LIGATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. SEKiES iisr Philology Literature and Archeology Vol I. No, 3. 1. llpox With the Accusative, iL Note on the Antigone. W. A. LAMBERTON, A. M., PROFESSOR OF GREEK Iw\NGUA(;E AND LITERATURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF FENNSVLVANI A. N. D. C. HODGES, MAX NIEMEYER, Agent for United States, Canada and England Agent for the Continent of Europe 47 Lafayette Place, New York, N. Y. Halle, a. S., Germany. PHILADELPHIA: Uhiversity of.Pi;nnsvlv,.^nia Prlcss, iSgi. THE GIFT OF ...A..11.±^.L:. JJJMi'^ DA tKK 1*5?^"*" ""'™™"y Library '■ '!im?iiii™.,,ffilF accusative.ll. Note on 3 1924 021 603 794 The Papers of this Series, prepared by Professors and others connected with the University of Pennsylvania, will take the form of Monographs on the subjects of Philology, Literature, and Archaeology, whereof about 200 or 250 pages will form a volume. The price to subscribers to the Series will be jSi.50 per volume ; to others than subscribers, $2.00 per volume. Each Monograph, however, is complete in itself and will be sold sepa- rately. It is the intention of the University to issue these Monographs from time to time as they shall be prepared. Each author assumes the responsibility of his own contribution. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 924021 603794 Publications of the University of Pennsylvania. SERIES IN Philology Literature and Archaeology Vol. I. No. 3. I. Ilpox With the Accusative, II. Note on the Antigone. W. A. LAMBERTON, A. M., PROFESSOR OF GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. N. D. C. HODGES, MAX NIEMEYER, Agent for United States, Canada and England Agent for the Continent of Europe 47 Lafayette Place, New York, N. Y. Halle, a. S., Germany. PHII^ADELPHIA : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1891. ON nPOS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. In Homer tt/so's with the accusative in the majority of cases accompanies verbs of motion, or such verbs as in themselves, or by virtue of the context in which they stand, necessarily carry with them the idea of motion : in such constructions the preposition indicates that towards which, it may be that up to which, the motion is directed. The largest exception to this is found in its use with the verbs of saying, speaking and the like ; it may be doubted, how- ever, whether we have here so much of an exception, as we might at first be inclined to think: such expressions as tjicovTjv a(j)tevai (Dem. I., 2), which are not rare in the orators, show how naturally speech was conceived as a form of motion, and the Homeric expression eirea irTepoevra indi- cates that originally words uttered were conceived of, in the most literal sense, as words set in motion towards the person addressed. It may be that the idea of motion (by no means figurative, but representing to men of those days a very real conception) had already become somewhat blurred, or rather was already losing something of its clearness ; but that its force was still, though perhaps but dimly, felt, may be seen, I think, from a comparison of the Homeric phrases, elire irpo'^ ov — dvfiov (A 403) irpoTi, ov fivffrja-aro 6v/j,6v (P 200), with the later formulas avafivrjo-- Orjvai, Xdyi^ea-dai, evdv/jLetcrOai, tt/oo? eavrov, SO common in the orators. An extension of the use with verbs of saying, with a weaker hold upon the idea of motion, is found in cSfioa-e 7r/)09 ifie, which occurs twice in the Odyssey (| 331, t 288) ; in this we still have a sense of the passage of words of a definite character (indicated by the verb) from one person to another in actual presence, while we discern a possibility of further expansion towards the expression of manifold (0 2 On Trpo's WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. mutual transactions between persons. In O 364 : ^ rot /i.ey KXaiecTKe tt/bo? ovpavov, avrdp ifie Zew | rm iiraXe^rjffovaav air' ovpavodev irpotaXKev, the cries are spoken of as addressed not to persons, but tt/so? ovpavov, and although the gods are felt to be included in the phrase tt/jos ovpavov, and the next line with its Zei;? makes this quite clear, yet there is an ' attempt, which was to go much further, at overstepping the personal category in the use of tt/jo's with verbs of speech That the cries are uttered not merely ' heavenward,' but sent forth to heaven to be heard there, the next line with its air ovpavodev proves. With verbs of glancing, looking, peering, the idea of motion was unquestionably present