COMMUNITY SURVEY in relation to r CHURCH EFFICIENCY CHARLES^E^ CARROLL ?tatc ((allege nf Agrtculture At (J^acnell MninerattH Dtltaca. S?. $. ffiibrarg . ._ Cornell University Library HT 467.C2 The community survey in relation to cliur 3 1924 013 887 835 The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013887835 ! "* «" « B^ -3£ -^^ T.JAMES A Chromatic PrN-Mxp of Two Mipsion Territories THE COMMUNITY SURVEY IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY A GUIDE FOR WORKERS IN THE CITY, TOWN, AND COUNTRY CHURCH BY CHARLES E. CARROLL WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY BISHOP FRANCIS J. McCONNELL THE ABINGDON PRESS NEW YORK CINCINNATI Copyright, 1915, by CHARLES E. CARROLL (1^ if b2. TO ALL THOSE HAVING SOCIAL VISION WHO ARE INVESTING THEIR TALENTS IN CHRISTIAN SERVICE WHO ARE UP-BUILDING A MORE EFFICIENT CHURCH THIS BOOK IS FRATERNALLY DEDICATED CONTENTS PAGE Foreword ix Preface xi Introdtjction xiii PART I The Christian Church and Social Service CHAPTER I. Social Sbrvicb and Conceptions op the Church 3 1. The Scriptural Conception 3 2. The Modern Conception 5 3. The Modern Church in Social Action 7 II. The Social Task and Responsibility of the Church 8 Some Community Questions 8 1. About the Workingman 8 2. About the Family 9 3. About the Delinquent and Dependent 10 4. About the Young People ' 11 5. About the Country and the Country Church 12 III. Community Surveying and Efficiency of the Church 14 1. The Efficient Church: Its Elements 14 2. The Community Survey 15 a. What is a Community Survey? 15 b. The Need of a Community Survey 16 c. The Value of Community Surveys 18 IV. The Community Survey and Demonstrations of Efficiency 21 1. Particular Examples of Church Efficiency 22 2. Special Ways of UtiHzing Survey Results 26 PART II The Making of a Community Survey I. Organization fob a Community Survey 33 1. The Organization Tree 33 2. The Auspices 33 3. The Division of Labor 35 II. The Plan of Investigation in a Community Survey 37 1. The Viewpoints 37 2. The Scope 37 a. The Local Church Survey 37 b. The City and Rural Community Survey 44 c. Schedules for Community Survey 44 3. The Sources 52 4. The Methods 53 a. The Four General Methods 53 V vi CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE b. Method of a Local Community Survey 54 c. Method of a City Social Survey 59 d. Method of a General Rural Survey 60 e. Method of a Denominational Survey 61 f . Method of a General Field Survey 63 III. Survey Statistics 64 1. Classification of Material 64 2. Tabulation of Material 67 3. Demonstration and Interpretation 71 a. Graphs and Diagrams 75 b. Suggested City Charts 76 c. Suggestions for Rural Charts 77 d. Some Practical Suggestions for City and Rural Charts 78 IV. Conservation of Survey Results: Follow-Up Plans 93 1. For Recruiting Church Membership 93 2. For Local Community Service 96 3. For City-Wide Social Service 96 V. Recommendations for a Community Service Program 97 1. A Local -Program 97 2. A Rural Program 97 3. A Minimum Community Program 99 4. A City's Comprehensive Program 99 Appendices Appendix A. An Analytical Outhne of a Comprehensive Survey Report 103 Appendix B. A City Religious and Sociological Schedule 106 Appendix C. A Rural Religious and Sociological Schedule 110 Bibliography 117 Index 123 ILLUSTRATIONS CHART NO. PAGE A Chromatic Pin-Map of Two Mission Territories Frontispiece I. Chart Showing Organization Tree of a City Community Survey 34 II. Percentage Frequency Graph Showing the Comparative Weekly Wages in Three Mission Territories, Denver 69 III. Chart Showing Comparative Absolute Trend of Church Membership and Sunday School Enrollment: Grace and Saint James Churches 72 IV. Chart Showing Relative Trend of Church Membership and Sunday School Enrollment: Saint James Chilrch. . 73 V. Chart Showing Relative Five- Years' "Smoothed" Aver- ages: Saint James Church Membership 74 VI. Chart Showing the Percentages of Indebtedness and of Paid Investments, Separately and Jointly, of Simp- son and Hess M. E. Churches Since 1909 (Simpson, New Property; Hess, S5,500 Improvements) 80 VII. Chart Showing the Extent of Duphcated Territory in the Simpson-Hess Field and the Number of AfEhated Homes Each Church Has Located East and West from the North and South Streets Respectively 81 VIII. Chart Showing the Proximity of Neighborhood Churches: Saint James Territory 82 IX. Chart Showing to What Extent Expansion of the Down- town Business District is a Serious Problem 83 X. Chart Showing by Districts from Simpson Church the Extent of New Residence Buildings Which Have Been Erected Within the Territory Since the New Simpson Church Was Built (August, 1911) 84 XI. Chart Showing the Old and the Proposed New Locations and Proposed New Buildings Within Simpson-Hess Residential Territory by Neighborhood Churches 84 XII. Chart Showing the Comparison Between the Number of Churches and the Number of Saloons: Saint James- People's Territory 85 XIII. Chart Showing What Furnishes the Amusements in Saint James Territory 85 XIV. Chart Showing the Comparison Between the Number of Native Bom and Number of Foreign Born in People's Territory 86 XV. Chart Showing the Relative Causes of PubUc Charity Cases : Epworth Territory 86 XVI. Chart Showing the Percentage of Professional Men, Business Men, Mechanics, and Laborers Residing in the Simpson-Hess Territory 87 vii Vlll ILLUSTRATIONS CHART NO. PAGE XVII. Chart Showing the Comparison Between the Percentages of Owners and Renters in Three of the Mission Terri- tories 87 XVIII. Chart Showing the Sanitary Conditions in Three of the Mission Territories 88 XIX. Chart Showing the Percentage of Homes Represented Within, and the Percentage of Homes Represented Without, the Respective Mission Territories 88 XX. Chart Showing the Comparative Denominational Strength According to Homes in Two Mission Territories 89 XXI. Chart Showing the Strength of NationaUties According to Homes in Saint James's Territory 89 XXII. Chart Showing the Percentage of Homes Which Are CathoUc, Colored, Jewish, Other (Non-Protestant) Affihated Protestant and Nominally Protestant in the Epworth Territory 90 XXIII. Chart Showing the Extent of Sunday Work Among the Wage Earners in Epworth Mission Territory 90 XXIV. Chart Showing the Sacrifice Made in the Disposal of the Old Simpson Methodist Property in 1909 91 XXV. Chart Showing the Percentage of Simpson and Hess Methodist Homes to the Total Number of Homes, Within and Without the Territory, Located in Denver . . 91 XXVI. Chart Showing the Comparison Between Sunday School Enrollment and Sunday School Attendance: Epworth Mission 91 XXVII. Suggestive Map of a Rural Community Survey 92 XXVIII. Chart Showing a Color Signal Index System for Schedules. 94 FOREWORD The following letter from Dr. Ward Piatt, one of the cor- responding secretaries of the Board of Home Missions and Church Extension, is here printed by permission as setting forth the plan and purpose of the book : Philadelphia, Pa., October 29, 1914. Rev. Charles E. Carroll, 1830 East 33d Ave., Denver, Colo. My dear Brother Carroll: I have examined with very great Interest your manuscript — The Community Survey in Relation to Church Efficiency. It is cer- tainly a very admirable piece of work, and also important. You certainly have done monumental work, not only in com- piling the information but in arranging working plans in such a way as to be available for a variety of fields. The best part of it Is that it is not mere theory, but you have successfully worked out the city plans with such results as to vindicate your program of survey as presented. I am more than impressed with the permanent value of the same in the form of a publication. Wishing you the greatest success in your valuable work, I am Sincerely yours, (Signed) Ward Platt. PREFACE The author has received many suggestions that such a book as this should be written. The field for such a work, as far as he has been able to discover, seems to be entirely open. This fact has made the task of writing the book an inviting one. The work has largely grown out of personal experiences in country, town, and city pastorates. The primary pur- pose is to bring to the awakened church practical guidance in meeting its great social and religious tasks of community service. While the book is particularly adapted to the needs of the Christian pastor, it is of obvious value to the progressive Christian layman and social worker. The writer has participated in various city surveys of a general character. He has also personally conducted or acted as director for several religious, social, and indus- trial surveys in Nebraska, Colorado, and Utah, each one of which has served practical ends. The author wishes to express his indebtedness to his present friend and former instructor — whose eminent schol- arship and loftiness of social vision first stimulated him to lay the foundations for this work — Head Professor George Elliott Howard, Ph.D., University of Nebraska; to Chan- cellor Henry A. Buchtel, LL.D., University of Denver, for his special interest in the practical matter contained in the work, for suggesting its title, and for his genial encour- agement which led to its preparation; to President Harris Franklin Rail, D.D., Ph.D., Iliflf School of Theology, for his kind suggestions and valuable criticisms of the manu- script; to Bishop Francis J. McConnell, D.D., LL.D., and to District Superintendent David D. Forsyth, D.D., of Den- ver, for their generous appreciation of the practical relation- xii PREFACE ship existing between the surveying of a community and the efficiency of the church — ^without whose cordial in- terest and kind counsels, the preparation of this volume would not have been begun. C. E. C Denver, Colorado, March, 1915. INTRODUCTION The use of scientific methods in church surveys is simply an application of the principles of common sense in system- atic fashion. Every wise pastor makes some sort of an attempt to learn all that it is possible to find out about his church field. But even the wisest pastor is at times uncer- tain as to just what to look for, and those who know what to look for do not always know how to look. The methods of statistical and other forms of investigation have now been far enough developed by social workers to be of great value to the pastor. Where in other days the pastor had a limited set of facts from which to draw his conclusions he can now find very extensive groups of facts which bear directly on his work. Of course the facts have been there all the time, but it is only recently that the technique has been developed which enables the church worker to get quickly at the real truth of a church situation. Some lines of inves- tigation have been proved to be of little value and others have been found prolific of weighty results. It is astonishing to note how few churches in Methodism are attempting to dealing specifically with a distinctive problem. We are all aware that the one Gospel is for all men, but the applications of the Gospel are many and vari- ous. And the problems of churches are likewise many and various. The method which will succeed in one church will not succeed in another. Before a method is tried the dis- tinctive problem which the church presents should be mas- tered. No mere rule-of -thumb in "sizing up" a church field will do. When the United States Government first began to make weather reports it was thwarted because the ob- servers in various parts of the country would send in reports made by "just going out doors and looking around" rather than by carefully reading the scientific instruments. Just xiv INTRODUCTION looking around is not likely to prove much more successful in church communities, especially in cities where the con- gregation is in constant change. The aim of the conscien- tious minister is to get at the facts at all costs. Such books as this of Dr. Carroll enable us to get at facts in church fields very simply and quickly. Dr. Carroll has had thorough college and university training in the study of social problems. He is a master of really scientific method. Some of his surveys made in the city of Denver have been of the greatest service in dealing with the problem of the relocation of churches and of better cultivation of church fields. A few months ago the writer sent Dr. Carroll to Utah to study conditions in a typical Mormon town. Six weeks of scientific investigation yielded astonishingly illumi- nating results. I trust that this book may have not merely a wide circu- lation but very careful study. It will point the way toward speedy and sure diagnosis of conditions which profoundly influence religious work in practically all localities. FeANCIS J. McCoNNELL. PAET I THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH AND SOCIAL SERVICE CHAPTER I SOCIAL SERVICE AND CONCEPTIONS OF THE CHURCH 1. The Scriptural Conception Christianity was born with a social vision. The modern interpretation of that vision is social service, which is but the modem name for the scriptural conception of the so- cial aim and end of religion. That social aim is to bring religion from the stars to the streets, to ' interpret it in terms of the work-a-day world. That social end is a regen- erated society, regenerated bodies and regenerated souls: the achievement of the Kingdom of God in this world, and the better preparation for the realization of the Kingdom of Heaven in the next. As the gardener must first clear and break up the soil in which he sows the seed, so the worker for the Kingdom of God must remove the social and economic conditions which are unfavorable for Christian growth. Social service, in the complete program of the Kingdom, is related to other forms of Christian activity as follows: "Evangelism — winning men unto Jesus Christ; missions — making the good news known to the nations; education — training lives for the Kingdom and building them up in Christlikeness; and social service — serving the whole life of man and building a Christian social order.''^ It stands for no class of men but for all classes; not for the poor against the rich, but for the poor and the rich alike. It stands for the establishment and maintenance of proper relationships — physical, economic, social, and spiritual. The inception of social service reaches back to the re- ligion of Israel. There is, in fact, no period when people 1 The Federal Council of the Churches of America, "A Social Service Catechism." (Leaflet,) 4 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY have not tried, almost instinctively, to secure a healthy community life through the regulation of human relation- ships. Moses, the leader, lawgiver, and liberator, heard the divine voice calling him to social service (Exod. 3. 7, 8, 10). The teachings of Mount Sinai (Exod. 20) concern not only religious obligations but fundamental social relations. The Hebrew law controlled both conduct and economic rela- tions. Slavery was allowed, but slaves had rights (Deut. 15. 7-14) ; the poor were looked after (Lev. 19. 9, 10) ; charity was urged, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" (Lev. 19. 18) ; justice was required (Lev. 19. 36) ; widows and the fatherless were cared for (Deut. 10. 18) ; the land was held for use, and allotted to families according to size ; God was the owner (Lev. 25. 23), etc. Later, the prophets in turn pleaded the cause of the widow, the care of the fatherless, and the relief of the needy and the oppressed. Social service finds its direct inspiration, however, from Him who, going about doing good, said : "The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, Because he anointed me to preach good tidings to the poor: He hath sent me to proclaim release to the captives. And recovering of sight to the blind, To set at liberty them that are bruised, To proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord ;"2 from Him who described the inheritance of that Kingdom which had been prepared from the foundations of the world as depending much upon whether or not the hungry had been given meat, the thirsty had been given drink, the stranger had been taken in, the naked had been clothed, those sick and in prison had been visited. ^A great part of His ministry was spent in caring for the physical as well as for the spiritual needs of mankind. He gave the blind sight, the deaf hearing, and the dumb speech. He restored the cripple and the palsied. He fed the multitude who were 2 Luke 4. 18, 19 (A. R. V.). a Matt. 15. 31-46. IN RELATION TO CHUECH EFFICIENCY 5 hungry and fainting. His program includes a social ideal: "Whosoever will be great among you, let him be your min- ister. . . . Even as the Son of man came not to be minis- tered unto, but to minister" (Matt. 20. 26-28). The primary mission of the early church was the perpet- uation of the life and teachings of Jesus. The many things that he taught about social questions vitally concern us of the present social order: the Kingdom of God, the family, marriage and divorce, the state, the criminal, the rich, and the poor. Paul often gives exhortation not only to pray and preach but also to remember that the duty of Christians is to labor and support the weak, and to impart freely to others. 2. The Modern Conception To "save" the individual has rightly been and rightfully continues to be the chief function of the church, but not the only function. For, strictly speaking, there is no such thing as an individual at all. What seems to be an isolated personal entity, embodying its own individual attributes and presenting its own individual problems, is in reality a social creature, embodying social attributes and presenting social problems.* The church must recognize that social conditions affect the spiritual side of life, and that spiritual conditions affect the social side of life. It must be awakened to the essential wrong involved in a social condition which dooms the mil- lions to hopeless poverty, wretchedness and sin, and to its weakness and sinful neglect in remaining at ease so long as that social condition endures. It must recognize, too, that poverty of mind, body, and spirit is not entirely due to lack of character, but is increasingly chargeable to social conditions over which individuals, however strong, exercise little control. Its business is to convict men of sin — but sin, not merely in the individual lives of men but in their asso- ciated life as well. The church must look back of every in- * Holmes, The Revolutionary Function of the Modern Church, p. 38. 6 THE COMMUNITY SUEVEY dividual for the physical, political, industrial, economic, and social conditions which have very largely made him what he is. The theory of social conditions has received its most au- thoritative expression in Dr. Edward P. Devine's remark- able book, Misery and Its Causes. He says : In contrast with the idea that misery is moral ... I wish to present the idea that it is economic, the result of maladjustment; that defective personality is only a halfway explanation, which itself results directly from conditions which society may largely control." If this be so, how difficult it should be for the church men to pray Sunday after Sunday that body and soul may be presented "as a living sacrifice," and at the same time to acquiesce in conditions which tend to degrade both. "If the churches will assume their full responsibility," as John M. Glenn, Director of the Russell Sage Foundation, says, "and stand out boldly as champions of social right- eousness, they will gain many more souls than they will lose members — they will increase their support, they will attract the strongest and most vigorous of our young peo- ple; and they will immensely increase the spiritual power of their communities . . . Indifference and inactivity con- cerning such things seem frightfully unrighteous and un- godly."^ "When a minister preaches about the .social life of the Israelites, the Hittites and Hivites," says the Eev. Charles Stelzle, "his congregation listens to him with great interest ; but when he studies the life of the Chicagoites or the Pittsburgites, and preaches about it precisely the same way he would preach about the Araalekites, for instance, some good brother will remind him that he had better preach the plain gospel."'^ Dr. Worth M. Tippy likewise says: 6 Idem, p. 11. B Glenn, "The Chnrcii and Social Work," Conference of Charities and Corrections, Re- port 1913, p. 144. 7 Stelzle, "Preparation of Ministers for Social Work," ibid., Report 1911, p. 234. m RELATION TO CHUECH EFFICIENCY 7 Let any man be thrust into the teeming center of one of our American communities and the cry for help reaching him from every side will force him to translate his systematic theology into terms of human service and to levels of the common need. He will be warned, however, in threadbare phrase that he must he a "soul-saver."