follow : — The process of clearing consists in three things : cutting down the under brush at 7*. 6d. per acre ; chopping down the wood in rows, two rods wide, at 25*. per acre ; firing; burning, and branding fit for the harrow, at 27*. 6d. per acre, after which the work is done. The total expense of clearing is therefore £ .3 per acre, and the common price of putting in the crop is 10s. per acre. The poorer settlers find themselves oc- casionally constrained to adopt a more imperfect mode of clearing : they first cut out the brush and small trees, leaving the larger trees standing, which shade the land so that they do not get more than half a crop. The produce per acre is from 2 to 400 bush, of potatoes, 25 bush, of oats or wheat, 30 bush, of Indian corn, 200 bush, of turnips. — Mr. Wright's constant aim to improve the breeds of cattle has been attended with much success; he brought over from England, many years past, at great expense, some of the best Herefordshire and Devon breeds, by way of ex- periment; these cattle crossed produced a breed justly celebrated, which also, crossed with the Ca- nadian breed, produce excellent cattle. — W^rig^t Village is pleasantly situated at the e. e. angle of the T. occupying the front of lots No. 2, 3 and 4 in the 3rd range ; it contains a handsome church, 68 ft. by 28 ft. with a steeple 121 ft. high, it stands on an eminence facing the river, decorated with much taste and surmounted by a neat spire. Nearly in front of the church, close by the high- way, stands a stone house of two stories, where an hotel establishment is carried on, aflPordino' comfortable accommodations. Opposite to these. HULL. on the other side of the main road and on the bank of the riverj are the corn and saw-millsj a black- smith's forgBj stores, &c. and a spacious and con- spicuous stone edifice with a cupola, often mis- taken for a church from its singular construction. The mill-dam projecting out upon the reef of rocks, towards the rapid, is remarkable for its ex- tent and solidity, w. of the mill are the long causeway and bridge, over which the public road is continued. On the first rise of the hill, w. of the bridge, is the handsome and comfortable ha- bitation of Philemon Wright, Esq. There is also a post-oifice. As the present village is exclusively the property of Mr. Wright and his sons, compe- tition in trade is not so active as perhaps the ge- neral interests of the t. require. It might there- fore be expedient to establish a government vil- lage, open to emigrants settling there ; and lot 21, in the 2nd range, appears to be a very propitious site for that purpose, on account of its contiguity to the Chaudiere Lake, an expansion of the Ot- tawa; lot 14 in the range also affords an advan- tageous site for a village, which might be built at the junction of two roads, near which there is a saw-mill and also a tolerably well-cultivated farm. Mr. Wright carries on the timber trade to great extent and has a large manufactory of pot and pearlashes. His first export of timber was to Mont- real, and, in 1807, he arrived at Quebec with the first timljer ever sent there from the hanks of the Ottawa. The expense of conveying timber to Quebec being less than to Montreal is the reason why, in 1823, above 300 common cargoes were sent to Quebec and not one to Montreal through the same channel : in a few years, without doubt, this quantity of timber sent to the Quebec market will be quadrupled, and the exports from this t. of various other articles, such as flour, beef, pork, &c., will be increased in the same ratio. — In this t. are 3 schools attended by about 150 scholars, who are instructed in reading, writing and arithmetic; they are supported by voluntary contributions and two of them are under the patronage of the Royal Institution in Canada. The t. at present con- sists of one parish, in which are a protestant epis- copal church and a methodist episcopal chapel, but there is no parsonage-house. — The population is constantly and rapidly increasing and, with the exception of the rising generation, is almost en- tirely American. The inhabitants in 1824 were placed under the superintendence of Mr. Wright, who has adopted various means to excite the in- dustry and secure the comfort and happiness of all classes of his little colony; and perhaps in no part of the province will be found more industry and a better understanding among the settlers, for they seem universally to enjoy a degree of ease and comfort seldom to be met with in settlements of such recent date : every thing exhibits a degree of aifluence and social prosperity not reasonably to be expected in settlements formed within 30 years ; — neat dwelling-houses, many of them two stories high, extensive bams, &c., well-cultivated fields and enclosures, numerous cattle grazing, large flocks of sheep wandering over a grateful soil and cropping an abundant pasturage, — these objects, happily combining the pleasures and advantages of rural and pastoral life, not only delight the oc- casional visiter, but are calculated to inspire the emulation and encourage the hopes of many a de- sponding emigrant. The reader will not fail to ask, " From whom are all these benefits derived .'' Whose persevering talent and enterprising spirit first pierced the gloom of these forests and con- verted a wilderness of trees into fields of corn ? Whose industrious hand first threw into this na- tural desert the seeds of plenty and prosperity.^" — The answer is, Mr. Philemon Wright, an humble American from Woburn in the state of Massachu- sets: through hardships, privations and dangers that would have appalled an ordinary mind, he pene- trated an almost inaccessible country, and where he found desolation and solitude he introduced civili- zation and the useful arts; by his almost unaided skill and indefatigable industry the savage paths of a dreary wilderness have been changed into the cheerful haunts of man ; the gloomy upland forests have given way to smiling corn-fields; the wet and wild savannas, sinking under stunted spruce and cedar, have been cleared and drained into luxuriant meadows ; the perilous waterfall, whose hoarse noise was once the frightful voice of an awful solitude, is rendered obedient to the laws of art, and now converts the majestic tenants of the forest into the habitations of man and grinds his food ; the rivers and lakes, once fruitful in vain, now breed their living produce for the use of human beings, and, with deep and rapid current, transport on their smooth and glassy surface the fruits of his industry ; the deep recesses of the earth are made to expose their mineral treasures, from the birthday of time concealed. In fine, the judicious and persevering industry of one suc- cessful adventurer has converted all the rude ad- k2 HULL. vantages of primeval nature into the germs of agricultural, manufacturing and commercial pros- perity. Mr. Wright, however, has been amply re- warded for his honourable exertions; his private fortune has been increased in proportion to the good he has created, and the liberal conduct of the pro- vincial government towards him has been un- bounded : 9,145 acres have been granted to him and his family in Hull and Lochaber, under letters patent ; 7.000 acres in Hull have been reconveyed to him by his associates and not less than 5,000 acres in Templeton, making altogether 21,145 acres. The proceedings of Mr. Wright in form- ing the extensive and important settlements of Hull have been detailed by him, and are highly interesting and useful; interesting as developing the successful exertions of an enterprising and indefatigable settler, and useful as being well adapted to guide and encourage others in forming settlements in a country as remote from civiliza- tion as from assistance. After having visited the extensive tract which was destined to become the theatre of his exertions and the reward of his use- ful enterprise, he returned with his two companions to his native home, Woburn, in the state of Mas- sachusets, having determined on the measures proper for him to pursue. After hiring about 25 men and providng himself with mill-irons, axes, scythes, hoes and all other tools thought by him to be the most useful and necessary, together with a number of barrels of clear pork (pork freed from the bones), he commenced his journey with 14 horses, 8 oxen, 7 sleighs and 5 families. This emigration took place on the 2nd of Feb. 1800. On the 1 0th of the same month Mr. Wright ar- rived at Montreal and then proceeded towards Hull, travelling generally among the old settle- ments only 15 m. a day for the first 3 days, be- cause the sleighs were wider than those used in that country and because it w^as necessary that the horses and oxen should go abreast. During these 3 nights he stopped with the hahitans, and arrived on the 4th day at the foot of the Long Sault, which was the extremity of the travelled roads in that part of Lower Canada. From this place he was still 80 miles from his place of destination ; and there not being any road and the snow deep, he was obliged to halt and alter the teams so as to go singly, while a part of his men proceeded for- ward to cut a road through the snow. After these necessary preparations he proceeded on for the head of the Long Sault, observing in due time to fix upon some spot near water to en- camp for the night, particularly observing that there were no dry trees to fall upon them, and if there were to cut them down. Then he cleared away the snow and cut down trees for fire for the night, the women and children sleeping in covered sleighs and the men with blankets round the fire and the cattle made fast to the standing trees ; in this situation about SOpersons spent the night. Be- fore he retired to rest he prepared suflScient food for the next day so as to lose no time when daylight appeared, always observing to keep the axemen forward cutting the road and the foraging team next the axemen, and the families in the rear ; in this way he proceeded on for 3 or 4 days, observing to look out for a good place for the camp, until he arrived at the head of the Long Sault. From that place he travelled the whole of the distance upon the ice until he came to the intended spot, about 65 miles. The guide whom he had taken with him on his first journey was as much unacquainted with the ice as the whole of the party, not one of them having ever travelled up this ice before. Their progress was ver}' slow and impeded by their fear of losing any of the cattle, and the axemen in the front were obliged to try every rod of ice, which, being covered with snow about a foot deep, it was impossible to know whether it was safe without sounding it with the axe. On his journey up the river, the first day, Mr. W. met a savage and his wife drawing a child upon a little bark sleigh, who gazed at the party with astonishment, more especially at the cattle ; as if they had come from some distant part or from the clouds; their astonishment appeared to in- crease as they walked round the teams, the party having halted ; and they tried to hold a conversa- tion concerning the ice, but not a word could be understood. The Indian pointed to the woods, as if giving directions to his squaw to go there and make herself comfortable ; she immediately went off and he proceeded to the head of the company without the promise of fee or reward, with his small axe trying the ice every step he went, as if he had been the proper guide or owner of the property. They passed on until the approach of night ; when, the banks of the river being hio'h, about 20 feet, it was found impossible to ascend them with the sleighs ; they therefore left them on the ice and ascended the banks of the river, and clearing away the snow cut down large trees as usual to make a fire, carefully observing HULL. that no stooping or dead trees could fall upon them, and after cooking supper and getting regular refreshment they spread their bedding round the fire and made themselves as comfortable as they couldj having nothing over them but large trees and the canopy of the heavens. Before daylight they cooked their breakfast and provisions for the day andj as soon as daylight appeared, they v?ere ready to proceed. The Indian, who had behaved with uncommon civility during the night, having taken his regular refreshments, proceeded to the head of the company as he had done the preceding day with uncommon agility. All being under weigh as soon as daylight appeared, they proceeded as usual withoutmeetingwith any accident; when nightwas approaching they did the same as the night before and began their march early in the following morning, the Indian taking the lead as before. Owing to the deepness of the snow, it took them about 6 days in passing up this river, about 64 miles, when they all arrived safe at the township of Hull. After some little trouble in cutting the brush and banks, they ascended the height, which is about 20 feet from the water. The Indian, after he had seen them safe up the bank and spent the night with them, intimated that he must re- turn to his squaw and child ; and after receiving some presents for his great services, he took his departure for his squaw, having to go at least 60 miles. The party thanked him in the best manner they could make him understand, and three times huzzaed him ; and he left in great spirits, being well pleased. Mr. Wright arrived Mar. 7th and immediately, with the assistance of all hands, felled the first tree, for every person who was able to use the axe endeavoured and assisted in cutting; after which they commenced cutting down and clearing a spot for the erection of a house, and continued cutting, clearing and erecting other buildings for the accommodation of the fami- lies and men. As soon as they commenced cutting and clearing, the chiefs of two tribes of Indians wlio live at the Lake of the Two Mountains came to them and viewed aU their tools and materials ■with astonishment and would often hoop and laugh, being quite unacquainted with tools or things of that nature. They also viewed with astonishment the manner in which the oxen and horses were harnessed. They seemed to view all things with great pleasure. Some of them fetched their children to see the oxen and horses, having never seen a tame animal before, being brought up near the great lakes to the westward : they would also ask the liberty of using one or two axes to see how they could cut down a tree with them, as their own axes are very small, weighing only half a pound and Mr. Wright's axes weighed from four to five pounds. When they had cut down a tree they would jump, hoop and huzza, being quite pleased with having cut down the tree so quickly. They received a glass of rum each and returned to their sugar-making in the greatest harmony. They continued very friendly to pass backward and forward for about ten days, often receiving small presents, for which they made re- turns in sugar, venison, &c. Their chiefs assem- bled together and procured an English interpreter, George Brown, who had an Indian wife and family and who spoke both languages. They re- quested him to demand of Mr. W. by what au- thority he was cutting down their wood and taking possession of their land. To which he answered — by virtue of authority received at Quebec from their great father, who lived on the other side of the water, and from Sir John Johnston, the agent in the Indian department, through whom they receive their yearly dues from government. They could not be made to believe that their great father or other persons at Quebec would allow them to cut down their timber and clear their land and destroy their sugaries and hunting- ground without consulting them, as they had been in the peaceable and quiet possession of their lands for generations past : and in this part of the country were their chief hunting-grounds, su- garies, fishei'ies, &c. ; and they were afraid the settlers would destroy their beaver, their deer and their sugaries. After a long conference, carried on with good temper on both sides, and with sound argument on the side of the "poor Indians, it was agreed to leave the question to the decision of the proper authorities at Quebec, which after- wards decided against the Indians, because their ancestors had been compelled to cede their country for certain annual presents, which the Indians con- ceived to be an inadequate compensation; they, however, submitted to the decision with good faith and almost without a murmur. They then agreed that Mr. W. should be a brother chief; and if any difficulty occurred, it should be settled among the chiefs. They then proceeded to crown him in their usual manner as a brother chief; after which they dined together and kissed each other's cheeks, and a number of other ceremonies passed too numerous H U L I N D to mention^sucli as burying the hatchet and a num- ber of other usual Indian formalities. After this ceremony the settlers and the Indians often as- sembled together in the greatest harmony in both villages upon various occasions and always with the greatest friendship and good understanding, without having to revert to one question for the law to decide. The judicious and just eulogium which Mr. Wright has passed on the Indians ought not to be omitted : — " I must acknowledge that I never was acquainted with any people that more strictly regarded justice and equity than those people have for these twenty years past" — After having arranged with the Indians, IMr. W. con- tinued cutting down and clearing a spot for the erection of a house and other buildings for the accommodation of the famijies and men. — Thus were the important settlements of Hull com- menced ; and it is to be regretted that the plan and extent of this work will not allow the author to trace their gradual increase and improvement to the present date ; for a more ample account would prove very beneficial to all who are de- sirous, by imitating Mr. Wright's laudable ex- ample, to obtain affluence and happiness through the medium of emigration — unfortunately so ne- cessary at present to the superabundant popula- tion of the mother country. — Ungranted and un- located 21,250 acres. — The following statistical statements, made in the years 1820 and 1828, will show the increasing prosperity of the settle- ments in Hull. Statistics. Population Churches, Pro. Curates, Epis. Schools Mills Corn-mills Carding-mills Saw-mills Mills for grind- ing bark Taimeries 1820. 703 3 5 1828. 1066 1 1 3 i 1 4, 1 2 Lime-kilns Looms Brick-kilns Potasheries Pearlasheries Breweries Distilleries Postuiasters Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans Annual Agricultural Produce^ in bushels. Wheat , Oats Barley Potatoes Peas Beans Horses Oxen . Cows . 1820. 6,111 5,170 47,375 1,284. 521 1828. 16,000 19,980 1,100 25,000 5,600 1820. Rye . 3,019 Indian corn 8,24)5 Map. sug. ewts. . Hay, tons 2,237 Flax, lbs. 780 1828. 12 13 2 2 2 1 2 1 4, 2 5 1828. 7,500 24,000 93 1820. 123 4,18 503 Live Stoeh, 1828. 330 060 683 Sheep Swine 1020. 1828. 558 1,047 5C5 8£,9 HuMGUiN, river, in the co. of Rimouski, runs into the s. w. side of the k. Matapediac, about 3 m. below Lake Matapediac. Hungry Bay, in Lake St. Francis, expands into the w. side of Catherine's Town in the S. of Beauharnois. A canal is projected to extend from this bay to the first waters of the b. St. Louis. Hunter's Brook, at the s. w. extremity of Drayton t., joins the r. Connecticut between HaU's Stream and Indian Stream. HuNTERSTOWN, township, in the co. of St. Maurice, in the rear of Riviere du Loup, Grand- pre and Dumontier : bounded e. by the projected T. of Caxton ; w. by lands claimed by the late Charles Lanaudiere, Esq. as belonging to the S; of Maskinonge ; n. w. by waste crown lands. — A tract of very little value, being a continued stratum of rock lying very near the surface ; to- ward the rear it rises into broken and almost mountainous ridges. Pine and maple are abundant, but cedar, spruce and hemlock much more so. — The Riviere du Loup with some small lakes and little rivulets water it very well. 24,620 acres were granted in 1800 to Mr. John Jones, the present proprietor. Huntingdon (V.), v. Hinchinbrook, t. HuNTSBUBGH (V.), V. St. AbMAND, S. Huron Village, v. St. Gabriel, S. HuRONS, des, river, rises in the S. of St. Charles, in the co. of Rouville, and running s. w. traverses the S. of Rouville, where it receives a small stream that rises in a lake on the summit of the Rouville Mountain and then striking into Chambly East it receives the united waters of the rivers Barre and du Rapide : after this increase it runs more to the W. and loses itself in Chambly Basin. The course of this R. is only 20 miles, although it is of con- siderable magnitude: it not only contributes to the fertility of the soil, but by its sinuous mean- ders forms a strong feature of embellishment. I. Indian Lands and Indians. Adjoining God- manchester on the west is a space reserved for the use of the domiciliated Indians of St. Regis and commonly known by the name of the Indian Lands : it forms a triangle bounded by Lake St. Francis, Godmanchester and the line of 45° : its side on the lake is about 10 miles and that on the line ] 2^ miles. The land is, generally, of supe-i INDIAN LANDS AND INDIANS. rior quality and well furnished with fine timber. Of ihe 17,320 acres of leased lands in this settle- ment, there are upwards of 4000 low and unfit for cultivatiouj except at a great expense; on these grow black ash, elm, cedar, pine and tama- rack. There are besides about two thousand acres of open' marsh, not leased, which grow nothing but coarse grass, bushes of various kinds, wil- lows and alders. — These open marshes were of considerable use to the settlers on their first ar- rival in furnishing winter food for neat cattle, but now that the inhabitants have all got part of their farms sown with tame grass, these marshes are comparatively of little value and are likely to remain so for generations to come, as nothing but the lowering of the Coteau du Lac rapid can make them fit for cultivation. This, if not done by the hand of man, but left to the gradual operations of the stream of the St. Lawrence, will take a longer time than is easy to be calculated. — The remain- ing part of the leased land consists of rising grounds of no great elevation, which, if cleared, would look like so many islands in the midst of those swales. Where the ridges are highest the land is rather stony, but taking the dry lands on an average the soil is good and fit to raise any sort of crops, with respect either to quality or quantity, that will grow on any other part of Lower Canada. The timber growing on these ridges consists of maple, birch, beech, basswood and occasionally some hemlock; and these ridges once produced considerable quan- tities of white pine and oak. The only stream of consequence in the settlement is Salmon River, which, from its mouth to the province line, a di- stance of four miles and upwards, is navigable for vessels not drawing more, than four feet of water: this R. is a great thoroughfare for the admission of American produce. — Among the various obstacles to the improvement of the settlement, the want of roads is not the least. The difficulty and ex- pense attending the bringing of the Grand Voyer to such a distance has, no doubt, been one of the causes of the want of roads.in this place ; and now that part of the difficulty has been surmounted and a road laid out, there remains a still greater, vi^. the doing the necessary work. Owing to a great proportion of the St Regis Indian reserva- tion being low and swampy marshes, it is neces- sary to pave the way over which the line of road runs with logs, which makes the labour neces- sarily so heavy, that unless some legislative aid is obtained, it must be a long time before any road can be in such a state as to render travel- ling comfortable. Although the marshes in this tract are neither few nor small, there is not the slightest vestige of any of the diseases which usually attend such places. In fact there is not a more healthy people on the whole continent of America. Statistics, including the Dundee Settlement on part of the Indian Lands. Acres. Land paying rent . , . . . 17,320 Land cleared . . . . . 3,638 Land paying rent, but low and unfit for cultivation 4, 1 91 Marsh meadmv, unfit for cultivation and not rented ..... 2,000 Total population Protestants The others chiefly Roman Catholics. Potash kettles . Pot and pearl asheries 70 I Houses in Dundee 2 Distilleries 27,149 1,493 420 147 1 Live Stock, exclusive of the Stock of the Indians. Horses Working oxen Milch cows . 132 200 341 Young cattle . 374 Sheep . 1,104 Swine . 835 The Indians, who were the aboriginal inha- bitants of the province of Lower Canada, have not been nearly exterminated without leaving materials for melancholy reflection. Even tribes of savages cannot be swept away from the earth without creating a sentiment of regret and a moral derived from the mutability of every thing human. Their extinction having been principally effected by the thirst of dominion and the hunger of ava- rice, assisted by superstition, leaves no enviable trace of the milder virtues of the christians. The few remains of these persecuted tribes are scat- tered about the province and peaceably submit to the slow and gradual amelioration of more civilized habits. Their rude principles of unenlightened faith are already supplanted by the doctrines of the Roman Catholic creed, to which they uni- versally subscribe; and if a greater number of schools were established among them, it is pro- bable that in a few years their origin would be only known by their colour The names of the INDIANS. existing tribes and tlieir places of residence in this province are as follow : Iroquois or Mohawks, Algonquins andNipissin- gues. Abenakis. r St. '• ) in Sa' CdesI Hurons. Micmacs, Amalecites, MaUcites or Montagnais. Places of residence. St. Regis at the head of Francis ; Coghnawaga lilt St. Louis; and Lac Deux Montagnes. Lac des Deux Montagnes. Village of St. Fran9ois ; the S. of B^eancour; from the E. St. Francis to the "j Chaudiere; and at the mouths of the Ristigouche [and the Madawaska. Village of Jeune Lorette. Towards the Gulf of St Lawrence. 5 Lake St. John and the l Saguenay country. Indians of the Algonquin and Tete de Boule na- tions hunt along the b. St. Maurice. The fa- milies that occupied the hunting-grounds between the rivers Ste. Anne and St. Maurice are entirely extinct. The Abenaki Tribe reside in the Indian Village in the east side of the r. St. Francis, in the S. of St. Francois. The village consists of about 40 cabins or houses of wood indifferently built. These converted Indians subsist upon their own lands in that seigniory by raising, in their peculiarly care- less manner, some Indian corn and potatoes, and by rearing poultry and pigs : they sometimes in- crease these means by fishing and sometimes by hunting parties : the latter is but a precarious re- source, as they are compelled to go to an immense distance before they can meet with game to repay their labour; for as the habitations of civilized men have spread over the province, the animals that were the prior occupants have fled for pro- tection to the recesses of more distant forests. This V. contains a church and a parsonage-house, at which the missionary who superintends the re- ligious concerns of the tribe always resides. An interpreter also has a permanent residence among them. Some of this tribe inhabit an Indian v. in the S. of Becancour, which is a little below the V. of Becancour and consists of some houses of wood, ill-built, or rather cabins. The manners and occupations of these Indians are precisely the same as those of the v. of St. Fran9ois. They have also a village in the co. of Rimouski, at the confluence of the rivers Madawaska and Sf. John; and another at the mouth of the R. Ristigouche, in the co. of Bonaventure, called the Indian Vil- lage Mission. — The Abenaki Indians of the v. of St. Frangois liold, by letters patent, 8150 acres in the T. of Durham. The Algonquins and Iroquois Tribes inhabit an Indian village in the S. of the Lake of Two Mountains, which is agreeably seated on a point of land projecting into the lake and consists of about 60 houses, a church and a parsonage-house, where a missionary always resides. The Indians of this village are the descendants of a tribe that inhabited or frequented the lands bordering upon Lake Huron; the few who survived the mas- sacre of that race by the treachery of their ene- mies effected their escape, and their progeny now occupy 2 or 3 small villages in different pftrts of the province. Those of the village of the Two Mountains are become civilized and have adopted many of the manners and customs of the Canadians and acquired a knowledge of the French language, which they use fluently : they are quiet and inof- fensive and preserve the greatest harmony among themselves and civility towards the other inha- bitants. They place an implicit confidence in the resident minister, whose influence over them is unbounded. Some lands are assigned to them near their village, which they cultivate vsdth wheat, Indian corn and other grain ; of late years they have also planted potatoes in considerable quan- tities : from these sources, increased by the pro- duce of the chase, which a part of the men follow during the winter season, a subsistence is derived which, apparently, they enjoy with some of the comforts of civilization. The Montagnais or mountaineer nation, called in the Cree language Papinashuah, which means " laughers or sneerers,'' are descended from the Algonquins and frequent the immense tract of country lying from the mouth of the St. Law- rence northward to the Hudson's Bay territory ; they are generally a harmless people without any fixed habitations, wandering in the limits assigned among themselves as hunting-grounds, their only means of living being by hunting and fishing. In 1804 there were about 1000 of these Indians, women and children included, between the River St. Maurice, King's Posts, Mingan Seigniory and coast of Labrador. In 1809 their number had dimi- nished to about 800 and in 1824 it amounted to only INDIANS. 700 at mostj owing to starvation, small-pox, fevers and the inordinate use of spirituous liquors. When they go on board of vessels rum is their principal object, by which they get so much intoxicated that often in getting ashore they upset and many are drowned. When in a state of intoxication they often sleep in damp places, by which they get their death. During summer they subsist on fish, fowl and eggs, of which they have great plenty ; and in winter on beaver, deer, partridges and porcu- pines ; and, when they are near lakes, by cutting holes in the ice, they get trout and white fish : the former they take with hooks, the latter with nets ; but. as this is a kind of laborious work, the ice being from 3 to 4 feet thick, they seldom try it except when in a state of starvation. They have a great repugnance to agricultural labour and have no traditions among them besides a faint idea of the order of the Jesuits, who taught them the first principles of religious worship, and, having the greatest influence over them, converted almost all of them to Christianity. When the Jesuits first settled among them, in the reign of Louis XIV., on the borders of Lake St. John, the Montagnais nation was in its greatest prosperity. The num- ber of Indians in the vicinity of l. St. John is now very inconsiderable; there are only 10 fa- milies on the border of the lake, about the same number in the Chicoutimi country, and about 15 families on Lake Chuamouchouan, which is 50 1. w. of Lake St. John and the last post in the Saguenay country. Their numbers have also greatly diminished in the wretched country round Lake Mistassinni, which abounds with peltries of various kinds, since the time when the North- West Cojnpany held the King's Post, and more particularly of late years, since ardent spirits have been introduced among them. Their number has also been reduced by the small-pox, brought from Europe in the apparel and blankets given to them in exchange for their furs : with this dis- ease from 50 to 100 have died in a day. There are now only 50 or 60 families who trade at the posts of the company: without these causes of mortality the number would have been at least 500. Their number has also been decreased by starvation, from the want of those animals which were once used for their sustenance and which they first began to destroy in too great profusion many ages ago. The Company of the Indie.s, which had an exclusive right to the trade, having greatly enhanced the value of elk-skins, which then abounded in this country, induced the na- tives to destroy that animal merely for the sake of its skin; thus that improvident people destroyed almost totally the species of animal which sup- plied their chief subsistence. From that time their numbers gradually decreased. Whenever one of the members of a Montagnais family dies, a victim to want, he is buried on the spot by the others, who immediately afterwards remove their camp to another place and so on until only one remains, when he abandons the place altogether and rushes heedless through the woods till he him- self drops, the last victim of despair and starva- tion. — The dress of the females of this tribe is singularly varied in colours, and it usually con- sists in a loose piece of blue cloth trimmed with scarlet for their lower garment and a mantle of printed calico. Their hair is rolled up on each side of the head and twisted round with red tape, or with ribbon, to which they are very partial ; a cap of a conical shape made of red, blue, green and white cloth, is generally worn, from beneath which a long queue of hair, twisted round with red tape, hangs down their back. The women smoke and drink spirits like the men. The usual dress of the men is very slovenly; it consists, gene- rally, in an old blue coat or frock, or calico shirt, with linen trousers. The whole native popula- tion now does not much exceed 300; in a few years the race will be extinct, for the chase is continually diminishing. — Mr. Peter Chasseur, a mineralogist of Quebec, in his communication to a committee of the House of Assembly, speaks of the present condition of these destitute human creatures in the following affecting terms : — " In mentioning White Birch Point I should add, that the tract is of no value to the Company of the Northern Posts, because it can in fact be useful only to those whose intention it is to render the productions of the soil profitable, instead of spe- culating upon the imbecility and ignorance of a tribe which is kept in a state of dependence pro- bably as revolting to humanity as the slave-trade in another hemisphere. The visitant of that wil- derness, which is in our immediate vicinity, can- not fail to experience the most afflicting senti- ments on observing the natives of the soil, whom the weight of years prevents from gratifying the. I N D I A N S. excessive avidity of a foreign master^ contesting for the remains of the most worthless animal which I had Stripped of its skin. The slave knows that laWs exist which at least protect his existence, but of that our Indian has not the slightest idea. The number of those unfortunate persons who die of hunger and want would be yet more considerable if the humanity of the ser- vants of the Company of the Posts did not fre- quently supply their wants." The Iroquois or Mohawks live in the villages of St. Regis, at the head of Lake St. Francis, and Coghnawaga, in the S. of Sault St. Louis, of which seigniory they are the proprietors, as well as of a tract in the neighbourhood of St. Regis called Indian Lands. — Coghnawaga is on the banks of the St. Lawrence and consists of a church, a house for the missionary and about 140 other houses, principally buUt of stone, formed into 2 or 3 rows, something resembling streets, but not remarkable for cleanliness or regula;rity: their occupants may be about 900, who chiefly derive a subsistence from the produce of their corn-fields and the rearing of some poultry and hogs, some- times assisted by fishing and hunting, which how- ever they do not, as in an uncivilized state, con- sider their principal employment. This tribe, the most numerous of any brought within the pale of Christianity in Canada, has long been settled within a few miles of their present village. That the fierce and restless spirit of the wandering savage can be, in a great degree, civilized, these Indians are a proof: some of the men of this village and of the village of the Two Mountains were em- ployed in the British army, and no difficulty was found in bringing them under strict discipline, or in confining their operations within the laws of modern warfare. — The Village of St. Regis, also inhabited by the Iroquois tribe, is in a rich and beautiful country and well situated at the western extremity of the Indian Lands. The boundary line between Canada and the United States passes through it. About 50 houses or rather hovels, a church, a chapel and a house for the catholic mi- nister, who is a missionary from the seminary of Quebec, compose the village. The habitations are poor, ill-built and more than commonly dirty ; attached to them are small gardens or rather enclosures, where Indian corn and potatoes are planted, which, with what they raise on the Petite Isle St. Regis and some* other isles in the St. Law- rence near the village, all of which are their own property, added to the produce of their fishing and sometimes hunting parties, constitute nearly their whole means of subsistence ; for indolence, mis- taken for the spirit of independence, destroys every idea of improving their condition by the profits of agriculture. — A reservation of land has been made for them by the American government simi- lar to the tract called Indian Lands. Statistics 'of the Village of St. Regis. British Indians . 332 American Indians . 369 Houses . .110 Churches, R.C. Shopkeepers Artisans . 1 . 1 . 4 Annual /IgHcultural Produce. Peas Kye Bushels. . 1,220 . 1,000 Indian com . Potatoes Bushels. . 800 . 4,800 The Hurons, or Yendat Tribe, in industry and a genius fruitful of resources, in bravery and eloquence, always surpas.sed all the other tribes of this part of the North American continent. Charlevoix accuses them of consummate treachery, and says that they united higher virtues with greater vices than any of the Indian tribes ; his testimony, however, should be viewed with suspi- cion, for the historian of an invading and extermi- nating enemy is not the best evidence to prove a want of good faith in a cheated and ruined race. When the French first settled in Canada, the Yendat nation comprised 40,000 souls and occu- pied the fairest portion of the North Ame- rican continent. This once powerful tribe were treacherously destroyed by the Iroquois, who, un- der the specious pretence of alliance, obtained the confidence of their opponents, and by ai^ indiscri- minate massacre nearly extirpated the whole race : the few who escaped fled towards the habitations of civilized man and established themselves in the rear of Quebec, many hundreds of miles from their native country on the borders of Lake Huron. In the year 1642 their celebrated chief, Ahatsistari, was baptized and the Yendat war- riors soon followed the example of their favourite chieftain. The melancholy remains of this war- like race are chiefly living in a village in the S. of St. Gabriel called La Jeune Lorette, where they live by the chase and by fishing, drawing no part of their subsistence from the regular pursuits of agriculture. The Indians of this village are the INDIANS. descendants of the Huron Indians formerly domi- ciliated at SUlery. They are a quiet, peaceable, honest, industrious people and loyal subjects ; have always been very faithful and devoted to his ma- jesty's service when required, although on one occasion their answer to the governor was misre- presented. They are extremely useful both in peace and war, being always ready to go on pub- lic duty. Their number has been so much reduced that it is now become quite inconsiderable; in 1821 the population of La Jeune Lorette was 137, including only 32 heads of families, 3 unmarried young men above 21 years of age and 2 unmarried young women above 18; in the preceding 10 years there were 45 baptisms, 8 marriages and 29 burials. In 1824, the priest says, there were 28 or 29 families and about 70 communicants ; by another account it appears the families amounted to about 35 and 20 persons were absent. — March 13, 1651, a grant of 2j 1. in the S. of St. Gabriel was made to these Indians, and the settlement at La Jeune Lorette was made in 1697 ; this Indian village is between 8 and 9 m. from the city of Quebec and is seated on the B. side of the B. St. Charles, on an emi- nence commanding a charming view of the river tumbling and foaming over the rocks and ledges to a great depth ; the prospect is also in other re- spects most interesting, varied and extensive, com- prising the beautiful city and environs of Quebec and extending wide and far over the southern shore of the St. Lawrence, terminated by the softened forms of the distant southern mountains. The number of houses in the v. is between 40 and 50, with something like the appearance of neatness in their exterior; they are chiefly built with wood and a few of them with stone. The church was built in 1730 at the expense of the Jesuits, the Indians working at the building and defraying part of the cost in furs : in 1824 the church and parsonage-house were much in decay, but, since the extinction of the order of Jesuits, the Indians have been no longer able, on account of their poverty, to make the necessary repairs. A Huron schoolmaster is supported partly by the •government, but chiefly at the expense of the poor inhabitants. The miU was built in 1731 by the Jesuits out of the revenues, as the Indians suppose, of the estate belonging to the Huron nation. When the mill was first erected the Jesuits allowed the Indians a bushel of wheat annually to each family, but this allowance did not continue long ; it was soon reduced to one-half, that is, the Indians paid half-price for it: for the last 46 years they have had none of this allowance ; the schoolmaster however had, tiU the death of the last of the Jesuits, an allowance of one bushel of wheat per month ; the commissioners now allow him 5s. a month in commutation. The Indians know not on what account the Jesuits discon- tinued the allowance of wheat, but when it ceased they began to ask the Pere Giroux for their lands at Sillery. The allowances at present made to the Lorette Indians by the military government consist in annual presents in clothes for the war- riors, women and children and eight days' rations ; they are also allowed arms and ammunition as warriors always ready for mUitary service : these allowances were formerly made by the French to the Indian tribes. Mr. Berthelot, agent to the Jesuits' estates, demanded rents of the Indians, but they refused ; he threatened to prosecute, they wished him to do so, but no prosecutions have taken place. The articles manufactured in the village of Lorette and carried to market, or out of the village for sale, are mocassins, snow-shoes, sashes, baskets, Indian sleighs, fur caps and mittens, collars of porcupine quills, purses, reticules, bows, arrows, paddles, small canoes and little figures of Indians. The bows and arrows and mocassins are very neatly finished by the squaws. For these articles they occasionally find a sale, but at half the price they formerly obtained, and are often obliged to barter them for merchandise. Some of these In- dians are joiners and house-carpenters and others are obliged to work as day labourers, there being much poverty; and four families, consisting of about 20 persons, are reduced to absolute want. The greater number have no land, but merely an emplacement; 40 arpents, however, are allotted to them in common, and some plant a few potatoes and sow a little Indian corn and a few oats on some little pieces of land, which they have re- ceived from their parents or purchased. Hunting and fishing, by which they support themselves, are very precarious modes of living. The Huron nation had, formerly, for their hunting and fishing limits the country extending from the k. Chicou- timi as far as the mouth of the r. St. Maurice ; they used also to hunt and fish on the south shore of the St. Lawrence as far as the river St. John. Before that time the Hurons had no limits for hunting and fishing, and were masters of the s2 I N: D I A ST S. country as far as the great lakes ; their ancestors permitted no one to hunt or fish on their lands, and in former times if a nation came to hunt upon the lands of another nation, their so doing became a cause of war. Nearly 200 years ago the Seven Nations made an alliance with each other, to live in peace and in common, that is to say, that they were to eat with the same spoon, micoine, out of the same porringer ; which signified that they were all to hunt together on the same lands to avoid all disputes with each other. For the last 50 years the Abenakis of the river St. John, the Micmacs and the Malecites have hunted over the lands of the Hurons and destroyed all their chase. When the Hurons had their chase entirely to themselves, it was a law among, them to kill full-grown animals only, and to spare the young ones. Beaver they did not kill from June to August, because neither the fur nor the flesh was good for any thing at that season ; the infringement of this law was considered murder; nor did they kill partridges during that season, because they were sitting. The other nations, who came to hunt on their lands, were not so considerate ; those foreign In- dians killed both the full-grown animals and the young, and especially the beaver which always re- sides in the same place. In consequence of this lawless conduct the chase has been destroyed and the Hurons reduced to want ; for they cannot, as their ancestors did, kill the strangers who intrude on their lands. The Hurons complain that even the Canadian peasantry take upon themselves to hunt and fish and destroy every thing, spreading snares for wild pigeons. The Indians frequently complain of want of means to suppress the dis- orders frequently occasioned by white people re- sorting to their village, and say, that they can easily keep their own people in order, but that they have no authority over the whites. The Lorette Indians now hunt as far as the sources of the Ste. Anne and the Batiscan. They take beaver, otter and martin, though these animals are less nu- merous than formerly. Their hunting season begins iibout the 25th March and towards the end of May they return. Some hunters begin about Michaelmas and return when the rivers are frozen. When the Indians meet with ravines, if they are not too wide, they cross them by means of a tree which they fell for the purpose ; when they are too wide to be passed in that manner, they use small rfifts. The moose-deer or elk, for- merly very common round Quebec, is now very scarce ; it was once one of the chief sources of the wealth of the numerous savage tribes. It is only in the fine days of spring, when the snow-shoes are easily borne up, or when in the early part of the day, after the usual frost of the night, large tracts of the country can be visited on the hard even substance without this encumbrance; and when the open rapids are the resort of water- fowl, and the lakes afford an ample supply of fish ; that the vast solitudes, in which the moose-deer is found, can be advantageously visited : these soli- tudes are diversified by scenes of the wildest gran- deur. The moose is the largest quadruped of the continent, often standing seven feet high ; its im- mense palmated horns, its downcast head and short body give it a savage aspect, but it is of a timid character. It weighs as much as 10 and 12 cwt. and its flesh is of the most delicate flavour and considered very nutricious. It is not gregarious like the other species of the deer, but generally the male, female and one or two fawns accompany each other. In summer its swiftness makes its pursuit almost hopeless, and it is only in deep snows that it becomes a prey to the hunter. Its hoofs, unlike those of the rein-deer, are much sharper and more stiff, and during the whole sea- son at each step it sinks to the ground. It cannot therefore travel far in the winter, and it early se- lects with its mates a spot for its beat where the bark and tender shoots of the hard wood abound ; the formation of its teeth and its huge powerful upper lip, are well calculated to strip the bark from the trees, which in summer it does to the height of 40 or 50 feet. At each new fall of snow the party tread it carefully down throughout their beat. If surprised by the hunter they will some- times not flee, but with the stupid defiance of the sheep paw the snow and threaten; resistance ; if a dog approach them, the male, with a blow from his foreleg which he uses very dexterously, will lay it dead at his feet : in this case they easily fall a victim to the gun. Generally, however, their acute senses of hearing and smelling apprise them of the approach of the hunter, and they run off at great speed, until overpowered by their own timorous efforts they sink. When the hunter ap- pears on his snow-shoes he finds them out of breath, floundering in the snow and turning a very piteous look towards him, claiming his kind- ness. They however often again suddenly take I N D IRE new life, and turning round several times on the same spot, beat a soUd place to give combat ; the gun soon despatches them. If they continue to run the hunter pursues, and coming up cuts with his tomahawk the tendons of the hind legs and soon secures the prize. The skin is made into shoes, and the hair of the mane is dyed and em- ployed in the elegant ornaments of bark work, shoes, &c. : the hair is now so highly prized that as much as can be held in the hand sells for a dollar. The extension of the settlements and the incursions of other Indian tribes upon the hunting grounds of the Lorette Indians, to prevent which all their applications have failed, have so com- pletely destroyed their chase that it is with the greatest difficulty they contrive to get a bare sub- sistence. These reasons induced them, in 1824, to subscribe a sum sufficient to defray the expenses of some of their chiefs, who undertook to cross the Atlantic in order to petition the king to redress their grievances. The object of their petition was principally to obtain the possession of the sei- gniory of Sillery, near Quebec, which was granted to their ancestors in 1651 and to which they be- lieve they have a just right. The grand chief, the second chief, the chief of their council and the chief of the warriors arrived in England and were introduced to his majesty George IV. and had the honour of a long conversation with him, each wearing a gold medal which had been presented by the king. They appeared in their grand na- tional dress : their faces were painted and their hail", long and ilowing, was decorated with fea- thers and with the taUs of various animals. To their ears were appended large silver rings of rude and fantastical workmanship; their noses were decorated with similar ornaments and they wore silver plates on their arms. They were armed with tomahawks and scalping knives, which they wore in ornamental belts. The kind reception, condescension and gracious manners of the king tended much to alleviate the severity of their dis- appointment by being referred to the Canadian government, whose duty it was to examine into their claims. The Notes of Mr. Neilson on the attorney-general's opinion on these claims, a copy of which is in the hands of the author, seem to prove much in their favour ; but these Christian Indians are poojr and friendless; it appears that Providence alone can help them. — For Statistics of Lorette, vide St. Gabriel, S. Indian Stream, in the t. of Drayton, is formed by 3 branches descending from the t, of Auckland ; the eastern is called the Rapid Branch,, the western is named the West Branch ; all of them meet in the a. angle of that t. and their united streams immediately enter the t. of Dray- ton, where, continuing a s. course, this r. entirely traverses the t. and in its s. w. angle joins the r. Connecticut. On this r. are good sites for mills, but as it is obstructed by falls, the only navigable advantage it affi)rds is the transport of logs to the different saw-mills. Industry, Village of, v. Aug. to La Val- LIBRB. Interior Village, v. Shipton, t. Inverness, township, in the co. of Megan- tic, lies between Halifax and Nelson and is bounded N. w. by Somerset and part of Nelson ; s. B. by Leeds. The land in the s. quarter is of superior quality, and in the other parts generally above mediocrity, except an extent of swamp of about 8000 acres to the northward, which is covered with hemlock, spruce 6i and cedar. On the dry lands, timber is in great abundance and of an excellent description. — Watered by Lake Wil- liam, and several small rivulets. — The s. w. part was granted to the late Joseph Frobisher, esq. and now belongs to his heirs. — The settlements have been rapidly increasing during the last few years. — Ungranted and unlocated, 15,500 acres. In 1828 there were Under cultivation Cleared but not cultivated Cut down but not cleared Acres. . 213 14 131 .So8 Statistics. Population . 117 Saw-mills . 7 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Bushels. . 564 60 .320 Bushels. Potatoes 700 Peas . 100 Rye . 40 Bushels. Buck wheat 10 Indian com 25 Hay, tons 70 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 4 . 22 Cows . .30 Sh?ep . 28 Swine . So Ireland, township, in the co. of Megantic, joins Halifax and Inverness n. w. ; Wolfestown s. w. ; Leeds and Thetford n. b. — The n. w. part consists of land of an unexceptionable quality and fit for the growth of grain of all kinds, hemp and flax. The s. b. part is not arable, being only a series of rugged mountains running to a considerable dis- I S L I S E tancej with many small lakes and swamps in the intervals. The n. w. quarter, the only one that has been surveyed and granted, now belongs to the heirs of Joseph Frobisher, esq.: this is a fertile spot, and inhabited by a few families, forming what is called Lord's Settlement.— Beech, maple^ birch and many other sorts of timber, are found in great abundance. — Watered by several rivulets and by Trout Lake. — Craig's Road passes through this T. and crosses the Becancour at Kemp's Bridge. The corn and saw miUs are found of great utility in this interior part of the country. The settle- ments have rapidly increased of late years. — Un- granted and M«?oc«terf, 14,614 acres.. Population Corn-mills 181 . 1 Statistics. Saw-mills Shop-keepers .Taverns Artisans Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 365 Barley . 50 Peas . 90 390 Potatoes 376 Indian corn 29 Live Stock. 71 Cows 25 1 Sheep 33 1 Swine 20 1 87 Isi/A Wateb, a stream that rises in Buckland and enters Frampton where it joins the Etche- min. Isle aux Coudres, seigniory, about 2 m. from the n. shore of the St. Lawrence, nearly op- posite to the Bay of St. Paul, is in the co. of Saguenay. — 5 m. in length by 66 arpents in breadth and 5 leagues in circumference. Granted Oct. 29th, 1687, to the ecclesiastics of the semi- nary of Quebec, to whom it still belongs. — Com- pared with the neighbouring mainland, the island is low, though near the centre are some few rising grounds: the shore in one or two places rises abruptly from the water, and is covered with thick creeping shrubbery, but in general the ascent is gradual and easy. The soil throughout is of a good, prolific quality and nearly all Under tillage, producing grain of all kinds far beyond the con- sumption of the seigniory : there are a few mea- dows and pasture grounds. The farms, 400, are divided into two divisions, called Cote du Cap a la Branche and C6te de la Baleine, which are very little watered by streams of any description ; in the former, which is at the w, of the island, the soil is light and the farms are 50 arpents by 2 or 3; in the latter or east end the farms are 33 arpents by 2 or 3 ; the centre of the island is a strong black soil, but its general character through- out is light. The hay grown on the beach is rich and abundant, and about 63,000 bundles are made an- nually. The price of oxen is 30 dollars, sheep 6s., pork Is. per lb., turkeys and geese 5s,, fowls from Is. to Is. 6d. — North of the island there is an- chorage for shipping. — Alex. Tremblay, a miller, has erected a stone mill, 36 ft. by 30, on Riviere Rouge, which works 2 pairs of stones. A small quantity of wood of very inferior kinds still remains on the high ground, about the middle of the island. — There is one parish, in which are a church and a parsonage-house, and the inhabitants live in neat well-built houses on each side of a good road that makes a complete tour of the island. — The bat- tures and shoals near its low and sandy shore are very productive fishing-banks ; the little bays are the rendezvous of numerous small craft, employed in transporting to Quebec the surplus produce of the island and of the opposite seigniories. — The prin- cipal mineral production of this island is the garnet of Cap a I'Aigle which is there found in as great abundance and in as much purity of colour as at any other place in the known world : — This beau- tiful island Charlevoix represents as having been detached from the main land by a violent earth- quake, but it exhibits no other symptoms of such a catastrophe than a whirlpool between it and the opposite shore; this channel, at low water, is dangerous for boats and canoes, which are liable to be thrown on the limestone rocks to the right of the entrance into St. Paul's Bay. It is, however, more probable that this island, which is formed on a rocky basis and covered with alluvial soil, has obtained its present appearance from the gradual accumulation of alluvial soil brought from the mountains by the r. Gouflfre and other streams in their rapid descent into the bay, where the water is turbid and discoloured ; the whirlpool naturally concentrates this constant efflux of soil and forms the island. Population 652 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . 1 Presbyteries 1 Statistics. Corn-mills Saw-mills . 1 Medical men 1 Taverns . 1 I Artisans . 4 River craft 2 Tonnage . 49 Keel boats 17 Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. Wheat . 6,200 Oats . 720 Bushels. Barley . 676 Potatoes 4,680 Bushels. Peas . 208 Map. sug. cwt. 22 Live Stock. Horses . 163 1 Cows , 400 1 Swine . 550 Oxen . 327 1 Sheep . 1,050 1 I S L I S L Title. — « Concedce le 29me Octobre 1687, par le Marquis de Brisay, Gouvemeur, et Jean Bochart In- tendant, au Seminaire de Quibec, avec les battures qui sont autour d'icellc." — Rigistre d'Jntendance, No. 3, folio Isle aux Noix is in the river St. Maurice. The land is of good quality and contrasts strongly with the banks of the river, which discover, par- ticularly on the w. side, nothing but hills and barren cliffs of granite. Isle aux Reaux, in the St. Lawrence, lies off the N. E. end of the Island of Orleans. It is about half a league long and about 8 arpents broad. It was given to the Jesuits, Mar. 20, 1638, by Mr. de Montmagny. Title.—" Concedce le 20me Mars, 1638, par Mr. de Montmagny, aux reverends pSres Jesuites." — Cahiers d'ln- tend. 2 a % folio 71. Isle Jesus, seigniory, in the co. of Terrebonne, in length 21 m. and 6 at its greatest breadth ; it lies N. w. of the island of Montreal, from which it is separated by the Riviere des Prairies, and from the main land by the Riviere St. Jean or Jesus. — Granted, with the Isles aux Vaches adjacent, 23rd Oct. 1689, to the bishop and ecclesiastics of the seminary of Quebec, by whom it is still possessed. The original name was L'Isle de Montmagny; but soon after its grant the proprietors thought proper to bestow on it the appellative it now bears. — In size this island is second to Montreal. The land is every where level, rich and well cultivated : on the s. e. bordering the river, are some excellent pastures and very fine meadows ; the other parts produce grain, vegetables and fruits in great per- fection and abundance. Almost every corner being turned to agricultural uses, very little wood re- mains, except what is left for ornament on the different farms. There is one road entirely round the island, and one runs through the middle lengthways ; these are connected by others, that open an easy communication between every part of the island. There are 3 parishes, St. Vincent de Paul, St. Rose and St. Martin. The houses, mostly built of stone, are dispersed by the sides of the roads ; now and then a few are placed close together, but nowhere in sufficient number to be called a village. Around the island are several corn and saw-mills on the two large rivers ; in the interior there is no stream of sufficient force to work either. The saw-mill on the Riviere des Prairies is never stopped for want of water, but sometimes by a superabundance. About midway of the Riviere des Prairies is the strong rapid called the Sault au RecoUet. The rafts of timber that are brought down the Ottawa from the upper townships descend this river into the St. Lawrence at the Bout de L'Isle. The communication be- tween Isle Jesus and the islands of Montreal and, Bizard and the main land is kept up by several ferries in convenient situations for maintaining a continual and sure intercourse. — The farms being- all occupied, some persons are desirous of making new settlements but have been deterred by the high rents demanded by the seigniors and by the free and common soccage tenure of the townships. The parish of St.\ Vincent de Paul is in the centre of the s. part of the island, and the farms are conceded, some of them prior to 1759; the rates on which they are held are, 1st. 2 sols for each superficial arpent, and 1 sol as quit rent for each front arpent. — 2nd. 2 sols tournois for each superficial arpent, and 1 sol as quit rent for each front arpent. — 3rd. 1 sol tournois for each super- ficial arpent, half a bushel of wheat for every 20 superficial arpents, and 1 sol as quit rent for each front arpent. The parish of St. Rose is in the n, w. part of the island, and all the farms are conceded. The parish of St. Martin lies in the s. w. part of the island. All the farms are conceded, some prior to 1759, on the same terms, viz. 2 sols for each superficial arpent or 1 sol tournois for each superficial arpent, and half a bushel of wheat for every 20 superficial arpents, or 2 sols tournois for each superficial arpent : the quit rent has always been the same, viz. 1 sol for each front arpent. The church, 126 ft. by 40, is IJ m. from the r. des Prairies. The soil of this p. is not very fer- tile nor is it turned to the best advantage. Blany of the inhabitants carry fire-wood to Quebec mar- ket. — (For a farther description of Isle Jesus, vide vol. i. p. 211.) I S L IS L" Statistics of f Ae Seigniory of Isle Jesus. Parishes, ^ s u pi i £ ? 1 1 1 'g in a 1 1 1 E 1 1 1 1 1 f 4 1 2 < 20 St. Martin . 2711 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ste. Rose . 2470 1 1 1 1 p 1 1 - 1 1 1 ' , 5 5 20 St. Vincent de Paul I 1690 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ ■ • 1 1 ■ 5 6 22 6871 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 1 14 13 62 Parishes. Annual Agricultural produce. Live stock. 1 S 1 n i 1 II e . si •go X o vS [/> c St. Martin . Ste. Rose St. Vincent ) de Paul . J 11284 16250 1S600 14952 18200 9100 1300 46002 1100 200 300 100 3120 1560 5200 49000 36000 500 390 508 401 100 100 200 854 1008 684 1200 1108 780 1281 1890 1290 6405 6100 5600 1281 1199 ipso 43130 42252 48406 600 9880 85000 500 1299 400 2546 3088 4461 18105 3570 ■Title. — " Concession du 23me Octobre, 1689, faite par Hector de Calliere, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intend- ant, a I'Evique de Quebec et Messrs. du Simmaire, de Viile Jisus, des isles aux Vaehes et autres adjacentes."^ Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, No. 62, folio 289, le \9me Mara, 1781. Isle Mokan, on the s. side of Lake St. Peter, lies at the estuary of the r. Nicolet, dividing its stream into two channels. — Granted, Oct. 29, 1672, to Sieur Moran, now the property of Mr. Beaubien. Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intcndant, au Sieur Moran, de I'isle dite Moran, qui se trouve a I'embouchure de la riviSre Nicolet, au bord du fleuve St. Laurent. — Reglstre d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 16. Isi/E St. Christophek, about one-eighth of a league from the Cape of the Three Rivers, and about the same distance from that called Cape de la Magdelaine; it contains about 80 superficial arpents and was granted to the Jesuits, Oct. 20, 1654. Isle St. Paul, seigniory, in the St. Lawrence a little above the city of Montreal. — A grant of two-thirds of this island was confirmed to Mr. le Ber, April 23, 1700. The grant of the other third was made July 18, 1676, to Claude Robutel. Title — " Confirmation du 23me Avril, 1700, par le Roi, d'une concession faite a Mr. le Ber, des deux tiers de I'isle de St. Paul. Plus concession de I'nutre tiers fait k Claude Rohutel, Sieur de St. Andri, \e 18me Juillet, 1676."— Com*. Cahiers d'Inlend. 2 d 9, folio 282, et Rat. d'Ins. Cons. Sup. Lettre B, folio 131. — Cahiers d'Intend- 2.« 9, /o/io 331. Isles and Islets. — Those not included in the following alphabetical list are inserted under their specific names. — Birch Island, in the r. St. Mau.. rice and in the t. of Radnor. — Brandy Pots, several small islets in the St. Lawrence, lying s. off the N. E. end of Hare Island ; on the largest a Telegraph is erected — Crane Island or Isle aux Grues, opposite Cap St. Ignace, S. — Des Cinqs Island, in the r. St. Maurice. — Esquimaux Isles, near the coast of Saguenay in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. — Fox Island, near the n. b. extremity of the Saguenay coast in the Gulf of St. Law- rence. — Goose Island, in the e. Ottawa, midway between the t. of Templeton and the opposite shore, about 3^ m. below the mouth of the R. Rideau — Another, v. Cap St. Ignace, S. — Grande Isle, V. rivers Batiscan and Saguenay. — G7-osse Isle, one of the Kamouraska Islands. — A small island in Lake St. John. — Hamilton Isle, in the R. Ottawa, lies off the i. Lochaber, about one mile long; near it N. e. is another isle of smaller size. — Hare Island, lies off the e. end of Mount Murray, S. — Holt's Isle, in Lake Memphra- magog; this little islet lies within 1^ m. of the commencement of the r. Magog and is in the 14th range of the t. of Hatley. — Hospital Island, in the r. Richelieu below Ash Island, and between the SS. of Foucault and LacoUe. — Isle i I'Aigle, at the mouth of North Channel, where it enters Lake St. Peter. — Isles A la Rasade, in the St. Lawrence, lie off the n. e. angle of the s. of ISLES AND ISLETS. Trois Pistoles. — Isle au Canot, in the St. Law- rence, lies N. of Crane Island and is about 1^ m. long. — Isles au Cerf, in the R. Richelieu, between the SS. of St. Charles and Beloeil. — Isle au Chat, in the mouth of Lake St. Francis, off the s. w. angle of Grande Isle. — Isle au Foin, v. An- taya, S. — Isle au Heron, a.i the Sault St. Louis, at the mouth of Lake. St. Louis. Isle au Rai- son, at the entrance of Lake St. Peter, lies between the isles La Pierre and Du Moine, and is on the s. side of South Channel. — Isle (m Sepulcre, v. Chicoutimi r. — Isles aux Basques, in the St. Lawrence, lying off the mouth of the r. Trois Pistoles. — '-Ish aux Chutes, in the k. du Nord, about one mile from Davis, v. in Chatham. — Isle aux Cochons, in the St. Maurice, lies op- posite the mouth of the R. St. Maurice. — Isle aux Corne'dles, one of the Kamouraska Islands. — Isles aux Fraises, in the r. St. Maurice, is a fine island near |- mile long. — Isle aux Grues, v. Crane Island. — Isle aux Harangs, lies off Cap au Diable in the s. of Kamouraska. — Isle aux Herons, in the St. Lawrence, n. w. of Crane Island. — Isle aux Noix, in the R. Richelieu, at the mouth of John- son's Creek. — Isle aux Dies, v. St. Ignace, I. — Isle aux Pommes, lies off the s. of Isle Verte to which it belongs. — Isle aux Raisins, in Lake St. Francis, at the mouth of the r. aux Raisins. — Isles aux Sapins, in the R. Chaudiere, is in the S. of St. Marie. — Isle aux Tetes, v. La Colle, S. — Isles aux Tourtes, two small islands in the Lake of Two Mountains, between the s. w. extremity of the Island of Montreal and the S. of Vandreuil. — Isle Baraboult, near the estuary of the Ste. Anne, di- vides that R. into two streams. — Isle Beller'me, the largest islet in the mouth of the R. St. Maurice. — IsleBic, in the St. Lawrence, lies off the s. of Bic in the CO. ofRimouski. — Isle Biquette,m the St. Law- rence, N. of Isle Bic. — Isle Bouquet, v. Laprairie, S. — Isle Brulee, in the St. Lawrence, lies nearly opposite the mouth of the Kamouraska; on this isle a Telegraph is stationed. — One of the Kamouraska islands. — Isle Carillion, at the entrance of the Lake of Two Mountains, lies off Argenteuil, in which S. it is included. — Isle Cascades, in the s. w. chan- nel of Lake St. Louis, lies about midway between Isle Perrot and Mary's-town in the S. of Beau- harnois. — Isle Chareau, v. Isles Communes. — Isles Communes or Isles Perdes, consist of Isles St. Joseph, i la Commune, Chareau, and two others without names ; this range of isles extends along the front of the S. of Boucherville on the s. side of the St. Lawrence, and are included in the grant of that S. ; the largest is about Jm. in breadth ; they are quite flat and level; some of them afford good meadow, and others common pasturage made use of by the inhabitants of the village of Boucherville. — Isles de Contrecceur, on the s. shore of the St. Lawrence, lie off the S. of Contre- cceur to which they belong. — Isle de Grace, in the St. Lawrence, lies nearly midway between the S. of St. Thomas and the parish of St. Joachim in the S. of Cute de Beaupre. — v. St. Ignace Isle. — Isle de Gramont, a little islet lying s. w. of the v. of Kamouraska in the S. of that name. — Isle de la Providence, one of the Kamouraska islands. — Isles de la Valtrie, on the n. shore of the St. Lawrence, lie off the S. of La Valtrie to which they belong. — Isles des Sables, several islets lying N. B. of Isles aux Oies and at the entrance of Lake St. Peter. — Isles Deschaillons, in the R. Richelieu, at the mouth of Ruisseau la Prade in the S. of St. Ours. — Isles des deux Tetes, in the St. Lawrence, N. w. of Crane Island. Isle des Peiras, in the r. Yamaska, about IJ- m. above the mouth of the r. David. — Isles Donbour, 3 small islets lying off the front of the S. of Desmaure, in the St. Lawrence. — Isle du Grande Decharge, at the N. b. side of Lake St. John, fronting Grande lsle.-~Isle du Labri, in themouth of the r. St. Maurice. — Isle du Milieux, a small isle in the mouth of the river St. Maurice. — Isle du Moine, at the entrance of Lake St. Peter, lies s. w. of the mouth of the r. Yamaska. — Isle du Portage, lies at the n. e. end of the Island of Montreal, a little below Isle Ste. Therese, and is of no value. — Isle du Sable, off the n. shore of the St. Lawrence, near the front of fief Dorvillier in the co. of Champlain. — Isle Fou- quet, V. Laprairie S. — Isle Jalobois, in the r. Ya- maska, a little above Yamaska church. — Isle Joseph, in the r. Yamaska, nearly one m. below the mouth of R. David, in the S. of Yamaska. — Isle la Peche, in the r. St. Maurice, lies at the n. e. ex- tremity of the rear of Batiscan. The Indians and the inhabitants of the post of La Tuque frequently resort to this little island for the purpose of fish- ing, and an abundance of white fish, dore, carp, bass, pike and eels are caught every year. — Isle la Pierre, at the entrance of Lake St. Peter, lying on the N. side of South Channel.— 7s?e laPorcier, in the R. Yamaska, a little below the church of Yamaska. — Isle Madame, in the St. Lawrence, T ISLES AND ISLETS. lies s. off the n. e. point of the Island of Orleans, about 1^ m. by -J- m, broad. — v. St. Ignace Isle. — Isle Patience, in the St. Lawrence, lies n. of Isle de Grace. — Isle Perches, 3 islets in the St. Lawrence, lying off the s. of Riviere du Loup. — v. Isles Communes. — Isle Plate, at the entrance of Lake St. Peter, lies midway between Bale St. Francois and Maskinonge Bay. — Isle Randin, in the St. Law- rence, lies between the S. of Berthier and the s. w. end of Isle Dupas. — Isle Ronde, v. Isle St. Ignace. — Isle St. Alexandre, in the R. Etche- min, and in the S. of JoUiet. — Isle St. Barnahe, in the St. Lawrence, lies off the S. of St. Barnabe opposite to the mouth of the n. Rimouski. — Isle St. Bernard, or Nun's Island, on the s. E. side of Lake St. Louis, lies at the mouth of the Chateau- gua}', dividing that k. into two streams. — Isle Ste. Catherine, in the R. Etchemin and in the S. of JolUet. — Isle St. Elzear, in the r. Etchemin and in the S. of JoUiet. — Isle St. Ignace, the largest isle at the mouth of the R. Ste. Anne, — v. St Ignace Isle. — Isle St. Jean, in the R. Etchemin, and in the s. of Jolliet. — Another, in the S. of Yamaska, is formed by the two branches of the r. Yamaska, one running into Baie St. Frangois and the other into the Bay of La VaUiere. — Isle St. Joseph, in the R. St. Francis, near its mouth> lies in the N. angle of the S. of St. Frangois. — v. Isles Communes. — Isle Ste. Marguerite, 3 isles in the St. Lawrence, one at the mouth of r. Ste. Anne, another, n. w. of Crane Island, and the 3rd is the smallest islet in the mouth of the r. St. Maurice. — Isle Ste. Marie, in the r. Etchemin and in the S. of Jolliet. — Isle St. Pierre, in the R. Etchemin, and in the S. of Jolliet. — Isle Ste. Susanne, in the R. Etchemin, and in the S. of Jolliet. — Isle Ste. Therese, in the k. Richelieu, between the four connecting angles of the b. of Longueuil, e. and w. by Chambly and Bleurie. — Another at the lower end of Montreal Island — Isle St. Thomas, in the r. Etchemin, and in the S. of Jolliet. — Isle Smidt, in the K. Yamaska, opposite the church of Yamaska. — Isle Vaudreuil, in the Lake of Two Mountains, lies near the S. of Vaudreuil to which it belongs. — Isle Verte, v. Verte. — Kettle Island, in the r. Ottawa, lies off the T. of Templeton, a little more than 2 m. below the mouth of the R. Rideau. — Knight's Island, in the Beauharnois Channel, between Grande Isle and the n. b. angle of Catherine's Town. — La Croix Isle, v. Cap de la Madaleine, S. — Long Island, in the co. of Ottawa, is in the R. aux Lievres at the head of Lake Mistake. — Murr Isle, near the coast of Saguenay, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. — Matdwin Island, in the h. St. Maurice, is about \ mile in extent and the land is very good. — Lower Matawin Island, from this island there is a route by 5 lakes and 4 portages to the great Lake Matawin. — Murr Isles, in St. Lawrence Gulf — Nun's Island, v. Isle St. Bernard. — Old Fort Isles, near the n. e. extremity of the Saguenay coast in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. — Papa Island, an islet in the R. Etchemin in the t. of Frampton. — Petite Isle, in the R. Yamaska, a little above the s. point of Isle St. Jean. — Pine Island, in the r. St. Francis, between Wickham and Upton Prison Island, in the mouth of Lake St. Francis, lies about midway between the w. part of Grande Isle and the estuary of the Riviere de I'lsle. — Pro- vince Island, in Lake Memphramagog, near the province line and between Stanstead and Potton. —Red Island, in the St. Lawrence, lying about 6 m. N. of Green Island. — St. Mary's Isles, near the Saguenay coast in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, opposite the mouth of the r. Watagaia. — St. Regis Isle, in front of the mouth of the r. St. Regis, belongs to the Indians of the v. of\ St. Regis. — Traverse Isles, in the r. Ottawa, lying off the s. w. line of Lochaber Gore, are several small isles between Black Bay and the n. w. angle of the t. of Plantagenet in Upper Ca- nada. — Washmisker Isles, near the Saguenay coast in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. — White Island, in the St. Lawrence, extends down the r. at the N. E. end of Hare Island : about 5 m. long and i m. broad. — Wolf Island, near the Saguenay coast, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence near South- aker ledge. Islet du Portage, seigniory, in the co. of Kamouraska, is bounded n. e. by Lachenaye; s. w. by Granville ; in front by the St. Lawrence. —One league in front and one in depth. Granted, Oct. 29, 1672, to Sieur de Granville.— Isle du Portage forms part of this seigniory. Title. — '■'■ Concession du 29me Oetobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendaiit, nu Sieur de Granville, de I'lsle nomm^e du Portage sur le fleuve St. Laure?if, avec une demi lieue de terre en de^il ct une autre au dela de la dite Isle, sur une lieue de profondeur." — Higistre d'Intendancc, No. 1, folio 14. Islet du Portage, v. Chicoutimi, r. Islettes aux Jones, v. Laprairie, S. J A C J A C Isle Verte (S), t;. Verte. IwASHEGA or TwASHEGA, river, runs from the N. w. into the b. Assuapmoussoin. IxwoKTHj township, in the co. of Kamouraska, is an irregular tract in the rear of the S. of Ste. Anne and the Aug. to the S. of Riviere Quelle. No more than 1200 acres have been surveyed, which were granted to Matthew O'Meara, the whole of which is most excellent land : it joins Ste. Anne and some part of it is in a very forward state of cultivation : on the remainder of the t. is a large quantity of excellent pine timber, much of which is transported by the Riviere Quelle to the St. Lawrence and thence to Quebec. — Ungranted and unlocated 32,000 acres. James-town, v. Beauharnois, s. Jacques Caktier, river, derives its name from the celebrated navigator, who discovered the country and wintered in the estuary of this b. in 1536. It takes its source from several small lakes in the exterior near the parallel of lat. 48° N. and about Ion. 71° 20' w. After running a very circuitous course through a mountainous country that is but little known, it reaches the townships of Tewkesbury and Stoneham; passes through them and runs in a s.s. w. direction about 46 m. through St. Ignace, St. Gabriel, Fausem- bault, Neuville, Belair and the fief Jacques Car- tier, where it falls into the St. Lawrence. From the townships its stream displays a character of great wildness; grand and impetuous, hurrying through valleys between the lofty mountains, and frequently dashing with violence over the pre- cipices and immense fragments of rock that op- pose its progress. The bed being extremely rocky, the great number of falls and rapids and the ve- hemence of the torrent, particularly in the spring and after the autumnal rains, render it generally impassable for canoes or boats of any description. The banks are exceedingly high, and at intervals for considerable distances, are formed of strata of limestone, or of granite rock, in many places lofty, rugged and majestic, partially displaying a few stunted pines in the interstices, or covered with creeping shrubbery, and in many parts presenting only the frowning aspect of huge barren masses heaped perpendicularly one upon another. From the heights on each side of the river spread ex- tensive forests, through which are various paths, kept open during all changes of season by the In- dians, and chiefly by those of the village of Lo- rette, who consider the lands to an immense di- stance northwards as their hunting-grounds. The general view along the course of the river is va- ried, picturesque and extraordinary, presenting a thousand combinations of unrivalled grandeur, beauty and wild magnificence. In its course through St. Gabriel it approaches within 16 m. of Quebec ; about nine miles before it reaches the St. Lawrence is the highly interesting and ro- mantic new bridge of Jacques Cartier. The stream is here precipitated over many large frag- ments of granite that occasion a perpendicular fall of considerable height, the effect of which is greatly increased by the incessant roar of the torrent, as it forces its way through the hollows and excava- tions which it has made in its rocky bed and in the sides of the channel. This bridge is worthy of no- tice for the lightness and solidity of its construc- tion ; the natural high bank of the river on each side is finished with masonry into solid piers, whence the arch, entirely of timber, forms a handsome and lofty segment ; near the w. end is a small, well-built cottage, most romantically situated, in which the collector of the bridge-tolls resides. From this bridge the river continues its impe- tuous character until its waters are lost in the current of the St. Lawrence. The river Jacques Cartier, viewed with a military eye, forms a most powerful natural barrier and may be termed one of the outworks to the city and environs of Que- bec: the velocity of the stream would make it extremely dangerous to attempt fording it; the .height of the banks renders them inaccessible, ex- cept in a very few places, and those could only be ascended with much difficulty by a small number of persons at a time, which, with the numerous advantageous positions along the whole range of the river for posting a defensive force, would al- together constitute it a complete line of security : the French, after they were expelled from Quebec in 1759, retired behind this river. Qn the eastern side of the river, at a short distance before its con- fluence with the St. Lawrence, where its high bank, receding considerably froni the margin, leaves a rather extensive flat a little above t2 J A C J E R the water's level, are some corn-mills and several stores belonging to the heirs of the late Mr. All- sop of Quebec. They are the remains of a much greater and more valuable establishment. — This highly interesting and romantic river appears to run a course of about 50 miles and to collect its waters from a space of 20 to 30 miles in breadth, comprehending about 1250 square miles. — This celebrated river was formerly the terror and often the grave of travellers. — For some years past it has become the object of public attention ; three bridges have been erected over it, and the citizens of Quebec visit it at proper seasons in parties of pleasure. It abounds with fish, especially salmon, works numerous mills and a distillery, and is particularly remarkable for the sudden swelling of its waters after rain ; almost the least shower produces an instantaneous effect. Many of the more majestic features of the scenery on this R. are seen to the greatest advantage in winter, when the severity of the congelation exhibits the banks and the bed of the stream in every variety of fan- tastic appearance, and when its frozen artificial pendants in all the diversity of figure and size re- semble the stalactics of the richest natural grotto. Jacques Cartieh, seigniory, in the co. of Portneuf, fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded s. w. by the b. of Portneuf; n. e. by Belair and its aug. and in the rear by waste crown lands. — It is J- league in breadth by 5 1. in depth. Granted Mar. 29, 1659, to Dame Gagnier, widow of Jean Clement de Wauls, Chevalier, and Seigneur de Monceaux. Now the property of Messrs. de Lery and Mr. Allsop. — Although the surface is very irregular and broken, the land in general is of a moderately good quality ; in some places the soil is light and sandy, in others a layer of black ve- getable mould upon a stratum of limestone, and to the rear, where it becomes rather mountainous, a good light loam ; each of these different kinds is sufficiently fertile and several ranges of con- cessions are in an excellent state of cultivation, containing many productive and valuable farms. The timber is various both in kind and quality ; the maple and birch are good, and, along the banks of the rivers, are some superior pines : the common sorts are very abundant, — The Rivers Ste. Anne and Portneuf cross this S., but the principal R. by which it is watered is the Jacques Cartier, The main road passes along the front of the S. and crosses the Jacques Cartier by a ferry about 300 yards broad, where, on account of the violence of the stream, the boats are traversed from side to side by means of hawsers stretched across ; the charge for a foot-passenger is 3d., for a horse' 6d., a horse and carriage 9d. and Is. 3d, for a carriage and two horses. The road, as it passes in the vicinity of the river and winds up the lofty banks, is exceedingly steep ; but never- theless it is much frequented, although there is another road from Quebec that passes over Jacques Cartier bridge and which is rather shorter and by which almost all the inequalities of the ground are avoided ^Less than one-third of this S. is cultivated; some of the best farms are near the road that passes along the St. Lawrence, and, on the s. w. side, near the road leading from the bridge to the barony of Portneuf. — Jacques Cartier fief is included in this S. and lies on the s. w. side, extending to the entire depth of the S. It has a frontage of about ^ m. on the r. Jacques Cartier. Title. — " Concession du 29me Mars, 1659, faite par la Compagnie, a Dame Gagnier, veuve de feu jean Clement de. Wauls, Chevalier, Seigneur de Monceaux, d'une demi lieue de large sur le bord du fleuve St. Laurent, avec cinq Ueues de profondeur de terre en tel endroit qu'il plaira a. Mr. i)'. stands on a rising ground projecting into the basin at the foot of the falls : it is about 25 ft. long and 15 wide: the altar, which is plain, as well as the pictures or engrav- ings, evidently betray the hand of time : the tomb- stone with a long inscription, recording the death of Father Cocar in the last century, is broken in several places and the Latin inscription can with difficulty be understood. A Catholic missionary visits the post twice a year and teaches the natives the first principles-of the Catholic religion, of which the Jesuits framed a catechism in the Cree lan- guage and circulated it among them. The house at the post was built in 1794-5. At the distance of 170 ft. from the banks is a rock 11 ft. high and the tide rises 5 ft. above it ; to leap upon it was a favourite amusement of the people of the post a few years since ; this encroachment of the river has been made within the last 40 years. — Only 10 families live in the neighbourhood of the Chicou- timi post. — The hay consumed at the post is cut from considerable prairies bordering 5 leagues of the R. Sagutenay from Rocky Point to Terres Rom- pues; these prairies or meadows are 9 m. below the post. The tide rises here 16 ft. perpendicular at spring tides. — The climate is favourable tti ve- getation and it has been found by experiment that grain will ripen much sooner at Chicoutimi than at Quebec. Vegetables of all kinds and cucum- bers succeed very well, and strawberries were eaten by Mr. de Sales Laterriere, who visited this part of the country in 1827, on the 17th of June. The frost regularly sets in at the latter end of October and continues till the end of April or beginning of May ; it always freezes here 10 or 12 days sooner than at Lake St. John. The views round Chicoutimi are sufficiently pleasing and the land, with the exception of some rocks scattered here and there, is fit for cultivation. Chicoutimi is the only place on the Saguenay where the soil is fertile; it is a blue clay too little mixed with loam or sand and produces an abundance of timber of excellent growth. The greatest impediment to the population of this tract is its distance from an inhabited country, for, as soon as the navigation is closed by the frost, all intercourse with the rest of the world is entirely cut ofi". The distance to Mal- bay, in a straight line, is 60 m., and the journey has been accomplished on snow shoes in two days. If the government, or rich proprietors, would be at the expense of forming a military route (in the manner of the Romans,) to Malbay, or Baie St. Paul, it is supposed that a numerous population would settle here in a few years : vidthout this facility it is probable that all the advantages offered by the Saguenay country will remain for a long time unenjoyed. KiNLEPAHiRAN, is part of the BeUe Riviere, which runs into Lake St. John. KoTACHAU, river, falls into the w. angle of l. St. John, near the mouth of the Assuapmoussoin. KUSHPAHIGAN (R.), f • BbLLE RiVIEKE. KusPAHiGANiSH Or Knoshpygish, liver, runs into the s. side of lake St. John. On this small river is a grove of maple, where the sugar used at the Post of Chicoutimi is made. The Deputy Surveyor General ascended this h. about 7 mUes, and found its banks composed of an alluvial clayey loam; and where the banks are at all elevated the clay lies beneath a stratum of light loam and the vegetable mould. The land is, in general, excellent, and is timbered with elm, ash, black birch, basswood, maple and fir : on the higher lands the timber is, chiefly, pine, spruce, fir, white birch, cedar and balsam : the white and red pine are of good quality. — The current is rapid, and its ascent obstructed by large trees that fall across the river and prevent the traveller from proceed- ing more than 7 miles, where the river becomes very narrow and the passage completely impeded by the fallen trees. The numerous tracks of the beaver and otter prove that this river is but little frequented by the Indian hunters. L. Labadie, fief, in the S. of Ste. Marguerite, in the CO. of St. Maurice, extends along the St. Law- rence 1 league in front by 1 league in depth, lying between the grant made to Mr. Severin Haineau and Bouoherville fief. — Granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Labadie. LAC LAC Title " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Ldbadie, d'un quart de lieue de front sur une demi lieue de profondeur, i prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la concession de Mr. Severm Haineau, tirant vers celle du Sieur Pierre Boucher. " — Rigistre d'lntendance, No. 1, folio 27. Lac DBS Deux Montagnes (S.), v. Lake of Two Mountains. LACHENArEj county, in the district of Mont- real, is bounded N. e. by the co. of L'Assomp- tion ; s. w. by the co. of Terrebonne ; in the rear by the province line; in front by the St. Law- rence. It comprehends the parishes of Lachenaye, St. Henry de Mascouche and St. Roch, and the townships of Kilkenny and Wexford. Its extreme length is 39 miles and its breadth 13, containing 299 square miles; its centre is in lat. 45° 43' n. long. 73° 30' w. It sends two members to the Provincial Parliament and the place of election is at St. Roch. The principal rivers are the Achi- gan, Mascouche and St. Esprit, and it contains the Killarney and several minor lakes. The sur- face, generally, is level, except in the township of Kilkenny, where there are a few rising grounds. Statistics. Population 14,875 Churches, R. C. 4 Churches, Pro. 1 Cures . 4 Presbyteries 4 Schools Villages Corn-mills . Saw-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Potasheries . Pearlasheries Just, of Peace Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 3 2 2 14 18 100 Annual Agricultural Produce. bushels. 48,100 43,930 6,130 Potatoes 201,579 Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. Peas . 21,588 Rye . 3,910 Buck wheat 700 Indian corn 9,000 Live Stock. 4,815 1 Cows . 8,253 1 Swine 5,580 1 Sheep . 20,5001 Bushels. Mixed grain 4,900 Maple sugar, cwts. 491 Hay, tons 33,100 8,550 Lachenaye, seigniory, in the co. of Lache- naye, is bounded n. e. by L' Assomption ; s. w. by Terrebonne, Desplaines and the augmentation to Terrebonne ; in the rear by the t. of Kilkenny ; in front by the r. St. Jean or Jesus. — The original extent included the fief L' Assomption, and was granted April 16, 1647, to Pierre Legardeur, Sieur de Repentigny, and contained 4 leagues in front by 6 in depth : this tract was afterwards equally divided into the present seigniory and fief, and the former is the property of Peter Pangman, Esq. — The quality of the land is various, hut tolerably good : the usual sorts of grain and other produce are cultivated here with much success; and many places are well suited to the growth of flax, which might be raised to a considerable ex- tent. On the borders of the St, Jean, Achigan, Mascouche, Ruisseau des Anges, St. Pierre and other streams, are nine ranges of concessions, con- taining together 456 lots, nearly equal to one half of the seigniory ; of this number rather more than 400 are cleared, well settled, and much improved. The rivers Achigan and Mascouche, with several smaller streams and rivulets branching from them, water the S. very favourably ; and, although neither of these rivers is navigable for boats, tim- ber is brought down them to the St. Lawrence : in spring and autumn their waters greatly increase, and in these seasons some rapids in them are very violent ; but even in the usual periods of drought there is seldom any want of a sufficient supply to keep the mills at work. On the Achigan is a corn- mill, and on the Mascouche a com and a saw-mill. Over the different rivers are good bridges, and from Lachenaye church are two ferries, one to the Riviere des Prairies, where Is. Qd. is charged for each person, the other to Isle Jesus, where lOrf. is charged for each passenger. About 1 mile from the B. St. Jean is a fief of 18 acres in front, that runs into the S. of L' Assomption as far as the limits of St. Sulpice, which belongs to Mrs. Deviene. The Parish of St. Henri/ de Mascouche extends from the church n. e. about 2 leagues ; by the Grand Coteau s. one league; w. and n. w. li league; and e. IJ league, comprehending the Cabanne Ronde. In this P. the lands conceded prior to 1759 are charged at the rate of one pint of wheat and 1 sol for each superficial arpent, and 3 sols, tournois, quit rent, on each concession, with other usual charges and reservations. The present rents are at the rate of 2L bushels of wheat and 4 livres 10 sous, for each farm of 3 ai"pents by 30, ex- cept in the C6te de Grasse, where the rent is 4^- bushels of wheat and one pistole. In this parish 6000 arpents fit for cultivation remain unconceded ; these lands have no road, and have not been sur- veyed. There are a sufficient number of persons both willing and able to settle on these non-con- ceded lands, and the causes that retard their settling are supposed to be the high rates required by the seignior for each concession, and the preference given by him to strangers, particularly the Ame- ricans. In the Parish of Lachenaye, which occupies the front of the S., all the lands are conceded and have been surveyed , The rents of the concessions granted before 1759 are the same as those charged at that time for the lands in the parish of St. Henry. LA LA Statistics of the Parishes of St. Henry de Mascouche and Lachenaye. Parishes. d 1 o 1 1 2 1 o 1 1 2 ■§ 1 a. 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 42 6 2 1 3 1 C O 1 ] 1 bo a i 1 1 2 3 5 £ 1 2 2 1 1 2 g s 1 ■i o 1 1 i 3 4, 7 si 2 4 6 1 1 30 20 50 St. Henry deMascouche Lacbenaye . . . . 2357 124..9 3606 2 1 Parishes. Annual Affr'Cultural Produce, in bushels. 1 Live Stock. | 1 is i 1 i o o t O A 1 C/> St. Henry deMascouche Lachenaye . • . . 13100 7000 10400 3500 2600 250 7800 1588 1530 720 1950 800 3000 1005 6000 .3000 2500 11-00 20100 13900 2850 9388 2250 2750 4005 9000 3900 Title. — " Concession en date du 16me Avril, 1647, faite par la Compagnie, k Pierre Lcgardeur, Sieiir de Repentigny, de quatre lieues de terre a prendre le long du iieuve St. Laurent, du cotfi du Nord, tenant d' une part aux terres ci- , devant concedces aux Sieurs Cherrier etLeroyer, en mon- tant le long du dit fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la borne qui sera mise entre les dites terres des Sieurs Cherrier et Le- royer et celles-ci a present concSdees, jusqu'au dit espace de quatre lieues, auquel endroit sera mise une autre borne ; la dite itendue de quatre lieues sur six lieues de profon- deur dans les terres." — Cahiers d' Intend. No. 10 > 1 vi i i a 1 1 1 1 CO St. Benoit . St. Scholastique 20800 11700 23400 14^00 520 260 9100 5200 1300 650 910 650 1560 1200 600 1600 800 1600 800 4000 1200 1200 800 32500 37700 780 14300 1950 1800 2400 2400 5200 2000 Tj^fe — " Concession du 17me Octobre, 1717, faite par Philippe de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Michel Bigon, In- tendant, aux EccUsiastiques du Siminaire de St. Sulpice, etabli a Montreal, d'un terrein de trois lieues et demie de front, a commencer au ruisseau qui tombe dans la grande bale du Lac des Deux Mmitagnes^ et en remontant le long du dit Lac des Deux Montagues et du fleuve St. Laurent, sur trois lieues de profondeur." — RSgistre SInteniance, JVo. 6, folio 9 — Cahiers d'lnteud. Rat. de la Concession. " Vu brevet de ratification de I'octroi immediatement siiivant, en date du ler Mars, 1735, accorde une augmen- tation de trois lieues dans les terres faisant ensemble six lieues de profondeur pour cette Seigneurie." Autre AugTnentation au Lac des Deux Montagues " Concession du 26me Septembre, 1733, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocqvart, Intendant, aux Ecclesiastiques du Seminaire de St. Sul- pice, de Paris, d'une ^tendue de terre non concMee, entre la ligne de la Seigneurie appartenante aux representans les feus Sieurs de Langloiserie et Petit, et celle de la Sei- gneurie du Lac des Deux Montagues, appartenante au dit Seminaire sur le front d'environ deux lieues sur le Lac des Deux Montagues, le dit lac aboutissant a un angle forme par les deux lignes ci-dessus, dont les rumbs de vent ont ete regies savoir, celle de la Seigneurie du Lac Jes Deux Montagues, Sud quart de Sud-ouest et Nord quart de Nord-est par arret du Conseil Superieur du 5rae Octobre, 1722 ; et celle des Sieurs Langloiserie et Petit, Sud-ouest et Nord-ouest qui est le rumb de vent regie pour toutes les Seigneuries situces sur le fleuve St. Laurent, par reglement du dit Conseil du 26me Mai, 1676, Art. 28; avec les isles et islets non concedes et battures adjacentes a. la dit etendue de terre." — Registre d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 22. Lakes. — Those not included in the following alphabetical list are described under their specific names. — L. Barnston, in the t. of Barnston, near the rear line, is the expansioii of a considerable stream that runs into Lake Tomefobl. — L. Benoit lies on the N. e. side of the K. Saguenay and dis- charges its waters by a small stream into that k. nearly opposite Ha Ha Bay. — L. Bewildered, w. of the B. St. Maurice and on the route towards Great Goldfinch Lake. — Black Lake, in the 5th range of the t. of Ireland, a small part of it lying in the waste lands between that t. and Coleraine. Its waters are supplied by many small streams from Thetford and by several lakes in Coleraine and the intermediate waste lands. It gives rise to Black Stream, which runs into Trout Lake. — L. Bonhomme, in the S. of Fausembault. — L. a Ca- poche, in the S. of St. VaUier, is one of the sources of a small stream that runs into the n. b. side of the R. du Sud. — L. of Clear Water lies near the N. E. end of L. Oskelanaio. — L. la Culotte, in shape something like the article of dress from which it appears to be named, is part of the chain of lakes that supply the first waters of the r. aux Lievres. — L. Cutiatendi, v. Aux Pins, a. — L. D'ahaouilo, v. Noh-oui-loo. — L. Equerre, in the T. of Buckland, is one of the sources of the Riviere des Abenac[uis. — h. H Gendron, in the concession Ste. Marguerite, in the S. of St. VaUier; the source of a small stream that runs into the n. e. side of the R. du Sud. L. Goldfinch, the first of the chain of lakes that supply the n. e. branch of the R. aux Lievres. — Grand Lac, v. Lac St. Joachim. — L. of the Graves, in the waste lands of the CO. of Berthier, lies near the district Une and s. of Lake Kempt, into which it empties itself. — LAKES. L. des Hiirons, in the S. of St. Vallier, gives rise to the N. branch of a small stream that falls into the N. E. side of K. du Sud. — Indian Grave Lake, in the CO. of St. Maurice, near the head waters of the B. Matawin. — L. Irion, nearly in the centre of the T. of Clarendonj divides the division line between the 8th and 9th ranges. — L. John, near the s. w. angle of the aug. to Monnoir, is the source of South- West River : on the front line of Chatham Gore it discharges its waters into Davis River. — L. Kajoualwang,v. North Bastonais, r. — L. Kasushikhmi,, v. L. Verte. — L. Kawashganish, near the s. w. bank of the St. Mauricej into which its waters runj a little below Rat River. — L. Kempt, a large lake with numerous islands, be- tween the head waters of the r. aux Lievres and Matawin r. and lake. — L. Kenuagomi, v. Ki- GUAGOMi. — L. Kenuagomishish, v. Kiguagomi- sHiSH. — Kettle Lake, v. Chaudiere, l L. Ki- larney, v. Kilkenny, t. — L. of the Lievres, a chain of lakes running from n. to s., forming the com- mencement of the N. w. branch of the b. aux Lievres. — Little Lake, in the S. of Madawaska, empties itself into Lake Temiscouata by a small stream that crosses the Portage. — Little l. Ste. Marie, towards the rear of the S. of Malbay ; it empties itself by a stream into the r. Malbay. — L. Lomond, in the s. w. part of the t. of Inverness, is fed by the waters of several streams and lakes descending from Halifax, and discharges itself into the R. Clyde. — Long Lake, s. w. of the S. of Ma- dawaska, is about 16 m. long and its average' width about a mile. It is the source of the r. Cabineau. v. Kiguagomi. v. Bastonais, r. — L. Macanamack, in the t. of Woburn, is of a very irregular shape ; it discharges itself into L. Me- gantic. — L. Mantalagoose, near the head waters of Ribbon River: its shape is singularly irre- gular. — L. a Maria, in the S. of St. Vallier, dis- charges itself into the Riviere Noire. — L. Matawin, between lakes Kempt and Shasawataisi, gives rise to a short river of the same name. — L. a Michel, in the rear part of the S. of Berthier ; one of the sources of the Riviere Noire. — Middle Lake, v. Necsiwackiha. — L. Mistake, an expansion of the R. aux Lievres just below Long Island — L. Morin, in the concession St. Louis, in the S. of St. Vallier, discharges its waters into the N. B. side of the r. du Sud. — L. Naime, of a circular form, cuts the rear of the S. of Murray Bay : it receives the waters of l. Anthony and empties itself by a stream that runs into the R. Malbay. — L. Necouta, v. Assuapmoussoin, i,. — L. Necsiwackiha or Middle l., one of the sources of the R. Toledo. — L. des N4iges, the source of the B. Montmorenci. — L. Nekoaba, v. Askatiche, e. — L.NemicachinqtJ, a long lake extending n. and s. containing several small islets, between lakes Cu- lotte and Goldfinch, forms part of the chain of lakes at the n. e. source of the r. aux Lievres.— — Nesse Lake, in Chatham Gore. — L. Nixon, 30 chains from the R. Baddely on the same side of L. Kiguagomishish ; 36 chains long and 10 wide : its banks do not exceed 25 ft. in height ; the land is of a strong and superior quality L. Noh- oui-loo, V. Pbribonea, b. — L. O'Cananshing, in the T. of Caxton; its N. w. end penetrates the county division-line separating Champlain from St. Maurice. It empties itself into the r. Sha- wenegan. — L. Ontaritzi or St. Joseph, in the S. of Fausembault, receives the little e. aux Pins and discharges itself into the r. Jacques Cartier. — L. Orsale Wallagamuch, v. Abawsisquash. — L. Oskelanaio, the source of the r. St. Maurice, is 27 m. long from n. e. to s. e. and 4 m. wide. — L. Papineau, is a large lake lying partly in the aug. to Grenville and partly in the S. of La Petite Nation. It gives rise to the main branch of the R. Petite Nation. — L. Patitaouaganiche, v. Aska- tiche, R. — L. Peakquagomi or Peakuagami, the Indian name for Lake St. John. — L. des Per- chaudes forms the s. w. corner of the t. of Cax- ton; it is about 1 m. nearly square. — L. Pitt, in the t. of Halifax, about 5 m. long and 1 m. wide, extends nearly from the 6th to the 10th range and communicates by a small channel with l. William, whence the waters discharge into the r. Clyde. — L. Pothier, one of the lakes that supply the n. b. branch of the R. aux Lievres. — L. Pre- vost is near the N. b. angle of the S. of Eboule- mens ; its waters supply a small stream that runs into the Little r. Malbay. — Pake's Lake is a small lake on Pyke's Settlement, in the t. of Frampton,— Z<. Quaquagamack and l. Quaquaga- macksis, v. Ouiatchouan, e. — RedPine Lake, one of the sources of the middle branches of the r. aux Lievres. — L. Rochehlanc lies between lakes Po- thier and la Roque, both of which are among the first sources of b. aux Lievres. — L. des Roches, in the S. of Beauport. — L. la Roque, the head of one of the smaller branches that supply the first waters of the b. aux Lievres. — Round Pond, near the s. LAM LAN boundary of Embertonj empties itself into Con^ necticut l. — L. des Sables, an expansion of the B. aux Li^vres ; near its lower end the Hudson's Bay Company have a post. — L. St. Eustache, in the T. of Blandfordj is about 100 acres in super- ficial extent and discharges itself into the k. aux Originaux. — L. St. Joachim or Grand Lac, in the S. of C6te de Beaupr^, discharges itself into the R. Ste. Anne. v. Ontaritzi. — L. St. Louis, in the T. of Blandfordj about 100 acres in superficial ex- tent, forms one of the sources of the r. Gentilly. — L. St. Pierre, a narrow lake about li m. in the S. of Riviere Quelle. — L. Scaswaninepus, in Orford and Hatley, is a large expansion of the b. Magog, about 5 m. long and from \ m. to a mile broad. — L. Sebastian, in the S. of Notre Dame des Anges, is an expansion of a small stream that joins with the B. Jeanne in its way to the n. St. Charles. — L. Segamite, in the S. of Notre Dame des Anges, is an expansion of the E. Jeanne, which runs into the B. St. Charles. — L. des Sept Isles, in the S. of Fausembault. — L. Shapaigan, in the highlands above the source of the St. Maurice. — L. Shasa- wataisi, of a long and very irregular shape, col- lects the waters of the Matawin and other lakes and discharges them by a connecting stream to the St. Maurice near the mouth of Ribbon River. — L. Squatteck or Last L., one of the sources of the B. Toledo. — L. Temiscaming, the source of the e. Ottawa. — L. a la Tortus, in the concession Ste. Catherine in the S. of St. VaUier, discharges itself into the Riviere Noire. — Trout Lake, in the 4th range of the t. of Ireland, receives the waters of Black Stream and many other rivulets in that t. Its waters are conducted through Halifax and Inverness by several lakes and connecting chan- nels into the R. Clyde. — L. Tsiagomi, v. Kigua- GOMi. — L. Tsiagomishish, v. Kiguagomishish. — L. Wayagamack, G. and L., v. Bastonais, e. — White Fish Lake, N. w. of the e. aux Lievres, empties itself into that e. by a small stream fall- ing into it a little below l. des Sables. — L. Wil- liam, in the t. of Halifax, discharges i£self through ly. Lomond into the r. Clyde. Another in Chatham Gore, discharges itself by a small stream into Lake St. John. — l. Young, in the co. of Saguenay, near the e. Baddeley, is a small lake about 660 yards long and about 220 wide. Lamaetinieee, fief, in the co. of Bellechasse, is bounded s. w. by Lauzon ; n. e. by Montapeine ; in the rear by the t. of Buckland ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — In breadth only 32 arpents, but 6 leagues in depth. Granted, Aug. 5, 1692, to Sieur de la Martiniere and is now the property of Reid, Esq. of Montreal. — The soil is nearly similar to that of Lauzon and is in a forward state of cultivation, two-thirds of it being settled upon. It is well watered by the river Boyer and some inferior runs of water. On the Boyer is a corn- mill. Title. — " Concession du 5me Aoflt, 1692, faite par Lonis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Boehart, Intendant, au Sieur rfe la Martiniirc, de I'espace de terre qui se pourra trouver, si aucun il y a non-coneedc, entre la Seigneurie de Lauzon et celle de Mont-a-peine, ou le fief du Sieur Vitre, sur la prof'ondeur semblable a la Seigneurie de Lauzon, si personne n'en est proprietaire. — N. B. Ce fief sur les lieux a treiite-deux arpens de front." lUgistre d^Iniendance^ No. i, folio 7. Lanaudieeb (S.), v. Maskinonge. Lanohaye and Dautbe with their augmenta- tion. These two fiefs form only one seigniory, which lies in the co. of Berthier, and is bounded N. E. by the S. of Berthier ; s. w. by Lavaltrie ; in the rear by D'Aillebout and De Ramzay ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — Lanoraye is 2 1. broad and 2 deep and was granted, April 7, 1688, to Sieur de la Noraye. Dautre was granted in two portions ; the w. part, ^ league broad by two leagues deep, to Sieur Jean Bourdon, Dec. 1st, 1637; the e. part, of the same size, Apr. 16, 1647, to Sieur Jean Bourdon also. The aug- mentation, under the title of Derriere Dautre and Lanoraye, being the breadth of the two former (three leagues) and extending to the Ri- viere L'Assomption, about 4 leagues, was granted, 4th July, 1739, to Sieur Jean Baptiste Neveu. The whole is now the property of the Hon. Ross Cuthbert. — The extensive tract included in these grants contains a vast quantity of excellent arable land, that lies in general pretty level. The soil is various, in the front a light reddish earth with some clay, and towards the rear it grows stronger by the mixture of different loams and becomes a strong, rich, black earth. — The timber embraces almost every variety, with much of a superior quality and some very good oak and pine. — It is conveniently watered on the s. w. side by the rivers St. Joseph, St. John, and the little Lake Cromer ; a little westward of the St. John is an- other small lake connected with that river by a short canal that always ensures to it a permanent stream. The rivers La Chaloupe and Bayonne cross the N. e. side into Berthier, and turn several LAP LAP good corn and saw mills. — In the rear, towards the R. L'Assomption, is an eminence called Castle Hillj commanding a diversified and beautiful pro- spect over the surrounding country. — In this S. cultivation is in a very advanced state, about two- thirds being thickly settled, of which the parish of St. Elizabeth in the rear, the banks of the St. Lawrence, the c6teau St. Martin and that of Ste. Emily are perhaps the most flourishing. There is no village ; but good houses, with substantial and extensive farm-buildings, are dispersed over it in all parts. — Some of the concessions were granted prior to 1759, on the usual seignorial terms. — Some of the unconceded lands are good, but the greater part are of bad quality, and there is no road leading to them. — In this S. are many persons desirous of making new settlements. — In the Parish of Ste. Elizabeth the extent of ungranted lands is sup- posed to be equal to 50 farms, without a road and unsurveyed. The lands granted under French tenure are held at 4 livres per arpent. Statistics of the parishes of St. Joseph and Ste. Elizabeth. Parishes. § 1 t 1 1 c 1 A, 1 5 E tan s s i 1 i 1 Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. Live Stock. | i n 1 1 S ■0 i J 1 St. Joseph St. Elizabeth 1233 4371 1 1 2 1 1 i 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 ] 10400 23900 15600 33000 1500 3001 22500 32000 3000 6005 200 100 300 310 615 923 750 1751 2501 100 520 620 80O 3200 1000 2600 9600 12200 750 2400 5624 .34300'4S600 4501 54500 9005 3150 Titles — Partie ouest de Dantri " Concession du ler Decembre, 1637, faite par la Compagnie, au Sieur Jean Bourdon, du &ei Dautre, contenant une demi lieue de terre; a pren:1re sur le fleuve St. Laurent, sur deux lieues de pro- fondeur en avant dans les terres ; a prendre en lieu non- concede." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 10 d \1, folio 435. Partie est de Dautri. — " Concession du 16me Avril, 1647, par la Compagnie, au Sieur Jean Bourdon, d'une detni lieue de terre, a prendre le long du grand fleuve St. Laurent, ducote du Noi'd, entre le Cap L'Assomptinn etles Trois Riviires, i I'endroit oil le dit Sieur Bourdon habitue, suivant pareille concession il lui ci-devant faite, en 1637, et de proche en proche icelle, sur pareille profondeur, re- venant I'une et I'autre a une lieue de front sur deux lieues de profondeur." — Rdgiatre d'Intendance, No. 10 a 17, folio 437. La Noraye. — " Concession du 7me Aviil, 1688, faite par Jacques de Brimy, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, In- tendant, au Sieur de La Noraye, de I'etendue de terre de deux lieues de front, sur le fleuve St. Laurent, et deux lieues de profondeur; i prendre entie les terres du Sieur Dautre et celles du Sieur de Lavaltrie tirant vers Mont- rial." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 3, folio 16. Derriire Dautri et La, Noraye. — " Concession du 4me Juillet, 1739, faite par Charles, Marquis de Bcauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Ilocqnart, Intendant, au Sieur Jean Baptiste Neveu, d'un terrein non-concedo, k prendre depiiis la ligne ^ui borne la profondeur des fiefs de La Noraye et Dauiri, jusqu'a la riviere de i'./4«»oOT/;(ion, et dans lameme etendue en largeur que celle des dits fiefs; c'est-a-dire, born^e du c6te du Sud-Ouest par la ligne qui separe la Seigneurie de Lavaltrie, et du c6t6 du Nord-Est par une ligne paralUle, tenant aux prolongations de la Seigneurie A'Antaya; Icquel terrein ne fera avec ehacun des dits fiefs de La Noraye et Dautri qu'une seule et meme Seigneurie." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 8, folio 29. Laprairie, county, in the district of Montreal, is bounded n. w. by the St. Lawrence ; s, B.,by the township of Sherrington, and part of the barony of Longueuil ; n. e. by the co. of Chambly; and s. w. by the S. of Beauhamois; and com- prehends the seigniories of Laprairie de la Mag- deleine, Sault Saint Louis, La SaUe and Cha- teauguay, and the isles in the St. Lawrence, nearest to the county, and either wholly or in part opposite. Its length is 18^ miles and its breadth 13|, containing 238 sq. miles; its centre is in lat. 45° 19" 36' n., long. 73" 36' 30' w. This county sends two members to the pro- vincial parliament, and the place of election is at St. Constant. — The soil is equal, if not superior, to any in the province, as is sufficiently proved by its population and produce. The surface, ge- nerally, is low and level, exhibiting a great ex- tent of pasture and meadow land. It is watered by numerous rivers and streams, whose borders present lands calculated to support flourishing settlements; the chief rivers are the Chateau- guajr. La Tortue, St. Regis, St. Cloud, St. Lam- bert and part of the Montreal. — It contains 6 parishes and the villages of Coghnawaga, La- prairie, and others of minor extent ; all of which add to the beauty and prosperity of the county. — Of the numerous roads which traverse this county the main route or stage road from the V. of Laprairie to St. John's is the most deserving of notice. LAPRAIRIE DE LA MADELEINE. Population 16,621 Churches, R. C. 5 Curts Presbyteries Convents Schools Villages Corn-mills Statistics. Saw-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Tanneries Potteries Potasheries . Pearlasheries Distilleries Just, of Peace Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat 151,800 Oats 111,600 Barley 9,900 Potatoes 133,500 Bushels. Peas . 58,260 Rye 21,900 Buckwht. 1,000 Ind. corn 20,910 Bushels. Mxd grain 4,910 Maple sug. cvvts. 1,054. Hay, tons 34,567 Horses Oxen 5,963 6,902 Live Stock. Cows . 12,329 1 Swine Sheep . 