originally; one may cast looks as well as spears, c/. ir 179 : rap^rj^a'^ S' ejepercoa-e jSdX' op-p-ara. It is not matter of surprise, then, that Homer should use this construction, which becomes so familiar to us in later Greek ; the only wonder is that it does not occur oftener. There are three instances, all in the Odyssey ; p, 244 : ij/^et? p,ev irpo^ rfjv iBopev (ff. a-Keyjrdpe- va S'e? vrja dorjV, p 247) /^ 232 : eKapov Be pot oacre iravTr) iraTTTaivovTi irpb^ r^epoeiBea Trerp-qV, p^ 24 : irdvTocre irairrai,- vovTa<; evhprjTOVaX7]v Tpeve and T 389 : ttotI Se ctkotov irpdireTO ; of direction with the idea of motion excluded in p So: earl aweo^ ^e/ooetSe? tt/so? On Trpo's WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 3 ^6(f)ov eh "EpeySo? rerpafifievov. All of these passages con- tain rpeTTO) ; and there is in them a regular progress from distinct implication of motion of translation, through mo- tion about a fixed point, to direction of position. This point having once been reached, there is no difficulty felt in using this construction with verbs denoting simple situa- tion to denote, not the exact position where the object is to be found, but the line of direction on which it lies from the point of reference assumed by the writer. Of this there are two examples; v 240: ■^/j.ev ocroi valovai ttjoos T/w t' rjeXiov re, ^S' oaaoi fieroTriade ttotI ^o^ov ^epoeirra, I 25 : elv d\l Kelrai irpo'i ^o(f)OV, al Se r avevde tt/so? tJ&j t rjeXiov re. It is noteworthy that both of these passages are found in the Odyssey and are, moreover, such as would most early and most easily be adopted, 'Eastward,' 'West- ward.' From the construction with verbs signifying 'moving towards and placing, or assuming a position, at,' there arises a tendency to use irp6 ear-qae TrpcK KLOva (a 127), ecrra- fievai Trpb<; ivmiria (x I2l), tt/jo? yovva Kade^ero (a 395 )> and others of like character, we experience no shock on coming across M 64: cr«o'\o7r€9 f^ap iv airy ofe'es ea-Tdaiv, ttotI S'avToix; reixof 'Axat&p, and H 337 : ttotI B'avrov Bei- fiofiev dS/ca irvpyov; ir\jrr]Xov^. In M 64, Poulydamas is warn- ing Hektor of the extreme danger of attacking the Greeks, now entrenched behind wall and ditch : the sense is, ' sharp stakes stand in the ditch, and next them stands the wall of the Greeks.' The wall is only 'near' the stakes; how near is not specified, except so far as the general idea run. ning through the passage raises in our minds a more definite determination. Leaf's difficulty about the space between the wall and the ditch is based upon a misunder- standing of TTOTI, which he takes in a sense it often bears. 4 On wpds WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. but not here, as 'coming up to.' Lang's 'over against them ' is a perfect rendering. This passage calls for two remarks bearing upon after developments in the use of the preposition; first, the plural avTovf, helped, of course, by the sense of Tet;j^o9, suggests, hardly more than suggests, the notion of parallelism ; we feel indistinctly the row of stakes set near, or 'over against,' the wall, and in a line with it ; a trace of a recognition of this sense in the passage may perhaps be discovered in the curious variant irepi: second, the order of the objects, as seen by Pouly- damas, from the side of the Trojans, was, first the ditch with the stakes in it, and then the wall, and yet he speaks of the wall as being ttotI ainois. Considering the sense from which this use of the preposition was developed, there is here what may be called a change of sides on the part of 7r/3o'? : our renderings ' at ' and ' over against ' leave us in- sensible to this ; but the Scholiast's paraphrase evro^ would seem to indicate that something of the sort had struck him. If we discard the position of the speaker, again, and look only to the natural relations of the objects, the same peculiarity appears, for it must have been originally more natural to speak of the stakes being tt/jo? to Tetj(;o9, than of the wall as being tt/so? tow aKoXoira';. And so in H 440 we find it said in more natural phrase (natural, that is, according to the relations between them), etr'avTO) (J. e., TO) Tel'yeC) Tci^pov opv^av — , iv Se aK6XoTra<; KUTeTrrj^av. In H 337, the meaning probably is 'at it' (Leaf renders 'thereto') 'let us build high towers with speed.' If we compare this with M 64, it will appear, I think, more rea- sonable not to suppose with Leaf that the wall is to abut upon the sepulchral mound, which would thus be utilized as