* 3. The Modern Church in Social Action The modern conception of the church has found active ex- pression in various social service organizations. Each one of these organizations has already accomplished good work. Principal among these are The Home Missions Council, a federation of the general home mission boards, the church building, and the Sunday school and the publication so- cieties of the Protestant churches of the United States ; the Council of Women for Home Missions, a similar organiza- tion for the women's home mission societies; the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, including thirty-two evangelical denominations and communions and operating in the interest of Social Service through "The Commission on the Church and Social Service"^; Church Social Service organizations aflfiliated with the Federal Council, principal among which are The Presbyterian Bu- reau of Social Service, The Methodist Federation for Social Service, The Baptist Department of Social Service and Brotherhood, The Congregational Social Service Commis- sion, The Protestant Episcopal Joint Commission of Social Service. Similar organizations, not connected with the Federal Council, and yet very active, are : The Central Con- ference of American Eabbis (Jewish) ; the Social Service Commission of American Federation of Catholic Societies; the Department of Social Service and Public Service, of the American Unitarian Association; and The Social Service Committee of the Universalist Church. * Tippy, The Socialized Church, p. 260. ^ See, for a comprehensive exposition of the principles of the Federal Council, Ward, The Social Creed of the Churches, revised, 1914; also, for a Complete Directory of Church Social Service Organizations, V/ard, A Year Book of the Church and Social Ser- vice, pp. 9-12. CHAPTER II THE SOCIAL TASK A^'D EESPOXSIBILITY OF THE CHUECH It is absolutely essential to have in mind the pur-pose for which we wish to use facts in order to deal intelligently with them after they hare been gathered. The sociological aim in gathering any group of statistics should be to gain information for the purpose of guiding social action — ^what is known as practical sociology. The field of survey should be made as comprehensive as possible because of the inter-relationship of religious, so- cial, and economic problems. Xo group of community facts can be torn out of their setting and studied apart from other community facts with which they are undoubtedly inter- twined. Some facts may be considered by themselves, of course, but other facts quite likely should be known accu- rately as well — else false conclusions may be drawn. Often we are quite blind to the '"heathen"' at our doors, while we marvel at the conditions that prevail in the foreign fields. SOME COMMUXITY QUESTIOXS WTiat are some of the social and economic problems which go to make up the social task in your commimity? TMiat forces are restraining the religious life of men, women, and children and thus challenging your church to action? 1. About the Woekixgmax The greatest challenge to your church from the com- munity, perhaps, is that of its workingmen. Why do they not come to the church services? Is life so severe that many have little time for occupying themselves with any thought other than how to keep body and soul together? Do the 8 IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 9 appeals of religion addressed to them fall on deaf ears? Are they hostile, or are they too tired to care? Do their strug- gles here exclude all thoughts of the hereafter — the needs of the body being so clamorous that they cannot attend to the demands of the soul? Your church must understand the economic life of the people of its community in order to reach them. The economic problems of your community should become your religious problem — for in this world a reasonable amount of the world's good things is necessary to spiritual growth. Your church must not only ask ques- tions about the workingman of your community, but know what are the answers to them. 2. About the Family Improper physical environment makes both the religious and the home life practically impossible. The moral re- sponsibility of the landlord is a new thought on the part of society. We are beginning to understand that what Jacob Riis once said is true: "A man has just as much right to kill another man in the street with an ax as he has to kill him with a house." Is it any business of your church, let us ask, if there is in the city or community a housing con- dition that tends to impair the physical and moral life of the tenant; a housing condition which is unsafe or unsan- itary, or in any way unfit for living or homemaking ; a hous- ing condition which is as damaging to its immediate com- munity as a pest house; a housing condition where tuber- culosis is fearfully prevalent, only because of a lack of pure air and God's sunlight, for lack of pure water and proper drainage ; a housing condition where young men and women and children are herded together in a single room and lose their sense of decency and purity — where if they do not actually become immoral, they tend to become nonmoral? If the church preaches the necessity of purity, it should do all in its power to abolish conditions which make purity al- most impossible. Therefore, to know whether bad housing 10 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY conditions exist and how to keep them from developing should be recognized as a part of the responsibility- of your church. 3. About the Delinquent and Dependent None of the many problems with Avhich your church must be concerned is independent and unrelated. Even crime has relationship with poverty, housing and working conditions, recreational facilities and social environment. The social teachings of Jesus included those "in prison." No church, therefore, that pretends to follow his teachings can escape responsibility for considering the plight of the prisoner and the criminal. To see that chaplains are supplied for them is about the extent of the interest of the church in these un- fortunates. It is not enough for the church to save the single drunkard vrhile it lets the saloon go on making hundreds of more drunkards. But, in saying that the "saloon must go," the church should provide some means of satisfaction for those social instincts which express themselves in the saloon. No church in any city can justly claim that it has no responsi- bility for the existence of both saloons and brothels which boldly oifer every inducement to the stranger within a stone's throw. The church must accept the doctrine that "poverty is due, not to individual depravity or inefficiency, but to social mal- adjustment, and upon the basis of this doctrine it must so readjust social conditions that poverty will be as impossible as wealth."! The church has always been ready to help the sick man. Does it not follow that it should also be ready to exert itself for preventing disease and all other preventable things that drive men and women into hospitals, almshouses, and grave- yards? If your church is to be efficient in its task of seeking and 1 Holmes, The Revolutionary Function of the Modern Church, p. 179. IN RELATION TO CHUECH EFFICIENCY 11 saving the lost it must not only know accurately the causes of delinquency and dependency in its community, but work unceasingly for their removal. 4. About the Young People The young people are the margin with which the church has to do — the church of to-morrow. The church, therefore, can test its efficiency largely by measuring its influence upon the young people of the community. We have learned now that in both city and country looseness of morals and a lack of the right kind of recreation go together ; and that, on the other hand, where there are plenty of wholesome amuse- ments, moral standards are higher and are less likely to be broken down.^ Many young women might be asked, for instance, the fol- lowing: Is the dance hall the only recreation that you can afford? What is it that makes the dance hall attractive to you? Do you go to the dance simply because of the desire for a change from a dreary home life, shop, store, office, or fac- tory experience? Is it the only place where you can meet your young men friends? Where do the young men them- selves spend their evenings? The young people of the com- munity must have recreation, and it is a responsibility of your church to help guide them in it. The economic side, equally with the social side, of young life throws a social responsibility upon the church. There- fore, it is the responsibility of the church not only to ask but to help answer questions like the following: What are the conditions of toil, especially for young women, in your com- munity? What are their opportunities for enjoyment, as well as for employment? Is there a condition of labor that reaches, detrimentally, the child life of the community? What ought to be provided for by the church and what im- provement ought to be demanded by the church group along the line of child welfare? 2 Forbes, The Church at Work, Unitarian Bulletin, No. 22, p. 8. 12 THE COMMUJSJITY SURVEY 5. About the Country and the Country Church An exodus is on from the country to the town. What is being done, and what is being neglected in your community toward making the country a good place to live in, so that the people will be unwilling to give up their homes and move to town? A community-serving church, on the one hand, is the most essential institution in country life. On the other hand, the community church has become decadent where it has ceased to serve the community. Country churches have long been conducted on the principle that "human nature is the same everywhere," and "one country village is like any other." But we are coming to recognize that there should be a scientific approach to our church problem as well as to our soil problem. Country communities are not all alike — far from it. Social, economic, moral, educational, political, personal conditions vary greatly in different localities. Churches miss their aim unless they study minutely these conditions.* By way of diagnosis the following brief suggestions are offered to account in part for the serious difficulty in the present situation of the country church:* 1. A depleted constituency. 2. Economic weakness. 3. Lack of social cooperation. 4. Wasteful competition. 5. Poor business management. 6. Moral ineffectiveness. 7. Narrow vision of service. 8. Inadequate leadership. The country church, on the other hand, is efficient in proportion as it has developed the following elements of strength -.^ 1. A worthy constituency. 2. Local prosperity and progressive farming. ' Fiske, The Challenge of the Country, p. 202, i Ibid., pp. 174-178. » Ibid., pp. 174-178. IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 13 3. Community socialization. 4. A community-serving spirit. 5. A broad vision of service and program of usefulness. 6. United Christian forces in the community. 7. The new Christian statesmanship. 8. A broad Christian gospel, in place of sectarian preaching. 9. A loyal country ministry, adequately trained and supported. 10. A liberal financial policy. 11. Adequate equipment. 12. A masculine lay leadership developed and trained. 13. A community survey to discover resources and community needs. Is your church, on the whole, losing ground because of its lack of adaptation in methods and character of service ade- quate to meet the needs of the community? Is the country life of your community made so attractive and so worth while that it is to the advantage of its finest young people to invest their lives there? Is your church doing all it can to break up the monotony of laboring from before sunrise to long after sunset? What is your church doing toward saving the young people, and their homes, in large numbers for the country church and for the country community ? CHAPTER III COMMUNITY SURVEYING AND EFFICIENCY OF THE CHURCH 1. The Efficient Church : Its Elements Practical tests are being applied to-day to every phase of human activity. The church, with all the rest of life, must accept its share of this practical testing. A church deficit, for instance, is supposed to mean the difference between the receipts and expenditures of the organization; whereas the true deficit is the difference between the moral, social, and religious influence the church might exert in its neighbor- hood, and the influence it actually does exert. If this be so, the new efficiency tests, demanded by the maintaining public, might be stated interrogatorily thus : 1. What definite and specific things can be pointed to that this church is accomplishing for this neighborhood? 2. To what extent has this church, as an organization, cooperated with other social or philanthropic agencies work- ing in this city or neighborhood? 3. Into how many homes, rich and poor, is a train of Christian influences being directed through the work of this church ? 4. How many persons in this neighborhood are being definitely influenced for Jesus Christ and his Kingdom? 5. What share does this church take in the promotion of the wider interests of the Kingdom outside this neigh- borhood ? Efliciency always means "the securing of the maximum of utility at the minimum of cost" — whether in the field of eco- nomics or in the field of social and religious life. Industrial efficiency has revolutionized the movements of men and women so that lost motion has been practically eliminated 14 IN EELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 15 in many industries, while the output has been increased forty, eighty, two hundred, and four hundred per cent. Something corresponding to this must be in the efficiency program of the church. Charles Stelzle has well pointed out the fact that when a railroad company decides to open up a new territory, it does not depend merely upon inspira- tion and enthusiasm — it sends out a corps of engineers to study soils and levels, a master workman maps the entire job, and in his mind's eye he sees it complete before the first tie is laid or the first spike driven.^ Something correspond- ing to this must be in the efficiency program of the church. Frederick W. Taylor, who is the leader in the movement for scientific management, claims comparatively little in his efficiency methods as absolutely new. His scientific principles might be summarized as follows i^ 1. A planning department where the work is laid out. 2. A scientific investigation of each piece of work and the determination of the best method and the shortest time in which the work can be done. 3. Keeping of exact records of all work done. 4. The specialization of each industry — the selection of particular workers for particular tasks. 5. A system of scientific training for the workers under expert teachers. 6. A reward for both teacher and pupil when the latter is successful. These are broad, scientific principles which are as ap- plicable to religious as to economic efficiency. 2. The Community Suevbt a. what is a community survey? No one will dispute that in adopting a program regarding any situation, knowledge is the first essential. This knowl- edge is not opinion nor guesswork, not hearsay nor second- ' Stelzle, American Social and Religious Conditions, p. 202. 2 See Frederick W. Taylor, "Scientific Management," series of articles beginning in March, 1911, American Magazine. 16 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY hand information; but knowledge which, being based upon scientific investigation, can lead one to some accurate and practical conclusion. The social forces are more than skin-deep, and are not to be determined upon by snap judgment. They must be studied to be known. Since each field is a peculiar field, the problems to be studied and solved are always peculiar. Not only do facts need to be discovered, but they must be cor- rectly interpreted and their meaning to the church and com- munity must be clearly set forth. The principle underlying the community survey is two- fold: (1) that the life of the community is one — religious, moral, social, recreational, physical, and economic; (2) that a knowledge of this life conditions the best service to the community. The community survey is the one means of knowing a community — giving the church a vision of its task and helping the church in doing it. The analysis of a field, therefore, is the initial step in every true church elHciency program. If bad social or eco- nomic conditions are to be prevented or cured, for instance, information about these conditions is prerequisite. This in- formation must be had before action can be determined upon, either positively or negatively, and before sufficient community interest and pride can be aroused to stand back of a concerted effort toward social or industrial betterment. B. THE NEED OP A COMMUNITY SURVEY The following paragraphs express in a very concise way the need of community surveys. Professor Edwin L. Earp, of Drew Theological Seminary : We must get the facts before the people in an intelligent way. . . . We must insist upon intelligent social diagnosis before applying our social remedies." The Rev. Charles Stelzle, former superintendent of The Bureau of Social Service of the Presbyterian Church : 3 Earp, The Social Engineer, p. 294. IN EELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 17 A comprehensive survey should be made by each local church of Its own community, the study to he engaged in by the men in each church.* Hon. Grifford Pinchot, Former Chief of the Bureau of Forestry : Knowledge of the facts must precede knowledge of the best way to meet them. No Investigation of the facts of rural life could be complete without a knowledge of the country church." Dr. Frank M. North, chairman of the Committee on Church and Social Service, The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America: We recommend that Church Federations make immediate surveys of their communities and adopt the plans of this Commission and the constituent bodies for a Social Evangelism." The Kev. George F. Wells, director of the rural section of the Methodist Federation for Social Service : It is needless to say that it is an absolute impossibility for a country pastor or a country church to do efiicient work without accurate, and we may say, sociologically valid information con- ccerning the field of service.' Paul W. Kellogg, of the Kussell Sage Foundation : The more immediate aspect of the movement presents itself in the fact that in nearly every city in which the Men and Religion Forward Movement teams have set forth a social program, one of the planks in that program has been to recommend a social survey." Henry Israel, of the International Y. M. C. A. : A survey of a parish should be undertaken by every candidate for the ministry before he is turned loose to practice upon a parish. . . . The making of a survey would not be so very unlike, in educational principle, to the dissecting of a cadaver in a medical school." 4 Stelzle, American Social and Religious Conditions, p. 205. 5 C. C. Gill and Gifford Pinchot, The Country Church, p. 5. " Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America. (Program and Reports, 1912, p. 24 i). 7 Wells, A Social Survey for Rural Communities, p. 5. 8 Kellogg, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, vol. ii, 4 (July, 1912), p. 1. 