40,369 1 9,639 Laprairib DE LA Madbleinb, Seigniory^ in the CO. of Laprairie, is bounded N. e. by Lon- gueuil ; s. w. by Sault St. Louis ; in the rear by the barony of Longueuil; in front by the St. Lawrence — 2 leagues in breadth by 4 in depth. Granted, 1st April, 1647, to the order of Je- suits, whose possessions were once so large and valuable in this province. On the demise of the last of the order settled in Canada, it devolved to the crown, to whom it now belongs. — This grant is a fine level of rich soil, with some of the best pasture and meadow lands in the whole di- strict, always yielding most abundant crops of good hay. The arable part is also of a superior class, upon which the harvests, generally speaking, ex- ceed a medium produce. In Cote St. Catherine there is an extensive bed of limestone. The ranges of concessions contain about 300 lots of the usual dimensions, in general settled and in a very favourable state of cultivation, almost entirely cleared of wood, and possessing very little timber of good dimensions. Numerous rivulets cross this S. in every direction, and it is watered by the three rivers La Tortue, St, Lambert and La Riviere du Portage, all of which traverse it diagonally from s. w. to n. e., and have bridges over them ; neither of them is navigable for boats to a greater distance than half a league from its mouth, and that only during the spring freshes ; they afford, however, always sufficient water to work several corn and saw mills. There is a bridge at Mouille- pied which separates the parishes of Laprairie and Longueuil. The position of this S. is extremely favourable on account of the numerous roads that pass through it in several directions, and particularly from being the point where an established ferry from Montreal communicates with the main road lead- ing to St. John's, and thence by Lake Champlain into the American States : the general route for travellers between the capital of Lower Canada and the city of New York. In the point of view before alluded to, viz. encouraging the transit of produce from the countries bordering on the fron- tiers to the ports of the St. Lawrence, the seig- niories adjoining this line of communication are most eligibly situated ; and if measures having that object in contemplation should be encouraged, they would indubitably attain some eminence in commercial .importance. These objects have at- tracted the attention of the colonial legislature, and during the last year -commissioners were appointed to manage and superintend the ex- penditure of two thousand pounds currency, appropriated by a provincial act of the 10th George IV. to be employed in repairing and improving the road between St. John's and La- prairie; but considering the inadequacy of that sum to repair the road in its whole extent, it ought to be applied in repairing the parts in the worst state and those that are at the charge of the public, called by-roads fchemins de month et de descenlej, which are not front roads. The sum so voted is notoriously insufficient to make that road solid, hard and of permanent utility. The length of the road from Laprairie to St. John's is six leagues ; and about 180 arpents are by-roads at the charge of inhabitants residing in a distance of one to five leagues; these by- roads are no more than 15 to 25 ft. wide, not being front roads. — ^There is another part of about 80 arpents, called Chemin de la Savanne, which, though a front road, is not more than 18 to 24 ft. in width, and is edged on each side by water- courses of 7 to 8 ft. in width by 4 to 5 ft. in depth, which renders it dangerous to travellers, espe- cially in very dark nights; and it is almost im- possible, or at least it would be very expensive, to widen it, on account of those water-courses on each side, unless such ditches were filled up, and new ones opened at a greater distance from the road, for the water-courses undermine the road every year, and make if narrower. The sum of 2000/. currency will scarcely suffice to make partial repairs in the parts that are in the worst state, and which repairs cannot be of any dura- bility on account of the remoteness of the residence LAPRAIRIE DE LA MADELEINE. of the persons bound to keep them in good order, the great traffic on the road, and the quality of the soil. To render the road of pernranent utUity and durability, it should be macadamized from end to end, widened at some places and turned in its direction at other places, which would cost at least 15,000/. ; or it should be con- verted into a turnpike road, either at the expense of the province, or by granting that privilege to private individuals; otherwise it will ever be bad and dangerous ; for there is not in the province a road more frequented by carriages and tra- vellers, and at the same time more necessary. As long as this road is to be kept up by the inhabit- ants, it will be bad and dangerous — The n. and E. parts of the parish of St. Phillip are in this S., the w. part is in La Salle, the s. part is in the t. of Sherrington. The lands or farms in this parish, conceded prior to 1759, were each 3 arpents in front by 30 in depth, and at first were charged with the payment of two- thirds of a quart of wheat and a sol tournois per arpent, or 1^ bushel of wheat and 4 livres 10 sols, old currency, for a farm of 90 superficial arpents : afterwards the rates were a quart of wheat and 1 sol tournois per arpent, or 2i bushels of wheat and 4 livres 1 sols tournois for a farm of 90 arpents. The quit rent was in proportion to the extent of the farms. In Laprairie, 30 sols were exacted for the privilege of turning cattle on the common called the Commune de Laprairie de la Madeleine. There are two roads, St. Phillip and St. Barthelemy, which commu- nicate with the townships. Many persons in this parish are desirous and able to form new settlements, but the parts of the parish that lie in the seigniories are already conceded, and these persons object to settle in the townships. In the Parish of Laprairie, or La Piniere, all the lands were conceded prior to 1759, with the ex- ception of two concessions, one of which. La Pi- niere, forms part of the line s. s. w. of the b. of Longueuil, and the other, I'Ange Gardien, be- longing to the S. of Laprairie. The usual size of the farms was 3 arpents by 30, with the ex- ception of some continuations whose depths were irregular ; the usual rent was a capon, valued at 20 sols, for each front arpent by 30, and 2^ bushels of wheat for every 90 square arpents. Many persons in this p. would make new settle- ments if there were any non-conceded lands very near them, but a few only leave the parish to settle in the townships. — In this parish and in front of the seigniory is the Village of La Natwite de Notre Dame, or Laprairie, formerly called Fort de la Prairie, from having once had a rude defence, honoured with that name, thrown up to protect its few inhabitants from the surprises or open attacks of the five native tribes of Iroquois, who possessed the country in its vicinity. Such posts v/ere established at many places in the early periods of the colony, while the Indians remained sufficiently powerful to resist and often repel the encroachments of the settlers, although at present none of them retain a vestige of their ancient form, and very few even the name by which tbey were originally known. Laprairie is now a flourishing handsome village of 200 well-built houses; some of them are two stories high and built with stone, in a very good style and covered with tin, giving an air of neatness and respect- ability to the whole. This village has the ad- vantage of any other in the province in trade and population; its streets are more defined and its buildings more contiguous. Tradesmen of every order, mechanics and shopkeepers are to be seen in every direction, and all appear to be thriving. The constant arrival and departure of steam-boats and stages contribute to enliven the place and produce an almost ceaseless bustle and novelty of scene. Here is a catholic church and also a con- vent of the sisters of Notre Dame, missionaries from the community formerly founded at Mont- real by Madame Bourgeois, where aU. the ne- cessary and some ornamental branches of female education are conducted upon a very good system with a success highly creditable. This village is the principal thoroughfare between Montreal and St. John's and the landing-place for the northern trade of Lake Champlain. Its population is about 1800, including about 30 artisans, 2 notaries, 4 merchants and 4 justices of peace. This v. is distant from Leagues. The churches of Blairfindie and Chambly 5 The presbytery of St. Luc, and the little hill des Hetres . ... 4 The churches of liongueuil and Sault St Louis 3 The churches of St. Phillip and St. Constant 2 Montreal . . . . . 2| — Isles Pouquet and Bouquet with Islettes aux Jones, lying in the St. Lawrence opposite, were given to the Jesuits along with this seigniory, April 1, 1647. L A L A Statistics. Parishes. 1 1 i i i 1 a B 1 g 1 a 1 1 a 1 ■g •g n •g s 1 1 S I 1 •< 1 1 u ^ u I fc, 1 1 1 X 1 P, id 2 Laprairie . 3068 . 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 8 9 33 St. Philip 1075 1 1 1 1 • 2 • • ■ • 1 1 1 2 10 6 14. 10 45 2 7143 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 Parishes. Annual Agricultural produce. Live Stock. $ i 1 o 0, £ a i o o 6. i Laprairie . St. Philip 20800 34200 16800 19800 2000 4flOO 37000 60100 4,160 19000 100 8000 2010 5900 1000 1750 700 2200 1665 3268 3996 9010 999 2800 55000 36600 6000 67100 23160 8100 7910 2730 2900 4933 13006 3799 Title — " Concession du ler Avril, 1647, faite par le Sieur de Lauzon aux reverends peres Jesuites, de deux lieues de terre le long du fleuve St. Laurent, du cole du Sud, a eomraencer depuis I'isle Ste. Hiliiie jusqu'a un quart de lieue au dela d'une prairie dite de la Madelaine, vis-a-vis des isles qui sont proches du Sault de I'isle de Montreal, espace qui contient environ deux lieues le long de la dite riviSre St. Laurent, sur quatre lieues de pro- fondeur dans les terres, tirant vers le Sud." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 2 (J 9, folio 125. Labge, Isle du (F.), in the St. Lawrence, off the S. of Ste. Anne in the do. of Champlain. These isles lying at the mouth of the b. Ste. Anne were granted, Apr, 6, 1697, to the widow of Sieur de Lanaudiere. Title. — " Concession du 6me Avril, 1697, faite par Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, a la veuve du Sieur de Lanaudiere. des isles qui se trouvent devant sa terre de Ste. Anne, et a I'entree de la riviere et entr' autres celle oil est son moulin, appelee VIsle du Large." — Rigistre d'Intendamcc, No, 5, folio 12. La Salle, seigniory, in the co. of Laprairie, consists of two portions of land adjoining the rear boundaries .of Chateauguay and Sault St. Louis, enclosed between the lateral lines of Beauharnois or Villechauve and Laprairie de la Madeleine; both pieces extend 1^ league in depth, bounded in the rear by the t. of Sherrington. — Granted, Apr. 20thj 1750, to Jean Baptiste Le Ber de Senne- ville, and is now the property of Ambroise San- guinet, esq. — Very little difference is perceptible between this S. and that of Chateauguay and the lower part of Sault St. Louis, with respect to the quality of the land. The river La Tortue, La Petite Riviere and Ruisseau St. Jacques run through both divisions of the S. — The road called the Black Cattle Road is only a winter road for timber-carriages, and it is impossible for any wheel carriage to pass on it in the spring, not even over that part which lies in this S. If this road was put into proper repair, it would not only materially benefit the adjacent farms, but prove generally useful. — The church of the Parish of St. Constant is near the r. La Tortue in the N. B. division of this S. At least one-half of the lands of this parish were conceded before 1759 on the following terms, viz. each farm, measuring 3 arpents by 30 or thereabouts, was rented at 1, 11 or at most 2 bushels of wheat, with 40, 50, 60, or 80 sols tournois, according to the length, breadth or even the situation of the conceded lands. Many inhabitants of the parish are de- sirous and able to erect new settlements, provided they could obtain lands near their relatives and friends or not far distant from them ; the greater part of these young persons, instead of travelling in the spring to other countries, and living during the winter like vagabonds, spending the produce of their travels at public-houses in default of better occupation, would prefer taking farms in the seigniories and would zealously attach them- selves to the cultivation of their lands ; and there are certainly excellent lands fit for the purpose in the vicinity, for the S. of Beauharnois and the townships of Godmanchester, Hinchinbrooke, Hemmingford and Sherrington do not yield in quality of soil to any other places in the district. More than 100 families belonging to this parish have settled in the t. of Sherrington, y2 L' A S L' A S holding lands on conditions similar to seignorial tenure. Title.—" Concession du 20me Avril, 1750, faite par le Marquis de la Jonquiire, Gouverneur, et Franfois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Jean Baptiste Le Ber de SenneviUe, d'un terrein non concid^, situ6 au bout des profon- deurs des Seigneuries du Sault St. Louis et Chateauguay, et qui se trouve enclave entre la Seigneurie de Pille- chauve et celle de la Prairie de la Madelaine, sur une lieue et demie de profondeur." — Rdgistre d'Iritendaiice, No. 9, folio 5H. L'AssoMPTioN, county, in the district of Montreal, is bounded n. e. by the co. of Ber- thier; s. w. by the co. of Lachenaye; in the rear by the province line; in front by the St. Lawrence. It comprehends the parishes of Saint Sulpice, comprising Isle Bouchard, Repentigny, L'Assomption, and St. Jacques and the townships of Rawdon and Chertsey. Its extreme length is 39 miles and its breadth 11, containing 208 square miles; its centre on the St. Lawrence is in lat. 45" 47' N. long. 73° 23' w. It sends two mem- bers to the provincial parliament and the place of election is at St. Pierre de L'Assomption. This county is abundantly watered by the River L'As- somption and its numerous branches. The surface is level except in the township of Rawdon. Population 10,146 Churches, R. C. 3 Cures Presbyteries Schools Villages Corn-mills Saw-milts Slatlstics, Carding-mills Fulling-mills Tanneries . Potteries Potasheries Pearlasheries Breweries . Distilleries -. Just, of Peace Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans Keel-boats . Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. . 36,780 . 39,330 . 1,117 161,000 Bushels. Peas . 15,.3.33 Rye . 3,000 Buckwheat 500 Indian corn 5,600 Bushels. Mixed grain 5,200 Maple sugar, cwts. 362 Hay, tons, 25,900 Live StocJc. 3,643 I Cows 4,160 I Sheep 7,961 1 Swine 22,485 1 9,739 L'Assomption, river, is supposed to rise in a large lake in the unconceded lands far beyond any actual settlement and 200 miles from its mouth ; it may be called a large river, and after bound- ing the augmentation to Lanoraye and intersect- ing the augmentation to Lavaltrie, where it is broad and shallow, it traverses the parish of St. Pierre in the S. of St. Sulpice in a serpentine direction nearly from n. to s., and after severing an angle of the S. of L'Assomption, discharges itself into the St. Lawrence above the village of Repentigny, and where the united waters of the rivers Jesus and Des Prairies enter the St. Law- rence. The H. L'Assomption runs through much rough and mountainous country, and is navigable for bateaux to a considerable distance, and much timber is sent down it to the Quebec market in the spring. Its breadth at the village of L'As- somption is about 500 ft. and it is so far navigable for crafts at certain periods ; but as its current is obstructed by many battures, the navigation is dif- ficult. This R. abounds with fish. L'Assomption, seigniory, in the co, of Lachenay e, is bounded n. b. by St. Sulpice; s. w. by the S. of Lachenaye ; in the rear by KUkenny and Raw- don ; in front by the St. Lawrence. It formerly formed part of the land granted, 16th April, 1647, to Pierre Legardeur {vide the Title of Lachenaye) ; it now belongs to the heirs of the late P. R. de St. Ours, Esq., except a small portion which is the property of General Christie Burton. This fief possesses many local advantages, and a variety of soil favourable to cultivation. In the rear the land is higher than in the front, con- sisting chiefly of a yellow loam, mixed in some places with sand, which when tiUed is very fer- tile, but still perhaps something inferior to the lower parts, where there are many exceedingly fine tracts. Very few grants exceed this property in the proportion of cultivated land, four- fifths being cleared and well settled ; the number of farms • conceded is 929, equal to 4173 arpents; 300 lots are in woodland. The most improved settle- ments are those situated on the banks of the two large rivers. On the uplands, birch, beech and maple are found in great perfection, with some pine of a good growth; but in the valleys the wood is inferior. — The principal rivers by which this S. is abundantly watered are the L'Assomp- tion, the Achigan and the St. Esprit; the upper part is intersected by some smaller streams that contribute greatly to its fertility, and are no less ornamental. The L'Assomption and Achigan may be called large rivers, but neither of them is na- vigable, although both are made use of to convey the timber felled in the upper parts of the ad- jacent seigniories and townships. The Achigan turns 2 corn-mills and 1 saw-miU. — The Parish of St. Esprit is in the rear of the fief. The first settlement is on the n, branch of the h. St. Esprit L' A L A and encroaches on the patented lands in the neighbouring township; it is about one league N. of the church, with which it communicates by an excellent road. The second settlement is on the N. w. branch of the same river and also encroaches upon the t. of Rawdon, particularly on the crown reserve. No. 2 in the 1st range: the settlers are Canadians who have possessed this tract for many years. — The Parish ofSt.Roeh occupies the centre of the fief; its handsome church and a few well- built houses round it are seated on a beautiful and well-chosen spot in a bend of the r. Achigan ; this small village contains a good public school, for the establishment of which M. Raizenne, the cure, expended 500/. in the space of 10 years, endeavouring, not without success, to prove to his parishioners the advantages of education. Nearly half the lands in this p. are of indifferent quality. There is a mineral water, on the farm of L6vy Martel, which has been known for more than half a century as only a saline spring ; the salt extracted from it is as pure as that of Liverpool ; it is said to be medicinal, and many respectable persons, who pretend to have tasted the waters of Saratoga and who have also drank of this spring, declare that there is no difference in the taste : it still increases in reputation. — The Parish of Repentigny or Notre Dame de rAssomption is nearly in the shape of a Presq' Isle in the front of the fief ; it extends to the s. w. limit of St. Sul- pice, and is otherwise bounded by the rivers L'As- somption and St. Lawrence, including the settlers on the N. bank of the former river and Isle Bourdon at its mouth. All the lands in this p. are conceded; those granted before 1759 are charged with the payment of a pint of wheat and 1 sol argent tournois per superficial arpent; the front lands are also charged with the payment of a capon for every 20 arpents. Statistics. Parishes. 1 o a. 6 i u t 1 1 1 8 1 &G C 3 3 1 1 e 5 J g 6 1 1 1 1 1 s o 1 T" 2 t o X 3 7 = I 6 5 1 12 ■g < 25 15 10 50 St. Roch St. Ours du Grand J St. Esprit . I Repentigny 4036 2870 1632 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 Totals. 8538 3 3 Parishes. \nnual rXfrrieultLira! Hroduce.^i bush. Live 8mck. ) t si 1 20750 9300 4150 1 n 1 a g X o o 1 s ■» en St. Roch St. Ours du Grand > St. Esprit . I Repentigny 13000 15000 8500 780 2500 307 5300 6900 1905 1100 1795 1876 1400 1430 1500 2100 2150 2300 5700 9040 7000 2000 2650 2050 Totals. 36500 34200 3587 14105 4771 433 6550 21740 6700 La Tesserie, fief, in the co. of Portneuf, is bounded s. w. by Grondines ; n. e. by La Che- vrotiere or Chavigny; in front by the St. Law- rence. — Half a league in breadth by 3 leagues in depth. Granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Demoiselle de la Tesserie. — The land greatly resembles that of Grondines, although, perhaps, a little better in quality. Three concessions are settled and a fourth conceded. — The rear part is traversed by the K. Ste. Anne, and on the R. Chevrotiere or Tes- serie is a corn-mill, 2 stories high, built of stone, having 3 sets of stones; but one pair only can work when the water is slack : the mill is prettily situated in a picturesque valley formed by the course of the river. Captain Carispi lives on the w. bank below the mill and schooners come up nearly to his door. — This fief is in the parish of Deschambault, LAV LAV Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jeaii Talon, Intendant, a Demoiselle de la Tesserie, de la quantite de terre qui se trouvera entre la concession faite aux pauvres de rH6pital de Quebec, jusqu'a celle de Chavigny, sur pareille profondeur que celle du dit CAo- vigny." — RSgistre d'ltttendance, Ifo. 1, folio 35, — Registre Foi et Hormiiage. La Trinitb (S.), v. Cap St. Michel. Latuque, a small stream or outlet of a lake a few miles N. e. of the post of La Tuque. It runs into the n. Bastonais k. La Tuque (Post), v. St. Maurice, k. La ValIiIERE, v. Yamaska, S. Lavaltrie and its augmentation, seigniory, in the co. of Berthier, is bounded n. b. by La- noraye and its augmentation ; s. w. by St. Sul- pice; in the rear by the T. of Kildare; in front by the St. Lawrence> — The original grant con- sisted of 11 league in breadth and depth, and was made, Oct. 29, 1672, to Sieur de Lavaltrie : the augmentation, of the same breadth and 2-| leagues in depth, was granted to Sieur Marganne de La- valtrie, April 21, 1734. Both grants remain in the possession of the heirs of the original grantee. — This is a very valuable property ; the land is generally level from the rear to the St. Lawrence, whose banks here are rather low. The quality of the soil varies a little, but the major part is good and productive, and is either a light-grayish earth, a yellowish loam, or clay mixed with sand ; nearly the whole is under culture, and yields ample crops under a system of husbandry in several respects creditable to the farmers. Wheat and grain form the chief part of the disposable produce of this tract, and good hay in great abundance is made from some very extensive and excellent ranges of meadow land. The R. L'Assomption winds its broad but shallow stream through the upper part of the seigniory, and the lower portion is watered by the rivulets Point du Jour and St. Antoine and the little river St. John, which turns a corn and saw mill near the St. Lawrence into which it falls. — The original grant forms the parish of St. Antoine de Lavaltrie. The 2nd grant or augmentation forms the parish of St. Paul de Lavaltrie, and the church and the chapel are in the concession s. of the rivulet St. Pierre, over which is a bridge, near the church, com- municating with a little village, from which a good road leads to the Village of Industry. This seigniory contains 1 6 ranges of concessions, divided into 746 lots, and about 32,000 acres are under good cultivation. Houses are spread among the concessions, and thickly placed by the sides of the roads that lead along the St. Lawrence; the presbyterian church, the parsonage, a chapel, the manor-house, with a few others, are situated a little E. of the r. St. John, and at no great di- stance from the wood of Lavaltrie ; which, even in Canada, is worthy of notice for its fine, lofty and well-grown timber-trees of various kinds. — The main road from Quebec to Montreal passes through this wood and along the St. Lawrence, presenting for several miles a succession of beautiful and romantic scenery. Besides the main road, there are several that lead into the populous seigniories on each side, which are intersected by others running at right angles into Kildare, and opening a most convenient and easy intercourse with the neigh- bouring townships. The rear boundary line of this seigniory had not, until the year 1811, been accurately measured; when it was discovered, that in addition to its proper depth of four leagues, there was still a space of about a mile in breadth between it and Kildare, which had always been supposed to form part of the grant, and many persons had settled thereon with titles frpm the seignior of Lavaltrie ; this extra space is very well cultivated and has a church with a great many houses, which were built under the belief which all the parties entertained that they were within the just limits of the grant: under these circum- stances a compromise was made, and an order passed the governor and council, in 1812, to grant •the cultivated part to the present proprietors of the seigniory, and to reserve the remainder for the use of the protestant clergy and future disposal of the government. — The Village of Lavaltrie is in the P. of St. Antoine, and is seated at the foot of a small declivity on the verge of the bank of the St. Lawrence, which is at that place very low. — From the appearance of the settlements in the vicinity the inhabitants appear to be in easy cir- cumstances. — In the Parish of St. Paul all the lands are conceded and surveyed, but none of them were conceded prior to 1759. The roads in this parish arc very indifferent. — The Village of In- dustry, about 3 m. from the church and village of St. Paul, is prettily seated on the right bank of the R. L'Assomption and near a waterfall, many feet in height, the noise of which is heard at a considerable distance. Only a few years ago the site of this v., before the miUs were built, was L A U L A U covered with forest : there is now much land in cultivationj and 40 house? have been builtj besides two fine mansions inhabited by Messrs. JoKette and Leodle, who are the joint proprietors with their brother-in-law, M. de Lanaudiere, the seignior of Lavaltrie. It is to the spirit of enter- prise evinced by these gentlemen that all the im- provements in this place must be attributed ; the most curious and the most worthy of the traveller's attention is the mill, which was begun by the proprietors June 1, 1823 : it is solidly built with stone, three stories high, 120 ft. long and 45 ft. wide ; it contains 3 sets of stones for grinding wheat, besides others for grinding barley; also conveniences for carding, fulling and sawing, and machinery for raising timber into the mill. The river L'Assomption supplies the mill with water, and, near the mill-head, it is of immense depth ; and at the distance of a few feet is a chain of pebbles, scarcely covered with water, forming the fall of the mill, which is thereby most advantageously situated : the mUl-dam is remarkable for its size, construction and solidity. — In front of the S. are the two Isles de Lavaltrie, appendages to the grant. Statistics of the Parishes of St. Paul and St. Antoine. Parishes. j S 1 i o 1 1 1 i 1 4 en 2 2 > 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 a 6 3 9 ■? 70 11 81 St. Paul . . St. Antoine 2563 1033 1 1 3596 2 Parishes. Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. 1 Live Stock. 1 1 1 S a i i i 1 o a 1150 700 1850 180 775 i 1 13804600 37504200 St. Paul . . St. Antoine H292 15400 14012 10408 1780 4000 95 100 500 200 5001 6900 20000 19006 1380 1050 29692 24420 5780 195 700 11901 39006 955 51308800 2430 Title.—" Concession du 29me Octobve, 1672 ; faitepar Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Lavaltrie d'une lieue et demie de terre de front sur pareille profondeur; a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, boniee d'un c6te par les terres appartenantes au Seminaire de Montreal, et de I'autre par cetles non-concedfees ; par devant par le dit fleuve et par derrigre par les terres non-conc6dees, avec les deux islets qui sont devant la dite quantite de terre, et la riviere St. Jean comprise." — Rigistre ff Intendance, No. 1, folio 6. Augmentation " Concession du 21me Avril, 17.34, faite par Charles, Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Marganne de Laval- trie, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front sur deux lieues et demie de profondeur, a prendre le dit front au bout de la profondeur et Umite de la lieue et demie de profondeur du fief de Lavaltrie ; pour etre la dite prolongation en profondeur unie et jointe au fief de Lavaltrie, et ne faire qu'une raeme Seigneurie, laquelle, par ce moyen, se trou- vera etre d'une lieue et demie de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur." Registre d'Intendance, No. 7, folio 24. Lauzon, seigniory, forming the co. of Dorches- ter, is bounded N. e. by La Martinierej s. w. by Tilly, Gaspe and St. Giles; in the rear by St. Etienne and JoHiet. — 6 1. in breadth by 6 in depth. Granted Jan. 15th, 1636, to M. Simon Lemaitre. — The soil throughout this extensive property, which contains the whole co. of Dorchester, is generally of a superior description ; it includes almost every variety, but a rich lightish loam pre- dominates, and, in situations lying rather low, a fine dark mould. In the front but little timber remains; in the interior and towards the rear some oak and beech, maple, birch and pine in great plenty ; of the inferior sorts, cedar, hemlock and spruce are very abundant. — It is watered by the rivers Chaudiere, Beaurivage, Etchemin, Boyer, and by several other inferior rivers and streams. The Chaudiere and Etchemin traverse the S. s.e. and the Beaurivage s. w. Neither is navigable for boats or even canoes to any distance, on account of the great number of falls and rapids : their banks, but most particularly those of the Chaudiere, are lofty and steep, presenting in many places almost L A U Z O N. perpendicular rocky cliffs. The banks of the St. Lawrence are also high and steep, covered with trees of small growth in some places, hut cleared and cultivated in others: the beach is sandy, con- siderably encumbered by rocks, with almost a re- gular reef stretching along the low water line ; from the top of the bank the land rises by ridges and small hillocks (many of which are rocky) gra- dually to the rear. — There are two extensive do- mains, several small fiefs, and four churches dedi- cated to St. Joseph, St. Nicolas, St. Henry and St. Anselme. The cultivated land, which amounts to one third of the whole, is divided into nu- merous ranges of concessions, besides five ranges of -concessions in wood-lands towards the rear. The most thickly settled and best cultivated parts of this valuable property are situated along the front and towards the interior, throughout which may be seen a succession of fine arable land under a very good system of husbandry, rich meadows, good gardens and orchards; but the produce of the latter is not of a very superior kind ; the farm and other houses are neat and substantially built. In the other concessions agriculture is not so far ad- vanced; on the Chaudiere the best lands lie at some distance from the banks, nearly the same is the case with those on the Etchemin, the margins of both being generally flat rock with only a shal- low covering of soil. Almost all the ranges are intersected by roads, and the main roads are very good and kept in excellent repair. Nearly op- posite to Quebec, and on a little river which dis- charges itself into the St. Lawrence, are the ex- tensive and valuable premises called the Pointe L^vi Mills, and farther w., at the mouth of the Etchemin, the no less important establishment called the Etchemin Mills, from both of which large exportations of flour are annually made. From Pointe des Peres to the h. Chaudiere, the beach is almost wholly occupied as timber grounds. From Pointe des Peres and other places, in front of the S., are ferries to Quebec. — This S. is very populous : its quota of militia is large, and well disciplined. In the Parish of St. Henry de Lauzon the lands granted before 1759 were 3 arpents in front, by 30 and some by 40 arpents in depth : 20 sols per arpent were paid, with one sol quit rent, and a reservation of sufiicient timber was made for the purposes of building mills, churches and other public edifices. — The unconceded lands in this parish are considerable, and all fit for cultivation ; but there is no road across them, and the greater part has been surveyed. Many young parishioners are both willing and able to make new settlements if they could obtain lands near home, or at a little distance, and there are more lands than could be required to satisfy this demand, and those lands are in general of good quality. The Parish of St. Joseph de la Pointe Levi, by the regulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an order in council. Mar. 3, 1722, extends 3f leagues and 4 arpents ; viz. 21 arpents in Mont-a-peine, beginning at the house of Joseph Turgeon, fief de Vitre 10 arpents, Martiniere 15 arpents. and 3 leagues of Lauzon to the k. Chaudiere. At least one half of the lands in this p. were conceded be- fore 1759, each containing from 4 to 12 arpents in front by 30 or 40 in depth. These lands were granted on the conditions of paying to the seignior annually one sol for each superficial arpent, and to give for each land of 3 arpents in front, two days de corvees and some capons, with a reserve of oak timber for the building of ships and miUs. A con- siderable number of persons are desirous and able to make new settlements if they could obtain lands in the vicinity of their parish, or at a little distance from their parents or friends ; and there are, near the limits of the parish, a certain extent of lands that are considered to be of good quality. — No one goes hence to settle in the townships. — Some of the youths who leave this parish settle in the neighbouring parishes, and others leave their homes to undertake long voyages, from which few return. The Town of Auhigny, near Pointe L6vi, was so called in honour of the late Duke of Richmond, and was laid out by Sir John Caldwell in 1818. It is built opposite the city of Quebec, to which steam and other boats ply almost every minute. It contains from 40 to 50 houses and a Protestant church ; some of the houses are built with suf- ficient taste to entitle them to the appellation of elegant cottages. The streets and building-lots are regularly laid out and of sufiicient size ; but the place has not increased in buildings and po- pulation so much as might have been expected, on account, chiefly, of the high price demanded for building-ground. The site of this little town is very elevated, the bank of the St. Lawrence being there very high. Below the town is a row of handsome cottages with an hotel, carried on by Mr. M'Kenzie in a very elegant and superior LEE LEE style : here the citizens of Quebec have their country-houseSj to which they retire not only for recreation but convenience, as the river is crossed in 15 minutes.' In the rear of Aubigny are the heights of Pointe L6vi, where batteries were erected by the Americans. A little below Mr. M'Kenzie's hotel and between it and Pointe aux Peres is the place where the Indians chiefly encamp every summer when they repair to Quebec for the pur- pose of receiving their anaual presents, and, the weather being fine, a concourse of visitors from Quebec is attracted to view the Indian camps and to enjoy the country. Aubigny may be considered almost a suburb of Quebec. The episcopal church is remarkable for its commanding position and is a neat edifice of wood. A great number of ferry-boats ply to tad from Quebec at a fixed moderate price. The watermen, in all seasons, are ready with their canoes, which are large, very strong and made out of a single trunk of a tree and often out of two trunks strongly united together; they are ma- naged with much dexterity and sometimes carry as many as 8 passengers each, besides 3 or 4 men employed as rowers. The Parish of St. Nicolas, by the regulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an order in coun- cil of Mar. 3, 1722, extends 3 leagues and 17 ar- pents in front from the R. Chaudiere to fief Bau- douin in the S. of Tilly ; and by the same order the church, cemetery, presbytery and garden for the cure were directed to be placed, pursuant to the wishes of the inhabitants, on two superficial arpents, given for the purpose by Jacques Beau- fort ; besides which Sieur Charest voluntarily gave 4 arpents in front by 40 in depth In this S.-are several fiefs abutting on the St. Lawrence, among which are those called Ursuline, Jesuits, Vilmai and Maranion. Statistics of the Parishes of St. Henry, St. Anselme, St. Joseph and St. Nicolas. Parishes. § 1 3 i f 0. 1 ? 1 1 be .a 1 = S. 1 1 1 « 4 3 7 1 t 3 3 St. Henry & St. Anselme St. Joseph . . . . St. Nicolas . . . . 4269 3698 2044 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 3 1 1 « * 2 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 5 1 1 10011 Parishes. Annual Agricultural Produce. Live Stock. | g i i s m i 1 i S s i 1 S C U is la 580 535 178 S s 3002 2520 1868 7180 a i f 1 CO St. Henry & St. Anselme St. Joseph St. Nicolas . . . . 13700 18900 15900 11700 11000 14100 2600 1950 900 33000 30000 20100 3600 7200 5000 30 30 95 95 780 650 400 1830 200 150 100 450 1253 1260 816 800 900 825 2400 2004. 1601 8002 7100 4500 3500 2401 1205 48500 36800 5450 83100 15800 1293 a329 2525 6005 19602 7106 Title. " Concession du ]5me Janvier, 1636, faite par la Compagnie, a Mr. Simon Lemaitre, de la cote de Lauzon, contenant I'etendue de terre ainsi qu'il suit savoir; la riviere Bruyante, (^Chaudiere) situee au pays de la Nouvelle France, avec six lieues de profondeur dans les teries et trois lieues k chaque cot^ de la dite riviere." — BSgistre d'Intendance, No. 2, folio 37. Leech Ponds, v. Bastonais (R.) Leeches Pond and Stream, in the t. of Hereford. This small stream rises in Walls Pond and is obstructed by falls, making good sites for miUs; its only advantage of transport is the running of logs. The pond, in the s. w. angle of the x., adjoins the province line ; it is nearly 2 miles long, and above half a mile broad. Leeds, township, in the co. of Megantic, is bounded n. b. by St. Giles; s. w. by Ireland; N. w. by Inverness, Nelson, and Ste. Croix ; s. e. by Thetford and Broughton. — Except in theN.w. quarter, where the land is poor and very jstony. L E P L E P the soil is generally of excellent quality, fit for the growth of all kinds of grain, flax, hemp, &c. — This T. is well stocked with various timber, as beech, birch, maple, basswood, elm, ash, ironwood, spruce fir and hemlock. — It is very well watered by the Becancour, which divides itself into several branches, and by many small streams. — In the last few years cultivation has made considerable progress, and the settlements have increased, par- ticularly along Craig's Road and in its vicinity. One quarter of the t. was originally granted to Mr. Isaac Todd, but at present that tract belongs to the heirs of Joseph Frobisher, Esq. Several individuals have obtained grants, and George Hamilton, Esq., of Quebec, holds 8000 acres by purchase from government, as lands were sold for the purpose of defraying some of the expenses in- curred in constructing Craig's Road. — Ungranted and unlocated 5,225 acres. Statistics. Population . 173 1 Saw-mills . . 2 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Bushels. . 1,0.36 . 4^0 Bushels. Barley . . 100 Potatoes . 5,400 Bushels. Peas . . 50 Indian corn 40 Live Stock. Horses Oxen . 8 . 30 Cows . 45 Sheep . 30 Swine . 32 Le Gouppkb (S.), v. Goufpre. LbnnoxviI/LE (V.), V. Ascot, t. Lepage and Tibiergb, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, is bounded n. b. by Pachot; s. w. by Lessard; in front by the St. Lawrence. — This S. and its augmentation appear to have been granted at two difierent times, with an interval of a few months only: the S. was granted Nov. 14, 1696, and the augmentation on the 7th of May follow- ing. The grantees were the same in both in- stances, viz. the Sieurs Louis Lepage and Gabriel Tibierge. The title to the first grant represents it to extend from Pachot to Lessard, with a depth of one league ; the grant of augmentation was for 2 leagues in depth, adjoining the rear of the first grant and extending, on one side, to the grant of Sieur Pachot and on the other to the grant of Sieur Lessard, comprising the breadth of both, with the isles and islets, in that extent. As there can be no isles and islets in the augmentation, pro- bably it was granted in lieu of the original con- cession, particularly as the dates are so nearly coeval. If this idea be correct, the ambiguity will cease and the depth of the S. be easily proved to be 2 leagues from the St. Lawrence and not from the original grant, and its width, in front, from Pa- chot to Lessard, and in the rear from the N. B. line of the former to the s. w. line of the latter. Thus the rear line wiU run as far back as the first lake in the B. Mitis. Title " Concession du 14me Novembre, 1696, faite aux Sieurs Louis Lepage et Gabriel Tibierge, d'un terrein qui se trouve entre la concession du Sieur Pad/iot, et celle du Sieur Lessard, situee au lieu dit Rimousky, sur le fleuve St. Laurent, du c6te du Sud, sur une lieue de profondeur." —Rigistre d'Intendanee, No. b, folio 3. Augmentation " Concession du 7me Mai, 1697, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, In- tendant, au Sieur Louis Lepage et Gabriel Tibierge, de deux lieues en profondeur, joignant le derriere de la eon- cession a eux deja accordee, situee au lieu dit Rimomiky, sur le fleuve St. Laurent, du cote du Sud, tenant d'un cote a la terre du Sieur Pachot, et de I'autre a celle du Sieur Lessard, sur toute la largeur d'icelle, avec les isles et islets qui se trouveront dans la dite etendue." — RigiAre d'In- tendanee, No. b, folio 16. L'Epinay, seigniory, in the co. of L'Islet, lies in the rear of St. Thomas ; 3 leagues in breadth by 1 J in depth on an average. Granted, Apr. 7th, 1701, to Sieur de L'Epinay. — The soil is good, being a yellowish loam, or a good black earth ; in front the surface is rather irregular, and towards the rear it becomes mountainous. The part ad- joining St. Thomas is thickly settled and there cultivation has made considerable advances; but this portion is small compared to the extent of the S. The timber consists of maple, birch and beech in profusion, with some very good pine, besides a great plenty of inferior sorts. — Watered by a few small streams descending from the moun- tains and running into the Riviere du Sud. — In the rear of this S. are some fine valleys, parti- cularly at the distance of about 8 leagues. Title. — " Concession du 7me Avril, 1701, faite par Hec- tor de Calliire, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur de I'Epinay, du peu de terrein qui se trouve entre la Seigneurie de Jean de Paris et celle de la liviere du Sud, prfis de Quibec, lequel terrein se termine en triangle au fleuve St. Laurent, et tient d'un bout aux terres non-con- cidees, et de I'autre par la pointe au dit fleuve ; ensemble que le dit terrein sera born^ k la hauteur de la concession du dit Jean de Paris, par une ligne parall^le qui sera tiree Nord-est et Sud-ouest jusqu'4 celle de la petite riviere du Sud." — Rigistrc d'Intendanee, No. 5, folio 32. L'Epinay or St. Joseph, seigniory, in the co. L E S LEV of Quebec, joins St. Ignace and is bounded by the R. St. Charles in front and the t. of Stoneham in the rear. Eleven arpents in breadth by four leagues in depth. Granted, on the last day of February, 1626, to Louis Hebert. — The soil is light and sandy, intermixed with clay about the front; pro- ceeding inwards it changes to a black mould' and near the mountains is a good yellow loam. Near the river St. Charles are fine meadows and pastures. Title. — " Concession du dernier jour de Fevrier, 16^6, faite par Mr. le Due de Vantadour, a Louis Hebert, d'une lieue de terre de front, prds de la ville de Quttee, sur la riviere St. Charles; sur quatre lieues de profondeur."— Papier Terrier, No. 15, folio 73, 3 Fevrier, 1781.—" This fief is said to contain but one quarter of a league in front upon four in depth, by a certificate of examination of the title of Concession; as also by mention in the act of dona- tion of this fief in marnage with Demoiselle Chavigny to Sieur de I'Epinay. N. B. This fief, by actual measure- ment, only eleven arpents in front." — Cahiers d'Intend. 10 1 1 1 s o 4 2 1 i 1 |_ 1 1 § 1 .— E i 3 3 s ■% s 1 1 1 i o 2 1 1 1 5 3 7 1 10 19 5 i < 15 24 11 50 Blairfindie St. Antoine St. Luc 5870 3495 34C4 1 1 1 1 1 1 12829 3 3 3 2 3 7 2 1 3 3 4 15 34 Parishes. AniiUHl Agricultural Produce, in bushels. Livestock. 1 ! 4 o 1 1 i 1 if X o I i a s en 3360 1770J lOOOj Blairfindie St. Antoine St. Luc 42000 39384 31200 23000 19100 30500 5000 2100 3910 80000 3200 30500 21780 9800 18500 10000 180 2000 7500 2300 4050 9 2350 1045 920 3552 1302 1211 6065 4096 1906 1450 1270 5128 5100 112584 72600 11010 113700 50080 12180 13850 9 6315 8052 11498 6130i Titles to seigniory and larony. — " Lettres du 26me Janvier, 1700, faite par sa MajestS a Mr. Lemoine de Longueuil, erigeant en Baronie la Seigneuiie de Longueuil, situee dans le district de Montreal eontenant deux lieues ou environ de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, sur trois lieues et demie de piofondeur. Autre concession du 8me Juillet, 1710, faite par Mr. de Vaudreuil, Gouvemeur, et Raudot, Intendant, au Baron de Longueuil, de trois lieues de front, ayant profondeur jusqa'a la riviSre Chambly, savoir, la continuation d'une lieue et demie de front au bout de la profondeur de la Baronie de Longiceuil, devant s'etendre jusqu'a la dite rivifire Chambly avee une autre lieue et demie de meme front au Sud-ouest de la pre- miere, s'fetendant pareillement jusqu'i la rivifire Chambly, sur le rumb de vent des autres Seigneuries du pays ; etant les dites concessions en augmentation de la Baronie de Longueuil." — Rigistre desFoi et Hommage, No. 20, folio99, 6me Fimler, 1781. — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 5,folio25. — Insinuations du Conseil Supirieur, lettre B. folio 131. —Cahiers d'Intend. No. 2 a 9, folio 210. LoNGUBUii., New, seigniory, in the co. of Vaudreuil, is separated from Upper Canada by the province line which forms its s. w. boundary ; ex- tending along the N. shore of Lake St. Francis it is bounded n. b. by Soulange, and is separated on the N. from the t. of Newton by the location of 1000 acres granted to the late Lieut. Col. de Longueuil. — 2 leagues in front by 3 in depth. Granted to the Chevalier de Longueuil, April 12, 1734, and now belongs to Saveuse de Beaujeu, Esq. — This tract lies rather low; on the n. k. side part of a great swamp spreads over a large space covered with cedar, spruce, fir and hemlock, the usual tenants of such a soil, but which re- quires only draining to become good and profit- able land. To the s. w. the ground rises much above the level of the opposite side, and abounds with many spots suitable to the production of grain, hemp and flax. — The woods afford abund- ance of fine trees, but beech and maple most pre- dominate. — The rivers Delisle and Baudet, on which are 2 bridges, a corn-mill and two saw-miUs, water this S. very conveniently : the first crosses it diagonally from Upper Canada, where it has its source, into the S. of Soulange ; and the latter, at the s. w. angle, descends from the upper part of the T. of Lancaster to Pointe au Baudet : neither is navigable, though on the latter, whose banks are much higher and current stronger, large quan- tities of staves and timber felled in its vicinity are L O N LOT floated down to the St. Lawrence in the spring, when the stream is swelled by the melted suow and ice; they both turn some good corn and saw- mills. — The front of the seigniory, along the St. Lawrence, between Anse aux Bateaux and Pointe au Baudet, is very low, and overflowed so fre- quently as to make it impracticable to maintain a proper road ; but in winter, the route upon the ice along this part, and on the north side of the lake into Upper Canada is preferred, as being shorter than the road leading by the side of the river DeUsle: this road is, however, called the prin- cipal one between the two provinces, but it will require much amendment to render it so con- venient as it ought to be for the increasing inter- course between these parts. — The greatest part of the concessions are near Anse aux Bateaux and Pointe au Baudet; on each side of the river DeUsle ; and stiU farther to the rear in the Cdtes St. George and St. Andre, where a number of Scotch families are settled, whose industry has so far benefited their lands, that they are now among the best parts of the seigniory, although the other conceded lots are in a very fair state of agricul- tural improvement. The male inhabitants are mostly voyageurs, a name given to the persons em- ployed in the n. w. fur trade, whose wandering mode of life, toilsome and laborious in the ex- treme, has more charms for them than the more regular and profitable pursuits of husbandry. — All this S. is fit for cultivation, audit is supposed there are about 200 farms unconceded which would be soon taken if they were surveyed and the terms not too severe ; these n on -conceded lands, which for the most part are behind at the ends of the farms of 20 arpents, would be pre- ferred by the inhabitants provided their lands were thereby increased to 40 arpents. There is no road across the non-conceded lands, and all the lands on the C8t6 north of the r. De- Jisle have been conceded, which extend only 20 arpents, but at the end of these 20 arpents the lands have neither been conceded nor surveyed ; these lands the grantees ardently desire to have in concession, in order to lengthen their farms, although all the wood has been cut down and removed. — No lands were conceded previous to 1759. — The Parish of St. Polycarp is co-exten- sive with the S., and contains a chapel and about 500 families; although there is no village, this p. contains blacksmiths, joiners, carpenters and tanners — There are 5 small isles in front which are appendages to the S. Population Chapels Cures Corn-mills Wheat Oats Horses Oxen 2,754 . 1 . 1 1 Statistics. Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills Potasheries Pearlasheries 3 Shopkeepers 3 Taverns . 2 Artisans . 19 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Bushels. . 15,900 Barley . . 950 . 11,300 Potatoes . . 78,600 Live Stock. 784.1 Cows , 1,176 1 Swine . 1,190 790 1 Sheep . 2,001 1 Title.—" Concession du 21me Avril, 1734, faite par Charles Marquis de Seauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquarif Intendant, a Joseph Lemoine, Chevalier de Longueuil, de I'fetendue de terre qui se trouve sur le bord du fleuve St. Laurent, au lieu appele les Cascades, depuis la borne de la Seigneurie de Soulange jusqu'a la Pointe du Baudet inclusivement; faisant environ deux lieues de front sur trois lieues de profondeur; avee les isles, islets et batures y adjaeentes." — Kigistre d'Intendance, No. 7, folio 24:, LoNGUE Pointe, la (P.), v. Montreal, S. LoKBTTB (V.), 11. St. Gabriel, S. LoRMiERE, river, rises in the rear part of Carufel, and after intersecting the s. w. angle of Maskinong6 joins the Ruisseau du Bois Blanc, and their united waters fall into Lake St. Peter a little s. w. of the mouth of the b. Maskinonge. LoTBiNiEBE, county, in the district of Quebec, is bounded n. b. by the s. w. boundary line of the seigniories of Lauzon, St. Etienne, and Ste. Marie, to the south angle of Ste. Marie ; s. w. by the south-west boundary of the S. of St. Jean d'Eschaillons and its augmentation; s. e. by the rear lines of the seigniories of St. Giles, Ste. Croix, and the augmentation of the seigniories of Lotbini^re and St. Jean d'Eschaillons ; s. w. by the St. Lawrence. It comprises the seigniofies of Tilly or St. Antoine, Gaspe, St. Giles des Plaines,Bonsecours, Ste. Croix, Lotbiniere and St. Jean d'Eschaillons, and their augmentations. — Its extreme depth is 34 miles, and its breadth 29, containing 735 square miles ; its centre is in lat. 46" 28" N. Ion., 71" 37' 30 ' w. It sends two members to the provincial parliament, and the place of election is at Ste. Croix. — The surface is generally level, rather low in the centre, and in some parts swampy. The lands near the St. Lawrence are, however, elevated and ; bold, and towards the s. b. extremity of the co. rise into large swells of hard timbered land. The soil is generally excellent, and fit for the cultivation of LOT LOT every species of grain. On the elevated grounds the timber is beech, maple, birch, hickory and pine ; on the low parts spruce, basswood and fir. This CO. is not so abundantly watered as the generality of the counties in the province. The rivers which traverse it are the Grande and Petite Riviere du Chene, the Beaurivage and Riviere du Moulin. The Grande Riviere du Chene runs through the western section, and the Beaurivage traverses the S. of St. Giles, and spreads its branches over the rear part of that seigniory. — The chief settlements are along and in the vicinity of the St. Lawrence partly on the Grande Riviere du Chene, and along the whole extent of the h. Beaurivage, near which passes the main route leading to the southern townships which connects with Craigs Road in Leeds ; another road traverses St. Giles, and enters the S. of Ste. Marie; the main road, along the borders of the St. Lawrence, exhibits flourishing and well cultivated farms with substantial and comfortable dwellings; several other roads traverse this co. in various directions. Much of the fire-wood consumed in the city of Quebec is cut in this county, and conveyed away in rafts. Statistics. Population 7,713 Churches, R.C. 5 Curts . 4. Presbyteries 4 Schools . 3 Corn-mills Saw-mills Just, of Peace Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 6 6 86 Annual Agricultural Pi oduce. Wheat Oats Barley Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. , 59,700 , 4.2,250 .. 1,991 30,440 . 2,802 1,694, Bushels. Peas . 11,000 Rye . 2,4)90 Buck wheat 1,000 Indian corn 1,885 Live Stocli. Cows . 5,684 1 Swine Sheep . 17,4321 Bushels. Mixed grain 4,-330 Maple sugar, cwts. 64,7 Hay, tons, 22,218 6,355 LoTBiNiBRB, seigniory, with its augmentation, in the co. of Lotbinifere ; bounded e. by Ste. Croix; w. by Deschaillons and its augmentation ; in the rear by the townships of Somerset and Nelson ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — This S. was granted in several parcels, viz. — Nov. 3rd, 1672, half a league in front by 1-J. in depth, on the w, side to the Sieur Marsolet. Nov. 3rd, 1672, 2| leagues in front by 2 in depth, adjoining Ste, Croix, to Sieur de Lotbiniere. April 1st, 1685, half a league in front by 2 leagues in depth to Sieur de Lotbiniere ; being the vacant space be-^ tween the two former grants. The augmenta- tion, 3^ leagues in front by four in depth, 25th Mar. 1693, to Sieur de Lotbiniere. The whole, being 3^ leagues in front by 6 in depth, is now the property of Gustave Joly, Esq. — The soil in general is excellent and so advan- tageously varied, that every production of the country may be raised. It is well stocked with fine elm, ash, maple, beech, plane, wild cherry and other timber : the banks of the rivers du Ch^ne, Huron and Boisclere produce pine of first rate growth. This S. is very well watered by these three rivers : the first is navigable at all times as far as the place called ih.a portage, distant about two miles from the St. Lawrence ; but the two latter only during the rise of the waters in spring and autumn. Notwithstanding the superior fertility of the soil, about one-sixth part only of the grants are settled. There are seven ranges of concessions parallel to the St. Lawrence, and one perpendicular to it, which contain 580 farms, of 3 acres in front by 30 in depth ; of this num- ber, 46.5, under the management of industrious tenants, who are good cultivators, yield abundant crops of grain, &c. Near the middle of the front stand a handsome stone church and parsonage- house, and near to them a few neat and well-built houses. On the e. side, near the St. Lawrence, is a small domain of only twelve acres, whoUy un- cultivated, thickly clothed with timber-trees of a superior description, and containing the seignorial mill. On the different streams are six saw-mUls, and five manufactories of potash, — All the roads in the S., as well as the main road along the St. Lawrence, are always kept in excellent repair. Statistics of the Parishes of Lotbiniere and St. Antoine. Parishes. u i 3 o 1 I 2 i 1 1 1 2 .s 1 (fi 1 1 2 1 u 2 2 i 1 4 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 3 i > 2 2 ■i c -. d. On the 74 miles of wilderness from Lake 'i Massiwippi to the outlet of Lake Mem- C 693 10 phramagog . . . ^ 55 rods w. of Orford Mountain . . 25 90 rods round the base of Orford Mountain 187 10 600 rods in the T. of Granby . . 175 Expended in day labour on the road from ~) the outlet of L. Memphramagog to > Stukeley line . • • J 1,081 419 1,500 The sum already granted appears to be very in- adequate to the end proposed, especially as more than usual difficulties occur in Shefford on account of the disproportionate extent of crown and clergy reservations in that township. The commissioners report that an additional sum of at least £2,000 will be required to effect the object in view. Massiwippi, river, rises in Lake Tomefobi in the T. of Hatley, and after traversing the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranges runs through the n. w. angle of Compton to Ascot, where it joins the Coaticook at the s. extremity of the 7th and 8th ranges. The junction of these rivers is remarkable for MAT having been the site of the first settlements formed by Mr. Hyatt. Matane, river, rises in the rear of the Paps of Matane in the t. of St. Dennis, and taking a cir- cuitous course enters the S. of Matane at the s. w. corner, and in the middle of the front of that S. falls into the St. Lawrence. — A sand-bar across the mouth of the river obstructs its navigation at low water, but schooners ascend about 40 or 50 yards up to the manor-house at high tide. Far- ther up are the rapids, which offer a propitious situation for a mill, and also contribute to the embellishment of the scenery, which is by no means uninteresting. Theise rapids are stated by Indians to be the only impediment to the naviga- tion of the river, for above them the course of the K. is uninterrupted. Matane, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, is bounded n. e. and in the rear by the t. of St. Dennis ; s. w. by the t. of Matane ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — This S. with its augmentation is, according to title, 2|- leagues square; and was originally granted to Sieur Damour, June 26, 1677. — The soU is excellent and consists, gene- rally, of a thin stratum of sand on a rich sub- stratum of marl. The principal settlejnemts occupy both banks of the k, Matane, and extend about a ;3iile above its mouth ; they cover a super- ficial extent not exceeding 600 acres of cultivated land, and their population is about 300. A church built of wood stands a few perches e. of the manor-house, and, at some distance below it, is built the seignorial mill on a little creek too small to work it eflfectually. These settlements are but partially seen from the St. Lawrence, being in- land and, in some degree, concealed by the blufi" point or mound, that rises singularly abrupt and isolated w. of the mouth of the K. Matane. — The Parish of Matane lies about 30 miles below Mitis. The intermediate distance being a total wilderness, without a road of communication traversing it ; the intercourse between these places is iept up by water, and, sometimes, with difficulty, by the beach; which, being a beau- tiful firm sand, is used as the high way at low water; the accumulation of drifted timber and rubbish above high water mark render- ing the communication by land impracticable at any other time— A few wretched habitations are scattered along the beach to the eastern extremity of the seigniory. The fisheries in this S. and its MAT vicinity are worthy of encouragement, and might produce very considerable advantages to the in- habitants. The cod fishery, which is the principal, may be said to commence at Matane. The seasons vary considerably in their productiveness, and it is not at all times that the fishing boats can be sent out on account of stormy weather, and even in a productive season the result is but casual. The produce of the Matane cod fishery is salted and dried, and disposed of on the spot to the inhabitants of the neighbouring parishes and settlements, and for home consumption. No fish is taken to Quebec, though much might be sent, owing to the want of encouragement in the Quebec markets. From 9*. to 10*. is the price offered for it there, per cwt., which does not reward the curer for his labour and expense. He would not be satisfied under 12*. 6d. to 15*. The fisheries of Cape Chat and Ste Anne, particularly that of Cape Chat, are considerably more productive in cod fish than the Matane fishery. — The produce of those fisheries, like that of Matane, is generally sold in parishes above them, after being bartered for dry goods and liquors. There are salmon fisheries at all these places, which, with encourage- ment, might be rendered much more productive than they are : only about 6 to 8 tierces are taken to market from Ste. Anne's, and as many from Cape Chat ; from Matane about 10 tierces. The average price of salmon per tierce is 4/. The river Matane abounds with trout of from 4 to 7 lbs. weight, which is an excellent fish when pro- perly cured, but it is an article not much attended to from the little sale it meets with. With judicious encouragement all these fisheries might be made much more productive, and prove a source of advantage both to the seller and buyer. Population 245 i Presbyteries . 1 1 Saw-mills . 1 Churches, R. C. 1 Corn-mills . 1 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 780 . 1,010 500 10,000 57 SO Bushels. Peas . 400 Rye . 50 Indian corn 60 Mixed grain 50 Live Stoclc. Cows Sheep Cwt. Maple sugar 72 Hay 98 I Swine 320 Tons. 118 102 rafe.—" Concession du 26me Juin, 1677, faite par Jacques Duchesneau, Intendant au Sieur Damour, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front, sur une lieue de prof'on- bb2 MAT MAT deur, savoir, une demi lieue au de5a et une demi lieue au dela de la riviere Matane, et par augmentation une autre lieue de terre de front, aussi sur une lieue et demie de profondeur, y joignant, a prendre du cotfi de la riviere MUis." — Insinuations du Conseil Superieitr^ Let. 3. folio 9. Matane, township, in the co. of Rimouski, is bounded N. b. by the S. of Matane ; s. w. and in the rear by waste lands; in front by the St. Lawrence. It is about 9 m. in breadth, 11 miles in depth, and is well watered. The principal rivers are the Grande Riviere Blanche and the Matane. At the mouth of the Blanche is an ex- cellent mill site. — Ungranted and unlocated 55,556 acres. Matapediac Lake lies in the co. of Rimouski, and in the rear of the crown lands between the t. of Matane and the S. of Mitis. This spacious lake is in the high lands that separate the waters running into the St. Lawrence from those that run to the bay of Chaleurs. — A grant of this lake, and one league of land round it, was made May 26, 1694, to Sieur N J. Damour : it now belongs to Grant, Esq. and others. — The lake is from 15 to 16 miles long, and not above one league in its greatest breadth ; it is about 21 m. from the St. Lawrence, and lies s. s. e. of the S. of Mitis. The surrounding lands form a valuable tract of country, and would doubtless become by due encouragement to settlers a flourishing part of, Canada, as the lake, with other advantages, possesses abundance of salmon, trout and white fish, and is navigable for rafts of all kinds of timber, with which- the banks of the noble river Matapediac are in various parts thickly covered. — Lake Matapediac presents a charming combina- tion of scenery ; the face of the country is elevated and bold, composed of a succession of hiUs, rising from the waters and terminating in distant ridges to the northward: the centre of the lake is diversified by a cluster of islands, which, with the extensive surface of water, the projecting points of the lake, and the grandeur of the surrounding scenery, attracts the attention of the traveller. The land on both sides of the lake is covered with pine, birch, beech, maple and a variety of other trees. The western shore appears rather more level as the mountains recede from the lake to the s. w. Besides the cluster of islands, there are S or 4 other islands mostly dispersed along the eastern shore ; on which side a few small streams, particularly the Wagansis, fall into the lake, and on the other side one or two streams enter it from the interior of the country. — The portage, or Indian path, which communicates from the head of the lake to the St. Lawrence, is traversed by one or two prominent ridges of mountains ; the one near to the lake called Les Montagnes de Notre Dame, commands a view of the whole country to the southward, which appears to extend tolerably level for many miles. The other is situated about half way across the portage, between the rivers Tuctigoo and Tuctigooshiche ; but the most remarkable highlands are those which bound the St. Lawrence. The land throughout the portage is commonly good for cultivation, with the exception of a few spots of swamp and a few steep mountains, which, however, could be easily obviated by making a circuit of the mountains, or causewaying the swampy portions. The portage is at present merely an irregular Indian path. A road along this tract has for many years been thought an object of the first importance, not only to the improvement of the country, but to the immediate interest of government, as promising great advantages in the safe conveyance of the mails from Quebec to Halifax, and as the means of conveying troops from the R. Ristigouche to the settlement of Rimouski^ which would be an eligible route of five or six days' march. A projected road has been traced from Mitis to the lake, at the expense of Mr. M'Niders, the seignior of Mitis ; it takes an eastwardly course, winding occasionally, until it reaches the lake. — The land, except immediately passing the high- lands, is reported generally level and fit for cul- tivation, and requiring very few bridges or causeways; the distance is twenty-seven miles from the St. Lawrence to the lake. More than eight townships might be laid out on this com- munication ; at least, the front of townships might be marked in laying out the road. The report of the exploring party, appointed under an act of the provincial legislature, states that it will require the sum of 3260/. to form a good road along this portage, and extending to the New Mission Point at Ristigouche, about 18 miles from the head of Chaleur Bay. To this point from the St. Law- rence is about 98 miles. Title — " Concession du a6me Mai, 1694, feite par ^fnn Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Nicholas Joseph Damour, du lac appel^ Matapediach, avec une lieue de terre tout autour d'icelui." — Rlgistrc d'Intcndance, No. i-, folio 17. Matapediac, river, in the cos. of Rimouski and Bonaventure.— The river rises in the lake of MAT MEG the same name, whence it traverses in a s. s. b. course through a valuable country till it disem- bogues into the R. Ristigouche, about 3 leagues above the Indian village called New Mission Point. The numerous and extensive tributary streams falling into this R., particularly the Piscamineau, the Cassimaquagan, the Casupscull and iheHumquin rivers, water and enrich a large tract of excellent country. From the mouth of the Matapediac to a small creek on the east side, the land rises gradually into steep and lofty mountains ; about a mile and a half above this creek at a sudden bend the range of hills, which commences at Mr. Adam's and runs thence in a n. e. course, bears a prominent appear- ance,- the principal mountain, called Pectianook, rising from the river about 300 feet. — The western shore also bears a bold aspect and gives to the waters an apparent tinge of obscu- rity. — This mountainous appearance, however, is not so prevalent on the eastern shore, towards the R. Piscamineau. From this river on both sides of the Matapediac the land, with little ex- ception, although mountainous, is fit for agricul- ture to the river Cassimaquagan, which is navigable and abounds with valuable pineries; within 4 miles above this river are two handsome and navigable streams, also Hned with extensive pine- ries. The banks of the Matapediac, from the river Cassimaquagan upwards, rise boldly, timbered with maple, birch, and pine ; and though the river is frequently interrupted by rapids and strong currents', its navigation is not obstructed. — The islands are numerous, and some of them are of handsome extent. The soil in general, from the quality of the timber, is of a dark yellow loam, sometimes consisting of a subordinate bed or stratum of clay, which seems to predominate only in the valleys and intervals. From the Cas- simaquagan to the river Casupscull, the largest river that flows into the Matapediac, the general surface of the land seems to present also excellent spots for cultivation, as the land commonly descends by gradual swells to the banks, which are clothed with almost all the varieties of timber peculiar to the growth of that part of the district of Gaspe. From the Casupscull the land is level, appearing to be in some parts swampy and low, until ap- proaching the lake Obstchquosquam, where it rises in gentle slopes to the mountains. The surround- ing scenery of this lake is beautiful, and forms a happy relief to the sameness of the river. About one mile higher up is a handsome stream, on the western side, about 20 yards wide, said to be navigable. About half a mile higher the Ma- tapediac is interrupted by a great rapid, called the Casupscull Rapid. — From the Obstchquosquam. lake to the chain of the Obswantel lakes, about 4 miles, the Matapediac is constantly winding in a very irregular manner, and is more frequently im- peded by rapids. Leaving these small lakes, the Matapediac is found to issue from a beautiful lake to which it gives name. The rapids in some places of the river, although of magnitude, will cause no injury or impediment to rafts going down to the Ristigouche, while canoes can ply for more than 7 months of the year between the Portage and the Indian Village. The country is in the greatest part wild and barren ; the soil and timber are, however, of the best quality. The scenes which present themselves along the shore of the Matapediac are in some places of a romantic de- scription, and in others beautifully picturesque. The river is in many places diversified with numerous islands and handsome windings ; some- times its waters are contracted between stupendous mountains, and at other times expanded to a great extent between a fine open country. This r. in spring and autumn is navigable for small vessels, of 10 to 20 tons, with the greatest safety and facility. Matawin, river, rises in a lake in the co. of St. Maurice, and running s. and then s. e. joins the R. St. Maurice in the S. of Cap de la Made- leine, in the co. of Champlain. Mattouin, river, runs from w. to e. and falls into the w. side of the St. Maurice about 23 leagues above Three Rivers. It is of considerable length and about one quarter of the size of the St. Maurice. It is navigable for canoes. Mecatina Isles, in theGulf of St. Lawrence, are two small islands lying off the coast of Sa- guenay. Megantick, county, in the District of Quebec, is bounded n. w. by the s. e. boundary lines of the augmentation of Lotbiniere and part of St. Jean d'Eschaillons to the River Becancour, being the s. B. boundary lines of the co. of Lotbiniere ; N. E. in part by the west lateral lines and rear lines of the seigniories of Ste. Croix and St. Giles ; w. by the east bounds of the township of Stanford, MEG then easternly along the N. w. bounds of the town- ship of Arthahaska to its intersection with the n. w. outline of the township of Halifax, thence s. w. along the N. w. bounds of Halifax to the n. angle of Chester, thence s. e. along the n. b. bounds of the townships of Chester to the most easternly angle of that township thence N. e. along the N. w. outline of the township of Wolfstown to the most northernly angle of the said township, thence s. e. along the n. e. boundary line of that township to its easternly angle, thence s. b. to the river Chaudiere or Lake Megantick. This co. comprehends the townships of Somerset, Nelson, Halifax, Inverness, Ireland, Wolfstown, Leeds, Thetford, Broughton, Coleraine, Tring, Shenley, Oulney, Winslow, Dorset, and Gayhurst. Its extreme length is 651 miles and its breadth 28, containing 1465 sq. miles. Its centre is in lat. 46° 5' 30" north ; long. 71° 12' 5" west. It sends one member to the provincial parliament, and the place of election is at Leeds. The surface of this CO. is mountainous and broken, presenting, however, large swells of excellent land and mea- dows, and, notwithstanding the irregularity of its surface, it possesses considerable advantages in its soil and timber. It is most conveniently watered by numerous rivers, streams and lakes. The K. Becancour spreads its large and nu- merous branches over the n. w. section of the county; and the s. b. section is traversed by a number of rivers that wind from the interior in various directions, and faU into the Chaudiere, the chief of which are the Bras Grand Coude, Mactavish, Eugene, &c. There are also many lakes, and those in Thetford, Coleraine and Dorset, are most worthy of notice. Lake Megantick, by part ' of which this co. is bounded, is remarkable for its size and its beautiful scenery, and for its giving name to the county. It is traversed by Craig'sRoad, on which, and in its vicinity, are the chief settle- ments, and which are principally in Leeds, In- verness and Ireland, where the timber is unex- ceptionable. The township of Broughton, which is well settled, communicates by roads leading to St. Joseph on the Chaudiere and to Leeds. There are no seignorial grants in this co., and the popu- lation is therefore English, Irish, Scotch and American, without any native Canadians, Population Corn-mills Saw-mills 626 . 2 . 6 MEL Statistics. Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River-craft Tonnage Keel-boats 2 27 2 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. , 3,965 1,575 . 595 8,117 51 116 Bushels. Peas . 2«) Rye . 940 Buckwheat 518 Ind. corn . 122 Bushels. Mxd grain 1,200 Maple sugar, cwts. 175 Hay, tons • 270 Live Slock. I Covis I Sheep 185 I Swine 196 1 266 Megantick Lake, separates the townships of Wobum and Ditchfield from Marston, in the cos. ofBeauce and Sherbrooke.' It is 9 miles long and averages 2 miles in breadth and forms several bays in the t. of Marston. Around it, generally, are excellent meadows. — This lake still retains its Indian name. Melbourne, township, in the co. of Sher- brooke, is bounded n. e. by the k. St. Francis; N. w. by Durham ; s. w. by Ely and part of Brompton; s. by Brompton. This t. is well furnished with good maple, beech, elm, pine and oak timber. Several rivers and streams spread over it in every direction and fall into the St. Francis. Large settlements have been made, and considering them as lands but newly redeemed from a state of nature, great advances in cultiva- tion are perceptible. The soil is so good that it requires but little aid to become uncommonly fer- tile, and in several parts flax and hemp could be raised in great quantities. Pot and pearl-ash are made here, and with wheat form a principal part of the traffic carried on ; there are, how^ever, se- veral saw-mills in almost constant work. A com- munication by roads in various directions has been opened with the adjacent townships. In the h. St. Francis there are several small islands along the front of this tract, and, although they are rather obstructive to the navigation, their beauty and the picturesque variety, exhibited by the fo- liage of the different species of trees with which they are covered to the water's edge, almost atone for that inconvenience. A large extent of this valuable land is the property of the Hon. John Caldwell. Considerable progress has been made in forming that part of the DrummondviUe and Brompton Eoad which lies in this t. The MET MIL entire line, with the exception of one bridgej is now passed with sleighs, although there is but one mile as yet completed of the requisite width. Ditches on both sides of the road have for short distances been made, but generally only on one side. Seven bridges have been erected, two of which are eleven perches each, with about 70 or 80 rods of causeway. The land bordering on the road is favourable for settlement, and, with the exception of four or five lots, is actually settled. Many of the rear lots in the north half of the township are also actually occupied. Nearly all the south half, originally granted to the late Hon. Henry Caldwell, is in a state of wilderness ; but, being susceptible of extensive settlements, they would, if this road should be properly finished, be immediately settled. In order to complete the road throughout the entire breadth of this township, 10 miles, and to render it such a road as the eastern townships require along the River St. Francis to William Henry and Three Rivers, a further sum of at least £400 currency will be required to be judiciously expended. Statistics. Population .526 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 9,600 Oats . 8,400 Barley . 390 Bushels. Potatoes 10,600 Peas . 1,810 Rye . 100 Bushels. Buckwheat 100 Indian corn 2,000 Horses Oxen Live Stack. 4.24 1 Cows . 603 1 Swine . 512 460 I Sheep 1,0111 Meltallabetine, river, near the source of the St. Maurice. Memphkamagog, lake, is in the co. of Stan- stead, stretching its southern extremity into the state of Vermont. It separates the townships of Stanstead and Hatley from those of Potton and Bolton. It is of a semicircular shape, 20 miles long and very narrow. It empties itself into the K. St. Francis by means of the k. Magog, which runs through Lake Scaswaninepus. — In this lake are several kinds offish, particularly salmon-trout. Metabetshuanb Post, v. King's Posts. Metabetchouan or Metabitshuan, river, enters the s. side of Lake St. John near the King's Post. The Metabetchouan or " The place where the course of the water ends," is in lat. 48° 23' 12" and is a fine broad stream, deep at its mouth as far as a large basin, spreading to the foot of the rapids, where the surveyors who explored this part of the Saguenay country landed and ascended the summit of the hUls that lie about 3 miles from the post. The land was found to be of a tolerably good quality, being chiefly a red loam mixed with very small gravel, and olay not far from the sur- face. The prevalent timber is spruce, black and yellow birch, basswood, fir, pine, poplar and some maple. On the bank of this r. at the post are a variety of marine shells and other organic remains, many valuable specimens of which were collected by Mr. Davis and Mr. Baddeley, the companions of the deputy surveyor-general who explored Lake St. John, &c. Mr. Baddeley, an officer of the Royal Engineers, volunteered his services on that occasion in pursuit of his favourite science, geology. — The B. bank, as far as the rapids, forms an al- luvial ridge from 50 to 80 ft. high ; the w. side of the R. is low. — This b. is navigable for many leagues for bateaux and farther up for bark canoes. Metabitshuan, t>. Metabetshouan. Metgbbmette, river, rises in the Metger- mette mountains, on the boundary line, in the co. of Beauce : after it receives its n. w. branch it crosses the Kennebec road and joins the r. du Loup, by which its waters are carried to the r. Chaudiere. Metinac, river, runs into the b. bank of the St. Maurice, about 11 miles from the Grand Pilles. It communicates by portages and lakes with the post of La Tuque. Metis, v. Mitis. MiCKiNACK, river, falls into the St. Maurice on the east side, about 19 leagues from Three Rivers. — It is navigable for canoes. MiGEON, river, runs through Quebec suburbs near the t. of Montreal into the St. Lawrence. MiLiNCH KiLOOK, river, rises in waste lands and ruus n. e. into the h. Matapediac above the FaUs. Mill Brook runs into the s. side of Lake Kiguagomi, nearly opposite Pte. au Sable. MiLLE Isles and Augmentation, in the co. of Two Mountains and Terrebonne, lie on the n. side of the river St. Jean or Jesus, The original grant was 4^ leagues in front by 3 in depth. Bounded s. w. by the S. of the Lake of Two Mountains; n. b. by Terrebonne and in the rear by the t. of Abercromby : granted, May 5, 1714, to Sieurs Langloiserie and Petit. MILLE ISLES. The Augmentation is bounded in front by the original grant ; in the rear by the t. of Aber- cromby; w. by the augmentation toLaie of Two Mountains; n. e by Terrebonne. Granted, Jan. 20, 1752, to Eustache Lambert, Sieur Dumont, and is now the property of Eustache Nicolas Lambert Dumont, Esq. and the heirs of Antoine Lefebvre de Bellefeuille, Esq., represented by Eustache Antoine Lefebvre de Bellefeuille, Esq., both of them descendants in a direct line from the grantee. — The title of concession gives the same extent of front to the augmentation as to the original grant, viz. 4i leagues in front by 3 leagues in depth; but, as the grant of M. M. de St. Sul- pice of their augmentation to the Lake of Two Mountains was anterior to this grant, they, in taking their grant, cut through this seigniory dia- gonally and reduced its front nearly 2 leagues. Messrs. Bellefeuille and Dumont pretend that they ought not to be restricted by the precise words of the title of concession as to the extents of front and depth, but to the superficial extent which the King intended to grant, and this prin- ciple has been frequently recognised by the courts of justice in this province; consequently they de- mand an indemnity in depth for their loss in front. This question is now pending in the superior court of King's Bench for the district of Montreal. — These grants are well watered by an innumerable number of rivulets and springs, and especially by the river Du Nord or Ste. Marie : the rivers Gauthier and Gagnon also contribute to the suc- cess of the establishments. The surface in general is much intersected by mountains, hills and ravines; the soil, being always kept in a certain degree of humidity by the numerous springs that descend from the little mountains, is very fertile, and this property cannot fail to become very important. It is covered with every description of wood that grows in the province, especially cedar and pine ; it also abounds with natural meadows, first made by the beavers, that have left marks of industry worthy of the imitation of those who settle on uncleared lands. The lakes, particularly those in the rear of the seigniory, contain superb salmon- trouts from 6 to 20 ft. in length, and other kinds of fish ; there are also bustards, wild ducks and huards in abundance, and the gray eagle inhabits the mountains in the vicinity of the lakes, on whose surface are seen some beautiful swans. These mountains are pregnant with mines and minerals. The proprietors possess, on the river du Nord, an excellent corn-miU with 3 sets of French stones and a good saw-mill. Mr. de Bellefeuille, who has for a great number of years rented the part belonging to Mr. Dumont, has built a carding and fulling-mill and has also esta- blished a stocking-manufactory. Besides the very extensive domain belonging to the proprietors, on which a church and a presbytery have been built, Mr. de Bellefeuille possesses, opposite the mills, some valuable lands, on which may be seen beau- tiful deserts and meadows as well as the best kinds of cattle. The money he has expended on this establishment, which he has had in his pos- session only a few years, and the roads which he has opened at his own cost, have been veiy bene- ficial to the industrious poor and to the neighbour- ing establishments, while the example which he has given, by following the most approved systems of husbandry, cannot fail to be extensively useful to agriculture, tlie knowledge of which is so uni- versally useful and necessary. The original grant and augmentation are now divided into 2 distinct seigniories, which lie in the 3 parishes of St. Eu- stache de la Riviere du Chene, Ste. Therese de Blainville and Ste. Anne de Mascouche. JJu Chene, the first division, is in the co. of Two Mountains and belongs to Eustache Nicolas Lambert Dumont, Esq. and to the heirs of the late Antoine Lefebvre de Bellefeuille, Esq. This seigniory joins the S. of the Lake of Two Moun- tains and is 2| leagues in front by 3 in depth. The land is good and in general fertile, and the soil being of a various nature is proper for the cultivation of all kinds of grain, flax and hemp, and for artificial meadows. It is extremely well watered by the rivers Du Chene and Chicot and by an infinity of smaller streams and rivulets that in fertilizing the lands and favouring the farmer, in a thousand ways enrich the proprietors. These rivers and streams turn 6 corn-mills with 11 sets of stones, 5 saw-mills, a carding-mill and a fulling- mill, which belong to the proprietors, who are the lineal descendants of the original grantee, Mr. Petit. This property, all of which is conceded, supplies the inhabitants with beech, spruce, pine, ash, elm, oak, maple and the wild cherry-tree. It is divided into 23 ranges or concessions and contains a population of about 5,000 souls, equi- valent to one soul to every 10 arpents. Three- fourths of the proprietors and farmers are in easy MILLE ISLES. circumstances and pay a considerable amount of tithes to the cure. At the mouth of the river Du Ch&ne is the village of St. Eustache, one of the handsomest and most populous in the province, as well as one of the most salubrious. It contains a large, handsome church, a spacious presbyterian chapel and about 150 houses, some of which are remarkable for situation, size and elegance. This village, seated on an elevated spot fronting the grand domains of the seigneurs, presents a thousand charming prospects : the fine, well- stocked settlements on Isle Jesus, the superb basin terminated by the rapid Spenard at the dis- charge of the Lake of Two Mountains, the nu- merous and well-diversified isles with which the river is studded and the magnificent curtain of the distant forests, present altogether one of the hap- piest specimens of the picturesque. At each ex- tremity of the village is a bridge over the river Du Chene that does honour to the inhabitants of the parish. The population of the village amounts to about 1,000 souls, among whom are many mer- chants carrying on a lucrative commerce, a brewery, a potash-work, a pottery, two tanneries, a manu- factory for cigars and tobacco in great repute, one for hats and another for chairs, all enjoying con- siderable reputation. Joiners, turners, blacksmiths and other artisans, amounting in number to 25, enjoy an easy and honest livelihood. Mr. Dumont, having obtained the consent of the Assembly, is now building a superb bridge with 4 arches, 60 ft. each, over the river Jesus in front of the village, to which it will prove an ornament and of great utility to persons travelling to the settlements on the Ottawa and who do not wish to go by water. Blainville, the 2nd division of Mille Isles, extends 2^ leagues in front by 3 in depth and is subdivided into two equal parts, belonging to Donteuil Lacroix, Esq. and to the heirs of the late Hon. William Claus. This seigniory differs much from that of Du Chene in soil, local varieties and in timber ; it contains more hills and less low land than the S. Du Chene; it is less covered with bo'is franc, but produces a larger quantity of pine and red epinette, which are of great utility to the inhabitants for building. Nearly all this seigniory is conceded in lots of the usual extent, 3 arpents by 20 or 30, in 10 ranges or conces- sions; and all the land is under cultivation, ex- cept one-third which is retained in woodland, and which is of too bad a quality for cultivation and is under water nearly all the year. Although in many parts of this S. the land is light and sandy, it can be rendered very fertile by means of the marl which is found in many places. In this S. is Ste. Therese, 21 miles from Montreal ; it is a consi- derable village of 90 houses and enjoys an ex- tensive commerce. A whisky distillery, a strong beer brewery on a large scale belonging to James Porteus, Esq., and a little distillery established by Dr. Buchanan, bring hither a great number of farmers from the adjacent seigniories, where they find an excellent market for the sale of their barley and rye, and can purchase various articles necessary for the use of their families. This village also contains 4 stores, an extensive potash work, a pretty church 120 ft. by 48, a handsome presbytery advantageously situated on an eminence, and a large school-house, all built with stone ; the resident cxxx'e, the Rev. Mr. Du- charure, has in a great degree contributed to the erection of the last two edifices ; he supports the school at his own expense, and shows for the ad- vancement of education and the amelioration of the manners of his parishioners a zeal which does him much honour, and which must be productive of the greatest good. Besides the edifices built for the Roman catholic worship there is a pretty chapel for protestants, which is attended by a mi- nister of the Scotch church. The protestants, who are almost all cultivators, cannot but be ad- vantageous to the improvement of agriculture, for the system they practise is so good that their Canadian neighbours cannot long delay to adopt it, at least in part. There are also in this village two potash works, tanneries, and good artisans whose industry is recompensed by an easy und honest subsistence. At some distance from the village and seated on a well-chosen spot is the country-house of Mr. Lacroix, one of the pro- prietors, who, frequently during the year, resides there with his family. The gardens, the inclosures and the plantations, which surround this pretty residence, are so many specimens of the good taste of the owner, while the money he expends in im- provements proves a strong incentive to industry and is of great assistance to the labourers and artisans. — This seigniory is watered by branches of the river Mascouche, the river aux Chiens, and also by the small stream Ste. Marie or r. Cachee, which drive one corn-mill and 6 saw-mills belonging to the proprietors and other individuals. C c MILLE ISLES. — This seigniory contains 400 families, amounting to 2800 soulsj and two schools under the super- intendence of the priest. — Buckwheat is grown and also potatoes in great abundance, and the soil is adapted for flax and hemp. — The cattle, chiefly of the Canadian breed, average 3 horses, 4 oxen, 12 sheep and 3 pigs to each farmer' and one person has 100 sheep. — A considerable quantity of cloth, both woollen and linen, is made for market besides what is consumed in the seigniory. — A road leads from Terrebonne to Ste. Therese and thence to the Belle Riviere; and there is a ferry over the River Jesus in front of the seigniory. — Much the largest proportion of Blainville is conceded in lots of the usual extent ; the greatest number of these are settled, and appear to be under a very beneficial system of management. On the banks of Riviere St. Jean, from Terrebonne to Du Ghene, the whole of the ground is occupied, besides some large ranges of settlements along the banks of the Mascouche, forming together a valua- ble and highly improved property. The Parish of St. Eustache de la Riviere du Chene was erected in 1769 and 1770. All the lands are supposed to be conceded and generally in farms of 3 arpents in extent by 30 in depth, on conditions similar to those in other seigniories. All the young men would be desirous of forming new settlements if there were lands for them ; the greater part of them wait for the assistance of their parents, being too poor to acquire pro- perty in any other way — For an account of the Village of St. Eustache, v. vol. 1, p. 210. In the Parish of Ste. Therese de Blainville about 2^ leagues of land are non-conceded and unfit for cultivation, having, for the most part, a substratum of barren sand. They have not, in general, been surveyed, but there is a road across them. Some concessions were granted previously to 1759, measuring 3 arpents by 20, and paying 2 sols each arpent, or 6 francs for every 60 arpents and 5 sols quit rent. It is supposed that if new lands could be obtained on terms similar to those granted in the ancient seigniories, that many of the inha- bitants of this parish would gladly avail them- selves of the opportunity. Although the lands that remain unconceded in this p. are but little fit for cultivation, they would soon be taken (at least those which could be turned to any utility) if the seignior would concede them on the ancient terms; but it is said, that he demands double and more than double the price stated in the ancient contracts of concession. The Parish of Ste. Anne Desplaines, or Sie. Anne de Mascouche, covers a part of this S. and fronts the N. side of the r. Mascouche. The cure emphatically says, in his report to the special committee of the House of Assembly — " Four seigniors divide among them my desert." The non-conceded lands, fit for cultivation, are not of a greater extent than is required by the population of the parish ; and the parishioners were surprised to see, in 1820, from 60 to 80 Scotch families who came to settle on the unconceded lands of this parish. There is no road across these unconceded lands, and it will be impossible to make one in some places on account of the hi eh mountains; these lands have not been surveyed. No farms were conceded previously to 1759. By far the greater part of the youths in this parish are desirous of making new settlements in the neighbouring seigniories, where there still remain lands to be conceded although most of them are of inferior quality. MIL MIL Statistics. Parishop. i 1 5 o 1 1 1 3 1 £ 1 1 1 3 b en 3- 1 2 6 > 1 1 2 1 o tj 2 1 3 1 i 2 6 8 1 be q 1 o 1 1 2 1 .S 3 b I 1 i ■c c 1 1 1 e £ 1 1 i 1 o fl. 3 3 6 1 (U 1 2 3 5 1 1 n 1 1 1 i 2 2 1 1 g 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 10 7 17 1 10 8 J8 i 36 30 66 St. Eustache de la > Riviere du Chene J Ste. Anne de Ma- i scouche . C Ste. Theresa de^ > Blainville 5177 3600 3000 1 1 1 3 12077 Parishes. Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. Live Stock. j 1 1 cu i t. a 7800 208 1300 ll n s 3900 i s 510 425 ll 200 90 1 1 D. % CO .i St. Eustache de la > Riviere du Chene 5 Ste. Anne de Ma- > scouche . f Ste. Thetese de i Blainville . ^ 26000 12300 13000 20800 1350 15600 15600 1560 1300 13000 70000 58000 13000 2600 7800 1595 1315 1200 1610 ISOO 1600 .3001 2300 1600 6800 7200 4800 2308 2105 1250 53.300 37750 18460 141000 23400 9308 3900 935 290 4110 4710 6901 18800 5663 Title. — " Concession du Sme Mai, 1714, faite par Phi- lippe de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Michel Bigon, Jntendant, aux Sieurs de Langloiserie et Petit, des terres qui sont i. commencer oil finit la Concession du Sieur Dautier Des- landes, dans la riviere Jesus, jusqu'^ trois lieues au dessus, en montant la dite riviere, et trois lieues de profondeur, avec les isles, islets et batures qui se trouveront au de- vant des dites trois lieues de front ; en outre d'une aug- mentation des teiTes qui sont depuis la dite concession jusqu'a la riviere du CMne, icelle comprise, qiu est environ une lieu et demie de terre de front, sur pareille profon- deur de trois lieues, pour Stre la dite lieue et demie jointe a la dite concession, et les deux n'en faire qu'une; la premiere partie de cette concession faite au feu Sieiur JDugay, le 24me Septembre, 1683, mais rSunie au Do- raaine du Roi, suivant I'Ordonnance du ler Mars, 1714." — Rigistre d'Iniendance, iVo. 6, folio 4. Augmentation. — " Concession du 20me Janvier, 1752, faite par le Marquis de la Jonquiere, Gouverneur, et Fran, qois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Dumont, de quatre lieues et demie de front sur la profondeur de trois lieues, a prendre au bout de la profondeur, et sur le meme front de la concession accordee aux Sieurs de Langloiserie et Petit, situ^e et bornee a commencer ou finit la concession du Sieur Dauiicr Deslandes, dans la riviSre Jesus, jusqu'a la riviere du Chine, icelle comprise." — Rigistre d'Iniendance, No. W, folio 1. MiLLE Vaches, seigniory, in the co. of Sa- guenay, is near the river Portneut 10 leagues below the Saguenay ; it extends 3 leagues along the St. Lawrence by 4 leagues in depth. Granted Nov. 15th, 1653, to Robert Giffard, Esq. Statistics. Population . 80 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Bushels. . 84 . 100 Bushels. Barley . 300 Potatoes . 700 Peas Map. sug. Bushels. . 150 cwts. 9 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 30 38 Cows . 51 Sheep . 500 Swine . 350 Title.— "Concession du ISmeNovembre, 1653, faite par Jean de Lauzon, Gouverneur pour la Compagnie, a Robert Giffard, Ecuyer, Seigneur de Beauport, de trois lieues de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, du c6te du Nord, audes- sous de Tadoussac, et de grandes et petites Bergeronnes, au lieu dit Mille Faches, avec quatre lieues de profondeur, tenant par devant au dit fleuve et des trois autres cotes aux terres non-concedees." — Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, No. 86, folio 31. — Cahiers d'Iniendance, No. 10 & 17, folio 771. Mill River, runs into the r. Saguenay be- tween Ha Ha Bay and Chicoutimi. It forms a good harbour and the timber on its banks is of various kinds. Milton, township, in the co. of Shefford, is bounded N. e. by Roxton; s. w. by St. Hya- , cinthe ; in front by Granby ; in the rear by Upton. The soil is not so good as that of Granby, as it cc2 MIS MIS lies lower and in many places runs into swamps, which would require much perseverance in a good system of draining to be rendered of any utility ; but while there remain so many thousands of acres to be granted, not needing this operation, it is not probable that it will be undertaken. There is however abundance of very fine grass-land. The timber is a mixture of beech, pine, cedar and tamarack. The parts laid out were granted, in 1 785, to ofBcers and privates of the British mi- litia, who served during the blockade of Quebec by the Americans, in 1775 — 6. MiNGAN or Tekka Firma de Mingan, seig- niory, extends from Cape Cormorant, along the northern shore of the Labrador channel, to the R. Goynish. Granted Feb. 25th, 1661, to Sieur Fran- 5ois Bissot. From Cape Cormorant to Anse Sablon is the only part now contained in the province of Lower Canada and is in the co, of Saguenay. The land is very indifferent and wholly uncultivated, indeed unfit for agriculture. The group of islands lying off the shore, called the Mingan Islands, are advantageously situated for carrying on the fisheries and were conceded. Mar. 10, 1677j to Messrs. Lalande, jun. and Louis Jolliet. — This is one of tlie king's posts, and is let for 500/. per annum. Statistics. Dwelling-houses . . 1 Bake-houses . . 1 Stores, &c. . . 3 Schooners from 50 to Forges . 1 60 tons. ... 2 Cooperages . . 1 Keel-boats . . .10 Title. — Terra Firma de Mingan " Concession du 23me Fevrier, 1661, faite par la Compagnie au Sieur Fravfois Bissot de Is Riviere de la terre ferme de Mingan ; a prendre depuis le Cap des Cormorans a la cot^ du Nord, jusqu'a lagrande ance vers les Esquimaux, oil les Espagnols font ordinairement la peche, sur deux lieues de profon. deur." — Registre des Foi et liommage. No. 18, folio 333. Isles et Islets de Mingan " Concedes le lOme Mar^, 1 677, a Messrs. de Lalande fils et Louis Jolliet. " 114- gistres des Foi et Hommage, JVo. 78, folio 365, le 2Sme Mai, 1781. MisKAHOusKA, lake and river, discharge their waters into Lake Assuapmoussoin. MissiQuiNiPi, Terjbes Rompues or River OF Broken Lands, is in the co. of Saguenay. The lake of that name empties itself by an outlet into the Grande Decharge. The R. rises in a lake in the interior and runs into the Saguenay nearly opposite Chicoutimi and is of inconsiderable ex- tent, being similar to the St. Charles near Quebec. MissisKOUi Bay, between the seigniories of St. Armand and Foucault, is at the extremities of" the cos. of Rouville and Missiskoui, on the pro- vince line. It is an arm of Lake Champlain and bounds Foucault on the e.; it is 15 miles long and on an average 3 m. broad. It is navigable in every part for vessels that sail the lake, and abounds with fish of delicious flavour, vi^. pike, pickerel, Maskinong^, bass, white fish, perch and various kinds of the sucker. — In this bay, or near it, some mineral waters have been discovered, which have been highly extolled. Missiskoui, Missisquoi or Missisqui, county, in the district of Montreal, is bounded N. and N. e. by the co. of Shefford j s. e. by Stanstead ; a. w. by Rouville; s. by the boundary line. It contains the townships of Sutton, the seigniory of Saint Armand, and the townships of Dunham and Stanbridge, together with all the gores and augmentations of those townships. — Its extreme length is 30 miles and its breadth 14^, containing 360 sq. miles. Its centre is in lat. 45° 6' 30" n., long. 72° 43' 15'' w. It sends two members to the provincial parliament, and the, places of elec- tion are at Dunham and Frelitzburg. The prin- cipal rivers are the Pyke and Missisqui. The surface of this county towards the province line is broken and mountainous, and the most conspicuous mountain is the Pinnacle Mountain in the S. of St. Armand : towards the n. w. it becomes more level and the soil is very luxuriant, being generally composed of a rich black mould with here and there a mixture of sand. This county yields all sorts of grain in abundance. The prevailing timber is maple, beech, birch, elm, butternut, iron- wood, white and black ash, also good oak and pine. It contains 7 villages, the chief of which are the villages of Phillipsburg, Dunham and Fre- litzburg. It is traversed by many roads present- ing numerous and very flourishing settlements. Population 7,666 Churches, Pro. 6 Curates Presbyteries Schools Villages Corn-mills . Saw-mills Statistics. Carding-mUls Fulling-mills Tanneries Hat-manufact. Potteries Potasheries . Pearlasheries Breweries Distilleries Just, of peace Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 3 3 2 2 23 15 90 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley . Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. Bushels. 86,833 Peas . 33,700 93,700 Rye . 6,000 12,000 Buek-wt. 20,300 232,000 Indian corn 36,706 Live Stock. . 3,266 1 Cows . 7,140 1 Swine . 5,131 1 Sheep . 21,703 1 Bushels. Mixed grain 4^000 Maple sugar, cwts. 381 Hay, tons 28,200 4,600 M I S M I T MissisKOUi or MissisQUi, river, rises in the T. of Bolton, and traversing through the centre of the T. of Potton receives innumerable small streams; then it enters the t. of Sutton, inter- secting its s. E. angle; after which it crosses the boundary line into the United States in a s. w. direction; then turning suddenly it empties itself into Missiskoui Bay. MissisQui, V. Missiskoui. MissisQuoi, V. Missiskoui. MiSTAssiA, river, runs into Lake St. John. It is navigable for large boats for many leagues, and farther on for bark canoes. MiSTASSINI, MiSTISSINNYS Or MiSTASSIN, lake, is on the highlands between Hudson's Bay 9nd Lake St. John. It empties itself into Hudson's Bay by means of the B. Rupert and another outlet. The extent of the lake is but very imper- fectly known ; the Indians say that it takes three days to cross the narrowest part of it from island to island ; between which and the main shore the distance is supposed to be not less than 30 miles, the lake, therefore, would appear to be about 90 miles wide in that place ; they also state that it takes the whole of the summer season and part of the spring and fall in voyaging from the mouth to the head of the lake : hence it is supposed that its dimensions are not inferior to Lake Ontario. Pike, white-fish and pickerel of considerable size and excellent quality are taken in this lake, which is very deep ; also a kind of trout, called by the Aborigines mingoache, which weighs as much as two large salmon. The mode of transport practised by the Hudson's Bay Company, in conveying their goods to Mistassini, is generally in barges con- ducted by regularly disciplined men, most of whom are half bred : the barges are drawn across the portages on rollers. Cedar-bark canoes are used in ascending small rivers, when in search of the Indians who sell furs, for birch-bark fit for canoes cannot be found in that country. Mistassini, river, runs into the n. w. side of Lake St. John about 3 miles from the e. Assuap- moussoin. The Mistassini, or " The Large Rock," has also been deservedly called the Riviere de Sable, or Sand River, on account of its sandy banks, and the sand-shoals at its mouth which extend considerably into the lake. This river has been explored as far as 10 miles from its mouth, and the same sandy appearance continued on each side, and sand-banks in several places were found to cross its channel. It is about 3 miles wide at its mouth, including a group of islets, between which are a number of channels calculated to mislead the voyager; above and below these little islets the channel leading up the mouth of the r. is not less than \^ mile in width. The sands which are brought down by the r. into Lake St. John render the lake so shallow that there is scarcely 3 ft. of water for 3 miles from the shore opposite its mouth, which is in lat. 48" 40'. — This r. is ex- tremely shallow, which, with the wretched soil on each side, seems to be in some degree compensated for by the beauty of its width, its islands and its woods, which have induced a traveller to caU the Mistassini "a, magnificent river." The timber close to its banks consists of spruce, cypress, white birch and a few elms. — From the testimony of Mr. Verraultj it would appear that the tract of land between the course of this R. and that of the Assuapmoussoin is unfit for cultivation; but the deputy surveyor-general of the province has since visited this R., and thinks, from the proximity of those rivers, and from the general aspect of the country, that there is, nevertheless, a considerable • proportion of land in that tract susceptible of cul- tivation. — The Mistassini is formed by the junction of two rivers, the Washieamiscou and the Kakis- sagan, and receives the Patshikamistick river. MiTis Lake or Lac Mitis, seigniory, in the CO. of Rimouski, lies near the n. angle of the co. of Bonaventure and is bounded on all sides by waste lands. The lake, which is an expansion of the R. Mitis, 9 leagues from the St. Lawrence, is 5 miles long and nearly 3 miles in its greatest width. The seigniory extends one league round it. This grant was made, Feb. 10, 1693, to Sieur Louis Rouer. Title. — '^ Concession du lOme Fevrier, 1693, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Louis Rouer., du lac appele Mitis, avec une lieue de profondeur tout autour d'icelui, qui est eloigne environ douze ou quinze lieues du fleuve St. Laurent." — Registre d'Inteniance,No. 4, folio 9. Mitis, river. — Two rivers of this name fall into the St. Lawrence in the S. of Mitis. — The greater river, called the Grande Mitis, rises near the N. w. angle of the county of Bonaventure, and penetrating the county of Rimouski soon enters Lake Mitis, which is an expansion of the river, and running n. forms another considerable ex- pansion a few miles distant from the former ; when continuing its N. direction it passes through MIT MIT Waste lands into the s. b. section of the S. of Lepage, and thence into the S. of Mitis, where it discharges itself into an expansive estuary called Anse aux Snelles, which is very easily forded at low water This river is navigable for boats up to the falls, and will admit of timber being floated down from the interior of the country. — Mr. L'Arrive's dwelling-house and establishment stand at the mouth of the river, across which booms are extended to receive the deals from the saw-mills which are about 2^ miles up the river on a most advantageous site. — The Little Mitis river rises in waste lands in the rear of the S. of Mitis, and, after traversing the seigniory to its front, falls into a small bay called Little Mitis Harbour. Mitis or Dk Peiras, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, is bounded n. b. and in the rear by waste lands ; s. w. by Pachot ; in front by the St. Lawrence : 2 leagues in breadth by 2 in depth: granted. May 6th, 1675, to the Sieur de Peiras. The surface is generally mountainous and broken along the front, affording but little good soil for the purposes of agriculture. In the interior, and by the sides of the rivers, are a few patches of tolerable land with some meadows and pastures. The front is settled, and there are some tolerably good farms. Mr. M'Nider has erected mills and stores, arid dwelling-houses intended for the re- ception of travellers. He has built a schooner to ply to Quebec; and one or two square-rigged vessels have been also built. The chief settle- ments are at Little Mitis, on a point formed by the St. Lawrence and a deep bay to the s. b ., which receives the waters of the k. Little Mitis. — The lands in the vicinity of this bay, although of a rather light soil, are rendered extremely fer- tile by the genial moisture of the sea air, and the eificacy of the sea weed which abounds on the shores and is used as manure. This S. abounds in timber of good quality. — The road from Quebec to this S. is perfectly practicable all the way for carts and calashes, and settlements have been made throughout. From Grand Mitis to Little Mitis, 5 or 6 miles, the road on the beach is passable ; from Little Mitis to Matane the route is very difficult, no road having been traced. The seignorial mills are about 1 mile below Grande Mitis. The corn-mill is of the best description, and in excellent order, but it is little worked as yet, and the saw-mill, which stands near it, has been of late much neglected. — Mr. L'Arrive's mill lies at the base of a hiU of from 80 to 90 ft. elevation, about mid-height of the fall which supplies the mill with water. Below the mill the river forms, at the foot of the falls, an expansive basin, bounded by a perpendicular rock of 150 to 200 feet in height, and high woody ground to the b., the side the mill stands upon. The dams appear to be solidly and judiciously constructed ; the deals are thrown into an aqueduct, which conveys them over the point to the gentle current below the rapids, along which they are conveyed to the booms at the mouth of the river, where about 10 or 12 men receive them, saw their ends and pile them up ready for loading. The wages average from 3s. to 4s. per day, besides board and lodging. — 40 families were settled here in 1823, consist- ing of English, Scotch and Canadians, but prin- cipally Scotch ; the settlement commenced in 1818. The first settlers were without capital, and were provided with provisions. Sec, for the first two years by Mr.M'Nider, the proprietor; after which the produce of the soil fully supported them, and the more industrious produced a surplus for sale ; many of these settlers (the most industrious) re- fused assistance after the first year. The assistance rendered by Mr. M'Nider was as follows : — Each family of five persons had 1-^ barrel of pork, 6 quintals of flour, 2 quintals of biscuit, 10 bushels of potatoes, 10 lbs. of butter, 1 lb. of green tea, 6 lbs. of sugar, 1 cwt. of dried cod-fish, and 1 carron stove and pipe; also each man had one axe, one hoe and one spade, and one grindstone was allowed to each four families ; also 3 pair of blankets, one counterpane and 2 pair of mocassins to each family : necessary coarse clothing was provided, and paid for in labour. The expenses of each family, including the clothing, were from 15/. to 20/. ; and a number of Canadians were willing, in 1823, to settle in this seigniory, pro- vided the proprietor would advance 10/. per annum to each for two years. The first two years the settlers pay no rent, after which a money rent of 12s. 6d. for each lot of 140 to 200 acres. In 1823 Mr. M'Nider gave the following account of his improvements :— " I held two farms in my own hands, of which I cleared about 70 acres : I built 2 dwelling-houses, 2 barns, 2 stables, a cooperage, a salt-house, alarge cooking-house for the fisheries, a corn-mill, and a saw-mill. The labourers em- ployed in these works were paid half in money and half in goods, at the rate of 3s. a day. Cutting M I T I S. and burning cost 3 dollars per acre, and rooting and preparing the land for the plough 12 dollars per acre. The buildings cost about 1200/., at the rate of 300/. per annum. The goods were fur- nished to the settlers at 5 per cent, commission upon selling-prices, provisions at first cost and without commission." — Many of the pilots remain in Mitis Bay to watch the vessels coming up the River St. Lawrence, and it sometimes occurs that tempestuous weather prevents their venturing out to the vessel putting out signals for a pilot, whereas if the vessel were to come in the way the pilots would easily get on board, and many a vessel might thus be saved from shipwreck. The N. easternmost point of the Mitis reef of rocks presents an important and convenient post for a lighthouse ; and another beacon being lighted on the Ball, an island so called towards the depth of the bay, the outlines of the harbour would be so distinctly marked out that at all hours vessels might put into it. The anchoring- ground is a mixture of sand and clay, uniformly uninterrupted by rocks. It is the opinion of experienced pilots that any ship may ride with safety in this bay, and they would fearlessly pilot them if authorized by the Trihity House. — At Anse aux SneUes, although much exposed, the anchoring-ground is very good, and vessels may ride there with tolerable safety. From the distance, however, that vessels must lie out from the shore, much in- convenience is suffered in loading, which is effected by means of a flat-bottomed schooner built for that purpose. Anse des Morts is a deep cove about 4 m. in: circuit. There is a fishing-ground about a mile from the shore for cod, halibut and ling ; and an extensive salmon and herring fishery is set up in the bay, on the s. b. side of the point, which at proper seasons yields abundance of both articles, which are cured, salted or pickled after the Scotch manner, and brought to Quebec, where they are generally preferred as being more saleable in the West India market. It is stated by Mr. Hay, that with a sufficient number of men to cure the herring taken in his fishery, 1500 barrels could be packed in one season ; but it frequently occurs that large quantities are damaged and lost on the beach from the inadequacy of the establishment to take advantage of the immense produce of the fishery: halibut and cod-fish are also taken off and in the bay, where seals are to be seen in great quantities at ebb tide, basking on rocks in all directions. The following statement wUl show the im- portance of the fishing-establishment at this place, conducted by Mr. Hay ; it was drawn up for the year I8283 and the profit is rather underrated.— £ s. d. Dk. Four men from 1st May to 1st December, at 50*. per month each Ditto ditto board for ditto, at 30s. per month Eight men at herring, &e. 4 months, at 50s. per month each .... Ditto ditto board 4 months, at 20s. per month Extra hands employed, and board Three coopers for 6 months, at 70s. per month each .... Six months board, at 20s. per month each 1000 bushels salt 1000 barrels, &c. . . . Extra expenses, &c. Two boats complete Mr. Hay's salary Mrs. Hay's salary Captain M^Cawan's salary . Archie M' Cawan's salary Housekeeping Clerk's wages .... Cr. Return of the fishing for 1828, to be passed to the credit of the Posts when disposed of at Quebec. ■ 70 h 42 .0 . 80 h 32 . 20 Ll . 63 . 18 . 50 . 40 . 50 . 70 . 60 . 15 . 50 . 30 . 100 . 30 £820 750 . 400 . 60 . 100 . 100 . 100 £1510 Little and Grand Mitis will make up 1000 barrels of herrings at 15s. Sixteen trips by the boats (two monthly), for six months, at 25Z. Kitted salmon . MSple and birch Fall fishing Profit and loss on goods sold Nett profits £690 Some interesting information relative to the waste lands in the vicinity of this seigniory has been derived from a surveyor employed to trace a road from it to Lake Matapediac. He traced a road from the bay of Little Mitis on a s. s. b. course to Craig's Mountain 3 miles, and found fine land and timber, and continued on that course 4 miles more through hard wood land, and thence directed his course s. two miles, then s. four miles through fine timber and excellent land ; thence s. s. B. two miles to theR.Tartigo; thenw. for two miles to a small beaver lake, the apparent source of the Tartigo, at the head of which discharges a little stream ; thence s. by e. over a fine country covered with oak timber; thence b. s. b. four M I T M O N miles near the River Blanche ; — here from the top of several mountains a few scattered hills of no material consequence were seen on each side of the River Blanche, and also an abundance of black and yellow birch in the vicinity ; — then two miles s. s. e. over the river, where a mountain, called Blue Mountain, is on the right, from which the country appears to be favourable for the opening of a good road, and the lands in every respect fit for settlement. The surveyor then returned to his camp, and afterwards set out on a s. E. course 6 miles, and met with fine land and a level country; thence he continued e. by N. six miles, and came to the borders of Lake Matapediac, at the head of which is a swamp producing cedar of an extraordinary large size ; its southern bank presents the finest place for settlement, and on the N. w. are some hills, between which and the R. Blanche are extensive valleys of fine land : he found all the country lying between these moun- tains and the St. Lawrence in every respect fit for cultivation ; and this tract, and even as far as the R. Ristigouche, consists of good and valuable lands, well watered by numerous lakes and rivers, and fit for settlements. The timber is, generally, sapin, cedar, poplar and bastard maple in the front up to the mills ; then the timber is found to be elm, ash, maple, black birch, yellow birch, and pine; and this fine hard timbered land is inter- mixed here and there with small swamps, which are, however, of little consequence : this descrip- tion of land and timber extends to the Tartigo River, 2 leagues west of River Blanche. The third concession of the S. of Mitis affords, gene- rally, a correct specimen of the land and timber of this tract. — The quality of the land and timber between Mitis and the S. of Matane is generally like that of Mitis, and both, especially in Sandy Bay, may be said to be rather superior, and the whole fit for settlement. From Mitis line, in Sandy Bay, to Tartigo river, 5 leagues, the lands are fit for settlement ; farther in the interior the lands are even better, and are all maple land ; 3 miles still farther is a ridge of hardwood land, that extends from Grand Mitis all the way down to Tartigo r., and still more in the interior there is supposed to be better land. All the rivers and brooks in this tract afford fish ; small trout and considerable quantities of salmon are in the rivers Tartigo and Blanche. Population Corn-mills Saw-mills 110 1 1 Statistics. Ship-yards Shopkeepers Artisans 1 1 10 I River craft I Tonnage Keel-boats 1 80 Ammal Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. . 