a part of the fortification, but rather to place the mound inside or on the Grecian side of the wall. In the plural . -TTvpyovi there is the same suggestion of parallelism that was found in M 64, and, curiously enough, the preposition Trepi reappears, not, to be sure, as a variant this time, but On Trpds WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 5 as interpretation in the Scholia. Ther^ is not, however, the same change of sides in irp6<;, since Nestor is not speaking of things already existing in a position fixed with reference to his own, but of a tomb to be first constructed and of the after-construction of a wall, the line of which is to be drawn ttotI avrov, so that the natural relations are preserved. The construction easily lends itself to express the reci- procal encounter of conflicting motions. 11 768 : a" re tt/sos aX\.riXa<; e^aXov Ta.vvriKeaov of V 240, 225. In all the Homeric examples, however clear or obscure the idea of motion may be, the physical relation between subject and object is unmistakeable. It is not proposed here to treat of the history of this construction in post-Homeric literature, but merely to touch upon the main applications of it, as exemplified in the Attic orators, calling attention more particularly to certain de- velopments, which do not seem to have been perfectly apprehended. Though I cannot claim to have made an exhaustive col- lection of examples, a thing which did not enter within my purpose, certain impressions, gathered from the examina- tion I have made, may perhaps be profitably recorded. On irpoi WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 7 which further investigation may modify, but I do not think will nullify. These may be stated by way of preface. Antiphon is very sparing in his use of the construction. His examples are mostly confined to expressions belonging to, or arising out of, court proceedings ; one is particularly natural in the mouth of an Athenian defendant in a crim- inal suit (avaKkaxia-aadat, Trpof vfici'i), and another is a gen- - eral expression of business dealing and intercourse (tt/xxt- reiv 7r/3o'? nva). Andokides, without indulging largely, has a wider range of use ; this is in part, at least, due to the historical matter that enters his orations. Such phrases as aTTovhai, elprjvr], ? TroXe/ttow KivBvvoi, but it unquestionably must have been formed under the influence of the same idiom that gave rise to 57 7r/309 TOV TToXe/jLOV eiriaTrffir) (Lys. 33. 7). By an easy and natural transition from these uses we pass beyond the sphere of motion and position in the material world, and get certain transferred senses, in which motion resolves itself into tendency, incitement, further- ance, advance, and position into application or occupation. Instances of the first are Isokr. 15. 67: oi Xoyoi ttjoo? ape- TTjV Kal SiKaioarvvTjV avvTeivovaiv, 15. 277; Aisch. I. 96: ^ireiytTO (r(f>68pa irpoii Ta<; '^Sovds; I. 43 : irap(o^vfjip,evo<; irpof TO Trpajfia; I. II7: irapaKKriai'; irpo'i apeTrjV {cf. Plat. Leg. 71 1) B: irpo^ aperrji eTnTr)hevp.aTa irpoTpeireiv); Ly- kourg. 106: veiraiSevvTai -n-pw aper-rjv; Isokr. 15. 294, Lys. 19. 61 : ov p,6vov irpoi So^av aXXa kuI et? y^^prj/idrav Xoyov XvaireKei vp,lv; Isokr. 15. 266: rrjv fitjBev tt^o? to Xeyeiv fjLtjTe Trpo'i TO TrpuTTecv w(j>e\ovcrav; Isokr. 13. 20 and 15. 189: fieyuTTTjv ej^et hivajiv irpb'! ttjv t&v Xoycov iraiheiav; 8. 32 and 15. 212: ovSep av oiXXriKov^ •nrpo': STneiKeiav evepyeTi^aai- fiev; 15. 269 : tSsv irpd^ecov ras firjSev trpo'i tov 0iov ^epovaaai>TS)V \6yot Trpof tovv aXXav ip.iropiaiv a(f>LKvovp,evov 6 eK tov TIovtov alTOf elcrirXeav icTTiv; cf. Hdt. 8. 44" 'AOrjvaloi p,ep tt/oos iravTa? On Trpos WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 1 3 TOD? aWovi Trape'x^ofievoi vija? oiySdiKovra ical eKardv, and Ibid. 8. 48 : apiOfio<; iyeveTO 6 va<; t&v veSiv rpirjKocnai Kal e^Sofii^KovTa Kal 6/ctw; the equality is, of course, as these passages show, and as might have been inferred without them, an approximate one, but, as the phrase goes, one that is 'near enough for all practical purposes.' Personal conformity, even the determination of life and actions by those of another, or by the interests, wishes or suggestions of another, may be thus conveyed by a sort of abridged construction. The bridge is furnished by such an example as Isokr. i. ii : Selj/ia t7J<; 'iTnroviKou (f)vaeco<; vvv i^€V7]v6')^afiev, "Trpoi o Bel ae ^rjv Scnrep Trpos irapdSeiyfia, vofiov /j,€V Tov exeivov rpoirov riyrja-dfievov, fiifirjTrjV Be Kal ^r]Xa)Tr)v rrj^ •iraTpt'Xt7r7ro? airriyyeXKeTo irpo'; vp.a.'; viro TOVTdv cttI ttj tmv ^WKeav amTijpia irapeXrfK.vdevai. In Dem. 56. 