9 Israel, Country Church and Country Cooperation, p. 113. IS THE COMMUNITY SURVEY Prof. L. H. Bailey of Cornell University : The scientific method must prevail. . . . We must finally found all our progress in rural life on a close study of the facts and the real elements in the situation, in order that we may know exactly what we are talking about.'" C. THE VALUE OF COMMU.XITT SURVEYS Accurate religious knowledge about the community is the first essential in a church efficiency program, because the primary function of the church is spiritual. A community survey assists the church in carrying out this function, by removing the first difficulty with which every experienced pastor is almost sure to meet when he undertakes to direct his church in any aggressive service, social or evangelistic. That difficulty is the determination of his constituency. A community survey meets this by giving the pastor an accu- rate record of those to whom his church has a right and an opportunity to minister. When the survey is scientifically correct and is followed up by systematic and continuous effort, it ^ill be of permanent value. Cases of real need, both temporal and spiritual, are brought to light; undeposited certificates of church membership will be found and many new church and Sunday school homes will be established. The value of community surveys is further evidenced by the services they may render in the following particulars : 1. They will reveal, in an old field, whether or not the field is a losing or paying proposition from the standpoint of the Kingdom, by showing the numerical trend of the church work, especially as to church membership and Sun- day school enrollment, and its financial trend, especially as to pastoral support, net property valuation, benevolent of- ferings, and missionary assistance, if any. 2. They will point out, on the one hand, the lines along which a field, if a losing field, might be redeemed ; and on the other, if a winning field, they will point out the lines along which run its greatest possibilities. In each case, they serve >o Bailey, Survey Idea in Country Life Work, Training Conference for Rural Leaders' Address, p. 1. IN EELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 19 as an incentive to financial supporters, especially in mission- ary territory. 3. They will assist in determining to what extent a mis- sionary field is worthy of missionary support. 4. They will reveal the logical location for new church buildings ; and whether or not a new church building project should be undertaken at all in a particular community. 5. They will show whether a consolidation of church fields would be wise and feasible or a division of the field would be practicable and profitable. 6. They will discover whether or not there is an over- zealousness between Protestant denominations in emphasiz- ing denominational lines, as is sometimes expressed in the multiplicity of church building — whether or not there has been the absence of foresight or vision of the trend of church opportunity, and the consequent misplacement of effort for the larger results in the work of the Kingdom. A striking example of an overemphasis of denominational lines, one out of many which could be cited, is that taken from a report of Dr. A. H. Collins, of the Des Moines Annual Conference, in his studies in the rural community of the Creston District, embracing a territory of 3,000 square miles and 100,000 population. In this territory th,ere are at pres- ent 279 churches of the Protestant denominations, one for every 360 people. Sixty-two of these have discontinued, in recent years, either through the lack of the support of a minister or by voluntary union with other churches. Eighty- seven of the remaining 217 are Methodist. This advantage of Methodism in holding the field has been attributed to the usefulness of the local preachers.^^ Accurate knowledge of social and economic community conditions is also necessary for eflScient church work. A community survey will reveal the social needs of the neigh- borhood and will point out those which might be met, directly and indirectly, through church channels. A survey will "See "A Valuable Study in Rural Religion," Central Christian Advocate, November 24, 1909, p. 6. 20 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY also show whether or not the social needs of a community are met, and how they are met — whether by public, quasi public, or commercialized agencies. It will discover the so- cial forces which tend to build up, and those that tend to break down, the community life. It will also show whether or not the economic life of the community is a barrier to the religious life. It will do much to awaken and inform the consciences of those who should be concerned over local con- ditions. Incidentally, a community survey is valuable in giving training and imparting social vision to those who participate in it, and also in tending to utilize the dreams of better things by showing a definite program to well-wishers of every community. CHAPTER IV THE COMMUNITY SURVEY AND DEMONSTRATIONS OF EFFICIENCY Most active among the various church social service or- ganizations affiliated with The Federal Council of Churches is The Bureau of Social Service of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. The function of this bureau is "to study so- cial conditions as they are related to the progress of the Kingdom of God, and to suggest to the Church practical ways of realizing the social ideals of the Gospel."^ One of the strongest features of the work of this Bureau is its survey department, which not only investigates condi- tions, but makes specific recommendations with regard to methods needed to meet these conditions. In studying methods of church efficiency it has carried on investigations in nearly one hundred cities and in thousands of churches. It has made surveys of some of the largest cities of the coun- try and of entire States. Another Social Service Agency by the same denomination is that of the Department of Church and Country Life, which limits its field to communities of less than 2,500 pop- ulation. The Department is engaged especially in behalf of the country church. The initial work is investigation. This is done under methods proposed by the universities, partic- ularly Columbia and Chicago Universities. The field work- ers are college and generally seminary graduates, selected for their preparation in the social sciences and their willing- ness to work under precise supervision in a regular scientific plan. The workers investigate country neighborhoods and record the social forces, institutions, tendencies, classes, in- comes, and, so far as possible, the possibilities and progress. ' Home Missions Council, A Record of Development and Progress, p. 6£E. 21 22 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY 1. Pauticular Examples of Church Efficiency fourth presbyterian church of chicago There was a practical demonstration of the work of the Presbyterian Bureau of Social Service in 1912, when it sur- veyed the neighborhood of the Fourth Presbyterian Church of Chicago. The Bureau submitted a comprehensive report containing the important facts and statistics with reference to the conditions in its field. ^ This church is located in the midst of one of the most perplexing city fields in the United States, where ninety saloons are battling against five churches, and the saloons are among the most demoralizing in Chicago. There has been recently erected a magnificent plant, which cost nearly |700,000. When the present pastor, the Rev. John Timothy Stone, was called from Baltimore to become the pastor of this church, he was frankly told by his friends that he could not build up a religious enterprise in this district. He has amply demonstrated the fallacy of this prediction. Fourth Church is crowded at every preach- ing service, and the unusual thing about it is that there are hundreds of people upon a "waiting list" who are eager to become members of the church. The secret is that the field has been surveyed, its needs presented, and loyally met — while the "folks" have been located and touched with a social gospel. The Rev. Mr. Stone reports as follows concerning the results of this survey in his church neighborhood : Many of the conditions which we supposed we understood thor- oughly, the survey has proven false, whereas many more we esti- mated to be correct have been verified. The survey has opened the way for an immense amount of additional activity among our church members and organized forces. Thousands of names of those who are partially interested have been given to us, and can be visited. Hundreds of names have come to us of those who have expressed a preference for our denomination, a large share of whom we did not know. The value of such a survey is not only in the gathering of these facts, and in the enlightenment which results, -hut in the "follow-up" work.^ 2 St. John, G. B. A Modern Church to Meet a Modern Situation, p. Iff. (Pamphlet.) 8 stone, "Value of Church Community Survey," Survey, XXIX, 879 (Mar. 22, '13), IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 23 OHIO COUNTRY AND VILLAGE CHURCHES A practical demonstration of the work of the Presbyterian Department of Church and Country Life was made during the summer of 1912. Nineteen counties of Ohio were sur- veyed and a study was made of 1,515 country and village churches.* Of these churches, slightly less than one third were found to be growing, while the rest were either stand- ing still or losing ground. There was an average of ten abandoned churches to each county, making something like 800 in the entire State. There are causes of this decline outside of the church. But one of the inside reasons for the decline of the country church, as the surveys revealed, was the lack of ministers who serve only one church each. As a result of the findings of these Ohio Rural Life Surveys, an effort is being made in a district of a certain denomination to raise the salaries of all country ministers to a minimum of |1,000. Every member of the church in that district has been asked to con- tribute the proceeds of one day's work toward this raise. WOOLLBT MEMORIAL METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, CHICAGO Another typical example where the great value of a com- munity survey has been demonstrated is that of the WooUey Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church, of Chicago. "The proof was witnessed yesterday," recently reported a Chicago paper, "when 140 new members were received into the Wool- ley Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church at Fifty-sixth Street and Indiana Avenue, as the result of a month's cam- paign conducted by the pastor, the Rev. Charles A. Kelley, assisted by a campaign committee." Dr. Kelley, the pastor, and his assistants used a series of five cards, named repectively the "worker's" card, the "pros- pect's" card, the "nonchurch member" card, the "member of some other church" card, and the "Sunday school informa- tion" card. ■• Fulton, "The Survey for Evangelism," The Church and Country Life. (Presbyterian Magazine, Special Number.) 24 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY Sixty signed tlae "worker's cards." Every forenoon was spent by the pastor and his personal workers in the clerical work of indexing the cards and in writing letters to "pros- pects," and the afternoons were sj^eut in making personal calls. The pastor, besides doing personal work, conducted a religious service every evening at the church. THE FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, LA JUNTA, COLORADO The Eev. Howard Goldie, pastor of the Methodist Episco- pal Church in La Junta, Colorado, reports prospective results of a recent community religious census in that field as follows : This charge now has the names of 1,200 men, women, and chil- dren with street address and occupation, church, Sunday school. Ladies' Aid, Brotherhood, Epworth League, Missionary Society, re- lationship or lack of relationship, together with the age and grade in school of all children, to aid in placing them in proper grade in Sunday school. . . . We discovered 112 new names for current expenses and the new church project. ... I am now working on a list of 95 names of folks who are among us and hold church letters elsewhere, the information of which came to me through the census. A working committee of the Ladies' Aid Society, already having 175 members, came in and after careful compilation went away with 185 new names to call on and solicit for membership. They are already looking for a total membership of 250 and will reach- it in a few weeks. . . . The Brotherhood committee found 175 names of men not associated, and with their cards filled out are out in the field calling on the last man for whom the church is responsible. . . . The Epworth League and Sunday school cam- paigns are moving on the same definite and positive lines of action with as definite results coming. The aggregate will be the most intense and parish-wide activity the church has felt.'^ THE EMMANUEL METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, LINCOLN, NEBRASKA During the summer of 1911, the writer made a study of the Emmanuel Methodist Episcopal Church neighborhood, Lincoln, Nebraska. The findings were mapped, charted, and published. 'Goldie, Howard. "Efficiency by Practice," Central Christian Advocate, April 22, 1914. IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 25 Through the interest of the Resident Bishop John L. Nuelsen, who visited the field and studied the findings, the needs and opportunities of the charge were responded to generously by the Board of Home Missions and Church Ex- tension. The exhibits were also presented before the Lincoln City Evangelization Union and an additional liberal re- sponse was made. This organization had repeatedly refused any assistance to this church for such an enterprise. In explanation of this final action, one of the Union offlcers said, "Of course we'll get under -a proposition that looks like that." Now a beautiful semi-library styled edifice, with a seating capacity for 500 and valued between |16,000 and |20,000, has replaced an old frame tabernacle building. A new and better location was determined upon by the findings of the survey. New members were attracted into the membership and the pastor more materially and comfortably provided for. The author's personal experience iu Denver along mem- bership lines alone for the past several months has been to receive upward of 150 new members, nearly all of whom were first located through the community survey and then fol- lowed up with a personal touch by pastor and church vis- itors. The Sundays when no one is received into the mem- bership will hardly average one a month during a Confer- ence year. Careful survey work was proved invaluable in connection with the recent "Billy Sunday Campaign" in Denver. Dur- ing the meetings, on account of the homes of the community being known, many were brought into personal touch with the meetings who otherwise, it is very likely, would not have been. After the meetings, instead of depending on "cards" received for follow-up work, several times the amount of information was already at hand and was utilized with corresponding larger results. The best part of it is 26 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY that still there is information to be utilized for further re- sults. 2. Special Ways of Utilizing Survey Results The utilization of the results of a community survey are much larger, however, than the mere recruiting of member- ship. The following other definite results have been obtained from surveys which the author has personally directed. First. A survey was conducted for the purpose of deter- mining which denomination of several was logically enti- tled to enter, and where it should enter, a growing com- munity so as to avoid overcrowding. This the survey suc- cessfully accomplished. The results of the survey were also followed up by plans for the consolidation of two Methodist churches ; and, at the same time, revealed the fact of serious blunders having been made on the part of each church in not having seen the approaching need of such consolidation several years before. Second. Another survey was made in a downtown mis- sion field for the purpose of determining the logical solu- tions of several complex problems. The survey showed facts which revealed, on the whole, a sad waste of material outlay and needless duplication of religious effort. It was shown that (1) both the church membership and the Sunday school enrollment had gradually declined" during the past decade; and, that the church membership was only 15% of the membership ten years before. (2) That the self-support was only 35% of what it was ten years previously while the net property valuation had declined to 35% and the mis- sionary assistance commencing five years before at f 50 had increased 700% ; (3) The actual mission territory was being contracted by business expansion into the territory, a slow Jewish influx and an apparent Catholic colonization. (4) The church was located at the door of a public park and playground where might be enjoyed the privilege of a well- equipped gymnasium, bath, swimming pool, sewing classes, and branch public library, and that two Catholic churches IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 27 in the community had various institutional features to their work — facts which made some institutional proposals in connection with this church look futile. (5) That there was apparently little hope of uniting this church to an adjoining mission — which had also been proposed — because of at least six definite social reasons, which were set in direct con- trast, one to the other. (6) That this church was one of fifteen Protestant churches within a radius of one mile and one of ten Protestant within one half mile radius, all of which held English services — at least, a portion of the time — and a majority of which were receiving missionary sup- port; (7) That the Catholics of the community desired to purchase this church property for a parochial school. Third. A study to determine whether or not a certain Mission Church should be reopened or abandoned resulted in a "For Sale" sign being posted on the building. The survey showed (1) That the field was being amply provided for by three sister denominations already established and actively engaged in the mission territory. (2) That the change of the work of one neighborhood church from Ger- man to English services during the previous year had, in effect, been equivalent to the entering into the territory of a new English denomination. (3) That $1,425 annually was being expended by home mission boards in the territory claimed by each denomination on the field — three denomina- tions in addition to this one. (4) That this mission, ap- parently, had always served as an unnecessary factor in the religious life of that community. (5) That this mission property was still under several hundred dollars of indebt- edness, while the outlook for the work did not seem to war- rant putting more money into it. Fourth. Another survey was made in the territory of a church which was forced to relocate. This was for the pur- pose of determining upon a new location and for discovering whatever opportunities the field afforded for institutional service. One of the most valuable results of this survey was the assurance brought to those interested in the work of the 28 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY splendid opportunities of the field, together with the encour- agement lent financial supporters toward offering liberally of their material assistance. There will be found in Appendix B a city religious and sociological schedule. It is too comprehensive in its social scope for the local church community survey. The schedule, however, is very suggesti\'e, and can be abbreviated so as to meet the needs of any community, wherever more than a house-to-house canvass is contemplated. Sections of the schedule should be assigned to different persons, or groups, and each made responsible for a satisfactory report upon the respective parts. The following is a convenient list of Social Service sources for current information upon subjects of general community interest : Sources: Cubeent Infokmation American Association of Societies for Organizing Charity. Gen- eral Secretary, Francis H. McLean, 105 E. 22d St., New York City. (To promote the extension and development of Organized Charity and of Community cooperation in Social Programs in the United States. ) American Institute of Social Service. Studies in Social Chris- tianity. President, Dr. Josiah Strong, 82 Bible House, New York City. Publishes monthly for classes and individuals. The Gospel of the Kingdom. Baptist Department of Social Service and Brotherhood of the Northern Baptist Convention. Secretary, Rev. Samuel Z. Batten, 1701-1703 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. (Free Literature; Study Courses; Various Publications.) Congregational Social Service Commission. Secretary, Rev. Henry A. Atkinson, 14 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. (Literature Free; Corre- spondence Course; Various Publications.) Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. Commis- sion on Church and Social Service. Secretary, Rev. Charles S. Macfarland, 105 E. 22d St., New York City. (Gives full informa- tion regarding social movements in all the Churches; Various Publi- cations.) Methodist Federation for Social Service. Secretary, Rev. Harry F. Ward, 2512 Park Place, Evanston, IlL (Literature, Bureau of Information, Speakers Bureau, Reading and Study Course.) IN RELATION TO CHUECH EFFICIENCY 29 Presbyterian Board of Home Missions. Bureau of Social Service. Secretary, J. B. McAfee, 156 Fifth Ave., New York City. (Litera- ture Free; Correspondence Course; Various Publications.) Department of Church, and Country Life. Superintendent, Rev. Warren H. Wilson. (General Rural Surveys in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Minne- sota, besides Various Special Ohio Rural Life Surveys.) Protestant Episcopal Joint Commission on Social Service. Field Secretary, Rev. F. M. Crouch, Church Mission House, 281 Fourth Ave., New York City. (Various Publications.) Russell Sage Foundation (Numerous Departments), Charity Or- ganization Department. Director, Mary E. Richmond, 128 E. 22d St., New York City. (To study, teach, and publish in the Charity Organization Field, Pamphlets on Family Treatment, Community Study, Relief, Transformation, etc., sent free. Publishes Monthly, Charity Organization Bulletin.) Department of Child Helping. (Correspondence, Printed Matter for Children, Child Playing, Infant Mortality, Care of Crippled Children, Juvenile Courts, etc.) Department of Survey and Exhibits. (A national Clearing House for Advice and Information on Social Surveys and Ex- hibits and Field Assistance in organizing Surveys and Exhibits. ) Unitarian Department of Social and Public Service. The Ameri- can Unitarian Association. Secretary, Elmer S. Forbes, 25 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. (Reports and Bulletins free.) PART II THE MAKING OF A COMMUNITY SURVEY CHAPTER I , ORGANIZATION FOR A COMMUNITY SURVEY A COMMUNITY survey, whether simple or comprehensive, should be conducted by scientific methods. The following is the natural order of procedure : 1. Systematic organization. 2. Scientific investigation and gathering of information. 3. Accurate classification and tabulation of the material gathered. 4. Graphic demonstration and interpretation of the prin- cipal facts revealed. 5. Conservation of the results of the survey. 6. Recommendations as to the most logical solution to the church and community problems as presented by the survey. 1. Organization Tree of a City Community Survey The following "organization tree" shows in a graphic way the plan of organization of a comprehensive city community survey. Simpler organizations are represented by branch and by branches of this tree. It is constructed practically upon a political campaign basis, or on the same general plan as is used in the endowment campaigns for educational institutions. 2. The Auspices of a Community Survey The different auspices under which a community survey may be taken, as shown by the accompanying chart, are as follows : 1. By the pastor of the church as the only canvasser — who does the field work alone (plan represented by i on the chart). 33 CHAR*"^ " Organization Tree of a City Community Survey CHURCH SOLICITORS (? CHURCt 1 ch(;rch CANYASSEh 5 :HAiRmN SPECIM wMmms ©J ^ J 1 fe =; 1^ ^t= CHAIRMAN ADVISORY ^1 g^ il £i COMMITTEE Q £ oo yj ^ iijS o ) SPECIAL ©_JI erf 5 S £ cn t EXECUTIVE 1 s 2 — u. COMMITTEE ADVISORY S 5 i- Sh r= COMMITTEE: O ^ E g |2 ii A MEMBER FROM Ul ■^ ^z c Q 6 . o EACH DENOMINATION s ^ § ^ 5 1 5 e iS u ■" ?^ o o J u GENERAL 1" SUPERINTENDENT Q l (^ /^^ GENERAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (O w CIVK - WELR if?E DENVER MIN/STERML ALLWNCE ORG/i N/Z/1 t;onS — ' 1 Denve r City Yt<-s H a 5^ 03 £. ^t CO j: ^ 's " s <1 Pi O .s gl O .a ij " K ° 2i o S OtS w 1 5" 09 p O o HI Pi 3 a i3 o ^ 1 J i. ■ . o trt lO O •S 9f^ 1 ■ «* kV +^ o ^ ^ ■' rM a M ^ CQ "&a 3 g s JQ V g § 3 a a o S g a "^ ^ 1 03 "B S Pt 0. m 5 ^ ^ ? iciia tb a ■3 a turn • r* O 3 & ^ (Q B U (U "S (A Fh > CO TJ HI __, ri (N <. mm c s oj •o T) a d Hi ^ 11 II .a o So S (B 3 "^ ,aO o &w si ST 2 bo.o CO C3 'ffi ,S'-J3.S !^ e 9 Sim S- a O OQ 47 (4) RITRAL PARISH SXJRVEY Family Name P. Phime. NatitmalUy Farm (Map) No. .. Clamficatim: Protestant Other Contributor. . . A: minima State in Lifel Meubeb£ 3 Prefebence 3 Name (Given) C!hurch S.S. Chureh S. S. Remarks (Husband) 1 1 (Wife) Children Age AND Grade Birthday 3 1 ! 1 ' I ■ B: Family Standing {Observations and Summary of C. D. & E.) 4 PROPERTT Housing H£Ai/m Financial Social Moral Educational 1 M [Married]. W [Widow or Widower]. G [Grandparent]. 2 or S [Singlel. 3 [Name Church and S. S]. 4 H [High]. F [F^]. L [Low]. Standing for this coimnunity. Visitors No. . C. SOCIAL Recreation: Local — Church Sodals, School Fmictionfl, the Dance. In Town — ^Theatre, Picture Show. Affilutions: Societies and Lodges — Father Mother Children Sunday Observance: Work, Church, Reading, Games, ^^ting. Driving. D. CXILTCRAL Education: Names having an eighth grade education Hi gh School education Attended an Agricultural School or Collie Attended other Listitution of Higher Learning Literature: Agricultural Bulletins (Government, State), Newspapers (Dailies, Weeklies), Farm or Vocational Journals, Magazines, Religious. Librart: Number of Boolis Would you patronize a Public or Circulating Library? School: Would you favor a Coisolidated School District with High School and transportation? K not, why? Musical Provisions Aesthetic: Indoors Outdoors E. ECONOMIC Occupation Auto Occupant: Owner — how long Renter — how long Farm: Acr^ Term of Ijcase Resident Landlord Location: Miles from market R. R Church Help: Female Male Months Working day: Summer Winter Special Equipment N,B.' Underscore wherner sufficiently indicative, 48 IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 49 In Appendix B will be found valuable suggestive sched- ules of "What Every Church Should Know About Its Com- munity." They were prepared for the National Commission on the Church and Social Service of the Federal Council of Churches, by Secretaries Henry A. Atkinson, Congregational Department of Social Service ; Samuel Zane Batten, Baptist Department of Social Service and Brotherhood; Frank M. Crouch, Episcopal Joint Commission on Social Service; William B. Patterson, Philadelphia Commission on Social Service (interdenominational) ; and Ha^rry F. Ward, Meth- odist Federation for Social Service. It should be remembered at the outset of the survey that "Citizenship in the Kingdom of God is only realized as the civic life of the community is organized according to the will of God."* In order to effectively direct its activity in relation to civic life the church must know the facts of the local government, know to what extent the present city ordinances are being enforced, and whether or not, espe- cially at points where the city's tasks and those of the social worker intersect, the money raised by taxation is adequate for carrying out a needed social program. "When we finally understand our problems," says Prof. L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University, "we shall make our best surveys in consecutive order. We may classify all phases of survey work freely under three groups — physical, economic, social — and the order of the surveys should preferably follow this sequence. We should first know what the region is — geography, physiography, climate, resources, soils; then what it does — the farming, the industries, the markets, the business, the proflts-and-loss ; then how it lives — its people, its homes, its health, its institutions, its modes of expression, its outlook."^ The survey will include every school, from the consolidated township high school down to the little red schoolhouse on the hill, every church and Sunday school and every society which holds its meetings in the church, such * Federal Council of Cllxirches, Wliat Every Church Should Know About Its Com- munity, p. 15. 6 Bailey, Survey Idea in Country Life Work, p. 15. 50 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY as brotherhoods, young people's societies, ladies' aid so- cieties, mission clubs, etc. It will include every fraternal order, every lodge, club, or organization whatsoever, such as a band, singing school, baseball club. No group will be omitted that has a name and holds regular meetings.^ It will not be necessary, of course, to make equally extensive studies in all communities. The specific points upon which information was gathered in various rural surveys conducted under the direction of the Hon. Gifford Pinchot and C. O. Gill, were as follows :'' 1. The changes in church attendance and membership in twenty years. 2. The change in contributions, measured both in dollars and purchasing power, in twenty years. 3. The change in minister's salaries, measured both in dollars and purchasing power, in twenty years. 4. The equipment of ministers for their work. 5. The effect of too many churches upon the general activities and prosperity of the country church. 6. A comparison of the churches in the smaller communities with the churches in the larger towns and villages, and of churches in regions of good soil with churches in regions of poor soil. 7. A special inquiry into the methods of work of the more suc- cessful churches. 8. Changes in population (including Protestants and non- Protestants) and in the agricultural and industrial conditions of two counties, in twenty years. The Social Service Commission of the North-East Ohio Conference has urged a social survey of each country church community along lines indicated in the following ques- tionnaire : Social Survey of a Country Community 1. Name of community surveyed 2. Size of community in square miles 3. Total number of people in the community. In 1900 In 1910 " Jenkins, "How to Make a Social Survey," Independent, LXXIV, p. 1336. (June 12, 1913.) ' C. O. Gill and Gifford Pinchot, The Country Church, p. 10. IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 51 4. Name the nationalities in the community, and give number of each 5. What kind of roads has the community? 6. Do country people excuse themselves from church attendance on account of bad roads? 7. Name the factories and mills in the community, and the num- ber of men, women, and children, employed in each 8. What are the hours of labor, rest day privileges, and average daily wage of farm hands and workers in each industry in your community? 9. How many families pay rent upon the farms they use? Is it cash or crop rent? 10. What is the proportion of renters to property owners in the community?. 11. How many families of dependent poor? 12. What clubs, lodges, and fraterna-l orders are found? Give number of members of each 13. Is there a library, lecture course, or civic improvement society in your community? , , 14. What are the most popular games for boys and girls? 15. What is the leadership of the recreation of the community? 16. Does the church provide or support amusement or recrea- tion? 17. What are the regular gatherings for social and educational purposes by the church? 18. To what extent is each church equipped with kitchen, dining room, library, parlor, gymnasium, boys' club room, social assembly room, or parish house for institutional work? 19. Are there -any abandoned churches in the community? 20. How many churches in your community? 21. Is there any systematic cooperation between the churches, and between churches, schools, and fraternal orders in common efforts for community welfare, such as recreation, town improve- ment, lectures, institutes, etc.? In Appendix C will be found a very suggestive schedule for rural country surveys, prepared for the Upper Iowa An- nual Conference, by the Rev. W. H. Slingerland, member of the Conference, and also on the stafif of the Russell Sage Foundation. For excellent examples in making rural surveys one should secure the various reports of surveys made under the direc- 52 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY tion of Warren H. Wilson, superintendent of the Presby- terian Department of Church and Country Life. Various rural surveys have been made in the States of Maryland, Tennessee, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, and Minnesota, be- sides numerous Ohio rural life surveys. 3. The Sources of Investigation The following are some suggestive sources of investigation : a. Examination of local church records and Annual Con- ference statistical reports, for a period of years, to discover the chronological, numerical, and financial trend of the work of the charge. b. Inquiry into the relationship of neighborhood churches to one another and to their respective constituencies. c. Investigation of public and quasi-public records re- lating to the social life of the community. (1) The population facts can be secured from the census reports, both federal and local — provided more than a house- to-house community census is undertaken. (2) Educational facts from school directors, school boards, and annual school reports. (3) Morbidity and mortality facts from public health offlcers, and department of health records, and hospital rec- ords; housing facts from city sanitary inspectors, and ex- amination of city ordinances. (4) Public charity facts from the private and public relief agencies, including the associated charities organiza- tion. (5) Criminal facts from the police and juvenile court records. d. Observation of the role of social and quasi-social agencies of the community — forces which work to uplift, and forces which tend to destroy the community life. e. Study of the economic life through the industrial and social establishments. Chamber of Commerce, employment agencies, labor organizations, State factory inspector, and deputy commissioner of labor. IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 53 f. Study of the home life by a house-to-house visitation throughout the community. g. Miscellaneous information gathered from personal interviews. The sources of information employed by the investigators of the Rural Life Surveys for the Presbyterian Department of Church and Country Life, in general, were: 1. The reports of the township assessor. 2. The reports of teachers and of the superintendent of education. 3. The United States Government reports, including the census tabulation, the soil surveys and the organizations. 4. The records of fraternal organizations. 5. The annual reports of church boards and committees and local records of each church in the community, including the membership roll. 6. The annual reports of Sunday school officers, local, county, and State, and the reports of conventions. The chief source of information, however, the workers may find outside of these reports in close personal study of each community by itself, observing its activities and talking with township officers, school boards, prominent laymen in the church, ministers, Sunday school workers, and "unchurched" business men. 4. The Methods op Community Survey a. the four general methods There are four general primary methods of investigation in the various kinds of field surveying— personal investiga- tion, estimates from correspondents, schedules to be filled by informants, and schedules in charge of canvassers. The proper method is, of course, determined by the nature of the survey, the accuracy of results desired, and the financial re- sources available. The personal investigation method is especially adapted to the intensive study of the community and is the most sat- 54 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY isfactory. It is the method used in gathering of many social statistics. Estimates from correspondents may be used when it is desired to obtain only an approximate result. Be- cause of its easiness and inexpensiveness, it is often used for such purpose as the gathering of information in a general missionary field survey, like that being undertaken in fifteen of the Western States by the Home Missionary Council. The filling of schedules by informants is another extensively used method and differs from the preceding only in that the ques- tions asked are those concerning which the informant is pre- sumed to have definite, accurate knowledge. By this method, a large territory may be covered with only a small fraction of the expense necessary to pay for sending out enumerators ■ — as in gathering the information for Annual Conference or State rural surveys. B. JIETHOD OF A LOCAL COMMUNITY SURVEY The filling of schedules in charge of canvassers is the plan followed in the ordinary city or rural community surveys. The following are the steps leading up to the taking of a Local Community Survey: 1. Start it, after realizing the need of the survey, by get- ting others interested. 2. Decide upon the auspices under which the survey shall be taken (See "The Auspices of the Community Survey," above. ) 3. Decide who shall act as director of the survey — usually a pastor. 4. Afrer determining the territory to be surveyed, di- vide it into districts ; as, N. E., S. E., N. W., S. W., districts from the church, if a geographical center, with a captain over each. .5. Decide upon the scope of the survey, whether it shall be limited or not to the gathering of religious facts by a house-to-house canvass; whether or not the social study shall be that of a particular problem or a general study of various problems of the community life. IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 55 6. Decide upon a suitable form of schedule. (See "Ex- ample of Schedules," above; and "Appendix B" and "Ap- pendix C") 7. Select the necessary number of canvassers and assign each to his respective section — making a simple map of the same. 8. Appoint a time for the simultaneous taking of the survey. 9. Hold a meeting of canvassers for instruction. The following are the principal suggestions offered for the direction of house-to-house studies.® (a) Instbuction to District Chairman You, as chairman of the district, are to have complete charge of the direction of the census in your district. You should designate a place as headquarters for your district from which you will direct the work and to which you will request all to deliver their record cards at the completion of their canvass. Let the hours of work be different according to the convenience of the various canvassers, namely, afternoon hours for lady workers, after school hours for students, after business hours for those en- gaged during the day. Select both men and women canvassers, but rarely any under sixteen years of age. In making assignments be careful that the social grade of the canvasser shall fit the social conditions of the people to be visited — sending the more experiencd Christian workers into any "cautious" territory. Divide your district into sections according to density of popula- tion or to the number of available canvassers. Diagram the sections on section envelopes for each canvasser — one canvasser for each of the sections into which you divide your district. See that each canvasser clearly understands the instructions and has a supply of announcements, schedules, section envelopes and an instruction card. Return the schedules in their respective section envelopes securely inclosed in the printed district wrapper at once to the headquarters of the general superintendent and director of the census. 8 Cf. Cork, "Purpose, Organization, and Methods of Visitation Day." (International Sunday School Association, Leaflet.) 