1,200 . 1,200 Barley Potatoes Bushels. 300 4,080 Rye Live Stock. 19 I Cows 25 Sheep 54 1 Swine 971 Bushels, . 300 55 Title " Concession du 6me Mai, 1675, faite par le Comte de Frontenac, Gouvemeur, au Sieur ie Feiras,de deux lieues de front le long du fleuve St. Laurent du cote du Sud, a prendre du milieu de la largeur de la riviere appelee Mitis et qui s'appellera dorenavant la riviere en descendant le dit fleuve, et deux lieues de profondeur, ensemble les trois isles et islets appelees St. Barnaii.'''' — Registre d'Intendance, No. 2 a 9, folio 370. Ins. Con. Sup. B. folio 3. Moisi or jMoosb, river, in the co. of Saguenay, runs into the St. Lawrence nearly opposite the Seven Islands. MoNNOiR, seigniory, and its augmentation, in the CO. of Rouville, are bounded n. e. by Rouville and St. Hyacinthe ; s. w. by Bleurie ; in the front and rear by East Chambly and the t. of Famham. — Two leagues in front by 3 in depth. Granted, Mar. 25, 1708, to Sieur de Ramzay: the aug- mentation, equal in extent to the seigniory, was granted, June 12, 1739, to Sieur J. B. N. Roc de Ramzay : the whole is now the property of judge Jean Roche Roland, Esq. — Throughout this tract the land, though various in its nature, is of a moderately good quality, and where it is under management produces very good crops of grain ; many parts, not yet broken up, would prove very favourable to the growth of flax : the upper di- vision, adjoining Chambly, is nearly aU cultivated, as well as an extensive range on the left bank of the Yamaska and on both sides of a rivulet near the T. of Farnham ; towards the w. boundary it is somewhat low and rather inclining to swamp : the land in the interior is generally level and superior to that in the front. The upper part is watered by several streams descending from the interior of the S. to the r. des Hurons. On the uncleared land is a tolerable abundance of wood, mostly of the inferior sorts, with here and there some good timber of large dimensions. The Parish of Ste. Marie is at present the only M O N N O I R. one in tliis S., but it is necessary to divide it into two, and the most proper site for a new church would be the Mountain of Ste. Therese, lately called Mount Johnson, for the accommodation of the southern side of the seigniory, whose inha- bitants are too distant from the present church, which is on the rivulet St. Louis, nearly a league from Cordon de Rouville. A new church on the south of the mountain, at the place above de- scribed, would be at a similar distance from Cor- don de Sabrevois, and that part to the s. w. is already inhabited, with the exception of a small number of lands, which will also, without doubt, be inhabited in a few years. On the Riviere du Sud-Ouestj or South- West River, there is a con- siderable settlement, consisting, chiefly, of Irish catholics, who could be for many years under the care of the cure of this new parish ; and all the southern part of the seigniory, comprising the Riviere du Sud-Ouest, would be at present capable of providing for a cure, whose parish would extend li league along the Cordon du Chambly to the rear of the seigniory. The cli- mate of the southern side of the mountain is de- lightful, and a village would in a little time be built there, for it is the way by which the in- habitants of the tov^nships pass, and a mill is already erected. In the first range of concessions, in the western half of the seigniory, are 518 lots conceded, known by as many numbers ; the other half of the sei- gniory comprehends 491 lots, of which two- thirds are inhabited, and the remainder are conceded and the clearing proceeds rapidly. There is a lake called Lake John, surrounded by a savanna or low ground, which admitting of an easy drainage has been lately conceded. It is of an oval shape and is supposed to cover at least 800 arpents, being not less than a mile across in its narrowest part. The lake supplies a considerable current of water that forms the Riviere du Sud-Ouest. — The num- ber of farms or inhabited lands may be computed at two-thirds of the whole, that is to say, between 6 and 700. The finest ranges are on the rivulets Ruisseau Barre, Ruisseau St. Louis, la Branche du Pin Rouge, la Branche du Rapide, le Rang double du Grand Bois, without omitting the two sides of the Riviere du Sud-Ouest, whichj in the sequel, will be one of the finest places in the coun- try. The lands are fertile and, generally speak- ing, there is but little sterile land in the whole seigniory. From the Cordon du Chambly to the north of the mountain there is a strip of strong land,' about a league broad, extending from east to west across the seigniory, which is not excelled in any part of the province for the growth of corn. Three-eighths of the seigniory are sup- posed to be under cultivation, and the remainder in wood, which is, in general, pine, spruce, birch, ash and cedar. — The Riviere des Hurons runs across the n . w. part of the seigniory, and in con- sequence of receiving a great number of runs of water that issue from the Lac de la Montague de Rouville and from their natural springs, it is well supplied with water, especially in the spring and during rains. On this river is a corn-mill which, if rebuilt, would be highly useful. The R. des Hurons runs at this place, and even to its mouth in the basin of Chambly, over a rocky bed with many falls and a sufficient degree of rapidity ; it is never dry, even in the greatest drought, and swells considerably after every fall of rain. On the Riviere du Sud-Ouest, not far from the Cor- don de Debartzch, is a fine saw-mill, which, by means of a dam made to keep up the water, is ca- pable of being worked all the year round. A corn-mill might be built here with advantage, especially by conducting, by means of a drain 15 or 20 arpents long, the water of a considerable rivulet known by the name of la Petite Riviere du Sud-Ouest, which runs from the east ; the site of this mUl being in the midst of roads that tra- verse it would give rise to an establishment as im- portant as a village, and a spot of land is already reserved for the purpose. — In this seigniory there is only one fief called fief St. Joseph, containing 3 concessions, each 3 arpents by 40 and in the possession of farmers. — The number of houses is supposed to be about 1000, including the settle- ments. At present there are only 3 schools, one of which is a royal foundation, but many others are in contemplation. There is only one village, which is rather considerable ; it is near the church and contains only one inn, but five others are scattered about the seigniory. There is only one church, one water corn-mill and one windmill, newly built, for grinding corn. The water-mill is on the Riviere des Hurons. The wind-mill is near Mount Johnson. There are potash works in different parts of the seigniory. — The roads throughout may be said to be in a good state; even those that cross the lands lately cleared are DD M O N M O N generally good. The road that extends from the mountain Ste. Theresa, in an angular direction, to the line of road that divides the seigniory into two parts and thence for 2 leagues in a straight line to the T. of Farnham, crossing a savanna, is much frequented and promises to be of considerable utility. — 'The mountain called Mount Johnson co- vers about 500 arpents ; it is not much wooded at the summit, which is nearly all rock, but it is surrounded with a wood of lofty forest-trees, and the land in its environs is fertile: it is high enough to be conspicuous for many miles round ; it is however not so remarkable as several others of the same isolated nature in some of the adjoin- ing seigniories. — Monnoir contains 84,000 super- ficial arpents, of which 65,000 are conceded ; the remainder, over which there is one I'oad, is fit for cultivation, but not surveyed. — No concessions were granted prior to 1759. — There are persons in this S. willing and able to make new settle-' ments on lands of good quality and susceptible of cultivation. Population 4!,369 Churches, K C. 1 Cutes . 1 Presbyteries 1 Schools Statistics. Cofn-mills . Saw-mills Tanneries . Potteries Potasheries Just, of peace 1 Medical men 1 Notaries . ] Shopkeepers 5 Taverns . 6 Villages . 1 Pearlasheries 2 Artisans . SO Aiitiual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Peas Bushels. 70,000 15,000 Bushels. Oats . 23,000 Barley . 6,000 Potatoes Linseed bushels. 20,000 . 1,000 Live Stoclc. Horses Oxen . 780 . 1,005 Cows . 1,560 Sheep . 6,000 Swine . 1,050 Title — " Concession du 25me Mars, 1708, faite par Messieurs de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Baudot, Intendant, au Sieur de Ramsay, de deux lieues de front sur trois lieues de profondeur de teiTes non-corlc6d6es, le long de la riviSre des Hurons, joignant d'un c6t6 la Seigneurie de CMmbly, et de I'autre c6te aux terres non-concidces, cou- rant du Nord-est au Sud-ouest, avec les isles et islets qui pourroient se trouver dans la dite riviere, vis-sl-vis la dite concession, la dite concession portant le nom de Mon- noir."— Riglstre d'Intcndance, JVo. 2 5 9, folio 333. Augmentation. — " Concession du 12me Juin, 1739, faite par le Marquis de Beauharnoia, Gouverneur, et Gillea Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Jean BapHsie Nicolas Roc ■de Ramzay, de deux lieues de front sur trois lieues de pro. fondeur, au bout de la Seigneurie de Monnoir, concld^e le 25me Mars, 1708, situ^e prSs Chamlly le long de la ri viere des Hurons, en eourant Nord-est et Sud-ouest le long de la continuation de la Seigneurie de nouviUe joignant la dite Seigneurie au Nord-est et celle de Salre- votg au Sui-oueBf—R^stre d'Intcndance, No. 8,/)«o2B Mont-a-Pjbinb, fief, in the co. of Bellechasse, is bounded n. e. by Vincennes and Livaudiere ; s. w. by La Martiniere ; in the rear by Buckland ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — Granted in two parts ; the first, 10 arpents broad by 40 deep, to Mr. C. Dennis, Sieur de Vitre, on the 24th Sep., 1683 ; the augmentation, of the same breadth, and completing the depth of the whole to 6 leagues, was granted, June 18th, 1749, to Claude Antoine de Berment, Seigneur de la Martiniere ; it is now the property of Fereol Roy, Esq. This fief pos- sesses a soil nearly similar to the S. of Lauzon and is in a forward state of cultivation, two-thirds being occupied. The most flourishing settlements are near the St. Lawrence and on each side of the river Boyer. The timber is various, but that of an inferior kind is most prevalent. It is well watered by the Boyer and some inferior runs of water. Title.—" Concession du 24me Septembre, 1683, faite a Mr. Charles Denis, Sieur de Vitre, de dix arpens de terre de front, sur quarante de profondeur, pour en jouir, lui ses hoirs et ayans-cause a titre de fief et Seigneurie a toujours. N. B. Cet extrait ne mentionne nullement la situation de ce fief qui n'est connu que par son augmenta- tion et la concession prfecedente." — Registre des Foi et Hommage, No. 4,6, folio 207, 21 me Fivrier, 1781. Augmtntaiion " Concession du 18me Juin, 1749, faite par Roland Michel Barrin, Gouverneur, et Franfois Bigot, Intendant, a Claude Antoine de Berment, Seigneur de la Martiniere, d'un restant de terre qui se trouve au bout de la profondeur du fief de Vitre, et qui est enclave entre les fiefs de Vincennes et de Livaudiere au Nord-est, et celui du dit Berment de la Martiniere au Sud-ouest, jusqu'si r^ale profondeur de six lieues que contient le fief du dit Sieur Berment de la Martinilre." — Registre d'Intendance. No. 9, folio 4,1. ' MoNTARViLLB, scigniory, in the co. of Cham- bly, lies between Boucherville and West Chambly and is bounded n. e. by the augmentation to Be- loeil and s. w. by Longueuil.— One league and 30 arpents in front by 1| league in depth. Granted, Oct. 17, 1710, to Sieur Boucher, and is now the property of Reng Labruere and X. Beaubien^ Esqrs. The land is good, producing grain and vegetables of all the sorts common to the country in great abundance; about two-thirds are under a very favourable system of husbandry. The wood that remains is chiefly of the inferior sort used for fuel, with but very little timber. Towards the N. B. angle is the Boucherville Mountain, on whose summit are two small lakes, whence descends the only rivulet that waters the S., which, in its course down the declivity, turns two corn-mills; the first is agreeably and singularly enough situated M O N M N on the brow of the mountain.— One road leads from the St. Lawrence to the Richelieu and several others in a transverse direction.: — A portion of this S. is included in the p. of Boucherville and was partly conceded before 1759 ; the concessions made since that period are more heavily rented than those of an older date. Part of the conceded lands are capable of affording good settlements, though still covered with standing wood, which the proprietors retain in this state in order to supply themselves with the necessary wood for fuelj enclosing and building ; and this appears a wise precaution, because wood in general is daily becoming more scarce in the neighbouring sei- gnories. Population Corn-naills Wheat Statistics. 308 1 Carding-mills 2 I Fulling-mills 1 I Saw-mills ll Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Bushels. l;i,500| Oats . . 10,000 Title. — " Concession du 17me Octobre, 1710, faite par Messrs. de Vaudrmil, Gouverneur, et Baudot, Intendant, au Sieur Boucher, d'une lieue et trente arpens de terre de front sur une lieue et depiie de profondeur, a prendre dans les profondeurs entre les Seigneuiies de Boucherville et de Chambly; joignant au Nord-est la Seigneurie de Varennet, et au Sud-ouest la Seigneurie de Tremblay." R6gistre d'Intendance,No^d 9, folio 169. Mont Iiouis, river, in the co. of Gaspe, runs into the St. Lawrence about 8 miles w. of fief Magdeleine. JMoNTMORENCi, county, in the district of Que- bec, is bounded s. w. by the co. of Quebec ; n. b. by a line run from Cap de I'Abatis on the St. Lawrence on a course n. w. parallel to the boun- dary line of Beauport to the n. boundary of the province ; n. w. by the n. boundary of the pro- vince; s. E. by the St. Lawrence. — It compre- hends the parishes of St. Fereol, St. Joachim, Ste. Annej Chateau Richer and I'Ange Gardien, — Its extreme length is 240 miles and its breadth 32^, containing 7)396 square miles. Its centre on the St. Lawrence is in lat. 47° 10' n.. Ion. 70" 53' 10" w. It sends one member to the pro- vincial parliament and the place of election is at Ste. Anne. The principal rivers are the Ste. Anne and Lombrette. The surface of this co. is extremely mountainous and rocky, particularly along the coast of the St. Lawrence. The most settled parts extend from St. Joachim, westward. exhibiting a range of thick and flourishing set- tlements, and along the banks of the St. Lawrence is a good front road. — For a farther description of this CO. vide Cflte de Beaupre. Statistics. Population 3,638 1 Saw-miUs . 2 1 Shopkeepeis . 4 Corn-mills . 1 1 Carding-mills 1 1 Artisans . 20 Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat . Oats Barley , Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels, 38,44-8 14,982 1,136 21,380 Bushels. . 2,586 Rye . 1,300 Indian com 5,800 Bushels. Mixed grain 1,000 Map. sug.ewts.187 Hay, tons 18,650 Live Stock. 1,232 1 Cows 3,033 I Sheep 4,275 1 Swine 9,934 1 4,834 MoNTMORpNci river, in the co. of Mont- morenci, rises in Lac des Neiges and, traversing the s. w. side of the S. of Cote de Beaupre, enters the S. of Beauport and falls into the St. Law- rence, 8 miles N. B. of the city of Quebec. This river was named after a marechal of that name, who was a viceroy of New France previous to the conquest. Its course from the n. b. is of con- siderable extent, and the first settlement through which it passes is called La Motte, situated on the northern extremity of a sloping ground, which gradually descends from the mountains to the northern shore of the St. Lawrence. This river is said to be a torrent from its source to its mouth, and is ascertained to be so for many miles from the St. Lawrence. In its earlier course through an almost continued forest its stream is of trifling consequence, unless when swelled by melting snow in spring or by autumnal rains ; it runs over an irregularly broken rocky bed until it arrives at the celebrated cataract called the Falls of Mont- morenci, where its breadth is from 1 6 to 20 yards. A little declination of the bed before it reaches this point gives a great velocity to the stream, which, being impelled over the brink of a per- pendicular rock, falls in an extended sheet of water, of a whiteness and fleecy appearance nearly resembling snow, into a chasm among the rocks. An immense spray rises from the bottom in curl- ing volumes, which when the sunshine displays its bright prismatic colours produce an eflect in- conceivably beautiful. At the bottom of the fall the water is restrained within a basin formed by i)d2 M O N M N the rocks, whence^ after its impetuosity is sub- dued, it flows in a gentle stream into the St. Law- rence, a distance of about 300 yards. These justly celebrated Falls are visited by all travellers, who arrive at Quebec with the means and the leisure to gratify their inclination for the beauties of nature. When the St. Lawrence is at full tide, these Falls constitute the most magnificent object in the province. Close to the falls stands a house which was the residence of his late Royal High- ness the Duke of Kent, but now in the possession of J. Patterson, Esq., who is the proprietor of the extensive saw-mills at the foot of the Falls ; it was near this place that General Wolfe made his first attempt and was repulsed with the loss of 700 Hessians. From the opposite bank of this gentleman's house is the best view of the Falls, as it embraces the village of Beauport and the City of Quebec. The road to it is over a wooden bridge thrown across the river Montmorenci, which here rushes down with considerable im- petuosity; on the opposite side of this bridge, and at the foot of a hill, stands in a romantic situation a house for the reception of travellers. Another good view of the Falls may be taken from the top of the aqueduct. These celebrated Falls are nearly 250 ft. high, being 100 ft. higher than the Falls of Niagara. The next place worthy of attention is the extraordinary appearance of the bed of the r. Montmorenci, which is there formed on a considerable angle of depression, having on either side banks of stratum presenting the form of natural steps and surmounted by woods. Montreal District, v. Districts. Montreal, island, seigniory and county. — For a description of the city, soil, climate, SfC. Ssc, vide Vol. I: p. 212. — Montreal is the most con- siderable island in the province, and its superior fertility has acquired for it the distinguished ap- pellation of the Garden of Canada. This island is divided into 9 parishes besides that of the town of Montreal. Its extreme length is 32 miles and its breadth 10^, containing 194 square miles. Its centre is in lat. 45 31' n., long. 73° 40' w.— The county comprises the whole of the Island of Mont- real, together with all the nearest islands which, in the whole or in part, lie in front of it. It is divided into several seigniories which are in the following parishes : Montreal, Ste. Anne, Ste. Genevieve, Pointe Claire, Lachine, Sault des Recollets, St. Laurent, Riviere des Prairies, Pointe au Trembles and Longue Pointe. It sends 6 mem- bers to the provincial parliament, and the places of election are, at St. Laurent for the county which sends 2 members, and at Montreal which sends 4 members for the city. The Parish of the Town of Montreal, by a re- gulation made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, comprehend.s the following c&tes: de la Visitation, St. Joseph, Notre Dame des Neiges and St. Pierre; also parts of St. Paul and Ste. Catherine, together with Isle St. Paul, at the mouth of the R. St. Pierre, and Isle au Heron lying off C8te des Argoulets. — The road through Cote des Neiges is well settled, and many of the buildings present the appearance of an American village : a chapel is erected n. of the road. The Parish of St. Laurent by a regulation made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, contains the c6tes St. Michel and St. Laurent, with one half of two ranges of Notre Dame des Vertus. At some dis- tance from Cote des Neiges is the pretty village of St. Laurent, containing a neat parish churdi with two spires, and seated on the east side of the road. The Parish of Ste. Genevieve is situated at the n. w. extremity of the island, opposite to Isle Bizard. All the lands were conceded prior to 1759, and the farms measured 3 arpents by 30 to 40, and pay annually 2 J- bushels of wheat and 2 livres 5 sols, ancient currency. No land remains to be conceded unless it be the domain of the seig- nior of Isle Bizard, which is 60 superficial arpents in extent. The Parish of Sault au Recollet is handsomely situated on the borders of the Riviere des Prairies; it contains a small village, a fine church and pres- bytery, and valuable corn and saw-mills. In front of the village of Sault au Recollet are several small islands which add to its picturesque scenery. — There are no unconceded lands in this p. and the domain is of very small extent. The greater part of the lands was conceded previously to 1759, and the farms measure 3 arpents in front by 30 or 40 and some 20 in depth, each paying one bushel of wheat and a livre for every 20 arpents : the greatest extent held by any one tenant is 281 arpents. The Parish of Pointe Claire, by a regulation made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in MONTREAL. Council, Mar. 3, 1722, extends from COte de Ste. Anne to C6te St. Rami, and includes the lower part of Isle Perrot. The greatest extent of land pos- sessed by any one person is 328 arpents. All the lands are conceded and on terms similar to those in the p. of Ste. Anne. The Parish of Lachine, by a regulation made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, comprises 2^ leagues along the St. Lawrence from C6te des Argoulets to Pointe Claire, part of COte St. Paul, and half of two ranges in Cdte de Notre Dame des Vertus. All the lands are conceded, and some previously to 1759. The rent of each farm is 10s. and half a bushel of wheat for every 20 arpents. The greatest extent held by any one tenant is 245 arpents. — The La- chine canal is of vast utility in connecting the navigation above Sault St. Louis with the port of Montreal; it is an ornament to the island and attracts numerous visitors. For an account of it, vide Canals. The Parish of Pointe aux Trembles, by a regu- lation made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, extends along the St. Lawrence, from the upper end of Isle Therese to the boundary of the parish of Longue Point, in- cluding the C6te de la Pointe aux Trembles and part of C6te de St. Leonard. Pointe aux Trem- bles is a small village containing 30 or 40 houses ; there are several taverns for the reception of strangers, being on the main route between Mont- real and Quebec. This village is also frequented as a place of recreation by the citizens of Mont- real. The Parish of Longue Pointe, by a regulation made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, includes part of Cdte St. Martin n. b., and extends n. to the king's high- way which runs through the centre of the island, containing about one league and 17 arpents. The Parish of Riviere des Prairies, by a regu- lation made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, contains only the Cote de St. Joseph, and extends two leagues along the Riviere des Prairies from the lower part of the island. All the lands in this P. were con- ceded previous to 1759, and consist of 8226 su- perficial arpents. In 1821 there were 108 houses, of which 92 were inhabited by farmers and 16 By occupiers of small plots of ground, called emplace- mens. The greatest extent occupied by any one person is 320 superficial arpents. The Parish of Ste. Anne, by a regulation made Feb. 20, 1721, coniirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, was erected at the upper end of the island, and contains the extent between the r. de rOrme N. and the Cote de Pointe Claire s., and also the upper part of Isle Perrot. The greatest extent of land possessed by one person is 360 arpents. All the p. is conceded, and the greater part previous to 1759, and the portion conceded since, in farms of 3 arpents by 30, pay the same rent, viz. one sol per front arpent and half a bushel of wheat for every 20 superficial arpents. With the exception of the mountain, which rises to the north-west on the skirts of the city, the ge- neral surface of the island is level, notwithstand- ing the existence of gentle ridges called cdteaux by which the complete uniformity of the level is not unfrequently and agreeably varied. The mountain itself is a very conspicuous object, independently of its altitude above the surrounding country. It consists of two distinct hills, one of which to the eastward is called the greater and the other the lesser mountain, between both of which passes one of the leading avenues into the city, which communicates with roads by which the circuit of either mountain may be made, and this, indeed, from the many charms of its scenery, is a very favourite drive. The slopes of the mountain are wooded nearly from their base to the summit, but towards the base the forest-trees have been suc- ceeded by orchards that produce apples, pears, peaches and plums of the choicest flavour; and it is worthy of remark, that although the fruit of the island is universally excellent, still all parts of it yield to the vicinity of the mountain in the luxuriance of the orchards and the deliciousness of the fruits they produce. M O U M O U Statistics of the Island and County of Montreal, in 1827. Parishes. a, 1 g ti o i o a. 1 o JS 6 12 > 1 1 1 1 §• 1 1365 30 Names of the churches. Montreal town St Laurent Ste, Genevieve Sault au RecoUet Pte. Claire Luchine Point aux Trembles Longue Fointe Riviere des Prairies Ste. Anne 238S5 2426 1790 lfi82 1543 1410 1071 803 800 625 2 5 6 i i 3 2 i i 2 2 3 i 240 3 221 6 3 3 Notre Dame. St. Laurent. Ste. Genevieve. Oe la Visitation. St. Joachim. Des Saintes. L'Enfant Jesus. St Frangois D'Assize. St. Joseph. Ste. Anne. Totals. 36014 2 14 9 10 7 3 6 5 1 4 1243 233 1395 Parishes. Annual Agriuulcurai produce, in buah. l^iveaujek. ] $ 1 I 1 i g o o 1 1 Montreal town 5200 3900 260 100 850 St Laurent 20800 18200 2000 2000 2260 985 990 1480 3888 1550 Ste. GeneviSve 16900 11700 2200 1000 1050 740 720 1290 2800 1250 Sault au RecoUet . 11960 8060 1100 4000 1500 720 728 1260 2880 1080 Pte. Claire 13000 10400 2600 300 1000 536 538 910 2008 790 Lachine 10400 10400 566 , 800 580 565 890 2000 750 Point aux Trembles 13000 10400 600 3600 2000 428 426 652 1680 610 Longue Pointe 9100 5200 1560 2000 1600 365 .322 53.T 1300 510 Riviere des Prairies 14560 10400 1300 3000 2000 360 320 520 1280 480 Ste. Anne 5720 5200 500 500 1000 255 250 300 1014 500 Totals. 120640 93800 13686 16500 14050 4949 4859 7927 19850 7520 Title. — " Lettres patentes, en forme d'Edit, donn^es ipar sa Majestfe tres Chretienne, en Juillet, 1714, qui con- firment la concession de la Seigr.eurie de Tisle de Mont- real, isles Courcellea et dependances, a titres onereux d'amortissement des dites terres, aecordees Si Messieurs du Seminaire de St. Sulpice, par lettres patentes du mois de Mai, 1677, avec les droits d'echange." Bigistre des Foi el Hommage, No. n,folio 81, leSme Fevrier, 1781. — Ctthiers d'Intend. No. 10 d 17, folio 5.35. Montreal, river, rises near the boundary line in the t. of Hemmingford, and striking through the s. angle of Sherrington enters the S. of De L6ry which it traverses n. e., and watering the w. angle of the b of Longueuil and the e. angle of Laprairie, runs to West Chambly and falls into the Richelieu a little below Chambly Basin. Moose Riveb, rises in the n. e. section of Barford, and traversing the t. of Compton, joins the R. Coaticook above Pennoyer's mills. Moulin, au, river, runs into the r. Saguenay about 2 miles below Chicoutimi Posts. Moulin, du, river, a small stream that rises in the rear part of the S. of Matane, and running to the front falls into the St. Lawrence. Moulin, du, rivulet, in the S. of Eboulemens, runs through C6te St. Joseph into the St. Law- rence, opposite the n. e. end of Isle aux Coudres. It forms a beautiful cascade near the manor and is seen as the traveller descends towards the St. Law- rence ; it falls into a basin extending across the lands and rocks, and is in some places from 4 to 600 ft. deep. It turns a corn-miU and two saw- mills, besides the seignorial or banal mill. Moulin Baude, in the co. of Saguenay, is a little river at the bottom of a small bay, and enters the St. Lawrence about 4 miles below the post of Tadoussac. This place is remarkable for a quarry of statuary marble of excellent quality and in considerable quantity; it is said not to be inferior to the marble extracted from the mines on the Hudson and Lake Champlain. The marble is in a rent of about six to eight feet in breadth; the rent rises almost vertically to the top of the bank, 150 feet high. The marble is therefore abundant. It is, generally speaking, solid, and masses suf- Bciently large to form the pillars of a fine public M O U M U R building might be quarried at a trifling expense. The parts which have not been exposed to the action of the air will probably take a good polish, and as chimney-pieces, tables, &c. would make beautiful ornaments. The rent is washed by the tide, and a vessel of sixty tons might strike it, with her keel. The rivulet that runs over the bed of this quarry is sufficiently copious to turn a mill for sawing and cutting the marble in the quarry itself. The marble is of the purest white, and Mr. P. Chasseur has a lamp made of it, which may be seen in his museum at Quebec. The muddy bay, into which this small river runs from the quarry, is dry at low water, and, aiFording a protected har- bour, admits at high water vessels drawing six or eigh-t feet. A vessel of the former draught might indeed touch the bed itself with its keel. The entrance from the St. Lawrence is not difficult ; and it is not more than 48 hours' sail from Quebec with a light fair wind. Moulin, du, river, runs through Cfite du Mou- lin in the S. of C6te de Beaupre into the St. Lawrence, a little above the r. du Gouffre. It turns a corn-mill near its mouth. Moulin, du, river, in the S. of le Gouffi-e, runs into the k. du Gouffi:e and turns a corn-mill near its mouth. Moulin, du, river, waters the n. b. section of the S. of Lotbiniire and runs into the St. Law- rence. Mount Johnson, v. Monnoir, S. Mount Murray, is a British grant en fief et seigneurie, in the co. of Saguenay ; it reaches from the north side of the r. Malbay, along the bank of the St. Lawrence, as far as the River Noire or Black River, and is 3 leagues in depth. Granted Apr. 27th, 1762, to Lieut. Malcolm Fraser, and is now the property of Malcolm Fraser, Esq. This seigniory is separated from Murray Bay by Mal- bay river, and contains only a very small propor- tion of cultivated land in comparison to its size. The general surface is mountainous, but in some places the soil is moderately good : timber of all kinds is plentiful and very fine, particularly pine. The lands under the best state of improvement are those along the k. Malbay for about six miles. A tolerably good road passes through these settle* ments, on which are many farm-houses and neat dwellings. The manor-house, belonging to Co- lonel Fraser, called Mount Murray, is well situ- ated at the entrance of the bay on the east sidfej and is surrounded by a large tract of well- cultivated lands. This grant is watered by several streams, whose waters are not more than sufficient to work the mills. — From the River Noire, along the bor- ders of the St. Lawrence, and as far into the in- terior as the country has been explored, are only mountains of stone almost without the slightest vegetation. — Limestone is abundant in this S. The chief articles of trade are deals, boards, fire- wood and some wheat : the salmon caught between the River Noire and Malbay are sold at Quebec. Statistics. Population . Corn-mills . . 1087 Saw-mills 1 . Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. Wheat . 8,500 Oats . 2,200 Potatoes 8,000 Bushels. Peas . 600 Rye . 100 Maple sugar, ewfs Live Stock. Horses . 305 Oxen . 636 Cows . 848 Sheep . 2,400 Sviine . I 35 1,300 Title.—" Grant of the 27th of April, 1762, by the Honourable James Murray, Esq. Governor of Quebec, to Lieutenant Malcolm Fraser, of His Majesty's 78tli Regiment of Foot, of all that extent of land lying on the North shore of the river St. Lawrence, from the North side of the River of Malbay to the River N'oire, and for three leagues back, to be known hereafter, at the special request of the said Lieutenant Malcolm Fraser, by the name of Mount Murray, together with the woods and rivers or other appurtenances within the said extent, right of fishing or fowling, within the same, included. All kind of traffic with the Indians of the back country hereby specially e\ceptei."— English Register, Letter E, folio Murray Bay or Malbay, seigniory, in the CO. of Saguenay, is one of the three grants en fief et seigneurie, which have been made by the British government; it extends from the S. of Eboulemens, along the St. Lawrence, as far as the river Malbay that divides it from Mount Murray. — 4 leagues in front by 3 in depth. Granted Ap 27th, 1762, to Captain John Nairn, and now belongs to Mrs. Nairn. This seigniory contains but a very small portion of cultivated land in comparison to its size. The best settle- ments range along Malbay river for about 6 miles. It contains a church, parsonage-house, corn and saw-mills, and a well-built manor-house belonging to the proprietor of the seigniory. — The rivers are only sufficient to work the mills. The principal lakes are called Nairn, Anthony and Ste. Marie, M U R N E t and are in the rear of the S. Lake Nairn is on the rear boundary line^ and Lake Anthony, which is much smaller and discharges itself into it, is near its n. b. side. Little Lake or Lake Ste. Marie is s. B. of the others about 1^ mile. — No lands were conceded previous to 1759, and the non-con- ceded lands are not surveyed, and have no road through them. 9^ arpents is the largest quantity of land possessed by one individual, and 12 persons hold lands of the seignior of 6 arpents and above : 98 possess lands of less than 3 arpents, an exact classification of which would be very difficult; these lands being very high, are for the most part dry and of middling quality. — The valleys in this S. on account of the north winds that rush down them early in the autumn, are exposed to in- jurious frosts. — The Bay enters deep into the north shore, and the greater proportion becomes dry at low water. The land which encloses the bay is rather elevated and rocky, but, between it and the high water-mark on the western side, there is a flat or gently undulated alluvial soil, most of which is sandy. — This S. and its neighbourhood have long been remarkable for the frequency of earth- quakes. Shocks are most frequent in January and February ; their direction appears to be n. w. ; the duration of the movement is about one minute, and notice of the coming motion is generally given by a noise like a chimney on fire, sometimes accompanied by two distinct blows. The weather is sometimes sultry, previously at other times cold; in the former case, the weather becomes cold after the shock, and in the latter, mild : in short, a shock is always accompanied by a change of weather. Shocks occur about nine or ten times a year, and are more generally observed in the night than in the day. When they happen in foggy weather it clears up subsequently. About 37 years ago the shocks were much more violent. Statistics. Population 1,875 I Corn-mills Churches, R. C. 1 | Saw-mills 2 I Carding-mills 1 15 I FulUng-mills 2 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels 12,188 3,800 . 500 Bushels. Potatoes 15,500 Peas . 730 Rye . 200 Maple sugar, cwts, 41 Live Stock. 469 I Cows 924 I Sheep 1,252 I Swine 5,200 I 1,585 Title " Grant of the 27th day of April, 1762, by the Honourable James Murray, Esq. Governor of Quebec, to John Nairn, Captain of his Majesty's 78th Regiment of Foot, of all that extent of land lying on the North shore of the River St. Lawrence, from Goose-Cape, boundary of the Seigneurie of Eboulemms, to the River Malbay, and for three leagues back, to be known hereafter, at the special request of the said Captain John Nairn, by the name of Murray Bay, together with the woods and rivers or other appurtenances within the said extent, right of fishing and fowling on the same therein included. All kinds of traffic with the Indians of the back country are hereby specially excepted." — English Register, Letter E, page 700. Musk Rat, river, is a branch of the b. Peri- bonea which runs into Lake St. John. It derives its name from the number of musk rats with which it abounds. It is said to form a good har- bour for small vessels. N. Namjamscutcook, or Namgamskdtesck, river, in the co. of Rimouski, runs out of Long Lake into l. Temiscouata and is about two chains wide ; its current is gentle, and said to be navi- gable for boats and canoes. — This r. is the same as the Cabineau, which vide. Namgamskutesck, v. Namjamscutcook. Nativitb db la Ste. Vierge and De St. Pierre (P.), v. Becancoub, S. Nekoaba (R.), v. Askatichb, l. Nelson's Bay, in the front of the t. of Gren- ville. This bay, with the exception of a shoal about 1 mile long and a i mile in average breadth, part of which is dry in summer, offers a safe harbour and good anchorage for the steam-boat or other vessels. These vessels when in the bay are shel- tered by the high lands that extend n. and n. w. of the basin and descend almost to the margin of the river Ottawa, except near the river Calumet, where the hills rise from a small but beautiful meadow. Nelson Rivrr, rises in a smaU lake on the s. w. boundary line of St. Ignace, and, winding in the S. of St. Gabriel in nearly a semi-circular course, joins the B. St. Charles about 1 mile above the V. of Jeune Lorette. Nelson, township, in the co. of Megantick, is bounded n. e. by Ste. Croix ; s. w. by Somerset ; in the rear by Inverness and Leeds ; in front by the augmentation to Lotbiniere. It was granted in April, 1804, to officers and privates of the Canadian militia.— The land is rather low, but of NEUVILLE. tolerably good quality and fit for the production of most kinds of grain. Towards the s. k. end are some rising grounds^ much superior to the part which adjoins Lotbiniere. The timber is chiefly beechj maple, birch and pine ; on the low and moist ground, basswood, cedar, spruce and hemlock abound. — This t. is well watered by the rivers Cecancour and Du Chene, and by many small streams falling into those rivers. — No part is under cultivation. Neuville, or Pointb aux Trembles, seigniory, in the co of Portneuf, is bounded in front by the St. Lawrence ; s. w, by Belair and its augmentation; n. b. by Desmaure and Fau- sembault ; in the rear by Bourglouis. — 2 J leagues in front by 4 leagues in depth. Granted Dec. 16, 1653, to Jean Bourdon, and is now the property of the Rev. Mr. Descheneaux, Grand Vicar. — This seigniory is of great value. The lands are all con- ceded, and many were granted previous to 1759, and those granted since are held on the same terras. Above two-thirds of the S. are under cultivation and very productive. The surface, as is the case almost invariably within several leagues of Quebec, is very uneven, rising from the St. Lawrence in a series of irregular ridges to the elevated banks of the Jacques Cartier: beyond which it is mountainous and abrupt. The soil in front is a lightish mixture of sand and black friable earth, but towards the n. w. it becomes much stronger, and soon changes to a fine loam, in some places rather thickly strewed with stones : large masses of granite lie about in different directions as if rolled down from the heights, although there is scarcely any trace of rock south of the R. Jacques Cartier. The timber is, generally, very good ; but between the rivers Jacques Car- tier and Aux Pomraes not in great plenty, as the whole of that space is laid out in fruitful settle- ments ; farther back, beech, maple, pine, ash and birch are found in abundance. — This S. is watered by several branches of the K. Portneuf, by the Riviere aux Pommes in a beautiful, meandering course, and by the impetuous Jacques Cartier, besides many rivulets descending from the sides of the different ridges, the whole amply providing for the irrigation, particularly of the settled parts. — Of the many roads that intersect the S., the one in front of the St. Lawrence, one in the direct line from Quebec by the village of Capqa to Jacques Cartier bridge, and another striking from the St. Lawrence, about midway between the viUage of Pointe aux Trembles and Belair, to the same place, are the principal ; the others open a convenient communication between the different concessions. — The commissioners, acting under the authority of the provincial parliament, during last year (1830) made two roads from this S. to Bourg Louis. One commences at the free bridge over the h. Jacques Cartier, (commonly called Graves' Bridge), and ending at the commence- ment of the seigniory of Bourg Louis, of which about 50 acres are finished. This part of the road passes through the Grand Brul6, and finishes as the law directs. The remaining part of this road, being about 116 acres, has been rendered passable for loaded carts. The latter part of this road is only half the breadth required by law, and is only drained by ditches where it was found absolutely necessary, and where they could not be dispensed with. About 18 acres of the road nearest to Bourg Louis remains un- finished, the wood only being cleared on the line of the road. In the line of this road a long bridge, 70 ft. in length by 20 ft. wide, has been thrown over an arm of the n. Portneuf; it is covered with 3 inch plank, and has a strong hand rail on each side substantially drawn together with ties. The other road commences at Route des Com- missaires, leading to the concession St. Jacques to the River Portneuf, about 70 acres of which is completed according to law, having in this dis- tance six bridges placed over ditches for draining the road. At this point of the road is a very steep hill of about three acres long, at the bottom of which is the River Portneuf, over which is erected a bridge 60 feet long, buUt with cedar and covered with three inch plank, having a strong hand-rail on either side, the whole very substantially built, and drawn together with suf- ficient ties. After passing this bridge the road ascends by a hill two acres loijg, and is only half made for about 55 acres, with ditches whenever they were positively required ; but the whole of this distance is passable for loaded carts, leaving a space of about 38 acres to be made nearest to and adjoining Bourg Louis, which could not be performed for the want of means. Near the r. Jacques Cartier is a deep ravine about 14 feet wide, over which a bridge is constructed. The distance between the rivers Portneuf and the Jacqpes Cartier ig about 32 acres | the latter E E N E U NEW is approached by a hill about three acres long ; the breadth of the river is about 10 feet, over which is constructed a bridge. The road then ascends a hill of about 2 acres, and from the river Portneuf to the end of the road, which is about half iinishsd, 9 small bridges have been constructed over rivers and brooks. The land on ' this road is generally good ; the latter part of it which remains to be commenced, will be more expensive and more difficult to linish than the part that has already been done, in consequence of there being several hills to pass, and a small river which meanders thtough the intended line of the road 3 or 4 times, over which bridges must be thrown, arid to finish this road properly from the river Portneuf to feourg Louis will require .at least 150/. On the line of these two roads partial settlements were formerly made; but now the lots are nearly all taken up since the roads have been made, and several of the settlers are now getting materials and building houses, now that the means of communication are afforded ; building materials are very easy to be obtained, there being good building stone in the vicinity, also a corn and saw'- miU about 3 miles from the concessions St. Jean and Ste. Marie, and about 4 miles from that of St. Charles. These two roads form the com- munication to the church, mills and town, for the few settlers now in Bourg Louis. By the accounts rendered to the inspector-general of public ac- counts, the sum voted for the service was 200/., out of which no balance remains. With this sum the commissioners have made 9 miles and 4 acres of new road through a new country, bridges, &c., and paid 25/. to the grand voyer, and ten pounds for the commissioners' fees. On the east side of the concession St. Charles, separated by the River Portneuf, there is a fine tract of land, commonly called Ste. Madaleine, which is of the best quality ; timbered with every description of wood, with fine sugaries : a road to it is highly recom- mended by the commissioners ; it would cost about 100/. — The distance from the end of the two above-mentioned roads to waste lands of the crown is exactly nine miles, through a very good country for settling. The lands on the boundaries of the river Ste. Ann are also good. The north branch of the river Ste. Ann descends from the crown lands into the main river at the point where the two roads would reach that river. If the road from the free bridge should be continued to the river Ste. Ann, for the purpose of reaching the waste lands of the crown, it would be of great utility to new settlements ; this road would cost 350/., and it would be a great encouragement to the settling of the waste lands of the crown. ■ — The Village of Pointe aux Trembles is exceed- ingly well seate'd on a projecting point of the same name, rising but a few yards above the level of the St. Lawrence; it is backed by an amphi- theatre of gently rising hills, cultivated to their very summits and embellished with farm-houses, mostly built with stone, which are surrounded by gardens and extensive orchards, affording in every direction, but from the St. Lawrence particularly, a rich, variegated and pleasing coup d'ceil. This village contains thirty-seven houses, a neat church, 1 00 ft. by 50, a chapel, a parsonage house, and what is called a convent, where from 40 to 50 scholars are instructed ; also a French school, supported by the inhabitants. Blany of the houses are of stone, and their in- habitants are industrious and wealthy, which is also the case with most of the habitafis of this seigniory. The convent is an establishment for female education, conducted by two sisters of the congregation of Quebec, who reside in it as missionaries for disseminating religious and useful knowledge.— Oxen are generally used in agricultural labour, and English carts by many. The inhabitants are clothed in stuffs of home manufacture. — From the point, reaching nearly down to the S. of Desmaure, runs a shoal, called La Batture de la Pointe aux Trembles, thickly beset with rocks, that are uncovered at low water. Population 1,521 Churches, R.C. 1 Curis . . . 1 Presbyteries 1 Convents 1 Statistics. Schools Villages Corn-mills . Saw-mills . . Notaries . Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans . 3 3 7 22 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. 11,910 10,400 Barley Bushels. . 75 Peas Live Stock. 602 I Cows . 1,415 1 Swine Bushels. . 2,600 905 850 1 Sheep . SJSOO I r«fc.-" Concession du 16me Dfecembre, 1653, feite par la Oompagme, it Jean Bourdon, conteuant deux lieues trois quarts ou environ de front, sur quatre lieues de oro- iondeur, tenant ducflt^du Nord-est aufief de Desmureet du cote du Sud.Ouest au fief de Bilairef par devmiUe flcuve St. Lm.reni,et par derri^re les terres non-concW^es " —Rigiitre d' Inlendance, JVo. 10 o 17, folio 660. New Bristol Riveu rises in the t. of St. NEW NIC Dennis, and, traversing through the centre of the S. of Matane, runs into the St. Lawrence. New Glasgow, ahout 1 mile from the s. w. comer of the t. of Kilkenny. This settlement was established in 1820," and, considering the numerous impediments, deficiency of mills, want of practicable roads, &o., much progress has been made by the industry and perseverance of this little colony. Newport, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is between Eaton and Ditton, and is bounded in the rear by Auckland, in front by Bury. Although the land in many parts is uneven, the general tendency of the soil is good, and the swampy land is fit for culture. Beech, maple, birch, spruce, basswood and fir are the prevalent sorts of timber. The North River runs nearly through the middle of the t., and the land rises gradually from it in a series of gentle swells to the n. and s. Numerous small streams, after traversing this T., find their way to the North River and New- port River in the s. w. comer. The extreme parts of the s. w. and s. e. comers are more hilly, particularly in the s. b,, where the hills attain a considerable altitude. None of the rivers are navigable. Several roads, generally in a bad state, passing to the adjacent settlements intersect it, as does the intended new one from Craig's road. — From 900 to 1000 acres cleared, and this t. re- sembles Eaton in its agricultural produce, the state of the mechanics, price of labour and descrip- tion of cattle. — Good flax is produced for domestic use, but as yet no hemp. — Black lead ore has been found in this t., and slate for roofing is pro- duced in abundance. — Vngranted and unlocated, 15,000 acres. Statistics. Population . 91 Corn-mills . 1 Saw-mills . 1 Potasheries . 1 Pearlasheries . 1 Artisans . 11 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 1,018 Oats . 1,140 Barley . 105 Bushels. Potatoes 1,.330 Peas . 290 Rye . 1,100 Bushels. Indian corn 4)10 Live Stock. Horses ... 5'! Oxen ... 57 Cows . . 95 Sheep . .192 Swine. . . 93 ' Newton, township, in the co. of Vaudreuil, and its augmentation, rbe-tween the seigniories of Rigaud, Soulange, and New Longueuil, is of an irregular figure and very advantageously situated. contiguous to the settlements in the Upper Pro- vince. On the w. side the land is of a very superior quality, and will produce all sorts of grain; many pjirtS also might be employed to great advantage in growing hemp and flax. The E. side is much lower, inclining here and there, for short distances, tp be marshy : there is, how- ever, no actual swamp ,• and if the low grounds, that are rather wet, were carefully ditched and drained, they would prove most excellent land, and furnish luxuriant meadow and pasture as well as good arable land. On the most elevated parts, the principal timber is maple, beech and birch ; on other parts, cedar, red spruce, alder, and hemlock. As the grants are all recent, only a few of the lots are yet cultivated, but the good- ness of the situation and other local advantages are likely soon to induce settlers in much greater numbers. In that part which is in the p. of St. Polycarpe are 48 souls. The greatest landh6lders are the heirs of the late Hon. A. C. de Lotbiniere, Saveuse de Beaujeu, Esq., Mr. John M'Nider, and others. Nixon Lake, in the peninsula near Lake St. John, is a small lake N. of l. Kiguagomishish, with which it is connected by a small channel of about three chains in length, and about one chain in width. There is deep black land covered with alder all around this lake, and upon the banks, about 25 ft. above the water, to the distance of at least a mile, the land is unbroken and level, and the soil an excellent loam ; the timber is sapin, black birch, spruce and some white birch. The lake is 36 chains long, lying s. w. and n. e., and about ten chains wide. — Named after Mr. Nixon, a late explorer of Lake St. John. NicoLET, county, in the district of Three Rivers, is bounded e. by the co. of Lotbiniere ; w. by the seignorial line between the seigniory of Nicolet and the seigniories La Baie du Febvre and Courval; towards the n. by the River St. Lawrence ; s. by the River Becancour, being the boundary of the S. of Blandford and Maddington, by the rear line of the seigniory of Becancour ; w. of that river by the division lines between the township of Aston and its augmentation, and the seigniory of Godefroy, Roquetaillade and the augmentation of Nicolet ; and lastly by the rear line of the augmentation of Nicolet. It compre- hends the seigniories of Nicolet and its augmenta- tion, Roquetaillade, Godefroy, Becancour, Cour- £ e 2 N I C O L E T. noyer, Gentilly, Livrard, FiefDutard, and the townships of Maddington and Blandford. It con- tains five parisheSj viz. — Nicolet, St. Gregoire, Becancour, Gentilly and St. Pierre ; and also the villages of Nicolet and St. Gregoire.— Its breadth, or front, on the St. Lawrence is 32-|- miles, and its depth 20, containing 475 square miles ; its centre is in lat. 46° 20' n., long. 72" 17 30" w. It sends two members to the provincial parliament, and the places of election are Gentilly and St. Gregoire. — The surface of this co. is level and composed of light soil, sandy in many places, especially along the banks of the rivers, but in the interior the soil is stronger and more productive. It is tolerably well watered by rivers and streams, and by Lake St. Paul. The chief rivers are the Nicolet, Be- cancour and Gentilly, with their branches. The flourishing state of the settlements is evinced by its population and produce : the chief settlements are to be seen along the rivers St. Lawrence, Nicolet, Becancour and Gentilly. — It is traversed by a number of concession roads, besides those along the borders of the chief rivers. Two roads pass through this co., leading from the ferry op- posite to Three Rivers to the southern townships, the Aston road, and that through Nicolet to Bale St. Antoine : new roads are also opened leading from GentiUy and St. Pierre to Blandford, and up to the new settlements on the Becancour. — In many parts there are highly cultivated farms and good dwelling-houses. Population 12,59.3 Churches, R.C. 5 Churches, Pro. Cures Presbyteries Colleges Villages Statistics. Corn-mills Saw-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Tanneries Potteries Just, of peace Medical men Notaries . Shopkeepers Taverns . Artisans 2 3 8 6 90 Annual Jgrkultural Produce. Wheat . Oats . Barley Potatoes Bushels, 76,330 47,109 , 3,200 66,620 Bushels. Peas . 17,620 Rye . 4,283 Indian com 310 Mixedgrain 3,500 Maple sugar, cwts. 936 Hay, tons 38,100 Horses Oxen Live Stock. 5,250 1 Cows . 7,4,90 1 Swine . . 7,155 2,638 1 Sheep • 25,500 1 Nicolet, lake and river, in the cos. of Drum- mond and Nicolet. The Lake is in the s. b, comer of the t. of Ham and gives rise to the river. This beautiful sheet of water, about 2^ m. long and one broad, contains several small islands. which are the resort of vast numbers of wild-fowl. The surrounding country possesses every trait of wild romantic beauty. The lake is environed by rising grounds clothed with trees, in some places thickly clustered together, and in others irregularly dispersed over the acclivities ; beyond the first heights are seen in the distance the softened and fantastic forms of a much more elevated chain. — The River, which rises in the lake, consists of two principal branches, distinguished by the names of eastern and western. The distance in a straight line, from the source to the mouth, seems to be about 60 miles; and the breadth of the space which it waters about 12. It collects therefore the waters of about 720 square miles. It tra- verses the townships of Ham, Chester, Artha- baska, Warwick and Horton, where it meets its eastern branch that rises in Wolfstown and de- scends through parts of Chester, Halifax, Stans- fold and Bulstrode; their united waters divide Wendover from Aston, and traversing the aug. to Nicolet enters that seigniory, and a little above the village receives the waters of the western branch which rises in Weedon; this branch, traversing th rough the centre of W otton, partially waters Ting- wick and Shipton, then running through Kingsey, Simpson and Wendover, it enters the S. of Courval, whence it hastens through the s. w. section of the S. of Nicolet and joins the main branch at what is called the second forks. The Nicolet having thus received its accumulated waters runs near the s. w. side of the village and soon after empties itself into Lake St. Peter, where, at its mouth, it divides into two streams and forms Isle Moran. The banks, in the interior townships, are high and generally covered with woods down to the water ; but in the lower part of its course the banks diminish very much and are less woody : from the village downward are several small islands covered with trees that form very pleasing groups. In the upper part of the river there are rapids with fre- quent intervals of gentle current ; these rapids the Indians frequently ascend and descend in canoes. In the spring, when the stream is in- creased by the freshes, small decked vessels can sometimes get up from the St. Lawrence as high as the village; but this cannot be depended upon, as the entrance is obstructed by a sand-bar, upon which craft drawing 2 ft. water frequently strike in the summer or dry season : this bar is called the Batture aux Sables. The scenery on both N I C O L E T. banks of the main river is varied and beautiful in many places^ but on the n. e. side it is particulariy interesting. In the S. of Nicolet this river adds considerably to the beauty of the scenery and the fertility of the lands. The banks of the main branch are cut by frequent ravines of consider- able size. Both sides of this river for about 4 leagues from its mouth are embellished by settle- ments. Nicolet, seigniory and augmentation, in the CO. of Nicolet, is bounded n. b. by Roquetaillade ; s. w. by Bale St. Antoine ; in the rear by the t. of Wendover ; in front by Lake St. Peter. — The original grant is 2 leagues in front by 2 in depth. Granted Oct. 29th, 1672, to Sieur deLaubia: the augmentation, 2 leagues in breadth by 3 in depth, with Isle de la Fourche, was granted Nov. 4th, 1680, to Sieur de Cresse. Both are now the property of Kenelm Connnr Chandler, Esq. — The soil is not remarkably good, but industry has in some degree counteracted its natural defects. Towards the lake the land is poor, of a light sandy nature, but more in the interior it is stronger and better; it lies rather low and in general level; near the village the soil, though not of the best description, is calculated to repay its industrious occupants ; more towards the rear it improves greatly and in some places, particularly on the banks of the rivers, it is equal in fertility to any in the province. Three-fifths of the S. are under cultivation and the remainder in woodland and unconceded, of which not more than 300 farms could be formed on account of the large circuits made by the r. Nicolet and its s. vv. branch, the main river traversing the entire seigniory lengthwise ; these circuits form excavations and enormous ravines, which deprive the farmer of much land. There are 1 1 ranges of concessions containing 850 farms, 400 of which are well peo- pled. Some of the concessions were granted as far back as 171 6, and were in thefront range; each farm measuring 12 to 15 arpents by 30 in depth, was conceded at a moderate rent. The subsequent concessions, prior to 1759, were rented, for 3 ar- pents in front by 25, 30 or 40 in depth, at 1 or 2 sols tournois per arpent and 1 or 2 capons for each farm. The concessions opened during the 30 years previous to 1821, were rented at a quart of wheat and 2 sols per arpent. — It appears that the want of roads, the augmentation of rents, and the ex- penses of drainage necessary to make the non- conceded lands convertible, have been the principal obstacles to the establishment of new settlements; and in this S. the settlements were retarded, pre- vious to 1821, by unfortunate speculations in wood, which were disastrous to many of the in- habitants by draining them of their ready money, and to others they proved utter ruin. — The tim- ber is not remarkable for superior quality or growth ; on the borders of the lake it is generally bois franc and on the banks of the s. w. branch of the R. Nicolet it is spruce and sapin with many considerable pineries. — The roads are very good, with the exception of that which runs along the main branch of the river into the interior ; the main road to William Henry passes through the village and crosses the river at a ferry where the toll is 3d. for each person, 9d. for a horse, and Is. 3d. for a horse and carriage ; several other roads intersect the S. in different directions. There is no road over the unconceded lands although they have been surveyed. — This S. is well watered by the R. Nicolet and its s. w. branch ; on both are built corn and saw-mills. The corn-mills have three sets of stones each, abundantly supplied with water all the year round, and are of great advantage, not only to the inhabitants of this S. but to those of the neighbouring parishes. A carding-mill is attached to the corn-mill on the N. E. or main branch of the river, and also another to the corn-mill on the s. w. branch. Salmon abounds in the river and large quantities offish in the lake. — One-third of the grain pro- duced is generally sold, and the wheat is of such excellent quality that it is generally sold for seed to other parishes. The time of sowing is later than at Montreal, but rather sooner than at Quebec. An abundance of hay is grown on the borders of the lake and the St. Lawrence. The breed of horses is Canadian, and though small they are good. — The inhabi^nts are chiefly catholics, for out of a population of 4000 only 500 are pro- testants. — The Village of Nicolet is pleasantly situ- ated on the banks of the river, about a mile from its mouth ; its appearance, whether approached by the river or by either of the roads, is calculated to at- tract the notice of a traveller, andoffersinducements for visiting it sufficient to repay an ordinaryjourney to the admirers of nature's favoured spots. — This village, containing about 90 houses with a church in the centre, as remarkable for its beautiful situ- ation on the side of a gentle acclivity, covered N I C N O I with some majestic oaks (the best timber in the seigniory) and crested with a tuft of lofty pines. Besides the Roman catholic church, 140 ft. by 50 ft., decorated with some valuable paintings, there is a neat well-built protestant episcopal chapel, 50 ft. by 25 to 30 ft. In this village, about the begin- ning of the present century, a college for the edu- cation of youth was founded under the auspices of the then catholic bishop of Quebec, It stands on a spot well calculated by the natural beauties of its situation to assist the views of so excellent an establishment. The building is on a simple, unostentatious, but convenient plan, possessing all requisite accommodation for the director, masters, and seventy pensioners. The success and reputa- tion of this institution obtained for it a royal char- ter in the reign of George the Third. The ori- ginal building having been found inadequate to the accommodation of the increased number of students, a new edifice of considerably enlarged dimensions was commenced in 1827 and is now far advanced towards completion. It is calculated to accommodate 200 students. In the beauty and salubrity of its situation the College of Nicolet cannot be surpassed and is perhaps altogether un- equalled. The establishment is endowed with lands and is managed by a body corporate. The scholars wear an appropriate dress and the terms are made suitable to its general utility, being about 201. per annum for board and instruction in the usual branches of education. This vil- lage has also the advantage of a market twice a week. — Mr. Chandler the seignior has made valuable improvements in this seigniory, parti- cularly in mills, in opening new roads, in the importation of improved breeds of animals and in the introduction of agricultural implements. — There is perhaps no place where an English emi- grant of moderate capital or income might fix his residence with more advantage and comfort than in the S. of Nicolet, for many of the old settlers will sell their farms on moderate terms in order to make new clearances, which they of course can do with less difficulty and expense than a foreigner. Thus would the emigrant avoid the real difficulties of forming a settlement in distant uncleared wood- land and be surrounded by at least a portion of his countrymen and accommodated with house and outbuildings suited to the climate. — From Lake St. Peter and its entrance into the St. Law- rence the front of the seigniory presents a prospect peculiarly pleasing, for bordering on that river the wood is tolerably thick, with several clear in- tervals through which the settlements and the village are seen in diflFerent points of view to the greatest advantaige. The views in the S. are in general truly pleasing and beautiful and impresr sively convey a sense of the peace and happiness of an industrious rural life. — Isle d la Fourche forms a part of this S. Population 4,000 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Colleges . 1 Villages . 1 Statistics. Corn-mills , Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills Tanneries Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 2 3 4. 3 27 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 20,100 14,900 1,600 Potatoes Peas Bushels. 23,120 3,120 Bushels. Rye . . 550 Indian com 25 Live Stock. 1,100 1 Cows 1,6001 Sheep 2,000 1 Swine 8,000 1 1,200 Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean. Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Laubia, de deux lieues de front sur autant de profondeur, a prendre sur le lac St. Pierre, savoir; une lieue au dessus et une lieue au dessous de la riviere Nicolet, icelle comprise." RegUtre d'Intendance, iVo. I, folio 15. Augmentation — " Concession du 4me Novembre, 1680, par le Comte de Frontenac, G6uverneur, et Duchesneau, Intendant, au Sieur Cressi, de I'isle de la Fourche, etant dans la rividre Cressi, ensemble les isles et islets qui sont dans la dite riviere, jusqu'au bout de la dite isle ; avec trois lieues d'augmentation dans la profondeur des terres qui sont au bout de toute la largeur de sa Seigneurie." — lU- gistre d'l7itendance, No. 2, folio 21. NoH-oui-LOO, Na-d'haoui-lo or D'ahaouilo, lake, forms part of the r. Peribonea which runs into Lake St. John. It is about 4 miles long and 1 wide. There are many islands at its entrance and beautiful points of flat land on the s. e. side. It is about 19 miles from the mouth of the river. NoiRB, two rivers in the co. of L'Islet. The Grande Riviere Noire is commonly called Lake Ktacasy River or outlet. It is about 25 yards wide and about 18 inches deep. It runs rather rapidly over a fine smooth bed of black stones. The banks are level and unbroken and the river contains several small islands. It runs near five small mountains called the Sugar Loaves. The Petite Riviere Noire. Mr. Gamache, who in 1829 surveyed part of the waste lands in the rear of the S. of L'Islet, towards the e. St. John, struck NOR NOT upon this river and found its north bank to be about 20 ft. perpendicular and formed of sandy earth and level on its south side : the bed of the B. is strewed with black stones. Ascending a tree on the N. bank, he discovered nothing buf a flat country covered with mixed timber. NoiRBj river, in the co. of Saguenay, is the boundary line between the 8. of Mount Murray and the King's Posts. It is supposed that on the bank of this k., lying within the King's Posts domains, there is a very considerable extent of good land, and that a tract equally good extends across the country to Chicoutimi, a distance of two days' journey, or 40 to 50 miles. The tim- ber on this R. is very well adapted for sawing into deals, and a powerful saw-mill has lately been erected near the outlet of the river at Port au Persil by Messieurs M'Leod and Duberges. There is a footpath from Malbay across the country, but it would be difiicult to make a road for car- riages. NoiRE> la Riviere, rises in the rear part of the S. of Gaspe, in the co. of Lotbiniere, and passing through the s. w. boundary line of the S. of Lau- zon it is joined by the Ruisseau Gosselin and soon after falls into the s. w. branch of the k. Chaudiere. Noire, la Riviere, v. Prbvost, r. NoHD-OuBST, bras du, river, in the S. of C6te de Beau'pre. This stream is thus named because it is the N. w. branch of the r. du Goufire. It rises in a small lake in the p. of La Petite Riviere and taking a n. b. course enters the p. of Bale de St. Paul, where it joins the r. du Gouffre about one mile from its mouth. North Channel, one of the connecting branches of the St. Lawrence that conducts its waters into Lake St. Peter, It extends from Isle au Foin, opposite Fief DorviUier to Isle a I'Aigle, near Maskinong6 Bay. North River, in the co. of Sherbrooke, rises in various springs in the townships of Ditton and Emberton and traversing Newport it enters Eaton where it joins Eaton River. North River or Riviere du Nord, in the cos. of Terrebonne and Two Mountains, rises in waste lands n. w. of Abercromby, and entering that T. at lot 6 in the 11th range, traverses it and enters the aug. to Mille Isles, where turning to the s. w. it crosses the aug. of Lac des Deux Montagues and Argenteuil to the forks at Chute Mills, where it receives the West River, and after watering the lower part of the n. e. section of Chatham it winds over the s. w. angle of Argen- teuU, where it turns a paper-miU near the village and soon after falls into the Ottawa at the head of the Lake of Two Mountains. Its mouth is divided by an islet into two channels and the width of the river up to the bridge at the village of St. Andrews may be from 6 to 8 chains. Boats and river craft ascend to the village notwithstand- ing the rapid.s and rocks that impede its naviga- tion, which might be improved so as to admit of the ascent of steam-boats calculated to draw but little water. Above the bridge there is a rapid near which stands the old mill: thence to the chute (or falls) the river averages from 5 to 6 chains wide and is in that interval obstructed by 6 or 7 rapids, including the waterfall of La Chftte, where Major Johnson's seignorial corn and saw- mills are situated. From this place this beautiful river is navigable for boats and craft almost to Abercromby, a distance of twenty-five or thirty miles, and may be found to admit of being na- vigated much farther, thereby presenting as it were a second navigable front, ofiering important facilities to the internal settlements of that section of the country. Ascending this river and viewing on either side the neat habitations of the farmer, his extensive improvements and well cultivated fields, a stranger might easily fancy himself tra- velling in the old settled parts of the province. — The farms and estates entitled to particular no- tice are those of Captain Barron, J. M. Perkins, Esq., Mr. Gatton and Mr. Hutchinson, who have considerably forwarded these settlements. — The course of this r. is about 100 miles over an un- equal bed, making many beautiful falls. It is well stocked with iish and the water is of a very yellow colour, indicative of the soil through which it runs. Notre Dame (R.), v. Cap St. Michel, S. Notre Dame de Liesse (P.), v. Riviere OUELLE, S. Notre Dame de Misbkicorde (P.),v. Beau- port, S. Notre Dame des Angbs, seigniory, in the CO. of Quebec, is between D'Orsanville and Beau- port, bounded in front by the rivers St. Charles ' and St, Lawrence and in the rear by the t. of Stoneham. — One league broad and four deep. Granted, 10th Mar., 1626, to the Order of Jesuits, and, like their other properties, now reverted to NOTRE DAME DES ANGES. the crown. — The land is generally extremely fer- tile and in the front is a good rich earth mixed with clay or sand; more in the interior a fine black mould, much drier and more friable than the former; in the rear a good loam prevails. The surface is uneven, and, from a fine flat near the river, rises into ridges by easy gradations to the rear boundary, and there becomes broken, rough, and mountainous. About two-thirds of the whole are in the best state of cultivation and exceedingly well inhabited. The flat space near the St. Lawrence is called la Canardihe, and is wholly in meadow and pasture and produces abundant crops of hay of superior quality. The arable lands are very fruitful in grain of all kinds and a considerable extent is in garden ground, where vegetables of every description and of great excellence are raised for the supply of the capital. The most cultivated parts are sparingly timbered, presenting only occasionally reserves of wood,. where the trees are of inferior dimension and of little value, but they embellish the country agreeably enough ; in the rear wood is abundant and the land is conceded to the inhabitants in small por- tions for the purposes of fuel and other domestic uses, of which, exclusive of their own consump- tion, they continually supply large quantities for the use of Quebec. The beach of the St. Law- rence in front of the seigniory is occupied as tim- ber-ground and furnished with extensive booms and every necessary means of securing the timber. The Village of Cliarlesbourg is pleasantly and con- spicuously situated on a rising ground of consider- able eminence about 4 miles n. of Quebec, and consists of about 70 houses, well built and mostly of a respectable appearance, to each of which a good garden and small orchard are attached. This village is one of the oldest and most interesting settlements in Canada. It has two churches, one lately buUt, the other, tliough smaller and less commodious, is far more interesting, having be- come the centre of the surrounding farms, whence they all radiate. — The reason of this singular cha- racter in the surrounding allotments arose from the absolute necessity to create a neighbourhood, for which purpose each farm was permitted to occupy only a space of three acres in front by thirty in depth. This contiguous and continuous neighbourhood had its peculiar advantages. Po- pulation was scanty and labour difficult to be pro- cured ; by this arrangement the facility to keep up a road in front of each farm (which it was the duty of every proprietor to preserve) was ren- dered more easy.— The other advantage and not the least which this singular position afforded, was the proximity to the church, which became the signal of alarm whenever hostile attempts were made by the Indians, and was the centre of defence around which the inhabitants all rallied whenever the bell sounded the alarm to defend their possessions. Here the elections of the mem- bers of parliament for the county are always held. — A little below the village of Charlesbourg, on the skirts of a small rising ground on the north side of a concession or cross-road, stands a small group of handsome houses, usually called the Little Village, which does not yield in beauty of situation to Charlesbourg. — Of two roads leading from Dorchester-bridge, one on the left is called Le Chemin de Charlesbourg and the other La Canardiere or Le Chemin de Beauport; on the latter is a succession of good houses, excellent gardens and farms in a high state of cultivation. Two houses of superior elegance, one belonging to the heirs of the late Doctor Stewart and the other to the heirs of the late John Jones, Esq., usually attract notice for their good style of architecture, excellence of situation, beautiful gardens, and sur- rounding shrubberies and plantations. There is also a very spacious house belonging to the eccle- siastics of the seminary of Quebec, generally di- stinguished by the appellation of La Maison des Pretres ; it is retained in their own hands as a farm and also serves as a place of recreation for all the members of the establishment once a week. — Part of this seigniory is in the parish of Notre Dame des Anges and part in that of Charlesbourg. The Parish of Notre Dame des Anges is very small and contains from 50 to 55 houses and an hospital with very few inhabitants, who are all artisans or labourers. — The Parish of Charlesbourg or St. Charles Boromee, by a regulation confirmed by a royal decree. Mar. 3, 1722, extends 3 leagues and 18 arpents in front and comprises the Little Vil- lage, the Gros Pin, St. Jerome called Lavergne, Bourg Royal, Bourg la Reine, Charlesbourg, St. Claude, St. Pierre, St. Joseph, St. Bonaventure, St. Bernard, St. Romain, St. Gabriel, St. Jacques, Pincourt, le Petit St. Antoine, and le Grand St. Antoine. In this parish are the highlands called the Charlesbourg Mountains, situated in the rear of the villages of Charlesbourg and Bourg Royal. N O Y N O Y Statistics. Population 1,508 Churches R. 0. 1 Curds . . 1 Presbyteries . Schools . . 1 Villages . . 1 Houses in do, SO Corn-mills . 1 Saw-mills . . 3 Shopkeepers 1 Artisans . .10 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 18,200 Oats . 30,060 Bai-ley . 2,000 Bushels. Potatoes 60,200 Peas . 4,500 Bushels. Rye . . 201 Indian corn 456 Live Stock. Horses . 602 Oxen . 610 Cows . 1,202 Sheep . 3,612 Swine . 903 Title. — " Concession du lOme Mars, 1626, faite par la Compagnie aux reverends peres Jesuites ; de la Seigneurie de Notre Dame des Aiiges, contenant une lieue de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur, joignant du cotS du Nord- cst la Seigneurie de Beauport, et au Sud-ouest le Comtd d^ Orsaiiiville ; par devant le fleuve St. Laurent et la petite riviere jSi. Charles; et par derriere au bout de la dite con- cession les terres non-concedees." — Cahiers d'Intendamce, No. 2d 9, folio S5. Notre Dame des Nbigbs, river, in the Island of Montrealj rises near the centre of the island and passing near the church of St. Laurent in a N. course falls into the r. des Prairies ahout one mile s. w. of the church of Sault au RecoUet. NouA'^ELLEj east, river, rises in the t. of Maria and running s.w. over the s.e. angle of Carleton falls into the upper part of Chaleurs Bay. NouvELLE, west, river, rises in vraste lands s.w. of Carleton and running s.e. into that t. falls into Chaleurs Bay ahout 3 miles from the k. Little Nouvelle. NouvELi/E York, v. Dusable, 8. NovER, river^ in Laprairie, S. NoYANj seigniory, in the co. of Rouville, is bounded n. by Sabre vois; b. by Stanbridge; s. by Foucault ; w. by the R. Richelieu or Chambly. — 2 leagues in front on the river, and .3 leagues in depth. Granted July 8, 1743, to Sieur Cha- voye de Noyan, and is now the property of Gen. C. Burton, in honour of whom it is sometimes called Christie Manor. — Isle aux Tetes, or Ash Island, in the Richelieu, near the confluence of the R. La CoUe, is included in the grant. — The face of this seigniory, the quality of its soil, the varieties of timber, the price of wages, and the kinds of grain, cattle and sheep, are similar to those of Foucault, to which seigniory the reader is referred for those particulars. The soil is low and swampy, but the parts that are cultivated, or susceptible pf cultivation, are of a rich and fertile quality, abounding with fine timber of various kinds, par- ticularly pine. Near the s. w. corner of the seigniory, and from Georgeville to HenryviUe, and on the Montreal road, are the best settle- ments, though most of the lands are conceded, which will soon give nearly an equal settlement over the whole. — There are no large landowners, as the land is held by Gen. Christie Burton in seignorial tenure. Population about 1800. — The principal stream is the Petite Riviere du Sud, or Little South River, which falls into the Richelieu a little below Isle aux Noix ; it waters the S. very conveniently, and is navigable for boats and canoes for about 6 miles ; it here divides into two branches, one of which is called Wolf Creek, and each turns a saw-mill. Were a canal to be cut to connect Missiskoui Bay and the r. du Sud (about 2|^ or 3 miles), it would be most eminently serviceable, not only to the settlers of the neigh- bourhood, but to the new townships on the Cana- dian frontier. The principal bridges are three ; one over South River on the road from George- ville to HenryviUe, and one over each branch of South River on either side of HenryviUe on the Montreal road ; another is to be immediately built over South River on the road from GeorgeviUe to Jones' Tavern. There is a ferry across the Richelieu to the Isle aux Noix, where the charge for a foot passenger is 3(?., and another at Capt. Vaughan's, three miles above, across the same stream to La CoUe, where a waggon with one horse is charged Is. Qd. The principal high- ways leading through this seigniory are two ; the first, leading from Missiskoui Bay to St. John's, in a N. w. course, is a grand thoroughfare from the eastern townships bordering on the province line, and from the n. part of Vermont to Montreal; and the second, leading from GeorgeviUe directly north, intersecting the former at Jones' Tavern, Sabrevois, receives the principal travel from Noyan, Foucault, and Grand Isle County in Vermont. The Montreal road is also intersected near Henry- viUe by one from Pike River lower faUs, one from GeorgeviUe, and one from the mouth of South River : there are also three roads which lead to the Isle aux Noix, and one along the western shore of Missiskoui Bay. By the road from Missiskoui Bay to R. du Sud, produce, after being brought from PhUUpsburg by the ferry, is conveyed in waggons to be embarked and sent down the Richelieu to St. John's and other plaees. — The F p N O Y O N S annual consumption of grain is: — wheat, 6800 bushels; Indian corn, 3400 bushels ; rye and buck- wheat, 3400 bushels; — for feeding neat cattle, hogs and horses, 10,000 bushels of Indian com, peas and oats,— The average produce per acre is the same as that of Foucault. — The Village of Georgeville is w. of Wolf's Creek, and about a mile from Taylor's mill, erected on that stream ; it contains a church, a school-house, 2 small stores, a tavern, 20 dwelling-houses and 160 souls., — The principal articles of traffic are potashes, and the various kinds of agricultural produce.— Henry- ville, at the n. part of the seigniory, contains 2 stores, 3 taverns, 1 schooUhouse, 2 saw-mills, 30 dwelling-houses and 240 souls. — Articles of traffic are the same as at Georgeville, with the addition of lumber. A part of this seigniory, and a part of Foucault, constitute the parish of St. George. At Georgeville, near the south line of this seig- niory, and at an equal distance from Missiskoui Bay on the je. and the Richelieu on the w., there is a neat and commodious protestant episcopal church, 40 by 50 ft., with a steeple and good bell. There is no parsonage house. — The two parishes, St. George and St. Thomas, are at present united in one cure. — There are no publie schools in the S., but there are nineprivate ones, and the average number of scholars to each may he twenty-five. Statistics of the Parish of St. George. Population 2,014 Churches, R. C. 1 Schools . ■ 1 ViUages . . 2 Corn-mills . 1 Saw-nulls Tanneries Hat-manu&ct. Potteries Potasheries . Pearlasheries 2 Shopkeepers . 2 Taverns . 1 Artisans . . Id Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats Potatoes Horses Oxen . Bushels , 14,140 15,800 36,000 Bushels. Peas . . 3,500 Rye . . 1,801 Buck-wheat 1,620 Bushels. Indian corn 7,500 Maple sugar, cwts. 31 Live Stock. 790 1 Cows . . 1,3501 Swine 800 I Sheep 3,900] 1,250 Title. — " Concession du 8me Juillet, 1743, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilks Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Chavois de Noyan, de deux lieues de front le long de la riviere ChamWy, sur trois lieues de profondeur, laqueUe sera born^e du c6te du Nord a un quart de lieue au Nord de la petite rivitoe du Sud, par une ligne courant Est et Quest, du c6t4 du Sud en remontant le lac C/iamplain, a une lieue trois quarts de la dite riviere, joignant par une ligne parallele a celle ci-dessus au terrein concede au Sieur Foucault, le premier Mai der- nier, avec I'Isle aux Teies, Want dans la dite riviere Chamhly, avec les isles et islets qui se trouveront vis-a-vis le front, de la dite concession." — Riglstre d'Intendance, No. 9, foHo 19. o. Obstchquosquam Lake, near the r. Matape- diac. The surrounding scenery is delightful and symmetrical, and the land has every appearance of being fit for cultivation. This lake contains salmon, trout, pike, eels and white fish of a large descrip- tion. It is about 3 miles in length, nearly one mile in breadth, and very deep. Obswantel Lakes, in the district of Gaspe. This chain of small lakes, some of which are one mile long and | mile broad, afibrds many delightful seats for cultivation, and besides excellent soil and timber possesses peculiar advantages. Odell Town, v. La Colle, S. OiiD PiEHRisH, river, rises in waste lands and runs s. w. into the R. St. Maurice below the r. Windigo. OiiiVEiRA, lake, in the eighth range of the t. of Dorset, is environed with beautiful and pic- turesque scenery ; its surrounding lands are rich, and when cultivated prove generous ; its waters clear, pure and salubrious, abound vtith fish of various kinds. Onslow, township, in the co. of Ottawa, is bounded E. by Eardley; w. by Bristol; in the rear by waste lands ; in front by Lake Chaudiere, an expansion of the Ottawa. The whole has been surveyed, and, in 1802 and 1803, the first five ranges were subdivided, and granted to Bos- well Minor and his associates, with the exception of 1200 acres, embracing the Hudson's Bay trading post at Point Mondion, on lot No. 7 in the 2nd range, which were patented to the Hon. John Richardson and John Forsyth, Esq., jointly. From lot No. 9, in the 1st range, the shore of the lake runs nearly due north to the 4th range, which it bounds in front. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ranges, are traversed by ridges of massive rock, amidst which are several small lakes, one of which is distinguished by the appellation of Long Lake, and is used as a reservoir for timber, through which, also, boats and canoes pass, and are carried over from its western extremity into Lac des Chats. This t. is traversed by many streams, and well watered by small lakes ; but the generality of the lands are not, as far as the surveys have extended, esteemed of a quality likely to induce emigration in that quarter. This t. has no regular O R F O R L roads, and is but thinly settled in front. There was only one settler in 1820. — At the w. end or comer is Black Bay, and also one of the many rapids of the Ottawa, called Rapide des Chats. — TJngranted and unlocated 31,400 acres. Population Statistics. 31 1 Saw-miUs Oats Horses Oxen Anmial Agricultural Produce. Bushels. I Bushels. I Bushels. 40 I Potatoes . 430 1 Indian corn 280 Live Stock. 2 I Cows 2 Swine Ontarietsi Lake or Lac St. Joseph, in the S. of Fausembault, is about 5 miles long. It receives the little river Aux Pins, and dis- charges itself into the u. Jaques Cartier. Orford, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is bounded e. by Ascot and the e. Magog; s. by Hatley ; w. by Stukeley ; n. by Brompton. — But Kttle can be said of this township, and that little not very favourable. It is mountainous, rough, and almost unfit for tillage, but it contains some good timber and some large lakes, one of which, about 4 miles long and | of a mile broad, stretches into Brompton. Part of the village of Sherbrooke stands on the 8th lot of the &cst range of this T. — North of Orford Mountain, where a road is now being made, there is a high chain of mountains, stretching to the n. for ten mUes; thence almost to the river St. Francis, it is in- terspersed with small lakes and swamps and unfit for cultivation : on the s. and s. e. of this chain lie other mountains and the whole body of Lake Memphramagog, which is impassable for two to three weeks every spring and fall. The road, which the commissioners are empowered to make near this mountain, must ever be the grand thoroughfare for the settlements east of Lake Memphramagog. — Ungranted and unlocated29,403 acres. Statistics. Population . . 212 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat pats Bushels. 800 . 860 Bushels. Potatoes 2,466 Peas . 40 Litie Stock. Bushels. Rye . . 190 Indian com 400 Horses Oxen . 47 . 53 Gows . 69 Sheep . 25 Swine . 200 Orleans Island or Isle St. Laurent, about 4 miles N. E. of Quebec, divides the River St. Lawrence into two channels. — 19 miles long and 5| broad, containing 69 sq. miles ; its centre is in lat. 46° 56' n., long. 70° 57' 30" w. It sends 2 members to the provincial parliament, and the place of election is at St. Jean. — Granted as a seigniory 15th Jan., 1636, to the Sieur Castellon. — It is at present divided into three distinct properties, be- longing to Madame Drapeau, Monrs. Poulain, and Monsr. Le Comte Dupr6. It is also a county of itself, and lies in the district of Quebec, and com- prehends aU the islands nearest to it, and which in whole or in part front it. It contains the parishes of Saint Pierre, Saint Jean, Sainte Fa- mille. Saint Laurent, and Saint Fran9ois, and the Islands of Madame and Reaux. — This island is next in size to that of Montreal, and approaches it in fertility and richness of soU more nearly than any other part of the district of Quebec : its western extremity is only 4 mUes from Cape Dia- mond. The shores incline gradually to the beach, and in some places are a few rocky cliffs, but not of great extent or elevation : from the foot of the slopes are large spaces of low meadow, sometimes intersected by patches of excellent arable land. Bordering the North Channel the beach is flat and muddy, with reefs of rocks running along it ; but on the southern side it is a fine sand, with only a few pointed rocks sticking up here and there. The highest part of the island is by the church of St. Pierre, about four miles from the western extremity, and almost fronting the falls of Montmorenci; and also just above Patrick's Hole, nearly abreast of St. Pierre, on the south side, on which is placed the second telegraph of the chain from Quebec to Green Island. The centre part is thickly wooded, but without pro- ducing any timber of superior growth. The soil is highly fertile in almost every part ; on the high lands it is generally a light good earth, either mixed with sand, or sand and clay ; in less elevated situations there is a fine black mould, which, as it nears the shores, is likewise blended with sand. This delightful spot is but scantUy watered by the little river Dauphin, the rivulet Maheu, and a few other trifling streams, all of which in summer-time fail of a sufiioient supply to work the only two miUs that are built upon them. The parishes of St. Pierre and Ste. FamiUe on the north, St. Laurent, St. Jean, and St. Frangois on the south, each of F F 2 ORLEANS ISLAND. which has its church and parsonage-houscj embrace the whole circuit of the island : St. Jean and Ste. Famille are more populous than the others, and their inhabitants are wealthy and substantial farmers. Four curates perform the clerical duties of the five parishes, the incumbent of Ste. Fa- mille serving St. Frangois. A good road encom- passes the whole island, and several others cross it. The churches of St. Laurent and St. Jean are situated close upon the southern shore: the distance between them is six miles over excellent and well cultivated lands, richly diversified with orchards and gardens ; the ground rising with an easy slope from the road displays the industry of the farmers to very great advantage. Along the road side are houses at short intervals from each other throughout the whole distance. Patrick's Hole, a little westward of St. Laurent, is a safe and well-sheltered cove, where vessels outward- bound usually anchor, and wait their final in- structions for sailing. At Anse au Maraud was lauiiched the immense ship called the Columbus of 3700 tons register admeasurement, 301^ ft. in length, 50 ft. 7 in breadth, and 29 ft. 4 in. in depth ; she was built at the expense of a Scotch company by a Mr. Wood from Glasgow, and cairried four masts. On the western point is a group of very neat houses ; at several of which the inhabitants furnish accommodations to the numerous persons who visit the island for amuse- ment or curiosity, both in summer and winter. The fertility of this spot is so great, and the habitans such good cultivators, that large quan- tities of grain, and most sorts of provisions, are continually furnished for the consumption of Quebec; among the fruits, apples and plums attain a much greater degree of perfection than in any other place in the lower district j but they do not equal the productions of Montreal. In Ste. Famille there is a large stone building, where several nuns reside and keep a seminary for the education of females. — This island contains 5 parishes. The parish of Ste- Famille, by a regulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an order in council, March 3, 1722, extends 2 J leagues along the North Channel, from the house of Louis Guerard, which separates it from the parish of St. Pierre, to the rivulet named Pot du Beurre. The farms range along the north channel of the St. Law- rence, and extend in depth one league to the middle of the island, and abut on the farms of the parish of St. Jean. One farm, only, belongs to the nuns, including which there are 67 farms in this P., and all are under tenure and inhabited, besides which there are 12 emplacements. The size of all the farms, excepting four, is from 2 to 2i front arpents ; one is 7 front arpents, and three others are 6 arpents in front. The quality of the soil is but middling. There are more of the maple and cherry than of other trees. Here is a convent but no other school, for, the girls who are in- structed in the convent, amounting sometimes to 60, are generally employed when at home in in- structing others of the family, by which means all are educated without the necessity of erecting schools. In this p. there is neither village, inn, nor house, deserving of much notice, although almost all the houses are built with stone. Be- sides wheat, oats and peas, very little grain is grown. The breed of swine is worthy of remark, but that of other animals is much the same as in other parts of the province where no particular attention has been paid to it. There is only one road, but that is a very good one. About 50 ells of linen, and the same quantity of etoffes du pays, are made annually on an average by each family. Oxen as well as horses are used in agricultural labour. — All the farms have been conceded, for more than a century, on the terms usual at the time, and all of them have been frequently sur- ' veyed. When there are too many individuals in a family, some of them leave the parish for the purpose of learning trades or taking farms. The Parish of St. Franfols de Salles, by a re- gulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, situated in fief Argen- tenay, is 3 leagues in extent, 1 ^ league along the South Channel, beginning at and including the house of Louis Gaulin descending to the lower end of the island, and \\ league along the North Channel ascending from the n. e. end of the island to the house of Charles Guirard, including all the intervening lands. — This parish is the pro- perty of Mr. Dupr6. The size of the farms is nearly the same with two exceptions ; one indi- vidual possesses a farm of 10 front arpents, that of another is about 6 arpents, all the others amounting to 52 are between 2 and 3 arpents. All the farms have been conceded long ago ; they are all susceptible of cultivation and have been accurately surveyed. The inhabitants who quit O R L O T T the parish, leave it for the purpose of following some trade, which appears to he their only wish. The Parish of St. Jean Baptiste, hy a regulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, is 2^ leagues along the South Channel, extending from and including the house of Andre Terrein to Riviere Maheu, com- prehending aU the lands in this space to the middle of the island. — In this parish are farms of various sizes, from 3 front arpents down to half an arpent, but none so large as six front arpents by 30 in depth. All the lands were conceded be- fore 1759, and there being none unoccupied, many persons, who are desirous of making new settle- ments, are prevented from doing so near their re- latives and friends, and would therefore settle else- where if they had the means. Not a single pa- rishioner has migrated to the townships, for the mode of concession there practised is not agreeable to them. The old farms are too much divided, and the number of small emplacemens on barren soils are continually increasing; and their occu- piers carry on trades without a knowledge of scarcely the first elements ; they bring up families lof wretched beings destined to increase the num- ber of mendicants. The Parish of St. Laurent, by a regulation, Sept. 20, 1741, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, is 2^ leagues from the river Maheu, along the South Channel to the house of Pierre Gosselin, including all the lands within these limits to the centre of the island. — The ob- servations made relative to the parish of St. Jean apply equally to the parish of St. Laurent. The Parish of St. Pierre and St. Paul, by a regulation, Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, is 2| leagues along the North Channel, from the river Pot du Beurre to the s. w. extremity of the island, including all the lands within those limits as described in the contracts of concession; but should any of the inhabitants, whose grants extend entirely across the island, choose to reside on the opposite or south side, then they are to become parishioners of St. Laurent, and pay tithes to the cur6 of that parish accordingly. — All the lands were conceded prior to 1759, and are now, as much as possible, under cultivation. About half the farms extend rather more than two arpents in front, the others are of less extent. Population Churches . CurSs . Presbyteries Convents . 4,078 . 5 . 4 . 5 . 1 Statistics. Corn-mills . Saw-mills Ship-yards Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River-craft Tonnage I Keel-boats 8 4.7 2 28 13 Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats Barley . Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 31,924 20,896 2,605 106,065 1,044 1,690 Bushels. . 16,500 Rye . 3,165 Buck wheat 2,500 Indian com 315 Bushels. Mixed grain 2,195 Maple sugar, cwts. 162 Hay, tons 16,122 Live Stock. Cows . 2,098 j Swine Sheep 6,905 4,810 Title, " Lettres d'affranchissement et de reglement de la Seigneurie Ae Beaupri et de VIsle (TOrlians, du 28me Mars, 1674, rapportant une conce.ssion du 15me Janvier, 1636, de risle i'OrUans, au Sieur Castillon." —Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, No. 100, folio 80, le Idmejuin, 1781. —CaUers d'Intend. 10 a. 11, folio 758, 759. Obms-town, v. Beauharnois, S. Okoquois, river, runs into the u. Madawaska near the Madawaska settlement. OssGOOD, river, rises in the t. of Thetford, whence it runs n- w. into the t. of Leeds, where it joins Sunday River and soon after falls into the H. Becancour. Ottawa, county, in the district of Montreal, is bounded s. b. by the s. e. boundary line of the S. of La Petite Nation, running N. along that line, from the Ottawa River, to the depth of the sei- gniory, and thence the same course continued to the N. boundary of the province ; on the west by the N. and w. bounds and limits of the province ; and on the south-west by the Grand or Ottawa River, in its whole extent to Lake Temiscaming, and from the head of that lake, by a line due north to the boundary line of the Hudson Bay territory. It includes all the islands in the Grand or Ottawa River and in Lake Temiscaming, nearest to the county and in the whole or in part fronting it. This county so bounded comprises the seigniory of La Petite Nation, and the following townships on the H. Ottawa: Lochaber and its augmentation, Buckingham, Templeton, Hull, Eardly, Onslow, and all the townships in the above-described limits, on the north of the Ottawa River. — This extensive county is situated between the parallels of lat. 45" 34' 30" and 47° 54' n., and between, the degrees of longitude 74° 47' 30" and 80° 6' 10" w., from the meridian of Greenwich. Its length is 299 miles and breadth 129, containing 34,669 square miles. In soil, surface, climate, and local O T Y situation, it presents numerous advantages. It is only separated from the eastern section of Upper Canada by the Grand or Ottawa River, and com- municates therewith by the conspicuous line of bridges at HuU and By Town ; for the description of which and of this entire section of country, vide 1st vol. page 187. Population 2,438 Churches, R.C. 2 Cuxis . . 10 Presljyteries 2 Schools . 3 Corn-mills . 4 Statistics. Saw-mills Carding-mills Tanneries Potteries Potasheries . Pearlasheries Breweries Distilleries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 1 2 6 7 60 Annual Agricnltural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 22,846 Oats . 24,760 Barley . 1,250 Potatoes 42,803 Bushels. Peas . 6,810 Rye . 8,166 Buck wheat 7,000 Indian cornSl, 833 Bushels. Mixed grain 4,200 Maple sugar, cwts. 500 Hay, tons, 6,537 Live Stock. Horses . 569 1 Cows . 1,983 1 Swine 1,433 Oxen 848 I Sheep 5,320 Ottawa or Grand River. — This magnificent and important river is so amply described in the first volume, that a reference to the pages that contain a description of its more remarkable fea- tures is aU that is necessary in this place. These places are annexed in alphabetical order as follow : Chenaux, les, p. 189. Coulange Fort, p. 188. Grand Calumet, p. 188. Lac des Chats, p. 189—201. Lake Chaudicre,-p. 191. Long Sault, p. 193. Mondion's Point, p. 190. Ottawa, p. 187, et seq. Point Fortune, p. 197- Portage du Fort,^. 188. Rapide du Fort, p. 189. Union Bridges, p. 192. Ottek, river, runs into the K. Saguenay half a league above the Prairies, that produce the hay consumed at Chicoutimi Post. Oty, fief, in the co. of Rimouski, is thinly settled and mountainous, and the soil is very light and sandy ; the first and second ranges are, how- •ever, well settled. The road along the shore of the St. Lawrence is very good to Anse au Coq, the distance of 5 leagues ; it then becomes heavy until it reaches Mitis. GUI Ouareau or Lac Ouareau, river, rises in waste lands in the rear of the t. of Rawdon, through the centre of which it traverses to Man- chester MiUs on the front line; it then intersects the N. angle of the S. of St. Sulpice, and entering the aug. to Lavaltrie joins the R. L'Assomption about 3 m. below the church pf St. Paul. — On this R. are 9 falls, 4 of them in Rawdon and the others above 6 miles higher up the stream and not far from each other; the first and second falls are the highest. In Lavaltrie this R. is broad and shallow, and much timber is sent down it to the Quebec market. The navigation of this a. be- tween its falls in Kildare is perfectly safe for boats of the largest size ; and its borders are fit for settlement. OUATSHOUAN, V. OulATCHOUAX. OuELLE, river, in the cos. of L'Islet and Ka- mouraska. The Riviere Ouelle rises in the range of mountains in the t. of Ashford, and taking a N. B. course winds down to the St. Lawrence through part of Ixworth and the S. of Rivi&re OueUe. This R. feels the efiect of the tide for some distance up, and is so far navigable for vessels of 25 tons burden, many of which are con- stantly employed in transporting to Quebec the produce of the seigniory, consisting of grain, butter, poultry, live stock, and a coarse species of woollen cloth. OuEiiLE (S.), V. Riviere Ouelle. Ouiatchouan,OuiguatshouaNjOdatshouan or WiATSHUAN, which mean in the Cree languages " Do you see the falls there," is a river that rises 7 miles above Lake Quaquagamacke and empties itself into the s. w. corner of Lake St. John, after running a course of 59^ miles. — The deputy sur- veyor-general had lately the good fortune to ex- plore this river with great success. Endeavouring to discover the first waters of the Ouiatchouan, after having explored Lake Quaquagamacksis and the adjacent parts, he ascended a high rocky mountain called Mount Discovery, the foot of which is bathed by a river which falls in a suc- cession of cascades. From the summit of the hill he discovered to the s. w. an extensive low country, resembling a sea in its great expanse. From this mountain he descended into a tamarack swamp to a dead-water stream, apparently the effect of unusual rains ; this stream led him to the river Ouiatchouan, which there traverses an ex- OUIATCHOUAN. tensive alluvial tract susceptible of agricultural improvements. Here rushes grow to a consider- able height, some of which were pulled and brought up black earth of a clayey nature with the roots. A few mountains were observed on ap- proaching the great Lake Commissioners, which is about 2^ miles below the portage of the mountain. The lake at the entrance of the K., which is half a league broad, lies in a course n. 30° e., which was followed, taking the centre of the lake ; the land on its borders is bold and mountainous, tim- bered with fir, pine, spruce and white birch in several places; the shores are steep and rocky, and their aspect unfavourable for settlements, although the valleys might be found good. After passing a small bar of alders which choked up the passage between an island and the shore, and veering northward round Pointe a I'Aviron, he beheld a con- tinuation of Commissioners Lake. The landscape here exhibited in boldness and grandeur the mas- terly touch of the great designer Nature. The shores rise craggy and steep and to considerable elevation, above which tower two considerable capes, 350 to 400 feet high, on the eastern borders. Having reached the foot of the southern cape and landed on the rocks, he ascended their abrupt face, and crossed over with much difficulty to the northern cape, the woods having many years past been burnt on their summits, leaving the rocks to discover their barren nature and naked- ness of vegetable mould. From the cape was dis- covered, for 20 or 30 miles to the westward, a hilly, broken and mountainous country, showing in a few places the white summits of hills similar to that on which he stoodj contrasting with the universal character of the country, which is wooded with fir, spruce, tamarack and pine. A stream of some magnitude appeared to enter s. w., with an alluvial flat at its mouth ; this b. descends from the breaks of the hills which form its bed. Looking N. up the lake, which is diversified by several islands, he noticed a large bay to the n. e. He then descended the capes to the canoes and continued his survey of the lake, passing the islands which are rocky but well timbered with birch, fir and spruce. He then got under the lee of Sandy Point and encamped for the night. The next day he passed several barren craggy hills exhibiting a vvild and wretched aspect of country, particularly on the eastern side ; the opposite side has not been ravaged by fire, and the rocks are clothed with fir, spruce, birch, &c. growing on a thin layer of vegetable mould. He then reached the Blueberry Hills, which are a succession of barren capes similar to those below Sandy Point, but possessing yet greater height and a peculiar wildness of aspect, and are remarkable for several perpendicular clifis which face the lake : these hiUs are destitute of trees and the bottom of the cUifs is covered with blue berries of very large size, from which the Hills derive their name. Having taken a transient view of the country from a neighbouring cliffy he resumed his course and reached a deep bay into which enters a considerable stream. Having landed on a barren rock or island, he ob- served the sun's meridian altitude, lat. 48° 17', n. and thence proceeded to the head of the lake, which he found to be near 7 leagues long, and its average breadth from Pointe a I'Aviron about a mile. Finding no outlet, he determined to return to Hail Bay, the first large bay he had observed from the cape, which proved to be the entrance of the Ouiatchouan River. He immediately came to the head of a small cascade, where he effected a portage of 440 yards in length ; and half a mile below, another portage on the s. E. bank of 223 yards, whence he reached a small lake which opens u^on Bouchette Lake. The general direc- tion from Hail Bay to Lake Bouchette is about B. N. E. 2|- miles through broken and hilly land, the difierence of level between that lake and Lake Commissioners being between 50 and 60 feet. Bouchette lake is about 4 miles long, and round it the land rises, discovering a very sandy light soil. He then entered Lake Ouiatchouan, about If mile long and 1 mile broad. Searching for the outlet, he made the tour of the island that lies at the end of it, where the land appears of better quality and continues so for some distance along the Ouiatchouan River, which runs with a very swift current to the head of a rapid which occasions a portage of 550 yards on the western bank. Here the elm, black birch, pine, fir and spruce are found intermixed, and growing on an argillaceous loam beneath a rich vegetable mould. Leaving this portage, the river acquires considerable magnitude, being about 60 yards ' wide, and the land offers great susceptibility for settlement; the timber growing on its banks is ash, black birch, elm, spruce, fir, balsam, and some white pine. The general course of the river is about N. N. w. to another portage below a few O U I A T C H O U AN. small rapids, which he shot down ; here a little stream that rises in a small lake^ which is seen from the river, enters the e. bank. This portage is on the eastern hank, and is 660 yards in length, a furlong below which is a rapid divided into two channels by an island. The river then takes a n. course and runs down with great swift- ness, frequently interrupted by rapids, which were generally shot down by the voyagers, his compa- nions, on which occasions they exhibited such dexterity and adroitness in the management of the canoe as always excited his astonishment. On arriving at a rapid, Vivier, the bowman of his canoe, would generally land and examine the state of the rapid before venturing down : if his deci- sion was for landing, a portage was effected; if for shooting the rapids, the deputy surveyor could always rely upon his experience, for he had un- dergone many trials in the service of the cele- brated traveller and navigator, Captain Franklin, in his last expedition for a north-west passage. The motions of the helmsman are entirely regulated by those of the bowman, who watches the course of the water, or, as it is called, " fil d'eau." On coming to high surges (bouillons), the paddles are suspended^ and the canoe in its passage frequently takes in a sea; when the chan- nel is to be regained, the bow and helmsman draw with their paddles on the same side, which is termed " rembarrer."—A peculiar display of na- tive coolness and dexterity was exhibited by the guide in the descent of a rapid; the facility and at the same time the degree of indifference, accom- panied with a knowing smile, with which he managed the paddle at the helm was truly characteristic; the wildness of the surrounding objects, his flowing black lank hair playing in the wind, and the general stillness and silence of the remaining hands, who anxiously watched the countenances of the two active characters in the scene, excited a degree of interest that cannot be described.