49 we read : fiepi^eiv tow tokov^ 7r/>o? tov •n-Xovv Kal /itj tt/jo? t^v a-vjypa(pi]V, the last words of which convey quite distinctly a stricter sense than that of con- formity in general ; they denote conformity to a standard, the avyypa€pa>v; Isokr. 20. 6: oii Trpo? TO i^€ye0o<; (Sv av \d/3o)<7i ttjv rifirjcnv Troiovfievovv, Dem. 27. 22 : ei Ti Set reKfJiaipeadai irpcK tov aWov rpoTrov kuI avaiSeiav, Derh. 20. 13: oy to Xva-iTe\£erTaTOV 7r/30? apyvpiov (fKOTTovv, Isokr. 4. 76 : ovSe tt/so? apyvpiov rijv evhaifiovlav eKpLvav, Isokr. 15, 34: ov tt/Oo? rr)V aX'^Oecav Kpivovaiv, Isokr. 4. II: Tov09 it really did ; nor do I think, on the other hand, that the reverse process took place. It seems to me more likely that the notion of juxtaposition, when expressed with the aid of 7rp6<; by certain verbs, especially such as were compounded with TTapd, furnished an independent, though cognate, source for the development of the sense of comparison, and that the two streams ultimately converged, as must often happen. In the use with such verbs as Trapa/SdWeiv the parallelism that leads to comparison, the putting side by side, is conveyed almost solely by the verb ; all that 7rp6<; contributes is the idea of nearness or approach. From its accompanying such verbs tt/so? took over to itself some- thing of their peculiar significance, the more easily perhaps from the general sense of parallelism it had already inde- pendently acquired, and was finally found strong enough to bear the whole burden of the conception on its own shoulders unaided, except in so far as the context, in a gen- eral way, might help it out. In Isokr. 5. 142, we have avmrapa^dXd)v, 7. 62: Trapa^dXaifiev, 12. 4. : Trapa^dWaxrc, 12, 227 : rrjv irapa^okrjv TreiroirjcrOat, Deinarch. i. 16: vapa ^dXXeiv, Isokr. 12. 40: TrapKjrdvai, Lykourg. 68: avfi^a Xelv, Isokr. 15. 158 and Dem. 41. 27: riOevai. Isokr. 15 157: Tov's iv Tali avTaii Te')(yai KaTa- ')(P'i^a-acr0ai tovtw tt/jo? vfj,a<;, Dem. 49. 58 : Ka/^ol TeKpjTjpiov r^eveada 7rpb<} u/ua?. The instances of verbs of promising and swearing above given bring us at least half way towards the expression of business dealings and relations. A still further approach is to be found in the following : Isai. 9. 24 : ttjoo? KXecova Sico/jifoXqj-^a-aTO, Lys. I. 21: tS)v 7rpoaXe- cTTara vpoa-oiaofieda tt/so? tov'; a/j,^i(T^7}Tovvra<;. Quite peculiar is Dem. [58] i : aTV'XT]cravTo<; tt/so? rrjv ttoXiv koI 6(j)X6vTO<; Bma rdXavra {cf. Lys. 14. 41 : Trpo? Trfv ttoXiv hehvcTTV)(riKacriv, dXXa)<; 8e KScrftiOi elaij: In the first clause of Dem. 40. 4O) just cited, and in this last from pseudo Dem. 58. I, the preposition has the sense of ' in dealing with ' or ' in his dealings with ;' that is, from frequent use with verbs denoting explicitly dealings or relations per- taining to the sphere of business, it has become capable of denoting such special kind of relations when used with verbs, which in themselves carry no such implication ; the On TTjBos WITH THE Accusative. 19 context, of course, lends its aid, but the difference between the weight of meaning borne by 7r/>o'? in these examples and in such cases as trpdrreiv tt/jo? nva, vef/,ea6ai. tt/jo? riva, is evident ; irpdrr^iv and ve/MeaBai are much more out- spoken in their indication of sphere than is the postponed o^XovTO'i Be'ica rdXavTa, for example, of [58]. I. That the latter phrase, however, has its weight in helping ttjoo? to its specific meaning, is clear from a comparison of the pas- sage quoted from Lysias, which has a supplementary clause of a quite different character. When the notion of business becomes by usage specified and restricted within more narrow limits, and likewise when it becomes generalized so as to cover and include wider relations, the construction still persists. Dem. 33. 12 : mo-TC /t-jjre rovrq) tt/jo? ifie /jli^t i/iol tt/oo? tovtov Trpayfi elvai fir/Bev : the speaker has just said that the contract between them had been annulled, so that there was no matter or business left to call for legal adjustment ; Trpayfia here is not confined to the strict sense of lawsuit, but it approaches such a limitation. In Ant. 6. 12 : ervy^^avs yap /iot "Trpd- y/j-ara ovra irpo^ ' Apitrrltova Kal ^tXlvov, a iyw irepl ttoWov eiroiov/j.rjv, eTreiSt] Trep elcr'^yyeiXa, opOw Kal BiKaim^ cnro- Sei^ai r^ ^ovXy, we have the legal sense pure and simple ; the business consisted entirely in the legal proceedings. In Dem. 45. 