56 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY Before any canvassing is to be done, a canvassers' meeting is very essential. There might be several such meetings held at the same time under the instruction of the respective church captains. (b) IM-STRUCTIONS TO CANVASSERS Study carefully your territory before starting out. Unless other- wise instructed, take inside only of boundary streets. State under whose auspices the census is being taken and that each home in the community is being visited. Pave the way for the next call by finding out the family name be- forehand — as a good book agent does. Also save time by inquiring for homes concerning which no detailed information may be wanted; as, homes classified other than Protestant. Extend to such as are not attending any Sunday school or church a cordial invitation to attend the church of their choice. In filling out the schedules remember to write plainly, using ink or indelible pencil. Study the schedule carefully, and be sure that you understand every question to be asked; and also, know the directions printed on each side of the schedule card. Do thorough work — make as complete records as possible, for every question is important — remembering that the salvation of souls may rest on your effort. Do not miss a single house. If the people are absent call again. If you do not call again, turn in the card so designating. If information is refused, try to get It at the next door. In seek- ing information on any point, be tactful and diplomatic, patient and kind. Give a separate card for each family, and a separate card for others not members of the family residing at the same place. Finish your visitations on your section at once, if possible, and return your record cards to the chairman. Remember to sign each card with your visitor's number, so that you may be conferred with regarding any incompleteness or error appearing upon any of the schedules. After the above suggestions are offered, each canvasser is given a schedule and requested to fill it out according to an imaginary family of six members, where no two of which give the same' information — so that every question of the schedule can be used as far as possible. These schedules IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 57 are handed over unsigned, and shuffled so that no one can take as personal whatever criticism may be offered about the errors that are made. In this way, each canvasser re- ceives the benefit of the criticism of all the canvassers. A very commendable thing to do is to have each canvasser distribute invitation cards, appropriate to the auspices of the census, as he leaves the Protestant homes. The follow- ing is a sample of an individual church card used in one of the Denver church community surveys: WASHINGTON PARK METHODIST CHURCH SOUTH HIGH AND TENNESSEE " THE COMMUNITY CHURCH " WE ENDEAVOR.: To Serve this Neighborhood Spiritually, Socially WE OFFER YOU : A Church Home— Many Opportunities to Serve Christian Fellowship — A Hearty Welcome EVERY FAMI LY NEEDS A GOOD HOME A GOOD SCHOOL A GOOD CHURCH WE ^ lEED YOU The following is a sample of the invitation card left at each home in religious censuses taken under the auspices of the International Sunday School Association: AN INVITATION TT^E come today witk a cordial invitation to you from every Cliurcli, Sunday School and Synagogue in this community. If you attend tKe services of your choice regularly, all extend greetings ; if you do not, all join in a most earn- est request that you do so. We want to assure you a hearty welcome. In Behalf of all Churches, Sunday achooU and Synagogues in this Communit}). 58 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY THE HOUSE-TO-HOUSE CANVASS The house-to-house canvass might well include only those homes without any church affiliation. Such a plan was par- ticipated in by the writer during a recent survey. The pas- tor of each of six cooperating churches furnished the re- quired religious information regarding his respective mem- bership. The intensive study was made on homes not rep- resented in any one of the six memberships. As a result of this division of labor, the cooperating pastors met after the canvass had been made, and each received the schedules which logically belonged to him. Valuable information was thus gathered from a much larger territory than would otherwise have been possible in the same length of time. All that information, too, was of the "white harvest," or per- sonal work type. It might be of interest to know that the cooperating pastors were favored with the church member- ship information of the Catholic, Colored, and Jewish churches. This information was gladly given with the un- derstanding that the affiliated homes belonging to these churches would not be visited during the taking of the survey. In addition to the information that can be secured through a house-to-house canvass, the following facts seem to be a minimum of the religious knowledge of a community that any church should consider it ought to know: 1. Sidelights on the neighborhood churches: Name of church, location of church, the year organized, whether sta- tion or circuit, whether resident pastor or not, value of church and parsonage property, debt, church membership, Sunday school enrollment, and missionary assistance, if any. 2. A Map of the Community, drawn on cardboard and mounted on compo-board, showing the following informa- tion: The locations of the churches of the community; the proportional distance and direction to each neighborhood church by lines drawn from the particular church as a cen- ter ; and, by the use of different sized and color-headed pins, IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 59 the different kinds of churches and the different kinds of homes, etc. (See Frontispiece.) C. THE METHOD OF A CITY SOCIAL SURVEY The following are the steps leading up to the taking of a City Social Survey: 1. Somebody with a social vision sees the need. 2. Some one calls a meeting for the purpose of starting the survey. 3. The purpose of the survey is explained and plans are presented for taking it. 4. A capable chairman for the entire survey is chosen. 5. Strong men for chairmen of the various committees are selected. 6. The method of investigation is decided upon, and an outline of the work for each committee to investigate is of- fered to the respective chairmen of the various committees. There are various approaches to a city social survey. The following methods of investigation are suggested: 1. One method is to take a given neighborhood in the way the Buffalo survey took its Polish district.'-* 2. A modification of this method is to take a belt run- ning through the town, so as to be representative of good and bad conditions alike, the well-to-do, the middle- to-do, and the poor — as in New Haven. k* 3. Another method is to take a block and to study its people intensively in the matter of their social needs and the resources of the city with respect to them — as certain New York city blocks have been studied. 4. In contrast with these methods, which consider fairly small areas in their relation to a wide range of social needs, another partial method is to take some one social problem and study it in its bearings on the entire community — such as the problem of recreation. 5. The method which will suit most cities best, is the 3 Daniels, John, Director Buffalo's Social Survey, "The Social Survey: Its Reasons, Methods, and Results," Con. of Char, and Cor., 1910 Report, p. 236. 1" Kellogg, "The Spread of the Social Survey Idea," Organization for Social Work, p. 7ff, GO THE COMMUNITY SURVEY quick-sizing-up process by a man of all-around experience, to see how the land lies and to plant what the civil engineer calls "bench marks" at points of vantage." This method, however, is to be followed by intensive surveys. The Pitts- burgh Survey, conducted by the Russell Sage Foundation, was started by a quick diagnosis of perhaps twenty phases of life and labor in the steel district, on the basis of standards worked out elsewhere. The methods used thereafter, which as it was felt at the close of the survey made that a dis- tinctive enterprise, are indicated by the following :i2 (1) To bring a group of experts together to cooperate with local leaders in gauging the social needs of one city. (2) To study these needs in relation to each other and to the whole area of the city. (3) To consider at the same time both civic and industrial conditions, and to consider them for the most part in their bearings upon the wage-earning popu- lation. (4) To reduce conditions to terms of household ex- perience and human life. (5) To devise graphic methods for making these findings clear and unmistakable, and challenging to social action. D. METHOD OF A GENERAL RURAL SURVEY The method followed in the field investigations of the Presbyterian Department of Church and Country Life in general has been as follows i^^ 1. The township was made the unit of study, and Avas called a "community." 2. The investigators were carefully selected, being either young men of college training or adults of seasoned judg- ment. 3. Each investigator surveyed in person the conditions in the community under study. Two men sometimes worked together in the same community on different problems, but "Kellogg, "The Spread of the Social Survey Idea," Organization for Social Work, p. 7ff. 12 Kellogg, "The Social Survey," The Proceedings of the Academy of PoUtical Science, p. 3. " Idem. See general Rural Surveys jn iVIaryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Minnesota, and Ohio. IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 61 where certain situations were complicated they worked on the same problem and compared notes. 4. The investigator would spend about a week or so in each township or community, asking specified questions of the leaders of its religious, educational, social, and political institutions, and making house-to-house visits in certain sections. 5. A uniform set of inquiries was used,. 6. A written record of the interviews, including the in- vestigator's personal observations, formed the basis for his report upon the conditions existing in the community. E. METHOD OF A DENOMINATIONAL SURVEY The Methodist men in New England gathered in conven- tion, at Boston, on November last. This convention made itself somewhat unique in that it based its entire program upon the findings of a scientific survey of six Annual Con- ferences. The scope of this survey was as follows -M 1. Growth of Methodism during the past century, espe- cially as to membership, the ministry, property valuation, educational institutions, the Epworth League and the Sun- day school. 2. Relation of Methodism to other denominational forces, including general comparisons as to numerical strength, and work among the various church federations. 3. Ministers' salaries of each Conference. 4. Sunday school efficiency, especially as to graded sys- tem, separate classrooms, and teacher training classes. 5. Status of students in Methodist and non-Methodist in- stitutions. 6. "The Melting Pot" of New England, and the work of the church regarding it. 7. Work in world Christianization — a study in benev- olent offerings and missionary education. 8. The work of community Christianization — a study in w See Dorion (E. C. E.), New England Methodism, pp. 79ff. 1915. 62 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY community service programs of moral reform, philanthropy, education, and recreation. 9. Church efficiency and evangelism — a study in the comparative responsibility of Methodism for the un- churched. The sources of information in the survey were as follows : 1. Questionnaire reports from local pastors. 2. Special questionnaire reports from the district super- intendents. 3. Special questionnaire reports from colleges and uni- versities. 4. Church minutes and year books of various denomina- tions. 5. U. S. Census reports and miscellaneous other reports. 6. Special workers on the field. 7. Information and suggestions from Methodism's leaders. The Eev. W. H. Slingerland, secretary of the Upper Iowa Conference, last summer was engaged in the direction of the field work of a Conference rural survey, he himself being under the direction of the Eussell Sage Foundation. In a personal letter (April 17, 1914) he says: We are just entering upon a special church and community better- ment campaign in the Upper Iowa Conference to last three months. It will begin with four special meetings the last of this month in the principal centers. On May 18, a series of one-day stimulative and practical institutes will be held in the country districts and smaller towns. These will be addressed by college presidents, up- to-date pastors, editors of agricultural papers, professors in our State Agricultural College, and others. Our Foundation has given me a month or two to assist in this campaign, in connection with which I am to direct a survey of the rural churches of the entire Conference, of which I am secretary. The special schedule which was used in gathering the in- formation from the rural communities — country districts and towns of less than 2,500 population — will be found in Appendix C. IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 63 F. METHOD OF A GENERAL FIELD SURVEY The Home Missions Council, embracing the national boards and societies administering the Home Mission work of the various branches of the Protestant Church in the United States, is engaged in an extensive survey of fifteen of the Western States. The design of this survey is to collect only outstanding facts and reveal general conditions. It is ex- pected this extensive survey will be followed in each State, in each county, and in each community by the application of the more intensive methods of scientific survey which have been worked out in the older and more populous States. The school district is chosen as the unit of investigation, and is organized. The returns are secured by correspondence with persons in immediate touch with the districts reported. The uniform schedules furnished by the national council call for the following facts : the population — total and school — and nationality ; conditions of travel ; religious work carried on, the name of the denomination, whether or not there was a pastor, church building, resident membership, Bible school; and whether there were any social, fraternal, or improve- ment organizations. If no religious work was being done, the person reporting was asked to state the denominational preference of the community.i^ 1* The Home Missions Council, Special Committee, "Report on the ReUgious and Social Conditions," Bulletin, 1 (February, 1913). CHAPTER III SURVEY STATISTICS 1. Classification of Material Following the investigation is the classification of the material gathered — the putting of it into such shape as will most usefully impart information. The writer has used the plan of having one person read the schedules while the other keeps tally on a self-adding tally sheet. The following is a sample self -adding tally sheet made in correspondence with the schedules used in the house-to-house canvass as shown in No. 3 above; A. Religious Items Classification — Affiliated Protestant . Nominally Protestant. Catholic Jewish Colored Other Unbaptized — Adults Children Church Relationship — Our Membership: Local Elsewhere Formerly Other Membership: Local Elsewhere Formerly Preferences — Our Denomination. . . Our Congregation . . . Other Denominations Other Congregations. . 10 15 20 Etc. Total 64 IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY (A. Religious — Continued) 65 Items 10 15 20 Etc. Total Vacant Absent Refused B. Social Foreign — Birth Parents Language (in home) Non-English Speaking Unnaturalized (Eligible) Affiliations — Lodge Union Club. . Association C. Economic Breadwinners — ■ Professional Business Mechanics Laborers Sunday Work Night Work Property Owners — Settled Unsettled Renters Tlie following is a list of those items requiring individual tally sheets: Denominations — Affiliations and Preferences. Reasons for Non-Church Attendance. Nationalities. Languages used in Home. Amu.sements. Housing Conditions (Good, Fair, Bad, etc.). Occupations (Family Head). Hours of Labor. 66 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY The religious information should be classified for each department of the church work — for pastor and personal workers, the Sunday school teachers, for the brotherhood or men's clubs, etc. Duplicate cards should be made for each department and an index file furnished the respective departments for the same. These cards will do much for envisaging each separate task, and revealing its opportuni- ties. The great advantage of such a file is that, when any department wishes to reach the parties whose records it holds, it can do so readily. Personal workers by all means should have such a file index preliminary to an evangelistic campaign. Of a certain religious census which was conducted under the direction of the writer, preliminary to a union evan- gelistic campaign in which thirty churches participated and about one hundred and fifty canvassers gathered the in- formation, a pastor of one of the largest churches of the city said: "If I had to choose between another union evan- gelistic campaign without the kind of information which was classified and turned over to my church, and no union evangelistic campaign, but furnished this classified informa- tion, I would choose the latter." One hundred and ninety- eight additions were made to the church membership during that same Conference year — many of whom were located through this city-wide religious census. After the material has been classified it is ready to be grouped for comparisons, usually by the use of percentages. The common method of expressing vital statistics is by rates; as, the birth rate, the death rate, and the marriage rate. Deaths, for instance, may be expressed in one of two ways — by saying one out of 40 of the population died during the year, or 25 per 1,000 died during the year. The most common device in statistics for making the figures expres- sive, next to the per cent and per mille arrangement, is to take the average. ''The average is the short expression for tlie general truth underlying the diversity of phenomena"'; and, in determining the average, "it is sometimes permis- IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 67 sible to drop out extreme cases where they can be distin- guished."! Another useful device in common use among statisticians but not yet consciously introduced into common parlance, is the "mode." It is defined as "the position of greatest density," or "the position of the maximum ordinate," or "the rate that is predominant"^ — in other words, it is that which is the vogue, the most usual occurrence, the common thing. When we speak, for instance, of an average wage, we usually mean the model wage. If, again, knowing the wages paid to a few men in each occupation in an in- dustry, and it is desired to ascertain the average wage for that industry, we multiply the average wage found for each occupation by the number of men engaged in that occupa- tion, summate the results, and divide the sum by the total number of men employed in the industry, we determine what is known as a weighted averaged 2. Tabulation of Material The following are some good boiled-down rules to be ob- served before beginning to make tabulations :* 1. There usually should be as many different tables as there are distinct groups of statistics to be compared. 2. There should be as many separate headings as will properly emphasize the main facts and tendencies shown by the statistics — while those whose columns are to be compared should be adjacent to each other. 3. There should be precision in the stating of titles and subhead- ings of all tables. 4. There should be a practically perfect form of table before any statistics are entered. 5. There should be, whenever tables are large, instead of solid horizontal lines of figures and rules, after every fifth line or so, a blank line, as a guide to the eye. 6. There should be accuracy as to every item and figure in all the tables — a check on the original entries, the totals (by adding items 1 Smith, Sociology and Statiatica, p. 23. 2 Bowley, Elements of Statistics, p. 119. ^ Ihid. (discuasion), pp. 111-118. * Cf. King, Elements of Statiatical Method, chap. ix. 68 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY both in vertical columns and in horizontal lines), the percentages (by adding together to see that the sum equals 100 per cent), and on all arithmetical operations. A table formed by dividing a group into a number of smaller, more homogeneous classes, and indicating the num- ber of items to be found in each class, is known as a "fre- quency table"; and the number of items falling within a given class constitutes the size of that class or its frequency.^ The following is a frequency table showing comparative weekly wages of males in each of three mission territories — both absolute and percentage frequencies being given. A Frequency Table of Waoes Wages per Week People's Saint James Epworth No. % No. % No. % $6 00 to $8 99 . . 20 52 32 12 4 4 16 42 25 9 2 2 16 64 20 S 20 12 50 16 6 16 16 64 32 20 8 8 4 10 9.00 to 11.99 43 12.00 to 14.99 22 15.00 to 17.99 13 18.00 to 20. 99 5 21.00 to 23.99 5 24.00 and over 2 Total. . 124 100 128 100 152 100 N. B. — It will be readily noticed that information of this character is difficult to be obtained. Tables of historical absolute statistics are often reduced to relative numbers. This process is well exemplified in the prices and wages tables prepared annually by the U. S. Bureau of Labor. One hundred is taken is a basis of compu- tation. The average of the middle ten out of a twenty-year period, for example, is the number represented by 100. The relative number for each year is relative to this; that is, s Ibid., p. 98ff. CHAUT II Percentage Frequency Graph showing the comparative weeHy wages in three Mission Territories (J. it. »t m ■ 3t 92|- 21- 2<- Zt- Ji- ___ Peoples Chapel "— ^ St. James. "~ — .ZpworXh. 