— Another portage was afterwards effected on the eastern bank, 440 yards in length, where the river is divided into two channels by a large island. Thence he came to a portage where a small carrying-place of 20 yards "is crossed upon the island, on which an abundance of berries of various descriptions are found, wild currants, blue berries, &c. The land now ceases to offer that favourable appearance for settle- ment, being in many places rocky and hilly, and in others low and swampy; here the prevalent timber is spruce, tamarack , fir and some white birch. About half a mile below the last portage he came to the Great Fall, where a carrying-place is crossed on the western bank of 600 yards to the lower landing and basin. The rocks are all granite and of irregular inclination, and the land is very poor and rocky, producing chiefly only the tamarack and fir. Having launched the canoes below the fall, about 50 feet in height, he left this portage, and about 3 furlongs below it came to another on the s. b. bank. On leaving the landing he ascended a high mountain, from which a similar one was observed on the opposite side of the river ; after which he again returned to the river, which there runs as usual very rapidly. The portage proved -J of a mile long and traversed a very rocky rugged countiy, in which he frequently lost the path which was but little beaten. The river here is about 250 ft. under the level of Lake Ouiatchouan. The rapids follow each other in quick succession, rendering the navigation for canoes almost im- practicable in ascending the river, but many of them can be shot in descending. Having en- camped for the night, at break of day he again embarked his canoes at the foot of the rapids, where the river is interspersed with several islands, and came to a portage on the n. bank, which avoids a considerable rapid, but which, however, was shot by the canoes without loading, each being manned with the bow and helmsman. The portage, half a mile long, is partly at the foot of high hiUs and partly over them, whence the river runs n. to some rapids which were shot down as far as the Long Rapids of the falls, so called on account of a small stream falling from the summit down the abrupt face of the hills which form the banks of the river. About a mile below these rapids he effected another portage, where, reaching the summit of a hill, to his inexpressible joy he beheld a prospect of Lake St. John, which appeared much like a sea in the distance or a cloud resting on the horizon. In descending the river the land for some distance gradually assumes quite a different character, being timbered with black birch, spruce, pine aTid some maple. The day makes its ap- pearance upon the surface, which is irrigated by several streams intersecting the path, that here appears well beaten and daily frequented. Having descended about 250 feet into the aUuvial land at the foot of the hills, he found the soil of an ex- O U I P A C cellent quality, being what is frequently called terre grise, producing maple, fir, ash, pine, spruce and some cedar. He then passed a large stream, ^ of a mile beyond which he came to a superior growth of cedar on the borders of Lake St. John, and soon viewed with peculiar delight the ex- pansive sheet of water presented by that beautiful lake. All was calm at the moment save the breeze that rippled upon the surface of the lake. The islands in the distance and the boundless view beyond them enhanced the interest and admira- tion the lake excited, and displayed, as it were, a new atmosphere before the voyagers, who had been so much confined by the comparatively limited sphere of rivers, swamps, hills, ponds and inferior lakes. — Having made choice of an encampment, beneath pendent cedars, on the sandy beach or alluvion of the lake, the deputy surveyor-general divided the remaining store of spirits among his companions and men: the health of the king was given, in honour of the success that thus attended the first expedition fitted out under the auspices of the provincial legislature to explore this hitherto little known portion of the province. — The Great Falls of the Ouiatcliouan are about a mile from its mouth, and descend 236 ft. From Lake St. John to these magnificent falls no smooth water is met with, the river being one continued rapid. These falls rival those of Montmorenci in height, and far surpass ■them in the distribution of the water as it de- scends over the pendent rocks. These beautiful and splendid falls can be seen from the opposite side of the lake, and have given to this river its name. — The fishing-season for white fish in the Ouiatchouan commences at its mouth about the 15th of October ; in one day in 1827 the fishermen caught 300, and in the whole season above 1700, which, being preserved by freezing, subsisted the people of the Post and Indians till spring, each fish on an average weighing from 1^ to 2 lbs. The season for the fish called awenanish is from the 15th May to about the 20th or latter end of June ; they are chiefly taken with the hook and weigh from two to three pounds each. OUIATCHOUANITOH Or LiTTLE OuiATCHOUAN, river, falls into Lake St. John about 3^ miles from the Ouiatchouan. It descends to the lake at the bottom of a bay whose shores as well as the bed of the river are composed of limestone. The land near its mouth, as seen from the lake, into which it descends as a rapid, appears to be good and level. OUIGUATSHOUAN, V. OuiATCHOUAN. OUIQUI (L.), V. WlQUI. OuLNEY, a projected township in the co. of Megantio, stretches from the n. w. corner of Dorset to the s. angle of Tring. OuBS, a r, river, runs into the R. Chuamou- shuane. It produces salmon. OuTAKDES, lake, in the S. of Becancour, con- nects with Lake St. Paul and participates in the general amenity of the situation ; it derives its name from the immense quantities of birds of that species (bustards) that formerly frequented its borders, although now one of them is rarely seen, the increase of settlements having long since driven them to more solitary situations. Odtabdes, Riviere aux, falls into the Sague- nay about midway between Ha-Ha Bay and Chi- coutimi, on the opposite side. Its banks are in meadow for 15 arpents upwards and perhaps farther. It is an inconsiderable stream and nearly similar to the St. Charles near Quebec. Pabos, at the entrance of the Bay of Chaleurs, and in the co. of Gaspe. The bays of Great and Little Pabos, about 5 miles from each other. He about midway between Cap D'Espoir and Point Macquereau. On the w. side of Great Pabos Bay is a small village, and on the e. side, on a projecting point, stand the summer habitations of the fishermen, as they are usually termed: several streams descend into this bay from a numerous chain of small lakes to the north-westward. Pachot, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, is between Mitis and Le Page, and bounded in front by the St. Lawrence. It is, by the title, one league in breadth and one league in depth, and extends half a league on each side of the e. Mitis. Granted, Jan. 7, 1689, to Sieur Pachot. — The surface of this small tract is generally mountainous and broken along the front, and affords but little good land for agricultural pur- poses. Title " Concession du 7me Janvier, 1689, faite par Jacques de Brisay, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intend- GG PEL PER ant, au Sieur Pachot, de la riviere de MUis, dans sa de- vanture, sur le fleuve St. Laurent, jusqii'a une lieue de profondeur et une lieue de terre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, moitie audessus et moitife audessous de la dite riviSre sur semblable profondeur d'une lieue." — Registre d'Intetidance, No. 3, folio 21. PaspebiaCj v. Cox, t. Pastagoutsib, river, rises in Lake Kiguagomi near Sable Point, and is one of the outlets of that lake by which it discharges its waters into the Sa- guenay about 11 miles n. w. of Chicoutimi. It is said that it passes under a mountain in its course, but that circumstance has not been satis- factorily proved. It runs through a series of beautiful lakes, one of them of considerable ex- tent, to which Mr. Hamel's name has been given. — On this R. is a hill 400 ft. above the level of the water, whence the traveller perceives a fall, the sound of which he hears for some time in de- scending. He then reaches six succeeding falls, each on an average ten feet high ; at the highest of them the rock is so perpendicular that any person can walk without receiving much damage. From these he ascends to the great falls, about 240 feet, which in spring, when the waters are high, are magnificent. It is supposed that these falls, being heard at a very great distance in spring and being very near the Saguenay, are what gave rise to the famed falls of the Saguenay which every one has heard of but no one seen, particularly as the Indians affirm that there are no great falls in that river but a succession of great rapids. The ground is rocky, but where there is soil it is a fine mould: the timber consists of black and gray birch, a few white pines, epinette, fine cedars, white spruce, and in one place a considerable-sized sugary of small maple. It is said, on the au- thority of Indians, that there are higher falls than those above-mentioned, which they also call rapids. This r. retains its name through its en- tire course from Lake Kiguagomi to the Sague- nay; on it are 6 portages, 4 .short and 2 very long, one of which is longer than the other. At the rate of a white man's travelling, it would take six days to walk from Lake Kiguagomi alongside of the river to its junction with the Saguenay, Peikas (S.), v. Mitis. Pellbtier or Peltier, river, runs from the N. E. into the river Saguenay nearly opposite Ha- Ha Bay and below Pointe aux Roches. The Ruisseau Peltier descends rapidly between the crag^ high hills that form its bed. At its mouth is a bay called Peltier's Cove, a good harbour for vessels, where this stream is 80 links wide. Peltier (R.) v. Pblletier. Peninsula, v. Lake St. John. Pepin, river, in the S. of Champlain. On the Ruisseau Pepin is one saw-miU. Pbpsiaquack, river, in the co. of Bonaventure, runs into the n. e. side of the n. Matapediac about 6 miles from its mouth. Pepsiaquasis, river, in the co. of Bonaventure, runs into the s. w. side of the R. Matapediac about 8 miles from its confluence with the Ristigouche. Perce, in the co. of Gasp6. This remarkable place is situated on the extremity of the s. shore of Malbay, The village is seated on a rising ground and contains about 70 houses, principally inhabited by fishermen ; and, like New Carlisle the chief town, has a court-house and a gaol : the beach in front is very convenient for the curing of fish, and some of the best banks for catching them in Malbay lie off this part of its shore. The ap- pearance of the land behind Perce and its imme- diate neighbourhood, approached by sea from the N. E. or s. w., is that of the enormous ruins of some ancient fortress of more than human con- struction. The Table Roulante, a rock of fright- ful height placed on the summit and leaning over the side, seems to totter and threaten in its fall the village which lies beneath near the promontory of Mont Joli and Perce rock. This singular frag* ment is pierced (whence is derived the name of Perce) by two arches, which resemble at a di- stance the portals of fortifications in ruins, and appears like the remains of some enormous wall which have survived the disaster that destroyed the adjacent works. The spectator may approach it at low water from Mount Joli without wetting his feet. The distance between the mount and the rock is about 50 ft. When the rock is ap- proached for the first time, the spectator trembles lest it should fall upon him ; its height is at least 300 ft. and it is about 30 yards in its widest part, but its breadth above the arches is not more than 20 ft. Besides the two great arches, there is a lateral arch on the n. b. side scarcely per- ceptible from the water. However high this rock may be, it is low in comparison with the adjacent capes N. w. of the village of Percd, which rise one above the other as if mountains piled on moun- PER PER tains had been cut through the middle and one part had fallen into the seaj while the other part remained a naked and frightful chain of precipices of unequal height. The Island of Bonaventure, rather more than a mile from the main land, ter- minates this picturesque scene, not to be exceeded by any other on the American continent. The great number of mountains and precipices in this place renders it very subject to sudden storms and violent gusts of wind, which has induced some to call it Terre des Tempetes, the Land of Tempests. In fact it is an astonishing place, and the fertile fancy of romance would choose it above all others for the scene of marvellous histories and super- natural adventures, visions, spirits and enchant- ments. Until within a few years this steep rock was considered inaccessible and its only inhabitants were the sea-gull and the cormorant ; here they laid their eggs and reared their young in perfect security. A young man of Perce, full of mirth during a holiday, undertook to ascend this rock by means of the lateral arch : his first attempt was unsuccessful — his heart failed him and he de- scended; but after a minute or two he made a second attempt and to the great astonishment of all the spectators he succeeded, apparently with much ease. He placed a little flag on both ex- tremities of the summit and, by means of ropes and ladders, many others were induced to ascend, partly out of curiosity and partly for the eggs and hay which were there found. The sea-birds being disturbed in their retreat abandoned it, and their departure was considered a public loss, for the fishermen returning from sea in dark and stormy weather were always, if out of their course, guided safely home by the cries of the birds heard from their rocky dwelling ; the bold feat of this young man deprived the fishermen of this advantage and the poor of the food which these birds afforded. A police regulation, therefore, with the consent of all the inhabitants, has prohibited any one from ascending this rock during a certain part of the year ; this has had the beneficial effect of in- ducing the birds to return to their ancient ha- bitation, where they now live and multiply under the protection of the law. — Two miles n. it is said that two men-of-war belonging to the squad- ron that attempted to take Quebec in 1721 were wrecked. — The settlement of Perce derives its name from the rock which the French Canadians call Roc Perce. Statistics. Population 381 Churches, E. C. 1 Villages . 1 Corn-miUs . 1 Shopkeepers 7 Artisans . 2 River-craft . 4 Tonnage . 300 Keel-boats . 107 Annual Agricultural Produce. Oats Potatoes Bushels. 1,375 6,900 Bushels. Peas . . 500 Live Stock. Horses Oxen . . 3 . 120 Cows Sheep 129 167 Swine • 173 Perchaca, river, runs into Lake St. John and is navigable for large bateaux for many leagues and higher up for bark canoes. Perche, i la, river, in the S. of Madawaska, runs into the R. Madawaska near the head of Lake Temiscouata. It is from 20 to 30 ft. wide and greatly abounds in fish of the usual varieties. Pbribaudraichb, river, that falls into the v/. bank of the Peribonea, is now called DaueW River, in memory of David Stuart, Esq. The land on each side, as far as the first portage, which is about 6 chains long and about 9J- miles from the mouth, is generally low, and, though light, being a mixture of sand and clay, is tolerably susceptible of cultivation. The timber is white birch, spruce, pine, sapin, with a little elm, ash and willow. Vide David River. Peribonea, river. " The Singular or Cu- rious River." — The mouth of this river is on the northernmost point of Lake St. John, viz. in latitude 48° 42' 47", and its course is from the B. N. B. ; it is about 45 chains wide and the cur- rent is moderate as far as the falls, which are about nine miles from its mouth. These falls are three in number and above them is the Lake D'Ahaouiloo or Na-d'haoui-lo, about 4 miles long and one wide. — This river may be said to be the most beautiful, and that which offers the most ad- vantageous site for a settlement, of all the rivers in that part of the country. Its banks are level and wooded with a mixture of aspen, white birch, red and white spruce, sapins and scattered red and white pine, with cypress. The higher this R. is ascended, the better the land appears to be. Perrot, island and seigniory, lies off" the s. w. end of the Island of Montreal and is included in the CO. of Vaudreuil. It was named after the first governor of Montreal, to whom it was granted Oct. 29, 1672. — The seigniory of Isle Perrot gg2 PER PET also includes the Isles de la Paix, that lie in front of Chateauguay and Beauharnois. — Granted to Sieur Perrot Oct. 29, 1672, and is now the pro- perty of Amable Dezery, Esq. — Isle Perrot is about 7 m. in length and nearly 3 in breadth at its widest part: it contains 143 farms, of which rather more than one half are settled and tolerably well cultivated; the soil is generally light and sandy ; in some places an uneven surface of rock. The wood is not yet entirely cleared, and of what reniains beech and maple constitute the chief part. The houses are scattered near the roads, but there is no village ,• there is one church and only one windmill. Two fiefs are in this S. . one, called Fief Brucy, 10 acres in front by 30 in depth, is the property of the representatives of Ignace Che- nier; the other, named La Framboise, is of an irregular figure, containing 180 superficial acres, and belongs to Francois Freinch. There are four ferries from Isle Perrot : the first to Ste. Anne, in the Island of Montreal, for which the charge is two shillings; one to the main land above the rapid of Vaudreuil, and another to the foot of the same, one shilling and eightpence each ; the fourth is to the canal at Pointe des Cascades, for which , the demand is three shillings and fourpence each person. The Isles de la Paix serve for pasturage only. {Vide vol. I. p. 212.) Population 853 Churches, R.C. 1 Cures . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Statistics. Corn-mills . Saw-mills . Just, of peace I Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. . 7,800 . 5,200 Barley Potatoes Bushels. . 190 18,000 Live Stock. 2971 Cows 2801 Sheep , 5061 1,200 Peas Swine Bushels. 3,960 395 Title — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, de I'isle Perrot et autres adjacentes, comprises I'lsle de la Paix, I'lsle aux Pins, I'lsle Ste. Ge. nevieve et I'lsle St. Gilles."—R,!gistrc d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 5. Perky's Stream, rises in the T. of Emberton and running s. traverses the T. of Drayton, and piercing the province line enters the H. Connecti- cut a little above the Great Falls. Perthuis, seigniory, in the co. of Portneuf, is bounded in front by the barony of Portneuf and on the other sides by waste lands. — 1 J- league in breadth and nine leagues in depth. — Granted, Oct. 11, 1753, to Sieur Perthuis. From the boundary of Portneuf the land rises in a broken and irregular series of heights towards the rear, where it falls in with the N. w. ridge of moun- tains : the soil for a league or two in the interior is a light loam or clay, sometimes covered with a ^ thick layer of fine black mould; these spots, if brought under cultivation, would no doubt prove very productive : of the quality more to the rear nothing has yet been ascertained. No part of the grant is appropriated to agriculture. The timber is in general very good and abundant, consisting of the best kinds found upon a dry good soil, as maple, beech, ash, birch and pine. The lower portion of the S. is watered by the r. Ste. Anne, which runs across it, but in the other parts there are only a few small streams that break from the sides of the mountains. Title. — " Concession du 1 Irae Octobre, 1753, faite par le Marquis Duquesne, Gouverneur, et Francois Bigot, In- tendant, au Sieur Perthuis, d'une lieue et demie de front, sur neuf lieues de profbndeur, 4 prendre au bout des trois lieues de profondeur de Portneuf." — Reffistre d'Intendance, No. 10, folio 17. Peshikaouinamishushihi (R.), v. k. Des AuLNAIS. Pesquiaman, river, in the co. of Bonaventure, runs into the s. w. side of the R. Matapediac about 9 miles from its mouth. Petite Ferme, river, in the parish of St. Joachim, in the S. of C6te de Beaupre, runs through the Domaine into the St. Lawrence. Petite Isle, v. l. St. John. Petite Nation, river, winds through and traverses the S. of the same name from n. e. to s. w. and running through a mountainous country finally discharges its waters into the Ottawa w. of the neck' of land that unites the peninsula with the main land near the head of an arm of the Ottawa. It is about 3 chains wide and is na- vigable for bateaux nearly the whole year as far as the mills, 5 miles from its mouth ; above this the R. is rough and rapid. It issues from a num- ber of lakes about 100 miles in the interior well stocked with fish, one of which is named Lake Papineau. Petite Nation, seigniory, in the co. of Ot- tawa, is bounded n. e. by Grenville; s.w. by PET PET Locliaber Gore ; iri the rear by waste lands ; in front by the r. Ottawa. — 5 leagues in front by 5 in depth. Granted, May 16th, 1674, to Mes- sire Frangois de Laval, Bishop of Petree, the first Bishop of Quebec. It is now the property of the Hon. L. I. Papineau, the Speaker of the House of Assembly. The Ottawa indents the front with several bays and large ponds, towards which the land is low but of excellent quality. The land, to a great distance in the interior, is fit for the cultivation of every species of grain, hemp, flax and grasses of all descriptions. On the mar- gin of the rivers large tracts of fine natural mea- dows and pastures at present enrich only the earth with their exuberant plenty. The inlets and ponds abound with fish in great variety and the neigh- bouring grounds with game, duck, teal and other wild fowl in great quantities. Penetrating deeper into the seigniory, the land has a gradual ascent and is clothed with timber of the best kinds ; the oak is of superior quality and of the largest di- mensions fit for ship-building. The main ridge of mountains, that takes a westernly course from Quebec until it falls upon the Ottawa, crosses La Petite Nation about the middle ; beyond this intersection the remainder of the grant has been only partially explored aiid the quality appears to be much inferior to that of the south, although the various sorts of timber seem to retain their su- periority, or are at any rate but very little inferior. From the range of heights and the upper lands several small streams have their sources, whence in various directions they water the valleys in their way to the Ottawa, but they are too incon- siderable for other purposes than irrigation and working of mills. — About one-tenth of the sei- gniory is conceded, and the first contracts of con- cession, 8 or 9, were made in 1810. AU the lands in the front are conceded, and 3 new con- cessions, called St. Frangois, St. Charles and St. Amedee, extending backward to the h. La Petite Nation, are made, and only one- tenth part of each is as yet under occupation. The farms are un- usually large for French grants, being 5 arpents by 40, each of which pays 4 bushels of wheat and 2 French crowns annually. — The road opened by the commissioners for internal communications runs across the front of the S., having settlers on each side who keep it in constant repair. The sum of 3,000/. was voted by the provincial legislature in 1827 for the improvement of this important route, which connects the^new settlements on the Ottawa with the more settled parts of the district of Montreal. — A small river runs through the middle of the first front concession and drives a corn-mill with 2 sets of stones and also a saw- mill having only 4 saws. These are sufficient for the wants of the seigniory. At the faUs of the K. La Petite Nation is a saw-mill which annually cuts for exportation from 45 to 50,000 thick planks and deals, besides which a great quantity of shingles are made. The sawn tim- ber, as soon as cut, is put into a canal made of wood extending 2,400 ft., from the mill to the bottom of the falls, where it is immediately rafted for the Quebec market. — The population now amounts to 800, which constitute above 140 fa- milies, of which more than 80 are catholic : al- most all the inhabitants reside on the first con- cession in front. Although the improvements are progressive and will become more rapid from year to year, the settlers are as yet too poor to effect much without the assistance of the seignior, who, encouraged by the last act of the legislature in favour of education, intended last year to build a school-house with stone ; and about 9 years ago a church, 90 ft. long, was built with wood. Title. — " Concession par la Compagnie des Indes du 16me Mai, 1674, a Messiie Francois de Laval, Eveque de PHrte, et premier EvSque de Quebec, de cinq lieues de terra de front sur cinq lieues de profondeur, sur le fleuve St. Laurent dans la Nouvelle France, environ quarante deux lieues au dessus de Montreal; a prendre depuis le Sault de la Chaudiere, vulgairement appeU La Petite Na- tion en descendant le ileuve sur le chemin des Outa'was.'" — Cahiers d' Intendanoe, 10 a \1, folio 682. — Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, No. 142, fage 238. Petite Riviere, in the S. of La Salle, runs N. within half a mile of the church of St. Con- stant into the r. La Tortue. Petite Riviere (P.), v. Cote de Beauphe. Petit Lac, le, in the S. of Cote de Beaupre, has two discharges, one by the Riviere de la Fri- ponne, the other by a little rivulet called Decharge du Lac, B. of Cap Tourmente, which is dry in summer except after rains. Pbtit-Pre, du, river, in the S. of C6te de Beaupre, separates the parishes of Ange Gardien and Chateau Richer. It was formerly called Ri- viere Laval. There are two handsome mills on this R., one for grinding corn and the other for sawing. This r. has been considerably increased by the junction of another r. which formerly dis- P I L POM charged itself into the R. Montmorenci. The Ri- viere du Petit-Pre falls into the St. Lawrence opposite the centre of the Island of Orleans. Petit Village, v. Riviere du Loup, S. — V. Kamoukaska, S. Phillipsburgh (V.), V. St. Akmand. PiCKOUAGAMIS, V. AsSUAPMOUSSOIN, R. PiERKEViLLBj Seigniory, in the co. of Ya- maska, is in the rear of St. Frangois and is bounded s. and s. w. by De Guir. — 1|- league in front by one league in depth. Granted, Aug. 3, 1683, to Sieur Laurent PhiUippe and is now the property of Mr. de Montenac. — A tolerably good soil is the general characteristic of the grant, which in some parts lies low, but there are no swamps. The best land is on each side of the St. Francis, where are the principal settle- ments and the best cultivation; the quantity under hand amounts to one-third of the whole or a little more. The river St. Francis runs through the S., dividing it nearly into two parts, and af- fords the advantages of easy and expeditious con- veyance, as its current hereabouts and towards the St. Lawrence is very rapid. An inferior descrip- tion of timber prevails ; enough, however, of the better sorts is found to supply the wants of the inhabitants. The river turns a corn and a saw mUl, and forms two or three small islands covered with trees of no real value, although exceedingly decorative. Title. — " Concession du 3me Aoilt, 1683, faite par Lefebvre, Gouverneur, et De Meulles, Intendant, au Sieur Laurent PhiUippe, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front sur ure lieue de profondeur, joignant du cote du Sud- ouest les terres non-conc6d6es, d'autre cote au Nord-ouest, d'un bout sur la Seigneurie du Sieur Cremere, d'autre aux terres non-concedees, avec les isles et islets qui se rencontreront dans la dite profondeur, la riviere St. Fran- cois comprise dans icelle profondeur, ensorte qu'elle fut au milieu de la dite profondeur."— CaAJCM d' Intendance, No. 2 a 9, folio 281.— Ins. Con. Sup. lettre B. folio 129. PiBRREviLLE, a village in the S. of Berthier, in the co. of Berthier. It contains 25 houses, in- cluding one inn. PiERRisH, Old, river, runs into the n. e. bank of the St. Maurice below the k. Windigo. Pilgrims, four islands lying about 1^ mile off the S. of Granville and Lachenaye, stretching nearly its whple breadth ; they are only piles of rock covered with low brushwood and a few small trees : the westernly one is the station of the tele- graph No. 12. PiLLES, V. St. Maurice, r. Pins, aux, river, rises in Lake Cutiatendi, in the mountains of Fausembault, near the S. of St. Gabriel, and taking a s. course empties itself into Lake Ontarietsi or St. Joseph. The average breadth of this small river is about one perch and its course .5 leagues. PiscAMiNBAU, river, runs into the B. Mata- pediac; it turns a saw-mill, and the adjacent country affords immense quantities of pine, which can be floated down to the mills with facility for many miles in the interior of the country. PiSNAY, river, runs s. w. into the b. St. Mau- rice between the rivers Kisikan and Juglers. PissAouTicHE, river, runs into the Saguenay and is an inconsiderable stream resembling the B. St. Charles near Quebec. Plante, la, river. Ruisseau la Plante tra- verses the S. of St. Ours s. w. and runs into the Richelieu. Pocatairb, Pocadierb, or Pocatiere, v. Ste. Anne, S. in the co. of Kamouraska. PoiNTE aux Bouleaux, V. Saguenat, e. PoiNTE aux Trembles, v. Montreal. PoiNTB aux Trembles, v. Neuville, S. PoiNTE AUX Vaches, on the n. shore of the St. Lawrence, between the rivers Saguenay and Bergeronne: this is the only .spot where persons might at present be induced to settle. It derives its name from the walrus, an animal once common in the Saguenay country. PoiNTE Claire, v. Montreal. Points du Chbne (R.), v. Du Chbne. Points du Lac (S.), v. Tonnancoub. Pointe Levi, v. Lauzon, S. Point St. Peter, fief, in the co. of Gaspe, juts out from the main land and separates Gaspe Bay from Mai Bay. Population Statistics. 148 I Keel-boats 10 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Horses Oxen Bushels. I . 60 Oats Bushels. I . 220 Potatoes Live Stock. 3 1 Cows 18 I Sheep 26 I Swine 33 Bushels. . 430 53 PoMMES, aux, river, in the S. of Neuville, runs a beautiful and meandering course, and is lower down the S. than the b. Jacques Cartier. P O R P O R PoNsoNBY, a projected township in the co. of Ottawa, bounded b. by Harrington,- w. by Rip- pon ; in front by La Petite Nation ; in the rear by Amherst. Portage, du, river, descends from the parish of St. Constant, in the S. of Sault St. Louis, where it takes the name of Riviere da St. Pierre, and runs before the church of that parish. It dis- charges itself into the St. Lawrence in the Cote Ste. Catherine, 5 miles from the village of La- prairie. The Riviere du Portage is partly dry in summer and never navigable. Portage, du, river, one of the early tributa- ries of the K. Batiscan. Port Daniel, seigniory, in the co. of Gaspe, lies a little w. of Pabos, in the Bay of Chaleurs. — Sj^ leagues in front, beginning half a league e. of the cape formed by one of the sides of a bay called Port Daniel and extending westward, by one league in depth. Granted, Dec. 12, 1696, to Sieur Rene d'Eneau. — The bay forms a snug inlet. Title. — " Concession du 12me Ddcembre, 1696, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Rene d'Eneau, de trois lieues ct demie de terre de front, au lieu dit le Port Daniel, dans la Baie des Cha- leurs, le dit front a commencer denii lieue a I'Est du cap qui fait un des cotes de I' Ance du dit Port Daniel, a eonti- nuer les dites trois lieues et demie a I'Ouest, sur une lieue de profondeur; avee les ruisseaux, rivieres et etangs, si aucuns se trouvent dans la dite.etendue." — Registre d'ln- tendance, Mo. 5, folio ii. Port Joli, river, rises near the rear line of St. Roch des Annais, and running n. w. traverses the S. of Reaume, and through the S. of St. Jean Port Joli it reaches the St. Lawrence. Portland, township, in the co. of Ottawa, and in the rear of Templeton and Buckingham. The eastern quarter was surveyed and subdivided in 1805. It is watered by the River Blanche, and is reported to be mountainous and rocky, but perhaps a more accurate survey would lead to a more favourable report. Portneup, barony, in the co. of Portneuf, is bounded n. e. by the S. of Jacques Cartier; s. w. by Deschambault ; in the rear by Perthuis; in front by the St. Lawrence. — 1-J league in breadth by 3 in depth. Granted, April 16th, 1647, to Sieur de Croisille ; it now belongs to the convent of the Hotel-Dieu at Quebec, but is let on a long lease to Messrs. Coltman and Co. — This is a fine and valuable estate, the land fertile, and the part under tillage in a good state of cultivation : the soil is a light sandy earth mixed with clay, and in many places a good black mould upon a bed of clay. — The timber in the rear is a mixture of the middling sorts, but along the banks of the River Portneuf some very good pine may be collected. This river and several small streams water the property. At a small distance up the h. Portneuf, on the w. side, are the valuable corn and saw miUs of Ed- ward Hale, Esq., most conveniently and agreeably seated near the main road, whence the ground rises almost in the form of an amphitheatre ; on the gentle acclivities are several fine settlements and many good houses, which greatly enliven a prospect naturally beautiful. From the mills the exportation of flour is very great, and, with the almost constant shipments of timber, create a bustling scene of business. So much trade in these articles is here carried on by the proprietors, that almost a small fleet of vessels is sometimes seen lying at anchor ofi" the mouth of the R. re- ceiving their freights on board, besides those that usually anchor here in their passage up or down the river, on account of the Richelieu rapid. Pro- ceeding eastward from the mills, the bank of the St. Lawrence takes a gradual rise as far as the church at Cap Sante, and thence it almost imme- diately rises to more than 150 feet above the level of the river by a very steep ascent up what is called the C6te du Cap Sant6. From the front to the rear of this tract there are many rising grounds, generally of a very good soil, between which the hollows are in some places swampy and covered with cedar and hemlock. The lands within I of a league of the River Ste. Anne are remarkably flne, and considered by Edward Hale, Esq., to be superior to any of the old conceded lands in the barony. — The Parish of Cap Sante comprehends the S. of Portneuf, the S. of D'Au- teuil, and parts of Jacques Cartier and Neuville. In this parish are 6 ranges of concessions in dif- ferent directions. With the exception of Anse de Portneuf, the land of which is excellent, the soil of this parish is of indifferent quality. The roads are in general good. Horses chiefly are used in agriculture. There are 3 schools, 2 pubUc and 1 private, each having from 20 to 30 children. — The small Village of Cap Sante is built at the foot of a hiU on the shore of the St. Lawrence ; it contains about 25 houses, and the church, standing nearly on the point of the cape, is a handsome P O R P O R building, usually attracting a stranger's notice by its exterior ornaments as well as interior decora- tion. To vessels coming down the river the clump of trees on Point Deschambault and this church serve as sailing-marks ; thelatter,by its three spires^ is distinguishable at a great distance. Near the church is the parsonage-house and a group of other houses surrounding it, forming almost a tolerably- sized village. Along each side of the Quebec road the houses are numerous, and being sur- rounded by neat gardens and extensive orchards afford, particularly during the spring, a most en- chanting appearance. — In this parish there is no want of young persons who would be proper for making new settlements, but some have not the means and others have not the inclination. To facilitate the settlement of the ungranted lands, through which there is no road, it would be re- quisite for the seigniors to give as many facilities as possible for the new settlements^ and that roads should be opened in the new concessions; and, moreover, the lands should be conceded according to ancient usage, paying a moderate seignorial jent. — From Cap Sant6 the large shoal called Batture du Cap Santi stretches almost down to the entrance of Jacques Cartier River; it is thickly beset with rocks that are uncovered at low water. Population 2,829 Churches, R.C. ] Cures . . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Schools , . 3 Statistics, Villages . Corn-mills . Saw-mills . Just, of peace Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River-craft Tonnage Keel-boats 10 18 1 18 1 Animal Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. 19,](i9 2,000 Bushels. Barley . 200 Potatoes 25,100 Live Stock. 1,020 1 Cows 920 1 Sheep 2,0401 5,1001 Peas Swine Bushels. , 5,000 1,600 Title. — " Concession du 16me Avril, 164i7, faite par la Compagnie au Sieur de Croisille, situee au bord du fleuve St. Laurent, du c6t6 du Nord, contenant une lieue et demie de front sur trois lieues de profondeur; le front joignant au Nord-Est au fief de Monceau, et du cflt6 du Sud- Quest au fief Deschambault, dans laquelle se trouvent comprises les rivieres de Jacques Cartier et de Portneuf." RSgistre d'Intendance, No. 2 d 9, folio 215. Portneuf, county, in the district of Quebec, is bounded n. e. by the s. w. boundary line of the seigniories of Sillery and St. Gabriel, and by a prolongation of that line; on the s. w. by the N. E. boundary line of the seigniory of Ste. Anne and its augmentation, and by a prolongation of the same line; on the n. w. by the northern boundary of the province; on the s. e. by the St. liawrence. This county comprises the seigniories of Gaudar- ville; Fausembault; Desmaure or St. Augustin; Guillaume Bonhomme ; Neuville or Pointe aux Trembles; Bourg-Louis; Belair and its aug- mentation ; D'Auteuil ; Jacques Cartier ; barony of Portneuf; Perthuis; Deschambault; Lache- vrotiere ; La Tesserie ; Prancheville ; Grondines, reste des Grondines, and their augmentations — Its length is 240 miles and its breadth 351, and it contains 8,640 square miles ; its centre on the St. Lawrence is in lat. 46° 41' n., long. 71° 30" w. It sends 2 members to the provincial parlia- ment, and the places of election are Deschambault and St. Augustin. The surface of this county is mountainous and uneven and is traversed by se- veral ridges of highlands. The land on the bank of the St. Lawrence and receding therefrom is high and bold, but the soil is rich and fertile, being composed of a light sandy earth mixed with clay. It is abundantly watered by numerous rivers, streams and lakes. The chief rivers are as follow the Jacques Cartier, conspicuous for the rapidity of its stream and the elevation and boldness of its banks, and otherwise remarkable in the history of Canada, having been named after the enterprising Jacques Cartier; the Portneuf, La Chevrotiere, and the Ste. Anne and their several branches ; also the Batiscan spreading its numerous branches in the interior, the Bastonais or Riviere Croche, and farther in the interior the St. Maurice and its various eastern branches. The chief lakes are the Wayagamack, Edward, and several other large lakes near the Height of Land. The whole front of this county, to the depth of 7 or 8 miles from the St. Lawrence, exhibits well-cultivated farms and flourishing settlements, especially along the St. Lawrence and on the borders of the chief rivers, along which are good roads, besides nu- merous concession roads. The post route from Quebec passes by the Jacques Cartier bridge, and thence along the St. Lawrence. — This countv contains the parishes of St. Augustin, Pointe aux Trembles, Les Ecureuils, Cap Sante, Descham- bault, and Grondines, and includes the new Irish settlement of St. Patrick. P O R POT Statistics. Population 16,542 Churches, R. C. 6 Cures . . 6 Presbyteries . 6 Convents . 1 Schools . 11 Villages . 4 Corn-mills 14 Saw-mills . 43 Carding-mills 3 Fulling-mills 2 Potasheries . 2 Medical men 3 Notaries . 8 Shopkeepers 27 Taverns . 25 Artisans . 147 Ship-yards . 4 River-craft . 16 Tonnage . 504 Keel-boats . 5 Annual Agriciilturul Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 94,354 Oats . 84,740 Barley . 6,829 Potatoes 340,458 Bushels. Peas . 28,603 Rye . 4,500 Buck wheat 4,060 Indian corn 2,730 Bushels. Mixed grain 3,150 Maple sugar, cwts. 1,053 Hay, tons 42,205 Live Stock. Horses . 5,016 Oxen . 5,354 Cows . 11,425 Sheep . 23,631 Swine . 7,373 PoRTNEUP and Millbs Vaches, in the co. of Saguenay, lie 10 leagues below Tadoussac. These two contiguous seigniories front the St. Lawrence, and form together 6 leagues in front by 4 in depth. The S. of Portneuf belongs to the heirs of Messrs. Dunn, Stuart and Blackwood. — In both these seigniories the lands are excellent ; and hay might be cut in Milles Vaches for at least 1,000 heads of cattle, which would be very advantageous to settlers as fodder, particularly at their first commencement: the land, in fact, is cleared naturally all around the bay and the tim- ber is of good growth, consisting of white pine and spruce. The country on the east side of the bay is level for a considerable distance, at least 9 leagues, and there is a stream of water in the bottom of the bay that will admit of building a miU of 6 saws and also a corn-mill. The bay is very accessible to small craft. Portneuf Post has an excellent harbour, but it is only to be entered at high water by small craft. The soil is as good as that of Milles Vaches, but it is on higher ground and the timber inferior. There is a river running close by the house forming the harbour, and it is sheltered to the southward by a high bank of sand which is not covered at high water. The small settlement at Portneuf consists of a church, 70 feet by 30, a wood-built chapel, the agent's house, stores, &c. and 2 or 3 other habita- tions. Its aspect from the K. is extremely pleasing in bright weather as contrasted with the deserted state of the adjacent country. Potatoes and oats are the chief products of the land ; wheat, on account of the coldness of the climate, will not arrive at perfection. PoBTNEUP, river, rises in a small lake in the S. of Fausembault, and passing through Bourg- Louis, NeuviUe, the aug. to Belair, and Jacques Cartier, falls into the St. Lawrence near the s. w. corner of the S. of Portneuf. This river is not navigable for either boats or canoes. The banks on each side are high and very weU wooded ; its stream is precipitated through so many rapids and along a broken rocky bed with such violence as to render it impassable for any sort of boat, how- ever light. At the mouth of this river the land, for a short space, is low, and extremely well cul- tivated on each side ; and schooners or river-craft ascend as far as the main road. Pot au Beukre, river. There are 3 of this name in the S. of Sorel and all fall into the s. shore of Yamaska Bay. Pot au Bburre, river, in the Island of Or- leans, rises about the centre of the island, and runs into the north channel of the St. Law- rence. PoTTON, township, in the co. of Stanstead, joins the eastern boundary of Sutton, and extends along the province line as far as Lake Memphra- magog. Though the surface is mostly hilly and un- even and the land in general indifferent, there are good situations for raising all sorts of grain, as well as most other productions. — Watered by the river Missiskoui, and a great number of tributary streams running from the hills in almost every direction, and by many others that fall into the lake. — The timber consists of elm, beech and maple, with all the common sorts. — There are some thriving set- tlements on the banks of the k. Missiskoui and the margin of the lake, where the land is par- ticularly good. In this t. bog and mountain iron ores are found. A few roads lead into the neigh- bouring townships, but they are not very good. Population 804 Corn-mills . 3 Carding-raills 1 Fulling-mills . 1 Saw-mills . 4 Statistics. Tanneries Potteries Potasheries Pearlasheries Breweries Distilleries . I Shopkeepers 2 Taverns . 1 Artisans . 10 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels.; Bushels. 5,3801 Peas . 2,900 , 7,900 Rye . 89 500 Buck-wheat 1300 16,6001 Bushels. Indian corn 2,380 Maple sugar, cwts. 40 Live Stock. 212 I Cows 340 1 Sheep 521 1 Swine 1,204 1 600 PRO PRO PouLAiN (S.), V. Orleans Island. PkAde, river. Ruisseau la Prade rises in the S. of Contrecoeur, and running n. b. into the S. of St. Ours falls into the a. Richelieu opposite Isle Deschaillons. Praikie, grande, river, in the Island of Mont- realj rises in C6teau St. Louis and traversing Cote Ste. Marie falls into the St. Lawrence. PSAiRiESj des, river, divides Isle Jesus from the Island of Montreal. It is improperly called a river, for it is one of the channels of the St. Law- rence, extending from Isle Bizard to the N. b. extremity of the Island of Montreal. Over this river are several ferries. Prairies, des, river, in the S. of St. Sulpice. Ruisseau des Grandes Prairies runs s. w. into the R. Mascouche. Prairies, les, v. Saguenay k. and Chicoutimi Post. Prendbrgast River, rises in the t. of Cla- rendon and runs s. into L. des Chats. Presentation (V.), in Montreal Island. Prevost River, or Riviere Noire, tra- verses the T. of Wickham in the 8th range and then runs down through the t. of Grantham, and empties itself into the St. Francis near the v. of DrummondviUe more than 3 miles above the ferry. Over this river is a bridge near its mouth, which, though partially repaired, is not safe for heavy teams ; a new one would cost about £100. Prince, au, river, in the S. of Lake of Two Mountains, runs n. e. and joins the Petite Riviere du Chene. Propre, river, one of the early tributaries of the R. Batiscan. Province op Lower Canada, lies between the parallels of the 45th and 52nd degrees of north latitude, and the meridians of 57° 50' and 80° 6' west longitude from Greenwich. It is bounded N. by the territory of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany or East Maine ; e. by the Gulf of St. Law- rence and a line drawn from Anse au Sablon, on the Labrador coast, due north to the 52° of lati- tude ; s. by New Brunswick and part of the ter- ritories of the United States j w, by a line which separates it from Upper Canada, commencing at a stone boundary on the north bank of Lake St. Francis, at the cove west of Pointe au Baudet, and running first between the t. of Lancaster and the S. of New Longueuil, and then between the townships of Lochiel and Hawkesbury on the N. w. and the t. of Newton and the S. of Rigaud on the s. B., until it strikes the Ottawa river; the boundary Hne then ascends that river into Lake Temiscaming, and from the head of that lake it extends due north until it strikes the boundary line of Hudson's Bay, including all the territory to the westward and southward of the said line to the utmost extent of the country com- monly called or known by the name of Canada.--' Lower Canada is not only the most important of the British North American provinces, from its situation and extent, but the most populous, its inhabitants being to those of the sister provinces of Upper Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns- wick, in the respective ratio of 8.11 and 19 to 3, or, in other terms, nearly in the proportion of the numbers 32, 11, 8, 5 ; therefore the population of Lower Canada alone constitutes about 4-7ths of the total population of the four provinces, and about 2-5ths of that of the whole of the domi- nions of Great Britain in North America.— In salubrity no climate can perhaps be found to excel that of Canada ; although the atmosphere is im- pregnated with a considerable degree of cold in winter, and its frigidity is of much longer pre- valence than would naturally be inferred from the geographical position of the country. The summers are warmer and the vrinters colder than in European countries in the same latitude. Pro- ceeding up the St. Lawrence, the climate becomes considerably milder and adapted, by degrees, to the growth of fruits that thrive only in warm atmospheres. Wheat, barley, rye, maize, oats, and in fact almost every species of grain, are cul- tivated with every possible success, the climate being well calculated to bring them to maturity. — The prevailing winds are the north-east, north- west, and south-west. The s. w. wdnd is the most prevalent, but it is generally moderate and ac- companied by clear skies ; the n. b. and b. winds usually bring with them continued rain in sum- mer and snow in winter ; and the n. w. is re- markable for its coldness, dryness, and elasticity. Winds from due north, south, or west are not frequent. The azure of Canadian skies is beau- tifully transparent and pure, and the starry con- stellations are remarkably luminous and bright. Fogs are almost unknown in Canada, but the morning dew sometimes rises in a light vapoury cloud, which is almost suddenly dispelled by the first solar rays that gUd the horizon. In winter. PROVINCE OF LOWER CANADA. however, when the cold is intense, a thick vapour is frequently seen on the unfrozen surface of the St. Lawrence, driving heavily before the wind amidst masses of floating ice. The winter com- mences about the 25th of Nov. in the regions about Quebec, and lasts until about the 25th of April, when agricultural operations are resumed. In the district of Montreal the permanent cold sets in generally 2 or 3 weeks later, and the spring is probably as much earlier, although these advan- tages are subject to frequent vicissitudes. In sum- mer the electric phenomena of the atmosphere, as displayed in the vividness of lightning and the burst of loud thunders, are sometimes appalling in the extreme and have, in numerous instances, been attended with very serious consequences. — Lower Canada is divided into 5 districts, which are subdivided into 44 counties, 2 of which are confined to cities and 2 to towns, viz. Quebec Montreal Three Rivers Acadie Beauce Beauhamois Bellechasse Berthier Bonaventure Chambly Champlain Dorchester Drummond Gaspe Kamouraska Jjachenaye Lapralrie L'Assomption L'Islet LotbiniSre Megantic Missiskoui JVtontmorenci Montreal Montreal, City Districts. Inferior District of St Fran- cis Inferior District of Gaspe. Counties. Nicolet Orleans Ottawa Portneuf Quebec Quebec, City Richelieu Rimouski Rouville Saguenay St. Hyaeinthe St. Maurice Shefford Sherbrooke Stanstead Terrebonne Three Rivers, Town Two Mountains Vaudreuil Vercheres William Henry, Town Yamaska. The counties consist of feudal grants called sei- gniories and of modern grants called townships which are held by free and common soccage tenure. The seigniories contain about 10,000,000 acres, about half of which are in a state of nature and not conceded. In the townships are about 6,300,000 acres. — Of the total quantity of lands held by both species of tenure about 3,000,000 of acres are under actual cultivation ; to which amount may be added about 200,000 acres which are in that pro- gressive state provincially termed en abatis, having merely undergone the preliminaries of agricultural improvement. Of the lands in culture it may be said that one-third, on an average, yield grain crops for consumption and export, the other two- thirds being either in fallow or in pasture and meadow. Those parts of this beautiful province that are yet in a primitive state of nature are di- versified by hni, plain and valley, though, in some sections, mountainous and bold, and the land is in general richly covered with a sturdy growth of valuable forest-trees. Two-thirds at least of these wilds are likely, in process of time, to be brought under cultivation ; the remaining third may be considered as unsusceptible of tillage, being in a great measure composed of rugged steeps, barren hills, sterile morasses and swamps. — For other particulars vide Vol. I. Statistical statement of the province of Lower Ca- nada, calculated for December, 1827- Population in 1827 Magdalen Islands Number of men employed in the king's posts and Mingan .... Voyageurs employed in the Indian trade Emigrants since 1827 Natural increase since 1827 about Population. . 471,876 900 400 300 473,476 28,000 59,575 Total 561,051 Exclusive of the British military and the aborigmes wandering in the interior. Progressive increase of Population. Year 1676 1683 1700 1706 1714 1759 1784 1825 1831 Souls 8,415 11,249 15,000 20,000 26,904 65,000 113,000 450,000 561,051 hh2 P Y K QUA Districts, including the Inferior District of St. Francis in the Superior Districts. Districts. 3 1 i 1 1 3 It T— o IS 1 1 s o 1 1 i 1 6 3 1 10 i 3 2 1 6 1 > Total number of houses in towns and villages. i o 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 178 70 23 2 273 1 185 89 44 6 324 i 1 1 1 o 200 58 28823 7210 5 . 565 91 be a ■£ b 61 18 10 79 3 a 1 2 1 3 IH s p 26 2 3 31 o 14 4 1 .i c 2 2 1 1 46 11 17 74 9 % X 8 1 9 1 38 5 3 46 1 1 1 i ■-5 1 ■s 1 1 1 1 i I i 1 s 1 •3 Montreal . Quebec Three Rivers Gasp^ 268681 143761 51657 7777 23 3 9 4 39 3 1 4 7 1 3 4 1 78 73 21 19 68 57 17 2 71 64 19 10 9 1 20 68 28 15 3 114 10230 3290 957 198 148 6 19 173 106. 69 2 57 19 17 2 178 171 80 32 461 96 60 11 I 168 540 382 66 28 1016 541 322 61 11 935 2916 2^29 401 41 10 30 4 7 20 141 12 64 490 4570 291 4800 36 277 14 738 471876 11 5 191 144 154 14775 7 8 19' 4 127 '145 5587 51 237 1151 1065 Districts. Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. Live Stock. | 1 1 i 11 at hi 1 1 1 il 1^ •1^ a i 1 1 in a s K Montreal . Quebec . Three Rivers Gasp^ 1752386 793872 362974 12008 1379856 627053 317722 16898 213672 123604 25841 546783 192469 81261 2805 134809 52933 29801 94603 20073 6721 272266 36977 23509 398 95162 6I747 26590 1170 4121721 1848404 606365 219820 692988 348875 169337 10867 11489 8331 3728 781 6633 3422 1762 12 85582 42096 17353 933 145964 81199 39022 18822 1389 88631 35498 19344 1539 147324 78797 32218 1676 482810 248042 93674 4696 120906 86596 30228 4005 2931240 2341529 363117 823318 217543 121397 333150 184659 6796310 1228067 24329 1 1729 140432 145012 260015 829122 241735 Districts. Domestic Manufactures, in French ells. Laud in cultivation, in acres. | 111 ■3 I'm M 1 S B 11 If s Montreal . Quebec Three Rivers . Gaspe 658168 352264 135243 7998 456234 253250 94746 4010 594961 300893 161932 910 6756 4315 2073 99 580006 291403 125902 4887 1081966 612443 244878 6100 1661972 903846 37078O 9987 1153673 808240 I0o8aq6 13243 1002198 1944387 2946565 PscupYj riverj rises in the s. side of the co. of Rimouski and traverses the s. w. angle of the co. of Bonaventurej and is one of the early tributaries of the B. Ristigouche. Pykb RivbKj rises in several small streams that meet near the v. of Frelightsburg, in the S. of St. Armand ; hence it runs to a village nearly in the centre of Stanbridge and, keeping its very irre- gular course southwardly, to Bedford village, where it soon regains its n. w. direction, in which it continues tUl it reaches the 9th range, where it receives a considerable branch from Famham and turning suddenly southward again it keeps near the w. boundary line tiU it falls into Missiskoui Bay. At the breaking up of the ice in the spring great numbers of fish are taken in the mouth of this k. viz., dore, maskinonge, mullet, pike, perch and suckers. — Pyke river turns 5 corn-mills and 6 or 8 saw-mills. Pyke's River, in the t. of Frampton, rises in Pyke's Lake, and running n. e. through Pyke's Settlement falls into the k. Etchemin. Q. QuAMQUBRTicooK (R.), V. Green Rivkk. QuAQUAGAMACK, lake, one of the first waters of the H. Ouiatchouan. QuAQUAGAMACKsis, lake, a few miles s. of Lake Quaquagamack ; the land around it is in every respect wild and desolate, as the timber has been destroyed by fire and is succeeded by a QUEBEC. growth of aspen, poplar, small fir and white hirch, and the soil is very rocky and sandy. Quebec, county, is bounded n. e. by the s. w. bounds of the seigniory of Cote de Beaupre until it meets the s. e. boundary line of the t. of Tewkes- bury, thence n. e. along that boundary line to the S. K. angle of the township, thence n. along the N. E. ^undary or lateral line of that township to its depth, and thence by the prolongation of the said line s. w. by the county of Portneuf ; n. w. by the northern boundary of the province ; and s. E. by the river St. Lawrence. — It comprises the seigniories of Beauport, Notre Dame des Anges, D'Orsainville, Lepinay, Fief St. Ignace, Fief Hu- bert, the seigniories of Sillery and St. Gabriel, the townships of Stoneham and Tewkesbury, the parishes of Beauport, Charlesbourg, St. Am- broise, Jeune Lorette, part of Ancienne Lorette and Ste. Foi, and the parish, city and suburbs of Quebec, and all other parishes in the whole or in part comprehended within the above-described limits. — Its breadth in front is llf miles, in the rear 100, and its depth is about 240, containing about 13,200 sq. miles. Its southern extremity is in latitude 46" 46' 30" n., longitude 71° 18' w. Althoy^ its surfa(^is mountainous and l»oken and traversed by severS. ridges of high land, yet many parts are fit for cultivation, and large patches of rich natural meadows are found on the borders of the numerous rivers, streams and lakes, which most abundantly water the co. — The chief rivers are the St. Charles, Jacques Cartier, Ste. Anne, Batiscan, Bastonais, Schecoubish and a part of the Montmorenci, with their various branches. The principal lakes are called Commissioners, Kajoualwang, Bouchette, Quaquagamack, Sche- coubish, Assuapmoussoin, St. Charles: there are also many others not distinguished by names. The scenery about several of these lakes is beau- tiful and picturesque. — This co., in population, ranks the 2nd in the province and comprehends within its limits the City of Quebec, the capital of Lower Canada, from which it takes its name. It contains a population of about 36,000 souls, 28,000 of whom may be said to compose the City and Banlieus of Quebec. It is singular that this dense population is contained in a space not ex- ceeding 180 square mUes, and of the cultivated parts only 150. Beyond Lake St. Charles (noted for its beautiful scenery and as a place of recrea- tion and resort for the inhabitants of the city), there are only a few scattered settlements. The great valley of the St. Charles and the Canar- diere present a most luxuriant field of culti- vated lands and meadows, and thence to the n. w. the land rises gradually presenting a well settled and cultivated country with villages, which at- tract notice and are relieved by a handsome back- ground presented by the Charlesbourg Mountains and the more distant heights. From Dorchester Bridge over the St. Charles to Montmorenci, is seen a thick range of settlements and well culti- vated farms, several gentlemen's country-seats, neat and handsomely constructed: on one side of the road are seen the village and settlements of Beauport and the celebrated falls of Mont- morenci, adding to the highly interesting pano- ramic view of the Basin of Quebec; the villages of Charlesbourg and Jeune Lorette tend to en- hance the beauty of the scenery, whether viewed from the Basin or the City of Quebec. — This co. sends two members to the provincial parliament, and the place of election is at Charlesbourg. Statistics. Population 30,954 Towns ChurcheB, Pro. 3 Villages Wesleyan chap 1 Corn-mills . Churches, R.C. 14, Saw-mUls . Cures 8 Carding-miUs Presbyteries 6 Fulling-mills Convents 4. Tanneries Colleges 2 Hatmanufact Schools 25 Potteries Court-houses I Breweries Gaols 1 1 3 7 15 4. 2 3 . 1 2 Distilleries Ship-yards Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River-craft Tonnage Keel-boats 2 7 31 32 216 176 1,250 40 2,020 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley , Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 59,214, 152,615 14.,240 331,627 Bushels. Peas . 25,775 Rye . 4,,851 Buck-wheat 2,4,50 Indian corn 3,198 Bushels. Mixed grain 2,465 Maple sugar, cwts. 354, Hay, tons 34',598 Live Steele. 4,,941 1 Cows 3,291 1 Sheep 7,51 3 1 Swine 19,700 1 5,272 Quebec City. For description, i;i(?e vol. i.p.239. It may, however, be stated here that Quebec is the capital not only of the province of Lower Canada, but of the whole of the British dominions in North America, and as such it is the place of re- sidence for the governor in chief and commander of the forces in those colonies. Its natural po- sition, strongly fortified by regular works, renders RAM RAN it almost impregnable ; and its citadel is not un- usually mentioned as a parallel in strength with the fortress of Gribraltar. The population of the city now exceeds 30^000 souls ; but the following tabular exhibit will best show its statistics as taken in the year 1825. Quebec is also the most important seaport of British America, except- ing, probably, Halifax. Its harbour, situated up- wards of 400 miles from the sea, in the gulf, is perfectly safe and calculated to receive the largest fleet. The average of British shipping seen an- nually in port exceeds 500 sail, and* indeed more than 600 sea-going vessels have been known to be entered inwards in the course of one year. There are an archdeacon and curate for the church of England and one curate for that of Scotland. Among the number of convents one only is a nunnery-school, in the lower town. In the total number of schools as stated in the table the prin- cipal only are included. Statistics, 1825. City of Quebec. 1 o .s 1 g i i o i a. 6 1 1 i { i 1 i •i S-c i 1 1 1 i m 4 Upper Town Lower Town Banliene Suturls. St. Roch . St. John & St. Louis 4445 4187 1767 6691 6127 1 ■ 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 7 4 3 1 2 2 2 1 23517 1 1 8 2 4 2 11 3 3 2 3 8 Quebec Distbict, v. Districts. QuiAUKSQUACK (R.), V. Gkandb Rivierb. QuiNCHiENj river, in the S. of Vaudreuil, runs N. E. and near the vUlage of Vaudreuil and falls into a bay that lies between Isle Perrot and the Lake of Two Mountains. R. Ramctsque, river, a small stream in the S. of Gouffre, runs into the k. du Gouffre. Ramzay, seigniory, in the co. of St. Hyacinth, is bounded e. and n. e. by the t. of Upton ; s. w. and N. by the S. of St. Hyacinth and St. Charles. — 3 leagues in front by 3 in depth, viz. li league above and below the river Scibouet, which runs into the R. Yamaska. Granted, Oct. 17, 1710, to Sieur de Ramzay, and now belongs to Martigny, junior, esq. — There are 4 concessions running from s. w. to N. e. which have the usual parallel roads, besides which, two roads extend from N. w. to s. B. Statistics. Annual Agricidtural Produce. Population 386 Corn-mills . 1 Notaries . 1 Churches, Pro. 1 Saw-mills 1 Taverns . 1 Curates . J Medical men 1 Artisans . 6 Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. . 3,489 . 2,900 100 Potatoes Rye Bushels. 3,820 1,005 20 BushelB. Buck-wheat 100 Indian com 119 Live Stock. 143 1 Cows . 368 1 Swine . 221 123 1 Sheep 778 1 Titk. — " Concession du 17me Octobre, 1710, faite au Sieur de Ramsay, de I'etendue de trois lieues de terre de front sur trois Ueues de profondeur, savoir, une Ueue et demie audessous de la riviere Scibouet, qui tombe dans la riviere Yamaska, et ime lieue et demie au dessus, courant du Nord-est au Sud-ouest, avec les isles et islets qui se trouveront dans la dite riviere, vis-a-vis de la dite eon- cession : et donnant ^ la dite concession le nom de Ram- my."—Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, No. 96, Jblio 62, le 2me Janvier, 1781.— Caliiers d'Intendance, No. 2 a 9, folio Ramzay, Louise de, in the county of Riche- lieu, is a small piece of land, about 1^ league superficial, lying in the rear of the S. of Sorel and between those of St. Ours, Bourchemin, and Bonsecours. Granted, June 18, 1739, to the De- moiselles Angelique, Louise, and Elizabeth de Ramzay. Randin, fief, in the S. of Berthier, in the co. of Berthier, extends from Antaya or Dorvillier fief, one league in front of the seigniory by half RAW RAW a ],eague in depth. Grantedj Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Randin. This grant includes Isle Jlandin, which lies opposite to it, and it seems, by the title, to have been increased by a grant made, Apr. 27, I674, to Sieur Berthier, which is half a league in front by one league in depth and Hes adjoining the rear of the original grant. Title. — " Concession faite au Sieur Randin, le 3me Novembre, 1672, par Jean Talon, Intendant, d'une lieue de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, sur une demi lieue de profondeur, a prendre depuis le Sieur de Comport^, jus- qu'aux terres non-conc6dees ; ayec I'isle nommSe de son nom de Rmdin — N. B. Dans le R^gistre du Secretariat le mot une a ete sustituS a la place du mot demi qui a He raye." — Rigistre d'lntendance. No. 1, folio 21. Augmentation, — " Concession faite au Sieur Berthier, le 27me AvrU, 1674, d'une demi lieue de terre de front sur une lieue de prqfondeur, a prendre derriSre et joignant la concession du Sieur Randin, du 3me Novembre, 1672." —Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, folio 38, fe 26me Janvier, 1781. Rapidb, du, river, in the S. of Monnoir, joins the Ruisseau Barre and runs into the k. des Hurons. Raquette, k la, river, rises in the e. side of the S. of Rigaud, and, after making a short detour into the S. of VaudreuU, returns through the fief Choisy; and, passing through Nouvelle Lotbiniere at the N. E. angle of Rigaud, falls into the Lake of Two Mountains. This stream is not navigable. Rats, aux, or Rat River, falls into the w, side of the St. Maurice about 81 miles above Three Rivers. It is a broad stream, between which and the Little Rat River, on an alluvial flat formed by those rivers at the foot of the high mountains, is situated a trading post of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany ; it consists of a store, two dwelling-houses and a very good garden which furnishes the Post with the necessary vegetables : a dwelling-house is building for the resident agent. Rawdon, township, in the co. of L'Assomption, is bounded n. e. by Kildare ; s. w. by Kilkenny; in the rear by waste lands ; in front by the seig- niories of St. Sulpice and L'Assomption. It is singular that, notwithstanding the limits between these seigniories and Rawdon have been established and marked in the field by actual survey, the seignior of L'Assomption has considerably en- croached upon the first range of Rawdon, where he has placed censitaires under seignorial titles : these encroachments extend to the crown and clergy reservations in thait range, as well as to the tract granted under letters patent to the Bru- veres. — This t. has been divided into 11 ranges, and each range into 28 lots of 200 acres. The new system of laying out the crown and clergy reserves in blocks has been extended to this t., except in the first range and a part of the second, which were previously granted under patent and the reserves appropriated. The face of this town- ship is uneven, and in many parts mountainous, from the 4th range northward. The soil gene- rally is fit for the cultivation of grain, and in various places for the growth of hemp and flax. The population is chiefly composed of emigrants from Ireland, and the settlements are in a state of tolerable advancement. The inhabitants derive much advantage from Mr. Dugas's excellent com and saw-mills in lot 24 in the first range, whence the road winds into and traverses the interior of the township up to the 7th range. From the Manchester mills one mile s. of Dugas's mills, the road leading to Kildare is circuitous and to the emigrant settlement 20 miles long, while, by traversing that township and part of Rawdon, the distance is about 8 miles, of which one-third is a footpath. — Few townships are so well wa- tered as this, which has no less than 4 rivers besides smaller streams. The rivers are the Oua- reau, the Rouge, the Blanche, and a branch of the St. Esprit, In all these rivers there is good trout-fishing, but they are so obstructed by falls and rapids that they are not navigable for craft of any kind. The lakes are as numerous as the streams, and vast quantities of trout are taken in them by Canadians from St. Jacques and St. Esprit during the winter, and some of them weigh upwards of 20 lbs. each. Every river is crossed by one or more bridges, all free from toll: the largest, over the Ouareau, cost 9*. 6d. on every 100 acres. There are 5 bridges in all, which were built by the settlers. There is a strong chalybeate spring in the n. e. side of the 4th range near the k. Blanche, which is resorted to for almost all kinds of disease; there is also a spring of a different kind near the Ouareau bridge on the property of Mr. JeflPeries, being a cure for bowel complaints. — On the uplands, the greater part of the timber is maple, beech and birch; in the lower parts, cedar and spruce fir abound. — The Grand Voyer has laid out several roads from the front to the rear of the township. R E A R I C aU of which are at present passahle for carts; the line roads are likewise cleared of timher, hut from the nature of the country it will take some time before they are all made passable. A road is opened from this t. to Berthier, through the Grand Rousseau Kildare : it passes through the second range to lot 24 ; thence through the same number of the first range to the parish of St. Jacques : from the level nature of the country through which this road leads, and the advantage it gives to persons travelling to the west, there is no doubt of its soon becoming a general road to the Ottawa section of Upper Canada : persons going to that quarter will at least save 30 to 40 miles by it, and the country through which it passes is as thickly inhabited as any other part of Lower Canada. — Considerable quantities of maple sugar are produced in this T. and flax has been culti- vated with some success. The neat cattle are, generally, of the small Canadian breed. Agri- cultural wages, without board, 2s. 6d. per day. There are several corn and saw-miUs, at intervals of one and two leagues, on the road to the Emi- grant Settlement in Kildare. — Lead ore is found in the 3rd range. — In this t. is one public school, and a village has been laid out. The best mode of effecting connected settlements in this t. would be the establishment of settlers on the borders of the river Lac Ouareau, which presents many advan- tages; viz. the excellent quality of the soil; many natural meadows which are of primary necessity in new settlements; the navigation between its falls, which is perfectly suitable for boats of the largest dimensions ; and the vicinity of Manchester Road, which is practicable for carts and waggons. Lots, 100 acres each, should be laid out fronting the river and proper allowances made for its sinuosities. — The principal proprietors are Dr. Selby, Rev. J. E. Burton, and Mr. John Jefferies. — Ungranted and unlocated, 10,400 acres. Statistics. Population Corn-mills 850 3 [ Saw-mills Potasheries Ray, la, a little river crossing the road to Charlesbourg from Quebec. In 1829 a new bridge was built over this stream and cost 273?. 16s. 3d. currency, of which sum 20/. was raised by sub- scription and 40/. received from the magistrates. Reaume, fief, in the co. of L'Islet, is a small strip of land between St. Jean Port Joli and St. Roch dps Aulnais. — Half a league broad by two leagues deep. Granted, March 16th, 1677, to Demoiselle de Lacombe. — The soil and timber are similar to those of St. Jean Port Joli, and about one-third of the fief is well cultivated and thickly inhabited. A few trifling rivulets supply a very scanty irrigation. The main road crosses it, besides which there are some concession roads. 2'jife. — "Concession du 16me Mars, 1677, faite par Jacques Duchesneau, Intendant, a Demoiselle de Lacombe, d'une demi lieue de terre de front le long du fleuve St. Laurent, k prendre depuis celles qui appartiennent au Sieur de St. Denis, son pere, en remontant le dit fleuve, avee deux lieues de profondeur." — ImnnuatUms du Conseil Supirieur, lettre 3, folio 16. Recollbts, aux, a village in the Island of Montreal. Red Carp (R.), v. Ashratsi, l. Red River, runs into Commissioners Lake n. of Blueberry HiUs. Remie, river, in Cote de Beaupre, runs through the concessions St. Jerome and St. Lazare. It turns several mills in its way to the r. du Goufire. Rbpbntigny, v. L'Assomption, S. Ribbon River, runs into the k. St. Maurice. Richard Rioux, seigniory, in the co. of Ri- mouski, is bounded N. e. by Bic ; s. w. by Trois Pistoles ; in front by the St. Lawrence ; in the rear by waste lands. — 3 leagues in front by 4 in depth. Granted, Apr. 6, 1751, to Sieur Nicholas Rioux. The great north-easternly ridge here ranges so close to the St. Lawrence as to leave only a narrow slip between it and the shore. This space possesses a moderately good soil, upon which there are a few settlements under a respectable state of husbandry; there are also several patches of good land more in the interior, lying in the hoUows between the ridges. Close by the river side is a very good road. This S. is very scantily watered, but very well covered with timber of various kinds and good growth.— fiemowsfti or Nine Leagues Portage was so called from its being but par- tially settled, and the rugged aspect of the rocky ridge to the north and south of it, which forms a valley whose breadth at its western entrance may be nearly 2 miles and at its eastern extremity not more than about 3 furlongs. It is 27 miles in length and runs over the bold and broken moun- tains of Bic, where it is excessively hilly, the view presenting few other objects besides abrupt cliffs R I C R I C and craggy hills, well calculated to inspire awe but not pleasure. Statistics. Population . 100 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. . 3,120 97 Bushels. Barley . 225 Potatoes . 410 Bushels. Peas . 277 Mixed grain 299 Live Stock. 29 1 Cows 30 1 Sheep 53 I Swine iisl 67 Title " Concession du 6me Avril, 1751, faite par le Marquis de la Jonquilre. Gouverneur, et Frmifois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Nicholas Rioux, du terrein qui se trouve non-concede entre la Seigneurie de Trois Pistolles et les terres appartenantes aux representans de feu Mr. de Lachenaie, ce qui peut faire environ trois lieues de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur, avec les isles, islets et battures qui se trouvent au devant du dit terrein.'' — Ri. giitre d' 1 ntendance, No. S, folio 81. RiCHE, river. The Bras Riche is in Bonse- conrSj in the co. of L'Islet. RicHELiEUj county, in the district of Mont- real, is hounded hy the n. b. line of the S. of Contrecoeur as far as the r. Richelieu or Chamhly, thence by that river to the s. w. line of the S. of St. Charles, thence hy that s. w. line as far as the line of the depth of that seigniory, thence by the said depth line as far as the n. e. line of the said S. of St. Charles, thence hy the said n. e. line as far as the depth line of the S. of St. Denis, thence by the said depth line as far as the line between the seigniories of St. Hyacinthe and St. Ours, thence by the aforesaid line as far as the river Yamaska, thence by that river as far as the place where the continuation of the rear line of the S. of St. Charles d' Yamaska would terminate at the said river, thence by the said depth line as far as the n. e. line of the said S. of St. Charles, thence by the said n. e. line of St. Charles as far as the river Yamaska, thence by part of that river which is between the said n. b. line of St. Charles and the n. b. line of the S. of Bonsecours, thence by the said n. e. line of the S. of Bonsecours as far as the Bale de la VaUiere, thence by a line through the middle of the said bay as far as its outlet into the river St. Lawrence, and thence up that river as far as the n.b. line of theS. of Con- trecoeur. — It comprehends the seigniories of St. Ours and its augmentation, St. Denis, St. Charles on the river Richelieu, Sorel, Bourchemin and Bourgmarie west of the river Yamaska, and Bonsecours and St, Charles on the same river ; comprehending also the following isles in the St. Lawrence, viz. Cochon, Madame, Ronde, De Grace, Aux Ours, the isles commonly called Bat- tures S la Carpe, also isles du Sable, du Moine, and du Basque, and also the isles in the b. Richelieu or Chambly nearest the county, and being in the whole or in part fronting it. — Its extreme length is 25 miles and its breadth 20, containing 367 square miles. Its centre is in lat. 45" 50' 15" n., long. 72° 68' w. It sends two members to the provincial parliament, and the place of election is at St. Ours. The principal rivers are the Ya- maska and the Richelieu. — The surface of this county is invariably level and the soil in many parts is of an inferior quality. The timber is very abundant, but little can be said of its su- periority. The roads, which are very numerous, are principally along the borders of the rivers, and concession-roads also communicate with the adjoining seigniories. Along these roads are dis- persed numerous well cultivated farms, and dwell- ing-houses, which are generally neat and com- modious. Within the limits of this county are five parishes and the borough of WiUiam Henry; the principal parish is that of St. Ours which has a handsome village. Population 16,967 Churches, Pro. 1 Parsonage-house 1 Churches, R. G. 5 Cures Presbyteries Schools Villages Court-houses Gaols Statistics. Corn-mills Saw-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Tanneries . Hat-manufact. Potteries Potasberies Pearlasheries Just, of peace Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River-craft . Tonnage Keel-boats 7 4 a 27 22 58 . 3 . 50 . 4 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Bushels. 92,300 83,419 4,341 Potatoes 156,790 Bushels. Peas . 24,600 Rye . 5,490 Buck-wbeat 3,000 Ind. corn 3,260 Bushels. Mixed grain 5,800 Maple sugar, cwts. 554 Hay, tons 43,200 Live StocJc. Horses Oxen 5,3631 Cows 4^521 1 Sheep 9,736 1 Swine 34,4101 7,899 Richelieu, river, also called Chambly, St. Louis, and St. John, rises in the United States and enters the province between the seigniories of La Colle and Foucault, and descending to the St. Lawrence divides the counties of Acadie, Chambly and Vercheres from those of Rouville RICHELIEU. and Richelieu, where it falls into the St. Law- rence at the town of William Henry in the sei- gniory of Sorel. — Of all the rivers that fall into the south side of the St. Lawrence within the hounds of Lower Canada, the largest, in respect of quantity of water, is the Richelieu, and it is also the best known. The principal origin of its waters is in the United States ; and if we estimate the whole length of country from which it col- lects theiil, from the south point of Lake George to the terinination of the river at Sorel, it can- not be less than 160 miles. The breadth of the same tract varies from 10 to 60 miles ; taking it at the medium of 30 miles, the extent of country from which its waters are collected must be at least 4800 square miles. Only a small portion of this, however, lies within the province. From the province line to the mouth of the river the distance appears to be about 70 miles, and there- fore the space, from which it collects the waters within the province, being a triangle of 30 mUes base, will be 1050 square miles in extent, or one- fourth of the whole expanse which it drains. Its capabilities and defects as a water communication are well known. The improvement of the na- vigation of this river was considered by the legis- lature a matter of so much importance, that of the sum of £2,800 which the act directed should be laid out in the county of Richelieu, it was by the act specially provided that the sum of £1,500 should be applied " for the improvement of the river Richelieu between Sorel and Chambly." This sum seems to have been found insufficient for the purposes which the legislature had in view, for we find that in 1826 an act was passed (6 Geo. IV. c. 33) " to facilitate the execution of the act of the 57th Geo. III. c. 13, inasmuch as it relates to the appointment of commissioners for the im- provement of the navigation of the river Richelieu, and to appropriate a sum of money therein men- tioned for that purpose.'' By the last-mentioned act it is provided that the before-mentioned sum of ,£1,500, " or such part of the said sum as may remain unexpended, shall be applied for the afore- said purpose, and as provided for by the said act, under the superintendence of the commissioners," &c. And the act then goes on to say " that it shall be lawful for the governor, Heut.-governor, or person administering the government, for the time being, to advance and pay for the purpose herein above mentioned, by a warrant or warrants under his hand, from such of the unappropriated moneys in the hands of the receiver-general of the province, a further sum not exceeding two thou- sand four hundred pounds currency, which said sum shall be applied by, and accounted for, as and in the same manner and by the same per- sons as provided and enacted with respect to the aforesaid sum of money remaining unexpended." It is much to be lamented that this law has not yet been carried into effect. It is of a nature to have the most beneficial consequences. Why it has hitherto been allowed to remain as a dead letter in the statute-book we have no means of conjecturing; it is to be hoped, indeed to be ex- pected, that it wiU not continue to be so. The Richelieu, affording a quick and easy water com- munication from the American territory into the very centre of the province, is entitled to consi- deration in more than one point of view. As a medium of commerce between the fertile districts of each country it merits attention, and it has a forcible claim to consideration from being a main inlet into the British territory, through which hostile operations might be directed with an alarm- ing rapidity and perhaps for some time with serious consequences before they could be repelled or checked. Its banks are generally between eight and twelve feet high, diversified on each side by many farms and extensive settlements in a very- high state of improvement ; on or near it are some neat, populous and flourishing villages, handsome churches, numerous mills of various kinds, good roads in all directions, and every other characteristic of a country inhabited by an industrious population. The navigation is carried on by boats, canoes and other craft of large dimension and burden, and by rafts. From its junction with the St. Lawrence, decked vessels of one hundred and fifty tons may ascend from twelve to fourteen miles. This river is remarkable for being much narrower at its dis- charge than at the lake whence it flows, and for the gradual diminution of the breadth of its bed. At its mouth it is about two hundred and fifty yards wide, which it preserves, with the exception of one or two expansions occasioned by some small islands which greatly increase the beauty of its scenery, up to the Basin of Chambly; hence to the Isle du Portage the breadth is five hundred yards; beyond this it spreads to double that di- stance, and continues to widen still more up to St. John's, whence there is a ship navigation to R I C RIG the towns on Lake Champlain. From the basin down to the St. Lawrence the current is regular and gentle, and although there are some shoals and flats, they do not disturb the smoothness of its course ; but from Lake Champlain the stream is hurried, in some places rather violent and in others broken by rapids. The passage downwards for loaded boats, &c. is in general quick and un- attended with the smallest difiiculty, except what is occasioned by the rapids. Upwards to Chambly nothing more than ordinary care is required to avoid the shallows, but thence to St. John's the ascent is attended with more labour. The num- ber of river-craft, canoes, &c. with their various ladings, and the immense quantities of timber composing the numerous rafts that are continually descending, and upon which many hundred tons of pot and pearl ashes and large cargoes of flour are brought down every summer, exclusive of what is conveyed by the boats, unequivocally point out the value and importance of this communication. The Richelieu between La CoUe and Foucault is about 1 mile broad and abounds with fish of de- licious flavour, viz. pike, pickerel, maskinonge, bass, white fish, perch, and various sorts of the sucker. — The principal islands in this r. are Ash Island, at the mouth of the K. La CoUe ; Isle aux Noix, at the mouth of Johnson's Creek in the S. of De Lery; Ste. Therese Island, between the b. of Longueuil and Monnoir; Grande Isle, at the lower part of Chambly Basin ; Isles au Cerf, be- tween Bgloeil and St. Charles ; and Isle Deschail- lons, in the S. of St. Ours. Richmond, township, in the co. of Bona venture, is bounded B. by Hamilton; w. by Maria; in the rear by waste lands ; in the front by the Bay of Chaleurs. It is well watered by the two rivers Cascapediac. — Isle du Basque lies off this t. Statistics. Population . Shopkeepers 581 Artisans . . 7 Tonnage 4 River-craft . 6 Keel-boats Annual Agricultural Produce. . 450 . 29 Wheat Oats Bushels. . 1,318 . 2,050 Potatoes Bushels. 2,600 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 41 Cows 133 Sheep 1,37 Swine . . 408 358 Richmond (V.), v. Shipton, t. RiGAUD, seigniory, in the co. of Vaudreuil, is bounded e. by the S. of Vaudreuil; w. by the province line ; in the rear by the t. of Newton ; in front by the Ottawa and the Lake of Two Mountains. — 3 leagues in front by 3 in depth. Granted, Oct. 29, 1/32, to Sieurs de Cavagnal and Rigaud: the present proprietor is W. Bingham, Esq. — A very fertile soil runs through the whole of this grant, and where cultivated is found well adapted to grain and pulse of all sorts. Two- thirds of the S. are settled, and the remainder is in standing wood. There are 9 concessions, con- taining 266 farms ; 5 concessions are in the upper end of the S., 3 in the lower end, and one in the intervening space : there are also 35 emplacemens. The farms are 3 and 4 arpents by 16 and 20. The unconceded lands are not surveyed, and have no roads across them. This S. is watered by the rivers ^la Graisse and Raquette ; the former is at all times navigable from the Ottawa up to the fall, which greatly contributes to the advantage of the settlers on each side of it ; the latter is not navigable. — The timber is maple in the front, and on the Rigaud Mountain beech, birch and poplar, on its summit pine and hemlock ; in the rear of the S., maple, ash, elm and poplar, with some white oak and white pine. — On Rigaud Mountain, supposed to be about 300 ft. high, is a singular col- lection of stones and rocks, generally called by the inhabitants La Piece des Guirets, from its re- semblance to ploughed land ; its extent is about 12 acres by 6. The stones are not similar in quality to the rocks, and are heaped together without the least admixture of earth. — The road from the village of Rigaud over the mountain to Cote double de la Madeleine, is extremely rough and bad; after which for about 2 leagues it is tolerably good and level ; it then branches off into the T. of Newton. — The traverse, or ferry, from St. Andrew's, in Argenteuil, is one league above the village of Rigaud. — Rigaud Parish is of late erection, and is already very extensive, but capable of great augmentation; it extends to Schniders, 1-| league in the S. of Vaudreuil. It contains 8 houses built of stone. The village consists of 17 houses, a church and a spacious presbytery. The men are chiefly voyageurs, active, resolute and enterprising : those who follow agricultural pur- suits are comparatively few. One-third of the produce of the S. is consumed by the inhabitants, the other parts are sold. ii2 Population 3,821 Churches, R.C. 1 Cures . . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Villages . . 1 RIM Statistics. Corn-mills Saw-mills Potasheries . Pearlasheries Just, of peace Medical men . 1 Shopkeepers 5 Taverns . . 11 Artisans . . 27 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Bushels. 10,400 9,.500 Barley Potatoes Bushels. 2,000 90,000 Peas Live Stock. Horses . . 532 1 Cows . . 1,064.1 Swine Bushels. . 6,500 1,330 Oxen 1,0641 Sheep 2,128 1 Tiile. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 17.32, faite par Charles, Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, aux Sieurs de Cavagnal et Rigaud, freres, d'un terrein le long du fleuve appele La Grande Riviere, en tirant vers le Long-sault, de trois lieues de front sur trois lieues de prof'ondeur, avec les isles, islets et battures adjaeentes -. le dit terrein, joignant la Seigneurie qui leur est echue par succession de feu le Marquis de Vaudreuil, situee au lieu dit La Poinie aux Tourtes." — Ri- gistre d'Intendance, No. 7, folio 3. RiMousKij county, in the district of Quebec, is bounded b. by the inferior district of Gasp6; s. by the s. w. boundary line of the seigniory of Riviere du Loup prolonged to the s. bounds of the province ; n. w. by the Saint Lawrence, in- cluding all the islands in that river in front of the county and in whole or in part nearest it. This co. comprises the seigniories of Riviere du Loup, Isle Verte, d'Artigny, Trois Pistoles, Rioux des Trois Pistoles, Bic, Rimouski, Barnabcj Lepage, Ti- vierge, Mitis, and Matane, and all other sei- gniories and lands comprised within the above limits. — Its extreme length is 152 miles, and its breadth 116, containing 8,840 square miles. Its lat. at the n. w. angle of the co. of Bonaventure is 48° r N., long. 67° 51' 30" w. It sends two members to the provincial parliament, and the places of election are at Rimouski and Isle Verte. The principal rivers are the Matapediac, the Ma- dawaska and the St. John. There are numerous lakes, the chief of which are the Temiscouata, Matapediac, Long Lake, and Eagle Lakes. The general character of this co. is mountainous and abrupt, being traversed by a succession of moun- tains, rising grounds and rocky ridges^ notwith- standing which the soil is, in many parts, tolerably good and productive. The prevailing timber is maple, beech, birch and pine. — This co. contains the great Temiscouata Communication and that from Mitis to the River Ristigouche, called the Kempt Road Communication. The roads are chiefly in front along the borders of the St. Law- R I M rence, which are but partially settled : this county contains five parishes. Statistics. Population 7,935 Corn-mills . 9 Shopkeepers 9 Churches, R. C. 6 Saw-mills . 18 Taverns 5 Curfe . 3 Ship-yards . 3 Artisans 87 Presbyteries 6 Just, of peace 3 River-craft . 9 Schools . 1 Medical men 1 Tonnage 313 ViUages . 4 Notaries 2 Keel-boats . 41 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . .34,528 Oats . 14,460 Barley . 10,793 Potatoes 19,460 Bushels. Peas . 6,073 Rye . 6,110 Buck-wheat 1,000 Indian com 60 Bushels. Mixed gr. 15,864 Maple sugar, cwts. 726 Hay, tons 16,457 Live Stock. Horses . 2,601 1 Cows . 4,655 1 Swine . 3,751 Oxen . 2,098 1 Sheep . 12,127 1 Rimouski, riverj rises in two considerable branches descending from the waste lands in the rear of the S. of Rimouski and St. Bamabe. It runs through Rimouski, and falls into the St. Lawrence in Fief Pachot. — Navigable for small craft as far as Mr. Trudel's ; and at its mouth, which is 30 arpents wide, it can carry vessels of 80 to 100 tons, and craft of 30 and 40 daily go in and out. Rimouski, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, is bounded n. e. by St. Bamabe ; s. vr. by Bic ; in the rear by waste lands ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — 2 leagues in front by 2 in depth. Granted, April 24, 1688, to Sieur de la Cordoniere. — The settlements, well dispersed, are effectually sheltered from n. winds by the extensive island St. Bamabe, which is in front, opposite the r. Rimouski, and is included in the grant of this seigniory. — There are 8 fisheries in this S. — The salt marshes extend from the church to Pointe aux Peres, where many of the farmers manure their potatoe-fields with sea-weed. Population 2,094 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Statistics. Corn-mills . Saw-mills . Notaries Shopkeepers . Taverns Artisans 1 10 Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Bushels. 416 Potatoes . 100 20 Peas . 95 . . 20 Rye . 300 Maple sugar, cwts. 619 Live Stock. 315 I Cows . 1,080 I Swine 400 I Sheep . 1,558 1 605 R I S R I S Title. — " Concession du 24me Avril, 1688, faite par Jacques Rmi de Brisay, Gouverneur, au Sieur de la Car- doniere, d'une 6tendue de deux lieues de terre, pr& et bois, de front, sur le fleuve St. Laurent ; a prendre joignant et attenant la concession du Bic, appartenant au Sieur de Vitri, en descendant le dit fleuve, et de deux lieues de pro- fondeurdans les teiTes, ensemble la riviere dite de Rimouski et autres rivieres et ruisseaux, si aucuns se trouvent dans la dite etendue, avec I'lsle de St. Barnabi et les battures, isles et islets qui se pourront rencontrer entre les dites terres et la dite isle." — Registre d'Intendance, No. 2, B, folio 24. RippoN, a projected township in the co. of Ottawa, is bounded n. e. by Ponsonby ; e. and s. B. by La Petite Nation; s. by Lochaber; w. by Derry ; n. and n. w. by waste lands. RiSBOROUGH, a projected township in the co. of Beauce, between Marlow and Spalding. RisTiGOUCHEj river, divides about half the co. of Bonaventure from the province of New Bruns- wick. It rises in many sources in the co. of Rimouski, and falls into the Bay of Chaleurs, forming at its mouth a considerable expansion called Ristigouche Bay. The Indian village, called New Mission Point, is about 5 leagues up this river, at the head of the ship navigation, to which schooners and even larger vessels can ascend. From the Indian village the river is much interrupted by shoals during the dry season of the year to Mr. Adams's, a neat establishment and the last settlement in the district. The river forms between those two points a deep bay, along which are settled from six to eight families, much on the same system as that of the Canadian farmers. At Mr. Adams's the river is divided into numerous channels by islands, some of which are one to three miles long ; the southern channel is however the most navigable at all seasons. On the New Brunswick side flourishing settlements are to be seen, which, with the small church of the Mission in the distant perspective, and the prominent mountains to the south-east, combine to enhance the beauty of the landscape. Proceeding upwards in a west by south course from Mr. Adams's be- tween several islands, which contract the channel about the distance of one mile and a quarter, the river is interrupted by a considerable rapid, which is however easily surmounted by the surprising skill of the Indian in the management of his canoe, so peculiar to the Micnac tribe which inhabits this part of the country. At this place, on the south shore, there is a good road that runs along the Bay of Ristigouche, on which are settled, upon lots of two hundred acres each, about forty families, The land, which assumes a highland appearance, descends in a gentle slope to the river, and is thus rendered more practicable for a road and eligible for settlers. From this place the river takes a western course to the mouth of the Matapediac, interspersed with several small islands : its banks are clothed with mixed timber, amongst which, however, quantities of pine may be clearly di- stinguished. The country on this k. is generally mountainous, from the Indian village to near the portage on the Wagansis, and with little exception the hills advance to the edge of the water, appear- ing for the most part unfit for the purposes of agriculture, being in general stupendously high and steep, and in some places almost precipitous : there are, however, small intervals of alluvial land in some places; but they are not very frequent, nor suflBciently extensive for any considerable set- tlements. The face of the country near the k. Wa- gansis, and on the Ristigouche for some distance below it, is more level than in the lower parts of the latter river ; but a settlement hereabout would labour under many disadvantages, arising from the distance of other settlements and the difficulty of approaching it. The borders of the river Risti- gouche are covered with very fine timber for building, a great deal of which is taken for pur- poses of commerce. This river is remarkable for its salmon fishery, which formerly amounted to 3000 barrels; at present the whole amount of the salmon fishery in the district of Gasp6 is estimated at only 2000 barrels per annum : the salmon is exported to Quebec, Halifax and the West Indies. This majestic river and its numerous tributaries branch over more than 2,000 sq. miles of New Brunswick and Canada. The inhabitants at what may be considered the harbour of Ristigouche, and those at the thinly inhabited settlements at Nou- velle Tracadigash and Cascapediac, consist of a mixed population of English, Scotch, Irish, Ame- rican and Acadian French, who employ them- selves in the different occupations of fishing, hewing timber, and farming on a very humble scale. Eight miles up the Ristigouche is an In- dian chapel, where the Indians occasionally form a small village of wigwams, which, after a few weeks, they soon displace, and packing up these portable habitations with all their stock, embark with them in their canoes for some other part of the country. The trees, particularly the fir tribes, grow to an immense height and size, and a great R I V R IV timber country may be opened on this river. The quality is in great repute among the timber dealers in England, especially in the port of Liverpool, and considered equal to that imported from Miramichi. The best timber groves are in the valleys behind the mountainous ridges which, in most places, follow the winding of the streams. The indefatigable lumberers overcome natural ob- stacles that would stagger the resolution of other people; they cut the timber and hand it, in winter, to places where there is often no water in summer or winter, but which they well know wiU be overflown when the spring thaws dissolve the snow on the mountains and in the woods. Statistics of the r. Ristigouche and its environs. Population Shopkeepers 319 River-craft . 3 Keel-boats . 1 3 Tonnage . 225 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Bushels. 210 385 Bushels. Potatoes . 2,400 Live Stock. Horses Oxen . 16 Cows 66 Sheep 69 Swine . 128 . 134 River op Bboken Lands, v. Tbrres Rom- PUES, R. River Oty (S.), v. Oty, S. Riviere db Sable (R.), v. Mistassini, r. Riviere des Prairies (P.), v. MoNTREAii. Riviere des Savannes, v. Yamaska, r. Riviere du Chene (S.), v. Mille Isles. Riviere du Loup (R.), rises in the rear of Hunter's Town, through which it descends into Dumontier and thence into Grosbois, then, taking a sudden turn to the s.w., it winds through the seigniory of Riviere du Loup and falls into Lake St. Peter. The Great Fall, in the parish of St. Leon, is from 80 to 100 ft. This h. is navigable for a few miles for boats, and early in the spring for river-craft. Riviere du Loup (R.), in Kamouraska and Rimouski (v. Du Loup, r.J. This is the largest river which crosses the Temiscouata Portage. Its breadth at the bridge is about 80 or 90 yards, and it is so very shallow that it is scarcely navigable for a bark canoe ; the bridge is flat and built with wood, and is apparently well constructed and in good repair. The banks on both sides of this river are high and steep until within about f of a mile of its mouth, where they become low and flat. Vessels of 25 tons may ascend it a little more than half a mile. Fraser Lodge, the residence of the seignior, is situated on the n. side of its mouth. — The little Riviere du Loup runs in a southerly direction and is about 12 or 14 feet wide; it is very shallow and is merely a branch of the great Riviere du Loup into which it falls ■ above /a bridge. Riviere du Loup, seigniory, in the co. of Ri- mouski, is bounded in front by the St. Lawrence; s. w. by Granville ; n. B. by the S. of Isle Verte ; in the rear by waste lands of the crown. Nearly 5 leagues in breadth by 2 in depth. Granted April 5th, 1689, to the Sieur Villerai for Sieurs d'Artigny andLachenaye : Alexander Fraser, Esq. is now the proprietor. — The general appearance of this S. is uneven and mountainous, but it con- tains some extensive patches of good arable and very fine meadow land, which are divided into several ranges of concessions, bearing the names of St. Andre Riviere du Loup, St. Patrick Riviere du Loup, FraserviUe, Nouvelle Ecosse, St. George or Cacona, St. Anthony, St. Andrew, and St. Jacques : the first, a great part of the second, and a little of the third, are in a very good state of cultivation and well inhabited. — The whole seig- niory is abundantly timbered with beech, maple, birch, and large quantities of pine. — It is watered by several streams, but the principal is Riviere du Loup. — The roads are level and are all fine winter roads. The main road passes close to the River St. Lawrence, except near the church of St. Patrick, where it makes a detourhy a risingground, up to the bridge over Riviere du Loup, and after- wards descends again to the bank of the St. Law- rence, and so continues through the remainder of the grant. By the side of this road are many ranges of well cultivated fields, that yield abundant crops of all kinds of grain, numerous farm-houses with large and substantial outbuild- ings, also a great many dwelling-houses. Every farmer, on an average, makes 300 lbs. of butter, two-thirds of which are sent to market. — Through the whole of this extensive property there is but one church : in the concession of St. George, near Cacona, is a chapel for those to whom distance denies a regular attendance at the church. Cacona is almost an island, being separated from the main land by a salt marsh, which in the spring always presents a luxuriant pasturage : on the point of RIVIERE DU LOUP. Cacona are several inhabitants. — The timber con- cern established at Riviere du Loup is worthy of note, from the extent to which it is carried on, as well as for the sums that appear to have been laid out in the establishment. The saw-mill is buUt on the r. du Loup, about 1^ mUe from its estuary, whither the deals are conveyed from the mill by means of a dalki remarkable for its length and solidity, and it is in some places at an elevation from the ground exceeding 30 feet. Several vessels have been loaded there with timber for the British market, but the loading is attended with much inconvenience, and the vessels are not in a very secure anchorage. The vicinity of the bridge is very picturesque, and exhibits that busy life which attends on commerce and particularly the timber trade. — All the lands fit for cultivation are conceded and surveyed and have the advantage of roads of communication. Part of the concessions were granted prior to 1759, and generally at the rent of 1 sol per superficial arpent, and occasionally a capon on each concession. — The inhabitants of this S. are wealthy. Population 1,371 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Schools . . 1 Villages . . 1 Corn-mills Saw-mills . Ship-yards Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns . Artisans . River-craft Tonnage Keel- boats 3 25 5 203 7 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 9,100 3,640 6,500 630 464 i Bushels. Peas . 2,;J40 Rye . 4,160 Mixed grain 3,005 Butter, cwts, 68,700 Live Stoctc. Cows . 1,009 1 Swine Sheep . 3,200 1 775 Title of Riviere da Loup and Isle Verte. — " Concession du 5me Avril, 1689, faite par Jacques de Srisay, Gouver- neur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Villerai, pour le Sieur d'Artigny, et au Sieur Lachenaie, de I'etendue de terre qui peut se rencontrer entre leurs concessions, avec deux lieues de profondeur; de laquelle ilsjouiront moiti6 par moitie, et des isles et batures qui se peuvent rencontrer vis-a-vis la dite Stendue, a cause de la grande quantite de terras inhabitables qui se rencontrent sur les concessions a eux ci-devant faites, savoir, au Sieur de Villerai poiu" le dit Sieur d'Artigny, depuis la riviere Verte jusqu'a deux lieues en descendant le fleuve St. Laurent ; et au Sieur de Lachenaie, savoir trois lieues et demie, savoir, une lieue au dessus de la riviere du Loup, el deux lieues au dessous de la dite riviSre." — Registre d'l7itendance, No, 3, folio 27. RiviKRE DU Loup, seigniory, in the co. of St. Maurice, is bounded s. w. by Fief St. Jean and in front by Lake St. Peter. — One league in front, viz. half a league above and below the river Du Loup, by 4 leagues in depth. Granted, April 20, 1633, to Sieur Lechasseur. It now belongs to the Ur- suUne Nuns, at Three Rivers. — This seigniory surpasses in value, perhaps, every property of similar extent in the province ; its soil is generally a light reddish earth, a little sandy, sometimes mixed with clay ; and in many places it is a fine yellow fertile loam, producing abundant crops of grain, and some parts are' particularly eligible for raising hemp and flax. It is generally level, but towards the margin of Lake St. Peter it is flat and low, consisting chiefly of excellent meadow and grazing land. About the front there is no timber of superior growth remaining, and indeed not much of any other ; but towards the rear are many spots where some pine and oak of the largest size are to be found. — The Grande and Petite Rivieres du Loup, on which are 3 corn-mills and 2 saw-mills, and some inferior streams water this S. extremely well ; the fromer crosses it diagonally and by its serpentine course greatly heightens the other natural attractions of the place. — A variety of good roads lead in every direction. The Quebec road is embellished on each side by many good houses and farms in a very improved state. Nu- merous settlements and roads extend on each side of the two Rivieres du Loup, whose banks for several miles upwards are lofty and agreeably varied with woodland and landscape scenery, which, combining with the luxuriance of the well cultivated fields, leaves very little to be desired with respect to prospect. On the w. side of the greater river is the Village du Loup, containing about 40 houses only, but the settlements on each side of the road are so thickly inhabited that they may almost be considered an extension of it to a great distance. In the village, fronting the road, is a new church, 130 ft. by 52, remarkable for its size and the good taste of its interior decoration ; of 3 steeples that surmount it, the 2 in front are covered with tin, which renders them conspicuous objects at a considerable distance ; it also contains 4 inns and 2 schools, one English and the other French, supported by the parish. Near the village the Grande Riviere du Loup is crossed by a very fine bridge, handsomely and solidly constructed of timber. The population and wealth of this place are considerable ; many trades are carried on, and many shops kept open for the sale of all kinds of manufactured goods and produce ; large quantities R I V R I V of grain are collected here for exportation, and deposited in store-houses kept for that purpose. The whole of the seigniory and part of the aug- mentation are cultivated. On the rivers are some corn and saw mills. — The Parish of St. Antoine, in this S., by a regulation of Sep. 20, 1721, con- firmed by a decree of the Council of State, March 3, 1722, extends 2J I, including the space be- tween Grosbois and Maskinonge. Statistics. Population 3,740 Fulling-mills Churches, R. C. 1 Saw-mills Cures . . 1 Tanneries Presbyteries . 1 Potteries . Schools . . 1 Potasheries Villages . , 1 Pearlasheries Corn-mills . 3 Medical men Carding-mills 1 Notaries . Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River craft Tonnage . Keel-boats a 27 1 20 1 Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 21,800 23,400 3,120 Bushels. Potatoes 28,300 Peas . 3,.380 Indian corn 40 Bushels. Mixed grain 13,000 Live Stock. 850 I Cows 800 I Sheep 1,930 1 Swine 4,400 1 1,290 Title — "Concession du 20me Avril, 1633, faitepar Mr. Lefebre, et de Menlles, Intendant, au Sieur Lechasseur, d'une lieue de terre de front sur quatre lieues de profon- deur, sur le lae St. Pierre, demi lieue audessus et demi lieue audessous de la Riviere du Loup, icelle comprise." Insinuations du Conseil Superieur, Rigistre R. folio 46. Riviere du Nord, v. North River. Riviere du Sud (R.), v. Sud. Riviere du Sud, seigniory, in the co. of I'lslet, is hounded n. b. by Fournier; s, w. by Berthier ; in front hy the St. Lawrence. — li league in hreadth, viz. one league above the mouth of the E. du Sud and half a league below it, by 4 leagues in depth. Granted, May 5, 1646, to Sieur de Montmagny.— The original dimensions of this seigniory have been the subject of much litigation and were, at length, fixed by an order from the Court of King's Bench of the province, according to the line of boundary traced upon the topographical map, giving an average depth of about aleague and a half: it is now the property of Monsr. Couillard. — In proportion to its extent, this is one of the most valuable possessions in the whole pro- vince ; it lies generally low, with the exception of a small ridge or two that separate the settle- ments on the St. Lawrence from those on the r. du Sud. The soil is so rich and highly productive. particularly in grain, as to obtain for it the di- stinguishing epithet of the granary of the Lower District. No part of it is neglected, and the whole is in a state of excellent cultivation. Very little timber remains. It is advantageously watered by the R. du Sud, its large branch called Bras St. Nicholas, the Riviere a la Caille and by many rivulets. In every part of the S., particularly near the St. Lawrence and on each side of the K. du Sud, are many good houses, in the midst of fertile well-stocked farms, surrounded by fine gardens and good orchards, which convey an im- posing idea of the affluent circumstances of their owners. — Commissioners have been appointed by the provincial legislature to open and form a road from the neighbourhood of Rocher de la Chapelle, in the parish of St. Thomas, to the waste lands of the crown. The St. Thomas Road begins at a line dividing the lands of the first concession from those of the second, s. of the e. du Sud, and extends with a few windings as far as the south hank of that river, where it is generally believed that the waste lands of the crown begin ; it is 11 miles and 18 acres in length. In that extent are 15 hills of a remarkable height, of which seven only are to be ascended or descended. There are also eight bridges to be constructed, viz. : — two of thirty-six feet, three of twenty-five feet, one of fifteen and two of ten feet or thereabouts. There is also a small bog, of 135 to 145 ft., which it will be necessary to pave with logs. The lands, on each side to a considerable distance, are generally destitute of soil. Of this road, 3 miles and about 7 acres are completed, with the exception of a few large rocks and some small chains of rock which still remain to be undermined and levelled. The first eight hiUs, which are the most elevated, are also finished, and can be ascended with the heaviest loads. Two of the bridges of 25 feet and one of 10 feet are also completed and solidly constructed. The bog is also solidly paved. The St. Pierre Road, which begins about 24 acres from the division line between the lands of the first and second concessions, to the south of the R. du Sud, also extends as far as that river, where it is believed that the waste lands of the crown begin, and is 1 1 miles and about ^ acres in length. There are in that extent 12 hills; the first is of considerable height and length, the others are small hills with a gentle acclivity. There are ten bridges to be constructed, one of eighty feet. RIVER DU SUD. two of fifty feet, and the other 7 to 15 feet. The greater part of a hog of ahout three acres requires a causeway. The lands adjacent to, as well as those at a great distance from each side of this road, are generally destitute of soil ; and fine wood and lands fit to he cleared are to he found only hy advancing through the crown lands. Of this road five acres only are completed, but at one of the most rugged parts, called Les Cotes, where there was a great deal of undermining to he done, are 35 acres on which the trees are rooted out and the stones broken. The frames of the bridge, of 80 feet are also begun, and the timber is squared and carried to the spot. Both roads run almost in their whole length over ground very uneven, paved with rocks and large stones, which in great part require to be undermined, broken and levelled. The sum of 1000/. was voted for the forming of these roads, arid it is stated that an additional grant of 350/. will he required. — The seigniory contains two parishes, St, Thomas and St. Pierre. The Parish of St. Thomas is 3 leagues in front, and is bounded s. w. by Berthier ; n. e. by Lepinay ; s. hy the depth of the first range for ahout one league, being b. of St. Pierre church half a league below it ; the rear of the p. is only 2 leagues broad. Almost the whole of this p. is settled, particularly 3 ranges of concessions, and the soil is generally stony. As there is no corn-mill in the P. the inhabitants go to St. Frangois null in Ber- thier. The Village of St. Thomas contains about 90 houses, exclusive of store-houses and granaries; it is most delightfully situated at the confluence of the K. du Sud with the St. Lawrence. The houses are nearly all built of wood, generally whitewashed, and disposed into streets with something like regularity; most of them have gardens and or- chards attached, and in many instances form de- sirable residences. There are several shopkeepers and artisans, with some inns as they are called, though they have no great claim to distinction for the good accommodation they afibrd to travellers. A few highly respectable families have fixed their habitations here, and form among themselves a select and pleasant society. When viewed from Chapel Hill, which lies about 3 miles to the s. w., this village has very much the appearance of a small town, and gives additional interest to a prospect in every respect beautiful. The church is 175 ft. by 78, and the wall 40 ft. high. It was built in 14 months, ending Oct. 1822. It is superior in magnitude and elegance to any in the province, excepting the cathedral churches of Que- bec and Montreal ; its length is 178 feet, its width 78 feet, and its height of wall. 40 feet ; the steeple and spire, 116 feet. — Crane Island and Goose Island were originally appendages to the seigniory of Riviere du Sud, being granted with it on the 5th May, 1646; hut they have since been dismem- bered from it and are now the property of Mr. M'Pherson. They are connected with each other by a marsh, and altogether make four leagues in , length : they are inhabited hy about forty families, . and well cultivated, producing wheat much beyond their own consumption. The marshes are peculiar, for the abundance of fine hay they produce, and their, pastures are sufiicient for three thousand head of cattle. Statistics of the Parishes of St. Pierre and St. Thomas. Parishes. g % Si 1 i t Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. ] Live Stock. .[ i n i B. i 1 T3 . s i X S i o i .s St. Pierre . . St. Thomas . . 1199 3172 1 1 1 13000 18200 7800 15400 156.0 1040 15000 12005 1520 520 100 2000 100 1000 3000 5500 375 1050 350 700 1050 2800 3000 8750 600 2100 4371 2 1 31200 23200 2600'27006 2040 2100 100 1000 3000 5500 1425 1050 3850 11750 2700 Title. Avec les Isles avx Grues et aux Oies.— "Con. cession du 5me Mai, 1640, faite par laCompagnie, au Sieur (/e Monimagny, de la riviere appelee du Sud, k I'endroit o4 elle se decliarge dans le fleuve St.Laurent, avec une lieue de terre le long du dit fleuve St. Laurent, en montant de la dite riviSre vers Quebec, et demi lieue le long du dit fleuve, en descendant vers le golfe; le tout sur la profondeur de quatre lieues en avant dans les terras, en cotoyant la dite riviere de part et d'autre, et icelle comprise dans la dite ^tendue ; et de plus les deux isles situees dans le fleuve St. Laurent, proche du dit lieu, en descendant le dit fleuve, I'une appelee I'isle aux Oies, et I'autre appelee I'isle aux Grues, avec les batures qui sent entre les deux, le tout contenant quatre lieues ou environ de longueur sur le dit Aeuve."— R^gistre d'Iniendance, No, 10 a 17, folio 572. KK RIVER OITULLE. RiviEKE OuELiE or BoTjTEifiiiBisrE and aug- mentationj seigniory, ill the Co. of Kamwuraska, is bounded n. b. % St. benis ; s. w: by Ste. Anne ; itl the rear by Ixvv'ortli ; in firottt by the St. Law- rence. — 2 leagues in breadth by H in depth. Granted, Oct. 29th, 1672', to Sieur de la Bou- teillerie. The augmtntation, 2" leJtgues in front by 2 in depth, was granted', Oct. 20th, 1750, to Dame Genevieve de Ramzay, widow of Sieur de Boishebert : they are now the property of -^ Casgrin, Esq.— ^f of this S. are under cultivation and f in a state of nature ; ^ is rendered unfit for cultivation by mobntains and ridges of rocks. The soil, s. of the rivet Ouelle, is in general a yel- lowish loam mixed with sand, and in the front it is alluvial except the ridges which are sandy : most of the lands under cultivation are of a su- perior quality. The lands in the rear are tra- versed by a small ridge and in the 5th range is a large cedar swamj) ; the soil and timber, however, improve towards the fief St. Denis.-^There are 7 ranges of concessions in the S. and the whole as far as the 5th range is conceded and nearly the s. W. half of the 6th. The chief settlements are on both sides of the river OueUe, as far as the 4th range inclusive, and along the main road near the St. Lawrence. The rents are, for the 1st range and the greater part of the 2nd, is. 3d. per ar- pent, for the 3rd' range about Is. 6d. per arpent, the 4th range 3s. 4d., and 5s. per arpent for the new concessions. The greater part of the land bespeaks a superior state of husbandry ; the arable yields grain of good quality in abundance, the meadow and pasture lands are very l&xuriaHt, and the produce of the dairies forms no incon- siderable portion of the farmer's wealth. The farmhouses and other dwellings are generally ac- companied by well stocked gardens and good orchards, their irlhabitantsi enjoying, from all ap- pearance, every comfort that industry can procure among a people wholly cultivators. In the front part of the seigniory there is but little timber ; in the rear, however, there is a profuse variety of the best kinds, but chiefly white pine, some black birch, maple, spruce, hemlock, &c. and cedar in the swamps — This S. is admirably watered by the R. Ouelle, many small streams, and by Lake St. Pierre. The tide flows up this k. three leagues over a muddy bar at its mouth, where the water is 10 to 12 ft. deep at higli tide, 4 to 5 ft. at low tide, and during spring tides from 14 to 16 ft. Schooners might ascend 2 miles above the bridge. In this R. salmon and bass are raither plentiful.— In this S. there are two fisheries m the St. Law- rence, one for porpoises, the other for herrings The porpoise fishery is deserving of a short de- scription, on account of the facility with whicL that unwieldy inhabitant of the deep is takem. It consists in a line of boughs and small poplair treesj stuck in the mud at low water 2 or 3^ ft. asunder and extending several humdireds of yards into the stream, forming at its &rthest ex- tremity a J circular crescent. The porpoises Ae>- scending the river with ebb-tide, alarmed at the agitation of the boughs and trees, which are shaken by the current or the wind, dare not venture through the line they might so easily de^roy, and therefore unwarily remain within the crescent, where they are harpooned and brought to shore. They often measure 10 ft. in length and 6 ft. in ciseiamference and many of larger size are taken. — The Parish of Notre Dame de Liesse, by an Order of Council, Mar. 3, 1722, extends 2a 1. along the St. Lawrence, including the fief St Denis one league to fief la Pocataire called la Grande Anse, li league. In this parish 261 heads of families, landowners, derive their sub- sistence chiefly from their farms; 142 heads of families possess small portions of land; others hold building plots under the tenants, from which they raise a little corn ; others live by trade or daily labo&r, and many by mendicity, particularly in winter. The number of hired agricultural la- bourers residing with the farmers scarcely amounts to 60 or 70; the holders of lands having, for the most part, numerous families, make use of their children from the age of 9 or 10 in various em- ployments on the farm. They nevertheless em- ploy those who have only building plots or por- tions of land, too small to support them, in all the more laborious duties and in harvest-time.