13 : crwe^atvev e/ceti'tB? /iev eva elvai, tt/oo? ov rcL irpdyfiara eyiyvero fioi, tJ? B'ovtol lie/jiaprvpi^Kaa-i, ttjOo? TToXXow, the sense is vaguer and more indefinite, and the English ' with whom I would have to deal ' is satisfactory enough ; but the character of the dealing is after all felt to be legal, the eva and the ttoXXou? being false witnesses, who are to be prosecuted. In the first of these three ex- amples the irpayiia is a business relation, viewed as the basis of a legal action ; in the second it is the legal action itself ; in the third it is again the basis of the suit, but it is now a complication not arising out of business, strictly so called, certainly not out of commercial relations. In Dem. 20 On wpo's WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 48. 46 : Bia/jiapTvpaa-6a(, on uvtm ovSev iariv en Trpayi^.a irpot ra? avvOrjKa'i Tavra'; ' to protest that he had nothing more to do with this contract ' (cf. the ground for the pro- test in the preceding words &)'? om^n Kvpicov ovawv tmv (7vv6i]K5iv e/j,ol Kttl TovTw), we have an extension of the use of m-pa.'yiJia with this construction in two ways ; first, though still used with reference to a matter of a strictly business character, Trpdy/j.a has gone over to the more general sense of 'business,' 'affair,' 'concern;' and second, the relation is no longer one between persons, but between one of the parties to the contract and the contract itself. In Dem. 21. 195 : (oare koX 7rpo<; ou? firjSev ia-ri croi, Trpajfia, XvireiaOai rr^v a-r)v 6pa(TVTr)Ta, the idea of business has altogether disappeared, and that of ' dealings with ' in the widest and vaguest sense been completely substituted. Though, of course, such a more general sense lies in the TrpdjiJ.a to begin with, and only waits time and opportunity to declare itself, it is not so clear that it lies in the combi- nation Trpayfiara Tr/ao? nva; the application of this con- struction to the expression of action towards dealing with (in any way) is too vague and abstract to be an early use ; it is more natural to suppose that the process was from the more specific use, which had already, in one Homeric in- stance, shown its readiness to start into vigorous life, to the more general. It is not surprising that when irpd^fxa had thus lost its definiteness of signification, it began to be possible to dispense with the word, at least in negative phrases. Between persons : Dem. 45. 22 : ahX iS) Ki^^t- cro^aiVTa * ovre yap vvv /iot, tt/so? i/celvdv icrriv, ovr i/j,apTV- prjcrev ovSev : ' I am not now dealing with him ; ' the nature of the dealing is implied in the circumstances, ' I am not prosecuting him.' Isokr. 4. 12 : e^ol S' ovSev tt/jo? rov? TOLovTov; aXKdi, Trpo'; i/ce(vov<; earl {cf. just below the ex- planatory phrase : tt/so? ou? — irepX rov Trpdyfjiaro'i Troi^crofiai Toiii X6jov<;), ' I am not dealing with,' here then, to all in- tents and purposes, is ' I am not addressing.' From these On Trpds WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 21 examples it is seen that this construction elvai nvi 7rp6<: Tiva may be used in its vaguest sense, even when back of that a more explicit sense, not necessarily connected with business, is running in the speaker's mind, provided only that more particular application be implied clearly in the context, or afterwards explicity stated. Between persons and things : Dem. 56. 26 : irepl tmv BaveiaToov, ou? (f>acn crvyKe')(apT'}Kevat Xa^elv irap avr&v tov? et? 'FoBov tokov;, eari fiev ovSev ttjoo? ij/xa? tovto, ' that action of theirs has nothing to do with us, 'does not concern or affect us.' So Dem. 18. 21. ovSev tt/jo? e/^e: This form in such cases, which gives 7r/3o'? a personal regime, is commoner than that of Dem. 48. 46. These last examples already trench upon the sphere of personal relations. Aisch. i. 51 : yap 77/309 eva tovto irpciTTooy, Isokr. I. I : iv raw ttjOO? (xXXtjXow a-vvTjOeiat'i, Isokr. 2. 47: (TvvovaCa, Dem. 52. 16: avvoBo';, Isokr. 3. 40: Koivcovia, Lys. 16. 10 : 7rpo<; Toii'; a.Wov<; UTraVTW ovtco ^e- ^uoKa, Lys. 12. 23 : ovre tt/so? ttjv iroXiv avTol'i TOiavTa inrdp'}(ei ovTe "rrpof ip,e, Dem. 1 9- 236 : ovSev ijiol tt/so? tov- TOV<; obKelov ovBe koivov jeyovev, Isokr. 1.31' P'V^e tt/jo? ra? Ta)V TrXrja-ia^ovTCiJv opiyas cnravTav, Dem. 21. 144' P'e'yaXai 7r/30? t6i> Srjfiov evepyecriaL, Dem. 21. I : ttjv v/3piv, y 7r/30? UTravTav XpijTat MetSta?, Dem. 37. 33 ; irpbi eiriKXrjpov'i aSiic^fiaTa, Aisch. 3. 