70 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY equal to, above, or below 100, proportionately. The average of the whole group, to determine the value of 100, may likewise be used rather than the average of a part of the group. From these relative numbers, a chart may be plotted show- ing the general trend of a large number of variables con- sidered jointly. To overcome the fluctuations of a curve drawn on the basis of absolute numbers or even relative numbers, a method con- sisting of a mechanical process known as "smoothing" is often used.^ By this method, the abnormal depressions are slightly increased and the abnormal increases are slightly decreased. The result is a curve indicating the general trend. To specifically illustrate: Beginning with the first year's relative figures, five years are averaged, and that average adopted for the smooth number for the third year. Then beginning with the second year, five years are again averaged and the result adopted as the number for the fourth year. Thus the entire column of relative figures is retabulated on the basis of five-year averages. This pro- cess mechanically avoids the abnormal increase and the abnormal decrease and indicates the smoothed general trend. By taking an odd number of figures to determine the average, as five or seven, the moving average may always be plotted opposite the central item of the group. Beginning with the first relative number for the first number in the moving average group, the second may be determined on a three-year basis — likewise, in determining the last two mov- ing averages, a three-year basis may be taken. The following table shows the church membership record of St. James Church, Denver, in absolute numbers, relative numbers, five-year "smoothed" numbers, and relative five- year "smoothed" averages for the twenty-year period, 1893- 1913: ° Bowley, Elements of Statistics, p. 151. IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 71 N. B. — Average for years 1900-1909 (206.7 taken as 100). Relative Conference Absolute Relative Smoothed Smoothed Year Numbers Numbers Numbers Averages 1892—1893 233 83 233 113 1894 188 66 202 98 1895 185 65 241 117 1896 311 110 251 126 1897 288 102 273 132 1898 281 99 294 142 1899 298 106 294 142 1899—1900 293 104 286 136 1901 310 109 290 146 1902 249 88 278 138 1903 302 107 264 128 1904 239 88 224 109 1905 220 78 200 98 1906 108 35 167 81 1907 131 46 139 67 1908 137 45 110 53 1909 94 35 110 53 1910 84 30 97 46 1911 109 38 79 36 1912 75 26 75 36 1913 45 ... 45 21 3. Demonstration and Interpretation The results disclosed by tabulation are seldom fully re- vealed by a glance. Figures at best are not easy things for the mind to grasp and hold long enough for purposes of comparison. Often they are practically meaningless when read to an audience. Therefore, much of the value of a table is left to accompanying charts, and a written analysis which points out the principal conclusions which may be drawn, and an estimate of the probable causes of social phenomena. "The power to analyze a table, interpret the results correctly, and state the conclusions lucidly and succinctly is one of the characteristics indispensable to a good statistician"; and, in turn, it can be said that to make the meaning of masses of figures clear and comprehensible at a glance is the chief aim of statistical science. CHART III Chart showing the comparative absolute trend of Church membership and Sunday School enrollment — Grace and St. James — for twenty-year period, 1893-1913 Grace : m^ Church Membership. ■ ■ mSSZnrollment ot.James : Church Nembershijc^ JfZ' ■ u on ■ SFt ■ Bio ■ 3M0 sue iio ■ £li ik zm zoo /Si lid IfHI IZO 100 go U MO ~S.S.^nroJlmerit. o-. •») X § 72 B 'o > a 8 & Us a . k. E c Co O 73 Pi W u ■eibi ■ ^Ibl ■ 1 1 hi ■ 01 hi ■ i'l,/ ■ iHi • iW ■ jiy ■ SHU ■Irot/ ■ tl!6/ ■ zu/ ■ loi/ - 'Ci/ - tij, ■ ihi/ ■ Hi/ as/ ■ Sis/ ■ *bS/ ■ibSI 74 IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 75 A. GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS The following are some simple rules for coustruction of graphs : 1. The axes should be ruled in heavy black lines. 2. The scale must include all your items and at the same time fit the paper. The difference between the highest number and the lowest number among all the items will determine the number of divisions to be made on the scale. The lowest number on the scale will nearly correspond to the lowest number among the items, while the highest number among the items will fall near the highest number on the scale. 3. In plotting curves, use the quadruple ruled paper. Mark off the scale in round numbers (as 5, 10, 15), or in some other numbers which are readily applicable to the number of items. Never num- ber the scale simply to agree with the numbers given in the table. 4. Graphs should, in general, cover the main part of the sheet of paper used. They should be on a large enough scale to bring out such details as are desired, but a graph small enough to be taken in at a glance is preferable, for most purposes, .to one of greater size.' In drawing comparative graphical figures, the following geometrical propositions and corollaries must be observed i^ Parallelograms having equal bases are to each other as their altitudes.— B. IV, P. iv, C. 2. Two rectangles are to each other as the product of their bases by their altitudes. — B. IV, P. ii. Triangles having equal bases are to each other as their altitudes. — B. IV, P. V, C. 2. The areas of two circles are to each other as the squares of their radii.— B. V, P. xi, C. 3. When determining the comparative sizes of plane figures, let the size of the third number of a proportion stand as 10. For instance, in determining the size of the radius of a second circle, make the first radius stand for ten. Then the formula for finding the radius of the second circle is as follows : First area : second area : : 100 -.x^. ' Cf. King, The Elements of Statistical Method, p. 119. 8 Wentworth, Plane Geometry. 76 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY In all figures showing area, the dimensions must vary as the square roots of the areas, while if volumes are to be shown, the dimensions must vary as the cube roots of the contents. B. SUGGESTED CITY CHARTS The following is a list of suggestions for city survey charts offered by the Commission on Church and Social Service of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, grouped together into a single convenient list : 1. Population — charts showing proportion of nationali- ties, and increase or decrease of population in last decade. 2. Church Life — charts showing ratio of churches to pop- ulation; church membership and Sunday school enrollment to population ; and church attendance to population and to church membership. 3. Education — charts showing proportion of children out of school to population of school age; and people reached by facilities for popular education to entire population above school age. 4. Eecreation — charts showing the population capacity of recreation provided by the community, religious agencies, and private organizations; and listing the institutions and agencies of the community affecting the social life of child- hood and youth listed in three parallel columns headed "healthful, harmful, doubtful." 5. Health — charts showing the death rate from various groups of diseases ; contagious, bad air, infant, etc. ; in what section the death rate from these diseases is greatest ; what proportion of infants die before one year; before five years of age; and per capita expenditures for health compared with expenditures for protection from fire, for police, educa- tion, etc. 6. Housing — charts showing density of population in the most crowded section compared with other sections ; and the number of people in the most crowded rooms compared with IN EELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 77 the number in the average home; with pictures of the worst homes. 7. Labor — charts showing the proportion of those work- ing more than ten hours to those working less ; the same for eight hours; the same for seven days' work; the minimum living standards for a family of five, and the proportion of male wage earners getting less than this amount; and the same for single women. 8. Immigrant — charts showing the proportion of immi- grant population to Protestant church membership; Prot- estant church provision for immigrant groups; and intel- lectual and social points of contact between the community, and the immigrant and their relation to population needs. 9. Charities — charts showing the comparison of the amount of relief work done by churches to that done by pri- vate agencies, by public institutions, and relief agencies of all kinds and their interrelations. 10. Delinquency — photographs showing the interior of jail, police station or lock-up ; how prisoners pass their time by hours ; and the proportion of probationers reclaimed. 11. Public Morals — charts showing comparisons between the number of churches and saloons ; the number of churches and houses of prostitution ; and the attendances on churches and that of picture shows and theaters. 12. Civics — charts showing in one column a statement of things desired for community improvement, in the other the name and title of the official responsible. 13. General — charts outlining broadly for social needs of the community, showing in one column the various depart- ments of social service, in another column the agencies at work in that community, and in the third column the urgent needs that yet remain to be met. C. SUGGESTIONS FOR RURAL CHARTS Another very interesting list of suggestions for charts is that offered by Prof. J. F. Jenkins, of the University of 78 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY Michigan — suggestions for rural surveys. Summarized and classified they are as follows: 1. The Community — map showing all roads and radial limits of the village, and locating every farm home by a round black dot a quarter of an inch in diameter. 2. The Village — a separate map of the village locating all homes by the same black dots as were used for the farms. 3. Total Socialization — map showing all the organiza- tions in the community ; each organization on the map shown in a different color by little round seals made out of colored paper. 4. The School — map showing the number of homes having some children of graded school age not in school, and those homes where all the children are in school. 5. Tenants and Owners — map made by fixing to the larger map seals of one color for tenants and of another color for owners occupying each farm. 6. The Sunday School — map showing which homes have children going to school but not to Sunday school, and which have children all going to Sunday school. 7. Newspapers — map showing in what homes newspapers circulate. 8. Community Festivals — map showing the yearly round of community festivals and other events. 9. Homes using Library — map showing how many homes use the library. 10. Childless Homes — chart indicating the homes with and without children. 11. Foreign Born and Hired Help — maps showing the proportion of foreign born, and the percentage of hired help. 12. Combination maps showing the relation of one set of facts with another set. D. SOME PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOE CITY AND RURAL CHARTS On the following pages will be found several practical sug- gestions for charts. These are selected from various reports IN EELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 79 of surveys made in Denver, by the writer, during the years 1913 and 1914. The originals for nearly all charts in this work were made in colors, which presented a more satisfactory effect than the black and white drawings, necessarily substituted here. CHART VII: A BLUNDER IN CHURCH LOCATION Chart showing the extent of duplicated territory in the (new) Simpson-Hess (old) field and the number of affiliated homes each church has located East and West from the North and South streets respectively 5! 81 CHART VIII: ST. JAMES AND NEIGHBORHOOD CHURCHES J3 V^^ .t^ ^• /^ M,l., - Praporhonal distance to .M.E.Chvrches Other Protestant Churches 82 CHART IX Chart showing to what extent expansion of the downtown business district is a serious prob- lem in People's and St. James' territories @© X s 1© H Buildings: 1 9/2.-13. © Builclin^s:i9o/-'/s. 83 o z 3 o o w E^, S -o o a .S - b X S s 8 mot. ° t3 n ft I ^ ft S'. o a I fl a ' §■1 •S .-3 *1 m o t3^ ^ ^ci- :^ '^ ."-1 -<■ ^5 4]s9D2ig EKjicjai/ijo'i auiucjsson 300^ £5 M H 43 03 h O) ** 0) 3 _g -^ M til il . >< O -g -g g-o •^ "SB a £ ^ P 0) d O (U rt ^ -Q 6 o d o '43 -^ ft w .a .1 ■9 .9 sj ^1 84 CHART XII Chart showing the comparison between the number of churches and the nupiber of saloons in the St. James-People's Territory SAU OHS ''JOQ t 7 n C>^URCHK CHART XIII Chart showing what furnishes the amusements in St. James Territory- city, church, club, union, lodge r% 70 4^0 9a 20 1515" ■■i LocLa t^g^ .Union Church 85 -9 Oi P F-l ^ ^- > "o >? K S ft ■SI X "■§ g. el oj ^ Ph ° B li Eh « -9 H PS 1 = s g .a P5 — & .2 °^ »-* S 9i H ^ M S °l B |g a n 0) O I • ;• ' . |. ■ " * CO LU -1 •v^. 9, :^- ^ .•^O". 4 • • < • • • • • • , • ■ « 4 • ■ m • • », •/ • • • CT! « ■ li-J s: «>: —3 '•' • &5 ■^ * - • t ' » ^^ *. •• • * . • • ^ • • • • i Q- r \5| ^1 lu lU a: ct: D 3 M ■■5 87 o m e3 2 a O V s -g a 1^ S IS i^ 0,rS ^ r, m ^ 0) H 03 ft t3 l§ g S CQ ^ " ^ ■SS J 1 £ u. V a E _c So CT Q c f£ w ^ 3 3 00 ^ 1 s. I ^ ^ o — o o o ■S si W a o 8 o fel In 88 Chart showing the comparative denominational strength according to homes in St. James Church and Epworth Mission Territories St., [Jnmpg. Efiwnrth y-nahnns. •'■•■■t^C-T.HOP/gTV-;->.'-'.-',-l BAPTIST /4DVENI CHRISTIAN. 3C0NGRKATI0NAL. 3]CHRI5T)AN SCIENCE. Z3PRESerTERIAN. ••.••-•■••■-•■•■•'•.•:--- ILUTHERAN 1 OTHERS. g>- a zS SA /!>' /a 7W Zq 1s~ CHART XXI Chart showing the strength of nationalities, according to homes in St. James Territory So KL\: I : American ■YTi Sootcft. ll' Cerman HT: Fretick IJnsh W^RussiaiT. ff: Swedish ]S Sw/ss. Y-fnjIish !•■ Otiiera l" Y H H i 89 CHART XXIV: A BLUNDER IN CHURCH SALE Chart showing the Sacrifice Made in the Disposal of the Old Simpson Methodist Property in 1909 HiSTOBiCAL Notes: 1910 — Property sold for $3,200 — $8,732 below actual cost of property, and $32 less than amount paid in interest alone. 1911 — A new building in a new location — $500 donated by Church Extension Society. CHART XXV Chart Showing the percentage of Simpson and Hess Methodist homes to the total number of homes, within and with- out the territory, located in Denver CHART XXVI Chart showing the comparison between the Sun- day School enrollment and Sunday School attendance at Epworth Mission ^ HE55 HOMK IN TCRRITORV: ^ SIMPSON TOMK (N TERRITORK EZ3 HESS HOMES OUT Of TEmjORY UZJ SIMPSON mm WT or Kmmx 91 CHART XXVII Suggestive map of a Rural Community Survey Cotnmunity. Key to mat! with suggestions Church with resident mmisler. B Chvrch withod resident minister. O Church without rnmister. ■ Church without services. i Foreign Speakin(j Church. R.Hin'/sters residence. G.(Grom'nj)S(Standin^HLosinq) - - Connects churches served by same minister. i( School house ■^Sunday School held at School house Numerals mi(jht be placed alor\QSide the above signals as indices to name of church as footnote. Vistribviion of fore] m pojDulation rni^ht be indicdted by q colored tircle.'O dif color for each pro- ■ninefft notioncdity-one foreack hundred persons. Home made dii shaped and . colored paper seals rnijhtl iuhjtituied or used to d, .the above Ke\ 1. METHODIST. Z. COmRZGMMkL. 3. B/IPT/ST. 92 CHAPTER IV CONSERVATION OP SURVEY RESULTS "A SURVEY for a survey's sake is as useless an undertaking as the act of a vain man sitting for his photograph in order that he may hang it in his own study. But a survey which leads to active 'follow up' work is as practical as the work of a forester who surveys the timber before the lumberman begins to work.''^ 1. FoLLow-UP Plans for Recruiting Church Membership Each pastor is provided with an index box containing all the cards of Protestant homes located in his respective terri- tory. These are arranged in alphabetical order, according to streets and avenues, and again in numerical order for each street. In addition, by use of a colored signal index system, the homes are grouped according to the various kinds of church, or no church, relationships for the convenience of the respective pastors and their personal workers. The color signals are made from strips of light cardboard. Each color is pasted in the same relative position on all cards for which the color stands. This arranging can easily be done by placing a guide, like the accompanying chart, before one as the pasting is being done. Often a card will have more than a single signal. Each card is followed up with a pastoral call. The name and address are then passed on to a visiting committee and soon the home is again called upon. A cordial invitation is extended to take advantage of the privileges and oppor- tunities afforded by the church. Assurance is given that the church is interested in every member of the household and that a cordial welcome awaits them whenever they should decide to unite in the fellowship of the church. Visits may be repeated, supplemented by church notices and let- ' stone, "Value ot Church Community Survey," Survey, XXIX](March 22, 1913), p. 877. 93 CHART XXVIII DENVER CHURCh MEMBERSHIP. RED CHURCh MEMBERSHIP ELSEWHERE. GREEN CHURCH MEMBERS FORMERLV- LAl/ENDf/ OUR CHURCH PREFERRED. ORAHGL OTHEf? CHURCH PREFERRED. BROWN NON-CHURCH ATTENDANTS. PINK NON-SUNDAY SCHOOL ATTENDANTS. PURPLE W ChURCti PREFERENCE. GREY PROFESSIONAL or BUSINESS HOMES. BLUE PROPERTY QWmRS. RACK COLOR SIGNAL INDEX SYSTEM For Protestant Schedules. 94 IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 95 ters, together with any other little attentions that might easily be given. If the workers do not at once get satisfactory results, yet with patience and perseverance they will one day find the heart doors ajar and win them to the Saviour and his church. Each card has a file number. A record book correspond- ing to the various file numbers should be kept containing a report of all personal work done and the subsequent results of the follow-up work. The Rev. Howard Goldie, the efficient Methodist pastor at La Junta, Colorado, following a religious census of the com- munity, is carrying out the following plan : A set of cards were prepared for the four great organizations under the church, setting forth in a few words the purposes of the organization and an invitation to join; then in blank spaces at the top of the card the name of the person to he interviewed and at the hottom the name of the member of the committee who was to see him, also a place for the date of interview and the date of se- curing his membership, while across the end of the card was an agreement to join and a place for the candidate to sign. . . . Fol- low-up cards which go out with a first committee and are returned without securing the party indicated shall go out a second time with a new committee and thus repeatedly emphasize the church's interest as well as insure a greater return in the end.^ The following is a sample of one of the follow-up cards : . €. ^unbap ^cfjool Street and No., Your name was lecured in our recent census as faToriog the Methodiat Church. "We wish at once to interest you in our Sunday echool. We have clasBes for all ages and grades from the babies to our gray-haired friends. We aim to give a practical knowledge of the Bible from our studies and many happy and helpful things for the social and spiritual life. Gome with us. Interviewed M Secured . Member S. 5. Com. 2 Goldie, "Efficiency by Practice," Central Christian Advocate, April 22, 1914. 96 THE COMMUNITY HUKVEY 2. Follow-up Plans for Local Community Service The plan of conserving the results of the community sur- vey should be larger than that for the mere recruiting of membership. 1. All of the material prepared in connection with the survey should be presented to the members of the church or churches, in the most effective manner possible. 2. A general statement of conditions, including the maps — the community photographs — with a list of recommenda- tions, should be given. ISTo one can go away from such a study of the church and the community in their various as- pects without having his views modified and enlarged. 