— In 1792 there were 25,896 superficial arpents in concession, and many proprietors possessed from 350 to 500 superficial arpents half cleared and half covered with standing wood. Since that period the lands have been divided among children and part of them sold, so that there are now about 60 persons only who possess farms of 4 arpents in front by 30 in depth, or 3 arpents by 40; the others do not possess more than 2 arpents or lA by 30, 35, or 40 in depth. There remain but very few lands to concede in this parish, which RIVER QUELLE. js composed of Bouteillerie and St. Denis; but the lands last conceded have not been turned to a profitable account, the rocis and mountains and an indifferent soil rendering them unfavourable to cultivation ; they, however, supply wood for fuel, which in a few years the inhabitants will have to seek for in the townships, and those of the first range are now obliged to seek for it as far as the 5th and even to the 6th range, which is the most distant. There is nevertheless between the first and second ranges of Bouteillerie, on the seigno- rial line and to the n. b., a plain of about one square league, which, with much labour, might in the sequel become culturable ; but it seems that the seignior has no desire to concede these lands. A road has been opened by the mountains to ex- tend to the 5th and 6th ranges of Bouteillerie, which have been conceded by Pierre Casgrain, Esq. since he became the seignior, but this road is not yet finished as far as the end of the 6th . range. No road has yet been opened to the last concession of St. Denis. The few lands which I'emain to be conceded are, for the most part, sur- veyed. The ranges 1, 2, 3, and 4 in both sei- gniories were granted before 1759, and since that time there hav^e been but few lands to concede, except those which had been before conceded and reunited to the seignior's domain, with the excep- tion of );he 5th and 6th ranges in both seigniories, whicl} were granted some years past. In St. Dejds the farms in the first range are from 2 tp 3 arpents by 40 in depth. In the 2ndj 3rd, 4th, &c. only 30 arpents in depth. In Bouteil- lerie the first concession is partly 30 and partly 35 in depth, the irregularity being caused by the course of the river Quelle that bounds it; the 2nd is still more irregular, on account of the con- tinual windings of the river ; and the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th concessions are generally from 2 or 3 arpents in front by 40 and 42 in depth. Before 1759 the ordinary rate at which the lands were conceded did not exceed one sol iournois for every superficial arpent, a quit-rent of a sol and a capon for every front arpent, the fines on alienation, re- trait and banmlite. Since the conquest of the country by the English the rates, at which new concessions have been granted in this p , have increased to a crown iournois, and even to 6 francs per, front arpent by 40 and even 30 in depth. In St. Denis the seignior has obliged those who take new concessions to pay, moreover, the 10th pound of sugar out of the quantity they may make. It would not be difficult to find in this parish 150 to 200 young persons of 18 years and up- wards who would, by their own means or by the assistance of their relations, take lands in conces- sion, provided farms fit for cultivation could be found near or even at the distance of a few leagues. A great many fathers in this parish, capable of providing their children with live stock and pro- visions, have settled them from 20 to 30 leagues hence, at Riviere du Loup, at Cacona, at Trois Pistoles and even at Rimouski. During the last 30 years a great number have been settled on lands favourable to agricultural purposes. Those, who were unable to furnish their children with the means of settling so far off, have divided their farms with them. Qthers have been settled on building plots, and have increased the number of poor families. None of the inhabitants take lands in the townships erected in the rear of the seigniories that compose this parish, because the rear lands are not yet cultivated, and, there being no good road, the inhabitants have not applied for any of those lands, but they must, in a, few years, resort to them for fuel. Population 3,672 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Convents . 1 Schools . . 1 Statistics. Villages Corn-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills Tanneries Potteries Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 1 2 1 i 3 29 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 29,900 13,000 7,800 Potatoes Peas Bushels. 70,000 1,040 Bushels. Rye . . 1,815 Mixed grain 3,000 Live Stock, 1,215] Cows 546 1 Sheep 2,0101 Swine 4,200 1 1,105 Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par. Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de la Bouteillerie, de deux lieues the soil being in many places very deep; the mountainous parts, with little exception, are very rocky and gravelly, and therefore little suited to the purposes of agriculture ; there are, however, occasionally spots of some extent covered with sugar maple and other hard wood, well worthy of attention. The timber is, chiefly, cedar, sapin, pine, hemlock and bass, interspersed with a few groves of maple and a ^winkling of beech or birch. The trees are of an unusual size, particularly the cedars and a few pines and hemlock. — The principal Rivers on the portage are the b. du Loup, Riviere Verte or Green River, and Trois Pistoles, which fall into the St. Lawrence, and the St. rran9ois, that falls into the r. St. John. Besides these there are the Great and Little Fourche, the Riviere des Sangues, Little River, and many smaller streams varying from 10 to 15 ft. in width, aU very shallow, and in general supplied with trout and other small fish. — The principal Lakes near the portage are, a small lake north of the road, about 3 miles in cir- cumference, and averaging about J of a mile in breadth ; 2 lakes on the south side, one about 3 miles, the other from 5 to 6 miles in circumference; these 3 nameless lakes are said to abound with fish, and the land about them appears in many places fit for cultivation. There are also 2 lakes on the north side of larger dimensions, about 3 ■ leagues frcwn l. Temiscouata, and nearly the same distance from the portage road.— TAe principal Mountains over which the road runs are, the St. Frangois, Cote de la Grande Fourche, St. Jean Paradis, la Montague de la Riviere Verte, and du Buard. — The Animals,, formerly numerous in this region, viz. bears, deer, rabbits, beaver, martin, otter and musc|,i!iash, are not now very abundant and are evidently decreasing in number. — The following account of the repairs done on the Temiscouata road, in 1830, under the superintend- ence of Mr. Wolf, is abstracted from his Report, — The bridge over the K. dm Loup, 395 ft. by 20, was repaired, as well as the bridge over the E. Little du Loup ; the former, when first built, cost about 1,800/., a third part of which was expended needlessly. Much labour was expended in repair- ing the road between k. du Loup and R. Verte, 5 miles. The bridge over b. Verte, 70 feet in length, and the causeway, were repaired. The road between Riviere Verte and Ruisseau Mor- neau, being in a very bad condition, was repaired ; the causeways were decayed, broken down, and in some places carried away by the waters which caused deep ruts in the road. Several large rocks that obstructed the road were removed by making fires upon them and breaking them to pieces (water thrown on the heated rocks would have saved this labour) ; in other places, where the position of the rocks required it, the ground was levelled up around them with earth and fragments of rocks. The bridge over Ruisseau Momeau and la Savane des Roches being also in bad. condition was repaired. On the Savane des Roches the repairs made in 1826 were extended by making fires upon the rocks, and breaking them in pieces, levelling the road with their fragments and covering it (to the width of a cart) with earth and gravel. The bridge beyond la Savane des Roches, over the Ruisseau des Savanes, being decayed, it was re- paired with tamarac, no cedar being to be had in that neighbourhood. There was a bad causeway close to the bridge over the R. St. Francis, which was also repaired. The bridge over the k. St. Francis, being very weak and decayed, was re- paired, and a new Garde-de-Corps on each side of the bridge constructed. On the n. w. side of the St. Francis Mountain the water, having worn a deep channel, was running down the middle of the road ; here ditches on each side were made. R O ADS. and an outlet cut into tte woods 2 acres in length, the channel which the water had made being filled up. In 2 places a new road was made on one side to the extent of 2 acres ; several large rocks were removed. The causeways also between the St. Francis and Grande Fourche, being in the same bad state as the others, were repaired, ditches and outlets made and the earth thrown upon the causeways. The n. w. end of the Grande Fourche Bridge having given way, it was raised and repaired j thence to the foot of the mountain, new causeways were laid and ditches and outlets made to draw off the water from the road ; and as the whole of that part appeared to be constantly inundated, gravel with earth was used to raise the centre, and this labour was re- quired throughout the whole part of the road thence to la Petite Fourche. As the bridge over La Petite Fourche was in a very dangerous situation it was repaired; the road at the n. b. end of the bridge, which was very deep with mud, was also repaired. The part of the road commencing about ^ mile beyond La Petite Fourche, being very bad on ac- count of the great number of springs and the na- ture of the land not admitting water to pass, was thoroughly repaired by laying causeways and digging ditches and outlets. — The bridge over Mare Sangsue having been destroyed by the spring flood was repaired; between this place and the foot of the Buade Mountain is a causeway I mile in length, part of which was floating ; here drains were opened, outlets made and the causeways covered with earth, and the road was widened to 12 feet. The bridge at the Bottom of Buade Mountain was repaired — Mr. Wolf, at the end of his report, observes, " That this road is so long and the nature of the ground so very unfavour- able, that, although a few hundred pounds be laid out to the greatest advantage in repairing it, there still remains ample scope for further improve- ments; moreover, as long as there are no persons living on the road to clear the ditches and attend to other necessary particulars, the most judicious repairs most rapidly fall into a state of decay. Colonel Fraser was informed that a better road could be found out, in which scarcely any hill would be met with and which would require but one bridge ; consequently, if this road was under- taken it would prove, in every respect, preferable to the present, for only six leagues bush would be traversed, and if it were once opened it would re- quire but a small annual expense for maintenance and improvements, whereas the present, without an immense sum being expended thereon, will never prove a good road." In consequence of these ob- servations, Mr. Wolf was instructed to explore , the proposed line of road. He entered it at the Ha-Ha, one league distant from Lake Temis- couata, proceeded in a n. e. course for one league, leaving the Ha-Ha Mountain on the left, then changed his course and proceeded n. n. b. for about two miles through a fine valley, good land, wood, elm, cedar and spruce ; arrived at a small river about 15 feet wide and 3 deep, after cross- ing which he changed his course to the north and proceeded for about 3 mUes,- good land, hard wood, a small stream about 2 feet deep and 10 in breadth, level land with hard timber. The whole of the distance above referred to is surrounded by small mountains ; this course he followed for two miles farther and found a small lake, about half a mile on his left, 18 acres in length and 2 broad. The second day he continued his course north (to avoid falling on the Grande Fourche Lake, which is about 2^ leagues in length and 15 acres broad), when, having proceeded about six miles, he found another small lake at the distance of four acres on his left, which lake is about six acres long and one broad; he then reached a rising ground with a gradual ascent and descent, about H mile in length ; thence he arrived at the K. Little Fourche, in breadth at that place 12 ft. and 3 deep ; the land all that distance generally covered with hard timber ; he then changed course to the N. N. w. and came to another rising ground covered with a fine sugary, ascent and descent gradual; thence he arrived at the discharge of La Grande Fourche, which forms here a rapid river 20 ft. broad and 6 deep. The third day he changed course to the n. w. in a direct line to the Village de la Plaine, one mile below the saw-mill on the Green River. (Two or three small lakes and some high mountains were seen between the H. Grande Fourche and this place, all at some distance from the line on the left, none of which interfere with the proposed line of road.) He then came to a circular mountain covered with a sugary and desired his guide to ascend a high tree, to ascertain whether it might not be avoided ; the guide said that he observed a valleyround it, and that it was not of such a nature but that the road might be laid over it in a zig-zag way, and it would ROADS. have an easy ascent and descent. After leaving this mountain he found a lake on the left, about ^ mile (called Lake Ibert), of the same size as that of Grande Fourche ; at a farther distance of about two miles he found another called PouillaCj six acres in length and two broad, on the same side ; he then met a swamp of about one acre in length which would require paving. The land in general is good and fit for cultivation ; there are a few inconsiderable hills, but so situated as to prove no obstacle to the road should it be undertaken. The fourth day he proceeded the same course (n. w.) and found the land level and the timber good ; at five o'clock p. M. hb arrived at the St. Lawrence, in front of the Village de la Plaine, in the fourth concession of Cacona, to which place from the point he set out from is reckoned 9 leagues, and in that distance only 4 bridges would be required. After having made this survey, Mr. Wolf arrived at the following conclusion : That a good road could be made, in every respect preferable to the present one, at the expense of about £3,000 currency, and that the country through which it would pass is of good quality and fit for settle- ment. The present Portage Road is 36 mUes, and the intended road, from Cacona to the lake, 30 miles, but following the main road from St. Andrew to the Village de la Plaine, about 12 miles more, it would be six miles longer from Quebec to the lake ; but the advantages which the intended road would possess over the present would far outweigh this consideration. In Mr. Wolf's opinion the advantages of this road over the present would be very great, as from the nature of its soil and timber it is certain that it would be soon settled, and would not require so much labour and expense to keep it in repair. Mr. Wolf seems to be decidedly of opinion that the proposed road would be more advantageous in every respect than the present ; and after enu- merating the diflBculties and inconveniences of the latter, he concludes by saying that " it may be fairly divided as follows; one-third mountains, another bridges and causeways, and the last con- sisting of nothing but rocks of different dimensions, which occupy such a breadth as to render it im- possible to avoid them." Kennebec Road. — In 1830 the extent of this road to be made was 28 miles from the seignorial Jine of St. Charles Belle Alliance to the province line. Of this road 8 miles and 7 acres were in that year made a good wheel-carriage road, 18 feet wide, with ditches at the .sides of sufficient depth and breadth. The country through which that part of the road passes is rather hilly, but fit for cultivation and settled in different places; there are nine steep hills which were cut in thbse places where the road was necessarily carried. The country through which the remainder of the road, then unmade, was carried and opened as a path road to the province line, is more level and in general of a better soil, on which five consider- able bridges were made, 6 steep hills cut and 3 miles of it cleared of windfalls. The lands on each side of the road were surveyed and are of a de- scription to encourage a quick settlement : £1,600 would be required to make this part of the road, being 19 miles and 21 acres. The commissioners were convinced that, if the Kennebec Road was perfectly opened as well as it is now made on the American side up to the lines, a line of diligence or post might be established from Pointe-Levi to Portland, the nearest sea-port from Quebec, or to Boston. The Quebec market would be provided with cheaper provisions ; the public revenue raised considerably, especially if duties were drawn from live stock; and the American settlers near the lines would take produce in exchange instead of specie. The Kennebec Road is now opened, owing to the indefatigable exertions of Charles Taschereau, Esq., one of the commissioners. Se- veral American gentlemen from Boston and dif- ferent parts of Maine have come through with their waggons and gigs on a pleasure excursion to the s. of Ste. Marie, where they remained a few days, delighted with the romantic appearance of that part of the country. For several years Ame- rican produce has been sent through Kennebec, viz. cattle of every description, fish, poultry, honey, &c. The distance from Pointe-Levi to the province line by this road is 31 leagues. The mail ought to be sent through this route to the United States, being the most direct communi- cation. Kempt Road is a new communication recently surveyed and opened. It commences from the St. Lawrence, near the mouth of the river Grand Mitis, and is carried s. e. to the head of Lake Matapediac, about 30 miles ; it then runs along the E. bank of that lake and follows the river Matapediac to its confluence with the river Risti- gouche, more than 50 miles; at this place it Ii L R O A R O U meets the Ristigouche Road that leads to the In- dian mission at the head of Ristigouche Bay. This important line of communication is produc- tive of two great advantages/ 1st. It connects the settlements on Chaleurs Bay with those on the s. shore of the St. Lawrfence, and forms a useful means of communicatioil with the county of Gaspe and the province of Ne^ Brunswick. 2nd. It presents a large field for eiiiigrant settlements, as it passes through extensive tracts of land gene- rally susceptible of cultivation^ although in many places uneven and mountainous. The sum of =£3,000 has been voted by the provincial legis- lature for the purpose of opfening this road, — The following information rblative to the best and cheapest mode of opening a road thrdugh wild lands is supported by the testimony of John Neilson, Esq. — Employ 3 trusty Indians, or others accustomed to the woods and country work, by the day, to explore and mark out the easiest and nearest place for a road, avoiding steep hills and morasses, by which a common horse and cart might transport a burthen of 5 cwts. without un- loading. The road should be cut ] 2 French feet wide and the whole width cleared off; the stumps taken out and cut below the level of the road and the black earth, or six inches below the general surface ; the high places to be levelled down and the hollows filled up, so that a common horse could travel it in the wettest seasons with a cart loaded with five cwts., at least, without unloading. Logging, paving with logs, and draining where necessary, are of course included in the contract ; the price to be so much per arpent, advance of one-third on furnishing two good securities and commencing the work, one-third when completed, and one-third on report of approval by experts ; the time at which the work will be ready for de- livery to be stated. It might be proper, perhaps, to divide the whole into numbered lots of 30 ar- pents, each commencing from the opening of the road, receiving proposals for either of the num- bers. The manner in which the road is to be made to be carefully expressed in the advertise- ments to contractors, for the price depends upon the manner in which the work is to be done as well as the decision of the experts. Unless a legal road is made at once 36 French feet wide, and the trees cut down half an arpent on both sides, it is not necessary to make a first cart road in the woods wider or better than above described. for 20 or even 60 feet wide would not prevent it being encumbered with falling trees ; indeed, when the , road is wide they are more apt to fall, and, the sun getting in, the brush grows up sooner and snow-drifts form in winter. If a cart road is made, immediately after it is done there ought to be a proves verbal of it by the grand voyer, deter- mining the manner and by whom it is to be made and kept up in future. Roche Coupe, v. Twashega, k. Roches, des, river, in the S. of Cote de Beaupr^. This little ii. joins the Ste. Anne. Roches, Portage des, v. Chicoutimi, k. Rock River, in the t. of St. Armand, runs into Missiskoui Bay, where its mouth forms a part of the province line. It turns a corn-mill and a saw-mill. RoQUBTAif^L ADE, Seigniory, in the co. of Nicolet, is bounded N. E. by Godefroi; s. w. by Nicolet j in the rear by Aston ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — About half a league in front by 3 leagues in depth. Granted, Apr. 22, 1675, to Sieur Pierre Godefroi de RoquetaUlade. Title. — " Concession en date du 22nne Avril, 1675, faite au Sieur Pierre Godefroi de RoquetaUlade, par Louis de Buade Comte de Frontenac, des terres qui sont le long du fleuve St. Laurent, contenant une demi li.eue ou environ de front, a prendre depuis ce qui est concede au Sieur de Godefroi son pere, au dessous des Trois Rimeres, en montant, jusqu'aux terres de la Seigneurie de Nicokt, avec trois lieues de profondeur." — Cahiers d' Intendance, No. 2d. 9, folio 152. Rose, a la, in the S. of Cote de Beaupre. This little b. joins the Ste. Anne. RouEKT, river, in the S. of Lauzon. Riviere Rouert is formed by the junction of Ruisseau des Prairies with several small streams, and running through the n. w. angle of the S. it faUs into the St. Lawrence in the front of the first range. RouGBMONT, mountain, v. St. Hyacinthe, S. Rouge Riveh, in the co. of Ottawa, rises in some lakes north of the t. of Grenville, about 40 or 50 miles from its mouth. It traverses Gren- ville to its front range, where, at lot 22, it falls into the r. Ottawa about 1 1, mile above the r. Calumet. Its bed lies amidst abrupt mountains and rocky cliflTs, and its waters consequently rush down with tumultuous rapidity. It is about 4 chains wide and not navigable except for the ca- noes of the Indians, who go into the back country for the purposes of trade. It is well stocked with fish. R O U R O U Rouge, river, in the S. of Lauzon, rises in the S. of Gaspe, and runs into Lauzon, where it enters the Beaurivage in the concession called Ste. Eliza- beth. Rouge or Red River, rises in the rear part of Rawdon, and in the front of that t. is joined by the r. Blanche descending from the t. of Kil- dare ; it then turns Dugat's mills ; after which it takes a small circuit in Kildare and enters the aug. toLavaltrie, where it falls into the R.L'Assomption a little above the r. Lac Ouareau, from which it is not separated above one mile for 18 miles above its mouth. On this r. is a place called Les Dalles, from a singular contraction of the river, whose banks, for some distance on each side, are perpen- dicular rock 30 to 40 ft. in height. The current necessarily glides through these narrows with un- usual rapidity and is much increased, in the spring and fall of the year, by the additional volume of water which passes down, with the precipitancy of a cataract, until it bursts from its fetters at the foot of i\i6 Dalles and meanders along its more natural bed. RouviLLE, county, in the district of Montreal, is bounded n. w. by the river Richelieu or Cham- bly, together with all the islands in that river nearest to the county; e. and n. E. by the coun- ties of Missiskoui and Richelieu ; and s. by the s, boundary of the province. It comprises the seigniories of Rouville, Chambly East, Monnoir and its augmentation, Bleury, Sabrevois, Noyan and Foucault. — Its extreme length is 42 miles and its breadth 9, containing 384 square miles. Its lat. on the river Richelieu is 45" 18' 30" n. Ion. 73° 15' w. It sends 2 iftembers to the pro- vincial parliament and the place of election is at Ste. Marie de Monnoir. — This county, in soil and surface, resembles the county of Chambly and is generally level, with the exception of the two conspicuous mountains of Rouville or Mount BeloeU and Mount Johnson. — This co. is chiefly watered by the R. Chambly, which forms its w. boundary, and by the Riviere des Hurons, Ruisseau Barre, Riviere du Rapide, and South River. — It is traversed by numerous roads presenting handsome and flourishing settlements, especially along the banks of the rivers. The most worthy of notice are Kempt Road, leading from St. John's to St. Armand, and another road that leads through Philipsburg into the United States. — This co, has many corn and saw-miU establishments and is highly productive in grain of every kind. The northern section is peopled by Canadians and its southern is chiefly inhabited by Americans, Scotch and Irish. It contains the parishes of St. Hilaire, Pointe Olivier, St. Jean Baptiste, Henryville, Georgeville, and St. Thomas. Population 16,159 Churches, Pro. 2 Parsonage-house 1 Churches, R.C. 4. Cures . 4 Presbyteries 4p Villages . 3 Schools . 15 Statistics. Corn-mills . Saw-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Tanneries Hat-manufact. Potteries Potasheries . Pearlasheries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans River-craft Tonnage Keel-boats . 7 16 20 104 1 13 I Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Peas Horses Oxen Bushels. 167,216 89,740 28,200 39,900 Bushels. Rye . 8,220 Buck-wheat 3,020 Ind. corn 16,975 Mixed grain 4,910 Bushels. Potatoes 14fl,300 Maple sugar, cwts. 642 Hay, tons 45,600 Live Stock. 5,363 1 Cows 4,521 1 Sheep 9,736 1 Swine 34,410 I 7,899 Rouville, seigniory, in the co. of RouviUe, is bounded N. e. and e. by St. Charles and St. Hya- cinthe ; s. w. by East Chambly ; in front by the R. Richelieu. — 2 leagues in front by 1^ in depth. Granted, Jan. 18th, 1694, to Jean Baptiste Hertel, Sieur de Rouville and is now the property of J. B. M. H. de Rouville, Esq. — This tract contains land of so good a quality that nearly the whole of it is in a very advanced state of improvement, princi- pally in tillage. The concessions are divided into 8 ranges, all running nearly parallel to the r. : they are watered by several small streams, he- sides the Riviere des Hurons, which is one of considerable magnitude : these ranges are sub- divided into 380 farms. Some parts of the S. are favourable to the growth of hemp. All the lands are conceded with the exception of certain pieces situated in the rear of the conceded lands, and of suflacient extent to increase the depth of those lands 30 arpents, and the proprietors have the liberty of purchasing them, but they are not calculated for new settlements. No concession was granted previous to 1759. — The principal rivers are the Richelieu, the Riviere des Hurons and the Ruisseau de la Montagne, on which the ll2 ROUVILLE. mills are built ; there are also many small streams, one of which is so rapid as never to be frozen in winter. Col. de Rouville's mills on the slope of the Rouville Mountain are of much use to several of the neighbouring parishes. There are 3 ferry- boats over the Richelieu and 8 sols are charged for every description of carriage. — The roads alona; the bank of the Richelieu and on both sides of the k. des Hurons are good ; there are also two that take a southernly direction and open a direct communication with the river Yamaska. The cattle is of the Canadian breed, and agri- cultural labour is performed with oxen as well as horses. — Mount Rouville, sometimes called St. Hi- laire, Chambly or Beloeil Mountain, is between the 2nd and 3rd ranges and is well worthy of re- mark on account of its height, its form, its extent, and the points of view afforded from its summit. It is composed of seven mountains and extends over nearly 2| leagues square. On the south side the acclivity is gentle, but in the opposite direction it is very steep and abrupt. On the summit of this mountain there is a beautiful little lake of fine clear water about one league in cir- cumference, from which a rivulet flows in a pretty winding stream into the Riviere des Hurons. The slopes of the Mount are in many places broken by woods that greatly increase its picturesque beauty. The table rock at the summit of the cone has been ascertained to be 1,100 feet above the level of the river. Its access is extremely tedious and difficult, but none wUl look back to their fatigues with regret when they behold, from this exalted point, the most extensive scope of country that can be embraced at one view from any spot in Lower Canada; soaring as it were above the magnificent valley, from which the mountain rises, the tourist catches at a glance all its numerous beauties, traces the Richelieu from its outlet from Lake Champlain to its confluence with the St. Lawrence, which is also discerned at various points, till its surface is distinctly seen before Montreal. The city and the mountain could almost be sketched, so clearly are they vi- sible from the cone. To the eastward the pro- spect is partially intercepted by one of the hills forming the group. It is said that in very clear weather, with the aid of a telescope, the town of Three Rivers can be discovered to the n. e., and to the s. the settlements of Burlington, on Lake Champlain, in the State of Vermont. — This S. is divided into two parishes ; the Parish of St. Hilaire belongs to Mr. Rouville, and the church stands in front of Mount Rouville. — The Parish, of St. Jean de Baptiste is s. of the Mount and its church is nearly in the rear of it. It has a village containing 25 houses. This parish is more numerously settled than that of St. Hilaire. Statistics. Parishes. 1 1 i 1 i 1 > i B g 5 1 -.a 3 a!' ■s ■A 3 1 > i 1 1 St. Jean Baptiste St Hilaire 2098 1038 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 3 6 15 3136 2 1 I 2 1 S 1 1 3 6 15 Parishes. Annual /Vgricultural Produce, in bushels. Live Stocli. 1 1 St i 13 03 i n i £ o S S O 1 u 1 (A c s St. Jean Baptiste St. Hilaire 20800 7800 7800 2600 5000 4000 9100 1300 3900 520 500 400 1050 980 1300 1840 1705 300 8300 8000 1405 1350 28600 10400 9000 10100 4420 900 2030 3140 2005 16300 2755 S A B SAG Title " Concession du 18me Janvier, 1694, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouvenieur, et Jean Bochart, Intendaiit, au Sieur Jean Baptiste Hertel, Sieiir de Rouville,. de deux lieues de terre de front avec une lieue et demie de pro- fondeur, joignant d'un cote la terre de la Seigneurie de Chambly, en descendant la riviere Richelieu; de I'autre cote les terres non-conc^dees du cote du Sud de la dite rivifire Richelieu" — Rigistre d'lntendance. No. \ folio 13. Rovek's Water, a stream in the t. of Stan- don. It runs into M'Carthy's River. RoxTON, township, in the co. of Shefford, lies between Milton and Ely and is bounded in the rear by Acton and in front by Shefford. — The southern moiety has been surveyed and granted. -The land is good and if cultivated would prove fertile. The low land is rather wet, but not un- fit for tillage, as it produces some of the best spe- cies of hard, black wood. Branches of the Ya- maska and several other streams water this town- ship, which contains only a very few settlers. — Ungrantcd and unlocated, 12,000 acres. Rum River, near Lake St. John, is a pretty little stream, that empties itself n. w. into Lake Noh-oui-loo, an expansion of the h. Peribonea. The timber on the banks of Rum River is white birch, red and white spruce, and a few pines. The banks are low and covered with wild hay in great abundance. Rupert River empties itself into Hudson's Bay, carrying the waters of the great L. Mis- tassin or Mistissynis. This river is considerably larger than the Saguenay. RUSSEI/L-TOWN, V. Beauharnois, S. Rynbat Lake, lies in the s. w. corner of the T. of Stoneham; its waters are discharged into Lake St. Charles by a connecting stream. S. Sable Lake, or Lac dbs Sables, is about 90 miles up the r. aux Lievres. Here a private fur-trading post is established, and at the out- let the Hudson's Bay Company have also a post. From the outlet of the lake to the entrance of the au Lievres, 25 miles, several clearances and settle- ments have been made, and mills have been erected by Mr. Bowman. Here a Mr. Fisher has a farm and is doing well : he purchased of Mr. Wright, about the year 1818, a bull, a cow and a heifer, which he drove from the t. of Hull to his farm on the borders of this lake which is large, na- vigable, and in much repute for fishing. Sable, au, river, in the S. of Pointe du Lac, runs in a very devious course into the St. Law- rence after watering the village of Pointe du Lac. Sable, au, river, runs into the n. side of the Saguenay. Sabbevois, seigniory, in the co. of Rouville, is bounded e. by Stanbridge; w. by the b. Riche- lieu; N. by Bleuriej s. by Noyan. — 2 leagues in front by 3 deep. Granted, Nov. 1, 1750, to Sieur Sabrevois, and is now the property of Gen. Christie Burton. Between this S. and that of Bleurie there is a great resemblance in situation and quality of land; the swamps are perhaps rather more extensive in Sabrevois than in Bleurie, but here and there some patches of fertile good soil are met with, and many of greater extent might be added by draining, which could in several places be performed with little labour or expense. — The Village of Henryville contains about 20 houses, 10 of which are two stories high ; there is also a saw-mill. Statistics. Population 584 Schools . 1 Saw-mills . 1 Potasheries . 1 Pearlasheries 1 Shopkeepers 1 Taverns Artisans . 1 . 6 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 4il00 Oats . 2,.340 Bushels. Potatoes 10,700 Peas . 2,000 Bushels. Indian corn 1,180 Live Stock. Horses . 234 Oxen . 400 Cows . 560 Sheep . 1,300 Swine . 500 Title. — " Concession du ler Novembre, 1750, faite par Marquis de la Jonquiem, Gouvemeur, et Francois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur de Sabrevois, de deux lieues ou en- viron de front, sur trois lieues de profondeur, bornee du cflte du Nord par la Seigneurie eoncedee au Sieur de Sa- brevois de Bleuri, le 30me Octobre dernier, sur la meme ligne; du c6t6 du Sud a deux lieues ou environ sur la dite Seigneurie par une ligne tir^e Est et Ouest du monde, joignant aux terres non-conc6d4es ; sur la devanture par la riviere Chambly et sur la profondeur a trois lieues joignant aussi aux terres non-conced6es." — Rigistre d'lntendance. No. 9, folio 13. Saguenay, county, in the district of Quebec, is bounded s. w. by the co. of Montmorency; n. e. by the n. e. boundary of the province; s. e. by the St. Lawrence, including all the islands in that river nearest to the county and in whole or in part fronting it ; n. w. by the northern boundary of the province.. It comprises part of the S. of SAG Beaupre, the seigniories of GoufFre, Eboulemens, Murray Bay and Mount Murray and the town- ship of Settrington. — Its extreme length is 547 miles and its depth 240, containing 72,700 square miles. Its western extremity at Cap L' Abatis is in lat. 47° 12' 30", Ion. 70° 24' 30" w. and its eastern extremity is in lat. 51° 30' 0" n.. Ion. 55° 20' 0" w. — It sends two members to the pro- vincial parliament and the places of election are at Bay St. Paul and Murray Bay. This county, in territorial extent, ranks the first in the province, but only the 33rd in agricultural importance and the 26th in population. It embraces a vast space of country traversed by numerous rivers and lakes. — The chief rivers are the Saguenay and its nu- merous tributary streams, the Grand Decharge, the Chicoutimi, Belle Riviere, Peribonea, Gouffi-e, Mai Bay, Black Biver, Portneuf, • Belsiamitis, Bustard and Manicouagan. Of the numerous lakes those most worthy of notice are Lake St. John, Kiguagomi and the Kiguagomishish, which are separated by short portages and which, with the rivers Chicoutimi and Belle Riviere, form the communication from Chicoutimi to Lake St^ John. An incredible number of other lakes spread over the surface of this co., which are known only to traders and Indians. — The face of the country is uneven and mountainous and the land inferior in quality; yet explorations in 1828-9 have esta- blished the existence of arable tracts, and some valuable timber in the vicinity of Lake St. John, the peninsula, &c. — This county contains nu- merous trading and fishing posts and stations on the St. Lawrence. It comprises within its limits the Island of Anticosti as being in front and nearest thereto. — Vide vol. I. Population 8,366 Churches, R. C. 6 Cures . . 4 Presbyteries . 6 VUlages . 3 Schools . 1 Statistics. Corn-mills . Saw-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans Shipyards River craft , Tonnage Keel boats 59 2 21 690 59 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats . Barley . Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 56,734, 16,735 5,336 Bushels. Peas . 4,135 Rye . 3,4S0 Buck wheat 2,000 62,736 1 Indian corn 3,297 Bushels. Mixed grain 3,200 Maple sugar, cwts. 296 Hay, tons 26,500 2,148 3,162 1 Sheep Live Stock, Cows . 5,1431 Swine, 17,306 1 8,105 SAG Saguenay, river, called by the Indians PitcM- tauichetz, is formed by two outlets of Lake St. John, the Orande Decharge and the Petite De- charge, which are separated by Dalhousie Isles and Grande Isle, which lie at the eastern ex- tremity of the Lake. The junction of these out- lets, 3 leagues from l. St. John, supplies the first waters of the important b. Saguenay, which runs eastwardly to the St. Lawrence, into which it falls at Pointe aux AUouettes, about 5 miles below Tadoussac and 35 leagues below Quebec, after a course of between 50 and 60 leagues. The Sa- guenay is interrupted in its course by abrupt pre- cipices, over which it dashes its foaming current, and being bounded by banks of great elevation, is remarkable for the depth and impetuosity of its flood, which runs through a section of rocks from 200 to 1000 ft. in height.— The width of the Sa- guenay is always considerable, though, like other rivers, it varies; for 10 leagues above Ha-Ha Bay it is a quarter of a league wide, below Ha- Ha Bay to Tadoussac it averages half a league, and at its mouth it is from 60 to 70 chains. — The depth of the Saguenay at its mouth in mid- channel has not been ascertained; Capt. Martin could not find bottom with 330 fathoms of Une. At the distance of one hundred fathoms from the shore vessels anchor in twelve or fourteen fathoms, and the bottom is good. About two miles higher up it has been repeatedly sounded from 130 to 140 fathoms ; and from 60 to 70 miles from the St. Lawrence its depth is found from 50 to 60 fa- thoms. — The impetuous torrent of the Saguenay when the tide is low is sensibly felt in the St. Lawrence, which for a distance of many miles is obliged to yield to its impulse, and vessels, ap- parently going their course, have thereby been carried sidelong in a different direction. — Above 30 rivers pour their tributary waters into the Sa- guenay, twelve of which at least are navigable for canoes and some of them for large boats. — The navigation of the Saguenay is a subject of great importance to the future settlement of the ex- tensive section of country watered by it and its numerous tributary streams. Its course, notwith- standing its magnitude, is rendered very sinuous by the many points that project from the shores. In winter the river is frozen from Chicoutimi to the Isles St. Louis from Dec. 10 to the 10th or 20th of May, and the navigation closes about the end of Oct. : the port of Tadoussac is open SAGUENAY. 2 or 3 weeks earlier than that of Quebec and closes as much later. The general bearing of the Saguenay from its mouth is w. n. w. On leaving the harbour of Tadoussac to enter the Sa- guenay the most common course is n. n. w. ; above the islands of St. Levyis a w. n. w. course is to be followed. From the harbour of St. John to reaich Cap a I'Est to the river Caribou the course is north, thence to La Riviere du Moulin which is half a league from Chicoutimi the course is w. s. w. ; leaving this place for Chicoutimi the course is n. The Saguenay is navigable for vessels of any size for a distance of about twenty-two or twenty- three leagues to Ha-Ha Bay^ which is a good harbour ; and thence for five or six leagues to Chicoutimi the river is navigable at high water for vessels of large dimensions. Relative to the navigation of the Saguenay Mr. Nixon says, " That not more than ten sail can ride in safety in the harbour of Tadoussac; at low water a ship can be brought close in shore, for it descends at once. At spring tides the bank is quite dry; the water rises at the highest eighteen feet in spring and fall tides, but commonly twelve in the summer. In I'Ance & Catharine there is a distance of three quarters of a league formed by the point or Battures aux AUouettes and the point of the Saguenay ; this forms St. Catharine's Cove which is from two to thirty fathoms deep. Thirty sail can ride in safety from the Westernly winds : one-third of the tide out, there runs in a pretty tolerable swell with a south-east wind. Ships of the line can sail up as far as Rocky Point, which is four leagues from Chicoutimi ; at low water they can beat up, although the wind may be contrary, having the flood in their favour; but there are only two places of anchorage for them, between St. Catha- rine and Rocky Point, and between St. John's Bay and Ste. Marguerite ; the former six, the latter five leagues from Tadoussac. There are many har- bours for schooners from sixty to eighty tons, and they can carry their fastenings ashore should they not find anchorage. Vessels of eighty tons can sail uj) at high water and anchor close to the Big Rock at Chicoutimi : they must tide it up from Point aux Roches, owing to the rapids and shoals of that part of the river. The harbour for ves- sels at Chicoutimi is to the westward of the Big Rock, opposite to the landing-place: they can drop their anchors and haul the vessels dry ashore. From Ste. Marguerite upwards the current is hardly perceptible in high waters in spring and fall. The tide runs up to the foot of the falls of Terres Rompues, which is about two leagues farther than Chicoutimi : it rises about fifteen feet. The Big Rock is at least twelve feet high, and the waters have been seen to be three feet above it." — The Grande Decharge, on the eastern side, is a rapid stream navigable only for canoes, and even in these dangerous to all but the most ex- perienced canoemen — The prevailing winds on the Saguenay are the n. b. and N. w. ; and the most common is the n. w., which sometimes blows with frightful violence. The N. w. is the best wind for coming down the river ; to ascend it a N. e. wind is wanted. It is said that other winds are im- perceptible. Soil, climate, and capability of settlement. — The desire of the provincial government to effect set- tlements in the Saguenay country has been evinced by the latei explorations of the river Saguenay and Lake St. John, and by the evidence which was called for by the committees appointed by the le- gislature for that purpose. The result of all these inquiries has produced a knowledge of the capa- bilities of the country and of its probability of set- tlement, hitherto unattainable. It is now nearly three centuries since the first exploring survey of the river Saguenay took place. The expedition con- sisted of eight barks and 70 men, under the com- mand of Mons. Roberval, at that time the French king's lieutenant-general in the countries of Ca- nada, Saguenay, and Hochelaga ; they sailed from Quebec 7th June, 1543. All that is known of this voyage is, that eight men and one bark were lost. The recent surveys have been made, for- tunately, with complete success and in perfect safety. The marvellous and astonishing tales re- lated of the Saguenay have been disproved; its unnavigable current, its immeasurable depths, its tempestuous hurricanes, its inaccessible and dan- gerous rocks, its destructive eddies and whirlpools, have been clearly proved to be fabulous. The whole tract of the Saguenay country has been sufficiently explored to warrant the assertion that it is, in numerous places, susceptible of settlement and offers a wide and promising field for agricul- tural speculation, particularly if undertaken on a large scale, for ths immediate settlement of the Sa- guenay can be undertaken only by government or by individuals of colossal fortunes, for, without con- siderable advanceSj such persons as those by whom S A G U E N A Y. new settlements are generally formed could not plant themselves therCj notwithstanding the ad- vantages which the territory offers. The eventual settlement of this section of the province will, however, he effected, even without the aid of go- vernment or companies, although its progress must be very gradual and slow, for since rival trading companies have got to he neighbours, the trade is of little value, to any one except the Indian, per- haps, who in consequence receives less harsh treat- ment and often a higher price for his furs from the party most anxious to traffic with him. The whole Indian population will soon be extinct, and the trader finding no occupation will be forced to take to the plough in order to raise corn enough for his support, a change which is already visible at several of the posts. — The cli- mate of the Saguenay is good and similar, if not better, than that of Quebec, although the au- tumnal frosts are felt there earlier: the climate is, however, inferior to that of Lake St. John, •where the frost is said to commence from 15 to 20 days later. At Chicoutimi the land is fit for tillage in May, and strawberries have been eaten there on the 17th of June. — The soil in the im- mediate vicinity of the Saguenay is various, and the banks, which rise in many places perpen- dicular with the surface of the river, are fre- quently very rocky and immensely high, being from 170 to 340 yards above the stream. From Tadoussac to Ha-Ha Bay a continuous chain of high mountains incloses the river on both sides, occasionally presenting capes and promontories projecting into the river. The n. shore of the Saguenay seems to afford but little land sus- ceptible of culture. From Tadoussac to la Boule, about 2 leagues, the land is high, rocky, barren, and the banks nearly perpendicular. From Half- way Bay to 4 leagues above Cap a I'Est is an iron-bound shore embanked by a succession of rocky barren hills, exhibiting fractures seldom equalled for boldness and effect, which create constant apprehension of danger, even in a calm. The lands decline in height and are level and of the best quality from Rocky Point, three leagues below Chicoutimi, as far as the Point of Broken Lands about two leagues higher up. The lands in the rear are level for the distance of 6 leagues. From the Point of Broken Lands as far as lake St. John, 25 leagues, the land is level and of the best quality. From Rocky Point as far as the Point of Broken Lands there are five leagues of beach bordered by considerable meadows called Les Prairies, where the inhabitants of Chicoutimi cut their hay : here the soil is chiefly clay, but on ap- proaching the hills, which are rocky and unfit for settlement, there is a rich vegetable mould. The extent occupied by the inhabitants of the Post is about 15 or 1600 acres, on which there is very little timber, and at least 20,000 bundles of hay might be annually made. — The southern shore is more fit for agricultural purposes than the northern side. From Trinity Bay to the Petite Saguenay, 15 miles, and thence to Ha-Ha Bay, the hills are abrupt and barren, but not so ele- vated as those on the opposite shore. The two most promising places of settlement, however, are Chicoutimi, which is described in its proper place, and Ha-Ha Bay : the latter appears to be destined by nature as the principal seat of the commerce, trade and agriculture of all the Saguenay country, for the following reasons: 1st. For the extensive tract of level land, that lies about it and extends to Lake Kiguagomi and Chicoutimi. 2dly. For the harbour it affords for the largest vessels of the line, which can sail directly into the bay with nearly the same wind by which they ascend the Saguenay, and anchor in the second bay, which is in the shape of a basin and which would be a fit site for a mart of trade. 3dly. The facility that is afforded of opening a road to Chicoutimi or direct to the head of l. Kiguagomi ; and the easy practicability of a water -communication between it and that lake, which would render unnecessarv the intricate and circuitous route of the Chicou- timi River, the difference of level not exceeding 250 feet in a distance of 4^ to 5 leagues through the level tract that lies between these places. It is protected by Cap a I'Est and the prominent hills that form its entrance, while the former, rising to about 500 feet in height, commands a view of about 12 miles down the river, and guards, with West Cape, the entrance into the upper part of the Saguenay. The environs of Ha-Ha Bay are lower and more level than the coast downwards to Trinity Bay and are capable of receiving a certain degree of population : the highest land does not exceed 150 feet above the river, and its acclivity is scarcely perceptible. The soil is composed of blue and gray marl. From Pointe Brul6e to Chicoutimi, 15 miles, the land is good and lev^l and is watered by 3 S A G U E N A Y. beautiful little rivers^ called a THettSj au Mou- lin, and aux Rats Musques. At Chicoutimi the land is good and fit for cultivation, and for 2 leagues upwards the shore, to the depth of half a mile, exhibits an horizontal surface and land of excellent quality. At the mouth of some of the small rivers which fall into the Saguenay and in some of the bays are desirable spots for good farms ; also for a short distance above and below the mouth of the Saguenay, on the St. Lawrence, under the high lands there is good soil for about 150 farms, with the advantage of salt, wild hay, fish, wild fowl and other game. Timber. — All the old timber on the northern shore was destroyed by fire 50 years since, and the new vegetable colony has not yet attained to full growth. The tiipber on that side as far as Pointe aux Roches, and on the south side as far as Ha- Ha Bay, is only small, stunted red pine, growing here and there, of which no use can be made. At Ha-Ha Bay the timber is maple, cherry, ash, elm, poplar, pine, spruce, &c. On the marly shore of the Saguenay, in the vicinity of Chicoutimi, no timber is to be seen, although a better soil is not easily met with. For 2 leagues above Chicoutimi the timber grows on a clayey, loamy soil, and consists of spruce, black birch, pine, fir, cedar, ash, and elm. Minerals. — Moulin Baude is remarkable for its statuary marble. In the small eminence on which Tadoussac stands are layers of iron-sand, and at the mouth of the Riviere des Vases some fine specimens of red marble have been found. Animals. — The quadrupeds are exceedingly rare, much more so than in the settled parts of the coun- try. The Indians, having long hunted for the fur instead of the carcass, have destroyed almost every living animal. The porcupine and the white fox are the only quadrupeds not commonly met with about Quebec. Several years have elapsed since the carcass of a beaver has been brought to Ta- doussac. For many years after the discovery of this country the walrus was common about the Saguenay, but it is not now to be seen in the gulf or river : from this animal the Pointe aux Vaches, about a mile from Tadoussac, takes its name. Birds. — The land birds are rare ; a variety or two, not common at Quebec, have been seen. The perdrix blanche (the ptarmigan), which changes its colour like the Canadian hare, is oc- casionally met with on the hills. Water-fowls are extremely numerous, particularly those of the diver kinds ; among them is the Petit Bonhomme, a beautifully shaped duck not much larger than the snipe. The Batture aux Allouettes is the re- sort of large flocks of the different species of oxbirds. Fish. — The fish in the Saguenay are the gibard, porpoise, sturgeon, seal, salmon, salmon-trout, pike, white fish, pickerel, trout, cod, several kinds of herring, smelt, &c. The gibard or bot- tle-nosed whale of a small size never ascends above Cap a I'Est; it generally swims within a few rods of the Post of Tadoussac, and some of the larger species are sometimes harpooned op- posite, but the occupation of taking them is nearly abandoned, and only two or three schooners have visited the river for the purpose in as many years. A considerable number of porpoises ascend the river as high up as Pointe aux Roches. The seal is still frequently seen, but it has much diminished in numbers and has become wild ; about 200 were killed by the Indians of the Post of Tadoussac in the winter of 1826 : there are six or seven va- rieties of these amphibia on the coast ; one is said to grow to the enormous length of 14 feet. The number of salmon taken is much less than for- merly; only 3,500 are annually caught in the whole extent of the King's Posts, including the Saguenay and its tributaries as far as Chicoutimi. June and July are the months for the salmon- fisheries, which are established at the mouths of the rivers in the bays of Ha-Ha, Ste. Marguerite, St. John, and St. Stephen. The codfish, once so common, is now seldom caught and then only at Tadoussac. The trout taken in deep water are very small. Bays, Coves and Harbours. — Anchoring Groundis a fine bay, about 6 m. below the R. Belle Fleur and affords shelter from the w. and s. w. winds. The depth of water varies from 25 to 40 fathoms. The bottom is supposed to be sandy. — Aitse a la Barque, on the s. side of the river, about 2 miles from its mouth, is a good harbour for boats. — Anse des Femmes. The river is here about half a league broad and its shores are formed of high abrupt rocky hills ; near the Ruisseau des Femmes they rise in conical shapes to near 400 to 500 feet elevation, thinly clothed with the stinted spruce, white birch and red pine. — Baie d I'Aviron is a good harbour, opposite La Trinit§. — Baie h la Grosse Roche is a good harbour for shipping, — SAGUENAY. Bale des Cascades. Tlie river has been measured at this place and found to be about 50 chains wide. — Bale dei Echaffauds or Basques, near Pointe aux Bouleaux, ii about a mile deep and surrounded by hills. At its entrance are two rocky islands, the largest thinly timbered with fir and white birch. —Bale dds Foins, a little below the Post of Tadoussac, is a natural meadow of several acres, lying at the baie of the mountains which here re- cede for a short distance from the river. The soil is a clayey alluviutti and, as its name indicates, wild hay grows upon it, which is annually cut. — Bale des Rochers. A considerable shoal and reef of rocks ren- der its entrance dangerous at low tide ; a small stream enters it from between the mountains. — Baie du Rude, a Very good harbour. — Big Rock Cove, opposite St. Stephen's Cove, is a good har- bour for vess els, &c. — Descente des Femmes is a bay on the N. E. side of the river, at the head of which is a small rivulet. It forms a good harbour for ships and lies about 42 miles from Tadoussac. It derives its name from the melancholy adventure of some Indian hunters, who, being reduced to the last extremity by hunger, sent their squaws in search of assistance and the women issued from the woods at this place. It lies in lat. 48" 22' 9'' and Ion. 70' 11', and the tide rises about 17 feet. — Ha-Ha Bay or Bate des Has, called by the In- dians Heskuewaska, is on the s. side of the river and so perfect in its resemblance to the main channel of the Saguenay, that voyagers are often misled by its appearance. There are various opinions as to the origin of its name, but the most prevalent opinion is, that it is thus called on ac- count of the sudden bend here formed by the river ; this unexpected detour induces the voyager to exclaim Ha-Ha ! being struck with surprise at seeing the opening of a new prospect. This bay, the point being doubled, is about 7 leagues from Chicoutimi, from which it is separated by a tongue of land 15 miles in breadth ; it is 19 leagues from the mouth of the river. The outlines of this bay form a basin 2^- leagues in width and about 7j or as some assert 9, miles inland. The anchorage, which is very good, varies from 15 to 35 fathoms, and the bay forms a harbour in which vessels of any size would find complete shelter from all winds. The land in its vicinity is good and fit for culti- vation, and the bay is bordered by prairies of con- siderable extent. Into the head of the bay the rivers Wipuscool and Vasigamenk6 run from the north. In the middle of the bay is a small rock which forms a little promontory on the north side. Ha-Ha Bay is supposed to be destined to become, in course of time, the entrepot of the Saguenay. — Hay Cove, or Anse aux Foins, a little above Ot- tapeminche Cove, is a good harbour for schooners. — Ottapeminche Cove, a little above Big Rock Cove, is a good harbour for boats. — Paddle Cove, on the s. side of the river, lies opposite the Tri- nity and is a good harbour. A league higher up on the same side is Little Paddle Cove, a good harbour for canoes. — PassS Pierre, about 3 leagues from Tadoussac, is a good harbour for schooners, shel- tered from the N. w. and s. w. and is a good fish- ing station ; nearly opposite are some small islands. — Pelletier's Bay, at a place called The Portage, the Saguenay is here 2 miles wide. In the w. part of this bay are 2 small islands, and on the n. e. side is the mouth of the R. PeUetier. It is a good harbour for vessels. — Ste. Catherine's Cove, in the mouth of the river and on the s. shore, would hold 50 vessels, which would be sheltered from all winds except the west. — St. Johns Bay, on the s. side of the river, is 9 mUes from the K. Ste. Mar- guerite and 21 from Tadoussac. It is about 3 miles wide at its mouth and extends 2 miles in- land ; its width at its head is very little less than one mile. In the w. part of it is a small island, and in the w. part of the head of this bay the an- chorage is very good and there is good shelter from all winds; there are also several hattures on which 6 or 700 bundles of hay might be cut. The land here appears susceptible of some cul- tivation, and the environs produce hay. There may, on its banks, be about a league in depth of culturable land (the slope of which is sufficiently gradual) lying between the bay and the highest part of the mountains. The soil consists in great part of blue and gray marl. About 16 or 18 miles in the interior there are considerable tracts of maple land, and the land appears very fit for cul- tivation and sufficiently level. A river from 2 to 3 chains wide falls into the b. side of this Bay; it is very rapid and runs in a rocky channel, wind- ing through a valley of about one mile wide, lyin<» between two rocky banks, nearly parallel to each other. The soil in this valley is very good. The general course of this small river is from the s. w. In this bay is a fishing station. — Ste. Marguerite Bay is on the N. side of the river ; a reef of rocks is seen to stretch across its mouth at low water : SAGUENAY. at high water it is a safe harbour for schooners. There is but a small space of culturable land on the N. side of the bay, part of which crumbles down upon the beach and forms long battures of sand. Leaving the bay the river contracts to less than a mile. — St. Stephen's Cove, about 2 leagues from La Boule and 3 from Tadoussac, is a good harbour, sheltered from the n. w. It is about 1| mile wide. The lessee of the posts has established a salmon fishery here. About 20 families might find means of subsistence in the neighbourhood of the cove. The sun-shine glistens on the surface of the rocks which surround it. — Tadoussac Harbour is on the N. E. side of the mouth of the river; it is shel- tered from almost every wind and is very deep. It is situated in Ion. 69" 13' w. and lat. 480 q 44" The capaciousness of this harbour is variously re- presented; some persons think that it could not contain above 5 or 6 vessels and even these would be under the necessity of carrying anchors ashore ; while others assert that it is capable of afibrding shelter and anchorage for a number of vessels of a large siise, and that 25 ships of war might ride in safety. The highest tide rises 21 feet. The company holding the King's Posts have a post here for carrying on their trade with the Indians ; it comprehends nine buildings employed as stores, shopSj &c. besides the post-house, which is 60 feet by 20, and a chapel of 25 feet by 20. A mis- sionary visits this post every year and passes some time. The only place of residence here is erected on a bank of sandy alluvium, elevated about 50 feet above the river, forming a flat terrace at the base of the mountain which suddenly emerges at a short distance behind. This residence is a neat one-story building of commodious size, having a very tolerable garden, which, with other culti- vated spots about the place, produces the vegetables for the inhabitants of the post. The scenery of the post, as viewed from the river in coming up the harbour or doubling the point of L'Islet, is particularly pleasing. The traveller beholds with pleasure the red roof and spire of the chapel with the surrounding buildings, and the range of small field-pieces on the edge of the plain which extends to the foot of the mountains that rise to a considerable height, in many places discovering the naked rocks, or exhibiting the destructive effects of the fire that has thinned the woods which clothed their summits, leaving occasionally the tall pine clipped of its branches soaring above the dwarf growth of spruce and birch that has suc- ceeded to the loftier timber. He likewise -sees the beautiful growth of fir trees rising in as many cones upon the terrace, which was once the seat of the fortifications of the French, situated on the west side of the creek which runs down from the hills, whose craggy summits contrast with pe- culiar effect with the firs below. The harbour is formed by the peninsula or L'Islet, which sepa- rates it from the Saguenay on the s. w. and the main shore on the n. e., about a third of a mile across and near half a mEe in depth at low water, which rises 21 feet perpendicular in 5^ hours tide. The beach, on which there are extensive salmon fisheries, extends out a considerable distance, ma- terially contracting the dimensions of the harbour ; it is, however, secure and under shelter by the surrounding hills from most winds generally pre- valent in the St. Lawrence, except the southemly gales which may affect vessels at flood tide, as the small White Island and Batture-aux-Allouettes are then covered and which shelter them at ebb tide. The entrance of the channel to the harbour of Tadoussac, or to the Saguenayj is intricate at the ebbing tide and for vessels descending the St. Lawrence, which must come almost abreast of the Kght-house on Green Island, bearing s. e. from the harbour, and then pass to the north of White Island at the extremity of the Shoal-aux- AUouettes and clear at the same time the shoal which sets out some distance from the N. e. point of the harbour: it is far less intricate for vessels coming up from below. A light-house placed upon Red Island would very essentially facilitate the entrance into the harbour of Tadoussac, and would at the same time indicate the course to make the north channel of the St. Lawrence. The harbour is open for vessels and free from ice from May until the middle of December. At Tadoussac there is nothing calculated to arrest the eye of the agriculturist. Previous to the esta- blishment of a colony in Canada, this place was frequented for the purpose of carrying on the fur trade. The ice forms here much later than at Quebec and disappears much earlier, which is occasioned by the extreme depth of the waters which are much more salt than to the southwards, and by the prevalence of n. w. winds in spring and fall, which drive to the southwards all the broken ice which is formed at the mouths of the fresh water rivers. Vide Vol. I. p. 291. — Trinity M M 2 SAGUENAY. Bay, 14 miles below Cap a I'Est, extends \^ mile inland and is about one mile wide at its mouth and A mile wide at its head ; it is bounded w. by very high rocks and e. by rocks of less elevation. This bay is a safe harbour in all winds and the anchorage is very good ; the depth of water varies from 10 to 30 fathoms. Near it is some cul- turable land, the hills sloping gradually to its margin. At its entrance Cap la Trinity rises to an elevation of not less than 800 feet, and part of it is cut perpendicularly with the surface of the Sa- guenay and its summit juts considerably over its base. Here the tide rises 21 feet perpendicular. Capes. — Cap a I'Est or East Cape, is about 18 miles below Chicoutimi. Its base in some places presents the abrupt face of the cliff, and at others the broken masses of granite rock that crumble from the summit and are irregularly heaped to- gether, among which a few dwarf spruce and white birch attain a stunted growth. — Cap a V Quest or West Cape, is opposite Cap a I'Est ; here the width of the river is contracted to 48 chains. — Cap de la Triniti, 3 miles above St. John's Bay, is so called from 3 small peaks on its summit. It is at least 700, and Mr. Lateriere says 1800, feet high and its top very much over- hangs its base, and few travellers can pass under its impending dome without feeling the insig- nificance of man when compared with such enor- mous masses poised on a just equilibrium by a power that forcibly awakens the idea of a divinity. Between this cape and another to the s. is a pretty little bay, into which runs a river one arpent wide, where the proprietor of the Posts has a salmon fishery, but where the culturable land is not sufficiently extensive to induce the laborious agri- culturist to settle. — Cap Diamant or Diamond Cape, is nearly opposite St. John's Bay. — Cap St. Francois is a good harbour Ij mile from the mouth of the R. Caribou. — Cap St. Joseph is 2^ miles from Cap St. Frangois and is a good har- bour. Islands. — Barthelemy Isle, also called Cocquert Isle, in honour of the missionary whose tombstone is still in the church at Chicoutimi, is half a league above the mouth of the Little Saguenay river and forms a good harbour — Isle St. Louis, half a league above the r. Ste Marguerite and about 7 leagues from Tadoussac, is on the s. side of the river. It is a large oblong mountain with no traces of vegetation, except moss and small trees that grow in the crevices. It is about one league long and about a quarter of a league wide. It is said to be the first place that affords an- chorage from Tadoussac, affording a safe harbour under shelter of the hill, where vessels may be moored in perfect security. Half a league to the N. w. is another circular rock 'surrounded by the waters of the Saguenay, also called Isle St^ Louis, on which there is not a single tree. Some per- sons assert that there are 3 islands of this name, all lying together, and say that the one nearest to the mouth of the Saguenay is the largest and is about half a mile in length, on the s. side of the river, and that its s. e. end is about 13^ miles from the mouth of the river ; and that the two others are much smaller and lie near the N. shore. The Saguenay is here about If mile wide. Points. — Pointe aux Bouleaux or White Birch Point, lies on the s. w. side of the river, about 4 or 5 mUes from Tadoussac. It is a piece of low, level and exceedingly rich land, forming the w. bank of the Saguenay at its junction with the St. Lawrence. It is bounded N. w. by the little ri- ver aux Canards or Duck River, on which mills might easily be erected, and a brook empties itself N. E. into St. Catherine's Cove ; this tract is other- wise well watered, and a small lake fed by a spring lies a few arpents from the St. Lawrence. The point forms an irregular square, extending i of a league in front by one in depth, where it is bounded by the most desolate and arid mountains. The interior of this point is marshy and the tim- ber, with the exception of its borders, is nothing but small gray spruce ; on the borders are white birch, from which the point derives its name, also sapin, cedar and ash of tolerable size. This spot certainly offers very strong inducements to the settler, such as would instantly secure its occu- pation if granted. The principal plot of culturable ground may be said to be about 9 miles in super- ficies, on which 60 or 70 families or 400 souls might find subsistence and comfort. In its pre- sent condition an Indian family of 4 or 5 persons forced to stay upon it for three months succes- sively, at any season of the year, would most cer- tainly starve. The soil overlies a bed of clay and is composed of the usual vegetable mould, a rich loam and sometimes of a bed of sand, which to- gether give an average depth of soil of 12 or 15 inches. This place is remarkable for the quality of its clay and its iron ore, chiefly magnetic iron SAG S T ore. The clay at Pointe aux Bouleaux and Pointe aux VacheSj the two outermost tongues of the banks of the Saguenay at its mouth, occurs in immense bedSj of which that at the first place is about 30 or 40 feet in thickness above ground, and. that at the last place probably 200 feet ; both together extend- ing in superficies apparently 10 or 12 miles. This clay is extremely fine in its texture, and contains a good deal of lime and some iron. It has the pro- perty of crumbling when water is thrown upon it, as unslacked lime does, and might, by merely being spread out and exposed to the falls of rain, be- come an excellent manure for a soil having an ex- cess of acids, such as that of swamps, &c. &c. It is very probable that this clay will be successfully used in the manufacture of crockery and earthen- ware, and the abundance of it, the vicinity of fuel, and the advantages of good harbours for ex- port at the door of the manufacturer, would make it extremely valuable. The reef of rocks that projects from Pointe aux Bouleau runs about two miles out .and forms a kind of half moon open to the eastward. In spring tides these rocks are entirely covered, but there is always a surf about them. At the end of these rocks there is a small sandy island never covered by water; this and the rocks are called Pointe et Battures aux Allou- ettes. The Battures are the resort of large flocks of the different varieties of ox-birds. Fish abounds, particularly salmon. — French Point is a good har- bour for boats, &c. and is sheltered from the n. w. — Great Point is a good harbour. — Long Point is a little below Rocky Point. — Pointe aux Roches is 3 leagues below Chicoutimi. — Rocky Point is a good harbour for canoes. Rocks. — La Boule or The Ball, a large rock or mountain, is so called from its shape and remark- able for its height and form. It is 3 miles n. e. of the mouth of the Saguenay and about 6 miles from Tadoussac. It forms a good harbour for vessels against the n. w. winds, and projecting much into the river its gigantic base straitens it and causes, when the tide ebbs, a strong cur- rent and counter eddy. The tide rises 18 feet perpendicular and the lowest waters never leave the foot of these natural ramparts, where the depth of the water is so great that there is no an- chorage. The banks of the river are here steep, and Mr. Laterri^re says from 15 to 1800 ft. high and are of primitive granite. — Pictures, 4 leagues below Ha- Ha Bay, are so called because the sur- face of the rocks is smooth and, at a distance, these rocks look like pictures. Prom the mouth of the Saguenay to li mile above Barthelemy or Cocquert Isle, the banks of the Saguenay are formed of high and steep rocks, almost all of which are of a round shape. Vide Vol. I. Saguenay, Petite, river, empties itself into the s. side of the Saguenay, about 4 miles below St. John's Bay. Though the Petite Saguenay is an inconsiderable stream, similar to the St. Charles near Quebec, it forms a good harbour at its mouth, well sheltered from all winds; the anchorage, however, is very dangerous on account of large stones scattered here and there. In the western part of the bay or harbour are two small islands, and a river which runs between two high rocks and falls into the bottom of the bay. Here is a fishing station. St. Ambeoise (V. and P.), v. St. Gabriei,, S. St. Andkb (V. and P.), v. Riviere du Loop, S. St. Andrews, a village in the seigniory of Argenteuil (vide Argenteuil, S.), is allowed by all travellers to be beautifully situated and requiring only a few touches from the hand of art to render it truly delightful. It is seated on the North River that flows through it and is navigable for steam-boats as far as the village, which is already become extensive and contains 2 churches, and the erection of another for Roman catholics is in contemplation. There are several schools, a com- missioner's court, numerous tradesmen and me- chanics of every description, several well-stocked stores and commodious inns. The natural advan- tages which this village possesses, with the beauty of its situation, conspire to make it a place of great promise ; and as the country in general in- creases in prosperity it will, without doubt, rise in riches and consequence. Nine public roads centre in this village, four of which lead direct to Montreal, viz. the St. Benoit, the Riviere Rouge, the Cote St. Pierre, the Rigaud, and Brown's Val- ley; two roads lead to the Ott^vra.; and the Beach Ridges and Chute roads communicate with the settlements on the North River. All these roads point to the village of St. Andrews as the most central place of that part of the county. This village is also remarkable for possessing the first paper-mill built in the British provinces of North America; it was commenced by a joint-stock company in 1804, and in the following year busi- STB S T E ness was commenced with very little prospect of success : a few years afterwards the present pro- prietor, James Brown, Esq. of Montreal, took the concern upon himself and with difficulty main- tained it. The principal building is about 80 ft. long and is beautifully situated on a platform op- posite the bridge which joins the two parts of the village and the mail road leading to the settle- ments on the Ottawa. St. Ange Gardibn (P.), v. Cote de Beao- PBEj S. Stb. Anne (P.), v. Cotk de Bbauprb, S. Stb. Anne (P.), v. Montreal,. Stb. Anne (P.), v. Vabennes, S. Stb. Anne Desplaines (P.), v. Mille Isles. Ste. Anne de Yamachiche (P.), v. Gkos- BOIS, S. Stb. AnnEj river, in the counties of Portneuf and Champlain, rises in the rear of Stoneham, in the co. of Quebec, and forms in the first part of its course the river Talayorle. It descends s. across the rear part of the S. of Fausembault ; it then traverses Bourglouis, receiving there a con- siderable increase from a stream that descends in a parallel direction from fief Hubert ; it then tra- verses across D'Auteuil and Jacques Cartier and, cutting oif the s. e. angle of Perthuis, it waters the rear portions of Deschambault and La Che- vrotiere to La Tesserie, where it receives the Ri- viere Noire, which descends from a lake abounding with fish called Long Lake. The Ste. Anne then runs diagonally across Grondines and enters the S. of Ste. Anne, where it falls into the St. Law- rence, forming several islands at its mouth. Its course being about 70 miles and the extension of its branches about 25 miles, the river Ste. Anne may be said to drain about 1750 square miles. The course of this river is rapid and through a very mountainous country. The land near the banks of the river, following its windings and not in a straight line, is susceptible of cul- ture for about 7 or 8 leagues ; but the timber is not very good, except at some points of the river where there are some elms. — In a little isle, on which is the boundary of the fief Gorgendiere in the S. of Deschambault, and at the foot of a cataract about 28 or 30 ft. high a prodigious number of trout, of astonishing voracity, are caught with the hook and sometimes with the dart. Salmon fishing in the Ste. Anne is also very con- siderable and might be improved to great profit : this fish is caught with a dart by the light of a torch placed on the prow of the boat, but as it is principally found above the rapids the fishing is dangerous. — At the mouth of this river, in flood tide, the water is about 400 yards wide and 10 or 12 ft. deep and easily admits boats and schooners to load and unload ; these craft are there protected from the ice duriug'winter. Higher up, this b. is interrupted by many falls and rapids, by which and the shallowness of the water it is rendered unnavigable. The banks are low near its mouthj but farther up they are much higher and in some places rocky, but generally covered with fine timber. Stb. Anne, river, in the co. of Kamouraska, rises in the t. of Ashford and intersecting theE. angle of St. Roch des Aulnais enters Ste. Anne ; then running to the middle of the rear line it traverses the centre of that seigniory circuitously and falls into the St. Lawrence. Ste. Anne, river, in C&te de Beaupre, rises and runs through unexplored waste lands into that seigniory, where being joined by the e. Lom- brette it divides the parishes of St. Joachim and St. Fereol and falls into the St. Lawrence at the E. corner of the parish of Ste. Anne. A bridge has lately been erected over this river. The Rapids of Ste. Anne are swift and shallow, and offer se- rious impediments in ascending the river. There are several falls in the river, but the most cele- brated are 2 miles above the village of Ste. Anne. As the traveller proceeds to visit these interesting falls, and as the road ascends a part of the way up the mountain, there are seen splendid prospects of Quebec and the adjacent country ; but without a glass, from the distance, the scenery in the back ground is rather indistinct. Having attained the level, a rough path for nearly l^ mile conducts the visitor, after a sudden descent, into a most solitary vale of rocks and trees, almost a natural grotto, through the centre of which the stream rushes until it escapes by a narrow channel be- tween the rocks, and continues roaring and tum- bling with augmenting velocity. From below there is a striking view of the cataract, which combined with the natural wildness and extra- ordinary features of the scenery defies description ; the painter alone could convey to the mind the representation with effect. Stb. Anne or Mascouche, river, in the cos. of Terrebonne and Lachenaye, rises near the par- S T E. ANNE. tition line of Blainville and Riviere du Ch^ne. It runs through a part of Desplaines and Ter- rebonne and traverses the S. of Lachenaye to L'Assomption, where it makes an immediate and sharp turning backwards and re-enters Lachenaye, where it waters the village of St. Henry, and after a very meandering course in that S. falls into the K. St. Jean, or Jesus, at the n. e. corner of the S. of Terrebonne. Ste, Anne, seigniory, in the co. of Cham- plain, with its 3 augmentations, is bounded n. e. by Les Grondines; s. w. by Ste. Marie and Ba- tiscan ; in the rear by waste lands and in front by the St. Lawrence. — This property was granted as follows : ste. Anne, S. Breadth and depth. Date of grant. To whom granted. Contents in square leagues. Original Grant . 1st Augmentation 2nd Ditto 3rd Ditto IJ leagues by 1 2 Ditto 3 2 Ditto If 2 Ditto 3 Oct. 29, 1672 Mar. 4, 1697 Oct. 30, 1700 Apr. 20, 1735 Sieurs Sueur and Lanaudiere Marguerite Denis, widow of Lanaudiere Thomas Tarieu, Sieur de la Perade Thomas Tarieu, Sieur de la Perade 3 6 16i The original grant extends in front from Les Grondines to the mouth of the river Ste. Anne ; the augmentations extend in breadth from Les Grondines to Batiscan, equal to the breadth of the original grant and that of the S. of Ste. Marie. This property now belongs to the Hon. John Hall. The front of this seigniory is so low as to be inundated in the spring by the rising of the St. Lawrence, but this temporary inconvenience con- tributes greatly to the luxuriance of the fine mea- dows that border the river. The soil is sufficiently fertile, and consists of a light sandy earth on a reddish clay about the front, but towards the rear it is a mixture of yellow loam and black mould ; altogether it is very productive in grain of all kinds, and most other articles of general growth. The quantity of land under cultivation amounts to nearly 300 lots or farms, somewhat irregularly dispersed along the b. Ste. Anne and at the descent of a small ridge, that stretches across theS. a short distance from the front. Very little of the augmentations is cultivated ; they are almost entirely in woodland, producing timber of all kinds and some of excellent growth and great value : the quality of the land, as indicated by the various kinds of wood growing upon it, is very good. — Watered by the rivers Batiscan and Ste. Anne, with a few other streams of not much conse- quence ; both these rivers are large but scarcely at all navigable. On the east side of the b. Ste. ,Anne and near the St. Lawrence is the Village of Ste, Anne, containing about 40 houses, a neat church 140 ft. by 60j a parsonage-house and a chapel ; here are also a few shopkeepers and an inn with good accommodations, where the stage- coaches put up, and also a post-house. At the village is a ferry, where canoes and scows are always to be had for transporting travellers, car- riages, &c. the river is here so shallow that large boats are shoved across with poles : the charge for each person is three-pence and one shilling for a horse and carriage. The property of this ferry was granted in perpetuity by letters patent to the late Hon. C. de Lanaudiere, his heirs, &c. Owing to the inundation during the spring, the main road from Quebec is farther retired from the bank of the St. Lawrence at this place than at most others; it passes along the ridge or eminence until it arrives near the village, where it resumes its usual direction. On both sides of the river Ste. Anne there are roads that follow its course through several seigniories to the north-east. The manor- house, agreeably situated near the point formed by the Ste. Anne and the St. Lawrence, is sur- rounded by excellent gardens and many fine groups of beautiful trees. — There is one stone-built corn- mill which drives 2 sets of stones. — The Parish of Ste. Anne, by an order in council of Mar. 3, 1722, which confirms the regulations of Feb. 20, 1721, extends 2^ leagues fronting the St. Lawrence, in- cluding the S. of Ste. Anne, 1|- league, and | league of the S. of Ste. Marie, from which it extends in a straight line to the S. of Batiscan. — There is no road across the non-conceded lands in this S., nor are they surveyed. The concessions granted before 1759 were generally rented in com and money. S T E and the amounts varied. — At the mouth of the Ste. Anne lie the isles, St. Ignace, Ste. Margue- rite, du Large, and du Sable, which belong to the S. ; they are low but yield fine pasture and some good meadow land ; being well clothed with wood they afford several very pleasing prospects. Statistics. Population 2,436 Churches, R. C. I Cures . . 1 Villages . • 1 Com.mills . ] Carding-raills 1 Saw-mills . 5 Potasheries . 2 Medical men 2 Notaries . 3 Shopkeepers 5 Taverns . 2 Artisans . 25 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats . Barley . Bushels. 13,320 19,500 200 Bushels. Potatoes 20,000 Peas . 2,100 Bushels, Buck-wheat 1,560 Indian corn 580 Live Stock. Horses . Oxen 800 872 Cows . 2,100 Sheep . 4,360 Swine . 1,200 Title " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, aux Sieurs Sueur et Lanaudiere, de I'etendue de la terre qui se trouve sur le fleuve St. Laurent, au lieu dit des Grondines, depuis celle appartenante aux Religieuses de THfipital de Quibec, jusqu'a la Riviere Ste. Anne, icelle comprise, sur une lieue de profondeur, avec la quantite de terre qu'ils ont acquis du Sieiur Hamelin." — Rigistre d'' Intendance, No. i, folio 15. Augmentation. — " Concession du ime Mars, 1697, par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, faite ^ Marguerite Denis, veuve du Sieur de Lanaudiere, de trois lieues de terre de profondeur derriere la terre et Seigneurie de Ste. Anne, sur toute la largeur d'icelle, et celle des Sieurs de Sueur et Hamelin, avec les isles, islets et batures non-conc^dees qui se trouvent dans la dite fitendue; la dite profondeur tenant d'un cote a la Sei. gneurie des Grondines, et d'autre cote a ceUe ie Batiscan," ^.^Rigistre d* Intendance, No. 5, folio 5. Autre Augmentation — " Concession du 30me Octobre, 1700, par Hector de CallUre, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Thomas Tarieu de la Perade, de I'espace de terre qui se trouve au derriere de la Seigneurie de Ste. Anne, lequel espace contient environ deux lieues de front entres les lignes prolongees des Seigneuries de St. Charles des Roches (les Grondines) et Batiscan, sur une lieue et demie de profondeur ; ensemble la riviSre qui pent traverser le dit espace, et les islets qui peuvent s'y rencontrer." Ri- gistre d'Intendance, No. 5, folio 37. Troisiime Augmentation " Concession du 20me Avril, 1735, faite par le Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, a Mr. Thomas Tarieu, Sieur de la Perade, d'une dtendue de terre de trois lieues de pro- fondeur, k prendre derriere et sur la meme largeur de la Concession du 30me Octobre, 1700." — Rigistre d'Intend- ance, No. 1 folio, 31. Ste. Anne, seigniory, in the co. of Gasp6, ad- joins the N. E. angle of Cape Chat. It is half a league in front on the St. Lawrence by one league in depth, extending a quarter of a league above and below the h. Ste. Anne. It was granted, Nov. 28, 1688, to Sieur Riverin. STE Statistics. Population . . 43 1 Keel boats . . 4 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Bushels. Oats . . . 20| Potatoes . . 150 Live Stock. Cows ... 2 Title. — " Concession du 28me Novembre, 1688, faite par Jacques de Brisay, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, In- tendant, au Sieur Riverin, de la riviere Ste. Anne, situee aux monts Notre Dame, dans le fleuve Si. Laurent, avec une demi lieue de front sur le dit fleuve, moitie audessiis et I'autre moitie audessous de la dite riviere, icelle non comprise dans la dite etendue, sur une lieue de profondeur dans les terres." RSgistre dintendance, No. 3, folio 19. Ste. Anne de la Grande Anse or La Po- CADiEBE, seigniory, in the co. of Kamouraska, is bounded n. b. by the S. of Riviere OueUe ; s. w. by St. Roch des Aulnais ; in the rear by Ixworth ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — This seigniory is one of the least in extent and wealth on the south side of the St. Lawrence. It is about 11 league in breadth, and IJ league in depth. It was granted, Oct. 29, 1672, to Demoiselle Lacombe, and is now the property of Monsr. Schmidt. It is divided into 3 ranges of concessions, and all the lands susceptible of cultivation are conceded. All or the greater part of the first range of concessions was granted before 1759. The ordinary extent appears to have been from 2 to 4 arpents by 42 in depth, at the rate of a shilling and 8 deniers per arpent, with the usual fines on alienation, of which it is customary to remit a part when the purchaser pays in ready money. The soil is very fertile and produces grain of all sorts ; most of the concessions are under a good system of agri- cultural management, and thickly inhabited : the land approaching the mountains is of good quality, but none of it is under tiUage. Among a variety of fine timber, abundance of capital red pine is pro- duced, also white pine, maple, black birch, epinette, and sapin. — This S. is watered by the rivers Ste. Anne and St. Jean, and by several minor streams. Riviere Ste. Anne turns 4 saw-mills, one corn- mill with 3 sets of stones, and one fulling-mill. The Riviere St. Jean turns one corn-mill with 2 sets of stones, which can only work in spring and autumn. — Besides the main road, there are some others branching off in different directions into the seigniories of Riviere OueUe and St. Roch, all of which are in good order. — In this S. geese S T E S T and turkies are in abundancej although they are scarce in Kamouraska, and not very numerous in Riviere Quelle : the inhabitants sell their poultry at Quebec. — The church, which is 120 ft. by 50, is surrounded by several houses, pleasantly situated ,• and there are two schools, each having 80 scholars, in which the Latin, French and English languages are taught, also accompts, &c. The college of Sie. Anne is about 25 leagues from Quebec, and is well situated in regard to the northern parishes of Lower Canada. It is built one arpent from the church, in a romantic solitude, in the midst of a grove in the vicinity of a fine mountain ; and, perhaps it is no exaggeration to say, that there is not in all Canada a place more healthy nor more convenient, in every respect, for the purposes of such an establishment. The building is 100 ft. by 43, three stories high, and built with stone. — Of the 283 families in this S. 121 live solely on the produce of their farms, and 100 are desirous and capable of cultivating lands if any were provided for them, and not too far off. Nevertheless none of the inhabitants emigrate to the townships conceded in free and common soccage, although the town of Ixworth is so near and there is a very convenient road to it ; and although it is separated from the seigniory by the last line of houses only, no one will leave home to settle there. — In this S. six fisheries are carried on, principally by companies. They extend far into the St. Lawrence and pro- duce bass, sturgeon, herrings, some salmon, and a large quantity of eels are taken on the mud. This S. is the last eastward on the south shore where herrings are caught. — When the author was in this S., the inhabitants had killed 3 bears during the week : these bears had destroyed 40 sheep in that year. Population 2,546 Churches R. C. 1 Curts . . . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Colleges . . 1 Statistics. Schools . . 2 Corn-mills . 1 Notaries . 1 Shopkeepers . 2 Artisans River-craft Tonnage Keel-boats 15 2 50 9 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Wheat . 28,600 Potatoes 33,000 Mixed grain 2,000 Oats . 6,500 Peas . 13,000 Maple sugar. Barley . 7,800 Rye . 1,560 lbs. 4,,14.0 Title « Concession du 29me Oetobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, a Demoiselle Lacombe, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front sur autant de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, tenant d'un cote a la concession du Sieur de St. Denis ; d'autre aux terres non- concedees." — jRigistre d' Iniendance, No. I, folio 9. St. Antoinb, parish, in the S. of Contrecoeur, extends 2 leagues in front and 100 arpents in depth. It contains 3 concessions entirely settled. The village consists of 22 houses, including an itin ; and there is one school, which is supported by the inhabitants. The church is 100 ft. by 40. All the mills are turned by wind, and there are 6 for grinding com, 4 of them in the front con- cession and 2 in the second ; there are also two saw-mills. The cattle is of the Canadian breed, and agricultural labour is chiefly performed with horses, and the English cart is used. One third of the grain produced is sold, and also some manu- factured stuffs, the inhabitants making more than sufiicient for their use. The land and the roads are generally good. Population 1,970 Chinches R. C. 1 Cures . . I Schools . . I Statisttcs, Villages . Corn-mills Saw-mills . . Shopkeepers Tavt;rns Artisims . 3 2 14 Wheat . Oats Barley . Potatoes Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. Peas . 1,500 Rye . 900 Indian corn 300 Bushels. 13,000 10,200 130 33,500 Bushels. Mixed grain . 800 Maple sugar, lbs. 3,000 L'lve Stock. Horses . 700 1 Cows . 1,000 1 Swine Oxen 400 1 Sheep . 4,000 j 600 St. Antoine (P.), o. Lavaltbie, S. St. Antoinb (P.), v. Lotbiniere, S. St. Antoine (V. and P.), v. Riviere du Loup, S. St. Antoine (S. V. and P.), v. Tilly, S. St. Antoine de Pebade (P.), v. Lon- gueuil, B. St. Ahmand, seigniory, in the co of Missiskoui, is bounded e. by Sutton ; w. by Missiskoui Bay ; N. by Stanbridge and Durham ; s. by the province line. — Granted, Sept., 1748, to Sieur Nicolas Rene Levasseur, and is now the property of the heirs of the late Hon. Thomas Dunn. According to the terms of the original grant, this seigniory ought to have an extent of 6 leagues in front by 3 in depth ; but as the boundary line of the United States in- tersects it, there is not now more than 11 league of it in that direction within the British territory. The greater part of the land is of a superior qua- lity, affording good situations and choice of soil for every species of cultivation; the surface is irregular, and in some places, particularly towards N N ST. A R M A N D. Sutton, ridges rise to a considerable height and many large swells approach almost to mountains, covered with heech, birch, maple and pine tim- ber. The shores of the hay south of the village are rather high, with a gentle slope down to the water's edge ; but they subside to the general level on advancing towards the head of the bay. As the soil near the bay is generally considered better adapted to corn than pasture, wheat is there par- ticularly cultivated. Here are several fine apple orchards from which cider is made, and it may be useful to remark, that young apple-trees are planted on the farms in general in the eastern townships. — This property is well situated for im- provement, as it adjoins the state of Vermont, with good roads in every direction, besides the main road that runs through PhiUpsburg to Albany by Burlington and Vergennes, and which is the most direct line of communication with New York. The high roads leading to the United States, and even the cross-roads, are all good: on the county-road, leading from Fre- lightsburg to St. John's, called Kempt Road, £2000 have been expended by the commissioners ; 10 miles of it leads over a bad swamp, and on the road various bridges are erected. — The first settle- ment was made in 1785 by some Dutch loyalists. — This seigniory is not well timbered with pine and oak, but other kinds are plentiful. — The principal stream is Pyke River, on which and other minor streams are many corn and saw-miUs. — There are 4 villages in St. Armand, Frelightsburg, Phi- lipsburg, Huntsburg, and Martin Village. Fre- lightsburg stands in the 13th range, on the s. side of Pyke River, delightfully situated at a short distance w. from the base of St. Armand's Mountain, in a picturesque valley. It consists of a church and 50 dwelling-houses, one quarter of which are brick, and as many two stories high. The village and the mountain embellish each other reciprocally, the view from the pinnacle borrowing much interest from the gay settle- ments below it, and this village is beautifully set off by the lofty bill that rises magnificently from it. From the summit of Pinnacle Mountain -the prospect s. is peculiarly remarkable, whence the Vermont Hills and settlements are traced to their union with the mountains and settlements of Lower Canada, with which they are blended, as it were, under the eye of the observer, being merely divided by an imaginary line of latitude that defines the dominions of the respective powers. The situation of this village, being the centrical point from which no less than 6 im- portant public roads diverge, marks it out as the proper place where a court-house and gaol should be erected. Frelightsburg being so near the pro- vince line is much resorted to by insolvent debtors. Its name is derived from its original founder, Mr. Frelight, who established it in 1800, and whose family hold the com and saw-mills and also the carding and fulling machine, which are situated in the centre of the village, on Pyke River. Two annual fairs are held in this village, one on the first Wednesday in JTarch and the other on the last Wednesday in September. — The Village of PhiUpsburg is conveniently situated on the edge of the bay, about one mile from the province line ; it is a handsome place, containing about 30 houses exceedingly well built with wood, many of them in the peculiar style of neatness common to the Dutch and the others more in the fashion of the American than the Canadian vUlages : some regard has been paid to regularity in the formation of the principal street,. which has a lively and agreeable appear- .ance ; between this street and the bay are many storehouses, with wharfs for landing goods at a short distance from them. Many of the inha- bitants are employed in trade and mercantile pur- suits, besides artisans, and perhaps more than a due proportion of tavern-keepers. On the south side of the road, leading from the village to the eastern part of the seigniory, is a handsome church built with wood and a good parsonage-house; there are also two baptist meeting-houses, a pub- lic free-school, and several private schools ; from the wharfs there is a ferry to the opposite side of the bay, about 4 miles. S T S T Statistical account of the Villages of Frelightshurg and Phllipshurg. ViUaset. § 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■s i 50 30 80 ! o 60 50 110 i 1 s 80 4. 84 i o 9 4 13 o c 1 1 2 IJ 1 2 3 i 1 2 1 3 1 3 3 6 i 1 1 I 1 It If 3 4 7 n en 4 2 6 J: 1 •i •c n 1 1 1 03 1 1 1 n ! 1 Frelightsburg Philipsburg 280 240 S20 1 1 1 T 1 1 3 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 7 ] 1 1 1 1 1 2 Marfis Village is 7 miles east of Philipsburg, and Huntsburg is almost on the province line. — The Pinnacle Mountain covers about 600 acres and rises in a conical shape to a considerable height; it is seen at a great distance in the surrounding country. Betvyeen Philipsburg and the boundary line is a high ridge of landj on which General Macombe encamped in March, 1813, when he made an incursion into the province and held possession of the village iox some time. — Among the inconveniences, under which this prosperous part of the province labours, may be enumerated the want of courts of justice, the want of a direct road to Montreal, its vicinity to the province line, with no means of bringing offenders to immediate justice, and, lastly, the inadequate remuneration allowed to those who endeavour to convey of- fenders to Montreal, in consequence of which many escape. Population 2,919 Churches, R. C. 3 Cures Schools Villages Corn-mills . Carding-mills Statistics. Fulling-mills Saw-mills . Tanneries . Hat-manufact. Potteries Potasheries Pearlasheries Breweries DistilleTies . Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 2 3 2 2 15 9 45 Animal Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats . Barley Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 41,976 45,000 , 6,000 90,000 1,502 1,906 Bushels. Peas . 11,000 Rye . 500 Buck wht. 10,000 Bushels. Ind. com 18,000 Maple sugar, cwts. 2,000 Live Stock, Cows . 3,200 1 Swine Sheep . 8,005 1 1,700 Title " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1748, faite par Holland Michel Barrin, Gouverneur, et Fraufois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Nicolas Rene Levasseur, de six lieues de terre de front sur trois lieues de profondeur le long de la riviere de Misaiskoui, dans le lac Champlain, les dites six lieues a prendre k huit arpens au dessous de la pre- mi6re chute qui se trouve a trois lieues de profondeur de la dite riviere, en remontant la susdite riviere de Missis- koui." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. % folio 35. St. Augustin (S. P. andV.), v. Dbsmaurb, S. St. Aulnes, river, crosses Montapeine and Martiniere and runs into Lauzon. St. Bakbb (P.), V. Lake of Two Moun- tains, S. St. Barbe (P.), in the r. of Aubert de L'Isle. St. Barnabb, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, is bounded n. e. by Lessard ; s. w. by Rimouski; in the rear by waste lands ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — 1^ league in front by 2 leagues in depth. Granted, Mar. 11, 1751, to Sieur Le- page de St. Barnabe. — This grant includes Pointe aux Peres or Father's Point, with the isles and islets in front of it, excepting the island of St. Barnabb, which belongs to the S. of Rimouski. In this S. are some settlements in as favourable condition as the soil and climate will admit. The Rimouski Portage road runs along the front. Tim- ber of good quality is abundant. Title. — " Concession du lime Mars, 1751, faite par le Marquis de la Jonquiire, Gouverneur, et Francois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Lepage de St. Barnabe, de cinq quaits de lieue de terre de front, sur deux lieues de profondeiu", avec les rivieres, isles et islets qui se trouveront au devant du dit terrein, a prendre depuis la concession accordee au feu Sieur Rouer de la Cardonilre, en descendant au Nord- est, jusques et compris la pointe de L'Isle aux PSres, de maniere qu'il se trouvera avoir trois lieues et un quart de front, sur deux lieues de profondeur, qui seront bornees en total a la concession des representans de feu Sieur de VitrS au Sud-ouest, et au Nord-est a la pointe de L'Isle aux Pirea" — Rigistre d'Intendance, No, 9, folio 77. St. Bbnoit (P.), V. Lake of Two Moun- tains, S. St. Blain, fief, is a dismembered part of the S. of VerchereSj and is 2'i arpents in front by 2 leagues in depth. Divided from Vercheres by an act of partition, Sept. 1686. It now belongs to Madame de Boucherville. The soil is generally a blackish friable mould, which, moderately well managed, is productive. About i of this f. is under tillage. Title. — " Ce fief est une partie demembree de la Sei- gneurie de Vercheres, comme il paroit par un acte de Foi N N 2 S T ST et Hommage rendu devant Mr. Began, alors Intendant, le 13me Fevrier, 1723, fonde sur iin acte de partage du 15me Septeinbre, 1C86, suivant lequel le front de ce fief com- mence a la ligne de separation entre les Seigneuries de Vercheres et de St. Michel, et contient vingt-trois arpens de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, sur le rumb de vent ordinaire des concessions de la Seigneurie de Ver- cliire." — Rdgistre des Foi et Hommage, folio 3, datie 30me Janvier, 1723. Ste, Catherine (P.), v. Fausembault, S. Ste. Catherine's Bav, v. Saguenay, R. St. Cesaire (P.), v. St. Hyacinthe, S. St. Charles (P.), v. LivaudierBj S. St. Charles Boromee (P.), v. Notre Dame DES AnGES, S. St. Charles Brook, in the S. of Lanoraye, is a small stream that rises in Lavaltrie and running n. e. joins the Little Chaloupe. Sr. Charles, river, in the S. of Pointe du Lac, is a small stream running into Lake St. Peter. St. Charles (R. and L ) The river, called by the Indians Cabir Coubat on account of its windings and meanderingSj is formed by the union of several streams that rise in the s. section of the t. of Stone- ham, in the co. of Quebec. It then descends into the fief St. Ignace, where it expands into a beautiful lake, to which it lends its name. Soon after it has issused from this lake it receives the united Tvaters of two small streams that run from lakes Segamite and Sebastian, with this addition it bends suddenly to the s. and takes in the tributary stream of Nelson River. It then passes the In- dian Village and rolls over a steep and irregular rock 30 ft. high, forming a beautiful and romantic cataract. In passing a mill which is under the fall the current becomes extremely narrow, and for the space of 3 miles is bounded by woody banks, on which are frequent openings cut through the trees, disclosing the rushing waters. The ra- pidity of the stream opposed by rocks produces a quantity of white foam upon its gloomy surface, accompanied by murmuririg sounds. The water- fall with the smaller cascades above it, the mill, the bridge, the village and the distant hills form an agreeable landscape. From this cataract the river descends in numerous and graceful curva- tures to the St. Lawrence, into which it falls a little above the City of Quebec, forming an estuary which is almost dry at low water, with the ex- ception of the bed of the river, and offers a con- venient strand for river craft and boats. — Lake St. Charles, fibout 13 miles fi^om the City of Quebec, and nearly 6 miles from Lorette, is a sweetly re- tired spot and an enchanting picture,, and, though lying in a low flat country, is surrounded by mountainous forests highly picturesque and ro- mantic; as it abounds in fish it is doubly in- viting. Its outline is very irregular ; its length rather more than 4 miles and its greatest breadth, does not exceed one mile: a narrow strait pro- jects nearly across, dividing its waters into almost equal parts. This lake affords one of the most exquisitely picturesque scenes in the province. The margin presents an appearance at once wiltf, romantic, and delightful; the devious course of the low banks forms numerous little bays and headlands, where the trees to the water's edge complete, by the variety of their foliage and gra- dation of size as they rise upon the different slopes, one of the richest views that can delight an admirer who prefers a prospect adorned only by the hand of nature. This charming panorama, during the spring and summer, is frequently visited on account of its arcadian beauty : the road lead- ing to it from Quebec passes all the way by the side of the river St. Charles, and by its embellish- ments greatly heightens the satisfaction of those who make the excursion, and whence no one re- turns without ample gratification. St. Charles, seigniory, in the co. of Richelieu, is bounded n. e. by St. Denis ; s. w. by Rouville ; in the rear by St. Hyacinthe ; in front by the river Richelieu. It contains 2 square leagues and was granted. Mar. 1, 1695, to Sieur Hertel de la Fresniere; it is now the property of the Hon. P. D. Debartzch — The land, generally, is not surpassed in fertility by any that surrounds it: the soil most prevalent is a fine strong loam ; in some places there is a rich vegetable mould upon a stratum of clay, and in others a mixture of clay and sand: an inconsiderable proportion remains uncultivated. The mode of husbandry is very fair, and is generally rewarded with abundant harvests. The population of the settled parts is somewhat above the numerical ratio in proportion to their extent. — The lower part of the seigniory is watered by the Riviere des Hurons, and the north-east or upper angle is crossed by the little river Miot. — The houses are scattered about the concessions, but there is no village, although there are a few houses round the church, which is de- dicated to St. CharleSj, which, with the parsonage- house, stand on the bank of the Richelieu, about ST S T-E midway between the lateral boundaries ; and near the same spot is a haiidsome manor-housej where the proprietor resides. At the western extremity of the front the Richelieu, by a sudden turn, spreads to a breadth of more than half a mile, in which ex- pansion there are two small islands, caUes les Isles aux Cerfs, which form part of the seignorialproperty . All the lands are disposed of^xcept 5 concessions, of which two extend 3 arpents by 40 each, two, 3 arpents by 30 each, and the 5th measures from 10 to 12 arpents in depth; each of these concessions has its road excepting the end of the 5th. The rent of the old-conceded lands is 1 sol per super- ficial arpentj and the rent of the more recent con- cessions is one quart of wheat per superficial ar- pent. The obstacles that retard the settlement of non-conceded lands in this S. are stated to be the expensive process necessarj^ to make water-courses, the difficulty of conveying the necessary materials on account of the badness of the roads, and the want of money. Population 1,621 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Schools . 1 Statistics. Corn-mills Hat manufact. Potasheries . Pearlasheries Just of peace Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans . . 1 1 4 2 16 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 15,600 6,500 2,600 1 Potatoes Peas Bushels. 26,000 2,600 Bushels. Rye . . 90 Indian corn 350 Live Stock. GT2 680 Cows Sheep 1,210 I -.3,400 1 Swine 950 Title. — " Concession du ler Mars, 1695, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Hertel de la Premiere, de deux lieues de terre de front sur autant de profondeur, a coramencer du cote du sud de la riviere Pichelieu aux terres du Sieur RouvUle, les dites deux lieues de front suivant et cotoyant la dite ri- viere, en descendant du cote de Snrel, et les dites deux lieues de profondeur courant du e6te du sud." — J}^gistre d'Intendance, No. 4, folio 20. St. Charles d'Yamaska, seigniory, in the CO. of Richelieu, is bounded n. e. by Bourgmarie JEast; s. w. by St. Ours; in the rear by De Ram- zay; in front by the Yamaska, comprising the isles, islets and battures in front of the S. in that river. Granted, Aug. 14, 1701, to Sieur Rene Fezeret, and is now the property of Mrs. Bar- row. The best and only cultivated part lies along the bank of the river, and extends only a short distance from it, producing .grain in Inoderatfe abundance. With the exception of this tract the S. is nearly all woodland, in some places bearing the appearance of a soil that might be made pro- fitable if cultivated with industry and a Httle skill. Titk — " Concession du Mme Aoflt, 1701, faite par Hector de Calliire, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, In- tendant, au Sieur Ilen6 Fiziret, d'une lieue et demie de terre en superficie dans la riviere de Yamaska, icelle com- prise, a prendre du Cote du sud de la dite riviere, tirant sud-est, tenant d'un bout a la Concession du feu Sieur Bourchemin, et de I'autre aux terres non-concedees, avec les isles, islets, prairies et battures adjacentes." — RSgistre d'Intendance, No. 5, folio 33. Ste. Claire, seigniory, in the co. of LTslet, is bounded n. e. by the aug. toVincelot; s.w. by Fournier and waste lands ; in the rear by waste lands; in front by Gagne and Cap St. Ignace. — About 1 league in breadth by 2 in depth. Granted, Mar. 17, 1693, to Rene Lepage. The land is very uneven, but moderately good; the timber is of great variety and superior quality. Population, 1600. Title.~." Concession du 17me Mars, 1693, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Rene Lepage, d'une lieue de terre de front a prendre k une ligne qui sera, tiree au Nord-est et Sud-ouest, pour terminer la profondeur de la concession du Sieur Couillard de I'Epinay, situee k la riviere du Sud, avec deux lieues de profondeur, joignant d'un cdtfeau Nord-est la prolonga- tion de la ligne qui fait la separation des terres du dit Sieur de I'Epinay, d'avec celle du Sieur Amiot de Vince- lot; d'autre cote, au Sud-ouest, les terres non-conced^es; d'un bout, au Nord-ouest, la dite Ligne qui termine la pro- fondeur de la terre da dit Sieur de I'Epinay, et d'autre bout au Sud-est une autre ligne paralUle qui terminera les dites deux lieues de profondeur."— iJe^sire d'Intend- ance, Lettre D. No. /is, folio 12.. St. Cloud, river, is a small stream that rises in the s. w. part of the S. of Laprairie, and run- ning N. crosses the road from St. John and soon after joins the k. St. Lambert. St. Constant (P.), v. La Salle, S. Ste. Ckoix, river, in the S. of Goufire, rises in the concession St. Croix and runs into the k. du Gouffre. It turns a saw-mill. Ste. Croix, seigniory, in the co. of Lotbiniere, is bounded n. e. by Bonsecours, Desplaines, and St. Giles ; s. w. by the S. of Lotbiniere and its aug. and the t. of Nelson ; in the rear by the t. of Leeds ; in front by the S t. Lawrence. — The original title of this concession has not been found; but it appears, from the registers of fealty and homage, that a declaration, exhibited by a notary, proved that the Dames Religieuses Ursulines possessed g T S T the seigniory of Ste. CroiXj containing one league in front by ten iii' depth, which was granted to them 16th Jan., 1637, and confirmed by M. Lau- zon, the governor, 6th Mar., 1652: it still re- mains the property of the convent — On the high and steep bank of the St. Lawrence the soil is a light-coloured loam, greatly improved by a very superior style of cultivation. Receding thence, the land decreases in height and the soil changes to a rich dark mould, which continues for some miles and then declines into extensive swamps, covered with cedar, hemlock, black ash and spruce lir : with the exception of the wet lands, the whole seigniory is abundantly clothed with fine timber of all sorts. No stream of magnitude is to be met with throughout the whole tract. The extent of non- conceded lands susceptible of cultivation is21eagues by 7-j. There is no road across these lands, nor have they been surveyed. The farms granted before 1 759 were 2 or 3 arpents in front by 30 or 40 in depth, paying one sol for quit-rent, with fines on aliena- tion, according to the custom of Paris, besides 20 sols and a capon for each front arpent. — A con- siderable number of persons are in a state to make new settlements in this S., and the quality of the lands is in general excellent. It is thought that the lumber trade retards the settlement of land in this S. No one goes to settle in the townships, there being at present an abundance of uncon- ceded lands in the S. Statistics. Population Churches, Cures . 1,556 R.C. 1 . . 1 Corn-mills , 1 Saw-mills . 1 Notaries . 1 Shopkeepers . 2 Taverns . . 1 Artisans . 18 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats Barley . Bushels. 9,-200 5,650 490 Bushels. Potatoes 5,800 Peas . 1,500 Bushels. Rye . 200 Indian com . 50 Live Stock. Horses Oxen . 560 . 289 Cows . 1,160 Sheep . 3,640 Swine . 1,400 Title " Le titre de cette concession n'a pas iti trouvd au Secretariat; il paroit seulement par le R^gistre des Foi et Hommage une declaration faite par Pierre Duquet, Notaire Royal, au nom des Dames Religieuses Ursulines de Quebec, propri^taires de la Seigneurie de Ste. Croix et autres lieux, devant Mr. Duchesneau, Intendant, qui dit, que les dites Dames possident un iief et seigneurie au lieu nommfe Platan Ste. Croix, contenant une lieue de front sur le fleuve .S*. Laurent, sur dix lieues de pro- fondeur, born6 d'un ct)ik au Sieur de Lotbiniire et d'autre aux terres non encore haWtres, aux dites Dames Reli-; gieuses appartenant par titre de I'ancienne Compagnie, en date du 16me Janvier, 1637, et confirme par Mr. de; Lauzon, Gouverneur, le 6me Mars, 16£>2."—Rigistre de» Foi et Hommage, No. 69, folio 312, le^Ame Avril, 1781- St. Cuthbebt (P. and V.), v. Bebthibr, S. in Berthier, co. St. Cuthbert, pver, in the co. of Berthier, rises in small lakes behind the seigniories of Ber- thier and Dusable. It is deep and navigable for loaded boats for 4 or 5 miles, higher up it breaks into rapids and falls. St. Damas (P.), V. St. Hyacinthb, S. St. David, river, in the co. of Yamaska, rises in the t. of Upton, and running w. through the s. angle of the S. of De Guir is joined by the Ruisseau des Chenes; it then enters Bourgmarie East, where it turns the corn-mill of J. Wurtell, Esq , and running into the S. of Yamaska falls into the E. Yamaska about one mile above Isle Joseph. St. Denis, seigniory, in the co. of Kamou- raska, is bounded n. e, by the S. of Kamouraska; s. w. by the S. of Riviere OueUe; in the rear by the unsurveyed t. ofWoodbridge; in front by the St. Lawrence. — About 1 league in breadth by 4 in depth. Granted May 12th, 1679, to Sieur de St. Denis, for, and in the name of Jo- seph Juchereau, his son, and now belongs to the heirs of Dr. Blanchette. — The soil is not much inferior to that of Riviere OueUe, but the surface is more overspread with small detached ridges, and it is crossed by the high chain of mountains near the middle of its depth. About a quarter of the grant is under culture and produces good wheat and other grain. The timber is excellent and plentiful, among which is pine of fine growth. — The principal streams are the Discharge of Lac St. Pierre and two arms of the R. Kamouraska. — The best cultivated lands are by the sides of the roads that cross the seigniory. On a rising ground, close by a little inlet called St. Denis Cove, is the telegraph station No. 10. — In the 9th year of Geo. IV. the provincial legislature enacted that £500 currency should be appUed to the making of a road between Kamouraska and Riviere OueUe to the waste lands of the crown. This road was commenced in 1830, at the uncultivated lands in the fourth range of St. Denis, at about 24 arpents from the road of La C&te de Beaubien, and continued through the waste lands of the ST. DENIS. crown beyond St. Denis, upwards of 4 miles. This road is opened in length 16 miles from north to south, its width 15 feet; it is passable for wheel carriages, and is cleared 15 feet on each side ; it crosses several brooks and five rivers of a good size. On each of those rivers good and sub- stantial bridges have been constructed, the lengths of which are as follow : — 1 . Discharge of Lake St. Peter . 