233 : rixcf-pi^ Trpo? ov i'^^apl^eTo aSijXo? yeyevrjTai, Dem. 19. 139: irivoov Kal (^LkavQpooirevojxevo'i Trpb'! aiiTOVf, Dem. 21. 139: Seivoi Tive'; elcri (f)6eipea-danrpo<; Toii<; TrXouo-tbv? (' give themselves over to, body and soul,' ' sell their soul to,' as it were), Aisch. i. 70 : oVrt? avTov KaTycr^vve 7r/30? 'HyijaavSpov, ov SoKel vfilv nrpo's tov irop- vov -TreTTopvevadai {cf. I. 52 : Tre7ropvev/j,evo<;- 6 yap ecKy tovto fcal 7r/jo9 TToXXoii? irpaTTtav), Lys. 14. 41 : tt/so? t^i' iroXtv SeSv'iTV'X'^Kacnv, aXXw? Se Koa/j-ioieleri (cf. Dem. 58. I, above quoted). The personal passes over into the political in Lys. 14. 42 : aStVo)? Kal irapavojj.m'i vrpb'i cr^d<; avToii^ -jroXi- revofievoi. In both these aspects the relations between 22 On irpos WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. men are disturbed by discord and disagreements, and these again give opportunity for reconciliations and removal of grievances. From both points of view, therefore, expres- sions of variance and of the composition of difficulties be- tween individuals fall naturally into the employment of this construction. Variance : Lys. 32. i : Mcr^xcarov elvai ■jrpb'i roi)'; ot'/ceiou? Si.a(f>e'pecr0ai, Isai. 5- i : Sia^epeaOai, Dem. 27. I : (Scrre /xr]Befiiav rjiuv elvai 7r/30? rovrov Sia(J3opdv, Andok. 2. 140 : SLa(f>opd, Dem. 48. 7 : Si,acj)epeL\o- viKia, Isokr. 4. 166 : tt/so? ^/.la? avrovi trepl Tri<; rj'yep-ovla^, afii.a^riTetv {cf. Lykourg. 108), Isai. 7. 2 and 21 : a/xc^t- (r^r]Te2v, Lys. I7- 5 • aiJ,(j)L(T^j]T7jaiv TroLeiaOai, Andok. 2. 26 : o TrpoTrainro^ aTaandaa'i 7r/309 rov<; Tvpavvov; virep tov B}]/d,ov, Lys. 26. 22 : a-Tacrid^eiv, Isokr. 4. 79 • orTacreK iroi- elcrOai, Trpbi dW-^Xovi;. In Isokr. 3. 18 : Bia ra? vrpo? adcnv tmv y^pr]/j,dTa>v On Trpos WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 27 ivoieiTo, Dem. 27. 51 : Ke\evovTOovTa<; p,apTvp(a<; ovSev 7r/309 to irpdyfia, Aisch. 3. 203 : ra? ecrofji,eva<; tt/so? ravTa Trpocjidcrei';, Dem. 19. 310: iv6vfiela-6e tt/jo? /juev Ta On wpos WITH THE Accusative. 31 rovTov nraiBia, tt/oo? Se ra avrov tovtov Sdxpva, Dem. 20. 146: Trpo? Ttya? viroKafi^dveiv ('have opinion of), Aisch. 2. 176: fivria-iKaKelv tt/jo? oKXtjX.ov;, Isai. il. 9: antfu^^rjreZv Trpo? Sia6'i^Kadcrea)'; ovSefiw irpb^ ex^pav virap- ■Xpvajft;, Lys. 19. 22: irpoaSilv Trpo'i tov jjiiaQov toI<; TreXra- cTTal^, Isokr. 4. 40: TQ)V Te'xySsv Td<; 7rpb<; rjBovrjV ij,e/ji,7j')^avr]p,e'- vm {cf. the frequent phrases tt/oo? '^Sovtjv \eyei,v, •rrpb'; %a/3tz' Xeyeiv), Isokr. 4. 47 : (f>iXocroLa rj ttjOo? ra? •jrpd^ei6evTa koX Ta TeOevTa TTjoo? Toiii Xoyia/jLovi ('against the audit'). In the sense of occasion we have : Isokr. 15. 175 : tou? p,ev Sia^e^Xrinevov; TTjOo? avTijv (sc. Tr]v (}>LXoao(j)iav), i.e. ' by reason of,' on ac- count of,' Dem. 23. 177: XaySe to y{n](f)i.(T/j,a a vrpof TavO' ujtiet? iy^r)<^ii\oiXoTifioTepa}<;, Lykourg. 4. 8: KaTaBeearepov. exeiv: towards persons: Isai. 7. 8: e^Opw, Isokr. 11. 3: evvoiKoy;, Isokr. 19. 47: kuXw, Dem. 52. 29: ovtw;, Ly- kourg. 15: eio-e/3a)?, oo-wo?, vKevai: towards things: Isokr. 15. 187: waXw?, Isokr. 15. 274: KUKm, Lykourg. 132: fjudXta-Ta, Lys. 19. i : Setvo'?. Some verbs both indicate a disposition and describe it without need of an adverb : (f)iXoTiii€ta-0ai : Lys. 29. 14, Dem. 21. 1,7, Aisch. 2. 106; all of relation towards persons. Isokr. 4. 47 : (j}iKocrovkdKra)v ovtcov o? airavTa ravra T7)V e^iv rij? yjrv'^^rj'; evdpfioarov e')(0VTa'i, Isokr. 4. 150 : o')(Xo<; kivSvvcov aTreipof, ttjoos /juev top iroXe/iov iKXeX.vfievo'i, tt/jo? 8e t^i" SouA.eiaz' dfieivov ire-TraiSevi^evo'i (cf. 4. 106, above), Lykourg. 9. 82 : ayadbvea-TaTO';, Isokr. 15. 131 : a<^u^9, Isokr. 7. 74: evcfiveara- T0<;, Sia^epcov (see below), Isokr. 15. 267 : evp.a0eaTepo<;., Lys. 19. I : Seiv6<;, Isokr. 9. 20 : Seivo'i, Isokr. 3. 56 : Twrrei- v6LXia: Dem. 33. 24, Isokr. 9. 57, Isokr. 14. 33, Isokr. 16. 28, Isokr. 19. 41, Deinarch. i. 19, Lykourg. i. 35 ; evvoia : Lys. 18. 3, Aisch. I. 159, Aisch. 2. 118, Isokr. 3. 61: Tr/o-Tt? : Lys. 12. 67, Aisch. i. 132, Deinarch. 3. 10; airunCa: Aisch. I. 161 ; (^iXoTLfiia : Dem. 19. 173, Aisch. 3. 212, Aisch. 3. 19; %ajOt? : Deinarch. 3. 21. Dem. 54,36: eTot/ttoVij? ocnj Kal o'Ca 7r/)o? to iroulv on ovv iirapxei. II. Of Suitability, Helpfulness, etc. Aisch. I. 41 : eViT^Setoz/ tt/oo? to Trpdjfia, Isokr. I. lO : •^yeiTO elvai ttjoo? eraipiav iroWw KpeiTTw epeiv, frequent in Isokrates, to denote superior capacity for some- thing, or superiority of capacity in a given direction. Isokr. 3. 