3. Make a canvass of the men and women of the church with a view to finding out what they are doing, or are willing to do, in active service ; and endeavor to relate every one con- nected with the church to some definite task in the church, in the community or in the city. 3. FoLLOw-up Plans for City- Wide Social Service A typical demonstration for conserving the results of a city social survey is that offered by the Syracuse Survey made in 1912 under the direction of Shelby M. Harrison of the Eussell Sage Foundation. The plans were as follows : On Sunday morning, a sermon was delivered on the civic respon- sibilities of citizenship. On Monday exercises were held in the public school, the main feature being the reading of prize essays written by the children of the schools on "How to Make Syracuse a Better City." On the other afternoons throughout the week, con- ferences on concrete local problems were held in one of the chambers of the county court house. Evening mass meetings were held where the survey reports were read from the platform; and speakers from out of the city pointed the moral of local findings from the vantage point of a national perspective. Several of the reports were reproduced in full by the press. Further publicity for the facts was gained through the exhibit of maps, charts, and diagrams showing graphically the kernel of each report.'' 3 Harrison, "A Social Survey of a Typical American City," Proceedings of the Academy of PoUtical Science, V. II, No. i (July, 1912), p. 29. CHAPTER V RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROGRAM 1. A Local Program The following are some recommendations offered to the local church for carrying out a program of community serv- ice: First. Conduct a house-to-house religious canvass, under the direction of the pastor, by personal and Sunday school workers. Second. Make a card catalog of the families of the whole community, and arrange the cards according to the color signal index system above. Third. Make a community social survey into the local population ; the religious life and work of the neighborhood churches ; the life and work of the social organizations ; the business life and work of the industrial or commercial or- ganizations; the moral life, the recreational life, the educa- tional life, and the general community life. Fourth. Plan definitely for the boys and girls of the com- munity, by such as boys' and girls' clubs, and Boy Scouts and Camp-Fire Girls. Fifth. Plan definitely the direction of the amusement and recreational needs of the young people. Sixth. Present the social needs of the community to your own church. Seventh. Co-operate with neighborhood churches in car- rying out your program of community service. 2. A Rural Program The following are a few suggestions as to the particular 97 98 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY things which the country church, especially, may do in be- half of local community welfare. First. Study the general country life of the community, and, finding out its needs, endeavor to meet them in a rea- sonable way. Second. Find out the feasibility of the consolidated school district in your locality — a plan that has proved in many places of inestimable value in saving the young people in large numbers for the church and the community by of- fering them high school advantages. It is a plan which has had much to do in many Western sections toward stopping the exodus of families from the country to the town. Third. Plan a program of social service education, which might well consist of at least three things : The library, the study class, and lectures by experts on social service in gen- eral and on country life welfare in particular. The General Conference of The Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1912, recommended concerning the local church and social service, the following : We recommend that every Methodist preacher study the social needs of his community and lead his church into a ministry, co- operating with other agencies, to meet those community needs. . . . We believe that all the organizations of the local church should assume some definite tasks in social service.' It has been recommended that the Sunday school should concern itself with child welfare, the Epworth League with the general conditions of life for young people, the La- dies' Aid Society with the general needs of the girls and women of the community, and the Brotherhood should en- gage its men in civic action for community welfare. It is recommended also that one representative of the so- cial service work of each of the organizations in the local church constitute, with the pastor, a Social Service Com- mittee to co-ordinate the various activities into a unified ' The Methodist Federation for Social Service, "The Church and the Social Question" (Reprint), p. 13. IN RELATION TO CHURCH EFFICIENCY 99 program of social service for the church and to relate it to other agencies working for community betterment. 3. A Minimum Community Program^ The following program has been recommended by Prof. Harry F. Ward, Methodism's Social Service Secretary, as the minimum for any church community : a. Efficiency in Relief Work. Avoid all Duplication of Effort. Place a friendly Visitor in Every Needy Home. Demand the Highest Efficiency in Local Institutions and co- operate to Secure it. b. Moral Protection of Childhood. Prohibit Street Trading and Night Work. Eliminate the Liquor Traffic and Organized Vice. Supervise Commercialized Amusements. Provide Constructive Recreation. c. Improvement of Industrial Conditions. One Day's Rest in Seven. A Minimum Wage. Shorter Hours for Women. 4. A City's Comprehensive Program The following is a comprehensive social service program of things which Christian men can do in connection with their church and neighborhood. It has been prepared for The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, by W. O. Easton :^ 1. Make a special survey of your district, to discover the forces working for righteousness and those working in the other direction. Refuse to acknowledge that there is any such thing as a necessary evil. Call conferences of teachers, social work- ers, and other public-spirited people, to discuss ways and means of getting results. 2. Study the problems of the Sunday school and church with refer- ence to your community, with a view to making it a greater force for the training of young and old to a greater apprecia- tion of moral virtues and Christian truths. 2 Dorion, New England Methodism, p. 123. "Easton, The Church and Social Work, pp. 31, 32. 100 THE COMMUNITY SURVEY 3. Unify the work of all societies or groups in the church. Let each arrange a constructive program. Enlist men for service, and assign tasks to each. 4. Become acquainted with the work of the social agencies in your neighborhood. Visit the executive in charge, informing him of your desire to be used if he has tasks you can do. 5. Organize social study classes, social research clubs, lecture courses on social subjects, and in other ways promote a careful study of social questions. Know your city and its social conditions. Study the problems your community is facing. Determine what agencies are at work. Find out through reading and corre- spondence how other communities have met similar problems, and try to find a program which will help your community. 6. Aid, through volunteer service, your own church, near-by settle- ments, clubs, and other relief-giving, preventive, and construc- tive social agencies. If necessary, but only after careful study, organize an agency to do a piece of social work that is needed. 7. Give as you have the means, but only to those agencies whose purposes are sound and whose work has been tested by results beneficial to the community. 8. Sympathize with points of view at variance with your own. Go as far as you can with others. In the process of relating the work of the various religious and non-sectarian social agencies the co-operative attitude of mind is seemingly the last virtue to develop. 9. Encourage a spiritual desire to be helpful to your fellows and an intellectual keenness which will enable you to see the problems presented in an unbiased way — the backgrounds or causes, present situation and trend. APPENDICES APPENDIX A A SUGGESTIVE OUTLINE FOR A COMPLETE ANALYTICAL INDEX TO A SURVEY REPORT (Reports of Denver Survey may be secured from author.) CHAPTER Introduction I. Scope op the Survey. a. The field surveyed, accompanied by map. b. The homes canvassed. c. The churches included. d. The community problems studied. II. The Sources op the Survey. a. Information gathered from house-to-house canvass. b. Examination of Church Records and Reports. c. Examination of PubMc and Quasi-Public Records about the community. d. Observations on the Social Agencies of the Community. e. Investigation of the Industrial Establishments within the Territory. f. Personal Interviews. III. Plan op Reporting Survey. a. The typewritten report (200 pages, including 30 illustra- tions — maps, photographs, and diagrams — and 50 statis- tical tables). b. The chromatic chart of the community. c. The index file, with color signal system for Protestant schedules. PART I A Retrospective Survey; or, Looking at Yesterday I. Chronological Data prom the Inception op the Work to THE Present Time. II. The Numerical Record (Absolute and Relative) for the Past Two Decades— 1892-1912. III. A Numerical Comparison by Decades with Grace and Trinity Churches, with Chart. 103 104 AITEXDIX A CHAPTER IV. Financial Data (Absolute and Relative) for Past Two Decades— 1892-1912. V. Relative Benevolent and Missionary Record. VI. Observations About the Mission op Yesterday. PART II An iNTROSPECTn^E Survey; or, Looking into To-Day I. The Mission To-Day. a. Membership records: aU organizations. b. Attendance records : all services. c. Present financial conditions. d. Present mission activities. II. Community Acttvities To-Day. a. Social Settlements. b. Schools: Public and Parochial. 0. Parks and Playgromids. d. Relief Stores. III. The Homes To-Day; Tabulation of the House-to-House Canvass. a. The House-to-House Schedule. b. Summaries of Survey Results. (1) The Religious Schedule. (a) Tables showing comparison: General Denomi- nations with charts; Protestant Denomina- tions; Reasons for non-church attendance. (b) Miscellaneous Religious Data. (2) The Social Schedule. (a) Tables showing Nationahties; Sanitary Con- ditions; Housing Conditions; .^jnusements; Sabbath Observance. (b) Miscellaneous Social Data. (3) The Economic Schedule. (a) Table showing Occupations of Males. (b) Frequency Table showing wages of males by day, week, and month, with chart. (c) Miscellaneous Economic Data. (4) Observations from the Schedules. c. Combination Summaries of the Survey. IV. The Problems To-Day. a. The Religious Problems. (1) The Church Membership Problem. (2) The Protestant Church Problem. APPENDIX A 105 (a) The Neighborhood Protestant Churches. (b) Side Lights on Neighborhood Churches. (c) Proximity of Neighborhood Churches : Diagram showing the directions and proportional dis- tances of nearest Protestant churches. (3) The Jewish Problem. (4) The Cathohc Problem. b. The Social Problems. (1) Local license evils. (2) Juvenile dehnquency. (3) Rate of mortality. c. The Economic Problems. (1) The Business District Expansion Problem. (a) Character of physical surroundings. (b) Business buildings erected during period 1901- 1912. (c) Building permits granted during period 1912- 1913. (d) Graph of business buildings expansion. (2) Problem of Poverty. (3) Problem of Employment. PART III A Prospective Survey; or, Looking Toward To-Morrow I. The Futttre and the Church. IL Recommendations and Suggestions. a. Particular Recommendations. b. General Suggestions. CONCLUSION List of Illustrations Appendix (various exhibits) APPENDIX B A CITY RELIGIOUS AND SOCIOLOGICAL SCHEDULE Recommended by the Commission on the Chm'ch and Social Service of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America.' I. — Population 1. Total population. 2. Population by nationalities. 3. What nationality is becoming dominant? (a) In numbers. (b) In influence. 4. Is the population increasing or decreasing, and why? II. — Church Life 1. How many churches? 2. Are they federated? 3. Total number church membership in community. 4. Total Sunday school enrollment. 5. Total enrollment in church young people's societies. 6. Total attendance on churches. (a) Morning. (b) Evening. 7. Is there a ministers' association? 8. What part does it take in improving social conditions? 9. Is there a Y. M. C. A.? A Y. W. C. A.? 10. What are they doing to improve social conditions? 11. What statements are there made relating to the other churches? III. — Education 1. Population of school age. (a) Number in school. (b) Why is the balance not in school? 2. Is there medical inspection of school children? To what extent? 3. Are there manual training and domestic science? In what grades? 4. Is there vocational guidance? Continuation schools? To what extent? 5. What facilities are there for popular education? (a) Libraries. (b) University extension courses. (c) Social centers. (d) Lecture courses. (e) Reading cu-cles. 1 See What Every Church Should Know About Its Commuaity. 106 APPENDIX B 107 IV. — Recreation 1. What organized recreation is provided? (a) Playgrounds. (b) School athletics. (c) By religious agencies. (d) Boys' and girls' clubs. (e) By athletic, social, or recreational clubs. 2. What amusements are operated for private profit, and how are they regulated? 3. Which of these privately owned amusements are vicious, and in what respects? 4. What provision is there for the social life of young people hving in furnished rooms? V. — Health 1. (a) Death rate? (b) Infant mortality? 2. (a) How many health officers? (b) Their functions? 3. What is the annual budget of the Health Department? 4. Does the Health Department control contagious diseases? How? (a) Does it educate the community in measures of prevention? How? 5. In what ways do the churches cooperate with the Health Department? 6. What community provision is made for the care of the sick? (a) Hospitals. (b) Dispensaries. (c) Visiting nurses. (d) Do the churches share in or cooperate with this provision for the care of the sick? 7. What provision is made for the further care of convalescents dis- charged from hospitals? 8. What occupational diseases exist in your commimity? What meas- ures are taken for their prevention? VI. — Housing 1. Any slum section of unsanitary or congested housing. (a) What are the sanitary defects in the houses and surrounding the houses in this section? (b) Greatest number of people per room? (c)' Who owns these houses? 2. What laws relating to such conditions? In what respects are they enforced and by whom? 3. How many boarding houses or furnished room houses? 108 APPENDIX B 4. How many people room in these houses? (a) Single. (b) Married. VII. — Labor 1. In what ways do the churches show their interest in organized labor? 2. Number of workers. (a) Men. (b) Women, (c) Children; in industrial establishments, (a) Men. (b) Women, (c) Children; in mercantile establishments. 3. Working day. (a) Industrial estabhshments: longest; shortest; average. (b) Mercantile establishments: longest; shortest; average. (c) On the farm: longest; shortest; average. (d) In the kitchen: longest; shortest; average. 4. How much nightwork: for men; women; children? 5. How much seven day work: for men; women; children? 6. Wages: highest; lowest; average of lowest paid groups? (a) In iudustrial establishments: men; women; children. (b) In mercantile establishments: men; women; children. (c) For farm work: men; women; children. (d) Are wages generally paid by check? 7. What laws protect the health and safety of the workers? In what respect are they enforced? 8. What provision is there to meet periodic unemployment? 9. What proportion of workers are periodically unemployed and why? 10. Number of Trade Unions? Their total membership? Are they fed- erated? Where do they meet? VIII. — Immigrants 1. Does your immigrant population reside in colonies and where is it distributed? 2. Are housing and living conditions in immigrant sections below the average of the community? In what respects? 3. What is being done for the immigrants by their own societies? 4. What contact is there between the community and the immigrant: in night schools; social centers; in school buildings; in churches by: (a) Rehgious services. (b) Classes in English. (c) Classes in citizenship. IX. — Charities 1. What voluntary charitable agencies exist? 2. In what way are they organized for cooperative work? 3. What rehef work is done by churches? What degree of cooperation between them? APPENDIX B 109 In what respects do the private charitable agencies and the churches cooperate? 4. What is the city, county, or State provision for the relief of poverty and for the care of defectives and dependents? In what respects do the churches cooperate with these institutions? 5. What is done with an unemployed homeless person? X. — Delinquency 1. (a) Any juvenile court? (b) Probation officers? (o) Separate confinement of juvenile prisoners before and after sentence? 2. What provisions are made for the release of adult prisoners on pro- bation? 3. What are the conditions of cleanliness, health, and crowding in jail, police station, lock-up? 4. How are the prisoners employed? 5. What is done for the discharged prisoners? XI. — Public Morals 1. Who is legally responsible for the care of public morals? 2. Number of saloons. 3. Number of gambling houses. 4. Number of houses of prostitution. 5. Is there a "segregated district"? 6. What regulations are there concerning the sale of hquor; gambling; prostitution; and how enforced? 7. What regulation is there of picture shows, theaters, and public dance halls in their relation to pubhe morals and how enforced? 8. What regulation is there regarding the sale of "drugs"? How en- forced? XII.— Civics 1. How is the community governed? 2. What are the departments of its government and the functions of their heads? 3. Is there any voluntary organization for the specific purpose of im- proving local government, such as a city club or civic league? 4. What points of contact have been developed between the churches and the governmental agencies of the community? APPENDIX C RURAL RELIGIOUS AND SOCIOLOGICAL SCHEDULE A SPECIAL schedule for a study of social and religious conditions in Upper Iowa Conference, under the auspices of the Laymen's Missionary Movement of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and under the direction of W. H. Shngerland, secretary of the Conference, who wiU edit, classify, tabulate, and interpret the results for use and publication. Note 1. — This effort is made in order that statistical and authoritative information may be procured in regard to the condition and environment of our churches. The knowledge obtained is to be used to promote efforts to advance the interests of the Kingdom of our Lord. The following questionnaire is sent to the pastors of those churches that represent Meth- odism's constituency in the rural sections of the Conference. Their co- operation win advance their own interests and those of the charges served. Note 2. — The information sought is to cover a radius of three mUes from the church, or the several churches of a given charge; this applies in each instance where the word "community" or "section" is used. Fol- lowing the United States census, rural communities include country dis- tricts and towns of less than 2,500 population. Use additional sheets, and answer by number when necessary. Conference ; District . . . Charge Post Office . Pastor Address . . . I. — Population 1. What is the population of the town or of the community in which your church or churches are located? Please estimate the popula- tion of ten years ago. 2. Indicate the causes of the increase or decrease. 3. Where have the removals from your community gone and why? 4. Where have the incoming families moved from and why? 5. State the number of farm owners . . . . ; of farm tenants ... ; of farm hands . . . . ; of clerks or employees in town business, stores, etc., . . . . ; of merchants and professional men .... 110 APPENDIX C 111 II. Economic Conditions 1. What are the three principal agricultural products? .... 2. What is the average size of the farms to-day? .... Also, acreage of largest and smallest farm? .... What was the average size ten years ago? .... 3. What is the average yield per acre of the three crops named? .... What was the average yield ten years ago? .... 