26 feet 2. Petit Bras (with a pillar iu the middle) 104 3. Grand Bras ... 63 4. River du Loup . . . 70 5. Discharge of a lake whose name is unknown 14 Ditches have been dug in several parts of the road, on a width and depth adequate to the drain- ing off the water, making altogether a length of 16f arpents. The ground crossed by this road in the S. of St. Denis is generally good ; beyond that S. on the waste lands of the crown, it appears to be of a better quality still ; the whole is proper to encourage industrious and enterprising young men to settle there, those lands being in no way in- ferior to several of the best country parts in the district. There being in St. Denis 7 mountains, the road has been turned, but without much in- creasing its length ; and the hills offer no obstacle worth mentioning tothe passing of wheel- carriages. There are but few hills on the crown lands s. of St. Denis, and the few there are offer no difficulties. It appears, that, from the farthest extremity of the road opened to the river St. John, there is a very rich soil, generally level and capable of making fine settlements. Between the road of La C8te de Beaubien and the spot where the above-men- tioned road was begun are about 24 arpents, where a road is yet to be made ; the ground being swampy, it will require paving and ditching. The probable expense of making this piece of road, including compensation to the proprietor and the charges of the Grand Voyer, is in the opinion of the commissioners £95, making altogether £595 ; and, if it were the intention of the legislature to con- tinue that road as far as the river St. John, a farther sum of £1,000 currency should be added. This S. forms part of the parish of Notre Dame de Liesse. THle.—" Concession du 12me Mai, 1679, faite par le Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, au Sieur de St. Denis pour et au nom de Joseph Juc/iereau, sons fils, des terres qui sont du cote du Sud, entres celles du Sieur de Ladu- rmtaie et du Sieur de la Bouteilkrie,. le long du fleuve St. Laurent, contenant une lieue de front ou environ, sur quatre lieues dans la profondeur de la dite lieue." — Insi- nuations du Conseil Supirieur, Lettre JR. folio 36. St. Denis, seigniory, in the co. of Richelieu, is bounded n. e. by the aug. to St. Ours; s. w. by St. Charles and Cournoyer ; in the rear by St. Hy- acinthe; in- front by Contrecoeur. — It is 2 leagues in breadth and depth, and it includes the isles and islets in the n. Richelieu as far as the S. extends up that river. Granted Sept. 20, 1694, to Louis de Ganne, Sieur de Falaise. It now belongs to Madame Fleury Deschamhault. — The lands are fertile and the whole of the S. is conceded and peopled. There are 5 ranges of concessions, con- taining 250 farms, all under cultivation. Flax is raised generally and the soil is in many places fit for hemp. The lands for many leagues in this neighbourhood are considered the most productive in the district of Montreal. The sterile lands in this S. have been left covered with standing wood, and the parts that have been cleared have been abandoned. Timber has beenreserved on good lands, but not in sufficient quantities, which has obliged many to procure lands in the adjoining parishes of La Presentation, St. Ours, &c. which they keep covered with standing wood. All the lands are conceded en roture. The two ranges of conces- sions nearest the river were granted prior to 1759, at 6 livres and 1 sol quit rent for each 90 arpents ; the rents of the concessions subsequently granted are from 15 to 20 livres. It is said that none of the proprietors ever saw their contracts of con- cession. — On the s. bank of the Richelieu is the Village of St. Denis, containing from 90 to 100 houses and a very fine church, 130 ft. by 50, the whole tolerably well built in an agreeable and pleasant situation, which, when seen from the opposite side of the river, where some of the best houses and the church, with its three handsome spires, present a front view, exhibit a favourable specimen of picturesque beauty : between the main street and the river are some capacious store- houses, chiefly used as granaries, in which large quantities of corn are collected from the adjacent seigniories for exportation. Many of the houses are built with stone, and the largest is the residence of M. de St. Germain. At a school, conducted by two sisters of the congregation, 25 scholars are instructed; and there is one French school for boys supported by the cure, where there are 40 scholars. There is also another school. In the river, nearly fronting the village, is the Isle de Madere and a smaller one ; from this place there is a, seignorial ferry to the opposite seigniory of S T S T Gontrecoeur J 15 sols are charged for a carriage. It is remarkable that there are neither saw nor corn-mills on either of the streams ; there are, however, 9 wind-mills for grinding corn, 5 of which are in the front range, 1 in the second and 3 in the third. — The cattle are of the Cana- dian breed and though small are strong. — Much poultry is reared. — The timber is chiefly maple, cherry and epinette. — In proportion to the super- ficies of this seigniory it is very well inhabited.— The public roads in all directions are numerous and generally good ; the principal are those by which the communication between the rivers St. Lawrence and Yamaska is kept up. — This S. is watered by the Richelieu, which runs across the front, and by the little river, or rather rivulet, named Le Miot or L'Amiot, which rises in the 4th concession and, running diagonally across the 2nd and 3rd, discharges itself into the Richelieu in the S. of St. Charles. — There is a considerable number of persons willing and able to form new settlements, even at some distance from their re- latives; and there is, beyond the S. of St. Hya- cinthe, a large extent of fertile land, at least fer- tile in appearance, on which these persons would settle with alacrity and joy, if it was conceded on terms similar to those of this seigniory. Scarcely any one leaves this p. to settle in the townships. — Fief Cascarinette is in the lower part of the S. ; it is 16 arpents in breadth and extends the whole depth of the S. ; it now belongs to the seignior. Population 3,100 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Convents . 1 Villages . 1 Statistics. Corn-mills . Tanneries Hat manufact. Potteries Potasheries . Pearlasheries Just, of Peace Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns , Artisans 2 1 1 9 2 19 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. , 18,200 . 7,800 260 Bushels. Potatoes 30,000 Peas . 5,200 Bushels. Rye . 200 Indian corn 610 Live Stock. 1,1501 Cows 1,200 1 Sheep 1,3001 6,500 1 Swine 1,750 Title. — " Concession du 20me Septembre, 1694., faite par Louis du Buade, Gouvemeur, et Jean Bochart, In. tendant, a Louis de Ganne, Sicur de Falaise, de deux lieues de terre de profondeur derriere la terre et Seigneurie de Contrccaur, sur toute la largcur d'icelle, qui est de deux lieues, laquelle profondeur passera en partie uu deli de la iivifire ChamWy, et couna les niemes rumbs de vent que la dite terre de Contrecceur ; avec les isles et islets qui se, trouveront dans la dite riviere Chambly par le travers de la dite profondeur." — Rigistre d' Intendance, No. 4, folio 17. •—Rigistre i'lntendance, 9, folio 61i St. Dennis, township, in the co. of Rimouski, is bounded n. b. and s. b. by waste lands; a. w. by the t. of Matane ; n. and n. w. partly by the St. Lawrence and partly by the S. of Matane. The hiUs, called the Paps of Matane, are in this township, which is well watered in front by various small streams, and in the rear by the r. Matane. — Ungranted and vnlocatcd, 40,000 acres. Stb. Elizabeth (P.), v. Lanoraye, S. St. Esprit (P.), v. L'Assomption, S. St. Esprit, river, is formed by two branches that rise in Rawdon and Kilkenny and meet a little within the rear line of L'Assomption, which S. the Riviere St. Esprit partly traverses in its course to the S. of St. Sulpice, where it joins the R. L'Assomption. St. Etibnnb (P.), v. Beaumont, S. St. Etienne, river, discharges itself into the Saguenay on the w. side, about a mile below the Ruisseau des Grosses Roches. St. Etienne, seigniory, in the co. of Beauce, joins the s. angle of the rear line of Lauzon and is bounded N. b. by the r. Chaudi^re; s. w. by St. Giles; s. and'E. by Ste. Marie. It is 3 leagues by 2. Granted, Oct. 7, 1737j to Frangois Etienne Cugnet, and is now the property of Pozer, Esq. — In soil and timber this seigniory is very similar to the rear part of Lauzon. — At a little distance from the Chaudiere are some ranges of settlements tolerably fertile and apparently well managed. Title — "Concession du 7me Octobrc, 17S7, faite par le Marquis de Beauharnois, Goiiverneur, et GUlcs Hoe- quart, Intendant, au Sieur Franqois Etienne Cugnet, d'un terrain restant i. concSder vis-a-vis la Seigneurie apjiarte- nante aux h^ritiers Jolliet, sur la riviere du Sault de la Chaudiere, du c6t6 du Sud-ouest, depuis le bout de la pro- fondeur de la Seigneurie de Lauzon jusqu'a celle nouvelle- ment conc^dee au Sieur Taschereau, contermiit environ trois lieues de front sur la dite riviere du Snult de la Chaudihe, au Sud-ouest de la dite riviire, sur deux lieues de profondeur, ensemble les isles et islets qui se Uouve- ront dans la dite riviere dans I'espace du dit terrein du cole du Sud-ouest, suivunt qu'elles se trouveront situees au devant du dit terrein, et les lacs qui se trouveront situ6s sur les dites ten-es."—Registrc d'Intendance, No. 8. folio 20. ^ St. Etienne, fief, in the co. of St. Maurice. Granted, Apr. 13, 1/40, to the Company of the Forges at St. Maurice. 3 leagues deep by 2 broad. It belongs to the crown, and is let, with other pre- S T S T perty, to Messrs. Munro and Bell. It is btit little cultivated, although it has a mixture of marl and in many places a rich black vegetable earth ; the ground is irregular, as in the S. of St. Maurice, but rising into stronger ridges on the north-vrest. This fief has several divisions or c&tes called Rouge, de Grand Pont, Croche, Turcotte, de 14 Arpens, and St. Jean. The upper lands are well covered with maple, birch, beech, and ash ; but on the low grounds, which are wet in some places, there are only the usual inferior kinds, but these in great abundance. In this grant are several pineries which produce trees of a superior growth, par- ticularly the one a little below and on Pigeon Island. — Iron ore, which at one time was found plentifully in several parts of this fief, is now only met with in the rear. Quarries of lime- stone, a good gray stone, and some other hard species fit for building are opened on the banks of the St. Maurice, near the falls of Gros and those of Gabelle a little below Wood for the purposes of the forges is produced in abundance ; great quantities of it are felled and carried by sleighs every winter to the furnaces, where it is made into charcoal for the use of the smelting- houses : it was in consequence of the great de- mand, from the continual consumption of this article, that the additional tract of crown land was granted on the renewal of the lease. — The foundery of St. Maurice is situated in this fief, in a beautiful valley, at the confluence of a small stream with the St. .Maurice, about eight miles above the town of Three Rivers ; here the high banks of the river, embellished with every va- riety of fine trees in groups on each side, the dark hue of the large pineries and immense surrounding forests, and the more distant and softened shades of the lofty mountains that bound the view, form together a bold and magnificent prospect when viewed from the place where the road ascends the brow of the ridge that over- looks the valley. The foundery itself is replete with conveniences for carrying on an extensive concern; furnaces, forges, casting-houses, work- shops, &c. with the dwelling-houses and other buildings, have altogether the appearance of a to- lerably large village. The articles manufactured here consist of stoves of all descriptions that are used throughout the provinces, large caldrons or kettles for making, potashes, machinery for mills. with cast and wrought iron work of all denomii nations ; large quantities of pig and bar iron are exported : the number of men employed is from 250 to 300; the principal foremen and persons engaged in making models, &c. are either En- glish or Scotch ; the workmen are generally Ca- nadians. In the early establishment of this foun- dery, about 1737^ the ore was found in great abundance near the surface, of a quality not in- ferior to many of the best mines of Europe for pliability. At first the mode of working the dif- ferent veins was managed with very little skill, but in 1739 an artisan was brought from France who combined a knowledge of the different branches of manufacturing wrought and cast iron with a competent .skill in working the mines ; from this acquisition great improvements took place, which have progressively increased, and the establishment is now carried on with almost as much ability, and on the same principle, as similar concerns in Eng^ land and Scotland. It is singular that neither of the provinces produces sand proper for the pur- poses of casting iron ; the proprietors of these works, therefore, import from England all they use in that operation. Since the year 1806 Messrs. Munro and Bell have occupied these valuable pre- mises; previous to that period the annual rent was £800 : on the termination of their former lease they were very reasonably entitled to the consideration of the government in reletting them> and therefore their rent was reduced 50 per cent. St. Eustache, lake, in the t. of Blandford, discharges itself into the k. Origuaux. It is about 100 acres in superficial extent and contains fish. St. Eustache (P. and V.), v. Riviere du Chbne in MiLLE Isles. Ste. Famille (P.), V. Orleans Island. St. Ferbol (P.), V. Cote de Beaupre, S. St. Francis, Inferior District of, v. Districts. St. Francis, lake, in the townships of Garthby and Coleraine, is of considerable size, and being divided into two parts forms two sheets of water, which are connected by a short river or channel. One of these parts is 12 or 14 miles in length and very irregular in breadth ; the other is about half that length. The lake is surrounded in every di- rection by lofty wood-covered mountains, approach- ing each other so close on either side of the little river as almost to cut off the communication of the 00 ST. FRANCIS. waters between the two parts of the lake : these mountains contain iron ore in many places. St. FranciSj river, in the co. of Beauce, is a small stream in the S. of Vaudreuil; it turns a corn-mill and runs into the k. Chaudiere near the church. St. Francis, river, in the cos. of Rimouski and Kamouraska, rises in a small L. of the same name in the highlands and falls into the R. St. John in a s. E. direction. This is the only river on the Temiscouata Portage that runs constantly in a south direction. St. Francis, river, in the cos. of Sherbrooke, Drummond, and Yamaska, tises in l. St. Francis and in several streams descending from the southern townships. From Lake St. Francis in Garthby and Coleraine this river rilns about 30 miles in a s. w. direction to the t. of Ascot, and then taking a course nearly n. w. it runs about 70 miles and discharges itself into Lake St. Peter. The whole length of this river cannot be less than 100 miles. The country from which it collects its waters is of a triangular shape, each side being about 60 miles, the vertex being at the embouchure into Lake St. Peter, and the base a line extending from the south point of Memphramagog to the easterly point of Lake St. Francis. The area will there- fore be about 1500 square miles, or equal to 15 ordinary townships. In the north its shape is very narrow. From Lake St. Francis it traverses the T. of Weedon, where it makes an expansion called Lake Weedon ; it then waters the s. angle of Dudswell and the w. angle of Bury, after which it divides the triangular t. of Westbury into two nearly equal parts and enters the t. of As- cot, where it takes a sudden turn to the n. w., and passes the villages of Lennoxville and Sherbrooke, at each of which places it receives a great acces- sion of waters that originally come from the United States, descending by the rivers Coaticook and Magog. The confluence of the united waters of the rivers Massiwippi, Coaticook, and Salmon Ri- ver, with the R. St. Francis, near Lennoxville, is called the Upper Locks; and the junction of the K. Magog with the St. Francis at Sherbrooke Vil- lage is called the Lower Locks. A little below Hyatt's Mills there is a very singular high rock in the river, on the pinnacle of which stands one solitary pine-tree of large dimensions ; the rock and the tree form an object extraordinarily unique. From Ascot the b. St. Francis becomes the boun- dary line of 12 townships, separating Brompton, Melbourne, Durham, Wickham, and Grantham, on the west bank, from Stoke, Windsor, Shipton, Kingsey, Simpson, and Wendover, on the east bank : after this it divides Upton from the S. of Courval and becomes the n. e. boundary of De Guir ; it then divides Pierreville into two parts and enters the S. of St. Frangois, where it washes the Indian Village, and dividing into several branches, which form various islands, loses itself in the waters of Lake St. Peter — The River St. Francis is one of the communications by which a considerable and increasing traffic is carried on between the S. of St. Frangois and the southern townships, and also the United States. The na- vigation is difficult and exceedingly laborious, owing to the great number of rapids and falls ; but as the river presents a direct route for send- ing the produce of these districts to a certain market, these obstacles are resolutely overcome by the industrious settlers on each side of the boundaries, and large quantities of pot and pearl ashes, and various other commodities, are every summer brought down by it into the St. Law- rence for Quebec. Great quantities of British manufactured goods are also sent upwards to the United States. The navigation from Lake Mem- phramagog to the St. Lawrence is opposed by many and powerful natural obstructions. From the outlet of the lake to the place where the stream joins the St. Francis is about 19 miles, in which distance there is a singular alternation of violent rapids and still water where the current is most tediously slow ; about f of a mile before it enters the river there is what is termed a. fall — not indeed from a perpendicular height, but the bed of the river being very much contracted, and the current broken by high ledges of rock, it is impossible for boats to pass it ; even single sticks of timber are seldom sent down it, as experience has proved that they never escape without being much bruised, if not absolutely shivered to pieces : in this short distance the whole descent is from 170 to 180 feet. At this place the scows and boats are unloaded, their contents carried to the end of the fall, and there re-embarked in other craft ready to receive them ; hence they are borne down by a gentle current about six miles to the Great Brompton Falls, about two miles in length : S T ST as empty boats can run down them on the west side only^ the cargoes are again taken out and con- veyed to the foot of the falls, where the boats are reladen and proceed about seven miles farther to the Little Brompton Falls; a repetition of the former labours must again take place, as they can be passed by nothing but light craft : at this point the portage is no more than 250 yards. A mile or two farther on is Dutchman's Shoot, where the river is narrowed by a ledge of rocks and two small islands forming a rapid, through which, with much care and some difficulty, loaded boats can pass. After this a current, rapid and slow in succession, continues, without impediment, for 15 miles to Kingsey Portage ; this is a confined part of the river, with a large rock in the middle of it, which is covered when the water is very high, and at which time only the loaded boats are able to pass it ; the current rushes through the channel with great impetuosity and retains its violence for more than a mile beyond it. Hence no ma- terial obstacles present themselves until arriving at Menue Falls, about 20 miles ; these are f of a mile long and only practicable for empty boats. Lord's Falls, about 2 mUes farther down, and about the same length as those of Menue, are subject to the same inconvenience or even greater, for unless the water be very high they cannot be passed by the light boats. At 6 miles below this fall is the commencement of a very rapid current that continues for 15 miles, and when passed all difficulties are overcome and the river is free into Lake St. Peter. From the upper part to the lower part of the k. it varies in breadth from 100 yards to nearly a mile, and about 16 miles from its mouth it is only about 30 ft. wide and very shallow. Notwithstanding this troublesome med- ley of land and water carriage, the trade now car- ried on is very considerable, as more than 1500 barrels of ashes only have been brought down in one summer. — In Wickham and Grantham the St. Francis abounds with bass, salmon, pickerel, sturgeon, and pike. St. Fkancois (P.), v. Batiscan, S. St. Fkancois (P.), v. Bbrthiee, S.,in Belle- chasse, co. St. Francois (S.), v. Orleans Island. St. Francois, seigniory, in the co. of Ya- maska, is bounded n. e. by Lussaudiere ; s. w. by Yamaska ; in the rear by De Guir ; in front by Lake St. Peter. — li league in front by nearly 2 in depth. Granted, Oct. 8, 1678, to Sieur Cre- vier, and is now the property of M. Le Gendre and some families of the Abenaqui Indians. This S. is low towards Lake St. Peter. The Bay of St. Francois and some others indent it rather deeply and occasion large tracts of marsh land along their shores ; at a short distance from them are some very fine meadows, and farther to the interior the soil is good, in most parts rather light and sandy. The timber is but of indifferent qua- lity, and chieily consists of spruce fir, hemlock, and cedar; on the driest land there is a little maple and beech. The river St. Francis, with a few smaller streams, water it very well. — About one half of this grant is in a state of cultivation ; the best settled and most improved parts lie on each side of the St. Francis. At the descent of this river into the St. Lawrence are several islands attached to the grant ; the largest is nearly four miles long, and is partly cultivated and very well settled; the church and parsonage-house belonging to the seigniory stand on this island, where canoes are always in readiness to convey travellers to William Henry at the rate of five shillings each person, although there is not an established ferry : this passage is generally pre- ferred in summer to the post roads. The other islands are low, some affording a little meadow land, but they are principally covered' with wood. — There are several roads; the main road, from the eastward to William Henry, crosses the river at a ferry near the Abenaqui village, where 3d. is paid for each person and Is. for a horse and carriage. By the river St. Francis a consider- able and increasing traffic is carried on with the southern townships, and also with the United States. — The Parish of St. Frangois Zavier, by the regulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, extends from Bale St. Antoine to Yamaska, and includes Kus- sodiere or Lussaudiere, Pierreville, and St. Fran- 9ois, with the exception of that part which be- longs to the Indian Mission. — All the lands in this parish are conceded, and many of the con- cessions were granted before 1759 at a very low price, viz. at half a sol or one sol per arpent, each land or farm extending from 2 to 3 arpents in front to 30 or 40 in depth ; the concessions made subsequently to 1759 were granted on nearly the oo2 ST same conditions.— l^'or an account of the Abenaqm Village, SfC. vide Indians. Population 2,920 Churches, R. C. 1 Cur^s . 1 Villages . 1 Statistics. Corn-mills . Saw-mills Notaries Shopkeepers 2 Taverns . 1 Artisans . 1 4 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Bai'ley Horses Oxen Bushels. 18,,SO0 14,000 1,000 995 750 Potatoes Peas Bushels. 11,900 5,000 Bushels, Rye . . 215 Indian corn 250 Live Stock. Cows Sheep 1,600 1 Swine 5,500 1 ■2,001 Title.—" Concession du 8me Octobre, 1678, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, au Sieur Crevier, de la Sei- gneurie de St. Franfois, contenant une lieue de profondeur en montant dans la riviere de St. Frangois; ensemble les isles et islets qui sont dans la dite profondeur, et une lieue de large d'un cote de la dite riviere au Nord, a prendre au bout de la terre et Seigneurie du Sieur de la Lussaudiere, ensemble les terres qui se trouveront de I'autre cote de la dite riviere au Sud ; k commencer au bout de la terre et Seigneurie de St. Francois et jusqu'aux homes du Sieur de Lavaliere." — Rigislre d'Intendance, N'o. 2 a9, folio 146. St. Francois des Salles (P.), v. Okleans Island. St. Fkancois Zavibr (P.), v. St. FrancoiSj in Yamaska, co. St. Gabriel, seigniory, in the co. of Quebec, is bounded n. e. by St. Ignace; s. w. by Gau- darviUe, Faussembault and waste lands ; in front by Sillery ; in the rear by fief Hubert and wasj;e lands. — 2 leagues in front, but as the lateral boundaries do not run parallel, its breadth in the rear is more than four leagues ; its depth is ten leagues. Granted, Apr. 16th, 1647, to Sieur Giffard, and is now the property of the crown. — Of this tract, 2i leagues were granted. Mar. 13th, 1651, to the Hurons- inhabiting the village of La Jeune Lorette, and the remainder transferred by donation, Nov. 2, 1667, to the Order of Je- suits, by Sieur GifiFard. — The lower part of this seigniory is good fertile land, the soil in general a fine black mould ; near the first mountains, and in the vicinity of Lake St. Charles, it is a light loam ; the remainder, and much the largest por- tion of the grant, is so extremely rough and mountainous, as to be wholly unfit for agricul- tural purposes. The lands on the farther side of the R. Jacq. Cartier, in this S., are mountainous ; ST some settlements might nevertheless be made in the neighbourhood of Lake Tsonnontonan, where there is good hard wood. — Timber about the front is rather scarce, of inferior size and little value ; but on the sides of the rising grounds, and in the interior, beech, maple, and birch are abundant and there is some pine, and in some places a little good oak may be found. — The river St. Charles bends a most picturesque course from n. w. to s. b. for nearly two leagues along the lower part of the seigniory, and receives the waters of several small tributary streams that completely answer the pur- poses of irrigation. The rivers Jacques Cartier, St. Anne, and Batiscan cross it at diflFerent points between the mountains. — As far as about six miles from the front, all the land is in a flourishing state of cultivation, every where interspersed with well-built houses, good gardens and well-stocked farms : beyond this, a wilderness spreads on every side, dreary and untrodden by human beings, except by the Indians in their hunting-excur- sions. — The church and parsonage of St. Am- broise, the church of La Vielle Lorette, the church and village of La Jeune Lorette, are all within this grant. Roads in every direction com- municate with Quebec and the surrounding seig- niories. A road might he made through the gorges of Mount Tsonnontonan, to the river Aux Pins, but it would be necessary to re- move a large quantity of stone. — The church ot La Vielle Lorette is pleasantly situated on the w. side of a little branch of the river St. Charles, on a rising ground, and nearly surrounded by a grove of small but handsome pine trees. The parsonage- house is the residence of Mr. Deschenaux, the grand vicar and cure of the parish : this gentle- man, who is well known and highly esteemed, has exerted his good taste to great advantage upon the gardens and other embellishments of the place. The mountain called Tsounonthouan is on the N. bank of the R. Jacques Cartier, and is about 24 miles n. w. of Quebec. It forms the most southern angle of the vast body of granitic moun- tains, which extends from the coasts of Labrador along the north shore of the river St. Lawrence to Quebec, and thence to the Ottawa, the northern banks of Lakes Huron and Superior, and cover nearly the whole country to the north, with the exception of the valley of the Saguenay, to Hudr son's Bay. Its elevation is about 2,000 feet ST. GABRIEL. above the level of the St. Lawrence. It is di- vided into two parts forming two distinct sum- mits, and is remarkable for presenting, on all sides, an appearance nearly similar, and for the extent of space which it covers, which has en- titled it to the name given to it by the Indians, and which means the " Great Mountain." — Al- though the distance from Quebec is so incon- siderable, it is only within the last eight years that there have been any settlements nearer to this mountain than twelve miles; the whole valley of the river Jacques Cartier, above the bridge for about 30 miles in length, and varying in breadth from 10 to 20 miles, having remained entirely unsettled, owing to the expensiveness of forming roads over the swampy grounds in the rear of the old settlements and the difficulty of obtaining grants. This mountain until lately was perhaps never ascended by any persons except Indians. In 1826, five inhabitants of Valcartier visited the summit of this mountain for the first time. After leaving the settlement on Dr. Blan- chet's grant, and after ascending for some time, they arrived at a level along the bank of the tor- rent which divides the mountain on the s. e. side, and in half an hour they reached an old Indian cabin on the western bank of the same torrent. Quebec and the surrounding country were occa- sionally visible through the trees, of high growth, which cover the mountain. On leaving the tor- rent the ascent became very rugged and steep ; in about ten minutes the party reached a beautiful spring issuing from under a rock, which they de- nominated the Holy Well; in fifteen minutes they were stopped by immense masses of granite forming insurmountable walls, but found to the left a narrow regular passage between two per- pendicular masses, which they called Hope Gate ; at a quarter past eleven, after passing several caverns and rents in the rock of great apparent extent and depth, they reached the summit of the south-eastern angle of the w. top of the mountain, and selected, for a station at this point, a large mass of granite elevated about five feet from the general level of the ground, with an even and nearly circular surface of between 20 and 30 feet in diameter. On the n. of this rock they erected a British flag, on the top of a high spruce tree, and deposited in the ground, in a glass bottle, a piece of the copper coin of his late Majesty. Some trees were felled at this station to open the view of the country to the s. e. of the moun- tain. The party then proceeded to explore the s. side of the summit of the mountain. It is level and of great extent, covered with a deep soil of light loam, over which there are several inches of the white soft sand, so frequently met with throughout the country in virgin ground beneath the black mould of decomposed leaves. The timber is white birch of large growth, of the sort of which the bark is used by the Indians for bark works. In the centre of this point of the mountain is a hollow, partaking something of the nature of a swamp. Generally, the earth and vegetable growth indicate a more moist atmosphere than on the low grounds. To the south of the station there is a vast square block of granite, under which there is a well of living water. More to the w., the top of the mountain offers the most interesting appearance. At the summit the descent commences by a semicircular wall of granite, of great extent, about 30 feet in height ; below this there is an extensive semicircular and level terrace, about 150 feet wide, at the outer edge of which the descent continues by a perpen- dicular wall of solid granite, of about 100 feet in height. To these parts of the mountain, paths were marked out. The view from this top of the mountain is extensive and grand beyond concep- tion, no other country perhaps afltbrding equal advantages in this respect to the valley of the St. Lawrence at this particular part of it, where it begins to open out into the level country on both banks, which is included within the ranges of the northern mountains, and the southern chains, extending from the mouth of the St. Law- rence to the White mountains in n. Hampshire, and the Green mountains in Vermont. The ob- jects comprised in the view from the s. b. angle of the w. summit of Tsounonthouan, extend over a space of about 3,600 superficial miles, of which the surface of the St. Lawrence alone occupies about 200 miles, it being visible in its length, at intervals, upwards of 90 miles. Looking towards the E. the most distant view includes about 40 miles in depth of the mountains in the rear of Cape Torment, and extends to the sources of the Jacques Cartier and the mountains on the w. waters of the Saguenay ; over the Charlesbourg Mountains, the mountains on the s. shore behind the river Quelle are distinctly visible, and are followed by the eye without interruption to the ST. GABRIEL. Highlands, between the sources of the rivers St. John, Penobscot, Kennebec, Connecticut, Etche- min, Chaudiere, Becancour, and Nicolet : on the N. shore the southern edges of the northern moun- tains begin to be visible at the St. Maurice, and thence rise gradually to the mountains of the Lake of the Seven Islands and the sources of the Port- neuf ; in the middle ground the St. Lawrence is visible from St. Vallier to the Point of Cham- plain, although occasionally concealed by the high grounds of Quebec, St. Augustin, Jacques Cartier, and GrondineSj close to the northern bank. Que- bec, and the whole of the open and settled country on both banks, from Beaumont to Grondines, are distinctly seen. In the foreground, and as it were under the feet of the spectator, lies the whole valley of the Cartier, from the Nuns' Hill to the bridge, with its lakes, swamps and patches of opening settlements, the river, its islands and falls, at intervals, opening from behind the natural forest, which yet covers nearly the whole of its banks ; to the left. Lake St. Charles is visible, and to the right, Ontarletsi, or Lake St. Joseph, shows its broad expanse partially concealed by the skirt of the Great Mountain. Time did not admit of a view from the northern side of the mountain, over the valley of Pine River and Lake Tantare. It is known to be one uninterrupted continua- tion of mountains, to the valley of the Saguenay. From the general clearness of the atmosphere in North America, and the facility of perceiving objects relieved by the sky, it is probable that, with the aid of good glasses, signals at this moun- tain would communicate with Chambly Moun- tain by only one intervening station on the s. shore ; one or two intervening stations would also communicate with the White Mountains, which are visible from the Atlantic ; four or five inter- vening stations from Chambly would probably communicate with New York, making only six or seven stations between Quebec and New York, through which intelligence might be communi- cated in a few minutes, and at a very small ex- pense. The settlement of Valcartier was commenced in August, 1816; the first clearings were two leagues from the last Canadian settlements. Pre- vious to the commencement of this settlement there was no road passable for a cart, or even for a single horse, in the interval between the last Canadian settlements and the new establishment. This tract, two leagues wide, was rendered im- passable in summer by morasses and small streams, which, however, being frozen in winter, the Canadian settlers were enabled to go a distance of 1-1 league for the purpose of procuring wood. — A road, two-thirds of a league, was made by the grantees. — All the persons settled in the 5th con- cession, excepting one Canadian, are emigrants from Scotland and Ireland, 5 of them are Irish and 4 Scotch; most of them arrived in 1818. With industry and honesty they have a fair prospect of becoming landholders and capable of supporting their families with the produce of their farms. — The following table will show the pro- gressive increase of this settlement. Fopulatioa 1821 1824 1828 182 312 338 ChUdren . 83 , . Servants 27 , Horses 19 33 59 Oxen 28 14 60 Cows 65 118 130 Swine 58 73 193 In the Parish of St. Ambroise, all the lands fit for culture are conceded, and even those not fit for agricultural purposes are conceded but not sur- veyed. The want of means prevents the youths of this p. from making new settlements ; if they were furnished for one or two years with pro- visions, utensils, and the necessary live stock, there would not be so many living on emplacemens where they exist miserably. — For an account of the Hurons, 8fc. vide Indians. ST S T Statistics. Parishes. 1 t 1 ! o 1 > e CO 'a s M 1 1 g s 1 ■g s 1 c 1 1 1 ■E < Ancienne Lorette Jeune Ijorette St. Ambroise Valcartier 74,1 165 1613 338 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 15 20 Totals. 2857 3 3 2 2 2 6 2 1 Parishes. Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. Live Stock. 1 1 i 1 k 1 i +3 n s 1 s % o i en i Ancienne Lorette Jeune Lorette St. Ambroise Valcartier 8667 11700 402 12410 IS 26500 4900 1000 2000 500 950 1000 100 2300 18 3500 1800 26200 70 60100 15600 500 327 150 100 200 lis. 16 1887 147 296 8 644 59 300 16 659 60 592 13 1740 8500 370 444 45 1030 193 Totals. 20769 43825 3500 2050 7618 101970 977 300 2792 1007 1035 1987 10810 1732 Title " Concession du 16me Avril, 1647, faite par la Conipagnie au Sieur Gifard, de la Seigneurie de St. Gabriel, a prendre au meme endroit que sa pr6sente con- cession. (Beaufort) rangeant icelle de proche en proche, autant qu'il se pourra faire, sur dix lie-ues de profondeur dans les terres vers le Nord- Ouest. Par le papier Terrier, Tome 2e, Folio 655, le susdit fief avoit originaircment deux lieues de front. Cette concession ne joint pas Beauport, parce que la concession de Notre Dame des Anges, qui est entre les deux est plus ancienne." Cahiers d'Intendance, No. 2 d 9, folio 73. St. Gabhhil (V.), v. St. Michel, S. St. George (P.), v. Noyan, S. St. George, river, in the S. of St. Sulpice. Ruisseau St. George rises near the boundary line of L'Assomption, and taking a n. e. direction runs into the R. L'Assomption. St. George (V.), v. Settrington, t. St. Genevieve (P.), v. Batiscan, S. St. Genevieve (P.), v. Montreal. St. Genevieve (V.) v. St. Michel, S. St. Gervais, seigniory, in the co. of Belle- chasse, is hounded N. b. by the t. of Armagh; s. w. by the s. of Montapeine ; in the rear by the T. of Buckland; in front by the augmentations of Beaumont and St. Michel and the S. of Livau- dj^re. — 2J leagues in breadth, by the same in depth. Granted September 20th, 1752, to Sieur Michel Jean Hugues Pean de Livaudiere.— On account of the irregularity and mountainous na- ture of its surface, one half of the S. is unfit for cultivation, although the soil itself is not bad. being principally a light-coloured loam. It abounds in timber of the best species, and is wa- tered by the rivers du Sud, le Bras, Ruisseau du Moulin, &c. besides 4 lakes and sheets of water of minor size. — One of the principal occupations of the inhabitants during the spring is the manu- facture of maple-sugar, of which they contrive to send considerable quantities to market. — There are 8 ranges of concessions, 7 of which are con- ceded ; the first which contains the church is the most settled, and three-fourths of the first and se- cond concessions are under cultivation ; about lialf of the third and fourth, and one- fifth of the fifth concession are cultivated. — The village contains 30 houses. — Some veins of stone are found in the first range. — The apparel of two-thirds of the inhabitants is made of Canadian cloth, neverthe- less, more of English manufacture is used here than in any of the seigniories lower down the St. Lawrence.— The Parish of St. Gervais extends 6 leagues in front, from St. Vallier to the concession east of the r. Etchemin, comprehending the whole of the S. of St. Gervais, part of Lauzon, and the fief belonging to Mrs. Reid. In this parish few or no lands remain unconceded, though in some parts there are no roads, none even surveyed. — Many young men in this p. are desirous of set- tling on lands near their parents and friends; their only opportunity is in the S. of JolUet, ST s r where the number of lands is insufficient. No one leaves the parish to settle in the townships or in the neighbouring crown lands. Statistics of the Parish of St. Gervais. Population . 1,147 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats Barley . Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 6,500 6,700 i,ooa 10,000 Peas Rye BuckT-.wheat Indian corn Bushels. 4,000 50 210 Bushels. Mixed grain . 50 Maple sugar, cwts. 357 Hay, tons . 828 Live Stock. 380 1 Cows . 790 1 Swine . 650 400 1 Sheep . 2,300 1 Title. — " Concession du 20me Septembre, 1752, faite au Sieur Michel Jean Hugues Pian de LivaudUre d'un terrein non-concede derriSre la Seigneurie de Beaumont, et qui se trouve enclavS entre les lignes des Seigneuries de St. Michel au Nord-est et de Livaudiere, au Sud-ouest, ce qui compose deux lieues de front sur una lieue seule- ment de profondeur, laquelle lieue de profondeur joint la ligne du trait-quarrS des profondeurs des dites Seigneuries de St. Michel et de Livaudiere, et en outre quatre lieues et un quart de front ou environ (ce qui est appelc St. Gervais sur la Carte) sur trois lieues de profondeur, ^ prendre au bout des profondeurs de St. Michel des deux lieues ci-dessus concedfies et de la Seigneurie de Livau- diere, laquelle ^tendue de terrein de quatre lieues et un quart de front, ou environ, sera bornee par devant au trait-quarr^ des lignes de profondeurs de St, Michel, des deux lieues ci-dessus concedees, et de Livau- diere; par derriere par une ligne droite et parallele joig- nant aux terres non-concedees ; au Nord-est par la con- tinuation de la ligne de separation des dites Seigneuries de St. Valier et de St. Michel, et au Sud-ouest fegalement par continuation de la ligne de separation de la dite Seigneurie de Livaudiere, a celle nouvellement couc6d6e a Mr. de la Martiniire ; lesquels terreins de deux lieues de front sur une lieue de profondeur et de quatre lieues et un quart de fi'ont ou environ sur trois lieues de profondeur ci-dessus d^signiSs ne feront avec les Seigneuries de St. Michel et de Livaudiere, appartenant dfeja. au Sieur Pean qu'une seule et rafime Seigneurie." — RSgistre d'Intendance, Ifo. 10, folio 9. St. Giles, seigniory, in the co. of Lotbini^re, is bounded' n. b. by Lauzon, St. Etienne, and Ste. Marie ; s. w. by Ste. Croix and the t. of Leeds ; in the rear by Leeds and the N. angle of Broughton ; in front by the seigniories of Gaspe and Desplaines. — 2-| leagues broad by 6 deep. Granted Apr. 1, 1738, to Rageot de ; the present proprietors are the heirs of the late Judge Davison. — This seigniory is of very irregular fornij the greatest length being about 18 miles and breadth 8. It contains about 160,000 acres, and is watered through its whole length by the Beau- rivage, which is swelled by the accession of nu- merous smaller streams. Craig's road runs along the banks of this river for 12 miles. The number of concessions is 22, containing 524 lots. — No parish has been formed in this seigniory. It is considered as a part of St. Nicholas, the cure of which occasionally says mass within the limits of St. Giles. — The most populous and best settled parts are those which lie upon Craig's road, and that which leads from this road to Ste. Marie. The other parts are but partially settled, but fresh lots are in daily demand. — Two of the most northernly concessions lying on the river Noire and west of the Beaurivage are low, fiat land, with some swamps and some patches of hard wood consisting of birch and maple. The other kinds of timber are chiefly cedar, ash, elm, spruce and red epinette. — The next four concessions lying along the river Beaurivage, principally on the east side but partly on the west, are in general sandy ; with the exception of the points, as they are called, of alluvial soil lying next to the river and on a lower level than the rest of the land. Each lot has some point land, more or less, from 2 to 30 arpents. The timber on the points con- sists of elm, ash, maple and butternut. The re- mainder of these concessions contain spruce, red epinette and black birch, with some pine and a little maple and cedar; in some places there are considerable swamps. — The south-eastern part, lying between the Beaurivage and the branch called the Fourchet, is named the Mountains. There are 12 or 14 concessions in this part. The soil is here much better than in the low parts of the seigniory. Almost all the new settlers prefer it ; and many of the inhabitants of the lower parts, finding the lands there poor, have left them and gone to the mountains. The soil here is sandy, but produces very good crops. The wood on the hills consists of maple, beech, hemlock, basswood, elm and spruce ; and in the hollows between the hills it consists of spruce, sapin, hemlock, cedar and some ash. The banks of the rivers are in genei-al steep, with little point land. The land is for the most part stony. — The cleared land in the whole seigniory may be estimated about 10,000 acres, the uncleared about 150,000. Perhaps one-eighth of the whole consists of swamps, one-half of flat land, and the remainder hilly and rocky. — The timber, both of the hard and soft kinds, is very good : there is, however, but little good pine. Mr. Caldwell has, for the last 6 or 7 years, bought annually about 20,000 spruce saw logs for his S T mills at St. Nicholas. The trees in general are not very large^ hut the wood is of excellent qua- lity. There has heen a good deal of very fine red epinette, and there yet remains some hard wood of which the hirch and maple are the hest. — With respect to the waters of this seigniory, every hrook is believed to run either into the Beaurivage or into some branch of it. Except this river, there is none of any importance, and its source as well as that of the Fourchet is unknown. The general opinion among the inhabitants is, that they are outlets of lakes in the township of Broughton. The branch called Le Bras is believed to have its rise in a small lake in Lauzon. The Black River runs out of a large swamp in the rear of the most northernly concession. The Beaurivage is nowhere navigable ; the rapidity of its descent is very con- siderable, and in the spring and fall the stream is very powerful. In the heat of summer the waters are very low, and sometimes insuificient to turn a grist-mill of one pair of stones. In the upper part of the seigniory the bed of the river is prin- cipally solid rock and the descent rapid. — With re- gard to the population, it appears there are about 12 men above 60 years of age, 270 between 16 and 60, 170 women and 280 children. Three persons have received licences to keep taverns. — Education here is in a very low state, there being no school of any kind in the seigniory. There is one school- house, however, nearly finished, and another partly subscribed for ; but the people, though very anxious to have schools, are as yet too poor to be capable of supporting them. In so great an ex- tent less than three schools would be insufficient, and that number could not at present be main- tained without assistance. — There is at present one church or chapel, and another is to be com- menced on the St. Mary's road. — Of cattle there are some fine oxen and the Americans have good cows, but much attention does not appear to be yet paid to the choice of cattle for breeding. There are many horses, but few of them are good. Of domestic animals homed cattle are the most nu- merous and thriving. At present there are very few sheep, yet the mountain lands are well adapted for feeding that animal, and in a few years may be ex,pected to be well stocked with it. There are some good pigs, and the inhabitants begin to find out the value of the different breeds. — All the grain raised in the settlement has hitherto S T it, the constant arrival been consumed within of new settlers creating a demand for the surplus raised by the old ones. A great quantity of po- tatoes are raised on the mountains; these and wheat form the principal crops, though grain of every kind is grown.— Most of the Canadian farmers raise a little flax for their own use; but neither the European settlers, nor those from the United States, attempt it; it seems to answer very well on moist lands, but only a very small proportion of the land in this neighbourhood is fit for it.— The only roads that deserve to be men- tioned here are Craig's Road and that of St. Mary's; the former is good through the whole settlement, the latter for one-half. The other roads in the seigniory are barely passable.— There are no lakes nor waterfalls, nor any mountains that deserve the name. Limestone is found, but not in great quantities. No mines have yet been discovered, nor any indications of them observed. —Salt is made in this S. — There is only one fief called Beaurivage, which was reserved at the time the S. was sold, and is still possessed by one of the family of the original proprietor. Statistics. Population Chapels Schools 732 1 1 Com-miUs . 2 Saw-mills . 5 Taverns . 3 Artisans . . 21 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 7,800 Oats . 9,400 Barley . 500 Bushels. Bushels. Potatoes 8,400 Rye . 200 Peas . 2,500 Indian com 1,590 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 420 305 Cows . 650 Sheep . 1,400 Swine . 700 St. Geegoikb (P.), v. Godeproi, S. St. Grbgoire (V.), v. Nicolet, S. St. Helen's Island, in the St. Lawrence, lies off the city of Montreal, formerly the pro- perty of the Barons of Longueuil it now be- longs to the crown. Fortifications and stores have been erected on this island and a military garrison is there stationed. St. Henry (P.), v. Lauzon, S. St. Henry (V.), v. Lachenaye, S. St. Henry de Mascouche (P.), v. Lache- naye, S. pp s t St. Hilairb (P.), v. RouviLle, S. St. HyAciNTHEj county, in the district of Montreal, is bounded by the depth line of the S. of St. Charles on the river Yamaska, beginning at the eastern angle of that S. prolonged until it reaches the river Yamaska, thence by that river as far as the s. w. line of the aug. of the S. of St. Ours, thence by the said line as far as the depth line of the S. of St. Denis, thence by the said depth line as far as the N. B. line of the S. of St. Charles on the river Richelieu, thence by the said N. E. line of St. Charles as far as the depth line of the said seigniory, thence by the said depth line as far as the n. e. line of the S. of RouviUe, thence by the said n. e. line as far as the depth line of that seigniory, thence by the said depth line as far as the line between St. Hyacinthe and the aug. of the S. of Monnoir, thence by the aforesaid line as far as the s. angle of the S. of St. Hyacinthe, thence by the western line of part of the T. of Farnham to the s. angle of the S. of St. Hyacinthe, thence easternly by the w. outlines of part of Farnham and then by the towns of Granby and Milton, as far as the N. w. angle of Milton, thence by the N. line of Milton as far as the w. line of the t. of Upton, thence by the said w. line of UptoSi as far as the s. w. line of part of Upton, and thence by the said s. w. line of Upton as far as the eastern angle of the S. of St. Charles on the river Yamaska. It comprehends the sei- gniories of De Ramsay, Bourchemin east of the river Yamaska, and St. Hyacinthe. — Its extreme length is 41 miles and its breadth 19, containing 477 square miles. Its centre is in lat. 45° 32' 45" n. Ion. 72° 54' w. — It sends two members to the pro- vincial parliament and the place of election is at St. Hyacinthe. — The principal river is the Ya- maska. — With the exception of two large and conspicuous mountains, Rougemont and Yamaska, the face of this county throughout is level. It is traversed by numerous roads, and well settled. It ranks the 17th in population and the 9th in agricultural produce. As the seigniory of St. Hyacinthe comprises by far the greater part of this interesting county, the reader is referred to the description given of that seigniory, from which he may infer the general character of the county, the principal features of tlie other parts of the county beiiig similar to those of that seigniory. Population 12,846 Churches, Pro. Churches, R. C, Cures Presbyteries . Convents Colleges S T Statistics. Villages . . Schools . Corn-mills . Saw-mills Carding-miUs Fulling-mills Tanneries Potasherics Pearlasheries Shopkeepers Taverns . Artisans . I 3 3 11 15 59 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats Barley . Potatoes Horses Oxen Bnshels. 114,771 95,400 13,706 69,110 Bushels. Peas . 17,072 Rye . 3,220 Indian com 1,844 Buck-wheat 5,107 Busbelb Mixed grain 5,250 Maple sugar, cwts. 610 Hay, tons 50,600 Live Stock. 7,042 I Cows 6,215 1 Sheep 10,135 1 Swine 32,828 1 7,351 St. Hyacinthe, seigniory, in the co. of St. Hyacinthe, is bounded n. e. by St. Ours, Bour- chemin and De Ramsay ; s. w. by the aug. to Monnoir and the t. of Farnham ; n. w. by Rou- viUe, St. Charies, and St. Denis; s. e. by MiltoA and Granby. — 6 leagues in front by 6 in depth» being 3 leagues on each side of the b. Yamaska. Granted Sept. 23, 1748, to Sieur F. Rigaud, sei- gneur de Vaudreuil, and now belongs to Mons. DesoUes and the Hon. P. D. Debartzch. — The local situation of this extensive grant renders it a most valuable and highly improvable property. So great an extent naturally embraces many va- rieties of soil, but the best kinds predominate, and the proportion below mediocrity is very trifling. The least improvable is towards the n. and n. e. sides, where the land is low and in some places swampy ; approaching Granby it rises and pre- sents a valuable tract of rich dry soil. In many parts are lands admirably well adapted to the pro- duction of hemp and flax in large quantities ; and to the growth of all the grains peculiar to the country no part of the district is more congenial. The banks of the Yamaska and other streams afibrd plenty of good meadow land ; in fact, the difierent classes of arable, meadow and pasture are nearly all of first-rate quality. — There is much fine beech, maple and bass wood timber; cedar and spruce-fir are abundant on the low wet lands ; oak and pine are found in tolerable quantities and of large scantling towards Granby and Farnham. The part on the n. w. side of the Yamaska is nearly all employed in agriculture ; the opposite bank and the parts towards the s. b. extremity also present many wide ranges of cultivated ST. HYACINTH E. grounds. — The Yamaska running along the middle of this spacious property, being navigable for large boats and rafts, affords ample means of speedy conveyance for the produce of the field and the gi-owths of the forfests. A branch of this river, diverging to the eastward into the new townships, and which receives several minor streams, plen- tifully waters that division ; while the river Sal- vayle, that has its rise near the boundary of St. Charles, with some of less note, completely an- swer the purpose of irrigation for the western part. — The roads are well kept and are in almost every direction ; those on each side of the Ya- maska are the principal, by which the communi- cation between Three Rivers, Quebec and the state of Vermont is directly maintained ; and, in consequence of the importance of this route, every attention is paid by the proper ofiicers of the dif- ferent districts to preserve it in the best possible state. From these roads others of no less general utility strike oflf into the new townships, and whence in several ramifications to the state of New Hampshire, &c. ; altogether forming the means of intercourse invaluable to this part of the province. — There are 5 parishes, St. Hya- cinthe, St. Cesaire, St. Damas, La Presentation and St. Pie. Although these parishes are tole- rably well inhabited, there is only one village, called St. Hyacinthe, which is most conveniently situated on an angle, formed in the n. b. part by a large bend of the Yamaska; it contains nearly 200 houses, many of them built with stone or brick in a superior style, a large handsome church, a good parsonage-house, and a college or rather public school. Being in the main road, there, is a continual influx of strangers travelling to and from the frontiers, for whose reception there are one or two respectable inns. The environs are most agreeably diversified with flourishing or- chards, gardens, meadows, pastures and inci- sures. A market is held twice a week. — 5 miles from the v. are the com, saw and carding-miUs of Mons. St. Ours. — Near the boundary line of Rou- ville is a mountain called Rougemont, which is si- milar to that of Beloeil though inferior in elevation and extent ; it is . adorned nearly to the summit with beautiful woods containing some fine timber. On the other side of the river, near the boundary line of Milton and Granby, is the Yamaska moun- tain, almost of the same form and magnitude, clothed with woods, in which there is some ex- cellent timber. — The increase of settlements in this S. is retarded by the poverty of the grantees and the di-Eculty of making water-courses. Some of the inhabitants settle in the townships, although the neighbouring seigniories are not entirely con- ceded. — No lands were conceded prior to 1759, and the last concessions were granted on higher conditions than the preceding. Statistics. Parishes. (A i 5 1 ! a. 1 1 i § ,3 o g 5 d3 i3 S ■s "3 a 1 i 1 s 1 1 o -1 i s 1 s 1 1 1 1 St. Hyaointhe . St. Cesaire St. Damas La Presentation 7939 1894 1818 1824 1 1 1 1 1 } 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 1 3 3 3 i 1 5 2 2 3 i 4 7 2 2 2 13 9 2 2 3 30 9 10 12 13475 4 4 4 1 1 3 1 5 1 10 1 3 3 16 61 Parishes. Annual Ajirscultural Produce, in bushels. [ Live Stock. 1 % i o n i 1 iS i a. Is 1° i o X i o o S e S en St. Hyacinthe . St. Cesaire St. Damas La Presentation 60000 14200 16000 15000 55740 7920 19500 6200 7500 2950 1005 2100 70350 23150 13000 1587 7400 5630 1250 1000 2200 100 100 3400 790 430 10 365 1595 3574 764 726 720 3490 1375 782 692 6148 1522 1600 1350 18100 6090 3700 3500 3351 1408 1089 1050 105200 89760 13555 106500 15867 5784 6339 10720 31390 6898 pp2 S T S T Tith. " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1748, faite par Rolland Michel Barrin, Gouverneur, et FranfOi$ Bigot, Intendant, au Sieiir Francois Rigaud, Seigneur de Vaii- dreuil, de sLx lieues de front, le long de la riviere Ya- maska, sur trois lieues de profondeur de chaque c6te d'icelle; les dites six lieues de front, a prendre a sept lieues de I'embouohure de la dite riviSre, qui sont les der- nieres terres conc^d^es." Rigistre d'Intendanee, No. 9, folio 36. St. Ignace Isle, in the St. Lawrence, at the head of Lake St. Peter, lies a little s. of Isle Du- pas. This and other isles near it consist princi- pally of meadows and grazing land. Isle St. Ig- nace. Isle Madame, Isle aux Oies, Isle Ronde, and Isle de Grace belong to government. These and some other isles to the eastward are very low, with marshy strands, but clothed with good tim- ber. They abound with all sorts of wild fowl, as do the intervals between them with excellent fish of various kinds. Isle Madame is one league in length and half a league in width. St. Ignace (P. and S.), v. Cap St. Igxace. St. Ignace, seigniory, in the co. of Quebec, is bounded n.b. by L'Epinay and the t. of Stone- ham; s. w. by Sillery and by St. Gabriel of which it formerly formed a part ; in the rear by Fief Hubert ; in front by the R. St. Charles. It is half a league in front by ten leagues in depth. Granted, Aug. 20th, 1652, to the community of the Hotel Dieu to whom it still belongs. — In the quality of the land and the peculiarities of the soil there is a strong affinity between this and the S. of St. Gabriel; the lower part is rich, fertile, and well cultivated for more than two leagues towards Lake St. Charles, in which tract many farms are extremely productive in grain of all kinds. On some of the farms flax is cultivated with great success, and on the b. St. Charles the pastures and meadows are so fine as scarcely to be rivalled by any in the province : beyond the lake the country assumes a mountainous and barren character, affording no land upon which agricultural industry could be exerted with any hopes of success. On the lower part of the S. the little timber that remains is of inferior dimen- sions and confined to small woods and patches here and there ; but in the vicinity of Lake St. Charles and farther rearward a great abundance of the finest sort is produced. The rivers Jacques Cartier, Ste. Anne, and Batiscan cross it in the intervals between the different ranges of moun- tains, while the cultivated part is exceedingly well watered by the river St. Charles and Lake St. Charles aided by many small streams. Title. — " Concession du 20me Aoilt, 1652, faite par Monsieur de Lauzon, Gouverneur, aux Dames de I'Hfltel Dieu, d'une demi lieue de terre de front sur la riviere St. Charles, sur dix lieues de profondeur ; d^raembree du fief St. Gabriel, par donation du Sieur Robert Giffard, Seigneur de Bemiport, aux dites Dames; k prendre d'un cote aux terres concedees sur la riviere St. Charles, au Sieur Guil- laume Couillard, d'autre part a la ligne qui fait la separa- tion des terres depuis peu accordfees aux Sauvages, d'autre bout par derrifire aux terres non-concMees, et par devant a la rivifire St. Charles." — Papier Terrier, No. Mi, folio 296, \dtne Mars, 1781. St. Jacques, river, in the S. of St. Gabriel. This small stream runs into the b. St. Charles about 2 mUes below Jeune Lorette. St. Jacques, (R.), v. St. Lambert, r. St. Jacques (V.), v. Islb Vbbte, S. St. Jean, fief, in the co. of St. Maurice, lies between the seigniories of Riviere du Loup, Mas- kinonge, and Carufel. It is f of a league in front by 2 leagues in depth. Granted, Oct. 13, 1701, to the Ursuline nuns of Three Rivers. A con- firmation of the grant with its augmentation. Mar. 27, 1 733, gives it one league more in depth. The Ursulines stiU retain the property. The land is good and productive, and nearly the whole of the fief is cultivated, but very little of the augmenta- tion. It has some fine timber. Title. — " Concession du 13me Octobre, 1701, faite par Hector de Calliere, Gouverneur, etjean Bochart, Intendant, aux Dames Religieuses Ursulines, des Trois Rivieres, de I'espace de terre concfed^e, qui se trouve dans le lac St. Pierre au fleuve St. Laurent, du c6te du Nord ; condstant d'envdron trois quarts de lieues de front entre le Sieur Joseph Petit dit Bruno, Seigneur de MasJcinongS, et le Sieur Trotier de Beaubien, Seigneur de la Riviere du Loup, sur la profondeur de deux lieues." Rigistre d'Intendanee, No. b, folio m. Augmentation — " Confirmation du 27me Mars, 1733, pai' sa Majesty, d'une concession faite le lOme DScembre, 1727, aux Dames Ursulines des Trois Rimires, d'un ter- rein joignant du c6t^ du Nord-Est au fief de la Riviire du Loup, appartenant aux dites Religieuses, et du c6t4 du Sud- Quest au fief du Sieur Sicard, ayant environ trois quarts de lieue de front sur trois lieues de profondeur." Insinuations du Conseil Supirieur, Rigistre G, folio 42. St. Jean, river, runs from the w. into a bay opposite Cap Dimond on the r. Saguenay. St. Jean, river, in the S. of Ste. Anne, in the CO. of Kamouraska. This small stream rises s. w. of Mount St. Barbe, and running n.w. joins the B. Ste. Anne near the line that divides the 1st and 2nd ranges of the S. St. Jean de Baptistb (V. and P.), v. Or- leans Island. S T S T St. Jean de Baptiste (P.), v. Ecureuils, S. St. Jean de Baptiste (P.), v. Rouvillb, S. St. Jean de Baptiste (y.),v. St. Michel, S. St. Jean Deschaillons or Riviere du ChenBj seigniory, in the co. of Lotbiniere. This S. with its augmentation is bounded n. e. by the S. of Lotbiniere and its augmentation ; s. w. by Levrard and the t. of Blandford ; in the rear by a small triangular piece of waste land that sepa- rates it from the townships of Stanfold and So- merset ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — The ori- ginal grant is 2 leagues square and was made, Apr. 25, I674, to Sieur St. Ours; the augmenta- tion is 2 leagues fronting the rear of the S. and 4^ leagues in depth, and was granted, Jan. 25, 1752, to Roc de St. Ours, Sieur Deschaillons: they are now the property of Charles de St. Ours, Esq. — The soil in general is of a favourable qua- lity, being either a good yellow loam or a fine black mould ; but, notwithstanding these advan- tages, cultivation has made but an indifferent progress. On the bank of the St. Lawrence there are two ranges of concessions containing about 150 farm lots, the majority of which appear to be under respectable management. Both the original grant and the augmentation are thickly clothed with wood of various species, better cal- culated for firewood than for any other purpose, and great quantities are supplied to the garrison and city of Quebec. — The Petite Riviere du Chene, which crosses the original grant diagonally and falls into the St. Lawrence a little below Cap h. la Roche, is the only stream that waters this tract ; and it is not navigable at any season for any thing larger than a canoe : about half a mile above its mouth there is a good corn-mill. On each side of this river are settlements with roads, which traverse the seigniory and communicate with those of St. Pierre les Bequets, and finally reach the road, recently opened, leading into the t, of Bland- ford up to the Canadian settlement of Messrs. La- gueu, Langevin, and others, situated on the k. Becancour. The aug. has scarcely any means of irrigation. — A little distance upwards from Cap a la Roche a very neat church is seated on the bank of the St. Lawrence, which, along the whole front, is a good deal elevated. The houses of the tenantry are dispersed among the concessions by the side of the main road that passes close to the river ; they are mostly built with wood and have a very neat appearance. Population 658 Churches, R. C. 1 Cur^s . . 1 Presbyteries 1 Corn-mills . 1 Saw-mills . I Shopkeepers 1 Artisans . 1 1 Annital Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. I Bushels . 6,200 Potatoes 3,940 . 6,800 1 Peas . 1,300 Bushels. Rye . . 200 Indian com 85 Live Stock. 262 I Cows 140 I Sheep 524 1 Swine 1,572 I 655 Title. — « Concession du 25me Avril, 1674, au Sieur de St. Ours, de deux lieues de terre de front le long du fleuve St. Laurent, a commencer quatre arpens audessous de la Rivifire du Chine en montant le dit fleuve, avec deux lieues de profondeur dans les dites terres, nommee la Seigneurie Deschaillons." — Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, folio &1. Cahiers d'Intendance, 2 a 9, folio 2'i3. Augmentation. — " Concession du 25me Janvier, 1752, faite par le Marquis de La Jonquiere, Goiiverneur, et Frmifois Bigot, Intendant, k Roc de St. Ours, Sieur Des- chaillons, dans la profondeur de la riviere du Chine sur le meme front de la Seigneurie de la riviere du Chine a lui d^ja eonctdfie, avec quatre lieues et demie de profondeur 4 prendre au bout des deux lieues que contient sa dite Seigneiuie." — Rigistre d'Jntendance, No. W, folio 28.— By this concession of augmentation, and by the ratifica- tion of it, the first concession is said to contain only one league and a half, as per the Rigistre, IVo. 10, folio 2, et Ins. Con, Sup. Letter K, folio 7. St. Jean Pout Joli, seigniory, in the co. of L'Islet, is bounded n. e. by Reaume j s. w. by the S. of L'Islet; in the rear by the augmentation to the T. of Ashford ; in front by the St. Law- rence. — 2 leagues in front and depth. Granted, May 25, 1677j to Noel L'Anglois, and now be- longs to — Gaspe, Esq. — The land in front is rather low, but the uniformity is varied by a tri- fling ridge and a few rising grounds : towards the rear it is mountainous and rugged. The soil is a mixture of light sandy earth and clay ; about the high lands it is poor and indifferent. About one- third of the tract is in a moderate state of cultiva- tion, and the settlements, generally speaking, have been brought by industry into a very respectable condition. — All the lands are conceded and sur- veyed. Many farms were conceded before 1759, at the rate of 40 sols for each front arpent by 40 in depth ; the farms conceded since that period were granted on the same term.s, with the exception of some, the rent of which does not exceed 3 livres per arpent. There are 4 ranges of concessions : 2 are settled, and 25 inhabitants are in the 3rd. The 1st is most settled and the soil is dry and sandy, except in the higher and lower parts, where the S T S T soil is strong with a clay bottom. The 2nd con- cession is all strong soil upon clay. On the 3rd are maple and other hard wood, epinette, spruce, and black birch, but not much cedar. The 4th range is traversed by the mountain. The church, 120 ft. by 40, has two steeples and is surrounded by 15 houses, including the parsonage-house; it is close to the St. Lawrence, near which the main road passes ; there are also several other roads to the adjacent grants on each side. At the mouth of the R. Trois Saumons the valuable mills and di- stillery belonging to Mr. Harrower are very eli- gibly placed : the latter is an establishment of considerable magnitude, with every convenience for carrying on an extensive business; at high water decked vessels of twenty tons may come up to the premises. Over the river there is a good bridge. The beach at the mouth of the Trois Saumons is flat and thickly covered with detached rocks that run a good way out. From the St. Lawrence the view of the mills and surrounding objects, heightened by the pleasing natural scenery of the environs, is very agreeable. — At the mouth of the R. Port Joli vessels of 60 tons burden can enter, although the port is not so advantageous as that at the mouth of the Salmon River.— Beech, birch, maple, and pine timber are in great plenty, as well as most of the inferior kinds. The rivers Trois Saumons and Port Joli have their sources in the mountains at the back of the sei- gniory, and, descending in a westemly direction, water the S. very well : there are a few other streams of inconsiderable note. — A great number (rf persons in this parish have the means and are willing to make new settlements in the place of their birth and near their relatives, but there is no land for them, all being already occupied. Population 2,452 Churches, R. C. 1 Presbyteries . 1 Chapels . 1 Schools . 1 Statistics. Corn-mills Saw-mills Distillery Merchants Taverns Artisans Schooners Keel boats 6 25 6 12 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 19,700 18,500 1,000 Bushels. Potatoes 23,000 Peas . 3,000 Indian corn 112 Cwts. Maple sugar 178 Hay, tons 3,500 Live Stock. 900 I Cows 530 1 Sheep 2,«)0 1 Swine 5,5001 1,650 Title. — " Concession du 23me Mai, 1677, faite par Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Noll V Anglais, de la consist- ence de deux lieues de terre de front, le long du fleuve St. Laurent, du c6x,k du Sud, a commencer depuis les terres qui appartiennent a la Demoiselle Lacombe, en re- montant le dit fleuve, jusqu'a la concession de la De- moiselle GeneviSve Couillard, avec deux lieues de pro- fondeur." — Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, No. 44, page 194, le 23me Sept., 1781. — Cahiers d' Intendance, No. 2 i 9, folio 301. St. Joachim (P.), v. Cote de Bbaupre. St. John, lake, in the co. of Saguenay, lies in an immense valley, and is the reservoir or basin into which numerous large rivers and streams empty themselves, many of which rise in the high lands that separate the Hudson's Bay territory from Lower Canada. It is situated in lat. 48° 32' 37" N. and between long. 71° 29' and 720 9' w. It is 57j miles from Chicoutimi, about 35 leagues n. of Quebec and 60 leagues w. n. w. of Tadoussac. It covers about 510 square miles and is 90 miles in circumference ; in the widest part, from the mouth of the Metabetshuan to that of the Peribonea, it is about 30 miles, and in the narrowest part, from St. David's Point to Pointe Bleu, about 18 mUes. Lake St. John, called by the Indians Peaquagomi which means Flat Lake, is nearly circular and is remarkably shallow. This lake has two outlets, called the Grande Decharge and the Petite Decharge, which issue from the n. e. side of the lake, about 2 miles from which they form a confluence and take the name of Saguenay River. Besides the communication with the St. Lawrence by means of the R. Saguenay, from Lake St. John a water communication, with portages, may be had through Lake Mistassinis and Rupert's River with James' Bay. A communication with the St. Lawrence may also be had through the Batiscan River, and another through the river St. Maurice or the Black River. A water communication with the Ottawa or Great River is also had through various streams and lakes emptying themselves into Lake St. John and the Saguenay, until the sources of the Ga- tineau are reached, which is navigable for canoes a distance of 300 miles. Such are the astonishing facilities of internal water communication afforded by the streams emptying themselves into Lake St. John, that there is no portion of Lower or Upper Canada to the successful defence or attack of which the possession of that lake might not be conducive: and this part of the province seems to be most important in a military point of view, for the ST. JOHN. great valley of Lake St. John could not be at- tacked by land, for no enemy could march over the mountains by which it is on every side surrounded. The Navigation of Lake St. John is subject to some difficulties ; schooners of 30 or 40 tons may sail on the lake, but not very near its borders, which can only be approached by flat-bottomed boats or bark canoes on account of shoals, par- ticularly near the entrance of the rivers; its depth varies from 6 to 40 fathoms from one to two miles from the shore it is generally only 3 ft. deep, and this extreme shallowness is common to the lake (the depth of which in no part bears any proportion to its extent), and is the cause of the sea-like turbulence its surface assumes after the least wind, occasioning a violent ground swell and lofty breakers, to which, at a distance from the shore, the hardiest voyageur is frequently unwill- ing to expose himself. Upon placing the hand in the water on these occasions it feels very de- cidedly tepid. This shallowness and unusual tem- perature, by occasioning a more rapid evaporation, may account for a fact which might otherwise be diflScult, viz. six tolerably large rivers and several smaller ones fall into Lake St. John, while only one of moderate dimensions runs out of it. With the least wind from the north-west the waves run prodigiously high, which renders canoe na- vigation very dangerous here. The waters also rise very rapidly in time of rain and fall almost as suddenly, particularly when the wind is n. w., to which and the s. w. winds the lake is much exposed when a heavy swell runs to the opposite shore. In the autumn it is sometimes almost im- possible to cross it on account of the broken swells. Under the lee of the land there is no sea for some distance off the shore, but it has been seen to be one sheet of foam. The ice of the lake is not passable in safety before the 10th of January ; the first appearance of its forming on the lake is about the 10th of November, and it begins to form all over about the beginning of January, but in consequence of the prevalentwindsit is not passable at that time. The lake is navigable all round but not in the centre about the latter end of April, and all over by the 8th or 12th of May. The Climate of Lake St. John is as mild or mild«r than that of Montreal. There is a differ- ence of 15 or 20 days between the vegetation at the Post and Chicoutimi, for at the latter place jiotatoe stocks, cabbages, and onions have been frost-bitten about the 23rd of Sept., while the potatoes at the Post on the lake remained in flower and uninjured till about the 12th of Oct. when they were dug up. This great difference in so small a distance is supposed by Mr. Nixon to arise from the low situation of the ground and the vicinity to salt water at Chicoutimi. Every thing that grows in the neighbourhood of Quebec and even melons can be produced on the borders of the lake, and the nights are less cold than in the surrounding country. In 1828, when, on ac- count of mildew, the crops almost entirely failed in the district of Montreal, and generally through- out Upper Canada, the little corn that was grown at Lake St. John was of very good quality. The lake is frozen over about the middle of November and is clear of ice by the end of May; the interval of vegetation is therefore short but is proportion- ably more rapid. The ground wiU be in a state fit for cultivation before the lake is clear from ice, and will be free from frost, at least one foot deep, on or before the 1st of May, at which period 10 gallons of peas have been sown which produced more than 10 bushels, although from the wetness of the season about one third of the crop was lost. These peas were harvested on the 1st of Sept. and among them were found nearly half a pint of wheat, which, as an experiment, were sown about the 7th of May, and when harvested on the 8th of Sept. produced full half of a Winchester bushel ; two of the ears, without selection, were examined and found to contain, one 41, the other 46 grains of com : the straw grew about 4 ft. in height. On the 3rd or 4th of May half a bushel of-barley was sown, and produced, Aug. 5, from 5 to 6 bushels. A pint of Indian corn, sown May 10th, produced at least 10 gallons, although much was destroyed by worms. Not quite 8 bushels of potatoes, planted in heaps, produced 300 bushels. These experi- ments were made without manure. Soil. — The shores of l. St. John abound with in- exhaustible quarries of limestone and extensivebeds of fine marl. The s. shore, from Pointe Bleue to within about a league from the k. Metabetshouan, is composed of day, slate, and carboniferous lime- stone. The N. shore, from the Assuapmoissoin to the Peribonea, is a sandy alluvium on a marly clay ; from the Peribonea to the Kacouatimi it is a sandy swamp, and from the Kacouatimi to the Grande Decharge it is formed of syenite com- posed almost entirely of a brilliant felspar. The S T: JOHN. shores of the lake are in many places very sandy, and where no rock appears fine shining yellow sand IS foundj and where rocks and sand appear intermixed the former rise through the latter, as- suming an isolated appearance. This sandy girdle, is not confined to the margin of the lake, but passes a short distance into the interior, bestow- ing upon the land forming the borders of the lake an infertility of aspect which vanishes upon pass- ing these sandy limits. Between Chicoutimi and the country immediately in its rear, on one side, and Ha- Ha Bay and the waters emptying into it, on the other, there is said to be 300,000 acres of culturable land. Proceeding from Chicoutimi to Lake St. John by the western route, it seems probable that the country is not susceptible of culture to the westward of the river Chicoutimi as far as the lower extremity of Lake Kiguagomi. From Lake Kiguagomi to Lake St. John there is, according to the report of traders and Indians, a deep tract of level and fertile country. The peninsula lying between Kiguagomi and the grand outlet of Lake St. John is said to contain 250,000 acres of level and fertile land. On the s. w. side of Lake St. John the mountains approach near to the lake, and beyond them the whole country, lying to the westward, as far as the river St. Maurice, is altogether unsusceptible of culture, with the exception of a few patches too inconsiderable to be particularised. The n. e. side of Lake St. John contains much good land. — Eight large rivers, besides minor streams, fall into Lake St. John; these rivers are nearly aU of the first class and are navigable for large bateaux for many leagues, and farther on for bark canoes; their names are the Peribonea, Mistassini, As- suapmoussoin, Ouiatchouan, Ouiatchouanitch, Metabetshouan, Kuspahiganish, and Kuspahi- gan. The following is a table of the distances to which the rivers which run into the lake have been ascended. River Peribonea . Musk-rat River . River David Rum River River Mistassini Koucciatien River River Baddeley River Pastagoutin Saguenayfrom Chicoutimi to Terres Rompues Miles. Chains 21 20 2 10 8 49 1 43 9 00 4.0 7 6 00 00 J Islands, Sfc. — Po'mte Bleue, about 64- miles n. by E. from the r. Ouiatchouan, is a point of rock covered with moss and a small growth of cedar, from which the lake borders run w.n.w., describing a very wide bay around which the land appears of good quality, being timbered with ash, fir, balsam> spruce and cedar, and it is level to a considerable extent. Numerous small alder islands lie in the bay. — Isle aux Couleuvres ox Snake Island, called by the Indians Manitou-Miniatouhi, "the Evil Spirit's Island," lies nearly opposite the mouth of the Ouiatchouanish. Some voyagers have had the greatest disinclination to visit this island on ac- count of the number of snakes which were re- ported to exist there, and many wonderful stories of their forming festoons, knots, and lying toge- ther like a string of sausages, were told; but after traversing the whole island one shrivelled skin only has been seen. Pears too (probably un- der the guardianship of the snakes) were said to be abundant with equal foundation. — Grosse Isle is 1^ mile from Pointe a la Traverse; it is about three-fourths of a league long and about 550 ft. wide, and is said to belong to the Ursulines. It is almost entirely a barren rock, but there is one farm on it of 90 acres which is under cultivation and the land is good ; the timber consists of spruce, elm, pine and ash. On this isle are blocks of granite. — Petite Isle lies at a little distance N. w. of Grosse Isle. — Dalhousie Islands lie oppo- site the outlets called Grande and Petite De- charge. — Presq'ile or The Peninsula is formed by the grand outlet on one side, and by the river Chicoutimi, and lakes Kiguagomi, Kiguagomi- shish. Alder River, BeUe Rivi^e, the Kushpa- higan and part of Lake St. John, on the other sides ; it lies between 70° 34' and yi" 29' west longitude from Greenwich, and 48° 14' 38" and 48° 34' north latitude. The soil, which is a loam, is in general well adapted for settlement. The timber is red pine, cypress, white birch, sapin, white spruce, black birch, &c., all of moderate size, except the pines, which are scattered here and there and are very large, but appear to be generally of bad quality. The land beyond the bank is level ; and if settlements were formed here, beginning at Chicoutimi, which should al- ways be the central point, a road might by de- grees be opened, communicating with Lake St. John ; this would be the more easy to make, as there is but one river to cross, and which (except during floods) may be forded. The Peninsula con- ST. JOHN. tains about 245,000 acres, and would consequently- held 2,450 inhabitants, allowing 100 acres to each. The climate is at least as mild as that of the neighbourhood of Quebec, but the spring is about 15 days later than at the post at the Kiver Me- tabetshouan, on Lake St. John. This beautiful Peninsula is joined to the continent by an isthmus or portage of only one mile in length. Through the lakes and rivers, that bound the s. side of the Peninsula, a communication is kept up between Lake St. John and Chicoutimi, which is more particularly explained by the following table. Table of Distances from Lake St. John to Chicoutimi, bee/inning at the Mouth of Kushpahigan or Belle Riviere. Portage of Belle Rivitoe, 500 yaids. m m 37} 2| \0i 31; m 50i SOJ 52J 5;h 55J 44J 44i 464 47i 49; 6 9 Mouth of Riviere des Aulnais. Falls of RiviSre des Aulnais and Portage, 700 yards. Head of Lake Kiguagomishish or Portage of Kiguagomi. Lake Ouiqui half a mile, Kiguagomi. Portage'des Roches, 200 yards. Portage de I'lslet, 440 yards. Beau Poitage, 250 yards. Portage de I'Enfant, 200 yards. 28* 33 in 43: 26^ 30 32 39J m{ 41, 42i 444 20^ 24 26 33^ 35| 36^ 381 liJ* 23 25 32^ 32i 34i 35^ 371 3i 5i 13 13i 15 16 18: 34 lU 12; 14| 94 Oi 124 Portage du Chien, 210 yards. Portage Ka Ka, 200 yards. Portage of Chicoutimi. 1# 3J 24 Chicoutimi. Making a total distance of 55i miles from Lake St. John to Chicoutimi, exclusive of minor port- ages amounting to 2 miles. Fish. — Lake St. John abounds with many kinds of fish, particularly pike, carp, dor6, white-fish, awenanish, chub, and a fish called la munie which resembles the egl in colour, the dog-fish in shape, and the cod-fish in the head but much flatter ; its average length is 2j ft. : the Indians are very fond of it boiled, but the white people make no use of it except the liver, which is considered a delicacy ; it is also used for bait during the winter Season. The awenanish is said to be the most delicious fresh water fish in the world. Great quantities of fish are taken at the mouth of the Ouiatchouan, which appears the most favourable place for setting the nets, and where the fish is found more abundant than in any other part of the lake ; it is salted and put into barrels for the use of the traders. The fish abounding between Chicoutimi and the Kushpahigan are red trout, watouche or chub-pike,, carp and dore ; the last two are to be found only as far as the falls of the Belle Riviere : the red trout is only to be met with in Lake Kiguagomi and at the Portage de rislet, except a few in lakes Ouiqui and Kiguago- mishish, in which there are chub and carp in great abundance. There are smelts in Lac Vert. ^For other particulars relative to Lake St. John and the Peninsula, vide Vol. I., pp. 285 — 289, and also King's Posts. St. John (r.), v. Richelieu, r. St. John, river, in the southern parts of the cos. of BeUechasse, L'Islet, Kamouraska,andRimouski, rises in three large branches called the South Branch, the Main Branch, and the West Branch which is also called the River Daaquam. The South Branch rises in a lake near one of the sources of the American river Penobscot ; the Main Branch issues from a small lake called the Ahpmoojeene- Gamook, in an extensive swamp near the province line, and on waste lands in the rear of the t. of Watford ; the West Branch or Daaquam has its head waters from the boundary line between QQ ST. JOHN. Standon and Ware, and within one mile of Lake Etchemin. The country watered by the Southern and Main Branches has not been sufficiently ex- plored, and, therefore, no description of those branches can be here given. The Western Branch has been visited by experienced surveyors, and its source is found to be separated from the rivers Etchemin and du Sud by high lands which appear to take a n. b. direction. This branch of the k. St. John, after leaving the T. of Ware, takes a N. E. course, and, after receiving on its left bank another branch called the R. Eseganetsgook, soon forms a junction with the Main Branch which had previously received the waters of the South Branch. From the confluence of these streains the St. John becomes an important river, and after receiving the R. St. Francis, which rises near Temiscouata portage and descends through a part of the counties of Rimouski and Kamouraska, it hastens to its confluence with the river Mada- waska, whence it directs its course s. e. to the Great Falls, receiving in its way the Grande Ri- viere and other tributary streams. Having en- tered the province of New Brunswick, it runs for many miles southwardly ,• after which it turns to the south-east, and ultimately loses itself in the Bay of Fundy. — The West Branch at its head is 55 links wide and runs rapidly over stones through indifferent land that produces spruce and sapin. The first part of its course iS very crooked and runs between e. n. e. and E. and generally through alders and meadows ; its banks are here from 2 to 4 ft. high, and the land on each side for half a mile from the banks flat and low; the depth of the water varies from one or two feet, to six or seven feet, and it runs in a gentle stream over gravel or sand where the water is shallow, and where it is deep over mud; the width varies from 50 to 80 links during the first seven or eight miles, and it is navigable for rafts without any im- pediment. In this distance trout and other fish have been caught in tolerable abundance. — The Main Branch deserves particular notice on account of its great extent and the various advantages it offers in an agricultural and military point of view : it runs nearly in a parallel direction with the St. Lawrence to its confluence with the Ma- dawaska, and at some places is only from 12 to 14 leagues therefrom, and about 22 to 25 from Quebec ; it traverses the middle of this portion of territory n. e. from its source to its junction with the Madawaska, about 132 miles: it offers an interesting field for a new line of settlements of at least 36 townships in connexion with the most flourishing and inhabited parts of the pro- vince, and presents at no very distant period a new and shorter line of communication to New Brunswick by nearly 60 miles. — This river is said to be navigable nearly from its source to its con- fluence with the Madawaska, 25 to 30 leagues, and its average breadth is from 10 to 20 chains until it reaches Presqu' Isle, below which it widens considerably, and at its confluence with the Madawaska it is from 15 to 20 chains wide. — Its water, which rises considerably in the spring and fall of the year, is tolerably deep, but at a short distance below the Forks, there is a rapid where the water is very shallow. The current in some places is very rapid and in others gentle, and is navigable for canoes and large flat boats with the exception of those parts of the river which are obstructed by falls or rapids, where there are short portages, the principal of which are at the Great Falls of 75 feet, and at the Little Falls near the confluence of this river with the Mada- waska. From the rapid, a little below the Forks, to the Great Falls the navigation is easy and fit for steam-boats ; from the Green River, below the faUs of St. John, to Presqu' Isle are a few inter- ruptions by rapids, but they are not of much con- sequence ; from Presqu' Isle to Frederickton, long intervals are to be found where steam-boats may ply ; and at Frederickton, vessels from 50 to 100 tons ascend from the sea. A steam-boat naviga- tion might be effected from the source of the river St. John, 50 or 60 miles from Quebec, at least with few interruptions. The Indians ascend this river in canoes at times and reach the river Et- chemin by a portage in their way to Quebec, and some Americans have gone down in canoes, by making some portages, from the state of Maine. — The advantages afforded by the river St. John have been always admitted, for Charlevoix de- scribed its borders to be covered, in his time, with fine oak and other trees, particularly beech ; and vines were found there which produced very large grapes with a thick and hard skin, but of a delicious flavour. This river may be said to be generally deep, smooth and navigable from its remotest sources, and running through a country possessing every advantage of soil, climate and water-communication. The tine and extensive S T valley of the St. John is every where worthy of attention. In 'this fine river, nature has provided a grand canal, traversing the richest portinn of the province and aiFording an inland water-communi- cation of several hundred miles in extent. — The country on "this K., above the Madawaska settle- ment, is rich and in every way suited to agricul- ture. From the entrance of the Madawaska the river St. John is settled on both sides down to the Great Falls, about 40 miles, and exhibits flourish- ing settlements. For the first 4 miles of the Ma- dawaska settlement on this river, there is every appearance of comfort, and the lands bordering on the river are remarkably fine, and in the high- est state of cultivation ; and the farms join each other the same as those on the old settlements on the banks of the St. Lawrence. The whole way on both sides as far as the Great Fall is well settled by a colony of Acadians, who appear to be in good circumstances, and the land is a rich loamy soil in general. The river in the spring overflows its banks and leaves a deposit which fertilizes the ground to an astonishing degree. On either side of the river, the plat'ms or flat grounds extending inland for some distance, pro- duce abundance of hay and pasturage, and enable the inhabitants to keep numerous flocks aud herds, and these would, if they had any means of getting them to market, be a source of great wealth to the settlement ; but they have unfortunately no main road, and use the river as such by means oi pirogues or sm^ll wooden canoes, and this even from house to house. Their communication with the St. Lawrence is extremely difficult, and has never been attempted with any produce or stock; and the people feel the disadvantages under which in this I respect they are placed. They have, in going to the St. Lawrence, fifteen leagues of water-carriage to perform up the River Madawaska and Lake Temiscouata, before they get to the portage, which is twelve leagues and entirely impracticable for carriages. They are distant from Frederickton in New Brunswick upwards of fifty leagues, and the interruption of the Great Falls as well as a want of roads in that direction also precludes them from that market. — The only description of commerce hitherto attempted on this river is the lumber trade to the Bay of Fundy, and this trade might be carried on most extensively. St. John, river, in the co. of Saguenay, runs into the s. w. side of the k. Saguenay. It is said S T that there is good anchorage at its mouth for all sorts of vessels. On its banks and near its mouth, is about a square mile of culturable land, which is in Ion. 69° 42", lat. 48° 13' 15". St. Joseph (F.), v. Monnoir, S. St. Joseph (L.), v. Ontakietsi. St. Joseph (P.), d. Lanokaye, S. St. Joseph, seigniory, in the co. of Beauce, is bounded n. e. by Frampton ; s. w. by Broughton; in the rear by Vaudreuil ; in front by Ste. Marie. — 3 leagues in breadth by 4 in depth. Granted, Sept. 23, 1736, to Sieur Rigaud de Vaudreuil; and is now the property of the Hon. P. E. Taschereau. The w. section belongs to Fleury Delagorgondiere and the widow of the Hon. A. L. Duchesnaye. The surface is uneven and rocky in several places ; yet the land is tolerably good, and in general very productive where it is under culture. Timber of almost every descrip- tion is found in great plenty. The River Chau- diere passes through the centre, dividing the S. nearly in equal proportions. On each side the k. are settlements at a little distance from the bank, where agriculture has been carried on with good success. Besides these tracts, there are, in Ait- ferent parts of the interior, a few concessions that have also made considerable progress. The farm- houses by the road side, on each bank of the river, are numerous, neat and substantial, denoting the ease and comfort of their occupants. Here is scarcely any stream except the main river. — T^e S. has a church and parsonage-house, and at the lower part are valuable corn and saw-miUs. Statistics. Population 1,9.36 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . I Presbyteries . 1 Schools Wheat . Oats . Barley . Potatoes Horses Oxen 1 Corn-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills . Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans I 3 2 21 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. 13,000 7,900 6,500 20,000 Bushels. Peas . 3,900 Rye . 100 Buck wheat 600 Indian corn 400 Maple sugar, cwts. 473 Hay, tons 1,193 Live Stock. 598 1 Cows 370 1 Sheep 828 1 Swine . 3,740 1 1,150 Title. — " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1736, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouvemeur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Rigaud de Vaudreuil, de trois lieues de terre de front et deux lieues de pro- fondeur, des deux c6tes de la riviere du Sault de la Chau. diere, en remontant, ensemble tons les lacs, isles et islets qui s'y trouvent, a commeneer a la fin de la concession 0Q2 S T accord^e aujourd'hui au Sieur Taschereclu." —Rigiatrc d'Intendance, No. 8, folio 8. St. Joseph (V.), v. Lauzon, S. St. Joseph (V.), v. St. Michel, S. St. Joseph (V.), v. Soulange, S. St. Lambert, river, is a continuation of the Ruisseau St. Jacques, which rises in the n. b. extremity of the t. of Sherrington and runs n. near to the church of St. Philip in the S. of Laprairie, where it takes the name of St. Lam- bert; it then descends towards the v. of La- prairie, 20 arpents below which it falls into the St. Lawrence, after having received the waters of the little river St. Cloud. It traverses the com- mon s. of the village and within A of a league of it crosses the road from St. John. It is navigable about half a league from its mouth, but only in the spring. St. Lawrence (I.), v. Okleans, I. St. Lawrence, river, also called the Iroquois and the Cataraqui. This noble river has been so amply described in the first volume (vide page 156 e< seq.), that it is only necessary to insert here some interesting information relative to its navi- gation, which, although highly useful to those who navigate it, was thought of too dry a nature to interest the general reader, and was therefore omitted in the first volume. Abstract of the "Report and Evidence on the Chan- nels of the St. Lawrence, printed by order of the House of Assembly, 1829." Pierre Bonneau. — I am a licensed pilot; there is a passage between the south shore of the lie aux Coudres and Seal Shoal which large vessels may ascend at high tide; the bottom of the channel is sandy, and over it a few stones are scattered ; it must be well known to proceed that way ; few pilots are acquainted with it, and seven vessels having run tbul of each other in a fog, the inhabitants of He aux Coudres conducted them to Quebec by the north ; two of them ran aground, and if the weather had been worse and a calm had not come on, they would have been shipwrecked. — Among the shipwrecks which have occurred in that passage, I recol- lect that of a large vessel conducted by one Godebout ; that shipwreck would not have taken place had he been acquainted with that passage, and every pilot ought to be acquainted with it, as notwithstanding their skill they may get into it ; the north channel is deeper than the south channel and the tra- verse opposite Cap Tourmente is a safe one, sufficient for the passage of the largest vessels ; from Cap Mailiard to Cap Tourmente the anchorages are very good ; that called ha Prairie at the He aux Coudres is the best between Bic and Quebec. A vessel may be hauled up there to be careened ; the brig Hen, which was cast on shore on He Rouge and had sustained much injury, was conducted under my direction to the He aux Coudres to be careened. A vessel sustaining damage on descending might be repaired at He aux Coudri.8 and pursue her voyage, whereas if obliged to go back to Quebec she would be forced to winter there ; vessels which do not sail until late in the autumn make niucli better pass- S T ages by the north channel, for by that course they avoid the ice which collects in larger quantities in the south channel ; and were 1 free to choose for myself between those two chan- nels, having a vessel to conduct in the autumn, I should pre- fer the north channel; from the Brandy Pots to Crane Island there is no securer harbour, sheltered against strong winds, than La Prairie at He aux Coudres, and all pilots ought to know it. Lieut-Col. Bouchetle, surveyor-general — From observa- tions of the north channel, made in the summer of 1827, 1 am of opmion that this channel is not only practicable, but of the greatest service to the navigation of that part of the river, and this opinion agrees perfectly with that of Capt. Bayfield of the royal navy. I cannot account for this channel being abandoned and neglected after it had been practised by the French previous to 1759, and at that period also adopted by the British fleet. I am fully of opinion that a perfect know, ledge acquired of that channel would be of great utility for the purpose of navigation — As far as relates to the sound- ings, bearings, position of shoals and general course of the south channel, I believe the maritime chart of Mr. John Lambly to be correct, but not as to the configuration of the land on both sides of the St. Lawrence and shape of the islands. Franfois Cloutier, of the parish of Ste. Anne, innkeeper. I know the channel between the Cote de Beaupre and the Island of Orleans ; I believe some benefit would result from its being better known to the pilots, particularly with respect to the ice in the autumn ; I know of no other reason why it should not be generally frequented than that It is compara- tively narrow in some places, and that there are shoals which ctoss each other. A little below the upper end of the Island of Orleans there is a sand bank, which runs about half a league fromBeauprS, leaving only a channel of about 15 acres wide ; there is another shod, which runs from the Island of Orleans and stretches about half a league immediately below the river Montmorenci; these two shoals cross each other about 12 or 15 acres ; at the end of this shoal, which is gene- rally called the Batturedu Pavilion, the channel is only about 5 acres wide for about 10 or 12 acres ; thence the channel is pretty regular as far as the Islets du Chateau Riche. These islets divide the channel into two ; that on the north is almost impassable, that on the south is good and is about 12 acres wide ; the least depth of water when the tide is out is about 5 fathoms. — The Sainte Famille shoal stretches about a quar- ter of a league from the shore,, whence the channel is good as far down as the church of Sainte Anne, where there is a shoal which runs about 36 arpents, leaving also a good channel on the north ; thence as far as the river Ste- Anne there is only about five fathoms of water, and afterwards below the lower end of the island the currents form a sand bank, which stretches about a league and a quarter, leaving in the north channel about six or eight fathoms of water : this channel can only be occasionally used, for in some parts it is so narrow that it would be impossible to tack a ship in it. Last spring I took up a ship drawing 1 5 feet water by this channel, and having a leading wind 1 experienced no difficulty ; the an- chorage is every where good. Henry Bayfield, Esq., commander in his Majesty's navy. — During last summer I surveyed and sounded that part of the river which is included between the city of Quebec and He aux Coudres. The north and south channels of the St. Lawrence have each their advantages and disadvantages. The principal advantage which the south channel possesses is that ' the tides are not strong as in tlie north channel, excepting in and near the traverse, ;o that a vessel can anchor immediately wherever she may happen to be (excepting in the traverse), in the event of a calm or change of tide rendering that mea- sure necessary. But there is not so great a diifercnce between the two channels in this respect as has been generally sup- posed, for vessels may also anchor in most parts of the north channel, and the tides are in a few parts of it stronger than in some pans of the south channel near the traverse, where vessels frequently anchor to wait for a change of tide. The south channel possesses a valuable anchorage at Crane Island ; ST. LAWRENCE. its disadvantages are the dangerous pass of the traverse and the shoalness of the water to the southward of Beaujeu's Bank, off Crane Island. Here a large ship Could not pass at certain times of the tide— I am aware that there is a deeper channel between this shoal and Crane Island, but it is too narrow for a vessel to beat through. The Avignon Rock, to the southward of the Stone Pillar, is very dangerous to a ves- sel beating in a dark night. The advantages of the north channel are as follows : — its entrance between lie aux Cou- dres and the main land is not nearly so dangerous as the tra- verse, and there is a good roadsted at Laprairie, on the north side of He aux Coudres, at its commencement, where a vessel may safely ride in all winds. There is also good shel- ter from the north-east gales to the westward of the island. This channel is perfectly straight, requiring no change of course, and entirely free from detached shoals all the way from He aux Coudres to the old traverse off Cap Tour- mente. This old traverse passes between sands which dry at low water, and would be perfectly safe if it were buoyed as the traverse of the south channel now is. The tide in this old traverse is not very strong, the ground is good, and con- sequently a vessel might anchor if becalmed in the channel itself, which is impossible in the traverse of the south chan- nel, both on account of the nature of the bottom and the strength of the tide. This traverse would be unquestionably less dangerous in every respect than the traverse of the south channel if it were buoyed in the same manner. The prin- cipal disadvantage in the north channel is the great depth of ■water in the channel immediately between lie aux Cou- dres and the main land, and the great rapidity of the tides in the same part. The former circumstance would render it extremely difficult for a vessel to be held by her anchors if suddenly becalmed ; and if she were becalmed in a certain position just about St. Paul's Bay, with the ebb tide run- ning, she would run great risk of being set ashore, but an experienced pilot would be aware of this circumstance, and would never attempt to run through between lie aux Cou- dres and the main land with the ebb tide running, when there appeared any chance of its falling calm : I may here remark that there is the same danger of being becalmed near the tra- verse of the south channel as in the part just before men- tioned, so that the channels are not far from equal in this re- spect. Having thus stated the advantages and disadvantages of each channel, I shall give it as my opinion that these two channels are equally good ; the one wUl be preferred by a navigator equally acquainted with both under some circum. stances, and the other under contrary circumstances of winds, weather, season of the year, &c. ; consequently there must be a great advantage in having two channels instead of one, and therefore there cannot be a doubt that it would tend to im- prove the navigation of the river if the pilots were by law bound to make themselves equally acquainted with both chan- nels, and indeed with every part of the river, as is the case in other countries. — In the course of our researches last summer we discovered a third channel which has never been before noticed. It is not so good as either of the others, but ought to be well known. The western entrances of this channel are between the islands to the westward of Crane Island ; the principal entrance being between He aux Reaux and Grosse He, the whole of which have been represented as impassable from shoal water in the most recently published chart of the river ; passing to the northward of Crane and Goose Islands, &c. this channel is divided into two branches by Seal Shoals, the one branch passing to the southward of those shoals, and between them and the Pillars, joins the south channel, pass- ing, like it, through and out between the buoys of the tra- verse This channel, between the Pillars and Seal Shoals, is narrow and dangerous, but the other branch, which passes to the northward of Seal Shoals, and between them and He aux Coudres, is a wide channel, and has the advantage of avoid- ing the traverse entirely ; but, on the other hand, I do not think that it has more than three fathoms of water at low- water during spring tides ; in one part, and for a short di- stance between the Seal Shoals (la Batture aux Loops Ma- lins) and He aux Coudres, the bottom in this channel is good for anchoring and the tides not so strong as in the other channels, but it possesses no good roadsted, and there are many shoals. As the north and south channels are superior to this middle channel, I do not recommend it for general use, but as vessels have, in north-easterly gales and thick weather, been frequently driven up between the Seal Shoals and the Pillars, and also between the Seal Shoals and Cou- dres, and in all probability will frequently be so again, I am decidedly of opinion that the pilots should become acquainted with this channel also, in order that they may be able to ex- tricate a vessel so situated. — I think the dangers of the north and south channels about equal. The anchorage at He aux Coudres is a great advantage to the north channel. — The short distance to which the shoal water extends off the north coast is also an advantage, and so may be also the height of that coast in some respects, but on the other hand its moun- tainous character causes heavy squalls in north-west winds, which however occur very seldom during the months of Sep- tember and October, in which we were there, and in which also that wind is most frequent ; the wind, in nine days out of ten, is neither directly up or down the river. — In the chan. nel between He aux Coudres and the north coast the water is too deep and the tide too rapid for vessels conveniently to anchor, but there is a small bay at Laprairie, on the north side of He aux Coudres, where vessels may safely anchor in all winds, out of the strength of the tide and in a moderate * depth of water. They must anchor near the shore, but the ground is excellent, and there is seldom or never any sea which can affect a vessel. I am of opinion, if a pier were constructed here, that this place would form an excellent situation as adep6t for caulking, repairing, and loading ves- sels, particularly late in the autumn, and that vessels might sail with greater safety and later in the season from this place than from Quebec, as they would by so doing have fifty miles less of the most dangerous part of the river to pass through than those from the latter place. — Laprairie Bay, on the north side of Coudres, is the best sheltered of any roadsted between Quebec and Hare Island, but the space in which large ves- sels can anchor is small; I think that not more than ten large vessels could ride at anchor there at the same time, but until our charts are constructed I cannot speak positively as to the exact number I am of opinion that vessels might in general sail later in this season by taking the north channel instead of the south, because the testimony of many of the inhabit- ants, whom I have questioned, went to assure me that the north channel remains for weeks in the autumn clear of ice after the south channel has been completely filled by it. That this report of the inhabitants is correct I have no doubt, as the shoals, on which ice is first formed, are less extensive in the north than in the south channel, and at the season of ice northerly winds prevail much more than those from the op- posite direction, so that the ice is driven to the southward — I think the best means to render the pilots acquainted with the north and middle channels would be, to cause a certain num- ber of them at a time to sound completely the channels in ques- tion in a small schooner, and select the necessaryleading marks, &c. ; as soon as this certain number have become completely acquainted, they should be succeeded by others until the whole shall have become sufficiently qualified. I think two months well employed, and in the finest season of the year, would answer for each party of pilots so employed ; but tlie river will never be safely navigated until accurate charts are made of it. To ensure that the future pilots should be duly quali. fied, I think that no apprentice pilot should obtain a branch, vpho, upon examination, shall not be found qualified to tajce a ship through every practicable channel in the river.— Mr. Lambly's charts are incorrect in every respect, excepting the soundings of the south channel and leading marks to avoid the dangers therein. His directions are good as far as they go, and I am of opinion that he deserves great credit for having done so much as he has, when I consider that he has never possessed the necessary instruments. The north channel was always used by the French ; and Admiral Saunders' fleet, in which were line of battle ships, passed up by the north chan- nel and through the old traverse at the foot of the Island of ST. LAWRENCE. Orleans. 1 do not know for what reason this channel has been abandoned. I have not yet examined tlie river below the He aux Coudres. Observations relative to the navigation of the St. Lawrence between the seigniories of Soulange and Beauharnois, and between Montreal and the south shore. A short distance from the Pointe des Cascades lies Isle des Cascades, which, with 2 or 3 smaller isles, break the current of the St. Lawrence at its entrance into Lake St. Louis. A sudden declivity in the bed of the river, obstructed by rocks in some places and scooped into cavities in others, produces a most singular commotion called the Cascades; it is an extraordinary agitation of the waters pre- cipitated with great velocity between the islands, which being repelled by the rocks and hollows 'underneath, the waves are thrown up in spherical figures much above the surface and driven with the utmost violence back again upon the current, exhibiting nearly the same effect as would be pro- duced by the most furious tempest. — At a place near Longueuil's Mill the bateaux, ascending the St. Lawrence, are unloaded and their cargoes transported in carts to the vUlage in order that they may be towed up light through the Grande Batture or Rapide du Coteau des Cedres: the Rapide de Bouleau on the opposite shore is deeper but not less difficult to pass ; their combined effects make this the most intricate and hazardous place between Montreal and Lake Ontario. — At Coteau du Lac, just above the river Delisle, boats again enter locks to avoid a very strong rapid between Prison Island and the point abreast of it, where a duty is collected upon wines, spirits, and many other articles carried into Upper Canada. This place has been always esteemed a military post of some consequence, and works are erected and kept in good repair which command the passage on the north side of the river ; and if another was thrown up on Prison Island it would render the pass so difficult as to make it very improbable that any enemy, however enterprising, would venture through the outer channel between Prison Island and Grande Isle. The stream is interrupted here- about by several islands, between which it rushes with great impetuosity, and is so much agitated that boats and rafts encounter great inconvenience in descending ; and to descend in safety they must keep close under the shores of Prison Island. — The current from Coteau du Lac to the Cedars is in most situations so powerful that the bateaux-men are necessitated to make use of their setting-poles, which are about 7 feet. in length and shod with iron. As the current impels the vessel towards the shore, the men place themselves upon that side which is inwards and push it forward by the pressure of each upon his pole at the same in- stant ; the bateaux by these united efforts is forced up the stream, and the impulsive movement is continued by thus setting the poles in the bed of the waters and by a reiteration of the same exer- tions. This operation, although fatiguing and laborious in the extreme, they will prolong for the space of several hours. When the current is too powerful for the use of poles, the bateau is dragged by a long rope, the men engaged in this office walking along the banks of the river. In the less rapid streams the oars are used, and when the wind is favourable and the current not so strong recourse is had to the sail. — The course of the St. Lawrence from La Chine to Montreal forms a considerable curve. The navigation is very difficult, owing to the rapidity of the water and the shallowness of particular parts. The cur- rent is strong for some distance above Lachine. The first rapid commences near the windmill, on the high point of land between the upper and lower village, and extends to the government dep&t ; it is so rough that the boats take a long time to haul up it ; hence to the miU- the water is smooth but runs with a strong current. At the mill Sault St. Louis commences, which is ex- tremely rough : the rapid extends to about a mile below the miU.. There are a number of large beds of rock which render the navigation very difficult during the dry seasons. The boats ge- nerally pass up unloaded and take in their cargo at Upper Lachine. After this to Montreal the water is smooth and swift, with the same incon- veniences of rocks and shallows. A strong cur- rent, called St. Mary's, extends to 2 miles below the town, at the foot of which vessels are de- tained, frequently for weeks, till they get a strong rough wind sufficient to enable them to stem the current. — Between the island of Montreal and the south shore, near Coghnawaga village, the breadth of the St. Lawrence is contracted to about half a mile; from this spot to the lower extre- mity of Rapide St. Louis, nearly four miles, there is a gradual shelving descent of its rocky bed. In passing through this channel the stream ac- ST. LAWRENCE. quires an irresistible impetus, and towards the lower part moves with a velocity of 18 miles an hour, until it is separated by some small islands below into several channels. The incessant roar of the torrent, the inconceivable rapidity with which unwieldy bodies are hurried on, as it were, to inevitable ruin, and the agitated surface of the vs^ater, present a scene at once extraordinary, ap- palling and terrific. Boats and rafts coming down the river are compelled to run through this tre- mendous pass, which is never free from diflaculty and imminent hazard, although the boats are guided by experienced pilots, who are constrained to keep as close as possible to the southern shore, and should any mismanagement or error in steer- age unhappily take place, certain destruction would ensue : accidents, however, very rarely occur. Observations relative to the navigation of the St. Lawrence off the county of RimousM, and Gaspe Bay in the Gulf. Gaspe.