17 : oaov ai [Movapx^aL irpoi; tJ 0ov\evecr6ai Stad>e- On jrpds WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 37 povaiv, Isokr. 4. 53 ■ otrov Siaepovai al ixei^ov; tq)v av/j^/j^a- Xi'^v TTjOo? TTjv apdve2v eS Sia6'; — elvai S' oii; which expresses most decidedly a feeling towards him and an opinion of him. And the reason why this substitution is impossible is just the presence of (TKoirSiv, which is not merely 'in my investigation,' but a repetition in abbreviated form of the SiaaKOTrSv tovtov that immediately precedes, so that, though we may say in notes 'construe 7rpbv iXo(70(f>ovvTa, irXriyMV jjlol Boicel tJBt] BeiaOai ovtoi 6 avrjp. Here again Tracrj^a) ttjoo? nva appears with similar explanatory phrases, expressing the speaker's opinion of or feeling towards the ^iXoa-o^ovvTeiXoao(f>ovvTav amounted to no more than this, the extended explanation that follows might have dispensed with its orav iBai, orav ciKovam, irapa veqi — opSiv (j)iXoa-0(j)iav, etc. Why not simply say : ' the lisping child is a pleasure to me,' ' the man who lisps ought, in my opinion, to get a thrashing ' ? If this seem like hair-splitting, and the free- dom of choice an author is supposed to have in his mode of expression be brought forward to account for the intro- duction of these words, I might say that in Greek writing which appealed so much more to the ear and less to the eye than does our literary tongue (cf. the passage from Iso- krates now under discussion), a form of expression once entered upon was very likely to be kept up and the develop- ment of an idea already succinctly expressed was very likely to be made through the development on a larger scale of the form of expression first chosen. But, apart from any such general consideration, it is remarkable that in all these examples we have, closely connected with the 40 On Trpo's WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. construction under discussion, such words as uKovoveriv (Isokr.), uKoveiv (Aisch.), aKOTrS)v, SiacrKOTTMP, StaXeyofievov (ApoL), t'Sa), aKova-o}, opwv (Gorg.) : now, all this points in one direction and indicates one general force of tt/jo'?, which, however, takes color in each case from the particu- lar circumstances of that case. In Isokrates the sense is 'when we hear them;' in Aischines, 'when they hear Demosthenes' (or 'his crimes,' for which the name is only a short cut) 'mentioned;' in the Apology, 'when I exam- ined him and conversed with him ; ' in the Gorgias, ' when I saw, 'etc. : the general sense being ' when they are brought before us' in the material world or, it may be, in the world of thought ; and it is this vague relation indicated by tt/so's (the context giving it particularization) that gives rise to the 'feelings' in us rather than the persons themselves. In all questions of business or personal dealings and relations, of attitude of persons towards others or even towards things, of dispositions, and especially of feelings towards persons, the idea of reciprocity is ever at hand to suggest itself. If A deals with B, B necessarily is not only dealt with by A, but deals with A ; if A is at war with B, so is B with A; more, if A is friendly to B, we are quite ready to presume that B is friendly to A. It is a proverb with us that 'children love those that. love them.' It is not surprising, therefore, that in expressions denoting such relations Tr/ao? with the accusative should distinctly imply a reverse relation of precisely the same sort. What we are not so readily prepared to expect is that, passing through this phase of mutuality of relation, it should ever come to express principally, if not solely, the reverse or re- actionary side of the relation : yet such is the case. I shall first give some examples to show that the sense of reciprocity of action or relation was to the feeling of the Greeks sufficiently near the surface to be distinctly felt, and then other examples, in which the return action or answering attitude is so far emphasized as at least to be On irpos WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 4 1 the most prominent idea expressed by the construction. I do this the more readily because I have never seen it distinctly stated, though I have long observed the use,, and lately in various editions of the classics have seen it, as I think, misunderstood. I wish first of all to insist upon it, that what I am touching upon is reciprocal or responsive action precisely similar in kind to that which calls it forth, and not attitude based upon expectation of, and likely to result in, return of a different kind. In such cases the construction does not at all differ from those already con- sidered, the implication being given, not by the ttjoo'?, but by the other word. Such expressions as ^iKoriixeiaBai irpo'i nva, (fnXoTi/jiia irpo'} nya do not belong here, for, although we do read in Dem. 20. 