4. Is yours a dairy section? . . . .What movement for improving the milk product? .... 5. What is the method of farming; rotation of crops, use of commercial fertilizer, care of machinery, etc.? .... 6. Are the farms tilled for drainage? .... Is the natural drainage good? .... 7. What is the average price to-day for improved land? .... Average price ten years ago? .... 8. Are the farms of your community well improved, and if so, note the features of improvements? .... 9. What are the usual hours of work for men? .... For women? . . III. Tbanspoetation and Communication 1. Give the number of miles of roads in the three-mile radius of your church? .... Of these roads, how many miles macadamized? .... Graveled? .... Dirt? .... 2. Number of miles of railway? .... Electric? .... Steam? 3. What is the cost per mile of building and maintaining macadamized roads? .... Gravel roads? .... What movement for better roads? .... 4. How many Social Centers: Chxu-ches? .... PubUc Halls? .... Schools? .... Lodge rooms? .... Stores? .... Saloons? . . . Pool Halls? .... Which are used by men, women, and children? 5. Name the secret societies? . . . Give membership of each, and how they promote the social welfare .... 6. What is the effect of the telephone upon social life? .... 7. Automobiles — how many? .... Effect upon physical, social, and moral life? .... Effect upon church attendance and support? 8. What is the effect of rural mail and parcels post upon merchants and home life? .... IV. — Recreation 1. Which of the following recreations are practiced? (1) Church socials and fairs. 112 APPENDIX C (2) Picnics and outings. (3) Clubs and societies. (4) Festivals and celebrations. (6) Entertainments and exhibitions. (6) Moving pictures. (7) Theaters. (8) Dancing. (9) Card games. (10) Team games (football, etc.). (11) Track and field athletics. (12) Water sports. (13) Bowling. (14) Gymnastic exercises. (15) Pool and billiards. (16) Winter sports. (17) Debates and contests. (18) Agricultural fairs. (Indicate by (p) if informally practiced; or by (o) if organized. 2. Which of these are provided by (indicate by number)? A church . . . . ; a school . . . . ; an association .... 3. Playgrounds — number, size, and equipment? .... What paid or vol- untary play leadership? .... V. — RuKAL Edtjcation (Study town school, and at least one typical country school, reporting one on separate sheet) 1. What is the condition of your schoolhouse in the community as to equipment? 2. What medical inspection or health supervision of children? .... 3. What is the source of water supply? .... How tested? .... 4. What provision is made for toilet convenience? .... 5. What is the number of teachers? . . . . ; male . . . . ; female . . . . ; grade of teachers employed? . . . . ; average salary, $....; male . . . . ; female . . . . ; and length of tenure in employ of the school .... 6. Which of the following studies are taught? Nature study . . . . ; manual training . . . . ; elementary agriculture . . . . ; music and drawing . . . . ; domestic science .... 7. Note the length of the year's session in days, and the average number of recitations each teacher has per day. 8. Is there a public or a school library? .... Quahty of the books? .... Value of books purchased last year? .... By whom selected? .... 9. What lecture courses or reading circles? .... 10. Is the school used as a social center? .... If not, how could it be utilized for community benefit? .... APPENDIX C 113 11. Give the school district census enumeration? .... Enrollment? .... Average attendance? .... 12. Yearly cost of your school? .... Sources of support? .... If country district, is consolidation practicable? .... Attitude of the school board toward financing new educational methods? .... 13. Is the Bible read in the school? .... Is denominational influence, Protestant or Catholic, exercised as to employment of teachers? 14. Are Farmers' Institutes held in the community? .... VI. — Child Wblfake and Philanthropy 1. How many orphans, homeless, or neglected children in families in the community? .... Delinquents? .... Physically defective? .... Feeble-minded? .... 2. What is being done for their welfare? .... 3. Is there a Juvenile Court? .... Cases last year? .... 4. Number and condition of placed-out children? .... 5. What child-helping organizations in the community? .... 6. By whom founded or administered? .... 7. Number of beneficiaries on hand? .... Total for years? .... 8. Describe the secular organizations for the personal or social develop- ment of the children, such as boys' and girls' clubs, sex education classes, athletic associations, etc 9. What is the moral condition of the young people? .... Are there any centers of special moral infection? .... 10. What other welfare work (by almshouses, relief associations, etc.) is being done? .... 11. Number and condition of jails or lockups? .... 12. What is the niimber of saloons? .... How many "bhnd tigers"? 13. How many excessive drinkers do you know of within the section? .... How many drug users? .... VII. — Religious Conditions and Activities of Churches 1. How many churches in your town or community? Please give their denominational names .... 2. How many churches in your Charge? .... How located and how far apart? .... What is the membership of each? .... 3. What is the total membership at present? .... What was the mem- bership ten years ago? .... Can you explain the difference? .... 4. What is the value of each of your churches? .... How many rooms in each of your church buildings? .... What facilities for institu- tional work? .... 114 APPENDIX C 5. Average attendance at regular services of each during the past year- NAMB OF CHTTRCH MOBNING AirPERNOON EVENING Can you explain the difference in attendance? . . 6. Enrollment and average attendance at each Sunday school? .... Are your schools graded? .... What system of lessons is used? 7. Name each society of the parish, and give number of members in each? .... 8. What plans have you for increasing the efficiency of your church? From what class of people is it drawing its membership? .... 9. Have you made a survey of your entire parish? .... 10. Have you a program of work for the parish departments? .... 11. What part has your parish in the general, social, economic, and edu- cational hfe of the community, such as a civic league, boys' and girls' clubs. Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, women's clubs, a summer Chautauqua, a community Christmas tree, addresses in the interests of community life, or in any other way? .... 12. Has your church a chorus choir and how is it trained? .... 13. What Christian festivals, national holidays, or any local "home-coming day" or events have you celebrated within two years? . . . What have been the results of such efforts? . . . 14. When have you conducted revival meetings? .... What have been the results in a period of ten years on your charge? What proportion of the whole community are church members? . . What is the general sentiment toward rehgion? .... 15. Are the various denominations friendly? .... Do they co-operate? .... If so, how? .... Give instances .... 16. Is your chiiroh property well kept? .... How are the grounds im- proved; that is, do you have a lawn, trees, flower gardens, hedges, tennis court, etc.? .... 17. Are there any abandoned churches in your vicinity? .... What de- nomination do they represent? .... When abandoned? . . . For what reason? .... VIII .-^Church Finance 1. What is the financial system of your church or churches? . . 2. Have you introduced the New Financial Plan, including the Every- APPENDIX C 115 Member Canvass and the weekly offering both to Current Expenses and to Benevolences? .... What changes has this Plan wrought in the financial and spiritual condition of the churches? .... 3. Do you use the Duplex or Bi-pocket envelope? .... 4. What is the budget for the Current Expenses of each of your churches? 5. What is the per capita amount paid in each church to Current Ex- penses V 6. What was the total amount paid in each church last year to our benev- olent and missionary causes? .... 7. What was the per capita amount paid in each church to the benevolent and missionary causes last year? . . 8. Have you a Tithers' Band? .... What is the enrollment? .... 9. Have you a permanent church improvement fund? .... 10. What is condition of finances in societies of parish? .... Date of Report — — — Signed BIBLIOGRAPHY A. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES Israel, Henry: The Country Life Book Shelf. "Special classified list of books for the country minister, teacher, doctor, lawyer, banker, and general students." New York, 1914. Rowe, H. K. : "A Select Bibliography on the Rural Church and Country Life." Baptist Department of Social Service and Brotherhood. Bulletin No. 10. Newton Center, Mass., 1910. Russell Sage Foundation: Department of Surveys and Exhibits. The Social Survey: a Bibliography compiled by Z. L. Potter. Bulletin No. 2 (Booklet). New York, 1913. Taft, Anna B.: Community Study for Country Districts. "Selected Bibli- ography" under twelve groups of studies. New York, 1912. Ward, Harry F. : "A Year Book of the Church and Social Service." Publi- cations and Bibliography." Pp. 76-96. New York and Chicago, 1914. Wilson, Warren H. : Community Study. "Bibliography" under twelve classifications. New York, 1922. B. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Church ErpicrENCT Allen, W. H. : "Efiiciency in Religious Work" : Efficient Democracy. Chap- ter X. New York, 1907. "Church's Need of the Efficiency Engineer." R. of N. XLV, 350-1, March 12. Dike, S. W.: "Small Churches Increase Their Efficiency by Scientific Method." Am. Jl. Theol. XVI, 20£f. January 12. Glenn, John M.: "The Church and Social Work." Con. Char, and Cor. Report. 1911. 138. Goldie, Howard: "Efficiency by Practice." Central Christian Advocate. April 22, 1914. "How to Apply Efficiency Tests to a Church." Current Lit. LIII, 675-6. December, '12. Paul, W.: "City and the Church." Am. City. IX, 212. September, '13. "Scientffic Church Work." Lit. Dis. XIIV, 537-8. March 16, 1912. Stelzle, Charles: "Preparation of Ministers for Social Work — The Prepara- tion in the Seminary." Con. Ch. and Cor. Reports. 1911. 233-7. Tomlinson, B. T.: "Too Many Churches: How Competition Reduces the 119 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY Effectiveness of Their Work." World's Work. XXV, 475-8. August, '13. Ward, Henry P. : "Social Creed of the Churches." New York and Cincin- nati. (Revised) 1914. Wells, George F.: "The Rural Church and Community Service." (Re- print, Meth. Review, November, 1912. Art. IX, 920.) 2. Community Studies Aronovici, Carol: Knowing One's Own Community: Suggestions for Social Surveys of Small Cities and Towns. Bulletin 20. The Unitarian De- partment of Social and Public Service. Bailey, Liberty H.: "The Survey Idea in Country Life Work.'' Ithaca (N. Y.), 1911. Boardman, John R. : The Rural Social Survey. New York, 1914. Byington, Margaret F.: What Social Workers Should Know About Their Own Community. Russell Sage Foundation. Pub., No. 7, Church Organization Department. 1912. Cork, Hugh: Purpose, Organization and Methods of Visitation Day. Int. S. S. Ass'n. (Visitation Leaflets.) Finney, Ross L.: "Social Survey of Country Charge." Northwestern Christian Advocate. Chicago (December 24), 1914. Federal Coxmoil of the Churches of Christ in America. "Human Docu- ments of the Social Movement in the United States." A Course of Reading on Social Subjects for Social Workers. What Every Church Should Know About Its Community. (Pamphlets.) Galpin, C. J.: "A Method of Making a Social Survey of a Rural Commun- ity." Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin. Cir- cular of Information, No. $9. 1912. Hart, Joseph K. : Educational Resources of Village and Rural Communities. New York, 1913. GiUin, J. L. : "Application of the Social Survey to Small Communities." Am. Jl. Soc, 17, 547-58. Harrison, Shelby M.: "A Social Survey of a Typical American City." The Social Survey: Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science. V. 2, No. 4. 1912. Interchurch Federation of Philadelphia, Commission of Social Service. Outline of Social Survey for a Community. March, 1914. Jenkins, J. F.: "How to Make a Social Survey." Independent, 74, 1335-8. Taft, Anna B. : Community for Country Districts: A Method of Investigating a SmxM Village or Section of the Open Country. New York, 1912. Wells, George F.: A Social Survey for Rural Communities: A Practical scheme for the investigation of the structure, problems, and possibilities of rural, village, and other communities from the point of view of the Church and its work. New York, 1911. BIBLIOGEAPHY 121 Wilson, Warren H. : Community Studies by Groups: A Practical scheme for the investigation of the problems of the large town or city ward from the point of view of the Church and its work. New York, 1911. 3. COMMTJNITY StTRVET RePOBTS a. Russell Sage Foundation. The Department of Surveys and Exhibits. Various City and Rural Survey Reports, especially "The Social Sur- vey," by Paul U. KeUogg and others; "The Newburgh Survey," "Scranton in Quick Review," "The Topeka Improvement Survey," "The Springfield (lU.) Survey." New York City. b. Presbyterian Department of Church and Coimtry Life. General Rural Surveys ia Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Minnesota, besides various special Ohio rural life surveys. New York, 1912. c. Miscellaneous Reports. Bailey, L. M.: "Report of the Country Life Commission," Senate Docu- ment 705. Serial 51,08. Bartlett, D. W. : BeiJber City: A Sociological Study of a Modern City. Los Angeles. Daniels, John: "The Social Survey, Its Reasons, Methods, and Results." Con. Char, and Cor. Saint Louis, 1910. Dorion, E. C. E.: New England Methodism. New York and Cincinnati, 1915. Fulton, Ralph A.: "The Survey for EvangeUsm." Church and Country Life. (Pres. Magazine, Special Edition.) Gill, C. O., and Pinchot, Gifford: The Country Church: The Decline of Its Influence and the Remedy. New York, 1913. Hamilton, B.: Social Surveys of Austin, Texas. University of Texas. Humanistic bulletin No. 15. Austin, 1913. Holdsworth, J. T.: Economic Survey of Pittsburg. 1912. Men and ReUgion Forward Movement. Sociological and Religious Survey of Seventy American Cities. (Pres. pamphlet.) New York, 1911. St. John, G. R. : A Modern Church to Meet a Modern Situation. (Story of a Survey of the Fourth Pres. Church, Chicago.) 1913. Stone, J. T.: "Value of a Church Community Survey." Survey 29, 877-80. Mar. 22, 13. Home Mission Council. Special Committee on Religious and Social r Conditions. Regional survey reports. Bulletins Nos. 1-4. Stelzle, Charles: American Social and Religious Conditions. New York, 1912. Thompson, Carl W., and Warber, G. P.: "Economic Survey of a Rural Township in Southern Minnesota." Studies in Economics, No. 1. University of Minnesota. 122 BIBLIOGRAPHY Warren, G. F., and Livermore, K. C: An Agricultural Survey. Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin 295. 1911. 4. Statistical Methods Bowley, A. L. : Elements of Statistics. London and New York, 1907. King, W. J.: Elements of Statistical Method. New York, 1912. Smith, R. Mayo: Sociology and Statistics. New York, 1896. N. B. — See also "Sources: Current Information," at end of Part I. INDEX INDEX PAGE Auspices of a Community Sur- vey 33 Canvassers, Instructions to . . . 56 Instruction, Meetings for. . . 56 Cards, Church Welcome 42 Canvassers' Invitation 57 Charts, Suggested City 76 Suggested for Rural 77 Child, Questions about the. ... 11 Church, The Scriptural Con- ception of 3 The, and Social Service 3 Mission of Early 5 The Modern Conception of. 5 Business of 5 In Social Action 7 Social Responsibihty of 8 The, Workingman and 8 The, and the Family 9 The, and the Dependent. . . 10 The, and the Delinquent. ... 10 The, and the Young People. 11 The, and Child Life 11 The Country 12 The Efficient, Its Elements. . 14 Efficiency, Examples of 22 Membership Survey 37 Homes by Streets 41 Directory 38 Welcome Card for Services of 42 Status of 42 Examination of Records of. . 52 PAGE The Neighborhood 52 Social Programs for 97 Classification of Material 64 Commimity Service, Programs for 97 A Local Program 97 A Rural Program 97 A Minimum Program 99 A City Comprehensive Pro- gram 99 Community Sui-vey, The 15 What is a 15 The Need of 16 The Value of 18 and Demonstrations of Effi- ciency 21 The Making of a 31 The Organization for 33 The Organization Tree of a. . 33 The Auspices of 33 The Division of Labor in. . . . 35 The Plan of Investigation of . 37 The Viewpoints of 37 The Scope of 37 City and Rural 44 Three Fields of Investigation in 44 Schedules for 44-48 Sources of Investigation for. 52 Methods in Taking a 53 Churches Cooperating in. . . 58 Minimum Information in . . . 58 Community, Map of 58 Side Lights on 58 125 126 INDEX PAGE Conservation of Survey Re- sults 93 Colored Signal Index Sys- tem in 94 FoUow-up Plans for 93, 96 Country (See Rural). Questions About 8 Recreation in 11 The Diagnosis of the Unrest in 12 Elements to be Strengthened in 12 Current Information on Social Service 28 Delinquent, Questions about. . 10 Demonstration of Statistics ... 71 Dependent, Questions about. . 10 Diagrams and Graphs, Rules for Construction of 75 Division of Labor in a Com- munity Survey 35 Efficiency, Test of 14 Meaning of 14 Industrial 15 Scientific Management, Methods of 16 Examples of Church 22-25 Family, Questions about 9 Housing, Conditions of 9 Federal Council, The, of Churches 7 Figures, Construction of 75 Follow-up Plans 93 Graphs and Diagrams, Rules for Construction of 75 Home Missions, The, Council. 7, 63 The CouncO of Women for. . 7 House-to-House Canvass 58 Housing Conditions 9 PAGE Index System, Colored Signal . 93 Individual, The, as a Social Creature 5 Interpretation of Statistics. ... 71 Investigation in a Community Survey 37 Making a Community Survey. 31 Map of Community 58 Material, Classification of 64 Tabulation of 67 Methodist, The, Federation for Social Service 7 Social Recommendations by . 98 Methods, Local Community Sin-vey 54 Four General 53 City Social Survey 59 Rural Community Survey. . 60 Denominational Survey 61 General Missionary Field ... 63 Numbers, Absolute 68 Relative 68 "Smoothed" 70 Organization for a Community Survey 33 Personal Interviews 53 Presbyterian, The, Bureau of Social Service 7 Department of Church and Country Life 21 Rural Life Surveys 23 Programs of Social Service . . 97-100 Questions, Some Community. . 8 About the Workingman 8 About the Family 9 About the Dehnquent and Dependent 10 INDEX 127 PAGE About the Young People. ... 11 About the Child 11 About the Country and the Country Church 12 Recommendations upon Survey Results 97 Records, Church Membership. 38 Public and Quasi Public .... 52 Religion, Social Aim and End of 3 of Israel 3 Report, Index to a Survey .... 103 Rural Church, The 12 Survey Reports 23, 51 Schedules 43, 45^8 Scope of 44, 50 Sources for 53 Methods of 60 Charts 77 Community Program 97 (See also Country.) Schedule, A Church Member- ship 39 A Non-Church Membership . 40 Individual Church 43 Rules for Making 44 Examples of 45^8 A Rural 48 An Index File for 93 (See also Appendices B and C.) Scope of a Community Survey. 37, 49, 50 Signal, Colored, Index System. 94 Social Service, The Scriptural Conception of 3 Relation to Other Activities . 3 Christ as the Direct Inspira^ tion of 4 Presbyterian Bureau of 7 The Methodist Federation for 7 Other Church Organizations of 7 PAGE Commission, Federal Coun- cil of Churches 7 Programs for 97-100 The Local Church and 98 Social Vision 3 Conditions, Theory of 6 Responsibility of Chiurch. . . 6 Action of the Church 7 City Survey 44 Sociology, Practical 8 Sources of Current Informa- tion 28,29 Statistics, Survey 64 Comparison of 66 "The Mode" in 67 The 'Weighted Average" in . 67 The "Frequency" in 68 "Relative Numbers" in 68 "Smoothed Numbers" in 70 Demonstrations of 71 Survey, Schedules for ... . 43, 45-48 Results, Ways of Utilizing . . 26 Church Membership 37 Church Sunday School 42 Reports 51 City Social, Methods in Tak- ing 59 A Denominational 61 General Missionary Field ... 63 Table, "The Frequency" 68 Absolute, Relative, and "Smooth" 68,70 Tabulation of Material, Tally Sheets for 64,65 Rules for 67 UtOizing Survey Results 26 Viewpoints of a Community Survey 37 Visitation, House-to-House. ... 58 128 INDEX PAGE "Welcome" Card for Church Services 42 Workingman, Questions about the 8 The Church and the 9 PAGE Young People, Some Questions about the 11 The Recreation of 11 Woman, The Economic Life of 11 '^■-m 7:-^^ »„'' '■>.■. MM f%^ iSP*^.'