— On. proceeding to Gaspe to report or clear, it is not necessary to go farther up than Douglas Town, about 6 miles below Gaspe, there to anchor in 8 or 9 fathoms and go up in the boat. At Gaspe there are almost regular sea and land breezes : the sea breeze sets in about 10 o'clock in the morning and continues till about sunset, and about 10 o'clock at night the land breeze springs up. This knowledge may frequently save a day, as Mr. M'Connell, the collector, is exceedingly desirous to spare captains any detention. The rocks called the Seal 'Bocks, and laid down in the charts about the centre of the bay, do not extend above half a mile from the s. shore. Mitis. — In proceeding up the St. Lawrence for Great Mitis, after passing Cape Chat, the first place of remark is Matane Biver, known by a large square white house, &c. level at the top and without a chimney. Ten leagues farther up is Little Mitis, on a long, low, flat rocky point, with several white houses extending about a cable's length to the n. e. This is a guide for the anchorage at Great Mitis, which is 6 miles farther up to the w. On opening the bay close on shore a square house is first seen, which is a corn-mill near the water side. A mile farther up to the w., in the s. w. corner of the bay, at the same view is seen the upper part only of a house, which is the establishment. The ship will then close in with Little Mitis Point, into 6 or 7 fathoms water, and run for Great Mitis by the lead in from 5 to 8 fathoms. If turning up on the N. shore, or in the mid channel. Mount CamiUe will be seen, which must be brought to bear s. w. by s., which will lead from the sea to the bay. The following directions are useful for riding at Great Mitis, and also for entering the basin within the rock. With a ship of great draught of water it will be advisable to lie at 6 fathoms at low water, with the house at the e. side of the ii. Mitis open to the eastward of the island which is in the bay, so that the r. may be seen between them. The high land of Bic will then be just clear of Point Osnell, on which there is a fishery ; some of the houses at Little Mitis will then be seen and Mount Ca- miUe will bear s. s. w. by compass. In such a mooring the swell is broken before it comes in by the shore, and vessels may be seen lying to while the ship is quite snug at anchor. — A vessel of easy draught of water may ride in safety in 5 fathoms with the house and island the same as before laid down ; but the high land of Bic wiU then be shut in and also all the houses at Little Mitis : with these marks the ground will be found excellent for holding, being clay. By laying one anchor to the b. and another to the w. the ship will ride safely. By riding thus it will also be found that the quickest despatch will be insured by the bateaux and schooners, for with a westernly wind they can always reach the harbour after leaving the ship, which is the most difficult part in loading a vessel. The tide flows exactly at one o'clock at fuU and rises from 12 to 14 feet. — Vessels in the roads and bound for the basin at Great Mitis, within the rock, must be guided by the wind sea and the tide as to what time to weigh. There are 5 buoys laid down : a red buoy for fair way, 2 black buoys on the starboard and 2 white buoys on the larboard side. — From the anchorage steer directly for the fair way red buoy, which lies at 14 feet in half-flood spring tides, with the house at Point Osnell w. by s.. Little Mitis Point e. ; also with the house on Great Mitis Point a ship's length open to the eastward and Great Mitis Rock, bearing s. by w. and n. by b., distant from the rock about -J mile. The ground is all clear S T from the anchorage to the buoy and 3 or 4 cables length B. and w. of it. From the fair way buoy steer s. s. w. about 7 or 800 yards, which will bring the ship equidistant between the 2 outer buoySj then steer in a fair way between the 2 inner buoys (the tide is always setting out and no tide sets in the channel). Having passed these buoys, the westward of which lies 136 yards n. by w. from the k. end of the island, not more than 100 feet distant from the rock, and keep close in to the s. side of the island as prudence dictates ; the ground is all soft and clean. It may he preferable to moor the ship's head to the east- ward, as the vessel is more easily swung when light, and her head would then be in a proper po- sition for coming out again. There is plenty of room for 2 vessels to moor head and stern of each dther in the basin. — No ballast must be hove out in the basin under any pretence; it should be put into bateaux and carried to the westward. Ships bound to the anchorage at Rimouski should endeavour to close in with the land about Father Point (Point au Pere), 6 or 7 fathoms water, and steer thence due w. about 3 miles for the body of Bamaby Island until the extreme easterly point, which is a large round stone, bears by compass w. N. w. about f of a mile, in 4^ fathoms at low water. Rimouski church will then bear about s. s. w., and a round bluff island between St. Bar- naby and the main w. s. w., and Father Point b. 8i little northernly. — As the water shoals gradually towards Barnaby Island, ships of light draught of water may go nearer to it, taking care to allow for 3 or 4 feet scud in the event of a N. e. gale; with westernly gales, which generally prevail, ships may ride quite smooth and secure there. Ships intending to load there should moor n. w. and s. E. with not less than 60 fathoms each way, so as to have an open hawse to the N. b. — Off the w. point of Barnaby Island is an excellent secure anchorage from b. n. e. winds, in 4 fathoms at low water, Barnaby Island bearing n. b. by n. i a mile, and a small island within Barnaby Island about -1 a mile e., the point of land from Bic at w. by s., and the b. end of Bic Island at w. by n. ' — (For the navigation of the river at its entrance, vide Anticosti.J St. Laurent (P.), v. Montreal. St. Laurent (P, and V.), v. Orleans, I. S T E St. Leon (P.), v. Grosbois, S. St. Louis (Isles), v. Saguenay, b. St. Louis, lake, is an expansion of the St. Lawrence, and is between the s. w. end of the island of Montreal and front parts of the counties of Laprairie and Beauharnois. The principal island in this lake is Isle Perrot that separates it from the Lake of Two Mountains, which is an expansion, or rather the estuary, of the Ottawa. For many years Lake St. Louis was the limit of the French colony towards the west. St. Louis (P.), v. Kamouraska, S. St. Louis (R.), v. Richelieu, r. St. Loc (P.), V. LoNGUBUiL, b. St. MaBC (P.), V. COURNOYBR, S. Stb. Marguerite, isles, in the St. Lawrence, lie w. of Goose Island and near Isle de Grace. These isles, with 3 of smaller size, were granted Nov. 5, 1698, to Sieur de Grand ville. Title. — " Concession du Sme Novembre, 1698, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jeari Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur de Grandmlle, d'une terre situee pres des isles aux Oies, appelfee les isles Sie. Marguerite, consistant en quarante arpens de front sur cinq de protondeur, avee trois petites isles du cote du Sud, et la batture joignant les dites isles." — R^gistre d'Intendance, No. 5, folio 25. Stb. Marguerite, river, runs into the n. shore of the Saguenay, nearly 9 miles n. e. of La Boule and about 6 leagues from Tadoussac. Al- though it is the largest of the rivers that run into the Saguenay between Tadoussac and Chicoutimi, it is but an inconsiderable stream; it rises in a chain of mountains that abound in lakes, near those of the r. Terres Rompues. The course of this river is very rapid and lies deeply buried in abrupt mountains, which render its banks unfit for the purposes of agriculture. There is only a small space of culturable ground on the n. side of the little bay which is formed at its mouth, and part of it crumbles down upon the beach and forms long shoals of sand on which the fishermen stretch their salmon nets. It is navigable for canoes about 20 leagues, there being throughout that distance only 3 or 4 portages of little extent; by this route it is possible to reach Portneuf on the St. Lawrence. At its mouth, opposite to Anse aux Foins, it is two arpents wide and forms a safe harbour against all winds. Salmon go up it about 20 leagues, and then meet with falls that prevent their penetrating farther. Ste. Marguerite, river, in the co. of Nicolet, rises in the augmentation to the S. of Nicolet, STE. MARGUERITE. near the boundary line of Roquetaillade. It runs a very mazy course through the greater part of this linej and then striking from it to the n. it continues wholly in Roquetaillade, where it runs into the St. Lawrence. Stb. Marguerite, seigniory, in the co. of St. Maurice, is hounded n. e. by the h. St. Maurice; s. w. by Pointe du Lac ; n. w. by the S. of St. Maurice ; in front by the small grants made to the late order of Jesuits, Sieur de St. Paul and others. About f of a league in front by one league in depth. Granted July 27, 1691, to Sieur J. Dubois de Boguinet. — Several fiefs Ue in the immediate neighbourhood of this S. viz., Bou- cherville, Labadie, Vieupont, grants made to the Jesuits, Sieur St. Paul, &c. — The seigniory of Ste. Marguerite is of a light sandy soil, mixed in some places with clay, in others with loam; it has some good timber and is watered by several small streams, and the greatest part of it is well cultivated. — The Parish of Three Rivers contains the town of Three Rivers and several fiefs. The town derives its name from the separation of the mouth of the r. St. Maurice into three channels by two islands ; in point of antiquity it is the second settlement in the province, and is situated nearly midway between Quebec and Montreal. It covers an area of nearly 400 acres and forms a front above 1300 yds. along the St. Lawrence, and it stands on an exceedingly light, sandy soil. To the hank of the St. Maurice the ground rises very considerably, but in the opposite direction it sinks almost to a level with the St. Lawrence. This place ranks as the third town in the province, but compared with either of the others it is small indeed, containing only about 550 houses, with a population not much exceeding 3500 souls. It sends two members to the provincial parliament. In the year 1618 some French colonists began to build this place, with a view of making it a dep&t whence the fur trade might be carried on with the Indians to the northward; their plan experienced at first many iiattering indications of success, but after Montreal was founded and had so increased as to be able to defend itself against the attacks of the natives of the country, it was supposed to be a situation better suited to this improving traffic and was consequently preferred ; from that period Three Rivers, being greatly neglected, did not much enlarge either its extent or population. About the beginning of last cen- tury, however, it appeared about to rise into some consequence by the opening of the iron mines at St. Maurice ; but up to the present time its im- provement has been upon a very moderate scale. The trade carried on here is chiefly in British manufactured goods, which are plentifully distri- buted throughout the middle district. The exports consist of wheat, timber and the produce of its iron foundery added to that of the mines of St. Maurice. Peltry in small quantities still continues to be brought hither by the Indians from the northward, and is received by the agents of the H. B. Company. Several pot and pearlash fac- tories, 2 or 3 breweries and an extensive brick manufactory considerably increase the general trade of the place. Many of the bark canoes used in the n. w. voyages are buUt here ; and a variety of ingenious and ornamental works and toys are made. As a shipping port it is con- veniently situated, there being a sufficient depth of water for ships of large tonnage to lie close to the wharfs and receive or discharge their cargoes by a temporary stage from their gangways. The town itself possesses little to attract a stranger's notice, and the streets are narrow and unpaved. The shops and store-houses are numerous, where may be had British goods of all denominations ; several inns afford to travellers very respectable accommodations, s. w. of the town are the re- mains of some military works thrown up for its defence by the English army, during the first American war, which are now honoured by the inhabitants with the high-sounding title of An- ciennes Fortifications. On the outside of these works is an extensive tract of common land. The principal public buildings in the town are the Ursuline convent, the protestant and catholic churches, the court-house, gaol and barracks. The major part of the private dwelling-houses, &c. are buUt with wood, the oldest only one story high, and small gardens are attached to them; those of a more recent date are in a much better style, many of them higher than the old ones, and have rather a handsome appearance. The Ursuline convent was founded in 1677, by Mons. de St. Vallier, bishop of Quebec, for the education of youth, chiefly females, and as an asylum for the sick and infirm poor. The establishment is for a superior and 24 nuns, and includes a paro- chial church and hospital. The old monastery of the RecoUets, a stone building, is now dilapidated ; S T E S T E near it is a powder magazine. The protestant and catholic churches are good plain buildings. The court-house and gaol are handsome modem stone edifices. The building now occupied as bar- racks is solidly constructed of stone. On the eastern side of the town are several small fiefs and separate lots of ground belonging to different proprietorSj most of them in a good state of cul- tivation. — This tovv^n has not essentially been affected by the general prosperity and increase of the settlements and population of the province. Its advancement mUst materially depend on the settling of the circuity acent lands, particularly the vast waste tracts in its rear, together with certain commercial advantages it might be made to enjoy in common with Quebec and Montreal as ware- housing ports.— (Fzrfe Vol. I. p. 206.) Population 2,627 Banlieu, do. 483 Churches, R. C. 2 Cures . . 2 Presbyteries . ] Convents . I Statistics. Schools . Towns Corn-mills Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns River-craft . Tonnage . Keel-boats . 2 83 2 Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. 13,500 27,000 2,000 Bushels. Potatoes 29,600 Peas . . 2,060 Bushels. Indian corn 150 Mixed grain SO Live Stock. 1,020 Cows Sheep 1,720 1 Swine 5,4,80 1 1,620 Title.—" Concession du 27me Juillet, 1691, faite par Louis de Buade, Comte de Fronienac, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Jacques Dubois de Boguinet, de trois quarts de lieues ou environ de front, etant au der- riere des concessions qui sont le long du fleuve St Lau- rent, audessus des Trois Rivieres, appartenantes aux Rk- vcrends Peres Jesuites et au Sieur de St. Paul; joignant au cot^ du Sud-Ouest au fief Vieupont et au c6te du Nord- Est au dit fleuve des Trois Rivieres; ensemble la pro- iondeur qui se trouvera jusqu'aux fiefs de Tonnancour et de St. Maurice."— R^gisire d'Intendance, No. i, folio 5. " Les Registres qui coneernent cette partie de la Pro- vince ne suffisant pas pour placer, sur la Carte, les dif. f6rentes concessions, elles y sont posees d'aprgs un plan du heu, sur lequel, dit-on, les proprietaires se r^glent quant a leurs limites. Ces Ijmites en quelques cas ne sont pas les memes que celles indiqu^es dans les litres origmaires, difference qui peut avoir ete causae par des eehanges ou cessions faites entre les concessionnaires pri- mUifs ou leurs representans." Ste. Mahie (P.), V. MoNNOiK, S. Ste. Marie, river, is a small stream in the S. of Blainville. Ste. Marie, river, in the S. of Ste. Marie, in the CO. of Beauce, is formed by two branches that rise in the N. B. section of the S. It runs s. w. into the n. Chaudiere. Ste. Marie, seigniory, in the co. of Beauce, is bounded n. e. by the t. of Frampton and the S. of Jolliet; s. w. by St. Giles; in the rear by St. Joseph ; in front by St. Etienne. — 3 leagues broad and 2 deep, according to the title. Granted Sept. 23, 1736, to Sieur Taschereau. The principal proprietors now are O. Perrault, Chas. Tasche- reau, E. Taschereau, Geo. Taschereau, and Fortier, Esqrs. — The land is uneven and rocky in some parts ; an irregular ridge of broken heights passes in a s. w. direction over the rear part of the S., but the soil is generally good and pro- ductive. The cultivated tracts and' numerous intervals of gentle acclivities are very fertile, although in general the soil is light and in some instances rather stony. — In this seigniory are 10 concessions, 5 of which are on each side of the R. Chaudiere ; the first 3 on each side are the most numerously inhabited. Nearly two-thirds of the S. are under good cultivation. The concessions, made before 1759, extended 3 arpents in front by 40 in depth, at the moderate rent of 9 livres 18 sols and subject to all the usual seignorial rights and dues. — The timber is abundant and consists of maple, wild cherry, ^ beech, whitewood, fir, cedar, sapin and spruce. — This S. is watered by the Chaudiere, du Domaine, Le Bras, Noire, Dur- bois, Belaire, Labbee and Lessard. — A road ex- tends 2 leagues on each side of the Chaudiere, and there is a road in front of each concession. — In the parish of Ste. Marie are 43,020 arpents of land unconceded and fit for cultivation ; over this extent roads have been marked out and opened, and a great part has been surveyed and allotted as is usual in the seigniories. — The Village of Ste. Marie is the largest and most flourishing on the Chaudiere; it consists of 39 houses, including the manor-house, two seignorial houses, a cus- tom-house and two good inns; there is also a church with a parsonage-house. At the convent, a well-built stone edifice of 2 stories, 20 to 25 girls are instructed. There are two annual fairs, one held in March and the other in Sept. In this S. there are nearly 900 families. The num- ber of persons both willing and able to make new settlements is not considerable, as may be inferred from the fact, that all those young persons who have lately taken lands have not as yet erected any buildings; the lands taken and those not S T S T taken are all of good quality. This S. is situated on the public road from Quebec to Boston, by the Kennebec road. Population Churches, Cures Convents Schools . Villages . Corn-mills 4,600 R. C. 1 Wheat . Oats . Barley . Potatoes Annu Bushels. 20,800 12,500 9,100 42,000 Statistics. Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills . Tanneries . Potteries Potasheries Pearlasheries Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns . . Artisans , . 1 1 1 6 4 31 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Peas . 10,400 Indian com 1,000 Mixed grain 800 Maple sugar, cwts. 759 Hay, tons 3,500 Horses Oxen 1,495 Live Stock. Cows . 2,418 1 Swine 868 I Sheep . 8,900 1 2,550 Title. — " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1736, faite par le Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hoc- quart, Intendant, au Sieur Taschereau, de trois lieues de terre de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, des cStes de la riviere dite Sault de la Chaudiire, en remontant, en com- nien^ant a I'endroit VIslet au Sapin, icelui compris, en- semble les lacs isles et islets se qui trouveront dans la dite riviSre dans la dite etendue de trois lieues." — Rigistre fflntendance, No. 8, folio 6. Ste. Marie, seigniory, in the co. of Cham- plain, is bounded n. b. by the b. Ste. Anne; s. w. by the S. of Batiscan ; in the rear by the first aug. to the S. of Ste. Anne ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — -| league broad and ^ league deep. 'Granted Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Lemoine and is now the property of M. Boisvert. The frpnt is inundated by the St. Lawrence in the spring. Nearly two-thirds are under cultivation on the river Ste. Anne. This grant is watered by the rivers Batiscan and Ste. Anne, and pos- sesses a corn and a saw-mill. — The manor-house is agreeably situated near the mouth of the river Ste. Anne. Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Lemoine, de trois quarts de lieue de terre sur demi lieue de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis I'habitation des p^res J«- siiites, jusqu'a, la riviSre Ste. Anne, supposfe que cette quantite y soiV—Registre d'lntendance, No. 1, folio 32. St. Martin (P.), v. Isle Jesus. St. Maurice, county, in the district of Three Rivers, is bounded n. e. by the co. of Champlain ; s. w. by the n. e. boundary of the fief Dusahle or York, to the depth of that fief, and thence by a line on the same course prolonged to the n. boundary of the province ; N. w. by the n. boundary of the province ; s, e. by the St. Lawrence, together with all the islands in that river nearest to the county, and in the whole or in part fronting the same. It comprises the Seigniories of Ste. Marguerite, St. Maurice, Point du Lac, Gatineau, Grosbois or Yamachiche, Riviere du Loup, Grand Pre, Fief St. Jean and its augmentation, Maskinonge, Ca- rufelj and part of Lanaudiere. Its extreme length is 240 miles and its breadth 28|^, containing 9810 square miles. Its latitude on Lake St. Peter is 460 17' 30" N. long. 72° 42' 30" w. It sends two members to the provincial parliament and the place of election is at Yamachiche. The prin- cipal rivers are the St. Maurice, Maskinonge, du Loup, Grande Machiche and Petite Machiche; the principal lakes are the Kempt, Matawin, and Shasawataisi. The face of the country, along the St. Lawrence and for several leagues in depth, is generally level, and is composed of a light sandy soil and clay ; in the interior the land is uneven, and traversed by ridges of high lands. The prin- cipal settlements are chiefly along and in the vici- nity of the St. Lawrence ; and on each side of the several rivers above named, ranges of fine cul- tivated farms and handsome houses are to be seen almost all along the whole route or post road, from Three Rivers westward, leading through several flourishing villages, the chief of which are Ri- viere du Loup, Machiche, and Point du Lac; in these villages are handsome churches, schools, taverns, &c. The t. of Three Rivers is situated within this co. at the entrance of the St. Maurice, and there is a good road leading from it to the forges of St. Maurice, about 9 miles n. w. of the town. Of the numerous roads that traverse this CO. in every direction, many require considerable improvement. Statistics. Population 15,289 Churches, Pro. 2 Churches, R.C. 6 Cures Presbyteries Convents Towns Court-houses Gaols Villages Corn-mills . Saw-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Distilleries Breweries Foun denes . Tanneries Potteries Potasheries Pearlasheries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans Ship-yards . River-craft Tonnage . Keel-boats . , 3 3 40 30 119 3 6 203 7 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat • Oats Barley , Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 89,600 85,900 13,080 129,880 Bushels. Peas . 14,640 Rye . 3,130 Buck-wheat 2,500 Indian corn 330 Bushels. Mixed grain 4,280 Maple sugar, cwts. 648 Hay, tons 32,660 Live Stock. 4,401 1 Cows . 7,565 1 Swine . 6,720 4^550 1 Sheep . 29,580 I rr2 ST. MAURICE RIVER. St. Maurice Rivbk, in the counties of Port- neuf, Charaplain, and St. Maurice, is one of the largest rivers that pour their waters into the St. Lawrence, although its depth is inconsiderable; it is inferior only to the Ottawa and the Sague- nay. It drains an extent of country more than 140 miles in length and from 20 to 100 miles in breadth, equivalent to about 8400 square miles. It rises far in the interior of the country, near the skirts of the n. w. ridge of mountains, in a large lake called Oskelanaio. Its course is, gene- rally, from N. to s. inclining a little to the s. Its tributary lakes and streams are very numerous, besides rivers of a large size capable of carrying canoes. Among the latter may be enumerated the Kasikan North Bastonais Pisnay , Bastonais Ribbon Aux Bats Windigo Mattonin VermUion Shawenegan. After passing the Falls of Shawenegan, the St. Maurice turns again to the s., having run for some distance w., and becomes the boundary line between the S. of Cap de la Madeleine and the lands belonging to the Forges of St. Maurice. It soon after forms the N. e. boundary of the S. of Ste. Marguerite, and falls into the St. Lawrence below the town of Three Rivers, forming several islands at its mouth. — The navigation of the St. Maurice, whose banks are generally high and co- vered with large groups of fine majestic trees, is practicable for boats as far as La Tuque, with the exception of 7 portages at the following places, the shortest of which extends about two acres and the longest about nine. From Three Rivers to Portage Gabelle From Gabelle to Portage aux Grais From aux Grais to Portage Shawenegan From Shawenegan to aux Hetres From aux Hetres to Grand Mere From Grand Mere to Petit Pille From Petit Pille to Grand Pille From Grand Pille to the Portage of La Tuque Leagues. 5 Oh H ]i 38 From Grand Pille to La Tuque the current of the river is gentle and navigable for bateaux, with the exception of a few small rapids. Above the Post of La Tuque the a. is about half a mile broad, and in the spring the waters rise near the post to an extraordinary height, as evinced by the roots of trees found on the top branches of large trees in the meadows, &c. Near the mouth of the II. Vermilion the St. Maurice becomes very much interrupted by rapids, so much so that it is usual with the traders to ascend the Vermilion and then through a chain of small lakes with portages to re-enter the St. Maurice. At Wemontichinque the St. Maurice is divided into three branches : at this place, situated in 47° 88' N., the Hud- son's Bay and King's Post Company have trading stations. Up one of these branches which runs from the w. is a most extraordinary chain of lakes and navigable waters which probably has not its parallel in Canada or any other country. The number of these lakes is stated at 23, varying in size and depth, the greatest of which is called Kempt Lake, after his excellency the late admi- nistrator. In many places here the water is found upwards of 40 fathoms. Soil. — From the mouth of the river the soU, particularly on the west bank, is very sandy and clothed with white pine, spruce, and white birch, and occasionally the sameness is diversified with a few spots of rich foliage. Nearer the Forges, which are about 9 miles above Three Rivers, the banks rise more boldly and to a considerable height. From Pointe a la Hache to the Falls of Gabelle, about 6 miles, the land varies much in its quality ; where the sandy loam prevails it is timbered with pine, fir, aspin, spruce, and white birch; where it is clayey the maple, beech, basswood, and yel- low or black birch is generally interspersed. In one place there is a white spruce or tamarac swamp, a description of bog-shaking earth, in which are generally found the ores used at the Forges. The Falls of La Gabelle are interesting to the geolo- gist, for besides the limestone that abounds there, much sandstone and other minerals are to be found in the vicinity ; the land about the falls is of arable quality, containing, however, much gravel inter- mixed with the loam beneath the vegetable mould. At the Falls of La Grais the land exhibits very favourable appearances for settlement to a con- siderable extent. Beyond the Grais the land im- proves and the banks of the r. present an ex- cellent tract of country as is evinced by the rich verdure of the foliage, particularly on approach- ing Pigeon Island which partakes of the alluvial; the elm, basswood, beech and birch are intermixed with the spruce, balsam, pine and cedar. From the R. Shawenegan to Snake Point, nearly 4 m. from Portage des Hetres, the banks slope gently to the river and present eligible seats for settle- ST. MAURICE RIVER. ment : the soil is generally a loam with a clay bottom and is timbered with spruce, tir, cedar, birch and pine, with occasionally some elm. In the Portage des Hfitres the land, which is in some places indifferent and somewhat stony, is timbered with beech, fir, maple, pine, and hemlock, with some birch and cedar. From this portage the banks assume a bolder aspect and the right bank is much broken and the soil is a light sandy loam generally timbered with spruce, pine, birch, some cedar, and balsam. The soil over the portage at the Falls of Grande Mere is of indifferent quality and is timbered with spruce, fir, white birch, and pine. At the Petites Pilles the soil and timber are similar to those below the Forges. At the Grosses PiUes, about 4^ miles higher up, the land becomes quite rugged and broken and the soil sandy and unfit for the purposes of agriculture, producing only, particularly on the b. side, a stinted growth of birch and fir. From Isle aux Fraises the land on each side assumes a moun- tainous aspect and offers no fitness for agricultural purposes or for settlement. From the h. Metinac to the Rivieres des Cinqs the banks of the St. Mau- rice, with few exceptions, are broken and moun- tainous and unfit for settlement ; the only timber is white birch, spruce, tamarac, small red pine, some cedar and hemlock. In many places the shores are iron-bound and the stream very rapid. Opposite the mouth of the r. Batiscan the western bank is particularly bold and abrupt and rises into prominent capes about 200 feet high. About a mile beyond the Trading Post of the Hudson's Bay Company, which is between the two rivers aux Rats, the hiUs rise to 300 feet, discovering fre- quent cliffs which dip generally to the n. e. The land below the mouth of the Bastonais is of a better description, although the opposite bank is still hilly and unculturable ; from the Bastonais to La Tuque the banks, although hilly, are not so broken and rugged as they are below that river : the Portage of La Tuque is over a very sandy soil, producing abundance of blue berries, and the timber is red pine, spruce, and cypress. Above the Post of La Tuque the land in the distance pre- serves the same mountainous character as below La Tuque, and appears in every respect unfit for settlement. — By the preceding account of the soil in different places on the St. Maurice, abstracted from the Report of the Deputy Surveyor-General, the following general description of the soil is sup- ported. The lands, from the Forges of St. Mau- rice for 15 leagues on each side of the r., are con- sidered susceptible of cultivation; thence the coun- try becomes rough and mountainous. Higher up, beyond the 15 leagues, there are many spots sus- ceptible of cultivation, but are too small to admit of any considerable settlement. In the first 15 leagues the timber is maple, beech, elm, ash, but- ternut, red pine, white pine, spruce, balsam, white and black birch. The timber above this part of the river and on the more rough and mountainous parts consists, on the mountains, principally of white birch and small red pine; on the more even parts the timber is much the same as on the first-mentioned 15 leagues. For the first 15 1. the soil is various. On the smoothest and best part of the country it is loam with a thin small coat of black soil, and much the same as that in the eastern townships. The hiUs are more rocky than the lower lands. Above these 15 leagues the soil, on the small culturable spots, is much the same as below, but the mountains are rocky and hardly culturable. From the river Mattouin up- wards rocky mountains in many places extend to the very shore of the St. Maurice, and some of them are lofty. From the appearance of the soil on both sides of the river for 15 leagues above Three Rivers, it may be presumed that there is an extent of land on both sides capable of admit- ting large settlements. Mountains. — On the eastern bank of the St. Maurice are two mountains which are spoken of by travellers. The Caribou Mountain rises near 200 feet, showing the face of an abrupt granite cliff, by the foot of which runs a very swift current. About three miles above it is Bird Mountain or L'Oiseau, as it is called, nearly 250 feet high, and the rocks of which the cliff is com- posed recede about 40" from the vertical towards the N. B, — The moose deer, beaver, otter and rab- bits are so numerous, that Mr. Brownson's party had not the least difBcultyin taking as many as they wanted for 20 men. There are ducks also, but they are not numerous. Islands. — In the R- St. Maurice are at least 14 small islands from one to 50 acres in extent; about one half of them consist of good land, and the soil in the larger islands is better than that of the smaller. Among the principal islands may be numbered Bird Island, Isle du Cinq, la Peche, and Pigeon Island. ST. MAURICE RIVER. Fish. — The St. Maurice abounds with fish, par- ticularly bass, pike, pickerel, trout, and white fish similar to that caught in Lake Ontario, and which is not found in the St. Lawrence ; a species called Ouatassa or Whahatoosee, weighing from 1 to 21bs., is peculiar to the part of the river near the Falls of Grande Mere : most of the fish, particularly the pickerel, are of superior quality and flavour. Fish is so plentiful that Mr. Brownson's party found no difficulty in catching what they wanted for supper while the men removed their effects from the canoes and lighted a fire. The Post of La Tuque is amply supplied with very fine dore, pike, and other fish at the mouth of the r. Bas- tonais and at the island La Peche. The Falls on the St. Maurice which have more particularly attracted the notice of travellers are chiefly in the lower part of its course. The Fa?/ 0/ the Grais is about J a league above the Fall of Ga- belle, and can only be considered as a cascade whose waters are separated into several channels by a few islets clothed withrich foliage, and presenting effect from the lower end of the portage. The Falls of Gdbelle are about 25 ft. high and descend through a partial contraction of the river, possessing little of the picturesque. — The Fall of the Grosses Pilles is merely a cascade of 15 or 20 ft., although it renders a portage necessary of about 30 yards, from which the right bank of the r. is seen to rise into high perpendicular cliffs of 250 to 300 feet, one in particular much resembling Cape Diamond. The rock of which the cliff is com- posed is chiefly primeval granite, dipping about 45° N. B. A few shrubs grow in the crevices of the rock, and its summit is thinly clothed with fir, spruce, and small white birch. — The Fall of the Petites Pilles can only be considered as a rapid too dangerous for the passage of canoes, although some voyagers have ventured down at great risk. — The Falls of Grande Mere are about 2 leagues above the Hetres. Nature, without giving to this fall the sublimity or the height of the Shawene- gan, has collected a pleasing continuation of ob- jects to reward the traveller. Two islands occa- sion three separate falls in the whole width of the river, which is here about 15 chains broad, each varying from the other. The eastern fall, and the most considerable for the body of water which falls perpendicularly about 30 feet, lies be- tween the eastern shore and the large island which is covered with spruce and fir, and is a pretty curtain faU. The centre fall is the most insignificant of the three, and falls down an inclined plane receding about 20" from the ver- tical, which together with the western fall or ca- taract is undermining the second and small island, which is a large mass of rock whose summit is partly covered with spruce, fir and white birch. — The Fall of les Hetres is more of a rapid than a cascade, being frequently descended in large ca- noes by expert bowmen, who are well acquainted with the course of the channel, which the voyageurs term fil d'eau. — The stupendous Falls of the Shawe-^ negan are about 6^- miles lower than the Hetres. Few falls or places indicate the marks of some extraordinary catastrophe or convulsion of nature so much as the Shawenegan : for that its present channel is the effect of some former event, or frac- ture in the vertical strata, may appear almost cer- tain. Above the falls the general course of the St. Maurice is from the east towards the upper land- ing, and the distance between this and the lower landing is but 341 yards, forming a peninsula com- posed of calcareous strata, with a thick surface of clay and loam that could have been easily pene- trated ; the river thence suddenly bends its course towards the south-east, and, being divided into two channels, precipitates itself near 150 feet per- pendicular, and rushes with terrific violence against the face of the cliff below, where the two chan- nels are again united, and thus this great body of water forces its way through a narrow passage not more than 30 yards wide. It is probable that in the course of time the small peninsula will form an island, and that the St. Maurice will pour down its waters near the mouth of the river Shawe- negan. Art could effect a canal, at an expense which would be trifiing in comparison with the ad- vantages to be derived from it, in the event of an extensive settlement being made upon the St. Maurice. — The most remarkable place on the St. Maurice is the Post of La Tuque, about 100 miles from the town of Three Rivers ; it is separated from the falls by a conical hill principally com- posed of granite rock containing quartz, mica, and feldspar. The post is in 470 18' 30" n. lat. by observation, and longitude 73° w. by ac- count, variation of the compass 11° w. It is a place of trade for the King's Post Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, who have respectively an establishment here, which consequently excite a spirit of opposition injurious, perhaps, to one or S T other of the pafties, and ultimately so to the na- tives. The King's Post Company's establishment consists of two dwelling-hous^Sj a store, &c. ; the Hudson's Bay of a dweUing-house only, which is however the best at the post. The winter com- mences here about the end of October and the snow disappears and the river is free from ice about the end of May. The winter is exceed- ingly cold, and in summer, which is excessively hot, the sand-flies and Musquitoes are more nu- Forges. To Gabelle. 550 yards Portage. Grais. 1034 yards do. Shawenegan. 554 yards do. Hetres. 6115 yards do. S T merous here than in other places on the St. Mau- rice, which is occasioned, perhaps, by the extensive low ground and marshes about the post and the extensive meadows on the islands near it. The following table of the distances of the re- markable places on the St. Maurice, between Three Rivers and the Post of La Tuque, is ex- tracted from the Report of the deputy surveyor- general, who lately made an exploring survey of this tract and ascertained the extent of the portages. 4^ 16 m 28J 34i 37i 42 53 63J 73J 79i H n m H la 25 28^ 33 44 54, 64i 70J 95i 100 77 86| 91 14 20 23 27i 38i 49 59 65 71^ 12 18. 2U 26 37 47. 57 63 81 85* 79 83^ 13 16 20, 31J 42 52 58 64J 74 78i 6 13i 24i 35 45 51 m 67 71^ 3 ^ Grande Mere. 336 yards do. Petites Pilles. 200 yards do. Grandes Pilles. 32 yards do. Riviere Metinac. Portages des Cinqs and Island. L'Oiseau or Bird Mountain. 18i 29 39 45 614 61 65J 15: 26 36 42 48* 58 62^ 11 21, 31, m 44 53J 58 10| 20i 26^ 33 42) 47 10 16 22) 32) 36) 12* 22 26) 6) Isle an Noix. Post of Riviere au Rat, Riviere Bastonais, N. Post of La Tuque. 16 19J 9* 15 4i For other particulars relative to the river St. Mau- rice, see vol. I. p. 284. St. Maukice, seigniory, in the co. of St. Mau- rice, is bounded s. w. by Pointe du Lac; s. e. by Ste. Marguerite ; n. w. by St. Etienne ; in front by the R. St. Maurice. — One league in breadth by 11 league in depth: the original grant was 2 leagues in depth, but as the grant of Pointe du Lac was of a prior date, so great an extent could not be taken. St. Maurice was reunited to the king's domain, 6th April, 1740, and on the 13th of the same month granted to the Company of the Forges, with an additional piece of land, 3 leagues in depth by 2 in breadth, called lief St. Etienne ; n. w. of St. Etienne is another tract of the same dimensions annexed to the above grants, as part of the lands belonging to the Forges. The whole is the property of the crown, but let on lease for 21 years, together with the forges, &c. to Messrs. Munro and Bell, for ike sum of 500^. per annum only. — The soil is light and sandy, generally on clay or good marl ; the surface is a continual alternation of gradual rise and fall ; in the low parts are a few swamps, bearing much hemlock and cedar; the acclivities are mostly clothed with a general mixture of timber, but the chief sort is pine of a middling growth. A very smaU part only of this grant is cultivated. A fine road from Three Rivers crosses it, leading mostly through woods to the foundery. — The Forges of St. Maurice are in St. Etienne at the confluence of a small river with the K. St. Maurice, about 8 miles above the town of Three Rivers. The elevated banks of the river embellished with a variety of beautiful trees on all sides, the deep tints of vast forests of fir, and the more distant and softened shades of the lofty mountains that bound the view, form a bold and magnificent per- S T S T spectivej as seen from the road that ascends the summit of the hilly chain that commands the valley. The establishment is furnished with every convenience necessary to an extensive concern; the furnaces, the forges, the founderies, workshops, &c. with houses and other buildings, present the appearance of a tolerably sized village. The prin- cipal articles manufactured are stoves of all kinds used in the province, large potash kettles, ma- chines for miUsj and various kinds of cast and vyrought iron ; also a great quantity of pig and bar iron for exportation. The number of men employed is from 250 to 300 ; the overseers and persons employed in the construction of models are English and Scotch, and the workmen are generally Canadians. When this establishment was first formed, about 1737, the mineral was found in great abundance near the surface, and for flexibility was not inferior to any in Europe. At first, the veins were worked with very little skill ; but in 1739 a French artisan was employed who made great improvements, which have progres- sively increased, so that now the establishment is conducted on the same principles as those of Eng- land and Scotland, and almost with equal ability. It is singular, that neither of the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada supplies sand fit to be used in casting, therefore, what is used here is imported from England. — The following summary of the speech of Mr. Dumoulin, the representa- tive of the town of Three Rivers in the provincial parliament, clearly describes the present inutility of the lands under lease to the lessee of the Forges. " Here is an extent of land, from three to four leagues broad and five leagues in depth, con- taining with its dependencies from GO to 80 square leagues, which is wholly useless for the purposes of cultivation, and by which the settle- ment and town of Three Rivers is hemmed in at the back, — not a single part of it has been con- ceded to a cultivator, and those persons in the small tract that adjoins Three Rivers, who wish to establish their children in new settlements in their own neighbourhood, are prevented from doing any thing, by this unprofitable exclusive privilege granted to the Forges. The whole of this pro- duces only, to the crown, the trifling sum of 500Z. rent per annum. He was ready to acknowledge the great utility of the forges, but they had no manner of occasion for this extensive territory, which, if it were granted out in lots to cultivators, would be ten times more valuable. If it be sup- posed that the whole of this extent contained mines of iron, and that these ought to belong to the company who undertook the forges, aU that need be done was to reserve, as he believed was usual in most grants, the mines that might be found for the crown or the company, and no grantee would regret a mine being opened on his lot, since it would double or treble the value of his produce, by the increase of population and consumption it would bring. It might be said, that granting lands for cultivation would destroy the supply of wood for fuel for the forges ; but, in the first instance, it would increase it, for the set- tlers would fell all the wood they could, and convey it themselves to the forges, where they wouldget it, under those circumstances, at a cheaper rate than they do now by sending their own workmen or contractors into the woods to get it. The evils of this monopoly were further illustrated by a pro- clamation the lessees induced Lord Dalhousie to issue, prohibiting even the making of maple-sugar on the land in question. This had been an im- memorial source of advantage to the inhabitants around, and, in the season, men were seen in aU directions with their axes, proceeding to the forests about 7 leagues beyond Three Rivers, to make sugar, of which they made from 3 to 500,000 lbs. a year. Even the pretence of de- struction to the fuel could not be made for this, as tapping the trees did not destroy them as wood. The lease would be out in March 1831." — For other particulars relative to the Forges, vide St. Etienne, f. Title.—" Confirmation du 13me Avril, 17iO,parle Roi de concession faite aux int^resses de la Compagnie des forges, ^tablies a St. Maurice, du fief de St. Etienne, r^uni au Domaine de sa Majesty, par oidre du 6me Avril pre- cMent, et des terres qui sont depuis le dit fief ie St Etienne, A prendre le front sur la riviere des TroUi Ri ■vih-es, en remontant jusqu'a une lieue audessus du Sault de la Gahellc, ci-devant dit le Sault de la Verrauderic sur deux lieues de profondeur, pour gtre le dit fief et les terres qui sont audessus unis et incorpores au fief de St. Mau- rice:''— Insinuations du Conseil Sufirietir,Rigistre H. folio St. Michel D'Yamaska (P.), v. Yamaska, S. St. Michel, seigniory, in the co. of Belle- chasse, is bounded n. e. by La Valliere; s. w. by Beaumont ; in the rear by St. Gervais ; in front by the South Channel of the St. Lawrence. This seigniory and that of St. Valliere have been formed out of the seigniory of Durantaye and its ST. MICHEL. augmentation. About one half of the seigniory of St. Michelj extending along the river, forms the parish of St. Michel; the other half, being the N. end of the seigniory, forms a part of the parish of St. Gervais. — This seigniory is divided into 6 ranges of concessions, each of which, almost without exception, is 40 arpents, or nearly half a league in depth ; they extend entirely across the S. ; 5 of them in a rectangular direction, and one, which is the 2d, being bounded on the s. by the r. Boyer, is of a triangular shape, and consequently is in extent, as compared with the others, only half a concession. In 5 of these ranges are 195 lots of land inhabited and cultivated; the 6th range, at the northern extremity of the seigniory, being sterile and unproductive, is inhabited by 13 indigent families only, who can scarcely be considered cultivators. The first, or river range, possesses the greatest number of inhabitants, on account of the village near the church and many emplacemens. In one part of the 4th range, about 1-|- mile in extent, there are but few habitations because' the land is of bad quality and marshy. The other ranges, with the exception of the 6th above described, are nearly equally inhabited. The soil in the 1st and 2d ranges is, with little exception, light and sandy and, consequently, in- differently productive. The soil in the 3rd and 4th ranges is alluvial and rich with generally a clayey substratum. The soil in the 5th range varies in quality, but is generally sufficiently fer- tile. The 6th range is covered partly with sand, very fine and deep, and partly by an extensive chain of enormous rocks. The 1 st, 2nd and 3rd ranges of concessions produce maple, the small cherry-tree, beech, fir and other soft wood, but the quantity is inconsiderable and only enough for fuel. The same kinds of wood are abundant in the other ranges, but the pine, so much sought after, is scarcely to be seen in any part of the seigniory. About four-fifths of the lands in the concessions, generally, are under cultivation, and the other one-fifth is covered with forest. Two small rivers run across this seigniory in almost a parallel course ; one, called le Bras, divides the 5th and 6th ranges of concessions; the other, called la Riviere Bo^er, runs between the 2nd and 3rd concessions. The population of this sei- gniory, in Jan. 1827, amounted to 2,002 souls. 1,026 were males, including 490 between the ages of 16 and 60; the females amounted to 976. Here is neither college, convent, nor public school; for 20 years the curate supported pri- vate schools almost solely at his own expense, but five consecutive years of bad harvests forced him at last to withdraw his support, and the schools went to decay. There is only one village situated near the church, in which are two inns ; it consists of 30 houses, all built of wood except one belonging to Dr. Maguire, which is two stories high, built of stone, and is far from being an inelegant building. There is one church only with two chapels of ease; there are four saw-mills, worked only in spring and autumn when the waters are more freely supplied by springs and rain, but no other manufacturing esta- blishment. The only corn-mill used by the copy- holders of this seigniory is in the neighbouring parish of Beaumont. — The agricultural produce, of course, depends much upon the seasons; the following account of the annual produce is about the average of 5 consecutive bad harvests between 1821 and 1827; before 1821, the average growth of wheat was much greater and that of oats much less. 11,000 bushels of wheat. 13,000 do. oats. 1,500 do. peas. 800 do. barley and rye. A very small number of individuals in this seig- niory apply themselves to the improvement of the different breeds of cattle ; and, in fact, few have the necessary means. The cattle in general are iU fed in the winter, which is the chief reason of their inferiority. The introduction of American horses into the province, is esteemed in this seig- niory an injury to agriculture. — The corn produce is entirely consumed within the seigniory, except, perhaps, 2 or 3,000 bushels of oats sold in the markets; and between 4 and 500 hogs, each weighing about 200 lb. are consumed by the in- habitants. — Four great roads, almost parallel, tra- verse the entire breadth of this seigniory, and one only half its breadth ; these are cut at right angles by another road, extending from the St. Law- rence to the southern extremity of the seigniory. These roads are, generally, in indifferent repair. — There are two bridges built of wood and without tolls, one over Riviere Boyer, the other over le Bras. — Between the 4th and 5th ranges is a S T S T muddy lake, extending into the seigniory of La Valliere, through which the water runs diagonally, and, intersecting the western angle of the S. of Berthier, discharges itself into the St. Law- rence. — The two chains of rocks in this seigniory are of considerable height and might be called mountains ; one chain runs across the extremity of the 4th range, and the other is in the 6th range. — There are no mines, and the soil does not apparently present any natural phenomena ; but the seigniory has not perhaps been sufficiently explored by geologists. — The Parish of St. Mi- chel extends over the half of the seigniory front- ing the St. Lawrence; it is 1^ league in width, and 2 leagues in depth. The farms in this parish are generally 3 arpents in front by 40 in depth. Correctly speaking, there are no large proprietors, for the individuals, who sometimes acquire the property of their neighbours or other properties in the parish, purchase them for the sake of settling their children and not with a view of farming on a larger scale ; these acquisitions, there- fore, are never permanent. All the lands are conceded, and about seven-ninths of the parish previously to 1759. These concessions, with few exceptions, were granted on the condition of pay- ing a quit-rent of 2 or 3 sols, fines on alienation, and a perpetual annual rent of one sol for each superficial arpent, and also with a clause com- pelling the grantees to grind at the seignior's mill the corn required for his family and for farming pui-poses j the seignior, moreover, reserved to him- self, in the event of a change of property, the right of retraite and that of taking as much tim- ber off the conceded lands as might be required, hereafter, for the building of the mill, the seigno- rial manor-house and the parochial church, and also for their perpetual maintenance and repair : there is also a farther stipulation for the annual payment of some capons and a certain tax on all fish caught in the St. Lawrence ; but the two last conditions are commuted for a moderate rent in money. — The Parish of St. Joseph is in the aug- mentation. — Statistics of the Parishes of St. Michel and St. Joseph. Parishes. 1 o si 1 1 i 1 >> 1 1 > i s e 1 S o Z M 1 W i ■a < i > S 1 S St. Michel St, Joseph 2135 360 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 23 23 4 2495 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 23 23 4 Parishes. Anoual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. Live ijtock. | i 1 1 £ i. 1 1 i i O (0 1 1 in c s en St. Michel St. Joseph 11000 2000 13000 1500 400 40 1800 1500 400 400 100 17500 6000 895 145 565 105 1780 361 4270 850 1250 280 13009 14500 440 1800 1900 500 22500 1040 670 2141 5120 1530 For title, vide La Durantaie. St. Nicolas, bras, river, v. du Sud, r. St. Nicolas (P.), v. Lauzon, S. St. Ouks, seigniory, and its augmentation, in the CO. of Richelieu, are bounded n. e. by Sorel and Bourchemin; s. w. by Contrecceur, St. Denis, and St. Hyacinthe; in the rear by the H. Yamaska; in front by the St. Lawrence. — 2 leagues in breadth by 6 in depth. Granted, 29th Oct. 1672, to Sieur de St. Ours, and is now in the possession of the Hon. Charles de St. Ours. The land in this extensive grant is every where of a good quality, and variously adapted to almost every .species of agriculture. — Some concessions were granted prior to 1759, and they measured 3 arpents by 30; the rent was 1 sol per arpent, and ST. OURS. half a bushel of wheat for each 20 arpents. Down to the year 1821, all persons desirous of taking lands in the seigniory procured them on the original conditions. — Nearly 700 farms are con- ceded, and the concessions on the Richelieu are the most populous and the best. Four-fifths of the S. are under cultivation, and one-fifth is in standing wood near the St. Lawrence ; the soil is sandy halfway to theRicheKeu and therest is strong land ; approaching the Yamaska the soil is lighter but very fertile. — Every part is susceptible of cultivation and the seigniory is remarkable for its eveimess of surface. There are two fiefs, each about 14 arpents in front and extending the whole depth of the S. ; one belongs to the heirs of Laperriere, the other to Roch de St. Ours, Esq. — The principal rivers are the St. Lawrence in front, the Richelieu, the Salvayle, and the Yamaska which forms the rear boundary line ; the principal rivers of smaller size are the Ruisseau la Plante and Ruisseau la Prade. The Richelieu, which traverses the upper part diagonally, is navigable from the St. Law- rence for craft of 150 tons burthen ; the Yamaska, at the rear of the aug., is also navigable, by both of which this S. possesses the advantages of ex- peditious water conveyance in an eminent degree : the other rivers are not navigable. There is a large bridge over the Salvayle at Rochville. — The roads are generally good, and the principal are, the post road along the Richelieu that leads from Sorel to Chambly, and another leading from Sorel to Montreal. The road n. e. of the k. Salvayle, leading to the v. of Grand Maska, does not appear to be much used ; as it approaches the b. Yamaska it becomes excessively bad, scarcely meriting the name of road, running very circuitously through the woods, and barely wide enough for a summer vehicle ; and, in the driest season, it is so wet that horses wade through an average depth of 14 inches of mud and water. — Some timber of the best kind and largest dimensions stiU remains, and also some of the inferior sorts. Along the e. Yamaska and the Rousseau Salvayle the timber is maple, cherry, beech, &c. at other places, pine, spruce, epinette, &c. — Two-thirds of the grain grown is consumed in the S., the other third is sold, and chiefly without being ground. Hemp is not grown, but every farmer sows about half a bushel of ilax seed. In this S. are 3 corn-mills, 2 on the n. bank of the Richelieu, which are turned by the rivulets that there discharge themselves, the 3rd is on the Yamaska ; each mill works 2 sets of stones. There are also 3 wind-mills for grinding corn, one on the bank of the St. Lawrence, the others on the Richelieu. There are 2 saw-mills, one on the Yamaska, the other turned by the Sal- vayle. The farmers in general work with horses and use the English plough. The horses are of the Canadian breed and though small are strong and good. — A great number of hired labourers, by saving their wages, have been able to take lands and open them by degrees, and are now become excellent inhabitants. — This seigniory contains 2 parishes and part of a 3rd, viz. St. Ours, St. Jude and part of Contrecoeur. — The Parish of St. Jude is lately erected and the church, 'JB ft. by 40, is centrically situated on the s. bank of the k. Sal- vayle, and near it is the v. of Rochville having about 35 houses. All the lands in this parish are conceded, and all the concessions have been made since 1759, and are charged 2|- bushels of wheat and 5 livres 4 sols whole currency for 3 arpents by 30. — In the Parish of St. Ours and in the part of the parish of Contrecoeur lying in this S., all the lands are conceded, and most of them prior to 1759, and were granted on the royal terms — On the right bank of the Richelieu is the village of St. Ours, consisting of about 90 houses, many of them substantially and well constructed with stone; in the centre are a handsome church, 120 ft. by 50, and a parsonage-house, and at a little distance the manor-house: besides traders and artisans, many persons of considerable property reside here, who are corn-dealers and make large purchases of grain of all kinds, produced in abund- ance in this and the adjoining seigniories, which is put on board large river craft in the Richelieu and Yamaska and sent to Quebec for exportation. There are 2 ferries at the v. St. Ours over the Richelieu, where from 5 to 12 sols are charged for a carriage. — The Island Deschaillons, a short distance from the village, is full a mile long and half a mile wide. In front of the seigniory there is a group of islands belonging to it ; the largest of them is called Isle Commune which has some good pasture. — In population, extent, situation, local advantages, quantity of land in cultivation, and state of husbandry, there are few properties in the province superior to this seigniory. ss2 S T S T Statistics. Parishes. 1 1 1 g i 5 ! a 1 > 1 i C '■i O s 1 1 1 i 1 U3 1 1 1 1 1 T O 3 3" 3 i s 1 ? 1 1 .1 1 2 I 6 10 1 ■< St. Ours St. Jude 3760 14.14. 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 25 25 5174 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 6 Parishes. Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. Livestock. 1 1 ! i g 1 g 1 s St. Ours St- Jude 2G200 18200 11340 7800 460 260 39000 14500 5200 5200 700 630 1350 1434 566 1230 366 2560 1)32 10200 3460 1650 849 44400 19140 720 33500 lOMO 2000 1816 3692 13660 2499 Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de St. Ours, d'une espace de terre de front qui se trouve sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la borne de la concession de Mr. de Contrecceur jusqu'k celle de Mr. de Saurel^ tenant pardevant le dit fleuve, et par derriSre la riviere A'Ouamaska. Les isles qui sont vis-a-vis de cette concession, accordees par le Comte de Frontenac, Gouvenieur, au dit Sieur de St. Ours le 23me Avril, 1674." — Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, No. 80, folio 5, 28me Mai, 1781. — Cahiers d'Intendance, No. 2 d 9, folio 244. St. Ours du Grand St. Esprit (P.), v. L'ASSOMPTION, S. St. Paul (P.), v. Lavaltrie, S. St. Paul's Bay (P.), v. Cote de Beau- PKEj S. St. Paul's BaYj in the r. St. Lawrence, lies at the entrance of the R. du GoufFre, which divides the S. of Cote de Beaupre from the S.le Gouffre. It runs ahout 3 miles into the land, and at its entrance is ahout 2 miles wide, extending from Cap de la Baie on the west side to Cap a Caheau on the east. These capes are of considerable height and of nearly perpendicular ascent. The bay is of an amphitheatrical form, and with lofty circuitous hills to the n. unfolds a very romantic and agreeable scene. The church is a prominent object, and the thickly clustered houses at the head of the bay are in a semicircular form. The hills behind are very precipitous, and their sum- mits present a grand variety of appearance in round bluffs and sharp cones, which terminate at the capes at the head of the bay. The capes, which are very similar, are partially covered with stumpy evergreens, dwarfish pines, and shrubs of the hardier kinds. St. Paul's Lake, is in the S. of Becancour, and almost divides it into two parts, extending N. B. and s. w. It is nearly 5 m. long and i^ m. wide. It is not very deep, hut abounds in fish of many kinds : its waters pass by the channel of the river Godefroi into the St. Lawrence. The mar- gin is a perfect landscape set off by almost every description of charming scenery ; well cultivated farms, with their neat and good houses, are seen in all directions round it ; and, in many places, groups of fine trees, as decorative as they can be conceived to be in a well preserved park, give to the whole an appearance most beautifully pic- turesque. — It receives the waters of Lake Out- ardes, which lies between it and the St. Lawrence. St. Peter, lake, between the counties of St. Maurice and Yamaska. Lake St. Peter is formed by an expansion of the waters of the St. Law- rence, and extends from 15 to 20 miles in breadth and 21 miles in length. It is, generally, of small depth, many parts of the channel being not more than 10 or 11 feet deep, and it sometimes occurs that large vessels here run aground. The tide scarcely extends as far up as the town of Three Rivers which is nearly 2 leagues farther down than the lake, and the current in the latter is ex- tremely faint. Several small rivers here discharge their waters, among which are the Slachiche, Du Loup and Masquinonge on the n., and the Nico- let and St. Francis on the s. On the south side S T S T of the lake commencing at the mouth of the b. Nicolet are Batture au Sahle, Isle Moran^ Baie du Febre, Batture a la Carpe, Baie St. Frangois and the Bay of Yamaska ; on the north side, be- ginning at Pointe du Lac, are the Batture de la Pointe du Lac, Flats of r. du Loup and Maski- nonge Bay. At the head of the lake are many islands described in this work under their different names including the Isles and Islets, granted, Oct. 19, 1694, to Sieur Redison, and which are more particularly mentioned in the title. — Lake St. Peter abounds in fish, particularly maski- nonge, dore, achigan, eels and sturgeon 2'iWe. — " Concession du 19me Octobre, 169i, faite par Louis de Buadc Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Redisson des isles, islets et battures non-concedees qui se trouvent au haut du lac St. Pierre audessus des isles conc^dees au Sieur Sorel, jusqu'au chenail du milieu appele le chenail de I'isle Platte, les- quelles isles, islets et battures contiennent environ trois quarts de lieue de large sur autant de prof'ondeur." — Re- gistre d'Intendance, No. i, folio 18. St. Piebbb (P. and V.), v. Obleans, I. St. Pibebe, river, or Little Rivkb, in the Island of Montreal, rises in the parish of Lachine and running n. b. falls into the St. Lawrence opposite Isle St. Charles. With the assistance of this stream the Lachine canal is formed. St. Pibebe les Becquets, v. Levbabd, S. -St. Regis, river, falls into the St. Lawrence above Lake St. Francis, at the s. w. extremity of the CO. of Beauhamois. A very small part of this river is in the province of Lower Canada. The Indian village of St. Regis is situated near its confluence with the St. Lawrence, where it is about 3 chains wide. It is navigable for boats to a considerable distance. St. Regis, river, in Sault St. Louis, rises in two branches, descending from the S. of Cha- teauguay. It runs n. to the St. Lawrence, and near its mouth is increased by a small river that runs past the church of St. Pierre. St. Regis (V.), v. Indian Lands. St. Roch (V. and P.), v. L'Assomption, S. St. Roch des Aulnais, seigniory, in the co. ofL'Islet, is bounded N. e. by Ste. Anne; s. w. by Reaume; in the rear by the T.of Ashford; in front by the St. Lawrence.— 3 leagues in breadth by 2 in depth. Granted, April 1, 1657, to Ni- cholas Juchereau de St. Denis, and is now the property of Lieutenant- Col. Duchesnay.— In the vicinity of the river the land is low and intersected by some broken ridges of no great elevation, but about the rear boundaries the mountains form a close chain of considerable height. Near the front the soil is excellent, consisting of a fine light earth with a good deal of marl in various parts : on the higher lands a yellow loam is prevalent. — No lands fit for cultivation remain unconceded, and one-fourth part is unfit for the purposes of agriculture. — The entire range of concessions, along the St. Lawrence, was conceded before 1759; their usual extent was from 2 to 4 front arpents by 42 in depth, paying 30 sols tournois for each arpent in depth with the usual fines on alienation, of which a part is remitted provided the fines are paid immediately. There are 4 ranges of con- cessions; and the farms in the first are generally cleared; fths in the 2nd, and the 3rd is commenced. — Several small rivers water this S. sufficiently, and work 2 or 3 mills; the principal rivers are the St. Jean and the Feree. On the land under culture very little timber is left, but the other parts are well stocked with the best kinds, and among them is some pine of a valuable size. — Many roads branch off in almost every direction through the seigniory, but the one passing close to the river is the main post road : they are kept in good order as well as the different bridges. — Some orchards are rising into perfection, and al- though the apples are of a very inferior quality, the plums are superior. 467,500 bundles of hay including gorse are annually grown, and the island hay is considered the best for cattle. There are 7 or 8 sugaries.. — The fisheries are not consider- able ; and 3 schooners from 30 to 40 tons each, and 5 keel-boats are employed. — The Village of St. Roch is handsome and well situated at the entrance of the e. Feree, about half a league east of the Point of St. Roch, from which stretch ex- tensive shoals that considerably narrow the deep water channel, and form a traverse difficult to be navigated. In the village, which consists of about 30 neat and comfortable houses, is one school where 35 scholars are instructed in French, English, and Latin, supported by the funds left by Mr. Ver- raux, late cure of this parish, who bequeathed his property in equal proportions in favour of his re- lations, charity and education, viz. one-third to his family, one-third to the poor, and one-third to the school. A little westward of the church is the telegraph station. No. 8, and river-craft and boats come up to the viUage. — This S. contains 390 families, of which, 186 only are supposed to live S T S T entirely on the produce of their farms, and 130 families have the means and would willingly cul- tivate new lands if they had the opportunity, particularly if they were not too far distant. Statistics. Population Churches R. C. 2,624 Presbyt eries . 1 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 20,800 Oats . 10,000 Barley . 300 Potatoes 24.,373 Bushels. Peas . 2,600 Rye . 2,600 Indian com 100 Bushels. Maple sugar, cwts. 89 Hay, tons . 2,300 Live Stock. Horses . 723 Oxen . 200 Cows . 1,9S0 Sheep . 4,775 Swine . 1,800 Title. — " Concession du ler Avril, 1656, faite par Mr. de Launon, Gouverneur pour la Compagnie, a Nicholas Ju- chereau de St. Denis, de trois lieues de terre de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, avec les isles et battures aude- vant de la dite Concession." — Cahiers d'Intendance, No. 10ai7,/ofio665, St. Roonaes Hili., v. Bcckland, t, Stb. Rose (P.), v. Isle Jesus. St. SCHOLASTIQUE (P.), V. LaC DBS DeUX Mountains, S. St. Stanislas (P.), v. Batiscan, S. St. Steven's Cove, v. Saguenay, r. St. SuI/Pice, seigniory, in the co. of L'As- somption, is bounded n. b. by Lavaltrie with its augmentation and the t. of Kildare ; s. w. by the S. of L'Assomption ; in the rear by the t. of Rawdon ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — Two leagues in front by six in depth. Granted, 17th Dec, 1640, to Sieurs Cherrier and Leroyer, and is now the property of the seminary of St. Sul- pice at Montreal. — More than three-fourths of this seigniory is well cultivated, and for the good- ness of its soil, the quality of the timber and state of improvement it is not surpassed by any that surround it. The whole seigniory is conceded and contains 7^0 lots of different extents, generally from 3 to 30 or 40 arpents each ; these lots are divided into eleven ranges or c6tes. More than three-fourths of the lots are built upon and set- tled. The best ranges are those of St. Sulpice, St. Esprit, Bas de la Grande, and a part of Bas du Ruisseau. There is also much good land in Point du Jour, in L'Assomption, and in the con- tinuations. The other ranges are of middling quality and generally sandy; the inhabitants, nevertheless, live pretty well, because they cul- tivate potatoes to a great extent, also Indian com and rye, which grow abundantly on these sandy soils. There is scarcely a single lot that can be called entirely unproductive. — This S. is parti- cularly well watered by the r. L'Assomption, the Achigan, St. Esprit, Ruisseau St. George, Ruis- seau Vacher, Riviere Rouge, Ruisseau Point de Jour, and the River of Lake Ouareau, most of them running into the R. L'Assomption after a mazy course that in some parts, where the ground is high and clothed with wood, present points of view truly picturesque and beautiful. There are 3 corn-mills ; two on the river Achigan, near the line of L'Assomption, and the third at St. Jacques, on the river Jjac Ouareau, two leagues from the church of St. Jacques. At these mills about 40,000 bushels of corn are ground annually. There are also a great number of saw-mills, in consequence of there having formerly been a fine forest of pines towards the middle of the seigniory; but the great trade carried on in converting the tim- ber into planks, &c. has entirely consumed the timber and left only inferior trees. As this sei- gniory produces much rye and barley, many dis- tilleries have been established. There are two mills for carding wool and milling cloth ; one on the Achigan, the other on the St. Esprit. A third is lately established on the river of Lac Ouareau, at a place called les Dales, because the bed of the river is there confined between two rocks, whence the water escapes as if it flowed through a spout. — -Scarcely any timber remains, and even firewood is becoming scarce. — This sei- gniory contains 3 parishes ; St. Sulpice, St. Pierre du Portage and St. Jacques, in which are 3 pa- rochial churches and 3 presbyteries. — The Parish of St. Jacques includes all the rear parts of the S. and contains the Acadian settlement, the most considerable in the S. The Village of St. Jacques is nearly in the centre of the parish, and is two leagues s. from the t. of Rawdon and four n. from the St. Lawrence. A continuation of the public road from its termination at the line of Rawdon to the second range has been opened by Mr. Mar- shall, but it is, as yet, impassable for any kind of vehicle. Nine arpents of land only are uncon- ceded, which will not repay the expense of cultiva- tion. This parish has been settled within the last 50 years, and no concession was granted pre- viously to 1759. Besides more than 100 families who have no lands there are 600 youths, above ST. SULPICE. and under 21, who are desirous of settling but cannot obtain lands, even in the neighbouring townships which would well answer their pur- pose, on account of the number of strangers who settle there. The church is large and handsome. — The Parish of St. Pierre du Portage or L'As- somption, is centrically situated and contains 6 con- cession ranges, viz. Le bas de L'Assomption Le Point du Jour Le Hautde L' Assomption L'Achigan La Presqu'ile Le St, Esprit. The soil is proper for the growth of hemp, and the greatest part of the parish being under culture, there is very little wood and that little only fit for fuel. The river L'Assomption traverses the parish, in a serpentine direction, nearly from n. to s. and other less considerable streams run into it in this parish, viz. the Achigan, the St. Esprit, the Point du Jour, the Ruisseau St. George and the Ruisseau Vacher, neither of which is navigable. There are 3 toll-bridges near the village on the K. L'Assomption, 4 on the Achigan, of which two are free, and there is one free bridge over the St. Esprit ; there are also 2 ferries over the L'Assomption above the village. In this parish are 3 corn-mills, 2 saw-mills one of which is worked by wind, 2 carding machines, one whiskey distillery, one brewery, and many potash works of which 4 are in the village. The cattle are numerous, but gene- rally of an inferior quality. The Village of L'As- somption is built on almost an island formed by the beautiful river of that name ; it is also called the Portage of L'Assomption, because, by travel- ling over the little isthmus at the entrance of the village about 2 or 3 arpents across, a long circuit of about a league is avoided. This village is in a beautiful situation, washed on all sides by the river. It contains about 170 houses, including 12 inns, many of them built with stone two sto- ries high and roofed with tin. The church is quite new, elegant and very large, and as it is built on the most elevated spot in the village, -which it commands, the prospect from it is very extensive. The population is between 1000 and 1100 souls. The church is one of the finest in the province. There are 4 schools, 2 for boys and 2 for girls, besides masters for private tuition ; the schools for girls are well attended and the children are instructed in French grammar, geography. history, embroidery, &c. All the roads of the neighbouring parishes centre in this village, and there is no other way to Montreal. The road from St. Jacques passes the church of L'Assomp- tion to that of St. Roch and 30 arpents farther. This concentration of roads causes the village to be the entrepot of all the parishes behind it, and the only place of entrance and exit for the whole county. This v. has a considerable trade. — The Parish of St. Sulpice occupies the front part of the S. from the p. of St. Pierre to the St. Law- rence, extending 2 leagues along the river from Lavaltrie to Repentigny. It was erected by virtue of the Regulation of Sep. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722. All the farms are conceded and cultivated, with the ex- ception of the portions left for the growth of fire- wood, and the settlements in the 1st concession range are skirted with woods. All the farms are conceded on permanent conditions and in no case redeemable, paying quit rent, seignorial rent, with all other seignorial rights, according to the cus- tom of Paris ; each concession is charged with the payment of 10 sols and half a bushel of wheat for every 20 superficial arpents. All the concessions, or nearly so, were granted before 1759. The tim- ber consists of maple, cherry, elm, &c. There are 3 windmills ; one for grinding corn is built with stone, the others are for sawing and are built with wood. Agricultural labour is generally per- formed with horses and oxen. One half of the grain grown in this p., on an average, is sold at Mont- real. The roads are good. — The Village of St. Sulpice is built on the road leading to Lavaltrie and running along the verge of the bank of the St. Lawrence ; it includes about 100 dweUing-houses besides numerous stores for the produce of the country, considerable quantities of which are here deposited. One half of the houses are built with stone, and the church, which is very ancient, is 90 ft. by 45. There are two chapels and one is built with stone ; one stands above and the other below the church. There is one school in which 20 boys and girls are instructed, and the French language taught. — Isles Bouchards, which belong to Mr. Pierre Baudez, are included in this p. ,• their soil is strong and fertile, and the higher lands only are inhabited, the lower are not on account of the re- flux of the waters in the spring. There are 18 families containing 150 souls. S T S T Statistics. Parishes. .2 is d ti .H 1 3 a f 1 > i 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 n i 1 1 O 1 2 1 1 1 t 1 < St. Jacques L'Assomption St. Sulpice 4344 3862 1464 1 I 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 i 1 ] 6 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 5 8 2 a 12 5 26 28 15 3 9670 3 7 2 4 4 3 4 1 1 7 7 1 1 2 2 3 15 22 69 3 Parishes. Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. Live !3tock. 1 +3 1 1 b |.2 B o i a. s m St. Jacques L'Assomption St. Sulpice 15600 13500 13000 2100 20800 7280 520 6500 5200 3380 78 1900 1544 300 3744 1678 1495 200 2200 3088 500 7340 7720 1500 2200 2902 300 42100 30180 520 15080 78 3273 5788 16560 5402 Title.—" Concession du 17rae Deeembre, 1640, faite par la Compagnie aux Sieurs Cherrier et Leroyer, d'une grande partie de I'lsle de Montreal, &c. &c. &c. Plus une etendue de terre de deux lieues de large le long du tleuve de St, Laurent, sur six lieues de profondeur dans les dites terres, a prendre du cote du Nord sur la menie c6t6 oH se deeharge la riviere de I'Assomption dans le dit fleuve St. Laurent, et a commencer a une borne qui sera mis sur cette mSme cotf, h. la distance de deux lieues de I'em- bouchure de la dite riviSre de I'Assomption, le reste des dites deux lieues de front i prendre en descendant sur le dit fleuve ^t. Laurent; tout ce qui est de la riviere des Prairies, jusqu'a la riviSre de I'Assomption, et depuis la dite riviere de I'Assomption jusqu'd la borne cidessus, r^- serv6e I la dite Compagnie." — Ins. Con. Sup. — Pour le reste de la dite isle par titre 21 Avril, 1659, voyez le meme Registre, et pour les dites titres ratifications amor- tissement, voyez Cahiers d' Intend. Ste. Therese, isle^ lies between Chambly and St. John's ; it is 2 miles long and about half a mile broad, and with the smaller islands adjacent was granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Dugu6. Isle Ste. Therese is flat and low and is partly covered with small timber and brushwood, but where it is clear there are some good meadows and fine pasturage for cattle. Title — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, de I'lsle St. TMrhe avec les isles et islets adjacens, par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Diigiitl, .saiif le droit de Mr- Rcpen- tigny pour celles qu'il peut legitimement prdtendre, et qui seront adjug^es a celui des deux auquel il sera estira* a propos de les conceder." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 18. ' Ste. Therese (P. and V.), v. Blainville, S. in MiiiLE Isles. St. Therese, river, is a small stream that rises in the S. of Blainville, and empties itself into the Riviere Jesus, in front of the seigniory. St. Thomas (L.), v. Stoneham, T. St. Thomas (P.), v. Riviere du Bud, S. Ste. Tbinite (P.), v. Contrecceub, S. St. Urbain (P.), V. Cote de Beaupre, S. St. Vallier, seigniory, in the co. of Belle- chasse, is bounded n. e. by Berthier ; s. w. by St. Michel ; in the rear by the t. of Armagh.-^ About 11 league in breadth and about 4 leagues in depth, including the augmentation. It is the property of de Lanaudiere, Esq. — This seigniory is nearly as possible a counterpart of the adjoining S. of St. Michel, the quality of the soil and the va- rieties of the timber differing only in a very slight degree ; but the bank of the river St. Lawrence is much lower, and the rear part somewhat broken and rugged. There are 10 concession ranges laid out, 6 of which are settled, and 5 entirely, also ^ of the 7th. The whole is under cultivation ex- cept the domain and patches here and there ; and between the 5th and 6th ranges is a rocky place called the Grand CotiS unconceded. — The soil in the settled ranges is as follows : — 1st Concession. 2nd & 3rd do. 4.th do. 5th do. Gth do. AVhite strong clay. Strong soil on clay. White clay. Yellow and black soil. Strong yellow loam. All the lands were conceded prior to 1759. The timber is hard-wood, spruce, and epinette inter- S A L SAL ■mixed, and the roads- are good and numerous. There is one iron mine. The fisheries produce eels/ salrtion, and shad. Frichette's fishery at the mouth of the R. du Sud prevents the salmon from ascend- ing that river ; he used to take, 8 years ago, 440 per ann. but at present he takes none. — This S. is well watered by the rivers du Sud, le Bras, and the Noire, which are supplied by numerous small streams and lakes. — At Ville Hoche are 4 mills, viz. one corn-mill with one set of stones, and 3 saw-mills. At Boissoneau's saw-mill on the R. du Sud 13 saws are always at work and 9 men daily employed. The site of the mill is highly favourable, and near it are one store and 3 or 4 houses for labourers, 2 bams, &c. Mr. Boisso- ileau has the toll-bridge, where a calash pays 4d., a cart 3|rf. and a man and horse l|rf. The vil- lage Stands near the shore of the St. Lawrence.— The parish of St. Vallier is co-extensive with the seigniory. — At Four Corners are a church, 120 feet by 30, a chapel, and a presbytery built with stone; near the church is a school, where 25 children are instructed. Population 2,223 Churches, R. C. 1 Chapels . . 1 Statistics. Presbyteries Corn-mills . Saw-mills Taverns Artisans 20 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. . 13,000 . 7,400 Bushels. Potatoes 14.,000 Peas . 630 300 320 Rye Tons. Hay . . 26,000 Maple sugar, cwts. 121 Live Stock. 714 1,228 Cows Sheep 1,785 1 Swine 6,212 I 1,071 ■For title, vide La Durantaib. St. Vincent de Paul (P.), v. Isle Jesus. Salmon or au Saumon River, in the co. of Saguenay, runs from the w. s. w. into the R. Assuapmoussoin, forming in the basin or bay at its mouth a well timbered island f a mile long. The average width of this r. is above ^ of a mile, and it descends with a swift current. For 6 or 7 leagues "Upwards its banks present excellent land and the greatest inducement to make Settlements ; the soil is principally a thick covering of argillaceous loam over layers of white clay, producing timber of fine growth, viz. elm, ash, spruce and red pine. In several places, however, particularly on its b. bank, the loam is mixed with much sand where the timber is chiefly spruce fir, white birch, aspen and cypress. Higher up, the land ceases to be culturable and becomes swampy, presenting ex- tensive plains that produce only the white sprucBi and is the proper country for the hunting of the caribou. The Dep. Sur. Gen., during his ex- ploring survey of this part of the Saguenay* country, spread his net at the entrance of this r. and caught a pike, a few carp and a dore, all of fine quality. Salmon River, in the S.of La Petite Nation. There are two rivers of this name in the same seigniory, and both are about 2 chains wide and fall into the Ottawa. The Great Salmon River runs about 50 miles, and is navigable for bateaux in the spring. The course of the Little Sal- mon River is about 40 miles, and is navigable for canoes only for a short distance. Both rivers are well stocked with fish. Salmoi^ River, in the co. of Sherbrooke, runs through the t. of Clifton into the t. of Ascot, where it passes Lennoxville ; and, about half a mile below that village, it falls into the r. St. Francis. This river forms good sites for mills, but it is so much obstructed by falls, that its only navigable advantage is the running Of logs to saw- mills. Salmon River, in the co. of Beauhamois, descends from the United States across the pro- vince line, and, watering the Indian lands, dis- charges itself into the s. w. extremity of Lake St. Francis. Its course in the province is about 4 or 5 miles. For about 1^ mile from' its mouth it runs through low meadows and forms nearly a semicircle. Its depth at its mouth is 9 ft. and it gradually decreases as far as the town of Coving- ton, where it is only 4 ft. This river is of great importance on account of its immediate communi- cation with the United States. — The town of Covington, in the State of New York (more com- monly known by the name of French Mills), being so immediately contiguous to the province line, may be considered as worthy of notice, although seemingly unconnected with this work. It is most pleasantly situated on the gradual slope or descent of a high and commanding eminence on the east side of Salmon River, at the first Forks, and is intended to cover a surface of 400 acres, including the ground between the two branches of that river from their junction to the Chateau- TT SAN 8 A U guay road. It is divided into streets of about 60 feet in breadth, laid out at right angles, several of which are named after the American officers who served during the late war. The two bridges over this k. are substantial and well constructed ; the largest over the east branch (situated a short distance above the mills) is 185 feet in length, and the other over the west branch 135 ft. The chief part of the town is on the east side of the R. and contains a handsome church, a court- house, a gaol and 5 or 3 taverns, forming alto- gether about 40 edifices, chiefly of wood, tastefully built, and generally painted white. The large corn-mill from which this place was originally named is situated on the west side of the k., and opposite to it is a saw-mill. The bank of the r. in front of the town is rather steep, and from 15 to 20 feet high; the depth of water just below the mills is from 2-| to 3| feet, at which place General Wilkinson's gun-boats were sunk in 1813. The population of this town is computed at 200 souls, and it is only -f of a mile south of the small village of Dundee, which is within the pro- vince line, communicating with it by a most ex- cellent road. Covington perfectly commands that village by means of its high grounds and military reserves. To the Americans this town is of the more importance, as it communicates by good roads, on which there are some flourishing settle- ments, with the town of Malone, the Four Cor- ners, Champlain Town, Plattsburg, St.- Regis and IVIassina. Salvayle, river, rises in the parish of la Pre- sentation, in the S. of St. Hyacinthe, and, tra- versing through the centre of the augmentation to St. Ours, falls into the r. Yamaska. In the p. of St. Jude a bridge is thrown over this small river, at the base of two steep hills, between which the stream runs. Samagon, river, runs into the n. e. side of the nver Matapedia, about 4 miles from its confluence with the Ristigouche. Sand River, v. Mistassini, r. Sangues, des, river, rises in a small lake on the B. side of Temiscouata portage, and communicates, by means of a small lake and the r. Petite Fourche, with the s. w. branch of the r. Trois PistoUes, SauIiT a la Puce, river, is a small stream de- scending from the high lands in the rear of the parish of Chateau Richer, in the S. of Cote de Beaupre. It winds through a mountainous, and woody country, and is entitled to notice for its very romantic falls, where its stream is precipi- tated from 3 declivities in succession; and far the beautiful and truly sylvan scenery that de- corates its banks, especially when the autumnal foliage displays its multiplied variety of beauteous tints. It waters the p. of Chateau Richer, and falls into the St. Lawrence about -^ of a league e. from the church, and at a little distance n. w. from the public road. Sault au Recoli/ET (P.), V. Montreal. Saclt St. LoDis, seigniory, in the co. of La- prairie, is bounded n. e. by the S. of Laprairie; s. w. by Chateauguay and La t'alle ; in the rear by the t. of Sherrington ; in front by Lake St. Louis. — 2 leagues in front by 2 in depth. Granted with the isles, islets and shoals lying in front of this S. and that of Laprairie, May 29, 1680, to the Jesuits. — An augmentation consisting of 1-| league lies towards Chateauguay. — This S. is now the property of the tribe of domiciliated Indians who inhabit the Coghnawaga village. The situation of this tract, between the seigniories mentioned as its boundaries, will convey a sufficient idea of it without farther description, as there is not much variety through the whole of the level country, from Laprairie to St. Regis. The rivers La Tortue, St. Regis and du Portage, intersect it so as to water it very completely. Nearly all the half of the S. which lies towards La Salle is well settled and cultivated by Canadian families ; from the R. St. Regis towards the St. Lawrence, the uncultivated parts are covered with wood of aU the common kinds, except a small portion re- served by the proprietors for their own use The R. Chateauguay disembogues itself into Lake St. Louis at the n. w. corner of the S. Its naviga- tion is in many places interrupted by rocky shoals and small rapids, particularly in the summer, when it will hardly admit of the navigation of canoes, but in spring and autumn it is perfectly convenient for rafting down timber. — For an account of the village of Coghnawaga, vide In- dian Lands. SET Set Statistics. Parishes. a .2 3 1 ■i ■c i 1 1 1 2 1 1 I 1 1 1 2 'g 1 1 1 1 1 1 i CO 1 1 ■2 i s c 1 J 1 1 ■g 1 1 1 s s 1 i o. % 1 1 2 6 8 »4 <. 10 20 .SO Village of Coghna- > waga . . \ Parish of St. Con- > stant . . 5 1050 4120 1 1 i 1 1 _ 1 2 5 7 5170 2 2 1 I Parishes. Annual rtgriculcural Hrnrtuce, in bushels. Live.-iuiclt. 1 i si i' n 1 £ >• i 11 i X g ■A O o o a. 1 s CO Village of Coghna- } wuga . . J Parish of St. Con-^ stant . . ^ 31200 100 27000 8000 4500 80000 1200 16500 200 3400 450 8000 29 2550 2579 13 1600 36 3000 50 9200 loo 2400 31200 27100 8000 84500 17700 200 3400 8450 161.-i 3036 9250 2500 Tj«fe.r-" Concession du 29me Mai, 1 680, faite par sa Majeste aux reverends peres Jesuites, de la terre nommSe le Sault, contenant deux lieues de pais de front; k com- njencer a une pointe qui est vis-a-vis le rapide St. Louis, /en montant le long du lae, sur pareille profondeur, avec deux isles, islets et battures qui se trouvent au devant et joignant aux terres de la Prairie de la Magdelaine." — iJe- gistre d'Intendance, iVo. 2 a 9, folio 122. " Augmentation du dit fief d'une lieue et demie vers la Seigneuriede Chateauguay." — Lemime R^gistre, folio 124<, Saurel, v. Sorel. SCIBOUBT (R.), V. ChIBOUBT. SeminaCj river, is a small stream that runs into the N. w. side of Ristigouche bay. Settlements. The following information is derived from the evidence given by John NeUson, Esq. to a committee of the House of Assembly, and is likely to prove beneficial to land companies, and even to individuals who are desirous of knowing the most advantageous mode of exploring tracts of wild lands, with a view of ascertaining the practicability of forming new settlements. — New settlements can only be suc- cessfully formed where there is a certain degree of facility in communicating with the old — the wants of an agricultural population are so exten- sive and the means and support that they require from external sources, before they can derive them from the soil which they occupy, are so consider- able, that no successful agricultural settlement has ever been made in America without such facility of corimunication. The ocean and navi- gable rivers at first afibrded this facility, the settlements made on the sea shore or on the banks of navigable rivers having subsequently furnished the external support to the new settlements in the interior, by means of roads of communication opened in the rear of successive settlements. These are only practicable as a means of communication to a certain distance, and where natural circum- stances are favourable. For the purpose of form- ing agricultural settlementSj it was not necessary then to explore a country to any great distance from existing settlements or navigable waters. No new settlement can support itself far from the beforementioned aids ; to attempt them is a dis- advantageous waste of means which ought to be more usefully employed. — It is necessary now to explore a country to a considerable extent be- yond the immediate site of an intended settlement, in order to ascertain whether it possesses those prospects of future prosperity, which in no small degree depend upon its situation in respect to ad- jacent tracts of land. — The inhabitants of a small tract of the most fertile soil are never so thriving as those even of an inferior soil, when surrounded by extensive tracts of fertile latid, particularly if the roads of communication of the latter to their markets lie through the lesser tract. — The general geographical knowledge of Lower Caiiada, show- ing the existing settlements and the courses of the rivers towards their mouths, is sufficient to point T T 2 SET out where exploring parties ought to he employed with a view to the forming of new settlements. The surveys of the townships have given much information, and the topography of the country is well known to its inhabitantSj although much of it is in the way of being lost. The Indians, whose knowledge of this sort exceeds that of any other description of people, are disappearing ; and the Vo^ageursaxii Coureurs de Jois, persons formerly employed in trading with the Indians and who traversed the country in every direction, are nearly extinct. There are, however, in every parish many persons employed in agriculture, who make long excursions into the rear of the settlements at <;ertain periods of the year for the purpose of hunting and fishing, from whom much informa- tion might be had of the nature of the country in different directions, which is of great utility in forming a judicious choice of places, and ought to prevent useless exploring parties and fruitless at- tempts, — An- exploring party should consist of 6 persons, viz. one intelligent person, well acquainted with the inhabitants and the soil and climate of Lower Canada and able to keep a journal, to act as manager ,• three Indians who have frequented the tract to be explored, and who are active and sober, and of good character ; one Canadian farmer who has made excursions into the country to be explored; one American farmer who has been accustomed to open new settlements, would be sufficient for exploring any tract adjoining the existing settlements in Lower Canada, that might be thought worth the trouble and expense. The entire cost, provisions included,' would be 40s. per diem : viz. 1 Manager 15 3 Indians 5s. 15 2 Farmers 5s. 10 40j. One month would be sufficient for exploring any tract that it would be desirable to explore at present with a view of opening new settlements, and the expense would be about £60. — The manager ought to be able to ascertain pretty cor- rectly the latitude and longitude of the places where he may happen to be ; and he ought to keep a journal in which he should insert daily his course and distance, with his observations on 1. The weather and temperature. S H A 2. The timber and other productions of the soil. 3. The face of the country, whether level, broken, or gullied; the streams, swamps and mountains ; extending the daily excursions of his men to a breadth of several leagues, and taking a daily view (if practicable) from the tops of trees and in high situations, in order to form a judg- ment of the adjacent country, particularly no- ticing the sorts of timber beyond the excursions of his assistants. 4. The nature of the soil, mentioning par- ticularly the nature of the ledges of stone or rock which may be discovered, and also the kinds of stone brought down by the rivers and the nature of the substrata along their banks. 5. On the most advantageous route for a road, which ought as much as practicable to be his own track. This track he ought to lay down on a plan or sketch of the face of the country, showing every day's march with the distances, the direction and apparent course of aU streams he may have crossed, their breadth, current, and the character of their waters, and the composition of the soil through which they pass. It would not be amiss for him to blaze or mark on the trees his general course. — A great many other things necessary to be done, occasionally, will strike any experienced and in- telligent manager who may be employed. Settrington, township, in the co. of Sague- uay, is an angular tract lying between the portions of the seigniories of Murray Bay, Eboulemens, and le Gouffre, Above 12,000 acres are settled by native Canadians, as well as the village of St. George, which is in the s. w. angle, the approach to which is rocky and mountainous. — Ungranted and unlocated, 20,000 acres. Seven Islands, near the Saguenay coast in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, lie at the entrance of a bay of the same name. They are included in the territory of the King's Posts. Shasawataisi, river, runs into the channel that connects the lake of that name with the r. St. Maurice. Shawenkqan, river, or Manigousito, ». e. the foot of a rapid, rises in the t. of Caxton and running s. e. waters a small portion of the rear of Cap de la Madeleine, when suddenly turning s, w. it intersects an eastern angle of the lands belonging to the forges of St. Maurice, and joins the river SHE SHE of that name at the celehrated Falls of Shawe- negan, for an actount of which vide St. Maurice, The land on hoth sides of this k. is of excel- lent quality. The timber is mixed, including maple, beech, fir, pine, black birch, &c. Shecoubish, river, rises in l. Shecoubish iij the CO. of Saguenay, lying in lat. 49° 27' n., long. 73° 55' w. It receives the waters of the Riviere du Grand which rises in a small lake near l. Kickandatch. The Shecoubish, after passing se- veral rapids, joins the Assuapmoussoin at the Falls of Chaudiew. Sheen, a projected township, fronting the k. Ottawa and lying between Esher and Chichester. In this T. are the falls of Petit AUumet. Shepford, county, in the district of Montreal, is bounded e. by Sherbrooke ; w. by St. Hyacinthe arid a small part by Rouville ; n. by Drummond ; ?. by Missiskoui. It contains the townships of Ely, Stukely, Brome, Shefford, Roxton, Milton, Granby, and Farnham, with the gores and aug- mentations of those townships. Its extreme length is 30 miles and its breadth 30, containing 749 square miles. Its centre is in lat. 45° 22' 16" N., long. 72° 32' w. It sends one member to the provincial legislature, and the place of election is at Frost Village. The principal rivers are the branches of the Yamaska. Population 4,417 Churches . 2 Villages . . 3 Schools . 17 Corn-mills , 6 Statistics. Saw-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Distilleries . Potasheries . Pearlasheries 6 Shopkeepers 6 Taverns . 6 Artisans . . 36 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats Barley . Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 36,568 51,343 6,950 70,800 Bushels. Peas . 21,608 Rye . 2,200 Buck- wheat 9,796 Indian corn 17,913 Bushels. Mixed grain 2,300 Maple sugar, cwts. 384 Hay, tons 13,316 Live Stock. 1,724 1 Cows 2,242 1 Sheep 3,019 I Swine . 2,424 8,486 j Shepford, township, in the co. of Shefford, is bounded b. by Stukely; w. by Granby; n. by Roxton ; s. by Brome. The surface is uneven, and towards the west mountainous; the soil in most places is exceedingly rich, but the uplands and high ridges are too stony to be of much value. The timber is almost universally of the best spe- cies. — It is watered by several branches of the Yf^, maska and by other streams, and it is intersected by many roads communicating with the neighbouring townships. — The s. b. part is the best and most populous, where some fine settlements present themselves, that are, to the extent of their cul- tivation, in a very flourishing state. The banks of the rivers display many good breadths of meadow and grazing land. This township is particularly unfortunate in having one-seventh more than any other township laid out in crown and clergy reserves, and also in having three large bridges to support across different branches of the Yei.. maska : the difficulty, and indeed the impossibility^ of getting roads made across the reserves, and the lands owned by non-resident proprietors, must be obvious. — Shefford contains two churches and one resident minister. The village, containing about 25 houses and 120 souls, is situated in the E. part of the t. and is called Frost Village, being built on ground belonging to Mr. Frost, to whose exertions the advancement and prosperity of the settlement is chiefly owing. — In the t. are several corn and saw-mills. — Ungranted and unlocated, a few hundreds of acres only. Population Churches Curates Schools Villages 951 2 1 8 1 Statistics. Corn-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills Potasheries . Pearlasheries Medical men . Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 2 1 3 3 16 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 10,300 15,400 2,300 Bushels. Potatoes 19,000 Peas . 4,003 Bushels. Buck-wheat 3,000 Indian corn 3,900 Live Stock. 475 1 Cows 590 Sheep 780 I Swine 2,001 1 475 Shekutimish, v. Chicoutimi, r. Shenley, in the co. of Megantic, an irre- gular tract lying between Dorset and Tring, is bounded n. b. by the S. of Aubert Gallion and the river Chaudiere, and s. w. by the t. of Oulney. The surface is irregular, in some places low and swampy, but in others it is a moderately good soil, that would doubtless be sufficiently fertile if brought under the plough. On the dry lands the timber consists principally of beech, maple and birch; in other parts there is scarcely any SHE SHE timber except cedar and spruce fir. — It is not VBty well watered. — One quarter of the township was granted to the late Mr. James Glenny, but no part of that grant is cultivated. — Ungranted and u'nlocated, 33^000 acres. She RBKOOKBj county, in the district of Three Rivers, is bounded e. by Megantic ; w. by Stan- stead and Shefford ; N. by Drummond ; s. by the province line. It contains the townships of Garthby, Stafford, Whitton, Marston, Clinton^ Chesham, Lingwick, Weedon, Dudswell, Bury, Hampden, Ditton, Emberton, Drayton, Auckland, Newport, Westbury, Stoke, Ascot, Eaton, Here- ford, Compton, Clifton, Windsor, Brompton, Ship- ton, Melbourne;, and Orford, together with all gores or augmentations of those townships. Its extreme length is 68 miles and its breadth 57|, containing 2,7H6 square miles. Its latitude on the St. Francis at Westbury township, is 45" SCy 15" N., long. 71° 35' 15". It sends two members to the provincial parliament, and the places of election are Sherbrooke and Richmond. Sher- brooke presents a more extensive surface of town- ship lands than any other county in the province, and it will ultimately be divided into several coun- ties as the population increases : it is abundantly watered by numerous streams and lakes. The principal rivers are the St. Francis, the Magog, the Coaticook, the Salmon, the Connecticut, the Perry, the Indian, Hull, and Leech stream. Be- sides these, there are several other similar rivers that wind through the county and fall into the St. Francis. The principal lakes are, the Wee- don lakes, the Orford lakes which are part of Lake Connecticut, the Megantic, and , the Scaswanini- pus. The face of the country in the vicinity of Eaton and eastward is generally level to the ridge of highlands towards the head of the Connecticut; to the west, in the vicinity of Orford, the land is uneven and broken and presents ridges of high- lands. The soil and timber, generally, are of good quality, and the county in every respect possesses considerable advantages from its locality and nu- merous roads, along which are fine and flourishing new settlements; the chief route from the St. Lawrence to the United States passes through the village of Sherbrooke, leading through Stan- stead. This village may properly be called the county town, and is the seat of the District Court of St. Francis. Population 5,421 Churches, Pro. 3 Parsonage-hous. 2 Churches, R.C. 1 Presbyteries . 1 Villages . . 3 Court-houses I Statistics. Gaols Schools . . Corn-mills . Saw-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Distilleries . Tanneries Potasheries . Pearliisheries Shopkeepers Taverns . Artisans . 2 11 11 9 9 83 Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats . Barley . Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 80,871 62,910 3,619 103,119 Bushels. Peas . 18,280 Rye . 19,04.3 Buck-wheat 2,291 Indian corn 13,260 Bushels. Mixed grain 3,180 Maple sugar, ewts. 709 Hay, tons 30,500 Live Stocjc. 3,161 1 Cows 3,872 1 Sheep 5,408 1 Swine 11,836 I 4^995 Shekbrooke (V.),v. Ascot, t. Sherrington, township, in the co. of Acadie, is an irregular tract, bounded e. by De Lery; s. by Hemmingford and part of Beauhamois; w. and N. w. by Chateau guay and Sault St. Louis. The soil and timber of this t. are much diversified ; the lands s. w. rise gently in many places into considerable eminences and consist of several sorts of soil, but almost the whole is unexceptionable and plentifully covered with beech, elm, maple^ basswood and white ash. To the n. e. there are many swamps, some of which are overgrown with black ash, and others with cedar, &c.; those covered with ash might soon be rendered fit for culture and would, by ditching, become very good meadow land. The river La Tortue vnnds through the township and, with many smaller streams, conveniently waters it; it is not navi- gable for boats, but rafts are brought down to La Tortue mills. The ranges 11, 12, 13, and 14, are settled by Canadians who had their titles originally from Mr. Sanguinet, proprietor of the S. of La Salle, under an erroneous belief that those lands were within his boundary. About the eighth and ninth ranges is a small settlement of English families, who have made great progress and have got their farms into a very thriving state. The road from La Tortue into Hemming- ford passes through Sherrington, and there is also another road leading by the Douglas settlement. — The principal land-owners are Fs. Languedoc, Esq., holding 11,000 acres from the heirs of the late Hon. H. Finlay ; the heirs of the late Bishop Mountain; and the heirs of Mr. jM'Callum and SHI SHI those of the late Hon. F. Baby. — The settlements in this T. are rapidly advancing, and Mr. Lan- guedoCj who has commenced the cultivation of hemp on a liberal scale, has erected a hemp-mill. Statistics. Population . 3,125 Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. 15,000 12,000 Bushels. Potatoes 57,500 Peas . 13,000 Bushels. 1,015 Indian corn 5,900 Rye Live Stock. 1,0501 Cows 1,250 1 Sheep 1,875 1 Swine 6,800 1 2,005 Shiegash, v. Troublesome River. Shikutimitsh, a name of the r. Chicoutimi. Shipton, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is bounded n. b. by Tingwick; s. w. by Mel- bourne and part of Durham; s. e. by Windsor and N. w. by Kingsey. There are no extensive landholders and the t. is therefore divided, chiefly, between ov^ners of detached lots : Elmer Gushing and Wm. Bernard are considered to be the prin- cipal proprietors. — The t. is generally designated as the Back and Front of Shipton as terms of divi- sion. The front contains the space between the R. St. Francis and the 8th range j the back con- tains the first 8 ranges. — This township, equally good in nearly all its parts, is of a very superior quality and is decidedly the best of all the townships within the district : cultivation of every descrip- tion may be carried on with the greatest success. Hemp has not yet been cultivated and flax only for private use ; the wheat is scarcely surpassed in goodness in any part of the province. Numerous gradual rises are peculiarly fit for such productions as require a rich dry soU. In this t. is good stone for lime, and in the n. b. corner a low piece of land contains a white soft earth that makes excellent lime. — The timber is beech, oak, maple, birch and pine, intermixed with a great abundance of inferior kinds. — This t. is exceedingly well watered by a large branch of the Nicolet, which receives its waters chiefly from the 3rd and 4th ranges, and by several small rivulets which rise in the uplands and, after winding very sinuous courses, descend into the St. Francis. The Ni- colet is navig'able for boats and scows hence to the St. Lawrence and, with the St. Francis, furnishes water conveyance from nearly every part of the township ; by which large quantities of pot and pearl ash, made here, are transported to Quebec. Flat-bottomed boats and scows, loaded from this T., descend both these rivers to Three Rivers, hut as they are occasionally rapid several portages are made. A small lake in the 10th range empties into the St. Francis, and another in the 2nd range into the Nicolet; each, about one mile in extent, abounds with white fish, trout, pike, pickerel, &c. A strong free bridge has been built over the Ni- colet, about 150 feet wide. There is an occasional ferry to Melbourn over the St. Francis, where the rates are, for a passenger 3d., a horse 7^d., a carriage lOd. — Agriculture is pursued here with great attention and over a large extent of land : the farms are dispersed on the banks of the St. Francis, the Nicolet and the rivulets, many of them dis- playing an advanced state of improvement. The average produce per acre, under fair cultivation, is. Wheat 15 to 25 bushels Oats 40 Indian corn 40 to 50 . Barley 40 Potatoes 2 to 300 . The cattle are chiefly of the English and American breeds and which, particularly the sheep and the Canadian cattle, thrive well. Here is a good breed of English horses, which are rapidly increasing in number, because the farmers find them profitable as an article of trade. The wages of good agri- cultural labourers are, in summer, from 3s. id. to 5s. a day, from 10 to 12 dollars a month and from 100 to 130 dollars per annum ; tradesmen are paid from 5s. to 7s. fid. a day. — The roads have re- cently received considerable improvements. On the road from the parish of St. Gregoire to the vil- lage of Richmond, 48 miles, the sum of 760Z. 5s. 5d. has been expended in such a manner as to make it easy and fit for travellers. 30 miles of it have been completed in the following manner : most of the causeways and all the small bridges are made, more than half is ditched and the road opened from 40 to 50 feet in width, and the hills are dug down so as to make the passing easy. This part of the road commences at the parish of St. Gregoire and extends to Long Point on the river St. Francis. From Long Point to Richmond village, estimated at 18 mUes, the road is open to the same width ; stumps and roots are cleared out, and about one- third of the ditches, causeways and bridges are finished. The tract of country from Richmond village to Long Point consists altogether of excels lent land for cultivation, and is already inhabited to some extent. From Long Point to St, Gregoire S H I dark timber prevails, and the country is very level and the soil is such as is in repute among old Cana- dian farmers. The whole of this distance will ad- mit of an excellent road and must always command, without any comparison, the greatest conveniences for a general line of communication from the St. Lawrence through the townships to the province line ; on this route there is but one hill, and the di- stance is at least 18 miles nearer than by any other route which is or can be obtained from Three Rivers ■to Richmond. It will require, above the sum already granted, 700/. currency to complete a good carriage road from the parish of St. Gregoire to the village of Richmond, exclusive of the expense of two bridges over the two Nicolet rivers, which will require a further sum of 1,5001. currency, one of the rivers requiring a bridge of 235 feet in length, and the other a bridge of 324 feet in length. From the rear part of Shipton to Ireland, through Craig's Road, is 27 miles and is a forest of large timber, through which there is no road, although one is absolutely necessary for the people of the eastern townships to bring their produce to market, inasmuch as it saves a distance of about 70 miles. There has been a grant of 400/. to open that road, but nothing has been done from the in- sufficiency of the grant ; it would require, at least, in addition to this grant, 1000/. to make the road passable for carriages ; within these 27 miles the rivers Nicolet and Becancour pass, and make the road much more expensive; if bridges were built they would cost 500/. The lands are excellent and might be easily settled, being one of the finest j)arts of the country. A road leads from the rear, intersecting the St. Gregoire road, and also an- other to Kingsey. — This t. contains two villages, and an episcopal church has been erected in the village of Richmond, and the erection of another free church is resolved upon, which is to be built in the back part, 10 miles from the former. A small Roman Catholic church, near the centre of the T., is being built and is already roofed — Rich^ mond Village is on the river St. Francis, at the intersection of Craig's Road; it contains about 12 houses and 80 inhabitants and is rapidly im- proving ; it has 3 stores, 2 good taverns, 2 tan- neries, a saw and grist-mill, and a pearlash fac- tory which is its chief article of traffic. — The other village, called Interior Village, is in progress in the back part, about 1 1 miles from Richmond, on Craig's Road, in which there are a store, a tavern, a tannery, pearlash works, a saw and grist- S H mill, &c.; it consists of 8 or 10 houses and con- tains 50 inhabitants.— In each settlement there is a school, appropriated in summer to the instruction of girls and in winter to that of boys ; at one school in the back part, under the Royal Insti- tution, about 200 scholars are instructed in winter, and about 130 in summer. — Ungranted and un- located, 1,800 acres. Population Churches Pro. Villages Corn-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills 917 1 2 4 2 2 Statistics. Saw-mills Cloth-mills . Hat manufact. Potasheries . Pearlasheries Distilleries . Tanneries . Medical men Shopkeepers 'faveras Artisans Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. l.i,250 8,150 600 3601 732 Bushels. I Bushels. Potatoes 18,500 Rye . . 3,000 Peas . 