82 : rr)v irph ifim i\o- nfiiav Tov -iraTpoi, and, a little further on, ical /moXKov etXe- To firj ^Tjv rj Karaia')(vvai Tcm trap vp,S)v xnrap')(ov(Ta<; avr^ TLjjLw; ; what the people render is not (^iXort/iia, but TiiJ,ai, and the suggestion of this return is rather in the ^ikon- p.ia than in the irpo^. This construction of (jtiXoTi/Meia-dai and (fjiXorifiia is so comm9nly cited as an illustration of cases which come properly under the present category and are of quite different import, therefore, as to show that this application of Tr/ao? has been little understood. Try to say (f>ikoTifiia tt/jo? aWijA.ou?, and see what a difference comes necessarily over the sense of the noun (cf. Isokr. 3. 18: Ta? TTjOo? a-(j)av ■rrpo'; avrow ijKXrjfidToov /j,i- aovac, ^e^aiav eiKot ttjv e')(j9pav ainoiK vfiep dSv ^o^ovprat Kal ireirovOaa-iv ej(eiv; o0ovvTai and more particularly ireTrdvOaaiv make it impossible to regard avTov<; as denoting any persons but those who make the complaint by reason of the treatment they have received. Isokr. 8. 38 : irorepa 'X^pija'cojJ^ai rail aXrjOeiaii rj KaTaa'io)Trrj(7(o, Beicra<; rrjv irpo'i On wpo's WITH THE Accusative. 45 v/ia? airixOeLav; 'your hostility to me' is the notion that worries the orator's mind. In every way similar to this is Dem. 6. 3 : ^/iet? oi ■jrapiovre'i rf]V Trpbi vfiaf aire-xdeiav oKvovvTS'i. Very cleat is Dem. 14. 37 : •^av^^iav jxev yap e')(pVTa)v v/jL&v iittottto? av eir] toiovto tl irpdrrcov, iroXefiov Se iroirja-a/xevcov irporepaiv et/coTW? av SoKoir/ Sia ttjv w/jo? vfid<; e'x^Opav T019 aWot? 0i\o9 elvai ^ovXeaOai : the en- mity unmistakably arises from the side of the Athenians. Dem. 19. 85 : vfilv fiev rrjv e'xOpav ttjv irpb'i ©Tj/Saiow /j,ei^o), ^iXiTTTTO) Se rrjv x'^P''^ Tre-rroirjKev : Aischines' action in the matter of the peace, on his return from the second embassy, it is charged, was the cause of the increased enmity not of the Athenians towards Thebes, but of the Thebans towards Athens, as well as for the increased gratitude of the The- bans to Philip. Dem. 18. 262 : f)v.ydp av veprepcov. ' KP. TavTr]v -TTOT oiiK ea6' m en ^Sia-av ya/ael';. 75O. AI. rjS' ovv Bavelrai Kal davova oXel rivd. KP. ^ KairaireiKSiv wh' iire^ep'x^ei Qpaa-v^ ; AL Tt'? 6' ^iTT aireiKr) 7rpb<; iceva'; yvSfia<; X^yeiv. KP. KXaicov ^pevaxreK, cov TiXXe fie. AL ^ovXei Xeyeiv ri Kal Xeytov firjBev KXveiv. KP. aXrjQe'i; aXX' ov, rovS' "OXv/jlttov, tcrO' on, j(aipa>v iirl yfroyoicri hevvdaei'i ijJLe. Objection has been made to this arrangement, by reason of the outburst of Kreon, dXri6e<;; k.t.X., which, it is claimed, is hardly justified by the words of Haimon ivc]- mediately preceding, arid again that /jbrj K(onXXe fie ('seek not to wheedle me ') is too weak to follow the strong, bold words el fir] Trarrjp ^' Vol.1. Poetic and Verse Criticism of the Reign ol Elizabeth. By- Felix E. SciiELLiNG, A.M., Assistant Profcs.<;or of English Literature jSi.oo A Fragment of the Babylonian " Dibbarra " Epic. By Morris Ja.strow, Jr., Ph.D., Professor of Arabic '• • ■^° a. //^„;^ with the Accusative. ,^. Note on a Passage in the Antigone. By William A. Laiuierton, A.M., Professor of the Greek Language and Literature 5° The Gambling Games of the Chinese in America. Fdn tan and Pak l<6p piu. By Stewart Culin, Secretary of the Museum of Archy:.ology and Paheontology , ^° [In preparatiun.] ^ The Ten-ace at PersepoHs. By Morton W. Kastox, Ph.D., Profes.sor of Comparative Philology. An Aztec Manuscript. By DaxieL, G. Brinton, M.D,, Professor ot American Archaeology and Linguistics. A Monograph on the Tempest. By Horace PIoward Furne.ss, Ph.D., LL.D. Recent Archceological E.xplorations in New Jersey. By Charles C. Ab- bott, M.D., Curator of the American Collections. Archaeological Notes in Northern Morocco. ByTALColT Williams, A.M., Secretary of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities. a. On the Aristotelian Dative. /'. On a Passage in Aristotle'. Rhetoric. By William A. Lamberto.x, A.M., Professor of the Greek Language and Literature. A Hebrew Bowl Inscription. By Mokris Ja.strow, Jr., Ph.D., Professor of Arabic. The Life and Writings of George Gascoigne. By Felix E. .Sciiei.lino, A.M., Assistant Professor of English Literature.