4,000 Back-wheat 400 Live Stock. Cows Sheep 1,098 1 Swine 1,830 1 935 Shoolbred, seigniory, in the co. of Bonaven- ture. Part of this S. extends from Megoacha Point, about 16 miles in length and about 1 J- mile in breadth, and was granted in fief and sei- niory, 4th July, 1788, to John Shoolbred, Esq. — Although several parts of it claim notice as being well adapted for settling upon, it yet remains without a single individual, because the object of the proprietor is not any partial concession, but the disposal of the whole and probably only at a future period. Title " Grant in Fief and Seigniory to Jolm Shoolbred, Esquire, made on the 4th July, 1788, by Lord Dorchester, Governor General, of the follo\ving tracts and parcels of land in the Bay of C/ialeurs, videlicet: — A certain lot or tract of land lying at Bonavetiture, beginning at the south extremity of the public road which leads from the haiboiu: of Bonaventure to the settlement on the north bank, thence running nearly north-east to the extreme point of the said bank, and bounded by the course of the harbour, thence still bounded by the course of the said harbour, nearly novth-west 264 feet, thence south-west parallel to the first course to the public road, thence south-east 264 feet to the first station : also a lot of land and a space of ground whereon was built a storehouse, situate 444 feet from the north-east point of the said bank, and east of the public road, also an allowance of 13 feet on each side and behind the space whereon the said store stood, containing 5,0.35 square links. Also the lots of land and space of ground whereon were built two other storehouses, with 13 feet on each side, and behind each of the spaces of ground whereon the said storehouses stood, the one situate 240 feet from the south end of the bank and 1 60 feet west of the public road, containing 3,822 square links, and the other situate 20 feet distant from the north-west corner of the last-mentioned ground whereon the said store formerly stood, containing 5,033 square links, the S I L S I L said several lots or parcels of land above mentioned eon. taining in the whole 1 acre, 1 rood and 21 perches. Also a certain other tract of land lying at Perci, between the Bays of Chaleurs and Gaspi, adjacent to the Island of Bo- naventure, being the last fishing-post at present settled and established on the north beach, leading to Mount Joli, at Perci aforesaid, bounded on the west by a deep grive or ditch adjoining to a fresh water brook, thence running east 7 chains of 66 feet each along the bank, thence south 10 chains, thence west 7 chains, thence north parallel to the second course unto the first station, containing 7 acres. Also a certain other tract of land situate on the western- most extremity of Chaleurs Bay, running up the river Ristigouche, about 15 miles to the first point of land be- low Battery Point, beginning at a boundary line ISO chains east of the bottom of the easternmost h&y oi Nouvel Bason, running north, 22 degrees east to the mountains, thence bounded by their course at an average depth of 40 chains from high water mark to their base, round Nouvel Bason westward to a small cove, 300 chains west of the said first- mentioned bay, bearing from the northernmost extremity of MigoacliM Point, being a sand bank, south 84 degrees north, 84. degrees west, the superficial content of the said Jast described lands is 2,080 acres. Also a tract of land, beginning at the aforesaid cove, and running the several courses of Point Migoacha, to the western extremity of a salt marsh, distant from a point where the inaccessible coast begins, about 80 chains, thence to the said point, containing 1,600 acres. Also a certain tract beginning at the firstmentioned point, below Batter^ Point, north 1 9 degrees and a half east, 80 chains, thence south 88 degrees east, 89 chains, thence north 33 degrees east, 80 chains, thence north 83 degrees east, 69 chains, thence north 56 degrees east, 107 chains, thence south 80 degrees east, 23 chains, thence south 30 degrees east, 58 chains, thence south 67 degrees east, 49 chains, thence north 68 degrees east, 88 chains, thence south 66 degrees east, 37 chains, thence south 65 degrees east, 84 chains, thence south 73 degrees east, 136 chains, thence south 39 degrees east, 95 chains, thence south 12 degrees east, 175 chains, thence south 1 1 degrees east, 55 chains, thence south 56 degrees west, 4.0 chains to Yacta Point, containing 6,550 acres, more or less." — Book of Patents for Lands, Fol. 1. page 1. Shorn, a projected township in the co. of Ottawa, is bounded in front by Aldfield and Hud- dersfield; w. by Cawood, and n. and e. by waste lands of the crown. SiiiLERY, seigniory, in the co. of Quebec, is bounded n. e. by part of St. Ignace and several small grants ; s. w. by Gaudarville ; in the rear by St. Gabriel ; m front by the St. Lawrence, — One league broad by 1^ league in depth. This grant, originally forming part of the concession of St. Gabriel, was ceded to the King in 1664 and granted, October 23rd, 1699, to the order of Je- suits : it is now the property of the crown. — The bank of the St. Lawrence here is very high, and is the most elevated part of the seignioipy,from which lies a plain, varied with a few rising grounds, reaching to the road of Ste. Foi, northward of which for a short distance is an easy decHvity, terminated by a steep descent into a vaUey that spreads nearly to the boundary of St. Gabriel, where there is another gradual elevation. The soil is very good near the St. Lawrence, consisting of a light red- dish sandy earth intermixed with clay, in some places lying upon a bed of clay ; in the vicinity of Ste. Foi there are many ledges of flat rock covered with a coat of excellent mould, but of no great depth ; from the latter place, on the slope already mentioned, is a rich mould mixed with sand, with large quantities of loose stones strewed over the surface, and many massy fragments of granite lying about in various directions. In the valley and on the rising ground towards Vielle Lorette there is some excellent meadow landj nearly the whole of the seigniory is cultivated; and extremely fertile in almost every variety of the productions of the country. — Very little tim- ber of a superior quality is now remaining, or in- deed much wood of any description, except what is found in Sillery Wood, and a few other patches that appear to have been left in various parts as much for ornament as for use. — Part of the river St., Charles passes through the S., and it is also watered by several small streams that wind along the valley in a very pleasing manner. At the place called Sillery Cove there is a plantation of hops, in a situation finely sheltered from every injurious wind, where the climate is propitious and the soil admirably adapted to their culture, which has been carried on for some years with great success ; the produce is not inferior to what is imported from England. Close by the plantation stand a malt-house, a brewery and a dwelling-house, be- sides many other appendages, the property of Mr. HuUett, to whom the hop-grounds belong; the malt-house and brewery are entitled to some re- spect as being the venerable remains of an ancient chapel and some other buildings, erected in 1637 by the Jesuits, for the residence of a mission em- ployed in . converting the natives to Christianity. Not far from this spot the natiotf of the Algon- quins had a village and in Sillery Wood there yet remain some of the tumuli belonging to their burying-place, and some of their rude mementos carved on the trees are still visible. In a hollow a little to the westward of Sillery Cove, on a gentle eminence nearly overgrown with brush- wood and creeping shrubbery, are the remains of a stone building, once the dwelling of a few de- votees, who, in imitation of the Jesuits, applied their religious enthusiasm to convert and instruct the female savages. On the high bank to the w. bounding this cove is an elegant well-built store- u u S I L SIM house, the property of Mr. M'Nider, of Quebec ; the situation is commanding and agreeable, and the style of the residence both in the exterior and interior deserves notice. — Many roads, in almost every direction, form an easy communication with Quebec and all the surrounding seigniories; of these the one leading by the river side, one by the church of Ste. Foi and another by the v. of Vielle Lorette are the principal. On both sides of these roads are many well-built houses, with various plantations and farms in a very advanced state of improvement and strongly indicating the good circumstances of the proprietors. The road from L'Anse-des-Meres to the extremity of Sillery Gove, about 4 miles, was last year (1830) improved. The whole extent has been made passable for carriages ; the breadth 20 feet, except the distance between L'Anse-des-Meres and the middle of Cape Cove, or L'Anse-des-Morts, 15 acres, the breadth of which is about 15 feet only, in con- sequence of the heavy expense that would have been incurred in removing a number of houses at Cape Blanc and in cutting down the bank at Cape Cove ; ditches have been made at the sides of the road, embankments raised and drains cut across where required ; two bridges have been built, one in Wolfe's Cove, the other over the brook that divides Woodfield Beach from Spencer Cove. To obtain the necessary breadth several houses were removed and allowances made to the proprietors to remove others. The road leads along the river St. Lawrence, and has already been found of great service to those concerned in the lumber trade. Besides the 1,000/. appropriated by the legis- lature, 124/. 18s. 5d. have been expended. Al- though the road has been made passable, a further sum of 500/. will be required to finish it properly by Macadamizing it, and in keeping it in repair for one year. — Tl* front of the seigniory is indented by several coves, where, between the high bank of the B. and the high- water mark, there are level flats that afford most convenient situations for de- positing, squaring and sorting timber and staves of all descriptions, when prepared for exportation ; and there are also beaches for receiving the rafts as they are brought down the r,, which are called Timber Grounds; the principal of them is Sillery or, as it is now called, Hullett's Cove, that gentleman having obtained from government a lease of the beach from Pointe a Ruisseaux up to his present establishment. At a, considerable distance from the high-water mark, a long reef of rocks forms a very convenient break water and prevents the strong set of the current from reaching the logs, which are otherwise prevented from drifting away by means of booms secured at different places, either by anchors and grapnels, or by being fastened to ringbolts fixed in the rocks, as most convenient. Westward of this place is another inlet called Ritchie's Cove, and, to the eastward, is another spacious timber-ground called Atkinson's, in each of which are convenient booms and other securi- ties : the former has the appearance of a small village, from the numerous huts erected for the workmen, &c. To these timber-grounds the rafts are floated in at high- water through openings in the reef of rocks and secured within the booms ; they are then broken up and the timber is sorted and drawn ashore to proper spots either for season- ing, squaring or reducing to standard dimensions for exportation. — In SiUery, 40,000 eels were taken in 1647, from Aug. to Nov., and sold in the market for one farthing per hundred. Population 898 Churches, R. C. 1 Presbyteries . 1 Corn-mills . 1 Carding-mills 1 Statistics. Fulling-mills Saw-mills . Ship-yards Taverns Artisans River-craft Tonnage Keel-boats 10 1 20 5 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen 3,075 10,200 2,000 358 360 Bushels. I Bushels, Potatoes 29,800 Indian corn 710 Peas . 3,000 Hay, tons S85 Rye . 600 Live Stock. Cows Sheep 716 2,148 Swine 537 Title.—" Concession du 23me Octobre, 1699, faite par Hector de Calliere, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, aux reverends peres Jesuites, de la Seigneurie de Sillery, d'une licue de large sur le fleuve St. Laurent, et d'une lieue et demie ou environ de profondeur, jusqu'a la Sei- gneurie de St. Gabriel qui la termine par derriSre, cora- men^ant du c6te du Nord-Est a la pointe de Puiseauje, et du e6t6 du Sud- Guest a une ligne qui la separe du fief de Gaudaryille, lesquelles lignes ont itl tirees I'une il y a en- viron vingt-cinq ans, et I'autre il y a quarante ans." — Si- giatre d'Intendance, No. 5, folio 26. Simpson, in the co. of Drummond, between Wendover and Kingsey, is on the east side of the river St. Francis, and is bounded in the rear by Warwick and Horton. The whole has been sur- veyed and granted to officers and privates of the Canadian militia, who served during the blockade of Quebec, 1775-6. The land is low and level, with S O R very few swamps, and is of a good quality, and if brought undercultivation would produce grainof all sorts; it is in many places favourable to the growth of hemp and flax. Good timber, principally beech and maple, is partially found, but timber of little value is in abundance. It is watered by several branches of the Nicolet, and by some small streams that fall into the St. Francis ; the former pre- sent many excellent situations for the erection Bf mills. A few lots, situated by the road side^ contiguous to the river, are settled upon, where agriculture has already made some progress. — Population 35. SiNCiQUB, river, traverses Lockaber Gore, and runs into the b. Petite Nation, a little above Ste- phen's Mills. SoBEGOLCH, river, is a small stream that runs into the s. w. side of the r. Matapedia, near the lake of that name. SoiB, a la, river, rises in several branches in the N. section of the S. of Lauzon, and runs into the St. Lawrence in fief Ursuline, where it turns a corn-mill at its mouth. Som:5rset, township, in the co. of Megantic, lies in the rear of the augmentations to Descbail- lon? and Lotbiniere, and is bounded n. e. by Nelson ; w. by Stanfold ; s. and s. b. by Halifax and Inverness. This tract was granted April, 1804, to officers and privates of the Canadian militia. The land lies rather low, but it is of a tolerably good quality, and is fit for the production of most kinds of grain : in many parts it is well suited for the growth of hemp and flax. The timber is chiefly beech, maple, birch and pine ; on the low and moist grounds, basswood, cedar, spruce and hemlock are prevalent. — Well watered by the K. Becancour and numerous small streams. SoHBii (R.), V. Richelieu, r. SoKEL or Saurel, seigniory,in the co. of Riche- lieu, is bounded n. and n. b. by the South Channel of the St. Lawrence and the Bay of Yamaska ; s. w. by St. Ours; s. and s. b. by Bourchemin, Bourg- marie West, and Bonsecours ; n. w. by the St. Lawrence. — 2^ leagues in front, viz. 1|- league above the R. Richelieu by 2 leagues in depth, and one league below the Richelieu by one league in depth. This seigniory, with isle St. Ignace, isle Ronde and isle de Grace, was granted, Oct. 21, 1672, to Sieur de Saurel. — The town of William Henry or Sorel is agreeably situated at the con- fluence of the Richelieu with the St. Lawrence, SOU and contains a Protestant and a Roman Catholic church. On the site of this town, a fort was constructed in 1665 by M. de Tracy, viceroy of New France, as a defence against the irruption of the Iroquois. M. de Saurel, a captain, superin- tended its execution ; and from him this part of the R. Richelieu received the name of Sorel or Saurel. Before the t. the bank of the Richelieu is from 10 to 12 feet high, having near the point two small wharfs or landing-places; the river is here 250 yards broad, with from 2^ to 5 J- fathoms of water. On the opposite shore are convenient places for building vessels, where some of large tonnage have been constructed ; but latterly this branch of trade has not been so much attended to here as it used to be, notwithstanding the accommodations for carrying it on. Statistics of the Parish of Sorel, including the Town of William Henry. Population 4,193 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . 1 Presbyteries 1 Corn-mills . 2 Towns . . 1 Notaries . . I Shopkeepers . 8 Taverns . 16 Artisans . 27 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 15,200 Oats . 1,300 Bushels. Bariey . 260 Potatoes 27,500 Bushels. Peas . 3,000 Indian corn 710 Live Stock. Horses . 1,100 Oxen . 183 Cows . 1,995 Sheep . 6,500 Swine . 1,510 Title.' — " Concession du 21me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Saurel, de deuxlieues et demie de terre de front sur le Jleuve St. Laurent, savoir, une lieue et demie au dela de la riviere de Richelieu sur deux lieues de profondeur, et une lieue en deqa sur une lieue de profondeur, avec les Isles St. Ignace, I'isle Ronde et I'isle de Grace." — R^gisire d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 13. SouLANGE, seigniory, in the co. of Vaudreuil, is bounded s. e. by the St. Lawrence; s. by New Longueuil; s. w. by Newton and Rigaud; n. by the S. of Vaudreuil. — This seigniory with that of Vaudreuil occupies the tongue of land formed by the confluence of the Ottawa and the St. Law- rence, at the upper extremity of lake St. Louis. Soulange is 4 leagues in front, and was granted Oct. 12th, 1702, to the Chevalier de Soulange, and is now the property of Saveuse de Beaujeu, Esq. — The soil is generally clay of good quality though in some parts it is sandy, and it is so ad- vantageously varied as to be fit for all the pro- ductions natural to the country. In the s. w. corner, the extensive swamp that runs into New uu2 SOULANGE. Longueuil spreads over a considerable space. — This seigniory is entirely conceded, except a lot of land which is not enclosed and is sufficiently extensive to form a range of 28 farms, each measuring 3 arpents in front by 20 to 25 in depth ; there is no road across this lot, and the soil is of middling quality and would be difficult to drain. — About 60 farms were conceded prior to 1759, on the con- dition of paying a rent of 40 sous, and 5 sous for quit rent, argent tournois, for each front arpent by 20 in depth ; continuations to a similar extent having been since given, the grantees continue to pay 14 francs of the present currency for each farm of 3 arpents by 40, without any other charge or service. — The whole extent of this pro- perty, in front of the St. Lawrence, is very thickly settled, and were the inhabitants as strongly attached to husbandry as they are to the occupa- tion of voyageurs, it might be improved into a most excellent and productive tract; but even now it is far above mediocrity. — This seigniory contains one village, and the following concessions are inhabited, C6te St. Louis, St. Dominique, St. Hyacinthe, St. Jacques, and C&te Emmanuel, also the C8te de la Riviere Rouge and that of St. Gregoire. C6te Double de St. Jacques is not settled. — This seigniory is conveniently intersected by the rivers a la Graisse, Rouge, and Delisle; the last is the largest, though no use can at present be made of it for conveyance ; it might, however, be- come navigable for boats to the distance of several miles, merely by clearing its bed from the trtinks of trees, which, with gradual decay, have for ages continued to fall into and obstruct it. — On the k. are 2 bridges, 2 corn-mills and a small carding- mill. — Formerly there were much pine timber, oak, maple, elm, ash and fir ; but now such tim- ber is very rare or small. The main road and those between the concessions, as well as 3 good bridges over the rivers, are all kept in excellent repair. — Agriculture is so much neglected here, that it may be said to be in a deplorable state ; consequently, the heads of families are, generally, incapable of settling their children near them, much less of sending them to a great distance un- provided with provisions and agricultural imple- ments. There are certainly many young per- sons in this S. of a proper age, who are willing to make new settlements, but the want of means, and the high, and in some instances exorbitant, rents required for new concessions interpose ob- stacles diflScult to be surmounted, for none of the inhabitants will settle in the townships, Onei- fourth of the grain is sold at Montreal, but during the winter the sales are confined to the seigniory. Three-fourths of the farmers use English ploughs. But little sugar is made and few persons make their own cloth or linen. — The parish and sei- gniory are co-extensive, and there is only one church which is dedicated to St. Joseph. Two- thirds of the population are catholics. — The Vili- lage of the Cedars is charmingly seated on th^ bank of the St. Lawrence, 5 miles from Pointe des Cascades, being the point of rendezvous for all boats passing up or down the river, and, having an established ferry to the opposite seigniory of Beau, harnois, it is a place of great resort both for tra- vellers and traders. — This pleasant village con- tains a well built church and about 150 houses, of which 6 are built with stone, and there are a school and two corn-mills ; the mUl, called Lon- gueuil's Mill, has ground 6,500 bushels of grain in 4 months. — The appearance of the waters and of the rich and verdant islands around which they wind their course, exhibits an assemblage uncom- monly interesting, and the glistening rapids of the Coteau du Lac give a lively termination to the scene. — At Pointe des Cascades, where the steam- boat lands passengers, are a few houses and stores and a convenient corn-mill. The canal traverses the point through which boats pass to avoid the Cas- cade Rapids. Here stages are daily in readiness to receive the passengers from the steamers to convey them to the Village of the Cedars. The view from the top of the hill is interesting; the eye beholds a succession of foaming rapids, the settlements of Isle Perrott, and those of Beau- harnois on the opposite shore of the St. Lawrence. A corn-mill is situated on the point projecting over the Cascade Rapid. Singular as it may ap- pear, here is the traverse over the Cascade Island and to Beauharnois. The road leading to the Cedars is generally very indifferent, being thick clay and mud. The banks of the St. Lawrence are here about 18 or 20 feet in height. — Isle des Cascades and ten other isles and islets, which lie in front, belong to this S., and there are islands and a succession of rapids all along the front of Sou- lange to Coteau des Cedres. — For an account of this difficult part of the navigation of the St. Lawrence, vide that river. S T A S T A Population 3,914 Churches, R. C. Cures Presbyteries . Schools . . Villages Statistics. Corn-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills Tanneries Potasheries , Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Artisans . . 5 1 3 12 30 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. I Bushels, 18,200 Barley . 1,690 18,200 1 Potatoes 93,000 Peas Live Stock. 1,200 1 Cows 1,200 [Sheep 1,800 I Swine 6,000 I Bushels. 10.400 1,800 Title — " Concession du 12me Octobre, 1702, faite par Hector de Callif.re, Gouvemeur, et Jean Bocharf, Intend- ant, a Pierre Jacques Marie de Joytert, Chevalier de Sou- hmge, de la moitii d'une langue de terre sise au lieu dit les Cascade^, de quatre lieues de terre de front sur une lieue et demie de profondeur au plus large de la dite langue de terre, et une demi lieue au plus etroit ; k cora- mencer a la Pointe des Cascades, en montant; joignant la ^te terre celle accordSe aux enfans de Mr. de Vaudreuil." —Rigistre d'Intendance, No. b, folio 37. South River, the principal stream in Noyan, rises in the extensive swamps of that seigniory and Sabrevois ; its general direction is from east to westj and through a very serpentine course it dis- charges its waters into the Richelieu^ one mile below the Isle aux Noix; it is rather deep and sluggish, and is unobstructed by rapids six miles from its mouth to Henryville, to which place it is navigable in the spring for batteaux and cribs of timber, and for canoes during most of the season. It there divides into two brancheSj on each of which is erected a saw-mill. Its principal tri- butary streams below Henryville are Wolf Creek and Mud Creek, which have their sources in Fou- cault. The principal fish are pike, pickerel, and cat-fish. South West River, v. Sud-Ouest, r. Spalding, a projected township, in the co. of Beauce, is bounded n. by Bisborough ; s. by Ditch- field; w. by the R. Chaudiere; e. by the pro- vince line. SquibisKj river, rises near the w. boundary of the CO. of Bonaventure, and running s. passes near the Quamquerticook mountains in its way to the K. Madawaska into which it falls. Stanbridgb, township, in the co. of Missis- koui, lies between the t. of Durham and the S. of Sabrevois and Royan and is bounded n. by Famham and s. by St. Armand. This t. presents a great variety of land and timber ; the w. part is low and rather marshy with much cedar, hem- lock, tamarack and some white oak. Near Mis- siskoui Bay and Pyke River the soil is chiefly clay mixed with sand; to the e. it is higher and better, and composed of rich black and yellow loam with a little sand ; the timber is beech, elm, maple and £ome fine oak, bearing only a small proportion to the other sorts. The Pyke River and its nu- merous branches water it very conveniently, and work several saw and corn-mills. It is intersected by many roads ; the principal are those that lead s. through St. Armand into the state of Ver- mont, and N. through Farnham and St. John's on the Richelieu to Montreal ; whither the inhabit- ants of these parts convey the greatest portion of their disposable produce. A large tract of this T. is settledj especially on the N. e. side, where, on the elevated ridges, are many farms exceedingly well situated, and in a state of cultivation that denotes much practical knowledge of agriculture, for the houses are weU buUt, the gardens and orchards are well laid out, and the general ar- rangements not unworthy of being imitated in many of the townships more recently settled. — Ungranted and unlocated, 152 acres. Stanbridge, township, in the co. of Missiskoui, is bounded e. by Durham ; s. by St. Armand; W. by the seigniories of Noyan and Sabrevois ; n. by Farnham. — This tract is well timbered and pro- duces hard wood of every kind, with pine and cedar in abundance. It is watered by Pyke River and Rock River. Several roads traverse the t. to Missiskoui Bay and the B. Richelieu, and there is one now in progress which will afford a more direct communication with Montreal and with the United States through St. Armand. There is a small village consisting of from 25 to 30 houses with about 200 inhabitants but no church. Population Schools . Villages . Corn-mills 1,801 . 1 . 1 Statistics. Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills Potasheries Pearlasheries Shopkeepers Taverns . . Artisans . . 1 2 2 12 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 1.3,307 19,000 3.000 Potatoes Peas Rye Bushels. 60,000 8,900 1,000 Bushels. Buck-wheat 500 Indian corn 9,800 Lice Stock. . 980 1 Cows 1,180 I Sheep 1,260 I Swine 3,800 I 1,000 S T A S T A • StandoNj township, in the co. of Bellechasse, is bounded N. e. and s. b. by waste lands; s. w. by parts of Cranbourne and Frampton ; n. w. by Buckland. This tract is for the most part a rough hiily country and very indifferent land. On the 8. E. bank of the Etchemin there is a good swell of hard wood land extending to the n. e., which is supposed to be by far the best land in the t. Those parts of the first and third ranges that lie in the im- mediate rear of Frampton are granted, and are in general good land and fit for either grain or gi-ass. The part between the Etchemin and the •lake near the s. angle of the t. is excellent up- land, well calculated for settling. — The hills sel- dom exceed half a mile in diameter at their base, but they are steep and rugged, and there is very little level land between them. — The R. Etche- min rises near the n. b. boundary line, and runs s. w. through the centre of the T. to Cranbourne and Frampton. Stanford, township, in the co. of Drumniond, is bounded E. by Somerset; w. by Bulstrode; in front by the B. Becancour ; in the rear by Artha- baska. Being very low and extremely swampy, not much of the land is fit for cultivation. It is traversed by some rivers and small streams that fall into the Becancour. One half was granted to the Hon. Jenkin Williams, the present holder. — Ungranted and unlocated, 16,693 acres. Stanstbad, county, in the district of Montreal, is bounded b. by Sherbrooke ; w. by Missiskoui in part and in part by Shefford ; s. by the province line ; n. by parts of Shefford and Sherbrooke. It contains the townships of Hatly, Barnston, Bar- ford, Stanstead, Bolton and Potton, with all the gores and augmentations of the said townships. — Its extreme length is 30 miles, and its breadth 14|- containing 632 square miles, Its centre is ih lat. 45° 9' N., long. 72° 4' w. It sends two members to the provincial parliament, and the place of election is at Copps Ferry. — The soil and timber of this CO. are generally excellent, and its local situation is advantageous. East of Lake Mem- phramagog are large swells of land, and west of the lake the surface is not only uneven but mountainous. The most settled parts are Stan- stead, Hatley and part of Barnston. Tiie chief route to the United States passes through this county. The principal rivers are the Missiskoui and Coaticook. Of the numerous lakes in this CO. the chief are the Memphramagog, Tomefobi and Scaswaninepus. Population 8,222 Churches, Pro. 4 Parsonage-hous. 1 Villages . 3 Corn-mills . 32 Saw-mills . 21 Carding-mills 12 Statistics. Fulling-mills Paper-mills . Distilleries . Breweries Founderies . Tanneries Hat manufaet. 1 Potteries Potasheries . Pearlasberies Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 3 23 21 17 13 80 Annual AgricnUm-al Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Bushels. 90,620 85,700 14,000 Potatoes 136,100 Bushels. Peas . 18,830 Rye . . 1,944 Buck-wht. 2,780 Bushels. Mixed grain 2,600 Maple sugar, ewts. 531 Indian corn25,332 Hay, tons 34,100 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 3,505 I Cows 4,470 1 Sheep 6,200 1 Swine 13,835 1 4,393 Stanstead, township, in the co. of Stansteadj is bounded e. by Barnston ; w. by Lake Mem- phramagog; N. by Hatley; s. by the province line. This tract is certainly superior to any of the adjacent townships in locality, excellence of soil, and quality of timber. There are many large swells of land, some of considerable eleva- tion, clothed with oak, pine and nearly all the best sorts of hard woods ; in the lower parts is great abundance of common timber. The s. •half of this township, granted in 1800, to Isaac Ogden, Esq. is well settled and in a very thriving state of cultivation, producing every species of grain peculiar to the province, and the wheat is of superior quality; many excellent situations and a congenial soil offer opportunities for the growth of hemp and flax to almost any extent. The northernly half is not so well settled as the easternly, but for no other reason than having been granted later, viz. in 1810, as the land is good and fit for every purpose of agriculture. It is the property of Sir R. S. Milnes, Bart, being a portion of the 48,000 acres granted to him by the crown. This town contains about 350 lots, 200 acres each, on which were settled, in 1821, at least 500 families, and the population was then about 3,000. The settlements, along the bor- der of the beautiful Lake Memphramagog, are most delightfully situated and in a very forward and promising state of improvement ; the houses dispersed over them are well built, and are sur- rounded by neat well stocked gardens, fine young orchards, and every requisite convenience of rus- tic life; their appearance conveys to the tra- veller a very favourable opinion of the content S T A S T O and happiness of their owners. — In 1821, Mr. Charles Kilborn was proprietor of lots in the 8th and 9th ranges, containing together 400 acres, of which he had cleared about 100, the cost of clear- ing and inclosing which was about 3/. per acre. He then possessed upwards of 200 head of cattle, including sheep, and had erected on his farm 3 dwelling-houses, two barns, a grist-mill, a saw- mill, a fulling-mill, a carding-machine, and other buildings, which cost him upwards of I,500Z. but which he valued in 1821 at only about 750/. — There were many persons whose farms were more improved, who had a greater number of cattle, and whose buildings were far more valuable than Mr. Kilborn's. — This t. is well watered by rivers and lakes. — The Village of Stanstcad is built near the province line and consists of 23 houses and 200 souls ; the houses are in general neat and sub- stantial; many of them two stories high and several are built with brick. The style of building is very different here and throughout the township to what is practised in the seignorial settlements of the province, and borders considerably, if not ab- solutely, to the American style as practised in the adjoining state of Vermont. The main stage road from Quebec into the states of Vermont, New Hampshire, &c. passes through it, from which, as bringing a continual influx of strangers, some little consequence is derived. — At Stanstead plain, one mile N. of the village of Stanstead, is another village delightfully situated on an extensive plain, where are several traders' shops, a printing office and mechanics' shops of almost every description ; it is a place of increasing importance. — George- ville, at Copp;s Ferry, on lake Memphramagog, is a flourishing village in which there are, as well as in Stanstead,, many tradesmen and mechanics. The ferry is crossed in an excellent horse boat towed by two horses, which passes from Stanstead to Bolton, 21 miles, regularly three times every day; the income of this boat has hitherto amounted to 7 per cent, of its cost which was nearly 400/. This small profit would undoubtedly be in- creased, were the roads, leading from the country east of the lake towards Montreal, made more effectuaUy passable for summer carriages.- April 16, 1823, a large mass of the rock, composing that part of the mountain caUed Barnston pinnacle, which at this place rises perpendicular about 300 feet, detached itself from its towering height, and fell into the pond at its base with a tremendous noise; two distinct reports quickly succeeded each other, similar to the discharge of heavy ar- tillery, which were heard more than twenty miles. This mighty concussion shook the houses for several miles within its vicinity. Population 3,371 Churches, Pro. 1 Curates Schools Villages Corn-mills Carding-mills Statistics. Fulling-mills Paper-mills . Saw-mills . Tanneries . Potasheries Pearlasheries Distilleries . Founderies Just, of peace Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 1 1 1 1 8 5 29 Annual AgricultuTul Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Bushels, 44,160 30,900 5,800 Potatoes Peas Rye Bushels. 58,000 7,300 . 1,050 Bushels. Buck-wht. 100 Indian corn 11,600 Live Stock. Horses . 1,430 I Cows Oxen . 1,950 I Sheep 2,320 . Swine 2,450 1,790 Stoke, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, lies on the east side of the river St. Francis, and is bounded N. w. by Windsor ; n. e. by Dudswell ; s. E. by Eaton and Westbury; s. by Ascot. The land is of first-rate quaKty, and fit for all the purposes of agriculture. Beech, basswood, ironwood and maple, are the more prevalent kinds of timber. A few swamps occur, but they are neither extensive nor deep ; in fact, they are scarcely more than common wet-lands, and require only careful ditching to become very good mea- dows, of which there are already, in different parts, many large extents of the most luxuriant kind. This T. is uncommonly well watered by several rivers and streams, which, after winding in all directions, fall into the St. Francis. In the 14th range there is a small lake. On the banks of some of the minor rivulets many good patches for the growth of hemp can be found, and on the parts that lie a little higher is a fine soil for the cul- tivation of flax. Although a part of this t. was granted in 1803 and 4, it may be said to have been totally neglected until lately ; but as new settlers are now encouraged to take lands, it is to be expected that this fine tract will soon ex- hibit productive farms and a thriving population. — Ungranted and mlocated 7,000 acres, STONEHAM AND TEWKESBURY. Statistics. Population U Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 480 Oats . 400 Barley . 173 Bushels. Potatoes • 300 Peas . 110 Bushels. Rye . 25 Indian corn 200 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 201 Cows 17 Sheep 13 1 Swine 50 28 Stoneham and Tbwkbsbuhy, townships, in the CO. of Quebec, are bounded n. and n. e. by waste lands; s. w. by St. Ignace; s. b. by C&te de Beaupr^ ; s. by Beauport and Notre Dame des Anges. These townships lie contiguous to each other and were surveyed and subdivided many years ago, but they still remain very indifferently settled. They have no line of division between them and are distributed into lots and ranges as if they were one township. — The surface is moun- tainous and rocky, the larger part barren and unfit for cultivation, with the exception of some scanty patches in the vallies that are moderately good and would bear tillage, and the part ex- tending from the front to the river Jacques Car- tier, where the land is chiefly arable and of a yellow loamy nature. — It is watered by the large rivers; St. Anne, Jacques Cartier and Batiscan, running majestically between the lofty ridges of mountains, by several rivers of inferior magni- tude, and by some small lakes. The timber is beech, maple, birch, and pine of good dimen- sions. — The most valuable part was granted to Kenelm Chandler, Esq. and is now the property of Mrs. Brydon. — Many of the following par- ticulars respecting these townships are extracted from the journal of the persons who were lately sent to report on the capabilities of these tracts, and will, it is conceived, prove useful to settlers. This examination was made between the 22d of June and 16th of July, and appears to have been carried on with care and amidst no in- considerable difliculties. — These two townships, which appear to have been always conjoined, are traversed by three separate streams which run in a south-westernly direction. The river Huron appears to issue from Lake a Hibou in the 17th lot of the 6th range, which, leaving the township in the 6th lot of the 1st range, falls into Lake St. Charles so much noted for its beautiful scenery. The Jacques Cartier river enters the township at the 36th lot of the 2bth range, and leaves it at' the 1st lot of the 7th range, watering a great extent of excellent land, a great deal of which re- quires only a road to render it fit for immediate settlement. Two branches of the Ste. Anne, in their course to the south-west, cross the t. in its north-western extremity. — The nearest part of the T. ascertained to be tit for cultivation extends from Scott's clearance in lot 8, range 2nd, in a north- emly direction, along the Indian path, by which settlers may trace it as far as Lake a Hibou ; this tract joins, at its northern extremity, another ex- cellent piece of land, lying on the Jacques Cartier; this section is about 3 or 4 miles in length. An- other piece of land every way fit to be settled^ adjacent to the former, begins at Craig's clearance in the 5th lot of the 2nd range, enclosing Lake Durand and extending n. w. to three small lakes in the 5th range. The longest extent of land re- commended in the survey alluded to is found along both banks of the Jacques Cartier, com- mencing at lot 9 in the 7th range, and ending about lot 30 in the 16th range; this portion includes the valley of the Jacques Cartier for 13 miles' in length and varying from 2 to 3 in breadth ; it is in general bounded by mountains or by hilly and rocky lands on both sides ; it possesses a rich soil and is covered with elm, ash, black birch and maple. Sugar may be made in abundance. The river Jacques Cartier abounds with fish. The road to this section, from the most s. part of the t. nearest to Quebec, will be about 5 miles in length and will pass through a part of that country that can be easily opened. — Two small rivers, Cach§ and Epaule, fall into the Jacques Cartier from the east, near the 23rd lot in the 8th range : the banks of the latter consist of excellent land ; and the timber which indicates the best soil is found in abundance, and in addition to the trees men- tioned above there are here very fine cedar and spruce. The Epaule extends to the extremity of the township and every where discovers the sam^ favourable symptoms, except in one place where the mountains shelve down to the river side. To the south of this tract is the other river, Cach6, on which the land is much inferior but abounds in good mill-sites, which in time will doubtless be valuable. — In the 10th and 11th ranges, between the 13th and 2lst lots, are situated three lakes, named St. Thomas, St. Vincent and William. The S T O S U D first two lie close together, the third is ahout half a mile from the others. They all communicate with each other, and send a considerable stream into the north-west side of the Jacques Cartier. The land ill the vicinity of these lakes, especially on the east side, is well calculated for settlements and the lakes swarm ivith fish, from which settlers might derive great part of their subsistence. A road of three mUes in length, but over a considerable hiU, would connect this tract with that mentioned on the Jacques Cartier, which river can here be con- veniently passed by a ferry. The same tract ex- tends to the eastward about 5 miles. — Another tract of land of similar description lies to the east of the Jacques Cartier, from a place in that river called the Forks, along a line traced by an Indian path and to the distance of three miles. — These appear to be the most fertile portions of this town- ship, and are those to which settlers ought first to direct their attention. When these have been once brought into cultivation the other parts of the di- strict may also be found to be useful, but cannot at present be settled to any advantage. — Beyond the 12th range, between the two branches of the Ste. Anne and on both sides of them, the land appears to be much inferior ; it is mountainous and rocky, occasionally covered with trees that in- dicate the poorer kinds of soil, and in many places is entirely destitute of timber of any kind. Here also the frequent occurrence of what are called windfalls indicates the prevalence of high winds and storms. — The vicinity of these townships to Quebec and their general fertility ought to make them objects of attention in the present conspi- cuous exertions that are making for the settlement of the country; and it has already been announced that a good road is about to be opened to supersede the very inconvenient one now in use. From the general improvement of the internal communica- tions and from our improved knowledge of these townships, and especially if a correct survey shall be made, it may be expected that the prosperity of Stoneham and Tewkesbury will increase with rapidity. — The following statistical account was taken in 1824, when 77| arpents were under cul- tivation. Statistics in 1824. Males Females . 41 Total population . 29 Agricultural Produce. . 70 Wheat Oats Peas Potatoes Bushels. 50 . 178 27 . 2120 Turnips Hay, bundles Cabbages Butter, lbs. . Bushels. . 510 . 4000 . lOOO . 340 Live Stock. Horses Cows . 2 . 7 Pigs . . 1 Stratford, a projected township in the co. of Sherbrooke, lies between Winslow, Garthby, and Lingwick. Stukkley, township, in the co. of Shefford, is bounded e. by Orford; w. by Shefford; n. by Ely ; s. by Bolton. Although the surface of this tract is generally uneven and broken, the land in some parts is rather above the medium quality. Beech, maple and basswood, with hemlock and cedar in the hollows and moist lands, are the pre- vailing sorts of timber. — It is watered by streams falling into the Yamaska, which have their sources among the hills stretching across it, and also by some small lakes. Statistics. Population . 275 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 2,700 . ,3,900 210 Potatoes Peas Bushels. 5,500 1,710 Bushels. Buck-wheat 400 Indian com 1,120 Live Stock. 130 1 Cows 160 1 Sheep 2101 Swine 500 165 SuD, DU, river, in the co. of BeUechasse, rises in the t. of Standon and runs rapidly between steep mountains to the n. w. It then winds round by St. Gervais for 8 leagues, where it leaves the chain of mountains. This beautifully wind- ing stream receives a branch descending from the augmentation to St. Michel, and, from the con- fluence of this branch with the main stream in the S. of St. VaUier, the river meanders through a fine plain in a north-eastemly direction to the village of St. Thomas, where it forms a large basin before it discharges into the St. Lawrence. Its course is much impeded by shoals and it is not X X S U D S ITT navigable for any thing but canoes. A little below the village its breadth is 150 yards ;, the level of its bed is 20 feet above the St. Lawrence, which occasions a fall that from the latter has a very beautiful eiFect. On each side of it, just at the break of the descent, are two saw-mi],ls in situ- ations most advantageously chosen for ensuring a continual supply of water. The basin is spacious and well sheltered ; at high water vessels from 20 to 25 tons may run in for security against a gale, by taking care to • avoid a muddy flat at its en- trance: the channel, however, is hot difiicult. The branch called Bras St. Nicholas has its source in the high lands, in the rear of Bonsecoufs and L'Islet, and runs parallel to the St. LaWrence, but in an opposite direction, until it falls into the K. du Sud at the village of St. Thomas. At its confluence a handsome bridge, called Prevost Bridge, was erected in 1812 by Jacques Alorrin; it is 120 feet in length, 18 in breadth and 15 above the level of the water. Over the Riviere du Sud there is. a much handsomer one, called Regent's Bridge, built in 1813, by Francois Fri- chette; it is 300 feet long, 20 in breadtli and 15 above the water's level ; it is built with wood and supported by substantial neat piers with a very handsome railing on the top. These bridges are nearly together and almost at right angles, having a very light and pretty appearance. The lands near the source of this river are reported by the hunters to be of the best quality, and the valley through which it runs is a level, rich and fruit- ful plain. The richness of the harvests in this luxuriant valley formerly acquired for it the re- putation of being the granaiy of Lower Canada, but it is now supposed to yield in fertility to the lands on the river Richelieu ; its scenery, how- ever, is extremely soft and beautiful. SuD-ouEST or South-west, river, in the oo. of Rouville. There are two rivers of this name in the augmentation to Monnoir : the Great South- west River rises in Lake John and runs into the E. Yamaska ; near its mouth it receives the Little South-west River, which waters the Scotch settle- ment. — Vide Monnoir, S. -■ SuD-ouEST, Bras de, river, in the counties of Megantic and Beauc6, is supplied by small lakes ih the T. of Tring, from which it enters the S. of Vaudreuil and discharges itself into the b. Chau- diere. It is generally passable in canoes but not in boats. Suffolk oi- Lockabbr, township, in the co. of Ottawa, vide Lochaber. — Besides the grant to Mr.; M'Millan in 1807, a grant of 1945 acres was made to Philemon Wright, Esq. in 1823. Sugar Loaves, in the co. of L'Islet and south' of the Grande Riviere Noire, are 5 small moun- tains connected by ridges ; the diameter of their bases is from 1 5 to 20 perches, and the length of- their sloping sides from 4 to 5 perches. They are rather stony and end in abrupt rocks covered' with mixed timber. Most of them are close to the bank of the river. — V. Grande Riviere Noire. Sunday River, in the t, of Leeds, joins the Ossgood River. Sutton, township, in the co. of Missiskoui, is bounded k. by Potton; w. by St. Armand; s. by- the province line ; n. by Brome. The land is generally very good and every branch of culti- vation might he carried on to advantage, except in some few marshy places which could, however, be easily drained and converted into very good meadow land. The timber is chiefly ash, elm, maple and beech ; on the lower parts are the kinds usually found on wet soils, viz. cedar, spruce, fir, hemlock, &c. — It is watered by the River Mis- siskoui, that crosses the s. e. comer, and by many small rivers. — Several roads have been opened in different directions towards Missiskoui Bay, the other townships and the state of Vermont. — Set- tlements to a large extent have been made and agriculture appears to be carried on with spirit. The principal settlements are on each side of the K. Missiskoui and its n. branch. A road has been laid out from Rickford in the United States to the t. of Brome. On the streams that inter- sect the cultivated parts are two grist and three saw-mills. In this t. bog and mountain iron-ores are found and an iron forge is established. About 3,000 acres are under cultivation. Statistics. Population 9251 Carding-mills 1 Schools . 1 Fulling-mills 1 Corn-mills . 1 Saw-mills . I Shopkeepers 1 Ta\'erns . 1 Artisans . 15 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. . 6,900 . 6,700 . 1,000 Potatoes Peas Rye Bushels. 27,000 6,000 1,500 , Bushels.. Buckwheat 3,000 Indian corn 4,900 Map. sug.cwts.44. Live Stock. •210 I Cows 460 I Sheep 560 1 Swine 2,000 500 T E M T E M Tadoussac, v. Saguknay, r. - Talavohle, river, rises in a lake in the rear of Stoneham and running s. w. traverses Fief Hubert, and descending through Fausembault into Bourglouis meets another river that rises in 3 small lakes at the n. w. corner of Fief Hubert. The union of these streams forms the b. Ste. Anne. '- Tartigo, v. Turtigoo. TabtigoshichEj v. Turtigooshiche. Tascherbau River, in the t. of Buckland, is one of the branches of the Riviere des Abena- quis w^hich runs into the r. Etchemin. Tbmipcaming Lake, in the co. of Ottawa, about 400 miles n. w. of Montreal, is a large •lake : the country about it is fertile and will make good settlements hereafter. Mr. M'Kay, jn the spring of 1818 or 19, planted 36 bushels of potatoes on the borders of this l. and they grew exceedingly well; he also sowed some peas and other seeds with similar success. He likewise purchased in Hull a bull, with some cows and calves, for the use of his farm on this lake. Temiscouata (F.), v. Madawaska, S. Temiscouata Lake, in the co. of Rimouski, is, by the lowest estimate, 22 miles in length, and it varies from half a mile to 2|- miles in breadth, and is sufficiently deep for vessels of considerable burthen. It is encompassed by lofty mountains gradually descending, and covered with thick wood almost down to its- margin. Several large rivers lend the aid of their copious streams to swell the waters of this romantic and secluded expanse : the principal rivers are called the Nam- jamskutesek, the Toledo or Riviere au Canot, and the Ashberusk. On the borders of the lake the .soil is, in many places, light, sandy, and gravelly, •^nd extensive pineries are found in its vicinity and ;along the rivers that run into it. The scenery is remarkably various, beautiful and picturesque, but the charms of the spring, the summer and the au- tumn can scarcely compensate, in this spot, so far removed from the comforts and the pleasures of society, for the dreary solitude of the winter. This lake abounds with iish of almost every de- scription to be found in fresh water, particularly .the toledo, the white fish, and the salmon-trout, \vhich weighs from 10 to 20 lbs., and is frequently 'speared by the settlers. In 1824 Col. Eraser com.! menced his settlements on this lake ; it then con- sisted of about 4 houses, a saw- mill and from 70 to 80 acres cleared. Col. Eraser has discovered a bed. of excellent lime on the borders of the lake. A small steam-boat on this lake would materially facilitate the intercourse between Canada and New Brunswick — Vide Madawaska, F. and Temis- couata Portage. Temiscouata Portage, v. Roads. Templeton, township, in the co. of Ottawa, is bounded e. by Buckingham ; w. by Hull ; in the rear by Portland ; in the front by the b. Ot- tawa. Eight ranges were surveyed in 1805 and the greater part of the lands thus laid out have been found of an excellent quality, abounding with meadows and rising from the front into fer- tile swells, but some parts are stony. The land approaching the Ottawa is rather low, but the soil is tolerably good for the production of most sorts of grain and many of the most useful suc- culents; the back parts are not much inferior to the front in soil and timber. Templeton has the advantage of Hull. Norway white and yellow pine are abundant; the rear ranges are chiefly timbered with elm, birch, beech, maple and bass- wood ; and the front with spruce, cedar, basswood and balsam. It is exceedingly well watered by the great and little rivers Blanche, the entrance of the River Gatineau, and by many inferior streams besides several ponds along its front, which overflow in spring and autumn. A long narrow pond extends across Nos. 26, 25, 24 and 23 of Long Point Range, almost parallel to the shore, and another of the same description stretches ob- liquely across several lots w. of the r. Blanche in the 1st range. — The south- westernly quarter of Templeton was laid out pursuant to a warrant of survey issued in the names of Mr. Philemon Wright and associates. The settlements in this township are chiefly in that quarter, and may, like those of Eardly, be said to have grown out of those of Hull. The s. e. quarter, or rather 13,650 acres, were granted to Mr. Alexander M'Millan and others, in Mar. 1807; the greater number of his associates have reconveyed their lands to him. The road opened by the commissioners passes over the front of this township, but owing to the want of settlers to keep it in repair it is neglected and has become almost impassable. In 1824 there were 156 acres under cultivation and 30 cleared, on xx2 T E R T E R which were 7 houses and 4 haxns.—Vngranted and unlocated, 40,807 acres. Statistics. Population Fotasheries 60 Pearlasheries . 1 1 Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels. Wheat . 200 Oats . 360 Potatoes 1,190 Bushels. Peas . 30 Rye . 86 Indian corn 705 Cwts. Maple sugar 2 Hay, tons 270 Live Stock. Horses . . . 2( Oxen . . . 2J ) Cows . . IS i Sheep . . 15 Swine . . 21 Terra Firma of Mingan, v. Mingan. TerreboiSj or Devebbois, seigniory, in the CO. of Kamouraska, is bounded n. e. by the S. of Riviere du Loup ; s. w. by Granville and Lache- naye ; in the rear by waste lands ; in front by the St. Lawrence. Title.—" Cette concession ne se trouve ni dans le bureau du Secretaire ni dans le R^gistre des Foi et Hom- mage; son front etant inconnu elle occupe sur la carte I'espace qui se trouve entre les concessions de Messrs. de Graitdville et de Lac/iejiaie." — This concession was originally granted to Fran. Dionis Bourgeois, 15 Nov. 1673, and was to consist of three leagues by three See Cahiers d'Intendance, A^o. 2 a 9, folio 61. TERRteBOKNE, county, in the district of Mont- real, is bounded n. e. by the s. w. boundary line of the S. of Lachenaye to the depth thereof, thence westward along the rear boundary line thereof, thence westward along the rear boundary line of the aug. of Terrebonne to the s. w. boundary of the t. of Kilkenny, thence along the said boundary n. w. to the depth thereof, and thence on the same course to the northern boundary of the province ; s. w. by the co. of Two Mountains j n. w. by the N. boundary of the province ; s. e. by the Riviere des Prairies, together with the island and seigniory of Isle Jesus, and all the islands in that river, nearest to the county, and in whole or in part fronting it. It comprehends the seigniories of Isle Jesus, Terrebonne, Des Plaines, aug. of Ter- rebonne, Blainville, part of Mille Isles and its augmentation, and the township of Abercrombie. Its extreme length is 290 miles and its breadth 14, containing 3100 sq. miles. Its lat. on the River St. Jean or Jesus is 45° 39' 20 ' north. Ion. 7.3" 20' west. It sends two members to the provincial parliament and the places of election are St. Rose and Ste. Anne des Plaines. The principal rivers are the St. Jean or Jesus, Ste. Anne or Mas- couche. North River, Achigan, and au Chiens. The soil and timber are of various qualities ; but the soil, generally, consists of a mixture of sand and clay. The centre of this county is traversed by a species of dry plains, on which grows only small underwood ; the front, especially below the Grande Coteau, offers excellent land and presents fine cultivated farms, and in the rear is found fine hard- wood. This co. is traversed by numerous roads, on which are the chief settlements presents ing, in many places, well cultivated farms. The chief roads are, those along the front and the r. Mascouche, the Chemin de la Grande Ligne, in Blainville, and that along the eastern seignorial line of Terrebonne. The principal villages are those of Terrebonne and St. Therese. — This co., like that of Two Mountains, is circumscribed in its limits by the same cause — the difference ex- isting in the bearings of the Ottawa county lines from those on the St. Lawrence running due n.w., therefore its northern limit does not extend to the N. w. boundary of the province, as above stated. Population 16,905 Churches, R. C. 3 Cures Presbyteries Villages Schools Corn-mills . Statistics. Saw-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Distilleries Breweries ■ Tanneries . Potasheries . Pearlasheries Shopkeepers Taverns . . Artisans Ship-yards . 22 23 101 I Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats Barley Bushels. 75,764 60,44.2 4,772 Potatoes 305,702 Bushels. Peas . 22,170 Rye . 2,312 Buck-wheat 3,000 Indian corn 3,284 Live Stock. Bushels. Mixed grain 3,990 Maple sugar, cwts. 312 Hay, tons 53,103 Horses Oxen 5,6771 Cows . 8,947 I Swine 5,9981 Sheep . 37,4551 7,570 Terrebonne, seigniory, in the co. of Terre- bonne, is bounded n. e. by Lachenaye ; s. w. by the S. of Riviere du Chene and by Blainville ; in the rear by Abercrombie and Kilkenny; in the front by the r. St. John or Jesus. — Two leagues in front by 6 in depth. Granted in 3 parts; the 1st part, Dec. 23, 1673, two leagues in front and depth, to Mr. Dautier Deslandes ; the 2nd part, called Desplaines, Apr. 10, 1731, of similar dimensions, to Sieur Louis Lepage de St. Claire ; the 3rd part, Apr. 12, 1753, also of similar dimen- sions, to Sieur Louis de la Come. This S. is TERREBONNE. now tte property of the heirs of the late Simon M'Tavish, Esq. of Montreal — The SoU towards the front is as rich and luxuriant as any in the province, and towards Desplaines it is generally of first-rate quality, but the remote parts are mountainous with a rough gravelly or stony soil. The high lands produce abundance of beech, maple, birch and elm timber ; in some few places, that lie low and wet, there are cedars and spruce firs. Full two- thirds of this property are con- ceded, the greater part of which is under good cultivation and is extremely productive. The front is particularly well settled and exhibits every ap- pearance of comfort and even affluence. — The rivers Achigan and Mascouche, with 3 or 4 rivulets. Water this S. completely; they turn some very good corn and saw-mills, and those called the Ter- rebonne mills are celebrated as being the most complete and best constructed in the country. The carding and fulling-mills are also of great use. — The lands in the front of this seigniory are rich and productive, but not so much so in the augmentation to Desplaines, a tract so named on account of its extensive plains of inferior soil co- vered with brushwood : some parts of the aug- mentation, however, are valuable and well settled. — The 3rd augmentation, which presents, gene- rally, rich and fertile land and good timber, is settling fast, and comprises the new settlement of New Glasgow, on the river Achigan. The great number of roads which traverse this sei- gniory and extend along the banks of the several rivers are tolerably good and well settled. The Chemin de la Grande Ligue, leading from the village to New Glasgow, is considered of great use, and offering a communication with the new townships, and may ultimately prove as useful as that which traverses Blainville by St. Therese. — The Parish of Terrebonne forms scarcely a third part of the seigniory. Three-fourths of it are conceded and the remainder, viz. Le Grand Co- teau, is in woodland, and being considered unfit for cultivation has no road across it. Almost all the lands fit for cultivation were conceded previously to 1759. The extent of these con- cessions was 3 arpents by 20, and the condi- tions were 2 sols tournois per arpent or one sol and one pint of wheat, and on a whole range 5 sols quit rent. Afterwards continuations were added to the old concessions, but they were ge- nerally of no use except for wood, the soil being nearly a sterik sand; these continuations were for the most part 20 arpents each. — The Village of Terrebonne is pleasantly situated on a project- ing point of land, having several beautiful islands in front, which, by their varied and romantic scenery, greatly contribute to embellish the pro- spect. It contains about 200 weU-built houses of wood and stone, besides the church and par- sonage-house ; the seignorial-house is a well- constructed mansion; indeed there are several houses built in a very good style in this village, it being a favoured spot where many gentlemen, who have realised large fortunes in the n. W. company fur trade, retire to enjoy the comforts and luxuries of private life. A fair is annually held at this village on the 3rd Tuesday in Sept., and it is also a place of some traffic, occasioned by the continued influx of persons bringing grain to the mills from distant parts, and by the large exports of flour that annually take place ; in con- sequence many of the residents are traders and artisans, whose commercial concerns impose a de- gree of consequence upon the village. In 1803 this seigniory was purchased by the late Simon M'Tavish, Esq., to whose heirs it now belongs, for 25,100/. currency; since that period many large sums have been expended in making nu- merous judicious and beneficial improvements. Population 2,094 Churches, R. C. 1 Cur6s . . 1 Presbyteries 1 Convents . I Schools . 1 Statistics. Villages Corn-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills Tanneries . Potasheries . Pearlasheries Medical men Notaries Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. , 6,240 520 Potatoes Peas Rye Bushels. 13,000 . 1,360 104 Bushels. Indian corn 390 Mixed grain 100 Live Stock. 600 I Cows 630 I Sheep 800 1 Swine 3,000 680 Title. — " Concession du 23me Decembre, 1673, faite par la Compagnie a Mr. Dautier Deslandes, de deux lieues de terre de front sur la reviere Jesus autrement appelfee la riviere des Prairies; a prendre depuis les homes de la Chenaie., en montant, vis-i-vis I'lsle Jisus, sur deux lieues de profondeur." — Registre des Foi et Hommage, No. 31, folio 143, le I3me Fim-ier, 1781. \me Augmentation " Confirmation du lOme Avril, 1731, de concession faite au Sieur Louis Lepage de St. Claire, d'un terrein de deux lieues, a prendre dans les terres non concedSes dans la profondeur, et sur tout le TIL ■front de la Seigneurie de Terrebonne." — 'R£gistre des Foi et Homm,age,No. SI, folio 14.3, Ic \3me Fdvrier, 1781. 2me Augmentation. — " Permission du ISme Avril, 1753, 4onnee par le Marquis Duquesne, Gouverneur, et Francois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Louis de-la Come, de continuer le difrichement dans la profondeur de deux lieues, au de- lil des fiefs de Terrebonne et Desplaines." — Registre d'ln- tendance, iVo. 10, folio 13. TuBRfiS ROMPUES (R.), V. MiSSIQUINIPI. • Tewkesbury, township, in the co. of Quehec, is bounded w. by Stoneham ; in front by COte de Beaupre ; in the rear by waste lands. The sur- face is generally mountainous and rocky; the greater part barren and unfit for cultivation, though here and there some scanty patches of better land Jie in the valleys, where the soil is moderately good and would bear tillage. — It is watered by the Jaques Cartier and some smaller streams, and also by some small lakes. — The tim-r ber is befech, maple, birch and pine of good dimen- sions. — Vide Stoneham. Thames, river, in the t. of Inverness. Thetpord, township, in the co. of Megantic, is bounded n. w. by Leeds; s. b. by Adstock, and lies between Broughton and Ireland. — This town- ship, though generally mountainous, has a few intervals of good land fit for cultivation, on which grain, hemp, and flax might be raised ; the s. E. -part is very indifferent, and cpvered with a thick moss, beneath which there is a bed of stone, with not more than five or six inches of poor exhausted earth upon it. The timber generally is not bad and consists of beech, elm, birch and maple, with plenty of hemlock, spruce fir, &c. — Watered by two large lakes, a few moderate-sized rivers and many small streams. — One-half of it is the pro- perty of Dr. North. — Ungranted and unlocated, 22,000 acres. Three Rivers (D.), v. Districts. Three Rivers, town of, v. Stb. Mar- guerite, S. TiviERGB, V. Lp;pagb. TiLiBi, river, runs into the k. aux Lievres. Tilly or St. Antoine, seigniory, in the co. . of Lotbiniere, is bounded e. by Lauzon ; w. by Desplaines ; in the rear by Gaspd ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — \\ league in depth. Granted Oct. 29, 1672, to Sieur de Villieu and is now the property of Noel, Esq. — In this S. water is scarce. — The Parish of St. Antoine, by an order in council of Mar. 3, 1722, which confirmed the re- gulation of Feb. 20, 1721, extends in front 3^ leagues, viz. 4 arpent? comprised in the fief of TON Dame Beaudouin. an! one "league- 38 arpents the remaining extent of the S. of Tilly, also fief Mir randa | of a league in front, and also f. Bonse- cours one league, ascending as far as Ste. Croix. ; Title " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Villieu, de I'etendue de terres qui se trouveront sur le fleuve St. Laurent, de- puis les homes de celles de Mr. Latizon, jusqu'a la petite riviere dit de Fillieu, icelle comprise, sur une lieue et demie de profondeur." — Reg. Ins. Can. Sup. lettre B, folio 20. TiNGWicK, township, in the co. of Drummond, is bounded n. e. by Chester and s. w. by Kingsey. It is watered by numerous streams that empty themselves into the R. Nicolet. — Ungranted and unlocated, 2,270 acres. Statistics. Population 91 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. 905 , 1,000 Bushels. Barley . 45 Potatoes 1,260 BusheU. Peas . 300 Indian com 200 Live Stock. 451 Cows 541 Sheep 72 I Swine 180 80 Toledo or Riviere au Canot, derives its source in a chain of small lakes to the n. e. of Lake Temiscouata, into which it discharges itself; although rapid, it is navigable for canoes. — The Toledo trout is worthy of remark ; it is very like a common-sized cod-fish and is taken in such quantities at a particular season, that the inhabit- ants of L. Temiscouata and others, even from the Madawaska settlement, salt them for their use in winter. It is the largest fish taken either in this river or the lake, and is only found near the mouth of the river. It is caught with the line and hook. ToMEFOBi Lake, in the t. of Hatley, extends diagonally from the 4th to the 9th range about 8 miles and its breadth 1 mile. The banks are beau- tiful and picturesque, with landscape and wood- land scenery as romantic as the most fertile genius of an artist could well imagine. It abounds with excellent fish and, like the other lakes in Hatley, is the resort of innumerable wildfowl of various descriptions. Its outlet unites with 2 or 3 other streams, from Compton and Clifton, and falls into the R. St. Francis in Ascot. TOMISTICOBISH (R.), V. RiVIERB DES VaSES, ToNNANCOUR or PoiNTB DU Lac, seignioryj TON T R E in the co. of St. Maurice, is bounded n. b. by St. Marguerite and St. Maurice ; s. w. by Gatineau ; in front by Lake St. Peter and the St. Lawrence. — It contains fiefs Normanville and Souvaget. — 1^ leagues in front by 2 in depth. Granted Nov. 3, 1734, to Sieur Rene Godefroi de Ton- nancour. It now belongs to Madame Montour. — A reddish light soil on clay or marl spreads over the greater part of this seigniory ; the front is sandy, flat and low, but towards the interior it gradually becomes better and higher, rising more abruptly towards the rear: flax flourishes weU and the land is congenial to the growth of hemp, t— All the grant is conceded in 7 ranges, of which 3 are entirely settled and a fourth in progress. The lands conceded prior to 1759 were rented at 20 sols per arpent and a capon. — The prevailing timber is maple, beech, ash, birch and some pine. — It is watered by part of the Petite Machiche, by the Riviere au Sable which turns 2 saw-miUs, by the r. St. Charles, on which are erected one saw-mill and a corn-mill, 2 stories high with 4 sets of stones, and by the r. au Glaise which drives a saw-mill and a carding and fulling-mill. Neither of these rivers is navigable, but on their banks are some good settlements, which with those along the front embrace about one-half of the grant — The roads are generally fine and several pass through the interior ; the main one crosses the front and runs along the St. Lawrence. — The Pointe du Lac is a large projection from the front of the seigniory, forming the n. b. ex- tremity of Lake St. Peter : on this promontory are some remains of barracks that were erected for the accommodation of troops during the first American war. On the east side of La Riviere de la Pointe du Lac stands a good-looking church, a parsonage- house and a chapel; not far removed from this spot are Montour's Mills, large, commodious and well-built, and near to them are some extensive storehouses and dwellings; on the opposite side of the road, a little above the mills, stands the proprietor's manor-house, a very handsome build- ing, finely situated and commanding a prospect over a tract of country abounding in picturesque beauties. — Agricultural labour is performed with horses, and one-fourth of the wheat grown is sold in flour, and half the hay produced is also sold. — The iron-mine of St. Maurice extends into this seigniory. Population 1,062 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . 1 Presbyteries . 1 Villages . . 1 Statistics. Corn-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans . River-eraft Tonnage . Keel-boats 2 16 1 10 2 Annual Agricultural Produce, Wheat Oats Horses Oxen . Bushels. . 5,200 , 6,500 Barley Peas . fiushelfi. . 650 . 520 Bushels. Rye . . 650 Indian corn 15 Live Stock. 500 1 Cows . 600 I Sheep 1,000) Swine 3,000 600 Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1734, faite par Charles Marquis de Beaukarnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Ren4 Godefroi de Tonnan- cour, d'une demi lieue de terre de front sur une lieue de profondeur, a prendre le dit front au bout de la profon- deur et limite du fief ci-devant de Normanville, pour etre la dite prolongation en profondeur unje et jointe au dite fief de Normanville pour ne faire ensemble avee le fief et Sei- gneurie de Sauvaget qu'une seule et meme Seigneurie, sous le nom de Tonnancour, laquelle se trouvera etre d'une lieue et quart de front sur deux lieues de profondeur : le rumb de vent courant pour le front Nord-Est et Sud- Guest, et pour la profondeiur Nord-Ouest et Sud-Est." — Registre d'lttteiidance, No. 7, folio 29. ToRTUE, la, river, rises in Sherrington, and, after a serpentine course in the parish of St. Constant, runs to the upper part of the parish- of St. Philip ; it turns some mills, but it is navi- gable for a space of 12 arpents only from its mouth. ToupPE DEs Pins, river, in the co. of Beauce, rises in Aubert de L'Isle and falls into the Chau- diere, about 3^ miles above the church of St. Frangois, in the S. of Vaudreuil. Tough, river, rises in the n. angle of Pramp- ton and runs s. w. into the Etchemin ; it turns a mill at its mouth. Tremblay, fief, in the co. of Chambly, is bounded N. b. by Boucherville ; s.w. by Lon- gueuU. ; in the rear by Montarville ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — 28 French arpents in breadth, and one league in depth. Granted, 29th Oct., I672, to Sieur de Varennes and is now the pro-i perty of J. Dubai, Esq. and the heirs of E. Gray, Esq. — In this small tract the land is of excellent quality and nearly all under cultivation. It is but indifferently watered. Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Varennes, de vingt-huit arpens de terre de front sur une lieue de profondeur, a. prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, bornee d'un eot^ a 1* concession- du Sieur Si. Michel et d'autre celle du Sieur T R I Boucher ; et la quantite de terre qui se trouvera depuis le Sieiir Boucher jusqu'^ la riviere Notre Dame, la moiti^ d'icelle comprise, siir pareille profondeur, avec deux isles qu'on appelie Percics, et trois islets qui sont audessous des isles." — Rigisire d' Intendance, No. I, folio 17. Teing, township, in the co. of Megantic, is bounded N. b. by Vaudreuil; s. w. by Adstock, and lies between Broughton and Shenley. This tract is, for the greater part, of a favourable qua- lity and fit for tillage ; it would produce grain, and in many places appears to be well adapted to the growth of flax and hemp. The timber is as good as the land, and much of the best kinds might be collected. — Watered by a chain of five beautiful lakes abounding with excellent fish and discharging their waters into the r. Chaudiere through a stream called the Bras du Sud-Ouest. The s. B. part of this t. was granted to sundry individuals, under patent, as far back as 1804, and the other half was set apart for the militia. Several locations were made by the agent of the T.J the late F. Blanchet, Esq., who himself held a location of 1,200 acres, for having served during the late American war as superintendant general of hospitals; he long and zealously served his country also in the legislative assembly of the pro- vince. — Ungranted and unlocated, 20,800 acres. Statistics. Population . 10 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. . 30 I . 50 Barley Potatoes Live Stock, • 1 I Cows . 2 Swine Bushels. . 10 . 140 3 11 Trinitb, la, (S,), V. Cap St. Michel. Thinitb, la, river, falls into the r. Saguenay ; it is an inconsiderable stream similar to the St. Charles near Quebec. It is on the s. w. side of the Saguenay and derives its name from three small hollows, or, as some say, from three large headlands on the shore of the Saguenay and on the north side of the place where it joins that river. It winds along a valley and into a deep bay, where there is a salmon-fishery. It is about half way between Tadoussac and Chicoutimi ; where- fore the bay which lies opposite to it, and which was before called Le Ruisseau de la Trinite, has T R O been occasionally called " Half "Way Bay*' and the " Trinity." It forms an excellent harbour and lies 2 leagues from St. John's Cove. The cliffs are at least 1800 ft. high and overhang the water. Trois Pistoles, river, in the co. of Rimouski, is formed by two large branches that take their sources s. of the Temiscouata Portage, which they cross, and, running n. in a parallel direction, meet about 2 miles above their confluence with the r. Abawsisquash. The e. branch rises partly in Lake la Petite Fourche, and the w. branch is formed by the junction of two streams that de- scend from Cote de la Grande Fourche. This b. traverses the S. of Trois Pistoles from the rear to the front and descends into the St. Lawrence. Trois Pistoles, seigniory, in the co. of Ri- mouski, is bounded n. b. by Richard Rioux ; s. w. (according to title) by Dartigny or Villerai; in the rear by waste lands ; in front by the St, Law- rence. — 2 leagues in breadth and depth. Granted, Jan. 6, 1687, to Sieur de Vitre. — Besides the isles and islets in front, the Isles aux Basques are in- cluded in this grant. — This seigniory is divided into numerous fiefs. The surface is uneven, but the soil is generally good ; in front it is light, and in some parts sandy ; in the rear the soil is strong. There are 3 ranges of concessions, 2 of which are completely settled, and the third partially, having only 20 settlers : the farms are 42 arpents by 3. In the front range, which is most settled, two- thirds of the farms are under cultivation, in the 2nd range one-third, and in the 3rd range only 20 farms are cultivated. — The principal rivers are, the Trois Pistoles and its branches, the Riviere du Moulin which turns a saw-mill, the Ruisseau de I'Eglise which turns two saw-mills, and Riviere des Coqs which also turns a saw-mill and dis- charges itself into Bay des Coqs. — Maple, cedar, birch and epinette are in abundance, and there is also some pine. — There is only one house built with stone ; all the others, as well as the church, are built with wood. The Parish of Trois Pi- stoles, although limited to 3 leagues in front, comprehends the S, of Ha Ha in Rioux. TWA TWO Population 1,744 Churches, R. C. 1 Cm-is . . 1 Statistics. Presbyteries . Corn-mills , Saw-mills Shopkeepers Artisans 2 13 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. 6,240 683 1,600 Potatoes Peas Bushels. 2,870 . 2,008 Bushels, Mixed-grain 2,700 Maple sugar, cwts. 29 Live Stock. .393 I Cows 323 1 Sheep 632 I Swine 3,930 1 790 . Title. — " Concession du Ome Janvier, 1687, faite par le Marquis de Brisuy, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, In- tendant, au Sieur de Vitre, de deux lieues de front le long du fleuve St- Laurent, du cote du Sud, a prendre depuis la concession du Sicur Villerai, et descendant le dit fleuve, la riviere des Trois Pistoles comprise, et les isles qui se tronveront dans les deux lieues de la presente concession, sur deux lieues de profondeur, meme celle au Basque, si elle se trouve dans la quantite prSsentement concedee." — Registre d'Intendance, N'o. 3, folio 2. Tkois Saumons, river and lake, in the co. of L'Islet. Tlie river rises in two branches; the eastern branch has its source in Ashfordj and the vrestern issues from a lake of the same name in the aug. to that township. The branches join near the s. B. angle of St. Jean, Port Joli, and crossing that S. diagonally to the n. w. angle falls into the St. Lawrence. The lake, which contains fine trout, is 3^ miles long and its greatest breadth half a mile. Troublesome Rivek or Shiegash, falls into the N. B. side of the r. St. John near the s. e. end of the Madawaska settlement. Trout River falls into the s. w. bank of the R. Madawaska ; it is from 20 to 30 feet wide and produces a great abundance of the usual varieties of fish. TsHNUAGAMrrSHISH(L ),V. KiGUAGOMISHlSH. TUCTIGOO, V. TURTIGOO. Tuque, la, v. St. Maurice, r. TuRTiGOO, TucTiGOO, or Tartigo, river, rises in the waste lands s. w. of Lake Matapediac and runs N ; after receiving the waters of the Tucti- gooshiche it continues its course to the n. w. comer of the t. of Matane, where it enters the St. Lawrence. — This r. abounds with salmon, TuRTiGOOSHiCHB or Tartigooshichb, river, rises not many miles from the Turtigoo, and taking a similar course runs through the portage, or In- dian path, from Mitis to Lake Matapediac. Twashega, Iwashega or Roche Coupe (R^j V. Iwashega. Two Mountains, county, in the district of Montreal, is bounded n. e, by the s. w. boundary of the S. of Blainville and the augm. to Mille Isles, by the rear line of the augm. to the S. of the Lake of Two Mountains, by the rear line of Argenteuil, the e, outline of the t. of Wentworth continued to the s. w. bounds of the t. of Howard, thence along the said bounds^ and continuing on the same course, N. w. to the northern boundary of the province ; w. by the co. of Ottawa ; s. and s. w. by the r. Ottawa, including Isle Bizarre and all the islands in the R. Ottawa nearest to the county, in the whole or in part fronting or inter- secting it ; N. and n. w. by the northern boundary of the province. It comprises the seigniories of Mille Isles or Riviere du Chene, Lake of the Two Mountains and its augm., and Argenteuil ; also the townships of Chatham^ Grenville, Wentworth, Harrington, Arundel, and Howard ; and the parishes of Saint Eustache, Saint Benoit, Sainte Scholastique, Lake of Two Mountains, and Isle Bizarre, and all the parishes, townships and lands in the whole or in part comprised within the above limits. Although the northern boundary of this CO. is stated above to extend to the n. w. boundary of the province, the difference of bearing existing between the division line separating the same from the co. of Ottawa with the western boundary line of the co. of Lachenaye, is such when prolonged as to intersect each other at the distance of about 55 miles from the Ottawa, and consequently reduces the superficies of the co. as follows ; extreme length 86 miles, breadth 40, contents 979 square miles. Its lat. on the Ot- tawa is 45° 31 N., 74° 21' 30" w. It sends two members to the provincial parliament, and the places of election are St. Andre and St. Eustache. — The soil and timber generally in this flourishing co. are unexceptionable. — It is abund- antly watered by the rivers Du Chene, Du Nord, Rouge, Calumet, Kingham, Au Prince, Davis, and their numerous branches. All these rivers are more or less interrupted by rapids and falls and consequently are not navigable, but the most practicable at intervals for boats and canoes is the Du Nord or North River. This co. embraces a most extensive front on the Ottawa. It is tra- versed by numerous roads on which are to be seen flourishing settlements ; the chief post route to the Ottawa traverses this co., passing through the villages of St. Eustache, Grand Brul4 St. YY TWO MOUNTAINS. AndrewSj Davis Village and GrenviUe. This co. comprises the Indian mission of the Two Moun- tains and ranks the 3rd in point of population and the 4th in agricultural produce. Population 18,245 Churches, Pro. 2 Churches, R. C. Cur^.s Presbyteries . Westleyan chap, Convents . . Villages . Statistics. Schools Corn-mills Saw-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Paper-mills . Distilleries . Tanneries Hat-manufac. I Potteries . . 2 Potasheries . 18 Pearlasheries 11 Shopkeepers 21 Taverns . . 34i Artisans . . 232 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats Barley . Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 91,350 73,880 19,275 167,000 Bushels. Peas . 38,100 Rye . 29,750 Buckwht. 11,000 Ind. corn 33,760 BUshels. Mixed-grain 3,730 Maple sugar, cwtS. 857 Hay, tons 37,.300 Live Steele. 4,811 I Cows • 8,116 1 Swine . 5,498 1 Sheep • 26,130 1 6,628 Two Mountains, seigniory, has been already- described, vide Lake op Two Mountains. The following additional information will, how^ever, be found important. The Parish of St. Benoit is in the front of the S., extending the whole width by about 3^ leagues in depth. The soil is fertile and rich, arid in many places fit for the cultivation of hemp. It is nearly all inhabited.' — The timber that remains is of good quality ; and the parish is watered by the Belle Riviere, or Riviere du Chene, and by two smaller rivers called St. Pierre and Du Prince. There are two principal roads leading from St. Eustache to St. Andrew's ; one of which passes over the Belle Riviere and leads through the C6te St. Louis to La Chute. In the front is the Indian village, in the centre is the v. of Grand Brule, and in the rear the v. of Belle Riviere, near the front of the P. of St. Scholastique. In Grrand Brule 3 houses are built with stone, the rest with wood. In the neighbourhood of the Indian vil-* lage is a saw-miU built with wood. — The graiii principally grown in this p. consists of wheat, oats and peas. The best farmers have 7 horses and the poorest one. The Parish of St. Scholastique is in the rear half of the S., bounded in front by the village of Belle Rivike, or near it ; w. by the p. of La Chute; b. by the p. of Ste. Anne, near the small chapel on North River, including the new settle- ments in the n. of the S. peopled by Irish emi-. grants. — This p. is watered by the North River, which is navigable the whole width of the sei- gniory, and by the Belle Riviere, a small stream that takes its source in the parish. Here is one small village, lately commenced ; it is situated on the Belle Riviere, where the presbytery is built, and contains about 10 houses, a stone corn-mill and a saw-mill built with wood. The inhabit- ants manufacture some wooUens and linen, about sufficient for half of their consumption. The soil is generally good, but n. of the North River it is in some places rocky and of lighter quality, though the timber is better. There is a good proportion of soft timber in every part of the p. A saw-mill is erected on a brook n. of North River into which it runs; a saw-mill is also built on the Belle Riviere near the presbytery. All the land is conceded, but a great portion remains uncleared, especially in the rear. The principal road leads across the p,, from the parish of Ste. Anne to that of La Chute, The Parish of La Chute has been but lately erected and the presbytery recently built. It formerly formed part of the p. of St. Benoit. Statistics of the Villages and C&tes. Villages awl C6tes, s J i s o 1 1 1 £ i ■z s, 1 2; i 1 1 5 i 1 B C m c o f en I X i 1 t s ■■J Grande Brul^, V. Belle Riviere V. Cote Doubles . C6te St. Joseph C6te St. Pierre C6te St. Etienne Les Eboulis 1 • 50 10 ] i 1 3 2 1 1 •i 1 1 i 2 4 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 'a 1 s % ■ s 1 ] 1 60 1 1 1 11 2 8 10 11 4 4 2- 2 1 3 1 U P T Statistics of the Mission. PopiUation . 887 Churches, R. C. 1 Cures . . J Wheat Oats . Horses Oxen Presbyteries Convents , Schools . . 1 1 Villages 1 Corn-mills 1 Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. I Bushels. . 2,850 Barley . . 800 . 1,080 1 Peas . . 800 Live Stock. 100 I Cows 50 Swine u. Bushels. Indian corn 2,200 150 4fl0 Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen V A R Statistics. Population .... 277 Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. . 1,924 940 19 Bushels. Potatoes 2,100 Peas , 110 Bushels. Buck-wheat 50 Indian corn 100 Live Stock. 47 1 Cows 46 1 Sheep 74 1 Swine 157 133 Utsissagomo or Vomiting Lake, lies between lakes Mistassinis and Chuamonshuane ; it is about 30 leagues in circumference, full of islands, and abounding with fish. Uakanatsi, The Lake op Crocked Moun- tains, is about 10 leagues long by 3 broad ; it is very deep and abounds with fish ; a single carrying place separates it from the great l. Mistassinis. Umqui, river, v. Humquin. Uniatchouan or Viatchouan, and the Uni- atchouanish, run into l. St. John, and are navigable for large bateaux for many leagues, and farther up for bark canoes. UriKUBATCH, river, falls into Lake ICiguagonii, forming a large bay ; it descends from a succession of rapids. This river, for about one mile up its N. E. bank, has been explored; this side was found to be abrupt and broken, and the opposite bank bounded by a succession of rocky hills. The mouth of this k. is surrounded with rocky moun- tains, and opposite to it is Pkesqu' Isle, nearly half a league in length ; it is alluvial, and covered with alders : between this Presqu Isle and the sliore are 3 small islands of the same description. Upton, township, in the co. of Drummond, is of an irregular figure, extending along the boundaries of De Ramzay and De Guir to the river St. Francis ; it is bounded s. e. by Acton and Grantham, and abuts s. upon Milton. The land is flat and low, with many extensive swamps covered with tamarack, alder and cedar. By the side of the St. Francis, and other streams- that intersect it, there are some few spots which, if under cultivation, might produce good crops of grain ; but the soil in general is not of a favour- able description. Both sides of the road leading along the Ruisseau des Chenes are well settled, and the road is well made. Vachbr, Ruisseau Vacheb, rises in several springs near the v. of St. Jacques, in the S. of St. Sulpice, and running e. falls into the b. L'As- somption. Vamn, a, river, rises in a small lake, and runs into the n. bank of the k. Saguenay, half a league below the r. Caribou. Half a league from its mouth are falls, that would facilitate the erection of nulls. It is an inconsiderable stream, and nearly such as that of the St. Charles, near Quebec. Valleb, Great and Little, rivers, rise in the waste lands behind the S. of Grande Valine des Monts, in the co. of Gasp6. Their courses are parallel, and of similar length, both traversing that seigniory into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Vallee des Monts, v. Grande Vallbe des Monts. Varbnnes, seigniory, in the co. of Vercheres, between Boucherville and Cap St, Michel or La Trinite, is bounded in the rear by the augm. to Beloeil — 28 arpents in front by one league in depth. Granted, 29th Oct., 1672, to Sieur de Varennes, and is at present the property of Paul Lussier, Esq. — The whole of this little grant is good and fertile land, nearly all in cultivation and pleasantly watered by two or three little streams. The church, belonging to this property, surpasses in beauty all those of the surrounding seigniories, and its exterior and interior decorations deserve notice : descending the river its three spires form a conspicuous object, which may be seen from Montreal, a distance of five leagues : a very good parsonage-house stands near it. There is also a YY 2 V A.R. V A U neat chapel. — It is watered by the St. Charles and other small streams. — Many of the houses of the tenants are well builtj and dispersed through every part ; but nowhere in sufficient number to form a village. — All the lands are conceded, and the greater part previous to 1759. — On a farm in this parish is a mineral spring, which, though known to be such for a long time, is not the less neglected, it is said, than that in the neighbour- hood of Three RiVers : the water is saline. The intended road between Varennes and Beloeil has not been commenced on account of the inadequacy of the sum appropriated for that, purpose by the commissioners of internal communications; the amount of that sum is 200/. currency, and the expense of the road has been calculated at 500/. The road is to extend 75 arpents, 9 poles, and 2 feet, over 3 concessions : the first nearest Varennes is under culture, with the exception perhaps of one fourth its depth, which is in copse ; the second in timber and copse, and the third in copse and newly cleared land, except about one seventh, wliich is under culture. In the line of the road are three ravines and a water-course, which make it necessary to build four bridges. — There is no want of persons desirous of making new settle- ments if they could obtain lands, particularly if they were near their relatives and friends, but there are none. The parish of Ste. Anne, by a regulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an order in council of Mar. .3, 1722, extends about 2 leagues in front, and comprehends the fief Le Sueur, St. Michel, La Trinite and Varennes, in- cluding Isle a I'Aigle, and also Isle Ste. Therese, with the exception of the domain of Langloiserie and the houses of Louis and Urbain Briant, which are comprehended in the limits of the parish of Pointe aux Trembles, in the Island of Montreal. Statistics, Population .3,35.j Schools . 1 Medical men 1 Churches, R, C. 1 Villages . 1 Notaries . 1 Cures . 1 Corn-mills . 10 Shopkeepers 6 Presbyteries 1 Saw-mills . 1 Taverns . 3 Colleges . 1 Tanneries . 3 Artisans . 25 Annual Agricultural Produce, Bushels. Bushels., Bushels. Wheat • 4.6,800 Peas . 23,400 Mixed grain 1,000 Oats . 31,000 Rye . 520 Maple sugar, Barley . 7,800 Indian corn 2,600 ewts. 53 Potatoes 69,500 Live Stoctt, Horses . 1,677 Cows . a,.500 Swine . l,.-,()0 Oxen . 750 Sheep . 10,000 Title, - Viie Tin ..MBLAY, S. Vasejs, des, or Tomisticobish, river, runs into the s. bank of the Saguenay, between the mouth of the Chicoutimi and Ha Ha Bay : at its mouth a dangerous shoal andreef of rocks project, which are covered at flood tide : some fine specimens of red marble have been found here. Vasigamenkb, river, runs into Ha Ha Bay.. It is fed by small rivulets, running through chan- nels formed by gullies of a moderate depth. This K. on an average is about 4^ chains in width ; it is very rapid, and runs over a bed of gravel. The quantity of water it brings down is considerable, and it has changed its bed in many places between its mouth, and a distance of about three miles up. There are banks raised in the middle of it, which are from six to nine chains wide, and frequently a quarter of a mile long. Navigable for canoes to a great distance. Vaudreuil, county, in the district of Montreal, is bounded n. and e. by the river Ottawa; s. and s. E. by the St. Lawrence, and s. w. and w. by the boundary line separating that part of Lower Canada and Upper Canada situate between the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa. It includes Isle Perrot and all the islands in the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence, nearest to the county, and in the whole or in part fronting it. It comprises the seigniories of Vaudreuil, Rigaud, Soulanges and New Longueuil and the town.ship of Newton. Its extreme length is 29 miles, and its breadth 20 ; containing 316 square miles. Its centre is in lat. 45° 21' 15" N., long. 74" 16' w. It sends two members to the provincial parliament, and the places of election are Vaudreuil and Village of Cedres. This co. is of a triangular shape and is formed by the tongue of land dividing the waters of the St. Lawrence from those of the Ottawa. Its local situation offers manifold advantages : the opening of new roads, leading from one great river to the other ; and the new settlements in the in- terior which are fast increasing, add consider- ably to its importance. The chief and most flourishing settlements are to be seen on thq borders of the St. Lawrence, the Ottawa, and on each side of the rivers, de L'Isle, Quinchien, and La Graisse ; there are several locks and canals i« this CO., the chief of which are at the cascades, and Coteau du Lac : the latter is a militarv post and a port of entry. The co. contains the village? of Vaudreuil, Cascades, Cedres and Rigaud. V A U V A U Population 13,897 Churches, R. C. 5 Cur^s . . 5 Presbyteries . 5 Villages . 4 Schools . . 4< Statistics. Corn-mills Saw-mills Carding-mills Fulling-mills Tanneries Potasheries . Pearlasheries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans . . 9 29 20 93 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Bushels. 68,900 60,200 5,830 Potatoes 236,701 Bushels. Peas . 20,860 Buck-wht. 10,000 Indian corn 5,000 Mixed grain 5,008 Maple sugar, cwts. 679 Hay, tons 31,300 Live Stock. Horses Oxen 3,6031 Cows 4,614l Sheep 6,146 I Swine , 22,910 I 5,995 VaUdreuii., seigniory, in the co. of Beauce, is bounded n. e, by Cranbourne; s. w. by Tring; N. w. by St. Joseph ; s. b. by Aubert de I'lsle and.Aubert Gallion, — 3 leagues in front by 4 leagues in depth. Granted, Sep. 23, 1736, to Sieur Fleury de Gorgendiere. It now belongs to Monsieur de L^ry. — The surface of this property is uneven and broken, and although much en- cumbered -with rocks, which in many places are thinly covered, the soil is not of an inferior quality; the cultivated parts lie on each side of the Chau- diere, and vary, from a quarter to half a mile in depth; they contain about 170 concessions, many in a flourishing state. — The timber consists of a general assortment of the best quality. — Besides the Chaudiere, it is watered by several other streams, of which the Bras de Sud Quest, falling into the Chaudiere, is the largest. The Chaudiere may be crossed at two pr three fords ; but these, after two days' rain, are too much swollen to be safe for a carriage. — The parish of Vaudreuil does not include the whole of the seigniory. The un- conceded lands in this part of the S. are not con- siderable, and they are in general thought to be fit for cultivation; they have no roads across them, nor are they surveyed. More than three-fourths of the lands were conceded prior to the conquest ; and the extent conceded to each individual was 3 ^rpents in front by 20 in depth, the surplus in some of them are continuations. The conditions on which they were granted are, in general, very moderate. Many persons are desirous of taking new lands, but there remains not enough for aU, and it appears as if the unconceded lands were reserved for the children of the more ancient and well-known families of the parish, who seem to be preferred to strangers. Population 2,405 Churches, R.C. Cures . . . Presbyteries . Villages . , Corn-mills Statistics. Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills Tanneries Potasheries Justice of Peace 2 Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers . Taverns . Artisans . . 28 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Bushels. 16,600 I 16,200 I Barley Potatoes Live Stock. 8001 1,280 Cows Sheep J ,600 I Swine .3,840 I Bushels. 1,000 45,100 1,280 Title. — " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1736, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocqiart, Intendant, au Sieur Fleury de la Gorgendiere, de trois lieues de terre de front et de deux lieues de pro- fondeur des deux cotes de la riviere du Sault de la Chau- diere, en remontant, a commencer a la fin de la concession accordee aujourd'hui au Sieur Rigaud de Vaudreuil, en- semble les isles, islets et lacs qui se trouvent dans la dite riviere, dans la dite etendue de trois lieues." — Registre d'Intendancc, N'o. 8, folio 9. Vaudreuil, seigniory, in the co. of Vaudreuil, is bounded n. by the Lake of Two Mountains ; s. by Soulange ; w. by Rigaud ; e. by the narrow channel that separates it from Isle Perrot. — 4 leagues in front, and 1 1 league in the broadest part and half aleagueinits narrowest. Granted, Oct. 12, 1702, to Mr. de Vaudreuil, and now the property of Robert Harwood, Esq. — This seigniory is in a very flourishing state ; two thirds conceded in lots of 3 acres in front by 20 to 30 in depth, forming six difierent ranges, parallel to the Ottawa ; the whole number of lots is 377j and of these 290 are under excellent cultivation. — The soil is good nearly throughout, and in many places of the best quality, producing grain and aU the usual crops of the country. — Three small rivers, the Quin- chien, Du Moulin and another stream, water it ; in spring they are navigable for boats, but after the freshes have subsided even small canoes cannot work upon them. — Maple, elm, ash, birch, beech, white and yellow pine of superior quality, are found. There is an extensive bed of iron ore in the Petite Gate, near the centre of the S. ; it extends E. w. and s. about 10 miles.— Cloth, flannel and some linen are manufactured, of fine quality. — There are 20 orchards, and the soil is well adapted for the growth of fruit : the apples are excellent. The inhabitants rear poultry of all descriptions, and sell them in the S. of the Lake of Two Mountains. The butter is principally made by the English farmers, the habitans making scarcely sufficient foj V A U V E E their own consumption. Flax is sown, but no hemp, though the soil is fit for it. The English settlers in C6t6 St. Charles grow the greatest quantity of hay, having extensive meadows. Two- thirds of the grain on an average are sold at the Montreal market and to merchants of the place- The root, called ginseng, which is crystallized by Mr. J. M. C. Le Denier, a respectable inhabitant of the parish, is found in great abundance and ex- ported by him. This drug is good for a variety of spasmodic complaints. — On the bank of the river, about six miles from the Pointe des Cascades, is the pleasant village of Vaudreuil, containing 38 houses, all well built of wood, except one, which is of stone, surrounding the church and parsonage house, which are both of stone. There are, however, many stone houses dispersed through the S. The seignorial, or manor-house, is situated on a well-chosen spot, near a small rapid, about I ^ mile from the church ; sur- rounded by some groves of elm, plane and linden trees, which with avenues and other plantations in the English style afford many very pleasing pro- spects. At a little distance from the manor-house area corn-mill and a wind-mill. The village of Cas- cades, situated on the point jutting out into Lake St. Louis, contains 17 houses, 4 of which, including the guard house, are built with stone ; and it has 3 taverns: 2 of the houses stand in the S. of Soulange. This v. stands on the stage road that connects the two provinces, and, considering its situation as a great thoroughfare, it has not in- creased in any respect so much as might have been expected, particularly as it enjoys the advantages of being at the head of one line of navigation and at the foot of another ; this perhaps may be ac- counted for by the rapid manner in which travellers pass through it, for as soon as they leave the steam-boat they enter the stage and pass on im- mediately; and those who arrive by the stage enter the steam-boat with similar haste : thus all pass through and no one stops. Three stages, in general, are constantly on the run up and down from the v. of Coteau, and are frequently full of passengers and luggage ; the fare is 5s. for each passenger. The canal and locks are in good order, and 5 men who live in the guard-house, under the superintendence of Mr. Robins, take care of the works. The rates are Is. for a bateau, and 14s. for a Durham-boat, through the canal, Split Rock, and the Coteau du Lac. — The major part of the men of this seigniory are voyageurs, like their neighbours, yet agriculture does not languish, nor is there a want of artisans in any of the useful trades : there are also 5 manufactories of pot and pearlash. The ferry-boats from Ste. Anne, on the Island of Montreal, which is the general route to Upper Canada, land their passengers in this seigniory near the manor-house, and from the number of travellers continually passing much in- terest and variety are conferred upon the neigh- bourhood. — Besides the main road several others pass through VaudreuU, and are all kept in very good repair as well as the bridges, From Point Cavagnal to the manor-house are several small islands, which are appendages to this S. under the original grant. Statistics of the Village of Vaudreuil. Houses Churches . Presbyteries Medical men Notaries Stores 3S 1 1 1 2 3 Inns . Carpenters, &c. Wheelwrights Blacksmiths Chair-makers Statistics of the Seigniory. Population 2,403 Churches R. C. 1 Cures . . I Villages . 2 Corn-mills . 2 Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-miUs Tanneries Potasheries . Medical men Notaries Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans 1 2 8 6 28 Wheat Oats Horses Oxen Annual Agricultural Produce. Bushels . 16,600 I Barley . 16,200 Potatoes . Live Stock. 1,200 I Cows 1,200 I Sheep 1,800 I 6,000 I Swine Bushels. . 1,000 . 43,100 1,800 Title. — " Concession du 12me Octobre, 1702, faite par Hector de Callih-e, Gouverneur, et Jeun Bochart, Intendant, a Mr. de Vaudreuil, pour ses enfans nes et a naitre, de Ja moitie d'une langue de terre, situee au lieu dit les Cascades, contenant quatre lieues de front sur une lieue et demie de profondeur au plus large de la dite langue de terre, et une demi lieue au plus etroit, il commencer vis-a-vis I'Isle oi/jr Tourtes; joignant icelle pai-eille Concession accordte au Sieur de Soulange. " — Registre d'Intcndance, No. 3, folio 38. Vaugaoubskibank, river, rises a few miles s. of Bouchette's camp, at the s. corner of the co. of Bonaventure, and runs into the r. St. John. Vercheres, county, in the district of Mont- real, is bounded n. w. by the St. Lawrence ; s. e. by the river Richelieu or Chambly; s. w. by the seigniories of BoucherviUe, Montarville and Cham- bly ; N. E. by that part of the s. w. boundary of the seigniory of St. Ours between the St. Law- rence and the Richelieu, comprising all the islands V E R in those rivers in front of, and nearest to, the county, in whole or in part fronting it. It com-i prehends the seigniories of Contrecoeur, Bellevuej Vercheres, Saint Blain, Guillodiere, Trinite or Cap Saint Michel, Varennes, Beloeil and its aug- mentation, Cournoyer and all the islands in the said River St. Lawrence opposite the same. Isle Bouchard excepted. Its extreme length is 13 miles, and its breadth 19, containing 192 square miles. Its centre is in lat. 45° 32' 30" n., long. 73° 16' 0". It sends two members to the pro- vincial parliament, and the place of election is at Vercheres. The face of the country is level and low, and the soil generally light, but productive ; it is chiefly watered by the St. Lawrence and the Richdieu, by which it is bounded ; few streams of any note traverse it. The roads are numerous, and the whole co. exhibits rich and flourishing settlements ; — it contains a number -of mills all worked by wind, which evinces the deficiency of water-courses. It contains six parishes, and the handsome village of Varennes, besides some minor ones. Population 12,695 Churches, R. C. 6 Cures . Presbyteries . Colleges Villages . Schools . Statistics. Corn-mills . Saw-mills . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Tanneries . Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans . Ship-yards River-craft Tonnage Keel-boats 11 93 I 1 18 1 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat . Oats Barley . Potatoes Horses Oxen Bushels. 145,531 114,600 23,290 359,507 Bushels. Peas . 56,400 Rye . 9,020 Buck- wheat 2,500 Indian corn 4,880 Bushels. Mixed grain 5,610 Maple sugar, cwts. 187 Hay, tons 34,950 Live Stock. 5,322 I Cows 3,210 1 Sheep 7,180 1 Smne 30,600 I 5,570 Vercheres, seigniory, in the co. of Vercheres, on the south side of the St. Lawrence, is bounded N. E. by St. Blain ; s. w. by Bellevue; in the rear by Cournoyer; in front of the St. Lawrence. — One league in front by two in depth. Granted, Oct. 29, 1672, to Sieur do Vercheres, and is now the property of Madame Boucherville. — The land is generally good, with several varieties of soil; the largest proportion of which is in a creditable state of culture. It is watered by a small river and two or three rivulets, that turn a grist-mill, and some saw-mills. It has a neat church, a V E R parsonage-house, and a chapel, in the centre of a small village.— In the parish of VercBres aU the lands are conceded, some as far back as 1727; and there are roads in all directions. The terms of concession were various; some were charged 2 bushels of wheat and 42 sols for 60 superficial ar- pents ; some, one bushel of wheat and 1 piastre for 90 superficial arpents; some, 1 bushel of wheat for 60 superficial arpents; and others were charged more or less. No one goes hence to settle in the townships ; for the fathers of families, who have sufficient means, purchase lands for their children either in the parish or in the seigniories in the rear. Population 2,712 Churches, R C Cures . Presbyteries Schools Villages . Statistics. Com-mUls . Carding-mills Fulling-mills Saw-mills . Tanneries . Just, of peace Medical men Notaries . Shopkeepers Taverns Artisans . 1 1 3 1 15 Annual Agricultural Produce. Wheat Oats Barley Horses Oxen Bushels. I 39,000 26,000 18,200 1,4951 595 Potatoes Peas Rye Bushels. 59,000 10,000 6,500 Bushels. Indian corn 1,360 Mixed grain 800 Maple sug.cwt. 52 Live Stock. Cows Sheep 2,150 1 Swine 4,6001 1,290 Title.—" Concession du 29me Oetobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Vercheres, d'une lieue de terre de front sur une lieue de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la concession du Sieur de Grandmaison, en descendant vers les terres non concedtes, jusqu'a celle du Sieur de Vitre; et s'il y a plus que cette quantite [qui est la predite Seigneurie de St. Blain,'\ entre les dits Sieurii, de Vercheres et de Vitre, elle sera partagee egalement entr'eux." — Registre d'Jntendance, No. l,fo. 23. Autre concession, par le Comte de Frontenac, Gouver- neur, au Sieur de Vercheres le 8me Oetobre, 1678, d'une lieue de terre d'augmentation dans la profondeur de sa Seigneurie de Vercheres, pour etre unies et jointes en- semble. — R(gistre d'Intendance, No. Letter B. folio 4. Vermillion, river, runs into the s. w. side of the R. St. Maurice about 8 miles above the post of Latuque. Vertb, river, rises in the mountains s. of Te- miscouata portage, and running n. enters the fief Cacona, where it divides the fourth range into two parts. It then directs its course to the St. Lawrence, into which it falls nearly opposite Green Island. It has a ferry at the main road, near its mouth. This R. is rapid, and being ob- structed by falls is not navigable. Verte, Isle, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, V E R is bounded in front by the k. St. Lawrence ; s. w. by the Riviere Verte, and in the rear by waste- lands. — 2 leagues in front by 2 iii depth. Granted Apr. 27, 1684, to Sieurs Dartigny and Cardon- niere, and afterwards to Sieur Dartigny only. — It ■comprises Isle Verte or Green Island, and aU the isles, islets and shoals between them. — In front, there are two concessions ; one-third part of the first and one quarter of the second only are set- tled. The soil in general is similar to that of Trois Pistoles, and is in front light, stony and indifferent. In this S. are many iine pineries. The church, 70 ft- by 40, is built of wood, and the presbytery, 45 ft. by 32, of stone. The S. is divided into many small fiefs. Fishing and hunt- ing being followed as the means of livelihood, tend to retard the settlement of the lands ; which is impeded by most of the tenants holding their lands in fief, possessing farms of 2 or 3 front ar- pents, and even more, by 2 leagues in depth, so that the seignior has no power to concede them ; the advancement of cultivation is also retarded by the inhabitants taking more land than they can cultivate, which deprives the young labourers of the power to obtain lands, although the possessors have more than they cultivate. — Isle Verte or Green Island, which is an appendage to this seig- niory, lies nearly opposite this seigniory, and is an appendage, to its being granted at the same time and to the same proprietor. It is 6^ miles in length, and its greatest breadth is one mile. The soil is good, and yields fine pasturage for a large number of cattle ; and some of the low grounds are frequently overflown by the salt water during high tides. It also produces tolerable timber. A lighthouse is erected near the n. e. end of the island on a rocky point which juts far into the river, but is by no means elevated. This island is inhabited by two families. On the s. side Mrs. Fraser, a. widow lady, has about 150 acres under cultivation, with a comfortable dwelling-house, a farm-house, and their respective appendages, all pleasantly situated at the foot of a small bank running along that side of the island which is divided from the settlements of Cacona by an arm of the St. Lawrence, about f of a mile in width. This channel is almost dry at low water and offers to the river-craft a safe anchorage and shelter in Stormy weather. The fishery, which consists prin- cipally of herrings, has not unfrequently produced 100 barrels at one tide ; but large quantities are V FN allowed to escape or are otherwise lost for want of proper means to cure them all. Title.—" Concession du 27me Avril, 1684, faite par le Fehvre de la Barre, Gouvemeur, et de Meulles, Intendant, aux Sieurs Dartigny et de la Cardonniere, depuis au Sieur Dartigny seal, contenant deux lieues de terre, pres et bois, de front sur Ic fleuve St. Lament sur deux lieues de pro- fondeur dans les terres; a prendre depuis uiie riViere qui est vis-a-vis Vule Verte, du eotS du Sud de la dite isle, icelle riviere comprise, jusqu'a deux lieues en descendant le dit ileuve, ensemble les isles, islets et battures qui se rencontrent vis-a^yis les dites deux lieues, jusqu'a la dite isle Ve.rte, icelle meme comprise." — Rdgistre d'lntend- ance. Let. B. folw 22. VlATCHOUAN (R.), V. UnIATCHOUAN. ViBi,i..B Fbmmb, a rock, v. Gaspe Bay. ViBUPONT (F.), in Ste. Marguerite, S. ViEUPONT, fief, in the S. of Ste. Marguerite, in the co, of St. Maurice, extends along the St, Lawrence 17 arpents by one league in depth; being the space between two streams called the Third and Fourth Rivers. Granted, Aug. 23, I674, to Mr. Joseph Godefroi, Sieur de Vieu- pont ; and its precise extent of frontage deter- mined by royal ordinance, June 15, 1723. — A smaU lot of land between Vieupont and Labadie is said to have belonged to Mr. Tonnancour. Title. — " Concession du 23me Aout, 1674., faite a Mr. Joseph Godefroi Sieur de Vienpovt, d'une etendue de terre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, du c6t6 du Nord, a commencer depuis la riviere appeloe la troisieme riviere jusqu'a celle appelee la quatrieme riviere; contenant quinze arpens de front avec une lieue de profondeur. Par une Ordonnance du 15me Juin, 1723, il a ete r^gl^ que le fief ci-dessus auroit dix-sept arpens de front sur une lieue de profon- deur." — Cakiers d Intendance, pour Vandeiine Concession, Au flan plus haul cite un lopin de terre'entrc Vieupont et Labadie est dit appartenir d Mr. Tonnancour." — Ri- gistre des Foi et Hommoge, No. 93, folio 78. ViLiBU, a small river in fief Maranda, in the CO. of Lotbiniere. It runs into the St. Law- rence. Village of Industky, v. Lavaltrie, S. ViLLBCHAUVB (S.), V. BeAUHARNOIS. ViLLEiiAV, fief, in the co. of Rimouski. ViNCELOT, seigniory, and its augmentation, in the CO. of L'Islet, is bounded N. e. by Bonsecours, s. w. by Cap St. Ignace and Ste. Claire ; in front by the St. Lawrence ; in the rear by waste lands. — The original grant one league square. The augmentation is one league in breadth by two in depth. The former was granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to the widow Amiot; the latter, Feb. 1, 1693, to Sieur de Vincelot. — Towards the river the land is low, the soil a light sandy earth with clay or VI N marl j in the rear the soil is a light coloured loam as it approaches the mountains ; the greatest part is under cultivation, and it is rather bare of tim- ber.— The Bras St. Nicholas and some smaU streams water it very well.— The front is in- dented by a large bay, near which is situated the church and parsonage-house, and the telegraph station No. 6.— Several roads by the St. Law- rence, and on the side of the Bras, communicate with^ the adjoining seigniories. The augmenta- tion is remarkable for neither goodness of soil nor quality of timber; it is mountainous, and wholly uncultivated. Title.-." Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, d Demoiselle Veuve Amiot, d'une lieue de terre sur autant de profondeur, k prendre sur le fleuve^i. Laurent, depuis le Cap St. Ignace, icelui compris :iusqu aux terres non.concMees."_fi^^,fre d'Intendance, ,2Vo. 1, folio 26. Augmentation. — " Concession du ler Fevrier, 1093 feite par Louis de Buade, Gouvemeur, et Jean Boehart, Intendant, au Sieur de Vincelot, d'une lieue de terre de front avec deux lieues de profondeur, derriere et au bout de son fief de Vincelot, au Cap St. Ignace, quiapareillement une lieue de front seulement, sur une lieue de profondeur suivant les alignemens gSneraux de ce pays."— R^gistre d Intendance, No. 4, folio 9. ViNCENNBS, seigniory, in the co. of Belle- chasse, is bounded s. w. by Mont-^-peine ; n. b. by Beaumont ; in front by the St. Lawrence ; in the rear by Livaudiere. — /O arpents in front, by one league in depth. Granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Bissot ; and Fereol Roy, Esq., is the present proprietor. — The land lies rather high towards the St. Lawrence, and is, on the most elevated parts, of a lightish sandy earth ; in other places a dark mould, on a substratum of rock, is prevalent. The greatest portion is in very respectable culture, and produces fine crops of grain, &c. The timber has been greatly reduced, and what now remains is but of indifferent quality. Several small streams falling into the St. Lawrence provide rather a scanty irrigation ; one of them works a grist-mill seated in a cove under the lofty bank of that river. There are many good farm-houses and other dwellings along the several roads that in- tersect the seigniory. — It comprises two ranges conceded ; in one are 20 farms, and in the other 23, and they measure 3 arpents in front by 40 in depth. Two-thirds of the concessions are under cultivation. In the first are 31 houses, of which six are built with stone, and the population consists of 58 men and 61 women and children ; the 2d WAR contains 21 houses, in eluding one of stone, 34 men and 28 women and children. Titk.—" Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Bissot, de soixante et dix arpens de terre de front, sur une lieue de profondeur, i prendre sur le fleuve Si. Laurent, depuis les terres ap- partenantes au Sieur ji'iyU #i'^' LNtStSBiMil •.i.iV.'."«S"'